Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3275 134515 134491 2026-08-12T18:42:04Z Itangishaka adino 18410 nongeyemo ifoto igaragaza umujyi wa muhanga 134515 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Akarere ka Muhanga| ]] [[Ikiciro:Intara y’Amajyepfo y’U Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Intara y'amajyepfo]] {{\sandbox}}{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q136465380}} Akarere ka Muhanga <ref name=":0">[https://www.muhanga.gov.rw/ Ahabanza]</ref>ni kamwe mu turere 8 tugize [[Intara y'amajyepfo|intara y'Amajyepfo]]. kagizwe n'imirenge 12, [[Akagari|utugari]] 63 n'imidugudu 331. akarere ka muhanga gafite ubuso bwa Km² 647.7, Gatuwe n'abaturage bangana na 357.904 n'ingo 87.342 (Ref. Ubud. MEIS Report 10/2020) Akarere ka Muhanga gafite ubucucike bw'abaturage 552 kuri Km² imwe. Akarere ka Muhanga ni kamwe muturere dutandatu twunganira umujyi wa Kigali === Uturere duhana imbibi n'akarere ka Muhanga<ref name=":0" />: === - Amajyaruguru: [[Akarere ka Gakenke|Akarere Ka Gakenke]] - Amajyepfo: [[Akarere ka Ruhango]] n' [[Akarere ka Kamonyi]] - Iburengerazuba:Akarere ka Ngororero n' [[Akarere ka Karongi]] == '''Dore ibiranga akarere ka Muhanga:''' == Akarere ka Muhanga kagizwe n’ibice bibiri by’ingenzi aribyo: igice cy’umujyi kigizwe n’Umurenge wa Nyamabuye, Akagari ka Ruli, mu Murenge wa Shyogwe n’Akagari ka Makera mu Murenge wa Cyeza. Igice cy’icyaro kigizwe n’Imirenge ya Nyabinoni, Rongi, Kibangu, Kiyumba, Kabacuzi, Rugendabari, Muhanga, Mushishiro na Nyarusange, Utugari dutanu tw’Umurenge wa Cyeza n’Utugari dutatu tw’Umurenge wa Shyogwe. Icyicaro cy’Akarere ka Muhanga kiri mu Murenge wa Nyamabuye, mu Mujyi wa Muhanga, ku birometero 50 uvuye mu Mujyi wa Kigali. Akarere ka Muhanga gatuwe n’abaturage 378,760 (Abagabo ni 178.452:49.8%; [[Umugore|Abagore]] ni 179.452: 50.2%) babarizwa mu ngo 87.342. === 2. Ubukungu<ref>[https://www.kigalitoday.com/Muhanga Muhanga - Kigali Today]</ref> === Akarere ka Muhanga kagira ibikorwa byinshi by'ubukungu, harimo: *'''Ubucuruzi''': Muhanga ifite umujyi mukuru kandi ni igicumbi cy'ubucuruzi, aho habera ibikorwa byinshi by'ubucuruzi bikomeye. Hari amasoko y’ibiribwa, ibikoresho by’[[ubuhinzi]], ndetse n’amaduka menshi acuruza ibikoresho bitandukanye. * '''Inganda''': Muhanga ni akarere kagira inganda zitandukanye, by'umwihariko inganda zitunganya ibikomoka ku buhinzi n'ibikoresho by’ubuzima. Izi nganda zifasha mu kongera agaciro ku musaruro no kuzamura ubukungu bw’akarere. * '''Ubuhinzi''': Ubuhinzi ni ishingiro ry'ubukungu bw'Akarere ka Muhanga. Abaturage bo muri Muhanga bakora cyane mu buhinzi bw'ibihingwa birimo '''ibishyimbo''', '''[[Ikigori|ibigori]]''', '''imiteja''' (amashyamba), ndetse n'imbuto. Akarere ka Muhanga gashimangira iterambere ry’ubuhinzi bwa kijyambere. * '''Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro''' * [[Dosiye:Muhanga Business City Monument.jpg|thumb|Ikibumbano kigaragaza uburyo Muhanga itanga umusanzu munini mu gihugu binyuze mu nganda z'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro]] === 3. Ubukerarugendo<ref>[https://ickjournalism.com/lander?oref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2F ickjournalism.com/lander?oref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2F]</ref> === Akarere ka Muhanga kafite amahirwe mu bukerarugendo, harimo ahantu nyaburanga h’ibikorwa byinshi byo gusura<ref>[https://fdo.net.rw/imyanya-25-yakazi-ko-kuba-dasso-akarere-ka-muhanga-ntucikwe-naya-mahirwe/ Imyanya 25 y'akazi ko kuba DASSO | Akarere ka Muhanga | Ntucikwe n'aya mahirwe - Free digital opportunities]</ref>: * '''Ibiyaga n’ibishanga''': Akarere ka Muhanga gafite amahirwe mu bijyanye n'ubukerarugendo, cyane cyane ahantu hasurwa, harimo ibikorwa by’ubukerarugendo birimo kugenda mu mazi cyangwa kuzenguruka mu bishanga. * '''Umuco gakondo''': Muhanga izwi kandi ku bw’umuco wayo, aho abaturage babarizwa mu miryango itandukanye n’amateka akomeye. === 4. Ibikorwa Remezo === * '''Imihanda''': Akarere ka Muhanga gafite imihanda myiza ituma abantu bagenda neza kandi hakaba hatangwa serivisi nziza z’imihanda. Akarere gafite imihanda ihuza [[Kigali]] n’utundi turere, bikaba byoroshye kwimuka. * '''[[Amashuri y' incuke mu Rwanda|Amashuri]]''': Muhanga ifite amashuri menshi yisumbuye n’amashuri abanza, bituma abatuye ako karere babona amahirwe yo kwiga. * '''Ibigo Nderabuzima''': Akarere ka Muhanga gifite ibigo nderabuzima byinshi, aho abaturage babasha kubona serivisi z’ubuzima z’ibanze. * [[Dosiye:Ifoto y'umujyi wa muhanga.png]] === 5. Iterambere ry’Imibereho<ref>[https://www.webrwanda.com/2025/08/akarere-ka-muhanga-kari-kubakira.html Akarere ka Muhanga kari kubakira imiryango isaga 140 itishoboye - #rwanda #RwOT]</ref> === * '''Amazi meza''': Akarere ka Muhanga kagiye [[gashora]] imari mu gushaka uburyo bwo kugeza amazi meza ku baturage. Hari gahunda yo kubaka ibikorwa byo kugeza amazi meza ku baturage benshi, bigafasha mu kurwanya indwara zandurira mu mazi. * '''Gahunda yo kubaka ibikorwa remezo''': Muhanga ikomeje gushyira imbere imishinga yo kubaka ibikorwa remezo byiza, birimo amashuri, ibigo nderabuzima, no kubaka imihanda n’ibiraro. === 6. Imbogamizi n'Icyerekezo === Nubwo akarere ka Muhanga kagira ibikorwa byiza by’iterambere, hakiri imbogamizi mu bijyanye n’ubushomeri, kugera ku masoko, ndetse no kongera amahirwe mu by'ubukungu no guhangana n’ubukene. Ariko, hamwe n’imishinga y’iterambere, akarere ka Muhanga kirimo gufata intambwe zikomeye mu gukemura izi mbogamizi. === Icyerekezo === * Guteza imbere ubuhinzi bunoze no gukoresha [[IKORANABUHANGA (ubusobanuro)|ikoranabuhanga]] mu guhinga. * Kongera ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi no gushyira imbaraga mu kubaka inganda n’ibikorwa remezo. * Kubyaza umusaruro ibiyaga n’ubukerarugendo kugira ngo hatangwe amahirwe yo kwihangira imirimo. Akarere ka Muhanga ni akarere k’ibikorwa byinshi by’[[iterambere]], kikomeje gufasha mu kuzamura imibereho y’abaturage bacyo no guteza imbere igihugu muri rusange. == Amashakiro == [[Ikiciro:Inyandiko zo Kuvugurura]] tlvf1arigw7r9cmymvw70471amzr8vp 0 6004 134499 113607 2026-08-12T14:47:53Z CommonsDelinker 88 Replacing Starr_010419_0035_thunbergia_alata.jpg with [[File:Starr_010419-0035_Thunbergia_alata.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[:c::File:Starr 010419-0035 Thu 134499 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Starr 010419-0035 Thunbergia alata.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Urusayura</span>]] [[Dosiye:Hoa mắt huyền.jpg|thumb|249x249px]] '''Urusayura''' (izina ry’ubumenyi mu [[kilatini]] ''Thunbergia alata'') ni [[ikimera]]. [[Category:Ibimera]] h14zbvy4y1nqxtqjze1y36ry65ub4zc 0 7492 134500 93383 2026-08-12T18:17:14Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | name = Gapfura | image = Pos strep.JPG | caption = Ikizamini cyagaragaje uburwayi bwa anjine izanye n'amashyira ku maraka y'umuntu ufite ikigero cy'imyaka 16. | alt = Amaraka manini aherereye mu gice cy'inyuma cy' umuhogo afurebywe mu umworohera w'umweru | DiseasesDB = 12507 | ICD10 = J02 | ICD9 = 034.0 | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000639 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1811 | MeshID = }} '''Gapfura''' cyangwa '''anjine''' ni [[indwara]] iterwa na [[bagiteri]] yitwa “[[streptococcus|sitereputokusi y’itsinda A]] ”.<ref>{{DorlandsDict|nine/100014400|streptococcal pharyngitis}}</ref> Anjine ikunda kw'ibasira [[umuhogo]] n'[[amaraka]]. Amaraka ni [[udusoko]] tubiri two mu muhogo duherereye ahagana inyuma y' [[umunwa]] . Anjine ishobora nanone gufata agasanduku k'ijwi ([[inkanka]] ). [[Ibimenyetso]] rusange biyiranga birimo [[umuriro]] , [[ububabare bwo mu mihogo]] (bituma bayita uburwayi mu mihogo), n'[[wikt:kibyimbye|ukubyimba]] k'udusoko (twitwa [[inturugunyu nyamagege]] ) zo mu [[ijosi]]. Anjine itera 37% by' uburwayi bwo mu mihogo mu [[bana]] .<ref name=Peds2010/> Anjine ikwirakwira binyuze kwegerana n' abantu barwaye iyo [[indwara]]. Kugira ngo hamenywe neza ko umuntu arwaye anjine, hakenerwa ko hakorwa ikizamini cyitwa [[igenzura ry'uburwayi bw'umuhogo]]. Nubwo iki kizamini cyaba kidakozwe, ikekwa ry'uko umuntu yaba arwaye anjine rishobora kumenywa biturutse ku [[bimenyetso]]. [[Imiti ya antibiyotiki]] ishobora gufasha umuntu urwaye anjine. Antibiyotiki ni [[imiti]] yica [[bagiteri]]. Ikunda gukoreshwa mu kwirinda ugukomerezwa nk'ukw’ [[ibicurane bikaze]] kurusha kugabanya iminsi y'uburwayi.<ref name=Review09/> ==Ibimenyetso n' ibirangandwara== Ibirangandwara bimenyerewe by' anjine ni ukurwara mu mihogo, [[umuriro]] urenza dogere 38°C (100.4°F), [[amashyira]] ([[ururenda]] rw'umuhondo cyangwa icyatsi ( rugizwe na bagiteri zapfuye, n' udusoro tw'amaraso twera) ku maraka, n' ibyimba ry'inturugunyu nyamagege.<ref name=Review09>{{cite journal|author=Choby BA |title=Diagnosis n' treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=79 |issue=5|pages=383–90 |year=2009 |month=March |pmid=19275067 |doi=|url=http: www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0301/p383.html}}</ref> Hashobora kubaho ibindi birangandwara nk': * Ububabare bwo mu mutwe ([[umutwe]] )<ref name=Review06>{{cite journal |author=Brook I, Dohar JE |title=Management of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in children |journal=J Fam Pract |volume=55 |issue=12 |pages=S1–11; quiz S12 |year=2006|month=December |pmid=17137534 |doi= |url=}}</ref> * [[Ukuruka]] cyangwa ukumva ufite ([[isesemi]] )<ref name=Review06/> * [[Ububabare]] bwo mu [[gifu]]<ref name=Review06/> * [[Ububabare]] bwo mu [[mikaya]]<ref name=Review2001/> * [[Ibabuka]] (utubyimba duto tw'umutuku) ry’u mubiri cyangwa mu kanwa cyangwa mu muhogo. Iki ni ikimenyetso kidasanzwe ariko cyihariye.<ref name=Review09/> Umuntu urwaye anjine agaragarwaho n'ibirangandwara kuva ku munsi umwe kugera kuri itatu nyuma y'uko ahuye n' umuntu uyirwaye.<ref name=Review09/> <gallery> File:StrepAug2010.JPG|Urugero rwa anjine. Niwitegereza urabona amaraka yabyimbishijwe n'amashyira y'umweru. File:Streptococcal pharyngitis.jpg|Urugero rwa anjine. Niwitegereza urabona uduheri tw'umutuku. Utu duheri ntidusanzwe, gusa ni ikimenyetso cyihariye.<ref name=Review09/> File:Strep throat2010.JPG|Urugero rwa anjine yafashe umwana ufite imyaka 8. Niwitegereza urabona amaraka manini ahagana inyuma h'umuhogo, akaba yuzuyemo amashyira y'umweru. </gallery> ==Ikiyitera== Anjine iterwa n' ubwoko bwa [[bagiteri]] yitwa sitereputokusi beta-hemolitiki yo mu itsinda rya A (GAS).<ref name=Review10>{{cite journal |author=Baltimore RS |title=Re-evaluation of antibiotic treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis |journal=Curr. Opin. Pediatr. |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=77–82 |year=2010 |month=February|pmid=19996970 |doi=10.1097/MOP.0b013e32833502e7 |url=}}</ref>Izindi bagiteri cyangwa virusi bishobora na byo gutera ububabare bwo mu mihogo.<ref name=Review09/><ref name=Review2001/> Abantu bafatwa na anjine mu buryo butaziguye, begeranye n' umurwayi. Indwara ishobora gukwirakwira ku buryo bworoshye igihe abantu bateraniye hamwe.<ref name=Review2001>{{cite journal|author=Hayes CS, Williamson H |title=Management of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis|journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=63 |issue=8|pages=1557–64 |year=2001 |month=April |pmid=11327431 |doi=|url=http: www.aafp.org/afp/20010415/1557.html}}</ref><ref name="pmid15765640">{{cite journal |author=Lindbaek M, Høiby EA, Lermark G, Steinsholt IM, Hjortdahl P |title=Predictors for spread of clinical group A streptococcal tonsillitis within the household |journal=Scand J Prim Health Care |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=239–43 |year=2004 |pmid=15765640|doi=10.1080/02813430410006729}}</ref> Ingero z'amakoraniro zirimo abantu bari mu [[igisirikari]] cyangwa mu [[mashuri]] . Bagiteri ya GAS ishobora kumiranira mu [[mukungugu]] , ariko muri icyo gihe ntishobora kurwaza abantu. Iyo bagiteri ziri mu bidukikije zikomeje [[gutoha|ubuhehere]] zishobora kurwaza abantu mu gihe kigera ku minsi 15.<ref name=Review2001/> Bagiteri zihehereye zisangwa ku bintu nk' [[uburoso bw'amenyo]] Izi bagiteri zishobora kuba mu biribwa, ariko ibi ntibikunda kubaho cyane. Abantu barya ibiribwa bashobora kurwara.<ref name=Review2001/> Cumi na kabiri ku ijana by' abana badafite ibirangandwara bya anjine bafite GAS mu mihogo yabo ubusanzwe.<ref name=Peds2010>{{cite journal |author=Shaikh N, Leonard E, Martin JM |title=Prevalence of streptococcal pharyngitis and streptococcal carriage in children: a meta-analysis|journal=Pediatrics |volume=126 |issue=3 |pages=e557–64 |year=2010 |month=September|pmid=20696723 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-2648|url=}}</ref> ==Uko isuzumwa== {| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center" |+ [[Igipimo cya Centor kivuguruye]] !Amanota||Ikigero anjine ishobora kubonekeraho||Uburyo ivurwa |- | 1 cyangwa mu nsi|| <10%||Nta antibiyotiki cyangwa ikizamini bikenewe |- | 2 ||11–17%||rowspan="2"|Antibiyotiki ishingiye ku kizamini cyangwa RADT |- | 3 ||28–35% |- | 4 cyangwa 5 ||52%||Antibiyotiki nta gukora ikizamini |} Urutonde rwitwa igipimo gihinduye cya Centor gifasha abaganga gufata icemezo cy'uko tbashobora kuvura abantu barwaye uburwayi bwo mu mihogo. Igipimo cya Centor gifite ibipimo cyangwa amagenzura [[y'ubuvuzi]] atanu. Cyerekana uburyo bishoboka ko umuntu arwaye anjine.<ref name=Review09/> Inota rimwe ritangwa kuri kimwe muri ibi bishingirwaho:<ref name=Review09/> *Nta nkorora *Ukubyimba kw' inturugunyu nyamagege cyangwa inturugunyu nyamagege zibabaza iyo umuntu azikozeho *Ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya dogere 38°C (100.4°F) *Amashyira cyangwa ukubyimba kw' amaraka *Mu kigero kiri munsi y'imyaka (inota rimwe rikurwaho iyo umuntu ari hejuri y'imyaka 44) ===Ikizamini cyo muri laboratwari=== Ikizamini cyitwa igenzura ry'uburwayi bw'umuhogo] ni uburyo bw'igenzi<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Smith, Ellen Reid |author2=Kahan, Scott |author3=Miller, Redonda G. |title=In A Page Signs & Symptoms |series=In a Page Series |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Hagerstown, Maryland|year=2008 |pages=312 |isbn=0-7817-7043-2 |oclc=}}</ref> kugira ngo hamenyekane niba umuntu arwaye anjine. Iki kizamini gitanga icyizere kuva kuri 90 kugeza kuri 95 ku ijana y' igihe.<ref name=Review09/> Habaho ikindi kizamini twitwa ikizamini cya anjine cyihuse, cyangwa [[ikizamini cyihuse cyo kuvumbura mikorobi|RADT]] . Ikizamini cya anjine cyihuse kibangutse kurusha igenzurandwara zo mu mihogo ariko kivumbura indwara ku buryo bwizewe kukigero cya 70 ku ijana gusa by' igihe cyagenwe. Ibizamini byombi bishobora kwerekana igihe umuntu atarwaye anjine. Bishobora kwerekana ibi ku kigero cyizewe cya 98 ku ijana by' igihe.<ref name=Review09/> Mu gihe umuntu arwaye igenzurandwara zo mu mihogo cyangwa ikizamini cya anjine cyihuse bishobora kuranga niba umuntu arwaye anjine.<ref name=IDSAGuideline2002/> Abantu batagaragaza ibirangandwara ntibakwiye gupimwa indwara zo mu mihogo cyangwa ikizamini cya anjine cyihuse kuko abantu bamwe bafite bagiteri zitera anjine mu mihogo yabo ubusanzwe nta ngaruka izo arizo zose bibateye. Aba bantu kandi ntibakenewe kuvurwa.<ref name=IDSAGuideline2002/> ===Impamvu zitera ibiterandwara nk'ibi=== Anjine ifite bimwe mu birangandwara nk'iby'izindi ndwara. Kubera iyo mpamvu, birakomeye kumenya niba umuntu arwaye anjine nta igenzurandwara zo mu mihogo cyangwa igenzura ryihuse rya anjine rikozwe.<ref name=Review09/> Iyo umuntu afite umuriro n' uburibwe bwo mu mihogo biherekejwe n' [[inkorora]] , ibimyira byindi mu [[mazuru]] , [[impiswi]] , n' ugutukura no kumva ububabare mu [[maso]] , biba bishoboka ko yaba arwaye ukurwara mu mihogo guterwa na [[virusi]] .<ref name=Review09/> [[ubwandure|Iyandura]] [[ukubyimba mu mihogo]] ishobora gutera ububyimbe bw'inturugunyu ziri mu umuhogo na ukurwara mu mihogo, umuriro, ndetse ikaba yatuma amaraka aba manini.<ref name="pmid15508538">{{cite journal |author=Ebell MH |title=Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis |journal=Am Fam Physician|volume=70 |issue=7 |pages=1279–87 |year=2004 |pmid=15508538 |doi=|url=http:www.aafp.org/afp/20041001/1279.html}}</ref> Iri genzura rishobora kwemezwa na igenzura ry'amaraso. Nti habaho ariko ivura ryihariye bwa uburwayi bwo mu mihogo bwandura. ==Uko yirindwa== Abantu bamwe bafatwa na anjine kurusha abandi. Gukuramo amaraka ni bumwe mu buryo bwo kurinda aba abantu gufatwa na anjine.<ref name=Old84>{{cite journal |author=Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Bachman RZ, ''et al.'' |title=Efficacy of tonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection in severely affected children. Results of parallel randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials|journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=310 |issue=11 |pages=674–83 |year=1984 |month=March |pmid=6700642 |doi= 10.1056/NEJM198403153101102|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1984-03-15_310_11/page/674}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Alho OP, Koivunen P, Penna T, Teppo H, Koskela M, Luotonen J|title=Tonsillectomy versus watchful waiting in recurrent streptococcal pharyngitis in adults: randomised controlled trial|journal=BMJ |volume=334 |issue=7600 |pages=939|year=2007 |month=May |pmid=17347187 |pmc=1865439 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39140.632604.55|url=}}</ref> Gufatwa na anjine inshuro eshatu cyangwa nyinshi mu mwaka umwe bishobora kuba impamvu nyayo mu gukuraho amaraka.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Johnson BC, Alvi A |title=Cost-effective workup for tonsillitis. Testing, treatment, and potential complications|journal=Postgrad Med |volume=113 |issue=3 |pages=115–8, 121 |year=2003 |month=March |pmid=12647478 |doi=|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_postgraduate-medicine_2003-03_113_3/page/115}}</ref> Gusa ariko nanone gutegereza biba byiza aho kwihutira kuyakata.<ref name=Old84/> ==Uko ivurwa== Anjine akenshi imara iminsi mike nta [[kuvurwa]] .<ref name=Review09/> Kuyivurisha [[indwanyamikorobi]] bituma ibirangandwara bizimira byihuse mu gihe cy'amasaha 16.<ref name=Review09/> Impamvu y'ingenzi ituma ivurishwa indwanyamikorobi ni uko bigabanya ingorane zo kuba umuntu yagira uburwayi bukaze. Urugero ni, indwara y'umutima izwi nka [[ibicurane bikaze]] cyangwa urukorakorane rw'amashyira mu muhogo ruzwi nka [[ikibyimba cyo mu mihogo]] .<ref name=Review09/> Indwanyamikorobi zikora neza iyo zitanzwe m nyuma yo kugaragara kw'ibirangandwara.<ref name=Review10/> ===Imiti igabanya ububabare=== Imiti igamije koroshya [[ububabare]] ishobora gufasha ku bubabare buterwa na anjine.<ref name=Review00>{{cite journal |author=Thomas M, Del Mar C, Glasziou P |title=How effective are treatments other than antibiotics for acute sore throat? |journal=Br J Gen Pract|volume=50 |issue=459 |pages=817–20 |year=2000 |month=October |pmid=11127175 |pmc=1313826|doi=}}</ref> Iyi miti akenshi ibamo[[itari siteroyidali]] cyangwa isanzwe izwi nka [[asetaminofene]] . [[Ingirabuzimafatizo]] na zo ni ingenzi<ref name=Review10/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http:www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123372200/abstract |title=Effectiveness of Corticosteroid Treatment in Acute Pharyngitis: A Systematic Review of the Literature.|work=Andrew Wing. 2010; Academic Emergency Medicine |accessdate=}}</ref>, nka [[lidokayine]] ikoreshwa mu gutanga ikinya mu [[myorohera]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http:www.medicinenet.com/lidocaine_viscous/article.htm |title=Generic Name: Lidocaine Viscous (Xylocaine Viscous) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions |work=MedicineNet.com |accessdate=2010-05-07}}</ref> [[Asipirine]] ishobora gukoreshwa ku [[bantu bakuze]]. Si byiza guha asipirine abana kubera ko ishobora gutuma barwara [[indwara ifite ibimeneyetso bigaragara ko byica ya Reye]] .<ref name=Review10/> ===Imiti izitira mikorobe=== [[Penesiline V]] ni inzitiramikorobi ikoreshwa cyane muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]] mu kuvura anjine. Irakoreshwa cyane kubera ko nta ngorane iteza, ikora neza kandi ntigura [[amafaranga]] menshi] .<ref name=Review09/> [[Amogisiline]] ikoreshwa kenshi mu [[Uburayi]] .<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bonsignori F, Chiappini E, De Martino M|title=The infections of the upper respiratory tract in children |journal=Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol |volume=23 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=16–9 |year=2010|pmid=20152073 |doi=}}</ref> Mu [[Ubuhinde]] , birashoboka ko abantu bandura ibicurane bikaze. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umuti [[uterwa mu rushinge]] witwa penesiline benzatine G ni wo ukoreshwa buri gihe.<ref name=Review10/> Antibiyotiki igabanya igihe ibimenyetso byagombaga kumara. Impuzandengo iri hagati y'iminsi itatu n'itanu. Antibiyotiki igabanya ubu burebure ho hafi umunsi umwe. Iyi miti igabanya kandi ikwirakwira ry'iyi ndwara.<ref name=IDSAGuideline2002/> Imiti ikoreshwa kenshi mu kugerageza kugabanya [[ubukare]] budakunda kugaragara. Burimo [[ibicurane bikaze]] , [[gusesa ubuheri ku mubiri]] cyangwa[[ubwandure bw'umubiri]] .<ref name=InternalMedPosition2001>{{cite journal |author=Snow V, Mottur-Pilson C, Cooper RJ, Hoffman JR|title=Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults |journal=Ann Intern Med |volume=134 |issue=6|pages=506–8 |year=2001|month=March |pmid=11255529 |doi= |url=http: www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/134/6/506.pdf}}</ref> Ibyiza bya indwanyamikorobi bikwiye kuringanizwa n' izindi ngaruka zishobora gutera.<ref name=Review2001/> Kuvurwa hakoreshejwe indwanyamikorobi/antibiyotiki ntibikwiye gukoreshwa ku bantu basanzwe bafite ubuzima buzira umuze bagizweho ingaruka zo kuba bafashe imiti.<ref name=InternalMedPosition2001/> Indwanyamikorobi/antibiyotiki zikoreshwa kuri anjine kurusha uko hitezwe biturutse k'uko anjine iteye n' umuvuduko ikwirakwiriraho.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Linder JA, Bates DW, Lee GM, Finkelstein JA |title=Antibiotic treatment of children with sore throat |journal=J Am Med Assoc |volume=294 |issue=18 |pages=2315–22 |year=2005 |month=November |pmid=16278359|doi=10.1001/jama.294.18.2315|url=http:jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/294/18/2315}}</ref> Imiti ya [[eritoromisine]] (n' indi miti, yitwa [[makorolide]]) ikwiye gukoreshwa ku abantu bafite [[ubwivumbure bw'umubiri]] [[bukaze]] aho gukoresha [[penesilini]] .<ref name=Review09/>[[Sefalosiporini]] zishobora gukoreshwa ku bantu batagira ubwivumbure bukabije bw'umubiri.<ref name=Review09/> Ubwandu bw'umubiri butewe n'agakoko ka siterebutokoki bushobora nanone gutera ukubyimba kw' [[impyiko]] (uburwayi bw'impyiko bworoheje). Indwanyamikorobi/antibiyotiki ntizigabanya amahirwe y' iyi miterere.<ref name=Review10/> ==Icyo gushimangira== Ibirangandwara bya anjine akenshi bikira, bivuwe cyangwa bitavuwe, mu gihe kiri hagati y'iminsi itatu n'itanu.<ref name=IDSAGuideline2002>{{cite journal|author=Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaltney JM, Kaplan EL, Schwartz RH |title=Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. [[Infectious Diseases Society of America]] |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=113–25 |year=2002 |month=July|pmid=12087516 |doi=10.1086/340949 |last3=Gwaltney}}</ref>Ukuvura hifashishijwe abtibiyotiki bigabanya ingorane zo gutuma indwara ikara. Bishobora nanone gutuma bitorohera ikwirakwira ry' indwara. Abana bashobora gusubira ku [[ishuri]] mu masaha 24 nyuma gufata antibiyotiki za mbere.<ref name=Review09/> Ibi bibazo bikaze bishobora guterwa na anjine: * Burimo umuriro ukaze<ref name=Review06/> cyangwa [[umuriro wa sikarileti]] <ref name=Uptodate/> * Indwara yica yitwa [[sindorome ya shoke tigisiki]] <ref name=Uptodate>{{Cite web|url=http:www.utdol.com/online/content/topic.do?topicKey=upp_resp/4610 |title=UpToDate Inc. |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, ''et al.''|title=Severe group A streptococcal infections associated n' toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=321 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |year=1989 |month=July |pmid=2659990 |doi= 10.1056/NEJM198907063210101|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1989-07-06_321_1/page/1}}</ref> * Golomerulonefiritisi<ref name=Review05/> * Indwara yitwa [[sindorome ya PANDAS]] .<ref name=Review05>{{cite journal |author=Hahn RG, Knox LM, Forman TA |title=Evaluation of poststreptococcal illness|journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=71 |issue=10 |pages=1949–54 |year=2005 |month=May |pmid=15926411 |doi=|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2005-05-15_71_10/page/1949}}</ref> Ibi ni [ikibazo [[cyibasira ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri]] butera ibibazo bikomeye [[ by'imyitwarire]]. ==Ibishobora kubaho== Anjine ishyirwa mu [[itsinda]] ryagutse ry' uburibwe bwo mu mihogo cyangwa [[gapfura]]. Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 11 bafatwa n' uburwayi bwo mu mihogo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika buri mwaka.<ref name=Review09/> Inyinshi mu ndwara z' uburibwe bwo mu mihogo buterwa na virusi. Bagiteri yo mu bwoko bwa sitereputokusi beta-hemolitiki yo mu itsinda rya A itera kuva 15 kugeza kuri ku ijana by' uburwayi bwo mu mihogo mu bana. Itera kuva kuri 5 kugeza kuri 20 ku ijana by' uburwayi bwo mu mihogo mu bantu bakuze.<ref name=Review09/> Ubu burwayi akenshi bugaragara mu igihe cy'ibukonje kigiye kurangira no mu ntangiriro z'igihe kimeze nk'umuhindo.<ref name=Review09/> ==Inyandiko zifashishijwe== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} dn02scmvvk0cy5rd64ltpheoy5q2in8 0 7581 134514 127144 2026-08-12T18:41:53Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | name = Indwara y'umusinziro nyafurika <!-- EN: African trypanosomiasis--> | caption = Amasura indwara y'umusinziro igira [[Isanamu y'amaraso|ikizinga cy'amaraso]] | image = Trypanosoma sp. PHIL 613 lores.jpg | ICD10 = B56 | ICD9 = 086.5 | ICDO = | OMIM = | DiseasesDB = 29277 | DiseasesDB-2 = 13400 | MedlinePlus = 001362 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 2140 | MeSH = D014353 }} ''' Indwara y’umusinziro nyafurika ''' cyangwa ''' Indwara yo guhondobera '''<ref name=WHO2013/> ni [[indwara]] [[indwara]] ifata abantu n’amatungo. Iterwa n’umugera uva mu dukoko twitwa ''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]''.<ref>{{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|001362|Sleeping sickness}}</ref> Umuntu ashobora kwandura ubwoko bubiri bwayo, ''[[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense]]'' (T.b.g) na ''[[Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense]]'' (T.b.r.).<ref name=WHO2013/> T.b.g niyo ifata abarwayi 98 ku ijana bayandura.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite journal|author=WHO Media centre|title=Fact sheet N°259: Trypanosomiasis, Human African (sleeping sickness)|year=June 2013|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/}}</ref> Ayo moko abiri aterwa akenshi no kurumwa n’ [[isazi ya tsetse]] irwaye ikaba yiganje mu bice by’ibyaro.<ref name=WHO2013/> Mu mizo ya mbere, iyo indwara ikigaragaza bwa mbere, umurwayi ahinda umuriro, akarwara umutwe, akumva uburyaryate n’ububabare mu ngingo.<ref name=WHO2013/> Indwara yigaragaza nyuma y’ibyumweru bitatu umuntu arumwe n’isazi ya tsetse.<ref name=Lancet2013/> Mu byumweru bikurikiyeho cyangwa nyuma y’amezi ibimenyetso byo ku ntera ya kabiri byigaragaza mu buryo umuntu asa n’udasobanukiwe n’uko yiyumva, ingingo ze ntabashe kuziyobora, akagira ibinya ntasinzire neza.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Lancet2013/> Mu kuyisuzuma bapima agakoko mu [[kazinga k’amaraso]] cyangwa mu mashyira ava mu ntobo.<ref name=Lancet2013/> [[Amatembabuzi yo mu ruti rw'umugongo]] ni yo bapima akenshi ngo babashe gutandukanya niba indwara ikiri ku ntera ya mbere cyangwa igeze ku ntera ya kabiri.<ref name=Lancet2013/> Kwirinda ko yahinduka igikatu bisaba ko abaturage yugarije bakorerwa ibizami by’amaraso bagapimwa T.b.g.<ref name=WHO2013/> Iyi indwara ivurwa bitagoranye iyo igaragaye mu maraso hakiri kare mbere y’uko igaragaza ibimenyetso by’uko yaba yarakwirakwiriye mu mitsi.<ref name=WHO2013/> Imiti bayivuza ikiri ku ntera ya mbere ni [[pentamidine]] cyangwa [[suramin]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Ku ntera ya kabiri bitabaza [[eflornithine]] cyangwa bakungikanya [[nifurtimox]] na eflornithine iyo ari T.b.g.<ref name=Lancet2013>{{cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=PG|title=Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness).|journal=Lancet neurology|date=2013 Feb|volume=12|issue=2|pages=186-94|pmid=23260189}}</ref> Naho [[melarsoprol]] yo ikoreshwa mu kuyivura ku ntera yaba igezeho iyo ari yo yose ikaba ariko by’umwihariko yitabazwa mu kuvura T.b.r iyo itangiye gutera izindi ngaruka ziremereye.<ref name=WHO2013/> Iyi ndwara yiganje cyane cyane mu turere tumwe twa [[Afurika yo mu majyepfo ya Sahara]], ikaba yugarije abaturage bakabakaba miliyoni 70 mu bihugu 36.<ref name=Sim2012>{{cite journal|author=Simarro PP, Cecchi G, Franco JR, Paone M, Diarra A, Ruiz-Postigo JA, Fèvre EM, Mattioli RC, Jannin JG |title=Estimating and Mapping the Population at Risk of Sleeping Sickness |journal=PLoS Negl Trop Dis |volume=6|issue=10|pages=e1859|year=2012|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001859}}</ref> Mu mwaka wa 2010 yahitanye abantu bagera ku 9000 umubare ukaba wari wagabanutse ugereranyije n’a bantu 34000 yahitanye muri 1990.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Abantu babarirwa kuri 30000 nibo bayanduye kuri ubu muri bo 7000 bayanduye mu mwaka wa 2012.<ref name=WHO2013/> Muri abo bayanduye abarenga 80 ku ijana ubasanga [[muri repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya Kongo]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Ahantu hatatu h’ingezi yigeze kuba icyorezo mu mateka ya vuba ubwa mbere ni kuva mu mwaka 1896 kugeza 1906 ni muri [[Uganda]] no mu [[Kibaya cya Kongo]] ubwa kabiri ni hagati ya 1920 na 1970 mu bihugu byinshi by’ Afurika.<ref name=WHO2013/> Amatungo na yo, urugero ni nk’inka, ashobora gusanganwa iyi ndwara yarayanduye.<ref name=WHO2013/> ==References== <references /> bh5htjn73u94wpzqzkzfvyze5j0w2yk 0 7727 134517 127143 2026-08-12T18:44:16Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Ibisazi by’imbwa | image= Dog with rabies.jpg | caption = Imbwa ifite uburwayi bw’ibisazi igeze mu rwego rwo guhinamirana (urwego rwa nyuma rw’ibisazi) | DiseaseDB = 11148 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|82||a|82}} | ID9 = {{ICD9|071}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 001334 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1374 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|eerg|493}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1974}} | MeshID = D011818 }} [[Dosiye:Four dogs running at golden hour in the countryside of Don Det Laos.jpg|center|thumb|480x480px|dogs]] '''Ibisazi by’imbwa''' ni indwara ikomeye iterwa na virusi yibasira ubwonko bw’umuntu cyangwa izindi nyamaswa zigira amaraso ashyushye.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ibimenyetso by’ibanze bishobora kuba umuriro no gutitira kw’ahantu harumwe.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ibyo bimenyetso bikurikirwa n’ikindi kimenyetso kimwe cyangwa byinshi aribyo: guhubuka mu bikorwa, kutagira rutangira mu myitwarire, [gutinya amazi,kudashobora kunyeganyeza ibice bimwe by’umubiri, kuvangirwa no guta umutwe].<ref name=WHO2013/> Nyuma y’igaragara ry’ibimenyenyetso, ibisazi by’imbwa akenshi birangizwa n’urupfu. <ref name=WHO2013/> Igihe cyo kwandura iyo ndwara nicyo kugaragaza ibimenyetso ubusanzwe kiri hagati y’ukwezi kumwe n’amezi atatu. Ariko iki gihe gishobora guhinduka, bikagaragara mu gihe kiri munsi y’icyumweru kugeza ku mwaka urenga. <ref name=WHO2013/> Igihe gihindagurika bitewe n’uburebure bw’intera virusi igomba kugenda kugira ngo igere mu mitsi yo mu bwonko rwagati.<ref name=Robbins>{{cite book |author=Cotran RS |title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease |edition=7th |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |year=2005 |page=1375 |isbn=0-7216-0187-1|author-separator=, |author2=Kumar V |author3=Fausto N |display-authors=3}}</ref>. Indwara y’ibisazi by’imbwa yanduza abantu iturutse ku zindi nyamaswa. Kwandura biba iyo [[inyamaswa]] ishishimuye cyangwa ikaruma indi nyamaswa cyangwa umuntu. <ref name=WHO2013/> Urukonda rw’ inyamaswa yanduye narwo rushobora kwanduza indwara y’ ibisazi by’ imbwa igihe urwo rukonda ruhuye n’ igice cy’ umubiri w’ umuntu cyangwa w’inyamaswa gifite urukonda. <ref name=WHO2013/> Abantu benshi barwara ibisazi by’ imbwa akenshi ni ababa barumwe nazo. ref name=WHO2013/> Mu bihugu bibonekamo imbwa zirwaye ibisazi, izirenga 99 ku ijana akenshi ziba zariwe n’ izindi mbwa.<ref name=Tint2010>{{cite book |author=Tintinalli, Judith E. |title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2010 |pages=Chapter 152 |isbn=0-07-148480-9}}</ref> Muri Amerika impamvu nyamukuru itera ibisazi ni ubucurama, kandi abantu bari munsi ya 5 ku ijana barwaye ibisazi biterwa no kuribwa n’ imbwa. <ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Tint2010/> Inyamaswa zo mu bwoko bw’imbeba ntizikunze gufatwa n’ibisazi by’imbwa. <ref name=Tint2010/> Virusi y’ibisazi by’imbwa igenda igana mu bwonko inyuze mu myakura ishamikiyeho. <ref name=WHO2013/>Iyo ndwara ishobora kugaragazwa n’igipimo cyo kwa muganga igihe ibimenyetso byatangiye kugaragara gusa.<ref name=WHO2013/> Porogaramu zishinzwe kugenzura no gukingira inyamaswa zagabanije umubare w’imbwa zishobora gufatwa n’ ibisazi mu turere tumwe na tumwe tw’ isi. <ref name=WHO2013/> Gukingira abantu mbere y’ uko bandura nibyo bikwiriye, cyane ku bantu bugarijwe n’icyo cyorezo. Igice cy’abantu bibasirwa cyane harimo abantu bakora mu bucurama cyangwa abamara igihe kirekire mu turere tw’isi dukunze kubamo indwara y’ ibisazi by’imbwa. <ref name=WHO2013/> Mu bantu bigeze bibasirwa n’ indwara y’ ibisazi by’ imbwa, urukingo rwayo ndetse rimwe na rimwe umuti w’ ibyo bisazi bifite akamaro mu kwirinda indwara mu gihe yakingiwe mbere y’uko ibimenyetso bitangira kugaragara. <ref name=WHO2013/> Kogesha isabune n’ amazi mu gihe cy’ iminota 15 aharumwe cyangwa ahanoshwe n’inzara cyangwa gukoresha umuti wica udukoko nabyo bituma indwara y ’ ibisazi by’ imbwa yirindwa. <ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Rabies Fact Sheet N°99|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=28 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> Abantu bake gusa nibo babashije gukira indwara y’ ibisazi, nabwo ari uko bavuwe ku buryo bwimbitse bwitwa “Milwaukee protocol]]”. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Hemachudha T, Ugolini G, Wacharapluesadee S, Sungkarat W, Shuangshoti S, Laothamatas J | title = Human rabosies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. | journal = Lancet neurology | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 498–513 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23602163 | doi = 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70038-3 }}</ref> Buri mwaka, ku isi yose, indwara y’ibisazi by’imbwa ihitana abantu bari hagati ya 26,000 na 55,000. <ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | author = Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, et al. | title = Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2095–128 | date = Dec 15, 2012 | pmid = 23245604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 }}</ref> Abapfa bazira iyo ndwara barenga 95 ku ijana kandi babarizwa muri Afurika na [[Aziya]]. <f name=WHO2013/> Indwara y’ ibisazi by’ imbwa iboneka mu bihugu birenga 150 kandi ku migabane yose uretse muri Antarkitika.<ref name=WHO2013/> Abantu barenga biliyoni 3 baba mu turere tw’ isi tubamo indwara y’ ibisazi by’imbwa. <ref name=WHO2013/> Mu gice kinini c’[[Burayi|UBurayi]] na Ositarariya, indwara y’ ibisazi by’imbwa iboneka mu bucurama honyine. <ref>{{cite web|title=Presence / absence of rabies in 2007|url=http://www.who.int/rabies/Absence_Presence_Rabies_07_large.jpg?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=1 March 2014|year=2007}}</ref> Mu bihubu bito bito by’ ibirwa nta ndwara y’ ibisazi by’imbwa ihaba na busa. <ref>{{cite web|title=Rabies-Free Countries and PoliticalUnits|url=http://www.cdc.gov/animalimportation/rabies-free-countries.html|work=CDC|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref> ==Inyandiko zifashishijwe== <references /> iy3fi6a1phth5abxdlipsmjh9sfi4yv 0 15233 134505 134127 2026-08-12T18:25:49Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134505 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Imodoka zikoreaha amashanyarazi.jpg|thumb|imikoda idahumanya ikirere|270x270px]] Ubuhinzi bugira uruhare mu ihindagurika ry’ikirere binyuze mu byuka bihumanya ikirere no guhindura ubutaka butari ubuhinzi nk’amashyamba mu butaka bw’ubuhinzi. <ref>Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, in: {{Cite book|pages=67–69}} </ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=135–153}}</ref> Ubuhinzi, amashyamba n’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka bitanga hagati ya 13 kugeza kuri 21 ku ijana by’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi. imyuka mibi igizwe na kimwe cya kabiri cy’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi. Ubworozi ni soko nya mukuru yohereza ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How livestock farming affects the environment |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/factsheet/how-livestock-farming-affects-the-environment-64218 |access-date=2022-02-10 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130055211/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/factsheet/how-livestock-farming-affects-the-environment-64218 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dosiye:Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg|thumb|Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere]] == Incamake == Ibikorwa byubuhinzi bisohora imyuka ya parike ya gaze karuboni, aside nitide, na metani . <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=4641}}</ref> === Umwuka wa karuboni === Ibikorwa nko guhinga imirima, gutera ibihingwa, no kohereza ibicuruzwa bitera imyuka ya karuboni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Practices Producing and Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/sce/iowa-chapter/Ag-CAFOs/AgAndGHG.pdf |access-date=2023-03-15 |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315081522/https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/sce/iowa-chapter/Ag-CAFOs/AgAndGHG.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ubuhinzi bwangiza imyuka bingana na 11% byuka bihumanya ikirere. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=2023-02-08 |title=Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Imirima nko kugabanya guhinga, kugabanya ubutaka bwubusa, gusubiza biyomasi ibisigazwa by ibihingwa kubutaka, no kongera ikoreshwa ryibihingwa bitwikiriye bishobora kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Food |first=Ministry of Agriculture and |title=Reducing agricultural greenhouse gases - Province of British Columbia |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/agriculture-seafood/agricultural-land-and-environment/climate-action/reducing-agricultural-ghgs |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=www2.gov.bc.ca}}</ref> === Umwuka wa metani === [[Dosiye:Livestock_near_Walnut_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3240836.jpg|thumb| Ubworozi.]] [[Dosiye:Global_Nitrous_Oxide_Budget_2020.png|thumb| Ingengo yimari ya nitrous kwisi yose.]] [[Dosiye:The_Global_Methane_Budget_2008–2017.png|thumb| Ingengo yimari ya metani kwisi yose.]] == Imikoreshereze y'ubutaka == {{Bar chart|title=Mean greenhouse gas emissions for different food types<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Michael Clark|last2=Tilman|first2=David|date=November 2014|title=Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_nature_2014-11-27_515_7528/page/518|journal=Nature|volume=515|issue=7528|pages=518–522|doi=10.1038/nature13959|pmid=25383533|issn=1476-4687|bibcode=2014Natur.515..518T|s2cid=4453972}}</ref>|label6=[[Poultry]]|label13=[[Legumes]]|data12=1.2|label12=[[Maize]]|data11=1.2|label11=[[Wheat]]|data10=1.7|label10=[[List of root vegetables|Starchy Roots]]|data9=6.8|label9=[[Egg as food|Eggs]]|data8=8.6|label8=[[Fishery|Non-trawling Fishery]]|data7=9.1|label7=[[Dairy]]|data6=10|data5=10|float=right|label5=[[Pork]]|data4=12|label4=[[Aquaculture|Non-recirculating Aquaculture]]|data3=26|label3=[[Trawling|Trawling Fishery]]|data2=30|label2=[[Recirculating aquaculture system|Recirculating Aquaculture]]|data1=62|label1=[[Ruminant|Ruminant Meat]]|data_max=62|width_units=em|bar_width=20|data_type=Greenhouse Gas Emissions (g CO<small>2</small>-C<small>eq</small> per g protein)|label_type=Food Types|data13=0.25}} == Reba == {{Reflist}} === Imirimo yatanzwe === *   == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [http://www.fao.org/climatechange/en/ Imihindagurikire y’ibihe] ku muryango w’ibiribwa n’ubuhinzi ku rubuga rw’umuryango w’abibumbye. * [http://www.ifpri.org/publication/climate-change-1 Raporo ku isano iri hagati y’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ubuhinzi n’umutekano w’ibiribwa] n’ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ubushakashatsi kuri politiki y’ibiribwa * [http://www.adb.org/features/12-things-know-2012-rice Imihindagurikire y’ibihe, umuceri n’ubuhinzi bwa Aziya: Ibintu 12 byo kumenya] Banki ishinzwe iterambere muri Aziya [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] ewlri9pz2u234gjah7cldm9ntg89hlt 0 19481 134518 122473 2026-08-12T18:46:07Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} {{Politics of Rwanda}} U [[Rwanda]] ni igihugu cy'ishyaka rimwe cyayobowe<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Holmes|first1=Georgina|title=Gendering the Rwanda Defence Force: A Critical Assessment|journal=Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding|date=2014|volume=8|issue=4|pages=321–333|doi=10.1080/17502977.2014.964449|s2cid=144474675}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Thomson|first1=Susan|author1-link=Susan Thomson|title=Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace|date=2018|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-23591-3|page=185|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbxODwAAQBAJ&q=one-party+state|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ph.D|first1=Joseph Sebarenzi|last2=Twagiramungu|first2=Noel|title=Rwanda's economic growth could be derailed by its autocratic regime|url=https://theconversation.com/rwandas-economic-growth-could-be-derailed-by-its-autocratic-regime-114649|access-date=5 September 2023|work=The Conversation|date=8 April 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Waldorf|first1=Lars|title=Handbook of Restorative Justice|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-34682-2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jGV_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT619 ?]|chapter=Rwanda's failing experiment in restorative justice}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Beswick|first1=Danielle|title=Aiding State Building and Sacrificing Peace Building? The Rwanda–UK relationship 1994–2011|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2011_32_10/page/1911|journal=Third World Quarterly|date=2011|volume=32|issue=10|pages=1911–1930|doi=10.1080/01436597.2011.610593|s2cid=153404360}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowman|first1=Warigia|title=Four. Imagining a Modern Rwanda: Sociotechnological Imaginaries, Information Technology, and the Postgenocide State|date=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-27666-3|page=87|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7208/9780226276663-004/html?lang=en|language=en|doi=10.7208/9780226276663-004|doi-broken-date=12 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Reyntjens|first1=Filip|title=Behind the Façade of Rwanda's Elections|journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs|date=2011|volume=12|issue=2|pages=64–69|jstor=43133887|issn=1526-0054}}</ref> na Front Patriotique y'u Rwanda n'umuyobozi wayo Paul Kagame kuva jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 irangiye. N'ubwo u Rwanda ruvugwaho kuba rufite demokarasi, amatora ahindurwa mu buryo butandukanye, harimo guhagarika amashyaka atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, gufunga cyangwa kwica abanenga amatora, n'uburiganya mu matora.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Waldorf |first1=Lars |editor1-last=Themnér |editor1-first=Anders |title=Warlord Democrats in Africa: Ex-Military Leaders and Electoral Politics |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic / [[Nordic Africa Institute]] |isbn=978-1-78360-248-3 |url=http://files.webb.uu.se/uploader/1576/Warlord-Democrats-in-Africa.pdf#page=79 |language=en |chapter=The Apotheosis of a Warlord: Paul Kagame |access-date=28 September 2024 |archive-date=27 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127084243/http://files.webb.uu.se/uploader/1576/Warlord-Democrats-in-Africa.pdf#page=79 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amategeko y'u Rwanda yakuwe ku mategeko y'ubucamanza bw'u [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]] n'u [[Ubudage|Budage]] n'amategeko gakondo abera mu rwego rwa repubulika ya perezida, aho [[Perezida wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda|Perezida w'u Rwanda]] ari umukuru w'igihugu ufite ububasha bukomeye bwo gukora, Minisitiri w'Intebe w'u Rwanda akaba ari umuyobozi w'ubutegetsi. Ububasha bwo gushyiraho amategeko bufitwe na guverinoma n'ibyumba bibiri by'inteko ishinga amategeko, Sena n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko. Ku ya 5 Gicurasi 1995, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'Igihugu y'Igihe cyahise yemeje Itegeko Nshinga rishya ryarimo ingingo z'Itegeko Nshinga ryo ku ya 18 Kamena 1991, kimwe n'ibikubiye mu masezerano y'amahoro ya Arusha yo mu 1993 na porogaramu y'ubwumvikane y'amashyaka menshi yo mu Ugushyingo 1994.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title = Politics in Rwanda {{!}} About Rwanda|url = http://www.aboutrwanda.com/politics-in-rwanda/|website = www.aboutrwanda.com|access-date = 12 November 2015|archive-date = 5 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305131102/http://www.aboutrwanda.com/politics-in-rwanda/}}</ref> == Inteko ishinga amategeko y'igihugu == Mu Rwanda Inteko Ishinga Amategeko igizwe n'abadepite mirongo inani. Muri bo, Abadepite mirongo itanu na batatu batoranywa mu matora rusange mu ibanga, batoranyijwe ku rutonde rwihariye rw'amazina y'abakandida batorwa n'amashyirahamwe ya politiki cyangwa abakandida bigenga; abagore makumyabiri na bane batoranyijwe na za kaminuza zihariye z'amatora mu buryo buhuje n'inzego z'ubuyobozi bw'igihugu; Abadepite babiri batowe n'Inama y'Igihugu y'Urubyiruko; Depite umwe watowe n'Inama y'Igihugu y'Abantu bafite Ubumuga. Sena igizwe n'abantu makumyabiri na batandatu. Muri abo, harimo abasenateri cumi na babiri batowe n'inama zihariye hakurikijwe inzego z'ubuyobozi; Abasenateri umunani bashyizweho na Perezida wa Repubulika; Abasenateri bane batowe n'Inama y'Igihugu y'amashyirahamwe ya politiki; Umusenateri umwe watowe mu bigisha n'abashakashatsi ba Kaminuza za Leta n'ibigo by'amashuri makuru; n'Umusenateri umwe watowe mu bigisha n'abashakashatsi ba Kaminuza z'abikorera n'ibigo by'amashuri makuru.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title = EIUCountry Login|url = http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=151847999&Country=Rwanda&topic=Summary&subtopic=Political+structure|website = country.eiu.com|access-date = 12 November 2015}}</ref> == Amateka == {{unreferenced section|date=October 2022}} {{Main|History of Rwanda|German East Africa|Ruanda-Urundi}} Nyuma y'intsinzi ya gisirikare muri Nyakanga 1994, Front Patriotique y'u Rwanda yateguye guverinoma y'ishyaka isa n'iyo yashyizweho na Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana mu 1992. Yiswe Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Igihugu Ifite Urufatiro Rwagutse, amategeko yayo y'ibanze ashingiye ku ihuje ry'itegeko nshinga, amasezerano ya Arusha, n'amasezerano ya politiki y'amashyaka. Ishyaka rya MRND ryashyizwe mu kato. Gutegura politiki byari bibujijwe kugeza mu 2003. Amatora ya mbere ya nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, amatora y'umukuru w'igihugu n'amatora y'abadepite yabaye muri Kanama na Nzeri 2003, buri wese ku giti cye. Ibibazo bikomeye leta yari ihanganye nabyo ni ugusubiza mu buzima busanzwe impunzi zirenga miliyoni 2 zagarutse kuva kera nka 1959; iherezo ry'ubugarariji no kurwanya ubugarariji mu bahoze ari abasirikare n'interahamwe n'igisirikare cy'u Rwanda cy'igihugu, cyibumbiye mu majyaruguru no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba; no kuva mu bibazo byo gutegura iterambere ry'igihe gito n'igihe kirekire. Imfungwa zizakomeza kuba ikibazo cyihutirwa mu gihe kiri imbere, kuko zariyongereye zirenga 100.000 mu myaka 3 yakurikiye intambara. Guverinoma ibuza ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rishingiye ku gitsina, ubwoko, ubwoko cyangwa idini. Guverinoma yashyizeho amategeko abuza gushimangira umwirondoro w'Abahutu cyangwa Abatutsi mu bikorwa byinshi bya politiki. == Politiki-ubukungu bwibanze == Kuva mu mwaka wa 2005 kugeza mu mwaka wa 2010, umubare w'abari mu bukene bw'intica ntikize ku rwego rw'igihugu wagabanutseho hejuru ya 10 ku ijana, kandi icyizere cyo kubaho cy'imyaka igera kuri 64 kiruta icy'ibihugu nk'ibyo byo muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara ndetse n'ibindi bihugu bikennye. Mu mwaka wa 2011, umusaruro w'ibyuka byangiza ikirere w'u Rwanda wari toni 0.1 ku muntu, ukaba wari hasi cyane ugereranyije n'ibindi bihugu byo muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara ndetse n'ibindi bihugu bifite umusaruro muke. U Rwanda rufite umubare munini w'abanyeshuri biga kurusha ibindi bihugu byo muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara, ndetse no mu bindi bihugu bikennye. Kuva mu mwaka wa 2014, u Rwanda rwari rukigaragara nk'igihugu cyinjiza amafaranga make, gifite umusaruro mbumbe w'igihugu ungana na miliyari 7.890 z'amadolari, ugereranyije n'amadolari y'Amerika, n'abaturage bangana na miliyoni 11.34. Kuva mu mwaka wa 2015 u Rwanda rwahinduye icyerekezo mu iterambere ry'ubukungu, rushyira imbere ifaranga ry'amahanga mu buhinzi bw'ikawa n'icyayi, "bifasha kugabanya ubukene n'ubusumbane". Banki y'Isi yashimye imihati y'u Rwanda. Kagame yagiranye ibiganiro n'ibigo bikomeye nka Costco na Starbucks, byahoze ari byo bigura kawa nyinshi mu Rwanda kuva mu 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Rwanda Rising: A New Model of Economic Development|url = http://www.fastcompany.com/1208900/rwanda-rising-new-model-economic-development|website = Fast Company|access-date = 12 November 2015|language = en-US}}</ref> == Abaminisitiri bakomeye == [https://www.gov.rw/cabinet]{{Main|Cabinet of Rwanda}} * Perezida: [[Paul Kagame]] * [[Edouard Ngirente]] * [[Ildephonse Musafiri]] * [[Ines Mpambara]] * [[Juvenal Marizamunda]] * [[Albert Murasira]] * [[Gaspard Twagirayezu]] * [[Valentine Uwamariya]] * [[Uzziel Ndagijimana|Dr. Uzziel Ndagijimana]] * [[Vincent Biruta]] * [[Sabin Nsanzimana]] * [[Jimmy Gasore]] * [[Alfred Gasana]] * [[Emmanuel Ugirashebuja]] * [[Jean Claude Musabyimana]] * [[Jeanne d'Arc Mujawamariya|Amb. Dr. Jeanne d'Arc Mujawamariya]] * [[Judith Uwizeye]] * [[Jeannette Bayisenge]] * [[Aurore Mimosa Munyangaju]] * [[Utumatwishima Jean Nepo Abdallah]] * [[Jean Chrysostome Ngabitsinze]] * [[Paula Ingabire]]<ref name=":4" /> * M[[Jean-Damascène Bizimana]] == Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ryitabiriye == U Rwanda ni umunyamuryango wa [[Agency for the French-Speaking Community|ACCT]], [[African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States|ACP]], [[African Development Bank|AfDB]], [[World Trade Organization|WTrO]]. == Ibikubiyemo == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ry'urubuga rwo hanze == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121223005922/http://www.gov.rw/ Official website of the Republic of Rwanda] *[http://www.primature.gov.rw/ Official website of the Office of the Prime Minister of Rwanda] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081204034344/http://www.primature.gov.rw/ministries.htm Official website of the Office of the Prime Minister of Rwanda - Directory of Ministries and web addresses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204034344/http://www.primature.gov.rw/ministries.htm |date=4 December 2008 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Purdeková |first1=Andrea |last2=Reyntjens |first2=Filip |last3=Wilén |first3=Nina |title=Militarisation of governance after conflict: beyond the rebel-to-ruler frame – the case of Rwanda |journal=Third World Quarterly |date=2018 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=158–174 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2017.1369036|hdl=10067/1479870151162165141 |s2cid=158329591 |hdl-access=free }} *{{cite journal |last1=McDoom |first1=Omar Shahabudin |title=Securocratic state-building: the rationales, rebuttals, and risks behind the extraordinary rise of Rwanda after the genocide |journal=African Affairs |date=2022 |volume=121 |issue=485 |pages=535–567 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adac031 |url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/121/485/535/6722640|doi-access=free }} {{Rwanda topics}} {{Africa in topic|Politics of}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Politics of Rwanda}} [[Category:Politiki y'u Rwanda| ]] juqrcuuw8c1w6jy28f5cyu3xe8th952 0 20344 134511 123665 2026-08-12T18:38:01Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Diarrhea | synonym = Diarrhoea | image = Symptoms-diarrhea-nonbloody.jpg | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = Watery diarrhea | pronounce = | field = [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]], [[gastroenterology]] | symptoms = Loose frequent bowel movements, [[dehydration]]<ref name=WHO2013/> | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = Usually infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic)<ref name=WHO2013/> | risks = Contaminated food or water<ref name=WHO2013/> | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = [[Handwashing]], [[rotavirus vaccination]], [[breastfeeding]]<ref name=WHO2013/> | treatment = [[Oral rehydration therapy|Oral rehydration solution]], [[zinc supplementation]]<ref name=WHO2013/> | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = ≈2.4 billion (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref> | deaths = 1.3 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}</ref> | video1 = [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Diarrhea.webm|upright=1.36|frameless|Video explanation ([[Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Diarrhea|script]])]] | named after = }} '''Indwara y'impiswi''', nanone yitwa '''impiswi''', ni uburyo bwo kugira byibura amara atatu arekuye, atemba, cyangwa y'amazi buri munsi.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diarrhoeal disease Fact sheet N°330|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/|website=World Health Organization|access-date=9 July 2014|date=April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717205014/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/|archive-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> Bikunze kumara iminsi mike kandi bishobora kuvamo umwuma kubera kubura amazi.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Ibimenyetso byo kubura umwuma akenshi bitangirana no gutakaza uburebure busanzwe bwuruhu nimyitwarire irakaze.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Ibi birashobora gutera imbere kugabanuka kwinkari, gutakaza ibara ryuruhu, umuvuduko w'umutima wihuse, no kugabanuka kubyitabira uko bikabije.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Intebe zidakabije ariko zidafite amazi kubana bonsa gusa, ariko, ni ibisanzwe.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Impamvu zikunze kugaragara cyane ni kwandura amara bitewe na virusi, [[bagiteri]], cyangwa parasite - indwara izwi kandi nka gastroenteritis.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Izi ndwara akenshi ziboneka mu biryo cyangwa amazi byanduye umwanda, cyangwa biturutse ku wundi muntu wanduye.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Ubwoko butatu bw'impiswi ni: igihe gito impiswi y'amazi, igihe gito cyo gucibwamo amaraso, hamwe n'impiswi ikomeza (kumara ibyumweru birenga bibiri, bishobora kuba amazi cyangwa amaraso).<ref name="WHO2013" /> Igihe gito impiswi y'amazi irashobora guterwa na kolera, nubwo ibi bidasanzwe mubihugu byateye imbere.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Niba amaraso ahari, bizwi kandi nka dysentery.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Impamvu nyinshi zitandura zirashobora gutera impiswi.<ref name="CEM2013" /> Muri byo harimo kutoroherana kwa lactose, syndrome de munda, kutagira celiac gluten sensitivite, indwara ya celiac, indwara zifata amara nka colitis ulcerative colitis, hyperthyroidism, diarrhea aside aside, hamwe n'imiti myinshi.<ref name="CEM2013">{{Cite book|veditors=Abdelmalak B, Doyle J|title=Anesthesia for otolaryngologic surgery|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01867-9|pages=282–287}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Slattery SA, Niaz O, Aziz Q, Ford AC, Farmer AD|title=Systematic review with meta-analysis: the prevalence of bile acid malabsorption in the irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea|journal=Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics|volume=42|issue=1|pages=3–11|date=July 2015|pmid=25913530|doi=10.1111/apt.13227|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/86190/3/MANUSCRIPT-REVISED%5B1%5D.pdf|access-date=28 June 2020|archive-date=9 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509035023/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/86190/3/MANUSCRIPT-REVISED%5B1%5D.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Mubihe byinshi, imico yintebe kugirango yemeze impamvu nyayo ntabwo isabwa.<ref name="NEJM2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=DuPont HL|title=Acute infectious diarrhea in immunocompetent adults|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2014-04-17_370_16/page/1532|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=370|issue=16|pages=1532–40|date=April 2014|pmid=24738670|doi=10.1056/nejmra1301069}}</ref> Indwara y'impiswi irashobora kwirindwa no kunoza isuku, [[Kunywa amazi|amazi meza yo kunywa]], no gukaraba intoki n'isabune.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Kwonsa byibuze amezi atandatu no gukingira rotavirus nabyo birasabwa.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Igisubizo cyo mu kanwa (ORS) - amazi meza afite umunyu mwinshi hamwe [[Isukari|n'isukari]] - nuburyo bwo guhitamo.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Ibinini bya Zinc nabyo birasabwa.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Iyi miti bivugwa ko yakijije abana miliyoni 50 mu myaka 25 ishize.<ref name="WHO2010a">{{Cite web|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598415_eng.pdf|title=whqlibdoc.who.int|website=[[World Health Organization]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108051648/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598415_eng.pdf|archive-date=8 November 2010}}</ref> Iyo abantu barwaye impiswi birasabwa ko bakomeza kurya ibiryo byiza kandi abana bagakomeza konsa.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Niba ubucuruzi bwa ORS butaboneka, ibisubizo byakorewe murugo birashobora gukoreshwa.<ref name="Prober2012">{{Cite book|vauthors=Crockett ME, Keystone JS|chapter=Protection of Travelers|veditors=Fischer M, Long SS, Prober CG|title=Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-1-4557-3985-1|page=82|edition=4th|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TN2Gu2Af1BIC&pg=PA82|access-date=28 June 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727032809/https://books.google.com/books?id=TN2Gu2Af1BIC&pg=PA82|url-status=live}}</ref> Kubafite umwuma mwinshi, hashobora gukenerwa amazi yimitsi.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Imanza nyinshi; icyakora, irashobora gucungwa neza hamwe na flux kumunwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ACEP|title=Nation's Emergency Physicians Announce List of Test and Procedures to Question as Part of Choosing Wisely Campaign|url=http://www.choosingwisely.org/nations-emergency-physicians-announce-list-of-test-and-procedures-to-question-as-part-of-choosing-wisely-campaign/|website=Choosing Wisely|access-date=18 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517042652/http://www.choosingwisely.org/nations-emergency-physicians-announce-list-of-test-and-procedures-to-question-as-part-of-choosing-wisely-campaign/|archive-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> Antibiyotike, nubwo idakoreshwa gake, irashobora gusabwa mugihe gito nkabafite impiswi zamaraso hamwe n'umuriro mwinshi, abafite impiswi ikabije nyuma yingendo, nabahinga bagiteri cyangwa parasite zihariye.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Loperamide irashobora gufasha kugabanya umubare wamaraso ariko ntibisabwa kubafite uburwayi bukomeye.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Hafi ya 1.7 kugeza 5&nbsp;miliyari zanduye zimpiswi zibaho buri mwaka.<ref name="WHO2013" /><ref name="CEM2013" /><ref name="GBD2013">{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|date=August 2015|pmid=26063472|pmc=4561509|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4}}</ref> Bikunze kugaragara cyane mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, aho abana bato barwara impiswi ugereranije gatatu mu mwaka.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Impfu zose zatewe n'impiswi zigera kuri 1.26&nbsp;miliyoni muri 2013 - munsi ya 2.58&nbsp;miliyoni mu 1990.<ref name="GBD204">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}</ref> Mu mwaka wa 2012, yari iya kabiri mu mpfu zikunze kwibasira abana bato bari munsi y’imyaka itanu (miliyoni 0,76 cyangwa 11%).<ref name="WHO2013" /><ref name="CDC2013" /> Ibice bikunze kurwara impiswi nabyo ni impamvu itera imirire mibi kandi ikaba ikunze kugaragara cyane kubatarengeje imyaka itanu.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Ibindi bibazo birebire bishobora kuvamo harimo gukura kudindiza no gutera imbere m'ubwenge.<ref name="CDC2013">{{Cite web|title=Global Diarrhea Burden|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/diarrhea-burden.html|website=CDC|access-date=18 June 2014|date=24 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707153625/http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/diarrhea-burden.html|archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> == Reba == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 5gh7xm1llndl9g7h1ascmn2k9d226t7 0 20764 134501 134462 2026-08-12T18:19:33Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134501 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Igipimo cy'ubumuga''' ni ijanisha rigamije kwerekana urwego rw'umuntu uhoraho kumubiri cyangwa mumutwe. Ku bantu bagize impanuka cyangwa uburwayi bumara igihe kirekire cyangwa buhoraho mugukoresha igice cyumubiri wabo cyangwa imikorere y'umubiri, igipimo cy'ubumuga gishobora gukoreshwa mugupima ubushobozi bw'umuntu. Ubumuga busobanurwa nko gutandukana cyane n'ubuzima busanzwe bw'imikorere. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Cocchiarella |first=Linda |year=2001 |title=Master the AMA Guides Fifth: A Medical and Legal Transition to Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, Fifth Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/masteramaguidesf0000cocc |publisher=AMA Press |isbn=978-1579471040 |location=Chicago, Ill}}</ref> Ubumuga busobanura neza gutandukana ku imiterere ihamye y'umuntu nubushobozi bwa muntu, hamwe n'ubuvuzi bundi bushya, ingaruka kubikorwa by'umuntu mu buzima bwe buri munsi ntibishobora guhinduka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sims |first=Dorothy |title=JD. |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/314420-overview#:~:text=Impairment%20rating%20of%20neuromuscular%20conditions,sixth%20edition%20is%20currently%20available. |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=Medscape}}</ref> Ibyo biba byarageze ku rwego aho bashobora gupimwa urwego rw’ihungabana, kandi uwo murwayi aba ageze ku rwego rwitwa “Maximum Medical Improvement (MMI) ni ukuvuga ko nta gukira kurenze ubwo bitegerejwe zitaziguye umuntu afite. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=van Oosterom |first=FJ |last2=Ettema AM |last3=Mulder PG |display-authors=etal |date=January 2007 |title=Impairment and disability after severe hand injuries with multiple phalangeal fractures |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-hand-surgery_2007-01_32a_1/page/91 |journal=J. Hand Surg. Am. |series=1 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=91–5 |doi=10.1016/j.jhsa.2006.05.017 |pmid=17218181}}</ref> nubwo ibyo bitandukanyirizo bitandukanijwe bikunze gukoreshwa nimiryango ya leta nk'igipimo cyubumuga, cyangwa kugena indishyi zikwiye kubera impanuka cyangwa igikomere. Gukoresha ibimenyetso byubuvuzi hamwe n’impuguke zumvikanyweho murwego bizamura uburinganire nuburinganire murwego rwo guta agaciro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |title=AMA Guides® to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment: an overview |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/ama-guides/ama-guides-evaluation-permanent-impairment-overview |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=American Medical Association |language=en}}</ref> Amabwiriza ya '''AMA (American Medical Association)''' agerageza gushyiraho uburyo buhamye bwo gupima urwego rw’ihungabana hashingiwe ku bipimo bifatika nk’urugero rw’ubumuga bwo kumva rugaragazwa na '''Decibel Sum Hearing Loss (DSHL)''' cyangwa ibizamini by’ubushobozi bwo kubona neza ('''visual acuity tests''').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cocchiarella |first=Linda |year=2001 |title=Master the AMA Guides Fifth: A Medical and Legal Transition to Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, Fifth Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/masteramaguidesf0000cocc |publisher=AMA Press |isbn=978-1579471040 |location=Chicago, Ill}}</ref> Nubwo hari ubwo buryo bwo kugerageza gushyiraho ihame, amanota y’ihungabana atangwa ku muntu umwe n’abaganga batandukanye rimwe na rimwe aratandukana cyane, bikaba ikibazo kuko bituma haboneka '''kutajyana n’uburinganire''' mu isuzuma ry’ihungabana <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mayer |first=RS |last2=Chen IH |last3=Lavender SA |display-authors=etal |date=1 July 1995 |title=Variance in the measurement of sagittal lumbar spine range of motion among examiners, subjects, and instruments |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_spine-us_1995-07-01_20_13/page/1489 |journal=Spine |series=13 |volume=20 |issue=13 |pages=1489–93 |doi=10.1097/00007632-199507000-00008 |pmid=8623068 |s2cid=40661858}}</ref> == Reba kandi == == Reba == {{Reflist|30em}}  [[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]] 17v5ua0dss1dboliec4075pcr2u9d9f 0 20766 134502 125151 2026-08-12T18:19:59Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Videowiki}} == Incamake == '''kolera''' ni infection y'amara mato na [[bagiteri]] ''Vibrio kolera''.<ref name="Fink2016">{{Cite web|last=Finkelstein|first=Richard|title=Medical microbiology|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8407/|access-date=14 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901014519/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8407/|archive-date=1 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="CDC2015Pro">{{Cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health & Medical Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=January 6, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320052724/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|archive-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> [[Dosiye:Overview.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Incamake ya Kolera]] {{clear}} == Ibimenyetso == Ibimenyetso birashobora gutandukana ntanumwe, kugeza byoroheje, bikabije, ariko mubisanzwe harimo umubare munini w'impiswi [[Impiswi|z'amazi]] zimara iminsi mike.<ref name="CDC2015Pro" /><ref name="WHO2017">{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper – August 2017.|journal=Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire|date=25 August 2017|volume=92|issue=34|pages=477-98|pmid=28845659|url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/258763/WER9234.pdf;jsessionid=D2901DAA743145CB4317D1642A44E82A?sequence=1|access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref> [[Dosiye:Symptoms.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Ibimenyetso bya kolera]] {{clear}} === Ibindi bimenyetso === Kuruka no kurwara imitsi nabyo birashobora kubaho.<ref name="CDC2015Pro" /> [[Dosiye:Other_symptoms.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Ibindi bimenyetso bya kolera]] {{clear}} === Umwuma === Impiswi irashobora gukomera cyane, ku buryo itera umwuma ndetse n’ubusumbane bwa electrolyte mu masaha runaka.<ref name="WHO2017" /> [[Dosiye:Dehydration.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Amazi ya Kolera]] {{clear}} === Ibimenyetso byo kubura umwuma === Umwuma ukabije ushobora guha umuntu amaso yarohamye, uruhu rukonje, kugabanuka kwuruhu, no gukuna amaboko n'amaguru.<ref name="Lancet2012">{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=JB|last2=LaRocque|first2=RC|last3=Qadri|first3=F|last4=Ryan|first4=ET|last5=Calderwood|first5=SB|title=Cholera.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-30-july-6-2012_379_9835/page/2466|journal=Lancet|date=30 June 2012|volume=379|issue=9835|pages=2466–76|pmid=22748592|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x|pmc=3761070}}</ref> Umwuma urashobora kandi gutuma uruhu ruhinduka ubururu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bailey|first=Diane|title=Cholera|date=2011|publisher=Rosen Pub.|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4358-9437-2|page=7|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&pg=PA7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190215/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&pg=PA7|archive-date=2016-12-03}}</ref> [[Dosiye:Signs_of_dehydration.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Ibimenyetso byo kubura amazi - Kolera]] {{clear}} === Igihe cyibimenyetso === Ibimenyetso mubisanzwe bitangira amasaha abiri kugeza kuminsi itanu nyuma yo guhura.<ref name="CDC2015Pro" /> [[Dosiye:Timing_of_symptoms.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Igihe cyibimenyetso - Kolera]] {{clear}} == Impamvu == Kolera irashobora guterwa n'ubwoko butandukanye bwa ''kolera ya Vibrio'', hamwe n'ubwoko bumwe na bumwe butera indwara zikomeye kurusha izindi, zishobora gutuma indwara zimwe na zimwe zikomera kurusha izindi.<ref name="WHO2017" /> [[Dosiye:Cause.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Impamvu ya Kolera]] {{clear}} === Gukwirakwiza === Impamvu nyamukuru itera kolera ni ukunywa amazi adafite umutekano, yandujwe n'umwanda w'abantu urimo bagiteri, cyangwa ibiryo bidafite umutekano byandujwe n'amazi yanduye.<ref name="WHO2017" /> [[Dosiye:Spread.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Ikwirakwizwa rya Kolera]] {{clear}} === Ibiryo bitetse nabi === Ibiryo byo mu nyanja bidatetse ni isoko rusange y’indwara <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sources of Infection & Risk Factors|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312223337/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html|archive-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> kandi abantu ni bo nyamaswa yonyine yibasiwe.<ref name="WHO2017" /> [[Dosiye:Poorly_cooked_food.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Ibiryo bitetse nabi - Kolera]] {{clear}} === Impamvu zishobora guteza ingaruka === Impamvu zishobora guteza isuku nke, [[Kunywa amazi|amazi meza yo kunywa]] adahagije, n'ubukene.<ref name="WHO2017" /> [[Dosiye:Risk_factors.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Ibintu bishobora gutera Cholera]] {{clear}} === Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi === Hari impungenge z'uko izamuka ry’inyanja, riterwa n'ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi, bizongera umubare w'indwara.<ref name="WHO2010">{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec.|date=March 26, 2010|volume=85|issue=13|pages=117–128|pmid=20349546|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020218/http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf|archive-date=April 13, 2015}}</ref> [[Dosiye:Effect_of_global_warming.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Ingaruka zubushyuhe bwisi - Kolera]] {{clear}} == Gusuzuma == Kolera irashobora gupimwa mugupima amabyi.<ref name="WHO2017" /> [[Dosiye:Diagnosis.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Gusuzuma Kolera]] {{clear}} == Kwirinda == Uburyo bwo kwirinda burimo kunoza isuku, kubona [[Kunywa amazi|amazi meza]], n'isuku nziza.<ref name="Lancet2012" /> [[Dosiye:Prevention.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Kwirinda Kolera]] {{clear}} === Urukingo === Inkingo za kolera zitangwa mu kanwa zitanga uburinzi bufatika bw’indwara mu gihe cy’amezi atandatu, kandi zifite inyungu zinyongera zo kwirinda ubundi bwoko bw'impiswi zatewe na ''E<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwASo">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>coli''.<ref name="WHO2017" /> [[Dosiye:Vaccination.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Urukingo - Kolera]] {{clear}} == Umuti == Ubuvuzi bwibanze n'ubuvuzi bwo mu kanwa - gusimbuza amazi n'ibisubizo biryoshye kandi by'umunyu.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Ibisubizo by'umuceri bi.<ref name="WHO2010" /> [[Dosiye:Treatment.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Kuvura Kolera]] {{clear}} === Zinc === Kwiyongera kwa Zinc ni ingirakamaro mu bana.<ref name="CDC2014Zinc">{{Cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311042338/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|archive-date=11 March 2015}}</ref> [[Dosiye:Zinc_Supplementation.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Inyongera ya Zinc - Kolera]] {{clear}} === IV amazi na antibiotike === Mugihe gikabije, hashobora gukenerwa amazi yimitsi, nka lactate ya Ringer, kandi antibiyotike irashobora kuba ingirakamaro.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Kwipimisha kugirango urebe antibiyotike ya kolera ishobora kwandura irashobora gufasha kuyobora amahitamo.<ref name="CDC2015Pro" /> [[Dosiye:IV_fluids_and_antibiotics.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| IV Amazi na Antibiyotike - Kolera]] {{clear}} == Epidemiologiya == Kolera ifata igereranyo cya 1-point-3 kugeza 4&nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu ku isi yose kandi itera 21000 kugeza 143000&nbsp;impfu ku mwaka.<ref name="WHO2017" /><ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref> [[Dosiye:Epidemiology.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Epidemiologiya - Kolera]] {{clear}} === Ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere === Nubwo ishyirwa mu ndwara y’icyorezo {{as of|2017|lc=y}} , ni gake mu bihugu byateye imbere, kandi bigira ingaruka cyane cyane ku bana mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere.<ref name="WHO2017" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=October 27, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031930/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|archive-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> [[Dosiye:Developing_nations.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere - Kolera]] {{clear}} === Indwara vs indwara zidakira === Kolera ibaho nk'ibyorezo kandi bikurikirana mu bice bimwe na bimwe.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Mu turere dufite ibyago byo kwandura indwara harimo [[Afurika]] na [[Aziya]] y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba aho usanga abantu hafi ya bose baboneka.<ref name="WHO2017" /> [[Dosiye:Outbreaks_vs_chronic_disease.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Icyorezo V. Indwara idakira - Kolera]] {{clear}} === Ibyago by'urupfu === Ibyago by'urupfu mu babangamiwe ni munsi ya 1%, ariko birashobora kugera kuri 5%.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Kutabona uburyo bwo kwivuza byongera cyane ibyago byo gupfa.<ref name="WHO2017" /> [[Dosiye:Risk_of_death.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Ibyago by'urupfu - Kolera]] {{clear}} == Amateka == Ibisobanuro bya kolera tubisanga mu kinyejana cya 5 mbere ya Yesu muri [[Igisansikiriti|Sanskrit]].<ref name="Lancet2012" /> Ubushakashatsi bwa kolera mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]] bwakozwe na John Snow, hagati ya 1849 na 1854, bwatumye habaho iterambere rikomeye mu bijyanye na epidemiologiya.<ref name="Lancet2012" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Timmreck|first=Thomas C.|title=An introduction to epidemiology|date=2002|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|location=Sudbury, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-0060-7|page=77|edition=3.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&pg=PA77|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190442/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&pg=PA77|archive-date=2016-12-03}}</ref> Indwara ndwi nini zabaye mu myaka 200 ishize, hapfa abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni.<ref name="WHO2017" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Cholera's seven pandemics|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504|access-date=15 July 2018|work=CBC|date=9 May 2008}}</ref> [[Dosiye:History.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Amateka ya Kolera]] {{clear}} == Reba == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Reflist}} [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] fktw6ikjbpdvpxh6veg4d5ke5qovgvb 0 20782 134509 124895 2026-08-12T18:34:08Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134509 wikitext text/x-wiki   uburyo butandukanye bw'imikorere ni ijambo rikwiye mu buryo bwa politike n’imibanire myiza y’ibikenewe basimbuza amagambo, nk'[[ubumuga]], ubumuga n’ubumuga, byatangiye gukoreshwa muri [[Esipanye]] mu nyandiko y’ubumenyi, ku bushake bw’abagize ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye, mu 2005. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Javier Romañach and Manuel Lobato |title=Functional diversity, a new term in the struggle for dignity in the diversity of the human being |url=http://enil.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Functional-diversity-a-new-term-in-the-struggle-for-dignity-in-the-diversity-of-the-human-being_2005.pdf |url-status=deviated |journal=Independent Living Forum (Spain) &mdash; May 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326064416/http://enil.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Functional-diversity-a-new-term-in-the-struggle-for-dignity-in-the-diversity-of-the-human-being_2005.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-26 |access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref> == Ikoreshwa == Iri jambo rigamije gusimbuza ayandi hamwe na semantique ya pejorative. Itanga icyerekezo kijyanye n'amagambo atari meza, adasebanya kandi adashyigikiwe. Kwemeza iryo jambo murashobora kubisanga mu gitabo ''El Modelo de la Diversidad'' cyanditswe na Agustina Palacios na Javier Romañach, 2007, {{ISBN|978-84-96474-40-6}}. . Ingero zikoreshwa: * abantu bafite imikorere itandukanye aho "abantu bafite ibibazo byihariye bakenera * imikorere itandukanye y'umubiri * kugenda kwimikorere itandukanye,ku umuntu ukoresha igare ry'abafite ubumuga, umukoresha w'ababana n'ubumuga * uburyo butandukanye bw’imikorere y’intoki * ubuhanga butandukanye butandukanye * amashusho agaragara atandukanye, abantu bakoresha abasoma ecran nkuburyo bwabo bwibanze bwo kugera kuri mudasobwa * "abantu bafite uburyo bwo gutunganya amashusho atandukanye" * imikorere itandukanye yo kumva * imikorere itandukanye yo mu mutwe * imikorere itandukanye y'ubwenge * kumenya imikorere itandukanye * imikorere itandukanye kama * ibintu bitandukanye kandi / cyangwa imikorere itandukanye y'agateganyo * umuntu ufite imikorere itandukanye * abantu badafite imikorere itandukanye aho kuba "ibisanzwe" cyangwa "ubuzima bwiza * abantu badafite imikorere itandukanye, mubisanzwe abana bagikura == Reba kandi == * Ibendera ry'ubumuga * Dutandukanye (politiki) * Neurodiversity == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ibindi gusoma == * {{Cite journal |last=Patston P. |date=30 October – 15 November 2007 |title=Constructive Functional Diversity: a new paradigm beyond disability and impairment. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_disability-and-rehabilitation_october-30-november-15-2007_29_20-21/page/1625 |journal=Disabil Rehabil |volume=29 |issue=20&ndash;21 |pages=1625&ndash;1633 |doi=10.1080/09638280701618778 |pmid=17896220 |s2cid=547119}} 8uf7th6mwiqb6z947w86d00tdcwapq8 0 20866 134504 125536 2026-08-12T18:22:56Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134504 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina''' (nanone ryitwa '''ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Claire Berlinski on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/ClaireBerlinski/status/1054618903987523584}}</ref> [ a ] cyangwa '''ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina''' ) ni ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina mu bukungu n’imibereho rishingiye ku gitsina ku bantu kubera igitsina cyangwa igitsina. Nuburyo bukoreshwa mugukoresha imyitozo yumubiri cyangwa amategeko kugirango yimure abantu kumyanya iyobowe. <ref name="AskIsrael">{{Cite web |title=Apartheid |url=http://www.askisrael.org/facts/qpt.asp?fid=9 |access-date=31 March 2013 |publisher=StandWithUs}}</ref> Intiti y’abagore, Phyllis Chesler, umwarimu w’imyororokere n’ubushakashatsi bw’umugore, asobanura ko iki kibazo ari "imikorere yamagana abakobwa n’abagore kubaho mu buryo butandukanye kandi butegekwa kandi bigatuma abahungu n’abagabo babarinda burundu ubudakemwa bw’abavandimwe babo". <ref name="Chesler">{{Cite web |last=Chesler |first=Phyllis |year=2011 |title=Phyllis Chesler on Islamic gender apartheid |url=http://www.phyllis-chesler.com/984/phyllis-chesler-on-islamic-gender-apartheid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225160659/http://www.phyllis-chesler.com/984/phyllis-chesler-on-islamic-gender-apartheid |archive-date=25 February 2013 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=Phyllis Chesler Organization}}</ref> Ingero zishingiye ku ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina ntiziganisha gusa ku mibereho n’ubukungu by’ubukungu ku bantu, ariko birashobora no kuviramo ingaruka mbi ku mubiri. <ref name="Lowstedt">Löwstedt, Anthony (2014). [https://gesphka.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/apartheid-2014.pdf ''Apartheid – Ancient, Past, and Present: Gross Racist Human Rights Violations in Graeco-Roman Egypt, South Africa, Israel/Palestine and Beyond''], Vienna: Gesellschaft für Phänomenologie und kritische Anthropologie. Retrieved 10 March 2016.</ref> === Etymology === Ijambo "ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina" rikomoka kuri Afurika y'Epfo ivangura rishingiye ku moko ryashyizeho gahunda yo kuba hejuru y'abazungu ( Afrikaans ) no gutandukanya abaturage benshi biganjemo abirabura n'abazungu. <ref name="Andrews">{{Cite journal |last=Andrews |first=Penelope |year=2001 |title=From Gender Apartheid to Non-Sexism: The Pursuit of Women's Rights in South Africa |journal=North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation}}</ref> Abanyafurika bavuga "gutandukana" cyangwa "gutandukana", gukoresha ijambo "ivanguramoko" mu kwerekana uburinganire byerekana ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu rikubiyemo gutandukana no gukandamizwa. <ref name="Lowstedt2">Löwstedt, Anthony (2014). [https://gesphka.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/apartheid-2014.pdf ''Apartheid – Ancient, Past, and Present: Gross Racist Human Rights Violations in Graeco-Roman Egypt, South Africa, Israel/Palestine and Beyond''], Vienna: Gesellschaft für Phänomenologie und kritische Anthropologie. Retrieved 10 March 2016.</ref> Mu gusobanura ivanguramoko, Dr. Anthony Löwstedt yaranditse ati: Igitekerezo cyo gutandukana ubwacyo ntigisobanura byanze bikunze ko itsinda iryo ariryo ryose cyangwa rizashyigikirwa kurenza ayandi yose ... Ikiranga umwihariko wa apartheid ndetse nubundi bwoko bw’amacakubiri akandamiza ni uko politiki, ubukungu, imibereho, ndetse n’imiterere y’akarere byashyizweho ku bushake kandi kuri gahunda hagamijwe gutandukanya amatsinda ku gahato, buri gihe ku nyungu, byibuze, rimwe na rimwe, cyangwa inyungu, mu gihe gito, ariko ku nyungu z’igihe gito, ariko ku nyungu z’igihe gito, ariko ku nyungu z’igihe gito, ariko zikaba ari inyungu z’igihe gito, ariko zikaba ari inyungu z’igihe gito, ariko zikaba ari inyungu z’igihe gito, ariko zikaba ari inyungu z’igihe gito, ariko ku nyungu z’igihe gito, ariko zikaba ari inyungu z’igihe gito, ariko zikaba ari inyungu z’igihe gito. <ref name="Lowstedt3">Löwstedt, Anthony (2014). [https://gesphka.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/apartheid-2014.pdf ''Apartheid – Ancient, Past, and Present: Gross Racist Human Rights Violations in Graeco-Roman Egypt, South Africa, Israel/Palestine and Beyond''], Vienna: Gesellschaft für Phänomenologie und kritische Anthropologie. Retrieved 10 March 2016.</ref> Ivanguramoko rishingiye ku gitsina ni ibintu rusange kandi ntibigarukira mu gihugu runaka. Mu gihe raporo z’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina zagaragaye cyane mu rwego rw’umuco wa kisilamu, ziriganje ku isi. Bamwe mu baharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu bavuze ko ibihano bifatirwa ibihugu bikoresha ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina, kimwe n'ibihano byafatiwe Afurika y'Epfo muri apartheid. <ref name="Arneil">Barbara Arneil, Editor, ''Sexual justice/cultural justice: critical perspectives in political theory and practice,'' Volume 23 of Routledge innovations in political theory, Taylor & Francis US, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=A0J7gZDHezIC&pg=PA180 180], {{ISBN|0-415-77092-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-415-77092-7}}</ref> <ref>Courtney W. Howland, ''Religious fundamentalisms and the human rights of women,'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YIluya3TY9YC&pg=PA29 p 62], {{ISBN|0-312-29306-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-312-29306-2}}</ref> === Mu idini === Ingero zishingiye ku ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina zagaragaye mu nzego binyuze mu bikorwa by’amadini n’umuco. Kurugero, ingingo zijyanye no gufata abagore mubisobanuro byibanze byubuyisilamu, ubukirisitu, idini rya kiyahudi, n’ababuda byasobanuwe ko ari ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. Gukoresha kwizera, akenshi binyuze mu gusobanura byimazeyo amategeko y’idini, kugira ngo ushimangire ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina ntivugwaho rumwe. === Gatolika === Ijambo ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina n’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina ryakoreshejwe kandi mu gusobanura uburyo butandukanye bwo gufata abagore mu bigo nka Kiliziya y’Ubwongereza <ref name="Bates">{{Cite news |last=Bates |first=Stephen |date=2001-10-25 |title=Church persists with sexual apartheid, say women priests<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,580180,00.html |access-date=2010-05-23 |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian Unlimited |location=London}}</ref> na Kiliziya Gatolika ya [[Roma]] . Minisitiri wa Peresibiteriyeni akaba n'umwanditsi Patricia Budd Kepler yerekana urugamba rw’abagore mu rwego rwo kwemerera abapadiri ndetse n’ubuyobozi bw’amadini nk’urugero rw’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. By'umwihariko, Kepler aranenga imyumvire gakondo y’ubugabo n’umugore igabanya ubutware bw’umugore mu itorero, ashimangira ko ahubwo kwinjira mu bagore bidahungabanya gahunda z’Imana. <ref name="Kepler">{{Cite journal |last=Kepler |first=Patricia Budd |date=January 1978 |title=Women Clergy and the Cultural Order |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_theology-today_1978-01_34_4/page/402 |journal=Theology Today |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=402–409 |doi=10.1177/004057367803400408 |s2cid=146897549}}</ref> Mu buryo nk'ubwo, umwanditsi Susan D. Rose asobanura imiterere y'imiryango y'abakurambere b'amatorero ya gikirisitu y'ivugabutumwa muri Amerika nko gukomeza ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. <ref>Courtney W. Howland, ''Religious fundamentalisms and the human rights of women'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YIluya3TY9YC p 11], {{ISBN|0-312-29306-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-312-29306-2}}</ref> Kiliziya Gatolika ya Roma yagaragaye ko ikomeje ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina bitewe na Vatikani yashyize ku rutonde rwa "kugerageza kwera umugore" nka ''graviora ya delicta'' - mu yandi magambo, icyaha cyo guhagararirwa kimwe no gusambanya abana bato, no "gushaka, gutunga cyangwa gukwirakwiza porunogarafiya [y’umwana] n’umunyamadini". [[Patriarchy|[]] <ref name="Vatican">{{Cite web |title=Considerations on the Delicta graviora |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20111123_levada-belo-horizonte_en.html |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> <ref name="Bonavoglia">{{Cite news |last=Bonavoglia |first=Angela |title=Women Challenge Gender Apartheid in the Catholic Church |url=http://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/2010summer/2010summer_Bonavoglia.php |access-date=18 March 2013 |work=On the Issues}}</ref> <ref name="Levitt">{{Cite news |last=Levitt |first=Judith |date=September 29, 2012 |title=Women as Priests |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/30/opinion/sunday/women-as-priests.html?_r=0 |access-date=18 March 2013 |work=New York Times}}</ref> <ref name="Bonavoglia" /> === Islamu === [[File:Frauengebetsraum_Khadija-Moschee.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frauengebetsraum_Khadija-Moschee.jpg|thumb|Female-only prayer room in a [[:en:Mosque|mosque]][[:en:File:Taliban_beating_woman_in_public_RAWA.jpg|[[File:Taliban_beating_woman_in_public_RAWA.jpg|link=|class=mw-file-element|250x250px]]]]A member of the [[:en:Taliban|Taliban]]'s [[:en:Mutaween#Other_groups|religious police]] beating a woman in [[:en:Kabul|Kabul]] on 26 August 2001 (footage filmed by [[:en:Revolutionary_Association_of_the_Women_of_Afghanistan|RAWA]]). Under [[:en:Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996–2001)|Taliban rule]], Afghan women were forced to cover their entire bodies.<ref name="Matinuddin2">{{cite book |last=Matinuddin |first=Kamal |author-link=Kamal Matinuddin |year=1999 |title=The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994–1997 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-579274-2 |location=[[Karachi]] |pages=34–43 |chapter=The Taliban's Religious Attitude |access-date=8 July 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIyVMkjat2MC&pg=PA34}}</ref>]] Idini rya kisilamu ryanenzwe kubera ivangura ry’imiterere bwite n’amategeko ahana nk’abagore. <ref name="Kazemi">{{Cite journal |last=Kazemi |first=Farhad |year=2000 |title=Gender, Islam, and Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-research_summer-2000_67_2/page/453 |journal=Social Research |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=453–474}}</ref> Indangagaciro z'abakurambere ba Islamu zikomeje kuba imwe mu mahame yarwanijwe cyane, ukurikije amashuri atandukanye . Mubisanzwe ariko, uburenganzira bwumugabo numugore buratandukanye cyane ukurikije amategeko yimiterere ya kisilamu. <ref name="Siraj 2011">{{Cite journal |last=Siraj |first=Asifa |date=October 2011 |title=Meanings of modesty and the hijab amongst Muslim women in Glasgow, Scotland |journal=[[Gender, Place & Culture|Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=716–731 |doi=10.1080/0966369X.2011.617907 |issn=1360-0524 |s2cid=144326780 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Urugero, abagabo b’abayisilamu bemerewe kwishora mu gushaka abagore benshi no kurongora abadamu b’abayisilamu mu gihe abagore b’abayisilamu babujijwe kugira abagabo benshi no kurongora abagabo batari Abayisilamu, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leeman |first=A. B. |date=2009 |title=Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions |url=https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Indiana Law Journal]] |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Maurer School of Law]] |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=743–772 |issn=0019-6665 |s2cid=52224503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123062516/https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2018 |access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Elmali-Karakaya |first=Ayse |year=2020 |title=Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion: A Diversity of Paradigms |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-44348-8 |editor-last=Hood |editor-first=Ralph W. |volume=31 |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |pages=388–410 |chapter=Being Married to a Non-Muslim Husband: Religious Identity in Muslim Women's Interfaith Marriages |doi=10.1163/9789004443969_020 |issn=1046-8064 |editor-last2=Cheruvallil-Contractor |editor-first2=Sariya}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=25 July 2017 |title=Roughly one-in-ten married Muslims have a non-Muslim spouse |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/07/26/identity-assimilation-and-community/pf_2017-06-26_muslimamericans-02new-04/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016061221/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/07/26/identity-assimilation-and-community/pf_2017-06-26_muslimamericans-02new-04/ |archive-date=16 October 2018 |access-date=25 August 2021 |series=The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jahangir |first=Junaid |date=21 March 2017 |title=Muslim Women Can Marry Outside The Faith |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325020231/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html |archive-date=25 March 2017 |access-date=25 August 2021 |website=[[The Huffington Post]]}}</ref> kandi umurage w’abagore ni kimwe cya kabiri cy’abo bavukana. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">kandi</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> ukwemezwa n’ubucamanza mpanabyaha bwa kisilamu kurushaho kuvangura abagore, kuko bishingiye cyane ku buhamya bw’abatangabuhamya. Ubuhamya bw'umugore bwonyine bufatwa nk'ibidahagije kugira ngo ushinje umwicanyi, bisaba ubuhamya bw'umugabo kugira ngo bwemeze. <ref name="Kazemi" /> Kwubahiriza kwiyoroshya mu mibonano mpuzabitsina no kwambara neza ku bagabo n’abagore b’abayisilamu bigenwa n’ubuvanganzo bwa ''ḥadīth'' na ''suna'' (ibikorwa n’amagambo bitirirwa umuhanuzi wa kisilamu Muhammad na bagenzi be); <ref name="Siraj 20112">{{Cite journal |last=Siraj |first=Asifa |date=October 2011 |title=Meanings of modesty and the hijab amongst Muslim women in Glasgow, Scotland |journal=[[Gender, Place & Culture|Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=716–731 |doi=10.1080/0966369X.2011.617907 |issn=1360-0524 |s2cid=144326780 |doi-access=free}}</ref> imyitozo yo gutwikira ku gahato igaragara mu turere tumwe na tumwe nk'uburyo bwa apartheid. <ref name="Mojab">{{Cite journal |last=Mojab |first=Shahrzad |date=December 1998 |title='Muslim' Women and 'Western' Feminists: The Debate on Particulars and Universals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_monthly-review-us_1998-12_50_7/page/19 |journal=Monthly Review |volume=50 |issue=7 |pages=19–30 |doi=10.14452/mr-050-07-1998-11_2}}</ref> Imyitozo yo gutwikira ku gahato, nk'uko Shahrzad Mojab abivuga, ntabwo biterwa n’amategeko ayo ari yo yose ya kisilamu; ahubwo, Shahrzad avuga "imyitozo yazamutse mu bihe bitandukanye". <ref name="Mojab" /> Imyambarire yashyizweho muri Afuganisitani ku butegetsi bw’abatalibani n’ishuri risaba abakobwa kwambara igitambaro cyatanzwe nkurugero rwo kwitwikira ku gahato. <ref name="Rasekh">{{Cite journal |last=Rasekh |first=Zohra |last2=Heidi Bauer |last3=Michele Manos |last4=Vincent Iacopino |date=August 1998 |title=Women's Health and Human Rights in Afghanistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1998-08-05_280_5/page/449 |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=280 |issue=5 |pages=449–55 |doi=10.1001/jama.280.5.449 |pmid=9701081}}</ref> <ref name="Protest">{{Cite news |date=October 19, 2004 |title=Students protest forced veiling |url=http://www.iranfocus.com/en/?option=com_content&task=view&id=551 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308044411/http://www.iranfocus.com/en/?option=com_content&task=view&id=551 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |access-date=18 March 2013 |work=Iran Focus}}</ref> <ref name="Barrett">{{Cite news |last=Barrett |first=David |date=October 2, 2010 |title=British schools where girls must wear the Islamic veil |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/8038820/British-schools-where-girls-must-wear-the-Islamic-veil.html |access-date=18 March 2013 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> <ref name="Barrett" /> <ref name="Fernandez">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=Sonya |year=2009 |title=The Crusade over the Bodies of Women |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=43 |issue=3–4 |pages=269–286 |doi=10.1080/00313220903109185 |s2cid=73618765}}</ref> <ref name="Fernandez" /> Mu mateka y’imyaka itanu ya Emirate ya kisilamu ya Afuganisitani, ubutegetsi bw’abatalibani bwasobanuye amategeko ya ''Shariya'' hakurikijwe ishuri rya [[Hanafi]] ry’ubucamanza bwa kisilamu n’amategeko y’idini ya Mullah Omar . <ref name="Matinuddin">{{Cite book |last=Matinuddin |first=Kamal |author-link=Kamal Matinuddin |year=1999 |title=The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994–1997 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-579274-2 |location=[[Karachi]] |pages=34–43 |chapter=The Taliban's Religious Attitude |access-date=8 July 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIyVMkjat2MC&pg=PA34}}</ref> Abagore babujijwe gukora, <ref name="Matinuddin" /> abakobwa babujijwe [[Taliban treatment of women#Education|kujya mu mashuri cyangwa muri kaminuza]], <ref name="Matinuddin" /> basabwe kubahiriza ''purdah'' no kujyana hanze y’ingo zabo na bene wabo b'abagabo; abarenga kuri aya mabwiriza barahanwe. <ref name="Matinuddin" /> Abagabo babujijwe kogosha ubwanwa kandi basabwa kubareka bagakura kandi bakagumana igihe kirekire nk'uko Abatalibani babishaka, no kwambara ibitambaro hanze y’ingo zabo. <ref name="Matinuddin" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2002 |title=US Country Report on Human Rights Practices – Afghanistan 2001 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/sa/8222.htm |access-date=4 March 2020 |publisher=State.gov}}</ref> Uharanira uburenganzira bw'umugore, Mahnaz Afkhami yanditse ko imyumvire y'isi ya kisilamu "itandukanya imiterere y'abagore n'imibanire ye na sosiyete nk'ikizamini gikomeye cyerekana ko gahunda ya kisilamu ari ukuri." Ibi bigereranywa ninzego za ''purdah'' (gutandukanya umubiri kubitsina) na ''awrah'' (guhisha umubiri imyenda). Kimwe no mu bihugu byinshi ku isi, ibigo bikandamiza abagore byagendaga bidakomera kugeza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20. <ref>[[Mahnaz Afkhami]], "Gender Apartheid, Cultural Relativism, and Women's Human Rights in Muslim Societies," in ''Women, gender, and human rights: a global perspective'', Marjorie Agosín, Editor, Rutgers University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-8135-2983-2}}</ref>[[Walid Phares|​]][[Marxism|​]][[Soviet Union|​]][[Ubushinwa|​]][[Turukiya|​]]Yavuze ko andi madini na yo "yiboneye intambara nk'izo." <ref>[[Walid Phares]], ''The War of Ideas: Jihadism Against Democracy'', Macmillan, 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zeKsxzEk5ywC&pg=PA102 p 102], {{ISBN|0-230-60255-X}}, 9780230602557</ref> Idini rya Kiyahudi rya Haredi, rizwi kandi ku idini rya Kiyahudi ryitwa ultra-orotodogisi, ryanenzwe gushyiraho politiki n'imyizerere ishingiye ku gitsina. <ref name="Lee">{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Adam |date=18 January 2012 |title=Fighting Gender Apartheid in Israel |url=http://bigthink.com/daylight-atheism/fighting-gender-apartheid-in-israel |access-date=16 April 2013 |work=Big Think}}</ref> <ref name="Sharon">{{Cite news |last=Sharon |first=Jeremy |date=16 November 2011 |title=Gender segregation practices are apartheid |url=https://www.jpost.com/National-News/Gender-segregation-practices-are-apartheid |access-date=16 April 2013 |work=Jerusalem Post}}</ref> Igizwe n’abantu bake ariko bakomeje kwiyongera mu muco w’Abayahudi, idini rya Kiyahudi rya Haredi ryamamaye nk’umuryango w’intiti, aho umubare munini w’abagabo bakomeza amashuri yabo muri yeshiva kurusha abagore bo mu iseminari. <ref name="El-Or">{{Cite journal |last=El-Or |first=Tamar |year=1993 |title=The Length of the Slits and the Spread of Luxury: Reconstructing the Subordination of Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Women Through the Patriarchy of Men Scholars |journal=Sex Roles |volume=29 |issue=9–10 |pages=585–598 |doi=10.1007/bf00289206 |s2cid=145745677}}</ref> Abakurikira idini rya Kiyahudi rya Haredi na bo baratandukanye kubera imyambarire yabo ndetse n’imiterere rusange: ubwanwa bwogosha, amakoti maremare yijimye, n'ingofero nini cyane ku bagabo; n'abagore bitwikiriye mu buryo bworoheje. <ref name="Berman">{{Cite journal |last=Berman |first=Eli |year=2000 |title=Sect, Subsidy, and Sacrifice: An Economist's View of Ultra-Orthodox Jews |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w6715.pdf |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=905–953 |doi=10.1162/003355300554944}}</ref> Ibirego bishingiye ku ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina byerekana umuco wo gukandamiza umuco no gutandukanya igitsina, ndetse no kwerekana abadayimoni nk'igishuko. <ref name="El-Or" /> Byongeye kandi, amashusho rusange y’abagore yandujwe mu baturage ba Haredi, kandi abakobwa b’Abayahudi bakiri bato batewe amacandwe kandi bitwa indaya kubera kwambara imyenda ifatwa nk'iyiyubashye. <ref name="SMH">{{Cite news |date=21 November 2011 |title=When women and girls are the enemy |url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/when-women-and-girls-are-the-enemy-20111118-1nn4d.html |access-date=16 April 2013 |work=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Raporo zerekana ko ahanini abayoboke b’ibanze ba Haredi aribo bashinzwe ibikorwa by’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina, kandi ko umuryango wa Haredi muri rusange udashyigikiye ibyo bikorwa. <ref name="Martin">{{Cite news |last=Martin |first=Patrick |date=10 January 2012 |title=In Jerusalem, women are voiceless at a decidedly womanly event |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/worldview/in-jerusalem-women-are-voiceless-at-a-decidedly-womanly-event/article2297159/ |access-date=16 April 2013 |work=The Globe & Mail}}</ref> Ibikorwa by'Abayahudi b'ibanze Haredi muri Isiraheli byiswe ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. <ref name="Lee2">{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Adam |date=18 January 2012 |title=Fighting Gender Apartheid in Israel |url=http://bigthink.com/daylight-atheism/fighting-gender-apartheid-in-israel |access-date=16 April 2013 |work=Big Think}}</ref> Mugihe abagore basanzwe bicara inyuma ya bisi mu bice bya Isiraheli, nta tegeko ryemewe ribishyira mu bikorwa. Icyakora, ikintu kimwe cyabaye mu Kuboza 2011 aho umugabo wa Haredi yasabye umugore wicaye imbere ya bisi kugenda yerekeza inyuma; nyuma yo kwangwa kwe kwateje igiterane kinini. Gutabara kwa polisi amaherezo byatandukanije guhangana. Ku bijyanye n'iki gikorwa, Minisitiri w’intebe wa Isiraheli, Benjamin Netanyahu, yatangaje ko ashyigikiye ahantu rusange hahurira abantu bose n’ubumwe mu baturage. <ref name="Lemberg">{{Cite news |last=Lemberg |first=Izzy |last2=Kevin Flower |date=19 December 2011 |title=Israel's 'Rosa Parks' refuses to take back seat |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/19/world/meast/israel-rosa-parks |access-date=17 April 2013 |work=CNN}}</ref> Hari kandi amakuru avuga ko Abayahudi ba Haredi baciriye amacandwe ku bagore, bagaba igitero ku bakozi ba televiziyo, kandi bakigaragambya bafite ibyapa byigisha abagore kwambara no kwirinda kugenda mu masinagogi . <ref name="Telegraph">{{Cite news |date=26 December 2011 |title=Clashes erupt between police and ultra-Orthodox Jews near Jerusalem |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/8978325/Clashes-erupt-between-police-and-ultra-Orthodox-Jews-near-Jerusalem.html#mm_hash |access-date=19 April 2013 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> === idini rya kiyahudi === [[File:Separate_beach_signs,_Ashkelon.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Separate_beach_signs,_Ashkelon.jpg|thumb|Sign at an Israeli beach for segregated bathing, to accommodate [[:en:Haredi_Jews|Haredi Jews]]]] Amashuri amwe y'Ababuda bo muri Tibet bisaba abagore gutunganya mumaseminari nubundi buryo bwo gusenga nyuma yabagabo. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Baratandukanijwe kandi nabagabo mugihe cyibi bihe nibindi bihe byinshi; kurugero, guterana kumugaragaro no gusangira, cyane cyane iyo ibyo bibaye imbere yumumonaki mukuru. Hariho <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">ibimenyetso</span>'' &#x5B;</sup> byerekana abagabo n'abagore, harimo n'abagabo n'abagore - bahatirwa gufata ubwikorezi butandukanye mu bihe bimwe na bimwe by'Ababuda. ndetse no gusabwa kuguma mubyumba bya hoteri bitandukanye iyo babitabye. === Inyigo === Ibihugu byinshi ku isi byerekana ibikorwa by’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina, nubwo bikunze kugaragara mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere. Ibikurikira n’ibihugu byavuzwe ko byakoresheje urugero runaka rw’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. === Afuganisitani === [[Afuganisitani]], iyobowe n’amadini y’abatalibani, yaranzwe n’amatsinda y’abagore n’abandi nka gahunda y’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina aho abagore batandukanijwe n’abagabo ku karubanda kandi ntibashobora kubona ubwisanzure mu by'amategeko cyangwa amahirwe angana yo kubona akazi cyangwa amashuri. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051217100322/http://www.law-lib.utoronto.ca/DIANA/afghanwomen.htm Women in Afghanistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217100322/http://www.law-lib.utoronto.ca/DIANA/afghanwomen.htm|date=2005-12-17}}, Women's Human Rights Resource Programme, [[University of Toronto]] [[Bora Laskin]] Law Library.</ref> <ref>Hunter, D. Lyn. [http://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/1999/0317/taliban.html Gender Apartheid Under Afghanistan's Taliban] ''The Berkleyan'', March 17, 1999.</ref> Bahagurukiye ku butegetsi mu mpera za 1996, abatalibani bashimangiye amahanga kubera gufata abagore, ashyiraho politiki yabuzaga ubwisanzure bw’abagore bwo kugenda, akazi, n’uburenganzira bwo kwiga. <ref name="Verdirame">{{Cite journal |last=Verdirame |first=Guglielmo |year=2001 |title=Testing the Effectiveness of International Norms: UN Humanitarian Assistance and Sexual Apartheid in Afghanistan |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1558535_code649958.pdf?abstractid=1558535&mirid=3 |journal=Human Rights Quarterly |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=733–768 |doi=10.1353/hrq.2001.0043 |s2cid=144808940}}</ref> Ku butegetsi bw’abatalibani, abagore bari mu kaga ko gufungwa no guhohoterwa ku mubiri baramutse bahamwe n’icyaha cyo kuba barenze ku myambarire yashyizweho, hamwe n’ihohoterwa ryarimo: kwerekana amaboko, ukuboko, ibirenge, cyangwa mu maso; kutambara burka; no kwambara ibintu bigaragara ko bibabaje, urugero amasogisi yera / inkweto, imyenda ya stilish, inkweto zitera urusaku mugihe ugenda. <ref name="Rasekh2">{{Cite journal |last=Rasekh |first=Zohra |last2=Heidi Bauer |last3=Michele Manos |last4=Vincent Iacopino |date=August 1998 |title=Women's Health and Human Rights in Afghanistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1998-08-05_280_5/page/449 |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=280 |issue=5 |pages=449–55 |doi=10.1001/jama.280.5.449 |pmid=9701081}}</ref> Muri Kamena 2023, Umunyamabanga wihariye w’umuryango w’abibumbye ku bijyanye n’uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Afuganisitani, Richard Bennett, yabwiye akanama k’uburenganzira bwa muntu i Geneve ku bijyanye n’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina muri Afuganisitani. <ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2023-06-20 |title=Taliban treatment of women could be 'gender apartheid', UN expert says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/talibans-treatment-women-could-be-gender-apartheid-un-expert-2023-06-19/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> === Irani === Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20 no mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21 muri [[Irani]], [[uburenganzira bw'umugore]] bwarahagaritswe cyane, ugereranije n'ubwa mu bihugu byinshi byateye imbere. Raporo y’Ihuriro ry’Ubukungu ku Isi mu mwaka wa 2017 Raporo y’Uburinganire ku Isi yashyize Irani 140, mu bihugu 144, kubera uburinganire. Muri 2017, muri Irani, igitsina gore cyari kigizwe na 19% gusa mu bakozi bahembwa, bikiyongera ku gipimo cya karindwi <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-17 |title=World Economic Forum |url=https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-gender-gap-report-2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418025535/https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-gender-gap-report-2017 |archive-date=April 18, 2018}}</ref> guhera mu 1990. Ugereranije n’utundi turere two muri <ref name="GIWPS_WPSIndex_Klugman_2017_8">{{cite report |url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/WPS-Index-Report-2017-18.pdf |title=Women, Peace and Security Index 2017–18 report |last=Klugman |first=Jeni |date=October 2017 |pages=84 |isbn=978-0-692-94090-7 |access-date=December 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123729/https://giwps.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/WPS-Index-Report-2017-18.pdf |archive-date=December 9, 2018 |url-status=live}} Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 3.0</ref>, abagore bo muri Irani bafite uburyo bwiza bwo kubona konti y’imari, uburezi, na terefone zigendanwa. <ref name="GIWPS_WPSIndex_Klugman_2017_8" /> : 16 Irani yashyizwe ku mwanya wa 116, mu bihugu 153, mu bijyanye n'ivangura rikorerwa abagore. <ref name="GIWPS_WPSIndex_Klugman_2017_8" /> : 16  === Maleziya === Mu mwaka wa 2006, Marina Mahathir, umukobwa w’uwahoze ari Minisitiri w’intebe wa [[Malesiya|Maleziya]] akaba n’umukangurambaga uharanira uburenganzira bw’umugore, yavuze ko imiterere y’abagore [[:en:Muslim|b’abayisilamu]] muri Maleziya isa n’iy'Abirabura bo muri Afurika y'Epfo birabura ivangura. <ref name="bbcm">{{Cite news |last=Kent |first=Jonathan |date=March 11, 2006 |title=Malaysia 'apartheid' row deepens |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4795808.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Kent |first=Jonathan |date=March 8, 2006 |title=Malaysia women 'suffer apartheid' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4784784.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref> Amagambo ya Marina yavuzwe asubiza itegeko rishya rya kisilamu ryemerera abagabo gutandukana cyangwa gufata abagore bagera kuri bane. Amategeko kandi yahaye abagabo uburenganzira ku mutungo w'abagore babo. <ref name="bbcm" /> Amatsinda y’aba conservateurs nk’ihuriro ry’abakozi b’abayisilamu bo muri Maleziya yanenze amagambo ye yo gutuka Shariya no gutesha agaciro uruhare rukomeye rw’abagore muri Maleziya ugereranije n’ibindi bihugu by’abayisilamu n’iburasirazuba bwa [[Aziya]]. <ref name="bbcm" /> === Pakisitani === Umuryango wa [[Pakisitani]] wasobanuwe ko ukoresha ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina bitewe n’imiterere y’abagore mu nzego za politiki, ubukungu, n’imibereho. Urugero, [[:en:Pakistani_nationality_law|itegeko ry’abenegihugu ryo mu 1951]] ribuza abagore bo muri Pakisitani bafite abagabo b’abanyamahanga kubona ubwenegihugu bwa Pakisitani. <ref name="Tribune">{{Cite news |date=19 December 2012 |title=Women's rights in Pakistan: NGOs compile report to show the 'real' picture |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/481390/womens-rights-in-pakistan-ngos-compile-report-to-show-the-real-picture/ |access-date=31 March 2013 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> Itandukaniro rishingiye ku gitsina mu bikorwa by’ubukungu, uburezi no gusoma, no kugereranya imibonano mpuzabitsina mu baturage na byo byavuzwe nkikimenyetso cy’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina muri Pakisitani. <ref name="Weiss">{{Cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Anita |year=2003 |title=Interpreting Islam and Women's Rights: Implementing CEDAW in Pakistan |journal=International Sociology |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=581–601 |doi=10.1177/02685809030183007 |s2cid=145769041}}</ref> Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwerekana ko uruhare rw’uburinganire muri sosiyete ya Pakisitani rwanduzwa binyuze mu bitabo by’amashuri [[Primary school|abanza]] n’ayisumbuye, wirengagije gushyira abagore b’ingenzi mu mateka n’ubushakashatsi bw’imibereho. Ivangura rishingiye <ref name="Dean">{{Cite book |last=Dean |first=Bernadette |year=2007 |title=Creating Subjects for Gender Apartheid: A Critical Study of an English Language Pakistani Textbook |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor-last=Rashida Qureshi and Jane F.A. Rarieya |pages=170–193 |chapter=8}}</ref> rero rishyirwaho binyuze mu nyandiko n'amashusho aho abagore bakoreshwa imirimo yo mu rugo kandi ntibakunze kugaragara ko bakorera hanze y'urugo. Byongeye kandi, kubijyanye na kamere n'imiterere, igitsina gabo nigitsina gore kirangwa nkibihabanye bitandukanye: mugihe abagore "ari ubusa, ibicucu nubucucu", abagabo "bafite ubwenge, intwari kandi bakomeye". <ref name="Dean" /> Kubera iyo mpamvu, uruhare rw’uburinganire rwashimangiye kandi rukomeza ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. Imbaraga zo guhagarika ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina zakozwe binyuze muri politiki nk’umushinga w’itegeko [[:en:Women's_Protection_Bill|rirengera]] [[Women's Protection Bill|abagore]], washyizweho n’Inteko [[:en:Hudood_Ordinance|ishinga amategeko ya Pakisitani]] mu Kuboza <ref name="UNHCR">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2007 |title=Pakistan: The Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act, 2006 and its implementation |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,PAK,,4784def9c,0.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130705172822/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,PAK,,4784def9c,0.html |archive-date=5 July 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada}}</ref> Mbere, Amategeko ya Hudood yari impaka zishingiye ku miterere yabo [[:en:Misogyny|idahwitse]] no kuvuga ko bagandukira abagore mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko. <ref name="Imran">{{Cite journal |last=Imran |first=Rahat |date=November 2005 |title=Legal Injustices: The Zina Hudood Ordinance of Pakistan and Its Implications for Women |url=http://www.bridgew.edu/soas/jiws/nov05v2/imran.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of International Women's Studies |volume=7 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011215511/http://www.bridgew.edu/SoAS/jiws/Nov05V2/Imran.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2008 |access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref> Urugero, abahohotewe n’abakobwa bashobora guhamwa n’icyaha ko gufata ku ngufu ari ubusambanyi n’ubusambanyi niba bitagaragaye ukundi. <ref name="Dawn">{{Cite web |last=Paracha |first=Nida |date=7 May 2011 |title=The Hudood Ordinances |url=http://dawn.com/2011/05/08/the-hudood-ordinances/ |access-date=12 April 2013 |publisher=Dawn}}</ref> === Arabiya Sawudite === [[File:Jeddah_Marriott_no_women_sign.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeddah_Marriott_no_women_sign.jpg|thumb|Sign prohibiting women from a gymnasium in the [[:en:Marriott_Hotel|Marriott Hotel]] in [[:en:Jeddah|Jeddah]]]] Imikorere ya [[:en:Saudi_Arabia|Arabiya Sawudite]] ku bijyanye n’abagore yagiye ivugwa ko ari ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. <ref>Jensen, Rita Henley. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050315083110/http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/2212/context/ourdailylives Taking the Gender Apartheid Tour in Saudi Arabia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050315083110/http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/2212/context/ourdailylives|date=2005-03-15}}, ''Women's eNews'', 03/07/2005.</ref> <ref>Handrahan, L.M. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071103231229/http://www.hri.ca/tribune/viewArticle.asp?ID=2603 Gender Apartheid and Cultural Absolution: Saudi Arabia and the International Criminal Court] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103231229/http://www.hri.ca/tribune/viewArticle.asp?ID=2603|date=2007-11-03}}, Human Rights Internet, ''Human Rights Tribune'', Vol. 8, No. 1, Spring 2001.</ref> Abagore babujijwe gutwara kandi <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">baracyasaba</span>]]'' &#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> kugirango bagende. [[:en:Commission_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice|Komisiyo ishinzwe guteza imbere ingeso nziza no gukumira Visi]] igenzura ishyirwa <ref name="Clarey">{{Cite news |last=Clarey |first=Christopher |date=February 15, 2012 |title=Ban Urged on Saudi Arabia Over Discrimination |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/16/sports/olympics/olympic-ban-on-saudi-arabia-is-urged-over-lack-of-female-athletes.html?_r=0 |access-date=31 March 2013 |work=New York Times}}</ref> ry’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina mu mibereho y’abaturage ba Arabiya Sawudite; kuvanga bitemewe hagati yimibonano mpuzabitsina bihanwa bikomeye. Gahunda y’uburezi yo muri Arabiya Sawudite kandi ishyira mu bikorwa uruhare rw’uburinganire mu kwigisha ko kugandukira abagore kuvuka ku bagore. <ref name="Manea">{{Cite news |last=Manea |first=Elham |date=30 December 2013 |title=Women in Saudi Arabia are caught in a system of gender apartheid |url=http://www.dw.com/en/women-in-saudi-arabia-are-caught-in-a-system-of-gender-apartheid/a-17330976 |access-date=20 October 2017 |work=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Vuba aha, hashyizweho uburyo bushya bw’ikoranabuhanga bugabisha abarinzi b’abagabo binyuze mu nyandiko igihe abategarugori babo bava mu gihugu. <ref name="Harding">{{Cite news |last=Harding |first=Luke |date=23 November 2012 |title=Saudi Arabia criticised over text alerts tracking women's movements |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/23/saudi-arabia-text-alerts-women |access-date=31 March 2013 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Muri rusange, abagore bo muri Arabiya Sawudite bafite uburenganzira bwemewe n’abana bato kandi ntibashobora gufata ibyemezo bikomeye, urugero nko mu burezi, mu kazi, no mu buvuzi, batabanje kubiherwa uruhushya na mwene wabo w’umugabo. <ref name="Harding" /> Gutesha agaciro abagore muri societe yo muri Arabiya Sawudite byateje igitutu kinini haba mu gihugu ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Iterambere rya vuba ryagaragaye bitewe n’impeshyi [[:en:Arab_Spring|y’abarabu]] n’imyigaragambyo [[:en:2011–2012_Saudi_Arabian_protests|y’Abarabu yo muri Arabiya Sawudite 2011–2012]], nk’umwami [[:en:Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia|Abdullah]] yahaye [[:en:Women's_suffrage|uburenganzira bw’abagore]] mu [[:en:Saudi_Arabian_municipal_elections,_2015|matora y’amakomine ya 2015]] . <ref name="Clarey2">{{Cite news |last=Clarey |first=Christopher |date=February 15, 2012 |title=Ban Urged on Saudi Arabia Over Discrimination |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/16/sports/olympics/olympic-ban-on-saudi-arabia-is-urged-over-lack-of-female-athletes.html?_r=0 |access-date=31 March 2013 |work=New York Times}}</ref> Byongeye kandi, Arabiya Sawudite nayo yakuyeho amategeko abuza gukoresha moto n’amagare n’abagore; abategarugori barashobora noneho gutwara igare ahantu runaka niba bambaye neza muri [[:en:Abaya|abaya]] kandi biherekejwe numurinzi wumugabo. <ref name="Al Jazeera">{{Cite news |date=2 April 2013 |title=Saudi Arabia eases ban on women riding bikes |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/04/2013428030514192.html |access-date=16 April 2013 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> === Imibereho === Intiti n’abarwanashyaka bose banenze amategeko mpuzamahanga kubera ko adafite gahunda n’ibikorwa rusange mu kumenya ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe by’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina no kugira ngo bikumirwe. <ref name="Mayer">{{Cite journal |last=Mayer |first=Ann Elizabeth |year=2000 |title=A Benign Apartheid: How Gender Apartheid Has Been Rationalized |journal=UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs}}</ref> Nk’uko aba banegura babivuga, [[:en:Cultural_relativism|ivangura rishingiye ku muco]] ryakunze kuba intandaro yo kurengera ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina, mu rwego rwo kurinda ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore guhinduka no guhirika ubutegetsi. Imvugo ikikije ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina nayo yafashwe nabi nkuburyo bwa [[:en:Neocolonialism|neocolonialism]] ikomeza imyumvire ya Islamu. <ref name="Fernandez2">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=Sonya |year=2009 |title=The Crusade over the Bodies of Women |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=43 |issue=3–4 |pages=269–286 |doi=10.1080/00313220903109185 |s2cid=73618765}}</ref> <ref name="Mayer" /> Igisubizo cy’umuryango [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|w’abibumbye]] ku ihohoterwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’abatalibani ryakorewe abagore muri Afuganisitani, cyaganiriweho cyane. Bamwe bavuga ko Loni "itananiwe gukumira gusa, nyuma ikaza no kuba umuntu urwanya politiki y’uburinganire bw’ubutegetsi bw’abatalibani, ariko ko mu by'ukuri yarimo ivangura rikorerwa abagore mu nkunga z’ubutabazi no mu gushaka abakozi baho." <ref name="Verdirame2">{{Cite journal |last=Verdirame |first=Guglielmo |year=2001 |title=Testing the Effectiveness of International Norms: UN Humanitarian Assistance and Sexual Apartheid in Afghanistan |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1558535_code649958.pdf?abstractid=1558535&mirid=3 |journal=Human Rights Quarterly |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=733–768 |doi=10.1353/hrq.2001.0043 |s2cid=144808940}}</ref> Mu 1997, [[:en:Feminist_Majority_Foundation|Feminist Majority Foundation]] (FMF) yatangije ubukangurambaga bwo guhagarika ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina muri Afuganisitani, ahamagarira abantu ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu rikorerwa abagore bayobowe n’abatalibani. <ref name="FMF">{{Cite web |title=Campaign for Afghan Women & Girls |url=http://www.feminist.org/afghan/taliban_women.asp |access-date=14 March 2013 |publisher=Feminist Majority Foundation}}</ref> Yamaganwe kuba yarateje imbere "feminism feminism" no kuba afite imvugo ikoreshwa yamagana Islam ko ari mbi. <ref name="Russo">{{Cite journal |last=Russo |first=Ann |date=December 2006 |title=The Feminist Majority Foundation's Campaign to Stop Gender Apartheid: The Intersections of Feminism and Imperialism in the United States |journal=International Feminist Journal of Politics |volume=8 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/14616740600945149 |s2cid=32844724}}</ref> Nyuma y’ubutegetsi bw’abatalibani baguye, ubukangurambaga bwaragutse kandi buhindurwamo izina kugira ngo babe ubukangurambaga ku bagore n’abakobwa bo muri Afuganisitani. Iyobowe na [[:en:Mavis_Leno|Mavis Leno]] kandi igamije gukomeza gukangurira abantu ubusumbane muri Afuganisitani. <ref name="FMF" /> Ubukangurambaga bwa ''No Women, No Play'' bwatangijwe mu 2009 na gahunda ya Hadi Al Mutif ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu mu kigo gishinzwe ibibazo by’ikigobe hagamijwe gukemura ibibazo by’umugore muri Arabiya Sawudite. Ubukangurambaga bugamije kubuza Arabiya Sawudite mu [[:en:Olympics|mikino Olempike]] kugeza igihe izemerera abagore <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">muri</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sawudite kwitabira siporo. <ref name="NWNP">{{Cite web |title=No Women No Play Game Plan |url=http://nowomennoplay.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20&Itemid=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127152700/http://nowomennoplay.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20&Itemid=2 |archive-date=2013-11-27}}</ref> Mu gitabo cyayo, [[:en:International_Olympic_Committee|Komite mpuzamahanga y'imikino Olempike]] (IOC) itangaza ko kwitabira ibikorwa bya siporo ari uburenganzira bwa muntu. Usibye ubukangurambaga bwa ''No Women, No Play'', indi miryango nka [[:en:Human_Rights_Watch|Human Rights Watch]] yerekeje rubanda muri Arabiya Sawudite kubera ko <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">imikino</span>]]'' &#x5D; &#x5B;</sup> . <ref name="Clarey3">{{Cite news |last=Clarey |first=Christopher |date=February 15, 2012 |title=Ban Urged on Saudi Arabia Over Discrimination |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/16/sports/olympics/olympic-ban-on-saudi-arabia-is-urged-over-lack-of-female-athletes.html?_r=0 |access-date=31 March 2013 |work=New York Times}}</ref> Ku bijyanye n'ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina muri Gatolika y'Abaroma by'umwihariko, [[:en:Roman_Catholic_Womenpriests|Abapadiri b'Abagatolika b'Abaroma]] (RCWP) bashinze kugira ngo basuzugure imyanya y'itorero ryabuzaga ishyirwaho ry'abagore. <ref name="RCWP">{{Cite web |title=Roman Catholic Womenpriests |url=http://romancatholicwomenpriests.org/ |access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> Kuva iryo tsinda rimaze kubona ikindi cyifuzo cyo gusohora inyandiko ''[[:en:Pink_Smoke_over_the_Vatican|ya Pink Smoke ya 2011 kuri Vatikani]]'' . <ref name="Ronan">{{Cite news |last=Ronan |first=Marian |title=What Color is Vatican Smoke? |url=http://www.religiondispatches.org/archive/sexandgender/6912/what_color_is_vatican_smoke_ |access-date=18 March 2013 |work=Religious Dispatches |archive-date=4 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604035037/http://www.religiondispatches.org/archive/sexandgender/6912/what_color_is_vatican_smoke_/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Reba kandi === * Urutonde rwabagore bose * Apartheid (amategeko yo muri Afrika yepfo) * Athos, agace k'Ubugereki aho abagore batemerewe * Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore * Gutema igitsina gore * Femicide * Amacakubiri y'abagore * Uburinganire * Gutandukanya uburinganire * Raporo yuburinganire bwisi yose * Ubugabo bwa Hegemonic * Misogyny * Okinoshima, ikirwa cy'Ubuyapani aho abagore batemerewe * Gutandukanya igitsina * Imibonano mpuzabitsina * Ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore * Umwanya wabagore gusa === Inyandiko === h642sezd15p6h24gsfc8h1r9xvo62i9 0 20884 134516 125213 2026-08-12T18:43:29Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134516 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Training_wheel.jpg|thumb|Uruziga]] '''bInziga zimenyereza''' , zizwi nka '''stabilisateur''' hanze ya [[Igare|Amerika]] y'amajyaruguru ni amapine abiri yongerwa ku gice cy'inyuma cy'igare kugirango rigire amapine ane, bifasha abigira gutwara igare ubwabo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Nick |last2=Rowntree |first2=Isla |date=2023-04-07 |title=How to teach a kid to ride a bike in 30 minutes |url=https://www.bikeradar.com/advice/skills/how-to-teach-a-kid-to-cycle-in-30-minutes/ |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=BikeRadar |language=en}}</ref> Kuva ku mpera z'imyaka ya 1990, amagare yitwa balance bikes yatangiye gusimbura ayo y'uruziga, kuko afasha cyane kwiga kubungabunga umutuzo no gutwara igare neza . <ref name="Biko">{{Cite journal |last=Blommenstein |first=Biko |last2=Kamp |first2=John |date=2022 |title=Mastering balance: The use of balance bicycles promotes the development of independent cycling |journal=British Journal of Developmental Psychology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=242–253 |doi=10.1111/bjdp.12409 |issn=0261-510X |pmc=9310799 |pmid=35262200}}</ref> <ref name="MerceLearning">{{Cite journal |last=Mercê |first=Cristiana |last2=Branco |first2=Marco |last3=Catela |first3=David |last4=Lopes |first4=Frederico |last5=Cordovil |first5=Rita |date=2022 |title=Learning to cycle: From training wheels to balance bike |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |page=1814 |doi=10.3390/ijerph19031814 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=8834827 |pmid=35162834 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Amateka == Isosiyete y'Abanyamerika Huffy yazanye ibiziga by'amahugurwa mu 1949 hamwe ni gare ryayo 'Convertible'. Igishushanyo gisanzwe cy'amahugurwa yibiziga ntabwo cyahindutse kuva iki <ref>{{Cite book |last=Clemitson |first=Suze |year=2017 |title=A history of cycling in 100 objects |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4729-1888-8 |location=London |pages=144 |language=en}}</ref> Zigizwe n'inziga ebyiri nto, imwe kuruhande rwuruziga rwinyuma rwamagare. Bifatanije kuruhande rwicyuma cyangwa ikadiri irambuye hanze yikigare, nibyiza kugumisha ibiziga byamahugurwa hejuru yubutaka. Utwugarizo tugenewe guhindurwa kugirango habeho uburebure butandukanye n’impande z’ibiziga byamahugurwa, bituma habaho kwihitiramo ukurikije ibyo uyigenderaho akeneye, ariko ibi biragoye kubigeraho mubikorwa. <ref name="Becker">{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Andrew |last2=Jenny |first2=Seth E. |date=2017-05-04 |title=No need for training wheels: Ideas for including balance bikes in elementary physical education |journal=Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance |language=en |volume=88 |issue=4 |pages=14–21 |doi=10.1080/07303084.2016.1270789 |issn=0730-3084 |s2cid=113778276}}</ref> Igitekerezo cyo guhugura ibiziga gishobora kwerekanwa mu buryo bw'ikigereranyo mu Cyongereza ku nkunga iyo ari yo yose ya mashini, cyane cyane mu iterambere rya software . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carroll |first=John M. |last2=Carrithers |first2=Caroline |date=1984 |title=Training wheels in a user interface |journal=Communications of the ACM |language=en |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=800–806 |doi=10.1145/358198.358218 |issn=0001-0782 |s2cid=2269827 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Koresha == [[Dosiye:Trainingwheels-tokyoarea-2020-4-25.webm|thumb| Inziga zamahugurwa zikoreshwa, 2020]] Imikorere y'iziga ry'imyitozo ishingiye kumyumvire yuko umutwara wiga ashobora gutezimbere buhoro buhoro uburinganire bwabo hamwe nubuhanga bwo guhuza imbaraga ashingiye kumfashanyo yibiziga byinyongera. Mugihe uyigenderaho agira ikizere nubuhanga, the training wheels izamurwa buhoro buhoro cyangwa bikurwaho, mubyukuri byemerera uwagenderaho kwimuka kugendera nta nkunga y'inyongera. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Sarah |date=2020-05-02 |title=On your bike! |journal=Early Years Educator |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=S4–S5 |doi=10.12968/eyed.2020.22.1.S4 |issn=1465-931X |s2cid=218789762}}</ref> == Imipaka == Abashakashatsi berekanye ko ibiziga by'amahugurwa (training wheels) bidindiza iterambere ryukuri hamwe nubuhanga bwo kuyobora. Kwishingikiriza kumuziga wamahugurwa birinda abayitwara kubona byimazeyo imbaraga zo gutwara igare kandi biganisha kubibazo byo kwimuka kugendana batabifite. <ref name="Biko">{{Cite journal |last=Blommenstein |first=Biko |last2=Kamp |first2=John |date=2022 |title=Mastering balance: The use of balance bicycles promotes the development of independent cycling |journal=British Journal of Developmental Psychology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=242–253 |doi=10.1111/bjdp.12409 |issn=0261-510X |pmc=9310799 |pmid=35262200}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBlommensteinKamp2022">Blommenstein, Biko; Kamp, John (2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9310799 "Mastering balance: The use of balance bicycles promotes the development of independent cycling"]. ''British Journal of Developmental Psychology''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">242–</span>253. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/bjdp.12409|10.1111/bjdp.12409]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-510X 0261-510X]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9310799 9310799]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35262200 35262200].</cite></ref>​ <ref name="Becker">{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Andrew |last2=Jenny |first2=Seth E. |date=2017-05-04 |title=No need for training wheels: Ideas for including balance bikes in elementary physical education |journal=Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance |language=en |volume=88 |issue=4 |pages=14–21 |doi=10.1080/07303084.2016.1270789 |issn=0730-3084 |s2cid=113778276}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeckerJenny2017">Becker, Andrew; Jenny, Seth E. (4 May 2017). "No need for training wheels: Ideas for including balance bikes in elementary physical education". ''Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance''. '''88''' (4): <span class="nowrap">14–</span>21. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/07303084.2016.1270789|10.1080/07303084.2016.1270789]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0730-3084 0730-3084]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:113778276 113778276].</cite></ref> # Iterambere ntarengwa: Amahugurwa azenguruka, mugihe atanga itangiriro ryambere, abuza iterambere ryingirakamaro hamwe nubuhanga bwo guhuza ibikorwa. Ibiziga byinyongera birinda uyigenderaho kubona byimazeyo icyerekezo gisanzwe gikenewe kugirango habeho kuringaniza. Nkigisubizo, abatwara ibinyabiziga barashobora kwishingikiriza cyane kumuziga wimyitozo kandi bagaharanira kwimuka batagendeye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shim |first=Andrew L. |last2=Norman |first2=Shannon |date=2015-01-02 |title=Incorporating pedal-less bicycles into a pre-K through third-grade curriculum to improve stability in children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-physical-education-recreation-dance_2015-01_86_1/page/50 |journal=Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance |language=en |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=50–51 |doi=10.1080/07303084.2015.978681 |issn=0730-3084 |s2cid=154141926}}</ref> # Gutinda kubaka ikizere: Inziga zamahugurwa zirashobora gutera ubwoba bwumutekano kubatwara bato. Mugihe bamenyereye ituze ritangwa ninziga zamahugurwa, ntibashobora kumva bafite ikizere gihagije cyo kugenda batayifite. Ibi birashobora kuganisha kumwanya muremure wo kwiga kandi bikabuza iterambere ryo kwigirira icyizere. <ref name="Murray">{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Alison |last2=Howells |first2=Kristy |date=2023-02-06 |title=Wheels up: Spiral progression pedagogy towards creative movers using wheels |url=https://journal.fi/jecer/article/view/116985 |journal=Journal of Early Childhood Education Research |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=54–78 |issn=2323-7414}}</ref> # Igenzura ridafite akamaro: Inziga zamahugurwa zigabanya ubushobozi bwuwitwara kuyobora igare neza. Kubera ko ibiziga byamahugurwa bifasha cyane cyane uburemere, uyigenderaho ntagenzura neza icyerekezo cyamagare. Uku kubuzwa gushobora kubangamira iterambere ryubuhanga bukenewe bwo kuyobora kandi bikagora uyigenderaho kugendera kumpande nimbogamizi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mercê |first=Cristiana |last2=Cordovil |first2=Rita |last3=Catela |first3=David |last4=Galdino |first4=Flávia |last5=Bernardino |first5=Mafalda |last6=Altenburg |first6=Mirjam |last7=António |first7=Gonçalo |last8=Brígida |first8=Nancy |last9=Branco |first9=Marco |date=2022 |title=Learning to cycle: Is velocity a control parameter for children's cycle patterns on the balance bike? |journal=Children |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |page=1937 |doi=10.3390/children9121937 |issn=2227-9067 |pmc=9776492 |pmid=36553380 |doi-access=free}}</ref> # Inzibacyuho igoye: Gukuraho ibiziga byamahugurwa birashobora kuba inzira igoye kandi iteye ubwoba kubakiri bato. Guhinduka gutunguranye kuva kugoboka kugendana kugendana kugendanwa udashyigikiwe birashobora kuba byinshi kandi bitesha umutwe. Abana benshi bahura nibibazo hanyuma bagacika intege muriki cyiciro cyinzibacyuho, akenshi bisaba igihe cyinyongera ninkunga kugirango babe bagenda neza badafite ibiziga byamahugurwa. <ref name="Cain">{{Cite book |last=Cain |first=Stephen M. |date=2012-10-17 |title=ASME 2012 5th annual dynamic systems and control conference joint with the JSME 2012 11th motion and vibration conference |last2=Ulrich |first2=Dale A. |last3=Perkins |first3=Noel C. |publisher=ASME |isbn=978-0-7918-4531-8 |volume=3 |location=Fort Lauderdale, FL |pages=195–199 |chapter=Using measured bicycle kinematics to quantify increased skill as a rider learns to ride a bicycle |doi=10.1115/DSCC2012-MOVIC2012-8541}}</ref> Inziga zamahugurwa(training wheels) cyane cyane ziba inzitizi yo kwiga niba zahinduwe nabi, kuko zibuza igare kunanuka niba ziri hasi cyane, kandi bikabuza gufata feri niba uburemere bwinshi bwakuwe kumuziga winyuma ukoresheje ibiziga byimyitozo biri hasi cyane. Guhindura ibiziga byamahugurwa neza, no kubizamura hejuru uko ubuhanga bwumwana bwiyongera, bifasha kugabanya ariko ntibikuraho burundu ibyo bibazo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mercê |first=Cristiana |last2=Pereira |first2=Joana Vilar |last3=Branco |first3=Marco |last4=Catela |first4=David |last5=Cordovil |first5=Rita |date=2021-11-23 |title=Training programmes to learn how to ride a bicycle independently for children and youths: A systematic review |journal=Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy |language=en |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=530–545 |doi=10.1080/17408989.2021.2005014 |issn=1740-8989 |s2cid=244650340}}</ref> == Gusimbuza amagare aringaniye == Tugarutse ku nkomoko y'amagare mu ifarashi yijimye, amagare aringaniye yahise atoneshwa na pedagogy yo gusiganwa ku magare nyuma yo kuyitangiza mu <ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosen |first=Jody |year=2022 |title=Two wheels good: The history and mystery of the bicycle |publisher=Bodley Head |isbn=978-1-84792-307-3 |location=London |language=en}}</ref> Kwiga kugendana nigare riringaniye bitanga inyungu ndende ndende kubatwara bato kuruta ibiziga byamahugurwa. <ref name="Biko">{{Cite journal |last=Blommenstein |first=Biko |last2=Kamp |first2=John |date=2022 |title=Mastering balance: The use of balance bicycles promotes the development of independent cycling |journal=British Journal of Developmental Psychology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=242–253 |doi=10.1111/bjdp.12409 |issn=0261-510X |pmc=9310799 |pmid=35262200}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBlommensteinKamp2022">Blommenstein, Biko; Kamp, John (2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9310799 "Mastering balance: The use of balance bicycles promotes the development of independent cycling"]. ''British Journal of Developmental Psychology''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">242–</span>253. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/bjdp.12409|10.1111/bjdp.12409]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-510X 0261-510X]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9310799 9310799]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35262200 35262200].</cite></ref> yatangiye gutanga ibiziga byamahugurwa kwisi yose mu myaka ya za 2010. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cordovil |first=Rita |last2=Mercê |first2=Cristiana |last3=Branco |first3=Marco |last4=Lopes |first4=Frederico |last5=Catela |first5=David |last6=Hasanen |first6=Elina |last7=Laukkanen |first7=Arto |last8=Tortella |first8=Patrizia |last9=Fumagalli |first9=Guido |last10=Sá |first10=Cristina |last11=Jidovtseff |first11=Boris |last12=Zeuwts |first12=Linus |last13=De Meester |first13=An |last14=Bardid |first14=Farid |last15=Fujikawa |first15=Ricardo |date=2022-04-28 |title=Learning to cycle: A cross-cultural and cross-generational comparison |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=10 |bibcode=2022FrPH...1061390C |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.861390 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=9096157 |pmid=35570950 |doi-access=free |article-number=861390}}</ref> ou3wj59gjovb95jsvekgitctnue6epw 0 20890 134519 125219 2026-08-12T18:46:48Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134519 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ihuriro ry’abafite ubumuga bw’umubiri''' yari ishyirahamwe ry’abaharaniraga [[Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga|uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga]] mu mujyi wa New York mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 20. Ryashinzwe mu kwezi kwa Gatanu 1935 hagamijwe kwamagana ivangura ryakorewe n’ubuyobozi bushinzwe iterambere (WPA). <ref name="longmore">{{Cite journal |last=Longmore |first=PK |author-link=Paul K. Longmore |last2=Goldberger |first2=David |date=December 2000 |title=The League of the Physically Handicapped and the Great Depression: A Case Study in the New Disability History |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-history_2000-12_87_3/page/888 |journal=The Journal of American History |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=888–922 |doi=10.2307/2675276 |jstor=2675276 |pmid=17639642}}</ref> Biro y’Ubwunganizi bw’Abaturage yo mu Mujyi wa New York yashiragaho akamenyetso “PH” ku busabe bw’abasaba inkunga bari bafite ubumuga, aho “PH” risobanuraga “physically handicapped” (ufite ubumuga bw’umubiri). Aba bantu bashyirwaga ku rutonde rw’“abatabasha kubona akazi” (unemployable), maze bakangirwa kubona imirimo yashyiriweho n’WPA.<ref name="isr">{{Cite web |last=Rosenthal |first=Keith |title=Pioneers in the fight for disability rights The League of the Physically Handicapped |url=https://isreview.org/issue/90/pioneers-fight-disability-rights |access-date=29 April 2018 |website=International Socialist Review}}</ref> Kugira ngo barwanye ibyo, abanyamuryango b’Ihuriro ry’Abafite Ubumuga bw’Umubiri bakoreye sit-in muri Home Relief Bureau iminsi icyenda batangiriye ku wa 29 Gicurasi 1935, ndetse banakora sit-in y’ikiruhuko cy’impera z’icyumweru ku biro bya WPA, nabyo mu Mujyi wa New York, mu kwezi kwa Kamena 1935.<ref name="timeline">{{Cite web |title=Disability History Timeline |url=http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220065328/http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=23 January 2017 |website=Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management. |publisher=Temple University}}</ref><ref name="consumer">{{Cite journal |last=Longmore |first=PK |author-link=Paul K. Longmore |date=January 2000 |title=Disability Policy and Politics: Considering Consumer Influence |journal=Journal of Disability Policy Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=36–44 |doi=10.1177/104420730001100111 |s2cid=145123577}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosenthal |first=Keith |title=Pioneers in the fight for disability rights &#124; International Socialist Review |url=https://isreview.org/issue/90/pioneers-fight-disability-rights |website=isreview.org}}</ref> Izi ngamba zaje gutuma hashyirwaho imirimo 1,500 ku bakozi bafite ubumuga bw’umubiri mu Mujyi wa New York mu mwaka wa 1936. <ref name="zames2">{{cite book |last1=Fleischer |first1=Doris Zames |date=2001 |title=The Disability Rights Movement: From Charity to Confrontation |url=https://archive.org/details/disabilityrights0000flei |last2=Zames |first2=Frieda |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=1439907447 |location=Philadelphia |page=906 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="timeline2">{{cite web |title=Disability History Timeline |url=http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm |url-status=dead |website=Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management. |publisher=Temple University |accessdate=23 January 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220065328/http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm |archivedate=20 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="consumer2">{{cite journal |last1=Longmore |first1=PK |author-link=Paul K. Longmore |date=January 2000 |title=Disability Policy and Politics: Considering Consumer Influence |journal=Journal of Disability Policy Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=36–44 |doi=10.1177/104420730001100111 |s2cid=145123577}}</ref> Ihuriro ryari rimaze gusenyuka mu mwaka wa 1938. <ref name="isr" /> == Reba == {{Reflist}} owfitpqokw59o62xz4lktwkquwwb2m3 0 20936 134510 133611 2026-08-12T18:35:11Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134510 wikitext text/x-wiki   WordQ® ni porogaramu ifasha ikoranabuhanga yateguwe na Quillsoft Ltd hamwe n’ibitaro bya Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital . Intego nyamukuru ya WordQ ni ugufasha abantu bahanganye nogusoma no kwandika ndetse ikanafasha abafite ubumuga butandukanye. Akenshi urwo rugamba ruterwa '''n'ubumuga bw'umubiri cyangwa''' neurodivergence nka Dyslexia cyangwa ADHD. WordQ ikoresha ijambo ryubwenge guhanura kugirango yerekane amagambo umukoresha yandika muri buke 1.3. Ibi bifasha imyandikire, kandi bikana gabanya ingano yimikorere yumubiri umukoresha agomba gukora mugihe yandika. Ikoresha kandi ubuziranenge bwa Acapela inyandiko ndetse n'amajwi kugirango asome inyandiko yinyuma uyikoresha yinjiye, yemerera kugenzura no guhindura. Ikiranga imvugo ya WordQs, SpeakQ®, yashyizwe muri desktop ya WordQ ya Windows OS. Iyemerera abakoresha guhinduranya kuvuga no kwandika mugihe wandika. Ibiro bya WordQ biraboneka kuri Windows na Mac OS, iWordQ iraboneka kuri iPadOS, naho WordQ Chrome ya mushakisha ya Chrome iteganijwe gusohoka muri Mutarama 2022. == Iterambere == WordQ yatunganijwe bwa mbere mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 90 n'itsinda ry'ubushakashatsi riyobowe na Dr. Fraser Shein mu bitaro bya Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital Toronto, Ontario, Kanada. Shein n'ibitaro bashinze isosiyete ifatanije, yitwa Quillsoft Ltd, kugira ngo bamenyekanishe WordQ ndetse no gushyigikira ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mu bitaro. Iterambere rya WordQ ryakurikiranye ibicuruzwa bya software byabanje kandi byatejwe imbere muri Holland Bloorview, KeyREP® na WiVox®, ibi byari ibikoresho byo gufasha abanyeshuri bafite ibibazo byo kwandika ndetse nubundi bumuga butandukanye. Porogaramu n'imikorere ya WordQ yarishyuwe kugirango bifashe abafite ikibazo cyo kwandika biturutse ku bumuga bwo kwiga kandi bagakoreshwa murwego runini mumashuri ya Ontario . Imikoreshereze yiyo sisitemu noneho yagutse cyane mumashuri yo mugihugu cya Kanada nahandi kwisi nyuma yiterambere, kuko itsinda <ref name="morrison">{{Cite web |last=Morrison, Eric |year=2007 |title=Fraser Shein, President and CEO, Quillsoft Ltd. |url=http://www.nationaltechcenter.org/index.php/2007/05/29/ipro-17fraser-shein/ |access-date=January 16, 2011 |archive-date=July 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724091802/http://www.nationaltechcenter.org/index.php/2007/05/29/ipro-17fraser-shein |url-status=dead }}</ref> kandi rikubiyemo SpeakQ na ThoughtQ®. Ikoranabuhanga rya SpeakQ ryakozwe ku bufatanye n’ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’uburezi (Newton, MA) ku nkunga ya Minisiteri y’uburezi muri Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=More About NCIP |url=https://www2.edc.org/ncip/more_top.htm |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=www2.edc.org}}</ref> Muri iki gihe, WordQ ikoreshwa n’abaturage benshi b’abanyeshuri, ntabwo ari abafite ibibazo byo kwiga gusa, urugero, abiga ururimi rwa kabiri hamwe n’abanyeshuri hamwe n’abakozi. == Ibiranga == WordQ ifite idirishya ritoya rigaragara hejuru yidirishya iryo ariryo ryose rikorwa kandi rikora hamwe na porogaramu iyo ari yo yose ukoresha. Nka tekinoroji ifasha, ibi byitwa transparent accessibility. Nkuko umukoresha wa sisitemu yandika, software igerageza kwerekana ijambo rikoreshwa, ukurikije inyuguti zambere namagambo yanditse mbere yukoresha. Nkuko bandika, uyikoresha ashobora gukoresha urufunguzo rwerekezo cyangwa urufunguzo rwumubare kugirango uhitemo ijambo wifuza. Umukoresha ashobora kandi gusaba porogaramu gusoma amajwi yabo yanditse mu ijwi riranguruye nkuko bandika, bigatuma impinduka zimyandikire nimbonezamvugo zifatwa mugihe wandika. Porogaramu irashobora gufungura no kuzimya uyikoresha nkuko bandika, kandi ikorana na progaramu zose zikoreshwa. WordQ kuri ubu irashobora gukoreshwa mucyongereza, Igifaransa, Icyesipanyoli & Ikidage. == SpeakQ == == Ikoreshwa rya SpeakQ == WordQ ikoreshwa mumashuri menshi muri Amerika na Kanada kugirango ifashe abantu bafite ubumuga butandukanye. <ref name="WordQcust">{{Cite web |last=WordQ |year=2009 |title=Customers |url=http://www.wordq.com/customers_us.html |access-date=January 16, 2011 |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718112952/http://www.wordq.com/customers_us.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> imyaka myinshi igurishwa muri Kanada, ariko itangiye kugaragara ku isoko ry’Amerika. Muri Kanada, amashuri menshi yarayakoresheje kugirango akoreshwe muri sisitemu zabo. Mu mwaka wa 2010, OSAPAC, umuryango ushinzwe kugura software ku mashuri yo muri Ontario, yaguze uruhushya rwo gukoresha WordQ mu mashuri yose yo mu ntara yose. <ref name="osapac">{{Cite web |last=OSAPAC |title=WordQ |url=http://www.osapac.org/cms/content/word-q |access-date=January 16, 2011 |archive-date=July 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111248/http://www.osapac.org/cms/content/word-q |url-status=dead }}</ref> Porogaramu yakoreshejwe cyane cyane nkigikoresho cyabanditsi bahanganye nabafite ubumuga bwo kwiga bibabaza ubushobozi bwabo bwo kwandika. Ubushakashatsi bw’abandi bantu bwerekana ko WordQ nayo ikora, niba atari nziza, kuruta izindi software zisa nazo mu gufasha aba banditsi bahanganye. <ref name="behrmann">{{Cite journal |last=Evmenova |first=A.S. |last2=Graff |first2=H.J. |last3=Jerome |first3=M.K. |last4=Behrman |first4=M.M. |year=2010 |title=Word prediction programs with phonetic spelling support: Performance comparisons and impact on journal writing for students with writing difficulties |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_learning-disabilities-research-practice_2010-11_25_4/page/170 |journal=Learning Disabilities Research & Practice |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=170–182 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5826.2010.00315.x}}</ref> Ubundi bushakashatsi bwigenga bwerekana ko WordQ yo guhanura ijambo hamwe nubushobozi bwo kwandika-kuvuga bishobora kugira ingaruka nziza kubuhanga bwo kwandika bwabanyeshuri bo mumashuri abanza bafite ubumuga bwihariye bwo kwiga. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} m99ituko42inmotvkjh22wc0686ax4w 0 20982 134507 125343 2026-08-12T18:31:36Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134507 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cognitive orthotics''' ni sisitemu zishingiye kuri porogaramu (software) zifasha abantu bafite ubumuga bwo mumitekerereze, nk'abibagirwa,zibibutsa ibintu by'ingenzi mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Ubumuga bwo mumitekerereze burashobora gutera ibibazo mu bushobozi bwo kwigenga, harimo n'ibikorwa by'ubuzima bwa buri munsi. Abafite ubumuga bworoheje bw’ubwenge barashobora kubona ubumenyi bwigenga buhagije, mu gihe abashyizwe mu majwi nk’abafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe budakunze kugera kuri urwo rwego rw'ubwigenge. Mugihe gahunda za mahugurwa zishobora kuba uburyo bwo gucengeza no gushyigikira ubuzima bwigenga, izo gahunda zerekanye intsinzi zitandukanye, bitewe n'umuntu uvugwa nimirimo ashinzwe. Umubare w'intambwe cyangwa ibintu bigoye by'imirimo isanzwe ya buri munsi birashobora gutuma bigora umuntu ufite ubumuga bwo kutamenya, kandi ikosa mubyiciro byose rishobora kuganisha kubisubizo bitemewe. <ref name="yanna-dissertation" /> Ibikoresho nka mudasobwa byakoreshejwe mu gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe abantu bafite ibikomere mu bwonko. Guhera kuri "prostothique memoire" no mu myaka ya za 1980 yerekeza ku gukemura ikibazo cy'ubwonko bukorwa binyuze mu myitozo isubiramo, abahanga mu by'imitekerereze ya muntu ni bo bonyine bakoraga porogaramu ku barwayi bakomeretse mu bwonko, bigatuma porogaramu zihari. Inzobere mu gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe zahisemo imikino yo kuri mudasobwa iboneka mu bucuruzi ishimishije cyane, ishishikaje, isubiramo, kandi ishimishije, yerekana ingaruka zishobora gukosorwa ku mikorere mibi ya neuropsychologue. Ibyavuye mu bikorwa bya mbere byo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe mudasobwa byagabanijwe kandi, mu bice byinshi, ntibyari byitezwe. Mugihe imyitozo isubiramo yatezimbere imikorere mubikorwa byihariye byakorwaga, iyi ngaruka ntabwo yageze no mubindi bikorwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lynch |first=Bill |date=October 2002 |title=Historical Review of Computer-assisted Cognitive Retraining: |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-head-trauma-rehabilitation_2002-10_17_5/page/446 |journal=Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=446–457 |doi=10.1097/00001199-200210000-00006 |pmid=12802254}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kurlychek |first=RT |last2=Levin |first2=W |date=1987 |title=Computers in the cognitive rehabilitation of brain-injured persons. |journal=Critical reviews in medical informatics |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=241-57 |pmid=3330692}}</ref> Abantu bashobora kungukira mur cognitive orthotics barimo abasaza cyangwa abakuze, abantu bagize impanuka z'ingenge(TBI), abantu bafite ibibazo byo kwibagirwa, cyangwa ufite ubundi bumuga [[Handicap mental|bwo mu mitekerereze]] cyangwa mu mikurirre . Porogaramu irashobora kuba ikubiyemo ibintu byo kwiga imashini, ubwenge bwubukorikori, hamwe no kumenya imiterere kugirango ihuze ibyifuzo byabantu muburyo bukwiye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Szabó |first=Patrícia |last2=Ara |first2=Jinat |last3=Halmosi |first3=Bence |last4=Sik-Lanyi |first4=Cecilia |last5=Guzsvinecz |first5=Tibor |date=8 September 2023 |title=Technologies Designed to Assist Individuals with Cognitive Impairments |journal=Sustainability |volume=15 |issue=18 |bibcode=2023Sust...1513490S |doi=10.3390/su151813490 |doi-access=free |article-number=13490}}</ref> alxpx3n2zd729fone8mw8ez9k2eiavo 0 20983 134513 125486 2026-08-12T18:41:07Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134513 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Banknote_feature.JPG|right|thumb|Gufunga ibintu biranga ''Urugendo rwo muri Kanada Urutonde'' rwamadorari 20.]] [[Dosiye:Canadian_Tactile_Bills.svg|right|thumb|Iyi mbonerahamwe irerekana uburyo [[Inyandiko y'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona(Braille)|selile ya Braille]] itunganijwe.]] '''Ikiranga ifaranga rya Kanada''' kiranga urutonde <nowiki><i id="mwEA">rwinoti zo muri Kanada Urugendo</i></nowiki> na <nowiki><i id="mwEg">Frontier</i></nowiki> inoti zo muri Kanada kugirango zifashe abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona kumenya inoti. Icyo kimenyetso cyerekana agaciro k'urupapuro rw'ifaranga cyangwa inoti mu gice cyo hejuru ibumoso ku ruhande rwo imbere rw'ifaranga, hakoreshewje urukurikirane rw'utudomo twazamuwe. Byasabwe na Bruno Thériault, umuyobozi w'ikigo cy'igihugu cya Kanada gishinzwe abatabona, <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2005 |title=Obituary of Bruno Theriault |url=https://www.mesaieux.com/Obituary/Bruno-THERIAULT/227293 |access-date=4 January 2022 |website=yourfolks.com |publisher=L'Acadie Nouvelle |language=fr, en |quote=As CNIB District Administrator, ....The Canadian Government is now able to print Canadian (paper) money with Braille writing due to a recommendation from Bruno in the 1990s.}}</ref> kandi cyateguwe na Susan Lederman, umwarimu w’imyororokere muri kaminuza ya Mwamikazi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pedwell |first=Carolyn |date=2001-01-19 |title=Profs contributed to new $10 bill |url=https://www.queensjournal.ca/story/2001-01-19/news/profs-contributed-new-10-bill/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205075232/https://www.queensjournal.ca/story/2001-01-19/news/profs-contributed-new-10-bill/ |archive-date=2019-12-05 |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=Queen's Journal}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lederman |first=Susan J. |last2=Hamilton |first2=Cheryl |date=2002 |title=Using Tactile Features to Help Functionally Blind Individuals Denominate Banknotes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-factors_fall-2002_44_3/page/413 |journal=Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society |language=en |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=413–428 |doi=10.1518/0018720024497646 |issn=0018-7208 |pmid=12502159 |s2cid=22157965}}</ref> Nubwo bisa nkaho bigaragara kuri [[Inyandiko y'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona(Braille)|braille]], biratandukanye kuko Braille isanzwe yabonaga ko ikabije. Ifaranga ry'ifaranga rigomba kumenyekana byoroshye, bityo inoti zikoresha blille yuzuye (cyangwa selile) y'utudomo 6 ⟨ ⟨ ⟩ Umushinga w'amadolari 5 ufite selile imwe, hamwe n'amadorari 10, $ 20, na $ 50 buri umwe afite selile imwe kurenza iyambere. Amadolari 100 $ afite selile ebyiri zitunganijwe kuburyo hari umwanya wa selile ebyiri zubusa hagati yabo: ⟨ Sisitemu isa cyane n'iyo y'utudomo twumva ukozwe muburyo buzamuwe iri gushyirwa mu bikorwa mu rupapuro rushya rw'amafaranga rwa colón ya Costa Rican . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation ikenewe</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Isanduku ya Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika yatangaje ko inoti nshya $ 10 nayo izaba ifite uburyo bworoshye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolff-Mann |first=Ethan |date=2015-10-15 |title=How Other Countries Help Blind People Tell a $1 from a $50 |url=http://money.com/money/4073753/blind-people-tell-money-bills-apart/ |access-date=2019-12-05 |website=Money |language=en |archive-date=2019-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205075350/https://money.com/money/4073753/blind-people-tell-money-bills-apart/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Inyandiko == Ikiranga tactile kigizwe n'ibimenyetso bitandatu bizamuye (inkingi ebyiri za eshatu) bitandukanijwe n'ubuso bworoshye. Umubare n'umwanya by'ibi bimenyetso bitandatu biratandukana ukurikije amadini: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bank Notes - Accessibility Features - Bank of Canada |url=https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/eppp-archive/100/201/301/bank_can_review/2006/spring/cover/en/banknotes/accessibility.html |website=www.collectionscanada.gc.ca}}</ref> * $ 5 fagitire : ikimenyetso kimwe kidasanzwe * $ 10 fagitire : ibimenyetso bibiri bitandatu * Amadolari 20 $ : ibimenyetso bitatu bitandatu * $ 50 fagitire : ibimenyetso bine bitandatu * $ 100 fagitire : ibimenyetso bibiri bitandukanijwe nubuso bworoshye bwagutse kurenza iyo inoti ya $ 10 28g0c2nr5z5wobkfooekixbg9ira2xt 0 20987 134503 125348 2026-08-12T18:20:31Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134503 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Smart Device''' nigikoresho cya elegitoronike, muri rusange gihujwe nibindi bikoresho cyangwa imiyoboro ikoresheje protocole itandukanye (nka Bluetooth, Zigbee, itumanaho hafi y’umurima, [[Wi-Fi]], NearLink, Li-Fi, cyangwa 5G ) ishobora gukora ku rugero runaka mu buryo bwikora kandi bwigenga. ndetse n'ubwoko butandukanye bwibikoresho byubwenge ni terefone zigendanwa, abavuga rikoresha ubwenge, imodoka zifite ubwenge, amakarita yubwenge, thermostat yubwenge, inzogera zumuryango, gufunga ubwenge, firigo zikoresha ubwenge, fableti na tableti, amasaha yubwenge, bande yubwenge, urufunguzo rwubwenge, ibirahuri byubwenge, TV yubwenge, nibindi byinshi. Ijambo rishobora kandi kwerekeza ku gikoresho cyerekana ibintu bimwe na bimwe byo kubara hose, harimo - nubwo atari ngombwa - kwiga imashini . Ibikoresho byubwenge bishobora gushushanywa kugirango bishyigikire ibintu bitandukanye byuburyo butandukanye, ndetse n'ibintu bitandukanye bijyanye na comptabilite ahantu hose kandi bigakoreshwa muburyo butatu bwa sisitemu yibidukikije: isi yumubiri, ibidukikije bishingiye kubantu, hamwe nogukwirakwiza mudasobwa . Amazu yubwenge yerekana ko hari sensor hamwe nibikoresho bimwe na bimwe byerekana, ibikoresho, hamwe nububikoshingiro bwo kubigenzura. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart devices are really smart!!! |url=https://www.circlecasemanagement.com/news/article/smart-devices-are-really-smart |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Circle Case Management |language=en}}</ref> == Imiterere == Mu 1991, Mark Weiser yagaragaje uburyo butatu bwibanze bwibikoresho bya sisitemu ahantu hose: tabs, padi na kibaho. <ref name="Weiser">{{Cite journal |last=Weiser |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Weiser |year=1991 |title=The Computer for the Twenty-First Century |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1991-09_265_3/page/94 |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=265 |issue=3 |pages=94–104 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0991-94}}</ref> * ''Tabs'' : iherekejwe cyangwa ishobora kwambara santimetero nini, urugero, telefone zigendanwa, amakarita yubwenge * ''Amapadiri'' : ibikoresho bifata intoki zingana na decimetre, urugero, mudasobwa zigendanwa * ''Ikibaho'' : metero nini yerekana ibikoresho byerekana, urugero, mudasobwa yo hejuru itambitse hamwe na SMART ihagaze. Ubu buryo butatu bwagaragajwe na Weiser burangwa na macro nini, ifite formari planar hamwe no gushiramo amashusho yerekanwe. Ibi kandi byarebwaga byinshi nkibikoresho byamakuru. Niba buri kimwe muri ibyo biranga cyoroheje, uru rwego rushobora kwagurwa muburyo butandukanye kandi bushobora kuba ingirakamaro mubikoresho byo kubara hose. <ref name="Poslad">{{Cite book |last=Poslad |first=Stefan |year=2009 |title=Ubiquitous Computing Smart Devices, Smart Environments and Smart Interaction |url=http://www.elec.qmul.ac.uk/people/stefan/ubicom/index.html |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-03560-3 |access-date=2009-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215005731/http://www.elec.qmul.ac.uk/people/stefan/ubicom/index.html |archive-date=2012-02-15 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Ibiranga == Ibikoresho byubwenge mubusanzwe bigizwe nicyuma (harimo na radio itanga ibimenyetso), urwego rwumuyoboro (unyuzamo ibikoresho bivugana nka telephone n'ibindi), hamwe nurwego rusaba (abakoresha amaherezo batanga amategeko). Izi nzego akenshi zirimo ibintu bikurikira: * Urutonde rwibikoresho bya sisitemu & software IT ibikoresho. Iyi sisitemu isanzwe ihagaze neza, igenwe mugihe cyagenwe. * Ibikoresho bigenda byiyongera kubikoresho byo kwagura & plug-ins ( gucomeka no gukina ) ibikoresho bimwe byuma bikoresho. * Kure ya serivise yo hanze no kuyishyira mubikorwa. * Inzego zibanze, imbere zigenga serivisi zikorwa. * Kugera kubidukikije byihariye: imikoranire yabantu, imikoranire yisi nisi ikwirakwizwa na ICT / imikoranire ya mudasobwa . * Ibikoresho bimwe biboneka hose . Ubwoko busanzwe bwibikoresho byubwenge birimo: * ''Tab'' na ''pad'' ubwoko bwibikoresho byubwenge bikunze gukora nkibikoresho byigenga byigenga * Ibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije . == Ibikoresho byose bibarwa == Icyerekezo cya Weiser kubijyanye no kubara hose bishobora gukusanyirizwa hamwe muburyo bubiri bwibanze: * Ibikoresho bigomba guhuzwa, gukwirakwizwa no kuboneka mu mucyo. * Imikoranire ya muntu-mudasobwa nibikoresho ihishe kurwego kubakoresha. * ''Ibidukikije bya mudasobwa'' bifasha ibikoresho byubwenge kugera kuri serivisi zijyanye nahantu hose kandi igihe icyo aricyo cyose. * ''Ibidukikije bifatika'' bishobora kuba byinjijwemo nibikoresho bitandukanye byubwenge byubwoko butandukanye harimo tagi, sensor hamwe nubugenzuzi. Ibi birashobora kugira ibintu bitandukanye bitandukanye kuva kuri nano kugeza kuri micro kugeza kuri macro nini. * ''Ibidukikije byabantu'' : abantu, umuntu kugiti cye cyangwa hamwe, muburyo busanzwe bwibidukikije byubwenge kubikoresho. Ariko, abantu barashobora ubwabo guherekezwa nibikoresho byubwenge nka terefone zigendanwa, bagakoresha ibikoresho byashizwe hejuru ( computing yambara ) kandi bikubiyemo ibikoresho byashyizwemo (urugero, pacemakers kugirango bakomeze imikorere yumutima). Icya kabiri, ijambo ''ibikoresho byubwenge bidukikije'' bishobora kandi kwerekeza kumyumvire yibidukikije byubwenge byibanda cyane cyane kubidukikije byumubiri. bifite ubwenge kuko byashizwemo cyangwa bitatanye nibikoresho byubwenge bishobora kumva no kugenzura igice cyacyo. == Reba kandi ==   == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} lz4lrtnzg8r9vsu759169dkvvmzk937 0 21013 134521 125386 2026-08-12T18:49:43Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134521 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Indangantego yo Kumva-Imfashanyo Yerekana Indangagaciro''' ( '''HASQI''' ) ni igipimo cy'ubwiza bw'amajwi cyashyizweho mu rwego rwo gusuzuma ubwiza bw'ijijwi ry'abantu bafite [[Akuma gafasha umuntu kumva|icyuma cy'amatwi]] ,. <ref name="kates2010">{{Cite journal |last=Kates |first=James |last2=Arehart |first2=Kathryn |date=2010 |title=The hearing-aid speech quality index (HASQI) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aes-journal-of-the-audio-engineering-society_2010-05_58_5/page/363 |journal=Journal of the Audio Engineering Society |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=363–381}}</ref> <ref name="kates2014">{{Cite journal |last=Kates |first=James |last2=Arehart |first2=Kathryn |date=2014 |title=The hearing-aid speech quality index (HASQI) version 2 |journal=Journal of the Audio Engineering Society |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=99–117 |doi=10.17743/jaes.2014.0006}}</ref> Byerekanwe kandi ko bishobora gupima ubuziranenge bw'amajwi ku majwi atavuga ndetse n'ababumva nta [[Ubumuga bwo kutumva|kubura kumva]] . <ref name="kressner">{{Cite journal |last=Kressner |first=Abigail A. |last2=Anderson |first2=David V. |last3=Rozell |first3=Christopher J. |year=2013 |title=Evaluating the Generalization of the Hearing Aid Speech Quality Index (HASQI) |journal=IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=407 |doi=10.1109/TASL.2012.2217132 |s2cid=2722337}}</ref> == Amavu n'amavuko == Mugihe imyumvire yubwiza bwamajwi ishobora gupimwa hifashishijwe ibipimo byo gushishoza, ikizamini gitwara igihe kinini gukora. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibipimo byinshi byateguwe kugira ngo amajwi asuzumwe bitabaye ngombwa ko abantu bumva. Ingero zisanzwe ziva kuri terefone zirimo PESQ, POLQA, PEVQ na PEAQ . HASQI yashyizweho bwa mbere na Kates na Arehart kugira ngo basuzume uburyo imyitwarire mibi yinjizwa n'ibyuma by'amatwi igabanya ubwiza bw'amajwi <ref name="kates2010">{{Cite journal |last=Kates |first=James |last2=Arehart |first2=Kathryn |date=2010 |title=The hearing-aid speech quality index (HASQI) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aes-journal-of-the-audio-engineering-society_2010-05_58_5/page/363 |journal=Journal of the Audio Engineering Society |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=363–381}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKatesArehart2010">Kates, James; Arehart, Kathryn (2010). "The hearing-aid speech quality index (HASQI)". ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. '''58''' (5): <span class="nowrap">363–</span>381.</cite></ref> Basohoye kandi verisiyo nshya muri 2014. <ref name="kates2014">{{Cite journal |last=Kates |first=James |last2=Arehart |first2=Kathryn |date=2014 |title=The hearing-aid speech quality index (HASQI) version 2 |journal=Journal of the Audio Engineering Society |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=99–117 |doi=10.17743/jaes.2014.0006}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKatesArehart2014">Kates, James; Arehart, Kathryn (2014). "The hearing-aid speech quality index (HASQI) version 2". ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. '''62''' (3): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>117. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.17743/jaes.2014.0006|10.17743/jaes.2014.0006]].</cite></ref> Kressner na al. <ref name="kressner">{{Cite journal |last=Kressner |first=Abigail A. |last2=Anderson |first2=David V. |last3=Rozell |first3=Christopher J. |year=2013 |title=Evaluating the Generalization of the Hearing Aid Speech Quality Index (HASQI) |journal=IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=407 |doi=10.1109/TASL.2012.2217132 |s2cid=2722337}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKressnerAndersonRozell2013">Kressner, Abigail A.; Anderson, David V.; Rozell, Christopher J. (2013). "Evaluating the Generalization of the Hearing Aid Speech Quality Index (HASQI)". ''IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing''. '''21''' (2): 407. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1109/TASL.2012.2217132|10.1109/TASL.2012.2217132]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2722337 2722337].</cite></ref> yagerageje kuvuga imvugo itandukanye na dataset yakoreshejwe mugutezimbere HASQI kandi yerekana ko indangagaciro rusange neza kubayumva nta gutakaza kumva hamwe nibikorwa bigereranywa na PESQ. Kendrick n'abandi. <ref name="kendrick2015">{{Cite journal |last=Kendrick |first=Paul |last2=Li |first2=Francis |last3=Fazenda |first3=Bruno |last4=Jackson |first4=Iain |last5=Cox |first5=Trevor |date=2015 |title=Perceived Audio Quality of Sounds Degraded by Nonlinear Distortions and Single-Ended Assessment Using HASQI |journal=Journal of the Audio Engineering Society |volume=63 |issue=9 |pages=698–712 |doi=10.17743/jaes.2015.0068 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Uburyo == HASQI hamwe nisubiramo ryayo 2014 n'uburyo bubiri bwarangiye busaba ibyerekezo bisukuye hamwe n'ibimenyetso bitesha agaciro kugirango bisuzumwe. Iki gipimo kigerageza kugaragaza ingaruka z'urusaku, kwivanga kudakwiye kw'amajwi (nonlinear distortion), kuyungura ku murongo (linear filtering) n'impinduka z'umurongo w'amajwi (spectral changes) binyuze mu kubara itandukaniro cyangwa isano hagati y'ingenzi mu biranga amajwi.Ibi bikorwa mugusuzuma ibahasha yerekana ibimenyetso byigihe gito kugirango hamenyekane iyangirika ryatewe nurusaku no kuyungurura umurongo, hamwe namabahasha yigihe kirekire kugirango agereranye ingaruka zo kuyungurura umurongo. Verisiyo ya 2 ya HASQI ikubiyemo icyitegererezo cyo gufata ibintu bimwe na bimwe bya sisitemu yo kumva ya periferique kubantu basanzwe kandi bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva. Kendrick n'abandi. yateje imbere uburyo buhumye (bumwe-bumwe), bHASQI, ukoresheje kwiga imashini. Ibi bifasha ubwiza bwamajwi gusuzumwa uhereye kubimenyetso byangiritse gusa udakeneye ibisobanuro bisukuye. <ref name="kendrick2015">{{Cite journal |last=Kendrick |first=Paul |last2=Li |first2=Francis |last3=Fazenda |first3=Bruno |last4=Jackson |first4=Iain |last5=Cox |first5=Trevor |date=2015 |title=Perceived Audio Quality of Sounds Degraded by Nonlinear Distortions and Single-Ended Assessment Using HASQI |journal=Journal of the Audio Engineering Society |volume=63 |issue=9 |pages=698–712 |doi=10.17743/jaes.2015.0068 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKendrickLiFazendaJackson2015">Kendrick, Paul; Li, Francis; Fazenda, Bruno; Jackson, Iain; Cox, Trevor (2015). [[doi:10.17743/jaes.2015.0068|"Perceived Audio Quality of Sounds Degraded by Nonlinear Distortions and Single-Ended Assessment Using HASQI"]]. ''Journal of the Audio Engineering Society''. '''63''' (9): <span class="nowrap">698–</span>712. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.17743/jaes.2015.0068|10.17743/jaes.2015.0068]]</span>.</cite></ref> jpk1wcvtzjo2xmz31bfy3z7m9isocsz 0 21095 134506 125513 2026-08-12T18:30:46Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134506 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zygoma Implants''' (cyangwa '''gushiramo zygomatike''' ) bitandukanye no gutera amenyo asanzwe kubera ko yomeka kumagufwa ya zygomatike aho kuba maxilla <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Migliorança |first=Reginaldo Mário |last2=Ilg |first2=Jan Peter |last3=Serrano |first3=André Sakima |last4=Souza |first4=Ricardo Pires de |last5=Zamperlini |first5=Marcelo de Sá |date=2006 |title=Exteriorização de fixações zigomáticas em relação ao seio maxilar: uma nova abordagem cirúrgica |url=https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/lil-457347 |journal=ImplantNews |language=pt |pages=30–35}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Chrcanovic |first=Bruno Ramos |last2=Pedrosa |first2=Alexsander Ribeiro |last3=Custódio |first3=Antônio Luís Neto |date=March 2013 |title=Zygomatic implants: a critical review of the surgical techniques |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10006-012-0316-y |journal=Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1007/s10006-012-0316-y |issn=1865-1550 |pmid=22274763 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> . Bishobora gukoreshwa mugihe ubunini bw' amagupfa cyangwa ubwinshi bidahagije mugushira amenyo asanzwe. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Aparicio |first=Carlos Ed |year=2012 |title=Zygomatic Implants: The Anatomy-guided Approach |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2p7twAACAAJ&q=zygoma+implants |publisher=Quintessence, 2012 |isbn=9781850972259 |edition=illustrated |pages=268 pages}}</ref> Umubare w'amagufwa adahagije ushobora guterwa no gufata amagufwa kimwe no guhumeka kwa sinus ya maxillary cyangwa guhuza byombi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malevez |first=Chantal |last2=Daelemans |first2=Philippe |last3=Adriaenssens |first3=Philippe |last4=Durdu |first4=Françoise |date=2003-10-01 |title=Use of zygomatic implants to deal with resorbed posterior maxillae |journal=Periodontology 2000 |language=en |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=82–89 |doi=10.1046/j.0906-6713.2002.03307.x |issn=1600-0757 |pmid=12950843 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Uburebure bwamagufwa ntoya kugirango hashyirwemo igice cyimbere cyurwasaya rwo hejuru bigomba kuba nka 10mm kugirango yemeze kubaho kwimikwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=ten Bruggenkate |first=Chris M. |last2=van den Bergh |first2=Johan P. A. |date=1998-06-01 |title=Maxillary sinus floor elevation: a valuable pre-prosthetic procedure |journal=Periodontology 2000 |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=176–182 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0757.1998.tb00133.x |issn=1600-0757 |pmid=10337323}}</ref> Iyo hari amagufwa adahagije aboneka, uburyo bwo guhuza amagufwa hamwe nuburyo bwo kuzamura sinus bushobora gukorwa kugirango ubwinshi bwamagufwa. Uburyo bwo gutera amagufwa mu rwasaya bufite ingaruka mbi zo kuvura igihe kirekire, kubuza kwambara amenyo, uburwayi bw’ahantu ho kubaga abaterankunga no kwangwa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davo |first=Ruben |last2=Malevez |first2=Chantal |last3=Rojas |first3=Juliana |date=2007 |title=Immediate function in the atrophic maxilla using zygoma implants: A preliminary study |journal=The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry |volume=97 |issue=6 |pages=S44–S51 |doi=10.1016/s0022-3913(07)60007-9 |pmid=17618933}}</ref> Gutera Zygoma byatangijwe bwa mbere mu mpera za 90 na Dr. Per Ingvar Brånemark, uzwi cyane nka Se wa Implantology Dental Implantology. Gutera Zygomatike byakoreshejwe mu kuvura amenyo ku barwayi bafite amagufwa adahagije mu rwasaya rwo hejuru, bitewe, urugero, gusaza, kuvura ibibyimba, ihahamuka, cyangwa atrophy. Gutera Zygoma bifata anchorage kumagufwa ya zygoma / zygomatic (igufwa ryumusaya). Amagufwa ya zygomatike ni menshi mu bwiza kandi ni cortical muri kamere kuruta amagufwa yinyuma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kato |first=Yorihisa |last2=Kizu |first2=Yasuhiro |last3=Tonogi |first3=Morio |date=2005 |title=Internal Structure of Zygomatic Bone Related to Zygomatic Fixture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery_2005-09_63_9/page/1325 |journal=J Oral Maxillofac Surg |volume=63 |issue=9 |pages=1325–1329 |doi=10.1016/j.joms.2005.05.313 |pmid=16122597}}</ref> Kubera inanga ikomeye ishobora kugerwaho mumagufa yuzuye yo mukarere ka zygomatike, hamwe no gukwirakwiza imihangayiko yagerwaho kuri ibyo byatewe, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Migliorança |first=Reginaldo Mário |last2=Vasco |first2=Marco Antônio Amorim |last3=Coppedê |first3=Abílio Ricciardi |last4=Mayo |first4=Thiago Martins de |last5=Viterbo |first5=Rodrigo Barletta S. |date=2009 |title=Estudo comparativo da dissipação de tensões em fixações zigomáticas instaladas internamente ou externamente ao seio maxilar: uma análise 3D pelo método de elementos finitos |url=https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/lil-544179 |journal=ImplantNews |language=pt |pages=395–402}}</ref> prothèse irashobora guhita ishyirwa mugihe cyo kubagwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Migliorança |first=Reginaldo Mário |last2=Ilg |first2=Jan Peter |last3=Mayo |first3=Thiago Martins de |last4=Serrano |first4=André Sakima |last5=Souza |first5=Ricardo Pires de |date=2006 |title=Função imediata em fixações zigomáticas: relato de dois casos com 18 e 30 meses de acompanhamento clínico |url=https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/lil-457396 |journal=ImplantNews |language=pt |pages=243–247}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maló |first=Paulo |last2=Araujo Nobre |first2=Miguel de |last3=Lopes |first3=Isabel |date=2008 |title=A new approach to rehabilitate the severely atrophic maxilla using extramaxillary anchored implants in immediate function: A pilot study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-prosthetic-dentistry_2008-11_100_5/page/354 |journal=The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry |volume=100 |issue=5 |pages=354–356 |doi=10.1016/s0022-3913(08)60237-1 |pmid=18992569}}</ref> Gutera zygoma biraboneka muburebure buri hagati ya 30 na 52.5mm. Umutwe watewe na zygoma wakozwe kugirango yemere prothèse kumugereka wa dogere 45 kuri dogere ndende yatewe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kreissl |first=Marion |last2=Heydecke |first2=Guido |last3=Metzger |first3=Marc C |last4=Schoen |first4=Ralf |date=2007 |title=Zygoma implant-supported prosthetic rehabilitation after partial maxillectomy using surgical navigation: A clinical report |url=http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/4257/1/Kreissl_J_Prosthet_Dent_2007_V.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=121–8 |doi=10.1016/j.prosdent.2007.01.009 |pmid=17394908 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924152606/http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/4257/1/Kreissl_J_Prosthet_Dent_2007_V.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-24 |access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref> Gutera Zygomatic ishobora gukoreshwa kubarwayi badafite amenyo mu rwasaya rwo hejuru, abarwayi bavunitse cyane amenyo cyangwa amenyo yimukanwa cyane kubera indwara nka parontontite yibasiye . Intsinzi yo gutera <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rajan |first=Gunaseelan |last2=Baig |first2=Mirza Rustum |last3=Nesan |first3=John |last4=Subramanian |first4=Jayaram |date=2010 |title=Fixed rehabilitation of patient with aggressive periodontitis using zygoma implants |journal=Indian J Dent Res |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=125–128 |doi=10.4103/0970-9290.62801 |pmid=20427922 |doi-access=free}}</ref> mubitabo kwisi yose ni 97-98%. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kahnberg |first=Karl-Erik |last2=Henry |first2=Patric J. |last3=Hirsch |first3=Jan-Mikael |last4=Öhrnell |first4=Lars-Olov |last5=Andreasson |first5=Lars |last6=Brånemark |first6=Per-Ingvar |date=2007 |title=Clinical Evaluation of the Zygoma Implant: 3-Year Follow-Up at 16 Clinics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery_2007-10_65_10/page/2033 |journal=J Oral Maxillofac Surg |volume=65 |issue=10 |pages=2033–2038 |doi=10.1016/j.joms.2007.05.013 |pmid=17884535}}</ref> Ingorane zijyanye no gushyirwaho ni [[Sinizite|sinusite]], paresthesia mukarere ka musaya na fistula ya oroantral . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davó |first=Rubén |last2=Malevez |first2=Chantal |last3=López-Orellana |first3=Cristóbal |last4=Pastor-Beviá |first4=Francisco |last5=Rojas |first5=Juliana |date=2008 |title=Sinus reactions to immediately loaded zygoma implants: a clinical and radiological study |journal=Eur J Oral Implantol |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=53–60 |pmid=20467644}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chrcanovic |first=Bruno Ramos |last2=Abreu |first2=Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães |date=June 2013 |title=Survival and complications of zygomatic implants: a systematic review |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10006-012-0331-z |journal=Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=81–93 |doi=10.1007/s10006-012-0331-z |issn=1865-1550 |pmid=22562293 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chrcanovic |first=Bruno Ramos |last2=Albrektsson |first2=Tomas |last3=Wennerberg |first3=Ann |date=October 2016 |title=Survival and Complications of Zygomatic Implants: An Updated Systematic Review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0278239116304463 |journal=Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery |language=en |volume=74 |issue=10 |pages=1949–1964 |doi=10.1016/j.joms.2016.06.166 |pmid=27422530}}</ref> Mubusanzwe, hariho uburyo bubiri bwo kubaga uburyo bwo gutera zygomatic. Imwe muriyo ni tekiniki ya kera yasobanuwe neza na Brånemark mu mwaka wa 1998, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Migliorança |first=Reginaldo Mário |last2=Ilg |first2=Jan Peter |last3=Serrano |first3=André Sakima |last4=Souza |first4=Ricardo Pires de |last5=Zamperlini |first5=Marcelo de Sá |date=2006 |title=Exteriorização de fixações zigomáticas em relação ao seio maxilar: uma nova abordagem cirúrgica |url=https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/lil-457347 |journal=ImplantNews |language=pt |pages=30–35}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMigliorançaIlgSerranoSouza2006">Migliorança, Reginaldo Mário; Ilg, Jan Peter; Serrano, André Sakima; Souza, Ricardo Pires de; Zamperlini, Marcelo de Sá (2006). [https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/lil-457347 "Exteriorização de fixações zigomáticas em relação ao seio maxilar: uma nova abordagem cirúrgica"]. ''ImplantNews'' (in Portuguese): <span class="nowrap">30–</span>35.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Brånemark |first=Per-Ingvar |year=1998 |title=Surgery and fixture installation: zygomaticus fixture clinical procedures |publisher=Nobel Biocare AB |edition=1st |location=Gothenburg, Sweden |publication-date=1998 |language=English}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Migliorança |first=Reginaldo Mário |last2=Coppedê |first2=Abílio Ricciardi |last3=Zamperlini |first3=Marcelo de Sá |last4=Mayo |first4=Thiago de |last5=Viterbo |first5=Rodrigo Barletta S. |last6=Lima |first6=Daniela Mattar |date=2007 |title=Reabilitação da maxila atrófica sem enxertos ósseos: resultados de um novo protocolo utilizado em casos de edentulismo total |url=https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/lil-518131 |journal=ImplantNews |language=pt |pages=557–564}}</ref> Sinusal, naho iyindi yo mu mwaka wa 2003, Tekinike Yongeyeho na Reginaldo Migliorança, yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu gitabo cyanditswe muri Mutarama mu mwaka wa 2003. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Chrcanovic |first=Bruno Ramos |last2=Pedrosa |first2=Alexsander Ribeiro |last3=Custódio |first3=Antônio Luís Neto |date=March 2013 |title=Zygomatic implants: a critical review of the surgical techniques |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10006-012-0316-y |journal=Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1007/s10006-012-0316-y |issn=1865-1550 |pmid=22274763 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChrcanovicPedrosaCustódio2013">Chrcanovic, Bruno Ramos; Pedrosa, Alexsander Ribeiro; Custódio, Antônio Luís Neto (March 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10006-012-0316-y "Zygomatic implants: a critical review of the surgical techniques"]</span>. ''Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery''. '''17''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10006-012-0316-y|10.1007/s10006-012-0316-y]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1865-1550 1865-1550]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22274763 22274763].</cite></ref> == Amashakiro == ddt0pl34qm7y8w0gpjjt14j58vesv0w 0 21235 134512 125760 2026-08-12T18:39:49Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134512 wikitext text/x-wiki '''TASH''' ni ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ryunganira [[Ubumuga|ababana]] [[Ubumuga|babana nubumuga]], abo mu miryango yabo, abandi bunganira, n'abantu bakora mu rwego rw'abafite ubumuga. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</ref> TASH ni uguteza imbere uruhare rw’abana n’abakuze bafite ubumuga bukomeye mu bice byose bigize umuryango wabo, no gukuraho akarengane k’abaturage kagabanya uburenganzira bwa muntu. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Heller |first=Tamar |year=2018 |title=Disability in American Life [2 Volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Concepts, Policies, and Controversies |url=https://www.perlego.com/book/4199065/disability-in-american-life-2-volumes-an-encyclopedia-of-concepts-policies-and-controversies-2-volumes-pdf |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Downing |first=June |year=2010 |title=Academic Instruction for Students with Moderate and Severe Intellectual Disabilities in Inclusive Classrooms |url=http://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1104921 |publisher=Corwin Press |location=Thousand Oaks, California}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Albrecht |first=Gary L. |year=2001 |title=Handbook of Disability Studies |url=https://doi.org/10.4135/978-1-41297-625-1 |last2=Seelman |first2=Katherine D. |last3=Bury |first3=Michael |publisher=Sage Publications |location=Thousand Oaks, Calif. |doi=10.4135/978-1-41297-625-1}}</ref> TASH ikora nkumuryango udaharanira inyungu 501 (c) (3) . Ifite ibice <ref>{{Cite book |last=Agran |first=Martin |year=2014 |title=Equity and Full Participation for Individuals with Severe Disabilities: A Vision for the Future |last2=Brown |first2=Fredda |last3=Hughes |first3=Carolyn |last4=Quirk |first4=Carol |last5=Ryndak |first5=Diane Lea |publisher=Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. |location=Baltimore}}</ref>, imiterere ya komite (urugero, gutura mu baturage, hamwe na komite ishinzwe imiturire) hamwe n’abanyamuryango mu bihugu 34 n’intara kandi ifite icyicaro gikuru kuri 2013 H Street NW, Suite 715, Washington, DC 20006. == Amateka == {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%" |Abayobozi Nshingwabikorwa ba TASH |- !Imyaka !Umuyobozi Nshingwabikorwa |- |1975–1993 |Liz Lindley |- |1994 |Frank Laski |- |1995–2005 |Nancy Weiss |- |2006–2016 |Umucuruzi |- |2016 - kugeza ubu |Ruthie-Marie Beckwith |} TASH yashinzwe mu 1975 ku izina rya '''"Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika rishinzwe uburezi bw’abafite ubumuga bukomeye / bafite ubumuga bukomeye"''' ("AAESPH"). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harmon |first=Elizabeth |last2=Haring |first2=Norris G. |year=1976 |title=Meet AAESPH—The New Kid on the Block |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23875203 |journal=Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=101–105 |issn=00131237 |access-date=June 2, 2024}}</ref> Izina ryahinduwe ryitwa '''"Ishyirahamwe ry’abafite ubumuga bukomeye"''' (TASH) mu 1980, ryongera kwitwa '''Ishyirahamwe ry’abantu bafite ubumuga bukomeye''' mu 1983. Mu 1995, inama y’ubuyobozi yafashe icyemezo cyo kureka iryo zina, kubera ko ridahuye n’indangagaciro zigezweho. <ref>{{Cite book |date=2015 |title=TASH: 40 Years of Progressive Leadership |publisher=Donning Company Publishers |isbn=978-1-57864-985-3 |editor-last=Agran |editor-first=Martin |location=Virginia Beach, Virginia |editor-last2=Spooner |editor-first2=Fred |editor-last3=Gee |editor-first3=Katherine |editor-last4=Trader |editor-first4=Barbara |display-editors=3}}</ref> Izina TASH riracyakoreshwa kubera kumenyekana kwayo kwinshi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sontag |first=Ed |last2=Haring |first2=Norris G. |date=March 1996 |title=The Professionalization of Teaching and Learning for Children with Severe Disabilities: The Creation of TASH |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_research-and-practice-persons-with-severe-disabilities_spring-1996_21_1/page/n42 |journal=Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=39–45 |doi=10.1177/154079699602100107 |s2cid=143591603}}</ref> == Reba kandi == * [[:en:Autism_rights_movement|Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa Autism]] * [[:en:Self-advocacy|Kwiyunganira]] == Reba == 68otiur1s2xcpxmh8t3vws9t1c14f00 0 21284 134520 134449 2026-08-12T18:48:05Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134520 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alma Woodsey Thomas''' (22 Nzeri 1891 - 24 Gashyantare 1978) yari [[Umuhanzi Kamariza|umuhanzi]] n’umwalimu w’umunyafurika n’umunyamerika yaratuye kandi agakorera i Washington, DC, ubu akaba azwi nk’umunyamerika ukomeye w’umuhazi mubyo gusiga amarangi wo mu kinyejana cya 20. Niwe mugore wa mbere w’umunyafurika akaba n’umunyamerika winjijwe krurtonde rwi [[Perezidansi y’Amerika|cyegeranyo]] cy’ubuhanzi bwo gusiga amarangi gihoraho mubiro bya reta zunze ubumwe bwa amerika buzwi nka white house. Thomas azwi cyane kubera ubuhanga bwe mugukora ibihangano by'amashusho y'amabara, ndetse yatangiye no gukora ibihangano byamashusho adasobanutse ariko arimo ubuhanga, yayakoze nyuma yo kujya mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru cy'imyaka 35 yigisha ibihangano mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Shaw Junior rya Washington. Thomas, usanzwe ufatwa nk'umunyamuryango w’ishuri ry’ubuhanzi rya Washington Color school Art ariko ubundi agashyirwa mu majwi na bamwe nkumuhanzi wumuhanga mubyo gukurura amarangamutima y'abantu / cyangwa nkumwirabura wambere ubayeho wabayeho uzi kuvanga amarangi bikurura amarangamutima y'abantu, yabonye impamyabumenyi ye yo kwigisha yakuye muri kaminuza y’akarere ka Columbiya (izwi ku izina rya Miner Normal School icyo gihe). Yabaye uwa mberewabonye impamyabumenyi mu ishami ry’ubuhanzi rya kaminuza ya Howard, kandi akomeza umubano mwiza niyo kaminuza mu buzima bwe. Yageze ku ntsinzi nkumuhanzi wumugore wumunyafurika n’umunyamerika nubwo amacakubiri n’urwikekwe byariho icyogihe. Thomas yamenyekanye cyane nyma y'urupfu rwe. Igishushanyo cye cyerekanwe mu ngoro ndangamurage no mu byegeranyo kandi byagiye byibandwaho mu bitabo byinshi ndetse n’imurikagurisha ry’umurage wubuhanzi bwo gushushanya. Inzu Ndangamurage y'Abanyamerika ya Smithsonian ikomeza gukusanya ibikorwa bye kwisi hose. Mu 2021, inzu ndangamurage yagurishije ishusho ya Thomas ''Alma's Flower Garden'' mu bucuruzi bwihariye ku madolari 2.8 miliyoni. == Ubuzima n'akazi == === Ubwana, uburezi, n'imyanya yo kwigisha akiri muto. === Alma Thomas yavutse ku ya 22 Nzeri 1891, avukira i Columbus, Jeworujiya, avuka ariwe mukobwa mukuru(ari [[imfura]]) mu bakobwa bane, se yitwa John Harris Thomas, [[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|umucuruzi]], na Nyina Amelia Cantey Thomas, wari umuhanzi mugushushanya no kudoda imyenda.<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">&#x200A;</span></sup>Nyina na nyirasenge, nyuma baje kwandikwa nk'abarimu ndetse n’abanyeshuri barangije muri Tuskegee .Yagaragaje ubuhanga akiri umwana, nubwo umwuga we wubuhanzi yawutangiye nyuma amaze gukura. Igihe Tomasi yari amaze gukura, yerekanaga ubuhanga bwe mu buhanzi, kandi yishimira gukora uduce duto duto duto nk'ibipupe, ibishushanyo n'amasahani abumbye, cyane cyane mu ibumba ku mugezi wari uri inyuma y'iwabo '''.''' <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Cherry |first=Schroeder |date=1997 |title=Instructional Resources: Four Works by African-American Artists in the Baltimore Museum of Art's Collection |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-education_1997-03_50_2/page/25 |journal=Art Education |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=25–32 |doi=10.2307/3193640 |jstor=3193640}}</ref> Nubwo yari ashishikajwe n’ubuhanzi, Thomas "ntiyari yemerewe" kujya mu nzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi akiri umwana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheets |first=Hilarie |date=2016-01-21 |title=Pioneering Painter Alma Thomas Is Making a Comeback 30 Years after Her Last Major Retrospective |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-pioneering-painter-alma-thomas-is-making-a-comeback-over-30-years-since-her-last-major-retrospective |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=Artsy |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Box 1, Folder 1 {{!}} A Finding Aid to the Alma Thomas papers, circa 1894-2001 {{!}} Digitized Collection {{!}} Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution |url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/alma-thomas-papers-9241/series-1/box-1-folder-1 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=www.aaa.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> Yahawe amasomo yumuziki, kuko nyina yacurangaga inanga. [[Dosiye:Alma_Thomas_Queen_Anne_Victorian.jpg|alt=Queen Anne Victorian|right|thumb|165x165px|Inzu yaho Alma Thomas yabaga akiri umwana i Columbus, Jeworujiya]] Mu 1907, igihe Thomas yari afite imyaka 16, umuryango we wimukiye mu gace ka Logan Circle gaherereye i Washington, DC <ref name="Cotter1">{{Cite news |last=Holland Cotter |date=October 11, 2009 |title=White House Art: Colors From a World of Black and White |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/11/weekinreview/11cotter.html |access-date=July 6, 2011 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mu gusobanura uko umuryango wimutse, nyuma yaranditse ati: "Ndangije amashuri yisumbuye i Columbus, nta hantu na hamwe nashoboraga gukomereza amashuri yanjye, bityo ababyeyi banjye bahitamo kwimurira umuryango i Washington." : 3 Tomasi yashoboye kandi kubona uko ajya mu masomero y'i Washington, bitandukanye na Columbus. " <ref name="autobio" /> : 3 Ababyeyi be bafashe iki cyemezo nubwo byamanuye umuryango mu mibereho no mubukungu, bituma bava mumubare wabari mucyiciro cya kabiri cy'ubukungu bari bafite bakiba muri Jeworujiya. <ref name="CultureType-Locating">{{Cite web |last=Valentine |first=Victoria |date=14 April 2018 |title=Locating Alma Thomas: Forthcoming Retrospective Will Explore Artist's Creative Life and Hometown Connections |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2018/04/14/locating-alma-thomas-forthcoming-retrospective-will-explore-artists-creative-life-and-hometown-connections/ |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Culture Type}}</ref> Abandi banditsi bagaragaje ko imvururu z’amoko ya Atlanta n'ubwicanyi bushingiye ku moko bwo mu 1906 ari impamvu zishobora kuba zaratumye bava muri Jeworujiya. [ 3 ] Urundi rugero rw’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku moko umuryango we wahuye naryo muri Jeworujiya, ise wa Alma yahuye n’agatsiko ka lynch mbere gato yuko Alma avuka, umuryango we wavuze ko kutumva kwe kwatewe n'imirwano yagiranye nabari bagize ako gatsiko. <ref name="Post-Late-Springtime">{{Cite news |last=Munro |first=Eleanor |date=15 April 1979 |title=The late Spring time of Alma Thomas (interview) |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1979/04/15/the-late-spring-time-of-alma-thomas/f205cbf7-3483-4cc4-8a52-7f5eacda7925/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |work=Washington Post}}</ref> Nubwo byari bitandukanye, [[umurwa]] mukuru w’igihugu wari uzwiho guha amahirwe Abirabura benshi kurusha indi mijyi myinshi. <ref name="nmwa.org">{{Cite web |title=Alma Woodsey Thomas |url=https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/alma-woodsey-thomas |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=National Museum of Women in the Arts}}</ref> Nkuko yabyanditse mu myaka ya za 70, "Nibura amasomero ya Washington yakinguriwe nabanyafrika cyangwa abirabura bari barahawe izina rya Negro, mu gihe Columbus yo yari yarakumiriye abirabura(Negro) mu isomero ryayo." [ 4 ] I Washington, Thomas yize mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya tekinike rya Armstrong, aho yakuye umwanya wa mbere mu masomo y’ubuhanzi. [ 3 ] Kuri bo, yagize ati "Ninjiye mu cyumba cy'ubuhanzi, byari nko kwinjira mu ijuru ... Ishuri ryisumbuye rya Armstrong ryashizeho urufatiro rw'ubuzima bwanjye." <ref name="Post-Late-Springtime" /> Mu mashuri yisumbuye, yari umuhanga mu mibare na siyansi, kandi ubwubatsi bwibihangano bwaramushishikazaga cyane. Ibikorwa bye by'ubuhanzi <ref name=":05"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alma Woodsey Thomas |url=https://www.infinite-women.com/women/alma-woodsey-thomas/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Infinite Women |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="Post-Late-Springtime" /> yakoreye i Armstrong byerekanwe muri Smithsonian mu 1912. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation ikenewe</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Nyuma yo kurangiza amashuri yisumbuye ya Armstrong " : 4 mu 1911, yize amashuri yakaminuza mu ishuri risanzwe rya Miner (ubu rizwi nka kaminuza y'akarere ka Columbiya ), ahabwa impamyabumenyi yo kwigisha mu 1913. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">&#x3A;&#x200A;19&#x200A;</span></sup>Mu 1914, yabonye umwanya wo kwigisha mu mashuri ya Princess Anne ku nkombe y'Iburasirazuba bwa Maryland, aho yigishije amezi ane. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">&#x3A;&#x200A;19&#x200A;</span></sup>Mu 1915, yatangiye kwigisha mw'ishuri ryari mu nzu ya Thomas Garrett i Wilmington, muri Delaware, kugeza mu 1921. [ 3 ] Thomas yinjiye muri kaminuza ya Howard mu 1921, afite imyaka 30, yinjirira ku masomo yibanze kubera amahugurwa yabanjemo y'abarimu. Yatangiye ari umunyeshuri wiga ibijyanye n'ubukungu bwurugo, ateganya kuba inzobere mu gushushanya imyambarire, gusa nyuma aza guhindura ajya mu buhanzi bwubwiza. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19-20">&#x3A;&#x200A;19-20&#x200A;</span></sup>Ubuhanzi bwe yibanze kuri Howard bwari ku gishushanyo; Romare Bearden na Henry Henderson bavuze ko amashusho yakoze mu gihe cyo kwiga kaminuza ari "amasomo kandi atamenyekanye." [ 13 ] Yabonye impamyabumenyi ya Bachelor of Science mu buhanzi Bwiza mu 1924 yakuye muri Howard, abaye umunyeshuri wa mbere muri gahunda y’ubugeni bwa kaminuza. Hasabwe ko hashobora kuba umugore wa mbere w’umunyafurika-Umunyamerika cyangwa Umunyamerika wabonye impamyabumenyi y’ubuhanzi, [ 3 ] <ref name="Morrison">{{Cite web |last=Morrison |first=Keith Anthony |title=Art in Washington and Its Afro-American Presence: 1940-1970 |url=http://keithmorrison.com/?page_id=1228 |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=keithmorrison.com}}</ref> icyakora Mary Jane Patterson yakiriye impamyabumenyi ye, mu 1862, hashize imyaka 60 mbere. In 1924, Thomas began teaching art at Shaw Junior High School, a Black school in the then-segregated public schools of Washington, D.C., where she worked until her retirement in 1960; she wrote, "I was there for thirty-five years and occupied the same classroom."[4]: 13  She taught alongside fellow artist Malkia Roberts.<ref name=":34">{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Alma |date=1998 |title=Alma W. Thomas: A Retrospective of the Paintings |url=https://archive.org/details/almawthomasretro00thom |last2=Fort Wayne Museum of Art |publisher=Pomegranate |isbn=9780764906862 |language=en |url-access=registration}}</ref>: 43  While at Shaw Junior High, she started a community arts program that encouraged student appreciation of fine art. The program supported marionette performances and the distribution of student designed holiday cards which were given to soldiers at the Tuskegee Veterans Administration Medical Center. Also, according to her reminiscences, "At Shaw, I organized the first art gallery in the D.C. public schools in 1938, securing paintings by outstanding Negro artists from the Howard Gallery of Art."[3]: 23 [4]: 4  Imyaka mirongo itatu nigice y’umwuga wa Tomasi wigisha, kuva 1924 kugeza 1960, bavuzwe na Thurlow Tibbs, umucuruzi w’ubuhanzi w’umunyafurika n’umunyamerika DC (n’umwuzukuru w’inshuti ya Tomasi Lillian Evans, umuririmbyi wa opera) nk '"igihe cyo gusembura;" [ 3 ] muri bo yakuyemo ibitekerezo byinshi ningaruka, hanyuma nyuma ya 1960 ahereye kuri ibyo bitekerezo n'ingaruka azarema ibihangano bye byihariye. Mu gihe yigishaga muri Shaw Junior High, Thomas yakomeje gukurikirana ibihangano bye, amashuri ye asanzwe kandi adasanzwe, ndetse n’ibikorwa yakoranye n’umuryango w’ubuhanzi wa Washington, DC, aba nyuma bakunze kubikora mu buryo bujyanye na kaminuza ya Howard. Muri kiriya gihe, Thomas yashushanyije, cyane cyane mu mazi; mu gihe injyana ye mu myaka ya za 1930 yari ikiri "gakondo gakondo" kandi karemano, yiswe "amabara meza cyane." [ 13 ] Mu mpeshyi, yajyaga mu mujyi wa New York gusura ingoro ndangamurage z'ubuhanzi, harimo inzu ndangamurage ya Metropolitan, hamwe na galeries. [ 13 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 448">&#x3A;&#x200A;448&#x200A;</span></sup> Mu mpeshyi yo mu 1930 kugeza 1934, yize muri kaminuza y’abarimu ya kaminuza ya Columbia, abona impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bijyanye n’ubuhanzi mu 1934; ubushakashatsi bwe bwibanze ku bishushanyo, maze yandika [[igitabo]] cye ku ikoreshwa rya marionettes. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11,23">&#x3A;&#x200A;11,23&#x200A;</span></sup><ref name="Post-Late-Springtime"/> <ref name=":05"/> [ 13 ] Mu ci ryo mu 1935, yize marionettes mu mujyi wa New York hamwe n’umupupe w’umudage w’umudage n’umunyamerika Tony Sarg, se w’ibikinisho bigezweho muri Amerika. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">&#x3A;&#x200A;23&#x200A;</span></sup> Mu 1936, yashinze umuryango witwa umushinga w’ishuri ry’ubuhanzi, kugira ngo uzane abana amahirwe y’ubuhanzi. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 22">&#x3A;&#x200A;22&#x200A;</span></sup><ref name=":05"/> <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Pamela H. |last2=Kainen |first2=Jacob |last3=Gibson |first3=Ann |last4=Binstock |first4=Jonathan P. |last5=Tsujimoto |first5=Karen |last6=Baas |first6=Jacquelynn |year=2000 |title=Alma W. Thomas, A Retrospective of the Paintings |journal=Woman's Art Journal |language=en-US |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=55–56 |doi=10.2307/1358876 |jstor=1358876}}</ref> [ 4 ] Mu 1943, Thomas yafashije James W. Herring, wahoze ari umwarimu muri Howard, na Alonzo J. Aden babonye ububiko bwa Barnett-Aden, ububiko bwa mbere bw’abirabura bwigenga bw’abirabura muri Amerika. : 2 Yabaye visi perezida mukuru. Kuba Thomas yarafatanije n’Ingoro ya Barnett-Aden byasobanuwe ko ari "ingenzi kuri" kandi, nk'uko byatangajwe n’umuyobozi ushinzwe amasomo, Adelyn Dohme Breeskin, iterambere rya "pivotal" mu iterambere rye nk’umuhanzi wabigize umwuga. "Byamuteye guhura n’abahanzi bakomeye bo mu gihugu cya none," byatumye arushaho kumenya ibijyanye n’ubuhanzi n’icyerekezo, "kandi bituma abahanzi [ " bamurwanya kandi bamutera imbaraga. [ 13 ] <ref name="NGA-event">{{Cite web |last=Valentine |first=Victoria |date=April 2, 2017 |title=Art Capital: Nearly 500 Gather at National Gallery of Art to Discuss African American Art in 20th Century Washington |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2017/04/02/art-capital-nearly-500-gather-at-national-gallery-of-art-to-discuss-african-american-art-in-20th-century-washington/ |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=Culture Type}}</ref> Mu myaka ya za 1940, Thomas yinjiye kandi mu muryango w’abahanzi ba Lois Mailou Jones, "Itsinda Rito rya [[Paris]] (cyangwa" Itsinda Rito rya Paris, "cyangwa" Itsinda rya Studio rya Paris ") Iri tsinda ry’abahanzi ba Black Washington ryashinzwe na Jones na Céline Marie Tabary, abahanzi ndetse n’abanyamuryango b’ishami ry’ubuhanzi rya kaminuza ya Howard (Jones kuva 1930 kugeza 1977, na Tabary guhera mu <ref name="MessyNessy" /> ). <ref name="MessyNessy" /> "mu mpera za 1940," [ 3 ] 1945, 1946, <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2020 |title=Longtime Home of Artist Alma Thomas For Sale in Washington, D.C., for $2.2 Million+ |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2020/05/16/longtime-home-of-artist-alma-thomas-for-sale-in-washington-d-c-for-2-2-million/ |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Culture Type}}</ref> cyangwa 1948. <ref name="Callaloo">{{Cite journal |last=Rowell |first=Charles Henry |date=2016 |title=Two Galleries, Engaging Art, Great Talents, and Challenging Minds: The Howard University Gallery of Art, the Little Paris Group, and the Barnett-Aden Gallery |journal=Callaloo |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=1163–1167 |doi=10.1353/cal.2016.0150 |s2cid=165243253 |id={{Project MUSE|698955}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Yateranye haba buri cyumweru <ref name="Pierce-Little-Paris">{{Cite web |date=3 July 2013 |title=Delilah W. Pierce Among Alma Thomas' Little Paris Group, 1948 |url=https://delilahwpierce.com/2013/07/03/delilah-w-pierce-among-alma-thomas-little-paris-group-1948/ |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Delilah W. Pierce |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Bygone-Brookland" /> cyangwa kabiri mu cyumweru, [ 3 ] <ref name="MessyNessy">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2020 |title=The "Other" Lost Generation of Black American Artists in Paris |url=https://www.messynessychic.com/2020/06/04/the-other-lost-generation-of-black-american-artists-in-paris/ |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Messy Nessy Chic}}</ref> muri studio ya Jones, "Sitidiyo Nto ya Paris," mu rugo rwe kuri 1220 Quincy Street NE, mu gace ka Washington ka Brookland . Yabayeho <ref name="Bygone-Brookland">{{Cite web |last=Malesky |first=Robert |title=PORTRAITS: Loïs Mailou Jones and the Little Paris Studio |url=http://bygonebrookland.com/portraits-lois-mailou-jones.html |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Bygone Brookland |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108060156/http://bygonebrookland.com/portraits-lois-mailou-jones.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> . [ 3 ] Yahaye abahanzi bateye imbere amahirwe yo gushushanya kuri moderi, <ref name="Hyperallergic" /> kunoza ubuhanga bwabo - "guteza imbere ubuhanga nuburyo," <ref name="Pierce-Little-Paris" /> na "gutezimbere ubuhanga bwabo no kungurana ibitekerezo" <ref name="MessyNessy" />, kimwe na salon, cyangwa ihuriro ryibiganiro - "kuvuga kubyagezweho mubuhanzi bugezweho, cyane cyane ko byari bishingiye i Paris." <ref name="Hyperallergic">{{Cite web |last=Yau |first=John |date=14 August 2016 |title=Under No Obligation |url=https://hyperallergic.com/317208/alma-thomas-studio-museum-harlem/ |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Hyperallergic}}</ref> Abandi bagize iryo tsinda usibye Jones na Tabary barimo Delilah Pierce na Thomas, ndetse na Bruce Brown, Ruth Brown, Richard Dempsey, Barbara Linger, Don Roberts, Desdemona Wade, Frank West, na Elizabeth Williamson. <ref name="Little-Paris-photo-1" /> <ref name="MessyNessy" /> Ifoto, yo mu bubiko bwa Thomas, y’iteraniro ry’itsinda ryo mu 1948 ryerekana abahanzi cumi na batatu n’umunyamideli w’umugabo. <ref name="Little-Paris-photo-1">{{Cite web |title=Little Paris Group in Lois Jones' studio |url=https://www.si.edu/object/little-paris-group-lois-jones-studio:AAADCD_item_7393 |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Smithsonian Institution |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Little-Paris-photo-2">{{Cite web |title=Little Paris Group in Lois Jones' studio, 1948, from the Alma Thomas papers, circa 1894-2001 |url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/little-paris-group-lois-jones-studio-7393 |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Archives of American Art, Smithsonian |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1958, Thomas yasuye ibigo by’ubuhanzi byo mu Burayi bw’iburengerazuba hamwe n’abanyeshuri ba kaminuza ya Temple mu ruzinduko runini rwateguwe n’iryo shuri ry’ubuhanzi rya Tyler. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 25">&#x3A;&#x200A;25&#x200A;</span></sup>[ 13 ] Uruhare rwe mu itsinda rito rya Paris bivugwa ko rwashishikarije Thomas gushaka andi masomo muri kaminuza ya Amerika . Igitabo kimwe kivuga ko mu ntangiriro ya za 1950, "ishami ry’ubuhanzi rya AU ryafatwaga mu bice byinshi nk 'ishami ry’ubuhanzi rya avant-garde mu gihugu." <ref name="But-Men">{{Cite web |title=Thursday, February 11, 2016 |url=https://beingbutmen.blogspot.com/2016/02/who-are-these-men-they-changed.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128093640/http://beingbutmen.blogspot.com/2016/02/who-are-these-men-they-changed.html |archive-date=January 28, 2020 |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=Being But Men, We Walked Into the Trees |language=en}}</ref> Kubera iyo mpamvu, mu 1950, afite imyaka 59, yatangiye imyaka icumi yiga muri iyo kaminuza, yiga amasomo nijoro na wikendi, yiga ubuhanzi, <ref name="SAAM">{{Cite web |title=Alma Thomas |url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/alma-thomas-4778 |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=Smithsonian American Art Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> harimo amateka yubuhanzi no gushushanya. [ 13 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 449">&#x3A;&#x200A;449&#x200A;</span></sup><ref name="NMWA-Blog">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2009 |title=Artist Spotlight: Alma Thomas |url=https://nmwa.org/blog/artist-spotlight-alma-thomas/ |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=National Museum of Women in the Arts - Broad Strokes Blog}}</ref> Muri kaminuza y'Abanyamerika yize gushushanya hamwe na Robert Franklin Gates na Ben "Joe" Summerford. Ariko Jacob Kainen yari umwarimu we ukomeye cyane, kandi yari kuba inshuti magara ubuzima bwe bwose. Igihe Thomas yigana na Kainen mu gatasi 1957, yamufata nk'umuhanzi mugenzi we aho kuba umunyeshuri. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">&#x3A;&#x200A;11&#x200A;</span></sup>Kainen yari yarahuye na Thomas mu 1934, mu nzu mberabyombi ya Barnet-Aden, maze mu 1957, yemera gutangira kwigisha icyiciro cya AU cy’umwaka wose cy’abanyeshuri batandatu batoranijwe bashushanyije, barimo na Thomas, ariko ubuyobozi bwemerera abanyeshuri 32, benshi muri bo bakaba batangiye, kwiga ishuri maze Kainen areka gucika intege nyuma ya manda imwe. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 30">&#x3A;&#x200A;30&#x200A;</span></sup> Igihe Thomas yatangiraga amasomo ye yisumbuye muri kaminuza y'Abanyamerika mu 1950, yari akiri amarangi y'ikigereranyo. Mu myaka ya za 1950, uburyo bwe bwahindutse muburyo butandukanye, kuva gushushanya kwishusho kugeza kubisimu no kwerekana imvugo idasobanutse, hamwe n "" urwibutso ", amashusho yijimye ahanini yambaye amajwi yubururu nubururu, atangira kwakira amabara meza yakoreshaga nyuma muburyo bwe bwo gusinya. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 25, 30-31">&#x3A;&#x200A;25, 30-31&#x200A;</span></sup> === Umwuga w'ubuhanzi === <blockquote>" ''Ubuhanzi bwo guhanga ni ubw'igihe cyose bityo bukaba butigenga ku gihe. Ni mu myaka yose, mu bihugu byose, kandi niba bivuze ko dushaka kuvuga umwuka wo guhanga umuntu ukora ishusho cyangwa igishusho uhuriweho n'isi yose y’umuco, utitaye ku myaka, ubwoko ndetse n'ubwenegihugu; aya magambo ashobora guhagarara nta nkomyi.'' " -Alma Thomas, 1970 </blockquote>Mu 1960, Thomas yavuye mu kwigisha maze aba umuhanzi wigihe cyose wabigize umwuga afite imyaka 68 cyangwa 69. Mu myaka ya za 1960, yatangiye gukora amashusho y’amabara, ahumekewe nakazi k’ishuri rya New York na Abstract Expressionism . Thomas yari azwiho gukorera muri sitidiyo y'urugo (icyumba gito cyo kubamo), akora ibishushanyo bye "asunika canvas ku bibero bye kandi abinganya na sofa." <ref name=":05"/> Yakoraga mu gikoni mu nzu ye, ahimba imirimo nka ''Watusi (Hard Edge)'' (1963), manipulation ya Cutis ya Matisse ''The Snail'', <ref name="Gopnik">{{Cite news |last=Blake Gopnik |date=November 5, 2009 |title=Alma Thomas's "Watusi (Hard Edge)" Won't Hang in White House |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/04/AR2009110405053.html |access-date=July 6, 2011 |work=Washington Post}}</ref> aho Thomas yahinduye imiterere ahindura amabara Matisse yakoresheje, maze ayita indirimbo ya Chubby Checker . <ref name="Cotter1"/> Mu buryo butandukanye n’abandi banyeshuri benshi bo mu ishuri ry’amabara rya Washington, ntabwo yakoresheje kaseti kugira ngo agaragaze imiterere y’amashusho ye. [ 13 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 451">&#x3A;&#x200A;451&#x200A;</span></sup>Ubuhanga bwe bwarimo gushushanya imirongo yamakaramu yoroheje hejuru ya canvas kugirango akore imiterere nishusho, no kuzuza amarangi irangi nyuma. Imirongo yikaramu ye igaragara mubice byinshi yarangije, ntabwo yabisibye. <ref name=":05"/> Ibikorwa bya Tomasi nyuma yizabukuru byari byibanze cyane kubitekerezo byamabara. <ref name=":05"/> Ibikorwa bye muri kiriya gihe byumvikanaga n’ibya Vasily Kandinsky (wari ushishikajwe n’ubushobozi bw’amarangamutima y’amabara) ndetse n’i Washington Color Field Painters, "ikintu cyamushimishije abamunenga ... ariko nanone cyibajije ibibazo byerekeranye n '" umwirabura "mu gihe abahanzi bato bo muri Afurika n’Abanyamerika bakoraga ibikorwa byo kwigaragambya bishingiye ku moko." <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |date=2000 |title=Reviewed Works: Alma W. Thomas, a Retrospective of the Paintings |journal=Woman's Art Journal |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=55–56 |doi=10.2307/1358116 |jstor=1358116}}</ref> Yavuze ati: "Gukoresha ibara mu mashusho yanjye ni iby'ingenzi kuri njye. Nkoresheje ibara nagerageje kwibanda ku bwiza n'ibyishimo mu gishushanyo cyanjye aho kwibanda ku buntu bwa muntu ku muntu." [ 4 ] Yongeye kuvuga ku bijyanye no gukoresha ibara yagize ati: "Ibara ni ubuzima, kandi umucyo ni nyina w'amabara." <ref name="artic">{{Cite web |year=1972 |title=Starry Night and the Astronauts |url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/129884/starry-night-and-the-astronauts |website=The Art Institute of Chicago}}</ref> [[File:March_on_Washington_Alma_Thomas_1964.jpg|right|thumb|''Werurwe i Washington'' (1964) mu Ngoro y’ubuhanzi mu 2022]] [[File:Pansies_in_Washington,_1969,_Alma_Thomas.jpg|right|thumb|''Pansies i Washington'' (1969) mu Ngoro yigihugu yubuhanzi muri 2022]] Imurikagurisha rye rya mbere ryasubiye mu 1966 (24 Mata - 17 Gicurasi) mu Ngoro y’ubuhanzi muri kaminuza ya Howard, ryateguwe n’amateka y’ubuhanzi James A. Porter . Harimo imirimo 34 kuva 1959 kugeza 1966. Kuri iri murika, yakoze ''ibishushanyo mbonera by’isi'', uruhererekane rw’ibikorwa byahumetswe na kamere, harimo ''izuka'' (1966), <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Box 2, Folder 43 {{!}} A Finding Aid to the Alma Thomas papers, circa 1894-2001 {{!}} Digitized Collection |url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/alma-thomas-papers-9241/series-4/box-2-folder-43 |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=www.aaa.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> mu mwaka wa 2014 bikaba byari kugurwa mu cyegeranyo cya [[Perezidansi y’Amerika|White House]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title="Resurrection" by Alma Thomas |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/resurrection-by-alma-thomas |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=WHHA (en-US) |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="CT">{{Cite news |last=Valentine |first=Victoria |date=17 April 2015 |title=Alma Thomas is Given Pride of Place at the White House |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2015/04/17/alma-thomas-is-given-pride-of-place-at-the-white-house/ |access-date=30 August 2019 |work=Culture Type}}</ref> Niwe mugore wa mbere w’umunyafurika-Umunyamerika winjijwe mu cyegeranyo cy’ubuhanzi gihoraho cya [[Perezidansi y’Amerika|White House]] . Tomasi n'umuhanzi Delilah Pierce, inshuti, bari gutwara imodoka mu cyaro aho Tomasi yashakishaga imbaraga, akuramo ibitekerezo ku ngaruka z'umucyo n'ikirere ku bidukikije. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation ikenewe</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Kugira ngo duhangane n'ikibazo cyatewe na Howard show, nk'uko Romare Bearden na Henry Henderson babitangaza, uburyo bwe bwongeye guhinduka, mu buryo bw'ingenzi: "Tomasi yahinduye uburyo bwihariye ubu buzwi nk'umukono we - ukina ibara rirwanya ibara kandi hejuru y'ibara rifite ishusho ntoya, idasanzwe y'urukiramende rufite ibara ryinshi, akenshi rifite ibara ryinshi." [ 13 ] Iri murika ryakiriwe neza na Helen Hoffman mu kinyamakuru Washington Post cyo ku ya 4 Gicurasi 1966, cyiswe "ibara ryerekana amabara ryerekana umwuka we". <ref name="auto1"/> Ahumekewe n'ukwezi kugwa mu 1969, Alma Thomas yatangiye insanganyamatsiko ye ya kabiri y'ingenzi yo gushushanya. Urukurikirane ''Umwanya, Snoopy'' ''nisi'' byashyizwe mubikorwa pointillism. Yabyukije umwuka muburyo butandukanye cyane bwamabara nuburyo bwa mozayike, akoresha ubururu bwijimye bwijimye bwijimye kandi bwijimye bwa orange, agaragaza abstraction nubwiza butunguranye akoresheje ibara. Ibikorwa byinshi muriki ruhererekane bifite uruziga, rutambitse, na vertical verisiyo. Ibishushanyo birashobora kubyara ibyiyumvo byo kureremba. Ibishushanyo nabyo bitanga ingufu muri canvas. Itandukaniro ryamabara ritera ibara rikomeye, kandi rigumana imbaraga ziboneka. <ref name="SAAM"/> [[File:Earth_Sermon_-_Beauty,_Love_and_Peace,_1971,_Alma_Thomas.jpeg|right|thumb|''Inyigisho y'isi - Ubwiza, Urukundo n'amahoro'' (1971) mu nzu ndangamurage ya Hirshhorn n'ubusitani bw'ibishushanyo mu 2022]] Hagati ya 1967 na 1975, Thomas yahawe ibihembo byinshi n’ishimwe mu mashyirahamwe atandukanye y’ubuhanzi n’ingoro ndangamurage z’Abanyamerika. Mu 1967, Thomas yatsindiye icyubahiro mu imurikagurisha ry’umuryango w’abanyamerika bo muri Otirishiya hamwe n’ishusho ye ''The Viennese Waltzes,'' nyuma mu 1972, afite imyaka 81, Thomas ni we mugore wa mbere w’umunyamerika w’umunyamerika wagize imurikagurisha wenyine mu nzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Whitney . Nyuma yaho muri uwo mwaka, imurikagurisha rinini cyane ryabereye mu ngoro y’ubuhanzi ya Corcoran . <ref name="Bearden">{{Cite book |last=Bearden |first=Romare |date=1993 |title=A History of African-American Artists: From 1792 to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican00bear |last2=Henderson |first2=Henry |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=9780394570167 |location=New York}}</ref> : 452 Thomas yahakanye ibirango bamushyizeho nk'umuhanzi kandi ntiyemera inzitizi zose zibuza ibikorwa bye byo guhanga no gukora umwuga w'ubuhanzi, harimo n'irangamuntu ye nk'umwirabura. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ian Berry, Lauren Haynes. |year=2016 |title=Alma Thomas |publisher=Prestel |isbn=978-3791355719}}</ref> Yizeraga ko icy'ingenzi kuri we ari ugukomeza guhanga icyerekezo cye binyuze mu bihangano bye ndetse no mu isi y’ubuhanzi nubwo amacakubiri ashingiye ku moko. <ref>{{Cite book |last=K Harrisburg |first=Halley |year=1966 |title=African-American art : 20th century masterworks, III : [exhibition] |publisher=Michael Rosenfeld Gallery |location=New York, NY}}</ref> Thomas yari akivangura nkumuhanzi wigitsina gore wumwirabura kandi yanenzwe muburyo bwe budafatika butandukanye nabandi Banyamerika b'Abirabura bakoranye ibishushanyo n’ibimenyetso mu kurwanya igitugu. Ibikorwa bye byagaragaye hamwe nabandi bahanzi benshi b'Abanyafurika-Abanyamerika muri za galeries no kwerekana, nk'ububiko bwa mbere bufite abirabura mu Karere ka Columbiya. <ref name=":0" /> [[File:Alma_Thomas_at_Whitney.jpg|left|thumb|Thomas mu gufungura imurikagurisha rye wenyine mu nzu ndangamurage ya Whitney mu 1972]] Nyuma yo kwerekana muri Whitney, icyamamare cya Thomas mu muryango w’ubukorikori cyiza cyane. Kuba yaramenyekanye vuba aha byatewe ahanini na Robert Doty amushyigikiye mu majwi, kuko yateguye igitaramo cya Thomas's Whitney mu rwego rwo kwerekana imurikagurisha ry’abahanzi bo muri Afurika n’Abanyamerika, rigamije kwamagana ko badahagarariwe. <ref name=":22"/> Abanenga New York bashimishijwe nuburyo bwa kijyambere bwa Thomas, cyane cyane ko yari umukecuru wimyaka 80 mugihe yatangiraga igihugu. Ikinyamakuru New York Times cyasuzumye imurikagurisha rye inshuro enye, yita amashusho ye "gukuramo impuguke, tachiste mu buryo, nta makemwa mu gukoresha amabara <ref name=":22" /> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Mellow |first=James R. |date=29 April 1972 |title=Expert Abstractions by Alma Thomas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/29/archives/expert-abstractions-by-alma-thomas.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Abazungu benshi bamunegura bamushimye nk "" Ikimenyetso cyabashushanyijeho amabara "kandi nk" "impano, abstractioniste ebullient". Filozofiya ya Alma Thomas yubuhanzi bwe nuko ibikorwa bye byuzuye imbaraga, kandi izo mbaraga ntizishobora gusenywa cyangwa kuremwa. <ref name="Greenwood Press">{{Cite book |date=1999 |title=Women artists of color : a bio-critical sourcebook to 20th century artists in the Americas |url=https://archive.org/details/womenartistsofco00farr |publisher=Greenwood Press |others=Farris, Phoebe, 1952- |isbn=0313303746 |location=Westport, Conn. |oclc=40193578 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ushinzwe gutunganya ibihangano bya New York akaba n'umwanditsi witwa Thomas B. Hess yaguze ishusho ya Tomasi yo mu 1972 ishushanya ''Red Roses Sonata'', maze mu 1976 umusingi w’umuryango we uha iki gitabo inzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Metropolitan . [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 34">&#x3A;&#x200A;34&#x200A;</span></sup><ref name=":12"/> ] <ref name="Met-Roses">{{Cite web |title=Red Roses Sonata |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/632918 |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joshua Taylor letter to Alma Thomas, 1975 March 3, from the Alma Thomas papers, circa 1894-2001 |url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/joshua-taylor-letter-to-alma-thomas-18478 |access-date=2019-04-04 |website=www.aaa.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Smithsonian-Taylor">{{Cite web |date=1 January 1970 |title=Joshua C. Taylor Becomes Director of NCFA |url=https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_1035 |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=Smithsonian Institution Archives |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Reed-Taylor">{{Cite web |title=In Memoriam: Joshua C. Taylor '39 |url=https://www.reed.edu/reed-magazine/in-memoriam/obituaries/_online_only/joshua-taylor-1939.html |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=Reed Magazine |language=en-us}}</ref> Mary Beth Edelson ' <nowiki><i id="mwAqo">Bamwe mu bahanzi b'Abanyamerika bazima / Ifunguro Ryera</i></nowiki> (1972) bakiriye ''Ifunguro Ryera'' rya Leonardo da Vinci, hamwe n'abayobozi b'abahanzi b'[[Umugore|abagore]] bazwi bahurira hejuru y'imitwe ya Kristo n'intumwa ze; Alma Thomas yari muri abo bahanzi b'abagore bazwi. Iyi shusho, ivuga ku ruhare rw’amadini n’ubuhanzi amashusho y’amateka mu kugandukira abagore, yabaye "imwe mu mashusho agaragara y’ubuhanzi bw’umugore ." <ref name="Frost Art Museum">{{Cite web |title=Mary Beth Edelson |url=http://drawingproject.frostartmuseum.org/mary-beth-edelson/ |access-date=11 January 2014 |website=The Frost Art Museum Drawing Project}}</ref> <ref name="Clara - Edelson">{{Cite web |title=Mary Beth Adelson |url=http://clara.nmwa.org/index.php?g=entity_detail&entity_id=1321 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110213429/http://clara.nmwa.org/index.php?g=entity_detail&entity_id=1321 |archive-date=January 10, 2014 |access-date=10 January 2014 |website=Clara - Database of Women Artists |publisher=National Museum of Women in the Arts |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> === Ubuzima bwite === Thomas yabwiye ''New York Times'' mu 1977 ko "atigeze arongora umugabo ariko ibihangano byanjye. Ni uwuhe mugabo wigeze ashima ibyo nashakaga?" <ref name="NYT-77-whitney">{{Cite news |last=Shirey |first=David L. |date=4 May 1972 |title=At 77, She's Made It to the Whitney |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/04/archives/at-77-shes-made-it-to-the-whitney.html |access-date=12 December 2020 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Yanditse ati: "Kera byavuzwe, ntupfe kugira" Miss "ku ibuye ryawe. Ndumva nishimiye cyane kuba narakomeje Miss wanjye. Ndavuga ko Miss uhagaze kuri Jackasses zose nabuze mu buzima." [ 4 ] Yongeyeho ati: "Umugabo mwiza ni umunezero, ariko ku bw'Imana ntukagwe na Jackass." [ 4 ] Yagize ubuzima busanzwe, hamwe ninshuti nyinshi zabahanzi. <ref name="NYT-77-whitney" /> "Ntakunze kubura" inzu ndangamurage cyangwa imurikagurisha rifungura i Washington. [ 13 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 447">&#x3A;&#x200A;447&#x200A;</span></sup> Thomas yabaga mu nzu imwe i Washington, ku muhanda wa 1530, 15, NW, ubuzima bwe bwose, kuva mu 1907 igihe umuryango we wimukiye muri Jeworujiya kugira ngo ashobore kwiga amashuri yisumbuye kugeza apfuye mu 1978 (usibye imyaka mike yari afite mu myaka 20 yakoraga ahandi). Murumuna we John Maurice Thomas, uzwi ku izina rya se kandi yari afite umwuga wo kuba isomero muri kaminuza ya Howard, yasangiye inzu na we. [ 4 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">&#x3A;&#x200A;7&#x200A;</span></sup><ref name="WP-obit">{{Cite news |last=Richard |first=Paul |date=25 February 1978 |title=Alma Thomas, 86, Dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/02/25/alma-thomas-86-dies/a2e629d0-58e6-4834-a18d-6071b137f973/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |work=Washington Post}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Mar 2004 |title=Obituaries: John Maurice Thomas |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2004/03/25/obituaries/92ddcdeb-a896-4e2d-9a16-cf2819a28f62/ |access-date=4 September 2021 |work=Washington Post}}</ref> Urwo rugo, ubu ruzwi ku izina rya Alma Thomas Inzu, rwubatswe ahagana mu 1875 kandi rushyirwa ku gitabo cy’igihugu cy’ahantu ndangamateka . Ku ya 26 Gicurasi 2025, Umuhanda <ref>{{Cite web |last=Valentine |first=Valerie L. |date=May 16, 2020 |title=Longtime Home of Artist Alma Thomas For Sale in Washington, D.C., for $2.2 Million+ |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2020/05/16/longtime-home-of-artist-alma-thomas-for-sale-in-washington-d-c-for-2-2-million/ |access-date=4 September 2021 |website=Cultural Type}}</ref> hagati y’Itorero na Q wahinduwe Alma Thomas <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=Washington, DC street renamed ‘Alma Thomas Way’ in honour of renowned abstract painter |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2025/05/28/alma-thomas-way-washington-dc |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=www.theartnewspaper.com |language=en}}</ref> === Urupfu n'ububiko === Alma Thomas yapfuye ku ya 24 Gashyantare 1978, mu bitaro bya kaminuza ya Howard, nyuma yo kubagwa aortic. <ref name="WP-obit"/> Impapuro za Tomasi zatanzwe mu bihe byinshi hagati ya 1979 na 2004 muri Archives of Art Art y'Abanyamerika na mushiki we, J. Maurice Thomas. <ref name="AAA">{{Cite web |title=Alma Thomas papers, 1894–2000 |url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/alma-thomas-papers-9241/more#biohist |access-date=July 6, 2011 |website=Finding Aid |publisher=Archives of American Art}}</ref> == Imiterere yubuhanzi == Alma Thomas akazi ke kare kari guhagarariwe muburyo. Nkumwirabura, yibanze kumurimo we wo guhanga aho kwibanda kumoko cyangwa igitsina. <ref name="SAAM"/> Tomasi yizeraga ko guhanga bigomba kwigenga kuburinganire cyangwa ubwoko, guhanga imirimo yibanda kubwiza butunguranye no gukuramo ibara. <ref name="Greenwood Press"/> After further education at American University and influenced by James V. Herring and Lois Mailou Jones, her work became more abstract.<ref name="nmwa.org"/> Toward the end of her life, her style moved "to a color-filled, impastoed geometric abstraction of tessellated brushstroke patterns."<ref name=":22"/> These paintings have been compared to Byzantine mosaics and the pointillist paintings of Georges-Pierre Seurat.<ref name="nmwa.org" /> Thomas' style has qualities similar to West African paintings as well as Byzantine mosaics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Henkes |first=Robert |year=1993 |title=The art of Black American women : works of twenty-four artists of the twentieth century |url=https://archive.org/details/artofblackameric0000henk |publisher=McFarland Publishing |isbn=978-0899508184 |location=Jefferson, N.C}}</ref> [[File:Mars_Dust,_1972,_Alma_Thomas_at_Whitney.jpg|right|thumb|''Umukungugu wa Mars'' (1972) mu nzu ndangamurage ya Whitney mu 2023]] Ibara rye ryamazi hamwe namavuta yashizwemo no gukoresha (rimwe na rimwe kurengana) urukiramende rwamabara. Yakomeje gukoresha ubu buhanga mu mirimo ye, bwerekanaga amabara aboneka mu biti, indabyo, ubusitani, ndetse n’andi mashusho asanzwe. <ref name=":05"/> Igishushanyo cye ''nimugoroba Glow'' cyatewe ahanini n’uko Tomasi yashishikajwe n’amabara y’isi: "[[Igiti]] cyera hanze y’icyumba cye, cyashishikaje Tomasi ibishushanyo mbonera byakozwe n'amababi yacyo ku idirishya, kandi bifite ishusho y’urumuri n’igicucu hasi hasi no ku rukuta imbere mu rugo rwe." <ref name=":05" /> Amashusho ye yise 'Alma's Stripes', kubera ko ishusho yuzuye irangi yaremye urukiramende rurerure. Nyuma ibikorwa byahumetswe nubushakashatsi bwikirere hamwe nisi. Umutwe w'ishusho ye ''ya Mars Dust'' (1972) yerekanaga inkuru zamakuru yumuyaga wumukungugu kuri Mars. [ 4 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 33">&#x3A;&#x200A;33&#x200A;</span></sup>. == Nyuma reaction, kwerekana, niterambere == [[File:Red_Azaleas_Singing,_1976,_Alma_Thomas_at_SAAM_2023.jpg|right|thumb|''Umutuku Azaleas Kuririmba no kubyina Urutare na Roll Muzika'' (1976) mu nzu ndangamurage yubuhanzi ya Smithsonian muri 2023]] Umuhanga mu by'amateka y’ubuhanzi Richard J. Powell yanditse mu 1997 ku bijyanye n’umwanya wa Thomas na Sam Gilliam nk’abanyamuryango babiri bazwi cyane b’Abanyafurika-Abanyamerika bo mu Ishuri ry’amabara rya Washington, ati: "Mu gihe baganiraga n’ibikorwa by’abahanzi bagenzi babo bo mu Ishuri ry’amabara rya Washington ( Gene Davis, Morris Louis, na Kenneth Noland ), banabagejejeho, binyuze mu buryo bwa tekiniki kandi bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru bwo gusiga amarangi, ibyifuzo by’imibereho by’icyiciro rusange cya Washington DC." Yakomeje avuga ko mu myaka ya za 1960 Thomas "yateye umugongo" ku buryo yari asanzwe ahagarariye "umuryango w’ubuhanzi wa DC wabonaga ko ari ibitekerezo by’ibitekerezo," ashyigikira "uburyo budasubirwaho bwatewe n’ubuhinzi bw’[[imboga]], inyigisho z’amabara ya siyansi, ndetse n’umuziki." Powell yavuze ko Tomasi yo mu 1976 ''Azeleas Kuririmba no Kubyina Rock na Roll Music'' ari "ubuhanga bwo kuganira inzira zinyerera hagati ya kamere na sosiyete," kandi "bikerekana uburyo bwo kwishyira hamwe kw'ibihe." <ref name="Powell">{{Cite book |last=Powell |first=Richard J. |date=1997 |title=Black art and culture in the 20th century |url=https://archive.org/details/blackartculturei00powe |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=0-500-20295-8 |location=New York, N.Y. |page=[https://archive.org/details/blackartculturei00powe/page/128 128]}}</ref> Ikinyamakuru Washington Post cyamusobanuye ko ari "imbaraga mu ishuri ry’ibara rya Washington ". <ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |last=Dawson |first=Jessica |date=April 7, 2005 |title=An Alumni Reunion On the Hilltop |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A32839-2005Apr6.html |access-date=October 8, 2009 |work=The Washington Post |page=C05}}</ref> Yanditse mu 1998, umuhanga mu by'amateka y’ubuhanzi Sharon Patton yavuze ko ''Igitaramo cya Tomasi cyo mu 1973 cy’umuyaga na Crepe Myrtle'' ari "kimwe mu bishushanyo mbonera bya Minimalist Color-Field byakozwe n’umuhanzi nyafurika w’umunyamerika." Nubwo Thomas atabonye monografiya  kugeza mu 1998 igihe inzu ndangamurage ya Fort Wayne yerekanaga ibyerekeranye n’umuhanzi, <ref name=":22"/> ubukererwe bw’abashakashatsi bwimbitse ntabwo bugaragaza umurage we n’ingaruka ku buhanzi bwa Visual . Jacob Kainen, umwarimu we muri kaminuza y'Abanyamerika mu gatasi 1957, [ 3 ] yemeza ko "Tomasi yagize uruhare runini mu iterambere ry’ibishushanyo mbonera mu kinyejana cya 20." Kainen yanditse mu gitabo cya Fort Wayne yerekana ko yahuye na Thomas mu 1943, mu birori byabereye mu nzu mberabyombi ya Barnett-Aden . [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 30">&#x3A;&#x200A;30&#x200A;</span></sup>Kainen amwibuka muri kiriya gihe nk "" umugore muto, unanutse ufite ubwiza bwimyambarire, imyifatire ye ndetse no gushikama kudashidikanywaho byatumye ikibazo cy'ubunini bwe kidafite akamaro. " [ 3 ] Muri gahunda y’imyidagaduro y’ubuhanzi ya kaminuza ya Howard yo mu 1966 "Alma W. Thomas: Imurikagurisha ryisubiraho, 1959-1966," Kainen asobanura ko ari "Ikimenyetso cy’abashushanya amabara." <ref name="auto1"/> Mu mwaka wa 2009, amashusho abiri yakozwe na Thomas, harimo na ''Watusi (Hard Edge)'', <ref name="Cotter1"/> yatowe na Madamu wa Perezida Michelle Obama, umushinga w'imbere mu nzu ya White House, Michael S. Smith (umushinga w'imbere), hamwe n'umuyobozi ushinzwe inzu ya White House, William Allman kugira ngo berekanwe muri [[Perezidansi y’Amerika|White House]] mu gihe cya perezida Obama . <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news |last=Vogel |first=Carol |date=October 6, 2009 |title=A Bold and Modern White House |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/arts/design/07borrow.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616215631/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/arts/design/07borrow.html?_r=1 |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2009 |work=The New York Times |page=A14}}</ref> ''Watusi (Hard Edge)'' yaje gukurwa muri White House kubera impungenge zatewe n'iki gice kibereye mu biro bya East Wing ya Michelle Obama. ''Sky Light'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2009 |title=Alma Thomas' "Watusi" Gets the White House Kibosh |url=http://flavorwire.com/48319/alma-thomas-watusi-gets-the-white-house-kibosh}}</ref> yatanzwe na Hirshhorn Museum and Garden Sculpture, yamanitswe mu nzu bwite ya Obama. <ref name="Gopnik"/> [[File:Resurrection,_1966,_Alma_Thomas_at_SAAM_2023.jpg|right|thumb|''Izuka'' (1966) mu nzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Smithsonian muri 2023]] Mu mwaka wa 2015, ikindi gishushanyo cye, ''Izuka'' (1966), cyamanitswe cyane mu cyumba cyo gusangiriramo umuryango wa Old House cyo muri White House, kikaba cyaraguzwe mu cyegeranyo cya White House mu 2014 hamwe n’amadorari 290.000 n’inkunga yatanzwe n’ishyirahamwe ry’amateka rya White House . <ref name="CT"/> <ref name="WHHA">{{Cite web |title="Resurrection" by Alma Thomas |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/resurrection-by-alma-thomas |access-date=30 August 2019 |website=White House Historical Association |language=en}}</ref> Guhitamo <ref name="CT" /> mu cyegeranyo cya White House byasobanuwe nk'ikimenyetso cyiza ku butegetsi bwa Obama na Holland Cotter wanenze ibihangano ''bya New York Times'' . Cotter yavuze ko umurimo wa Tomasi ari "kureba imbere nta gukabya; nyuma y'amoko ariko kandi ukunda amoko." <ref name="Artnews1">{{Cite web |last=Robin Cembalest |year=2009 |title=Critics Nix Obamas' Pix Mix |url=http://artnews.com/issues/article.asp?art_id=2789 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707170726/http://artnews.com/issues/article.asp?art_id=2789 |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |access-date=July 6, 2011 |website=Past Issues |publisher=ARTnews}}</ref> Mu mwaka wa 2016, imurikagurisha ''Alma Thomas'', ryasobanuwe mu bikoresho byamamaza ko ari "uburyo bwa mbere bwerekanwe ku bikorwa by’umuhanzi mu myaka igera kuri makumyabiri," kandi ko bugaragaza "ubwihindurize butandukanye bw’imirimo ya Tomasi kuva mu mpera za 1950 kugeza apfuye mu 1978" bwateguwe na The Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery muri Skidmore College na Studio Museum i Harlem . <ref name="tang.skidmore.edu">{{Cite web |title=Alma Thomas |url=https://tang.skidmore.edu/exhibitions/133-alma-thomas |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=Tang Teaching Museum |language=en}}</ref> Iri murika ryateguwe na Ian Berry, Umuyobozi wa Dayton w’Ingoro Ndangamurage ya Tang na Lauren Haynes, Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe amasomo, icyegeranyo gihoraho mu nzu ndangamurage ya Studio i Harlem kandi ashyigikiwe n’inshuti za Tang. <ref name="tang.skidmore.edu" /> Ibikoresho byamamaza imurikagurisha byagaragaje ko "ibihangano bya Tomasi, ibishushanyo mbonera by’ingufu ndetse no kwiyemeza kurangi byamuremye umurimo wihariye kandi udasanzwe." Bavuze kandi ko "ikubiyemo gake cyane amabara y’amazi n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe hakiri kare." Iri murika ryagabanyijwemo ibice bine: Himura kuri Abstraction; Isi, Umwanya, hamwe nakazi katinze. <ref name="tang.skidmore.edu" /> ''Ikinyamakuru Wall Street Journal'' cyamusobanuye mu mwaka wa 2016 nk'umuhanzi wahoze ari "umuhanzi udashimwa" uherutse kumenyekana kubera ibikorwa bye "exuberant", uzwi cyane ku buryo bwabo, injyana n'ibara. Muri 2019, Tomasi yo mu 1970 yashushanyije ''izuba rirenze'' ryatejwe cyamunara mugurisha Christie . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Annie |date=2019-10-24 |title=Alma Thomas, a Favored Artist of the Obamas, Could More Than Double Her Auction Record Next Month at Christie's |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/market/alma-thomas-auction-christies-13461/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Yagurishijwe miliyoni 2.655. <ref name="Christies-price">{{Cite web |title=Alma Thomas (1891-1978), A Fantastic Sunset |url=https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/alma-thomas-1891-1978-a-fantastic-sunset-6236054-details.aspx |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=www.christies.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2021, hashyizweho igiciro gishya cy’ibikorwa bya Tomasi igihe ''ubusitani bw’indabyo bwa Alma'', bwashushanywaga mu myaka ya 1968 kugeza mu 1970, bwateshejwe agaciro n’inzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Greenville, yagurishije mu kugurisha ku giti cye n’umuguzi utamenyekanye ku madolari miliyoni 2.8. Inzu ndangamurage yari yaguze irangi mu 2008 ku madolari 135.000. <ref name="Rosenbaum">{{Cite web |last=Rosenbaum |first=Lee |date=9 April 2021 |title=Doubting Thomas: Greenville County Museum Sells "Alma's Flower Garden" in a Non-Transparent Transaction |url=https://www.artsjournal.com/culturegrrl/2021/04/doubting-thomas-greenville-county-museum-sells-almas-flower-garden-in-a-non-transparent-transaction.html |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=CultureGrrl}}</ref> <ref name="Greenville">{{Cite news |last=Mayo |first=Nikie |date=30 March 2021 |title=$2.8 million mystery: Greenville museum sells rare Alma Thomas painting to secret buyer |url=https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/local/south-carolina/2021/03/30/painting-black-artist-alma-thomas-sells-record-2-8-million/4808575001/ |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=The Greenville News}}</ref> Ibikorwa bya Thomas byashyizwe mu imurikagurisha ryo mu 2021 ''Abagore muri Abstraction'' kuri Centre Pompidou . <ref name="Women in abstraction">{{Cite book |date=2021 |title=Women in abstraction |publisher=Thames & Hudson Ltd. ; Thames & Hudson Inc |isbn=978-0500094372 |location=London : New York, New York |pages=170}}</ref> Imurikagurisha ry’ubuhanzi bwe yise "Alma W. Thomas: Byose ni Byiza," ryateguwe n’inzu ndangamurage ya Chrysler i Norfolk, muri Virijiniya n’inzu ndangamurage ya Columbus i Columbus, Jeworujiya, yafunguwe ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2021, mu nzu ndangamurage ya Chrysler. Byari biteganijwe ko bizahakorera kugeza ku ya 3 Ukwakira 2021, nyuma yaho bikorera mu cyegeranyo cya Phillips i Washington, DC, mu mpeshyi 2021, inzu ndangamurage ya Frist i Nashville mu mpeshyi 2022, n'inzu ndangamurage ya Columbus mu mpeshyi 2022. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2020 |title=Everything is Beautiful: Major Alma W. Thomas Traveling Exhibition Opening at Chrysler Museum of Art in July 2021 |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2020/09/21/everything-is-beautiful-major-alma-w-thomas-traveling-exhibition-opening-at-chrysler-museum-of-art-in-july-2021/ |access-date=2020-10-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="Chrysler-blurb">{{Cite web |title=Alma W. Thomas:Everything is Beautiful |url=https://chrysler.org/exhibition/alma-thomas/ |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=Chrysler Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref> Inyandiko ngufi, ''Miss Alma Thomas: Ubuzima mu Ibara'', yashinzwe ku bufatanye n’imurikabikorwa. Iyobowe na Cheri Gaulke ikanakorwa na [[Jon Gann]], yakinnye iserukiramuco rya firime zirenga 40 ku isi yose kandi yegukana ibihembo ndetse n'ibihembo. Mu 2023, ibikorwa bye byashyizwe mu imurikagurisha ''Igikorwa, Ibimenyetso, Irangi: Abahanzi b'Abagore na Global Abstraction 1940-1970'' mu nzu mberabyombi ya Whitechapel i Londres. <ref name="Whitechapel Gallery">{{Cite web |title=Action, Gesture, Paint |url=https://www.whitechapelgallery.org/exhibitions/action-gesture-paint-women-and-global-abstraction-1940-70/ |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Whitechapel Gallery |language=en}}</ref> == Imurikagurisha rigaragara == * ''Ibara ry'amazi by Alma Thomas'', 1960, Dupont Theatre Art Gallery <ref name="ReferenceA" /> * ''Alma Thomas: Imurikagurisha ryisubiraho (1959-1966)'', 1966, Ubugeni bwa kaminuza ya Howard <ref name="ReferenceA" /> * ''Alma Thomas: Amashusho aheruka'', 1968, Ububiko bwa Franz Bader <ref name="ReferenceA" /> * ''Igishushanyo cya vuba cyanditswe na Alma W. Thomas: Urukurikirane rw'isi n'ikirere (1961–1971)'', 1971, Ububiko bwa Carl Van Vechten, Kaminuza ya Fisk <ref name="ReferenceA" /> * ''Alma W. Thomas'', 1972, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Whitney y'Abanyamerika <ref name="ReferenceA" /> <ref name="auto">{{Cite book |date=1989 |title=Making their mark : women artists move into the mainstream, 1970-85 |url=https://archive.org/details/makingtheirmarkw0000unse |publisher=Abbeville Press |others=Rosen, Randy., Brawer, Catherine Coleman., Cincinnati Art Museum. |isbn=0-89659-958-2 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=18259773 |url-access=registration}}</ref> * ''Alma W. Thomas: Imurikagurisha ryisubiraho'', 1972, Ubugeni bwa Corcoran <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book |year=2016 |title=Alma Thomas |publisher=The Studio Museum in Harlem, The Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery, and DelMonico Books |isbn=9783791355719 |location=Prestel |pages=206}}</ref> * ''Alma W. Thomas: Amashusho'', 1973, Ikarita ya Martha Jackson <ref name="ReferenceA" /> * ''Alma W. Thomas: Amashusho aheruka'', 1975, Ubugeni bwa kaminuza ya Howard <ref name="auto" /> * ''Alma W. Thomas: Amashusho aheruka'', 1976, HC Taylor Gallery, Kaminuza ya Leta y’ubuhinzi n’ubuhanga ya Carolina y'Amajyaruguru <ref name="ReferenceA" /> * ''Ubuzima mu buhanzi: Alma Thomas, 1891-1978'', 1981, Inzu Ndangamurage y’Ubuhanzi bw’Abanyamerika, Ikigo cya Smithsonian <ref name="ReferenceA" /> * ''Alma W. Thomas: Gusubira inyuma kw'ibishushanyo'', 1998, Inzu Ndangamurage y'Ubuhanzi ya Fort Wayne, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Tampa, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Leta ya New Jersey, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Anacostia, Ikigo cya Smithsonian, n'inzu ndangamurage ya Columbus <ref name="ReferenceA" /> * ''Alma Thomas: Phantasmagoria, Amashusho Nkuru yo mu myaka ya za 70'', 2001, Michael Rosenfeld Gallery, n'inzu ndangamurage y'abagore: Ikigo cy'ejo hazaza <ref name="ReferenceA" /> * ''Gukomeza Ishema: Imyaka umunani Yubuhanzi muri kaminuza ya Howard'', 2005, kaminuza ya Howard <ref name="wapo"/> * ''Impirimbanyi y'amabara: Igishushanyo cya Felrath Hines na Alma Thomas'', 2010, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Nasher <ref name="Nasher">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Color Balance: Paintings by Felrath Hines and Alma Thomas |url=http://www.nasher.duke.edu/exhibitions_colorbalance.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928080225/http://www.nasher.duke.edu/exhibitions_colorbalance.php |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |access-date=July 6, 2011 |website=Exhibitions |publisher=Nasher Museum of Art}}</ref> * ''Alma Thomas'', 2016, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Frances Young Tang Yigisha Ingoro n'Ubuhanzi muri Skidmore College, <ref name="ReferenceA" /> na Studio Ndangamurage ya Harlem <ref name="Studio Museum">{{Cite web |title=Past Exhibits - Alma Thomas |url=https://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/alma-thomas |access-date=11 March 2017 |website=Studio Museum Harlem}}</ref> * ''Alma Thomas: Imurikagurisha'', 2019, Mnuchin Gallery <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alma Thomas - Exhibitions - Mnuchin Gallery |url=https://www.mnuchingallery.com/exhibitions/alma-thomas#tab:slideshow;tab-1:slideshow |website=www.mnuchingallery.com}}</ref> * ''Alma W. Thomas: Byose ni Byiza'', 2021, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Chrysler <ref name="auto2"/> * ''Ibara ryo guhimba: Igishushanyo cya Alma Thomas'', 2023-2024, Inzu Ndangamurage y'Abanyamerika ya Smithsonian <ref>{{Cite web |title=Composing Color: Paintings by Alma Thomas {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum |url=https://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/alma-thomas |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=americanart.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> ; yagiye mu nzu ndangamurage ya Denver <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alma Thomas Composing Color {{!}} Denver Art Museum |url=https://www.denverartmuseum.org/en/exhibitions/alma-thomas-composing-color |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=www.denverartmuseum.org}}</ref> (2024-2025), Ingoro y’Urwibutso (2025), Inzu Ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Indianapolis i Newfields (2025) na muzehe y’ubuhanzi ya Smith College (2026-2027) == Ibikorwa bigaragara mubyegeranyo rusange ==  {{Div col|colwidth=40em}} * ''Watusi (Hard Edge)'' (1963), [[Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden]], [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>[https://hirshhorn.si.edu/search-results/search-result-details/?edan_search_value=hmsg_76.137 "Watusi (Hard Edge)"], Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Retrieved October 17, 2018.</ref> *''Air View of a Spring Nursery'' (1966), [[Columbus Museum]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]<ref name="GA">{{cite web | author=Charles T. Butler | year=2004 | title=Alma Thomas (1891–1978) | work=Individual Artists | publisher=The New Georgia Encyclopedia | url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1040 | access-date=July 6, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110606080115/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1040| archive-date= June 6, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://columbusmuseum.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/B7A24918-47A7-4752-8374-134645299454|title=Painting - Air View Of A Spring Nursery &#124; Columbus Museum|website=columbusmuseum.pastperfectonline.com}}</ref> *''Breeze Rustling Through Fall Flowers'' (1968), [[Phillips Collection]], Washington, D.C.<ref name="Phillips">{{cite web | title=Breeze Rustling Through Fall Flowers | work=American Art | publisher=Phillips Museum | url=http://www.phillipscollection.org/research/american_art/artwork/Thomas-Breeze_Rustling.htm | access-date=July 6, 2011 | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200031/http://www.phillipscollection.org/research/american_art/artwork/Thomas-Breeze_Rustling.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phillipscollection.org/collection/breeze-rustling-through-fall-flowers|title=Breeze Rustling Through Fall Flowers &#124; The Phillips Collection|website=www.phillipscollection.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phillipscollection.org/event/2020-05-17-museum-stories|title=Museum Stories &#124; The Phillips Collection|website=www.phillipscollection.org|date=May 17, 2020 }}</ref> *''Nature's Red Impressions'' (1968), Luther W. Brady Art Gallery, [[George Washington University]], Washington, D.C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bradygallery.gwu.edu/gw-collection|title=Brady Gallery|website=George Washington University}}</ref> * ''Resurrection'' (1968), [[White House Historical Association]], Washington, D.C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/resurrection-by-alma-thomas|title="Resurrection" by Alma Thomas|website=WHHA (en-US)}}</ref> * ''Wind, Sunshine and Flowers'' (1968), [[Brooklyn Museum]], [[New York City|New York]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/1562|title=Wind, Sunshine and Flowers|website=www.brooklynmuseum.org|access-date=2025-11-08|archive-date=2025-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206181233/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/1562|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''Iris, Tulips, Jonquils and Crocuses'' (1969), [[National Museum of Women in the Arts]], Washington, D.C.<ref name="NMWA1">{{cite web|url=https://nmwa.org/works/iris-tulips-jonquils-and-crocuses|title=Iris, Tulips, Jonquils and Crocuses|year=2011|publisher=National Museum of Women in the Arts|work=Permanent Collection|access-date=January 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624204926/http://nmwa.org/collection/detail.asp?WorkID=2178|archive-date=June 24, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmwa.org/art/collection/iris-tulips-jonquils-and-crocuses/|title=Iris, Tulips, Jonquils, and Crocuses &#124; Artwork}}</ref> * ''Pansies in Washington'' (1969), [[National Gallery of Art]], Washington, D.C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nga.gov/calendar/gallery-talks/collection/pansies-washington-thomas.html|title=In Depth: "Pansies in Washington" by Alma Thomas|website=www.nga.gov|access-date=December 21, 2020|archive-date=July 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710023617/https://www.nga.gov/calendar/gallery-talks/collection/pansies-washington-thomas.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Lunar Surface'' (1970), [[American University Museum]], Washington, D.C.<ref name="AU-Mus">{{cite web |title=American University Museum at the Katzen Arts Center |url=https://www.american.edu/cas/museum/ |website=American University |access-date=12 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> * ''Snoopy Early Sun Display'' (1970), [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]], Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/snoopy-early-sun-display-earth-24019|title=Snoopy--Early Sun Display on Earth &#124; Smithsonian American Art Museum|website=americanart.si.edu}}</ref> *''Earth Sermon - Beauty, Love and Peace'' (1971), Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.<ref name="Earth-Sermon">{{cite news |title=Earth Sermon - Beauty, Love and Peace |url=https://hirshhorn.si.edu/explore/earth-sermon-beauty-love-and-peace/ |newspaper=Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden &#124; Smithsonian |access-date=12 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insider.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Alma-Thomas-Photo.jpg|title=Earth Sermon - Beauty, Love And Peace}}</ref> *''Evening Glow'' (1972), [[Baltimore Museum of Art]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://collection.artbma.org/emuseum/view/objects/asitem/search$0040/0/title-asc?t:state:flow=cb452905-77fb-40d9-ab41-8a056e19f26a|title=The Baltimore Museum of Art|website=collection.artbma.org|access-date=2016-02-13}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collection.artbma.org/emuseum/start?t:state:flow=09b2e3ce-5956-44ea-b436-8c259aa12c66|title=The Baltimore Museum of Art|website=collection.artbma.org|access-date=July 7, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190115/https://collection.artbma.org/emuseum/start?t:state:flow=09b2e3ce-5956-44ea-b436-8c259aa12c66|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''Mars Dust'' (1972), [[Whitney Museum]], New York<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whitney.org/collection/works/3043|title=Alma Thomas &#124; Mars Dust|website=whitney.org}}</ref> * ''Red Atmosphere'' (1972), [[Tougaloo College]], [[Jackson, Mississippi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Art and Civil Rights: The Mississippi Museum of Art and Tougaloo College Art and Civil Rights Initiative, 2017–2020 |url=https://www.msmuseumart.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/MMA1015K-ACRI-Cat-FINAL-web-single-edited.pdf |access-date=12 December 2020|pages=22}}</ref> * ''Red Roses Sonata'' (1972), [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/632918?sortBy=Relevance&amp;ft=Alma+Thomas&amp;offset=0&amp;rpp=20&amp;pos=1|title=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|website=metmuseum.org/art/collection|access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref> * ''Starry Night and the Astronauts'' (1972), [[Art Institute of Chicago]]<ref name=artic/> *''Fiery Sunset'' (1973), [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/191855|title=Alma Woodsey Thomas. Fiery Sunset. 1973 &#124; MoMA|website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> * ''Spring Embraces Yellow'' (1973), [[University of Iowa Stanley Museum of Art]], [[Iowa City]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/islandora/object/ui:uima_22986|title=Spring Embraces Yellow &#124; The University of Iowa Libraries|website=digital.lib.uiowa.edu}}</ref> * ''Wind and Crêpe Myrtle Concerto'' (1973), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. * ''Wind Sparkling Dew and Green Grass'' (1973), [[Fort Wayne Museum of Art]], [[Indiana]] *''Hydrangeas Spring Song'' (1976), [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]<ref>[http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/128105.html?mulR=1157462711|1 "Hydrangeas Spring Song"], Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved October 17, 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/128105.html|title=Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : Hydrangeas Spring Song|website=www.philamuseum.org|access-date=2025-11-08|archive-date=2021-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123081518/https://philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/128105.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''Red Azaleas Singing and Dancing Rock and Roll Music'' (1976), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/red-azaleas-singing-and-dancing-rock-and-roll-music-24017|title=Red Azaleas Singing and Dancing Rock and Roll Music &#124; Smithsonian American Art Museum|website=americanart.si.edu}}</ref> * ''White Roses Sing and Sing'' (1976), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/white-roses-sing-and-sing-24027|title=White Roses Sing and Sing &#124; Smithsonian American Art Museum|website=americanart.si.edu}}</ref> * ''Untitled: Music Series'' (1978), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/untitled-music-series-24025|title=Untitled (Music Series) &#124; Smithsonian American Art Museum|website=americanart.si.edu}}</ref> {{Div col end}} Alma Thomas Teen Umwanya muri Martin Luther King Jr. Urwibutso rwibutso rwitiriwe izina rye. == Inyandiko == {{Reflist|group=note}} == Reba == == Bibliografiya == * Patton, Sharon F. ''Ubuhanzi bwa Afurika-Amerika.'' Oxford: Itangazamakuru rya kaminuza ya Oxford (1998). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-01-92842-13-8|<bdi>978-01-92842-13-8</bdi>]] * "Impapuro za Alma Thomas, 1894-2000". ''[https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/alma-thomas-papers-9241 Kubona Imfashanyo.]'' Ububiko bwubuhanzi bwabanyamerika, Ikigo cya Smithsonian. == Ibindi gusoma == * {{Cite web |last=Elizabeth Hamilton |date=15 Mar 2022 |title=Alma Thomas Was the Godmother of Afrofuturism |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/art-books-music/a39382593/alma-thomas-was-the-godmother-of-afrofuturism/ |website=Harpers Bazaar}} * {{Cite web |last=Ken Johnson |date=4 Aug 2016 |title='Alma Thomas,' an Incandescent Pioneer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/05/arts/design/alma-thomas-an-incandescent-pioneer.html |website=The New York Times}} * {{Cite book |last=Berry |first=Ian |date=2016 |title=Alma Thomas |last2=Haynes |first2=Lauren |publisher=Prestel |isbn=978-3791355719}} * {{Cite news |last=Dobrzynski |first=Judith H. |date=1 March 2016 |title='Alma Thomas' Review |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/alma-thomas-review-1456869006 |work=WSJ |id={{ProQuest|1769027434}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> * ''Alma W. Thomas: A Retrospective of the Paintings''. Fort Wayne: Fort Wayne Museum of Art (1998).  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7649-0686-0|<bdi>0-7649-0686-0</bdi>]] * Foresta, Merry A. ''A Life in Art: Alma Thomas, 1891-1978''. Published for the National Museum of American Art by the Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981.  [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:927776976|927776976]] * ''Alma Thomas''. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art (1972).  [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:53302446|53302446]] == Ihuza ryo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ebx35645wdi3cpfkbyg93a8imc7x8th 0 22832 134508 131876 2026-08-12T18:32:59Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134508 wikitext text/x-wiki Uruzi rwabanje kwitwa ''Prinses Wilhelminas Rivier'' mu 1777, na Koloneli RJ Gordon.Umugezi wa caledon ni uruzi runini ruherereye muri afurika y'epfo yo hagati. uburebure bwarwo bwose ni 642 km (399 mi), izamuka mu misozi ya Drakensberg ku mupaka wa Lesotho, itemba yerekeza mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba hanyuma igana iburengerazuba mbere yo kwinjira mu ruzi rwa Orange hafe ya bethulie mu majyepfo ya leta ya free. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Raper |first=P.E. |date=1987 |title=Dictionary of South African Place Names |url=https://languagecentre.sun.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/SaPlaceNamesDictionary1987.pdf |pages=105}}</ref> == Ubumenyi Bw'isi == Uruzi rwa Caledon ruturuka mu cyahoze ari Bantustan cya QwaQwa, hafi y'umupaka na Lesotho, mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Witsieshoek. Nyuma yaho, rutemba rugana mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba, rugana ku murwa mukuru wa Lesotho, Maseru, kandi rugakora umupaka uhuza Afurika y'Epfo na Lesotho mbere yo kwinjira mu ntara ya Free State muri Afurika y'Epfo (mu majyaruguru ya Wepener). Rugana mu burengerazuba mbere yo kwinjira mu ruzi rwa Orange hafi ya Bethulie mu majyepfo ya Free State, mbere gato y'uko rwisuka mu rugomero rwa Gariep. Uburebure bwarwo bwose ni nka kilometero 480 (ibirometero 300), kandi ikibaya cyarwo kigira impinduka zikomeye z'ubushyuhe<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Caledon River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Caledon-River |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>. Ubutaka buri hagati y'uruzi rwa Caledon n'uruzi rwa Orange bugize Pariki y'ibidukikije ya Tussen-die-Riviere ifite ubuso bwa hegitari 22,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tussen Die Riviere Game Reserve |url=http://www.places.co.za/html/tussen_die_riviere.html |access-date=26 November 2016 |publisher=SA Places}}</ref> == Uruzi == Uruzi ni rwo soko y'amazi ya Maseru, umurwa mukuru wa Lesotho, uhagaze ku ruzi. Mu gihe cy'imvura nke, hashobora kubaho ibura ry'amazi. Kugira ngo ibi birwanye, hakozwe ibigega byinshi bifite inyubako nk'urugomero rwa [[Muela Dam|Muela]] n'urugomero rwa [[Meulspruit Dam|Meulspruit]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caledon River - Dams |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverFSCaledon/CALEDONRiver_Dams%20.htm# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003111/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverFSCaledon/CALEDONRiver_Dams%20.htm# |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=22 March 2012}}</ref> Mu 2003, amazi yavuye hano kugira ngo hirindwe <amapfa>. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought |url=http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2003/03102210461001.htm# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310201737/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2003/03102210461001.htm# |archive-date=10 March 2007 |access-date=5 August 2005}}</ref> Ikibaya cya Caledon ni ingenzi mu mateka y'abaturage ba Basotho . Aka gace kari gafite ubukungu bwinshi kandi kashoboraga guhingwa nta kuhira. Ibi byatumye kiba cyiza kandi ni kimwe mu byateye amakimbirane hagati ya Basotho n'Ababoeri . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coplan, David B. |year=2001 |title=A river runs through it: The meaning of the Lesotho‐free state border |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_2001-01_100_398/page/81 |journal=African Affairs |volume=100 |issue=398 |pages=81–116 |doi=10.1093/afraf/100.398.81}}</ref> Ibigori bihingwa ku bwinshi mu kibaya cya Caledon. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Caledon River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Caledon-River |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Caledon-River "Caledon River"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Reba ibindi == == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} f6ca7ib3zeij14dkxxwbp38xj0vevri