Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 7940 138939 91918 2026-09-19T05:44:48Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138939 wikitext text/x-wiki Umurenge wa jali ni umurenge ufite ubwiza Nyaburanga Niho honyine ushobora kuba uhagaze ukaba witegeye inguni zose zigize umujyi wa Kigali aho buri gice cy'umujyi wa Kigali uba urimo kukireba neza , kandi ni umwe mu mirenge 15 igize [[akarere ka Gasabo]] ukaba ufite [[Akagari|utugari]] dukurikira: Nyaburiba; Agateko; Nyamitanga; Nkusi ; Buhiza; Muko. uyu murenge ukaba ufite ibikorwa remezo bitandukanye nka Amashuri [[File:Jabana mount.jpg|thumb|Jabana [https://www.citypopulation.de/en/rwanda/sector/admin/gasabo/1206__jali/ mount]]] nka GS Rubingo . GS Gihogwe. GSS(Gihogwe Secondary school);Ibigonderabuzima (Amavuriro); Ibigo bya Gisirikari etc Done by Me Contact me via whatsapp: +250788221168 nh8ajtsc2380kj77nr24iwzrmol9fhl 0 8497 138961 76308 2026-09-19T06:56:07Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138961 wikitext text/x-wiki = Iriburiro = <ref>http://197.243.22.137/migeprof/fileadmin/_migrated/content_uploads/URUHARE_RW_UMUGORE_MU_GUHARANIRA_UBURENGANZIRA_AHABWA_N_AMATEGEKO.pdf</ref>U Rwanda rushishikajwe n’ibibazo by’uburinganire. Ibyo bigaragarira mu Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo ku wa 04 Kamena 2003 nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, ndetse no mu ngamba zinyuranye z’iterambere ry’Igihugu cyacu. Aha twavuga nk’icyerekezo cya 2020, gahunda y’igihugu yo kurwanya ubukene  n’izindi. Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo ku wa 04 Kamena 2003 nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, mu ntangiriro yaryo ryibutsa ko u Rwanda rugendera ku mahame remezo ndetse n’uburenganzira bw’ibanze bwa muntu. Muri urwo rwego Leta yubahiriza amasezerano mpuzamahanga harimo ayo kurwanya ivangura iryo ariryo ryose rishingiye ku gitsina.  Mu gushyira mu bikorwa ayo mahame remezo, u Rwanda rwiyemeje kuba igihugu kigendera ku ihame ry’uburinganire bw’[[Umugore|abagore]] n’abagabo, ibyo bigashimangirwa n’uko abagore bagira nibura mirongo itatu (30%) by’imyanya mu nzego zifatirwamo ibyemezo.  Politiki y’igihugu y’uburinganire ishingiye ku ihame ry’uko abagore n’abagabo ari abanyagihugu bareshya bagomba kugira uruhare rusesuye mu iterambere ry’igihugu kandi n’inyungu zivuyemo zikabageraho ku buryo bungana.   [[File:Women_Consortium_Organisation_of_Nigeria_for_WIki_Loves_Women_44.jpg|thumb|Umugore n'ikoranabuhanga<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Women_Consortium_Organisation_of_Nigeria_for_WIki_Loves_Women_44.jpg</ref>]] == Ibikorwa bya Leta y'U Rwanda bigamije guha umugore uburenganzira mubikorwa bitandukanye == Mu rwego rwo gukemura ibibazo by’ikandamizwa ry’umugore ryaranze igihugu cyacu mu bihe byashize, Leta y’ubumwe bw’abanyarwanda yagiye ifata ingamba zitandukanye mu rwego rwo guha umugore uburenganzira bwo gukora, gukurikirana no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa bitandukanye. Kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho hagiye hashyirwaho amategeko atandukanye agamije guha umugore uburenganzira ku bintu bitandukanye. Twavuga nk’amwe mu mategeko akurikira: 1° Itegeko ngenga n° 08/2005 ryo ku wa 14/07/2005 rigena imikoreshereze n’imicungire y’ubutaka mu Rwanda; 2° Itegeko n° 22/99 ryo ku wa 12 Ugushyingo 1999 ryuzuza [[igitabo]] cya mbere cy’urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano kandi rishyiraho igice cya gatanu cyerekeye imicungire y’umutungo w’abashyingiranywe, impano n’izungura; 3° Itegeko n° 27/2001 ryo ku wa 28 Mata 2001 ryerekeye uburenganzira bw’umwana n’uburyo bwo kumurinda ihohoterwa; 4° Itegeko n°59/2008 ryo kuwa 10/09/2008 rikumira kandi rihana ihohoterwa iryo ari ryo ryose rishingiye ku gitsina; Aya mategeko kimwe n’andi agitegurwa ashyirwaho mu rwego rwo guha umugore uburenganzira bungana n’ubw’umugabo. Nyamara ariko umugore aracyafite imbogamizi zimubuza kugera kuri ubwo burenganzira ahabwa n’amategeko. [[Dosiye:Rwanda_avocado.jpg|thumb|Abagore mu Rwanda bafashe iyambere mu kwiteza imbere binyuze mugukora imirimo itandukanye irimo iyubucuruzi buciriritse]] == Imbogamizi umugore ahura nazo muguharanira uburenganzira ahabwa n'amategeko == Umunyarwandakazi aracyafite imbogamizi zimubuza kugera ku burenganzira ahabwa n’amategeko. Twavuga nk’izi zikurikira: 1° umuco (kutagera ku mutungo w’urugo nk’amafaranga); 2° kudasobanukirwa ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bw’umugabo n’umugore; 3° kuba umubare munini w’abagore utaragize amahirwe yo kwiga mu bihe byashize, bityo ntibyorohe kumenya n’ibyo amategeko ateganya ; 4° kutagira umuco wo gusoma, kumva radiyo no gukurikirana ibindi biganiro biba byateguwe mu rwego rwo kumenyekanisha amategeko; == Uruhare rw'umugore muguharanira uburenganzira ahabwa n'amategeko == Umugore ntakwiye kubonwamo ubushobozi buke kuko nawe arashoboye. Muri urwo rwego, umugore aho ari hose agomba kureba ko ibyo amategeko amuteganyiriza mu kazi abibona kandi ntagire isoni zo guharanira uburenganzira bwe mu gihe haba hari ushaka kubumuvutsa uwo ari we wese. Abagore bahagarariye abandi mu nzego zitandukanye, bakwiye kujya bategura ibiganiro mu byiciro bitandukanye kuva ku rwego rw’Igihugu kugera ku mugudu bigamije gukangurira abagore gusobanukirwa neza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye hamwe no kumenya no gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko abarengera. Kutitinya, buri mugore akigirira icyizere byatuma umugore yumva ko nawe ashoboye, Kwitabira inzego z’abagore kuva ku mudugudu kugera ku rwego rw’Igihugu kuko izo nzego ari imiyoboro ifasha abagore guharanira no kumenya uburenganzira bagenerwa n’amategeko. Inzego z’abagore zigomba kujya zitegura ibiganiro mpaka, ibiganirio mbwirwaruhame cyangwa nyunguranabitekerezo mu rwego rwo gufasha abagore kuva ku rwego rw’umudugudu gusobanukirwa n’uburenganzira amategeko abagenera. Kwibumbira mu mashyirahamwe atandukanye bituma bivana mu bukene,. Umugore akwiye kwitabira gahunda zigamije kujijuka no kumenya aho uburenganzira bwe butangirira n’aho bugarukira. Kubera ko rero umwana apfa mu iterura, umugore akwiye kwihutira kujyana abana mu ishuri baba abahungu n’abakobwa. Kwitabira kugana amabanki, ibigo by’imari iciriritse n’ibigega bitera inkunga abagore mu rwego rwo kugira ubushobozi bwo kwihangira imirimo ibyara inyungu Kwandikisha umwana ukivuka Abakobwa bifuza gushinga ingo bakwiye kujya bihutira kubanza gusezerana imbere y’amategeko.   [[Dosiye:UNCTAD_XIII_High_Level_Event_on_Women_in_Development,_Session_II_(7106075687).jpg|thumb|Abagore mu nzego zifata ibyemezo mu Rwanda]] = Ishakiro = 497dp8o4pv08ydn8opsb58pdxy7yn59 0 9599 138985 126876 2026-09-19T11:32:30Z Baraka official 17008 KONGERAM0 AMAKURU 138985 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<u>AMATEKA</u>''' Uwimana Consolée yavukiye mu Karere ka Burera mu mwaka wa 1971. Amashuri abanza yayatangiriye i Burera, akomereza i Cyabingo mu Karere ka Gakenke, naho ayisumbuye ayiga muri Lycée Notre-Dame de Cîteaux i Kigali. Yize ibijyanye n’ubukungu, nyuma akora igihe kinini muri Banki y’Abaturage, aho yagiye akora imirimo itandukanye. Uwimana Consolee yahoze ari [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/senate-summon-premier-over-living-conditions-historically-marginalised perezida wa sena]<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/senate-summon-premier-over-living-conditions-historically-marginalised</ref> yu [[Rwanda]]. Uwimana ni rwiyemezamirimo akaba n'umunyamabanki wa [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/58505 bizobereyemo]<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/58505</ref> == Imirimo yakoze == Hon Consolee Uwimana [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/senate-summon-premier-over-living-conditions-historically-marginalised Yakoze ibushakashatsi]<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/senate-summon-premier-over-living-conditions-historically-marginalised</ref> mu turere twose tw'u [[Rwanda]] uko tungana ari 30 atuzegurukamo ashaka imibare yabasigajwe inyuma na amateka ariko yasanze imubare ukiri hasi cyane, gusa ibibazo bahura nabyo aribyo byinshi. Muri ibyo bibazo basanze abana babo batajya ku ishuri uko bikwiye. Hon Consolee yifatanyije na bagore bo mu karere ka Gakenke ku italiki ya 25/10/2014 wari umunsi mukuru wahariwe umugore wo mu cyaro, [https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/ikinyarwanda/Gakenke-Umuco-nyarwanda-wagaragajwe-nk-inzitizi-ituma-umugore-adatera-imbere umuco nyarwanda wagaragaye ko ubazitira]<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/ikinyarwanda/Gakenke-Umuco-nyarwanda-wagaragajwe-nk-inzitizi-ituma-umugore-adatera-imbere</ref> mu iterambere . == Mu ishyaka FPR == Mu matora yabaye ku itariki ya 2 Mata 2023, nibwo ku cyicaro cy’ishyaka rya FPR Inkotanyi hazwi nka Intare Conference Arena, nibwo kongere y’igihugu ya cumi na gatandatu ya FPR yatorewemo komite Nyobozi nshya y’igihugu bituma Uwimana Consolée atorerwa kuba visi perezida mushya waryo, asimbuye [[Christophe Bazivamo|Bazivamo Christophe]], Uwimana yabonye amajwi 1945 ahagarariye 92.7% yabatoye bose aho yungirije umuyobozi mukuru [[Paul Kagame]] . <ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/6361/news/politics/who-is-consolee-uwimana-the-new-rpf-vice-chairperson</ref> == Ibimwerekeyeho == Consolee Uwimana [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/58505 arubatse kandi afite abana batatu.]<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/58505</ref> == Reba aha == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Umunyarwandakazi]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore babanyapolitike]] gge4dhiaj9r876og7dh6qrlujl8il4r 0 9922 138964 106274 2026-09-19T06:57:11Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138964 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigali '''Kigali'''] Mu buryo budashidikanywaho biherereye mu cyerekezo cy’u Rwanda, Kigali agera hakurya y’imisozi miremire, hamwe n’umuhanda munini uhuza ibisigaye mu gihugu. Umurwa mukuru wuzuye utuje biratuje ariko birakomeye kandi biringaniye, hamwe nabantu barenga gato 1.000.000. Abashyitsi bwa mbere gutaka no kwibanda cyane bahora batanga ibitekerezo byukuntu umuhanda usukuye, ikibazo cyicyubahiro muri buri gace kanyuze mugihugu. Muri rusange Kigali ni umujyi mushya. Yashinzwe nka sitasiyo yubuyobozi mu 1907, ihinduka [[umurwa]] mukuru wigihugu mu bwigenge mu 1962, yimukira ahitwa Huye. Ikwirakwizwa ryinshi ryibiti bitondekanye nibiti hamwe na kare byuzuye birinzwe kugenda, aho abirukanwa usanga igice kinini cyanyujijwe kubikoresho byabo usibye niba bakeneye ubufasha, muribwo bazakirwa neza mubaturanyi. Hano haribintu byagutse byubukorikori, nkumubare witerambere uhitamo kurya hanze no kugira ibinyobwa bibiri, byinshi hamwe no gushuka ibintu byose bikubiyemo. Umudugudu wumuco wa Kigali utanga umwanya wihariye kubanyabukorikori hafi n’abagurisha ibiryo kugirango berekane kandi bahana ibicuruzwa byabo. Kigali ikura vuba, hamwe na santeri nshya zubucuruzi, ahakorerwa ubucuruzi hamwe na salle yo hejuru yateranirizwagamo ikora muburyo bwingoro yumwami yumunsi wa kera, imurikira ikirere nijoro kuri kamwe mubantu benshi. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220111165618/https://masterpiece-rwanda.business.site/ '''Masterpiece Mall'''] Ku ikubitiro izwi nka SAR Motors muri Kigali, uyumunsi ni u Rwanda rugezweho, inzu yubucuruzi yakira imiryango. Baraguha hejuru yumurongo udasanzwe wo kugurisha, ibiryo, ibiryo, ikawa, inzu itangaje irekura piazza, isoko ryijoro bityo cyane cyane! Ngwino hano hamwe n'inshuti n'umuryango wawe, abasangirangendo, abafatanyabikorwa kandi udashaka kandi musangire muburambe bwa Masterpiece! Uru ruganda ni rwiza kubatuye mu turere twa Kicukiro, Kabeza, Kimironko, Kanombe! Agace: KN 5 Rd, Kigali '''Kigali Heights''' Ikibanza cyiterambere cya Kigali giherereye imbere yakarere ka Kimihurura. Igishushanyo mbonera cya Sub Area cyerekana Agace ka Kimihurura nk 'igice cya kabiri kiri imbere muri kamwe mu turere twahinduwe cyane na Kigali kandi kazengurutswe nibice byingenzi bihari kandi byateganijwe. Uzakurikirana amaduka, cafe, nububiko rusange. Agace: KG 7 Ave ''' M Peace Plaza''' M. Harmony Plaza ni ugukata ibintu byose muburyo bumwe hamwe nu bicuruzwa, umwanya wibiro hamwe nudukingirizo twa premium. M.Peace Plaza itanga urwego rwo hejuru, umwanya wibiro, amasoko yo kwidagadura. Urashobora kubaho, gukora, guhaha no kudindiza muri M.Peace Plaza. Agace: KN 4 Ave, Kigali CHIC Shopping Center Inyubako ya Stylish ninyubako nini yubucuruzi iherereye mumujyi rwagati. Ntibisanzwe kandi byumunsi, urashobora kubona hafi ya byose kugirango wuzuze ibyo ukeneye. Witegure rero gushima ibiryo hamwe na buri kimwe cya gastronomi, amaduka, amazu yimyenda, ibikoresho byo murugo ndetse nakazi kakazi! Agace: KN 2 Ave, Kigali '''MIC Shopping Mall''' Igice cyabantu ku giti cyabo bafata MIC y'Ubucuruzi ya MIC nkikigo cyiza cyubucuruzi cyumujyi kubijyanye nimyambarire. Shakisha byongeye ubwinshi bwamaduka. Agace: KN 2 Ave, Kigali '''Grand Pension Plaza''' Stupendous Pension Plaza ni [[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|umucuruzi]] ukorera muri Kigali. Pansiyo iteye ubwoba i Nyarugenge, hafi yubumwe bwubucuruzi. Ahantu heza cyane guhaha! Agace: 2 KN 3 Ave, Kigali '''Tropical Plaza''' Tropical Plaza ni inyubako yubucuruzi iherereye mumujyi wa Kigali ituranye na parike itwara abantu kandi ikikijwe nimiryango myinshi itandukanye. Ni ahantu heza kububiko, aho bakorera, ububiko rusange, resitora, nibindi. Agace: KN 82 St, Kigali '''Kigali Shopping''' Gura no Kugurisha muri platform [[https://kigalishopping.com/|Kigali Shopping]]. Ni isoko rizwi cyane mu Rwanda Itanga amatangazo atandukanye yo gukodesha no guhana, kugura inzu, imodoka, ikibanza nibindi bitangaje. m08bwbee1t12hupdc19k8jpp2m75rml 0 12934 138975 135595 2026-09-19T07:05:37Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138975 wikitext text/x-wiki AMATEKA YA SENDERI HIT ... Ni muntu ki? Eric Senderi Nzaramba ni umuhanzi nyarwanda uririmba injyana ya Afro Beat, wamenyekanye cyane ku mazina ya "Eric Senderi" cyangwa "Senderi International Hit"<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/muzika/article/senderi-international-hit-agarukanye-indirimbo-nshya</ref> . uyu [[Umuhanzi Kamariza|muhanzi]] akaba ari umwe mu bakunze kwifashishwa mu bitaramo birimo gahunda za Leta n'ibindi bitaramo.<ref>https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/avoka-y-indushyi-imanuka-ihiye-kandi-ibiryo-by-umunyamujyi-ntibibura-senderi</ref> Eric Senderi Nzaramba, yavukiye mu Ntara y’I Burasirazuba mu Karere ka Kirehe, Umurenge wa Nyarubuye, Akagari ka Nyarutunga ubu akaba atuye mu mujyi wa Kigali. Yavutse ku itariki ya 15 Werurwe 1977. Avuka mu muryango w’abana icyenda, ubu hasigaye babiri. Se yitwa Ndikumwami Yohana, Nyina akitwa Mukaderevu Esperanse. Amashuri abanza yayigiye I Nyarubuye n’ay’imyuga atatu.<ref group="Ni umuhanzi">Ni amakuru yakusanyijwe n'umunyamakuru wa www.mamb1.com</ref> Nyuma yaje kujya mu gisirikare cy’inkotanyi gutabara, yaje kuva mu gisirikare mu 2007.<ref>ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru</ref> Yinjiye mu buhanzi akiri muto ari mu itorero ry’aho yari atuye hitwa Nyarutunga gusa no mu gisirikare yari utera indirimbo (Ossi Morale) ari nabyo byaje kumufasha mu buhanzi bwe. Atangira guhimba indirimbo zivuga kuri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994.<ref>ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru</ref> Yakoze nk’iyitwa "Intimba y’Intore z’Imana, Humura ntibizongera, Nyarubuye Iwacu, Twigirire Icyizere" n’izindi nyinshi zigera kuri 42. Izi ndirimbo zikaba zinafite amashusho yazo. <ref group="ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru">ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru</ref> Nyuma yaje gukora n'indirimbo zivuga ku buzima busanzwe, nk’iyitwa "Turi mu muvuduko, Cyimbagira, Abanyamujyi, Abanyarwanda Twaribohoye, Abasore Bariho Nta Cash, Reka Jarousie, Ndanyuzwe, Sofia, Umunyana, Kora, Abareyo, APR Fc, Sukura Umujyi," n’izindi nyinshi.<ref group="Ni umuhanzi">ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru</ref> Yahawe ibikombe Senderi yagiye hegukana ibikombe harimo icyo yahawe n’Umujyi wa Kigali cy’indirimbo yitwa Sukura Umujyi. Iki gikombe cyamuhesheje itike yo gutembera muri Afurika y’Epfo na Madagascar. Yaje no gutoranywa mu bahanzi batatu muri Afurika bafite indirimbo zishobora guhoza abana bahuye n’imitingito ku isi, imyuzure, Jenoside n’ibindi biza.<ref group="ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru">ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru</ref> Yahawe igihembo na Perezida wa Repubulika Paul Kagame cyo kujya muri America(muri Mexico) gushyigikira ikipe y’igihugu y’abatarengeje imyaka 17 aho yari iri mu gikombe cy’isi. Aha yahawe n'umwanya wo kuririmba muri icyo gikombe cy'isi.<ref>ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru</ref> Senderi ni umwe mu bahanzi bitabiriye irushanwa rya 'Primus Guma Guma Super Star' inshuro eshatu zikurikiranya. Yitabiriye itangwa ry'ibihembo bya 'Salax Awards' abyegukana inshuro eshatu.<ref>ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru</ref> Yabashije no kwegukana ibihembo nk'umuhanzi ukunzwe cyane n'abaturage muri 'Kalisimbi Awards' naho yacyegukanye inshuro eshatu.<ref group="ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru">ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru</ref> Kugeza ubu ni umwe mu bahanzi Nyarwanda babashije kuririmba muri [[Stade Amahoro]] ivuguruye yakira abantu ibihumbi 45.<ref group="ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru">ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru</ref> Senderi ni umuhanzi wagiye arangwa n'udushya twinshi haba mu bitaramo ndetse no mu buzima busanzwe harimo no kuba yarigeze kwitwa musaza wa Miss Rwanda 2015 [[Kundwa doriane|Kundwa Doriane]].<ref group="ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru">ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru</ref> = amashakiro = {{Reflist}}https://web.archive.org/web/20250702120437/https://mambo1.com/udushya-nibyaranze-ubuzima-bwa-senderi-mu-muziki-ugiye-kwizihiza-imyaka-20-aririmba/ [[Ikiciro:Umunyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Umunyamwuga]] [[Ikiciro:Entertainment]] [[Ikiciro:Umuhanzi]] [[Ikiciro:Rwandan artists]] jzqnayag7k8a87v8i5p9mdn02v4z7tu 0 13263 138933 136399 2026-09-19T05:42:19Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138933 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Politekinike y’u Rwanda (RP)''' ni ikigo cy’amashuri makuru ya leta cyashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2017. Intego yacyo nyamukuru ni uguteza imbere imyuga n'ubumenyi ngiro (TVET) mu Rwanda, gukora ubushakashatsi no gufasha abanyeshuri guhanga udushya no kwihangira iimirimo. Politekinike y'u Rwanda igizwe na Koleji 8 zikurikira: * Koleji ya Gishari ikorera mu [[Akarere ka Rwamagana|karere ka Rwamagana]]; * Koleji ya Huye ikorera mu karere ka Huye; * Koleji ya Karongi ikorera mu [[Akarere ka Karongi|karere ka Karongi]]; * Koleji ya Kigali ikorera mu karere ka Kicukiro; * Koleji ya Kitabi ikorera mu karere ka Nyamagabe; * Koleji ya Musanze ikorera mu [[Akarere ka Musanze|karere ka Musanze]]; * Koleji ya Ngoma ikorera mu karere ka Ngoma * Koleji ya Tumba ikorera mu karere ka Rulindo. === Inshingano === Mu nshingano za Politekinike y’u Rwanda harimo: * gutegura porogaramu z’amasomo zemezwa n’urwego rubifitiye ububasha mu bijyanye n’amashuri makuru; * gutanga inyigisho n’amahugurwa mu myuga n’ubumenyingiro bisozwa no gutanga impamyabushobozi cyangwa impamyabumenyi zemerewe gutangwa; * gutanga amahugurwa y’igihe gito mu bijyanye n’imyuga n’ubumenyingiro; * gukora, guteza imbere no gukwirakwiza ubushakashatsi, harimo ubushakashatsi bw’ibanze n’ubushakashatsi ngiro; * guteza imbere udushya n’ikoranabuhanga no guhanga ibisubizo bishya by’ibibazo byugarije sosiyete n’ubukungu; * gutangaza no kumenyekanisha ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi; * kugira uruhare mu kuvumbura, kubungabunga, guhererekanya no gukoresha ubumenyi; * gutanga uburezi hakoreshejwe uburyo bw’imbonankubone, iyakure cyangwa uburyo bwombi; * gutanga ubumenyi n’ubushobozi bukenewe mu kwigisha no gutoza imyuga n’ubumenyingiro; * guteza imbere uburere, umuco n’indangagaciro Nyarwanda; * kugira uruhare mu gukemura ibibazo bijyanye n’iterambere ry’Igihugu; * guteza imbere ubushobozi bw’abarimu n’abashakashatsi no kunoza imicungire yabo; * gukorana n’izindi nzego za Leta, iz’abikorera n’abantu ku giti cyabo mu guteza imbere ireme ry’imyigishirize no gutanga ubumenyi n’ubumenyingiro bujyanye n’ibikenewe ku isoko ry’umurimo; no * gukorana n’inzego zo ku rwego rw’Igihugu, urw’akarere ndetse n’urwego mpuzamahanga, cyane cyane ibigo n’imiryango bifite mu nshingano uburezi, ubushakashatsi n’udushya. === Amashakiro: === 34ijfzt5zmpc5s3g66fhvbwtowhrv1o 0 13551 138976 135647 2026-09-19T07:06:22Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138976 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag of Angola.svg|thumb|Ibendera rya Angola|241x241px]] Kuva kera Angola yanenzwe cyane kubera uburenganzira bwa muntu. Raporo y’umwaka wa 2012 yakozwe na Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika yagize iti: "Ibintu bitatu by’ihohoterwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu [mu mwaka wa 2012] ni ruswa no kudahana; imipaka ku bwisanzure bwo guterana, kwishyira hamwe, kuvuga, no gutangaza amakuru; n'ibihano by'ubugome kandi birenze urugero, birimo ibibazo by’iyicarubozo no gukubitwa ndetse n’ubwicanyi butemewe n’abapolisi n’abandi bashinzwe umutekano. Ibindi ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu birimo: imfungwa zikaze kandi zishobora guhungabanya ubuzima; gufata no gufunga bidatinze; gufungwa by'agateganyo; kudahana abahohotera uburenganzira bwa muntu; kutagira inzira y'ubucamanza no kudakora neza mu bucamanza; kuvutswa uburenganzira bw’abenegihugu no kwirukanwa ku gahato nta ndishyi; ivangura n'ihohoterwa rikorerwa [[Umugore|abagore]]; guhohotera abana; gucuruza abantu; ivangura rishingiye ku bumuga, abasangwabutaka, n'ababana na virusi itera [[SIDA]]; imipaka ku burenganzira bw'abakozi; n'imirimo y'agahato.<ref name=":0">https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/204298.pdf</ref> == Amateka == ''Ingingo nyamukuru: Intambara y'abenegihugu ya Angola'' Angola yahoze ikolonizwa na Porutugali, intambara yo kwigenga yabaye kuva 1961 kugeza 1975. Nyuma ya Angola ibonye ubwigenge mu 1975, iki gihugu cyahise gihita cyinjira mu ntambara y'abenegihugu hagati y’umutwe uyobora rubanda uharanira kubohoza Angola (MPLA), wari ushyigikiwe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti na Cuba, ndetse n'Ubumwe bw'igihugu ku bwigenge busesuye bwa Angola (UNITA), rushyigikiwe na Amerika na Afurika y'Epfo; ubu amakimbirane afatwa nkimwe mu ntambara zikomeye z’intambara y'ubutita, MPLA na UNITA zombi zakoresheje abasirikare b'abana. Intambara yarangiye mu 2002 itsinze MPLA, yatumye habaho ikibazo cy'ubutabazi mu gihugu; mu 2003, 80 ku ijana by'Abanya Angola ntibari bafite ubuvuzi bw'ibanze naho 60 ku ijana nta mazi bari bafite.<ref name=":1">https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/30/world/angolans-come-home-to-negative-peace.html</ref> Nk’uko Freedom House ibitangaza, intambara y'abenegihugu yo muri Angola "yahitanye abantu bagera kuri miliyoni, yimura abantu barenga miliyoni enye, kandi ihatira igice kirenga miliyoni kugira ngo bahungire mu bihugu bituranye. Abantu benshi bimuwe basigaye badafite ubutaka, umutungo wibanze, cyangwa ibyangombwa bibaranga. Igikorwa cyo kwimura abantu cyadindijwe n’uko hari ibiturika bigera ku 500.000 ndetse n’ibikorwa remezo byangijwe n’intambara. Amatora y’abadepite, yatinze inshuro nyinshi kuva mu 1997, amaherezo yabaye muri Nzeri 2008. "<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20181211115409/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/angola</ref> Angola, republika ishingiye ku itegekonshinga, iyobowe na MPLA kuva mu 1975, ibiro bya perezida ubu bifitwe na João Lourenço kuva mu 2017.<ref>https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-angolas-new-president-joao-lourenco/a-40218458</ref> == Uburenganzira shingiro == Mu gihe itegeko nshinga rya Angola n’amategeko abuza ivangura rishingiye ku bwoko, igitsina, idini, ubumuga, ururimi, cyangwa imibereho, guverinoma ntiyashyize mu bikorwa ibyo bibujijwe.<ref name=":0" /> Ruswa ntiyemewe ariko ikwirakwizwa muri guverinoma ya Angola no mu bucuruzi; ntibikurikiranwa. Kwambura abantu benshi, kimwe na ruswa y'abayobozi ba leta mu bucuruzi. Amatora ya mbere nyuma y'intambara yabaye mu 2008, kandi yafatwaga nk'uburinganire muri rusange, nubwo guverinoma igenzura itangazamakuru yabihaye inyungu ikomeye ugereranije n'abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi. Perezida n’inama [[Inama y’Abaminisitiri|y’abaminisitiri]] bafite ububasha bunini, hamwe n’inama njyanama, mu izina rya perezida, bakora imirimo y’ubuyobozi n’amategeko. Ubusanzwe amategeko ategurwa na perezida n'Inama Njyanama kandi ashyikirizwa Inteko ishinga amategeko yatowe kugira ngo hashyirweho kashe.<ref name=":2">https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154330.htm</ref> Ugushyingo 2011, abanyamuryango ba UNITA “basohotse mu mpaka z’abadepite ku bijyanye n’amategeko mashya agenga amatora y’amatora rusange ya 2012”, binubira ko “akubiyemo ingingo zinyuranyije n’amategeko”.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141231125509/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/angola/report-2012</ref> Muri Gicurasi 2012, Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu wasohoye raporo yiswe "'Nugaruka tuzakwica': Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina n'ihohoterwa rikorerwa abimukira b'Abanyekongo mu gihe cyo kwirukanwa muri Angola", aho ryasobanuye "uburyo buteye ubwoba bwo guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abagize inzego z’umutekano za Angola barwanya abimukira b’Abanyekongo. Abagore n’abakobwa bakunze gufungwa n’abana babo, bakorewe ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina harimo gufata ku ngufu, gusambanya ku gahato, no guhatirwa guhamya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ry’abandi bagore n’abakobwa. Gukubita, gutesha agaciro no gufata nabi ubumuntu, gutabwa muri yombi uko bishakiye, no kwanga inzira ikwiye byakunze kugaragara mu gihe cyo gukusanya abimukira badafite ibyangombwa, no gufungwa mbere yo kubirukana. "<ref>https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/21/angola-stop-rape-abuse-congolese-migrants</ref> Ubuzima muri Angola buza ku mwanya mubi ku isi, kandi igice kinini cy’abaturage ni bo bitabwaho n’ubuvuzi bwa mbere.<ref name=":1" /> [[Dosiye:2015 03 08 AMISOM Celebrates International Women's Day-8 (16548711867).jpg|thumb|Ibirori byo kwizihiza umunsi mpuzamahanga w'umugore muri Kenya|265x265px]] == Uburenganzira bw'umugore == Dukurikije itegeko nshinga rya Angola n’amategeko, abagore bafite uburenganzira bungana n’abagabo, ariko ivangura ry’abaturage rirakwirakwira cyane cyane hanze y’imijyi, kandi itegeko nyobozi ribuza abagore gukora imirimo imwe n'imwe.<ref name=":2" /> Gufata ku ngufu, harimo no gufata ku ngufu abashakanye, bishobora guhanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka umunani, ariko imanza nyinshi ntizikurikiranwa kubera amikoro make. Ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo ryasobanuwe "gukwirakwira, cyane cyane mu mijyi"; kugeza muri Kamena 2011 inteko ishinga amategeko ya Angola yemeje itegeko rihana. Umubare munini w'abagore bakorerwa ihohoterwa runaka mbere yimyaka 15. Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina naryo rirakwirakwira kandi ntabwo ritemewe, ariko rishobora gukurikiranwa nko gusebanya cyangwa gukorerwa ihohoterwa.<ref>https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154330.htm</ref> Abagore, kimwe n'abasaza ndetse n'abana, rimwe na rimwe bakorerwa ihohoterwa n'abantu babashinja uburozi. Ibice nk'ibi birashobora kuviramo urupfu. Abapolisi ntibabigiramo uruhare kuko batinya ko bazabatera amarozi. Amajana na yo yiciwe mu mihango y'idini ikaze.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141231125509/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/angola/report-2012</ref> Kuringaniza imbyaro biremewe muri Angola.<ref name=":3">https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154330.htm</ref> == Uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga == Ivangura rikorerwa abamugaye ntiryemewe, ariko ibi mubikorwa ntabwo byubahirizwa neza. Nta tegeko riteganya intebe y’ibimuga kugera ku nyubako cyangwa ubundi burinzi cyangwa serivisi ku bamugaye. Mu bamugaye muri Angola harimo abantu ibihumbi icumi bakomerekejwe n'ibiturika byo mu butaka.<ref name=":3" /> Angola yemeje Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye kurengera ababana n'ubumuga mu Kuboza 2012 anashyiraho komisiyo ihuriweho na minisiteri ishinzwe gukurikirana ikoreshwa ryayo.<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/201212140132.html</ref> == Uburenganzira bw'abasangwabutaka == Abahigi-gakondo bahiga ntaho bahuriye na societe ya Angola muri rusange cyangwa leta ya Angola, nubwo leta zintara zigira uruhare mubikorwa byo kunoza serivisi n’itumanaho.<ref name=":3" /> == Uburenganzira bwa VIH / SIDA == Birabujijwe kuvangura ababana na virusi itera SIDA, ariko kubuzwa ntabwo byubahirizwa.<ref name=":3" /> Nk’uko amakuru amwe abivuga, "abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA bahura n<nowiki>'ikibazo cyo gupfobya buri munsi.'' Inkomoko ivuga ku bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2003 ivuga ko "niba umucuruzi wo muri ako gace yari azwiho kuba yaranduye virusi itera sida, hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’urubyiruko rwose (kandi abarenga bibiri bya gatatu by’abatagira amashuri) bavuze ko banze kumugurira ibiryo. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, abarenze kimwe cya gatatu (kandi hafi bibiri bya gatatu by'abatagira amashuri) banze gusangira ifunguro n'umuntu wanduye virusi itera SIDA.''</nowiki><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130807035616/http://thebridgeuk-angola.org.uk/id21.html</ref> == Uburenganzira bw'impunzi n'abasaba ubuhunzi == Amategeko ya Angola yemerera gutanga ubuhungiro n’impunzi, kandi hashyizweho uburyo bwo kurinda impunzi.<ref name=":3" /> [[Dosiye:LGBT flag map of Kenya.svg|thumb|ikirango cya LGBT muri Kenya]] == Uburenganzira bwa LGBT == ''Ingingo nyamukuru: Uburenganzira bwa LGBT muri Angola'' Raporo y’uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya 2012 yasanze, Iri tegeko rihana ibikorwa by’abahuje ibitsina, nubwo nta manza zavuzwe [muri 2012] z’iri tegeko zubahirizwa. Umushinga w’amategeko ahana yo gusimbuza amategeko yari asanzweho (yemejwe mu 1886 kandi, hamwe n’ivugururwa ryinshi, yari afite agaciro mu mpera zumwaka) yemejwe mu 2011.Umushinga w'amategeko, akoreshwa rimwe na rimwe n'inzego z'ubutabera, yemera uburenganzira bwo guhuza ibitsina. Itegekonshinga risobanura gushyingirwa nko hagati y'umugabo n'umugore. [Imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta] ... yatangaje umuryango muto w'abatinganyi, abaryamana bahuje ibitsina, abaryamana bahuje ibitsina, ndetse n’abahindura ibitsina (LGBT) i Luanda. Hari amakuru yihariye y’abashakanye bahuje ibitsina bahohoterwa n’abaturage babo. Nta ONG yari iharanira uburenganzira bw'umuryango wa LGBT.<ref name=":0" /> Muri 2019, Angola yamaganye abaryamana bahuje ibitsina.<ref>https://freedomhouse.org/country/angola/freedom-world/2020</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Uburenganzira bwa muntu mu gihugu cya Angola]] i5a2oelmyvfxr53egv9rf3zp9ksahvq 0 13667 138943 115921 2026-09-19T05:46:58Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 138943 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Raw Ginger.jpg|thumb|Tangawizi]] [[Dosiye:Ginger rhizome.jpg|thumb|Ginger rhizome]] [[Dosiye:Ginger Root Display.JPG|thumb|Ginger Root Display]] [[Dosiye:Fresh Ginger.JPG|thumb|Fresh Ginger]] [[Dosiye:HK spice food herb root plant 薑塊 Ginger February 2021 SS2 01.jpg|thumb|Tangawizi]] [[Dosiye:Starr-070730-7818-Zingiber officinale-root-Foodland Pukalani-Maui (24522815389).jpg|thumb|Tangawizi]] [[Dosiye:Ingwer.JPG|thumb|Tangawizi]] [[Dosiye:Ginger in a plate 2.jpg|thumb|Ginger in a plate ]] [[Dosiye:Djindjipe.JPG|thumb|Tangawizi]] Tangawizi ni ikimera cyongera imbaraga mu mubiri ndetse kikanongera ubushake bwo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina nk’uko bisobanurwa na Evelyne Chartier, umuganga akaba n’umuhanga mu bijyanye n’imirire (nutritionniste). == Ibiyigize == ''Tangawizi ikize ku myunyu-ngugu na vitamin zitandukanye. Muri byo, muri garama 100 zayo dusangamo:'' * Ibyongera ingufu – 17.77 g * Protein – 1.82 g * Isukari- 1.7 g * Sodium – 13 mg * Vitamin B6 – 0.16 mg * Calcium – 16 mg * [[Dosiye:3 - ginger, old.jpg|thumb|Tangawizi]]Vitamin C – 5 mg * Potassium – 415 mg * Magnesium – 43 mg * Phosphorus – 34 mg * Zinc – 0.34 mg * Vitamin B9- 11 mcg * B2- 0.034 mg * B3 – 0.75 mg * Ubutare (Iron/Fer) – 0.6 mg == Akamaro == [[Dosiye:Lamu Ginger.jpg|thumb|Ginger]] '''Ubuzima bw'amagufa:''' ku barwayi bafite ikibazo cyo guhururwa mu magufa (osteoarthritis), gukoresha tangawizi buri gihe bibafasha koroherwa n’uburibwe. Si ibyo gusa kuko kuba harimo gingenols bituma tangawizi iba nziza mu kuvura indwara zo kubyimbirwa. Byaba indwara ya goute, kubyimba mu ngingo, byose tangawizi ni umuti wabyo. Yinywe mu cyayi cyangwa uyicanire mu mazi yo koga, uyoge ari akazuyazi, uvuye muri sauna ntacyo azaba akurusha. '''Impiswi:''' kuva na kera yagiye ikoreshwa mu kuvura impiswi no kubabara mu nda nyuma yo kurya. Ushobora kuyihekenya ukamira amazi yayo, cyangwa ugakora icyayi cyayo ukanywa. '''Ifasha gusura:''' akenshi hari igihe dutinya gusura, ugasanga ibyuka bitangiye kutuvugira mu nda. Biriya byuka iyo bizamutse aho kumanuka ngo binyure mu kibuno, bishobora kwangiza inyama zoroshye zo mu gice cyo hejuru y’amara. Niba byakubayeho rero, tangawizi izagufasha gusunika ibyo byuka binyure mu nzira byagenewe. [[Dosiye:Ginger Root (179871501).jpeg|thumb|ginger Root]] '''Igogorwa:''' izwiho kuringaniza isukari mu maraso. Iyi sukari iyo yabaye nyinshi nyuma yo kurya bituma igifu kidakora neza ngo gisye ibiryo. Kunywa icyayi cya tangawizi nyuma yo kurya rero bizatuma igogorwa rigenda neza. '''Kirinda kanseri:''' ya gingenol twabonye ibamo, ifasha umubiri mu kwirinda kanseri zinyuranye cyane cyane iy’amara n’iya nyababyeyi. '''Gusukura no gusohora uburozi mu mubiri:''' tangawizi itera akenshi kubira ibyuya bikaba ari byiza mu mubiri kuko bifungura utwengehu nuko uburozi bwari mu mubiri bugasohoka. Ibyuya bibamo dermicin, ikaba izwiho guhangana na twa mikorobi twakangiza uruhu. Ku bantu rero babira ibyuya kenshi bibarinda indwara ziterwa na [[bagiteri]] na virusi, zifata ku ruhu. '''Ifasha gutera akabariro:''' izwiho kongera iruba ryo gutera akabariro. Mu kubikora itera amaraso gutembera no kongera umuvuduko bityo igitsina kigafata umurego neza. [[Dosiye:Fresh Ginger.JPG|thumb|Fressh Ginger]] '''Ku bagore batwite,''' ya sesemi no kuruka bya mugitondo uyu ni umuti wabyo. Yicanire mu mazi ukamuriremo indimu wongeremo ubuki, uraba unongereye vitamin C. Si ku bagore gusa kuko no kuruka uri ku rugendo (motion sickness) bivurwa no guhekenya agatangawizi mbere yo kujya mu modoka. Nubwo irimo isukari ariko ni nkeya ku buryo ahubwo ifasha mu kurwanya diyabete. Kuyinywa mu rugero birwanya kandi indwara zimwe z’umutima. Ku bagore cyangwa abakobwa bagira imihango ibababaza, kunywa icyayi cya tangawizi birabafasha. '''Ibicurane:''' kuba irimo [[vitamini C]] bifasha umubiri kongera ubudahangarwa, bityo bikawufasha guhangana n’ibicurane. === Icyitonderwa: === Kunywa nyinshi cyane si byiza kuko bishobora gutera amaraso kuvuduka cyane. Ku barwayi bafite utubuye mu ruhago (gallstones) kimwe n’abarwayi b’impyiko si byiza kuyikoresha. === Reba: === # <ref>https://rwandamagazine.com/ubuzima/article/akamaro-gakomeye-ka-tangawizi-ku-mubiri-w-umuntu</ref> # <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/menya-akamaro-kanini-tangawizi-ifite-ku-buzima-bw-umuntu</ref> * * 0sg57drrj4ayrxnojtnbk61594a19j0 0 13703 138980 111083 2026-09-19T07:27:43Z Rwamucyo250 18948 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138980 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Airmen support Rwandan Defense Force troop rotation.png|thumb]] '''Sisitemu y’umubiri''' ni icyifuzo kitavugwaho rumwe, bivugwa ko ari ingaruka za hypothesis ya Gaia . Igitekerezo cya Gaia kivuga ko isi yose ishobora gufatwa nkibinyabuzima kimwe (Gaia). Nk'ibinyabuzima byigenga, Isi yaba ifite sisitemu y'umubiri runaka kugira ngo ibungabunge ubuzima bwayo. [[Dosiye:Weapons-01.png|thumb]] Bamwe mu bashyigikiye iki gitekerezo cy’ibihimbano, nk'urugero, bemeza ko abantu bashobora gufatwa nk '" ubwandu " bwa Gaia, kandi ko [[SIDA]] ari igerageza ry’ubu buryo bwo kwirinda indwara. " [[Kanseri]] " ishobora kuba ijambo risobanutse neza, kuko abantu bahindutse muri Gaia, kandi ntabwo ari abateye hanze. Ibinyuranye ni uko abantu ari ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri wa Gaia ubwabwo, wenda byahindutse kugira ngo birinde amakuba azaza nka Permian na Cretaceous kuzimangana kw'ibinyabuzima. [[Igitabo]] cya James Lovelock " Kwihorera kwa Gaia " cyerekana ko Gaia ifite uburyo bwinshi bwo gukuraho umuco wangiza bitewe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere hamwe n’ubushyuhe bukabije bw’isi, ariko byerekana ko hamwe n’ubushyuhe bwiyongera buturuka ku zuba, ubushobozi bwa Gaia bwo "gusubira inyuma" nkuko byagenze nyuma yibyabaye bya Permiya na Cretaceous, birashobora guhungabana. [[Dosiye:Veere (NL), Haven, Kanonen -- 2022 -- 5101.jpg|thumb]] Paul Hawken atanga igitekerezo muri ''Blessed Unrest'' ko iyo Isi ifatwa nk'ubuzima sisitemu y’umubiri y’isi igizwe na miliyoni cyangwa imiryango hafi ya yose ku isi ikorera mu butabera, ibidukikije, n’uburenganzira bw’abasangwabutaka. Amenshi muri ayo matsinda ahujwe binyuze kuri interineti nubundi buryo kuburyo hariho urusobe runini rwabantu bahujwe nitsinda rikora kurinda isi, abantu bayo, nibiremwa byose. Kurugero, umuryango umwe ukora kugirango uhuze amatsinda akora ku mbaraga zirambye ni Inforse muri Danimarike. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=International Network for Sustainable Energy |url=http://www.inforse.org/ |access-date=31 May 2015 |website=INFORSE}}</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} ; '''Bibliografiya''' * {{Cite web |last=Bailey |first=Ronald |date=31 July 2002 |title=Defenders of Earth. Are humans Gaia's immune system? |url=http://reason.com/archives/2002/07/31/defenders-of-earth |access-date=31 May 2015 |website=Reason.com}} * {{Cite web |last=Lehman |first=Andy |date=12 April 2003 |title=Subtle Psychopathy and Schizophrenic Supermen: Gandhi Was a Cultural Oncologist |url=http://www.newciv.org/nl/newslog.php/_v68/__show_article/_a000068-000018.htm |access-date=31 May 2015 |website=New Civilization Network}} *   *   d8ex7qc4zcdrinxbmlu21aqv06kxfeg 0 13996 138970 91029 2026-09-19T07:03:17Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138970 wikitext text/x-wiki U Rwanda ruri mu bihugu birajwe ishinga no guteza imbere ubukungu butonona ibidukikije. Nibura 50,9% by’abarutuye ni [[Umugore|abagore]] ndetse bagira uruhare runini mu buhinzi bufatwa nk’urwego rwatanga umusanzu ukomeye mu kubungabunga ibidukikije. Imibare y’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ibarurishamiobare mu 2018 yerekanye ko abagore 76% bakora mu buhinzi, mu gihe abagabo bari 54%. Uretse kuba biganje mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi, magingo aya bari no mu nzego zigira uruhare mu ishyirwaho ry’ingamba n’ibyemezo byo kubungabunga ibidukikije. Nk’urugero Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Kurengera Ibidukikije (REMA) na Minisiteri y’Ibidukikije biyobowe n’Abagore, hakaba n’indi miryango itandukanye bimeze bityo. Birumvikana ko hari uruhare rukomeye bagira mu kubibungabunga binyuze mu ngamba n’amabwiriza ndetse n’iyubahirizwa ryabyo. == Inzitizi zibazitira mugutanga unusanzu == Mugurirwa Odette, umuhinzi wo mu Karere ka Rulindo, mu kiganiro kigufi yagiranye na IGIHE yavuze ko yigeze kwishyira hamwe na bagenzi be bafite igitekerezo cyo gukora umushinga wo gukora uruhumbikiro rw’ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka ariko bakabura igishoro. Ati “Twari abantu 28 dushaka gukora pepinyeri tubura amikoro yo kugura imbuto, amashashi no gukodesha umurima. Twashakaga iz’ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka n’imyaka nka [[avoka]], imyembe n’amaronji.” == Ingamba == Mugurirwa yemeje ko kubungabunga ibidukikije bimufasha no mu zindi gahunda zirimo kurwanya imirire mibi hirindwa igwingira, bwaki n’izindi ndwara zirishingiyeho. Ibyo ngo umugore ni we uri ku ruhembe rwo kubimenya akanabikora neza kuko ari we utegura amafunguro. Kanyamugenge yemeje ko abagore ari bo bagira uruhare runini mu burezi bw’abana, bityo kuba baba bafite indangagaciro zo kubungabunga ibidukikije byakoroha kuzibiba no mu bakibyiruka bikazikurana. Yagaragaje ko mu bunararibonye bafite basanze abagore bifitemo ubushobozi bwo kumva ibintu vuba no guhindura abandi, ku buryo icyo bamaze kumenya ko cyagira akamaro mu kubungabunga ibidukikije bagishishikariza bagenzi babo byihuse. Mugurirwa yasabye abagore bagenzi be gutinyuka bakegera abandi, bakamenya amakuru, bagatanga ibitekerezo ndetse bakagaragaza inzitizi bafite kuko ari byo bizabafasha kugera ku ntego zabo zirimo kugaragaza umusanzu mu kubungabunga ibidukikije. Iyangirika ry’ibidukikije ni kimwe mu bihangayikishije Isi mu gihe ihanganye n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe, iri guteza inkongi z’imiriro mu mashyamba atandukanye hirya no hino ahandi hakaba imyuzure n’imiyaga idasanzwe. Iterambere rijyanye no kubirengera ni ryo ryimakajwe, aho inzego nyinshi zigomba gukoreshwamo ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo bigerweho. Ibyo ariko bigomba kujyana no kugenzura ko nta basigara inyuma mu igenwa n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ingamba na politiki bitandukanye. == Reba == <ref>[http://mobile.igihe.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/inzitizi-zigipfukirana-umusanzu-w-umunyarwandakazi-mu-kubungabunga-ibidukikije http://www.igihe.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/inzitizi-zigipfukirana-umusanzu-w-umunyarwandakazi-mu-kubungabunga-ibidukikije]</ref> ql61p01w0usxik8pxzek5f5u5aw3v9q 0 14032 138950 117523 2026-09-19T05:52:15Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138950 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''U Rwanda rwari rwarihaye intego ko muri gahunda y’imbaturabukungu ya mbere (EDPRS I) y’Icyerekezo 2020, ari ukugira amashyamba ateye ku buso bungana na 30%  bw’ubuso bw’igihugu ariko ibarura ryakozwe mu 2019 ryerekanye ko byagezweho ndetse buranarenga bugera kuri 30,4% ( Ministry of Environment report na Bonn Challenge report).''''' Mu rwego rwo gukomeza gushimangira iyi ntambwe, Ikigo gishinzwe Amashyamba mu Rwanda (RFA), ku bufatanye n’Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita kubidukikije (IUCN), ndetse na RWARRI kubufatanye n' Uturere twa Kirehe na Nyagatare, binyuze mu mushinga ugamije kubakira abaturage ba turiya turere ubudahangarwa ku mihindagurikire y'ikirere (AREECA), bakomeje ibikorwa by'indashyikirwa byiganjemo gutera amashyamba mashya, gusana no gusazura amashyamba ashaze, gutera ibiti bivangwa n'imyaka, gutera ibiti by'imbuto ziribwa ndetse no gutanga imbabura zigabanya ibicanwa<ref>https://iucn.org/story/202205/restoring-forest-landscapes-eastern-province-rwanda</ref>. Ibi byose byiyongeraho guhugura abaturage bo bene ibikorwa, akaba ari bo babigiramo uruhare guhera mu gutegura ahazaterwa ibiti, gutegura pipiniyeri, gutera ibiti ndetse no kubikurikirana. Uyu ni umushinga ushyirwa mu bikorwa 100% n'abaturage ( Community Centric Approach). Uyu mushinga wa AREECA ukaba ukorera mu bihugu bine ari byo u Rwanda, Kenya, Malawi na Cameroon ku kunga ya Leta y'Abadage binyuze muri IKI (GIZ). [[Dosiye:DUSAFO_planting_trees.jpg|thumb|gutera ibiti |300x300px]] [[Dosiye:Nyungwe_National_Park,_Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda]] [[Dosiye:IUCN_logo.svg|thumb|IUCN logo]] == Intego == Uyu mushinga wa AREECA ufite intego yo kongerera abaturage ba Kirehe na Nyagatare ubudahangarwa ku mihindagurikire y'ikirere, binyuze mu kongera ibiti bivangwa n'imyaka ndetse n'amashyamba. Uyu mushinga ufite intego kandi yo gukumira ubutayu no kugunduka ku butaka muri turiya turere, haterwa ibiti bivangwa n'imyaka mu rwego rwo kongera umusaruro ukomoka ku buhinzi. Uyu mushinga ufite indi ntego yo guha ubumenyi abaturage uko ubwabo barwanya kugunduka ku butaka n'ubutayu binyuze mu mahugurwa ndetse n'imfashanyigisho zitangwa na IUCN ku bufatanye na RFA na RWARRI. == Ibindi == Uyu mushinga ugamije kubakira abaturage bo mu turere twa Kirehe na Nyagatare ubudahangarwa ku mihindagurukire y’ikirere (AREECA), ushyirwa mu bikorwa n’'''Umuryanga Mpuzamahanga wita ku Kubungabunga Ibidukikije – IUCN''' kubufatanye n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe amashyamba- RFA, uturere twa Kirehe na Nyagatare ndetse n’Umuryango Nyarwanda Uharanira Iterambere ry’icyaro- RWARRI, ku nkunga ya Minisiteri y’ibidukikije y’ [[Abadage]] (German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety- BMU). Uyu mushinga ukorera mu bihugu 4 aribyo Rwanda, Kenya, Cameroon na Malawi, ukaba urebererwa na GIZ muri ibi bihugu byose. Umushinga wa AREECA mu Rwanda ugamije gusubiranya ubutaka bwamaze kwangirika mu turere twa Kirehe na Nyagatare haterwa ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka, haterwa kandi amashyamba mashya, habungwabungwa ayangiritse, haterwa ibiti by’imbuto ndetse hanaterwa ibiti ku nkengero z’imihanda n’imigezi. Ibi byose bikorwa n’abaturage bo banyirimirima n’ubutaka binyuze mu cyiswe “'''''Community Approach'''''”. Muri '''Community Approach''', abaturage bajya mu matsinda, bakagaragaza urutonde rw’ibibazo bibangamiye imidugudu yabo, ndetse bagafata iyambere mu gushaka ibisubizo by’ibibazo bagaragaje. Aha niho inzobere za IUCN, RFA na RWARRI bazira bagamije kongerera ubumenyi abaturage, ariko abaturage akaba ari bo bashyira mu ngiro ibikorwa byose. Mu nshamake, amafaranga y’umushinga ava ku muterankunga agahita ajya ku baturage binyuze muri za SACCOs nta Rwiyemezamirimo ujemo hagati. Bivuze ko abaturage ubwabo baba bahindutse ba rwiyemezamirimo mu mirima yabo. Leta y'u Rwanda ibinyujije mu Kigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe amashyamba ifite intego yo gusubiranya ibice byangiritse bidafite amashyamba no kuyongera aho yagabanutse, gusarura ayeze no gutera andi mashyamba aho atigeze hagamijwe kuyongera. Ubwoko bw’iti umushinga wa AREECA umaze gutera mu turere twa Kirehe na Nyagatare '''Ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka''' ·       Caliyandra ·       Gereveliya ·       Imisave ·       Umuhumuro ·       Sederera ·       Gasiya ·       Iminyeganyege '''Ibiti biterwa mu mashyamba''' ·       Caritilisi ·       Iminyinya ·       Alinus ·       Pinus '''Ibiti biterwa ku mihanda''' ·       Cortoni ·       Imishishi ·       Gasiya ·       Umuvumu '''Ibiti by’imbuto''' ·       [[Avoka]] '''UBURYO BWIZA BWO GUTERA IBITI''' Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe gucunga no guteza imbere amashyamba gifite gahunda ihamye yo gukwirakwiza ibiti n’amashyamba mu gihugu hose. - Mu bihe byo gutera ibiti n’amashyamba, Abanyarwanda b’ingeri zose basabwa kwitabira icyo gikorwa. - Mu Rwanda hose ibiti biterwa mu gihe cy’umuhindo, ni ukuvuga kuva mu kwezi k’Ukwakira kugeza mu kwezi k’Ukuboza. - Ingemwe zigeze igihe cyo guterwa ziba zifite uburebure bwo hagati ya cm 10 na cm 15. - Ingemwe ziterwa mu mwobo wa cm 40 x cm 40 mu butaka bukomeye, cyangwa mu mwobo wa cm 30 x cm 30 mu butaka bw’intabire. - Mbere yo gutera ingemwe, ni ngombwa kubanza gukuraho ishashi kuko [[igiti]] giteranye ishashi kidakura. Koresha akuma gatyaye kandi wirinde gushwanyuza ikinonko gifashe ku mizi. - Amashashi akuwe ku ngemwe zimaze guterwa ntagomba kunyanyagizwa mu murima, ashyirwa hamwe akaba yazashyikirizwa inganda zikongera kuyatunganya. - Gutera urugemwe hagati mu mwobo kandi wirinda kurutaba, garukiriza igitaka aho icyo muri pepinyeri kigarukira, urenzeho cm 1 gusa kandi utsindagire gahoro igitaka impande y’urugemwe. - Ku mihanda inyura mu mirima y’abaturage haterwa ibiti bitonona imyaka, intera hagati y’igiti n’ikindi ni m 2,5 cyangwa m 3. Ibiti bya Cedrela serrulata, umufu, umuyove, umushwati, acrocarpus fraxinifolius bikunda ubutaka burebure kandi bufite imvura ihagije. - Hari ibiti byihanganira izuba nk’imisave, umuhumuro, grevillea, cassia siamea, cassia spectabilis, lesena…... - Ku mihanda ifite inkengero zigizwe n’ubutaka bubi butaberanye n’ubuhinzi, haterwa Jacaranda turipied du Gabon (spathadea campanulata), inturusu, Cypres, Callitris, Filao, Cassia spectabilis Pinus, Acacia melanoxylon. Intera hagati y’igiti n’ikindi ni m 2.5 kugeza kuri m 3. - Ku misozi ihanamye haterwa ibiti bikurikira: Inturusu, Cypres, Pinus, Callitris, Filao, Acacia meranoxylon Acacia mearnsii………  Ibiti biterwa imbusane mu ntera ya m 2.5 x m 2.5. - Ku miringoti haterwa ibiti bitonona imyaka, n’iby’imbuto ziribwa, intera ijya hagati y’ibiti bibiri ni m 7. Hagati y’ibiti binini haterwa uduti duto ndumburabutaka nka Calliandra, Lesena, Imiruku, Iminyegenyege cyangwa ibiti byera imbuto ziribwa nk’amacunga, ibinyomoro, amapapaye n’ibindi. - Ibiti bitonona imyaka bigomba no guterwa hagati mu mirima ihingwa, intera hagati y’igiti n’ikindi ni m 25 cyangwa m 30. - Mu nzuri haterwa ibiti binini mu ntera iri hagati ya m 25 na m 30, cyangwa ku ntera nto ya m 1 ku buryo bwa padock (Imisave, Umuhumuro, Grevilleas, Cassia siamea, Cassia spectabilis, Maesopsis Eminii, Imiyenzi, Iminyinya, Imifatangwe hashobora no guterwa ibiti bito bigaburirwa amatungo nka Lesena, Calliandra). - Abaturage b’ingeri zose bagomba kugira uruhare runini mu kurinda ibiti n’amashyamba; by’umwihariko abayobozi b’inzego z’ibanze basabwa gukurikirana ubutitsa uko ibiti byatewe ndetse n’amashyamba asanzwe bitangizwa n’amatungo cyangwa abagizi ba nabi. '''GUFATA NEZA AMASHYAMBA''' Hari uburyo bugera kuri butanu bwo gukorera no gufata neza ibiti n’amashyamba. '''1.    Gutemera''' Bisobanura kugabanya ibyatsi ku mpande z’ibiti iyo bimaze kuva ku mezi atatu kugeza kuri atandatu bitewe. Gutemera bituma ibyatsi bitabangamira imikurire myiza y’ibiti, inyamaswa zitonona ibiti kandi bikagabanya impanuka z’inkongi z’imiriro. '''2.    Kumenera''' Kumenera bikorwa kugirango amazi yinjire ku buryo bworoshye mu butaka. Mu turere dushyuha cyane, kumenera birwanya umuswa. Kumenera bikorwa mu gihe cy’izuba riringaniye kandi bigakorwa ibiti bimaze imyaka 2 cyangwa 3 bitewe. '''3.    Gukonorera''' Bikorwa mu rwego rwo kugabanya amashami y’ibiti n’ibyatsi byurira ibiti bigatuma ibiti bikura neza mu mubyimba no mu burebure kandi bigatuma ibiti bitagira amasubyo manini. Bakata amashami bagasiga ayo hejuru kugeza kuri 2/3 by’uburebure bw’igiti. '''4.    Kurobanya''' Bisobanura kugabanya umubare w’ibiti mu ishyamba kugirango ibisigaye bikure neza mu burebure no mu mubyimba. Biba byiza iyo irobanya rikozwe mu gihe cy’izuba, mu irobanya nyir’ishyamba agomba gusigaza ibiti byiza, bigororotse kandi bidafite amashami manini.   '''5.Gukorera ishyamba rizashibuka''' Ubusanzwe ishyamba rishibuka ritemwa rimaze hagati yimyaka irindwi n’icumi. Ibiti bitemwe bitarakura cyangwa bishaje cyane, bishibuka nabi cyangwa hakaba igihe bidashibutse. '''Akamaro k’ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka''' Ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka biterwa mu butaka bwagenewe ubuhinzi n’ubworozi. Ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka byongera imyunyungugu mu butaka, bifata ubutaka, birwanya isuri, bigaburirwa amatungo agakura neza, bitanga ibicanwa, bitanga ifumbire, amafaranga ndetse binakurura imvura, bitanga imihembezo, bitanga igicucu cyo kugamamo izuba. Muri rusange ibi biti bitanga umwuka mwiza duhumeka ndetse binakurura imvura. '''Akamaro k’amashyamba n’ibiti muri rusange''' Amashyamba abumbatira urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima ndetse n'ibimera muri rusange. Amashyamba afite umumaro mu guhangana n'ingaruka z'imihindagurikire y'ibihe no guhangana n’amapfa nko mu gihe cy’izuba cyangwa imvura nyishi. Ibiti muri rusange biyungurua umwuka duhumeka, bikurura imvura, bitanga imbaho dukoresha, bitanga ibicanwa, birwanya isuri, indabo zabyo zongera umusaruro w’ubuki. '''Inshingano z’abaturage''' Kubungabunga no kurinda amashyamba ni inshingano ya buri muturarwanda wese. Abaturage bafite inshingano zo kubungabunga no kurinda ibiti n’amashyamba no gutanga ku nzego z’ubuyobozi bubegereye amakuru arebana n’ibikorwa bibujijwe byahungabanya imicungire myiza y’ibiti n’amashyamba. Abaturage barasabwa kandi gutera ibiti bakabyitaho ubwabo, bakabibungabunga, bakabivomerera igihe ari ngombwa, bakabibagarira, bakabirinda ibyonnyi nk’amatungo abyangiza kugirango bikure neza. Ibiti ni umusingi w’imibereho myiza mu muryango n’iterambere rirambye ry’igihugu. '''Ibiti bizaterwa ni ibyande?''' Ibiti bizaterwa mu mirima y’abaturage ni ibyabo kandi ni bo bizagirira akamaro muri rusange. https://iucn.org/blog/202401/restoring-soil-and-land-health-rwanda-using-community-centered-approach elclooaflqfg6jl3ndpg14gdzfkybui 0 14104 138954 136162 2026-09-19T05:56:51Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138954 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:BYD_S1_EV_CRI_04_2021_8261.jpg|thumb|Imodoka ikoresha amashanyarazi ]] [[Dosiye:Lexus_UX300e_Expo_2022_CRI_4897.jpg|thumb|Imodoka ikoresha mashanyarizi]] [[Dosiye:BMW_i3_CRI_03_2021_7530.jpg|thumb|BMW ikoresha amashanyarazi ]] Kuva mu 2018 imodoka 150 zikoresha amashanyarazi zinjiye mu Rwanda, umubare wazo wiyongera cyane guhera mu 2021 bijyanye n’uko leta yari imaze koroshya uburyo bwo kuzitunga, binyuze mu kuzikuriraho imwe mu misoro. [[Inama y’Abaminisitiri|Inama y’abaminisitiri]] yateranye ku wa 14 Mata 2021 yemeje politiki nshya yo gutwara abantu n’ibintu mu Rwanda, n’ingamba nshya zerekeye ibinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi. Guverinoma yahise itangaza ingamba zirimo gukuriraho umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (VAT) imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, ibyuma bisimbura ibindi, batiri zazo n’ibikoresho bikenerwa mu kuzongeramo umuriro. Ni uburyo bwahaye rugari abakeneye kugura imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi gusa n’izikoresha amashanyarazi hamwe n’imbaraga za moteri isanzwe (hybrid). == Agaciro == Mu mihanda y’i Kigali, hakomeje kugaragara imodoka zikoresha ingufu z’amashanyarazi ziganjemo izikorwa na Sosiyete z’Abayapani cyangwa se Abanya-Koreya. Imibare itangwa ya RRA igaragaza ko mu 2018, mu Rwanda hinjiye imodoka imwe gusa ikoresha amashanyarazi, icyo gihe yabarirwaga agaciro ka miliyoni 3.2 Frw ubaze ikiguzi cyayo, ubwishingizi n’amafaranga yo kuyigeza mu gihugu. Icyo gihe Leta yigomwe umusoro wa 486.300 Frw harimo umusoro ku byaguzwe (excise duty) wa 412,119 Frw n’umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (VAT) wa 74,181 Frw. Ubusanzwe umusoro ku byaguzwe (excise duty) ubarirwa hagati ya 5% na 15% bitewe n’ubwoko bwa moteri nk’uko bigaragara mu itegeko ryo mu 2019. Mu 2019 imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zatangiye kuzamuka kuko hinjiye 10, zifite agaciro ka miliyoni 181.1 Frw. Amafaranga leta yigomwe mu misoro yarazamutse, aba miliyoni 26,7 Frw. Mu 2020 imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zinjiye mu Rwanda zari 19, zari zifite agaciro ka miliyoni 581.1 Frw. Byahise binazamura umusoro leta yigomwe, ugera muri miliyoni 101,6 Frw. Umwaka wa 2021 wagaragayemo izamuka rifatika ry’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi mu Rwanda, kuko zari 65. Igiciro cyazo cyari miliyoni 850.4 Frw, binazamura amafaranga leta yigomwe muri ya misoro agera kuri miliyoni 498,7 Frw. Ibintu byahinduye isura kurushaho mu mwaka wa 2022, kuko kugeza ku wa 27 Werurwe mu Rwanda hari hamaze kwijira imodoka 55 zikoresha amashanyarazi. Ni imodoka zihagazeho kuko ubaze igiciro cyazo zose hamwe ari miliyoni 794.4 Frw. Imisoro zasonewe yari miliyoni 499,9 Frw. Muri rusange, muri icyo gihe cyose ziriya modoka 150 zari zifite agaciro ka miliyari 2.4 Frw, zisonerwa imisoro ya miliyari 1.12 Frw. Harimo miliyoni 416,8 Frw zagombaga kwinjira mu isanduku ya leta nk’imusoro ku byatumijwe mu mahanga na miliyoni 287 Frw nk’imisoro ku byaguzwe. Harimo kandi miliyoni 416,7 Frw leta yari kwijiza mu misoro ku nyongeragaciro, ariko irayigomwa kuko impamvu yabyo iruta kure imisiro yashoboraga kwinjiza. Ugereranyije n’imodoka zisanzwe zikoresha lisansi cyangwa mazutu, izikoresha amashanyarazi ntabwo zigoranye mu kuzitaho, ntizihumanya ikirere kandi zigira uruhare mu kugabanya ibikomoka kuri peteroli bitumizwa hanze ku kigero cya 15%. == Inyungu == Guverinoma y’u Rwanda isobanura ko ziramutse zikoreshejwe cyane, zatuma nibura mu 2025 ruzigama miliyari 20 Frw yagombaga kwifashishwa mu gutumiza mu mahanga ibikomoka kuri petelori. == Imiterere == Mu buryo bworohera umuntu kumva, imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi ziri mu byiciro bibiri. Hari icyiciro cy’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi mu buryo bwuzuye, n’ikindi cy’izikoresha amashanyarazi na lisansi cyangwa mazutu [hybrid]. Izikoresha amashanyarazi mu buryo bwuzuye ni nk’iza Volkswagen zirimo gukoreshwa mu Rwanda cyangwa se iza Mitsubishi ziherutse kugurwa na [[MTN Rwanda]]. Bisaba ko zishyirwamo umuriro w’amashanyarazi, ku buryo izifite batiri ziringaniye, mu gihe zuzuye neza ziba zifite ubushobozi nibura bwo kugenda ibilometero 105. Izi modoka zikoresha kilowatt imwe ku ntera iri hagati y’ibilometero bine n’umunani. Ubusanzwe nyinshi mu modoka ziboneka mu Rwanda ni izikoresha lisansi ziganjemo iz’abantu ku giti cyabo, naho izikoresha mazutu ahanini ni izitwara imizigo cyangwa izitwara abagenzi mu buryo bwa rusange. Ni nayo mpamvu mazutu ariyo ikoreshwa cyane mu Rwanda kurusha lisansi. Iyo uganiriye n’abazi neza imikorere ya moteri ya lisansi n’iya mazutu, basobanura ko ku modoka nto tuzi nk’amavatiri (voiture), ibyiza ari uko ziba zikoresha lisansi. Impamvu ni uko iyo bigeze kuri mazutu, akenshi iboneka ku isoko itaba iyunguruye ku rugero rwa nyuma ku buryo wakwizera ko mu bihe biri imbere imodoka itangiye kugera mu zabukuru, moteri yayo itazangirika burundu. == Uko imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi na lisansi zikora == Abantu benshi bakunda gutekereza ko imodoka zose z’amashanyarazi zikenera gucomekwa ku mashanyarazi. Ntabwo ari ko biri, kuko imodoka za hybrid zirimo ibyiciro bibiri: izicomekwa ku mashanyarazi asanzwe mu buryo tuzi nko gucaginga (charging) ku cyiciro cy’imodoka zizwi nka Plug-In Hybrid, n’izidacomekwa ahubwo batiri zazo zigakura ingufu kuri moteri y’imodoka. Ni ukuvuga ko izo modoka zifite moteri ishobora kwakira ingufu z’amashanyarazi ariko ku rundi ruhande ikoresha na lisansi cyangwa mazutu. Buri ruhande rushobora gukora ukwarwo urundi rutabigizemo uruhare, bivuze ko niba igice cy’ingufu z’amashanyarazi cyapfuye, icya mazutu cyangwa lisansi cyo kiba gikora bisanzwe. Izo mpande zombi zishobora gukorana icya rimwe, zikajya zihinduranya bitewe n’ahantu umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga ageze. Ibyo bifasha kuzigama lisansi kuko ikoreshwa nke, bitandukanye n’ikoreshwa ku modoka isanzwe. Kugira ngo ubyumve neza, Hybrid zikoresha ingufu za lisansi cyangwa mazutu, ziba zifite batiri ishobora guhagurutsa imodoka ikagenda bitewe n’ahantu runaka (iyo hatambitse cyangwa hamanuka). Izi modoka zikoresha uburyo bwombi zidacagingwa zifashisha ikoranabuhanga rizwi nka "Range extender", rituma batiri igenda yiyongerera umuriro, bityo umuntu ntagire impungenge igihe ari ku rugendo rurerure. == Ibyiza byo gutunga Hybrid == Gutwara imodoka ya hybrid ni kimwe no gutwara indi modoka isanzwe ya Automatique, nta bintu byinshi umushoferi asabwa ahubwo byose birikora, atabigizemo uruhare. Bitewe n’uburyo ikoresha (plug-in hybrid), ntabwo ukenera kujya gushyira umuriro muri batiri kuko yo ubwayo irabyikorera, kandi ntukeneye gutanga amafaranga menshi y’umurengera wishyura lisansi kuko iba yayagabanyije. Ku Munyarwanda ushaka gutunga iyi modoka, nta misoro acibwa. Leta iherutse gushyiraho ingamba zerekeye ibinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi. Izo ngamba zikubiyemo uburyo bwo korohereza abakeneye kugura imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi gusa n’izikoresha amashanyarazi n’imbaraga za moteri (plug-in hybrid electric & hybrid electric). Hakuweho umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (VAT) ku modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, ibyuma bisimbura ibindi, batiri zazo n’ibikoresho bikenerwa mu kuzongeramo umuriro. Izo modoka n’ibikoresho byanasonewe amahoro ku bicuruzwa byinjira mu gihugu n’umusoro ku byaguzwe. Byasonewe kandi umusoro wa 5% ufatirwa ku bintu byatumijwe mu mahanga bigenewe gucuruzwa, iyo bigeze muri gasutamo. Umuntu avuze ko imisoro yakuweho ntibiba bivuze ko n’uyigeza i Kigali uzahita uyishyira mu muhanda. Uzishyuzwa gusa amahoro ya 0,2% ajya mu ngengo y’imari y’Ubumwe bwa Afurika (AU), hanyuma wishyure n’amafaranga yo kugura pulake gusa. == Reba == <ref>[http://mobile.igihe.com/ibidukikije/article/imodoka-150-z-amashanyarazi-zimaze-kwinjira-mu-rwanda-menya-imikorere-yazo-n http://www.igihe.com/ibidukikije/article/imodoka-150-z-amashanyarazi-zimaze-kwinjira-mu-rwanda-menya-imikorere-yazo-n]</ref> d56aj2tp36v1r8hmuwrp5ciqxwpe7y0 0 14163 138942 111402 2026-09-19T05:46:21Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138942 wikitext text/x-wiki Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Iterambere (RDB) cyatangaje ko u Rwanda rwatangiye umushinga wo kwagura Pariki y’Ibirunga, witezweho gutwara miliyoni 255$ ni ukuvuga miliyari zigera kuri 260Frw, kugira ngo [[ingagi]] zibarizwamo zibeho zisanzuye. RDB ivuga ko iki gikorwa kizagirira akamaro urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo muri pariki kikanazamura imibereho y’abaturage bakikije pariki. Kizatuma kandi abasura pariki barushaho kuryoherwa n’ibyiza biyirimo. Nibura pariki iziyongeraho 23 ku ijana, bivuze ko ubuso bwayo buziyongeraho kilometero kare 37,4 (hegitari 3 740). Pariki y’Ibirunga izaba ifite akarere k’ubuhumekero kangana na hegitari 6 620 kazajya gatandukanya aho abaturage batuye na pariki. Ibi bizagabanya 80% by’ibibazo abaturage bagiranaga n’inyamaswa zo muri pariki nko kubonera n’ibindi. [[Dosiye:Volcanoes_National_Park_Banner_Image.gif|thumb|pariki y'ibirunga]] RDB itangaza ko uyu mushinga uzongera 20% ku mafaranga yinjizwa n’ubukerarugendo bwo [[Dosiye:Gorillas_with_baby_in_Rwanda_at_the_Volcanoes_National_Park_(290812486).jpg|thumb|Gorillas with baby in Rwanda at the Volcanoes National Park )]] gusura [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu Birunga]]. [[Dosiye:The_scenery_of_Gahinga_volcano_in_Volcanoes_National_Park.jpg|thumb|pariki y'ibirunga]] == Reba == <ref>http://mobile.igihe.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/pariki-y-ibirunga-igiye-kwagurwa-mu-mushinga-uzatwara-miliyari-260frw</ref> hjd5hn323nedip8yqzamoyy1zdiz9wb 0 14210 138981 93983 2026-09-19T07:28:12Z Rwamucyo250 18948 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138981 wikitext text/x-wiki Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] yatangije ku mugaragaro Ireme Invest, ikigega cyatangiranye miliyoni $104 - ni ukuvuga asaga miliyari 109 Frw - kizatera inkunga imishinga y’abikorera igamije gufasha u Rwanda kubaka ubukungu burengera ibidukikije. Ni ikigega cyamurikiwe muri Sharm el Sheikh mu [[Misiri]], aharimo kubera inama mpuzamahanga yiga ku guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe, COP27. Iki kigega Ireme Invest kiri mu bice bibiri, igice kimwe kikazakoreshwa binyuze mu kigega gitera inkunga imishinga igamije guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe, FONERWA. Icyo gice kizajya gitanga inkunga mu iyigwa ry’imishinga n’itegurwa ryayo kuva mu ntangiriro kugeza aho ishobora kwemerwa na banki. Naho icyiciro cya kabiri, kizaba gikorwa na Banki y’u Rwanda Itsura Amajyambere (BRD), kikazita ku gutanga inguzanyo kuri ya mishinga no kuyishingira mu bigo by’imari. Ubwo yatangizaga iki kigega, Perezida Kagame yavuze ko iyi ari intambwe ikomeye ku Rwanda. Yashimagiye ko kugendana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe bisaba impinduka mu buryo ibihugu bikora ndetse bikoresha ibijyanye n’ingufu, kugeza ku byo abantu barya n’uburyo bihingwa. Yavuze ko ari ikintu kireba inzego zose, ku buryo abikorera bafite umusanzu ukomeye batanga muri uru rugendo. Yakomeje ati "Ikigega Ireme Invest kibumbatiye intego u Rwanda rwihaye kugira ngo rubashe kugera ku musaruro ufatika uganisha ku bukungu butangiza ibidukikije, binyuze mu bufatanye bwa Leta n’abikorera mu nzego zitandukanye." Yashimiye BRD ku gishoro yashyize muri iki kigega, yubakiye ku musaruro n’ubunararibonye bya FONERWA. Yakomeje ati "Ndashimira byimazeyo inzego z’abafatanyabikorwa, ku buryo iyo batahaba ibirimo gukorwa n’inzego zo mu Rwanda bitajyaga kugera kure. Aba bafatanyabikorwa batanze inkunga ikigega kigishingwa, aho yageze kuri miliyoni $100." Abo bafatanyabikorwa barimo Guverinoma z’u Bufaransa, Suède n’u Bwongereza, Banki y’Ishoramari y’u Burayi (EIB) na Green Climate Partnership Fund. Perezida Kagame yavuze ko hakiri uburyo bwinshi bugomba kwifashishwa kugira ngo intego zihawe zigezweho. Ikigega AFD cya Guverinoma y’u Bufaransa kizatanga miliyoni $20 muri uyu mushinga. Gishimangira ko uzafasha mu gutera inkunga imishinga y’abikorera, kikazafasha mu guhanga imirimo 367,000 mu bikorwa birengera ibidukikije, bikazakumira iyoherezwa mu kirere rya toni 1,32 y’imyuka ihumanya ikirere.<center></center> == Reba == <ref>http://mobile.igihe.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/perezida-kagame-yatangije-ikigega-cya-miliyoni-104-kizatera-inkunga-imishinga</ref> j97lo1xkx7h5dk7lv0yroh0qkn46q4p 0 14243 138931 136176 2026-09-19T05:40:31Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138931 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uburenganzira bwa muntu''' mu [[Rwanda]] ni amahame mbwirizamuco cyangwa amahame [1] ku mahame amwe y’imyitwarire ya muntu kandi akingirwa buri gihe mu mategeko y’amakomine n’amahanga. [2] umuntu asanzwe afite uburenganzira kubera gusa ko ari ikiremwa muntu "[4] kandi" kikaba kavukire mu bantu bose ", [5] hatitawe ku myaka yabo, inkomoko yabo, aho batuye, ururimi, idini, ubwoko, cyangwa ikindi icyo ari cyo cyose imiterere. [3] Zirakoreshwa ahantu hose kandi igihe cyose muburyo bwo kuba rusange, [1] kandi barangana muburyo bwo kuba bamwe kuri bose. Bafatwa nk'ibisaba kwishyira mu mwanya w'abandi no kugendera ku mategeko [6] no gushyiraho inshingano ku bantu kubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu bw'abandi, [1] [3] kandi muri rusange bifatwa ko batagomba gukurwaho keretse ari ingaruka. y'ibikorwa bikwiye hashingiwe ku bihe byihariye. [3] Inyigisho z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zagize uruhare runini mu mategeko mpuzamahanga ndetse n’inzego z’isi ndetse n’akarere. Ibikorwa byakozwe na leta nimiryango itegamiye kuri leta bigize ishingiro rya politiki rusange kwisi yose. Igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu cyerekana ko "niba disikuru rusange y’umuryango w’amahoro ku isi yose ishobora kuvugwa ko ifite imvugo imwe, ni iy'uburenganzira bwa muntu". [7] uburenganzira bwa muntu bukomeje gutera gushidikanya no kujya impaka ku bikubiyemo, imiterere n’impamvu z’uburenganzira bwa muntu kugeza na nubu. Ibisobanuro nyabyo by'ijambo uburenganzira ntibivugwaho rumwe kandi ni byo bikomeje kugibwaho impaka zishingiye kuri filozofiya; [8] , kurinda ubucakara, kubuza jenoside, kuvuga mu bwisanzure [9] cyangwa uburenganzira bwo kwiga, hari ukutumvikana ku bijyanye n’uburenganzira bumwe bwihariye bugomba gushyirwa mu rwego rusange rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu; [1] bamwe mu batekereza bavuga ko uburenganzira bwa muntu bugomba kuba byibuze bisabwa kugirango wirinde ihohoterwa rikabije-mu gihe abandi babibona nk'urwego rwo hejuru. [1] Byaganiriweho kandi ko uburenganzira bwa muntu "butangwa n'Imana", nubwo iki gitekerezo cyanenzwe.[[Dosiye:Statue of Liberty, NY.jpg|thumb|Ikibumbano cy'ubwigenge ni ikimenyetso cyo kwishyira ukizana ku kiremwamuntu.|345x345px]]Byinshi mu bitekerezo by’ibanze byerekanaga umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu byateye imbere nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose hamwe n’ibyabaye kuri jenoside yakorewe Abayahudi, [6] bikarangira hamenyekanye Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu i [[Paris]] n’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye muri 1948. [12] Abantu ba kera ntibari bafite imyumvire imwe yo muri iki gihe y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ku isi hose. [13] mugihe cyo kumurikirwa kwi Burayi hamwe nabafilozofe nka John Locke, Francis Hutcheson na Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui kandi byagaragaye cyane muri disikuru ya politiki ya Revolution y'Abanyamerika na Revolution y'Abafaransa. [6] Kuva kuri uru rufatiro, ingingo zigezweho z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zagaragaye mu gice cya nyuma cy’ikinyejana cya 20, [14] intege nke kandi nkibisabwa kugirango umuryango utabera. Guharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu byakomeje mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21, bishingiye ku kugera ku bwisanzure mu bukungu no mu bya politiki. Amateka '''Ingingo nyamukuru: Amateka yuburenganzira bwa muntu''' === Itangazo ry’Ubwigenge ry’Amerika ryemejwe na Kongere y’umugabane wa 4 Nyakanga 1776 === Igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu cyabayeho mu bihe bya kera na mbere y’iki gihe, nubwo abantu ba kera batatekerezaga ku burenganzira bwa muntu ku isi nk'uko abantu babibona muri iki gihe. [13] Intangiriro nyayo y’ibiganiro by’uburenganzira bwa muntu yari igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu bwagaragaye nkimwe mu migenzo gakondo y’amategeko yo hagati. Uyu muco watewe cyane cyane n’inyandiko z’abakristu ba mbere ba St Paul nka St Hilary wa Poitiers, St Ambrose, na St Augustine. Agusitini yari mu ba mbere basuzumye ubuzimagatozi bw’amategeko y’umuntu, akagerageza gusobanura imipaka y’amategeko n’uburenganzira bibaho bisanzwe bishingiye ku bwenge n’umutimanama, aho gushyirwaho ku bushake n’abantu buntu, kandi niba abantu bategekwa kubahiriza amategeko. ibyo birenganya. Uyu muco wo mu gihe cyo hagati wagaragaye cyane mugihe cyo kumurikirwa kwi Burayi. Kuva kuri uru rufatiro, ingingo zigezweho z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zagaragaye mu gice cya nyuma cy’ikinyejana cya 20. [14] Magna Carta ni [[igitabo]] cy’[[icyongereza]] cyatanzwe mbere mu 1215 cyagize uruhare mu iterambere ry’amategeko rusange ndetse n’inyandiko nyinshi z’itegeko nshinga nyuma zijyanye n’uburenganzira bwa muntu, nk’umushinga w’uburenganzira bw’icyongereza 1689, 1789 Itegeko Nshinga rya Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, hamwe n’umushinga w’uburenganzira bwa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika 1791. Mu kinyejana cya 17, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Ubwongereza John Locke yaganiriye ku burenganzira bwa muntu mu gitabo cye, avuga ko ari "ubuzima, umudendezo, n’umutungo (umutungo)", anavuga ko ubwo burenganzira bw’ibanze budashobora gutangwa mu masezerano y’imibereho. Mu Bwongereza mu 1689, umushinga w’uburenganzira bw’Ubwongereza hamwe n’ikirego cy’uburenganzira bwa Ecosse buri wese yakoze ibikorwa bitandukanye byo gukandamiza leta, bitemewe. Impinduramatwara ebyiri zikomeye zabaye mu kinyejana cya 18, muri Amerika (1776) no mu Bufaransa (1789), bituma Itangazo ry’Ubwigenge ry’Amerika ndetse n’itangazwa ry’Ubufaransa ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’Umuturage, byombi bikaba byavuzwe. uburenganzira bwa muntu. Byongeye kandi, Itangazo ry’Uburenganzira bwa Virijiniya ryo mu 1776 ryashyizwe mu mategeko uburenganzira bw’ibanze n’ubwisanzure bw’abaturage. Dufashe uku kuri kugira ngo kwigaragaze, ko abantu bose baremwe kimwe, ko bahawe n'Umuremyi wabo uburenganzira bumwe na bumwe budasubirwaho, ko muri ibyo harimo Ubuzima, Ubwisanzure no gukurikirana Ibyishimo. - Itangazo ry’Ubwigenge muri Amerika, 1776 1800 kugeza mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose === Itangazo ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu n'ubwenegihugu byemejwe n'Inteko ishinga amategeko y'Ubufaransa, 26 Kanama 1789. === Abafilozofe nka Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill, na Hegel baguye ku nsanganyamatsiko ya bose mu kinyejana cya 18 na 19. Mu 1831, William Lloyd Garrison yanditse mu kinyamakuru cyitwa The Liberator ko yagerageje kwandikisha abasomyi be "impamvu ikomeye iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu", [19] bityo ijambo uburenganzira bwa muntu rishobora kuba ryaratangiye gukoreshwa hagati y’uburenganzira bwa muntu bwa Paine. n'igitabo cya Garrison. Mu 1849, umuntu wo mu gihe kimwe, Henry David Thoreau, yanditse ku burenganzira bwa muntu mu gitabo cye kivuga ku nshingano yo kutumvira kw'abaturage nyuma yaje kugira ingaruka ku burenganzira bwa muntu ndetse no ku batekereza ku burenganzira bwa muntu. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwo muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, David Davis, mu gitekerezo cye cyo mu 1867 kuri Ex Parte Milligan, yaranditse ati "Mu rwego rwo kurinda amategeko, uburenganzira bwa muntu burabungabungwa; kuvanaho ubwo burinzi kandi bababajwe n'abategetsi babi cyangwa gutaka kw'abantu bishimye . "[20] Amatsinda menshi n’imigendekere yabashije kugera ku mpinduka zikomeye mu mibereho mu kinyejana cya 20 mu izina ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Mu Burayi bw’Uburengerazuba no muri Amerika ya Ruguru, ihuriro ry’amashyirahamwe y’abakozi ryazanye amategeko yemerera abakozi uburenganzira bwo guhagarika akazi, gushyiraho uburyo buke bw’akazi no kubuza cyangwa kugenzura imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana. Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'umugore washoboye kubona [[Umugore|abagore]] benshi uburenganzira bwo gutora. Imiryango yo kwibohora mu bihugu byinshi yashoboye kwirukana imbaraga zabakoloni. Umwe mu bagize uruhare runini ni ubuyobozi bwa Mahatma Gandhi mu mutwe w’ubwigenge bw’Abahinde. Imyigaragambyo y’amoko mato mato akandamijwe n’amadini yatsindiye mu bice byinshi by’isi, muri byo harimo ihuriro ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ndetse n’imitwe ya politiki itandukanye iheruka, mu izina ry’abagore n’abato muri Amerika. Urufatiro rwa komite mpuzamahanga y’umuryango utabara imbabare Croix-Rouge, 1864 Code ya Lieber hamwe n’ambere mu Masezerano y'i Jeneve mu 1864 yashyizeho urufatiro rw’amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu, kugira ngo arusheho gutera imbere nyuma y’Intambara ebyiri z'isi yose. Hagati y'Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose n'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose Umuryango w’ibihugu washinzwe mu 1919 mu mishyikirano y’amasezerano ya Versailles nyuma y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose irangiye. Intego z’Umuryango w’abibumbye zirimo kwambura intwaro intwaro, gukumira intambara binyuze mu mutekano rusange, gukemura amakimbirane hagati y’ibihugu binyuze mu mishyikirano, diplomasi no kuzamura imibereho myiza y’isi. Bikubiye mu gitabo cyayo cyari inshingano yo guteza imbere uburenganzira bwinshi bwaje gushyirwa mu Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu. Umuryango w’ibihugu wari ufite inshingano zo gushyigikira benshi mu bahoze bakolonijwe n’ibihugu by’ibihugu by’Uburayi by’abakoloni mu gihe cyo kuva mu bukoloni bakajya mu gihugu cyigenga. Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’abakozi washyizweho nk’umuryango w’umuryango w’ibihugu, ubu ukaba uri mu [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Muryango w’abibumbye]], wari ufite inshingano zo guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bumwe na bumwe bwaje gushyirwa mu itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu (UDHR): intego y'ibanze ya ILO uyumunsi nukuzamura amahirwe kubagore nabagabo kubona akazi keza kandi gatanga umusaruro, mubihe byubwisanzure, uburinganire, umutekano nicyubahiro cya muntu. - Raporo n’umuyobozi mukuru mu nama mpuzamahanga y’umurimo mu nama ya 87 Nyuma y'intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose Itangazo mpuzamahanga ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu Ingingo nyamukuru: Itangazo rusange ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu "Ntabwo ari amasezerano ... [Mu bihe biri imbere, ashobora kuzaba mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga ya Magna Carta." Itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu (UDHR) ni itangazo ridakurikizwa ryemejwe n’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye mu 1948, [22] igice gisubiza ibyabaye mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose. UDHR irasaba ibihugu bigize uyu muryango guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu, ubwenegihugu, ubukungu n’imibereho myiza,gushimangira ubwo burenganzira biri mu "umusingi w’ubwisanzure, ubutabera n’amahoro ku isi". Iri tangazo ni ryo tegeko rya mbere mpuzamahanga ryashyizweho mu rwego rwo kugabanya imyitwarire y’ibihugu no kureba niba inshingano zabo ku baturage babo bakurikije icyitegererezo cy’uburenganzira-bw’uburenganzira. ... kumenyekanisha icyubahiro kavukire n'uburenganzira bungana kandi butavogerwa bw'abagize umuryango w'abantu bose ni umusingi w'ubwisanzure, ubutabera n'amahoro ku isi === - Intangiriro y'Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, 1948 === UDHR yashyizweho n'abagize komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, Eleanor Roosevelt akaba umuyobozi, batangira kuganira ku mushinga mpuzamahanga w'uburenganzira bwa muntu mu 1947. Abagize Komisiyo ntibahise bemeranya ku ishyirwaho ry'umushinga w'itegeko ry'uburenganzira, kandi, yaba, cyangwa uburyo, igomba gukurikizwa. Komisiyo yatangiye gushyiraho UDHR n'amasezerano aherekeza, ariko UDHR yahise ishyirwa imbere. Umwarimu w’amategeko muri [[Kanada]], John Humprey n’umunyamategeko w’Ubufaransa, René Cassin, ni bo bagize uruhare runini mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku rwego mpuzamahanga ndetse n’imiterere y’inyandiko, aho ingingo z’iryo tangazo zasobanuraga ihame rusange ry’ibanze. Inyandiko yateguwe na Cassin kugirango ishyiremo amahame shingiro yicyubahiro, umudendezo, uburinganire n'ubuvandimwe mu ngingo ebyiri za mbere, zikurikirwa n'uburenganzira buri muntu ku giti cye; uburenganzira bwa buri muntu ku giti cye no ku matsinda; uburenganzira bw'umwuka, rusange na politiki; n'ubukungu, imibereho myiza n'umuco. Ingingo eshatu zanyuma zivuga, nk'uko Cassin abivuga, uburenganzira mu rwego rw’imipaka, inshingano ndetse n’imibereho myiza na politiki bigomba kugerwaho. Humphrey na Cassin bifuzaga ko uburenganzira muri UDHR bwubahirizwa mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko binyuze mu buryo bumwe, nk'uko bigaragara mu ngingo ya gatatu y'ibanze: [23] Mu gihe ari ngombwa, niba umuntu adahatirwa kwitabaza, nk'uburyo bwa nyuma, kwigomeka ku butegetsi bw'igitugu no gukandamizwa, uburenganzira bwa muntu bugomba kurengerwa no kugendera ku mategeko. === - Intangiriro y'Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, 1948 === Bamwe muri UDHR bakoze ubushakashatsi kandi bandikwa na komite y’impuguke mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira bwa muntu, barimo abahagarariye imigabane yose n’amadini yose akomeye, kandi bagirana inama n’abayobozi nka Mahatma Gandhi. [24] Kwinjizamo uburenganzira bw’imbonezamubano na politiki ndetse n’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco [23] [25] byavuzwe mbere yo gutekereza ko uburenganzira bw’ibanze bw’ikiremwamuntu budatandukanijwe kandi ko uburenganzira butandukanye bwashyizwe ku rutonde ntaho buhuriye. Nubwo iri hame ritigeze ryarwanywa n’ibihugu bigize uyu muryango igihe byemejwe (iryo tangazo ryemejwe ku bwumvikane, hamwe n’umuryango w’abasoviyeti, Apartheid Afurika yepfo na Arabiya Sawudite), iryo hame ryaje guhura n’ibibazo bikomeye. [25] === Ku kibazo cya "rusange", ayo matangazo ntiyakurikijwe ivangura rishingiye ku ngo cyangwa ivanguramoko. Henry J. Richardson III yagiye impaka: [27] === Guverinoma zose zikomeye mu gihe cyo gutegura amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye n’itangazo ry’isi yose zakoze ibishoboka byose kugira ngo amategeko yose y’imbere mu gihugu ndetse n’amahanga yose azwi, ko ayo mahame yari afite amahame mpuzamahanga gusa kandi ko nta tegeko ryemewe n'amategeko kuri izo guverinoma zashyirwa mu bikorwa mu gihugu imbere. . Bose babonye mu mutuzo ko kugira ngo rubanda nyamwinshi ivangura rishingiye ku mategeko hashingiwe ku buryo bwemewe n'amategeko ko basaba ko ubwo burenganzira bwagutse bwashyirwaho byateza igitutu cyaba politiki. Intambara y'ubutita itangiye nyuma gato yuko UDHR itwite yagejejwe ku macakubiri ku bijyanye n'uburenganzira bw'ubukungu n'imibereho myiza y'abaturage ndetse n'uburenganzira bwa muntu na politiki muri iryo tangazo. Ibihugu by’aba capitaliste byakunze kwibanda cyane ku burenganzira bw’abaturage n’ubwa politiki (nk’ubwisanzure bwo kwishyira hamwe no gutanga ibitekerezo), kandi ntibashakaga gushyiramo uburenganzira bw’ubukungu n’imibereho (nk’uburenganzira bwo gukora n’uburenganzira bwo kwinjira mu bumwe). Ibihugu by’abasosiyaliste byahaye agaciro kanini uburenganzira bw’ubukungu n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage kandi bivuguruza cyane ko byashyirwa mu bikorwa. Kubera amacakubiri yerekeye uburenganzira bwo gushyiramo, kandi kubera ko ibihugu bimwe byanze kwemeza amasezerano ayo ari yo yose harimo no gusobanura mu buryo bwihariye uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu, ndetse n’umuryango w’Abasoviyeti ndetse n’ibihugu byinshi bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere bivuguruza cyane ko uburenganzira bwose bwinjizwa muri so- yiswe Ubumwe Icyemezo, uburenganzira buteganijwe muri UDHR bwagabanyijwemo amasezerano abiri atandukanye, bituma ibihugu byemerera uburenganzira bumwe kandi bigasuzugura ibindi. Nubwo ibyo byatumye amasezerano ashyirwaho, yahakanye ihame ryasabwaga ko uburenganzira bwose bufitanye isano n’ibanze mu gusobanura UDHR. [28] [29] Nubwo UDHR ari icyemezo kidahwitse, ubu gifatwa nkigice cyingenzi cyamategeko mpuzamahanga gakondo ashobora kwifashishwa mugihe gikwiye nubucamanza bwa leta nizindi nzego zubutabera. === Uman Amasezerano y'Uburenganzira === Mu 1966, Umuryango w’abibumbye, amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bya politiki na politiki (ICCPR) n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco (ICESCR) yemejwe n’umuryango w’abibumbye, hagati yabo bigatuma uburenganzira bukubiye muri UDHR bugomba kubahiriza ibihugu byose. a] Icyakora, ryatangiye gukurikizwa mu 1976 gusa, igihe ryemejwe n’ibihugu bihagije (nubwo byageze kuri ICCPR, amasezerano harimo n’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu cyangwa imibereho myiza y’Amerika, Amerika yemeje ICCPR gusa mu 1992). ICESCR yiyemeje amashyaka 155 yo guharanira uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco (ESCR) ku bantu ku giti cyabo. Andi masezerano menshi (ibice byamategeko) yatanzwe kurwego mpuzamahanga. Mubisanzwe bazwi nkibikoresho byuburenganzira bwa muntu. Bimwe mubyingenzi ni: Amasezerano yerekeye gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside (yemejwe 1948, atangira gukurikizwa: 1951) [1] === Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura rishingiye ku moko (CERD) (ryemejwe 1966, ritangira gukurikizwa: 1969) [2] === Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore (CEDAW) (ritangira gukurikizwa: 1981) [3] === Amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye arwanya iyicarubozo (CAT) (yemejwe 1984, atangira gukurikizwa: 1984) [32] === Amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’umwana (CRC) (yemejwe 1989, atangira gukurikizwa: 1989) [4] Yabitswe 26 Mata 2019 kuri Wayback Machine Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye kurengera uburenganzira bw’abakozi bose bimukira n’abagize imiryango yabo (ICRMW) (yemejwe 1990) Sitati y'i Roma y'urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha (ICC) (gukurikizwa: 2002) Ingamba zo kuzamura Ingabo za gisirikare '''Inshingano''' zo kurinda bivuga inyigisho z’ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’abibumbye zigira uruhare mu kurinda abaturage amarorerwa. Byagaragaye ko bifite ishingiro mu gukoresha ibikorwa bya gisirikare biherutse. Urugero rw’ubutabazi bukunze kunengwa ni uko ingabo za 2011 zagize uruhare mu ntambara ya mbere y’abaturage yo muri Libiya na Nato na Qatar aho bivugwa ko intego yo gukumira amarorerwa bivugwa ko yiyemeje inshingano nini yo gukuraho guverinoma yari igamije. [33] 34] Ibikorwa byubukungu === Reba kandi: Ibihano byubukungu === Ibihano by’ubukungu bikunze gutangwa ku bantu cyangwa ibihugu bibangamira uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibihano bikunze kunengwa kubera ko biranga ibihano rusange mu kubabaza abaturage b'igihugu mu bukungu hagamijwe kugabanya uko abaturage babona leta. [35] Bavuga kandi ko, ku buryo budasubirwaho, ibihano byo guhohotera guverinoma z’igitugu bishimangira umwanya wa guverinoma mu gihugu kuko guverinoma yaba igifite uburyo bwinshi bwo kubona inkunga kurusha abayinenga ndetse n’abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi, bakarushaho gucika intege. [37] Ibyago byo guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu byiyongera hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’abaturage batishoboye. Abakobwa bo mu miryango ikennye mu bukungu budafite inganda bakunze gufatwa nkumutwaro wamafaranga kumuryango kandi gushyingirwa kwabakobwa bakiri bato akenshi biterwa no kwizera ko abakobwa bazagaburirwa kandi bakarindwa nimiryango ikize. [38] Gutemagura imyanya ndangagitsina y'abagore no kugaburira abakobwa ku gahato bivugwa ko biterwa ahanini no kongera amahirwe yo gushyingirwa bityo umutekano wabo ukaba wageze ku mahame ngenderwaho y'ubwiza. [39] Mu turere tumwe na tumwe, abakobwa bakeneye ubunararibonye bw’imihango yo gutangiza imibonano mpuzabitsina n’abagabo no gutsinda ibizamini by’amahugurwa y’imibonano mpuzabitsina ku bakobwa byateguwe kugira ngo barusheho gushimisha nk’icyizere cyo gushyingirwa. Mu ngamba zafasha mu rwego rw’ubukungu bw’amatsinda atishoboye hagamijwe kugabanya ihohoterwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu harimo uburezi bw’abakobwa ndetse n’amafaranga yinjiza make ndetse no kohererezanya amafaranga, nka Bolsa familia itera inkunga ababyeyi bakomeza abana mu ishuri aho kugira uruhare mu kwinjiza umuryango, byagenze neza yagabanije imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana. Ingamba zamakuru '''Kwigisha uburenganzira bwa muntu no guharanira inyungu''' Ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu rikurikiranwa na komite z'umuryango w'abibumbye, inzego z'igihugu na guverinoma ndetse n'imiryango myinshi yigenga itegamiye kuri Leta, nka Amnesty International, Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu, Umuryango mpuzamahanga urwanya iyicarubozo, Inzu y'Ubwisanzure, Ubwisanzure mpuzamahanga bwo gutanga ibitekerezo ndetse no kurwanya ubucakara mpuzamahanga . Iyi miryango ikusanya ibimenyetso n’inyandiko z’ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu kandi ikoresha igitutu cyo guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu. Kwigisha abantu igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu byavuzwe ko ari ingamba zo gukumira ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibikoresho byemewe n'amategeko Ingero nyinshi z’amategeko mu rwego mpuzamahanga, uturere ndetse n’igihugu zasobanuwe hano hepfo zagenewe kubahiriza amategeko arengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. Kurinda kurwego mpuzamahanga Ingingo nyamukuru: Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu Umuryango w’abibumbye Ingingo nkuru: Umuryango w’abibumbye Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye Umuryango w’abibumbye (UN) nicyo kigo cyonyine cya leta gifite impande zombi zifite ububasha mpuzamahanga bwemewe na amategeko rusange y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Inzego zose z’umuryango w’abibumbye zifite inshingano z’ubujyanama mu kanama gashinzwe umutekano ku isi ndetse n’akanama k’umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, kandi hari komite nyinshi muri Loni zifite inshingano zo kubungabunga amasezerano atandukanye y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Urwego rukuru rwa Loni mu bijyanye n'uburenganzira bwa muntu ni Ibiro bya Komiseri Mukuru ushinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu. Umuryango w’abibumbye ufite inshingano mpuzamahanga kuri: ... kugera ku bufatanye n’amahanga mu gukemura ibibazo mpuzamahanga by’ubukungu, imibereho myiza, umuco, cyangwa ubumuntu, no guteza imbere no gushishikariza kubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure bw’ibanze kuri bose nta gutandukanya amoko, igitsina, ururimi, cyangwa idini. - Ingingo ya 1-3 y’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye Akanama gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu Ingingo nkuru: Akanama k’umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu Akanama k'umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, kashinzwe mu 2005, gafite inshingano zo gukora iperereza ku ihohoterwa rivugwa ko riharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu. 47 mu bihugu 193 bigize Umuryango w’abibumbye bicaye muri njyanama, batorwa ku bwiganze busanzwe mu majwi y'ibanga y’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye. Abanyamuryango bamara imyaka itandatu kandi barashobora guhagarikwa kubanyamuryango kubera ihohoterwa rikabije ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu. Njyanama ifite icyicaro i Geneve, iterana gatatu mu mwaka; hamwe ninama zinyongera zo gusubiza ibibazo byihutirwa. Impuguke zigenga (rapporteurs) zagumishijwe n’inama njyanama kugira ngo ikore iperereza ku ihohoterwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu no gutanga raporo ku nama njyanama. Akanama gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu gashobora gusaba ko akanama gashinzwe umutekano kohereza imanza mu rukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha (ICC) kabone niyo ikibazo cyoherezwa hanze y’ububasha busanzwe bwa ICC. == Inzego z’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye == '''Ingingo nyamukuru: <big>Amasezerano yumubiri</big>''' Usibye inzego za politiki zifite inshingano ziva mu gitabo cy’umuryango w’abibumbye, Loni yashyizeho inzego nyinshi zishingiye ku masezerano, zigizwe na komite z’impuguke zigenga zikurikirana iyubahirizwa ry’amahame y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’amahame aturuka mu masezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Bashyigikiwe kandi bashyirwaho n’amasezerano bakurikirana, Usibye CESCR, yashyizweho ku cyemezo cy’Inama y’Ubukungu n’Imibereho Myiza y'Abaturage kugira ngo ikore imirimo yo kugenzura yari yahawe urwo rwego mbere y’amasezerano, ni tekiniki yigenga yigenga, yashyizweho namasezerano bakurikirana kandi bakabibazwa n’amashyaka y’ibihugu bigize ayo masezerano - aho kuba ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye, nubwo mu bikorwa bifitanye isano rya bugufi na gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye kandi bashyigikiwe na komiseri mukuru w’umuryango w’abibumbye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (UNHCHR) n'ikigo cy'umuryango w'abibumbye gishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu. [46] Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu iteza imbere uruhare n’ibipimo bya ICCPR. Abagize iyo komite bagaragaza ibitekerezo ku bihugu bigize uyu muryango kandi bagaca imanza ku birego ku giti cyabo barega ibihugu byemeje amasezerano atemewe ku masezerano. Imanza, zitwa "ibitekerezo", ntabwo zemewe n'amategeko. Umwe mu bagize komite iterana inshuro eshatu mu mwaka kugira ngo akore inama [47] Komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco ikurikirana ICESCR ikanatanga ibisobanuro rusange ku kwemeza imikorere y’ibihugu. Izaba ifite imbaraga zo kwakira ibirego ku bihugu byahisemo Protokole idahwitse imaze gukurikizwa. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko mu buryo butandukanye n’izindi nzego z’amasezerano, komite y’ubukungu ntabwo ari urwego rwigenga rushinzwe amashyaka y’amasezerano, ahubwo rushinzwe mu buryo butaziguye Inama y’ubukungu n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage ndetse n’Inteko rusange. Ibi bivuze ko Komite y’Ubukungu ihura n’ibibazo byihariye ifite mu buryo bwo gushyira mu bikorwa ugereranije n’izindi nzego z’amasezerano ugereranije n’izindi nzego z’amasezerano. [48] , ugereranije no kutagira inyandiko zemewe n’amategeko, kutumvikana kw’ibihugu byinshi mu gukemura uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco, ugereranije n’imiryango mike itegamiye kuri Leta yibanze ku karere n’ibibazo byo kubona amakuru afatika kandi yuzuye. [48] [citation ntabwo yabonetse] [ 49] Komisiyo ishinzwe kurandura ivangura rishingiye ku moko ikurikirana CERD ikanasuzuma buri gihe imikorere y’ibihugu. Irashobora guca imanza ku birego birega ibihugu bigize uyu muryango ubyemerera, ariko ntibyemewe n'amategeko. Itanga umuburo wo kugerageza gukumira ibinyuranyije n’amasezerano. Komite ishinzwe guca ivangura rikorerwa abagore ikurikirana CEDAW. Yakiriye raporo za leta ku mikorere yazo n'ibitekerezo kuri bo, kandi irashobora guca imanza ku birego birega ibihugu byahisemo amasezerano yo guhitamo 1999. Komite ishinzwe kurwanya iyicarubozo ikurikirana CAT kandi ikakira raporo za leta ku mikorere yazo buri myaka ine n'ibitekerezo kuri bo. Komite yayo irashobora gusura no kugenzura ibihugu byahisemo Protokole idahwitse. komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’umwana ikurikirana CRC ikanatanga ibisobanuro kuri raporo zatanzwe na leta buri myaka itanu. Ntabwo ifite ububasha bwo kwakira ibibazo. Komite ishinzwe abakozi bimukira mu mahanga yashinzwe mu 2004 kandi ikurikirana ICRMW ikanatanga ibisobanuro kuri raporo zatanzwe na leta buri myaka itanu. Izaba ifite ububasha bwo kwakira ibirego by’ihohoterwa rimwe gusa ibihugu icumi bigize uyu muryango ubyemereye. Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga yashinzwe mu 2008 kugira ngo ikurikirane amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga. Ifite ububasha bwo kwakira ibirego by’ibihugu byahisemo Amasezerano atemewe y’amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga. Komite ishinzwe kubura ku gahato ikurikirana ICPPED. Impande zose z’ibihugu zitegetswe gutanga raporo muri komite zerekana uburyo uburenganzira bushyirwa mu bikorwa. Komisiyo isuzuma buri raporo kandi igakemura ibibazo byayo n'ibyifuzo by’ishyaka rya Leta mu buryo bwo "kurangiza". Buri rwego rw’amasezerano ruhabwa inkunga y’ubunyamabanga n’inama y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’amasezerano y’ibiro bya Komiseri Mukuru w’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (OHCHR) i Geneve usibye CEDAW, ishyigikiwe n’ishami rishinzwe guteza imbere abagore (DAW). CEDAW yahoze ikora amasomo yayo yose ku cyicaro cy’umuryango w’abibumbye i New York ariko ubu ikunze guhurira ku biro by’umuryango w’abibumbye i Geneve; izindi nzego zamasezerano ziteranira i Geneve. Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu ubusanzwe ikora inama yayo yo muri Werurwe mu mujyi wa New York. Uburenganzira bwa muntu buteganijwe muri UDHR, Amasezerano y'i Jeneve hamwe n’amasezerano atandukanye y’umuryango w’abibumbye ashyirwa mu bikorwa. Mu bikorwa, uburenganzira bwinshi buragoye cyane kubahiriza amategeko kubera ko nta bwumvikane buke ku ikoreshwa ry’uburenganzira bumwe na bumwe, kutagira amategeko y’igihugu abigenga cyangwa inzego zahawe uburenganzira bwo gufata ibyemezo kugira ngo bishyirwe mu bikorwa. === Inkiko mpuzamahanga === Ikirangantego cyemewe cya ICC Hariho imiryango myinshi yemewe ku rwego mpuzamahanga ifite inshingano cyangwa ububasha ku isi yose ku burenganzira bwa muntu: Urukiko mpuzamahanga (ICJ) n’urwego rw’ibanze rw’umuryango w’abibumbye. Ifite ububasha ku isi yose. Iyobowe n'akanama gashinzwe umutekano. ICJ ikemura amakimbirane hagati y’ibihugu. ICJ ntabwo ifite ububasha ku bantu. Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha (ICC) n’urwego rushinzwe iperereza no guhana ibyaha by’intambara, n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu iyo bibaye mu bubasha bwarwo, rufite inshingano yo gushyikiriza ubutabera abakoze ibyaha nkibi byabaye nyuma y’ishyirwaho ryayo mu 2002. Umubare. y'abanyamuryango ba Loni ntibigeze binjira mu rukiko kandi ICC ntabwo ifite ububasha ku baturage babo, kandi abandi basinye ariko ntibaremeza Sitati y'i Roma yashyizeho urukiko. ICC hamwe n’izindi nkiko mpuzamahanga (reba uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu mu karere hepfo) zirahari kugira ngo zifate ingamba aho amategeko y’igihugu y’igihugu adashobora kuburanisha urubanza ubwabwo. Niba amategeko y'igihugu ashoboye kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu no guhana abica amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, afite ububasha bw’ibanze mu kuzuzanya. Gusa iyo imiti yose yaho yarangiye amategeko mpuzamahanga atangira gukurikizwa. Ubutegetsi bw'uburenganzira bwa muntu mu karere Reba kandi: Urutonde rw’ingingo z’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’igihugu, ibigo by’igihugu bishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, na komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu Mu bihugu birenga 110 hashyizweho ibigo by’igihugu by’uburenganzira bwa muntu (NHRIs) mu rwego rwo kurengera, guteza imbere cyangwa kugenzura uburenganzira bwa muntu bifite ububasha mu gihugu runaka. Nubwo NHRIs zose zidakurikiza amahame y'i Paris, [54] umubare n'ingaruka z'ibi bigo biriyongera. Amahame y'i Paris yasobanuwe mu mahugurwa ya mbere mpuzamahanga y’inzego z’igihugu zishinzwe guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu i Paris ku ya 7-9 Ukwakira 1991, kandi yemejwe n’icyemezo cya komisiyo y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu 1992/54 cyo mu 1992 n’icyemezo rusange cy’Inteko rusange 48 / 134 ryo mu 1993. Amahame y'i Paris agaragaza inshingano nyinshi ku bigo by'igihugu. [56] Afurika '''Uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Afrika''' Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afrika (AU) ni ubumwe bw’umugabane ugizwe n’ibihugu mirongo itanu na bitanu bya Afurika. AU yashinzwe mu 2001, intego ya AU ni ugufasha guharanira demokarasi ya Afurika, uburenganzira bwa muntu, ndetse n’ubukungu burambye, cyane cyane mu gukuraho amakimbirane hagati y’Afurika no gushyiraho isoko rusange. [58] Komisiyo Nyafurika ishinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’Abaturage (ACHPR) ni urwego rw’ubucamanza rw’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika rushinzwe guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu n’uburenganzira rusange (abantu) ku mugabane wa Afurika ndetse no gusobanura Amasezerano nyafurika yerekeye abantu na Uburenganzira bw'abaturage no gusuzuma ibirego ku giti cyabo byo kurenga ku Masezerano. Komisiyo ifite ibice bitatu by'inshingano: Guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage === Kurinda abantun'uburenganzira bw'abaturage === === Gusobanura Amasezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage === Kugira ngo izo ntego zigerweho, komisiyo ishinzwe "gukusanya inyandiko, gukora ubushakashatsi n’ubushakashatsi ku bibazo bya Afurika mu bijyanye n’abantu n’abaturage, uburenganzira, gutegura amahugurwa, ibiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo n’inama, gukwirakwiza amakuru, gushishikariza ibigo by’igihugu ndetse n’ibanze bireba abantu n'uburenganzira bw'abaturage kandi, nibiramuka bibaye, gutanga ibitekerezo cyangwa gutanga ibyifuzo kuri guverinoma "(Amasezerano, ingingo ya 45). Hashyizweho urukiko nyafurika rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage (hashingiwe ku masezerano y’amasezerano yemejwe mu 1998 atangira gukurikizwa muri Mutarama 2004), komisiyo izaba ifite inshingano z’inyongera zo gutegura imanza zashyikirizwa ububasha bw’urukiko. . [60] Mu cyemezo cyo muri Nyakanga 2004, Inteko ya AU yemeje ko Urukiko ruzaza ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage ruzahuzwa n’urukiko nyafurika. Urukiko rw’ubutabera rw’ubumwe bw’Afurika rugamije kuba "urwego rw’ubucamanza rukuru rw’Ubumwe" (Porotokole y’urukiko rw’ubutabera rw’ubumwe bw’Afurika, ingingo ya 2.2). [61] N'ubwo itarashyirwaho, igamije gufata inshingano za komisiyo nyafurika ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage, ndetse no kuba urukiko rukuru rw’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika, isobanura amategeko n'amasezerano yose akenewe. Amasezerano ashyiraho Urukiko nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage yatangiye gukurikizwa muri Mutarama 2004 [62] ariko kwishyira hamwe n’urukiko rw’ubutabera byatinze gushingwa. Amasezerano ashyiraho Urukiko rw’Ubutabera azatangira gukurikizwa igihe yemejwe n’ibihugu 15. [63] Hariho ibihugu byinshi muri Afurika bishinjwa ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu n'imiryango mpuzamahanga n'imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta. Amerika Umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika (OAS) ni umuryango mpuzamahanga, ufite icyicaro i Washington, D.C., Amerika. Abanyamuryango bayo nibihugu mirongo itatu na bitanu byigenga byo muri Amerika. Mu myaka ya za 90, Intambara y'ubutita irangiye, kugaruka muri demokarasi muri Amerika y'Epfo, no guharanira ko isi ihinduka, OAS yashyizeho ingufu nyinshi kugira ngo yongere kwiyubaka kugira ngo ihuze n'imiterere mishya. Ibyashyizwe imbere ubu birimo ibi bikurikira: [65] '''Gushimangira demokarasi''' '''Gukorera amahoro''' '''Kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu''' '''Kurwanya ruswa''' '''Uburenganzira bw'abasangwabutaka''' '''Guteza imbere iterambere rirambye''' Komisiyo mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu (IACHR) ni urwego rwigenga rw’umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika, rufite icyicaro i Washington, muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika hamwe n’urukiko mpuzamahanga rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ruherereye i San José, muri Kosta Rika, ni imwe mu nzego zigizwe na gahunda yo muri Amerika yo guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. IACHR ni urwego ruhoraho ruterana mu nama zisanzwe kandi zidasanzwe inshuro nyinshi mu mwaka kugira ngo zisuzume ibirego by’ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu mu gice cy’isi. Inshingano z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zikomoka ku nyandiko eshatu: [67] Amasezerano y'Abanyamerika yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu Itangazo ry'Abanyamerika ry'Uburenganzira n'inshingano z'umuntu Amasezerano y’umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika Urukiko rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu rw’Abanyamerika rwashinzwe mu 1979 hagamijwe kubahiriza no gusobanura ibivugwa mu Masezerano y'Abanyamerika yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu. Ibikorwa byayo bibiri byingenzi rero ni ugucira urubanza no gutanga inama. Mubya mbere, irumva kandi igenga imanza zihariye zihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu zavuzwe. Mugihe cyanyuma, gitanga ibitekerezo kubibazo byo gusobanura amategeko byagejejweho nizindi nzego za OAS cyangwa ibihugu bigize uyu muryango. Aziya Ingingo z'ingenzi: Uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Aziya, Uburenganzira bwa Muntu muri Aziya y'Uburasirazuba, Uburenganzira bwa Muntu muri Aziya yo Hagati, n'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati Nta mashyirahamwe cyangwa amasezerano yo muri Aziya agamije guteza imbere cyangwa kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibihugu biratandukanye cyane muburyo bwita ku burenganzira bwa muntu ndetse no mu bijyanye no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. [69] Ishyirahamwe ry’ibihugu byo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya (ASEAN) [71] n’umuryango wa geo-politiki n’ubukungu by’ibihugu 10 biherereye mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo ya Aziya, washinzwe mu 1967 na Indoneziya, Maleziya, Filipine, Singapore na Tayilande. Ubu uyu muryango urimo kandi Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Laos, Miyanimari na Kamboje. Mu Kwakira 2009, hatangijwe komisiyo ihuriweho na guverinoma ya ASEAN ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, [73] hanyuma, itangazo ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu muri ASEAN ryemejwe ku bwumvikane n’abanyamuryango ba ASEAN ku ya 18 Ugushyingo 2012. [74] Amasezerano y’abarabu y’uburenganzira bwa muntu (ACHR) yemejwe n’inama y’umuryango w’ibihugu by’abarabu ku ya 22 Gicurasi 2004. [75] Uburayi Urukiko rw'u Burayi Ruharanira Uburenganzira bwa Muntu i Strasbourg Ingingo nyamukuru: Uburenganzira bwa muntu mu Burayi Reba kandi: Uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Leta zunze ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti Inama y’Uburayi yashinzwe mu 1949, n’umuryango ushaje cyane ukorera mu Burayi. Ni umuryango mpuzamahanga ufite ubuzimagatozi bwemewe n'amategeko mpuzamahanga kandi ufite status yindorerezi hamwe n’umuryango w’abibumbye. Icyicaro cy'Inama ya Uburayi buri i Strasbourg mu Bufaransa. Inama y’Uburayi ishinzwe amasezerano y’i Burayi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’urukiko rw’uburayi rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Izi nzego zihuza abagize akanama k’amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, nubwo akomeye, yoroheje kurusha ay’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Iyi nama kandi iteza imbere Amasezerano y’i Burayi agenga indimi z’akarere cyangwa umubare muto n’amasezerano y’imibereho y’Uburayi. Kuba umunyamuryango byugururiwe ibihugu byose by’Uburayi bishaka kwishyira hamwe kw’Uburayi, kwemera ihame ryo kugendera ku mategeko kandi birashoboka kandi byiteguye guharanira demokarasi, uburenganzira bw’ibanze n’ubwisanzure. Inama y’Uburayi n’umuryango utari mu [[Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu by’i Burayi|muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi]], ariko biteganijwe ko uwanyuma azinjira mu Masezerano y’i Burayi kandi birashoboka ko Inama Njyanama ubwayo. Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ufite inyandiko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu; Amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’ibanze bw’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Amasezerano y’uburayi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu asobanura kandi yemeza kuva mu 1950 uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure bw’ibanze mu Burayi. Ibihugu 47 bigize Umuryango w’Inama y’Uburayi byashyize umukono kuri aya masezerano bityo bikaba biri mu bubasha bw’urukiko rw’uburayi rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu i Strasbourg. Mu rwego rwo gukumira iyicarubozo no gufatwa nk’ikiremwamuntu cyangwa bitesha agaciro (ingingo ya 3 y’amasezerano), hashyizweho komite y’uburayi ishinzwe gukumira iyicarubozo. Filozofiya y'uburenganzira bwa muntu Uburenganzira Uburenganzira bwa muntuLogo.svg Itandukaniro Gusaba uburenganzira n'ubwisanzure Uburenganzira bwa buri muntu n'itsinda Uburenganzira karemano n'uburenganzira bwemeweUburenganzira n'uburenganzira bwiza Uburenganzira bwa muntu Sivile na politikiUbukungu, imibereho n’umucoIbisekuru bitatu Uburenganzira nabagenerwabikorwa UshinjwaInyamanswaAbanaConsumersCreditorDeafDisabledEldersFarmersHumansNativesIntersexKingsLGBT (Transgender) MenMinoritiesAbabyeyi (Ababyeyi, ba papa) abarwayiPeasantsPlantsPrisonersRobotsStatesStudentsVictimsWomenWorkersYouth Andi matsinda yuburenganzira IntekoIshyirahamwe ryubuhungiro bwubwisanzure bwabaturageDigitalEducationFair trialFoodFreeFreeFreeFreeFrigrationFrimeFrimeFrimeRwr vte Uburyo butandukanye bwo kwigisha bwatejwe imbere kugirango busobanure uburyo n'impamvu uburenganzira bwa muntu buba mubiteganijwe mu mibereho. Imwe muri filozofiya ya kera y’iburengerazuba ku burenganzira bwa muntu ni uko ari umusaruro w’amategeko kamere, akomoka ku bitekerezo bitandukanye bya filozofiya cyangwa idini. Izindi nyigisho zivuga ko uburenganzira bwa muntu bugaragaza imyitwarire mbonezamubano nigicuruzwa cyabantu cyatejwe imbere nubwihindurize bwibinyabuzima n’imibereho (bifitanye isano na Hume). Uburenganzira bwa muntu busobanurwa kandi nkuburyo bwa sociologie bwo gushyiraho amategeko (nko mubitekerezo bya sociologie y'amategeko n'umurimo wa Weber). Ubu buryo bukubiyemo igitekerezo kivuga ko abantu muri sosiyete bemera amategeko atangwa n’ubuyobozi bwemewe hagamijwe umutekano n’inyungu z’ubukungu (nko muri Rawls) - amasezerano y’imibereho. Uburenganzira karemano Ingingo z'ingenzi: Amategeko karemano n'uburenganzira bwa muntu Amategeko ya kamere ashingiye ku burenganzira bwa muntu ashingiye ku mico "karemano" y’imyitwarire, idini cyangwa se ibinyabuzima bitagendeye ku mategeko cyangwa imigenzo y’igihe gito. Sokarate n'abazungura be ba filozofiya, Platon na Aristote, bagaragaje ko hariho ubutabera karemano cyangwa uburenganzira karemano (dikaion physikon, δικαιον φυσικον, [[Ikilatini]] ius naturale). Muri bo, Aristote bakunze kuvuga ko ari we se w'amategeko kamere, [82] nubwo ibimenyetso bibigaragaza ahanini biterwa no gusobanura umurimo we na Thomas Aquinas. [83] Iterambere ry'uwo muco w'ubutabera karemano muri rimwe mu mategeko asanzwe ryitirirwa Abasitoyiko. Bamwe mu ba se b'Itorero rya mbere bashakaga kwinjiza igitekerezo cya gipagani cy'amategeko ya kamere mu bukristo. Inyigisho z'amategeko karemano zagaragaye cyane muri filozofiya ya Thomas Aquinas, Francisco Suárez, Richard Hooker, Thomas Hobbes, Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf, na John Locke. Mu kinyejana cya cumi na karindwi, Thomas Hobbes yashinze igitekerezo cy’amasezerano y’imyitwarire myiza y’amategeko ku byo abantu bose bashobora kumvikanaho: ibyo bashakaga (umunezero) byateranijweho impaka, ariko ubwumvikane buke bushobora gushingira ku byo batinyaga (urupfu rw’urugomo rwatewe n'undi. ). Amategeko karemano yari uburyo umuntu ushyira mu gaciro, ushaka kubaho no gutera imbere, yakora. Yavumbuwe harebwa uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’abantu, mu gihe mbere twavuga ko uburenganzira kamere bwavumbuwe harebwa amategeko kamere. Ku gitekerezo cya Hobbes, inzira imwe rukumbi amategeko kamere yashoboraga gutsinda ni uko abagabo bumvira amategeko ya nyagasani. Muri ibyo hashyizweho urufatiro rw'igitekerezo cy'amasezerano mbonezamubano hagati y'abayoborwa na guverineri. Hugo Grotius yashingiye filozofiya ye y'amategeko mpuzamahanga ku mategeko kamere. Yanditse ko "n'ubushake bw'ikiremwa bushobora byose budashobora guhindura cyangwa gukuraho" amategeko kamere, "azakomeza kugira agaciro kayo kabone niyo twakagombye gutekereza ko bidashoboka, ko nta Mana ibaho cyangwa ko itabikora "kwita ku bibazo bya muntu. " John Locke yashyize amategeko karemano muri byinshi mu bitekerezo bye na filozofiya, cyane cyane mu masezerano abiri ya guverinoma. Locke yahinduye ibyo Hobbes yanditse, avuga ko niba umutegetsi atubahirije amategeko kamere akananirwa kurengera "ubuzima, umudendezo, n'umutungo," abantu bashobora guhirika leta yariho kandi bagashyiraho bundi bushya. Umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Ububiligi Frank van Dun ni umwe mu basobanura igitekerezo cy’isi [85] cy’amategeko kamere mu muco gakondo. Hariho kandi uburyo bushya kandi bw’isi bw’amategeko agenga amategeko asobanura uburenganzira bwa muntu nk’ibikomoka ku myumvire y’icyubahiro rusange cy’abantu. Ijambo "uburenganzira bwa muntu" ryasimbuye ijambo "uburenganzira bwa muntu" mu kwamamara, kubera ko uburenganzira butagaragara kandi bukunze kugaragara ko busaba amategeko kamere kugira ngo babeho. Ibindi bitekerezo byuburenganzira bwa muntu Umuhanga mu bya filozofiya John Finnis avuga ko uburenganzira bwa muntu bufite ishingiro bitewe n'agaciro kabo bagize mu gushyiraho uburyo bukenewe kugira ngo imibereho myiza y'abantu ibe. [88] [89] Inyungu zishimishije zigaragaza inshingano zo kubahiriza uburenganzira bwabandi bantu kubwinyungu zabo bwite: Amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, akoreshwa ku benegihugu bwite akorera inyungu z’ibihugu, urugero, kugabanya ingaruka ziterwa n’imyigaragambyo n’imyigaragambyo ndetse no gukomeza urwego rwo kutishimira leta. - Niraj Nathwani, Kongera gutekereza ku mategeko y'impunzi [90] Igitekerezo cyibinyabuzima cyerekana inyungu zigereranya yimyororokere yimyitwarire yabantu ishingiye kumpuhwe no kwikunda muburyo bwo gutoranya kamere. [91] [92] [93] Ibitekerezo mu burenganzira bwa muntu Reba kandi: Amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu Gutandukana no gutondekanya uburenganzira Ibyiciro bikunze kugaragara mu burenganzira bwa muntu ni ukubigabanya mu burenganzira bwa muntu na politiki, n'ubukungu, imibereho myiza n'umuco. Uburenganzira mbonezamubano na politiki bukubiye mu ngingo ya 3 kugeza ku ya 21 y’itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu no muri ICCPR. Uburenganzira mu bukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco bukubiye mu ngingo ya 22 kugeza ku ya 28 y’itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu no muri ICESCR. UDHR yarimo uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco n’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwa politiki kuko bwari bushingiye ku ihame ry’uko uburenganzira butandukanye bushobora kubaho gusa hamwe: Igitekerezo cy’abantu bafite umudendezo bafite umudendezo wa gisivili na politiki n’ubwisanzure bwo gutinya no kwifuza gishobora kugerwaho ari uko hashyizweho uburyo buri wese ashobora kubona uburenganzira bwe bw’imbonezamubano na politiki, ndetse n’uburenganzira bwe mu mibereho, ubukungu n’umuco. - Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bya politiki no mu bya politiki n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bw’imibereho n’umuco, 1966 Ibi bifatwa nkukuri kuko nta burenganzira mbonezamubano na politiki abaturage badashobora kwemeza uburenganzira bwabo mubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, nta mibereho na sosiyete ikora, abaturage ntibashobora kwemeza cyangwa gukoresha uburenganzira bw’imbonezamubano cyangwa politiki (bizwi ko ari inda yuzuye). Nubwo byemewe nabasinye muri UDHR, benshi muribo ntabwo mubikorwa biha uburemere buke ubwoko butandukanye bwuburenganzira. Imico y’iburengerazuba yakunze gushyira imbere uburenganzira bw’imbonezamubano na politiki, rimwe na rimwe bikabangamira uburenganzira bw’ubukungu n’imibereho nk’uburenganzira bwo gukora, amashuri, ubuzima n’imiturire. Kurugero, muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika ntihaboneka uburyo bwo kwivuza ku buntu aho bukoreshwa. Ntabwo bivuze ko imico yuburengerazuba yirengagije burundu ubwo burenganzira (ibihugu byimibereho bibaho muburayi bwiburengerazuba nibimenyetso byibi). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ibihugu byahoze bigize Umuryango w’Abasoviyeti ndetse n’ibihugu byo muri Aziya byakunze gushyira imbere uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco, ariko akenshi ntibyashoboye gutanga uburenganzira bw’abaturage na politiki. Ikindi cyiciro, cyatanzwe na Karel Vasak, ni uko hari ibisekuruza bitatu byuburenganzira bwa muntu: ibisekuruza bya mbere uburenganzira bwa muntu na politiki (uburenganzira bwo kubaho no kugira uruhare muri politiki), uburenganzira bwo mu gisekuru cya kabiri uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco (uburenganzira bwo kubaho) nubwa gatatu -uburenganzira bw'ubufatanye (uburenganzira ku mahoro, uburenganzira ku bidukikije). Muri iki gisekuru, igisekuru cya gatatu nicyo cyaganiriweho cyane kandi kikaba kitemewe n'amategeko na politiki. Iri tondekanya ntirinyuranye no kutagabana uburenganzira, kuko rivuga mu buryo butaziguye ko uburenganzira bumwe bushobora kubaho nta bundi. Gushyira imbere uburenganzira kubwimpamvu zifatika ariko birakenewe cyane. Impuguke mu bijyanye n'uburenganzira bwa muntu Philip Alston avuga: Niba ikintu cyose gishoboka cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu kibonwa ko ari ngombwa cyangwa gikenewe, nta kintu na kimwe kizafatwa nkaho ari ngombwa koko. - Philip Alston We, n'abandi, barasaba ubwitonzi gushyira imbere uburenganzira: ... guhamagarira gushyira imbere ntabwo bivuze ko ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira rigaragara rishobora kwirengagizwa. - filip Alston Ibyihutirwa, aho bibaye ngombwa, bigomba gukurikiza amahame yibanze (nko kugerageza gushyira mu gaciro kugerwaho) n'amahame (nko kutavangura, uburinganire no kubigiramo uruhare. [96] - Olivia Ball, Paul Yamaze Bimwe mu burenganzira bwa muntu bivugwa ko ari "uburenganzira butavogerwa". Ijambo uburenganzira butavogerwa (cyangwa uburenganzira budasubirwaho) ryerekeza ku "ihuriro ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu shingiro, ridatangwa n'imbaraga z'abantu, kandi ntirishobora gutangwa". Gukurikiza ihame ryo kutagabanywa n’umuryango mpuzamahanga byongeye gushimangirwa mu 1995: Uburenganzira bwa muntu bwose ni rusange, ntibigabanywa kandi biruzuzanya kandi bifitanye isano. Umuryango mpuzamahanga ugomba gufata uburenganzira bwa muntu ku isi mu buryo buboneye kandi bungana, ku buryo bumwe, kandi bushimangira kimwe. - Itangazo rya Vienne na Gahunda y'ibikorwa, Inama mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira bwa muntu, 1995 Aya magambo yongeye gushimangirwa mu nama yabereye i New York mu 2005 (paragarafu ya 121). Universalism vs relativism yumuco Ingingo z'ingenzi: Iterambere ry'umuco, Imyitwarire myiza, Kwishyira ukizana kwa buri muntu, hamwe n'imyitwarire rusange Ikarita: Biteganijwe ko ubwinshi bw'igitsina gore (FGC) muri Afurika. Amakuru ashingiye kubigereranyo bitazwi. Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu rishyiraho, mu bisobanuro, uburenganzira bukoreshwa ku bantu bose kimwe, aho akarere kose, leta, ubwoko cyangwa umuco barimo. Abashyigikiye ivangura rishingiye ku muco bavuga ko uburenganzira bwa muntu atari rusange, kandi ko rwose bivuguruza imico imwe n'imwe kandi bikabangamira ubuzima bwabo. Uburenganzira bukunze guhatanwa nimpaka zishingiye kuburenganzira ni uburenganzira bwumugore. Kurugero, gutema igitsina gore bibaho mumico itandukanye muri Afrika, Aziya na Amerika yepfo. Ntabwo byemewe n'idini iryo ari ryo ryose, ariko bimaze kuba umuco mu mico myinshi. Bifatwa nko guhonyora uburenganzira bw’umugore n’umukobwa na benshi mu mahanga, kandi birabujijwe mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe. Universalism bamwe basobanuye ko imperialism yumuco, ubukungu cyangwa politiki. By'umwihariko, igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu gikunze kuvugwa ko gishingiye ku mitekerereze ya politiki ishingiye ku bwisanzure bwa politiki, nubwo byemewe mu Burayi, Ubuyapani cyangwa Amerika ya Ruguru, ntabwo byanze bikunze bifatwa nkibisanzwe ahandi. Urugero, mu 1981, uhagarariye Irani mu Muryango w’abibumbye, Said Rajaie-Khorassani, yavuze uko igihugu cye gihagaze ku bijyanye na UDHR avuga ko UDHR yari "gusobanukirwa iby'isi ku muco gakondo w'Abayahudi n'Abakristo", bidashoboka. bishyirwa mu bikorwa n’abayisilamu batarenze ku mategeko ya kisilamu. [97] Uwahoze ari Minisitiri w’intebe wa Singapuru, Lee Kuan Yew, na Maleziya, Mahathir bin Mohamad bombi bavuze ko mu myaka ya za 90 bavuga ko indangagaciro za Aziya zitandukanye cyane n’indangagaciro z’iburengerazuba kandi ko harimo ubudahemuka ndetse n’ubwisanzure bw’umuntu ku giti cye hagamijwe iterambere ry’imibereho n’iterambere. , bityo rero ubutegetsi bwigitugu bukwiye muri Aziya kuruta demokarasi. Iki gitekerezo kirwanya uwahoze ari depite wa Mahathir: Kuvuga ko umudendezo ari Uburengerazuba cyangwa Abanyaziya ni ukubabaza imigenzo yacu kimwe na ba sogokuruza, batanze ubuzima bwabo mu kurwanya igitugu n'akarengane. - Anwar Ibrahim, mu ijambo rye nyamukuru yagejeje ku ihuriro ry’abanyamakuru bo muri Aziya umutwe w’itangazamakuru n’umuryango muri Aziya, ku ya 2 Ukuboza 1994 Umuyobozi utavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi bwa Singapore, Chee Soon Juan, na we avuga ko ari ivanguramoko kwemeza ko Abanyaziya badashaka uburenganzira bwa muntu. [98] Akenshi hajuririrwa ko abantu batekereza cyane ku burenganzira bwa muntu, nka John Locke na John Stuart Mill, bose babaye Abanyaburengerazuba kandi rwose ko bamwe bagize uruhare mu kuyobora Ingoma ubwabo. [100] [101] Impaka zifatika zikunze kwirengagiza ko uburenganzira bwa muntu bugezweho ari shyashya mu mico yose, guhera mu gihe kitarenze UDHR mu 1948. Ntibabaze kandi ko UDHR yateguwe n'abantu bava mu mico n'imigenzo itandukanye, harimo Abagatolika b'Abanyamerika b'Abanyamerika, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w'Abashinwa, Umunyasiyoniste w’Abafaransa akaba n'uhagarariye Umuryango w’Abarabu, hamwe n’abandi, maze yifashisha inama z’abatekereza nka Mahatma Gandhi. Michael Ignatieff yavuze ko ivangura rishingiye ku muco ari impaka zikoreshwa gusa n’abakoresha ubutegetsi mu mico ihohotera uburenganzira bwa muntu, kandi ko abafite uburenganzira bwa muntu babangamiwe ari nta mbaraga bafite. Ibi birerekana ko ingorane zo gucira imanza isi yose hamwe na relativism ziri mu bavuga ko bahagarariye umuco runaka. Nubwo impaka ziri hagati y’isi yose n’ubusabane butarangiye, ni ikiganiro cy’amasomo kubera ko amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu yubahiriza ihame ry’uko uburenganzira bwa muntu bukoreshwa ku isi hose. Inama y’isi yo mu 2005 yongeye gushimangira ko amahanga yubahiriza iri hame: Imiterere rusange yuburenganzira bwa muntu nubwisanzure ntagushidikanya. - 2005 Inama y’isi, paragarafu ya 120 Ububasha rusange vs ubusugire bwa leta Reba kandi: Ububasha rusange ishyirahamwe n'ubusugire bwa Leta Ububasha ku isi hose ni ihame ritavugwaho rumwe mu mategeko mpuzamahanga aho ibihugu bisaba ububasha bw’inshinjabyaha ku bantu bakekwaho ibyaha byakorewe hanze y’imbibi z’ubushinjacyaha, batitaye ku bwenegihugu, igihugu batuyemo, cyangwa indi sano ifitanye n’igihugu gikurikirana. Leta ishyigikiye ikirego cyayo hashingiwe ko icyaha cyakozwe gifatwa nk'icyaha kuri bose, igihugu icyo ari cyo cyose cyemerewe guhana. Igitekerezo cyububasha rusange rero gifitanye isano rya bugufi nigitekerezo kivuga ko amahame mpuzamahanga ari erga omnes, cyangwa abereyemo umuryango wisi yose, kimwe nigitekerezo cya jus cogens. Mu 1993, Ububiligi bwatoye itegeko ry’ububasha rusange kugira ngo inkiko zaryo zibone ububasha ku byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu mu bindi bihugu, naho mu 1998 Augusto Pinochet yafatiwe i Londres nyuma y'ibirego n'umucamanza wo muri Esipanye Baltasar Garzón akurikiza ihame ry'ububasha rusange. Iri hame rishyigikiwe na Amnesty International n’indi miryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu kuko bemeza ko ibyaha bimwe na bimwe bibangamira amahanga muri rusange kandi abaturage bakaba bafite inshingano z’imyitwarire, ariko abandi, barimo Henry Kissinger, bavuga ko ubusugire bw’igihugu ari cyo cyambere. , kubera ko ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira ryakorewe mu bindi bihugu ari inyungu z’ibihugu byo hanze kandi kubera ko ibihugu bishobora gukoresha ihame kubera impamvu za politiki. Abakozi ba Leta n'abatari ab'igihugu Amasosiyete, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, amashyaka ya politiki, imitwe idasanzwe, n'abantu ku giti cyabo bazwi nk'abaterankunga. Abadaharanira inyungu bashobora kandi guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu, ariko ntibagengwa n’amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu uretse amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu, akoreshwa ku bantu ku giti cyabo. Ibigo byinshi by’igihugu bigira uruhare runini ku isi, kandi bifite uruhare runini mu ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu. Nubwo ibidukikije byemewe n’imyitwarire bikikije ibikorwa bya guverinoma byateye imbere neza, ko ibigo bikikije ibihugu byinshi bitavugwaho rumwe kandi ntibisobanuwe neza. Ibigo byinshi byigihugu bikunze kubona inshingano zabo zibanze nkabanyamigabane babo, ntabwo bireba abarebwa nibikorwa byabo. Ibigo nkibi bikunze kuba binini kuruta ubukungu bwibihugu bakoreramo, kandi birashobora gukoresha imbaraga zubukungu na politiki. Nta masezerano mpuzamahanga abaho agaragaza neza imyitwarire yamasosiyete yerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu, kandi amategeko yigihugu aratandukanye cyane. Jean Ziegler, Raporo idasanzwe ya Komisiyo y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu ku burenganzira ku biribwa yavuzwe muri raporo mu 2003: imbaraga zigenda ziyongera mu mashyirahamwe y’amahanga no kwagura ubutegetsi binyuze mu kwegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo, kubatesha agaciro no gusubiza inyuma igihugu na byo bivuze ko igihe kigeze kugira ngo dushyirehoho amahame y’amategeko yubahiriza amategeko agenga ibigo by’uburenganzira bwa muntu kandi akuraho ihohoterwa rishobora kuba ry’ububasha bwabo. . - Jean Ziegler Muri Kanama 2003, Komisiyo ishinzwe komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu ishinzwe guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu yasohoye umushinga ngenderwaho ku nshingano z’amasosiyete mpuzamahanga ndetse n’ibindi bigo by’ubucuruzi bijyanye n'uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibyo byasuzumwe na komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu mu 2004, ariko ntibifite aho bihurira n’amasosiyete kandi ntibikurikiranwa. Byongeye kandi, intego y’umuryango w’abibumbye igamije iterambere rirambye igamije kugabanya ubusumbane mu 2030 binyuze mu guteza imbere amategeko aboneye. Uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bihe byihutirwa Ifungwa ridasanzwe ry'abafashwe mpiri mu kigobe cya Guantanamo Reba kandi: Gutesha agaciro, umutekano w’igihugu, n’amategeko yo kurwanya iterabwoba Usibye uburenganzira bwa muntu budasuzuguritse (amasezerano mpuzamahanga ashyiraho uburenganzira bwo kubaho, uburenganzira bwo kutagira uburetwa, uburenganzira bwo kutagira iyicarubozo n’uburenganzira bwo kutishora mu bikorwa by’amategeko ahana nk’uko bidasuzuguritse [ 110]), Loni yemera ko uburenganzira bwa muntu bushobora kugarukira cyangwa no guhagarikwa ku ruhande mu bihe byihutirwa by’igihugu - nubwo: ibyihutirwa bigomba kuba bifatika, bigira ingaruka kubaturage bose kandi iterabwoba rigomba kuba kubaho kwigihugu. Imenyekanisha ryihutirwa naryo rigomba kuba inzira yanyuma nigipimo cyigihe gito - Umuryango w’abibumbye, umutungo [110] Uburenganzira budashobora guteshwa agaciro kubwimpamvu z'umutekano wigihugu mubihe byose bizwi nkibisanzwe cyangwa jus cogens. Inshingano z’amategeko mpuzamahanga zubahirizwa kuri leta zose kandi ntizishobora. = REFERRENCES [IHUZA] = <ref>Sobanukirwa Uburenganzira bwa muntu n’uko bwubahirizwa - Kigali Today</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cndp.org.rw/index.php?id=24&L=1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-25 |archive-date=2023-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225134537/https://cndp.org.rw/index.php?id=24&L=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/kinyarwanda</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pearlsrwanda.com/uburenganzira-bwa-muntu/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-25 |archive-date=2023-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225134535/https://pearlsrwanda.com/uburenganzira-bwa-muntu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230225134550/https://caraesnderahospital.prod.risa.rw/1/patients-information/patient-rights-and-responsibilities</ref> <ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ese-koko-mu-rwanda-nta-bwisanzure-bwo-gutanga-ibitekerezo-buhari</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isangostar.rw/komisiyo-yuburenganzira-bwa-muntu-yavuze-ko-nta-mfungwa-ya-politike-iba-mu-rwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-25 |archive-date=2023-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225140038/https://www.isangostar.rw/komisiyo-yuburenganzira-bwa-muntu-yavuze-ko-nta-mfungwa-ya-politike-iba-mu-rwanda |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2xpf6y0atjxx4l69u88p9qgntlggtsw 0 14367 138968 91696 2026-09-19T07:02:24Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138968 wikitext text/x-wiki Kuva umubano w’u Rwanda na Uganda wajya mu buryo, urujya n’uruza hagati y’abaturage b’ibihugu byombi rwongeye kuba rwose, nubwo hari benshi mu Banyarwanda batarongera gukandagiza ikirenge muri iki gihugu kuva ubwo umubano w’ibihugu byombi wazambaga, ku buryo ubu urukumbuzi rubamereye nabi. Kamwe mu duce dukundwa n’Abanyarwanda bagenderera Uganda by’umwihariko abasura [[umurwa]] mukuru, Kampala ni Gabba. == Imiterere == Gabba ni agace gakora ku nkombe z’Ikiyaga cya Victoria ahagana mu majyaruguru, gaherereye mu majyepfo ya Kampala. Mu majyaruguru ashyira uburasirazuba gahana imbibi n’ahazwi nka Kawuku, gahana imbibi kandi na Bbunga mu majyaruguru, Munyonyo mu majyepfo ndetse na Buziga mu majyaruguru ashyira uburengerazuba. Kuhagera uvuye i Munyonyo bigufata nk’iminota 15, bakaguca 2000 by’Amashilingi igihe wakoresheje moto. Iyo uvuye i Kampala mu Mujyi ho baguca atari hejuru y’ibihumbi 10 by’Amashilingi bitewe n’uko waciririkanyije. Mu myaka yashize iyo wagendereraga Gabba wasangaga yuzuyemo Abanyarwanda benshi, biganjemo abigaga muri Kampala University ndetse n’abandi batuye muri iki gihugu ku mpamvu zitandukanye babaga bavuye mu duce nka Kabalagala, Kansanga n’ahandi. === Icyo abanyarwanda bahakundira === Ushobora kwibaza uti kuki Abanyarwanda bakundaga Gabba? Mu by’ukuri aka si agace wavuga ko ari keza cyane gusa gafite imiterere yako yihariye ituma benshi bagakunda. Nuganira neza n’abazi Gabba bazakubwira ko bayikundira kuba ifite isoko ribamo ibintu bihendutse, kuba ikora ku mazi kandi ikagira n’umucanga uzwi nka Gabba beach. Iyo ugeze muri aka gace uhita ubona ko gafite imiterere yihariye, benshi mu bahatuye bakora [[uburobyi]], imirimo yo kwambutsa abantu mu mato ndetse n’ubucuruzi butandukanye. === Imibereho === Kuva ku wa Mbere kugeza ku Cyumweru ntihajya habura urujya n’uruza rw’abantu bamwe baje kwihahira abandi bari mu butembere. Umugani wo kurya ihene imwe indi iziritse wabona ukuri kwawo ugeze muri Gabba kuko mu gihe bari kukocyereza ho inkoko, hafi aho haba hari imodoka cyangwa ibibuti birimo izindi zitegereje kubagwa. Aka ni agace uzasangamo abana, abasaza, abakecuru, inkumi n’abasore bose bahujwe n’ikintu kimwe, umurimo kuko uba ubona buri wese akora cyane ngo nibura aze kugira icyo acyura. Kubera kumara igihe kinini abaturage baha babana n’Abanyarwanda, usanga abenshi baramaze kumenya Ikinyarwanda ku buryo gusabana nabo bitagusaba kuba uzi Urugande cyangwa [[Icyongereza]]. === Ubucuruzi === Iyo ugeze Gabba, mbere yo kumanuka ngo ugere ku nkengero za Victoria, ubanza kunyura mu isoko ryaho rizwi nka ‘Gabba market’. Iri uzarisangamo ibintu byose, kuva ku gikwasi kugera ku mashuka, inkweto n’ibindi. Kimwe mu bintu bitangaje ni uko usanga hari n’abarambuye ibicuruzwa byabo mu muhanda ku buryo kugira ngo imodoka itambuke ibanza kwigengesera. Iyo umanutse hepfo ugana ku kiyaga usanganirwa n’amato menshi yiganjemo akoze mu mbaho, aba ari mu mirimo yo gutembereza abantu n’uburobyi. Abaturage baha ni abanyarugwiro, ugihinguka barakwakira bakakubaza niba ugenzwa no gutembera cyangwa hari imari ushaka ngo bagufashe kuyibona. Iyo ubabwiye ko ugenzwa no kwica isari, ikintu cya mbere bakubwira ko bashobora kukwakiriza ni ifi, kandi bakabanza kukuzanira iyo ushaka ko bakokereza ukihitiramo. Kuko abarobyi benshi n’abacuruza inyama muri aka gace nta nzu bagira zo gucururizamo, bakwicaza kuri bagenzi babo baba bacuruza ibyo kunywa aho hafi kugira ngo nabo ubahe icyashara. == Reba == <ref>http://mobile.igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/umwaro-wa-victoria-abanyarwanda-benshi-bakunda-mbatembereze-i-gabba-ku-mpera-za</ref> l58gopfdxswxkh5x9jttbut77fu54ph 0 14375 138951 136020 2026-09-19T05:53:15Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138951 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Pisum sativum Горох лущильний - зелений горошок.jpg|thumb|Amashaza|308x308px]] == Intagiriro == [[Dosiye:Pisum sativum - 1001.jpg|thumb|Amashaza.|320x320px]] [[Dosiye:Pisum sativum - 1005.jpg|left|thumb]] Amashaza, ikiribwa cy’ingirakamaro ku ndwara zitandukanye Amashaza agizwe n’umugabane munini w’amazi (78,9%). n’ibindi bya ngombwa bikenura umubiri: nka amidon n’isukari nke ya sakaroze. Afite proteyine (5,42%), akaba azirusha ibirayi (2,07%), ahubwo akaba asatira umuceri (6,61%). Uretse ko ari inyuma cyane y’ibishyimbo by’umweru (23,4%). Proteyine z’amashaza ziruzuye, uretse ko zikennye ku yitwa metiyonine, naho iyitwa lizine yo ikaba nyinshi cyane. Ariko bitewe n’uko ibinyampeke biba bikize cyane kuri iyo proteyine ya metiyonine, nyamara na byo bigakena kuri lizine (lysine), ni yo mpamvu kurya amashaza yatekanywe n’ibinyampeke byuzuzanya neza bigakungahaza umubiri. Harimo urusobe rwa vitamini B (nka B1, B2, B6, niacine, folates) z’ingenzi cyane mu gutuma umutima ukora neza, ndetse n’[[ubwonko]]. Harimo kandi vitamin C (40%), hafi kunganya n’indimu (53%), icyakora kapusine ikabirusha byose (285%). Amashaza atanga na vitamini A ku bwinshi, ndetse na vitamini E. Ni yo mpamvu iyo yatekanywe n’ibinyampeke aba ingirakamaro cyane ku mikorere myiza y’imyanya ishinzwe imyororokere, akagirira akamaro n’[[Umugore|abagore]] batagira amahirwe yo gusama n’abagabo bafite ibibazo byo kubyara, abagore batwita zikavamo zitageze igihe. Amashaza afite n’imyunyu ngugu, nka potasiyumu (244%), uyu munyuukaba ingenzi cyane ku mikorere myiza y’umutima. Afite n’umunyu w’ubutare (fer: 1,47%), manyeziyumu, zinc na manyeziyumu, bityo agatuma ubwonko bukora neza. Abo amashaza agirira akamaro.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230227100506/https://umutihealth.com/urunyogwe/</ref><ref name=":0">https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/122159/dore-akamaro-ko-kurya-amashaza-buri-munsi-122159.html</ref> [[Dosiye:-2020-06-28 Garden pea (Pisum sativum), Trimingham, Norfolk (1).JPG|thumb|Amashaza]] === Umumaro === * Abarwaye indwara z’umutima. Uretse ibyo twavuze haruguru, amashaza agirira umutima akamaro, kuko akennye ku binure no ku munyu wa sodiyumu (uboneka mu munyu w’urugera ukoreshwa kenshi mu gikoni), kandi ibyo byombi iyo bibaye indengarugero mu mubiri biba abanzi b’umutima. * Imvururu mu mikorere y’urwungano rw’ubwonko n’imitsi yumva: bitewe n’uko akungahaye kuri vitamini B n’imyunyu. Ni meza ku bafite ubwonko bukorana intege nke, abakunda kurakazwa n’ubusa, abacika intege bakiheba vuba (depression), abatabona ibitotsi bihagije (insomnia), neurasthénie, * [[Dosiye:Rice with peas.JPG|thumb|192x192px|Amashaza atetse]]Ababyeyi batwite n’abonsa: cyane cyane iyo yavanzwe n’ibinyampeke. Bitewe n’uko akungahaye ku byitwa folates, bituma ubwonko bw’umwana uri mu nda budakurana ubumuga (malformation du foetus). * Abarwaye diyabete: amidon iba mu mashaza igenda ihindurwamo isukari ya glucose buhoro buhoro mu gihe cy’igogora, bityo akihanganirwa n’abarwaye diyabete, kuko nta sukari nyinshi iba yisukiye icyarimwe mu maraso ngo urugero rwayo ruhite rujya hejuru. * Abana bato bagitangira kwiga kurya: abo bana na bo abagirira akamaro gakomeye cyane. Ni kimwe mu biribwa bigaburirwa abana bari gutangira kurya, hamwe n’imineke, ibirayi n’igikoma cy’ibigori (ni cyo kibanziriza ibindi).<ref name=":1">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2GlK00spBQ</ref> === Indwara n’uburyo bwo kurwanya udukoko === [[Dosiye:-2019-07-20 Garden pea (Pisum sativum) in flower, Trimingham.JPG|thumb|Ubuhinzi bw'amashaza]] ==== Ibibara bifite inguni ku mababi ==== '''Ibibara bikora inguni ku mababi (ALS, iterwa n’uduhumyo (P'''haeoisariopsis griseola), bifatwa nk’indwara ikomeye cyane y’ibishyimbo mu duce twinshi. Ifata amashami y’ibishyimbo, amababi n’imisogwe. '''Ibibara bihera ku ruhande rwo hasi rw’ikibabi bikagarurwa n’uturandaryi tw’ikibabi, bibanza kuba ikigina hanyuma bigahinduka isine. Ibibara biba bizengutswe n’urugori rweruruka. Kuba ibibara bikora inguni ni ikimenyetso cy’ingetsi kiranga uduhumyo tuyitera ('''''P. griseola''). Ibibara bishobora kuba byinshi cyane ku buryo amababi ahunguka imburagihe. Ibibara byo ku ruti bya by’indwara ierwa n’uduhumyo ''P. griseola'' biba ari birebire kandi ari isine. Ibibara byo ku misogwe ntibiba byinshi nko ku mababi. Biba biteye nk’igi cyangwa uruziga, bitangira biri inyuma, imirongo y’umukara hagati hijimye henda gutukura. Ibibara birutanwa mu bugari, amaherezo biba byinshi bigahura umusogwe wose ukuzura.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ooEGMMFBvac</ref> === Kwirinda iyi ndwara no kuyirwanya === === Kwita ku bihingwa === ** '''Gusimburanya ibihingwa bitandukanye ku murima umwe ku buryo hanyuramo nibura imyaka 2 udahinzemo amashaza kugira ngo ibisigazwa by’ibya mbere bibone umwanya wo kubora''' ** '''Gukoresha imbuto zitarwaye kandi zihanganira indwara''' ** '''Gukoresha imiti myiza nka Ridomili.''' === Ascochyta ku mababi n’ibibara ku misogwe ===   Indwara y’ibibara ku mababi no ku misogwe irakomeye ku amashaza. Ibimenyetso bigaragara ku mababi, amashami no ku misogwe ku gihingwa cyafashwe bishobora kwitiranywa iyo ikiri mu ikiciro cya mbere aho ibibara biba bias n’ikigina. Ku mababi, utubara duto tw’uruziga tw’igaju ni two tubanza kuza. Buhoro buhoro uko indwara ikwira , ibibara biba bigari kandi bikeruruka, hanyuma bikagenda byijima. Bitangira gufata iforomo ndinganire, bigafatana bigakwira igice kinini k’ikibabi. Igice kegereye ibibara bishobora guhinduka umukara hameze nk’ ahaboze. Mu bibara hagati hazamo utundi tudomo tw’umukara tungana n’umutwe w’urushinge (pycnidia). Ibi biboeneka mu duce tubamo ubuhehere bwinshi kandi tuba turi ku mirongo iteye nk’uruziga ikurikiranye. Ku mashami ibibara biba ari birebire, bigera imbere cyane byijmye cyane kurusha ku mababi kandi hariho bene twa tudomo (pycnidia) tunyanyagiye. Amashami ashobora kwisatura byagera aharwaye akavunika, bigatera igihingwa kugwa. Ku misogwe, ibibara byinjira imbere hagati hijimye n’imirongo yo ku mpande yijimye. Hashobora kuzaho utudomo (pycnidia) twinshi. Ibibara byakuze bishobora kwinjira imbere mu misogwe bigafata imbuto zikanyunyuka zigahindura n’ibara. Imbuto zafashwe zigira utudomo tw’umuhondo wijimye ku ruhu rw’inyuma, ibyo bigabanya cyane agaciro kabyo ku isoko. Iyo indwara ya Ascochyta yaje mu bihingwa itinze imbuto z’ibishyimbo zizana amabara, icyo gihe indwara iba yari ku rwego rwo hasi bivugako gutera imiti byari bikenewe.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=http://agasaro.rw/spip.php?mot15 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2024-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215112321/http://agasaro.rw/spip.php?mot15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://migro.co.rw/product/amashaza-peas-petit-pois-2-1</ref> [[Dosiye:Pisum sativum 01.JPG|thumb|Amashaz ni bimwe mubwoko bw'imboga]] === Kurwanya iyo ndwara Ascochyta === Mu kurwanya iyi ndwara bahuriza hamwe ibikorwa bitandukanye: guhitamo neza umurima, guhitamo imbuto zihanganira indwara, gutera neza imiti ku mababi no gusarura kare imbuto z’amashaza zitarahindurwa ibara n’indwara.<ref>https://duhahe.rw/Rw/peas-amashaza-281</ref> === Umugese === * Umugese ufata ibishyimbo uterwa n’uduhumyo dufata amababi, imisogwe n’amababi y’amashaza ku amashaza by’imiteja n’ibisanzwe. * Ibimenyetso byayo ni ibibara bifite ibara nk’iry’umugese mu bice byabaye umuhondo. Ibibara bibanza kuza ari utudomo duto turimo agafu k’ikijuju, ako gafu aba ari umurama w’iyo ndwara.<ref name=":3">https://web.archive.org/web/20230227100506/https://umutihealth.com/urunyogwe/</ref> '''Kuyirwanya:''' * Guhagarika guhinga muri uwo murima ibindi bishyimbo mu gihe cy’imyaka 2 * Guhita utaba ibisigazwa by’amashaza ukimara gusarura * Gutera imbuto zihanganira iyo ndwara * Kwirinda gufumbiza Azote nyinshi * [[Dosiye:Pisum sativum var. sativum sl20.jpg|thumb|Umurima w'amashaza]]Gukoresha imiti yabugenewe nka Ridomili.<ref name=":4">https://rwiyemeza.com/kn/mordet.php?titID=2792b828694631325f3f5801dd91ec44e6d&vario=3237fc8fdf20eb5533b386fe344bf77f20</ref> '''Indwara y’ububembe bw’amashaza (BCMV) n’indwara y’ibibara biterwa na virusi (BCMNV)''' Indwara y’ububembe bw’amashaza (BCMV) n’indwara y’ibibara biterwa na virusi (BCMNV) zitera kubemba no kubora (imizi iba umukara) ku amashaza. Ibimenyetso byazo bihinduka bitewe n’ubwoko bwa virusi izitera, ubushyuhe n’imiterere karemano y’ubwoko bw’ibishyimbo byafashwe. Ibimenyetso bijyanye no kubemba birimo kwikunja cyangwa hakaza udufuka (utubumbe), ibibara byeruruka n’icyatsi cyijimye ku mababi, imirongo y’uturandaryi ifite ibara ryihariye, ibipande byikunje by’umuhondo no kugwingira igihingwa ntigikure naza. Ibibabi byikunje byahinduye ibara bikizamuka byerekana ko urubuto rwatewe arirwo rwari rurwaye. Igihingwa rero gishobora kubemba bisanzwe bizwi kikazana ibibara cyangwa kigahinduka umukara.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |url=https://www.urwego.com/2014/12/amashaza-na-laitue.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227100504/https://www.urwego.com/2014/12/amashaza-na-laitue.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inzira zishoboka zo kurwanya BCMV/BCMNV harimo: * Gutera imbuto nzima. * Kuvugurura uburyo bwo guhinga * Gukoresha imiti ikwiye nka superimitirine cyangwa roketi 5 (supermithrine na Roquette 5).<ref name=":5" /> === Inda zangiza amashaza === [[Dosiye:Pisum sativum Горох цукровий - молоді рослини.jpg|thumb|Ubuhinzi bw'amashaza bujyezweho]] Inda z’amashaza zanduza virusi kuva ku gihingwa kimwe ujya ku kindi, imboga n’ibiti by’imirimbo. Inzuzi z’ibihaza, konkombure, situruye, wotameloni, amashaza, ibirayi, leti, beterave ni ibihingwa bifatwa na virusi zizanwa n’ubuhunduguru. Virusi zihindura ibara ry’ikimera, biba umuhondo cyangwa ababi akikunja ikimera kikadindira mu gukura. N’ubwoinda z’amashaza zica umusaruro cyane, biragogoye kuzirwanya, kuberako n’iyo zaba nke mu murima zironona cyane; inda ikwirakwiza virusi mu minota mike mu gihe bitwara igihe kinini ngo uyicishe umuti wica udukoko.<ref name=":3" /> === Kurwanya indwara z’amashaza === N’ubwo inda z’amashaza zica rimwe na rimwe igihingwa cyakuze, ibyorezo zitera n’umushongi zishyira ku bihingwa bituma biba ngombwa kuzirwanya. Rimwe na rimwe imiti yica udukoko yica n’udusimba dufite umumaro hamwe n’ibyonnyi icyarimwe.<ref name=":0" /> === Kugenzura umurima kenshi === Ni byiza kugenzura umurima buri gihe (nibura 2 mu cyumweru), ukareba niba ibihingwa byatewe bikura  vuba ugahita utangira kurwanya utu dukoko kakiri kare utwica, umenaho umuti cyangwa amababi yafashwe uyavanaho. Inda z’amashaza zikunze gutera ibyorezo mu gihe hari ubushyuhe ariko ntibwabishobora kuri degere 65-80 F. Iyo inda z’amashaza zamaze gufata amababi akikunjakunja biragoye kuzicisha imiti yica udukoko kuko bwihisha mu mababi yikunje akaburinda kugerwaho n’imiti ndetse n’ibindi byabuhiga. <ref name=":0" /> === Indwara ziterwa na bagiteri mu amashaza === Kubabuka bitewe na [[bagiteri]], uruhumbu n’ibibara byijimye biterwa na bagiteri zose ni indwara ziterwa na bagiteri zifata ibibabi by’ibishyimbo. Ibimenyetso zerekana n’igihe uburwayi bumara byenda gusa kuri izo ndwara uko ari 3. Kubera izo mpamvu, gusuzuma ngo umenye ndwara iyo ariyo biragoye. Kubw’amahirwe izo ndwara zishobora kurwanywa mu buryo bumwe. Akenshi uburwayi butewe na bagiteri ku mababi bubanza kuza ari utudomo bufite inguni cyangwa ari uruziga twuzuyemo amazi (icyatsi kijimye). Uko indwara igenda ikwira, biba ibibara byeruruka kandi byumye, ikindi gika kikazenguruka cya kibara. Amababi yafashwe cyane ahinduka umuhondo agashwanyagurika iyo ayo mababi akuze cyangwa aguye hasi.<ref name=":0" /> '''Kurwanya''' '''Indwara ziterwa na bagiteri mu amashaza''' Kuzirinda mbere y’uko zigera mu murima ni bwo buryo bwiza bwo kuzirwanya. * Gutera imbuto nzima zitanduye, abahinzi bibikira imbuto ntibagomba gukoresha imbuto zanduye * Gutera ubwoko bw’imbuto bwihanganira mu buryo bwose bene izi ndwara * Gukura mu murima ibisigazwa by’ibimera byose bishaje * Ibisigazwa by’ibimera byari birwaye ntibigomba guhugutishwa ngo bibe ifumbire kuko ubushyuhe bwo mu kimpoteri ntibwakwica za bagiteri * Gusimburanya ibihingwa mu murima ku buryo umurima wavuyemo amashaza byarwaye uzengera kubihingamo nibura nyuma y’imyaka 3. * Kugira ngo ugabanye gukwirakwiza indwara, wirinda kuhira unagaho amazi ukirinda no kwinjira mu murima amashaza bigitose * Kurandura igihingwa cyafashwe ukibona ko indwara yaje mu murima.<ref name=":1" /> === Imungu y’amashaza === === Ibiranga imungu y’amashaza === Ni agasimba gato ko mu bwoko bw’ibivumuri, kagira mm 3.5-5, kenda kugira ishusho ya mpandeshatu, ibara ryijimye n’utudomo tw’umweru, dutukura cyangwa tw’umukara. Imungu ishobora gutera amagi mu amashaza, kuyafatisha ku gishishwa cy’amashaza cyangwa mu musate aho amashaza cyamenetse. Ikiciro cy’urunyo rwavuye mu magi no kujya mu gakono karwo byose bibera mu amashaza imbere. amashaza bishobora kwandura imungu guhera ku mbuga. Imungu nkuru zishobora kujya mu murima zivuye mu buhunikiro, mu biteresho, mu bisarurisho n’ahandi hantu hose habitse ibishyimo byagiyemo imunyu.<ref name=":2" /> === Uko imungu yonona === Imungu ikiri urunyo ikurira mu amashaza ikacyangiza igicamo imiyoboro. Inyo z’imungu zirya amashaza kigashiramo burundu. Urunyo rujya mu gakono rukiri mu amashaza hazavamo imungu ikuze isohoka inyuze mu mwenge umeze nk’uruziga ivuye mu gasate k’amashaza. Konona kw’imungu rero gushingiye ku gushaka ibiyitunga bihuye no kugenda ikwira hose.<ref name=":4" /> === Kurwanya imungu y’amashaza === [[Dosiye:Peas in pods - Studio.jpg|thumb|amashaza]] Kwirinda ko umusaruro wawe uhura n’imungu ni bwo buryo bw’ingenzi. Kuberako amashaza byandurira imungu akenshi ku mbuga zivuye mu amashaza, wagerageza gukuraho aho imungu ishobora guturuka hose. Aho hashobora kuba imifuka yabitswemo ibindi byamunzwe nka soya, ibindi amashaza byari baramunzwe byasigaye nyuma y’ihinga, ibindi amashaza byahunikiwe kugaburirwa amatungo n’aho bitunganyirizwa, ibindi bishyimbo cyangwa ibisigazwa byabyo byamunzwe aho byaba birunze hose : mu murima cyangwa hafi yawo ndetse n’ubuhunikiro burimo imungu.<ref name=":3" /> [[Dosiye:NCI peas in pod.jpg|thumb|319x319px|amashaza]] === Amashakiro === <references /> [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiribwa]] [[Ikiciro:Imbuto]] 9s4lsub3l6jiztj1w3ayl38cq5gtr21 0 14396 138934 136943 2026-09-19T05:42:45Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138934 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Ragi (Eleusine coracana) BNC.jpg|thumb|Uburo|381x381px]] [[Dosiye:Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. (2934263357).jpg|thumb|Umurima w'uburo]] [[Dosiye:Eleusine coracana-1-sitheri hill-dharmapuri-India.jpg|thumb|Umurima urimo uburo]] [[Dosiye:Millet 0.jpg|thumb|uburo]] [[Dosiye:Eleusine coracana Manneczka łękowata 2020-10-03 04.jpg|left|thumb]] Uburo Bukingira uruhu kuko bufite Vitamine pp, burinda umwingo kuko bufite iyode bwongera amaraso kuko bufite fer (ubutare) n'ibyo kurya byiza ku barwaye igituntu. Bufite intunga-mubiri bugarura ubuyanja mu mubiri. Bukumira indwara zo mu ngingo. Bukenewe n'abantu bakoresha ibitekerezo cyane, ni bwiza ku bantu bananiwe umubiri n'ubwenge, burakenewe ku mubyeyi utwite, bukumira indwara ya [[kanseri]] iyo ikizerera mu maraso. Uburo burinda amenyo, umusatsi, inzara z'amano n'iz'intoki.<ref>https://akabangamarket.com/product/akonozo-ifu-yuburo/</ref><ref name=":0">https://www.rwandamagazine.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/impombo-inkori-uburo-imbuto-gakondo-zigiye-guhunikwa-mu-myaka-500-ngo</ref> == Akamaro k'uburo == Uburo burakize cyane muri: •Fosifori •Manyeziyumu •Ubutare •Silise •Fluore •Manganeze •Isukari •Inyubakamubiri •Amavuta [[Dosiye:Ragi (Eleusine coracana) BNC (cropped).png|thumb|Uburo.]] •Amavitamini n’imyungu ngugu.<ref name=":0" /> === Ibindi === Ni ibyokurya bikenewe ku bantu bakora imirimo isaba ubuhanga no kujijuka, uburo butera [[ubwonko]] guhgarara neza, burakenewe ku bantu bafite amaraso akennye, burakenewe no ku bantu bafite amagara mazima, ku bashaka kugira amenyo meza, inzara (ongles) n’imisatsi myiza. Ni cyo gikoma kigenewe abarwaye igituntu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://igihe.com/amakuru/mu-mateka/article/ese-koko-umwami-watwaraga-u-rwanda-yavukanaga-imbuto</ref> === Amashakiro === {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiribwa]] [[Ikiciro:Imbuto]] tix4tuq4012up872tk2tce7rhutjhgu 0 14423 138973 136145 2026-09-19T07:04:45Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138973 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Internet-problems.svg|thumb|Interineti mu itumanaho ritandukanye.|384x384px]] Murandasi (Internet) yatangiye hagati mu myaka ya 1960-1970, ubwo ibyogajuru (satellites) byari bitangiye koherezwa mu kirere(mu isanzure), hagamijwe gufasha abasirikare kuvugana bakoresheje itumanaho rigendanwa(mobile telecommunication). == Amateka == === Inkomoko ya murandasi muri rusange === [[Dosiye:StaticTemplates.gif|thumb|<u>Uruhererekane rw'urusobe rw'amakuru kuri murandasi.</u>]] Murandasi (internet) ni kimwe mu bintu bifite uruhare runini mu iterambere rya tekinologi kwisi. Bimwe mu bibazo wakibaza ni inkomoko yayo, uko yavumbuwe, uwayivumbuye, n’ibindi bibazo byinshi umuntu yakwibaza. uyu munsi twakusanyirije hamwe bimwe mu bibazo mwibaza ku nkomoko ya murandasi(internet) n’ibisubizo byabyo. Murandasi(Internet) ni urusobe runini rw’imiyoboro, n’ibikorwa remezo. Ihuza amamiriyoni ya mudasobwa hamwe kwisi yose, ikora umuyoboro ku buryo  mudasobwa iyo ari yo yose ishobora kuvugana n’izindi mudasobwa byose kandi byifashishije murandasi(internet).Murandasi(Internet) yatangiye nk’umuyoboro w’ishami ry’ingabo z’Amerika kugira ngo uhuze abahanga n’abarimu ba kaminuza ku isi. Nkuko tubizi ikoranabuhanga ryaragutse kandi rihora rihinduka, ntibishoboka gushimira igihangano cya murandasi(internet) ku muntu umwe. Murandasi(Internet) yari umurimo w’ubumenyi bw’abapayiniya benshi, abategura porogaramu naba injeniyeri buri wese yateje imbere ibintu bishya n’ikoranabuhanga byaje guhuzwa no kuba “amakuru super highway” tuzi uyumunsi. Kera cyane mbere yuko tekinoroji ibaho kugirango yubake murandasi(internet), abahanga benshi bari bamaze kumenya ko hariho imiyoboro y’amakuru ku isi. Nikola Tesla yagerageje igitekerezo cya “sisitemu idafite isi” mu ntangiriro ya za 1900, afatanya n’umuhanga Paul Otlet na Vannevar Bush batekereje uburyo bwo kubika imashini zikoreshwa mu bubiko bw’ibitabo n’itangazamakuru mu myaka ya za 1930 na 1940. Mu ntangiriro ya za 1960, ubwo MIT ya J.C.R. Licklider yakwirakwije igitekerezo cya “Intergalactic Network” ya mudasobwa. Nyuma yaho gato, abahanga mu bya mudasobwa bateje imbere igitekerezo cyo “guhinduranya paki,” uburyo bwo kohereza neza amakuru ya elegitoroniki nyuma bikaza kuba imwe mu nyubako zikomeye za murandasi(internet). Porotipi ya mbere ikora ya murandasi(internet) yaje mu mpera za 1960 hashyizweho ARPANET, cyangwa Urwego Rushinzwe Ubushakashatsi. Ubusanzwe yatewe inkunga na Minisiteri y’ingabo z’Amerika, ARPANET yakoresheje guhinduranya paki kugirango yemere mudasobwa nyinshi kuvugana ku murongo umwe. Ku ya 29 Ukwakira 1969, ARPAnet yatanze ubutumwa bwayo bwa mbere: itumanaho rya “node-to-node” riva kuri mudasobwa imwe ijya mu rindi. (Mudasobwa ya mbere yari muri laboratoire y’ubushakashatsi muri UCLA naho iya kabiri yari i Stanford; buri imwe yari ingana n’inzu nto). Ubutumwa – “LOGIN” – bwari bugufi kandi bworoshye, ariko bwasenyutse umuyoboro wa ARPA wari umaze igihe gito.: Mudasobwa ya Stanford yakiriye gusa inyuguti ebyiri za mbere. Ikoranabuhanga ryakomeje kwiyongera mu myaka ya za 70 nyuma y’uko abahanga Robert Kahn na Vinton Cerf bakoze porotokore yo kugenzura imiyoboro ya murandasi(internet) na Porotokole ya interineti, cyangwa TCP / IP, uburyo bw’itumanaho bwashyizeho ibipimo byerekana uburyo amakuru ashobora koherezwa hagati y’imiyoboro myinshi. ARPANET yemeye TCP / IP ku ya 1 Mutarama 1983, maze kuva aho abashakashatsi batangira guteranya “urusobe rw’imiyoboro” rwahindutse murandasi(internet) igezweho. Isi yo kuri murandasi(internet) yahise ifata imiterere yamenyekanye cyane mu 1990, ubwo umuhanga mu bya mudasobwa Tim Berners-Lee yahimbaga Urubuga mpuzamahanga. Nubwo bikunze kwitiranywa na murandasi(internet) ubwayo, urubuga mu byukuri n’uburyo busanzwe bwo kubona amakuru ku murongo mu buryo bw’urubuga na hyperlinks. Urubuga rwafashaga kumenyekanisha murandasi(internet) mu baturage, kandi rwabaye intambwe yingenzi mu guteza imbere amakuru menshi benshi muritwe tubona buri munsi. Sinasoza ntabibukije ko murandasi(internet) ari kimwe mu bintu byavumbuwe n’umuntu. kandi ifite byinshi imaze kutujyezaho bitangaje cyane. N’igikoresho gikomeye rwose cyo kwiga ibintu byinshi bitandukanye  ndetse no mu buryo bw’itumanaho ikaba ingenzi cyane. === Inkomoko ya 1G kugeza kuri 5G === [[Dosiye:5G mobile network diagram.jpg|thumb|Imiterere y'uruhererekane rwa interrineti.]] Umuyobozi w’ishami ry’Urwego Ngenzuramikorere (RURA) rishinzwe Ikoranabuhanga, Charles Gahungu, avuga ko uko kuvugana kwatangiriye mu gisirikare cy’Abanyamerika, ariko nyuma y’imyaka mike kwaje gusakara no mu baturage basanzwe b’abasivili. Icyo gihe hakoreshwaga telefone nini za Motorola zabaga zifite antenne, abantu bakavugana hagenda amajwi gusa, ari na cyo cyiciro cya mbere cya murandasi cyitwa 1G(generation). Gahungu avuga ko icyo gihe amajwi yagendaga acikagurika ku buryo abavugana batumvikanaga neza kugeza ahagana mu 1990, ubwo haje icyiciro cya kabiri(2G) cy’amajwi avuguruye yumvikana neza, ndetse abantu batangira no kwandikirana ubutumwa bugufi. Hashize imyaka mike Internet ya 2G ivugururwa hashakwa uko amakuru ahererekanywa yagenda ari menshi mu buryo bw’inyandiko n’amajwi, ari bwo haje icyiciro cya 2.75G cyo kohererezanya amajwi, inyandiko(text nini hakoreshejwe email) ndetse n’amafoto mato. Mu cyiciro cya gatatu(3G) havuguruwe uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru menshi cyane kurushaho mu buryo bw’amajwi, inyandiko, amafoto n’amashusho, kandi bikagenda cyangwa bigafunguka hashize igihe gito, ku muvuduko urushijeho kuba munini urengeje kilobytes 400 ku isegonda(kbps). Internet ivuguruye ya 3.5G ndetse no kugera kuri 3.75G yo irushijeho kwihuta gufunguka kw’amakuru arimo guhererekanywa, ku muvuduko ubarirwa muri za megabytes mu isegonda(mbps). Iki cyiciro gituma abantu bashobora kuvugana barebana cyangwa umuntu agakurikirana imbonankubone ibintu birimo kubera ahandi, n’ubwo biba bigenda gahoro kandi bicikagurika, kuko ngo amakuru aba asakazwa n’ibyogajuru biri kure cyane kandi anyura mu miyoboro mito. Gahungu avuga ko ibi bigereranywa n’impombo cyangwa amatiyo atwara amazi, kuko ngo iyo abantu bakoresha agatiyo gato ari benshi, babona amazi make, ndetse abenshi bakayabura. Nk’uko habaho kwagura imiyoboro y’amazi cyangwa kuyongera kugira ngo abantu babone menshi, ni na ko hakenerwa kubaka ibikorwaremezo bya Internet bitwara amakuru menshi ku muvuduko ugenda nk’urumuri. Gahungu avuga ko Internet ya 4G yihuta gutwara amashusho y’ibibera ahantu hatandukanye ku Isi muri ako kanya, itashobokaga u Rwanda rutarashyira imiyoboro migari ya ’fibre optique’ mu butaka, ari na cyo gikorwa cyatangiranye n’umwaka wa 2008. Izi ntsinga zitwara Internet ziyihawe n’ibyogajuru, ikamanuka mu kirere yinjira mu minara miremire yahujwe na byo, bakazitaba mu butaka ku buryo zigenda nk’amatiyo atwara amazi, zagezwa n’ahari inyanja ngari bakazitaba hasi mu mazi, zikambuka zigafata no ku yindi migabane. Fibre optique zimaze kugera mu Rwanda hahise haza Internet ya 4G ’Long Term Evolution (LTE)’, igenda ku muvuduko ubarirwa muri ’Gigabayiti imwe’ mu isegonda(gbps), ariko na yo ikarushwa na 5G itaragezwa mu Rwanda, yo ikaba igenda ku muvuduko wa ’gigabytes’ zirenze 10 mu isegonda. Kugira ngo Internet igere mu gikoresho cy’itumanaho (telefone, mudasobwa, televiziyo, radiyo...) bisaba kugicomeka ku rutsinga ruva ku muyoboro mugari wa fibre optique, rugera mu nzu ituwemo cyangwa ikorerwamo. Icyakora bitewe n’uko ya telefone cyangwa mudasobwa abantu baba bakeneye kuyigendana, hitabazwa utwuma bita "Router" cyangwa "Switch" dutangwa mu Rwanda n’ibigo nka KtRN, Liquid Terracom, Canal Box n’ibindi. Utu twuma ducomekwa kuri rwa rutsinga rwa ’fibre optique’ rugarukira mu nzu cyangwa ku munara, tukaba ari two dusakaza Internet kuri telefone na mudasobwa biri muri ibyo bice, igendeye mu mwuka (wireless) aho kuba mu rutsinga. Gahungu akomeza agira ati "Iyo Internet itarimo kwihuta kandi ukeneye kureba wenda nk’ikibanza cyawe aho giherereye ku ikarita, ureba kuri ’Google Earth’, wajya gufungura bigatindaaa(bikarangira itanafungutse), ariko iyo ari 4G, ukozaho gusa." Byagera kuri 5G ho bikaba akarusho kuko porogaramu (applications) zayo zikoresha ’Camera’ zibasha kugenzura ibintu byinshi icyarimwe, kandi bigatangira kwikoresha (automation na robotism). Gahungu atanga urugero ku ruganda runini rwenga ibinyobwa, aho amacupa aba ari ku mirongo myinshi agenda apfundikirwa. Ubusanzwe abantu ni bo bashyirwa kuri iyo mirongo yose bakagenzura buri cupa, ku buryo iyo ridapfundikiwe neza cyangwa rihangutse, bahita barikuramo bakarishyira ku ruhande. [[Dosiye:04 11 2021 Leilão 5G (51655543910).jpg|thumb|5G interineti iri ku muvuduko ugezweho.]] Gahungu ati "Reba amacupa ari kunyuraho yihuta, ntabwo ari ibintu umuntu yagenzura n’amaso anakoresha amaboko ngo bishoboke! Ibyo ari byo byose hari iriguca mu maso ntunabimenye, mu nganda zikora ibintu bihambaye haba hakoreshwa uburyo bwikora kandi mudasobwa zaho zikoresha Internet ya 5G." Aha hose haba hakoreshwa ‘camera’ zigereranywa n’amaso y’umubiri w’umuntu, ibyuma bizifite bimwe bigakora nk’amaboko n’amaguru, ibindi byitwa ‘censors’ bigakora nk’ibyumviro mu kumenya urusaku, gukorwaho(toucher),... Gahungu avuga ko ubu buryo bwitwa ‘robotisme’ ari bwo bukoreshwa mu kugenzurira kuri mudasobwa ibinyabiziga bigera muri za miliyoni mu mihanda itandukanye, hifashishijwe za ’camera’, ku buryo bidasaba ko abapolisi baba bari ahantu hose. Interineti yihuta cyane ya 5G ikaba ari na yo ikoreshwa mu kwerekana muri ako kanya(live), imikino n’ibindi bikorwa birimo kubera hirya no hino ku Isi, kandi bikaza ari amashusho akeye cyane. Politiki nshya y’u Rwanda y’umwaka wa 2022-2027, igamije guha Abaturarwanda bose Interineti yihuse binyuze mu miyoboro migari ya ’fibres optiques’, iteganya ko hazatangwa internet ya 4G, 5G n’ibindi byiciro bizakurikiraho. Iyi Politiki ubu yemerera ibigo by’Itumanaho bya MTN, Airtel, KtRN Liquid Terracom, BsG Mango n’ibindi, gutangira gucuruza murandasi ya 5G isakazwa n’intsinga za fibre optique n’iminara ubu bigenda bikwirakwizwa hirya no hino mu Gihugu. == Imikoreshereze ya interineti mu Rwanda == === Guhinduka kw’imikorere no koroshya ubuzima === Mu myaka 20 ishize ubwo Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro (Rwanda Revenue Authority/RRA) cyari kigikorera ahitwa ku Kinamba, ngo yabonaga imirongo miremire y’abantu birirwa aho bagiye kumenyekanisha imisoro ndetse no gusora. Kuri ubu umuntu wiryamiye mu cyumba iwe akanda kuri ’application’ ya banki muri telefone ye akishyura ya misoro, ubundi agahita yikomereza kuryama. Umuyobozi wa rimwe mu mashami ya Banki ya Kigali, Nzabandora Noel, we avuga ko imirongo miremire yari ikigaragara kugeza mu mwaka wa 2018, ubwo ’applications’ zo muri telefone na programu za ’Internet banking’ zari zitaraza. Nzabandora ati "Ubu ikoranabuhanga kuri telefone rikwereka ko wahembwe, ukaba ushobora guhita wishyura fagitire y’amazi, umuriro, imisoro,...Ushobora no guhita uyakurura ukayashyira kuri Mobile Money, ugahinira hafi ukayabikuza, muri make akazi Banki yajyaga ikora umuntu ni we ubasha kukikorera atavuye aho." Nzabandora avuga ko imashini za ATM na zo ziri mu byagabanirije imvune abakozi ba za banki, kuko abagombaga kujyayo kubikuza bagana ibyo byuma bifite ikoranabuhanga rya 4G ryikoresha(automation) bikabaha amafaranga. Ntabwo bikiri ngombwa ko umuturage uhabwa amafaranga na VUP ahaguruka i Kinyamakara ngo ajye mu Mujyi i Huye cyangwa i Nyamagabe kubikuza kuri banki, kuko abakozi b’umurenge SACCO bahita bashyira ayo mafaranga kuri Mobile Money y’uwo muturage. Nzabandora avuga ko mu myaka yo hambere abantu babitsaga muri banki bikandikwa mu gatabo, umuntu ngo yabaga ashobora kugata, kukamburwa cyangwa kwibwa, ndetse n’abakozi ba Banki ubwabo ngo bashoboraga kunyereza ya mafaranga bakigendera ntibakurikiranwe. Imiyoboro ya fibre optique ubu igeza murandasi muri mudasobwa z’uturere, [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|imirenge]] n’utugari, ku buryo umuturage ugannye serivisi z’Irembo gusaba icyemezo, cyangwa akoresheje mudasobwa ye aho yaba aherereye hose ku Isi, ahita akibonera kuri telefone cyangwa mudasobwa imwegereye bitamusabye kujya ku buyobozi aho yagisabiye. === Fibre Optique yatumye Internet ihenduka kandi igera kuri benshi === Gahungu avuga ko mu mwaka wa 2006 ubwo Internet yari igishingiye kuri Satellite n’iminara gusa(fibre optique zitaraza), Leta yaguraga megabyte imwe/isegonda amadolari ya Amerika 2500 ku kwezi, kuri ubu ahwanye n’amafaranga y’u Rwanda miliyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi 500. Icyo gihe itumanaho rikoresha ikoranabuhanga ngo ryaharirwaga ubuyobozi bw’inzego zo hejuru gusa, bitewe n’uko nta miyoboro migari ya ’fibre optique’ n’ibyogajuru byari bwasakare henshi ku Isi. Kuri ubu umuntu umwe abasha kwigurira megabytes 7000 za 3G mu cyumweru kimwe mu bigo bya MTN na Airtel atanze amafaranga 5000Frw gusa, cyangwa GB(Gigabytes) 30 za 4G muri Airtel n’ahandi, aziguze amafaranga ibihumbi 16,000Frw. Kugeza ubu mu bigo no mu ngo ahenshi mu mijyi hamaze kugezwa intsinga za fibre optique zitanga murandasi ya 4G, aho zitaragera hakaba hifashishwa iminara y’itumanaho yahujwe na fibre optique, ikabasha gusakaza murandasi ku ntera ndende irenga ibirometero bitatu. Abahanga mu by’ikoranabuhanga bakavuga ko bene iyi Internet ya wireless, iyo ituruka kure cyane iba ishobora kudakora neza kuko haba hari inzitizi mu nzira inyuramo, cyangwa imikorere ituzuye y’ibyuma biyisakaza. Uwitwa Munyeshyaka uzobereye ibijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga ati “Internet ya wireless ntabwo ishobora kuba 100% wireless, hari aho igera ikanyura mu ntsinga, mu minara no muri routers ziri aho. Imbogamizi abakoresha murandasi bagifite kugeza ubu N’ubwo u Rwanda ruvuye kure, hari bamwe mu bakoresha Internet cyane cyane iya 4G inyura mu ntsinga, bavuga ko ihenze kandi yihuta gushira, ku buryo hari ingo zinubira kuba ziyitangaho amafaranga y’u Rwanda ibihumbi 27 ku kwezi, kandi yaba itarashira muri uko kwezi bakayisubiza. Munyeshyaka avuga ko nta buryo umuntu "yakugurishaho ibyo kurya muri resitora, akaguha igihe cyo kuba wabimaze, cya gihe cyashira akisubiza ibisigaye byose, ndetse akongera kugusaba kugura ibindi". Ibi ni amakosa abakiriya b’ibigo by’Itumanaho binubira bavuga ko byagakwiye kuyahanirwa, kuko umuntu waguze Internet ngo atagombye guhabwa igihe agomba kuba yayimaze, ngo nidashira bayisubize. Abakoresha Internet bamwe bakomeza bavuga ko akenshi babwirwa ko baguze iyihuta, ariko ntibibe nk’uko bari babyiteze. Umunyamakuru ukorera Televiziyo ya BTN agira ati "Ugura Internet bakubwira ko ari 4G ariko ikagenda nabi, ikarutwa n’iya 3G." Abakiriya bakoresha Internet bagasaba Ikigo RURA kujya gisuzuma ayo makosa yose, kigatanga ibihembo ku bigo byitwaye neza mu bucuruzi bw’ikoranabuhanga. Minisiteri y'Ikoranabuhanga mu Itumanaho na Inovasiyo ivuga ko abagerwagaho na murandasi mu Rwanda muri 2011 bari 7% gusa  mu gihe muri 2019 bageze kuri 52% Imibare y'iyi Minisiteri kandi igaragaza ko  muri 2010 abari batunze telefone ngendanwa bari 33% gusa mu gihe muri uyu mwaka wa 2019 barenga 80.5% Ibi byatumye abakoresha service zo guhererekanya amafaranga kuri telefone bazamuka bava ku bihumbi 630 muri 2011 barenga miliyoni 10 muri 2019. Minisiteri y'Uburezi yo igaragaza ko amashuri abanza agerwaho na murandasi yavuye ku 9.8% muri 2016 agera kuri 25.1% muri 2017 mu gihe amashuri yisumbuye yo yavuye kuri 35.4% muri 2016 agera kuri 41.3% muri 2017 Mu mwaka wa 2000 ni bwo mu Rwanda hatangiye gukoreshwa murandasi (internet). Hakozwe byinshi cyane ko igihugu cyaheraga ku busa, nk'uko bisobanurwa na KALEMA Goldon, umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe ikoranabuhana MINICT. "Kuva mu 2000 hibanzwe mu gushyiraho politiki n'ibigo by'ikoranabuhanga. kuva mu 2006 Leta yibanze ku gushyiraho ibikorwa remezo by'ikoranabuhanga ari nabyo bitanga murandasi. icyo gihe nibwo fibre optique yagejejwe hose mu gihugu,mu turere 30 ndetse igezwa no ku mbibi z'igihugu zirenga 15.4G coverage ni ukuvuga ukuntu ukwirakwijwe hose mu gihugu ku baturage tugeze ku kigero cya 96.6%." KALEMA Goldon, Umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe ikoranabuhana MINICT Gushyira ingufu mu kwihutisha ikoranabuhanga byoroheje itangwa rya service zitandukanye abaturage bakenera. Mu kwihutisha ikoranabuhanga Leta y'u Rwanda yabihereye mu rwego rw'uburezi aho kuva mu mashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye abanyeshuri bakoresha mudasobwa ibintu bitanga icyizere ko icyerekezo cy'iterambere u Rwanda rufite kizagerwaho. === Ubucuruzi bwo kuri interineti === Ubucuruzi bwo kuri murandasi (e-commerce) buri kugenda bwaguka mu Rwanda ku buryo mu minsi iri mbere ntawe uzongera kwirirwa azenguruka amaduka yose ashaka televiziyo nziza, mudasobwa igezweho cyangwa se imyenda akunze kuko azajya abirebera iwe, ashime, agure, bimugereho adahagurutse. Ibi byose bikorwa kubera ikoranabuhanga n’abantu batekereza kure bakazana ibyo abantu bakeneye bakurikije aho ibihe bigeze. Uku ni ko Kalpesh Patel watangije Kanis mu Rwanda yabigenje. Kanis Retail Rwanda Ltd ni isoko rishya mu Rwanda ricururiza kuri murandasi ibikoresho byose birimo inkweto, imyenda, iby’ikoranabuhanga nka frigo, printer, mudasobwa, telefone zigezweho, amavuta yo kwisiga, imibavu, ibikinisho by’abana, ibikoresho byo mu gikoni, ibyo kunywa nk’umuvinyo n’ibindi. Patel watangije iri soko yavuze ko akigera mu Rwanda mu 2019 yasanze hari ikibazo cyo kubona ibikoresho ku buryo bworoshye, kuko nk’iyo washakaga imashini imesa byagusabaga kujya mu mujyi kuyishakisha, rimwe na rimwe ukabura ubwoko ushaka cyangwa wabubona ugahendwa. Ati “Icyo nakoze, nashakiye iki kibazo igisubizo nkora urubuga abantu bashobora kuguriraho ibikoresho byiza kandi bigezweho. Urwo rubuga ubu ruriho ibikoresho byinshi bitandukanye kandi nta wagira ikibazo cy’ubuziranenge bwabyo kuko mbere yo kubishyira ku rubuga tubanza kubisura tukareba uko bimeze twabishima tukabona kubishyiraho.” Yakomeje avuga ko ibikoresho bagurisha ari ibifite aho bibarizwa hazwi, ndetse uko bwije n’uko bucyeye bakomeza kongera ibikoresho bacuruza, ariko nako bateza imbere ikoranabuhanga ku buryo ubitumije bimugeraho mu gihe gito. Kanis ubu ifite ibikoresho birenga 5400 ku rubuga, aho igirana amasezerano n sosiyete zitandukanye nka LG, Samsung, Apple, Oppo, Hp, Dell, n’izindi ku buryo ushaka igikoresho cy’ikoranabuhanga cyangwa n’ibindi bitandukanye bimugeraho bimeze nk’ibivuye ku ruganda. Patel yavuze ko umuntu uguze ashobora kwishyura akoresheje Mobile Money (MTN cyangwa Airtel), ikarita iyo ariyo yose, cyangwa akishyura amafaranga asanzwe igihe agejejweho ibyo yatumije, ndetse ko muri iki gihe abakiliya bari kugabanyirizwa kugeza ku 10% by’igiciro cy’igicuruzwa. Yongeyeho ati “Icyo nakwizeza abatugana cyangwa abifuza kutugana ni uko nibasura urubuga rwacu icyo bazabona ari uko dutanga ibikoresho bifite umwimerere (qualité), ikintu cyose bazagura kizabanyura kuko byose bifite qualite kandi biraramba.” Igikoresho gishobora kugira ikibazo Kanis ifasha ukiguze kugikemura ndetse batanga na garanti bitewe n’ubwoko bw’ibyo aguze. ==== Ushobora gucuruza wifashishije Kanis ==== [[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|Umucuruzi]] ufite ibikoresho byiza kandi bigezweho ashobora gucuruza kuri uru rubuga, aho abisaba anyuze kuri www.kanis.rw akiyandikisha, akuzuza ibisabwa, byarangira agasurwa n’iyi sosiyete ku buryo iyo byujuje ubuziranenge bishyirwa ku rubuga abantu bakabigura. Patel ati “Ushobora no gucururiza kuri Kanis, hari porogaramu dufite yitwa ‘kanis affiliate partner’ aho umuntu ashobora kugurira abantu ibikoresho cyangwa akohereza abakiliya kugurira kuri Kanis, maze agahabwa 5% by’inyungu y’ibyagurishijwe buri uko yohereje umukiliya.” Gukora ubu bucuruzi nabyo bisaba kwiyandikisha gusa ku rubuga rwa Kanis, aho ubisaba nta kiguzi yakwa ndetse nta n’igishoro cy’amafaranga runaka utanga, ibintu Patel avuga ko bishobora gufasha umuntu kubona amafaranga atavuye aho bari. Uretse ibikoresho, Kanis ifite urubuga icururizaho ibiryo gusa rwa www.kanisfood.com aho umuntu atumiza ibiryo muri restora ashaka i Kigali, akabigezwaho. Kugeza ubu Kanis igeza ibicuruzwa byayo ku batuye Umujyi wa Kigali gusa ariko ifite gahunda yo kuzagera no mu ntara zose z’igihugu, aho ushaka kubigura ajya ku rubuga rwa www.kanis.rw cyangwa akamanura (download) application yayo muri Playstore cyangwa App Store akiyandikisha akajya abona ibicuruzwa byoroshye. === Interineti itangwa hakoreshejwe satellite === Mu rwego rwo kwagura ibikorwa by’ikoranabuhanga, mu Rwanda hatangijwe gahunda yo kujya hatangwa murandasi (Internet) hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya satellite (icyogajuru), rizafasha kuyigeza mu bice bitandukanye by’icyaro n’ibindi byari bisanzwe bigoye kuyigezamo. Umuhango wo gutangiza iki gikorwa ukaba wabereye i Kigali muri Convention Center, kuri uyu wa Gatatu tariki 22 Gashyantare 2023, uyobowe na Minisitiri w’Ikoranabuhanga na Inovasiyo, Paul Ingabire. Murandasi y’Ikoranabuhanga rya satellite izakoreshwa mu Rwanda ni iy’ikigo cya Starlink, kimenyerewe cyane ku ruhando mpuzamahanga mu gutanga serivisi za murandasi hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya satellite, kikaba ari icy’umunyemari Elon Musk. Ni uburyo buje bwunganira ubundi bwari busanzwe bukoreshwa burimo gufatira kuri fiber, gufatira ku minara y’ibigo by’itumanaho, ariko ubw’ikoranabuhanga rya satellite ngo nibwo buhendutse kandi butagora ugereranyije n’ubundi. Umunyarwanda cyangwa umunyamahanga utuye mu Rwanda, ukeneye gukoresha murandasi ya satellite, azajya yishyura amafaranga y’u Rwanda ibihumbi 48 y’ifatabuguzi, yiyongera ku bihumbi 572 y’ibikoresho birimo igisahane (satellite dish) hamwe n’ibindi bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bijyana nacyo. Umukozi ushinzwe ikoranabuhanga mu kigo c’igihugu gishinzwe ibijyanye n’isanzure (RSA), George Kwizera, avuga ko mu Rwanda hatari hameneyerewe murandasi y’ikoranabuhanga rya satellite. Ati “Abanyarwanda ntabwo bari bamenyereye murandasi y’ibijyanye na satellite, ariko iyi ni imwe mu ntabwe zikomeye zo gutangira kuzana murandasi ya satellite mu gihugu, ndetse ni intangiriro kuko n’abandi bashoramari barimo baragenda batwegera batubaza uburyo batangira gutanga izo serivisi mu gihugu. Tuzakomeza nk’uko biri munshingano zacu kuborohereza kugira ngo babashe kuza batange izo serivisi ku Banyarwanda”. Umuyobozi Mukuru wa RSA, Col. Francis Ngabo, avuga ko kuba u Rwanda ari Igihugu kigizwe n’imisozi bigoye cyane kugira ngo murandasi ya fiber izagere hose. Ati “Ariko uzanye serivisi ya satellite kugira ngo uzane murandasi ni isaha imwe, kuko ufata antene yabo ukayishyira hejuru y’inzu mu isaha imwe uba ubonye murandasi, bikaba bigabanyije amafaranga wagombaga gutanga ngo ushyireho fiber ariko n’umwanya”. Minisitiri Ingabire avuga ko ubu ari uburyo bwiyongera ku bundi bwari busanzwe bukoreshwa, buje kugira ngo bukemure bimwe mu bibazo byagaragaraga. Ati “Starlink ni bumwe mu buryo bwiyongereye k’ubwo twari dusanzwe dufite buje kugira ngo budufashe gukemura ibibazo bibiri, ahatari serivisi hashobora kuba hakoreshwa ikoranabuhanga ry’ibyogajuru kugira ngo babone murandasi yihuse, ariko noneho dukoresha iryo koranabuhanga kugira ngo igiciro gishobore kuba cyahendukira umuturage no kuba yayibona”. Ku ikubitiro iyi murandasi izatangirana n’ibigo by’amashuri n’ibindi bigo, ariko kandi ngo n’umuntu wese wifuza kuyikoresha nta kindi bimusaba uretse kwishyura ubundi akayihabwa. Ikigo cya Starlink cyifashisha ibyogajuru bisaga 3500 biri mu isanzure, mu gutanga murandasi yifashisha ikoranabuhanga rya satellite, gusa bukaba ari ubushobozi bukomeza kwiyongera kuko SpaceX ifite uburenganzira bwo kohereza mu isanzure ibyogajuru 1200, bakaba baramaze gusaba ko byakongerwa ikemererwa ibigera ku bihumbi 30. === Ingaruka mbi zikireshwa rya murandasi === U rwego rw’igihugu rw’ubugenzacyaha RIB , rwavuzeko mu myaka itatu ishize mu Rwanda hibwe amafaranga y’u Rwanda asaga miliyari imwe na miliyoni 600 binyuze mu bujura bukoresheje ikoranabuhanga ndetse hakiyongeraho amadorari afati agaciro kari yejuru ya miliyoni 600 z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda yose yibwe hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga. Minisiteri y’ubutabera mu Rwanda ikaba yaravuzeko ubufatanye bw’ibihugu ndetse n’imikoranire myiza aribyo bishobora gutanga igisubizo cy’ubu bujura bw’ikoranabuhanga bwibasira U Rwanda ndetse n’ibindi bihugu bya Africa , nkuko ikigo cya Kaspersky gishinzwe kungenzura umutekano mu by’ikoranabuhanga cyabitangaje. imibare yagaragajwe n’urwego rw’igihugu rw’ubugenzacyaha RIB , ikaba yarerekanyeko kuva mu mwaka wa 2019 kugera mu mwaka wa 2021 hakozwe ibyaha by’ikoranabuhanga bingana na 555 aho mu mwaka wa 2019 uru rwego rwa RIB rwakiriye ibirego 128 by’ibyaha byakozwe ndetse muri uwo mwaka hakibwa miliyoni 200 ndetse n’amadorari ibihumbi 190. Ni mugihe ibi birego mu mwaka wa 2020 byiyongereye bikava ku birego 128 bikagera ku birego 168 ndetse muri uwo mwaka hakibwa amafaranga y’u Rwanda agera kuri miliyari 1 hamwe n’amadorari agera ku bihumbi 400 , mu mwaka wa 2021 ho hakaba hagaragaye ibyaha by’ikoranabuhanga bigera kuri 254 , hibwamo miliyoni 400 ndetse n’amadorari ibihumbi 48. Kuri uyu wa mbere , ubwo I kigali hatangizwa inama ihuza abashinzwe gukurikirana ibyaha bikoresheje ikoranabuhanga baturutse mu bihugu bya Africa , umuyobozi ushinzwe gukurikirana ibi byaha muri Police mpuzamahanga akaba yaravuzeko abakora ubujura bwo kw’ikoranabuhanga ari abajura bakoresha amaheri atandukanye kugirango bagere ku ntego zabo. Ikigo gishinzwe kungenzura umutekano mu by’ikoranabuhanga kw’isi Kaspersky kikaba cyaragajeko mu mwaka wa 2021 umugabane wa Africa watakaje ibingana 10% by’umusaruro mbumbe wa Africa bingana na miliyari 4 z’amadorari binyuze mu bujura bikoresheje ikoranabuhanga gusa aho ari ikibazo gikomeje guhangahikisha abatuye uy’umugabane. == Interineti muri rusange mu Rwanda == === 4G,3G na 2G mu Rwanda === U Rwanda rukomeje gushyira imbaraga mu gukwirakwiza Internet yihuta cyane ya 4G aho kuri ubu imaze kugezwa mu turere 28 tw’igihugu ndetse ikaba yarashyizwe no modoka zitwara abagenzi mu mujyi wa Kigali. Nubwo ariko ikwirakwizwa ndetse hakaba n’ibikorwa bitari bike bigamije gushishikariza abantu kuyibyaza umusaruro bakora ibikorwa bibateza imbere n’igihugu muri rusange, hari benshi usanga bibaza aho internet ya 4G itandukaniye n’iyo bari basanzwe bakoresha. Hari n’abo usanga batebya bavuga ko ntaho itaniye na 3G, 2G cyangwa 1G bituma ababifiteho ubumenyi buke ibibazo bibaza birushaho kwiyongera. Ubundi iriya G ibanzirizwa n’imibare ivuga Generation iba ishaka nko kugaragaza urukurikirane rw’ikoranabuhanga rya Internet idakeneye umugozi (Wireless). Mu 1982 nibwo 1G yavumbuwe, urubuga what’s a G ruvuga ko iri zina ritakunze gukoreshwa mu kugaragaza Internet idakoresha umugozi kugeza ubwo 2G yazaga ari nabwo iri koranabuhanga ryavuye mu buryo bwa “analogue” zigatangira gukoresha uburyo bwa “digital”. Nyuma ya buri myaka 10 1G ishyizwe hanze, hagiye haza izindi aho kuri ubu itegerejwe ari 5G, zose zikaba zitandukaniye ku bintu bitandukanye birimo n’umuvuduko zikoresha mu gufungura ikintu kuri Internet cyangwa kukivanaho(download). ==== 1G (1st Generation) ==== Nk’uko twabivuze haruguru, izina 1G ntiryakunze gukoreshwa cyane kugeza ubwo 2G yashyirwaga ahagaragara. [[Dosiye:GSM-Rail bord (NL).JPG|thumb|229x229px|Icyapa cyerekana ko ihuzanzira rikora ari irya 2G.]] 1G niryo koranabuhanga rya mbere ryakoreshejwe muri telefoni zigendanwa aho icyabashaga gukorwa ari uguhamagara gusa, icyo gihe kandi hari hagikoreshwa uburyo bwa analog kugira ngo amajwi abashe kugera kubari kugirana ikiganiro binyuze ku munara. ==== 2G (2nd Generation) ==== Hagati ya 1991 na 1992 nibwo 2G yashyizwe ahagaragara, ari nabwo iyayibanjirije yahise itangira guhabwa izina rya 1G. Mu gihe 1G yatumaga abantu babasha guhamagarana bakoresheje telefoni zigendanwa, 2G yo yaje yongeramo utundi dushya turimo kuba umuntu yakohereza ubutumwa bugufi (sms), kohererezanya ubutumwa burimo amashusho n’amafoto(multimedia messages) kandi byose bigakorwa mu buryo uwo byohererejwe ari we gusa ubasha kubibona. ==== 3G (3rd Generation) ==== 3G yaje ikemura byinshi mu bibazo 2G itari yarabashije gukemura aho abantu batangiye kubasha guhamagarana barebana(video calls), kureba Televiziyo bakoresheje telefone zabo. [[Dosiye:3g-telecom.png|thumb|Interineti y'umuvuduko wa 3G.]] Iki gihe ni na bwo smartphone zatangiye kwiyongera ari na ko hagenda havuka porogaramu nyinshi za telefoni zidufasha gukora ibintu bitandukanye birimo gukura amashusho kuri internet, kuyasangiza abandi, kohererezanya e-mail, kumenya aho umuntu aherereye(Global System positioning, GPS) ndetse n’ibindi byinshi. Ikoranabuhanga rya 3G twavuga ko ari na ryo rikoreshwa cyane n’abafite telefoni zigendanwa mu Rwanda n’ahandi henshi hirya no hino ku isi. Gushyira cyangwa gukura ikintu kuri Internet ukoresheje 3G bitwara Mb 2 ku isegonda. ==== 4G (4th Generation) ==== Nubwo 3G igikoreshwa kuri ubu abantu barashishikarizwa gukoresha 4G, zombi zitandukanyijwe n’umuvuduko mu gukura cyangwa gushyira ikintu kuri Internet. Umuvuduko wa 4G uri hagati ya Mb 100 na Gb 1 ku isegonda, ari na yo mpamvu abantu bavuga ko yihuta cyane. Kugeza ubu ariko 4G ntiramara gukorwa neza ku buryo yagera ku ntego zayo z’umuvuduko wa Gb 1 ku isegonda. Niyo mpamvu habaye hashyizwe ahagaragara iyo bita 4GLTE (Long Term Evolution) bishatse kugaragaza ko hari ibikivugururwa,ikazitwa 4G gusa ari uko byose byarangiye ikagera ku ntego zayo. Mu gihe 4G ubwayo itararangira kandi hatangiye kuvugwa 5G (5th Generation) yitezweho gukora ibintu bitandukanye ku muvuduko uri hagati ya Gb1-10 ku isegonda. Ikigo Mpuzamahanga cy’Ikoranabuhanga mu Itumanaho (ITU) nicyo cyemeza ko Internet idakoresha umugozi yujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo ishyirwe mu cyiciro runaka. Tariki ya 11 Ugushyingo 2014, u Rwanda rwatangije gahunda y’ikoreshwa rya interineti y’ihuta izwi ku izina rya 4G, interineti igezweho ku rwego rw’Isi mu kunyaruka. Byari biteganyijwe ko iyi interineti itangira muri Nzeri 2014 nyamara havuka ibibazo bya tekiniki. Ikigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Imirimo Imwe n’imwe Ifitiye Igihugu akamaro kiratangaza ko ubu buryo buje gukemura byinshi mu Rwanda. Umuyobozi w’agateganyo wa RURA Maj. Patrick Nyirishema yavuze ko bidasubirwaho gukoresha iyi (...) ''Tariki ya 11 Ugushyingo 2014, u Rwanda ruratangiza gahunda y’ikoreshwa rya interineti y’ihuta izwi ku izina rya 4G, interineti igezweho ku rwego rw’Isi mu kunyaruka.'' Byari biteganyijwe ko iyi interineti itangira muri Nzeri uyu mwaka nyamara havuka ibibazo bya tekiniki. Ikigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Imirimo Imwe n’imwe Ifitiye Igihugu akamaro kiratangaza ko ubu buryo buje gukemura byinshi mu Rwanda. Umuyobozi w’agateganyo wa RURA Maj. Patrick Nyirishema yavuze ko bidasubirwaho gukoresha iyi interineti yihuta bitangizwa mu Rwanda ku wa kabiri tariki ya 11 Ugushyingo 2014. Ubu buryo kandi ngo ntibuzasimbura ubundi bwari buriho bwa interineti 2G, 3G kuko ngo ubwa 4G buzaza bubwunganira. Nyirishema yemeza ko hari abahuraga n’ingorane zo kohereza amashusho kubera ko asaba interineti ifite imbaraga ariko ngo guhera uyu munsi bazajya bayohereza nta komyi kubera 4G. Iyi interineti iratangirira mu Mujyi wa Kigali, mu gihe cy’imyaka itatu ikazaba yaskajwe mu gihugu hose, nkuko RURA ikomeza ibitangaza. byitezwe kandi ko igiciro na cyo kizamanuka, ku bantu batandukanye bakoresha iyi interineti, ku buryo inyungu zizagera ku bantu benshi. Ubwo aheruka mu Rwanda, Dr Hamadoun Toure wari Umunyamabanga mukuru w’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’itumanaho, (International Telecommunication Union/ITU) mu gikorwa cya Smart Rwanda Days’ yemeje ko mu gihe ikoranabuhanga mu Rwanda rimaze gutera imbere, na interineti ikwiye guhenduka kandi ikaboneka ahantu henshi ndetse no mu byaro. Interineti ya 4G LTE izajya igurishwa na sosiyete yo muri Koreya y’Epfo ya Olleh Rwanda Networks. Abayifuza mu Rwanda bazajya bayigura na sosiyete zo mu Rwanda zirimo Airtel, MTN, BCS, Tigo, Liquid Telecom, Axiom, Airtel na ISPA. Kuri ubu byitezwe ko bitazarenze mu mwaka wa 2017, iyi interineti inyaruka izaba ikoreshwa n’Abanyarwanda ku kigero cya 95%, cyane ko imiyoboro yashyizeho ingufu mu gukwizwa mu gihugu hose. U Rwanda ruri mu bihugu icyenda bya Afurika byari byitezweho butangiza iri koranabuhanga muri uyu mwaka wa 2014. Ibi bihugu byiyongera ku bindi icumi byari bifite iyi interineti guhera mu mwaka wa 2012 ari byo Liberia, Namibia, Angola, Tanzania, Nigeria, Mauritius, Uganda, South Africa, Zambia, na Zimbabwe. Minisitiri w’Urubyiruko n’Ikoranabuhanga mu Isakazabumenyi, Jean Philbert Nsengimana, ashimangira ko "Gukoresha 4G bigiye kongera ibikorwa bihanga imirimo ndetse akaba ari n’inzira nshya yo kunoza serivisi zitandukanye zitangwa mu gihugu." === 5G mu Rwanda === Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yashyizeho Politiki nshya y’igihugu y’ikoranabuhanga, igena imirongo izafasha mu guteza imbere internet ngo irusheho kugera kuri benshi mu gihugu kandi ihendutse, ndetse mu gihe kiri imbere gishobora gutangira gukoresha n’ikoranabuhanga rya 5G. Ni politiki igomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa mu myaka itanu hagati y’imyaka ya 2022-2023 na 2026- 2027. Yitezweho gutuma u Rwanda ruba igihugu gikomeye mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga no guhanga ibishya birishamikiyeho. Minisiteri y’ikoranabuhanga igaragaza ko kugira ngo igere ku ntego zose ziteganywa muri iyi politiki, hakenewe ishoramari rya miliyari 200 Frw, harimo uruhare runini rw’abikorera ndetse n’urwa Leta. Ni ishoramari rigiye gukorwa mu gihe bimaze kugaragara neza ko internet imaze kuba izingiro rya serivisi hafi ya zose z’ubukungu, ubuvuzi, uburezi, ubugeni, imyidagaduro n’ibindi byinshi. Mu gihe imibare yerekana ko abakoresha telefoni ngendanwa bagera kuri 84%, iyo bigeze ku bakoresha internet, imibare yo mu 2021 yerekana ko bari 31%. Mu isesegura, byagaragaye ko ibigo bikora mu rwego rwo gusakaza internet bidakora uko bikwiye, ku buryo igihe kigeze ngo hahindurwe imiterere y’isoko mu gihugu, guhindura uburyo bw’ihangana rishingiye kuri serivisi, gushyiraho uburyo bufasha mu kubona imiyoboro igezweho. Ni politiki igizwe n’inkingi esheshatu zikomeye, zizagenderwaho mu guteza imbere uburyo abanyarwanda bagerwaho na internet yihuse mu buryo bw’umwihariko. ==== Ikiguzi cya Internet kigiye kugabanywa ==== Muri gahunda, biteganywa ko hazakorwa ibishoboka byose kugira ngo internet ihenduke ku baturage, kandi abantu babashe kuyikoresha yihuta. Umuyobozi Mukuru muri Minisiteri y’Ikoranabuhanga na Inovasiyo ushinzwe Iterambere ry’Ikoranabuhanga, Gordon Kalema, yabwiye IGIHE ko bitewe n’aho u Rwanda rugeze, kugira ngo ikoranabuhanga rirusheho kubyazwa umusaruro, internet igomba kuba ihendutse, ijyanye n’ubushobozi bw’abaturage basanzwe. Muri ubwo buryo hateganywa koroshya uburyo abantu babona ibikoresho bigezweho by’ikoranabuhanga, hakongerwa n’uburyo internet igera mu gihugu. Biteganywa ko ibikoresho bigezweho bizagera ku bantu bakuru 85% na 90% ku rwego rw’ingo. Guverinoma kandi iteganya kwagura inzira u Rwanda ruboneramo internet, kuko uyu munsi hari inzira ya internet y’insinga iva muri Uganda igaca i Gatuna na Kagitumba, n’indi igaca muri Tanzania iciye ku Rusumo. Kalema ati "Mu gihe tugifite inzira zikiri nkeya, ntabwo biduha amahirwe menshi mu kugabanya igiciro. Icyo twifuza rero ni ugukorana n’abantu batandukanye kugira ngo tube twakongera inzira. Inzira zishobora kunyura n’ubundi muri ibyo bihugu, ariko ari inzira zitandukaye. Zishobora no kunyura mu bindi bihugu duturanye bitewe n’uwo tuzaba twumvikanye." Harimo imiyoboro ishobora guca muri RDC cyangwa u Burundi, ishobora kuba ivuye muri Angola cyangwa Zambia. Ati "Hari abantu benshi bagiye batanga ibitekerezo ko byakunda." ==== Intego ==== Mu ntego zihawe muri iyi myaka itanu harimo gufugura nibura inzira eshatu nshya. Hateganyijwemo kandi icyiswe Mobile Number Portability, uburyo nk’umuntu ashobora kwimukana nimero imwanditseho, igihe ahinduye ikigo cy’itumanaho. Muri icyo gihe, niba ufite nimero ya [[MTN Rwanda]] ugakenera gukoresha Airtel Rwanda cyangwa ikinyuranyo cy’ibyo, nimero ukayihamana. Kalema ati "Byumvikane biba bivuze ngo mu gihe wumva ubonye serivisi itanoze, ndetse na wawundi uyiguha aba abizi ko mu gihe biri bukorohere kuba wakwimuka ukajya ku wundi muyoboro, ni ukuvuga ngo aba agomba gukora uko ashoboye kose kugira ngo serivisi inoge." Ni mu gihe hari ubwo wasangaga umutu yanga guhindura umuyoboro nubwo atawishimiye, kubera gusa impungenge zo gutakaza nimero ye kandi izwi n’abantu benshi, ugasanga ahisemo kubangikanya Sim-cards. ==== KtRN ishobora gutakaza umwihariko kuri 4G ==== Muri iyi politiki hateganyijwemo kongera ipigana mu bantu batanga serivisi za internet n’ibikorwa remezo, bikazogera imitangire ya serivisi. Binyuze muri ubwo buryo, nko mu Rwanda ikigo KtRN ni cyo rukumbi cyaranguzaga 4G, abandi bakayicuruza bayidandaza. Kalema ati "Mu gihe abandi 2G ari yo bisanzuraho mu gucuruza na 3G, bataragera kuri 4G, urumva uburyo bwo gukora inovasiyo bwari bugoranye. Kimwe rero Leta izaganira n’uwo twari dufitanye ubufataye ni uburyo dushobora kuba twareka abandi bose bakinjira mu isoko rya 4G, mu buryo bwo kuba nabo bemerewe kuba bashyiraho umurongo wabo n’iminara yabo." "Icyo gihe bizahindura ibintu byinshi mu buryo 4G yakoreshwaga. Uyu munsi ntabwo yariho abantu benshi, kandi byagaragaye no mu bihugu duturanye ko aho bagiye bayishyiraho kubera ko bari bafite uburyo bw’ihatana, byaboroheye kugera ku bantu benshi." ==== U Rwanda rugiye kwifashisha satellite ==== Hanateganywa ingamba zijyanye no gutuma umuyoboro mugari ugera ku bantu benshi, zirimo ko internet itangwa n’icyogajuru (satellite) izunganira imigozi cyangwa 4G. Ni gahunda izakorwa mu bufataye n’ibigo birimo igishinzwe ibyogajuru, Rwanda Space Agency. Kalema ati "Kuri Satellite ho urumva biba byoroshye ngo uyigeze ahantu henshi kandi ikoranabuhanga rimaze kwerekana ko ishobora kuruta na 4G mu buryo bw’umuvuduko." Kugeza mu 2021 u Rwanda rwari rufite satellites ebyiri mu isanzure zirimo Rwasat-1 itanga amakuru y’ubutaka, n’iyiswe Icyerekezo, yitezweho gutanga internet ku banyeshuri barimo abo ku kirwa cya Nkombo, mu kiyaga cya Kivu. Icyakora, uyu mushinga wa kabiri nturaratangira gutanga umusaruro. ==== Imiyoboro ya REG igiye kugendana n’iya internet ==== Mu gukwirakwiza internet kandi, hateganywa gahunda y’uko imiyoboro ya internet igomba kubangikanywa n’iy’insinga z’amashanyarazi, haba ku mishya igenda yubakwa cyangwa isanzweho. Muri iki gihe bimaze kugaragara ko mu bice byinshi nka Kigali, Liquid Telecom yakomeje kugeza internet ku ngo inyuze mu butaka, ariko ubu CanalBox na MTN bimaze kugenda biyigeza ku ngo iciye ku mapoto y’amashanyarazi. Kalema yakomeje ati "Turimo turakorana na REG, ku buryo ahantu hose hazajya hashyirwa amashanyarazi hazajya hashyirwamo n’imiyoboro ya internet, cyane cyane byagaragaye ko iyo usubiye inyuma ukabikora nyuma, biguhendesha hafi inshuro cumi ku giciro byakabaye bigufata mbere." "Ni ukuvuga ngo ahantu hose REG izajya ishyira amashanyarazi hazajya hashyirwamo na intenet. Ubundi ntabwo ariko byari bimeze, ariko n’ikindi, mu mabwiriza ahabwa cyangwa agenga imyubakire, ni uko umuntu wese ugiye kubaka inzu izahuriramo abantu, yaba iy’ubucuruzi cyangwa y’isoko, ibyo ni ibintu agomba gukora. Aba agomba kuhageza internet." Ibyo bizaba bivuze ko internet izagenda yishyurwa nka serivisi zisanzwe. Biteganywa ko gahunda zashyizweho ibura zizagabanya ikiguzi cya serivisi z’uyu muyoboro mugari ho 40%. ==== U Rwanda mu nzira za 5G ==== Muri iyi politiki hanateganyijwemo ibijyanye na inovasiyo, kuko nk’uko ikoranabuhanga rikataza, niko rigomba no kubyazwa umusaruro. Mu gihe u Rwanda rukirimo kwihutisha ikwirakwiza rya 4G, hari nk’ibihugu byageze kuri 5G, ndetse hari n’ibyatangiye gusingira 6G. Muri iyi politiki hateganyijwe gahunda yo kubaka ubumenyi, kugira ngo abaturage bakoreshe internet mu buryo butuma babona serivisi bakeneye. Ibyo kandi bizagendana no kubaka ubushobozi bw’abantu bafite ubumenyi, bwatuma u Rwanda rutera imbere mu ikoranabuhanga. Kalema yakomeje ati "Urugero niba tuvuze ngo tugiye kujya muri 5G, ni gute twaba dufite nk’aba enjeniyeri, twarabateguye neza, bashobora kuba bakoresha iryo koranabuhanga bakarishyira no mu bikorwa." "Hari imishinga igamije kugira ngo dutere imbere tube twarenga 4G, duhindure umurongo ukuntu watangwaga, ku buryo dushobora natwe kuba twakwakira 5G kandi mu gihe cya vuba." Muri iyi politiki ariko ntabwo bageze ku kugena igihe u Rwanda rushobora kubona 5G, ahubwo hagarukwa ku gushyirwaho uburyo bwatuma bishoboka vuba. Ubwo iyi internet kadi izakomeza gushyirwa ku rwego rufatika, hanateganywa ibikorwa byinshi bizatuma ibyazwa umusaruro mu guhanga ibishya (inovasiyo). Nibura buri mwaka hazaba haterwa inkunga ibikorwa bya inovasiyo 40. Hanateganywa kuzajya hakorwa Digital Broadband development index, ibipimo bifasha mu kureba uko umuyoboro ugenda waguka, abakoresha internet, intambwe ziterwa n’imbogamizi zihari, zikeneye gushakirwa umuti. Ibyo bikazajyana n’uburyo bwo kwihutisha amategeko yakira ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu gihe bibaye ngombwa, kugira ngo arusheho kujyana n’igihe. == Ibindi == Haracyari urugendo runini cyane kugira ngo buri Munyarwanda agerweho na Internet yihuta, binyuze mu miyoboro ya fibre optique n’iminara bigomba gukwirakwizwa hose mu Gihugu. Avuga ko nk’uko u Rwanda rwahawe imiyoboro ya fibre optique kuva ku nyanja ngari y’u Buhinde, inyuze mu bihugu bya Kenya na Tanzania, na rwo ruzakomeza kuyitanga ku bindi bihugu by’ibituranyi aho itaragera. Leta y’u Rwanda ku bufatanye n’abikorera, irateganya gukoresha amafaranga asaga Miliyari 200(mu myaka ya 2022-2027) mu bikorwa byo guteza imbere Internet yihuta, izajyana no gufasha abaturage kubona telefone zishoboye kuyikoresha. Urugendo rwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya Internet rukaba kugeza ubu rukiri rurerure, kuko Abaturarwanda bafite telefone zigezweho cyangwa mudasobwa batarenga 25%. == Reba == <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ikoranabuhanga/internet/article/dore-amateka-ya-murandasi-internet-kuva-kuri-1g-5g-n-aho-u-rwanda-rugeze</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://techinika.com/inkomoko-ya-murandasi-internet/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228143703/https://techinika.com/inkomoko-ya-murandasi-internet/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://rba.co.rw/post/AMATEKA-YA-INTERNET-MU-RWANDA</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230228142201/http://mobile.igihe.com/ikoranabuhanga/ubumenyi/article/u-rwanda-rurandika-amateka-mu</ref> <ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/ikoranabuhanga/internet/article/ibyo-wamenya-ku-miyoboro-ya-internet-ya-4g-3g-na-2g</ref> <ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/ikoranabuhanga/article/u-rwanda-rwinjiye-mu-myiteguro-ya-5g-impinduka-zikomeye-zitezwe-mu-ishoramari</ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20230228143703/https://techinika.com/inkomoko-ya-murandasi-internet/] Haracyari urugendo runini cyane kugira ngo buri Munyarwanda agerweho na Internet yihuta, binyuze mu miyoboro ya fibre optique n’iminara bigomba gukwirakwizwa hose mu Gihugu. Avuga ko nk’uko u Rwanda rwahawe imiyoboro ya fibre optique kuva ku nyanja ngari y’u Buhinde, inyuze mu bihugu bya Kenya na Tanzania, na rwo ruzakomeza kuyitanga ku bindi bihugu by’ibituranyi aho itaragera. Leta y’u Rwanda ku bufatanye n’abikorera, irateganya gukoresha amafaranga asaga Miliyari 200(mu myaka ya 2022-2027) mu bikorwa byo guteza imbere Internet yihuta, izajyana no gufasha abaturage kubona telefone zishoboye kuyikoresha. Urugendo rwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya Internet rukaba kugeza ubu rukiri rurerure, kuko Abaturarwanda bafite telefone zigezweho cyangwa mudasobwa batarenga 25%. rzg40nuszv6f2hbczclrkw7mnalfl10 0 14541 138947 138571 2026-09-19T05:48:59Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138947 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Imizabibu.jpg|thumb|Igiti cy'imizabibu.]] [[Dosiye:Cabernet_Moravia_Grapes.jpg|thumb|imizabibu.]] Umuzabibu ni urubuto rukungahaye kuri vitamine, umunyu ngugu wa calicium, Potasium, Fer, Magnesium, hamwe n’ibyitwa “Polyphénol” bifasha umubiri kurwanya indwara zifata imitsi y’umutima. Uretse kuba imbuto zawo ziribwa, ushobora no gukorwamo divayi, hamwe n’amavuta yo kwisiga. [[Dosiye:Խաղող,_Արարատի_մարզ.jpg|thumb|umurima w'imizabibu.]] == Tumenye Umuzabibu == [[Dosiye:Caberne Moravia Grape Juice.jpg|thumb]] Ni igihingwa kandi gikunda uduce dushyuha bihagije kandi cyerera imyaka 2. Umuzabibu urarandaranda, ugakenera guhingwa ahantu hari ubutumburuke buto, kuko uzirana n’imbeho. Icyakora usanga buri gace kagira ubwoko bw’umuzabibu ushobora kukihanganira, bityo imwe ikaba ishobora kwihanganira ubukonje ariko budakabije.<ref>https://igihe.com/abantu/kubaho/article/umuzabibu-ushobora-kuvamo-amavuta</ref>Intungamubiri ziba mu muzabibu zibera cyane mu gice cy’igishishwa. Abantu batandukanye bawukundira ko ufite ibyitwa “caroli” nkeya ariko bagahitamo gukoresha umuzabibu ugifite ububisi kubera ko ufasha cyane kugira ubushake mu gufungura ndetse ugafasha urwungano ngogozi gukora neza.Umutobe w’umuzabibu kandi ufasha mu kurinda indwara zifata imyakura ijya mu mutima. Ubushakashatsi bwakomeje [[Dosiye:انگور_گلخانه_ای.jpg|thumb|'imizabi]] bugaragaza ko uwo mutobe urinda [[kanseri]] ifata udusabo tw’abagabo.Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe ku nyamaswa bwerekanye ko kwifashisha urwo rubuto byongera ubwenge bitewe n’uko [[ubwonko]] buba bwatijwe intungamubiri zidasanzwe, ibi bikaba byaravuzwe ku nyamaswa naho ku bantu ubushakashatsi buracyari ku ntangiro.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/article/divayi-yaturukaga-hanze-ishobora-kuzaba-yengerwa-mu-rwanda-mu-bihe-biri-imbere</ref> [[Dosiye:Grapes_cultivation.jpg|thumb|umurima w'imizabibu.]] == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Imbuto]] 0b2j7f9cs2zymsq36r40g1fi70ylvas 0 14550 138941 137741 2026-09-19T05:45:56Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138941 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Plantain_Flower.jpg|thumb|Igitoki cyigararagaza umwanana |249x249px]] [[Dosiye:Plantain flower.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Banana inflorescence, partially opened.jpg|thumb|Umwanana]] [[Dosiye:Plantain flower 155.jpg|thumb|Plantain flower ]] [[Dosiye:Plantain flower.jpg|thumb|Plantain flower]] [[Dosiye:Plantain flowers.jpg|thumb|Plantain flowers]] [[Dosiye:അപൂർവ്വ വാഴ 3.jpg|thumb|Umwanana]] [[Dosiye:Plantain flower (5363130511).jpg|thumb|Umwanana]] Igice cyo ku mutwe w'igitoki cyitwa umwanana cyangwa umukanana ,cya kindi [[Uruyuki|inzuki]] zikunda guhahiraho ni igice abantu benshi bakeka ko nta kamaro namba gifite ,ariko umuntu wamenye ibanga ryacyo, atangazwa n'umumaro w'indashyikirwa wacyo. == Tumenye Umwanana == Umuntu wifuza gufungura imboga zikomoka ku mwanana, awufata akawukuraho ibishishwa by’inyuma byose bitukura agasigarana agace k’imbere (gasa n’umweru). Uturabyo twari kuba twaravuyemo igitoki umuntu asanga mu mwanana uko akuraho buri gishishwa, na two ngo baradufata bakadususuraho agace ko hejuru kaba karimo utuzi tumeze nk’ubuki tugashyirwa hamwe n’izo mboga.<ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/umwanana-w-insina-ufite-intungamubiri-nk-iz-inyama-cyangwa-ibihumyo-ubushakashatsi</ref>Umuntu amaze gususura wa mwanana n’uturabyo twawo, ahita asuka amazi mu gikoresho, agashyiramo umunyu ungana nk’uwo yarunga mu mafunguro agiye kuribwa, cyangwa agashyiramo [[indimu]], ubundi agakekeramo umwanana yatunganyije. Ushobora kubishyira muri ayo mazi arimo umunyu nka mu gitondo bikamaramo amasaha arenze abiri, ariko icyiza ni uko wabishyiramo nimugoroba bikararamo ukazabiteka bukeye bwaho, ibi bigamije gukamuramo amakakama.<ref name=":0" />Kaminuza Gatolika ya Kabgayi (ICK) yatangaje ubushakashatsi yakoze kuva mu mwaka wa 2020, buvuga ko umwanana w’igitoki ari ikiribwa kiryoshye kandi gifite intungamubiri nk’iz’inyama cyangwa ibihumyo. Umushakashatsi wa ICK agaragaza ko abantu badafite amafaranga yo kugura inyama, bashobora kwifashisha umwanana ukababera ikiribwa gikungahaye cyane mu byubaka umubiri (protein). == Umwanana mu kuvura uburwayi butandukanye == [[Dosiye:Plantain flower (5363130511).jpg|thumb|Umwanana]] Umwanana ukaba ushobora kuvura uburwayi butandukanye ndetse no kurinda umubiri bimwe mu bibazo n'uburwayi buwibasira.Byagaragaye ko umwanana ushobora kuvura bumwe mu burwayi nka Diyabete aho ufasha mu kuringaniza ikigero cy'isukari mu mubiri ,ibyo bikaba bishobora kurinda ingaruka ziterwa na Diyabete harimo ubuhumyi ,Ibinya mu maguru n'amaboko n'ibindi byinshi.Umwanana ukungahaye ku mavitamini ya C,A,E ndetse n'imyunyungugu nka potasiyumu.Gufasha mu igogorwa ry'ibiryo Umwanana ukungahaye ku bizwi nka fibers bifasha mu koroshya igogorwa bityo ukaba ari umuti mwiza wo kuvura ikibazo cya Constipation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuzimainfo.rw/2021/06/akamaro-gatangaje-k-ndetse-ushobora-no.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301211509/https://www.ubuzimainfo.rw/2021/06/akamaro-gatangaje-k-ndetse-ushobora-no.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>Kurinda no gukomeza nyababyeyi''','''[[Umugore|Abagore]] benshi bakunda kugira ibibazo bitandukanye mu myanya myibarukiro ,ahanini mu bice bya nyababyeyi ,umwanana ukaba uzwiho kurinda no gukomeza nyababyeyi ku buryo umuntu ukunda kurya bimwe mu bice biwugize bivanze n'ubundi bwoko bw'ibimera,Uyu muntu uwukoresha ntagira ibibazo bitandukanye byo muri nyababyeyi ,ugereranyije n'abatawukoresha,umwanana ukaba ukoreshwa watetswe mu mazi ,hanyuma umuntu akanywa amazi yawuvuyemo.<ref name=":0" />Umwanana ushobora kugabanya ububabare mu gihe cy'imihango,Ububabare bwo mu gihe cy'imihango bushobora kugabanywa no gukoresha amazi yaturutse ku mwanana ,ibyo bikaba biterwa nuko ubasha kuringaniza umusemburo progesterone ufasha mu kugabanya ububabare mu gihe cy'imihango.Ushobora kongera amashereka ku babyeyi bonsa,Kurya umwanana ku mugore wonsa byongera amashereka nkuko byatangajwe n'ikinyamakuru cya Healthline ,kurya umwanana ku mubyeyi wonsa bishobora gutuma abona amashereka ahagije ku mwana .<ref name=":1" />Kugabanya umuvuduko w'amaraso ukabije (hypertension),Umuvuduko w'amaraso ukabije ni uburwayi bongera bwiyongera mu bantu bitewe n'imibereho igenda ihinduka ,hari uburyo wakwivura ubu burwayi bwa hypertension bushobora kuvurwa na bimwe mu bimera muri byo harimo n'umwanana. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Umuti]] [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] nuquzu3j30983lu5w73jrvayyptlt8g 0 14688 138966 108114 2026-09-19T07:01:41Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138966 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ubuhanzi == nuburyo butandukanye bwibikorwa byabantu, nibicuruzwa bivamo, bikubiyemo impano yo guhanga cyangwa gutekereza yerekana ubuhanga bwa tekinike, ubwiza, imbaraga zamarangamutima, cyangwa ibitekerezo. [1] [2] [3] [[Dosiye:Vincent van Gogh - Self-Portrait - Google Art Project (454045).jpg|thumb|Ifoto igaragaza Vincent Van Gogh]] Inzira y'isaha uhereye ibumoso hejuru: 1887 yifotoje na Vincent van Gogh; igishusho cyabakurambere cyumugore numuhanzi Chokwe; burambuye kuva Ivuka rya Venusi (nko mu 1484–1486) na Sandro Botticelli; n'intare ya Okinawan Shisa Nta bisobanuro rusange byemeranijweho bigize ibihangano, [4] [5] [6] kandi ibisobanuro byayo bitandukanye cyane mumateka no mumico. Mu muco w’iburengerazuba, amashami atatu ya kera y’ubuhanzi bugaragara ni ugushushanya, gushushanya, no kubaka. Ikinamico, imbyino, n’ubundi buhanzi bukora, kimwe nubuvanganzo, umuziki, firime n’ibindi bitangazamakuru nkibitangazamakuru byungurana ibitekerezo, biri mu bisobanuro byagutse by’ubuhanzi. [1] Kugeza mu kinyejana cya 17, ubuhanzi bwerekanaga ubuhanga cyangwa ubuhanga kandi ntibutandukanye n'ubukorikori cyangwa siyanse. Mu mikoreshereze igezweho nyuma yikinyejana cya 17, aho ibitekerezo byuburanga byingenzi, ibihangano byiza bitandukanijwe kandi bitandukanijwe nubuhanga bungutse muri rusange, nkubuhanzi bwo gushushanya cyangwa gukoresha. Imiterere yubuhanzi nibisobanuro bifitanye isano, nko guhanga no gusobanura, bigenzurwa mumashami ya filozofiya izwi kwizina ryiza. Ibikorwa byavuyemo byigwa mubyumwuga wo kunegura ibihangano n'amateka yubuhanzi. == Incamake == [[Dosiye:Metropolitan_Opera_House,_a_concert_by_pianist_Josef_Hofmann_-_NARA_541890_-_Edit.jpg|thumb|Metropolitan house ]] Ukurikije amateka yubuhanzi, [10] ibihangano byabayeho kuva kera nkabantu: kuva mubuhanzi bwambere bwamateka kugeza mubuhanzi bwa none; icyakora, bamwe mu bahanga mu bya tewolojiya batekereza ko igitekerezo gisanzwe cy '"ibihangano byubuhanzi" kidahuye neza n’imiryango y’iburengerazuba bwa none. Imyumvire imwe ya mbere yo gusobanura ubuhanzi ifitanye isano rya hafi nubusobanuro bwa kera bwikilatini, bisobanurwa ngo "ubuhanga" cyangwa "ubukorikori", nkuko bifitanye isano namagambo nka "umunyabukorikori". Amagambo y'Icyongereza akomoka kuri ubu busobanuro arimo ibihangano, ibihangano, ibihangano, ubuvuzi, n'ubuhanzi bwa gisirikare. Ariko, hariho ubundi buryo bwinshi bwo gukoresha ijambo, byose bifitanye isano na etymologiya yayo. Icupa ryo mu kinyejana cya 20, abaturage ba Twa, u Rwanda. Ibikorwa byubuhanzi birashobora gukora imirimo ifatika, hiyongereyeho agaciro keza. Nyuma y'igihe, abahanga mu bya filozofiya nka Platon, Aristote, Socrate na Immanuel Kant, n'abandi, babajije icyo ubuhanzi busobanura. Ibiganiro byinshi muri Platon bikemura ibibazo byubuhanzi: Socrate avuga ko ibisigo byahumetswe na muses, kandi ntabwo byumvikana. Avuga ashimangiye ibi, nubundi buryo bwubusazi bwimana (ubusinzi, eroticisme, ninzozi) muri Phaedrus (265a - c), nyamara muri Repubulika irashaka kubuza ibihangano bikomeye bya Homer ibisigo, no gusetsa. Muri Ion, Socrate ntagaragaza ko Homer atemera muri Repubulika. Ikiganiro Ion cyerekana ko Iliad ya Homer yakoraga mu isi ya kera y'Abagereki nk'uko Bibiliya ibikora muri iki gihe mu isi ya gikristo ya none: nk'ubuhanzi bw'ubuvanganzo bwahumetswe n'Imana bushobora gutanga ubuyobozi bwiza, niba gusa bushobora gusobanurwa neza. Ku bijyanye n'ubuhanzi bw'ubuvanganzo n'ubuhanzi bwa muzika, Aristote yabonaga ko imivugo idasanzwe, ibyago, urwenya, imivugo n'umuziki bya Dithyrambic ari ibihangano byigana cyangwa byigana, buri kimwe kikaba gitandukanye mu kwigana uburyo bwo hagati, ibintu, ndetse n'uburyo. [14] Kurugero, umuziki wigana nibitangazamakuru byinjyana nubwumvikane, mugihe imbyino yigana injyana yonyine, nubusizi hamwe nururimi. Imiterere nayo iratandukanye mubintu byabo byo kwigana. Urwenya, nk'urugero, ni kwigana mu buryo butangaje abagabo babi kurusha impuzandengo; mugihe ibyago bigana abagabo neza gato ugereranije. Ubwanyuma, imiterere iratandukanye muburyo bwabo bwo kwigana - binyuze mu kuvuga cyangwa imiterere, binyuze mu mpinduka cyangwa nta gihinduka, no mu ikinamico cyangwa nta kinamico. Aristote yizeraga ko kwigana ari ibisanzwe ku bantu kandi ko ari kimwe mu byiza abantu barusha inyamaswa. Ubusobanuro bwa vuba kandi bwihariye bw'ijambo ubuhanzi nk'incamake y'ubuhanzi bwo guhanga cyangwa ibihangano byiza byagaragaye mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 17. [17] Ubuhanzi bwiza bivuga ubuhanga bukoreshwa mu kwerekana ibihangano byumuhanzi, cyangwa guhuza abumva ibyiyumvo byubwiza, cyangwa gukurura abitabiriye kureba ibihangano byiza cyangwa byiza. Muri ubu buryo bwa nyuma, ijambo ubuhanzi rishobora kwerekeza ku bintu byinshi: (i) ubushakashatsi bwubuhanga bwo guhanga, (ii) inzira yo gukoresha ubuhanga bwo guhanga, (iii) umusaruro wubuhanga bwo guhanga, cyangwa (iv) the uburambe bwabumva hamwe nubuhanga bwo guhanga. Ubuhanzi bwo guhanga (ubuhanzi nka disipuline) nicyegeranyo cya disipuline itanga ibihangano (ubuhanzi nkibintu) bihatirwa na disiki yumuntu ku giti cye (ubuhanzi nkibikorwa) kandi bigatanga ubutumwa, imyumvire, cyangwa ibimenyetso kugirango ababyumva basobanure (ubuhanzi nk uburambe). Ubuhanzi nikintu gikangura ibitekerezo byumuntu, amarangamutima, imyizerere, cyangwa ibitekerezo binyuze mubyumviro. Ibikorwa byubuhanzi birashobora gukorwa neza kubwiyi ntego cyangwa bigasobanurwa hashingiwe ku mashusho cyangwa ibintu. Ku bahanga bamwe, nka Kant, siyanse n'ubuhanzi bishobora kuba itandukanijwe no gufata siyanse yerekana urwego rwubumenyi nubuhanzi nkuhagarariye urwego rwubwisanzure bwo gutanga ibitekerezo mubuhanzi. Inyuma ya Renaissance oval ikibase cyangwa isahani, mungoro yubuhanzi ya Metropolitan Akenshi, niba ubuhanga bukoreshwa muburyo busanzwe cyangwa bufatika, abantu bazabifata nkubukorikori aho kuba ubuhanzi. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, niba ubuhanga bukoreshwa muburyo bwubucuruzi cyangwa inganda, birashobora gufatwa nkubuhanzi bwubucuruzi aho kuba ibihangano byiza. Kurundi ruhande, ubukorikori nigishushanyo rimwe na rimwe bifatwa nkubuhanzi bukoreshwa. Bamwe mu bakurikira ibihangano bavuze ko itandukaniro riri hagati y’ubuhanzi bwiza n’ubuhanzi bukoreshwa rifitanye isano n’imanza zaciwe n’ubuhanzi kuruta itandukaniro risobanutse neza. Nyamara, n'ubuhanzi bwiza akenshi bufite intego zirenze guhanga no kwigaragaza. Intego yibikorwa byubuhanzi irashobora kuba uguhana ibitekerezo, nko mubuhanzi bwa politiki, bwumwuka, cyangwa filozofiya; kurema imyumvire y'ubwiza (reba ubwiza); gucukumbura imiterere yimyumvire; kwishimisha; cyangwa kubyara amarangamutima akomeye. Intego irashobora kandi kuba isa nkaho itabaho. Kamere y’ubuhanzi yasobanuye ko umuhanga mu bya filozofiya Richard Wollheim ari "kimwe mu bitoroshye mu bibazo gakondo by’umuco w’abantu". Ubuhanzi bwasobanuwe nkigikoresho cyo kwerekana cyangwa gutumanaho amarangamutima nibitekerezo, uburyo bwo gushakisha no gushima ibintu byemewe kubwinyungu zabo bwite, kandi nka mimesis cyangwa guhagararirwa. Ubuhanzi nka mimesis bufite imizi yimbitse muri filozofiya ya Aristote. Leo Tolstoy yavuze ko ubuhanzi ari ugukoresha uburyo butaziguye bwo kuvugana n'umuntu ku wundi. Benedetto Croce na R. G. Collingwood bateje imbere ibitekerezo by'ibitekerezo byerekana ko ubuhanzi bugaragaza amarangamutima, kandi ko umurimo w'ubuhanzi rero ubaho mu bwenge bw'uwashizeho. [22] [23] Igitekerezo cyubuhanzi nkuburyo gifite inkomoko muri filozofiya ya Kant, kandi cyatangiye mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20 na Roger Fry na Clive Bell. Vuba aha, abatekereza bayobowe na Martin Heidegger basobanuye ubuhanzi nkuburyo abaturage batezimbere ubwabo uburyo bwo kwigaragaza no kwisobanura. George Dickie yatanze inyigisho yubuhanzi isobanura umurimo wubuhanzi nkigihangano icyo aricyo cyose umuntu wujuje ibyangombwa cyangwa abantu bakora mu izina ryikigo cyimibereho bakunze kwita "isi yubuhanzi" bahaye "umwanya wumukandida kugirango bashimwe ". [25] Larry Shiner yavuze ko ibihangano byiza "atari ibintu cyangwa ibizabaho ahubwo ko ari ikintu twakoze. Ubuhanzi nkuko twabisobanukiwe muri rusange ni igihangano cy’iburayi kimaze imyaka magana abiri gusa." [26] Ubuhanzi bushobora kurangwa mubijyanye na mimesis (kwerekana ukuri kwukuri), kuvuga (kuvuga inkuru), imvugo, itumanaho ryamarangamutima, cyangwa izindi mico. Mu gihe cy’Abaroma, ubuhanzi bwaje kugaragara nk "ishami ryihariye ryubwenge bwa muntu gushyirwa mu idini na siyansi". == Amateka == Ingingo nkuru: Amateka yubuhanzi Löwenmensch figurine, hagati yimyaka 35.000 na 41.000. Imwe mu ngero za kera zizwi cyane zerekana ubuhanzi hamwe nigishusho cya kera cyemejwe kuva kera .. [28] Igikonoshwa cyanditsweho na Homo erectus cyariyemeje kuba hagati yimyaka 430.000 na 540.000. Urutonde rwimyaka umunani 130.000 yumurizo wa kagoma talon yera ifite ibimenyetso byaciwe no gukuramo byerekana gukoreshwa na neanderthal, bishoboka ko yabikoresha nk'imitako. Urukurikirane rw'ibisasu bito, byacukuwe bimaze imyaka 75.000 - byavumbuwe mu buvumo bwo muri Afurika y'Epfo. Ibikoresho bishobora kuba byarakoreshejwe mu gufata amarangi byavumbuwe kuva mu myaka 100.000. Igicapo cya kera cyane cyabonetse mu Burayi ni Riesenhirschknochen der Einhornhöhle, cyatangiye mu myaka 51.000 kandi cyakozwe na Neanderthals. Ibishushanyo, gushushanya ubuvumo, gushushanya amabuye hamwe na petroglyphs yo mu majyaruguru ya Paleolithique yo mu myaka igera ku 40.000 ishize byabonetse, [33] ariko ibisobanuro nyabyo by’ubuhanzi bikunze kuvuguruzanya kuko bike bizwi ku mico yababyaye. Ibishusho bya mbere bidashidikanywaho hamwe n’ibihangano bisa, nka Venus ya Hohle Fels, ni ibintu byinshi biboneka mu buhanzi bw’ubuvumo n’ibihe by’ibarafu mu murage ndangamurage w’isi wa Swabian Jura UNESCO, ahahoze havumbuwe ibikorwa bya kera bidahagaze neza mu buhanzi bwa muntu nyamara byavumbuwe habonetse, mu buryo bw’inyamanswa zibajwe n’ibishushanyo mbonera by’abantu, usibye ibikoresho bya muzika bya kera byacukuwe kugeza ubu, hamwe n’ibihangano byabaye hagati ya 43.000 na 35.000 mbere ya Yesu, bityo bikaba ikigo cya mbere cy’ubuhanzi bwa muntu. [34] [35] [36] ] [37] Ubuvumo bwo gushushanya ifarashi ivuye mu buvumo bwa Lascaux, c. 16,000 BP Imigenzo myinshi ikomeye mubuhanzi ifite urufatiro mubuhanzi bwimwe mumico gakondo ya kera: Misiri ya kera, Mesopotamiya, Ubuperesi, Ubuhinde, Ubushinwa, Ubugereki bwa kera, Roma, ndetse na Inca, Maya, na Olmec. Buri kimwe muri ibyo bigo byubusabane bwambere cyateje imbere uburyo bwihariye kandi buranga mubuhanzi bwabwo. Kubera ubunini nigihe bimara muriyi mico, byinshi mubikorwa byabo byubuhanzi byararokotse nibindi byinshi imbaraga za eir zandujwe muyindi mico ndetse no mubihe byashize. Bamwe batanze kandi inyandiko yambere yukuntu abahanzi bakoze. Kurugero, iki gihe cyubuhanzi bwubugereki cyubahaga imiterere yumubiri wumuntu no guteza imbere ubuhanga bungana bwo kwerekana imitsi, umutuzo, ubwiza, hamwe nuburyo bukwiye. [38] Mu buhanzi bwa Byzantine na Medieval yo mu Burengerazuba bwo Hagati, ibihangano byinshi byibanze ku kwerekana ingingo zerekeye umuco wa Bibiliya n’amadini, kandi zikoresha uburyo bwerekana icyubahiro cyinshi cy’isi yo mu ijuru, nko gukoresha zahabu inyuma y’ibishushanyo, cyangwa ikirahuri muri mosaika cyangwa Windows, nayo yerekanaga imibare muburyo bwiza, bushushanyije (buringaniye). Nubwo byari bimeze bityo ariko, imigenzo gakondo ya realiste yakomezaga mu bikorwa bito bya Byzantine, kandi realism yakomeje kwiyongera mu buhanzi bw’Uburayi Gatolika. Ubuhanzi bwa Renaissance bwarushijeho kwibanda cyane ku kwerekana ibintu bifatika byerekana isi, n’umwanya w’abantu muri yo, bigaragarira mu mibiri y’umubiri w’umuntu, no guteza imbere uburyo butunganijwe bwo kwerekana ishusho yerekana ko ubukungu bwifashe nabi mu bice bitatu. umwanya w'amashusho. [[Dosiye:Signed by Sultan Mahmud II - Levha (calligraphic inscription) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Urwandiko rwerekana uko Sultan Muhamud II yasinyaga.]] Umukono wanditseho Sultan Mahmud II wubwami bwa Ottoman yanditswe mubyandikano bya kisilamu. Iragira iti "Mahmud Khan mwene Abdulhamid aratsinze iteka". Umusigiti munini wa Kairouan muri Tuniziya, nanone witwa Umusigiti wa Uqba, ni umwe mu ngero nziza cyane, zikomeye kandi zabitswe neza mu buhanzi n’ubwubatsi by’imisigiti minini ya mbere. Itariki ya none kuva mu kinyejana cya 9, ni sekuruza n'icyitegererezo cy'imisigiti yose yo mu bihugu bya kisilamu byo mu burengerazuba. Mu burasirazuba, ibihangano bya kisilamu kwanga amashusho byatumye hibandwa ku buryo bwa geometrike, imyandikire, hamwe n’ubwubatsi. Iburasirazuba, idini ryiganje muburyo bwubuhanzi. Ubuhinde na Tibet byibanze cyane ku bishushanyo bishushanyije n'imbyino, mu gihe amadini yashushanyaga amakoraniro menshi mu bishushanyo kandi yerekanaga amabara atandukanye cyane yibanda ku murongo. Ubushinwa bwabonye iterambere ryubuhanzi bwinshi: kubaza jade, gukora umuringa, ububumbyi (harimo ningabo za terracotta zitangaje zumwami w'abami Qin [43]), imivugo, imyandikire, umuziki, gushushanya, ikinamico, ibihimbano, nibindi. gihe kandi buriwese yitiriwe ingoma y'ubutegetsi. Nkurugero, amashusho yingoma ya Tang ni monochromatic kandi ni gake, ashimangira ahantu nyaburanga, ariko ibishushanyo by’ingoma ya Ming birahuze kandi bifite amabara, kandi byibanda ku kuvuga inkuru ukoresheje imiterere n'ibihimbano. Ubuyapani bwita imiterere yabyo nyuma yingoma yubwami nabwo, kandi bwabonye imikoranire myinshi hagati yuburyo bwo kwandika no gushushanya. Gucapa ibiti byabaye ingirakamaro mu Buyapani nyuma yikinyejana cya 17. [45] ==== Igishushanyo cyabashinwa cyumuhanzi wingoma yingoma Ma Lin, c. 1250. 24.8 × 25.2 cm ==== Ibihe byo Kumurikirwa mu Burengerazuba mu kinyejana cya 18 byerekanaga ubuhanzi bwerekana ibimenyetso bifatika bifatika byerekana ko isi ikora amasaha, ndetse n’iyerekwa rya politiki rya politiki y’isi ya nyuma y’ubwami, nko kuba Blake yerekanaga Newton nka geometrike y’imana, [46] cyangwa Amashusho ya Dawidi yamamaza. Ibi byatumye Romantique yanga ibi kugirango ashyigikire amashusho yuruhande rwamarangamutima numuntu ku giti cye, byerekanwe mubitabo bya Goethe. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 noneho habaye ibikorwa byinshi by'ubuhanzi, nk'ubuhanzi bw'amasomo, Symbolism, impressionism na fauvism n'ibindi. [47] Amateka yubuhanzi bwo mu kinyejana cya 20 ni inkuru yerekana ibintu bitagira iherezo no gushakisha amahame mashya, buriwese washenywe ukurikiraho. Rero ibipimo bya Impressionism, Expressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, nibindi ntibishobora kubungabungwa cyane kurenza igihe bahimbye. Kwiyongera kwimikoranire kwisi yose muriki gihe byabonye ingaruka zingana nindi mico mubuhanzi bwiburengerazuba. Rero, ibicapo byabayapani byanditseho (ubwabyo byatewe nubukorikori bwiburengerazuba bwa Renaissance) byagize uruhare runini mubitekerezo no kwiteza imbere. Nyuma, ibishusho by'Afurika byafashwe na Picasso ndetse na Matisse ku rugero runaka. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, mu kinyejana cya 19 n'icya 20 Uburengerazuba bwagize ingaruka zikomeye ku buhanzi bw'Iburasirazuba hamwe n'ibitekerezo by'iburengerazuba nka Komunisiti na Post-Modernism bigira uruhare rukomeye. Modernism, gushakisha ibitekerezo byukuri, byatanze igice cyanyuma cyikinyejana cya 20 kugirango tumenye ko bidashoboka. Theodor W. Adorno mu 1970, yagize ati: "Ubu byafashwe nk'ukuri ko nta kintu na kimwe kireba ubuhanzi gishobora gufatwa nk'ikindi: haba ubuhanzi ubwabwo, cyangwa ubuhanzi bufitanye isano na bose, ndetse n'uburenganzira bw'ubuhanzi bwo kubaho." [50] Relativism yemerwa nkukuri kudashobora kwirindwa, kwatumye habaho ibihe byubuhanzi bugezweho no kunengwa nyuma ya postmodern, aho imico yisi ndetse namateka bigaragara ko ihinduka ryimiterere, ishobora gushimwa no gukururwa gusa no gushidikanya no gushinyagura. Byongeye kandi, gutandukanya imico biragenda bisobanuka kandi bamwe bavuga ko ubu ari byinshi bikwiye gutekereza ukurikije umuco wisi yose, aho gutekereza kumarere. Mu nkomoko y’igikorwa cy’ubuhanzi, Martin Heidegger, umufilozofe w’Ubudage akaba n’umuntu utekereza seminal, asobanura ishingiro ryubuhanzi ukurikije imyumvire yo kubaho nukuri. Avuga ko ubuhanzi atari uburyo bwo kwerekana gusa ukuri mu muco, ahubwo ko ari uburyo bwo kuwurema no gutanga ikibaho gishobora kuvamo "icyari". Ibikorwa byubuhanzi ntabwo byerekana gusa uko ibintu bimeze, ahubwo mubyukuri bitanga imyumvire yabaturage. Igihe cyose ibihangano bishya byongewe kumuco uwo ariwo wose, ibisobanuro byibyo kubaho bigomba guhinduka. Amateka, ubuhanzi nubuhanzi nubuhanga nibitekerezo byakwirakwijwe mubucuruzi. Urugero rwibi ni Umuhanda wa Silk, aho Abagiriki, Abanyayirani, Abahinde n'Abashinwa bashobora kuvanga. Ubuhanzi bwa Budisti ya Greco nimwe murugero rugaragara rwimikoranire. Ihuriro ryimico itandukanye nuburyo isi nayo yagize uruhare mubuhanzi. Urugero rwibi ni urugero rw’imico itandukanye ya Trieste mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, aho James Joyce yahuye n'abanditsi baturutse mu Burayi bwo hagati ndetse n'iterambere ry'ubuhanzi mu mujyi wa New York nk'inkono ishonga umuco. [52] [53] [54] == Imiterere, injyana, itangazamakuru, nuburyo == [[Dosiye:Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres - Napoleon I on the Imperial Throne - WGA11834.jpg|thumb|Napoleon I yicaye ku ntebe y'ibwami.]] Napoleon I ku ntebe ye ya cyami na Ingres (Igifaransa, 1806), amavuta kuri canvas Ingingo nyamukuru: Ubuhanzi Ubuhanzi bwo guhanga bukunze kugabanywamo ibyiciro byihariye, mubisanzwe mubyiciro bitandukanijwe nkibitangazamakuru, injyana, imiterere, nuburyo. Imiterere yubuhanzi yerekeza kubintu byubuhanzi bitigenga kubisobanuro cyangwa akamaro. Irimo uburyo bwakoreshejwe numuhanzi hamwe nuburyo bugaragara bwibikorwa byubuhanzi, cyane cyane ibintu bidafite ibisobanuro byakazi (nukuvuga figurae), [56] nkibara, kontour, urugero, hagati, injyana, umwanya, imiterere, na agaciro. Ifishi irashobora kandi kuba ikubiyemo amahame agenga igishushanyo mbonera, nka gahunda, kuringaniza, itandukaniro, gushimangira, guhuza, kugereranya, kuba hafi, hamwe nigitekerezo. Muri rusange hariho amashuri atatu ya filozofiya yerekeye ubuhanzi, yibanda ku miterere, ibirimo, n'imiterere. Gukabya gukabije ni ukureba ko ibintu byose byiza byubuhanzi byemewe (ni ukuvuga igice cyubuhanzi). Abafilozofe hafi ya bose banze iki gitekerezo kandi bemeza ko imiterere n'ubwiza bw'ubuhanzi bitarenze ibikoresho, tekiniki, n'imiterere. Kubwamahirwe make, hari ubwumvikane buke kuri terminologiya kuriyi mitungo idasanzwe. Bamwe mu banditsi bavuga ku ngingo n'ibirimo - ni ukuvuga, ibisobanuro n'ibisobanuro - mu gihe abandi bakunda amagambo nk'ubusobanuro n'akamaro. Intentionalism ikabije ivuga ko intego zemewe zigira uruhare rukomeye mugusobanura umurimo wubuhanzi, gutanga ibirimo cyangwa igitekerezo cyingenzi, mugihe ibindi bisobanuro byose bishobora gutabwa. Irasobanura isomo nkabantu cyangwa igitekerezo bahagarariwe, [60] nibirimo nkubunararibonye bwumuhanzi kuriyi ngingo. Kurugero, ibihimbano bya Napoleon I ku ntebe ye ya cyami yatijwe igice cya shusho ya Zewusi muri Olympia. Nkuko bigaragazwa n’umutwe, ingingo ni Napoleon, kandi ibiyikubiyemo ni Ingres igereranya Napoleon nka "Umwami-Mana birenze igihe n'umwanya". Mu buryo nk'ubwo, uburyo bukabije, abahanga mu bya filozofiya banze ubushake bukabije, kubera ko ubuhanzi bushobora kuba bufite ibisobanuro byinshi bidasobanutse kandi intego y'ubutegetsi irashobora kutamenyekana bityo bikaba ntaho bihuriye. Ubusobanuro bwayo bukumira "ni ubuzima butameze neza, filozofiya idashoboka, na politiki idafite ubwenge". Hanyuma, ibitekerezo byiterambere byubaka nyuma yubuyobozi byiga akamaro k'ubuhanzi mubijyanye n'umuco, nk'ibitekerezo, amarangamutima, n'ibisubizo biterwa n'umurimo. [62] Imiterere yumuco akenshi igabanuka kubuhanga nintego zumuhanzi, aho isesengura rikorwa kumurongo usa nubusambanyi nubushake. Ariko, mubindi bihe, amateka n'amateka bishobora kuba byiganje, nk'imyizerere ishingiye ku idini na filozofiya, imibereho ya politiki n'ubukungu, ndetse n'ikirere na geografiya. Kunegura ibihangano bikomeje kwiyongera no gutera imbere hamwe nubuhanzi. ==== Ubuhanga n'ubukorikori ==== Reba kandi: Ubuhanzi busobanutse nubuhanga bwubuhanzi [[Dosiye:Michelangelo, Creation of Eve 01.jpg|thumb|Iremwa rya Adamu, ibisobanuro birambuye kuri fresco ya Michelangelo muri Chapel ya Sistine (1511)]] Ubuhanzi bushobora guhuza imyumvire yubushobozi bwatojwe cyangwa ubuhanga bwikigereranyo. Ubuhanzi bushobora kandi kwerekeza ku gukoresha neza kandi neza gukoresha ururimi kugirango utange ibisobanuro byihuse cyangwa ubujyakuzimu. Ubuhanzi bushobora gusobanurwa nkigikorwa cyo kwerekana ibyiyumvo, ibitekerezo, no kwitegereza. Hariho gusobanukirwa kugerwaho nibikoresho nkibisubizo byo kubikemura, byorohereza ibitekerezo byumuntu. Igitekerezo rusange ni uko ibihangano bya epithet, cyane cyane muburyo bwayo bwo hejuru, bisaba urwego runaka rwubuhanga bwo guhanga umuhanzi, byaba ibi byerekana ubushobozi bwa tekiniki, umwimerere muburyo bwa stylistic, cyangwa guhuza ibi byombi. Ubusanzwe ubuhanga bwo kwicwa bwari bifatwa nkubuziranenge budashobora gutandukana nubuhanzi bityo bukenewe kugirango bigerweho; kuri Leonardo da Vinci, ubuhanzi, butarenze cyangwa butari munsi y'ibindi bikorwa bye, bwari uburyo bwo kwerekana ubuhanga. Igikorwa cya Rembrandt, ubu cyashimiwe imico myiza yacyo, cyashimiwe cyane nabari mu gihe cye kubera ubuhanga bwacyo. [65] Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, ibitaramo bya adroit byakozwe na John Singer Sargent byongeye gushimwa no kurebwa no gushidikanya kubera kuvuga neza intoki, [66] nyamara icyarimwe icyarimwe umuhanzi uzaba ikirangirire muri iki gihe cyamenyekanye cyane kandi cyitwa peripatetic, Pablo Picasso, yarangizaga imyitozo gakondo yamasomo yatsindiye. [67] [[Dosiye:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|Ibisobanuro birambuye kuri Mona Lisa ya Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1503–1506, yerekana tekinike yo gushushanya ya sfumato]] Kunengwa muri iki gihe kunenga ibihangano bimwe na bimwe bigezweho bibaho kumurongo wo kwanga kugaragara nkubuhanga cyangwa ubushobozi busabwa mugukora ibintu byubuhanzi. Mu buhanzi bw'ibitekerezo, Isoko ya Marcel Duchamp iri mu ngero za mbere z'ibice aho umuhanzi yakoresheje ibintu byavumbuwe ("biteguye") kandi nta buhanga yari asanzwe azwi. [69] Uburiri bwanjye bwa Tracey Emin, cyangwa Damien Hirst's Ntibishoboka Urupfu Mubitekerezo byumuntu ubaho ukurikiza uru rugero kandi ukanayobora itangazamakuru. Emin yararaga (kandi akora ibindi bikorwa) mu buriri bwe mbere yo gushyira ibisubizo mubitabo nkibikorwa byubuhanzi. Hirst yazanye igishushanyo mbonera cyibikorwa byubuhanzi ariko asiga ibyinshi mubikorwa byahimbwe nibikorwa byinshi kubanyabukorikori bakoreshwa. Icyamamare cya Hirst gishingiye gusa ku bushobozi afite bwo gutanga ibitekerezo bitangaje. Umusaruro nyirizina mubikorwa byinshi byubuhanzi nibigezweho ni ikibazo cyo guteranya ibintu byabonetse. Ariko, hariho abahanzi benshi bigezweho kandi bigezweho bakomeje kuba indashyikirwa mubuhanga bwo gushushanya no gushushanya no guhanga ibihangano byamaboko. Intego Igitambaro cya Navajo cyakozwe c. 1880 Mozarabic Beatus miniature. Espanye, mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 10 Ubuhanzi bwagize umubare munini wimirimo itandukanye mumateka yarwo, bigatuma intego yayo igora gukuramo cyangwa kugereranya igitekerezo kimwe. Ibi ntibisobanura ko intego yubuhanzi "idasobanutse", ariko ko ifite impamvu nyinshi zidasanzwe, zitandukanye zo kurema. Bimwe muribi bikorwa byubuhanzi bitangwa murutonde rukurikira. Intego zitandukanye zubuhanzi zishobora guhurizwa hamwe ukurikije izidafite intego, nizitera (Lévi-Strauss). [72] Imikorere idashishikajwe Intego zidashishikajwe nubuhanzi nizo zifite uruhare runini mu kuba umuntu, kurenga umuntu, cyangwa kutuzuza intego yihariye yo hanze. Ni muri urwo rwego, Ubuhanzi, nk'ubuhanga, ni ikintu abantu bagomba gukora bitewe na kamere yabo (ni ukuvuga ko nta yandi moko arema ibihangano), bityo bikaba birenze akamaro. [72] Intangiriro yibanze yumuntu kubwumvikane, kuringaniza, injyana. Ubuhanzi kuri uru rwego ntabwo ari igikorwa cyangwa ikintu, ahubwo ni ugushimira imbere kuringaniza no guhuza (ubwiza), bityo rero ni ikintu cyo kuba umuntu birenze akamaro. Kwigana rero, ni instinzi imwe ya kamere yacu. Ibikurikira, hariho ubushake bwo 'guhuza' nindirimbo, metero zigaragara mubice byinjyana. Abantu rero, bahereye kuriyi mpano karemano yatejwe imbere na dogere ubuhanga bwabo bwihariye, kugeza ubwo imitekerereze yabo idahwitse yabyaye Ibisigo. - Aristote [73] Inararibonye z'amayobera. Ubuhanzi butanga uburyo bwo kwibonera umuntu mubijyanye n'isi. Inararibonye irashobora kuza kenshi idashishikajwe, nkuko umuntu ashima ubuhanzi, umuziki cyangwa ibisigo. Ikintu cyiza cyane dushobora kubona ni amayobera. Nisoko yubuhanzi bwose nubumenyi. - Albert Einstein [74] Kugaragaza ibitekerezo. Ubuhanzi butanga uburyo bwo kwerekana ibitekerezo muburyo butari ikibonezamvugo butajyanye nuburyo bwo kuvuga cyangwa kwandika. Bitandukanye n'amagambo, aje akurikirana kandi buri kimwe gifite ibisobanuro bisobanutse, ubuhanzi butanga urutonde rwimiterere, ibimenyetso nibitekerezo bifite ibisobanuro byoroshye. Inkukuma ya Jupiter [nk'urugero rw'ubuhanzi] ntabwo, imeze nk'ibintu byumvikana (estetique) biranga ikintu, igitekerezo cyo gukomera no gukomera kurema, ahubwo ni ikindi kintu - ikintu giha igitekerezo cyo gushishikariza gukwirakwiza indege yacyo hejuru ya urugo rwose rwabavandimwe bahagarariye bitera ibitekerezo byinshi kuruta kwemerera imvugo mubitekerezo byagenwe namagambo. Batanga igitekerezo cyiza, gikora igitekerezo cyumvikana cyavuzwe haruguru nkigisimbuza ibitekerezo byumvikana, ariko hamwe numurimo ukwiye, ariko, wo guhindura ibitekerezo mugukingurira ibyiringiro mubice byerekana ubuvandimwe burenze ken. - Immanuel Kant [75] Imikorere yimihango nikigereranyo. Mu mico myinshi, ubuhanzi bukoreshwa mumihango, ibitaramo n'imbyino nk'umutako cyangwa ikimenyetso. Nubwo akenshi usanga bidafite intego yihariye (motifike), abahanga mubya antropropologiste bazi ko akenshi bakora intego kurwego rwibisobanuro mumico runaka. Ubu busobanuro ntabwo ari ubwoya nishingwe numuntu uwo ari we wese, ariko akenshi ni ibisubizo byibisekuru byinshi byimpinduka, nubusabane bwikirere mumico. Intiti nyinshi zivuga ku bicapo cyangwa ibintu byakuwe mu bihe byabanjirije amateka bidashobora gusobanurwa mu magambo akoreshwa bityo bikaba byashyizwe mu rwego rwo gushushanya, imihango cyangwa ibimenyetso, bazi umutego watewe n'ijambo 'ubuhanzi'. - Silva Tomaskova [76] == Imikorere ishishikajwe == Intego yibikorwa byubuhanzi bivuga ibikorwa nkana, byitondewe byabahanzi cyangwa abaremye. Ibi bishobora kuba kuzana impinduka za politiki, gutanga ibisobanuro kubintu bimwe na bimwe bya societe, kwerekana amarangamutima cyangwa imyumvire yihariye, gukemura imitekerereze ya muntu, kwerekana indi disipuline, (hamwe nubuhanzi bwubucuruzi) kugurisha ibicuruzwa, cyangwa gukoreshwa muburyo y'itumanaho. [72] [77] Itumanaho. Ubuhanzi, muburyo bworoshye, nuburyo bwo gutumanaho. Nkuko uburyo bwinshi bwitumanaho bufite intego cyangwa intego yerekeza kubandi bantu, iyi niyo ntego. Ubuhanzi bushushanya, nkibishushanyo bya siyansi, ni uburyo bwubuhanzi nkitumanaho. Ikarita ni urundi rugero. Ariko, ibirimo ntibigomba kuba siyanse. Amarangamutima, imyumvire n'amarangamutima nabyo bigaragazwa binyuze mubuhanzi. [Ubuhanzi nuruhererekane rwibintu cyangwa amashusho bifite ibisobanuro byikigereranyo nkuburyo bwo gutumanaho. - Steve Mithen [78] Ubuhanzi nk'imyidagaduro. Ubuhanzi bushobora gushaka kuzana amarangamutima cyangwa imyumvire runaka, hagamijwe kuruhuka cyangwa gushimisha abareba. Akenshi iyi niyo mikorere yinganda zubuhanzi zerekana amashusho yimikino nudukino twa videwo. Avant-Garde. Ubuhanzi bwo guhindura politiki. Imwe mu mikorere isobanura ibihangano byo mu kinyejana cya 20 kwari ugukoresha amashusho agaragara kugirango habeho impinduka za politiki. Ibikorwa byubuhanzi byari bifite iyi ntego - Dadaism, Surrealism, Uburusiya bwubaka, hamwe na Abstract Expressionism, hamwe nabandi - hamwe hamwe bita ubuhanzi bwa avant-garde. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, imyifatire ifatika, yatewe inkunga na positivisme, kuva kuri Mutagatifu Tomasi Aquinas kugeza muri Anatole y'Ubufaransa, biragaragara ko kuri njye nanga iterambere iryo ari ryo ryose ry’ubwenge cyangwa umuco. Ndabyanga, kuko bigizwe na mediocrite, urwango, no kwiyemera. Iyi myifatire niyo uyumunsi ibyara ibi bitabo bisekeje, iyi ikinamico itukana. Ihora igaburira kandi ikura imbaraga mubinyamakuru kandi igashimangira siyanse nubuhanzi mugushimangira gushimisha hasi cyane; gusobanuka bihana imbibi, ubuzima bwimbwa. - André Breton (Surrealism) [80] Ubuhanzi nka "zone yubuntu", yakuwe mubikorwa byo kwamagana imibereho. Bitandukanye n’imigendekere ya avant-garde, yashakaga gukuraho itandukaniro ry’umuco hagamijwe kubyara indangagaciro nshya ku isi hose, ubuhanzi bwa none bwongereye kwihanganira itandukaniro ry’umuco kimwe n’imirimo ikomeye kandi ibohora (iperereza ry’imibereho, ibikorwa, guhirika ubutegetsi, kubaka, n'ibindi). ), kuba ahantu hafunguye ubushakashatsi no gukora ubushakashatsi. Ubuhanzi bwo kubaza imibereho, guhirika ubutegetsi cyangwa kudashyira mu gaciro. Nubwo bisa nubuhanzi bugamije impinduka za politiki, ibihangano byo guhirika ubutegetsi cyangwa kubeshya bishobora gushaka kwibaza ibibazo bya societe nta ntego yihariye ya politiki. Muri iki gihe, imikorere yubuhanzi irashobora gukoreshwa mu kunegura ibintu bimwe na bimwe bya societe. ==== Shushanya irangi graffiti kurukuta i Roma ==== [[Dosiye:Graffiti an Bahnunterführung.jpg|thumb|Urukuta ruriho ubugeni mu buryo bwa Graffiti.]] Ubuhanzi bwa Graffiti nubundi bwoko bwubuhanzi bwo mumuhanda ni ibishushanyo n'amashusho bishushanyijeho irangi cyangwa byanditseho inkuta zishobora kugaragara kumugaragaro, inyubako, bisi, gariyamoshi, n'ibiraro, mubisanzwe nta ruhushya. Ibikorwa bimwe byubuhanzi, nka graffiti, birashobora kandi kutemewe mugihe barenze ku mategeko (muriki gihe kwangiza). Ubuhanzi kubwimpamvu. Ubuhanzi burashobora gukoreshwa mukuzamura imyumvire kubintu byinshi bitandukanye. Ibikorwa byinshi byubuhanzi byari bigamije gukangurira abantu kumenya autism, [82] [83] [84] [[kanseri]], [85] [86] [87] gucuruza abantu, [88] [89] nizindi ngingo zitandukanye, nko kubungabunga inyanja, [90] uburenganzira bwa muntu i Darfur, [91] bishe kandi babura [[Umugore|abagore]] b’abasangwabutaka, [92] guhohotera abasaza, [93] n’umwanda. Imyanda, gukoresha imyanda mugukora imideri, ikorwa nabahanzi nka Marina DeBris nurugero rumwe rwo gukoresha ibihangano mukuzamura imyumvire kubyerekeye umwanda. Ubuhanzi bugamije imitekerereze no gukiza. Ubuhanzi bukoreshwa kandi nubuvuzi bwubuhanzi, psychotherapiste naba psychologue clinique nkubuvuzi bwubuhanzi. Igishushanyo cyo Gusuzuma Igishushanyo, nk'urugero, gikoreshwa mu kumenya imiterere n'imikorere y'amarangamutima y'umurwayi. Igicuruzwa cyanyuma ntabwo intego nyamukuru muriki kibazo, ahubwo hashakishwa inzira yo gukira, binyuze mubikorwa byo guhanga. Igicapo c'ibisubizo gishobora kandi gutanga ubushishozi kubibazo byugarije isomo kandi birashobora kwerekana uburyo bukwiye bwakoreshwa muburyo busanzwe bwo kuvura indwara zo mumutwe. Ubuhanzi bwo kwamamaza, cyangwa ubucuruzi. Ubuhanzi bukunze gukoreshwa nkuburyo bwo kwamamaza, bityo bukaba bushobora gukoreshwa muburyo bwihishe mubitekerezo cyangwa imyumvire ikunzwe. Muburyo busa, ubuhanzi bugerageza kugurisha ibicuruzwa nabwo bugira ingaruka kumutima no mumarangamutima. Muri ibyo bihe byombi, intego yubuhanzi hano ni ugukoresha mu buryo bwihishe abareba mubisubizo byamarangamutima cyangwa imitekerereze t kubera igitekerezo cyangwa ikintu runaka. Ubuhanzi nkikimenyetso cyerekana imyitozo ngororamubiri. Byaganiriweho ko ubushobozi bw[[ubwonko]] bwumuntu burenze kure ibyari bikenewe kugirango tubeho mubisekuruza. Igitekerezo kimwe cyubwihindurize busobanura ibi nuko ubwonko bwumuntu nibiranga isano (nkubushobozi bwubuhanzi no guhanga) aribyo bihwanye numurizo wimpyisi. Intego yumurizo wimpyisi wigitsina gabo byavuzwe ko ari ugukurura igitsina gore (reba kandi guhunga abarobyi n’ihame ry’ubumuga). Dukurikije iki gitekerezo, gushyira mu bikorwa ibihangano byari ngombwa mu bwihindurize kuko byakururaga abo mwashakanye. Imikorere yubuhanzi yasobanuwe haruguru ntabwo itandukanye, kuko inyinshi murizo zishobora guhuzagurika. Kurugero, ubuhanzi bugamije kwidagadura bushobora nanone gushaka kugurisha ibicuruzwa, ni ukuvuga firime cyangwa umukino wa videwo. eu9a9beiavdozvbba1i7912bqeanc4f 0 14718 138929 133300 2026-09-18T20:23:12Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138929 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Star_of_life2.svg|thumb|Ibirango by'ubuvuzi]] '''Ubuvuzi''' cyangwa '''ubuvuzi rusange''' ni ugutezimbere ubuzima binyuze mu gukumira, gusuzuma, kuvura, gukiza cyangwa gukiza indwara, indwara, ibikomere, n’ubundi bumuga bw’umubiri n’ubwenge mu bantu. Ubuvuzi butangwa n'inzobere mu buzima hamwe n’ubuzima bufatanije. Ubuvuzi, amenyo, farumasi, ububyaza, ubuforomo, optometrie, audiologiya, psychologiya, kuvura akazi, kuvura umubiri, imyitozo ngororamubiri, n'indi myuga y'ubuzima byose bigize ubuvuzi. Harimo imirimo ikorwa mu gutanga ubuvuzi bw'ibanze, ubuvuzi bwisumbuye, n'ubuvuzi bwa kaminuza, ndetse no mubuzima rusange. [[Dosiye:Bypass_surgery_lower_side_at_the_Hasharon_Hospital_(FL45929191).jpg|thumb|Ubuvuzi ]] Ku isi yose y'ibikoresho by'ubuzima, nk'uko bigaragazwa n'umubare w'abaganga ku muntu 10,000, n'igihugu. Amakuru yaturutse mu mibare y’ubuzima ku isi 2010, raporo ya OMS. [Akeneye kuvugururwa] [[Dosiye:Yellow_fever_vaccination_05.jpg|thumb|Yellow fever vaccination 05]] Igishushanyo cy’ibitanda by’ibitaro ku bantu 1000 ku isi mu 2013, ku isonga; Ku ifoto [[Dosiye:World_Health_Organization_Flag.jpg|thumb|Ikirango cy'ubuzima ku rwego mpuzamahanga ]] ni ikigo cya Weill-Cornell (ikigo cyera hagati) Kubona ubuvuzi bishobora gutandukana mu bihugu, abaturage, n'abantu ku giti cyabo, bitewe n’imibereho n’ubukungu ndetse na politiki y’ubuzima. Gutanga serivisi z'ubuvuzi bisobanura "gukoresha igihe cya serivisi z'ubuzima ku giti cyawe kugira ngo tugere ku musaruro mwiza w'ubuzima". Ibintu bigomba kwitabwaho mu bijyanye no kwivuza harimo imbogamizi z'amafaranga (nko kwishingira ubwishingizi), inzitizi z’imiterere n’ibikoresho (nk'amafaranga y’inyongera yo gutwara abantu ndetse no gufata igihe cyo kuruhuka ku kazi kugira ngo ukoreshe izo serivisi), ibyifuzo by’umuco, hamwe n’imipaka bwite; (kubura ubushobozi bwo kuvugana n'abashinzwe ubuzima, kutamenya gusoma no kwandika, amafaranga make). [4] Imipaka kuri serivisi zita ku buzima igira ingaruka mbi ku mikoreshereze y’ubuvuzi, ingaruka z’ubuvuzi, hamwe n’ibisubizo muri rusange (imibereho myiza, impfu). Sisitemu y'ubuzima n'imiryango yashyizweho kugira ngo ihuze ibyifuzo byubuzima bw'abaturage. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) rivuga ko gahunda y’ubuvuzi ikora neza isaba uburyo bwo gutera inkunga, abakozi bahuguwe neza kandi bahembwa bihagije, amakuru yizewe ashingiraho ibyemezo na politiki, hamwe n’ibigo nderabuzima bibungabunzwe neza kugira ngo bitange ubuziranenge imiti n'ikoranabuhanga. Sisitemu nziza yubuzima ishobora kugira uruhare runini mu bukungu bw'igihugu, iterambere, n'inganda. Ubuvuzi busanzwe bufatwa nk'igikorwa cy'ingenzi mu guteza imbere ubuzima rusange bw'umubiri n'ubwenge ndetse n'imibereho myiza y'abantu ku isi. Urugero rw'ibi ni ukurandura burundu ibicurane ku isi mu 1980, byatangajwe na OMS, ko ari indwara ya mbere mu mateka y’abantu yakuweho n’ubuzima nkana. [6] Gutanga [[Dosiye:Opening_celebrations_for_a_new_medical_center_in_El_Arish_(FL45784263).jpg|thumb|Ubuvuzii]] Hindura Reba kandi: Inzobere mu buzima Ubuvuzi bwibanze bushobora gutangwa mu bigo nderabuzima by'abaturage. Gutanga ubuvuzi bugezweho biterwa n'itsinda ry'inzobere zahuguwe hamwe n'aba paraprofessional bahurira hamwe nk'amakipe atandukanye. Ibi birimo inzobere mu buvuzi, psychologiya, physiotherapie, abaforomo, amenyo, ababyaza n’ubuzima bufatanije, hamwe n’abandi benshi nk’abashinzwe ubuzima rusange, abashinzwe ubuzima bw’abaturage n’abakozi bafasha, batanga gahunda ku buryo bwihariye bwo kwita ku gukumira, kuvura no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe; serivisi. N'ubwo ibisobanuro by'ubwoko butandukanye bw'ubuvuzi butandukanye bitewe n'uburyo butandukanye bw’umuco, politiki, imitunganyirize, na disipulini, bigaragara ko hari ubwumvikane buke ko ubuvuzi bw'ibanze bugize ikintu cya mbere cy'ibikorwa by'ubuzima bikomeza kandi bishobora no kubamo yo mu cyiciro cya kabiri n'icya gatatu cyo kwita. Ubuvuzi bushobora gusobanurwa nk'ibya leta cyangwa ibyigenga. Icyumba cyihutirwa akenshi ni ikibanza cyambere cyo gutanga ubuvuzi bwibanze. Ubuvuzi bw'ibanze Hindura Ingingo nyamukuru: Ubuvuzi bwibanze Reba kandi: Ubuvuzi bwibanze, ubuvuzi bwa Ambulatory, n'ubuvuzi bwihutirwa Gari ya moshi y'ibitaro "Therapist Matvei Mudrov" i Khabarovsk, mu Burusiya [9] Ubuvuzi bw'ibanze bivuga imirimo y'inzobere mu buzima zikora nk'ingingo ya mbere yo kugisha inama abarwayi bose bari muri gahunda z'ubuzima. [8] Umunyamwuga nkuyu yaba umuganga wibanze, nkumuganga rusange cyangwa umuganga wumuryango. Undi munyamwuga yaba umwuga wigenga wemewe nka physiotherapiste, cyangwa umuganga w'ibanze utari umuganga nk'umufasha wumuganga cyangwa umuforomo. Ukurikije aho gahunda yubuzima ihagaze, umurwayi ashobora kubanza kubona undi mwuga w'ubuzima, nka farumasi cyangwa umuforomo. Bitewe n'imiterere y'ubuzima, abarwayi bashobora koherezwa kwa kabiri cyangwa kaminuza. Ubuvuzi bwibanze bukunze gukoreshwa nk'ijambo rya serivisi zita ku buzima zigira uruhare mu baturage. Ishobora gutangwa mu buryo butandukanye igenamiterere, nk'ibigo byita ku Byihutirwa bitanga umunsi umwe gahunda cyangwa serivisi mu kugenda. Ubuvuzi bw'ibanze bukubiyemo ubuvuzi bwagutse cyane, harimo imyaka yose y’abarwayi, abarwayi bakomoka mu mibereho n’ubukungu n’imibereho yose, abarwayi bashaka kubungabunga ubuzima bwiza, n’abarwayi bafite ibibazo byose by’ubuzima bukabije kandi budakira bw’umubiri, bwo mu mutwe ndetse n’imibereho, harimo byinshi indwara zidakira. Kubwibyo, umuganga wibanze agomba kuba afite ubumenyi bwagutse mubice byinshi. Gukomeza ni ikintu cy'ingenzi kiranga ubuvuzi bw'ibanze, kubera ko abarwayi bakunze guhitamo kubaza umuganga umwe kugira ngo basuzume buri gihe kandi babone uburyo bwo kwirinda, uburezi ku buzima, kandi igihe cyose bakeneye inama ya mbere ku kibazo gishya cy'ubuzima. Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry’ubuvuzi bwibanze (ICPC) ni igikoresho gisanzwe cyo gusobanukirwa no gusesengura amakuru yerekeye ibikorwa by’ubuvuzi bwibanze hashingiwe ku mpamvu yo gusura umurwayi. Indwara zidakira zikunze kuvurwa mubuvuzi bwibanze zishobora kubamo, urugero, hypertension, diyabete, asima, COPD, kwiheba no guhangayika, kubabara umugongo, arthrite cyangwa imikorere ya tiroyide. Ubuvuzi bwibanze burimo kandi serivisi zingenzi zita kubuzima bw’ababyeyi n’abana, nka serivisi zo kuboneza urubyaro no gukingira. Muri Amerika, Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku rwego rw’ubuzima mu mwaka wa 2013 bwerekanye ko indwara z’uruhu (42.7%), osteoarthritis hamwe n’indwara zifatika (33,6%), ibibazo by’umugongo (23.9%), indwara ziterwa na metabolisme ya lipide (22.4%), n’indwara zo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero yo hejuru; (22.1%, usibye asima) nizo mpamvu zikunze kugaragara kwa muganga. Muri Reta zunzubumwe za Amerika, abaganga bambere bambere batangiye gutanga ubuvuzi bwibanze hanze yubuvuzi bucungwa (ubwishingizi-bwishyuza) binyuze mubuvuzi bwibanze butaziguye aribwo buryo bwo kuvura imiti isanzwe. Abaganga muriki cyitegererezo bishyuza abarwayi serivisi zitaziguye, haba mbere yishyuwe mbere, buri gihembwe, cyangwa buri mwaka, cyangwa fagitire kuri buri serivisi mubiro. Ingero zubuvuzi bwibanze burimo Ubuzima bwibanze muri Colorado na Qliance i Washington. Mu rwego rwo gusaza kw’abatuye isi, hamwe n’umubare w’abantu bakuze bafite ibyago byinshi by’indwara zidakira zandura, biteganijwe ko serivisi z’ubuvuzi bw’ibanze ziyongera vuba mu bihugu byateye imbere ndetse n’iterambere. [13] Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima rivuga ko itangwa ry'ubuvuzi bw'ibanze ari kimwe mu bigize ingamba z’ibanze z’ubuvuzi. Icyiciro cya kabiri Hindura Ibitaro by’Urwibutso rwa Jackson i Miami, ibitaro by’ibanze byigisha by’ishuri ry’ubuvuzi rya Leonard M. Miller wo muri kaminuza ya Miami ndetse n’ibitaro binini muri Amerika bifite ibitanda 1.547 [15] Icyiciro cya kabiri cyubuvuzi gikubiyemo ubuvuzi bukabije: ubuvuzi bukenewe mugihe gito kuburwayi bugufi ariko bukomeye, ibikomere, cyangwa ubundi buzima. Ubu buvuzi bukunze kuboneka mu ishami ryihutirwa ryibitaro. Amashuri yisumbuye akubiyemo no kwitabira ubuhanga mugihe cyo kubyara, ubuvuzi bukomeye, hamwe na serivisi zerekana amashusho. Ijambo "ubuvuzi bwa kabiri" rimwe na rimwe rikoreshwa kimwe na "care care". Nyamara, abatanga ubuvuzi bwisumbuye benshi, nk'abaganga b'indwara zo mu mutwe, abahanga mu by'imitekerereze ya muntu, abavuzi babigize umwuga, inzobere mu menyo cyangwa abahanga mu kuvura indwara z'umubiri, ntibakenera gukorera mu bitaro. Serivise zimwe zibanze zitangwa mubitaro. Bitewe n’imitunganyirize na politiki ya gahunda y’ubuzima y’igihugu, abarwayi barashobora gusabwa kubonana n’ibanze kugira ngo babohereze mbere yo kubona ubuvuzi bwa kabiri. [17] Mu bihugu bikorera muri gahunda y’ubuvuzi ivanze n’isoko, abaganga bamwe bagabanya imyitozo yabo ku buvuzi bwa kabiri basaba abarwayi kubanza kubona ubuvuzi bwibanze. Iri tegeko rishobora gushyirwaho hakurikijwe amasezerano yo kwishyura muri gahunda yubwishingizi bwubuzima bwigenga cyangwa mumatsinda. Mu bindi bihe, inzobere mu buvuzi zishobora kubona abarwayi bataboherejwe, kandi abarwayi bashobora guhitamo niba boherejwe ubwabo. Mu bindi bihugu, abarwayi biyitirira inzobere mu buvuzi kugira ngo bavurwe mu cyiciro cya kabiri ntibisanzwe kuko kubanza koherezwa ku wundi muganga (yaba umuganga w’ibanze cyangwa undi muhanga) bifatwa nkenerwa, hatitawe ku kuba inkunga ituruka muri gahunda z’ubwishingizi bw’abikorera cyangwa ubwishingizi bw’ubuzima bw’igihugu; . Inzobere mu by'ubuzima zifatanije, nk'abavuzi b'umubiri, abavuzi b'ubuhumekero, abavuzi babigize umwuga, abavuga imvugo, n'abashinzwe imirire, na bo muri rusange bakora mu buvuzi bwa kabiri, baboneka binyuze mu kohereza abarwayi ubwabo cyangwa bakohereza abaganga. Ubuvuzi bwa gatatu Hindura Ibitaro by’igihugu bishinzwe ubuvuzi bw’imyororokere na Neurosurgie i Londere, mu Bwongereza ni ibitaro by’inzobere mu bijyanye n’imitsi. Ubuvuzi bwa Tertiary ni ubuvuzi bwihariye bwo kwita ku buzima, ubusanzwe ku barwayi no koherezwa n’inzobere mu buzima bw’ibanze cyangwa yisumbuye, mu kigo gifite abakozi n’ibikoresho byo gukora iperereza ry’ubuvuzi n’ubuvuzi, nka kaminuza. y ibitaro byoherejwe. Urugero rwa serivisi zita ku barwayi bo mu rwego rwa gatatu ni imicungire ya [[kanseri]], kubaga indwara zo mu mutwe, kubaga umutima, kubaga plasitike, kuvura inkongi y'umuriro ikabije, serivisi zita ku barwayi ba neonatologiya, palliative, ndetse n'ibindi bikorwa bigoye byo kuvura no kubaga. Kwita kuri kane Hindura Ijambo kwita kuri quaternary rimwe na rimwe rikoreshwa nko kwagura ubuvuzi bwa kaminuza mu rwego rwo hejuru rw’ubuvuzi bwihariye kandi butagerwaho cyane. Ubuvuzi bw'igeragezwa hamwe nuburyo bumwe na bumwe budasanzwe bwo gusuzuma cyangwa kubaga bifatwa nk'ubuvuzi bwa kane. Izi serivisi zitangwa gusa mu mubare muto w’ibigo nderabuzima byo mu karere cyangwa by’igihugu. [20] Murugo no kwita kubaturage Hindura Reba kandi: Ubuzima rusange Ubwoko bwinshi bwubuvuzi butangwa hanze yibigo nderabuzima. Harimo ibikorwa byinshi bifasha inyungu zubuzima rusange, nko kugenzura umutekano wibiribwa, gukwirakwiza udukingirizo na gahunda yo guhana inshinge hagamijwe gukumira indwara zanduza. Harimo kandi serivisi zinzobere mumiturire n’abaturage mu rwego rwo gushyigikira kwiyitaho, kwita ku rugo, kwita ku gihe kirekire, ubufasha bufasha, kuvura indwara ziterwa n’ibiyobyabwenge mu bundi bwoko bwa serivisi zita ku buzima n’imibereho myiza. Serivisi ishinzwe gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe abaturage irashobora gufasha mu kugenda no kwigenga nyuma yo gutakaza ingingo cyangwa gutakaza imikorere. Ibi birashobora kubamo prothèse, orthotics, cyangwa intebe yimuga. Ibihugu byinshi bihura n’abaturage basaza, bityo kimwe mu byihutirwa muri gahunda y’ubuvuzi ni ugufasha abageze mu zabukuru kubaho ubuzima bwuzuye, bwigenga mu ngo zabo. Hariho igice cyose cyubuvuzi kigamije guha abakuru ubufasha mubikorwa bya buri munsi murugo nko gutwara abantu no kubonana na muganga hamwe nibindi bikorwa byinshi byingenzi mubuzima bwabo no kumererwa neza. Nubwo batanga urugo kubantu bakuze mubufatanye, abagize umuryango hamwe nabakozi bashinzwe kurera barashobora kugira imyumvire itandukanye nindangagaciro kubikorwa byabo. Iyi miterere irerekana imbogamizi mugushushanya ICT (amakuru n'ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho) yo kwita ku rugo. Kubera ko imibare yerekana ko Abanyamerika barenga miliyoni 80 bakuye igihe ku mirimo yabo y'ibanze kugira ngo bita ku muntu ukunda, [23] ibihugu byinshi byatangiye gutanga porogaramu nka Porogaramu ishinzwe ubufasha bw’umuguzi yemerera abagize umuryango kwita ku bo bakunda. imwe idatanze amafaranga yose yinjiza. Kubera ko umubyibuho ukabije mu bana uhita uhangayikishwa cyane, serivisi z'ubuzima zikunze gushyiraho gahunda mu mashuri zigamije kwigisha abana ibijyanye no kurya indyo yuzuye, bigatuma uburezi bw’umubiri busabwa ndetse no kwigisha ingimbi n'abangavu kugira isura nziza. Ibipimo Hindura Ingingo nyamukuru: Ibipimo byubuzima Ibipimo byubuzima ni amanota cyangwa isuzuma ryubuvuzi bukoreshwa mugusuzuma inzira yubuvuzi n'inzego zita ku buzima hamwe na / cyangwa ibisubizo bya serivisi z'ubuzima. Aya makuru yahinduwe mu makarita ya raporo atangwa n’imiryango ifite ireme, idaharanira inyungu, amatsinda y’abaguzi n’itangazamakuru. Iri suzuma ryubuziranenge rishingiye ku ngamba za: ubuziranenge bwibitaro gahunda yubuzima bwiza ubuvuzi bwiza ubuziranenge kubandi bashinzwe ubuzima bw'uburambe bw'abarwayi Inzego zijyanye Hindura Ubuvuzi ntiburenze gutanga serivisi ku barwayi, bukubiyemo [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|imirenge]] myinshi ifitanye isano, kandi bushyirwa mu ishusho nini y’imari n’inzego z’imiyoborere. Sisitemu yubuzima Hindura Ingingo z'ingenzi: Sisitemu yubuzima na sisitemu yubuzima byigihugu Sisitemu yubuzima, rimwe na rimwe nanone yitwa sisitemu yubuzima cyangwa sisitemu yubuzima, ni imitunganyirize yabantu, ibigo, nubutunzi butanga serivisi zita kubuzima kubantu bakeneye ubufasha. Inganda zita ku buzima Hindura Reba kandi: Inganda zita ku buzima nubukungu bwubuzima Inganda zita ku buzima zirimo imirenge myinshi igamije gutanga serivisi zita ku buzima n’ibicuruzwa. Mu rwego rw’ibanze mu gusobanura urwego, Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’umuryango w’abibumbye ushyira mu byiciro urwego rw’ubuvuzi rushyira mu bikorwa ubuvuzi nko muri rusange ibikorwa by’ibitaro, ibikorwa by’ubuvuzi n’amenyo, ndetse n’ibindi bikorwa by’ubuzima bw’abantu. Icyiciro cyanyuma kirimo ibikorwa by, cyangwa bikurikiranwa nabaforomo, ababyaza, physiotherapiste, laboratoire yubumenyi cyangwa isuzumabumenyi, amavuriro ya patologiya, ibigo nderabuzima bituye, abunganira abarwayi [24] cyangwa indi myuga ifitanye isano n’ubuzima. Byongeye kandi, ukurikije inganda n’ibyiciro by’isoko, nkibipimo ngenderwaho by’inganda ku rwego rw’isi hamwe n’ibipimo ngenderwaho by’inganda, ubuvuzi burimo ibyiciro byinshi by’ubuvuzi, ibikoresho na serivisi birimo ibinyabuzima, laboratoire yo gusuzuma n’ibintu, gukora ibiyobyabwenge no kubitanga. Kurugero, imiti nibindi bikoresho byubuvuzi nibyo biza ku isonga mu ikoranabuhanga ryoherezwa mu Burayi no muri Amerika. [26] Amerika yiganje mu bijyanye n’ibinyabuzima, bingana na bitatu bya kane by’amafaranga yinjira mu ikoranabuhanga ku isi. [25] [27] Ubushakashatsi ku buzima Hindura Ingingo z'ingenzi: Ubushakashatsi mu by'ubuvuzi n'ubushakashatsi bw'abaforomo Kubisobanuro byingenzi, reba siyanse yubuzima. Ubwinshi nubwiza bwibikorwa byinshi byita ku buzima byanozwa binyuze mu bisubizo bya siyansi, nko gutera imbere binyuze mu buryo bw’ubuvuzi bw’ubuzima bwibanda ku kurandura indwara binyuze mu gusuzuma no kuvura neza. Iterambere ryinshi ryingenzi ryatewe nubushakashatsi bwubuzima, ubushakashatsi bwibinyabuzima nubushakashatsi bwa farumasi, aribwo shingiro ryubuvuzi bushingiye ku bimenyetso hamwe n’ibikorwa bishingiye ku bimenyetso mu gutanga ubuvuzi. Ubushakashatsi bwita ku buzima bukunze guhura n’abarwayi, kandi nkibibazo nkibi abo bagomba kwishora hamwe nuburyo bwo kubana nabo biba ngombwa kubitekerezaho mugihe ushaka kubishyira mubikorwa. Nubwo imyitozo imwe myiza itabaho, ibisubizo by'isuzuma rifatika ku bijyanye no gusezerana kw'abarwayi byerekana ko uburyo bw'ubushakashatsi bwo guhitamo abarwayi bugomba kubarwa ku kuba abarwayi bahari ndetse n'ubushake bwo kwishora. Ubushakashatsi bwa serivisi z'ubuzima bushobora gutuma habaho uburyo bunoze bwo gutanga serivisi zita ku buzima, nk'uko byateye imbere binyuze mu mibereho y’ubuzima n’ubumuga, bishimangira impinduka z’abaturage zishobora gukorwa kugira ngo abaturage bagire ubuzima bwiza. Ibisubizo bivuye mu bushakashatsi bwa serivisi z'ubuzima akenshi bigize ishingiro rya politiki ishingiye ku bimenyetso muri sisitemu z'ubuzima. Ubushakashatsi bwa serivisi z'ubuzima nabwo bufashwa n’ibikorwa mu rwego rw’ubwenge bw’ubukorikori hagamijwe guteza imbere sisitemu y’isuzuma ry’ubuzima zifite akamaro mu mavuriro, ku gihe, zita ku mpinduka, umuco, umuco, umutwaro muke, uhendutse, wubatswe mu buryo busanzwe, kandi shyiramo umurwayi. Amafaranga yo kwivuza Hindura Reba kandi: Sisitemu yubuzima, politiki yubuzima, hamwe nubuvuzi rusange Reba cyangwa uhindure amakuru yinkomoko. Amafaranga yakoreshejwe mu buzima yose ni agace ka GDP. Muri rusange hari uburyo butanu bwibanze bwo gutera inkunga sisitemu yubuzima: [32] Umusoro rusange kuri leta, [[intara]] cyangwa komine Ubwishingizi bw'ubuzima Ubwishingizi bw'ubuzima ku bushake cyangwa bwigenga Kwishura hanze Impano ku miryango nterankunga Mu bihugu byinshi, hariho imvange yuburyo butanu, ariko ibi biratandukana mubihugu ndetse nigihe kinini mubihugu. Usibye uburyo bwo gutera inkunga, ikibazo cyingenzi kigomba guhora ari amafaranga yo kwivuza. Mu ntumbero yo kugereranya, ibi bikunze kugaragazwa nkijanisha rya GDP ryakoreshejwe mubuvuzi. Mu bihugu bya OECD kuri buri $ $ 1000 yakoreshejwe mu kwivuza, icyizere cyo kubaho kigabanuka ku myaka 0.4. Isano nk'iryo igaragara mu isesengura ryakozwe buri mwaka na Bloomberg. Ikigaragara ni uko ubu bwoko bw'isesengura bufite amakosa kubera ko igihe cyo kubaho ari igipimo kimwe gusa cy'imikorere ya sisitemu y'ubuzima, ariko kimwe, igitekerezo cy'uko inkunga nyinshi ari nziza ntabwo gishyigikiwe. Mu mwaka wa 2011, inganda zita ku buzima zatwaye impuzandengo ya 9.3 ku ijana bya GDP cyangwa US $ 3,322 (PPP-yahinduwe) kuri buri muntu mu bihugu 34 bigize ibihugu bya OECD. Amerika (17.7%, cyangwa US $ PPP 8,508), Ubuholandi (11.9%, 5.099), Ubufaransa (11,6%, 4.118), Ubudage (11.3%, 4.495), Kanada (11.2%, 5669), n'Ubusuwisi (11) %, 5,634) ni bo bakoresheje amafaranga menshi, icyakora icyizere cyo kubaho mu baturage bose bavutse cyari kinini mu Busuwisi (imyaka 82.8), Ubuyapani n'Ubutaliyani (82.7), Espagne na Isilande (82.4), Ubufaransa (82.2) na Ositaraliya (82.0), mugihe impuzandengo ya OECD irenga imyaka 80 kunshuro yambere muri 2011: imyaka 80.1, inyungu yimyaka 10 kuva 1970. Amerika (imyaka 78.7) iri kumwanya wa 26 gusa mubihugu 34 bigize OECD, ariko ifite ibiciro byinshi kugeza ubu . Ibihugu byose bya OECD byageze ku buzima rusange (cyangwa hafi ya byose), usibye Amerika na Mexico. [35] (reba no kugereranya mpuzamahanga.) Muri Amerika, aho hafi 18% bya GDP bikoreshwa mu kwivuza, [34] Isesengura ry’ikigega cya Commonwealth cy’imikoreshereze n’ubuziranenge ryerekana isano iri hagati y’imiterere mibi n’ikoreshwa ryinshi. Ubuyobozi n'amabwiriza Hindura Reba kandi: Ibisabwa mubuzima bwumwuga Ubuyobozi nubuyobozi bwubuvuzi nibyingenzi mugutanga serivisi zubuzima. By'umwihariko, imikorere y’inzobere mu buzima n’imikorere y’ibigo nderabuzima ubusanzwe bigengwa n’ubuyobozi bw’igihugu cyangwa leta / intara binyuze mu nzego zibishinzwe zibishinzwe hagamijwe kwizeza ubuziranenge. Ibihugu byinshi bifite abakozi bafite ibyemezo mu nama ngenzuramikorere cyangwa mu ishami ry’ubuzima bandika ibyemezo cyangwa impushya z’abakozi b’ubuzima n’amateka y’akazi. Ikoranabuhanga mu makuru yubuzima Hindura Andi makuru: Ikoranabuhanga ryamakuru yubuzima, gucunga amakuru yubuzima, informatics yubuzima, eUbuzima, nikoranabuhanga ryubuzima Ikoranabuhanga ryamakuru yubuzima (HIT) ni "ikoreshwa ryogutunganya amakuru arimo ibyuma bya mudasobwa hamwe na software ikora mububiko, kugarura al, gusangira, no gukoresha amakuru yita ku buzima, amakuru, n'ubumenyi mu itumanaho no gufata ibyemezo. "[40] Ibigize ikoranabuhanga mu buzima: Ubuzima bwa elegitoroniki (EHR) - EHR ikubiyemo amateka y’ubuvuzi yuzuye y’umurwayi, kandi irashobora gushiramo inyandiko z’abatanga serivisi nyinshi. Ubuvuzi bwa elegitoroniki (EMR) - EMR ikubiyemo amakuru asanzwe y’ubuvuzi n’ubuvuzi yakusanyirijwe mu biro by’umuntu utanga serivisi. Ubuzima Bwihariye (PHR) - PHR ni amateka y’ubuvuzi bw’umurwayi abikwa wenyine, kugira ngo akoreshwe ku giti cye. Porogaramu yubuvuzi yubuvuzi (MPM) - yashizweho kugirango yorohereze imirimo ya buri munsi yo gukora ikigo nderabuzima. Azwi kandi nka progaramu yo gucunga imyitozo cyangwa sisitemu yo kuyobora imyitozo (PMS). Guhana amakuru ku buzima (HIE) - Guhana amakuru ku buzima bituma inzobere mu buvuzi n’abarwayi bashobora kubona neza kandi bagasangira neza amakuru y’ingenzi y’ubuvuzi y’umurwayi hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga. == Indangamurongo == [http://igihe.com] 72ry9lis64a0qwptqptuuuolpgoktik 0 14720 138945 100073 2026-09-19T05:47:54Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138945 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag of UNICEF.svg|thumb|Ikirango cy'ishami ry'umuryango mpuzamahanga w'abibumbye rishinzwe abana. ]] [[UNICEF]] (/ / [3] Iki kigo kiri mu miryango ikwirakwizwa kandi izwi cyane ku mibereho myiza y'abaturage ku isi, ikaba ihari mu bihugu n'intara 192. Ibikorwa bya UNICEF birimo gutanga inkingo no kwirinda indwara, gutanga ubuvuzi ku bana na ba nyina banduye virusi itera [[SIDA|sida]], kongera imirire y’abana n’ababyeyi, guteza imbere isuku, guteza imbere uburezi, no gutanga ubutabazi bwihuse mu guhangana n’ibiza. [5] Ikigega cy’umuryango w’abibumbye Ikirangantego cya UNICEF.svg Amagambo ahinnye UNICEF Andika Ikigega Ubuzimagatozi Gikora 11 Ukuboza 1946; Imyaka 76 irashize (nk’umuryango w’abibumbye mpuzamahanga yihutirwa y’abana) Icyicaro gikuru Umujyi wa New York, New York, Amerika Umutwe Catherine M. Russell Ishirahamwe ryababyeyi Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye Inama y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe ubukungu n’imibereho myiza Urubuga www.unicef.org UNICEF ni we wasimbuye ikigega mpuzamahanga cy’umuryango w’abibumbye cyihutirwa cy’abana, cyashinzwe ku ya 11 Ukuboza 1946, i New York, n’ikigo cy’umuryango w’abibumbye gishinzwe gutabara ababana n’ubutabazi kugira ngo gitange ubutabazi bwihuse ku bana na ba nyina bahuye n’intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose. Muri uwo mwaka, Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye yashyizeho UNICEF mu rwego rwo kurushaho gushyira mu bikorwa ibikorwa by’ubutabazi nyuma y’intambara. Mu 1950, inshingano zayo zongerewe kugira ngo gikemure ibibazo by'igihe kirekire abana n'abagore bakeneye cyane cyane mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere. Mu 1953, iryo shyirahamwe ryabaye igice gihoraho cya gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye, hanyuma izina ryaryo rihinduka uko ryifashe ubu, nubwo rigumana amagambo ahinnye. [1] UNICEF ishingiye cyane ku misanzu ku bushake itangwa na guverinoma n'abaterankunga bigenga. Amafaranga yinjije yose kugeza muri 2020 yari miliyari 7.2 z'amadolari; muri bo abafatanyabikorwa mu nzego za Leta batanze miliyari 5.45 z'amadolari. Igengwa ninama nyobozi igizwe nabanyamuryango 36 ishyiraho politiki, yemeza gahunda, ikanagenzura gahunda zubutegetsi n’imari. Inama y'ubutegetsi igizwe n'abahagarariye guverinoma batowe n'akanama k'umuryango w'abibumbye gashinzwe ubukungu n'imibereho myiza y'abaturage, ubusanzwe manda y'imyaka itatu. Gahunda za UNICEF zishimangira guteza imbere serivisi z’abaturage mu rwego rwo guteza imbere ubuzima n’imibereho myiza y’abana. Ibyinshi mubikorwa byayo biri murwego, hamwe numuyoboro urimo ibiro byigihugu 150, icyicaro gikuru nibindi bigo, hamwe na "komite zigihugu" 34 zisohoza inshingano zazo binyuze muri gahunda zateguwe na guverinoma zibakira. Ibiro birindwi byo mu karere bitanga ubufasha bwa tekiniki ku biro by’igihugu mu gihe bikenewe, mu gihe ishami ryabyo ritanga amasoko - rifite icyicaro mu mijyi ya Copenhagen na New York - rifasha gutanga miliyari zisaga 3 z’amadolari y’imfashanyo na serivisi zikomeye. Ibendera rya UNICEF Muri 2018, UNICEF yafashije mu kuvuka kw'abana miliyoni 27, itanga inkingo za pentavalent ku bana bagera kuri miliyoni 65.5, itanga uburezi ku bana miliyoni 12, ivura abana miliyoni enye bafite imirire mibi ikabije, kandi isubiza ibibazo 285 byihutirwa by’ubutabazi mu bihugu 90. 9] UNICEF yahawe igihembo kubera ibikorwa byayo, harimo igihembo cy’amahoro cyitiriwe Nobel mu 1965, igihembo cya Indira Gandhi mu 1989 ndetse n’igihembo cy’umwamikazi wa Asturias mu 2006. Mu cyorezo cya COVID-19 2020, UNICEF, hamwe n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi n’ibindi bigo. , yatangajwe ubuyobozi bujyanye no kurera neza. Amateka Hindura Kurema Hindura Nko muri Nzeri 1943, inzobere mu buzima bwo muri Polonye, Ludwik Rajchman, yatanze igitekerezo mu kiganiro cyasohotse mu Isi Yigenga cyitwa "Ishami ry’ubuzima ry’umuryango w’abibumbye - Kuki bitabaye?" ko serivisi yubuzima igomba kwinjizwa mumuryango mpuzamahanga uzaza. Yasabye kandi "umusoro w’ubuzima" wishyurwa n’ibihugu bigize uyu muryango. UNRRA irangiye, Rajchman yasabye gukoresha amafaranga asigaranye muri gahunda yo kugaburira abana bahabwa inkunga na Amerika. Uyu muryango washyizweho n’icyemezo cya 57 (I) cy’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye ku ya 11 Ukuboza 1946, cyita Ikigega mpuzamahanga cy’umuryango w’abibumbye cyita ku bana (UNICEF). Rajchman nk'umuyobozi wacyo wa mbere, yahisemo Maurice Pate wa komisiyo ishinzwe ubutabazi mu Bubiligi kuyobora iki kigo no "gutekereza ku gutegura igikorwa, ikigega kigamije inyungu z’abana, abahohotewe n’intambara." [12] Rajchman, nk'umuyobozi komite idasanzwe y’umuryango w’abibumbye kandi ku nkunga ya La Guardia, Herbert Hoover na Maurice Pate, bashyikirije inteko rusange umwanzuro. Kuva mu kigo cy’ubutabazi cy’agateganyo mu 1946 gitanga ibiryo n’imyambaro ku bana na ba nyina bavanywe mu byabo n’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, iki kigo cyabaye [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Umuryango w’abibumbye]] uhoraho mu 1953, [12] kandi gishyira ingufu muri gahunda rusange z’imibereho myiza y’abana. Imiyoborere Hindura Ihema ryita kuri UNICEF muri Sudani UNICEF yishingikirije ku biro by’igihugu kugira ngo ifashe mu bikorwa byayo binyuze muri gahunda idasanzwe y’ubufatanye yatejwe imbere na guverinoma yakiriye. Porogaramu ishaka gutegura ingamba zifatika zo kuzuza no kurengera uburenganzira bw'abana n'abagore. Ibiro by'akarere biyobora iki gikorwa kandi bitanga ubufasha bwa tekiniki kubiro byigihugu mugihe bikenewe. Muri rusange imiyoborere nubuyobozi bwumuryango bibera ku cyicaro cyayo mu mujyi wa New York. Kuyobora no gukurikirana imirimo yose ya UNICEF ni inama nyobozi igizwe n’abanyamuryango 36 bahagarariye leta. Inama y'Ubutegetsi ishyiraho politiki, yemeza gahunda kandi igena gahunda z’ubuyobozi n’imari n’ingengo y’imari. Ibikorwa byayo bihuzwa na biro, bigizwe na perezida na ba visi-perezida bane, buri mu ofisiye uhagarariye imwe mu matsinda atanu yo mu karere. Aba ofisiye batanu batorwa ninama nyobozi buri mwaka mubanyamuryango bayo, perezida akazunguruka mumatsinda yakarere buri mwaka. Nkibisanzwe, abanyamuryango bahoraho bagize akanama gashinzwe umutekano ntibakora nkabayobozi bayobora. Ibiro by’umunyamabanga w’inama nyobozi bifasha gukomeza umubano mwiza hagati yubuyobozi bukuru n’ubunyamabanga bwa UNICEF, kandi butegura gusurwa n’abagize inama. Ishuri rya UNICEF mu isanduku ririmo ibintu by’ibanze byigisha umwarimu umwe n’abanyeshuri 40. Ibiro by'akarere ka UNICEF Hindura Ibihugu bikurikira niho hari ibiro by’akarere ka UNICEF. Ibiro by'akarere ka Amerika na Karayibe, Umujyi wa Panama, Panama Ibiro by'akarere ka Burayi na Aziya yo hagati, Geneve, Ubusuwisi Aziya y'Uburasirazuba n'ibiro by'akarere ka pasifika, Bangkok, Tayilande Ibiro by'akarere ka Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'Amajyepfo, Nairobi, Kenya Ibiro byo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati na Afurika y'Amajyaruguru, Amman, Yorodani Aziya yepfo, Kathmandu, Nepal Ibiro by'akarere ka Afurika y'Iburengerazuba no Hagati, Senegali Komite z'igihugu za UNICEF Hindura Reba kandi: Urutonde rwa komite zigihugu za UNICEF Hariho komite zigihugu mubihugu 34, buriwese washyizweho nkumuryango wigenga utegamiye kuri leta. Inshingano yabo y'ibanze ni ugukusanya inkunga mu bikorera, kubera ko UNICEF ishingiye ahanini ku misanzu ku bushake. Komite z’igihugu zishyize hamwe zigera kuri kimwe cya gatatu cy’amafaranga yinjira mu kigo buri mwaka, harimo n’amasosiyete, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, abaterankunga bagera kuri miliyoni esheshatu ku isi. == Ihuzamurongo == [http://isimbi.com] hren7d263nwbvol9kvo8ffqudfe3c3e 0 14722 138940 128414 2026-09-19T05:45:21Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138940 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:World Day Against Trafficking In Persons.jpg|thumb|Umunsi w'Isi wahariwe kurwanya icuruzwa ry'abantu]] [[Dosiye:Stop Human Trafficking (33489326002).jpg|thumb|Guhagarika icuruzwa ry'Abantu]] [[Dosiye:Human Trafficking.jpg|thumb|Human Trafficking]] [[Dosiye:Mark DeSaulnier attends human trafficking events - 2020-01-24.jpg|thumb|'''attends human trafficking events''']] [[Dosiye:Moment of silence for survivors of human trafficking (35248909786).jpg|thumb|Moment of silence for survivors of human trafficking ]] [[Dosiye:Employees -GetOnBoard to end human trafficking (35289026265).jpg|thumb|GetOnBoard to end human trafficking ]] [[Dosiye:Kucinich speaking at anti-human trafficking rally for Indian H2B guestworkers (2571357152).jpg|thumb|Kucinich speaking at anti-human trafficking ]] '''Gucuruza abantu''' ni ubucuruzi bwabantu hagamijwe imirimo y'agahato, ubucakara, cyangwa gukoresha imibonano mpuzabitsina ku mucuruzi cyangwa abandi. [1] Ibi birashobora kuba bikubiyemo guha uwo mwashakanye murwego rwo gushyingirwa ku gahato, [3] [4] [5] cyangwa gukuramo ingingo cyangwa ingirangingo, [6] [7] harimo no gusama no gukuramo ova. Gucuruza abantu birashobora kugaragara mu gihugu cyangwa mu mahanga. Gucuruza abantu nicyaha cyibasiye umuntu kubera guhonyora uburenganzira bw’uwahohotewe bwo kugenda binyuze ku gahato no kubera ubucuruzi bwabo. Gucuruza abantu ni ubucuruzi mu bantu, cyane cyane abagore n’abana, kandi ntibisobanura ko byanze bikunze umuntu yimuka ava ahantu hamwe akajya ahandi. [10] Abantu ba magendu (nanone bita magendu y'abantu na magendu y'abimukira) ni imyitozo ifitanye isano irangwa no kwemererwa na magendu. Ibicuruzwa bya magendu birashobora kuva mu icuruzwa ry’abantu binyuze ku gahato no kubakoresha. Abantu bacuruzwa bafatirwa kubushake bwabo binyuze mubikorwa byagahato, bagahatirwa gukorera cyangwa gutanga serivisi kubacuruza cyangwa abandi. [[Dosiye:Employees -GetOnBoard to end human trafficking (35288958275).jpg|thumb|abikorera mukurwana icuruzwa ry'abanttu]] Ishami mpuzamahanga ryita ku murimo (ILO) rivuga ko imirimo y'agahato yonyine (kimwe mu bigize icuruzwa ry'abantu) yinjiza inyungu zigera kuri miliyari 150 z'amadolari ku mwaka guhera mu 2014. [14] Muri 2012, ILO yagereranije ko miliyoni 21 zahohotewe zafatiwe mu bucakara bwa none. Muri bo, miliyoni 14.2 (68%) bakoreshejwe imirimo, miliyoni 4.5 (22%) bakoreshwa imibonano mpuzabitsina, naho miliyoni 2.2 (10%) bakoreshwa imirimo y'agahato yashyizweho na Leta. Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku murimo watangaje ko abakozi b'abana, abato, n'abimukira badasanzwe bafite ibyago byinshi byo gukoreshwa nabi cyane. Imibare irerekana ko kimwe cya kabiri cya miliyoni 215 z'abakozi bakiri bato ku isi bigaragara ko bari mu mirenge iteje akaga, harimo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina ku gahato no gusabiriza ku gahato. Bavuga ko amoko mato hamwe n’amatsinda y’abantu bahejejwe inyuma cyane bakorera cyane mu nzego zimwe na zimwe zikoreshwa cyane kandi zangiza, nko gutunganya uruhu, gucukura [[amabuye y'agaciro]], ndetse no gucukura amabuye. Gucuruza abantu n’inganda ya gatatu mu bucuruzi bw’ibyaha ku isi, inyuma y’ubucuruzi bw’ibiyobyabwenge n’icuruzwa ry’intwaro, kandi ni cyo gikorwa cyihuta cyane cy’imitwe yitwara gisirikare ihuza ibihugu. [18] [19] [20] Icuruzwa ry'abantu ryamaganwa nko guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu n'amasezerano mpuzamahanga. Byongeye kandi, icuruzwa ry’abantu rigomba gukurikizwa mu Muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Dukurikije inyandiko za 2018 na 2019 zasohotse buri mwaka Raporo y’icuruzwa ry’abantu yatanzwe na Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Amerika: Biyelorusiya, Irani, Uburusiya, na Turukimenisitani bikomeje kuba mu bihugu bibi cyane mu bijyanye no kurinda umutekano w’icuruzwa ry’abantu n’imirimo ikoreshwa ku gahato. [10] [22] Ibisobanuro Hindura [[Dosiye:Michael McGinn Human Trafficking Awareness Day 03.jpg|thumb|Human Trafficking Awareness ]] Umunsi w'isi wo kurwanya icuruzwa ry'abantu Nubwo icuruzwa ry’abantu rishobora kugaragara ku nzego z’ibanze cyangwa iz'imbere mu gihugu, rifite ingaruka ku rwego mpuzamahanga, nk'uko byemejwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye muri Porotokole yo gukumira, guhashya no guhana icuruzwa ry'abantu, cyane cyane abagore n'abana (nanone ryitwa Protokole yo gucuruza cyangwa Palermo) Protokole), amasezerano mpuzamahanga ashingiye ku Masezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye arwanya ibyaha byateguwe n’amahanga (CTOC) yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 25 Ukuboza 2003. Porotokole ni imwe muri eshatu zuzuza CTOC. Amasezerano yo gucuruza n’igikoresho cya mbere ku isi, cyemewe n'amategeko mu gucuruza mu gihe kirenga igice cy’ikinyejana, kandi kikaba ari cyo cyonyine gifite ibisobanuro byemeranijweho ku bijyanye no gucuruza abantu. Imwe mu ntego zayo ni ukorohereza ubufatanye mpuzamahanga mu iperereza no gukurikirana ubwo bucuruzi. Ikindi ni ukurinda no gufasha abahohotewe n’abantu bubahiriza uburenganzira bwabo nkuko bigaragara mu Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu. Amasezerano yo gucuruza, yari afite abayashyizeho umukono 117 kandi guhera mu Gushyingo 2018, amashyaka 173, [24] asobanura ko icuruzwa ry’abantu ari: (a) yumwanya wintege nke cyangwa gutanga cyangwa kwakira ubwishyu cyangwa inyungu kugirango ugere kubwumvikane bwumuntu ufite kugenzura undi muntu, agamije kubikoresha. Ubusambo bukubiyemo, byibuze, gukoresha cyangwa uburaya bwabandi cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha imibonano mpuzabitsina, imirimo y'agahato cyangwa serivisi, uburetwa cyangwa ibikorwa bisa n'ubucakara, uburetwa cyangwa kuvanaho, gukoresha cyangwa gushyira ingingo; (b) Uruhushya rw’uwahohotewe mu bantu ku bikorwa bigamije gukoreshwa mu gika cya (a) cy’iyi ngingo ntaho bihuriye n’aho hakoreshejwe uburyo ubwo ari bwo bwose buvugwa mu gika (a); (c) Gushaka, gutwara, kwimura, kubakira cyangwa kwakira umwana hagamijwe kubakoresha bifatwa nk "gucuruza abantu" ndetse niba ibi bitarimo uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose buvugwa mu gika (a) cy'iyi ngingo; (d) "Umwana" bivuga umuntu uwo ari we wese uri munsi yimyaka cumi n'umunani. [[Dosiye:Mark DeSaulnier attends human trafficking events - 2020-01-25.jpg|thumb|ibikorwa byo kurwanya ishimutwa rya Muntu]] Amafaranga yinjira Hindura Mu mwaka wa 2014, Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku murimo wagereranije miliyari 150 z'amadolari y'inyungu y’umwaka yaturutse ku mirimo y'agahato yonyine. Ikoreshwa ry'ijambo Hindura Abaharanira gucuruza abantu kuri 10 Downing Street, London Abantu bacuruzwa bafatirwa kubushake bwabo binyuze mubikorwa byagahato, bagahatirwa gukorera cyangwa gutanga serivisi kubacuruza cyangwa abandi. Akazi cyangwa serivisi birashobora kuba bikubiyemo ikintu cyose uhereye ku mirimo ifitanye isano cyangwa ku gahato kugeza ku bucuruzi bw'imibonano mpuzabitsina. [1] Gahunda irashobora kuba yubatswe nkamasezerano yakazi, ariko nta kwishyura cyangwa make, cyangwa kumagambo akoreshwa cyane. Rimwe na rimwe, gahunda itunganijwe nk'ubucakara bw'umwenda, uwahohotewe atemerewe cyangwa adashobora kwishyura umwenda. Imirimo ifitanye isano, cyangwa uburetwa bw'umwenda, birashoboka ko aribwo buryo butazwi cyane bwo gucuruza abakozi muri iki gihe, kandi ni bwo buryo bukoreshwa cyane mu bucakara bw'abantu. Abahohotewe bahinduka "ingwate" mugihe imirimo yabo, umurimo ubwabo bahaye akazi nibicuruzwa bifatika baguze bisabwa nkuburyo bwo kwishyura inguzanyo cyangwa serivisi bitarasobanuwe neza, cyangwa aho agaciro kabo bahohotewe 'serivisi ntabwo zikoreshwa mu iseswa ry'umwenda. Muri rusange, agaciro kakazi kabo karenze umubare wambere wamafaranga "yatijwe". Imirimo y'agahato ni ibihe abantu bahatirwa gukora kubushake bwabo babangamiwe n’ihohoterwa cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo guhanwa; umudendezo wabo urabujijwe kandi hashyizweho urwego rwa nyirubwite. Umuryango mpuzamahanga w'abakozi uvuga ko abagabo n'abagore bafite ibyago byo gucuruzwa kubera imirimo idafite ubuhanga, ku isi yose yinjiza miliyari 31 z'amadolari y'Amerika. Ubwoko bw'imirimo y'agahato bushobora kubamo uburetwa bwo mu rugo, imirimo y'ubuhinzi, imirimo yo mu ruganda rwa swatshop, isuku, serivisi y'ibiribwa n'indi mirimo ikora inganda, no gusabiriza. Bimwe mu bicuruzwa bishobora kubyara imirimo y'agahato ni: imyenda, kakao, amatafari, ikawa, ipamba, na zahabu. Umuryango mpuzamahanga ushinzwe abinjira n'abasohoka (IOM), ikigo kimwe rukumbi ku isi gitanga serivisi ku bahohotewe, raporo zivuga ko umubare w’imanza ziyongera aho abahohotewe bakorerwa imirimo y'agahato. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2012 bugaragaza ko "… 2010 byagaragaye cyane nk'umwaka wa mbere aho IOM yafashaga abantu benshi bahohotewe mu bucuruzi kurusha abari baracurujwe bagamije gusambanya." [29] Intego nyamukuru ya IOM ni "gutanga umutekano , serivisi zizewe, zoroshye kandi zihendutse kubantu bakeneye ubufasha bw’abimukira mpuzamahanga. Gutezimbere imicungire y’ikiremwamuntu kandi itunganijwe neza no kubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’abimukira hakurikijwe amategeko mpuzamahanga. Gutanga inama, ubushakashatsi, ubufatanye mu bya tekiniki n'ubufasha bukoreshwa mu bihugu, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta n'imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta ndetse n'abandi bafatanyabikorwa, hagamijwe kubaka ubushobozi bw'igihugu no korohereza ubufatanye mpuzamahanga, uturere ndetse n'ibihugu byombi ku bibazo by'abimukira ... "[30] Imirimo ikoreshwa abana ni uburyo bw'akazi bushobora kubangamira iterambere ry'umubiri, mu mutwe, mu mwuka, mu myifatire, cyangwa mu mibereho y'abana kandi rishobora kubangamira imyigire yabo. Ishami ry'umuryango mpuzamahanga ryita ku murimo rivuga ko umubare w'abana ku isi bakora imirimo ivunanye wagabanutse mu myaka cumi n'ibiri kugeza mu 2012 - wagabanutseho kimwe cya gatatu, uva kuri miliyoni 246 mu 2000 ugera kuri miliyoni 168 mu 2012. [31] Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara ni akarere gafite umubare munini w'abana bakoreshwa imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana, mu gihe umubare munini w'abakozi bakorera abana uboneka muri Aziya no muri pasifika. Jenerali Hindura Igishushanyo cyerekana icuruzwa ry’abantu ku isi bava mu bihugu bakomokamo Ibihugu bikomokamo Umuhondo: Umubare ugereranije w'abantu Icunga: Umubare munini wabantu Umutuku: Umubare munini cyane wabantu Ibihugu bigana Ubururu bwerurutse: Umubare munini wabantu Ubururu: Umubare munini wabantu Ibihugu byerekanwe imvi ntabwo ari ibihugu bikomokamo cyangwa ibihugu bigana Ikarita y'isi yerekana uko amategeko yifashe mu bihugu bitandukanye kugira ngo hirindwe icuruzwa ry'abagore guhera mu 2009 nk'uko umushinga WomanStats ubitangaza. Icyatsi: Nta makuru Icyatsi: Gucuruza ntibyemewe kandi ntibisanzwe Umuhondo: Gucuruza ntibyemewe ariko ibibazo biracyahari Umutuku: Gucuruza bitemewe ariko biracyakorwa Ubururu: Gucuruza ntibyemewe kandi birakorwa Umutuku: Gucuruza ntabwo byemewe kandi bikunze gukorwa [32] Ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye rishinzwe kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge n’ubugizi bwa nabi (UNODC) ryakomeje gufasha imiryango myinshi itegamiye kuri Leta mu kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu. Intambara yo mu 2006 yabereye muri Libani, aho abakozi 300.000 bo mu rugo baturutse muri Sri Lanka, Etiyopiya na Filipine badafite akazi kandi bakibasirwa n’abacuruzi, byatumye habaho ubukangurambaga bwihutirwa n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta Caritas Migrant mu rwego rwo gukangurira abantu gucuruza abantu. Byongeye kandi, Mata 2006 raporo, Gucuruza abantu: Global Patterns, yafashije kumenya ibihugu 127 bikomokamo, ibihugu 98 bitambuka n’ibihugu 137 bigenewe gucuruza abantu. Kugeza ubu, ni ya kabiri ikururwa cyane muri raporo ya UNODC. Kuva mu 2007, UNODC yashyigikiye ibikorwa nk'umushinga wa Vigilance Community ku mupaka uhuza Ubuhinde na Nepal, ndetse inatanga inkunga mu bikorwa byo gukumira icuruzwa ry'imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina na Korowasiya. Imbaraga za UNODC mu gushishikariza ibikorwa zatangije ubukangurambaga bw’umutima w’ubururu bwo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu ku ya 6 Werurwe 2009, [34] Mexico yatangije verisiyo y’igihugu yayo muri Mata 2010. [35] [36] Ubukangurambaga bushishikariza abantu kwerekana ubufatanye n’abahohotewe n’abantu bambaye umutima wubururu, nkukuntu kwambara lente itukura biteza imbere kwandura virusi itera SIDA mpuzamahanga. Ku ya 4 Ugushyingo 2010, Umunyamabanga mukuru wa Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, Ban Ki-moon yatangije ikigega cy’umuryango w’abibumbye cyita ku bushake cy’abakorewe icyaha cyo gucuruza abantu kugira ngo gitange ubufasha bw’ikiremwamuntu, amategeko ndetse n’imari ku bahohotewe n’ubucuruzi bw’abantu hagamijwe kongera umubare w’abatabazi kandi bashyigikiwe, no kwagura ubufasha bahabwa. Mu 2013, Umuryango w'Abibumbye washyizeho 30 Nyakanga nk'umunsi w'isi urwanya icuruzwa ry'abantu. Muri Mutarama 2019, UNODC yasohoye inyandiko nshya ya Raporo ku Isi ku bijyanye no gucuruza abantu. Raporo ku isi ku icuruzwa ry’abantu 2018 yerekanye ko 30 ku ijana by’abantu bose bahohotewe n’icuruzwa ry’abantu ryamenyekanye ku isi ku isi hagati ya 2016 na 2018 ari abana, bikiyongeraho 3 ku ijana mu gihe cya 2007–2010. Raporo y’isi yose yanditseho abahohotewe n’ibihugu 137 bitandukanye byagaragaye mu bihugu 142 hagati ya 2012 na 2016, muri icyo gihe hagaragaye imigezi 500 itandukanye. Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cy’icuruzwa ryabereye mu karere kamwe naho 42 ku ijana bibera mu mbibi z’igihugu. Kimwe kidasanzwe ni uburasirazuba bwo hagati, aho abantu benshi bagaragaye ni abahohotewe nabanya Aziya yepfo. Abagaragaye mu bucuruzi bw’abaturutse muri Aziya y’iburasirazuba bagaragaye mu bihugu birenga 64, bituma baba itsinda ryatatanye cyane ku isi. Hariho itandukaniro rikomeye ryakarere muburyo bwagaragaye bwo gukoresha. Ibihugu byo muri Afurika no muri Aziya muri rusange bifata ibibazo byinshi byo gucuruza imirimo y'agahato, mu gihe imibonano mpuzabitsina ikunze kugaragara cyane mu Burayi no muri Amerika. Byongeye kandi, gucuruza gukuramo ingingo byagaragaye mu bihugu 16 ku isi. Raporo igaragaza impungenge z’imibare mike y’abakatiwe - 16 ku ijana by’ibihugu bitanga raporo ntibigeze bahamwe n’icyaha kimwe cyo gucuruza abantu hagati ya 2007 na 2010. Kugeza muri Gashyantare 2018, ibihugu 173 byemeje amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe gucuruza abantu, muri yo UNODC. ni umurinzi. Intambwe ishimishije imaze guterwa mu bijyanye n'amategeko: guhera mu 2012, 83% by'ibihugu byari bifite itegeko rihana icuruzwa ry'abantu hakurikijwe Amasezerano. Abantu bagurishwa ku mbuga nkoranyambaga na porogaramu za telefoni. Amasezerano mpuzamahanga agezweho (rusange) Hindura Amasezerano y'inyongera yerekeye gukuraho ubucakara, yatangiye gukurikizwa mu 1957 Porotokole yo gukumira, guhagarika no guhana icuruzwa ry’abantu, cyane cyane Abagore n’abana Amasezerano yo kurwanya magendu y’abimukira ku butaka, ku nyanja no mu kirere Porotokole idahitamo kugurisha abana, uburaya bwabana hamwe nubusambanyi bwabana ILO Amasezerano y'abakozi ku gahato, 1930 (No 29) ILO ikuraho amasezerano y’umurimo ku gahato, 1957 (No 105) Amasezerano ntarengwa ya ILO, 1973 (No 138) ILO Uburyo bubi bwamasezerano yumurimo wabana, 1999 (No 182) Amasezerano hagati y'Abanyamerika ku bijyanye n’umuhanda mpuzamahanga mu bana bato Leta zunz'ubumwe Hindura Ingingo nyamukuru: Gucuruza abantu muri Amerika Mu 2002, Derek Ellerman na Katherine Chon bashinze umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta witwa Polaris Project wo kurwanya icuruzwa ry'abantu. Mu 2007, Polaris yashyizeho ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe gucuruza abantu (NHTRC) aho abahamagarira [43] bashobora gutanga inama no kwakira amakuru ajyanye n’icuruzwa ry’abantu. Urubuga rwa Polaris n'umurongo wa telefoni biramenyesha abaturage aho muri Amerika hacibwa imanza zikekwaho gucuruza abantu. Urubuga rwandika ruhamagara ku ikarita. Mu 2007, Sena y’Amerika yemeje ko ku ya 11 Mutarama ari umunsi w’igihugu w’ubukangurambaga bw’abantu mu rwego rwo gukangurira abantu kumenya iki kibazo ku isi, ku rwego rw’igihugu ndetse no mu karere. Mu mwaka wa 2010, 2011, 2012 na 2013, Perezida Barack Obama yatangaje ko Mutarama ari ukwezi kwahariwe ubucakara no gukumira icuruzwa ry'abantu. Hamwe niyi gahunda, amasomero yo muri Amerika yose yatangiye kugira uruhare mukumenyekanisha icuruzwa ryabantu. Buhorobuhoro, amasomero yahindutse ibigo byuburezi kubatazi iki kibazo. Amasomero kandi yafatanije n’imiryango guhugura abakozi kugira ngo bamenye abahohotewe n’abantu kandi batange ubufasha. Muri 2014, DARPA yateye inkunga gahunda ya Memex ifite intego igaragara yo kurwanya gucuruza abantu binyuze mubushakashatsi bwihariye. Ubushobozi bwo gushakisha bwateye imbere, harimo n'ubushobozi bwabwo bwo kugera ku rubuga rwijimye butuma hakurikiranwa imanza z’icuruzwa ry’abantu, zishobora kugorana gukurikirana kubera amayeri y’uburiganya bw’abacuruza abantu. Mu mwaka wa 2015, umurongo wa telefoni utishyurwa w’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe gucuruza abantu wakiriye raporo z’abantu barenga 5.000 bashobora gucuruza abantu muri Amerika Abana bagera kuri kimwe cya gatatu cy’abahohotewe, mu gihe abagore bagize kimwe cya kabiri. [51] Abakozi ba umurongo wa telefoni barashobora kuvugana n'abantu mu ndimi zirenga 200. Gucuruza abantu nubucuruzi bukomeye. Nikibazo gikomeye muri Floride yepfo, hamwe na hamwe muri hoteri ni Miami Beach. Polisi yo muri uwo mujyi yataye muri yombi abantu batatu bakekwaho gucuruza abantu mu 2017. Bivugwa ko ari yo mibare myinshi muri Floride y'Amajyepfo. Usibye kwibanda ku gufata abacuruza, abashinzwe iperereza batanga ubufasha ku bahohotewe. Inama y’Uburayi Hindura Ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2005, Komite y'Abaminisitiri yemeje Amasezerano y’Inama y’Uburayi yerekeye ibikorwa byo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu (CETS No 197). [54] Aya masezerano yafunguwe kugira ngo asinywe i Warsaw ku ya 16 Gicurasi 2005 mu gihe cy’inama ya 3 y’abakuru b’ibihugu na guverinoma y’Inama y’Uburayi. Ku ya 24 Ukwakira 2007, ayo masezerano yakiriwe ku ncuro ya cumi bityo bituma inzira itangira gukurikizwa ku ya 1 Gashyantare 2008. Kuva muri Kamena 2017, ayo masezerano yemejwe n’ibihugu 47 (harimo na Biyelorusiya, igihugu kitari Inama y’Uburayi) , Uburusiya nicyo gihugu cyonyine kitaremeza (cyangwa ngo gisinywe). Mu gihe ibindi bikoresho mpuzamahanga bimaze kuboneka muri uru rwego, Amasezerano y’Inama y’Uburayi, amasezerano ya mbere y’Uburayi muri uru rwego, ni amasezerano yuzuye yibanda cyane cyane ku kurinda abahohotewe n’uburenganzira bwabo. Igamije kandi gukumira icuruzwa no gukurikirana abacuruza. Byongeye kandi, Amasezerano ateganya gushyiraho uburyo bunoze kandi bwigenga bwo kugenzura bushobora kugenzura ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’inshingano zikubiye muri ayo masezerano. Amasezerano ntagarukira gusa mu bihugu bigize Umuryango w’Uburayi; ibihugu bitari mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi nabyo bifite amahirwe yo kuba Ishyaka ry’amasezerano. Mu 2013, Biyelorusiya ibaye igihugu cya mbere kitari Inama y’Uburayi cyinjiye muri ayo masezerano. [56] Amasezerano yashyizeho itsinda ry’impuguke mu bikorwa byo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu (GRETA) rikurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amasezerano binyuze muri raporo z’igihugu. Guhera ku ya 1 Werurwe 2013, GRETA yasohoye raporo 17 zo mu gihugu. Kurinda byiyongera ku icuruzwa ry’abana rikorwa binyuze mu Masezerano y’Inama y’Uburayi yerekeye kurengera abana kwirinda ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ndetse n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina (ryashyizweho umukono i Lanzarote, ku ya 25 Ukwakira 2007). Amasezerano yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 1 Nyakanga 2010. [59] Kuva mu Gushyingo 2020, ayo masezerano yemejwe n'ibihugu 47, Irlande ikaba yarasinye ariko ikaba itaremezwa. Byongeye kandi, Urukiko rw’Uburayi rw’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu rw’Inama y’Uburayi i Strasbourg rwaciriye imanza zerekeye gucuruza abantu binyuranyije n’inshingano z’amasezerano y’uburayi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu: Siliadin aburana n’Ubufaransa, [61] urubanza rwo ku ya 26 Nyakanga 2005, na Rantsev aburana na Kupuro n'Uburusiya, [62] urubanza rwo ku ya 7 Mutarama 2010. Umuryango w’umutekano n’ubufatanye mu Burayi Hindura Ingingo nyamukuru: Umuryango w’umutekano n’ubufatanye mu Burayi Mu 2003, Umuryango w'abibumbye washyizeho uburyo bwo kurwanya icuruzwa rigamije gukangurira abaturage kumenya iki kibazo no kubaka ubushake bwa politiki mu bihugu byayitabiriye kugira ngo bikemuke neza. Ibikorwa bya OBS byo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu bihuzwa n’ibiro by’intumwa idasanzwe ishinzwe kurwanya ibinyabiziga by’abantu. [63] Muri Mutarama 2010, Maria Grazia Giammarinaro yabaye uhagarariye Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’[[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Umuryango w’abibumbye]] akaba n'umuhuzabikorwa mu kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu. Dr. Giammarinaro (Ubutaliyani) yabaye umucamanza mu rukiko mpanabyaha rw’i Roma kuva mu 1991. Yakoze kuva mu 2006 kugeza mu 2009 mu buyobozi bukuru bwa komisiyo y’Uburayi ishinzwe ubutabera, ubwisanzure n’umutekano i Buruseli, aho yari ashinzwe imirimo yo kurwanya abantu gucuruza no gukoresha imibonano mpuzabitsina ku bana, ndetse no ku bihano by’abinjira mu mahanga mu buryo butemewe n’ishami rishinzwe kurwanya ibyaha byateguwe. Muri icyo gihe, yahujije itsinda ry’impuguke zerekeye gucuruza abantu muri komisiyo y’Uburayi. Kuva mu 2001 kugeza 2006 yari umucamanza w'iperereza ry'ibanze mu rukiko mpanabyaha rwa Roma. Mbere yibyo, guhera mu 1996 yari Umuyobozi w’ibiro bishinzwe amategeko akaba n'umujyanama wa minisitiri w’amahirwe angana. Kuva mu 2006 kugeza Ukuboza 2009, ibiro byari biyobowe na Eva Biaudet wahoze ari umudepite, akaba na minisitiri w’ubuzima n’imibereho myiza mu gihugu cye cya Finlande. Ibikorwa bya Biro ya Raporo idasanzwe imyumvire itandukanye kuva guhugura inzego zishinzwe kubahiriza amategeko guhangana n’icuruzwa ry’abantu kugeza guteza imbere politiki igamije kurandura burundu ruswa n’ibyaha byateguwe. Uhagarariye bidasanzwe kandi asura ibihugu kandi ashobora, abisabye, gushyigikira ishyirwaho n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politiki yabo yo kurwanya icuruzwa. Mu bindi bihe, uhagarariye bidasanzwe atanga inama zijyanye no gushyira mu bikorwa ibyemezo by’icuruzwa ry’abantu, kandi agafasha guverinoma, abaminisitiri n’abayobozi kugera ku ntego bagaragaje zo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu. Ubuhinde Hindura Preity Zinta muri ACT (Kurwanya icuruzwa ry'abana) Mu Buhinde, icuruzwa ry’abantu kugira ngo bakoreshwe mu bucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi, imirimo y'agahato, gushyingirwa ku gahato ndetse n’uburetwa bwo mu rugo bifatwa nkicyaha cyateguwe. Guverinoma y'Ubuhinde ikurikiza itegeko mpanabyaha (Ivugurura) Itegeko 2013, ritangira gukurikizwa kuva ku ya 3 Gashyantare 2013, ndetse n’ingingo ya 370 na 370A IPC, risobanura icuruzwa ry’abantu kandi "ritanga ibihano bikaze ku icuruzwa ry’abantu; gucuruza abana kugira ngo babakoreshe mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose; harimo gukoreshwa ku mubiri; cyangwa uburyo ubwo ari bwo bwose bwo gukoresha imibonano mpuzabitsina, uburetwa, uburetwa cyangwa kuvanaho ku gahato ingingo. " Byongeye kandi, Task Force yo mu karere ishyira mu bikorwa amasezerano ya SAARC yerekeye gukumira icuruzwa ry’abagore n’abana. Bwana R.P.N. Ku ya 20 Gashyantare 2014, Minisitiri w’ububanyi n’amahanga w’Ubuhinde, Singh, yatangije imbuga za interineti ya guverinoma, Urubuga rwo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu. , Ibihugu / UTs [<nowiki/>[[Intara]] z’Ubumwe] n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta kugira ngo ishyire mu bikorwa neza ingamba zo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu. " Imfashanyo mugukurikirana imanza hamwe na leta ihuriweho. Tanga amakuru yuzuye ku mategeko, imibare, imanza zaciwe n’urukiko, Amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye, ibisobanuro birambuye ku bantu bacuruzwa n’abacuruza n’inkuru zatsinze. Tanga umurongo kuri "Trackchild", Urubuga rwigihugu ku bana babuze rukorera muri leta nyinshi. Ku ya 20 Gashyantare kandi, guverinoma y'Ubuhinde yatangaje ko ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda yuzuye ikubiyemo ishyirwaho ry’ishami rishinzwe kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu (AHTUs) mu turere 335 tw’abapolisi batishoboye bo mu Buhinde, ndetse no kongerera ubushobozi harimo amahugurwa y’abapolisi, abashinjacyaha n’ubutabera. . Nkuko byatangajwe, AHTUs 225 zashyizwe mu bikorwa, mu gihe izindi AHTU 100 zasabwe mu mwaka w’ingengo yimbere. Singapore Hindura Kuva mu mwaka wa 2016, Singapore yemeye amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe gucuruza abantu kandi yemeza ku ya 28 Nzeri 2015, icyemezo cyo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu, cyane cyane abagore n’abana. [65] Singapore isa nkaho ikunzwe cyane gucuruza abantu hamwe n’abagore n’abakobwa baturutse mu Buhinde, Tayilande, Filipine n'Ubushinwa. Raporo ya Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika yo mu mwaka wa 2018 ivuga ko Singapuru irimo gushyira ingufu mu guca burundu icuruzwa ry’abantu kuko ritanga ibihano bikomeye ku bacuruza ibyaha, guteza imbere ubwisanzure bwo kugenda ku bantu bakuze kandi bikongerera abakozi bimukira kumenya uburenganzira bwabo. Icyakora, ntirujuje ubuziranenge kuko abakozi benshi bimukira mu kazi bagaragaza icuruzwa ry’abakozi, ariko ntihaboneka ukwemera. Mu Gushyingo 2019, abenegihugu b’Ubuhinde bahamwe n’icyaha cyo gukoresha abagore bimukira mu mahanga, kikaba ari cyo gihano cya mbere muri Leta. Uku kujijuka kwerekanye ko Singapore yahisemo gufata ingamba zikomeye zo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu. Igipimo cya politiki yo kurwanya icuruzwa Hindura Icyegeranyo cya 3P cyo kurwanya icuruzwa ryagaragaje imikorere ya politiki ya leta yo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu hashingiwe ku gusuzuma ibisabwa na politiki yashyizweho n’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye yo gukumira, guhashya no guhana icuruzwa ry’abantu, cyane cyane abagore n’abana (2000). ] Urwego rwa politiki rwasuzumwe hifashishijwe igipimo cy amanota atanu, aho amanota atanu yerekana imyitozo myiza ya politiki, mugihe amanota 1 ari mabi. Iki gipimo cyakoreshejwe mu gusesengura ibice bitatu by'ingenzi bya politiki yo kurwanya icuruzwa: (i) gukurikirana (guhana) abacuruza, (ii) kurinda abahohotewe, no (iii) gukumira icyaha cyo gucuruza abantu. Buri sub-index yubushinjacyaha, kurinda no gukumira yakusanyirijwe ku cyegeranyo rusange hamwe n’amafaranga ataremereye, hamwe n’ibipimo rusange kuva ku manota 3 (bibi) kugeza kuri 15 (byiza). Iraboneka mubihugu bigera kuri 177 buri mwaka muri 2000 kugeza 2015; raporo ya 2015, yasohotse mu 2016, ni yo ya nyuma guhera ku ya 26 Ugushyingo 2018. Muri 2015, ibihugu bitatu byagaragaje urutonde rushoboka rushoboka muri politiki kuri byose uko ari bitatu (muri rusange amanota 15). Ibi bihugu byari Otirishiya, Espagne n'Ubwongereza. Hariho ibihugu bine bifite amanota agera kuri 14 (Ububiligi, Philippines, Arumeniya, na Koreya yepfo). Abandi bane batsinze amanota 13, harimo na USA. Amanota mabi, ntarengwa ashoboka, ni 3. Usibye Koreya ya Ruguru, Libiya, Siriya, Eritereya ndetse n'ibirwa bya BES yatsinze ibitego 3 hamwe na Irani n'Uburusiya byatsinze 4 gusa (hamwe na Kiribati, Yemeni, na Gineya ya Ekwatoriya). bikenewe] Kubindi bisobanuro reba urubuga rwogucuruza no gupima abantu. Amatangazo Hindura Mu mwaka wa 2014, ku nshuro ya mbere mu mateka abayobozi bakomeye b'amadini menshi, Ababuda, Abangilikani, Abagatolika, na orotodogisi, Abakirisitu, Abahindu, Abayahudi, n'Abisilamu, bahuye kugira ngo basinyire hamwe amasezerano yo kurwanya ubucakara bw'iki gihe; imenyekanisha basinyiye risaba ko ubucakara n’ubucuruzi bw’abantu byavaho mu 2020. [71] Abashyizeho umukono ni: Papa Francis, Mātā Amṛtānandamayī (uzwi kandi ku izina rya Amma), Bhikkhuni Thich Nu Chân Không (uhagarariye Zen Master Thích Nhất Hạnh), Datuk K Sri Dhammaratana, Umutambyi mukuru wa Maleziya, Rabbi Abraham Skorka, Rabbi David Rosen Abdalla Abbas Soliman, umunyamabanga wungirije wa leta ya Al Azhar Alsharif (uhagarariye Mohamed Ahmed El-Tayeb, Imamu Mukuru wa Al-Azhar), Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi, Sheikh Naziyah Razzaq Jaafar, umujyanama wihariye wa Grand Ayatollah (uhagarariye Grand Ayatollah) Basheer Hussain al Najafi), Sheikh Omar Abboud, Justin Welby, Arkiyepiskopi wa Canterbury, na Metropolitan Emmanuel w’Ubufaransa (uhagarariye umwepisikopi mukuru wa Ekumeniki Bartholomew). [71] Gahunda yo kurwanya icuruzwa Hindura Ubukangurambaga bw’ubururu bufatanya n’inzego z’ubutegetsi, guverinoma, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, n’abikorera ku giti cyabo guhagarika icuruzwa ry’abantu no kurengera abahohotewe. Mu 2009, Umuryango mpuzamahanga ushinzwe abinjira n'abasohoka watangije ubukangurambaga bugura ubukangurambaga bugamije kurwanya icuruzwa. Umuryango w’abibumbye kandi ugira uruhare rugaragara mu bikorwa byo kurwanya icuruzwa, cyane cyane binyuze mu ntego irambye y’iterambere 5. [74] Mu ntangiriro za 2016, Inshingano zihoraho za Repubulika ya Kazakisitani mu Muryango w’abibumbye zagiranye ikiganiro cyiswe "Gusubiza ibibazo biriho muri iki gihe cyo gucuruza abantu". [75] Ubukangurambaga bwo kurwanya icuruzwa no gukusanya inkunga bigize igice kinini cy’ibikorwa byo kurwanya icuruzwa. Irushanwa ry'amasaha 24 ni imwe muri gahunda yibanda ku kongera ubumenyi mu banyeshuri bo mu mashuri yisumbuye muri Aziya. Ubukangurambaga bwa Blue ni ikindi gikorwa cyo kurwanya icuruzwa rikorana na Minisiteri ishinzwe umutekano mu gihugu cya Amerika mu kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu no kuzana umudendezo ku bahohotewe. [78] Icyakora, abatanga ibitekerezo banenze bagaragaje ko ingamba nkizi zigamije "gukangurira abantu" ntacyo zikora, niba hari icyo zigabanya, mu rwego rwo kugabanya aho abantu bacuruza. [79] [80] [81] Ku ya 10 Ukuboza 2020, abahagarariye Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika bashyize umukono kuri guverinoma "ibaruwa" isaba ko ihagarikwa ry’ihohoterwa rikorerwa abakozi n’icuruzwa ry’abantu, cyane cyane mu karere ka Kigobe ko mu burasirazuba bwo hagati na Afurika y’Amajyaruguru. Usibye kwerekana akarere, ibaruwa yibanze kuri Arabiya Sawudite na Leta zunze ubumwe z’Abarabu kubera umubare munini w’ibibazo by’ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu muri gahunda ya Kafala izwi kandi ku bucakara bwa none, no gucuruza abagore baturutse mu burasirazuba bw’Uburayi. Urwandiko rwanditswe ku munsi w’uburenganzira bwa muntu kandi rwashyizweho umukono n’abanyamuryango 30. [82] Amatsinda afite intege nke Hindura Raporo y’umwaka wa Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika ivuga ko "impunzi n’abimukira; abanya lesbiyani, abaryamana bahuje ibitsina, abahuje ibitsina, abahuje ibitsina, abahuje ibitsina, n’abahuje ibitsina (LGBTI); abayoboke b’amadini; ababana n’ubumuga; n’abatagira ubwenegihugu" ni bo benshi cyane kuri -ikibazo cyo gucuruza abantu. Guverinoma zirinda neza abahohotewe gukoreshwa igihe ibibazo by’abaturage batishoboye byumvikanye. Byongeye kandi, muri Porotokole yayo yo gukumira, guhashya no guhana icuruzwa ry’abantu, cyane cyane abagore n’abana, Umuryango w’abibumbye uvuga ko abagore n’abana bafite ibyago byinshi byo gucuruza abantu no kuvugurura. Amasezerano asaba ko ibihugu by’ibihugu bidashyiraho gusa ingamba zibuza icuruzwa ry’abantu ahubwo binakemura ibibazo byongera ibibazo by’abagore n’abana, harimo "ubukene, iterambere ridatera imbere ndetse no kutagira amahirwe angana." [84] Ubwoko bw'icuruzwa Hindura Gucuruza abana Hindura Reba kandi: Gusarura abana Gucuruza abana bikubiyemo gushaka, gutwara, kwimura, kubakira, cyangwa kwakira abana hagamijwe kubakoresha. Gukoresha imibonano mpuzabitsina ku bana bishobora gufata uburyo bwinshi, harimo guhatira umwana uburaya [85] [86] cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina cyangwa porunogarafiya y'abana. Gukoresha abana birashobora kandi kuba bikubiyemo imirimo y'agahato cyangwa serivisi, uburetwa cyangwa ibikorwa bisa n'ubucakara, uburetwa, kuvanaho ingingo, [87] kurera mu mahanga mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko, gucuruza abashyingiranywe hakiri kare, kwinjiza mu gisirikare nk'abana bato, kugira ngo bakoreshe gusabiriza cyangwa nk'abakinnyi (nkabo) nk'abana b'ingamiya y'abana [88] cyangwa gucuruza umupira.) [89] Umuhungu muto amurika inkweto z'umusaza muri parike Imibare ya IOM i ndagaragaza ko umubare munini (35%) wabantu bacurujwe wafashaga mumwaka wa 2011 bari munsi yimyaka 18, ibyo bikaba bihuye nibyagereranijwe mumyaka yashize. Mu mwaka wa 2010, byavuzwe ko Tayilande na Berezile bifatwa nk'ibifite amateka mabi yo gucuruza abana. Abacuruza abana barashobora kwifashisha ubukene bukabije bwababyeyi. Ababyeyi barashobora kugurisha abana kubacuruza kugirango bishyure imyenda cyangwa binjiza amafaranga, cyangwa barashobora gushukwa kubijyanye n'amahugurwa n'ubuzima bwiza kubana babo. Bashobora kugurisha abana babo mu mirimo, mu bucuruzi bw’imibonano mpuzabitsina, cyangwa kurera abana mu buryo butemewe n’amategeko, nubwo intiti zasabye ko habaho imyumvire idahwitse n’uburyo bwo gukemura iki kibazo - kikaba kireba imibereho n’imibereho n’ubukungu ndetse na politiki. [91] [92] [93] Uburyo bwo kurera abana, bwemewe n'amategeko kandi butemewe, iyo bahohotewe rimwe na rimwe bishobora kuvamo ibibazo byo gucuruza abana n’abagore batwite ku isi. Mu nyandiko David M. Smolin yanditse mu 2005 yerekeye icuruzwa ry’abana n’urukozasoni hagati y’Ubuhinde na Amerika, [95] Amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bw’umwana mu ngingo ya 34, agira ati: "Ibihugu byiyemeje kurinda umwana uburyo bwose bwo gukoreshwa imibonano mpuzabitsina n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina". Mu Muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, gukoresha imibonano mpuzabitsina ku bana bigengwa n’amabwiriza - Amabwiriza ya 2011/92 / EU y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’Uburayi ndetse n’Inama Njyanama yo ku ya 13 Ukuboza 2011 yerekeye kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rikorerwa abana n’ubusambanyi bw’abana. ] Amasezerano y'i La Haye yerekeye kurengera abana n’ubutwererane mu bijyanye no kwakirwa hagati y’ibihugu (cyangwa Amasezerano yo kurera abana ba La Haye) ni amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye kurera abana mpuzamahanga, agamije gukumira ihohoterwa ry’abana, icuruzwa ry’abana, n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku kurera abana mpuzamahanga. 99] Amasezerano atemewe ku ruhare rw’abana mu ntambara yitwaje intwaro arashaka gukumira abinjira mu gisirikare ku ngufu (urugero n’ingabo z’inyeshyamba) z’abana kugira ngo bakoreshwe mu ntambara yitwaje intwaro. [100] Gucuruza igitsina Hindura Ingingo nyamukuru: Gucuruza igitsina Umuburo w'uburaya no gucuruza abantu muri Koreya y'Epfo kuri G.I. n'ingabo z’Amerika Koreya Icyitegererezo cyo gucuruza RealStars Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku murimo uvuga ko imirimo y'agahato mu bucuruzi bw'imibonano mpuzabitsina igira ingaruka ku bantu miliyoni 4.5 ku isi. Benshi mu bahohotewe usanga bari mu gahato cyangwa gutukwa aho guhunga bigoye kandi biteje akaga. Gucuruza abantu bakoreshwa imibonano mpuzabitsina byahoze bitekerezwa nkigikorwa cyateguwe cyabantu, ubusanzwe abagore, hagati y’ibihugu ndetse no mu bihugu byo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina hakoreshejwe agahato k’umubiri, uburiganya n’ubucakara binyuze mu mwenda ku gahato. Ariko rero, itegeko rirengera abahohotewe mu 2000 (US) [103] ntirisaba kugenda kuri icyo cyaha. Ikibazo kiba impaka mugihe ikintu cyagahato cyakuwe mubisobanuro kugirango hinjizwemo korohereza uruhare rwumvikanyweho muburaya. Kurugero, mu Bwongereza, Itegeko rigenga ibyaha by’igitsina 2003 ryashyizwemo icuruzwa ry’imibonano mpuzabitsina ariko ntirisaba abakoze icyaha gukoresha agahato, uburiganya cyangwa imbaraga, ku buryo ririmo n’umuntu uwo ari we wese winjira mu Bwongereza gukora imirimo y’imibonano mpuzabitsina babyumvikanyeho nk '"icuruzwa". Byongeye kandi, umwana muto wese wagize uruhare mu bikorwa by’imibonano mpuzabitsina muri Amerika mu gihe atarageza ku myaka 18 yujuje ibyangombwa nk’uwahohotewe, kabone niyo yaba nta mbaraga, uburiganya cyangwa agahato abigiramo uruhare, hasobanurwa "Uburyo bukomeye bwo gucuruza abantu" muri itegeko ryo kurengera abahohotewe muri Amerika ryo mu 2000. [103] [105] Abagore n'abana bacuruzwa bakunze gusezeranwa ko bazakora imirimo yo murugo cyangwa muri serivisi, ariko aho rimwe na rimwe bajyanwa muburaya aho basabwa gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina, mugihe pasiporo zabo nizindi mpapuro zibaranga. Bashobora gukubitwa cyangwa gufungwa no gusezeranya umudendezo wabo nyuma yo kubona - binyuze mu buraya - igiciro cyabo cyo kugura, hamwe n’ingendo zabo na viza. [106] Gushyingirwa ku gahato Hindura Ingingo nyamukuru: Gushyingirwa ku gahato Gushyingirwa ku gahato ni ubukwe aho umwe cyangwa bombi bitabiriye bashyingiranywe batabanje kubiherwa uruhushya. Ubukwe bw'ubucakara busobanurwa nk'ubukwe burimo umuntu ugurishwa, kwimurwa cyangwa kuragwa muri ubwo bukwe. Nk’uko ECPAT ibivuga, "Gucuruza abana ku bashakanye ku gahato ni ikindi kimenyetso cyo gucuruza kandi ntabwo kigarukira mu bihugu cyangwa ibihugu runaka". Sena ukomoka muri Zambiya, wahatiwe gushyingirwa afite imyaka 15 gusa Gushyingirwa ku gahato byasobanuwe nk'uburyo bwo gucuruza abantu mu bihe bimwe na bimwe ndetse no mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe, nk'Ubushinwa ndetse n'abaturanyi bayo bo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya aho abagore benshi bimukira mu Bushinwa, rimwe na rimwe binyuze mu masezerano y'akazi, bagahatirwa gushaka abagabo b'Abashinwa. Ubushakashatsi bwerekeye amoko hamwe nabagore bo muri Miyanimari [110] na cambodiya yasanze abagore benshi amaherezo bamenyera ubuzima bwabo mubushinwa kandi babukunda kuruta ubwo bari bafite mubihugu byabo. Byongeye kandi, abahanga mu by'amategeko bavuze ko gushyingiranwa kw’amahanga byigeze bigamije gufatwa nk’abacuruzi bategura amasezerano ya Palermo. [112] Gucuruza abakozi Hindura Andi makuru: Imirimo idakwiye Gucuruza abakozi ni urujya n'uruza rw'abantu hagamijwe imirimo y'agahato na serivisi. Bishobora kuba bikubiyemo imirimo ifitanye isano, uburetwa butabishaka, uburetwa bwo mu rugo, n'imirimo ikoreshwa abana. Gucuruza abakozi bibaho kenshi murwego rwimirimo yo murugo, ubuhinzi, ubwubatsi, inganda n imyidagaduro; n'abakozi bimukira hamwe n'abasangwabutaka bafite ibyago byo kwibasirwa. Ibikorwa bya magendu bizwi kandi n’abantu bo mu muhanda kubera gukoresha imirimo yabo, urugero nkabatwara abantu. Uruganda rwuburiganya muri Aziya abakozi bashinzwe umutekano wo kubeshya abanyaburengerazuba kugura amafaranga ya crypto kumurongo. Abakatiwe bakodesha gusarura ibiti Gucuruza ubucuruzi bwingingo Hindura Gucuruza ingingo nuburyo bwo gucuruza abantu. Irashobora gufata uburyo butandukanye. Rimwe na rimwe, uwahohotewe ahatirwa kureka urugingo. Mu bindi bihe, uwahohotewe yemeye kugurisha urugingo mu rwego rwo kugurana amafaranga / ibicuruzwa, ariko ntabwo ahembwa (cyangwa ahembwa make). Hanyuma, uwahohotewe ashobora gukurwaho urugingo atabizi uwahohotewe (mubisanzwe iyo uwahohotewe avuwe kukindi kibazo cyubuvuzi / uburwayi - ikibazo nyacyo cyangwa cyateguwe / uburwayi). Abakozi bimukira, abadafite aho baba, n’abatazi gusoma no kwandika bibasirwa cyane nubu buryo bwo gukoreshwa. Gucuruza ingingo nicyaha cyateguwe, kirimo abakoze ibyaha byinshi: [116] abashaka akazi abatwara abakozi bo kwa muganga abahuza / abashoramari abaguzi Gucuruza ubucuruzi bwingingo akenshi bishakisha impyiko. Gucuruza ingingo ni ubucuruzi bwunguka cyane kuko mubihugu byinshi urutonde rwabategereje abarwayi bakeneye kwimurwa ni rurerure cyane. Ibisubizo bimwe byasabwe gufasha kubirwanya. Ubwoko bw'inshinjabyaha Hindura Hariho ubwoko bubiri bw'inshinjabyaha: umuntu ku giti cye hamwe na sosiyete. Muri rusange, abantu bakurikiranwa kubera uruhare bagize mu icuruzwa ry’abantu, ariko inzego za Leta zishinzwe kubahiriza amategeko ziharanira guhana ibigo kubera impamvu zitandukanye, harimo n’uko inzira z’inshinjabyaha zo gukurikirana ibigo zidahagije, ibihano ntabwo bihana abantu babiryozwa cyane, kandi bidahagije. hashyizweho ingufu zo kubara ikiguzi nyacyo cyo kugarura no guha indishyi abahohotewe kuko bakorewe ibyaha. Iyo abahohotewe n’ubucuruzi bw’abantu barekuwe, akenshi baba bafite amahirwe yo gutanga ubuhamya kubashinja. Bamwe mu bahohotewe bahitamo gutanga ubuhamya kubera gutinya kwihorera ku bacuruzi. Vanderberg asobanura abahohotewe mu gihe cy’iburanisha, avuga ko “abahohotewe bakunze kubona ko ibyaha by’abacuruza biteye ubwoba. Kubera gutinya abo bacuruza, uwahohotewe ashobora guhangayikishwa n’umutekano we ndetse n’umuryango we. ”[119] Harasuzumwe uburyo bwo gukuraho ubuhamya. Impuguke nka Detective Scaramucci wo mu biro by’umugenzuzi w’intara ya McLennan abisobanura agira ati: “Usibye kunoza uburyo dukora iperereza ku icuruzwa ry’abantu, tunakora no guteza imbere amayeri y'ubushinjacyaha. Mugihe dukomeje gutera imbere, intambwe ikurikira kuri twe mukuzamura iperereza ni ukugabanya kwishingikiriza ku buhamya bw'abahohotewe. Tugomba guhindura imitekerereze yacu no kubaka imanza zishingiye ku bindi bimenyetso. ”[120] == Indangamurongo == [https://web.archive.org/web/20090107013608/http://bbcnews.com/] 6d7rfs5vtc1i7o9kwqze84hylpf3plw 0 14850 138952 118356 2026-09-19T05:54:50Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138952 wikitext text/x-wiki Ruzagayura ni inzara yanditse amateka mu Rwanda, iba ikimenyabose ku buryo hari n’ibibondo biyimenya bitarajya mu ishuri. Ni inzara yamaze imyaka ibiri mu Rwanda, ariko yangiza ibitagira ingano. Iyo inzara yatangiye ahagana mu Ukwakira 1942, itewe n’amapfa yamaze imyaka ibiri. Ayo mapfa yatangiye muri Nzeri 1941, yongera kubaho nyuma gato y’itumba ryo mu 1942. == Imizi y'u Rwanda == [[Igitabo]] “Imizi y’u Rwanda” cy’Umusizi Nsanzabera Jean de Dieu, kigaragaza ko iyo nzara yenyegejwe yatewe n’igabanyuka ry’ibiribwa ryaturutse ku ndwara y’ibirayi bita “mildiou/mildew”, ndetse no ku ndwara y’ibishyimbo bita “chortophila”. N’ibijumba muri ibyo bihe byari byibasiwe n’indwara bita “rhizoctonia/rhizoctonie”. == Intambara ya kabiri y'isi == Inzara ya Ruzagayura yongerewe ubukana kandi n’intambara ya kabiri y’isi yose, ndetse n’uko icyo gihe Abanyarwanda bagombaga guha umusanzu abakoroni b’Ababiligi bari bahanganye n’ingabo za [[Adolf Hitler]] mu ntambara ya kabiri y’isi yose . Uwo musanzu wari ugizwe n’ibiribwa n’amatungo. Icyo gihe imbuto gakondo z’Abanyarwanda, ari nazo zari zishoboye guhangana n’ibihe n’uburwayi bw’ibihingwa, zari zimaze gucika, bazisimbuje ibirayi, imyumbati, soya n’ibindi. Abanyarwanda batangaga inka, ibishyimbo, amasaka, amashaza byo kugaburira abasirikare b’abanyekongo ndetse n’abakozi bo mu birombe byo muri Congo. Usibye ibiribwa n’amatungo, umusanzu w’Abanyarwanda muri iyo ntambara wari ugizwe n’imirimo y’agahato irimo guharura imihanda, kubumba amatafari, gutwara imizigo y’abakoloni, gukora mu birombe bya zahabu, Gasegereti na Wolufuramu, guhinga ibireti byakoreshwaga mu gutunganya umuti wica udukoko . == Ibindi == Inzara ya Ruzagayura yiswe amazina menshi bitewe n’ubukana yagiye igaragaza mu turere dutandukanye tw’u Rwanda. Mu majyepfo yiswe “Ruzagayura”. Mu duce dutandukanye tw’Iburasirazuba yiswe Rujukundi, Rwanyirarushenyi, Rwakinyebuye cyangwa se Rwakabetezi.<ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/umuco/amateka/article/byinshi-kuri-ruzagayura-inzara-yashegeshe-u-rwanda-igahitana-abasaga-ibihumbi</ref><ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/umuco/amateka/article/amateka-y-inzara-ya-ruzagayura-yo</ref> == Reba == 6csfhda8iuszisvhpe4mzkktguw40hp 0 15525 138955 100218 2026-09-19T06:54:09Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138955 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Rwanda_karongi.jpg|thumb|ibidukikije mu Rwanda]] '''ITEGEKO NGENGA N° 04/2005 RYO KUWA 08/04/2005 RIGENA UBURYO BWO KURENGERA, KUBUNGABUNGA NO GUTEZA IMBERE IBIDUKIKIJE MU RWANDA''' '''Twebwe, KAGAME Paul,''' Perezida wa Repubulika''';''' '''INTEKO ISHINGA AMATEGEKO YEMEJE, NONE NATWE DUHAMIJE, DUTANGAJE ITEGEKO NGENGA RITEYE RITYA KANDI DUTEGETSE KO RYANDIKWA MU IGAZETI YA LETA YA REPUBULIKA Y’U RWANDA.''' '''''INTEKO ISHINGA AMATEGEKO :''''' [[Umutwe w’Abadepite]], mu nama yawo yo kuwa 23 Ukuboza 2004; Umutwe wa Sena, mu nama yawo yo kuwa 15 Gashyantare 2005''''';''''' Ishingiye ku Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, ryo kuwa 4 Kamena 2003 nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, cyane cyane mu ngingo zaryo iya 29, iya 30, iya 49, iya 62, iya 88, iya 90, iya 93, iya 108, iya 118, iya 190, iya 191 n’iya 201 ; Yibukije Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo gufata neza Urusobe rw’Ibinyabuzima n’aho ruba yashyiriweho umukono i RIO DE  JANEIRO muri BRESIL, kuwa 5 Kamena 1992, nk’uko yemejwe burundu n’Iteka rya Perezida nº 017/01 ryo kuwa 18 Werurwe 1995; Yibukije Amasezerano y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye yerekeye Imihindagurikire y’Ibihe yashyiriweho umukono i [[Rio de Janeiro|RIO DE JANEIRO]] muri BRESIL, kuwa 5 Kamena 1992, nk’uko yemejwe burundu n’Iteka rya Perezida nº 021/01 ryo kuwa 30 Gicurasi 1995; Yibukije Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga y’i STOCKHOLM yerekeye Amoko y’Ibintu Bihumanya kandi Biramba yashyiriweho umukono i STOCKHOLM ku wa 22 Gicurasi 2001, nk’uko yemejwe burundu n’Iteka rya Perezida nº 78/01 ryo ku wa 08 Nyakanga 2002 ; Yibukije Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga y’i ROTTERDAMyerekeye Gushyiraho Uburyo Bwumvikanyweho n’Ibihugu mu Bucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Imiti Ikoreshwa mu Buhinzi n’Ibindi Bintu Bishobora Guhumanya, yashyiriweho umukono i ROTTERDAM kuwa 11 Nzeri 1998, n’i New York kuva kuwa 12 Ugushyingo 1998 kugeza kuwa 10 Nzeri 1999 nk’uko yemejwe burundu n’Iteka rya Perezida nº 28/01 ryo kuwa 24/08/2003 ryemeza ko u Rwanda rubaye Umunyamuryango; Yibukije Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga y’i BALE yerekeye Imicungire y’ Imyanda Irenga Imipaka kandi Ihumanya ndetse n’uko ivanwaho, nk’uko yemejwe i Bâle kuwa 22 Werurwe 1989 ndetse n’Iteka rya Perezida n° 29/01 ryo kuwa 24 Kanama 2003 ryemeza ko u Rwanda rubaye Umunyamuryango ; Yibukije Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga y’i MONTRÉALyerekeye Imyuka Ihumanya Akayunguruzo k’Imirasire y’Izuba yashyiriweho umukono i LONDRES (1990), COPENHAGUE (1992), MONTRÉAL (1997), BÉIJING (1999), cyane cyane mu ngingo yayo ya 2 y’Ubugororangingo bw’i LONDRES n’ingingo ya 3 y’Ubugororangingo bw’i COPENHAGUE, MONTRÉAL na BÉIJING, nk’uko yemejwe burundu n’Iteka rya Perezida nº 30/01 ryo kuwa 24 Kanama 2003 ryerekeranye no kuba Umunyamuryango kwa Leta y’u Rwanda ; Yibukije Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga y’Inyongera ya CARTAGENA  yerekeye Umutekano w’Urusobe rw’Ibinyabuzima yashyiriweho umukono i Nairobi guhera tariki ya 15 kugeza ku ya 26 Gicurasi 2000 n’i New York guhera tariki ya 5 Kamena 2000 kugeza ku ya 4 Kamena 2001 nk’uko yemerewe kwemezwa burundu n’Itegeko nº 38/2003 ryo kuwa 29/12/2003 ; Yibukije Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga y’i KYOTO yo kuwa 6 Werurwe 1998 ashamikiye ku Masezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye ihindagurika ry’ibihe nk’uko yemerewe kwemezwa burundu n’Itegeko nº 36/2003 ryo kuwa 29/12/2003 ; Yibukije Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga y’i RAMSAR yo kuwa 2 Gashyantare 1971 yerekeye Kubungabunga Ahantu Hahehereye Hafite Akamaro ku Rwego Mpuzamahanga ku bw’umwihariko Indiri y’Inyoni zo mu Mazi nk’uko yemerewe kwemezwa burundu n’Itegeko nº 37/2003 ryo kuwa 29/12/2003; Yibukije Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga y’i BONN yo kuwa 23 Kamena 1979 Agamije Kubungabunga Inyamaswa z’Agasozi Zihora Zimuka nk’uko yemerewe kwemezwa burundu n’Itegeko nº 35/2003 ryo kuwa 29/12/2003; Yibukije ubwemeranye bwabereye i WASHINGTON kuwa 3 Werurwe 1973, bwerekeye Icuruzwa rikorerwa hagati y’Ibihugu ku bwoko bwenda gucika bw’Inyamaswa n’Ibimera mu gasozi, nk’uko bwemejwe burundu n’Iteka rya Perezida n^o 211 ryo kuwa 25 Kamena 1980 ; '''YEMEJE :''' '''INTERURO YA MBERE :INGINGO RUSANGE, IBISOBANURO BY’AMWE MU MAGAMBO AKORESHWA, AMAHAME REMEZO N’AHO IRI  TEGEKO NGENGA RIKORESHWA.''' '''UMUTWE WA MBERE : INGINGO RUSANGE''' '''Ingingo ya mbere:''' Iri tegeko ngenga rigena uburyo bwo kurengera, kubungabunga no guteza imbere ibidukikije mu Rwanda. Iri tegeko ngenga  rigamije: 1° kubungabunga ibidukikije, abantu n’aho baba; 2° gushyiraho amahame remezo yerekeranye no kurinda ibidukikije uburyo bwose     bwabihungabanya hagamijwe guhesha agaciro umutungo kamere, kurwanya uburyo bwose       buhumanya n’ubwangiza; 3° guteza imbere imibereho y’abaturage hazirikanwa uburinganire ku mutungo uriho; 4° kwita ku burambe bw’umutungo hitaweho cyane cyane uburenganzira bungana ku bisekuru biriho       ndetse n’ibizaza; 5° kwizeza abaturarwanda bose amajyambere arambye, atabangamiye ibidukikije ndetse n’imibereho    y’abaturage; 6° gushyiraho ingamba zo kurinda no kugabanya ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije kandi hakitabwaho    gusubiranya ibyangiritse. '''Ingingo ya 2:''' Ibidukikije mu Rwanda bigize umutungo rusange w’Igihugu; bikaba ari na bimwe mu bigize umutungo w’isi. '''Ingingo ya 3 :''' Umuntu wese afite inshingano yo kurengera, kubungabunga no guteza imbere ibidukikije. Leta yishingira kurengera, kubungabunga no guteza imbere ibidukikije. '''UMUTWE WA II : IBISOBANURO BY’AMWE MU MAGAMBO AKORESHWA MURI IRI TEGEKO NGENGA''' '''Ingingo  ya 4 :''' Muri iri Itegeko Ngenga: '''Ibidukikije''' ni urusobe rw’ibintu bigizwe n’ibidukikije kamere n’ibiva ku bikorwa bya muntu. Birimo imiti y’ubutabire, urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ndetse n’ibikorwa by’ubukungu n’imibereho y’abantu, ibirebana n’umuco, ubwiza, ndetse n’ubumenyi bishobora kugira ingaruka ziziguye cyangwa zitaziguye, z’ako kanya cyangwa zitinda, ku majyambere y’ahantu, ku binyabuzima no ku bikorwa by’umuntu. '''A-. Ibidukikije kamere''' Ibidukikije kamere bigizwe n’ubutaka n’ikuzimu, amazi, umwuka, urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, imisozi n’ibibaya, ahantu nyaburanga n’inyubako karemano. 1⁰ '''Ubutaka''' ni ubuso buriho ibinyabuzima nk’ibimera, inyamaswa n’abantu, inyubako izo ari zo zose kimwe n’ibintu byose biri ikuzimu. '''Ikuzimu''' ni mu nsi y’ubutaka. 2⁰ '''Amazi''' ni umwe mu mitungo kamere y’isi. Uko agenda yirema harimo areka, akora ibidendezi,    atemba n’ ay’ikuzimu. Bitewe n’aho ari n’uko yirema, ashobora guhindura inyito ku buryo    bukurikira: a.​amazi areka ni ay’inyanja, ay’ibiyaga, ibidendezi, ibyuzi n’ibishanga; b.​amazi atemba y’imvura; c.​amazi atemba y’inzuzi n’imigezi; d.​amazi acengera mu butaka; e.​amazi y’ikuzimu. 3⁰ '''Umwuka''' ni uruvange rwa gazi ruba mu kirere cy’isi kandi ruhumekwa n’ibinyabuzima ariko rushobora kugira ingaruka ku mibereho yabyo ndetse n’ibidukikije muri rusange. Muri gazi dusangamo umwuka duhumeka cyangwa umwuka kamere nka gazi metani. 4⁰ '''Urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima''' ni uruvange rw’ ibinyabuzima by’ubwoko bwose, harimo umuntu, inyamaswa z’amoko yose, ibimera by’amoko yose, byaba ibiri ku butaka, mu butaka, mu mazi ndetse no mu kirere hamwe n’ubugirirane hagati yabyo. Ibinyabuzima ni ibihumeka byose. a. '''Indiri y’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima''' ni ahantu hihariye h’ubutaka cyangwa amazi usanga ibinyabuzima biriho kandi byuzuzanya; b. '''Indiri y’ibinyabuzima''' ni ahantu usanga imiterere yaho y’ibidukikije ku binyabuzima idahinduka cyane; c. '''Ubumenyi bw’indiri y’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima''' ni ukwiga ahantu haba, hororokera cyangwa hapfira ibinyabuzima ndetse n’ubugirirane hagati yabyo. 5⁰ '''Imisozi n’ibibaya''' ni imbonerahamwe y’ahantu hagizwe n’imisozi, amashyamba, ibibaya, imibande, ibishanga, ibiyaga, inzuzi n’imigezi. a.​'''Umusozi''' ni ahantu hatumburutse h’isi, hasumba ibibaya n’ibishanga; b.​'''Ikibaya''' ni ahantu harambuye harangwamo amazi make n’igabanuka ry’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima; c.​'''Umubande''' ni ahantu hari hagati y’imisozi ibiri harangwa isoko y’amazi y’imusozi cyangwa y’ikuzimu; d.​'''Igishanga''' ni ahantu harambuye hagati y’imisozi harimo amazi menshi n’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima hamera urufunzo cyangwa urukangaga cyangwa ibimera byo mu muryango wabyo; e.​'''Ahantu hahehereye''' ni ahantu hagizwe n’imibande,  ibibaya n’ibishanga. 6⁰ '''Ahantu nyaburanga''' ni ahantu hatoranyijwe kubera uburanga kamere bw’aho cyangwa amateka yihariye aharanga. 7⁰  '''Inyubako karemano''' ni  ahantu harangwa n’ibintu byiremye bitigeze byubakwa n’umuntu. '''''B. Ibidukikije biva ku bikorwa bya muntu''''' '''Ibidukikije biva ku bikorwa by’umuntu''' ni imitunganyirize y’ahantu ijyanye n’imibereho ye. Bigizwe n’ibyangiza n’ibitangiza. '''B.1 Ibyangiza :''' Bigizwe n’ibihumanya, imyanda, imyanda iteza impanuka, inyubako n’ubuhumane. 1° '''Ibihumanya''' ni ibintu byose byatawe, byaba bikomeye, bitemba, cyangwa se gazi, imyanda yose, umunuko, ubushyuhe, urusaku rukabije rw’ibinyabiziga, rw’imiziki imena amatwi, kurangira, imirasire cyangwa uruvange rwa byose rushobora kwangiza. 2° '''Imyanda''' ni ibintu byose byaba bikomeye, bitemba cyangwa ari umwuka bikomoka ku mirimo yo mu rugo, yo mu nganda, cyangwa umutungo wose wimukanwa n’utimukanwa wajugunywe kandi ushobora  kwangiza. 3° '''Imyanda iteza impanuka''' ni ibintu byose byaba bikomeye, bitemba cyangwa ari umwuka byangiza ku buryo buteye impungenge ubuzima bw’abantu, umutekano  n’ibindi binyabuzima hamwe n’ubuziranenge bw’ibidukikije. 4° '''Inyubako''' ni ikintu cyose gishinze ahantu hamwe cyangwa se cyahavanwa gishobora guhungabanya ibidukikije, hatitaweho nyiracyo ndetse n’agaciro kacyo. 5° '''Ubuhumane''' ni ubwandu  buterwa n’imyanda, imiti y’ubutabire mibi iva ku bikorwa by’umuntu bishobora guhindura aho umuntu aba bikagira ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije nko ku mibereho y’umuntu, inyamaswa, ibimera n’isi atuyeho. Ubuhumane bushobora kuba: a. '''ubuhumane bw’amazi''' ni ubwandu  buterwa no kuyashyiramo ikintu cyose gishobora guhindura ibara n’imiterere  yayo, bituma yatera indwara umuntu n’inyamaswa biyakoresha, ibinyabuzima biyabamo, ibimera, ahantu nyaburanga, imibande n’ibishanga bihegereye; b. '''ubuhumane bw’umwuka wo mu kirere''' ni ubwandu bujya mu kirere n’umwuka uhari, bishakwa cyangwa bigwiririye,  gazi, umwotsi, utuntu twose cyangwa imiti ishobora guhungabanya ibinyabuzima, ubuzima bw’abantu n’umutekano wabo cyangwa kubangamira ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi, guhungabanya inyubako cyangwa imiterere y’uturere nyaburanga  n’imisozi; c. '''ubuhumane burenga imipaka''' ni ubwandu buturuka mu gihugu kimwe bukagera mu kindi gihugu. '''B.2 Ibitangiza :''' Ibikorwa bigamije gukungahaza no kugabanya ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije nko gutera amashyamba, gutegura aho abantu baruhukira no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigamije kugabanya ingaruka za muntu ku bidukikije. '''C. Andi magambo akoreshwa''' 1°​'''Amajyambere arambye''' ni uburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha ibidukikije ubibyaza umutungo  wo kubeshaho ibisekuru biriho no guteganyiriza ibisekuru bizaza hitaweho kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, kugira uruhare ku bigize ibinyabuzima n’isaranganya ry’inyungu zikomoka ku mikoreshereze yabyo  n’ikoranabuhanga ribikorerwaho. 2°​'''Inyigo z’ ingaruka ku bidukikije''' ni  ubusesengure bwerekana ingaruka zishobora guterwa n’ibikorwa by’umuntu cyangwa umushinga biteganijwe. 3°​'''Isuzumamikorere ku bidukikije''' ni uburyo bwo gusuzuma  no kugenzura  ibikorwa byo kubungabunga ibidukikije. 4°​'''Ubuyobozi bw’isuzumangaruka ku bidukikije''' ni urwego rushyirwaho n’Ubuyobozi bubufitiye ububasha  rushinzwe gukurikirana ibijyanye n’isuzumangaruka ku bidukikije. 5°​'''Ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha''' ni urwego  rumwe cyangwa nyinshi  zifite ububasha buteganywa  n’amategeko. '''UMUTWE WA III :  AMAHAME REMEZO''' '''Ingingo ya 5 :''' Gushyiraho politiki y’Igihugu yo kurengera, kubungabunga no guteza imbere ibidukikije ni inshingano za Guverinoma y’u Rwanda.  Ni yo ishyiraho ingamba, imigambi na Gahunda y’Igihugu bijyanye no kubungabunga no gukoresha neza ibikomoka ku bidukikije. '''Ingingo ya 6 :''' Umuntu wese uri mu Rwanda afite uburenganzira busesuye bwo kubaho mu bidukikije bizima kandi byuzuye. Afite kandi inshingano, haba ku giti cye cyangwa yishyize hamwe n’abandi, yo kubungabunga umurage kamere, amateka n’ibikorwa by’umuco. '''Ingingo ya 7 :''' Kubungabunga no gukoresha neza ibidukikije n’ibibikomokaho bigendera ku mahame akurikira''':''' '''1⁰''' '''Ihame rijyanye no kurinda''' Ihame ryo kurinda ni ngombwa kugira ngo hashobore kurindwa cyangwa kugabanya ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije. Ingamba zo kurinda, kubuza no gukumira zituruka ku isuzuma rya za politiki, imigambi, imishinga, ibikorwa by’amajyambere n’imibereho y’abaturage kandi zikagaragaza ingaruka z’ibikorwa ibi n’ibi''',''' ndetse zikanabuza itangira ryabyo mu gihe habonetse ingaruka zagaragajwe n’isuzumangaruka ku bidukikije. Kurinda bibuza gutakaza amafaranga ndetse no kwangiza ibidukikije kenshi byatera ibibazo bidashobora gukemuka. Ibikorwa bigaragayeho cyangwa bikekwaho kuba byagira ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije ntibigomba gutangira kabone n’aho izo ngaruka zaba zitagaragazwa mu buryo bwa gihanga. Kutagaragazwa bya gihanga ntibigomba kubera urwitwazo abangizi b’ibidukikije, ahubwo kwakoreshwa mu kubungabunga ibidukikije. '''2⁰''' '''Ihame ry’uburambe bw’ibidukikije no guha ibisekuruza amahirwe angana''' Abantu ni bo shingiro ry’amajyambere arambye. Bafite uburenganzira ku buzima buzira umuze kandi bukora bitabangamiye kamere. Ariko uburenganzira ku majyambere bugomba kugerwaho hitaweho ibizakenerwa n’ibisekuruza biriho ndetse n’ibizaza. '''3⁰Ihame ry’uko uwangiza abihanirwa''' Umuntu wese ugaragaje imyitwarire cyangwa ibikorwa bitera cyangwa bishobora guteza ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije arabihanirwa cyangwa agategekwa kubiriha. Ategekwa kandi gusubiranya ibyangijwe aho bishoboka. '''4⁰''' '''Ihame ryo kumenyesha no gushishikariza bose kubungabunga no kurinda ibidukikije''' Buri muntu afite uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa imiterere y’ibidukikije ndetse no kwitabira ingamba zo gufata ibyemezo hagamijwe kurengera ibidukikije. '''5⁰''' '''Ihame ry’ubufatanye''' Ubuyobozi, ibigo mpuzamahanga, amashyirahamwe ndetse n’abikorera ku giti cyabo basabwa kwita ku bidukikije mu nzego zose zishoboka. Muri politiki yayo yo kurengera ibidukikije, Leta y’u Rwanda yihatira guteza imbere ubutwererane n’amahanga'''.''' '''UMUTWE WA IV : AHO IRI TEGEKO NGENGA RIKORESHWA''' '''Ingingo ya 8:''' Iri tegeko ngenga rireba by’umwihariko ibi bikurikira: 1º​inyubako zashyizwe mu nzego hakurikijwe inyito zazo ; 2º​inganda, ibigega, ibirombe, ahakorerwa imirimo yo kubaka, kariyeri, ububiko bw’ikuzimu cyangwa ku butaka ; 3º​inzu z’ububiko na atoliye; 4º​inyubako zikoreshwa cyangwa ziri mu maboko y’umuntu uwo ari we wese cyangwa ishyirahamwe ryigenga, ikigo cya Leta; bishobora guteza ibizazane cyangwa impanuka, byaba ku gicuruzwa, ku buzima, ndetse n’umutekano ; 5º​kumena, kujugunya no guhunika ibintu bishobora guteza cyangwa kongera ubwangirike bw’ahantu bishyizwe ; 6º​imiti, ibikomoka ku butabire''',''' uruvange rw’imiti yakozwe cyangwa ikiri kamere, bishobora, bitewe n’ubuhumane bwabyo, guteza ibizazane ku buzima bw’abantu, ku kubungabunga ubutaka n’ikuzimu, amazi, inyamaswa n’ibimera, ibidukikije muri rusange mu gihe bikoreshejwe cyangwa bimenwe ahantu hasanzwe. Inyubako zivugwa muri iyi ngingo ntizishobora gukingurwa kandi imiti ivugwa muri iyi ngingo ntishobora gukoreshwa hatari uruhushya rutanzwe mu buryo buteganywa n’itegeko biturutse ku busabe bw’uzabikoresha. Izo nyubako zigomba kumenyekanishwa, kabone n’aho zaba zitagaragaza ibyo bizazane cyangwa impanuka, zigomba kubahiriza amahame rusange ateganywa n’ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha. Inyubako zishobora guteza impanuka zikomeye (umuriro, gusandara, guhumanisha imyuka, n’ibindi) zigomba uruhushya kandi zigengwa n’amategeko yihariye. '''Ingingo ya 9 :''' Ibikorwa byerekeye [[uburobyi]], umuhigo no gufata inyamaswa, gucukura amabuye y’agaciro na kariyeri ndetse n’ibikorwa by’ahantu h’amanegeka, bigomba uruhushya cyangwa icyemezo bitangwa na Minisitiri ubifite mu nshingano ze. '''Ingingo ya 10 :''' Inyubako za Leta zirebana n’umutekano w’Igihugu zigengwa n’amategeko yihariye. '''INTERURO YA II : IBIDUKIKIJE KAMERE N’IBIKORWA BY’ABANTU''' '''UMUTWE WA MBERE:    IBIDUKIKIJE KAMERE''' '''Icyiciro cya mbere :  Ibyerekeye ubutaka n’ikuzimu''' '''Ingingo ya 11:''' Ubutaka n’ikuzimu bigize umutungo kamere wo kurindwa uburyo bwose bwawuhungabanya kandi usabwa gukoreshwa mu buryo burambye. Kubera iyo mpamvu, imikoreshereze y’ubutaka n’ikuzimu igomba kwita ku nyungu rusange zijyanye no kubibungabunga. '''Ingingo ya 12 :''' Ubutaka bugomba gukoreshwa hitaweho imiterere yabwo. Imikoreshereze y’ahantu  ituma hatisubira, igomba kwirindwa, byaba bibaye ngombwa aho hantu hagakoreshwa ku buryo buboneye bushoboka. '''Ingingo ya 13 :''' Umushinga wose ujyanye no gutunganya, gukoresha ubutaka hagamijwe inganda, imitunganyirize y’imijyi; kimwe n’umushinga wose w’ubushakashatsi cyangwa ukoresha ibikomoka mu butaka, igomba uruhushya rutangwa ku buryo buteganywa n’iteka rya Minisitiri bireba'''.''' '''Ingingo ya 14 :''' Gutanga uruhushya ruvugwa mu ngingo ya 13 y’iri Tegeko Ngenga bikurikiza : 1º​ubwihutirwe n’ubushobozi bw’ingingo zibuza ubuhungabane bw’ibidukikije biturutse ku mirimo y’ubushakashatsi, imikoreshereze no gucukura amabuye y’agaciro byateganyijwe ; 2º​kwita kwa nyirubwite ku nyungu z’abaturage; 3º​inshingano yo gusubiranya ahangijwe, mu buryo bwose bushoboka, kugira ngo hasubireho ubwiza bwariho mbere cyangwa se imiterere kamere yahindutse bitewe n’imirimo, hakurikijwe umushinga wo gusubiranya wemejwe n’ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha. '''Icyiciro cya 2:  Ibyerekeye  amazi''' '''Ingingo ya 15 :''' Imigezi, ibiyaga byakozwe n’abantu, amazi y’ikuzimu, amasoko, ibiyaga karemano biri mu bigize umutungo rusange wa Leta. Imikoreshereze yabyo iri mu burenganzira bwa buri wese hakurikijwe amategeko. '''Ingingo ya 16 :''' Ahavomerwa amazi agenewe kunyobwa hagomba kubakirwa urugo ruharinda nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 51 y’iri Tegeko Ngenga. '''Ingingo ya 17:''' Imikoreshereze, imicungire y’amazi n’ibiyakomokamo ntibishobora gukoresha uburyo budahwitse bushobora guteza ibizazane nk’imyuzure cyangwa gukama k’umutungo w’amazi. Ibikorwa byose bireba umutungo w’amazi nko kuvomerera imyaka, gukoresha ibishanga n’ibindi bigomba kubanza gukorerwa isuzumangaruka ku bidukikije. '''Ingingo ya 18 :''' Amazi rusange yakoreshejwe ndetse n’amazi mabi yose, agomba gushyirwa mu ruganda ruyasukura hanyuma agatunganywa mbere yo kumenwa mu ruzi, mu mugezi, mu kiyaga cyangwa mu kizenga. '''Ingingo ya 19 :''' Ibishanga bihoramo amazi bigomba kurindwa by’umwihariko. Mu kubirinda, hitabwaho uruhare rwabyo ndetse n’agaciro kabyo mu kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima. '''Icyiciro cya 3 : Ibyerekeye urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima''' '''Ingingo ya 20 :''' Kuzana mu Rwanda, gutumiza no kohereza mu mahanga inyamaswa iyo ari yo yose cyangwa ikimera bigengwa n’amategeko yihariye. '''Ingingo ya 21 :''' Uretse ibiteganywa n’amategeko agenga Pariki z’Igihugu ku bijyanye no kwirengera cyangwa amaburakindi, umuhigo uwo ari wo wose ukorwa n’umuntu ufite uruhushya rwo guhiga. '''Ingingo ya 22 :''' Gutunga inyamaswa zo mu gasozi cyangwa ibiva ku nyamaswa zo mu gasozi bitangirwa uruhushya n’ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha.   '''Ingingo ya 23 :''' Kubunza, kugurisha, kugurana, gucuruza inyamaswa zo mu gasozi bisabirwa uruhushya rwihariye rutangwa n’ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha. '''Ingingo ya 24 :''' Gutumiza, kohereza mu mahanga inyamaswa zo mu gasozi n’ibiva ku nyamaswa zo mu gasozi n’ibimera byo mu gasozi, bigengwa n’uruhushya rutangwa n’ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’amasezerano ku bucuruzi mpuzamahanga bw’inyamaswa n’ibimera byo mu gasozi. '''Icyiciro cya 4 :  Ibyerekeye  umwuka wo mu kirere''' '''Ingingo ya 25 :''' Inyubako zashyizwe mu nzego, amamodoka n’ibigendeshwa na moteri, ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi, ubukorikori n’ubuhinzi, bitunzwe n’umuntu uwo ari we wese cyangwa ishyirahamwe, bigomba gukoreshwa hakurikijwe amahame ya tekiniki yashyizweho n’ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha mu rwego rwo kubungabunga umwuka wo mu kirere. '''Ingingo ya 26 :''' Ibikorwa byose bishobora kwanduza umwuka wo mu kirere, bigengwa n’Iteka rya Minisitiri ufite Ibidukikije mu nshingano ze. Gutwika ibishingwe, imyanda cyangwa ikindi kintu icyo ari cyo cyose  (amapine, pulasitiki, amasashe n’ibindi) bikurikiza amabwiriza y’ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha. '''Ingingo ya 27 :''' Ikoreshwa ry’ibintu bihumanya umwuka wo mu kirere, bihungabanya akayunguruzo k’imirasire y’izuba cyangwa se ibyatuma ibihe bihinduka  rigengwa n’Iteka rya Minisitiri ufite Ibidukikije mu nshingano ze. '''UMUTWE WA II :  IBIKORWA BY’ABANTU''' '''Ingingo ya 28 :''' Inyigo z’imitunganyirize y’ubutaka bw’Igihugu, iz’imitunganyirize y’umujyi cyangwa imyubakire y’imidugudu, ibishushanyo mbonera hamwe n’izindi nyandiko zirebana n’imitunganyirize y’ubutaka bw’Igihugu, zigomba kwita ku kubungabunga ibidukikije mu guhitamo aho bishyirwa ndetse n’ahajya ibikorwa bibyara inyungu, inganda, gutura no kwidagadura. '''Ingingo ya 29 :''' Umuyobozi ubifitiye ububasha, agendeye ku mategeko, ntashobora gutanga uruhushya rwo kubaka mu gihe bigaragara ko izo nyubako zishobora kwangiza ibidukikije. '''Ingingo ya 30 :''' Imirimo y’ubwubatsi ya Leta cyangwa iy’abikorera ku giti cyabo nk’imihanda, ingomero z’amazi igomba kubanzirizwa n’isuzumangaruka ku bidukikije. '''Ingingo ya 31 :''' Buri mushinga wa Leta cyangwa ibikorwa by’abantu ku giti cyabo ntibishobora gukorwa iyo binyuranyije n’imitegurire yabyo, kandi bigomba kwita ku ngamba zo kubungabunga ibidukikije nk’uko biteganywa n’amategeko. '''Ingingo ya 32 :''' Nta muntu wemerewe gushyira imyanda ahantu hatabigenewe, uretse  aho bayiyongesha, cyangwa se mu ruganda itunganyirizwamo kandi byemejwe  n’ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha. '''Ingingo ya 33 :''' Imyanda yose, cyane cyane ituruka mu bitaro, mu nganda n’indi yose mibi,  igomba kurundwa hamwe, igatunganywa hanyuma igahindurwa ku buryo budahungabanya ibidukikije kugira ngo hirindwe, havanweho cyangwa hagabanywe ingaruka mbi ku buzima bw’abantu, ku mutungo kamere, ku nyamaswa, ku bimera no ku miterere y’ibidukikije. '''Ingingo ya 34 :''' Gutaba ikuzimu imyanda ihumanya bikorwa gusa iyo hari uruhushya kandi hakurikijwe amabwiriza yihariye ateganywa n’Iteka rya Minisitiri ufite Ibidukikije mu nshingano ze. '''Ingingo ya 35 :''' Gukuraho imyanda bigomba gukurikiza amategeko ariho kandi aho bishoboka bigakorwa mu rwego rwo kuyibyaza umusaruro. '''Ingingo ya 36 :''' Imashini zose zigenda zigomba kugira amahoni akurikije amabwiriza y’ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha kandi ntizigomba gutera urusaku rushobora guhungabanya abigendera mu muhanda n’abahaturiye. '''Ingingo ya 37 :''' Ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha bushobora gufata icyemezo kigamije guhagarika urusaku rwangiza ubuzima bw’ibinyabuzima, ruhungabanya abahaturiye cyangwa rwangiza ibintu. '''Ingingo ya 38 :''' Gutwika amashyamba, Pariki z’Igihugu ndetse n’ibyanya bigengwa n’amategeko. Gutwika imisozi, ibishanga, inzuri, ibihuru hagamijwe  ubuhinzi cyangwa gutunganya inzuri z’amatungo birabujijwe. Gutwika bigamije gukemura ibibazo byihariye bitangirwa uruhushya na Minisitiri ufite Ibidukikije mu nshingano ze. '''Ingingo ya 39 :''' Uburobyi ubwo ari bwo bwose bukorwa hakurikije amategeko kandi bugengwa n’ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha. Ari uburobyi busanzwe ari ubwa kijyambere bukorwa hakurikijwe uruhushya  rutangwa n’ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha kandi bukihatira  kubungabunga ibidukikije. '''INTERURO YA III: IBYO LETA ISABWA N’IBISABWA INZEGO Z’IBANZE N’ABATURAGE''' '''UMUTWE WA MBERE :  IBISABWA MURI RUSANGE''' '''Ingingo ya 40 :''' Ubutegetsi bwa Leta, ibigo byigenga, imiryango mpuzamahanga, amashyirahamwe n’abikorera ku giti cyabo  bagomba kubungabunga ibidukikije mu nzego zose zishoboka. '''Ingingo ya 41 :''' Amategeko n’amabwiriza akurikizwa agomba guha uburenganzira buri wese ku bidukikije bizira umuze no guha uburyo bungana ku binyabuzima ndetse no hagati y’imijyi n’icyaro. '''Ingingo ya 42 :''' Inzego zose z’ubutegetsi za Leta, ibigo byigenga n’abantu ku giti cyabo bagomba, mu bushobozi bwa buri wese, kumenyesha abaturage ibibazo ibidukikije bihura na byo kandi bagomba kwihatira gushyira mu bikorwa byabo gahunda zigisha ku bidukikije. '''Ingingo ya 43 :''' Ibigo n’imishinga bya Leta cyangwa iby’abikorera ku giti cyabo, bifite mu nshingano zabyo amahugurwa, ubushakashatsi n’itangazamakuru bigomba kumenyekanisha ibibazo ibidukikije bihura na byo bakoresheje gahunda zihamye no gushyira mu bikorwa byabo gahunda zimenyekanisha neza ibidukikije. '''Ingingo ya 44 :''' Buri wese afite uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa ingaruka ubuzima bw’abantu n’ibidukikije byahura na byo bitewe n’ibikorwa byangizwa cyangwa byangiza ndetse n’ingamba zafashwe mu rwego rwo kwirinda cyangwa gusubiranya ibyangijwe. '''Ingingo ya 45 :''' Leta, abaturage ndetse n’abahawe ubutaka bagomba gukoresha ku buryo burambye umutungo kamere bubahiriza amategeko yerekeranye no kubungabunga ibidukikije. '''Ingingo ya 46 :''' Leta n’abaturage bagomba gushyiraho, kwita no gutunganya imbuga z’ubuhumekero. '''Ingingo ya 47 :''' Gutunganya amazi yakoreshejwe biri mu nshingano za Leta, iz’abaturage n’iz’izindi nzego zose zishobora gukora ibintu bihungabanya ibidukikije. Uburenganzira bwo gutunganya ayo mazi bushobora guhabwa undi uwo ari we wese ubifitiye ubushobozi. '''Ingingo ya 48 :''' Inzego nkuru z’Igihugu n’inzego zegereye abaturage zigomba gukora gahunda z’akazi no gutegura imishinga ngoboka mu nzego zose kugira ngo barengere ibidukikije. '''UMUTWE WA II  :  IBISABWA KU BURYO BW’UMWIHARIKO''' '''Icyiciro cya mbere :  Ibisabwa Ubutegetsi Bwite bwa Leta''' '''Ingingo ya  49 :''' Leta igomba: 1º​gukora gahunda rusange kandi ihamye ijyanye n’ibidukikije n’uburyo bwo kubirinda; 2º​gufata ingamba za ngombwa zo kurinda no kwita ku nshingano zivugwa mu masezerano mpuzamanga yasinye ; 3º​kubuza igikorwa cyose gikorwa mu izina ryayo cyangwa se mu bubasha bwayo, gishobora guhungabanya ibidukikije mu kindi gihugu cyangwa se mu turere turenze ububasha bwayo ; 4º​gufatanya n’izindi Leta mu gufata ibyemezo birwanya ubwandu burenga imipaka; 5°​gushyiraho, ikoresheje ingamba zihamye, ubwiherero n’imicungire y’isuku ku nyubako n’ahantu hahurira abantu benshi, ku mihanda no mu ngo. '''Ingingo ya 50 :''' Leta igomba kandi : 1º​gushyiraho Politiki y’igihugu ku bidukikije ikanayishyira mu bikorwa ; 2º​kurinda, kubungabunga no gukoresha neza ibidukikije ikoresheje ingamba zihamye; 3º​gushyiraho amabwiriza agenga ingomero z’amazi, ibitembo by’imyanda, aho itemba ijya n’aho  isukurirwa. '''Ingingo ya 51 :''' Leta ishyiraho: 1º​ingamba zo kurwanya isuri ; 2º​ingamba zo kurwanya ibihungabanya ubutaka biturutse ku miti, amafumbire, imiti yo kwa muganga n’ibindi byose byemerewe gukoreshwa ; 3º​ingamba zibuza ikwirakwiza ry’ubwandu bwakwangiza ubutaka ndetse n’ingamba zihamye zo gusubiranya ubutaka bwangiritse ; 4º ​Ingamba zo kurinda no gukoma imbuga ikikije ahavomerwa amazi anyobwa. '''Ingingo ya 52 :''' Leta igaragaza ahantu hakomwe mu rwego rwo kurinda, kubungabunga cyangwa gusubiranya : 1º​indiri y’ibinyabuzima ; 2º​amashyamba, ahateye ibiti, amoko y’ibinyabuzima n’ahantu harinzwe ; 3º​inyubako karemano, uturere nyaburanga n’imisozi ; 4º​amazi n’ubwiza bwayo ; 5º​inkombe n’inkuka, inzuzi, imigezi, ibiyaga, ibibaya, imibande n’ibishanga. '''Ingingo ya 53 :''' Ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha bushobora, bugendeye ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 52 y’iri tegeko ngenga: 1º​kubuza, kugabanya ibikorwa cyangwa gushyiraho amabwiriza agenga ibikorwa bitajyanye n’inshingano zagenewe   aho hantu; 2º​gushyiraho gahunda zo gusubiranya ahantu kamere n’inyubako kamere ; 3º​kwemeza gahunda zo gutunganya cyangwa uburyo bwafasha kugera ku nshingano ziteganyirizwa aho hantu. '''Ingingo ya 54 :''' Leta ishyiraho urutonde rukurikira: 1°​ubwoko bw’inyamaswa n’ibimera bigomba kurindwa hakurikijwe uruhare bigira mu ndiri y’ibindi binyabuzima, ubuke bwabyo, ubwiza bwabyo, ubukendere bwabyo ndetse n’uruhare rwabyo mu bukungu, umuco n’ubumenyi. Urwo rutonde rushyirwaho n’iteka rya Minisitiri ufite Ibidukikije mu nshingano ze ; 2°​uturere nyaburanga n’inyubako zirinzwe, kandi hagasobanurwa ingamba zafatwa kugira ngo harindwe umurage w’inyubako, amateka n’umuco w’igihugu. Urwo rutonde rushyirwaho n’iteka rya Minisitiri ufite Ubukerarugendo mu nshingano ze. '''Ingingo ya 55 :''' Leta ishinzwe gushyiraho ingamba zihamye z’imikoreshereze myiza y’amazi kandi izo ngamba zikita ku bwiza bw’amasoko, zigateganya uburyo bwo kongera amazi no kurinda kuyasesagura. '''Ingingo ya 56 :''' Leta ishyiraho ibipimo bikwiye kugira ngo icungwa ry’imyanda ritunganywe kandi  rishobore kubyazwa umusaruro. Kubera iyo mpamvu, inzego zibishinzwe zigomba: 1º​guteza imbere no kumenyekanisha ubumenyi ku buhanga bugezweho; 2º​gushyiraho uburyo bwo gukoresha neza imyanda; 3º​gushyiraho uburyo bunoze bwo gukora no gukoresha ibintu bimwe na bimwe hagamijwe kwegeranya ibyavanguwe bigize iyo myanda. '''Ingingo ya 57 :''' Leta igomba: 1º​guteza imbere ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zisubiranya; 2º​kurwanya isesagurwa ry’ingufu muri rusange n’iry’ingufu zituruka ku biti by’umwihariko. '''Ingingo ya 58 :''' Leta ifata ingamba zihamye zo kwigisha, guhugura no kumenyekanisha ibidukikije muri gahunda zigishwa mu mashuri ku nzego zose. Ishobora kwemera amashyirahamwe arengera ibidukikije. '''Ingingo ya 59 :''' Ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha buhuza ibikorwa mu rwego rw’igihugu bukanakurikirana iyubahirizwa ry’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ajyanye n’ibidukikije. '''Icyiciro cya 2:  Inshingano z’inzego z’ibanze''' '''Ingingo ya 60 :''' Muri rusange, inzego z’ibanze zishinzwe gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko, politiki, ingamba, imigambi na gahunda byerekeranye no kurengera, kubungabunga no guteza imbere ibidukikije mu Rwanda. '''Ingingo ya 61 :''' Mu rwego rwo kubungabunga no kurengera ibidukikije, inzego z’ibanze zishinzwe by’umwihariko: 1°​kwita ku bikorwa bijyanye no gufata neza ubutaka cyane cyane kurwanya isuri no kureka amazi y’imvura; 2°​gutera, kurinda no gufata neza amashyamba; 3°​gufata neza imigezi, ibiyaga, amasoko n’amazi y’ikuzimu; 4°​gufata neza no gukoresha neza ibishanga; 5°​kurinda no gufata neza ahantu hakomye, ahantu nyaburanga, inyamaswa n’ibimera byo mu bwoko burinzwe. '''Ingingo ya 62 :''' Inzego z’ibanze zifite inshingano zo gushyiraho ibishushanyo mbonera byo gukusanya no gutunganya imyanda yo mu ngo. Zishinzwe kandi gukusanya no kurunda imyanda yo mu ngo. Ibi bikorwa hifashishijwe ibigo, uturere n’imijyi cyangwa se amashyirahamwe n’abantu ku giti cyabo babifitiye ububasha n’uburenganzira. Zita kandi kw’ivanwaho ry’imyanda yindi ku buryo bushoboka, hitaweho imiterere n’ubwinshi bwayo, kugenzura no kuyitunganya. Inama Njyanama z’Uturere n’Imijyi, zishingiye ku bitekerezo byatanzwe na za komite zo kurengera ibidukikije zivugwa mu ngingo ya 66 y’iri Tegeko Ngenga, zishyiraho amahoro y’isuku. '''Icyiciro cya 3 : Uburenganzira n’inshingano z’abaturage''' '''Ingingo ya 63 :''' Mu micungire y’ibidukikije abaturage bafite uburenganzira bwo: 1º guhabwa amakuru ahagije ku bidukikije ; 2º guhabwa umwanya wo gutanga ibitekerezo ku bidukikije; 3º guhagararirwa mu nzego zifata ibyemezo ku bidukikije ; 4º guhugurwa, gukangurirwa no kugezwaho ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi ku bidukikije. '''Ingingo ya 64 :''' Abaturage bafite inshingano zo kubungabunga ibidukikije, haba umuntu ku giti cye, babikoreye mu bikorwa rusange, mu mashyirahamwe y’ibidukikije, mu gutunganya ubusitani n’uturere dukomye, n’ibindi bikorwa biteza imbere ibidukikije. '''UMUTWE WA III: ISHYIRWAHO RY’ INZEGO''' '''Ingingo ya 65 :''' Mu rwego rwo gushyira mu bikorwa iri Tegeko Ngenga, hashyizweho: 1°​Ikigo cy’Igihugu cyo Kubungabunga Ibidukikije cyitwa REMA mu magambo ahinnye y’icyongereza, kikaba ari Ikigo cya Leta gifite ubuzima gatozi n’ubwisanzure mu micungire y’abakozi n’umutungo byacyo; 2°​Ikigega cy’Igihugu cy’Ibidukikije  cyitwa FONERWA mu magambo ahinnye y’igifaransa, gishinzwe gushaka no gucunga umutungo. Imiterere, imikorere n’inshingano zabyo bigenwa n’amategeko yihariye. '''Ingingo ya 66 :''' Hashyizweho ku rwego rw’Intara, urw’Umujyi wa Kigali, urw’Uturere, urw’Imijyi, urw’Imirenge n’urw’Utugari, Komite zishinzwe kubungabunga no kurengera ibidukikije. Imiterere, imikorere n’inshingano yazo bigenwa n’iteka rya Minisitiri w’Intebe. '''UMUTWE WA IV : ISUZUMANGARUKA KU BIDUKIKIJE''' '''Ingingo ya 67 :''' Mbere yo kubona uburenganzira bwo gushyirwa mu bikorwa, umushinga uwo ariwo wose ugomba kugaragaza isuzumangaruka wagira ku bidukikije. Ibi bireba kandi politiki na gahunda zishobora guhungabanya ibidukikije. Iteka rya Minisitiri ufite Ibidukikije mu nshingano ze rishyiraho urutonde rw’imishinga ivugwa muri iyi ngingo. '''Ingingo ya 68 :''' Inyigo ku ngaruka  ku bidukikije igomba nibura kugaragaza ibi bikurikira: 1º​gusobanura ku buryo bugaragara umushinga n’ibiwushamikiyeho ; 2º​kwiga ingaruka ziteganyijwe, ziziguye cyangwa zitaziguye ku hantu ; 3º​isesengura ryerekeye uko ahantu hari hateye; 4º​ingamba ziteganijwe mu rwego rwo kugabanya, kubuza no kuriha ibyangijwe; 5º​impamvu zishingirwaho mu guhitamo aho hantu; 6º​incamake y’ibisobanuro byatanzwe ku  duce kuva kuri 1º kugeza kuri 5º tw’iyi ngingo ; 7º​gusobanura uburyo buzakoreshwa mu kugenzura no gusuzuma imiterere y’ibidukikije mbere, mu gihe cy’imirimo y’umushinga, mu gukoresha inyubako ariko cyane cyane nyuma y’imirimo ; 8º​ikigereranyo cy’ikiguzi ku ngamba ziteganywa mu rwego rwo kwirinda, kugabanya cyangwa gusubiranya ingaruka mbi umushinga watera ku bidukikije ndetse n’ingamba zo gusuzuma no kugenzura imiterere y’ibidukikije. Iteka rya Minisitiri ufite Ibidukikije mu nshingano ze risobanura ibikubiye muri iyi ngingo. '''Ingingo ya 69 :''' Inyigo ku  ngaruka ku bidukikije isuzumwa kandi ikemezwa n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cyo Kubungabunga Ibidukikije cyangwa undi muntu kibihereye uburenganzira bwanditse. Nyir’umushinga yishyura amahoro avanwa ku kiguzi cy’umushinga we havuyemo igishoro (Fonds de roulement/Operating cost); ayo mahoro agenwa n’itegeko rishyiraho Ikigega cy’Igihugu cy’Ibidukikije. Isuzumangaruka ku bidukikije ryishyurwa na nyir’umushinga. '''Ingingo ya 70 :''' Iteka rya Minisitiri ufite Ibidukikije mu nshingano ze rishyiraho kandi rigasubiramo urutonde rw’imirimo, ibikorwa n’imishinga biteganyijwe kandi ubutegetsi bwa Leta budashobora gufatira icyemezo, kwemeza cyangwa guha uburenganzira hadakurikijwe isuzumangaruka ku bidukikije bitewe n’umushinga. Isuzumangaruka rigomba gusobanura ingaruka ziziguye n’izitaziguye ku bidukikije. '''INTERURO YA IV:  INGINGO ZISHISHIKARIZA ABABUNGABUNGA IBIDUKIKIJE''' '''Ingingo ya 71 :''' Igikorwa cyose kigamije kurwanya isuri n’ubutayu, gutera ibiti n’amashyamba, gukoresha mu buryo burambyeumutungo w’ingufu zisubiranya, gukoresha amashyiga ya kijyambere n’ibindi byose bifasha kurengera amashyamba, gishobora ''' '''guterwa inkunga n’Ikigega cy’Igihugu cy’Ibidukikije. '''Ingingo ya 72 :''' Ikigega cy’Igihugu cy’Ibidukikije gishobora gutanga inkunga ku nzego za Leta, amashyirahamwe n’abantu ku giti cyabo mu gihe bashoye imari cyangwa bashyizeho gahunda n’ibikorwa bigamije kurwanya ibihumanya cyangwa gushyigikira inyubako ziriho kugira ngo zigendane n’ubwiza bw’ibidukikije, hakurikijwe amabwiriza y’inzego zibifitiye ububasha. '''Ingingo ya 73 :''' Inganda zitumiza mu mahanga ibikoresho bifasha gukuraho cyangwa kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere nka “dioxyde de carbone '''/''' carbon dioxide” na “chlorofluorocarbone /chlorofluorocarbons” n’izikora ibikoresho bigabanya ubuhumane bw’ibidukikije, zigabanyirizwa amahôro ya gasutamo kuri ibyo bikoresho mu buryo n’igihe biteganyijwe hakurikijwe ibikenewe, kandi bigengwa n’itegeko rireba iby’imisoro. Abantu ku giti cyabo n’amashyirahamwe bafite ibikorwa biteza imbere ibidukikije, bagabanyirizwa amahôro mu byo bakora hakurikijwe itegeko rireba iby’imisoro. '''INTERURO YA V :  GUKURIKIRANA, GUSUZUMA NO KUGENZURA''' '''Ingingo ya 74 :''' Bitabangamiye ibiteganywa n’andi mategeko, abafite ububasha bwo gushakisha no kugenza ibyaha biteganywa n’iri Tegeko Ngenga ndetse n’ayandi ajyanye na ryo, ni abagenzacyaha ba Polisi, abakozi bashinzwe umuhigo, uburobyi, amazi, amashyamba, Pariki z’igihugu, ibyanya birinzwe, abagenzuzi b’umurimo, abagenzuzi ba gasutamo, abakozi b’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cyo Kubungabunga Ibidukikije n’abandi bakozi bireba bashyirwaho n’iteka rya Minisitiri ufite ubutabera mu nshingano ze. '''Ingingo ya 75 :''' Bitabangamiye ibiteganywa n’andi mategeko,  abantu babifitiye ububasha bavugwa mu ngingo ya 74 y’iri Tegeko Ngenga bashyirwaho n’iteka rya Minsitiri ufite ubutabera mu nshingano ze bashobora: 1º​kwinjira mu ngo n’inyubako z’inganda cyangwa zireba iby’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi, ububiko, amangazini n’aho ibintu bigurishirizwa ; 2º​kugenzura inyubako, ubwubatsi, amazu, imashini, imodoka, ibyuma n’imiti ; 3º​kubona uburenganzira bwo kugenzura n’inyandiko zerekeranye n’imikoreshereze y’uruganda ; 4º​gufata ku bikorwa (échantillon/sample), gupima, gutwara no gukora ubushakashatsi busabwa ; 5º​guhagarika by’agateganyo mu gihe kitarenze iminsi mirongo itatu (30) ibikorwa bigaragara ko byangiza ibidukikije. '''Ingingo ya 76 :''' Mu kubahiriza ingingo ya 75 y’iri Tegeko Ngenga, abantu babifitiye ububasha birinda kubuza no kudindiza imikorere muri rusange, kubangamira igikorwa kirimo kugenzurwa bitari ngombwa kugira ngo bagere ku nshingano zabo. Basabwa kandi kubika ibanga ry’akazi. '''Ingingo ya 77 :''' Mu gihe babonye ikosa, abantu bavugwa mu ngingo ya 74, bakora inyandikomvugo isobanura ibyo babonye cyangwa ibyafashwe kandi bakagaragaza aho ibyo byafashwe bijyanywe. Ikurikiranwa rikorwa n’inzego z’ubutegetsi zibifitiye ububasha bitabangamiye imikorere y’ubushinjacyaha. '''Ingingo ya 78 :''' Ingamba zihamye mu kubungabunga ibidukikije zigomba gufatwa, kandi inzego z’ubuziranenge n’iz’imicungire y’ibidukikije zikabyubahiriza. '''Ingingo ya 79 :''' Ibigo cyangwa ibikorwa bihumanya ibidukikije ku buryo bukabije, bikorerwa ubugenzuzi n’abahanga babifitiye ubushobozi. Ikiguzi cy’iryo genzurwa cyishyurwa na nyir’ikigo cyangwa nyir’ibikorwa. Uburyo iryo genzurwa rikorwa buteganywa n’iteka rya Minisitiri ufite Ibidukikije mu nshingano ze.  Ibivuye muri iryo genzura bishyikirizwa inzego zibifitiye ububasha. '''INTERURO YA VI :  INGINGO ZIBUZA N’IZIHANA''' '''UMUTWE WA MBERE : INGINGO ZIBUZA''' '''Ingingo ya 80 :''' Inyubako, ibigo by’ubuhinzi, inganda, amazu y’ubucuruzi cyangwa ay’ubukorikori, ibinyabiziga n’indi mitungo yimukanwa, ibyazwa umusaruro yaba ku giti cy’umuntu cyangwa ishyirahamwe, ryaba irya Leta cyangwa iryigenga, bigomba kubakwa, kubyazwa umusaruro no gukoreshwa ku buryo bujyanye n’ibipimo fatizo bya tekiniki byemejwe cyangwa bigaragazwa n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’iri Tegeko Ngenga. '''Ingingo ya 81 :''' Ibi bikurikira birabujijwe: 1°​kumena imyanda yaba yumye, itemba, gazi ihumanya mu mugezi, mu ruzi, mu kiyaga no mu nkengero zabyo; 2°​kwangiza ubwiza bw’umwuka n’ubw’amazi yaba ay’imusozi cyangwa ay’ikuzimu; 3°​gutwika mu buryo butubahiriza amabwiriza abigenga; 4°​kunywera itabi mu ruhame n’ahantu hose hateranira abantu benshi; 5°​kwituma ahatabugenewe ; 6'''°'''​gucira,  guta ikimyira n’indi myanda ikomoka ku mubiri w’umuntu ahabonetse hose. '''Ingingo ya 82 :''' Birabujijwe kumena ibintu byose ahantu bishobora : 1º​kwangiza uturere nyaburanga n’inyubako zifite agaciro mu rwego rw’ubumenyi, umuco ubukerarugendo n’amateka ; 2º​kwica no kurimbura inyamaswa n’ibimera ; 3º​kubera imbogamizi ubuzima bw’ibinyabuzima ; 4º​kwangiza ubwiza nyaburanga n’ubukerarugendo bwo ku biyaga, inzuzi n’imigezi. '''Ingingo ya 83 :''' Birabujijwe kumena ahantu hahehereye : 1º​amazi y’umwanda, keretse amaze gutunganywa hakurikijwe amabwiriza abigenga; 2º​imyanda yose itabanje gutunganywa kandi ihumanya. Igikorwa cyose gishobora kwangiza ubwiza bw’amazi kirabujijwe. '''Ingingo ya 84 :''' Birabujijwe kubika cyangwa guta imyanda ahantu ishobora : 1º​guhembera udukoko dutera indwara ; 2º​guhungabanya abantu n’ibintu. '''Ingingo ya 85 :''' Uretse ibikorwa bijyanye no kurinda no kubungabunga imigezi, inzuzi n’ibiyaga, imirimo yose y’ubuhinzi igomba kubahiriza intera ya metero cumi (10) uvuye ku nkombe z’imigezi n’iz’inzuzi na metero mirongo itanu (50) uvuye ku nkombe z’ibiyaga. Kuri izo ntera nta mirimo y’ubuhinzi yemerewe kuhakorerwa. Iteka rya Minisitiri ufite Ibidukikije mu nshingano ze rishyiraho urutonde rw’imigezi ivugwa muri iyi ngingo rikanagena ibindi bipimo byubahirizwa ku migezi mitoya. '''Ingingo ya 86 :''' Nta mirimo  y’ubworozi isaba ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi mu gishanga ishobora gukorwa itubahirije intera ya metero cumi (10) uturutse ku nkombe z’imigezi na metero mirongo itanu (50) uvuye ku nkombe z’ibiyaga. Ibiraro by’amatungo bigomba kubakwa inyuma ya metero mirongo itandatu (60) uturutse ku nkombe z’imigezi n’iz’inzuzi na metero magana abiri (200) uvuye ku nkombe z’ibiyaga. Ahashyirwa ibyuzi by’amafi n’ubwoko bw’amafi buterwamo bitangirwa uburenganzira na Minisitiri ufite Ibidukikije mu nshingano ze cyangwa undi abihereye ububasha. '''Ingingo ya 87 :''' Birabujijwe gushyira inyubako ahantu hahehereye (imigezi, ibiyaga, ibishanga binini cyangwa bito), haba mu mujyi cyangwa mu cyaro, kubakamo amasoko, gushyiramo icukiro ry’imyanda, kuhashyira irimbi n’izindi nyubako zose zishobora kuhonona mu buryo bunyuranye. Inyubako zose zigomba gushyirwa nibura kuri metero 20 uvuye ku nkombe z’igishanga. Mu gihe bibaye ngombwa, inyubako zigamije guteza imbere ubukerarugendo zishobora gutangirwa uburenganzira na Minisitiri ufite Ibidukikije mu nshingano ze. Birabujijwe kandi gukorera imirimo iyo ari yo yose, uretse ijyanye n’ubushakashatsi n’ubumenyi, mu bishanga bikomye. Iteka rya Minisitiri ufite Ibidukikije mu nshingano ze rishyiraho urutonde rw’ibibaya bidashobora kubakwamo n’ibishanga bikomye hashingiwe ku nyigo z’abahanga. '''Ingingo ya 88 :''' Birabujijwe : 1º​kumena, gutembesha, kujugunya no guhunika ibintu byose ahantu bishobora guteza cyangwa kongera ubuhumane bw’amazi yo mu gihugu ; 2º​gukoresha umutungo kamere ku buryo bwangiza kandi butemewe n’amategeko; 3º​kohereza mu kirere imyuka ihumanya, imyotsi, umwanda, umurayi, umukungugu n’indi miti ikomoka ku butabire yose bidateganyijwe n’amategeko. '''Ingingo ya 89 :''' Hakurikijwe amabwiriza ateganywa n’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono kandi rukemeza burundu, birabujijwe kumena, kuvanaho no kohereza mu mazi n’ahantu  imiti yose ishobora : 1º​guhungabanya ubuzima rusange bw’abantu n’ibikomoka ku binyabuzima ; 2º​guhungabanya ibikorwa byo gutwara ibintu mu mazi, uburobyi n’ibindi ; 3º​kwangiza ubwiza bwatuma ahantu hemerwa bijyanye n’agaciro ku birebana n’ubukerarugendo bwo mu mazi. '''Ingingo ya 90 :''' Birabujijwe : 1º​kurunda imyanda ahantu rusange hatemewe n’amategeko, ndetse no mu masambu ya Leta ashyirwaho n’amategeko ; 2º​kwinjiza imyanda mu gihugu ; 3º​kuroha mu mazi, gutwika, gukuraho imyanda ahantu hahehereye ukoresheje uburyo ubwo ari bwo bwose, bitubahirije amategeko akoreshwa mu Rwanda. '''Ingingo ya 91 :''' Mu gihugu hose habujijwe ibikorwa bijyanye no kugura, kugurisha, gutumiza mu mahanga, kohereza mu mahanga, gucisha mu gihugu, guhunika no kurunda  imiti, urusobe rw’imiti n’ibindi bintu bihumanya cyangwa byateza impanuka. Iteka rya Minisitiri w’Intebe rishyiraho urutonde rw’imiti n’ibindi bintu bihumanya bitemewe. '''Ingingo ya 92 :''' Birabujijwe, kugurisha, gutumiza mu mahanga, kohereza mu mahanga, kubika uteganya kuzagurisha, gutanga kabone n’aho yaba itangirwa ubuntu, imiti isanzwe cyangwa y’ubutabire, keretse habonetse uburenganzira cyangwa uruhushya rw’agateganyo rw’ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha. Urutonde rw’imiti itemewe ivugwa muri iyi ngingo rushyirwaho n’iteka rya Minisitiri w’Intebe. '''Ingingo ya 93:''' Birabujijwe : 1º​gukoresha intambi, imiti iyobya ubwenge, imiti y’ubutabire ifite  uburozi n’imitego mu mazi ku buryo bwasindisha  amafi cyangwa bukanayica ; 2º​gukoresha imiti iyobya ubwenge, imiti y’ubutabire ifite uburozi n’imitego ku buryo bwica inyamaswa zihigwa ndetse no gutuma zidashobora kuribwa. '''Ingingo ya 94 :''' Birabujijwe : 1º​kwica, gukomeretsa no gufata inyamaswa ziri mu bwoko burinzwe; 2º​gusenya no kwangiza indiri, amagi, ibyana n’inyamaswa zikiri ntoya byo mu bwoko burinzwe; 3º​kwicisha, kwangiza ibimera birinzwe, kubisarura no kubitanyura; 4º​gutwara cyangwa kugurisha ibyapfa by’inyamaswa yose cyangwa igice, ndetse n’ibimera birinzwe ; 5º​gutema ibiti mu mashyamba no mu byanya birinzwe no muri Pariki z’Igihugu. '''UMUTWE WA II :  INGINGO ZIHANA''' '''Ingingo ya 95 :''' Umuntu wese cyangwa ishyirahamwe, udakora inyigo ku ngaruka ku bidukikije ibanziriza umushinga ushobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije, ahanishwa guhagarikirwa ibikorwa no gufungirwa ikigo kandi bitabujijwe gutegekwa gusubiranya ibyangijwe ku bidukikije ku bantu no ku bintu. Guhimba no guhindura inyandiko z’inyigo ku ngaruka ku bidukikije bihanwa kimwe n’ibivugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo. '''Ingingo ya 96 :''' Ahanishwa igifungo kuva ku mezi abiri (2) kugeza ku myaka ibiri (2) n’ihazabu kuva ku bihumbi magana atatu (300.000) by’amafaranga y’u Rwanda kugeza kuri miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000) z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda cyangwa kimwe muri ibyo bihano, uwo ari we wese, mu buryo butubahiriza amategeko abigenga'','' utwika, utema cyangwa utemesha ibiti n'''''’'''''uwica inyamaswa mu mashyamba arinzwe, mu byanya birinzwe no muri Pariki z’Igihugu. Abafatanya nabo bahanishwa ibihano bimwe. '''Ingingo ya 97 :''' Ahanishwa ihazabu kuva kuri miliyoni imwe (1.000.000) y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda  kugeza kuri miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000) z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda n’igifungo kuva ku mezi atandatu (6) kugeza ku myaka ibiri (2) cyangwa kimwe muri ibyo bihano, umuntu usenya inyubako irinzwe cyangwa wangiza akarere nyaburanga . '''Ingingo ya 98 :''' Ahanishwa igifungo kuva ku kwezi kumwe (1) kugeza ku mezi atandatu (6) n’ihazabu kuva kuri  miliyoni imwe (1.000.000) y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda kugeza kuri miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000) z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda cyangwa kimwe muri ibi bihano, umuntu uwo ariwe wese ufite ikigo ubangamira imikorere y’abakozi bashinzwe kugenzura inyubako zirinzwe. Iyo hagaragaye ubusubiracyaha, ikigo gishobora gufungwa by’agateganyo. '''Ingingo ya 99 :''' Umuntu wese ukoresha inyubako irinzwe adakurikije amabwiriza ya tekiniki agenwa n’iteka rya Minisitiri ufite iyo nyubako mu nshingano ze, ahanishwa igifungo kuva ku kwezi kumwe (1) kugeza ku mwaka umwe (1) n’ihazabu kuva ku bihumbi magana abiri (200.000 ) by’amafaranga y’u Rwanda kugeza kuri miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000) z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda cyangwa kimwe muri ibi bihano. '''Ingingo ya 100 :''' Umuntu wese ukomeza gukoresha inyubako irinzwe yafunzwe, yahagaritswe cyangwa yabujijwe ahanishwaigifungo kuva ku mezi abiri (2) kugeza ku myaka ibiri (2) n’ihazabu kuva kuri miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000) y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda kugeza kuri miliyoni icumi (10.000.000) z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda cyangwa kimwe muri ibi bihano. '''Ingingo ya 101 :''' Ahanishwa ihazabu kuva kuri miliyoni imwe (1.000.000) y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda kugeza kuri miliyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi magana atanu (2.500.0000) y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda n’igifungo kuva ku mezi atandatu (6) kugeza ku myaka ibiri (2) cyangwa kimwe muri ibi bihano, umuntu wese wiha gukora imirimo y’ubushakashatsi cyangwa iy’ubucuruzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro bitemewe n’amategeko. '''Ingingo ya 102 :''' Ahanishwa ihazabu kuva kuri miliyoni imwe (1.000.000) y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda kugeza kuri miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000) z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda n’igifungo kuva ku mezi atandatu (6) kugeza ku myaka ibiri (2) cyangwa kimwe muri ibi bihano, umuntu wese umena ku buryo butemewe cyangwa nta ruhushya, imyanda igombera uruhushya ruteganywa n’iri Tegeko Ngenga. '''Ingingo ya 103 :''' Ahanishwa ihazabu kuva kuri miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000) z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda kugeza kuri miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000) z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda n’igifungo kuva ku mezi abiri (2) kugeza ku myaka ibiri (2) cyangwa kimwe muri ibi bihano, umuntu wese wahumanije amazi yo mu gihugu ayasukamo, amenamo cyangwa abikamo imiti y’ubwoko ubwo ari bwo bwose ishobora guteza cyangwa kongera ubuhumane bw’amazi. Iyo hagaragaye ubusubiracyaha, icyo gihano cyikuba kabiri. Umunyacyaha ashobora gusabwa gusubiranya ahantu hahumanijwe. Ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha bushobora, mu gihe hagaragaye kwirengagiza, kunangira no guhangana, kubikora ariko ikiguzi kikarihwa na nyir’ubwite. '''Ingingo ya 104 :''' Ahanishwa igifungo kuva ku mwaka umwe (1) kugeza ku myaka itanu (5) n’ihazabu ya miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000) z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda kugeza kuri miliyoni mirongo itanu (50.000.000) z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda umuntu wese: 1°​utumiza mu mahanga kandi atabifitiye uruhushya imyanda akayizana mu gihugu ; 2°​uzika mu mazi, utwika cyangwa ukoresha ubundi buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose bwatuma imyanda iyongera ahantu  hahehereye. '''Ingingo ya 105 :''' Gihanishwa ihazabu kuva kuri miliyoni imwe (1.000.0000) y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda kugeza kuri miliyoni icumi (10.000.000) z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda, ikigo icyo ari cyo cyose gifite uruhushya rwo gutunganya imyanda ariko kikayimena ahatabigenewe. Uruhushya rwose kandi rwo gukusanya imyanda mu gihugu rushobora guhagarikwa igihe cyose hagaragaye kutubahiriza inshingano zikubiye mu masezerano. '''Ingingo ya 106 :''' Umuntu wese ugura, ugurisha, utumiza mu mahanga, ucisha mu gihugu, uhunika, utaba cyangwa umena mu gihugu imyanda ihumanya cyangwa ushyira umukono ku masezerano amuhesha uburenganzira bw’ibyo bikorwa bivugwa mu ngingo 92 kugera ku ngingo ya 94 y’iri Tegeko Ngenga ahanishwa igifungo kuva ku myaka icumi (10) kugeza ku myaka makumyabiri (20) n’ihazabu kuva kuri miliyoni mirongo itanu (50.0000.000) z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda kugeza kuri miliyoni magana abiri (200.000.000) z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda. Urukiko rutanze icyo gihano rushobora kandi: 1°​gufatira ibintu byose byakoreshejwe muri icyo gikorwa ; 2°​gutegeka gufatira no kuvanaho imyanda ikiguzi kikishyurwa na nyir’imyanda. '''Ingingo ya 107 :''' Bahanishwa ihazabu kuva ku bihumbi cumi (10.000) by’amafaranga y’u Rwanda kugeza ku bihumbi ijana (100.000) by’amafaranga y’u Rwanda abantu bose bashyira, basiga, bajugunya umwanda, ibikoresho, cyangwa bamena amazi yakoreshejwe mu ngo ahantu rusange cyangwa hiherereye keretse iyo aho ahantu hateganijwe n’ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha. Bahanishwa ihazabu y’ibihumbi cumi by’amafaranga y’u Rwanda (10.000 Frw) cyangwa bagategekwa gusukura ahantu abantu banduje umutungo rusange cyangwa uw’abantu ku giti cyabo, bakoresheje umwanda ukomoka ku bantu no mu ngo, keretse iyo aho hantu hateganijwe n’ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha. '''Ingingo ya 108 :''' Ahanishwa ihazabu kuva ku bihumbi icumi (10.000) by’amafaranga y’u Rwanda kugeza ku bihumbi ijana (100.000) by’amafaranga y’u Rwanda umuntu wese : 1°​ukoresha ahantu hatuwe cyane, hahurirwa n’abantu benshi, hafi y’ibitaro n’amashuri, amahoni n’inzogera nta mpanuka igaragara yikingira ; 2°​ukoresha ku buryo bukabije kandi bitari ngombwa, hanze y’umujyi, amahoni n’inzogera ; 3°​ukoresha bitari ngombwa amahoni n’inzogera ninjoro ; 4°​utera cyangwa uteza urusaku rushobora kubangamira abakoresha umuhanda n’abawuturiye ; 5°​ukoresha imashini zifite moteri zifite amahoni adakurikije amabwiriza yashyizweho n’inzego zibifitiye ububasha ; 6°​uteza urusaku rushobora kubangamira ubuzima bw’ibinyabuzima no guhungabanya ku buryo bukabije kandi butakwihanganirwa abahaturiye ndetse no kwangiza ibintu. '''Ingingo ya 109 :''' Ahanishwa ihazabu kuva ku bihumbi cumi(10.000) by’amafaranga y’u Rwanda kugeza ku bihumbi mirongo itanu (50.000) by’amafaranga y’u Rwanda, kandi hakurikijwe amabwiriza yagenwe n’ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha, umuntu wese : 1º​utwika imyanda yo mu rugo, ibiyorero, amapine napulasitiki; 2º​ufite imodoka iteza imyotsi na gazi bihumanya ; 3º​unywera itabi mu ruhame n’ahandi hantu hateranira abantu benshi. '''Ingingo ya 110 :''' Udakurikiza ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 85, iya 86 n’iya 87 z’iri Tegeko Ngenga arasenyerwa kandi agahanishwa igifungo kuva ku mezi atandatu (6) kugeza ku myaka ibiri (2) n’ihazabu kuva ku bihumbi magana abiri (200.000) by’amafaranga y’u Rwanda kugeza kuri miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000) z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda cyangwa kimwe muri ibyo bihano. Iyo hagaragaye ubusubiracyaha, icyo gihano cyikuba kabiri. Umunyacyaha ashobora gusabwa kuvanaho imyanda yahashyize no gusubiranya ahantu hangijwe. '''Ingingo ya 111 :''' Impamvu nyoroshyacyaha no gusubika ntizireba ibyaha biteganywa n’iri Tegeko Ngenga, byerekeranye n’imyanda n’imiti bihumanya. '''Ingingo ya 112 :''' Kugerageza gukora icyaha n’ubufatanyacyaha biteganywa n’iri Tegeko Ngenga bihanishwa ibihano bimwe nk’icyaha ubwacyo. '''Ingingo ya 113 :''' Iyo ibihano biteganyijwe n’iri Tegeko Ngenga bihuriranye n’ibindi bihano biri mu yandi mategeko, hakurikizwa igihano kiremereye kurusha ibindi. '''Ingingo ya 114 :''' Bitabangamiye ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 111 y’iri Tegeko Ngenga, inzego zishinzwe ibidukikije zishobora kumvikana n’uwakoze icyaha kivugwa muri iri Tegeko Ngenga igihe cyose icyemezo kitarafatwa n’urukiko. Gusaba ubwumvikane bishyikirizwa ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha akaba ari na bwo bugena umubare w’amafaranga akwiye, hashingiwe ku bihano biteganywa n’iri Tegeko Ngenga. '''Ingingo ya 115 :''' Kugenza ibyaha biteganywa n’iri Tegeko Ngenga bikurikiza ibiteganywa n’itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha. '''INTERURO YA VII:  INGINGO Z’INZIBACYUHO N’IZISOZA''' '''Ingingo ya 116 :''' Haseguriwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 29 n’iya 30 z’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo kuwa 4 Kamena 2003 nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, ba nyir’ibikorwa bisanzwe biriho bitubahirizaga ibisabwa muri iri Tegeko Ngenga, bategetswe kubyubahiriza mu gihe kitarenze imyaka ibiri (2) ritangiye gukurikizwa. '''Ingingo ya 117 :''' Ingingo zose z’amategeko abanziriza iri Tegeko Ngenga kandi zinyuranyije na ryo zivanyweho. '''Ingingo ya 118 :''' Iri Tegeko Ngenga ritangira gukurikizwa umunsi ritangarijweho mu Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda. Kigali, kuwa 08/04/2005 '''Perezida wa Repubulika''' '''KAGAME Paul''' '''(sé)''' Minisitiri w’ Intebe '''MAKUZA Bernard''' '''(sé)''' Minisitiri  w’Ubutaka, Ibidukikije, Amashyamba, Amazi na Mine '''MUGOREWERA Drocella''' '''(sé)''' Minisitiri w’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu, Imiyoborere myiza, Amajyambere Rusange n’Imibereho Myiza y’Abaturage '''MUSONI Protais''' '''(sé)''' Minisitiri w’Ububanyi n’Amahanga n’Ubutwererane '''Dr. MURIGANDE Charles''' '''(sé)''' Minisitiri w’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi '''Dr. HABAMENSHI Patrick''' '''(sé)''' Minisitiri w’Ibikorwa Remezo '''BIZIMANA Evariste''' '''(sé)''' Minisitiri w’Ubucuruzi, Inganda, Guteza Imbere Ishoramari, Ubukerarugendo n’Amakoperative '''Prof. NSHUTI Manasseh''' '''(sé)''' Minisitiri w’Ubutabera '''MUKABAGWIZA Edda''' '''(sé)''' '''Bibonywe kandi bishyizweho Ikirango cya Repubulika''': Minisitiri w’Ubutabera '''MUKABAGWIZA Edda''' '''(sé)''' = Huza = https://businessprocedures.rdb.rw/media/organic%20law%20envi.doc c9xcfg6s36ontrv6qhghw5f6b4azaxv 0 16146 138962 112146 2026-09-19T06:56:24Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138962 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Haltern_am_See,_Stausee,_Schiff_--_2016_--_2869.jpg|thumb|uruganda rwa Haltern ruri mazi rukoresha amazi meshi69|235x235px]] == Inganda zikora ibinyobwa nizo zitungwa agatoki cyanecyane == Nyuma yo kubona ko inganda zikora ibinyobwa muri Afurika zikoresha amazi menshi, ba nyiri izo nganda bararakangurirwa gukoresha amazi make mu binyobwa bakora kuko biri muri gahunda yo kurengera umutungo kamere w’Amazi n’ibidukikije muri rusange. Ibi byasabwe kuri uyu wa 25 Mata 2013 mu nama yaberaga i Kigali ihuje ibihugu 7 byo muri Afurika byibumbiye mu ihuriro ABIWSI rigamije gukangurira inganda nyafurika z’ibinyobwa gukoresha amazi make mu rwego rwo kurengera ibidukikije. Ibyo bihugu (...) ''Nyuma yo kubona ko inganda zikora ibinyobwa muri Afurika zikoresha amazi menshi, ba nyiri izo nganda bararakangurirwa gukoresha amazi make mu binyobwa bakora kuko biri muri gahunda yo kurengera umutungo kamere w’Amazi n’ibidukikije muri rusange.'' [[Dosiye:PikiWiki_Israel_71122_dead_water_discharge.jpg|thumb|uruganda rwa PikiWiki rwo Israel uko rwanduzaga amazi |248x248px]] Ibi byasabwe kuri uyu wa 25 Mata 2013 mu nama yaberaga i Kigali ihuje ibihugu 7 byo muri Afurika byibumbiye mu ihuriro ABIWSI rigamije gukangurira inganda nyafurika z’ibinyobwa gukoresha amazi make mu rwego rwo kurengera ibidukikije. Ibyo bihugu ni [[Misiri]], Ethiopie, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzanie, Ouganda na Zimbabwe Abari mu nama basanze inganda zo muri Afurika zikoresha amazi arenze urugero ugereranyi n’igipimo kiba gisabwa gukorehswa muri litiro y’ikinyobwa gisembuye n’ikidasembuye. Ikigereranyo fatizo cy’amazi kigomba kujya muri litiro imwe y’ikinyobwa ni Litiro enye z’amazi. Alexis Ruzibukira, ushinzwe inganda nini ,into n’iziciriritse muri Minisiteri y’ubucuruzi n’inganda (MINICOM) , yavuze ko iyi nama ari ingirakamaro bitewe nuko ibyavugiwemo bizafasha Inganda z’ibinyobwa muri Afurika gukoresha neza amazi igihe ashyirwa mu binyobwa. Ngarukiye Deric, ushinzwe ibya tekiniki mu ruganda rw’ Inyange , yatanze urugero rugaragaza ko mu mwaka w’ 2010 bakoreshaga amazi angana na litiro 4,5 muri litiro imwe y’ ikinyobwa mu gihe bari barihaye. Kuri ubu uruganda rw’Inyange rukaba rukoresha litiro 4 z’amazi muri ilitiro imwe y’ ikinyobwa. Ku ruhande rw’uruganda rukora ibinyobwa rwa [[Bralirwa Brewery|BRALIRWA]], Jules Kalitanyi ushinzwe gukurikirana uro ruganda avuga ko kuva mu myaka icumi bakorana n’umushinga ABIWSI bagabanije amazi bakoresha baka bageze kuri litiro enye muri litiro imwe y’ikinyobwa. == Amashakiro == https://mobile.igihe.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/inganda-z-ibinyobwa-muri-afurika my0vt05ik6zeigvi38uyyr5rtnomlgk 0 16596 138938 136058 2026-09-19T05:44:25Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 138938 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emma Miloyo''' ni umwubatsi wo muri Kenya wavuzwe, mu 2017, akaba perezida wa mbere w’umugore w’ishyirahamwe ry’ubwubatsi muri Kenya. [1] Yabaye perezida wa mbere w’umugore w’ishyirahamwe ry’ubwubatsi muri Kenya kuva 2017. [2] Mu Kwakira 2016, Archinect.com yamushyize ku rutonde rw'abubatsi batanu bakomoka mu bagore bo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba mu bihugu byo mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika. Yavukiye kandi akurira i Nairobi. Yize mu ishuri ribanza rya Loreto Msongari mbere yo kwimukira mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Kenya. Yize imyubakire muri kaminuza y’ubuhinzi n’ikoranabuhanga ya [[Jomo Kenyatta]], arangiza icyiciro cya kabiri cya Bachelor of Architecture mu 2006. Ntabwo ari we mugore wa mbere warangije muri kaminuza y’ubuhinzi n’ikoranabuhanga ya Jomo Kenyatta afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya mbere mu bwubatsi, ahubwo yaje no kuba perezida wa mbere w’umugore w’ishyirahamwe ry’ubwubatsi muri Kenya. == Umwuga == Kuva mu Kwakira 2018, yari umufatanyabikorwa mu kigo cy’ubwubatsi cyitwa Design Source, yashinze muri Mutarama 2007, akimara kwiga kaminuza. Ikigo gifite ibiro i Nairobi na Mombasa. Yari umwe mu bagize inama yashinze Ubuyobozi bw’Umujyi wa Konza. Muri 2015 Miloyo yatoranijwe kugira ngo yitabire gahunda ya 2 y'abayobozi bayobora abagore Eisenhower Fellows. Muri Kamena 2015, yatorewe kuba Visi Perezida w’ishyirahamwe ry’ubwubatsi muri Kenya, akora muri urwo rwego kugeza muri Gashyantare 2017. Yabaye perezida wa mbere w’umugore w’ishyirahamwe ry’ubwubatsi muri Kenya muri Werurwe 2017. Ashishikajwe no gushishikariza abakobwa bakiri bato kubona ubwubatsi nk'imyuga ifatika. Mu rwego rwo gutera inkunga urubyiruko, yitangira igihe cye kugira ngo afashe abakobwa bari mu bukene kwiga ku ishuri binyuze mu kigega cya Ex-Bomarian Education Trust kandi ni umwe mu bagize Inama ishinzwe FIRE ([[Umugore|Abagore]] mu mutungo utimukanwa). == Ubuzima bwe bwite == Yashakanye na Chris Naicca, umwubatsi mugenzi we bigana muri kaminuza. Bose hamwe, ni ababyeyi b'abana batatu. Miloyo na Naicca ni abafatanyabikorwa muri Design Source Limited, ikigo cyubwubatsi bafatanije mu 2007. == Ibyo Kumenyekana kwe == [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Daily_Africa|Business Daily Africa]] yamushyize ku rutonde rw’umwe mu bagore 40 ba mbere b’abagore muri Kenya muri 2011 na 2018. '''Abandi wareba:''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topyster%20Muga Topyster Muga] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Muchemi Esther Muchemi] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawira_Njiru Wawira Njiru] mcf3ag8292r9wx4nueyzbv7tfh83ho6 0 17464 138978 130088 2026-09-19T07:07:08Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138978 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nelson Mandela yavukiye ku itariki ya 18 Nyakanga 1918, mu mudugudu wa Mvezo muri Umtata, icyo gihe wari mu Ntara ya Cape muri Afurika y’Epfo.''' Yahawe izina Rolihlahla, ijambo ry’igi-Xhosa risobanura mu buryo busanzwe “umuntu ukunda guteza ikibazo”, kandi nyuma y’imyaka yakundaga kwitwa izina ry’umuryango we, ''Madiba''. Sekuruza we, Ngubengcuka, yari umwami w’Ubwami bwa Thembu mu Ntara ya Transkei mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Ntara y’Uburasirazuba]] ya Afurika y’Epfo y’ubu. Umwe mu bana ba Ngubengcuka, witwaga Mandela, yari sekuru wa Nelson akaba ari we watanze izina ry’umuryango we. Kubera ko Mandela yari umwana w’umwami n’umugore w’aba-Ixhiba, ''“Left-Hand House”'', abavuka muri urwo rugo ntibari bemerewe gusimbura ku ngoma, ariko baremerwaga nk’abajyanama b’umuco b’igihe cyose mu muryango w’ubwami. Se wa Mandela, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa Mandela, yari umuyobozi w’aho ndetse n’umujyanama w’umwami; yagizwe kuri uwo mwanya mu 1915, nyuma y’uko uwari kuri uwo mwanya ashinjwe ruswa n’umucamanza w’umuzungu. Mu 1926, Gadla yakuweho ashinjwe ruswa, ariko Mandela yabwiwe ko se yakuwe ku kazi kubera kwanga ibisabwa bidakwiye n’umucamanza. Gadla yari umukirisitu gakondo usenga Imana Qamata, akaba n’umupoligame, afite [[Umugore|abagore]] bane, abana b’abahungu bane n’abakobwa icyenda babaga mu midugudu itandukanye. Mama wa Nelson yari umugore wa gatatu wa Gadla, Nosekeni Fanny, umukobwa wa Nkedama w’umuryango w’aba-Right Hand House, akaba n’umunyamuryango w’ubwoko bwa amaMpemvu mu baXhosa. '''“Nta muntu wo mu muryango wanjye wari warigeze ajya ku ishuri... Ku munsi wa mbere w’ishuri, mwarimu wanjye, Madamu Mdingane, yahaye buri mwana izina ry’icyongereza. Icyo cyari ikintu gisanzwe mu banyafurika icyo gihe, bitewe n’uburyo bw’Abongereza bwo kwigisha. Uwo munsi, Madamu Mdingane yabwiye ko izina ryanjye rishya ari Nelson. Impamvu yahisemo iryo zina, sinzi.”''' — Mandela, 1994 Mandela yaje kuvuga ko ubuzima bwe bwo mu bwana bwari buyobowe n’umuco gakondo, w’abaXhosa n’amabwiriza yawo. Yakuriye hamwe n’abavandimwe be babiri mu rugo rwa nyina mu mudugudu wa Qunu, aho yoroye inka nka pasiteri w’amatungo kandi akina n’abandi bahungu hanze. Bombi ababyeyi be bari batazi gusoma cyangwa kwandika, ariko nyina, wari umukirisitu ukomeye, yamwohereje mu ishuri rya Metodiste ryaho igihe yari afite imyaka igera kuri irindwi. Yabatijwe nk’Umwe mu idini rya Metodiste, Mandela yaherewe izina ry’icyongereza ''“Nelson”'' n’umwarimu we. Mandela yari afite imyaka nka cyenda ubwo se yaje kuba i Qunu, ariko aza gupfa azize indwara itamenyekanye Mandela yizeraga ko ari indwara y’uruhu rw’imbere (imyanya y’ubuhumekero). Yumvise ameze nk’utakiriho, maze avuga ko yasigiwe “ubwigomeke bw’ishema” n’“ubutabera butagibwaho impaka” bya se. Nyina wa Mandela yamujyanye mu “Ngoro Nkuru” i Mqhekezweni, aho yashyikirijwe uburere bwa Jongintaba Dalindyebo, umusimbura w’umwami w’abaThembu. Nubwo atongeye kubona nyina mu myaka myinshi, Mandela yumvaga Jongintaba n’umugore we Noengland bamufashe nk’umwana wabo, bakamurerana n’abana babo. Kuba yarajyaga mu rusengero buri Cyumweru hamwe n’abamureraga, byatumye ubutumwa bwa gikirisitu bugira uruhare rukomeye mu buzima bwe. Yize mu ishuri rya Metodiste ryari hafi y’iyo ngoro, aho yigaga [[Icyongereza]], Xhosa, amateka n’ubumenyi bw’isi. Yakunze cyane amateka y’Afurika, yumva inkuru zatangwaga n’abasaza basuraga urugo, kandi agaterwa ingaruka n’imvugo yo kurwanya abakoroni yatanzwe n’umwe mu bakomeye, Chief Joyi. Nubwo bimeze bityo, icyo gihe yabonaga abazungu b’Abanyaburayi atari nk’abakandamiza, ahubwo nk’abazanye inyungu z’amasomo n’ibindi byiza muri Afurika y’Epfo. Afite imyaka 16, Mandela, murumuna we Justice n’abandi bahungu benshi bajyanye i Tyhalarha gukora umuhango wa ''ulwaluko'' wo gukebwa, wari ugaragaza inzira iva ku busore igana ku bugabo; nyuma yaho yahawe izina rya ''Dalibunga''. fvhf7hrmsq8qyibhnhizq5wr710bvm0 0 17526 138922 138921 2026-09-18T12:21:44Z Elysee 2006 17908 Ikosora 138922 wikitext text/x-wiki '''NESA (National Examination and School Inspection Authority)''' ni ikigo cya Leta cyeguriwe ubuyobozi bwite mu Rwanda, gikorera munsi y'ikigo cya Ministeri y'Uburezi (MINEDUC). Yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2020 ifite inshingano zo kugenzura ireme ry'uburezi no kuyobora ibizamini bya Leta.<ref>https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/12/national-examination-program-goes-to-newly-formed-nesa/</ref> '''<u>INSHINGANO ZA NESA</u>''' NESA integration, ikayobora, igakosora, ikatangaza n'ibisubizo by'ibizamini bya Leta kubanyeshuri basoje icyiciro cya Amashuri Abanza (P6), Ikiciro Rusange cy'Amashuri yisumbuye (S3/O-Level), n'Icyiciro Kisumbuye (S6/A-Level) harimo n'amashuri y'imyuga n'ubumenyi ngiro (TSS). == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} 1btktoqahdprieasilp0uery5fyglbh 138923 138922 2026-09-18T12:23:17Z Elysee 2006 17908 INYONGERA 138923 wikitext text/x-wiki '''NESA (National Examination and School Inspection Authority)''' ni ikigo cya Leta cyeguriwe ubuyobozi bwite mu Rwanda, gikorera munsi y'ikigo cya Ministeri y'Uburezi (MINEDUC). Yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2020 ifite inshingano zo kugenzura ireme ry'uburezi no kuyobora ibizamini bya Leta.<ref>https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/12/national-examination-program-goes-to-newly-formed-nesa/</ref> '''<u>INSHINGANO ZA NESA</u>''' NESA integration, ikayobora, igakosora, ikatangaza n'ibisubizo by'ibizamini bya Leta kubanyeshuri basoje icyiciro cya Amashuri Abanza (P6), Ikiciro Rusange cy'Amashuri yisumbuye (S3/O-Level), n'Icyiciro Kisumbuye (S6/A-Level) harimo n'amashuri y'imyuga n'ubumenyi ngiro (TSS). Nanone NESA Ishinzwe gutoranya no gushyira abanyeshuri basoje S3 mu cyiciro gisumbuye (General Education, TVET, cyangwa TTC) ndetse n'abasoje P6 mu mashuri yisumbuye hashingiwe ku manota na amahitamo yabo. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} qp4tlxxbzg67gylziipuzysmpz1ryzf 138924 138923 2026-09-18T12:25:05Z Elysee 2006 17908 Ihuza 138924 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[NESA]] (National Examination and School Inspection Authority)''' ni ikigo cya Leta cyeguriwe ubuyobozi bwite mu [[Rwanda]], gikorera munsi y'ikigo cya Ministeri y'Uburezi (MINEDUC). Yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2020 ifite inshingano zo kugenzura ireme ry'uburezi no kuyobora ibizamini bya Leta.<ref>https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/12/national-examination-program-goes-to-newly-formed-nesa/</ref> '''<u>INSHINGANO ZA NESA</u>''' NESA integration, ikayobora, igakosora, ikatangaza n'ibisubizo by'ibizamini bya Leta kubanyeshuri basoje icyiciro cya Amashuri Abanza (P6), Ikiciro Rusange cy'Amashuri yisumbuye (S3/O-Level), n'Icyiciro Kisumbuye (S6/A-Level) harimo n'amashuri y'imyuga n'ubumenyi ngiro (TSS). Nanone NESA Ishinzwe gutoranya no gushyira abanyeshuri basoje S3 mu cyiciro gisumbuye (General Education, TVET, cyangwa TTC) ndetse n'abasoje P6 mu mashuri yisumbuye hashingiwe ku manota na amahitamo yabo. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} 9ib0bx1oxo4rtxv4iumuw4udp3kemlc 138925 138924 2026-09-18T12:26:44Z Elysee 2006 17908 /* */ 138925 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[NESA]] (National Examination and School Inspection Authority)''' ni ikigo cya Leta cyeguriwe ubuyobozi bwite mu [[Rwanda]], gikorera munsi y'ikigo cya Ministeri [[Uburezi mu Rwanda|y'Uburezi]] (MINEDUC). Yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2020 ifite inshingano zo kugenzura ireme [[Uburezi mu Rwanda|ry'uburezi]] no kuyobora ibizamini bya Leta.<ref>https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/12/national-examination-program-goes-to-newly-formed-nesa/</ref> '''<u>INSHINGANO ZA NESA</u>''' NESA integration, ikayobora, igakosora, ikatangaza n'ibisubizo by'ibizamini bya Leta kubanyeshuri basoje icyiciro cya Amashuri Abanza (P6), Ikiciro Rusange cy'Amashuri yisumbuye (S3/O-Level), n'Icyiciro Kisumbuye (S6/A-Level) harimo n'amashuri y'imyuga n'ubumenyi ngiro (TSS). Nanone NESA Ishinzwe gutoranya no gushyira abanyeshuri basoje S3 mu cyiciro gisumbuye (General Education, TVET, cyangwa TTC) ndetse n'abasoje P6 mu mashuri yisumbuye hashingiwe ku manota na amahitamo yabo. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} gpl6hyt6hkyuypmx1r1c3p3bp89wtqq 138926 138925 2026-09-18T12:29:27Z Elysee 2006 17908 138926 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[NESA]] (National Examination and School Inspection Authority)''' ni ikigo cya Leta cyeguriwe ubuyobozi bwite mu [[Rwanda]], gikorera munsi y'ikigo cya Ministeri [[Uburezi mu Rwanda|y'Uburezi]] (MINEDUC). Yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2020 ifite inshingano zo kugenzura ireme [[Uburezi mu Rwanda|ry'uburezi]] no kuyobora ibizamini bya Leta.<ref>https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/12/national-examination-program-goes-to-newly-formed-nesa/</ref> '''<u>INSHINGANO ZA NESA</u>''' NESA itegura, ikayobora, igakosora, ikatangaza n'ibisubizo by'ibizamini bya Leta kubanyeshuri basoje icyiciro cya [[Amashuri abanza mu Rwanda|Amashuri Abanza (P6),]] Ikiciro Rusange cy'Amashuri yisumbuye (S3/O-Level), n'Icyiciro Kisumbuye (S6/A-Level) harimo n'amashuri y'imyuga n'ubumenyi ngiro (TSS). Nanone NESA Ishinzwe gutoranya no gushyira abanyeshuri basoje S3 mu cyiciro gisumbuye (General Education, TVET, cyangwa TTC) ndetse n'abasoje P6 mu mashuri yisumbuye hashingiwe ku manota na amahitamo yabo. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} 681qkmdzbkmr1362hnqkt0t54b2i20g 138927 138926 2026-09-18T12:38:44Z Elysee 2006 17908 Indanganturo 138927 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[NESA]] (National Examination and School Inspection Authority)''' ni ikigo cya Leta cyeguriwe ubuyobozi bwite mu [[Rwanda]], gikorera munsi y'ikigo cya Ministeri [[Uburezi mu Rwanda|y'Uburezi]] (MINEDUC). Yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2020 ifite inshingano zo kugenzura ireme [[Uburezi mu Rwanda|ry'uburezi]] no kuyobora ibizamini bya Leta.<ref>https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/12/national-examination-program-goes-to-newly-formed-nesa/</ref> '''<u>INSHINGANO ZA NESA</u>''' NESA itegura, ikayobora, igakosora, ikatangaza n'ibisubizo by'ibizamini bya Leta kubanyeshuri basoje icyiciro cya [[Amashuri abanza mu Rwanda|Amashuri Abanza (P6),]] Ikiciro Rusange cy'Amashuri yisumbuye (S3/O-Level), n'Icyiciro Kisumbuye (S6/A-Level) harimo n'amashuri y'imyuga n'ubumenyi ngiro (TSS). <ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ibisabwa-uwize-mu-mahanga-ushaka-ishuri-mu-rwanda-n-ibyo-kujuririra-amanota-y</ref>Nanone NESA Ishinzwe gutoranya no gushyira abanyeshuri basoje S3 mu cyiciro gisumbuye (General Education, TVET, cyangwa TTC) ndetse n'abasoje P6 mu mashuri yisumbuye hashingiwe ku manota na amahitamo yabo. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} dwclrflf464ralrj3muwgkv8vwrw9oo 138928 138927 2026-09-18T12:40:16Z Elysee 2006 17908 Indanganturo 138928 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[NESA]] (National Examination and School Inspection Authority)''' ni ikigo cya Leta cyeguriwe ubuyobozi bwite mu [[Rwanda]], gikorera munsi y'ikigo cya Ministeri [[Uburezi mu Rwanda|y'Uburezi]] (MINEDUC). <ref>https://www.nesa.gov.rw/</ref>Yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2020 ifite inshingano zo kugenzura ireme [[Uburezi mu Rwanda|ry'uburezi]] no kuyobora ibizamini bya Leta.<ref>https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/12/national-examination-program-goes-to-newly-formed-nesa/</ref> '''<u>INSHINGANO ZA NESA</u>''' NESA itegura, ikayobora, igakosora, ikatangaza n'ibisubizo by'ibizamini bya Leta kubanyeshuri basoje icyiciro cya [[Amashuri abanza mu Rwanda|Amashuri Abanza (P6),]] Ikiciro Rusange cy'Amashuri yisumbuye (S3/O-Level), n'Icyiciro Kisumbuye (S6/A-Level) harimo n'amashuri y'imyuga n'ubumenyi ngiro (TSS). <ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ibisabwa-uwize-mu-mahanga-ushaka-ishuri-mu-rwanda-n-ibyo-kujuririra-amanota-y</ref>Nanone NESA Ishinzwe gutoranya no gushyira abanyeshuri basoje S3 mu cyiciro gisumbuye (General Education, TVET, cyangwa TTC) ndetse n'abasoje P6 mu mashuri yisumbuye hashingiwe ku manota na amahitamo yabo. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} ppprry9t66dg0ok7jcrvv76a3iv5ph7 0 17557 138932 137698 2026-09-19T05:40:58Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138932 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:They have the same rights as we, they want to study and learn.jpg|thumb|ubumuga]] [[Dosiye:Persons Living with Disability in Ghana at the Global Disability Summit co-hosted in Ghana.jpg|thumb|abantu bafite ubumuga]] [[Dosiye:A PhD holder with mobility impairment.jpg|thumb|ubumuga]] [[Dosiye:Neighborhoods in Yaounde Events23.jpg|thumb|abantu bafite ubumuga]] '''NCDP''' mu Rwanda ( National council of persons with disabilities in Rwanda ) mu gambo arambuye ni '''Inama y’Igihugu y’Abantu bafite ubumuga''' mu Rwanda. Aho haheruswe gukorwa ibarura riri rusange ryakozwe mu 2022 ryaje kugaragaza ko abantu bafite ubumuga mu Rwanda bagera kubihumbi 391.775, aho bangana na 3,4% bya miliyoni 13,24 z’abatuye batuye mu Rwanda. Hakaba [[Umugore|abagore]] bafite ubumuga bagera kuri 216.826 ndetse abagabo nabo ni 174.949.<ref name=":0">https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/hatangiye-ibarura-ry-abafite-ubumuga-mu-rwanda</ref><ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/inama-y-abafite-ubumuga-igiye-kugenzura-uko-inyubako-z-imikino-n-imyidagaduro</ref> == Mu ntara == U Rwanda rufite [[intara]] 4 ndetse n’umujyi wa kigali. * '''Intara y’Iburasirazuba''' ni intara nini ifite umubare munini ungana na (109.405) * '''Intara y’Amajyepfo''' ni intara ifite umubare wabamuhaye ungana na (98,337). * '''Intara y Uburengerazuba,''' intara ifite umubare wa bamuhaye ungana na 88.967, * '''Intara y Amajyarugur'''u bakaba 60.336 mu gihe * '''Umujyi wa Kigali''' ukaba urimo abagera kuri 34.730. Akarere ka Nyagatare ni ko karere urebye gafite umubare munini w’abafite ubumuga aho bagera ku 20.631 ndetse gakurikiwe na karere ka Gasabo (17.585) mu gihe aka karere ka Nyarugenge ko mu Mujyi wa Kigali ari ko gafite umubare muto (8.206).<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]] 0kveaogh2rdjtoadhajdn7w5dsso47p 0 17748 138959 108109 2026-09-19T06:55:34Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138959 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kwegereza Abana Bafite Ubumuga == Abana bafite ubumuga bamenyekanye cyane mu Rwanda, ariko urugero rwabo rwose rugaragaza ko nta bikorwa byo kwigisha cyangwa kugira icyo babasaba bahita bafasha. Ihuriro ry’Imiryango y’Abafite Ubumuga mu Rwanda (NUDOR) riravuga ko ubumuga bwabo bwose bufite umubano mwiza muri iki gihe. Ku rwego rwo gutanga uburezi buhamye, amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye bakoreshwa mu gushaka inyungu zituma abana bafite ubumuga bagera ku bwana bwabo. [[Dosiye:Disability_symbols.svg|thumb|Disability symbols]] [[Dosiye:Leading_the_Pack.jpg|thumb|abana bafite ubumuga ]] == Source == [https://www.kigalitoday.com/uburezi/amashuri/article/abana-9-mu-bana-10-bafite-ubumuga-ntibiga](https://www.kigalitoday.com/uburezi/amashuri/article/abana-9-mu-bana-10-bafite-ubumuga-ntibiga) == Amakuru == Umubano w'abana bafite ubumuga n'ubushukanyi bwabo buri muri iki kigo Ubumwe Community Center, mu karere ka [[Rubavu]] mu burengerazuba bw'u Rwanda, ni igicuruzwa cya mahirwe [[Dosiye:Albinisitic_man_portrait.jpg|thumb|Ubumuga bw'uruhu ]] cyashyizweho. Emmanuela Tuyishime, w'imyaka 24, afite ubumuga bw’amaguru yombi n’ukuboko, akaba yarabonye icyo kigo nk'umusaruro w'ibikorwa byiza. [[Dosiye:USAID_supports_better_opportunities_for_children_with_disabilities_(18950505793).jpg|thumb|U children with disabilities]] Mu gukora amafoto, umwuga wo kudoda, no mu kwigisha abana bafite ubumuga, Emmanuela avuga ko byandinze ubushukanyi bw’abasore bari hanze. Akomeza avuga ko kubana ubumuga ntibiga, kandi ashaka kubashukisha, kubabwira inzu kugira ngo ashobore kubohoka. Uwimana Pascal, w’imyaka 46, se w'abana batatu, ni umwe mu bafite ubumuga bw’amaguru yombi yari arashyiraho. Afite abana baba batatu bafite ubumuga butandukanye, aho kuba bamwe mu bakozi b'iki kigo. Pascal aragira ati: "Iyo ufite urugingo rwatakaye, urundi rugomba gukora cyane. Hari ijisho rivuyemo, irindi rigomba gukora cyane. Ubuze akaboko, akandi kagomba gukora cyane kugira ngo gahe abandi icyitegererezo." Iki kigo, cyashinzwe mu 2008, kibarura abakabakaba 1000, barimo abo gifasha mu kubigisha imyuga n'abo kigoboka mu rwego rw’ubuvuzi. N'ubwo bigoye, aba bakozi b'iki kigo bafite ubushobozi bwo kwiga ibintu bimwe na bimwe kandi bakabifata, bitewe n'ubwitwa 'autism'. Ubwo nasanze, bafitanye urugero mu kwiga umuziki. == Isoko == Mu bihe byose, abana bafite ubumuga bavuga ko ubumuga bw'ingingo bushobora kuba imbogamizi ku muntu ubufite ariko ko atari impamvu yo kumva ko ubuzima buhagaze. Ikigo Ubumwe Community Center cyashinzwe mu 2008 n’abategamiye kuri leta, cyarabonewe mu gukomeza kwigisha abana bafite ubumuga. Kugira ngo umwana wawe afite umurimo mwiza muri iki kigo, baza kubaha ikigo cyashinzwe mu mwanya wawe, cyo kubafasha mu kubona insimburangingo, kubavuza, no kubigisha imyuga. == Inama y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye (UNICEF) == Mu bihe byose, [[UNICEF]] yashatse ibikorwa byiza kugira ngo abana bose bajye mu ishuri, buri mwana yabyaye mu muryango, no kuba n'ubumuga, bigerweho uburenganzira bwe bwose. [[Dosiye:Flag_of_UNICEF.svg|thumb|UNICEF logo ]] <!-- Source: [BBC Gahuzamiryango](https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-64908874) --> == Amakuru == Umwanditsi: Jean Claude Mwambutsa Igikorwa: BBC Gahuzamiryango i Rubavu Itariki: 19 Ukw'icumi 2023 Link: [Byandinze ubushukanyi bw'abasore bari aha hanze' – ubana ubumuga wize kudoda](https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-64908874) g6rika6h1l2a5v8zw7c4733r9xyodjp 0 17845 138982 117125 2026-09-19T07:29:11Z Rwamucyo250 18948 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138982 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:2008_Summer_Paralympics_Wheelchair_tennis_-_men_1.jpg|thumb|right|Ifoto igaragaza abakinnyi ba tenisi ikinwa bicaye mu ntebe yafashwe muri Paralympics mu mwaka wa 2008.]] [[Dosiye:Dana Mathewson American Wheelchair tennis player Wilson Photoshoot.jpg|thumb|wheel chair of tennisers]] '''wheelchair tennis ni umukino wa Tenisi''' yabigenewe bwa mbere mu mikino '''Paralympike''' ya siporo nk'imikino yo kwerekana muri 1988, hakaba harabaye ibirori bibiri (abaseribateri n’abagore). Yabaye siporo itanga imidari kumugaragaro muri 1992 kandi yagiye yitabira imikino Paralympike yose kuva icyo gihe. Ibirori bine byakozwe kuva 1992 kugeza 2000, hiyongereyeho ibintu bine ( uburinganire buvanze ) mu buryo bumwe no gukuba kabiri muri 2004. [[Dosiye:ClubGuttmann9.jpg|thumb| '''umukinnyi wa wheelchair tennis''']] == Incamake == == Ibyabaye == [[Dosiye:Wheelchair tennis Atlanta Paralympics (5).jpg|thumb|Wheelchair tennis]] Ibirori bigera kuri bitandatu birahatanwa kuri buri Paralympike. Gusa abagabo n'[[Umugore|abagore]] bonyine babereye mu mikino ya Paralympike yo muri 1988, ubwo yari siporo yo kwerekana. Ibi byahujwe n’ibihe bibiri by’abagabo n’abagore nyuma y'imyaka ine ubwo siporo yahinduraga ibirori. Muri 2004, ibintu bibiri bishya byongeweho hamwe na quadriplegiya ( nkibyo bizwi kandi nka ibyabaye) kandi bitandukanye nibindi bintu bavanze. Ariko kugeza mu mikino ya 2020, abagore babiri gusa ni bo bitabiriye ibyo birori, Umuholandi witwa Monique de Beer n'Umunyakanada Sarah Hunter, bombi barushanwe muri 2004 na 2008. Nyamara, [[Abadage]] baracyari abagore bonyine begukanye umudari muri Paralympike, umuringa mu marushanwa ya kabiri mu 2004. [[Dosiye:Summer_Paralympics_2000_-_Wheelchair_Tennis.png|thumb|umukino wa Wheelchair Tennis]] === Inshuro enye === == Reba kandi == * Tennis at the Summer Olympics == Reba == * {{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Wheelchair Tennis History |url=http://www.paralympic.org/release/Summer_Sports/Wheelchair_Tennis/index.html |access-date=2009-07-25 |publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee]]}} * {{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Results by Sport – Wheelchair Tennis |url=http://www.paralympic.org/release/Main_Sections_Menu/Sports/Results/results_by_sport.html?sport_id=20 |access-date=2009-07-25 |publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee]] |archive-date=2007-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008192149/http://www.paralympic.org/release/Main_Sections_Menu/Sports/Results/results_by_sport.html?sport_id=20 |url-status=dead }} [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] avt91nohvtxvck27y4fbxafucibnymg 0 17869 138971 121978 2026-09-19T07:03:51Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138971 wikitext text/x-wiki Goalball Umukino watangijwe mu 1946 Hans Lorenzen wu Munya Austria a Sepp Reindle Ukomoka muri Germany. Umukino Washinzwe kumpanvu yaba sirikare Bagiriye ikibazo cyo Gutakaza ubushobozi Bwo kureba mu ntamba y'Isi ya kabiri. == Uko Umukino Ukinywa. == Goalball n' umukino Ukinywa kuburyo bw' amakipe.[https://mobile.igihe.com/imikino/article/goalball-rwamagana-na-nyagatare-zegukanye-igikombe-cyo-kwibuka-gikinwe-ku] Goalball buri kipe ibigizwe nabakinnyi batatu kumpande zombi.[https://www-newtimes-co-rw.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.newtimes.co.rw/article/7107/sports/goalball-rwamagana-ngororero-crowned-2023-champions/amp?amp_js_v=a9&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17062041668539&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Farticle%2F7107%2Fsports%2Fgoalball-rwamagana-ngororero-crowned-2023-champions] Umukino wa Goalball ukinywa Mubice bibiri byumukino aho buri gice gikinywa iminota cyumi nibiri(12). Umukino Ukinywa Hakoreshejwe Umupira Ufitemo inzogera mimbere aho Abafite Ubumuga bwo kutabona Bakoresha Amatwi bakurikira ijwi ry'inzogera iri mu Mupira. Akabasha kuwukurikira, Akabasha kuwukuramo. == Ama ekipe Akina Goalball Mu Rwanda == Goalball mu Rwanda ikinywa Mu byiciro byombi Mu Bagabo na Bagore. [https://www-newtimes-co-rw.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.newtimes.co.rw/article/7107/sports/goalball-rwamagana-ngororero-crowned-2023-champions/amp?amp_js_v=a9&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17062045067336&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Farticle%2F7107%2Fsports%2Fgoalball-rwamagana-ngororero-crowned-2023-champions] AMA EKIPE YA BAGABO: [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|RWAMAGANA]] GISAGARA NGORORERO KARONGI [https://www.ktpress.rw/2022/05/rwamagana-ur-nyagatare-crowned-goal-ball-champions/] AMA EKIPE YA GORE :MUSANZE [[Rubavu|RUBAVU]] NGORORERO RWAMAGANA [https://allafrica.com/stories/202305010329.html] == Iriburiro == https://www-newtimes-co-rw.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.newtimes.co.rw/article/7107/sports/goalball-rwamagana-ngororero-crowned-2023-champions/amp?amp_js_v=a9&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17062045067336&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Farticle%2F7107%2Fsports%2Fgoalball-rwamagana-ngororero-crowned-2023-champions https://www.ktpress.rw/2022/05/rwamagana-ur-nyagatare-crowned-goal-ball-champions/ https://www.paralympic.org/news/goalball-feature-friendship-games-first-time?amp= https://web.archive.org/web/20240125175507/https://inyarwanda.com/index.php/inkuru/128735/goalball-rwamagana-yegukanye-igikombe-idatsinzwe-umukino-numwe-128735.html https://mobile.igihe.com/imikino/article/goalball-rwamagana-na-nyagatare-zegukanye-igikombe-cyo-kwibuka-gikinwe-ku g8xlz1v0u0vy2gxwes2dczzsuy1juik 0 17941 138974 125574 2026-09-19T07:05:11Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138974 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Assistive Technology Acts''' itanga inkunga ihuriweho na Minisiteri y’uburezi muri Amerika muri buri ntara n’intara kugira ngo ishyigikire "Imbaraga za Leta zo kunoza itangwa ry’ikoranabuhanga rifasha abantu bafite ubumuga bw’ingeri zose binyuze muri gahunda rusange z’ubufasha bujyanye n’ikoranabuhanga." <ref name="ataporg.org">{{Cite web |url=http://ataporg.org/legislative.html |title=Association of Assistive Technology Act Programs |access-date=2024-02-01 |archive-date=2014-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017095950/http://ataporg.org/legislative.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ifashayobora Technologies ni ibikoresho, ibintu cyangwa ibikoresho bikoreshwa mugutezimbere cyangwa kugumana imikorere yumuntu ufite ubumuga. Ibi bizafasha umuntu ufite ubumuga kwigenga mubuzima, ibi birimo: uburezi, imyidagaduro, nibikorwa byose bya buri munsi. Serivisi zitangwa kubufasha bwa tekinoroji zirimo kuba ushobora gukoresha ibikoresho bya AT, gusuzuma ibikoresho, hamwe no kubungabunga byose birimo, nko kubitunganya, gusana, n'amahugurwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=AT Act Information-AT3 Center |url=https://www.at3center.net/repository/atactinformation |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=www.at3center.net}}</ref> Mu mategeko agenga ikoranabuhanga, inkunga ya leta ihabwa buri gihugu gutera inkunga umushinga w’ikoranabuhanga (ATAP) utanga serivisi kubantu bafite ubumuga, imiryango yabo, abarezi nibindi byinshi mubuzima bwabo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Assistive Technology Act of 2004 {{!}} AccessWorld {{!}} American Foundation for the Blind |url=https://www.afb.org/aw/6/1/14652 |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=www.afb.org}}</ref> Igikorwa, cyatowe bwa mbere mu 1988, kirangira buri mwaka kandi kigomba guhora kivugururwa kugirango serivisi zishobore gukoreshwa. Kugeza ubu, [https://web.archive.org/web/20161112210040/http://resnaprojects.org/scripts/statewidecontacts.pl?State=ma&Program_type=Statewide hari gahunda 56 za Leta AT] . Hariho gahunda kuri leta zose uko ari 50, [[intara]] 4 zo muri Amerika, hamwe na Porto Rico n'akarere ka Columbiya. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=AT Act Information-AT3 Center |url=https://www.at3center.net/repository/atactinformation |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=www.at3center.net}}</ref> Ku bantu bagera ku 50.000.000 bafite ubumuga muri Amerika, izi gahunda zirahari kugira ngo zibafashe mu guhitamo no kubona ''[[:en:Assistive_technology|ikoranabuhanga ryabafasha]]'', risobanurwa nk'igikoresho icyo ari cyo cyose cyabafasha gukora imirimo bitoroshye cyangwa bidashoboka. Abahawe inkunga 56 basabwa gukora ibikorwa byabo byubahwa kurwego rwa leta nibikorwa byubuyobozi bwa leta. Abahawe inkunga bagomba kumenyesha abantu bafite ubumuga kuri Technologies Technologies, aho bayakira, nuburyo bwo kubona Technologies Technologies. == Amateka == Imfashanyo ijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga ku bantu bafite ubumuga ( [[:en:Public_Law_(United_States)|Pub. L]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250224073953/https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/100/407 100–407] ), ryatowe bwa mbere mu 1988, ryemewe mu 1994 ( [[:en:Public_Law_(United_States)|Pub. L]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220525080252/https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/103/218 103–218] ) na none muri 1998 ( [[:en:Public_Law_(United_States)|Pub. L]]. [https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/105/public/394?link-type=html 105–394 (text)] ). Yashyizweho nka sisitemu yo guhindura inkunga kandi bakunze kwita "Tech Act" mugihe gito. <ref>[http://nichcy.org/laws/ata National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities]</ref> Kongere yemeje iri tegeko hagamijwe kongera uburyo bwo kugera, kuboneka, n’inkunga y’ikoranabuhanga rifasha binyuze mu mbaraga za Leta na gahunda z’igihugu. Itegeko ryo mu 1998 ryongeye gushimangira ko ikoranabuhanga ari igikoresho cy'ingirakamaro gishobora gukoreshwa mu kuzamura imibereho y'Abanyamerika bafite ubumuga. Hifashishijwe guverinoma abantu benshi bari kwemererwa kubona ibikoresho nibikoresho batigeze batekereza ko bazabona amahirwe yo gutunga. Intara zose n’intara za Amerika byahawe umushinga wa Tech Act. Itsinda rya mbere ryimishinga ryatangiye mu 1989. Buri mushinga wa leta wari ufite imyaka itanu yinkunga nkuko amategeko ya 1989 abiteganya. Gusaba inkunga irushanwa byasabwaga kubona andi myaka itanu y'amafaranga. Imishinga yijejwe imyaka umunani inkunga yuzuye; umwaka wa cyenda kuri 75% yinkunga yuzuye; n'umwaka wa cumi nkumushinga wa Tech Act kuri 50% yinkunga yuzuye. Amategeko ashyigikira imishinga y’ikoranabuhanga ifasha leta yari ateganijwe kurenga ku ya 30 Nzeri 2004. Itegeko rigenga ikoranabuhanga ryo mu 2004 ([[:en:Public_Law_(United_States)|Pub. L]].Tooltip Amategeko rusange (Amerika) [https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/108/public/364?link-type=html 108–364] (inyandiko) (PDF)) yemereye porogaramu y’ikoranabuhanga ifasha muri leta zose n’intara mu gihe cyimyaka itanu nka gahunda ishingiye kuri formula, kandi ikuraho amategeko [[:en:Sunset_provision|izuba rirenze]]. == Itegeko ry'ikoranabuhanga rifasha mu 2004 == Itegeko rigenga ikoranabuhanga ryo mu 2004, ryashyizweho umukono na Perezida George W. Bush, ryemeje ko inkunga ikomeye y’ikoranabuhanga rifasha ikomeza. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=The Assistive Technology Act of 2004 {{!}} AccessWorld {{!}} American Foundation for the Blind |url=https://www.afb.org/aw/6/1/14652 |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=www.afb.org}}</ref> Gukomeza icyo gikorwa byatumye abantu benshi bafite ubumuga bakomeza kwitabira ibikorwa bya buri munsi. Mugihe iki gikorwa cyakozwe mu 1988, impinduka nyinshi zabaye igihe byakomezaga muri 2004. Imwe mu mpinduka zikomeye zazanywe na Active Technology Act yo mu 2004 ni uguhindura intego. Ibikorwa byabanje byibanze ku gufasha ibihugu kubaka "sisitemu zo kunoza uburyo bwo kubona ibikoresho byikoranabuhanga bifasha ababana nubumuga." <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. House of Representatives Education and Workforce Committee - Bill Summary |url=http://archives.republicans.edlabor.house.gov/archive/issues/108th/education/at/billsummary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811184459/http://archives.republicans.edlabor.house.gov/archive/issues/108th/education/at/billsummary.htm |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2011-05-26}}</ref> Itegeko ry’ikoranabuhanga rya Assistive ryo mu 2004 rihindura amategeko abanziriza itegeko rya Assistive Technology ryo mu 1998 kugira ngo rivugurure kandi ryemererwe porogaramu ya Active Technology Act. Impinduka mu itegeko rigenga ikoranabuhanga ryemerera umunyamabanga w’uburezi gutanga inkunga y’ikoranabuhanga ifasha kujya muri Leta gukomeza gahunda z’igihugu cyose. Porogaramu izafasha ababana n'ubumuga, abagize umuryango, abarezi, abahagarariye uburenganzira, n'abunganira kubona Technologies Technologies '. Byongeye kandi, impinduka mu 2004 ku nkunga ya Assistive Technology isaba leta gukoresha amafaranga mu bikorwa bya leta. Ibikorwa byo ku rwego rwa Leta birimo gahunda yo gutera inkunga, ikubiyemo gahunda y'inguzanyo yo gufasha mu kubona no gutera inkunga serivisi zifasha ikoranabuhanga n'ibikoresho. Inguzanyo y'Ikoreshwa rya Tekinoroji Yemerera abantu kuguza Ikoranabuhanga rya Assistive mugihe gito cyo gukoresha no kumenya niba igikoresho cyujuje ibyo bakeneye mbere yo kugura ibicuruzwa bya tekinoroji. Na none, Serivisi ishinzwe gutera inkunga Tekinoroji ya Leta yemerera ababana nubumuga kugura / kubona inguzanyo zamafaranga zitanga ubufasha bwa Technologie kubaguzi ku giciro gito binyuze mumasoko y’ikoranabuhanga ridafasha cyangwa bivuye mu mufuka. <ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=AT Act Information-AT3 Center |url=https://www.at3center.net/repository/atactinformation |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=www.at3center.net}}</ref> Mubyongeyeho, porogaramu izafasha mugukoresha ibikoresho bifasha abaguzi gusana ibicuruzwa byabo, gusanwa, no guhindurwa. Serivise ifasha ikorana buhanga ryemerera abandi bantu bafite ubumuga kongera gukoresha Technologies Technologies itagikoreshwa cyangwa ikenewe na nyirayo wambere. Ibi bituma ababana nubumuga bakira Ikoranabuhanga rifasha hamwe no kuzigama amafaranga menshi. Na none, iyi gahunda izafasha kubona inguzanyo kubikoresho bifite imyiyerekano izafasha mubikorwa byo gutanga amakuru. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-10-25 |title=H.R.4278 - 108th Congress (2003-2004): Assistive Technology Act of 2004 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/house-bill/4278 |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> == Ibikorwa bya gahunda ya tekinoroji ya leta == Bitewe n'imbaraga za gahunda ya Leta ishinzwe ikoranabuhanga, miliyoni z'abanyamerika bafite ubumuga barashobora kujya ku kazi, kujya ku ishuri, kwitabira ibikorwa by'imyidagaduro, kandi bakagira uruhare mu baturage babo. Ibikorwa bya Leta byagezweho muri make buri mwaka murwego rwo gutanga raporo ya tekinoroji. Incamake y'ibyo byagezweho yateguwe n'ishyirahamwe rya porogaramu ifasha ikoranabuhanga; <ref name="ataporg.org2">{{Cite web |url=http://ataporg.org/legislative.html |title=Association of Assistive Technology Act Programs |access-date=2024-02-01 |archive-date=2014-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017095950/http://ataporg.org/legislative.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kopi yuzuye ya buri gahunda ya Leta urashobora kuyisanga muri sisitemu yigihugu yamakuru yo gufasha ikoranabuhanga. <ref name="nisat.info">{{Cite web |url=http://nisat.info/index.php/page/home |title=National Information System for Assistive Technology |access-date=2024-02-01 |archive-date=2011-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511143309/http://nisat.info/index.php/page/home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ishyirahamwe ry’imishinga ifasha ikorana buhanga (ATAP) n’umuryango w’igihugu udaharanira inyungu washinzwe mu 1997 kandi uterwa inkunga n’itegeko rya federasiyo ifasha mu kugenzura gahunda za Leta AT. <ref name="About ATAP">{{Cite web |title=About ATAP |url=https://www.ataporg.org/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=www.ataporg.org}}</ref> ATAP yashyizeho umuyoboro w’ikoranabuhanga ufasha ibihugu gusangira umutungo, kuganira ku bibazo, gutanga inkunga, gukora ubushakashatsi, kunganira gahunda n’amategeko, no gutanga uburyo bw’ikoranabuhanga rifasha. <ref name="About ATAP" /> ATAP irareba, "kubungabunga no guteza imbere urusobe rukomeye, rukora neza, kandi rukora neza muri gahunda y’igihugu <ref>{{Cite web |title=About ATAP |url=https://www.ataporg.org/ |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=www.ataporg.org}}</ref> ikoranabuhanga rya Leta ..." urwego. Izi gahunda zigomba kumenyekana kandi mugihe hashyizweho amategeko menshi hazitabwaho cyane tekinoloji yose ifasha yakoze kugirango ifashe ababana nubumuga. Buri Leta ifite gahunda zayo bwite zishobora kuboneka muri sisitemu yigihugu yamakuru yo gufasha ikoranabuhanga. <ref name="nisat.info2">{{Cite web |url=http://nisat.info/index.php/page/home |title=National Information System for Assistive Technology |access-date=2024-02-01 |archive-date=2011-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511143309/http://nisat.info/index.php/page/home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Intara imaze gutorwa uzasanga iryo zina ryihariye rya leta ifasha ikorana buhanga hamwe na aderesi hamwe n’aho ushobora kubasanga. Muri ayo makuru uzahasanga ibisobanuro byubuhanga bwa leta bufasha bwashyizweho, uburyo bwujuje ibisabwa na leta, hamwe nubusobanuro bugufi bwikoranabuhanga ryatanzwe. Mubisobanuro, uyikoresha azabona noneho Umwirondoro wa Porogaramu ugabanijwemo ibice bitandatu: * Igice cya mbere kivuga umwirondoro wa porogaramu ya tekinoroji ya Leta yose, Ikigo kiyobora, Ikigo gishyira mu bikorwa, hamwe na titre ya gahunda. * Igice cya kabiri kizatanga amakuru ajyanye n’ibikorwa bya Leta bitera inkunga ibisobanuro birambuye ku bizagerwaho n’uburyo ibyo bikorwa bizakorwa. * Igice cya gatatu ni ibisobanuro kuri Reutilisation ya Device kandi isobanura ubushakashatsi bwiterambere ryiterambere gahunda nziza yo kongera gukoresha muri leta nuburyo leta izashyira mubikorwa izo gahunda zo gukoresha ibikoresho. * Igice cya kane kivuga ku ngingo y'inguzanyo y'ibikoresho byerekana niba leta yihariye ifite gahunda yo kuguriza ibikoresho no gushyira mu bikorwa izo gahunda. * Igice cya gatanu ni Imyiyerekano y’ibikoresho aho leta izerekana niba itegeko rigenga ikoranabuhanga ritera inkunga yo gutera inkunga ibigo byerekanirwamo kandi niba hari ibigo byigenga byigenga ko inkunga itangwa na leta yakirwa kugirango ikore ibigo byerekana. * Igice cya gatandatu n'icya nyuma bisobanura Ibikorwa by'Ubuyobozi bwa Leta bikubiyemo gahunda zo guteza imbere n'amahugurwa bishyirwa mu bikorwa ku bigo bigenewe. Hamwe n’izo, leta izerekana niba itanga amakuru atishyurwa na serivisi yo kohereza, amatangazo y’imirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro ku mbuga zitandukanye nka radiyo na televiziyo, kandi niba Leta itanga ibisobanuro n’ingingo zamakuru mu rwego rwo kumenyekanisha ubufasha. Ikoranabuhanga. * Buri ntara ifite gahunda zitandukanye kandi yateguye kugiti cye ishingiye kubantu ku giti cyabo baba muri iyo ntara, kugirango bige kuri leta yawe jya imbere usure Sisitemu yigihugu ishinzwe amakuru yikoranabuhanga rufasha. <ref name="nisat.info3">{{Cite web |url=http://nisat.info/index.php/page/home |title=National Information System for Assistive Technology |access-date=2024-02-01 |archive-date=2011-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511143309/http://nisat.info/index.php/page/home |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amategeko yo guhanga udushya n'abakozi == Ku ya 22 Nyakanga 2014, Perezida [[Barack Obama]] yashyizweho umukono n'itegeko (WIOA) ryashyizweho n'abakozi (WIOA <ref name=":122">{{Cite web |title=The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act {{!}} ACL Administration for Community Living |url=https://acl.gov/about-acl/authorizing-statutes/workforce-innovation-and-opportunity-act |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=acl.gov |language=en}}</ref> WIOA itanga abantu bashaka akazi bafite amahirwe yo kubona akazi, akazi keza cyane, uburezi, amahugurwa, serivisi zifasha ababana n'ubumuga kandi igahuza abakozi bafite ubumenyi n’abakoresha kugirango bateze imbere abakozi ba Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About {{!}} U.S. Department of Labor |url=https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/wioa/about |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=www.dol.gov}}</ref> WIOA yagize ingaruka ku itegeko rigenga ikoranabuhanga ryo mu 2004 yimura ubuyobozi bwa AT Act mu buyobozi bwa serivisi zita ku buzima busanzwe mu ishami ry’uburezi ku buyobozi bw’umuryango utuye mu ishami ry’ubuzima na serivisi z’abantu. <ref name=":022">{{Cite web |title=Authorizing Statutes {{!}} ACL Administration for Community Living |url=https://acl.gov/about-acl/authorizing-statutes |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=acl.gov |language=en}}</ref> Ubuyobozi bw'Imibereho Myiza y'Abaturage buyobora Igice cya 4, 5 n'icya 6 bya gahunda n'ibikorwa bya AT Act. WIOA yimuye Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ubumuga, ubuzima bwigenga, n’ubushakashatsi bwo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe kuva mu ishami ry’uburezi kwimurira mu buyobozi bw’umuryango utuye (ACL). <ref name=":022" /> Gushyira hamwe gahunda zose zita kubumuga bituma ACL "yongerera ubwigenge, imibereho myiza, nubuzima bwabantu bakuru ndetse nabafite ubumuga, nimiryango nabarezi bombi" <ref name=":122" /> kandi bagasohoza inshingano zabo zo guha ababana nubumuga a ubuzima bwiza. == Reba == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111017154143/http://www.dol.gov/odep/faqs/people.htm U.S. Department of Labor] * [https://www.census.gov/ U.S. Census] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812034404/http://www2.ed.gov/programs/atsg/index.html U.S. Department of Education] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110526233423/http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/nidrr/index.html National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR)] == Shakisha == [[Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga]] [[Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'isakazabumenyi mu majyambere]] [[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]] [[Ikiciro:Ubufasha bwibanze]] d6sxz4js10i55pfc4tlu99zs3tqi69c 0 18013 138936 105286 2026-09-19T05:43:32Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138936 wikitext text/x-wiki G.S GISHARI ni rimwe mu mashuri yakira abana bose haba abafite ubumuga n,abatabufite agize Akarere ka [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|Rwamagana]] mu murenge wa Gishari Akagali ka Bwinsanga umudugudu wa Shaburondo ryegereye kangi ishuri rya Police yewe na kaminuza ya [[IPRC Gishari]], iki kigo kandi kizwiho kuba ari ikigo cyakira abana bose ntanumwe giheje. Irishuri rifite ishami Imibare Icungamutungo N'Ubumenyi by'ikirere ( MEG)<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/144760/Education/inclusive-education-students-learn-sign-language-to-support-their-classmates-with-hearing-impairment</ref> snxq6bgcfdcvn8xauqplxf7858fr96w 0 18322 138949 104693 2026-09-19T05:50:03Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138949 wikitext text/x-wiki Nyagakecuru uzwi ku izina rya BENGINZAGE wo mu bisi bya HUYE yatwaye igihugu cy’u Bungwe mu kinyejana cya 16. Benshi bamuzi nk’igishegabo akaba n’umunyabwenge wabaga mu bushorishori bw’umusozi muremure w’ibisi bya Huye. Ijambo ‘Ibisi’ risobanuye uruhererekane rw’imisozi. Umusozi muremure Nyagakecuru yari atuyeho, ureshya na Metero 2.400.Kuwuterera n’amaguru uhagurukiye ahitwa i Sovu bisaba iminota iri hagati ya 50 na 90. Nyagakecuru[Izina yari yarahimbwe], yarindwaga n’ingabo ze ndetse n’inzoka karundura y’uruziramire, yahoraga ku bikingi by’amarembo ku buryo kumutera bitari byoroshye. Nyuma y’urupfu rw’umugabo we SAMUKENDE waje kuzungurwa na RUBUGA nibwo RUGANZU II NDORI mwene NDAHIRO II CYAMATARE yigaruriye agahugu ka BUNGWE ariko nabwo bimusabye ubwenge bwinshi cyane. Mu Bisi bya Huye hejuru hari ikizenga [kimeze nk’akayaga gato] gihora kiretsemo amazi atajya akama, bivugwa ko ariho Nyagakecuru yogeraga. Nubu iyo ugiyeyo ayo mazi urayabona. '''Nyagakecuru yatsinzwe na Ruganzu ate?''' [[Ruganzu II Ndoli|RUGANZU II NDOLI]] na we amateka agaragaza ko yari umwami uzi ubwenge cyane kandi akagira n’ingabo zitwaga IBISUMIZI zari inkazi cyyane. Ku ngoma ya Ruganzu Ndoli, yageze ubwo yigarurira uduce turimo Ruhashya na Mara ho mu Busanza bw’epfo[Ubu ni mu karere ka Huye mu murenge wa Ruhashya]. ====== - Advertisement - ====== Icyo gihe Uriya muhinzakazi witwaga Benginzage wari ukomeye cyane ari we bita Nyagakecuru muka Samukende, yari atuye ku gasongero k’Ibisi bya Huye, akaba yari atwaye ubwami bw’Abenengwe mu gihugu cy’u Bungwe cyari gikomeye cyane kuko cyageraga no k’u Burundi. Ngo Nyagakecuru yari yarigometse cyane ku buryo yari yaranze guhakwa k’u Rwanda no gutura amaturo umwami Ruganzu. Ruganzu yagerageje kohereza udutero shuma kwa Nyagakecuru ariko ingabo ze zigakubitwa inshuro zigasubira inyuma. Ibirirari by’amateka byerekana ko u Bungwe bwaba bwarashinzwe mu mwaka wa 300 nyuma ya Yezu, aho hari undi muntu wamenyekanye mu mateka y’ubu bwami akaba yaritwaga Rwamba. U Bungwe cyari igihugu kitisukirwa. Bamwe mu bami batwaye icyo gihugu harimo: Mungwe,Karama,Rwamba,Samukende na Rubuga. Ingoma ngabe ya kiriya gihugu yari ‘Nyamibande.’’ '''Dukomeze,Ruganzu yaje kuzimya ingoma ya Nyagakecuru ate ?''' Umunsi umwe umwami Ruganzu II Ndoli yashatse kwigarurira u Bungwe hagati y’i 1510-1543 mu rugamba rwo kwagura u Rwanda, yoherezayo abatasi kugira ngo bamwige neza azabone uko amutera, amurimbure nk’abandi bahinza, byari intego ye. Nyagakecuru yari afite urugo rw’inzitane hejuru mu Bisi bya Huye, rukikijwe n’amatovu menshi, ariko hakaba n’inzoka y’inkazi yabaga ku bikingi by’amarembo ku buryo ntawapfaga kuharenga. Abatasi ba Ruganzu, Nyagakecuru kugirango bazamucakire bitagoranye cyane, Ruganzu yamushukishije kumugabira ihene nyinshi, maze zihageze ya Matovu yari akikije urugo rwe n’ibisura, zirayarya zirayararika, zicamo ibyanzu, na ya nzoka karundura yakundaga kuba ku bikingi by’amarembo irahunga iragenda. Ingabo za Ruganzu[Ibisumizi] zaje gutegura ibitero bigamije guhitana uwo muhinzakazi Nyagakecuru, birazorohera, kuko zaciye muri bya byanzu byaciwe na za hene yari yaragabiwe. Ibisumizi, byaraseseye, bihinguka kuri Nyagakecuru biramwica. Ibirari by’amateka byerekana ko ibi byabaye hagati y’umwaka w’1510 n’I 1543. Nyuma y’urupfu rw’mugabo we SAMUKENDE waje kuzungurwa na RUBUGA nibwo RUGANZU II NDORI mwene NDAHIRO II CYAMATARE yigaruriye agahugu ka BUNGWE. NYAGAKECURU na RUBUGA wa SAMUKENDE baguye muri icyo gitero ndetse n’ingoma ngabe NYAMIBANDE ijyanwa ibwami kwa NDOLI. Benshi mu basigaranye ibisigisigi by’aya mateka, bemeza ko RUGANZU NDOLI kugira ngo atsinde BENGINZAGE byamusabye ubwenge bwinshi, kuko yagombye kugabisha ibitero bibiri, kimwe cyoherejwe kwa Nyagakecuru, ikindi cyoherezwa ku ngabo zakundaga kunganira iza Nyagakecuru zitwaga Imparabanyi, izi zari zituye mu rusobe rw’imisozi hafi aho mu bisi bya Kigasari [ubu hari uruganda rw’abacuzi b’i Gishamvu], bakabamo uwitwaga Mba wari [[intore]] cyane mu kumasha no kwizibukira. Uyu Mba na we yaje kwicwa icyo gihe, mu ihirikwa rya Nyagakecuru, asiga n’insigamigani igira iti:’’Habe na Mba.’’ Kuri ubu iyo uri mu bushorishori bw’ibisi bya Huye, ubona itaba ryari ryubatsemo amazu ya Nyagakecuru, ubona kandi ibisigisigi by’ibimera byerekana ko hahoze hatuwe birimo amatovu make n’utundi twatsi dukunze kumera ahantu hahoze ifumbire y’urugo. Ubona kandi Ikizenga gito kiretsemo amazi kandi kitajya kikama. Rwagati ku musozi, ubona agace kitwa ‘Ku Kabakobwa’, aho abakobwa bahuriraga cyera bavuye guca imyeyo [Iminyereri iva mu ishinge], no gutashya inkwi, bakaganira amabanga yabo. Aha hagaragara agataba bakundaga kwicaramo. Kuri ubu kandi Itaba ryari ryubatsemo amazu ya Nyagakecuru, n’ubu ubonamo imyobo yerekana ko koko hashobora kuba hari urugo. '''Kuki Nyagakecuru yari yaragiye gutura ku gasongero k’umusozi hejuru cyane ?''' Inzobere mu by’amateka, Karangwa Jerome ivuga ko abatware n’abategetsi bo hambere baturaga ku misozi hejuru mu rwego rwo kugirango biborohore kwitegera ibihugu[uduce] byabo ariko kandi hari no mu rwego rwo kugenzura umwanzi kuko umwanzi washakaga gutera, yajyaga guterera umusozi, yatahuwe kare. Ku itongo rya Nyagakecuru hashinze icyapa gisobanura amateka y’uyu muhinzakazi na Ndoli mu kinyejana cya 16. Nshuti basomyi bacu reka amateka ya Nyagakecuru tuyacumbikire aha tuzakomeza kubagezaho n’andi mateka  y’abandi bantu. 8icde8yotb2j29u2nm0ujtre1m19pln 0 18379 138946 107319 2026-09-19T05:48:24Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138946 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Manuscrit_colonial_kiswahili-Africa_Museum.jpg|thumb|Manuscrit colonial kiswahili-Africa Museum]] == Byinshi kuri Buswayirini, umujyi ushaje utuwe n’abiyumva ko ari abasirimu == Izina Buswayirini si rishya mu mitwe y’abanyarwanda kuko hashize imyaka irenga 100 rivugwa nk’igice cyatangirijwemo ubucuruzi bwa mbere mu Rwanda. Ni igice cy’umujyi ukuze kibarizwa mu Karere ka [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|Rwamagana]] mu Murenge wa Kigabiro mu Kagari ka Cyanya, kikagirwa n’amaduka menshi kandi abagituye bakiyumva nk’abasirimu kuruta abandi. Ugeze muri gare ya Rwamagana bigusaba igiceri 100Frw gusa ngo utege [[igare]] rikugeze Buswayirini. Ni agace kazwiho guturwamo n’abayoboke b’idini rya Islam benshi barimo abarabu n’abandi banyarwanda benshi bariyobotse.uyu mujyi ukaba urangwa n'akajagari k'abantu. Iyo uhageze wakirwa n’amaduka menshi acururizwamo ibyiganjemo imyenda, inkweto n’izindi nzu zikorerwamo ubudozi, uhasanga kandi inzu zerekanirwamo filimi, imipira n’imikino myinshi y’amahirwe. Abatuye iki gice ni bamwe mu bantu bazwiho gusirimuka, kujyana n’ibigezweho no kumenya amakuru mu bintu byose haba muri politike, mu mikino no mu bindi bintu byinshi bitandukanye. Bazwiho kandi kuyoboka imirimo yiganjemo ubucuruzi no gutwara imodoka nk’imwe mu yikorwa na benshi batuye aka gace. Mbere ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ngo abahaturuka bakandagiye mu ishuri bari mbarwa bitewe n’ubutegetsi bubi butemeraga abatuye mu Buganza kwiga mu bwisanzure, ibi ngo byatumaga benshi mu rubyiruko rwahakuriraga aho kuyoboka ishuri barahitagamo kuyoboka inzira y’ubucuruzi ari na byo bitunze benshi mu bahatuye. Ndunduri Hassan w’imyaka w’imyaka 69 avuga ko Buswayirini byaturutse ku kuba iki gice cyari gituwe n’abayisilamu benshi bakundaga gukoresha Igiswahili cyinshi bitewe nuko bakoraga imirimo y’ubucuruzi itandukanye abaturage bajya bacyumva bakagenda bavuga ko hatuye abaswayire gusa gusa. Gakwandi Saleh w’imyaka 53 we agira ati “Ubundi twakuze nka 85% by’abatuye hano ari abayisilamu, tugakura dusanga ababyeyi bacu bakoresha Igiswahili cyane bitewe n’abarabu bakidukundishaga, abandi baturage rero bakagenda bavuga ngo ni igice cy’abaswayire birangira hiswe buswayirini.” Nyiringabo Hamdun ufite imyaka 51 y’amavuko uyobora umudugudu wa Kabuye urimo igice kinini cya Buswayirini, avuga ko iki gice kiri mu byatangiriyemo ubucuruzi bwa mbere mu Rwanda bwakorwaga n’abarabu n’abahinde baturutse Tanzania, bigatuma bakoresha Igiswahili cyinshi n’abahatuye bakagikuriramo. Ati “Nakuze numva abasaza bavuga ko Buswayirini byaturutse ku kuba inaha ariho habaga abasiramu muri aka gace hameze nk’inkambi, bakahita Kanswayire biza kuvamo Buswayirini, mu 1959 ngo barahatwitse abasiramu benshi baragenda barahunga batatana gutyo ariko izina riranga riguma ari Buswayirini.” Akomeza avuga ko mu muco w’abayisilamu usanga bakunda isuku cyane kandi bakaba ahantu heza hasa neza, ngo ibi nibyo byatumye abatuye aka gace akenshi usanga baba basirimutse cyane kuko baba ari abasiramu. Ati “Abayisilamu mu muco wabo barangwa n’isuku, bakaryama ahantu heza kandi bakarya neza, ibi rero biri mu bituma aka gace karangwamo n’ibyo bintu byose kuko abagatuye abenshi ni abasiramu ni nayo mpamvu usanga hacururizwa ibikoresho bijyanye n’isuku byinshi kuko idini ryacu ridutoza gusirimuka.” '''Abafana ba Kiyovu Sport na Rayon Sports bariganje''' Benshi mu batuye iki gice bakuze byakugora kubona indi kipe bafana atari Kiyovu Sport, bavuga ko ariyo kipe kuva kera ngo yafanwaga n’abasirimu ndetse n’abandi bantu basobanukiwe n’iby’umupira ngo bitewe n’umupira yakinaga wo guhererekanya kandi uryoheye ijisho. Gusa hari n’abandi bafana Rayon Sports benshi biganjemo urubyiruko. Umwe mu basaza baganiriye na IGIHE utifuje ko amazina ye ajya ahagaragara yagize ati “Kuva kera ndi umwana Urucaca [Kiyovu Sports] yari ikipe ifanwa n’abantu b’abasirimu kuko yakinaga umupira mwiza wiganjemo guhererekana kandi ikagira n’abakinnyi bakomeye.” Nyiringabo Hamdun wanakinnye muri Rayon Sports we yagize ati “Hano hari abasaza benshi bafana Kiyovu kuko bakuze ariyo kipe ikomeye, ariko uko iminsi yagiye ishira Rayon Sports niyo yagiye yiganza cyane cyane mu rubyiruko kuko abantu batuye inaha bakunda umupira cyane.” '''Uko Habyarimana yaciye intege Rwamagana cyane cyane Buswayirini''' Tariki 05 Nyakanga 1973 nibwo Habyarimana yagiye ku butegetsi abuhiritseho Kayibanda. Akijya ku butegetsi yatangiye kwikoma cyane Rwamagana cyane cyane iki gice cya Buswayirini, avuga ko ubucuruzi buhakorerwa bwuzuyemo amanyanga na za magendu ngo kuko ntiyiyumvishaga ukuntu abacuruzi bakomeye b’abarabu, abahinde ndetse n’abanyarwanda benshi babikorera i Rwamagana nubwo na Kigali bari batangiye kujya bajyayo. Icyo gihe amasoko yo kugemura imyaka mu bigo by’amashuri byinshi mu Rwanda, kugemura ibigori muri za gereza, kugura ikawa nyinshi mu Rwanda, abacuruzi bafite amakamyo menshi bose biberaga i Rwamagana. Mu 1978 ngo Habyarimana byaramuriye cyane atangira kubafunga abarenganya abandi bimukira Kigali kuko yari itangiye gufatika no guturwamo n’abantu benshi. Hadji Musonera ati “Habyarimana urebye niwe nyirabayazana kuko yaravugaga ngo abanya-Rwamagana batunzwe n’imitsi y’abandi ngo nta bintu bifututse bajya bakora, benshi bahitamo kugenda barimo Hardi warukize cyane yahise yigira i Gisenyi, Hassan yimukira i Kigali, Sultan yigira hanze bakajya bagaruka inaha baje gusura abantu gusa.” '''Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi Buswayirini yabaye nshya''' Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi abatuye Buswayirini bavuga ko yongeye ikaba nshya bitewe nuko abatuye iki gice batangiye kwiga nta nkomyi, ikandamizwa n’itotezwa ryabakorerwaga ku butegetsi bwa Habyarimana rirahagarara. Nyiringabo Hamdun ati “Mbere warangizaga amashuri abanza ntubashe gukomeza bigatuma abenshi bahita bigira mu bucuruzi abandi bakajya gutwara imodoka, ariko ubu abana bacu bariga bakarangiza kaminuza bakabona akazi mu mirimo itandukanye.” Yakomeje avuga ko Buswayirini yahindutse ikabona iterambere, iryinshi bakaba barikesha Habimana Saleh wabaye Mufti w’u Rwanda nk’umwe mu bantu bize bahakomoka, ngo yabafashije kubakorera ubuvugizi babona umuhanda mwiza n’ivuriro ryiza. Umusigiti wabo wubakwa mu buryo bugezweho ndetse anabakorera ubuvugizi babona umufatanyabikorwa wahubatse ishuri ry’imyuga n’ubumenyi ngiro, n’ibindi bikorwa byinshi byatumye hasirimuka. <ref>https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/byinshi-kuri-buswayirini-umujyi-ushaje-utuwe-n-abiyumva-ko-ari-abasirimu</ref> kxb8vn5vwccthfverzky6s9hhgbca8r 0 18484 138953 126052 2026-09-19T05:55:28Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|1 */ 138953 wikitext text/x-wiki === Perezida Paul Kagame === Paul Kagame ni perezida wa 5 wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda kuva rwabona ubwigenge. Yayoboye kuva 24 Werurwe 2000. Yavukiye hafi y'Umujyi wa Ruhango mu Ntara y'Amajyepfo kuwa 23 Ukwakira 1957 ni umuhererezi mu muryango wabana 6. Ubu aho yavukiye hitwa Umudugudu wa Buhoro.<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/politiki/amakuru/article/wikipedia-amateka-yandikwa-kuri </ref> ==== Ubuyobozi bwa Paul Kagame ==== Amateka ya Perezida Paul Kagame afitanye isoko mu mateka yo kuva mu 1987, ubwo we n'abandi babanaga mu buzima bw'ubuhunzi mu Gihugu cya Uganda, bashinze umuryango FPR Inkotanyi, Perezida Kagame akaba yari mu b'imbere muri FPR, uyu mutwe wa Politiki ukaba ari <ref name=":1">https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/ibihe-by-amateka-n-umurage-w-ubuyobozi-bwa-paul-kagame</ref> na wo watangiye kuganirirwamo uko impunzi zari mu mahanga zitahuka.<ref name=":1" /> Paul Kagame yayoboye ingabo za FPR Inkotanyi zihagarika [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]. Kuva yajya ku buyobozi yagaruye amahoro. Ku buryo yateje imbere igihugu cyari cyarashegeshwe na genoside.<ref name=":0" /> Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi u Rwana rumaze kubohorwa, Perezida Kagame yakomeje kuba mu batekerereza Igihugu uko u Rwanda rwakongera kwiyubaka.<ref name=":1" /> Amateka ya Perezida Paul Kagame agabanyijemo mu byiciro bine. Icya mbere kivuga ku buzizma bwe bwite, Ku masomo ya gisirikare, uko yinjiye mu ruhando mpuzamahanga n'uko yabaye perezida w'u Rwanda.<ref name=":0" /> Icyiciro cya kabiri kivuga uburyo u Rwanda rwateye imbere ku buyobozi bwe no mw'iterambere ry'Abanyarwanda muri rusange. Perezida Kagame aherutse kuza ku rutonde rw'abaperesida b'Abanyafurika bavugwa cyane mubitangazamakuru bitandukanye mu isi yose kubera noguhabwa ibihembo byuko yateje imbere ikoranabuhanga mu Rwanda.<ref name=":0" /> [[Dosiye:Paul Kagame (2018-06-13).jpg|thumb|Peresida Paul Kagame|359x359px]] == Amashakiro: == lgce80sqjra81nf444daswr378f9fp0 0 18692 138979 105871 2026-09-19T07:07:27Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138979 wikitext text/x-wiki N generous kigoma ni u[[Umuhanzi Kamariza|muhanzi]] w'indirimbo zisanzwe wavukiye mu karere ka gisagara mu ntara y'amajyepfo y' U Rwanda akaba ubu abarizwa mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|ntara y'iburasirazuba]] mu karere ka [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|rwamagana]] mu murenge wa gishari, ariko ubu akaba ari mu mujyi wa kigari kubera impamvu z'akazi. mu ndirimbo Generous yahanze harimo izitwa nka" Kunda umurimo, ngarukira, isezerano..... uwo muhanzi yitwa N generous kigoma nk'izina ry'ubuhanzi ariko amazina ye bwite ni NDAYISHMIYE olivier.<ref>Editing N generuos kigoma - Wikipedia</ref> 0qtc1qgzsr5clyxwu2t931rae3dhpag 0 18985 138944 110751 2026-09-19T05:47:23Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138944 wikitext text/x-wiki == ''Nutema kimwe uge utera bibiri'' == [[Dosiye:DUSAFO_planting_trees.jpg|thumb|gutera ibiti]] Abanyafurika benshi bazi akamaro k’igiti. Tubona ibiti ahantu henshi kandi tunabikoresha mu mirimo itandukanye. [[Igiti]] ni [[ikimera]] kigira umugongo umeraho amashami n’amababi by’ingirakamaro cyane. Hari ibiti bimwe na bimwe bigira indabo zihumura neza, ibindi bikagira imbuto ziribwa. Habaho amoko menshi y’ibiti: ibigufi n’ibirebire, ibibyibushye n’ibyakonze kandi umumaro wabyo ntugira uko ungana.Nimwibaze nk’ubu umunsi umwe tubyutse tugasanga mu Rwanda hose nta giti na kimwe gihari! Byaba ari akaga gakomeye. Birumvikana ko nta biti byera imbuto byaba biriho, nta rubuto na rumwe rwazongera kuribwa. Abakunda imbuto ziribwa baba bagize ikibazo gikomeye cyane. Ipapayi yo yababaza abatari bake kubera ko benshi bayirahira ngo yabakijije impatwe, inzoka n’izindi ndwara. [[Dosiye:Tree_planting_kaduna.jpg|thumb|gutera ibiti]] [[Dosiye:Gutera_Amashyamba.jpg|thumb|Gutera Amashyamba]] [[Dosiye:On_a_tree_planting_campaign.jpg|thumb|gutera ibiti]] [[Dosiye:Cutting_Wood.jpg|thumb|Gutema ibiti ]] Ahatari ibiti, ibyanya by’inyamaswa nk’Akagera, Nyungwe, pariki y’ibirunga ntibyahaboneka. Wa mwuka mwiza duhumeka waba ugiye nka Nyomberi. Imvura yajyaga itosa ubutaka, abantu bagahinga, ikiherera iyo. Inyamaswa ziba mu byanya zaba zibuze intaho, ba mukerarugendo babura iyo berekeza, mbese isi yaba ibaye imburabuturo! Ibikorwa bya muntu bigira uruhare rukomeye mu kwangiza amashyamba. Umuntu ni we utema ibiti byo gucana, kubakisha, gukoramo ibikoresho bitandukanye ibindi akagurisha. Aratutira akabimaraho yirengagije ko n’ejo ari umunsi. Ntiyibuka gutera ibindi ngo bizamugoboke mu gihe kizaza. Umuntu ni we ucukura amabuye y’agaciro agatengura imisozi ubundi imvura yagwa inkangu zigacika. Ikindi gihangayikishije ni ubwiyongere bukabije bw’abatuye isi,bangiza ibidukikije bashaka aho gutura n’aho gushyira ibindi bikorwa byabo. [[Dosiye:Cutting_down_trees_for_firewood.jpg|thumb|Gutema ibiti ]] Ubu mu Rwanda hatangijwe gahunda n’ubukangurambaga mu kubungabunga igiti. Ndetse hagenwe itariki yiswe “umunsi w’igiti”. Kuri iyo tariki igiti kiramamazwa, hakaratwa umumaro wacyo maze rubanda rugashishikarizwa gutera ibiti ku bwinshi. Abanyarwanda barashishikarizwa gutera ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka mu murima. Intero kandi ni imwe ngo “Nutema kimwe uge utera bibiri”. Ubu ni bumwe mu buryo bw’ingenzi Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho ngo irusheho kubungabunga ibidukikije. <ref>https://elearning.reb.rw/course/view.php?id=510&section=1</ref> m8sbobgayhpxa7jvfgn6g3wquwy33cv 0 19642 138969 119337 2026-09-19T07:02:51Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138969 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Starr-120403-4136-Brassica oleracea var capitata-crop-Kula-Maui (25112158566).jpg|thumb|''Amashu'']] Imboga z'amashu ni bumwe mu bwoko bw'imboga zikunzwe gukoreshwa cyane ndetse zinakundwa n'abantu benshi yaba mugihugu cyacu cy'u RWANDA ndetse no hanze yarwo. izi mboga kandi z'amashu zifite akamaro kanini mubuzima bwa muntu, kuko zifitemo intungamubiri nyinshi umubiri wacu ukenera mu kwirinda indwara no gutuma umubiri wacu ukora neza.<ref>https://rwandamagazine.com/ubuzima/article/akamaro-gakomeye-k-amashu-ku-mubiri-wawe</ref> == AKAMARO K'AMASHU MU MUBIRI W'UMUNTU<ref>https://rwandamagazine.com/ubuzima/article/akamaro-gakomeye-k-amashu-ku-mubiri-wawe</ref> == 1.Amashu akungahaye ku ntungamubiri zitandukanye Nkuko byavuzwe hejuru amashu ni imboga nziza kuko zikungahaye cyane ku ntungamubiri kandi zifitiye akamaro kanini umubiri. zimwe muri izo ntungamubiri harimo Fibre,proteyini,vitamin c,k,B6,<ref>https://rwandamagazine.com/ubuzima/article/akamaro-gakomeye-k-amashu-ku-mubiri-wawe</ref> imyunyungugu nka Kalisiyumu,Manganese,….. Izi ntungamubiri zose rero zituma umubiri ukora neza ndetse bigatuma wirinda indwara zitandukanye. Niba rero ushaka kubona intungamubiri, jya wirira amashu. 2.Amashu afasha mu igogora ry'ibiryo Ubaye ushaka kugira igogorwa (digestion) ry'ibiryo rikorwa neza rwose jya wirira amashu. kuko amashu akungahaye kubyo bita fibres, ibi bikaba bifasha igogorwa ry'ibiryo kugenda neza. kurya amashu kenshi rero bifasha igogorwa gukorwa neza bigatuma umubiri umera neza. 3.Amashu afasha kuzamura ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri Amashu akungahaye nku ntungamubiri bita vitamin c, izi rero zifasha umubiri kuzamura ubudahangarwa (Immunity) bwawo,bityo bigatuma umubiri wirinda indwara zitandukanye bityo ukagira ubuzima bwiza buzira indwara za hato nahato. Ikindi kandi iriya [[Vitamini C]] ni ingenzi mu kurinda [[Kanseri]] zitandukanye. 4.Amashu afasha kuringaniza umuvuduko w'amaraso Amashu agira ibinyabutabire bita Electrolyte,ibi rero umubiri urabikenera kugirango ukore neza,umwe mu mimaro w'ibi binyabutabire ni ukuringaniza amaraso. 5.Amashu afasha umutima gukora neza [[Dosiye:Red cabbages on display for sale at Safeway.jpg|thumb|''Amashu asa umutuku'']] Cyane cyane amashu atukura (Red cabbage) akungahaye cyane ku binyabutabire bita Anthocyanins, ibi ni nabyo bitanga ririya bara ritukura kuri ariya mashu, ubushakashatsi butandukanye bwagaragaje ko ibi binyabutabire birinda indwara zifata umutima ndetse bigatuma umutima ukora neza. 6.Amashu aroroshye kuyarya ndetse aranahendutse Uretse kuba amashu ari imboga ziryoha, ashobora kuribwa mu buryo butandukanye aho ushobora kuyateka,ndetse no kuyarya nka salade,hari yewe nabayahekenya upfa kuba wakoze isuku yayo. Nkuko tubibonye rero, amashu ni ingenzi mu buzima bwacu,niba wajyaga uyasuzugura, sibyo kuko yagufasha byinshi mu mikorere y'umubiri wawe. az5znu4lx5ca4723h4kibrht6q4s02b 0 19919 138972 135552 2026-09-19T07:04:21Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138972 wikitext text/x-wiki Amateka y’ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ni umwihariko w’ubuzima bw’abanyarwanda, kuko urwo rurimi rwagiye rukoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi kandi rufite agaciro gakomeye mu muco n’amateka y’igihugu. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw'Abanyarwanda rwemewe n'amateka, kikaba kimwe mu ndimi z'ibanze mu gihugu cy'u Rwanda.<ref>ururimi rw'ikinyarwanda</ref> === 1. Ikinyarwanda n'uburyo bw'ikivugwa: === Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw’umuryango w’indimi z’I-Bantu, bityo kikaba gifitanye isano n’izindi ndimi zo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba nka [[Igiswahili|Kiswahili]], [[Ikirundi|Kirundi]], n'izindi. Ururimi rw'ikinyarwanda rufite ibintu bibiri by'ingenzi byihariye: * '''Ibigwi n'ubugenge''': Ikinyarwanda gifite uburyo bwo kuvuga hakoreshejwe imvugo ziganisha ku buryo bw’amagambo, ndetse n'ibisigo, indirimbo n’imivugo bibyara umuco ukomeye. * '''Gukoresha imishororo n'ibyivugo''': Ikinyarwanda kimenyerewe mu guca imvugo zitandukanye nko gukoresha amagambo y'ubwenge cyangwa ibimenyetso by’umuco. === 2. Imiterere y’Ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda: === Ikinyarwanda kigizwe n'inyito, imvugo n’amagambo ashingiye ku migenzo ya kera. Hari ibintu byinshi bitandukanye bigize ururimi rw'ikinyarwanda harimo: * '''Izina''' (nouns) * '''Igikorwa''' (verbs) * '''Amagambo y'ibikorwa''' (adjectives, adverbs) * '''Imigani n'ibitwenge''' (idioms and proverbs) === 3. Amahame y’imvugo: === Ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda rugira imiterere y'inyito, aho amagambo agira inkomoko mu kinyarwanda gisanzwe. Ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rutanga umuco ndetse rukubiyemo ubumenyi bw’ikirere n’aho u Rwanda rwavuye. === 4. Ikinyarwanda n’amateka ya Politiki: === Mu gihe cy’amateka y'igihugu cy’u Rwanda, ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda rwagiye rukoreshwa nk'uburyo bwo gusakaza ubutumwa, cyane mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Nyuma ya Jenoside, gukoresha ikinyarwanda byahindutse ikimenyetso cyo kongera kubaka ubumwe bw'abanyarwanda. Ikinyarwanda cyahindutse ururimi rw'umwimerere rwerekana icyizere mu muryango. === 5. Ikinyarwanda mu Mico n'Imigenzo: === Ururimi rw'ikinyarwanda rukoreshwa cyane mu mico n'imigenzo y’Abanyarwanda. Ni ururimi rukoresha ibimenyetso, ibitwenge, ibivugo, ndetse n'imigani ya kera kugira ngo umuco wabo wiyongere kandi urusheho gusakara. Indirimbo, imihango y'ubukwe, n'ubundi busabane byose bikunze kugenda bibumbatiye ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda nk'igikoresho cy’imvugo. === 6. Ikibazo cy'ururimi mu bihugu bituranyi: === Nubwo ururimi rw’Ikirarwanda ari rufite imvugo yihariye, rufite isano kandi n’ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda. Gukoresha ikinyarwanda mu gihugu cy’u Rwanda, Kirundi mu Burundi ndetse no mu mashuri byagize ingaruka nziza ku buryo bwo kumva ibijyanye n’ibisobanuro n’amateka. === 7. Inzira zo Kubungabunga Ikinyarwanda: === Mu Rwanda, harimo gahunda yo kubungabunga ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda. Ubu ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda rwigishwa mu mashuri ndetse rukaba rukoreshwa mu buryo bwemewe mu itangazamakuru ndetse n'ibikorwa bya leta. Gusa, hari ikibazo cy'ihinduka ry’ururimi mu gihe cyagiye kigaragara cyane mu bihugu bitandukanye. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw’agaciro gakomeye mu muco, mu mibanire ndetse no mu bigo by'amashuri muri Rwanda. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} 6obovkknv4wvn61pgqgvyjszvqr21zt 0 19920 138983 136742 2026-09-19T07:35:48Z Rwamucyo250 18948 imyandikire 138983 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag map of Rwanda.svg|thumb|U Rwanda ]] Amateka y’ururimi rw'ikinyarwanda ni umwihariko w’ubuzima bw’abanyarwanda, kuko urwo rurimi rwagiye rukoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi kandi rufite agaciro gakomeye mu muco n’amateka y’igihugu. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw'Abanyarwanda rwemewe n'amateka, kikaba kimwe mu ndimi z'ibanze mu gihugu cy'u Rwanda.<ref>ururimi rw'ikinyarwanda</ref> === 1. Ikinyarwanda n'uburyo bw'ikivugwa: === Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw’umuryango w’indimi z’I-Bantu, bityo kikaba gifitanye isano n’izindi ndimi zo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba nka [[Igiswahili|Kiswahili]], [[Ikirundi|Kirundi]], n'izindi. Ururimi rw'ikinyarwanda rufite ibintu bibiri by'ingenzi byihariye: * '''Ibigwi n'ubugenge''': Ikinyarwanda gifite uburyo bwo kuvuga hakoreshejwe imvugo ziganisha ku buryo bw’amagambo, ndetse n'ibisigo, indirimbo n’imivugo bibyara umuco ukomeye. * '''Gukoresha imishororo n'ibyivugo''': Ikinyarwanda kimenyerewe mu guca imvugo zitandukanye nko gukoresha amagambo y'ubwenge cyangwa ibimenyetso by’umuco. === 2. Imiterere y’Ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda: === Ikinyarwanda kigizwe n'inyito, imvugo n’amagambo ashingiye ku migenzo ya kera. Hari ibintu byinshi bitandukanye bigize ururimi rw'ikinyarwanda harimo: * '''Izina''' (nouns) * '''Igikorwa''' (verbs) * '''Amagambo y'ibikorwa''' (adjectives, adverbs) * '''Imigani n'ibitwenge''' (idioms and proverbs) === 3. Amahame y’imvugo: === Ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda rugira imiterere y'inyito, aho amagambo agira inkomoko mu kinyarwanda gisanzwe. Ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rutanga umuco ndetse rukubiyemo ubumenyi bw’ikirere n’aho u Rwanda rwavuye. === 4. Ikinyarwanda n’amateka ya Politiki: === Mu gihe cy’amateka y'igihugu cy’u Rwanda, ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda rwagiye rukoreshwa nk'uburyo bwo gusakaza ubutumwa, cyane mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Nyuma ya Jenoside, gukoresha ikinyarwanda byahindutse ikimenyetso cyo kongera kubaka ubumwe bw'abanyarwanda. Ikinyarwanda cyahindutse ururimi rw'umwimerere rwerekana icyizere mu muryango. === 5. Ikinyarwanda mu Mico n'Imigenzo: === Ururimi rw'ikinyarwanda rukoreshwa cyane mu mico n'imigenzo y’Abanyarwanda. Ni ururimi rukoresha ibimenyetso, ibitwenge, ibivugo, ndetse n'imigani ya kera kugira ngo umuco wabo wiyongere kandi urusheho gusakara. Indirimbo, imihango y'ubukwe, n'ubundi busabane byose bikunze kugenda bibumbatiye ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda nk'igikoresho cy’imvugo. === 6. Ikibazo cy'ururimi mu bihugu bituranyi: === Nubwo ururimi rw’Ikirarwanda ari rufite imvugo yihariye, rufite isano kandi n’ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda. Gukoresha ikinyarwanda mu gihugu cy’u Rwanda, Kirundi mu Burundi ndetse no mu mashuri byagize ingaruka nziza ku buryo bwo kumva ibijyanye n’ibisobanuro n’amateka. === 7. Inzira zo Kubungabunga Ikinyarwanda: === Mu Rwanda, harimo gahunda yo kubungabunga ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda. Ubu ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda rwigishwa mu mashuri ndetse rukaba rukoreshwa mu buryo bwemewe mu itangazamakuru ndetse n'ibikorwa bya leta. Gusa, hari ikibazo cy'ihinduka ry’ururimi mu gihe cyagiye kigaragara cyane mu bihugu bitandukanye. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw’agaciro gakomeye mu muco, mu mibanire ndetse no mu bigo by'amashuri muri Rwanda. cdnfpj7t8y886lmhuiuofshjp7cvv0o 0 19921 138963 121007 2026-09-19T06:56:49Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138963 wikitext text/x-wiki Akarere ka Nyagatare mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Ntara y'Iburasirazuba]] kagiye kagaragaza iterambere mu bikorwa remezo mu myaka yashize. Muri byo, hatashywe Stade y'Akarere ka Nyagatare ifite agaciro ka miliyari hafi 10 z'amafaranga y'u Rwanda, ikaba ifite ibibuga bitandukanye birimo [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]], volleyball, basketball, tennis, n'ahabera imikino ngororamubiri. [[Dosiye:Reminder 23455.jpg|thumb]] Mu rwego rw'imihanda, hubatswe umuhanda wa Rukomo-Nyagatare ureshya na kilometero 73, watwaye miliyoni 73.5 z'amadorali ya Amerika. Byongeye kandi, ibikorwa byo kubaka ibiraro birimo icya Mirama-Rurenge, cyatwaye miliyoni 360 z'amafaranga y'u Rwanda, bigamije koroshya ubuhahirane mu karere. Mu rwego rw'uburezi, hubatswe ibiro bishya by'Akagari ka Bwera bifite ibyumba bitanu byo gukoreramo n'ibyumba bibiri binini bya salle z'inama, bigamije kunoza serivisi z'ubuyobozi no korohereza abaturage. Ubuyobozi bw'Akarere buvuga ko ibikorwa remezo byabaye imbarutso y'iterambere, kandi busaba abaturage kubyaza umusaruro ibyo bikorwa no kubungabunga ibyagezweho. Mu rwego rwo gukomeza guteza imbere ibikorwa remezo, umuyobozi w'Akarere yasabye abaturage kugira uruhare mu kubungabunga ibi bikorwa no kubibyaza umusaruro, kugira ngo bifashe mu kwihutisha iterambere ry'akarere. lvp3ntje7qyevhe4mvbmifxln6abe13 0 19929 138937 124570 2026-09-19T05:43:56Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|1 */ 138937 wikitext text/x-wiki = Ingagi zo mu Rwanda: Icyubahiro cy’inyamaswa z’ikirenga = U Rwanda rurazwi ku isi yose kubera '''ingagi zo mu birunga''', inyamaswa z’ikirenga ziboneka mu mashyamba y’ibirunga bitanu mu majyaruguru y’igihugu. Izi ngagi, zizwi nka ''Mountain Gorillas'', ni ubwoko bwa gorille bukomeye kandi burindwa cyane ku isi. Ziboneka cyane muri '''Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga''', ahantu haherereye imisozi miremire, amashyamba y’ikirenga, n’ibiyaga bito bikoreshwa nk’inkomoko y’ubuzima bw’izi nyamaswa. == Imiterere n’imibanire y’ingagi == Ingagi zo mu birunga ni inyamaswa ziganjemo imirongo y’imiryango ikomeye, aho buri tsinda rigizwe n’abagabo bakuru (Silverbacks), [[Umugore|abagore]], n’abana babo. '''Silverback''' ni umugabo mukuru, afata icyemezo ku mutekano w’itsinda, kugabanya amakimbirane, no kuyobora ibikorwa byo gushakisha ibiribwa. Uburyo izi ngagi zifitanye imibanire yihariye buranga ubwiza bw’imico yazo: zigaragaza ubwitonzi, urukundo hagati y’abagize itsinda, ndetse n’ubushishozi mu gucunga umutungo w’itsinda. Ingagi ziba mu mashyamba y’imisozi miremire kandi zigira '''ibiribwa byinshi bituruka ku bimera''', birimo ibimera byo mu mashyamba, imbuto, n’amababi. Zikora urugendo rurerure buri munsi mu gushakisha ibiribwa, kandi zigira uburyo bwo kubana n’inyamaswa zindi mu buryo butabangamira ubwazo. == Ubukerarugendo n’ubukungu == Ingagi zo mu Rwanda zatumye igihugu gishyirwa ku isi nk’igicumbi cy’'''ubukerarugendo bw’inyamaswa z’ikirenga'''. Abashyitsi baturuka mu bihugu bitandukanye baza mu bikorwa byo '''“Gorilla trekking”''', aho bagendana n’abafashamyumvire b’inzobere mu kumenya amateka y’izi ngagi, imyitwarire yazo, n’imirimo yazo yo kubaho mu mashyamba. Ubu bukerarugendo butanga inyungu nyinshi ku gihugu, kuko amafaranga yinjira akoreshwa mu kubungabunga pariki, gutanga akazi ku baturage bo mu karere, no gushyigikira ibikorwa by’ubuzima n’uburezi. == Kurengera ingagi: amateka n’ibikorwa == Mbere y’imyaka makumyabiri ishize, ingagi zo mu birunga zari mu kaga gakomeye kubera '''kwangizwa kw’aho zibera''', '''ubuhinzi burenga ku butaka''', ndetse na '''ubuhahirane bw’abakobwa n’ubw’abantu mu mashyamba'''. Leta y’u Rwanda hamwe n’imiryango mpuzamahanga yagiye ishyiraho gahunda zo kurengera izi ngagi. Harimo: * Gushiraho '''Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga''' no kuyishyiraho abafashamyumvire b’inzobere. * Kugenzura neza abashaka gusura ingagi kugira ngo batabangamira imiryango yazo. * Gukorana n’abaturage baturiye pariki mu bikorwa by’ubukerarugendo no kubungabunga ibidukikije. Ibi byose byatumye ubukungu bw’igihugu buzamuka, abantu babona akazi, kandi ingagi zikomeza kubaho mu bwisanzure, bituma u Rwanda rufatwa nk’icyitegererezo mu '''kubungabunga inyamaswa ziri mu kaga ku isi'''. == Agaciro k’inyamaswa mu muco == Ingagi zo mu birunga zifite '''agaciro kanini mu muco n’ubuzima bw’Abanyarwanda'''. Ziratuma abantu bibuka ko kubungabunga ibidukikije ari inshingano ya buri wese. U Rwanda rwashoboye guhagararira neza ubutunzi bw’ibi binyabuzima ku isi, ndetse rukurura abantu benshi bifuza kumenya no gukurikira imico n’imibereho y’izi nyamaswa. Uyu munsi, '''ingagi zo mu Rwanda''' ntiziri mu kaga gusa, ahubwo zishimangira isura nziza y’igihugu ku rwego mpuzamahanga, zigakurura ba mukerarugendo, kandi zikabera urugero rw’uburyo ibidukikije n’inyamaswa zidasanzwe bishobora kubungabungwa neza. hszpvhas9cifeziv0k5zhgjfma2313l 0 19950 138930 121139 2026-09-19T05:39:59Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138930 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umurenge wa runda == Runda ni umurenge mu karere ka kamonyi, kari mu Ntra y'amajyepfo y'uRwanda. umujyi mukuru w'umurenge wa runda ni Ruyenzi. uyu murenge ufite ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 51.2,kandi uherereye ku y'uruzi rwa Nyabarongo mu burasizuba. Nkuko imibare yo mu ibarura ry'abaturage rya 2022 ibigaragaza, Runda ifite abatuye 72,778 ikaba yateye imbere cyane ugereranyije n'abaturage 34'839bari batuye muri uyu uyu murenge muri 2012. Abagabo n'[[Umugore|abagore]] basanzwe babana mu bwiganzire bwiza, Aho abagabo bangana 49% naho abagore bakaba 51%. Ikigero cy'imyaka kigaragaza ko abatuye umurenge wa Runda ari abato, aho abana bari munsi y’imyaka 14 ari 25,627, abakuze bari hagati y’imyaka 15 na 64 ni 45,028, naho abageze mu zabukuru bafite imyaka 65 n'irenga ni 1,980. Runda yabonye iterambere rinini mu by'imijyi,cyane mu bice bya kamuhanda na Ruyenzi, aho umubare w'abaturage wiyongereye uva kuri 12,995 mu 2012 ukagera kuri 66,151 mu 2022. iyi mikurire y'yumujyi ikomeje kuzana ibibazo birimo ubkene bw'ibikoreshoby'ibanze no gukoresha ubutaka [[Ubuhinzi|bw'ubuhinzi]] mu gukora imiturire. Umurenge warunda wagiye w'ubaka ibikorwa by'iterambere mu muryango. Muri rusange, umurenge wa Runda ugaragaza ihuriro ry'imyifatire y'iteramber n'imijyi mu Rwanda, ukagira ubushake bwo gukomeza gukura no kubungabunga ubuhinzi nk'umurenge w'igihugu. j7p059j0vpn6y46arvhqumozj6karhk 0 19961 138957 121162 2026-09-19T06:54:51Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138957 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umurenge wa Ndego''' uherereye mu '''Karere ka Kayonza''', mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Ntara y'Iburasirazuba]] y'u Rwanda. Ni umwe mu mirenge ikomeye muri aka karere, kandi ufite ibikorwa bitandukanye by'ubukungu, ubuhinzi, uburezi, ndetse n'iterambere mu bice bitandukanye. Dore amwe mu makuru ajyanye n'umurenge wa Ndego:<ref>umurenge wa ndego mu karere ka kayonza</ref> === 1. Aho uherereye: === * Umurenge wa '''Ndego''' uherereye mu karere ka '''Kayonza''', ni umwe mu mirenge y'iburasirazuba bw'akarere. Uyu murenge uhana imbibi n’imirenge nka '''Nyamirama''', '''Mukarange''', '''Rukomo''', n’indi mirenge yo mu karere ka Kayonza. * Ndego ni ahantu heza, kandi umurenge uhuza ibikorwa bitandukanye by'ubukungu, ubucuruzi, n'iterambere ry'imibereho myiza y’abaturage. === 2. Ubuhinzi n'Ubworozi: === * '''Ubuhinzi''' ni kimwe mu bikorwa by'ingenzi muri uyu murenge. Abaturage bakora ubuhinzi bw'ibirayi, ibishyimbo, imyumbati, imbuto, ndetse n'ibihingwa by’icyatsi. Ndego ni ahantu hakunze kugaragara ubuhinzi bw'imbuto ndetse n’ibindi bihingwa bituma abaturage babasha kubona ibiribwa bihagije. * '''Ubworozi''' nabwo bufite uruhare runini muri Ndego, aho abaturage borora amatungo atandukanye nka inka, intama, n'ihene. Ubworozi butuma abaturage babasha kubona umusaruro ukomoka ku matungo ndetse no kongera ubukungu bwabo. === 3. Imiyoborere n'Ibikorwa by'ubuyobozi: === * '''Ibiro by'umurenge:''' Umurenge wa Ndego ufite ibiro by'umurenge aho abaturage bashobora kubona serivisi zitandukanye, harimo gusaba ibyangombwa, gukemura ibibazo by’ubuyobozi, no kubona ubufasha muri gahunda zitandukanye. * '''Imiyoborere myiza:''' Umurenge wa Ndego ufite ubuyobozi bukorana n’abaturage mu bikorwa by’iterambere. Buri mwaka hakorwa gahunda zo guteza imbere imibereho myiza y’abaturage, gukemura ibibazo by’abaturage, ndetse no gufasha mu bikorwa by’iterambere ry’ubukungu. === 4. Uburezi: === * '''Amashuri:''' Ndego ifite amashuri abanza ndetse n’amashuri yisumbuye, aho abana biga bakabona ubumenyi bujyanye n'igihe. Ibi bituma abana bo muri Ndego bagira amahirwe yo kwiga no kubona uburezi bufite ireme. * '''Imfashanyigisho:''' Abaturage bafite gahunda nyinshi z'uburezi, aho bafasha abana kubona ubumenyi bujyanye n’ibihe. Hari kandi gahunda zo kwimakaza uburezi bw'abana b'abakobwa, uburinganire, ndetse no kurandura ubujiji. === 5. Ibikorwa by'ubuzima: === * '''Ibigo nderabuzima:''' Umurenge wa Ndego ufite ibigo by'ubuvuzi (ibigo nderabuzima) bitandukanye, bitanga serivisi z’ubuzima, harimo kwita ku buzima bw’abaturage, ubuvuzi bw’ibanze, n'ubuzima rusange. * '''Serivisi z'ubuzima:''' Abaturage ba Ndego barashishikarizwa gukoresha serivisi z'ubuzima, harimo kugana ibigo nderabuzima kugira ngo barusheho kugira imibereho myiza no kwita ku buzima bwabo. === 6. Imihanda n'Ibikorwaremezo: === * '''Imihanda:''' Umurenge wa Ndego ufite imihanda myiza ifasha abaturage n'abagenzi kugera ku bice bitandukanye by'akarere ka Kayonza. Imihanda ihuza uyu murenge n'indi mirenge mu karere ka Kayonza ndetse no mu bindi bice bya Nyamirama na [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|Rwamagana]]. * '''Ibikorwaremezo:''' Hari ibikorwa by'ibikorwaremezo nk'amashanyarazi, amazi meza, ndetse no kongera imiyoborere mu guhanga imirimo itandukanye mu murenge. === 7. Iterambere ry'ubukungu: === * '''Imishinga y'iterambere:''' Umurenge wa Ndego ufite imishinga inyuranye igamije guteza imbere ubuhinzi, ubworozi, ndetse no guteza imbere ubucuruzi bw'abaturage. Hari gahunda zigamije kongera umusaruro w’ubuhinzi no kubungabunga ubuziranenge bw’ibiribwa. * '''Ubucuruzi:''' Ndego ni ahantu hasanzwe haboneka amasoko aho abaturage bashobora kugurisha ibicuruzwa byabo ndetse no kubona ibikoresho bakeneye mu buzima bwa buri munsi. === 8. Imishinga y'Iterambere n'Ubukerarugendo: === * '''Iterambere ry'ubukerarugendo:''' Nubwo umurenge wa Ndego utaba ahantu hazwi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ariko hari amahirwe yo kuzamura ubukerarugendo mu bijyanye no gusura ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi ndetse n'ubworozi. Ubukerarugendo bushobora gufasha mu kwerekana uburyo abatuye muri uyu murenge babasha gukora no kwiteza imbere. === 9. Imibereho Myiza n'Uburinganire: === * '''Uburinganire n'ubuzima bwiza:''' Mu rwego rwo guteza imbere imibereho myiza, umurenge wa Ndego ukora cyane mu kwimakaza uburinganire, guteza imbere [[Umugore|abagore]], no kubafasha kwiteza imbere mu bikorwa bitandukanye by'ubuzima, uburezi, n’ubukungu. 68x78fo3bedged8gmlu2iegzjkwwkau 0 19963 138948 127606 2026-09-19T05:49:29Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138948 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umurenge wa Nyamirama''' uherereye mu '''Karere ka Kayonza''', mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|ntara y'Iburasirazuba]] y'u Rwanda. Ni umwe mu mirenge y'ingenzi muri aka karere, ukaba ufite ibikorwa by'ubukungu, ubuhinzi, ubucuruzi, uburezi, n'iterambere mu bice bitandukanye. Dore amwe mu makuru ajyanye n'umurenge wa Nyamirama:<ref>umurenge wa Nyamirama</ref> === 1. Aho uherereye: === * Umurenge wa '''Nyamirama''' uherereye mu karere ka '''Kayonza''', mu gice k'Iburasirazuba bw’u Rwanda. Uyu murenge uhana imbibi n’imirenge nka '''Mukarange''', '''Rukomo''', '''Ndego''', '''Murama''', n’indi mirenge yo mu karere ka Kayonza. * Nyamirama ni ahantu heza hatuwe cyane kandi harangwa n'imihanda myiza, bigatuma abatuye uyu murenge babasha kugera ku bindi bice by’akarere ndetse n’imijyi itandukanye. === 2. Ubuhinzi n'Ubworozi: === * '''Ubuhinzi''' ni kimwe mu bikorwa by'ingenzi muri Nyamirama. Abaturage bakora ubuhinzi bw'ibirayi, ibishyimbo, imyumbati, imbuto, ndetse n'ibihingwa by’icyatsi. Nyamirama ifite ubuso bw'ubutaka bwera kandi ahantu hatoranyijwe ku buhinzi, aho abaturage babasha kubona umusaruro w'ibiribwa bihagije. * '''Ubworozi''' na bwo bufite uruhare runini muri uyu murenge, aho abaturage borora amatungo atandukanye nk'inka, intama n'ihene. Ubworozi butuma abaturage babasha kubona umusaruro ukomoka ku matungo ndetse no kongera ubukungu bwabo. === 3. Imiyoborere n'Ibikorwa by'ubuyobozi: === * '''Ibiro by'umurenge:''' Umurenge wa Nyamirama ufite ibiro by'umurenge aho abaturage bashobora kubona serivisi zitandukanye, harimo gusaba ibyangombwa, gukemura ibibazo by’ubuyobozi, no kubona ubufasha muri gahunda zitandukanye. * '''Imiyoborere myiza:''' Mu murenge wa Nyamirama, ubuyobozi bugenda bushingira ku kwita ku mibereho y’abaturage, gukora imishinga y'iterambere, no kugera ku ntego z'iterambere rirambye. Abaturage bagira uruhare mu migendekere y'ibikorwa byo guteza imbere umurenge. === 4. Uburezi: === * '''Amashuri:''' Nyamirama ifite amashuri abanza ndetse n’amashuri yisumbuye, aho abana biga bakabona ubumenyi bujyanye n'igihe. Ibi bituma abana bo muri Nyamirama bagira amahirwe yo kwiga no kubona uburezi bufite ireme. * '''Imfashanyigisho:''' Abaturage n'abana bafite gahunda nyinshi z'uburezi, aho bafasha abana kubona ubumenyi bujyanye n’ibihe. Hari kandi gahunda zo kwimakaza uburezi bw'abana b'abakobwa, uburinganire, ndetse no kurandura ubujiji. === 5. Ibikorwa by'ubuzima: === * '''Ibigo nderabuzima:''' Umurenge wa Nyamirama ufite ibigo by'ubuvuzi (ibigo nderabuzima) bitandukanye, bitanga serivisi z’ubuzima, harimo kwita ku buzima bw’abaturage, ubuvuzi bw’ibanze, n'ubuzima rusange. Hari n'amavuriro agenewe abantu bafite indwara zihariye. * '''Serivisi z'ubuzima:''' Abaturage ba Nyamirama barashishikarizwa gukoresha serivisi z'ubuzima, harimo kugana ibigo nderabuzima kugira ngo barusheho kugira imibereho myiza no kwita ku buzima bwabo. === 6. Imihanda n'Ibikorwaremezo: === * '''Imihanda:''' Umurenge wa Nyamirama ufite imihanda myiza ifasha abaturage n'abagenzi kugera ku bice bitandukanye by'akarere ka Kayonza. Imihanda ihuza uyu murenge n'indi mirenge mu karere ka Kayonza ndetse no mu bindi bice bya Nyamirama na [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|Rwamagana]]. * '''Ibikorwaremezo:''' Hari ibikorwa by'ibikorwaremezo nk'amashanyarazi, amazi meza, ndetse no kongera imiyoborere mu guhanga imirimo itandukanye mu murenge. === 7. Iterambere ry'ubukungu: === * '''Imishinga y'iterambere:''' Umurenge wa Nyamirama ufite imishinga inyuranye igamije guteza imbere ubuhinzi, ubworozi, ndetse no guteza imbere ubucuruzi bw'abaturage. Hari gahunda zigamije kongera umusaruro w’ubuhinzi no kubungabunga ubuziranenge bw’ibiribwa. * '''Ubucuruzi:''' Nyamirama ni ahantu hasanzwe haboneka amasoko aho abaturage bashobora kugurisha ibicuruzwa byabo ndetse no kubona ibikoresho bakeneye mu buzima bwa buri munsi. === 8. Imishinga y'Iterambere n'Ubukerarugendo: === * '''Iterambere ry'ubukerarugendo:''' Nubwo umurenge wa Nyamirama utaba ahantu hazwi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ariko hari amahirwe yo kuzamura ubukerarugendo mu bijyanye no gusura ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi ndetse n'ubworozi. Ubukerarugendo bushobora gufasha mu kwerekana uburyo abatuye muri uyu murenge babasha gukora no kwiteza imbere. === 9. Imibereho Myiza n'Uburinganire: === * '''Uburinganire n'ubuzima bwiza:''' Mu rwego rwo guteza imbere imibereho myiza, umurenge wa Nyamirama ukora cyane mu kwimakaza uburinganire, guteza imbere [[Umugore|abagore]], no kubafasha kwiteza imbere mu bikorwa bitandukanye by'ubuzima, uburezi, n’ubukungu. r1tgg4p0op52rq251u44qqlp6r2kwcs 0 21519 138965 128175 2026-09-19T07:01:20Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138965 wikitext text/x-wiki NKOMBO FC, n'ikipe y'umpira w'amaguru mu Rwanda , yashinzwe mumwaka wi 2024. ikaba ikina mukiciro cya kabiri (2) nyuma yumwaka umwe ishinzwe ikaba yarahise iva mukiciro cya gatatu izamuka mukiciro cya kabiri akaba ari naho ibarizwa ubungubu, ikaba ikina amarushanwa ategurwa na FERWAFA. Iy'ikipe ikaba iherereye Mu [[intara]] y'Iburengera zuba, [[Akarere ka Rusizi]], umurenge wa Nkombo, akaba ari umurenge ubarizwa mukirwa rwahagati. <ref>https://rwandamagazine.com/imikino/article/nkombo-fc-yatsinze-vision-j-n-itangirana-intsinzi-amafoto</ref> NKOMBO FC yabaye ikipe yemewe yokwitabira amarushanwa ategurwa nurwego rushinzwe [[Umupira w’amaguru|umuPira w'amaguru]] murwanda FERWAFA, nyuma yuko yari imaze imyaka igera muri itatu yegukana ibikombe by"umurenge Kagame Cup, harimo ibikombe 2 byokurwego rw'Akarere yatwaye mumyaka 2018, ndetse nuwa 2023. niho havuye igitekerezo cyabamwe mubari bayihagarariye barimo UJEKUVUKA Emmanuel uzwi ku izina rya MARCHAL, akaba ari nawe muyobozi wayo mukuru cyokuyandikisha muma kipe azajya yitabira amarushanwa ategurwa na FRWAFA, NKOMBO FC nyuma y'amezi 7 izamutse mukiciro cya kabiri mumarushanwa ategurwa na FERWAFA, ikaba iri kumwanya wambere n'amanota 26, aho ikurikirwa na Espoire FC n'amanota nayo ibarizwa mukarere ka Rusizi. == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Umupira w’amaguru]] [[Ikiciro:Amakipe]] 8r75psp8iraltcsfohck1anjf8izh9y 0 22482 138956 136638 2026-09-19T06:54:32Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138956 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mama Sava == Umunyana Analyssa wamenyekanye ku izina rya Mama Sava, ni umunyarwandakazi ukina filime nyarwanda.<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/mama-sava-mu-munyenga-w-urukundo</ref>Yavutse mu mwaka wa 1995.<ref name=":1">https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/sinema/article/mama-sava-umucungamutungo-wahindutse-umukinnyi-wa-filime</ref> == Amashuri == Yize icungamutungo ku ishuri rya College de l'Espoir de Gasogi.<ref name=":1" /> == Filime == Yatangiye gukina filime mu mwaka wa 2017.Akaba yarakinnye filime zitandukanye harimo izuruhererekane nka [[SEBURIKOKO|Seburikoko]] na Papa Sava,<ref name=":0" />Mucoma:The couples Battle<ref name=":2">https://mobile.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/mama-sava-ntiyahiriwe-mu-bihembo-bya-amaa-2025-yari-ahatanyemo-muri-nigeria</ref> == Amarushanwa == Mu mwaka wa 2025 yitabiriye amarushanwa ya [[Africa Movie Academy Awards]] (AMAA) aho yari ahatanye mu cyiciro cya Best Actress in a leading role. <ref name=":2" /> == Ishakiro == cqw4rl8u3zx9wknliz9qe3cipw595ul 0 22570 138960 136501 2026-09-19T06:55:51Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138960 wikitext text/x-wiki Kuri iyo taliki nibwo [[Interahamwe]] n'umutwe w'abasirikare barindaga Perezida Habyarimana Juvenal batangiye gushyiraho amabariyeri mu duce twinshi tw'Umujyi wa Kigali no kwica Abatutsi.<ref name=":0">https://umuryango.rw/amakuru/mu-rwanda/ubuzima/article/bimwe-mu-byaranze-tariki-ya-7-mata-1994-ubwo-hatangiraga-jenoside-yakorewe</ref> Uwari Minisitiri w'intebe, Uwilingiyimana Agathe n'abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi bo mu ngabo z'Umuryango w'Abibumbye bari bashinzwe umutekano we, bishwe babanje gukorerwa iycarubozo n'abasirikare ba Leta y'u Rwanda.<ref name=":1">[https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/mu-mateka/article/bimwe-mu-byaranze-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi-tariki-ya-7-mata-1994#:~:text=Nyuma%20y'umunsi%20umwe%20Jenoside%20yakorewe,zakomeje%20urugamba%20zigamije%20guhagarika%20Jenoside. https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/mu-mateka/article/bimwe-mu-byaranze-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi-tariki-ya-7-mata-1994#:~:text=Nyuma%20y'umunsi%20umwe%20Jenoside%20yakorewe,zakomeje%20urugamba%20zigamije%20guhagarika%20Jenoside.]</ref> Mu mugambi wo kwica abanyepolitiki batavugaga rumwe na Leta ya Habyarimana ndetse batari bashyigikiye umugambi wa Jenoside, Perezida w'Urukiko rushinzwe kurinda Itegeko Nshinga, Kavamahanga Joseph,ba Minisitiri Frederick Nzamurambaho wari na Perezida wa PSD ,Felicien Ngango, wari Visi Perezida wa PSD, Faustin Rucogoza na Landouald Ndasingwa bishwe ku ikubitiro n'Abasirikare barindaga Habyarimana.<ref name=":0" /> Kuri uyu munsi kandi ni nabwo Major Ntabakuze Aloys, wayoboraga umutwe w'aba Para-commando yategetse abasirikare yayoboraga gutangira kwica abafite indangamuntu z'Aabatutsi n'abataravugaga rumwe n'ubutegetsi batuye hafi y'ikigo cya gisirikare, ahitwa mu kajagari i Kanombe.<ref name=":1" /> Kuko uwo munsi taliki 7 Mata,abasirikare bafatanije n'interahamwe bishe Abatutsi basaga 500, kuri iyi taliki kandi Abatutsi bagera kuri 17 biganjemo abapadiri,abaseminari n'ababikira barishwe.<ref name=":1" /> Mu bishwe harimo Padiri w'Umuyezuwiti Chrysologue Mahame wari ufite imyaka 67, wayoboraga Centre Christus i Remera akaba yari mu bashinze Umuryango uharanira Uburenganzira bwa Muntu no Kwimakaza Amahoro. Abo bosebishwe n'abasirikare barindaga Umukuru w'Igihugu bafatanije n'interahamwe.<ref name=":1" /> Interahamwe n'Abasirikare barindaga umukuru w'Igihugu bari bafite umugambi wo kujya kwica Abatutsi bari muri Sitade Amahoro hafatwaga nk'ahantu harinzwe kubera ko hari hakambitse Ingabo z'Umuryango w'Abibumbye MINUAR.<ref name=":1" /> Uwo mugambi kuburizwamo n'imirwano hagati y'ingabo za FPR Inkotanyi n'abasirikare barindaga umukuru w'Igihugu bituma abenshi mu Batutsi bari muri Sitade Amahoro barokoka.<ref name=":0" /> Kuri iyi taliki kandi Radiyo Muhabura ya FPR Inkotanyi ni yo yabaye iya mbere mu kwamagana iyicwa ry'Abatutsi n'Abanyapolitiki b'Abahutu batari bashyigikiye Jenoside.Umugaba Mukuru w'Ingabo za FPR Inkotanyi yatangaje ko bafite inshingano zikomeye zo kurinda abaturage b'inzirakarengane b'Abatutsi bicwaga.<ref name=":2">https://umuryango.rw/amakuru/mu-rwanda/ubuzima/article/bimwe-mu-byaranze-tariki-ya-7-mata-1994-ubwo-hatangiraga-jenoside-yakorewe</ref> Ubwo Radiyo Rwanda RTLM yacishagaho itangazo ryashizweho umukono na Col.Bagosora mu izina rya Minisitiri w'Ingabo ryemezaga urupfu rw'umukuru w'Igihugu Perezida Habyarimana Juvenal, muri ako kanya ku Kacyiru Interahamwe zahise zishinga za bariyeri zitangira kwica Abatutsi.Ubwicanyi bwakwiriye hirya no hino mu Rwanda, Aabatutsi babarirwa mu bihumbi baricwa.<ref name=":1" /> Ubwicanyi bwabaga buyobowe na ba Burugumesitiri n'abandi bayobozi bo mu nzego z'ibanze.Kuri Komini Giciye, hiciwe Abatutsi benshi barimo n'umugore wa Bazivamo Christophe.Muyahoze ari komini Runda yegeranye na Kigali, ubu ni mu Karere ka Kamonyi, ubwicanyi bwatangiye ku italiki ya 7 Mata 1994.<ref name=":0" /> Abatutsi biciwe mu duce dutandukanye twa Komini Runda nka Biharabuge, kuri Nyabarongo ahitwa mu Rubamba, ku Isenga, kuri Ruliba, mu Gasharara, ku Idongo, kuri Sitasiyo i Runda, kuri bariyeri ya Bishenyi hari n'abajugunywe mu cyuzi cya Cyabariza.Abatutsi biciwe kuri Cocobeka n'ahitwa Intwari kuri Nyabarongo mu yahoze ari Komini Kayenzi.<ref name=":1" /> Muri Komini Gisuma, Perefegitura ya Cyangugu, abajandarume batangiye kwica Abatutsi. Abatutsi biciwe ahitwa Ruramba, ubu niho mu karere ka Nyaruguru.Muri Muko, Perefegitura ya Gikongoro, abicanyi bagera ku ijana, bayobowe n'umukuru wa Polisi ya komini afatanije na Burugumesitiri Kayihura, bishe Abatutsi bagera kuri 14 bari bahungiye kuri Paruwasi ya Mushubi.<ref name=":2" /> Intagondwa y'umu CDR akaba na Burugumesitiri wa Komini Bicumbi,Rugambarara Juvenal yateguye umugambi wo kwica Abatutsi muri Komini Bicumbi. Uyu Rugambarara yemereye urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda ko we ubwe yishe Abatutsi bagera ku 100. Kwica Abatutsi byakomereje i [[Nyamata]] muri Bugesera na Sake muri Perefegitura ya Kibungo.<ref name=":1" /> Abatutsi barenga 800 biganjemo abana n'abagore bari bahungiye kuri Paruwasi Gatolika ya Nyundo, muri Gisenyi, barishwe.Ubwicanyi mu yahoze ari Perefegitura ya Gisenyi bwateguwe kandi buyoborwa n'uwari umuyobozi w'Ingabo muri ako gace Col. Nsengiyumva Anatole.<ref name=":0" /> Ku mugoroba wa taliki ya 7 Mata 1994, Abatutsi bagera kuri 50 biciwe mu iseminari Ntoya ya Nyundo, abageraku 150 bicirwa muri Paruwasi Gatolika ya Bisasamana.Ahitwa Kabasheja mu Murenge wa Rugerero, hiciwe Abatutsi bari bakuwe n'interahamwe kuri Komini [[Rubavu]], ubu ni mu Karere ka Rubavu.<ref name=":1" /> Abatutsi biciwe muri Centre St Pierre, mu Nzu y'abakobwa ba Musenyeri, mu yahoze ari Rwandex ya Gisenyi,ku kiliziya Stella Maris no kuri Komini Rouge, ubu ni mu Karere ka Rubavu. Uwari Burugumesitiri wa Komine Mukingo, muri Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri, Kajerijeri Juvenal yatwaye abapolisi n'interahamwe bajya kwica Abatutsi bagera kuri 43 bari bahungiye kuri Paruwasi ya Busogo.<ref name=":1" /> Habaye inama yo gutangiza Jenoside, ibera kwa Nzirorera Joseph, wari Umunyamabanga Mukuru wa MRND, yitabirwa na Col.Ephrem Setako, Harerimana (wari Burugumesitiri wa Komini Nkuli muri icyo gihe, Col Augustin Bizimungu, Casimir Bizimungu, Jean Baptiste Nyabusore, Esdras Baheza, Jonathan Bambonye, Jean Damascene Niyoyita, Dominique Gatsimbanyi, Assiel Ndisetse na Lazare Ndangiza.<ref name=":0" /> Interahamwe zagumye hanze zitegereje ikiva mu nama, iyo nama yafashe icyemezo ko Abatutsi bicwa bitarenze mu gitondo.Hemejwe kandi ko hatangwa imbunda no gushyiraho bariyeri; Coloneli Bizimungu ashingwa gushyira mu bikorwa icyo cyemezo; atanga imbunda aziha abari ba konseye na bo baziha abaturage n'abakuru b'interahamwe barimo Burugumesitiri Kajerijeri na Baheza Esdras.<ref name=":0" /> Kuri iyo taliki 7 Mata, mu masaha y'isacyenda Abatutsi bose bari bamaze kwicwa, imitungo yabo yasahuwe n'inzu zatwitswe ku buryo iminsi yakurikiyeho interahamwe n'amahindure(laves) bajyaga gutanga umusada ahandi; ni muri urwo rwego zagiye kwica Abatutsi bari bahungiye ku Rukiko rw'Ubujurire mu Mmujyi wa Ruhengeri, Nyabihu, Musumba(Nkuri) na Nyakinama.<ref name=":1" /> Icyo gihe urugamba rw'Ingabo zaRPF Inkotanyi rwararakomeje bafata uduce tw'u Mutara, utwa Ruhengeri na Byumba ari nako barokora Abatutsi bicwaga n'interahamwe n'abasirikare ba Leta ya Habyarimana. Icyo gihe Ingabo za FPR Inkotanyi zarokoye Abatutsi muri za Komini nka Buyoga, Mugambazi,Rutongo, Giti, Bwisige na Rutare.<ref name=":2" /> Ku mugoroba wo ku italiki ya 7 Mata 1994,ni bwo abasirikare 200 b'Ingabo za FPR Inkotanyi basohotse muri CND, bagerageza kurokora Abatutsi bari batuye mu duce dukikije CND(ubu ni inyubako ikoreramo Inteko Ishinga Amategeko).Muri Perefegitura ya Gikongoro, kuri iyi taliki, Abatutsi bari bahungiye kuri Paruwasi Mushubi ubu habarizwa mu Karere ka Nyamagabe, barishwe bose.<ref name=":1" /> Kuva ku italiki 7 kugeza ku ya 12 Mata 1994, Abatutsi biciwe mu Murenge wa Muko, muri Centre ya Kigoma ahitwa Ngangi n'ahitwa Mayora, mu Karere ka Gicumbi. Hishwe Abatutsi mu Bugarama muri Perefegitura ya Cyangungu, ubu ni mu Karere Rusizi, babakuraga mu ngo zabo bagahita babica bakabaroha mu Migezi ya Rusizi, Ruhwa na Rubyiro. Hishwe kandi Abatutsi i Gikundamvura(Hinduka)muri Rusizi.<ref name=":1" /> Hishwe Abatutsi muri Centre ya Kivuruga,hishwe Abatutsi ku biro bya Komine Musasa no mu nkengero zayo, hishwe abatutsi i Muhondo(Gakenke), Hishwe Abatutsi ku yahoze ari komini Tare, hishwe Abatutsi ku bitaro bya Nemba no muri Centre ya Gakenke, hishwe Abatutsi b'i Kananira muri Nkungu (Cyangugu), Abatutsi bari bahungiye mu Rusengero rw'Abadive rwa Hesha mu Murenge wa Mukamira bari bavanwe muri Segiteri Nanga muri Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri, barishwe ubu ni mu Karere ka Nyabihu, Abatutsi bari bahungiye mu Rusengero rw'Abadive rwa Gisizi mu Murenge wa Muringa, ubu ni mu Karere ka Nyabihu, barishwe.<ref name=":0" /> Hishwe Abatutsi Abatutsi bari bahungiye mu kigo cya Gisirikare cya Mukamira muri Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri, ubu ni mu Karere ka Nyabihu, hishwe kandi Abatutsi bari bahungiye mu Kiliziya ya Rambura mu Murenge wa Rambura, ubu ni mu Karere ka Nyabihu, hishwe Abatutsi bari bahungiye mu kigo cya Gisirikare cya Bigogwe muri Perefegitura ya Gisenyi, ubu ni mu Karere ka Nyabihu, hishwe Abatutsi bari bahungiye kuri Segiteri Byahi muri Perefegitura ya Gisenyi, ubu ni mu Karere ka Rubavu.<ref name=":1" /> == Amashakiro: == 2lhetygi0juegt269q6ogq7zpg0t8op 0 22675 138977 131577 2026-09-19T07:06:44Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138977 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:LL-Q33573 (kin)-Anne Peline-Rusasa.wav|thumb|Rusasa umurenge wa karere ka Gakenke]] '''Umurenge wa Rusasa''' Umurenge wa Rusasa ni umwe mu mirenge 19 igize Akarere ka Gakenke mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Ntara y'Amajyaruguru]]. Uyoborwa n'Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa (Executive Secretary) witwa Uwimana Dieudonné. <ref>umurenge wa Rusasa mu karere ka Gakenke</ref> Niba ukeneye serivisi zihariye, kugera kuri izi nyandiko za Leta n'izindi nkuru z'ingenzi zerekeye [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|imirenge]] y'u Rwanda byagufasha:<ref>umurenge wa Rusasa</ref> * Kureba imirenge yose igize igihugu ku Imirenge y'u Rwanda kuri Wikipedia. * Kumenya andi makuru n'amateka y'Akarere ka Gakenke ku Mbuga y'Akarere ka Gakenke. g8pcggkuurjhvlysrdpssmycw4rm328 0 22787 138984 131780 2026-09-19T07:37:51Z Rwamucyo250 18948 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138984 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imiti isukura amazi''' (mu [[Icyongereza|cyongereza]]: ''Water treatment chemicals'') ni ibinyabutabire bikoreshwa mu gukuraho umwanda, imyanda ikomeye, [[bagiteri]], virusi, n'ibindi bintu bishobora kwanduza amazi kugira ngo abe akwiye gukoreshwa n'abantu cyangwa mu nganda. Iyi miti ifite uruhare runini mu kubungabunga ubuzima n'isuku, dore ko ku isi yose abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 3.4 bapfa buri mwaka kubera indwara ziterwa no kutagira amazi meza yo kunywa.<ref name=":0">https://www.cleanwat.com/rw/news/water-treatment-chemicals-modern-approaches-to-safe-drinking-water/</ref> = Ubwoko bw'imiti isukura amazi = Gusukura amazi bikoresha imiti itandukanye hashingiwe ku cyo ushaka gukuramo cyangwa urwego amazi agezeho atunganywa: * '''Imiti y'ibanze n'iyongerwamo''' (mu rurimi rw'icyongereza yitwa Disinfectants & Basic chemicals): Muri iyi miti harimo imiti ikoreshwa mu kwica udukoko nka kirorine (Chlorine) na soddium bicarbonate. <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/urusobe-rw-ubuzima/article/imiti-isukura-amazi-izafasha-abaturage-b-intara-y-uburasirazuba-batarabona</ref> * '''Imiti ifata imyanda''' iyi miti ifasha mu guhuriza hamwe imyanda n'utunyangingo dutoya biri mu mazi kugirango bibe binini maze bishobore kuyungururwa. * '''Imiti ikuraho amabara n'uburozi''' iyi miti ibamo ikoreshwa mu gukuramo ibara mu mazi (water decoloring agent).<ref name=":0" /> = Inyandiko zifashishijwe = <references /> 5up568cac7cm7r2nh6dsak1ahd3y8vl 0 22801 138967 131806 2026-09-19T07:02:03Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 138967 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />Igice cy'uruhererekane kuri Bibiliya Amategeko n'ibitabo Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Isezerano rya Kera (Iteka rya Kera) Isezerano Rishya (Iteka rya Kera) Deuterokanoni Antilegomena Ibice n'imirongo Apocrypha Abayahudi Iteka rya Kera NT Ubwanditsi n'iterambere Ubwanditsi Amatariki Amategeko y'Igiheburayo Amategeko y'Isezerano rya Kera Amategeko y'Isezerano Rishya Imiterere ya Torah Ubwanditsi bwa Mose Inzandiko za Pawulo Inzandiko za Petrine [[Igitabo|Ibitabo]] bya Yohananine Ubuhinduzi n'inyandiko Imizingo yo mu Nyanja y'Umunyu Umwandiko wa Masoreti Pentateuch y'Abasamariya Targumim Septuagint Peshitta Vetus Latina Vulgate Bibiliya ya Gothic Bibiliya ya Luther Bibiliya y'Icyongereza ukurikije ururimi Inyigo za Bibiliya Ubucukumbuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo Ibikoresho by'ubucukumbuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo Ibikoresho by'ubucukumbuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo Ibitabo by'ubucukumbuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo Ibitabo by'amateka Uburyo bwo guhuza imbere Abantu Ahantu Amazina Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia Septuagint ya Rahlfs Testamente ya Novum Graece Igitekerezo cy'inyandiko Ikibazo cya synoptic Ibyiciro by'inyandiko za NT Isesengura rya Bibiliya Amateka Inyandiko Inkomoko Ifishi Gusubiramo Canonical Ubusobanuro Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Ubusobanuro bw'ikigereranyo Uburyo bw'amateka-ikibonezamvugo Ihumekero [[Ubuvanganzo]] InzogaInyigisho y'ubugambanyi Amahame Igihano cy'urupfu Ubutinganyi Urwenya Ubusambanyi Muhammad Ubuhanuzi Gufata ku ngufuInzoka IgitsinaUbucakaraIhohoterwa Intambara [[Umugore|Abagore]] Imyumvire Gnostic Isilamu Korani Kutagira amakosa Kudakosa Inegurwa rya Bibiliya Ububasha bwa Bibiliya Incamake y'ingingo zijyanye na Bibiliya Urubuga rwa Bibiliya Pishon (Igiheburayo: פִּישׁוֹן Pīšōn; Ikigereki Koine: Φισών Phisṓn) ni umwe mu nzuzi enye (hamwe na Hiddekel (Tigiri), Perath (Efurate) na Gihoni) zavuzwe mu gitabo cya Bibiliya cy'Intangiriro. Muri icyo gice, uruzi rutemba ruva muri Edeni ruvomera ubusitani bwa Edeni kandi kuva aho rugabanyamo imigezi ine yitwa imigezi. Pishon isobanurwa ko izengurutse "igihugu cyose cya Havila ahari zahabu; bdeliyumu n'ibuye rya onigisi." [2] == Indangamuntu == Bitandukanye na Tigiri na Efurate, Pishon ntabwo yigeze iboneka neza. Bivugwa muri make hamwe na Tigiri mu Bwenge bwa Siraki (24: 25/35), ariko iyi nyandiko ntigaragaza urumuri aho uruzi ruherereye. Umuhanga mu by'amateka y'Abayahudi n'Abaroma Flavius ​​Josephus, mu ntangiriro ya kera ya kera y'Abayahudi (mu kinyejana cya mbere nyuma ya Yesu) yerekanye Pishoni n'Agatsiko. [1] Umwarimu w’Abafaransa wo mu kinyejana cya 5 Rashi yabigaragaje na Nili. Bamwe mu bahanga bo mu gihe cya none nka Antoine Augustin Calmet (1672–1757) n'abandi bantu bakurikiyeho nka Ernst Friedrich Karl Rosenmüller (1768–1835), na Carl Friedrich Keil (1807–1888), bizeraga ko uruzi rwakomokagaho [Edeni] rwari akarere k'amasoko: "Pishoni na Gihoni byari imigezi yo mu misozi. Iya mbere ishobora kuba yari Phasis cyangwa Araxes, naho iya nyuma ikaba Oxus."[1] [[Dosiye:Pishon_River_in_Context.png|thumb|Ikarita yerekana Wadi al-Batin na Wadi al-Rummah]] James A. Sauer, wahoze ari umuyobozi w’Ingoro Ndangamurage ya Semitic ya Harvard, yavuze ashingiye ku bumenyi bw’isi n’amateka ko Pishon yerekezaga ku cyahoze ari Wadi al-Batin, umuyoboro w’amazi w’amazi usanzwe uturuka mu misozi ya Hijaz hafi ya Medina, ugana mu majyaruguru y’uburasirazuba ugana muri Koweti. [1] Akoresheje amafoto ya satelite, Farouk El-Baz wo muri Kaminuza ya Boston yakurikiranye umuyoboro w’amazi uturutse muri Koweti ugana kuri Wadi al-Batin n’umuyoboro wa Wadi al-Rummah uturuka hafi ya Medina kuri Jibāl al Abyaḑ. [2] David Rohl yavuze ko Pishoni ari Uizhun, [agace gakenewe] gashyira Havila mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa Mezopotamiya. Uizhun izwi muri ako gace nk'uruzi rwa Zahabu. Izamuka hafi y'umugezi wa stratovolcano Sahand, inyura hagati y'ibirombe bya zahabu bya kera n'imirongo ya lapis lazuli mbere yo kugaburira inyanja ya Kaspiyani. Uwo mutungo kamere uhuye n'uwo mu gihugu cya Havila mu Itangiriro.[1] Dan'el Kahn wo muri Kaminuza ya Haifa yavuze ko izina Pishon rishobora kuba ryaraturutse ku ijambo ryo mu Misiri pA-Shen, risobanura inyanja. Ikarita y'Isi ya Babiloni yita inyanja "uruzi rusharira".[1]<gallery> Dosiye:Qasr_libya_1_02d_pishon.jpg|alt=Mosaic representing Pishon from Church of Theodorias (Qasr Libya) c. AD 539| Mose uhagarariye Pishoni wo mu Itorero rya Theodorias (Qasr Libiya) ahagana mu 539 nyuma ya Yesu Dosiye:Opere_di_Filippo_Biagioli_Libri_d'Oro_Ebraici,_dedicato_al_fiume_Piscion.jpg|alt=Jewish Golden Books by Filippo Biagioli, dedicated to the river Pison (Piscion or Pishon)| IIbitabo by'Abayahudi bya Zahabu byanditswe n'umuhanzi wa none Filippo Biagioli, byeguriwe uruzi rwa Pishon[1] </gallery>Itangiriro 2:10 Itangiriro 2:11 Yozefu, Flavius. "Ibya kera by'Abayahudi - Igitabo cya I". Igice cya 1.3. Kandi Phison, yerekana imbaga y'abantu, biruka mu Buhinde, isohoka mu nyanja, kandi ni ku Bagereki bitwaga Ganges. Uruzi rwa Efurate narwo, kimwe na Tigris, rumanuka mu Nyanja Itukura. Impyisi, Shaul. "Inzuzi enye ziva muri Edeni ziri he?". Chabad.org. Byakuwe ku ya 2 Kamena 2018. Duncan, George S. (Ukwakira 1929) "Aho Umuntu Yavukiye" The Scientific Monthly 29 (4): pp. 359–362, p. 360. James A. Sauer, "Uruzi Rurakama," Biblical Archaeology Review, Vol. 22, No. 4, Nyakanga/Kanama 1996, pp. 52–54, 57, 64 Farouk El-Baz, "Uruzi ruri mu butayu", Discover, Nyakanga 1993. Sandys, Edwin. "Bibiliya ya Musenyeri". studybible.info. Byakuwe ku ya 5 Gicurasi 2020. Dan'el Kahn, igitekerezo kuri Academia.edu, cyashyizwe ahagaragara Kanama 2024 Ancillotti, Sofia. "Libri d'Oro Ebraici".{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>  psj7l8kcczi5x40zfos7izdfjaapsgx 0 22952 138958 137040 2026-09-19T06:55:16Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|1 */ 138958 wikitext text/x-wiki Diez Dola ni umwe mu bahanzi b<nowiki>'ikiragano gishya mu muziki w'u Rwanda, gusa uzwiho gukora imiziki yihariye mu buryo bwe budasanzwe. Amazina ye nyakuri ni Kayumba Caleb yatangiye kumenyekana cyane mu ndirimbo ye yise ''Sad Generation(Dunhill)''</nowiki>, yagiye hanze 2023.<ref>https://ukwelitimes.com/yatwawe-numuziki-areka-ishuri-byinshi-kuri-diez-dola-wahariye-ubuzima-bwe-umuziki</ref> == Amateka ye == Diez Dola yatangiye gukunda umuziki akiri muto kuburyo byatumye ava mu ishuri ageze mu mwaka wa 4 w'amashuri yisumbuye, ahitamo kujya kuwiga mu gihe cy'umwaka umwe. Diez Dola yavutse 2004, avukira mu Ntara y'Amajyepfo, [[Akarere ka Huye]].<ref>https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=7c3c44d1206346ec&sxsrf=APpeQnvxSJdDjbYDgrpbv-sQFB9W04LdMw%3A1782141368060&q=Diez+Dola+age&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi71rr5kZuVAxVq9QIHHfCOBRcQ1QJ6BAg0EAE&biw=1280&bih=585&dpr=1.5</ref> == Indirimbo ze == Toxic love, what If, Step father, Zangalewa, Ratata.<ref>https://ukwelitimes.com/yatwawe-numuziki-areka-ishuri-byinshi-kuri-diez-dola-wahariye-ubuzima-bwe-umuziki</ref> == Amashakiro; == 57jpvgiaocmmfheny7di185aqy4ms77 0 22954 138935 136850 2026-09-19T05:43:07Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 138935 wikitext text/x-wiki Havugimana Saidi ni umunyarwanda witeje imbere aho yashinze ikigo cyitwa Haji Enterprise izwi mu bucuruzi bw'ibiribwa bihiye cyane cyane amata. Yavutse 1967 afite umugore umwe n'abana 5 (abakobwa 3 n'abahungu 2).<ref name=":0">https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/dore-urugendo-rurerure-said-havugimana-yagenze-kugira-ngo-agere-kuri-haji-enterprise-izwi-ku-bucuruzi-bw-amata-i-nyanza-57099</ref> == Amashuri yize == Nubwo ari [[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|umucuruzi]], yize amashuri abanza ndetse n'ayisumbuye aho yize i Runyombyi hafi y'umupaka w'u Rwanda n'Uburundi. Ubu ni umunyeshuri wiga muri Masters mu ishuri rya INLAK mu ishami rya MBA(Masters in Business Administration).<ref name=":0" /> == Ibyo akora == Havugimana Saidi ubu ni umucuruzi ufite ubucuruzi bwamaze kubaka izina aho bita kwa Haji Enterprise iherereye mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Ntara y'Amajyepfo]] mu Karere ka Nyanza aho acururuza ibiribwa bitetse cyane cyane abantu benshi bazi amata. Aho izina Haji ryavuye, ni Abakongomani bajyaga baza bavuga ko bagiye kwa Haji, biza kurangira abantu bose ariryo zina bahitiriye. Iki kigo cyamaze kwaguka kuko kigira abakozi bagera ku 100 k'umunsi bitewe n'akazi kaba gahari byaba ngombwa bakiyongera. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} ml5kkf6wrkjjh7djdzclaxg9ksjb9m5