Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2358 139582 112972 2026-09-23T14:21:17Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139582 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) near Hyderabad W IMG 7633.jpg|thumb|232x232px|<span style="color:grey;">Igiti cy’Ubuhinde </span>]] [[Dosiye:Pongamia Pinnata.jpg|thumb|''Pongamia pinnata'' ]] [[Dosiye:Millettia pinnata 7th Brigade Park Chermside P1070621.jpg|thumb|Igiti]] [[Dosiye:Sapium cuneatum.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Sapium-ellipticum-JWGw1885-CS-x50.jpg|thumb]] '''Igiti cy’Ubuhinde''' (izina ry’ubumenyi mu [[kilatini]] ''Millettia pinnata, Pongamia pinnata'' ), ni [[igiti]] gitakaza amababi mu gihe cy’urugaryi, kikagira uburebure buri hagati ye metero 15 kugeza kuri 25, gisa n’ibiti byo mu muryango w’amafabase (''Fabaceae''). Kigira hejuru hanini n’indabyo ntoya z’umweru, igitaka cyangwa ikigina. Gikomoka mu [[Ubuhinde|Buhinde]], ariko kigahingwa muri [[Aziya]] y’Amajyapfo y’uburasirazuba. <ref>http://www.botanix.kpr.eu/rw/index.php?text=4-igiti-cy-ubuhinde-pongamia-pinnata</ref> == Amafoto == <gallery> File:Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) near Hyderabad W IMG_7634.jpg|''Pongamia Pinnata'', [[Ubuhinde]]. File:Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) near Hyderabad W IMG_7631.jpg|''Pongamia Pinnata'', [[Ubuhinde]]. Image:Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) leaves in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 6663.jpg|''Pongamia Pinnata'', [[Ubuhinde]]. Image:Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) trunk in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 6660.jpg|''Pongamia Pinnata'', [[Ubuhinde]]. Image:DerrisPinnataFl.jpg|''Pongamia Pinnata'', [[Ubuhinde]]. Image:DerrisPinnata.jpg|''Pongamia Pinnata'', [[Ubuhinde]]. File:Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) in Hyderabad W IMG 7115.jpg|''Pongamia Pinnata'', [[Ubuhinde]]. File:Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) near Hyderabad W IMG_7629.jpg|''Pongamia Pinnata'', [[Ubuhinde]]. </gallery> == Notes == <references/> [[Category:Ibimera]] ebgarn9x5vacg0476o98jy9jkvrghsw 0 2760 139653 135327 2026-09-23T18:27:31Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139653 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Ikiraro cyo muri parike Nyungwe.jpg|thumb|262x262px|nyugwe]] [[Dosiye:Umuvuba.png|thumb|244x244px]] '''Umusengesi''' (izina mu [[kilatini]] ''Myrcia sphaerocarpa, Myrcia salicifolia'' ) Umusengesi nacyo ni ikindi giti gifite akamaro kigaragara muri [[Pariki ya Nyungwe]], iki giti kandi kivura amarozi yo mu bwoko butandukanye, kandi ngo kuri ba bandi igifu cyabujije amahwemo babonye umuti wacyo hehe no kongera ku kirwara. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://igihe.com/news-2-2-9182.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2010-12-23 |archive-date=2016-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309210944/http://igihe.com/news-2-2-9182.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Notes == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ibimera]] 6xcrd4fjkb7flw7ak1qqi5i8uivs93y 0 3221 139613 102037 2026-09-23T18:20:48Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139613 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Noam Chomsky WSF - 2003.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;"></span>]] '''''World Social Forum''''' ni Forumu itegamiye kuri Leta ihuza za [[NGO]]s ikaba iharanira ubwisanzure bw abaturage n amahuriro yabo ashyiraho umurongo wa politiki ubabereye kandi ugamije iterambere rirambye kandi ryuzuzanya. Muri rusange iyi forum irwanya Ikomatanyabukungu, ubusumbane bukabije mu by ubukungu n izindi ngeso za mpatsibihugu, igashyira imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu no kurengera ibidukikije. Irwanya kwegurira ibikorwa abikorera ku giti cyabo, ubwisanzure mu bucuruzi n amategeko arengera umutungo, ivuga ko ubutegetsi bwava ku rwego rw isi bukajya ku rwego rw igihugu. [[Dosiye:FEMA - 5399 - Photograph by Andrea Booher taken on 09-28-2001 in New York.jpg|center|thumb|480x480px|trade form]] [[Category:Imiryango]] gyudmyl9ev83gfo8cr6cuxe264vqr99 0 4153 139654 134908 2026-09-23T18:27:39Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139654 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:James_Kabarebe.jpg|thumb|''Gen (Rtd)James Kabarebe'']] Gen (Rtd) James Kabarabe yavutse 1959. akurira i Ibanda-Kazo mu majyaruguru ya [[Ubugande|Uganda]], Yize amashuri abanza mu ishuri ribanza Kyamate ryo mu majyaruguru ya Uganda naho icyiciro cyambere cy' amashuri yisumbuye yayize mukigo Kabalega Secondary School muri Masindi, Bunyoro mumumajyaruguru ya Uganda, naho icyiciro cya kabiri cya amashuri yisumbuye yayayize mu kigo kitwa St. Henry's College Kitovu muri 1979. Kaminuza yayize muri Makerere University, aho yahakuye impamyabumenye y'ikiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza [https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/impinduka-muri-guverinoma-gen-rtd-james-kabarebe-yahawe-inshingano-nshya] mubijyanye n'ubukungu na politiki. [https://www.minaffet.gov.rw/the-ministry] == Imiririmo yakoze mu Gisirikare == * [[Dosiye:Ladsous 1 (7999969669).jpg|thumb|Gen(Rtd) James Kabarebe]]Gen (Rtd) James Kabarebe ubu Umunyamabanga wa Leta ushinzwe Ubutwererane bw’Akarere muri Minisiteri y’Ububanyi n’Amahanga.[https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-mahanga/article/general-james-kabarebe-yakiriwe-n-umugaba-mukuru-w-ingabo-za-mozambique] * Muri 1994 mu  igahagarikwa rya  jenoside yakorewe, James Kabarebe yari  ageze ku ipeti rya colonel, yari ‘aide-de-camp’ (somambike) wa Maj Gen [[Paul Kagame]] wari uyoboye urugamba.[https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/impinduka-muri-guverinoma-gen-rtd-james-kabarebe-yahawe-inshingano-nshya] *    Yabaye umugaba w’ingabo zirinda umukuru w’igihugu (Republican Guard). * Gen(Rtd) James Kabarebe minisitiri w’ingabo, nyuma gato yagizwe umujyanama wa perezida Paul Kagame  mu bya gisirikare. == James kabarebe yafatiwe ibihano n'Amerika == Amerika irashinja gen(Rtd)James Kabarebe ariwe wahoze ari minisitiri w'ingabo mu [[Rwanda]] ko ari we uri hagati y'ubufasha u Rwanda ruha M23 biryo rero Amerika ikaba yamufatiye ibihano ni mugihe u Rwanda rubihakana kuko rusobanura neza ko rudafasha M23<ref>https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/articles/cvged386qzdo</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Abaminisitiri]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abatutsi]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] 9v8ppwo6v2inxrtd83ws8plfcuuce4f 0 4402 139614 81682 2026-09-23T18:20:56Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139614 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aragon languages.svg|thumb|354x354px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita y’Icyaragoneze</span>]] '''Icyaragoneze''' (izina mu cyaragoneze : ''aragonés'' cyangwa ''idioma aragonés , luenga aragonesa, fabla aragonesa'' ) ni [[Ururimi (kuvuga)|ururimi]] rwa [[Aragon]] muri [[Esipanye]]. Itegekongenga [[ISO 639-3]] '''arg'''. [[Dosiye:Flag of Aragon.svg|center|thumb|420x420px|Aragon]] == Alfabeti y’Icyaragoneze == * A (Á) B C (CH) D E (É) F G (H) I (Í) (J) (K) L (LL) M N Ñ O (Ó) P Q R (RR) S T U (Ú) (V) (W) X Y Z * a (á) b c (ch) d e (é) f g (h) i (í) (j) (k) l (ll) m n ñ o (ó) p q r (rr) s t u (ú) (v) (w) x y z == Amagambo n’interuro mu cyaragoneze == * '''can''' – imbwa * '''gato''' – injangwe * '''baca''' – inka * '''au''' / '''abe''' – inyoni * '''pex''' – ifi == Imibare == * '''un / uno''' – rimwe * '''dos''' – kabiri * '''tres''' – gatatu * '''cuatro / cuatre''' – kane * '''zinco / zingo''' – gatanu * '''seis / sais''' – gatandatu * '''siete / siet''' – karindwi * '''güeito / ueito''' – umunani * '''nueu''' – icyenda * '''diez''' – icumi == Wikipediya mu cyaragoneze == * http://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portalada [[Category:Indimi z’ikiromanisi]] hicwsoax0yo734bdcnxpe9fqqbyb7pl 0 4421 139533 117742 2026-09-23T14:18:04Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139533 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ibirango by’igihugu''' Ibirango by’igihugu cy’u [[Rwanda]] ni: [[ibendera]], [[ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko za Leta]], [[intego n’indirimbo y’igihugu]]. [[Dosiye:Coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda.svg|thumb|Ikimenyetso mpamo cy' inyandiko za leta (national Coat of arms of Rwanda)]] [[Dosiye:Flag_of_Rwanda.svg|thumb|Ibendera ry'u Rwanda(Rwanda national flag)]] === Ikirangantego cy'u Rwanda === Ikirangantego cy'urwanda kigizwe n'Ingabo, ishaka, agaseke, ingata ,izuba ipfundo. Handitsemo ngo Ubwumwe -Umurimo -Gukunda Igihugu. Ikirangantego cy'u Rwanda kuri ubu gishushanya ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda nk'ipfundo ry'iterambere rirambye. [[Category:Ibirango by’Igihugu| ]] h5umshhjufv97crqd2xclnrhh8jhauu 0 5874 139828 137228 2026-09-24T10:33:19Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139828 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Aloe hybrid, jardín del molino, Sierra de San Felipe, Setúbal, Portugal, 2012-05-11, DD 01.jpg|thumb|283x283px|Igikakarubamba]] [[Dosiye:Aloe dawei Knospe.jpg|thumb|igikakarubamba]] [[Dosiye:Aloe dawei kz1.jpg|thumb|Igikakarubamba]] [[Dosiye:180516 163700 Huntington Botanical Gdn - Celebration Lawn, Aloe dawei, Encephalartos horridus, Acca sellowiana Pineapple Guava.jpg|thumb|Igikakarubamba]] [[Dosiye:Sapium macrocarpum.jpg|thumb]] '''Igikakarubamba''' (izina ry’ubumenyi mu [[kilatini]] ''Aloe dawei'') ni [[ikimera]]Igikakarubamba ni kimwe mu bihingwa biboneka henshi ku isi ndetse cyakunze gukoreshwa cyane mu myaka ya cyera bagikoresha nk’umuti uvura indwara zitandukanye gusa ikibabaje nuko benshi batari bazi ubwiza bwacyo. == Tumenye Igikakarubamba == Igikakarubamba ni kimwe mu bihingwa biboneka henshi ku isi ndetse cyakunze gukoreshwa cyane mu myaka ya cyera bagikoresha nk’umuti uvura indwara zitandukanye gusa ikibabaje nuko benshi batari bazi ubwiza bwacyo,Ni muri urwo rwego rero twifuje kubagezaho bimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi igikakarubamba gifitiye umubiri w’umuntu,<ref name=":0">https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/83232/numara-gusoma-iyi-nkuru-ntuzongera-kwirengagiza-igikakarubam-83232.html</ref>Umutobe w’igikakarubamba ni ingirakamaro cyane mu mubiri w’umuntu kuko wibitseho vitamine zitandukanye zirimo A, B, C, E, Acide folique, Calcium nkeya, Cuivre, chrome, sodium, sélénium, magnésium, potassium, manganèse, ndetse na zinc.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.agakiza.rw/Dore-akamaro-k-igikakarubamba-ku-buzima-bwawe.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301160439/https://www.agakiza.rw/Dore-akamaro-k-igikakarubamba-ku-buzima-bwawe.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>Abahanga mu by’ubuzima bavuga ko igikakarubamba ari isoko nziza ya vitamin B12. Iki gihingwa kandi gifite amazi ahagije muri cyo ari nabyo birinda uwanyoye umutobe wacyo bigafasha impyiko ndetse n’umwijima kugubwa neza bityo umuntu akihagarika bitagoranye. Niba wifuza kugira ubuzima bugira umuze rero ugafasha umubiri wawe guhorana amazi ahagije ndetse ukagira na za ntungamubiri twavuze haruguru, koresha igikakarubamba buri munsi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/igikakarubamba/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301160439/https://umutihealth.com/igikakarubamba/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ibindi Igikakarubamba kimariye ubuzima == Igikakarubamba kigira akamaro kenshi mu mubiri w’umuntu. Reka turebere hamwe ibintu 10 igikakarubamba gifasha umubiri wacu Kugabanya igipimo cy’isukari mu mubiri'''.'''Igikakarubamba kiri mu bintu umurwayi wa diyabete ategetswe gukoresha kenshi. Kuko kigabanya igipimo cy’isukari iri mu maraso bigatuma kijya ku rugero rukwiye.Gufasha urwungano ngogozi'''.''' Igikakarubamba gifasha mu mikorere myiza y’uru rwungano, gituma intungamubiri zibasha gukamurwa mu byo twariye ndetse kigatuma ibyarwangiza bisohoka. Si ibyo gusa kuko gifasha mu kurwanya kugugara no kuribwa mu nda nyuma yo kurya kandi kikarinda ko wakituma impatwe.<ref>https://www.rwandamagazine.com/ubuzima/article/ibintu-10-by-ingirakamaro-igikakarubamba-gifasha-umubiri-wacu</ref>Kongerera ingufu ubudahangarwa'''.''' Ibi biterwa nuko kirimo [[vitamini C]] ndetse kikabamo n’ibindi byongerera ingufu ubudahangarwa.Koroshya ikirungurira'''.''' Akenshi ntidufata ikirungurira nk’indwara, nyamara burya ni aside iba yabaye nyinshi mu gifu, ikajya izamuka. Kunywa rero igikakarubamba bifasha mu kuringaniza igipimo cya aside yo mu gifu.Kugabanya cholesterol'''.''' Kunywa igikakarubamba bisukura amaraso bikavanamo urugimbu ndetse bikaringaniza isukari mu maraso.Imikorere myiza y’umutima'''.'''Gukoresha igikakarubamba kandi byongera ingufu z’imikorere y’umutima, bigatuma amaraso atembera neza mu mubiri. Kandi biranayasukura. Gutembera neza kw’amaraso bigirira akamaro [[ubwonko]] n’ibindi bice by’umubiri kuko umwuka wa oxygen ugeramo neza kandi uhagije.<ref name=":1" />Kubuza kanseri gukura'''.''' Ubushakashatsi bwatangajwe mu gitabo International Immunopharmacology (1995), bwerekanye ko mu gikakarubamba harimo polysacharides zikora nitric oxide (NO) nyinshi cyane, iyi ikaba izwiho guhangana na kanseri.Kivura indwara z’uruhu'''.''' Kuri ubu usanga amavuta yo kwisiga amwe n’amwe arimo igikakarubamba, kuko uretse kuvura indwara z’uruhu kinarinda uruhu kugaragaza gusaza.Gusa ni byiza iyo ukinyweye,kuko birinda uruhu rwawe.Gutuma imisatsi ikura neza'''.''' Amavuta y’umusatsi arimo igikakarubamba atuma ugira imisatsi minini kandi idapfuka. Ushobora gusiga ayo mavuta ku muzi w’umusatsi kuko bizayirinda gupfuka. Hari na shampoo zikozwe mu gikakarubamba, zirinda imisatsi gupfuka.<ref name=":0" />Kuvura rubagimpande'''.''' Igikakarubamba kizwiho kurwanya uburibwe no kubyimbirwa. Umutobe ukivamo iyo uwunyoye cyangwa ukawusiga ahababara hanabyimbye bifasha mu gutuma habyimbuka hakanakira vuba. Si ibyo gusa kuko binavura kuribwa imikaya, mu ngingo nko ku bikanu no mu bujana. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ibimera]] [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] 7s0ibc01ptuxxc565ozff2bossrnp43 0 5881 139672 138196 2026-09-23T18:29:55Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139672 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Brennnessel 1.JPG|thumb|228x228px|<span style="color:grey;">Igisura</span>]] [[Dosiye:2020_year._Herbarium._Urtica_dioica._img-009.jpg|thumb|Ikibabi cy'Igisura]] [[Dosiye:Urtica dioica 137787256.jpg|thumb|Igisura]] [[Dosiye:Urtica-dioica4.jpg|thumb|Ubuhinzi bw'igisura]] [[Dosiye:Vegetable plants.jpg|thumb|igisura]] [[Dosiye:Sapium sebiferum BG.jpg|thumb]] '''Igisura''' (izina ry’ubumenyi mu [[kilatini]] ''Urtica dioica'') ni [[ikimera]].Igisura ni ikimera gifite inkomoko ku mugabane wa [[Aziya]], kizwi mu ndimi z’amahanga nka “Stinging nettle cyangwa urtica dioica”. Gikunda kumera ahantu hakonje, mu [[Rwanda]] kikaba kiboneka mu bice byegereye ibirunga. == Tumenye Igisura == Igisura kiribwa nk’[[imboga]] zitetse, abandi bakoramo umutobe, mu gihe abandi ifu yacyo banywa mu mazi; gusa byose bikize ku ntungamubiri nkuko bigaragazwa n’urubuga rwa Doctissimo.Mu [[Rwanda]] bamwe mubafite indwara nka Diabete, umuvudukoka w’amaraso, igifu n’indwara z’uruhu bakoresha igisura nk’umuti.<ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibimera/article/wari-uzi-ko-igisura-kiribwa-kandi-ari-umuti</ref>Ubushakashatsi bwemejwe n’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye rishinzwe ubuzima OMS, bugaragaza ko kunywa amazi y’igisura bituma umuntu abasha kwihagarika neza, ndetse kigafasha gusohora imyanda.Mu bijyanye n’ibiribwa kigira intungamubiri zirimo vitamin C, A, imyunyungugu, nka Potassium, Magnesium, calcium zitera amagufa gukomera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://intambwenews.com/2021/02/11/akamaro-kigisura-grandeortienetllle/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301142244/https://intambwenews.com/2021/02/11/akamaro-kigisura-grandeortienetllle/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>Igisura ni ikimera kigira ibinyabutabire bitandukanye; Serotonin, Histamine na Acetylcholine, bikaboneka mu duhwa dutoya tuboneka ku bibabi n’uruti rw’igisura, iyo dukoze ku muntu bituma aribwa ndetse agafuruta.Abashakashatsi benshi bagaragaza ko igisura gifitiye akamaro umubiri wa muntu, haba urubuga rwa draxe, www.pfaf.org hamwe n’izindi zitandukanye zivuga ko gukoresha igisura bivura indwara nyinshi zihungabanya ubuzima bw’umuntu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuzimainfo.rw/2022/06/burya-igisura-cyuzuyemo-intungamubiri.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301142241/https://www.ubuzimainfo.rw/2022/06/burya-igisura-cyuzuyemo-intungamubiri.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>Igisura kirinda [[kanseri]] ya Prostate ku bagabo, kikaba umuti kubarwara diabete iterwa n’isukari, umuvuduko mwinshi w’amaraso, ndetse ni umuti kubantu bagira umunaniro w’[[ubwonko]] nka morphine n’inzoga, gusa sibyiza ko gikora ku mugore utwite.Igisura gifasha kugabanya ububabare ndetse no kubyimba mu ngingo (Arthritis), ku bantu barwaye za Rubagimpande.<ref name=":0" />Igisura gifasha umutima gukora neza, kirinda utubuye mu mpyiko (Kidney stones), kikagira imboga zifasha mu kongera amaraso. == Uburyo Utunganya Igisura == Mu gutegura igisura ,barabanza bakagitunganya neza ,bakagisukura ubundi kikumishwa ,kigakorwamo agafu ari nako bakoresha gashyirwa mu biryo ,kubitekamo imboga ,cg kikaba cyakorwamo icyayi.Icyayi cyakozwe mu gafu k’igisura gishobora kongerwamo isukari cg [[indimu]] kugira ngo kirusheho kuryoha.Ku bantu bamwe gukoresha igisura hari igihe biba bisaba ko bitonda cyane cyane nko ku bantu gitera ikibazo cya allergies,abantu bafite ikibazo cy’indwara z’igifu,[[Umugore|abagore]] batwite n’abonsa ndetse n’aabntu bafite indwara z’umutima.<ref name=":2" /> == Igisura gifite Vitamini == Kirakize cyane mu myunyu mwimerere, cyane cyane muri :-Fer : yo gutunganya amaraso. Abayibuze bagira amaraso akennye bakandura indwara vuba, n’agakorora kadakira,Magnésium : igira akamaro mu maraso no mu magufwa,Calcium = Silicium : bitera amagufwa gukomera, umutima ugatera neza, n’ubwonko bugatuza,Bituma umuntu yihagarika neza, ikirukana imyanda iri mu mubiri.<ref name=":1" />Igisura gifite na vitamini A, ishinzwe gukoresha neza ingingo zose no kongerera amaraso umucyo.Igisura gifite na vitamini C, K n’icyitwa Acide forique, ishinzwe kwica imyanda yo mu mubiri. Ni cyo gituma abaganga benshi bacyiyambaza.Gitera kwihagarika neza, gusohoka kw’imyanda mu ngingo, ni cyo gituma gikiza rubagimpande, kuribwa mu ngingo, imisenyi yo mu mpyiko itera kwipfundikanya kw’amaraso. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ibimera]] [[Category:Imboga]] [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] h64xksvksiek3mdex28i5jmwl1cc53e 0 5931 139896 137193 2026-09-24T10:44:45Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139896 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tabasco peppers.JPG|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Insenda</span>]] [[Dosiye:Solanaceae_Capsicum_frutescens_1.jpg|thumb|<span style="color:grey;">Insenda</span>|334x334px]] [[Dosiye:Capsicum frutescens Capsicum annuum Pj DSC 1076.jpg|thumb|Urusenda|241x241px]] [[Dosiye:Capsicum annuum-Red Chilli Pepper 04.jpg|thumb|[[Dosiye:Capsicum frutescens, Burdwan, West Bengal, India 03 05 2013.jpg|thumb]]Urusenda]] [[Dosiye:Capsicum frutescens Tabasco 1zz.jpg|thumb|Urusenda]] [[Dosiye:Birdchili.jpg|thumb|Birdchili]] [[Dosiye:Capsicum frutescens Tabasco 2zz.jpg|thumb|Urusenda]] [[Dosiye:Capsicum frutescens 'Hidalgo' 005.JPG|thumb|Capsicum frutescens ]] [[Dosiye:Capsicum frutescens 'Hidalgo' 003.JPG|thumb|Capsicum frutescens ]] '''Urusenda''' (ubuke: '''Insenda'''; izina ry’ubumenyi mu [[kilatini]] ''Capsicum frutescens'') ni [[ikimera]].Urusenda ni [[urubuto]] rutukura, rukundwa n’abantu batandukanye, hari n’abadashobora gufata ifunguro ryabo batarubonye. Abenshi bavuga ko rubongerera ubushake bwo kurya nubwo baba batabishakaga cyane, abandi bakavuga ko rutuma bumva ibyo kurya bibaryoheye kurushaho iyo babishyizemo urusenda. [[File:Tabasco peppers.JPG|thumb|Tabasco peppers]] [[File:Capsicum frutescens.jpg|thumb|Capsicum frutescens]] [[File:A Fat Red Cayenne Pepper.jpg|thumb|A Fat Red Cayenne Pepper]] == Tumenye Urusenda == Urusenda nubwo ruryana cyane, ariko ni rumwe mu birungo bikundwa na benshi kandi byamamaye kuva cyera, ruzwiho gukiza indwara zitandukanye kimwe no kugirira akamaro ubuzima bwacu.Kuryana cg gukara k’urusenda bituruka ku binyabutabire byo mu bwoko bwa alkaloid birugize, aribyo: ''capsaicin'', ''capsanthin'' na ''capsorubin''.''Ntihigeze kubaho uburyo bworoshye bwo gutegura amafunguro aryoshye kurenza gukoresha urusenda, iki kiribwa gikoreshwa mu mafunguro atandukanye kandi rugira intungamubiri z’ingenzi dukenera mu mibereho ya buri munsi.''Urusenda rukoreshwa mu gikoni nk’ikirungo cyo kongera uburyohe ariko si ibyo gusa, ahubwo inzobere mu mirire bavuga ko rufite intungamubiri nyinshi ndetse rurinda uburwayi butandukanye.<ref>https://umuryango.rw/ubuzima-115/udushya/article/menya-akamaro-k-urusenda-mu-mubiri-harimo-no-kuba-rugabanya-umubyibuho-ukabije</ref>bahanga iyo barebye uburyo urusenda ruremye barubarira mu mbuto aho kuba urubogaNk’uko tubikesha urubuga femmeactuelle.fr, hari abarya urusenda kuko bazi ibyiza byarwo, byo kuba rutuma abarurya barama, bakabaho igihe kirekire, ariko rufite n’ibindi byiza.Kurya urusenda bifite akamaro ku mubiri wa muntu ,burya urusenda si ikirungo gusa ahubwo runakungahaye ku ntungamubiri nkenerwa ku mubiri wa muntu zirimo n'amavitamini .Urusenda rugira akantu gakerera cyangwa gasharirira umuntu ururya ,rwajya no mu maso hakakuryaryata n'amarira akisuka, urusenda rushibora gukorwamo agafu ,kaminjirwa mu biryo  ,ushobora kurwotsa cyangwa rugategurwa nkuko urusenda rw'akabanga rumeze.<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/ubukungu/article/gatsibo-abahinze-urusenda-bararira-ayo-kwarika</ref> == Akamaro k’urusenda ku buzima == Urusenda rugira ubwonko butandukanye bwa vitamine E . Iyo vitamine E ikaba igira uruhare mu gukumira indwara zinyuranye nka kanseri zimwe na zimwe, indwara zifata ku bwonko n’indwara.Urusenda rugira vitamine C, iyo vitamine C ikaba ifasha ubuzima bw’amagufa, amenyo, ishinya.Ikindi kandi iyo Vitamine C ituma mu gihe umuntu akomeretse akira vuba.Urusenda rugira vitamine B6. Iyo vitamine ifasha mu ikorwa ry’amaraso, ituma umwuka mwiza “oxygène” utembera mu mubiri, ndetse yongerera umubiri ubudahangarwa .Urusenda rugura ubutare butandukanye nka “fer”, “manganese” na “cuivre”. Ubwo [[butare]] bugira uruhare rukomeye mu ikorwa ry’amaraso, kurinda imitsi itembereza maraso kwangirika.<ref name=":0" />Urusenda rurinda uturemangingo tw’umubiri (cellules) kwingirika, bityo bikawurinda indwara zitandukanye zirimo iz’umutima, na za kanseri zitandukanye.urusenda rukungahaye kuri beta karotene na antioxydants zunganira umubiri kandi zifasha mu kurwanya ibicurane na grippe.Urusenda rurimo potasiyumu; avuga ko uyu ari umunyu ngugu w’ingenzi ukora imirimo itandukanye, harimo no kugabanya ibyago byo kurwara umutima.Potasiyumu kandi ifasha mu kuringaniza amatembabuzi mu mubiri no gukweduka kw’imikaya (muscles).Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye kandi ko urusenda rushobora kugabanya umuvuduko wamaraso bigatuma wumva udashonje.Mu rusenda habamo Capsaicin ishobora no guhindura intungamubiri mu mubiri kugira ngo irwanye ibinure.Capsaicin rero ni bumwe mu buryo bwuzuye bwo kugabanya ibiro bityo umuntu agaca ukubiri n’indwara ziturutse ku mubyibuho ukabije.<ref name=":1">https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/urusenda-rwinshi-cyane-rushobora-kugutera-kanseri-yo-mu-kanwa-menya-ibyiza-n-ibibi-byarwo</ref>Ni isoko nziza ya vitamin A n’izindi flavonoids nka beta-carotene, alpha carotene, lutein, zea-xanthin na cryptoxanthin, ibi byose biri mu rusenda bifasha umubiri kuwurinda uburozi butandukanye n’ibindi byose bishobora kuwangiza mu gihe urwaye indwara zikomeye cg stress,Urusenda ni isoko nziza ya vitamin B zitandukanye harimo: B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin) na B6 (pyridoxine). Zifasha mu mikorere y’umubiri itandukanye; nko kurinda imikorere mibi y’imitsi, mu gutunganya poroteyine no gukorwa kw’imisemburo.Urusenda rwifitiye imyunyungugu myinshi nka: potasiyumu, ubutare na manyesiyumu. Potasiyumu ni ingenzi cyane ku mikorere y’uturemangingo n’amatembabuzi afasha mu miterere y’umutima n’umuvuduko w’amaraso. Ubutare nabwo bufasha mu ikorwa ry’amaraso.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/urusenda/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-10 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226160103/https://umutihealth.com/urusenda/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>Ku rubuga healthline.com, bo bavuga uburyo butandukanye bwo gutegura urusenda, harimo kuruteka, kurwumisha bakarusya nyuma bakarurya ari ifu.Kuri urwo rubuga basobanura akamaro ka Vitamine zitandukanye ziba mu rusenda nka Vitamin C, Vitamin B6 na Vitamin K1. Iyo Vitamine K1 igira uruhare rukomeye K1 mu kurwanya ukwipfundika kw’amaraso, mu buzima bwiza bw’amagufa no mu mikorere myiza y’impyiko.Muri macye kurya urusenda ni ingenzi mu buzima bw’umuntu kuko rwuzuyemo intungamubiri zitandukanye kandi rukagira umumaro wo kurinda indwara zimwe na zimwe, kubw’ibyo urusenda ntirukwiye kubura mu ifunguro ryawe cyeretse ubaye ufite ubundi burwayi butakwemerera kururya. [[File:Capsicum frutescens Tabasco 1zz.jpg|thumb|Capsicum frutescens Tabasco 1zz]] == Ingaruka cyangwa icyitonderwa kurya Urusenda == [[Dosiye:Capsicum frutescens 'Hidalgo' 004.JPG|thumb|340x340px|insenda nyinshi]] Urusenda rubamo ''capsaicin'', ituma rukara cyane kandi rukaryana, iyo waruriye ku bwinshi wumva mu kanwa, ku rurimi cg mu muhogo hokerwa cyane.Capsaicin iyo ihuye n’ururenda rwo mu kanwa, mu muhogo cg mu gifu ushobora kumva umeze nk’uri gushya, ibi ushobora kubivura unywa amata akonje cg se yogurt (yawurute); afasha mu kugabanya bwa buribwe binyuze mu kugabanya igipimo cya capsaicin muri rwa rurenda, ashobora no kurinda ko bihura.Ku bantu bafite ikibazo cy’uburwayi mu gifu, cyane cyane ikirungurira si byiza kurya urusenda kuko rwongera uburwayi.Mu gihe wakoze ku rusenda ugomba kwirinda gukora mu maso, mu gihe byakubayeho gufata amazi akonje ukazajya woza mu maso bigabanya ubwo buryaryate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuzimainfo.rw/2022/11/akamaro-10-ko-kurya-urusenda-ku-mubiri.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-10 |archive-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310080817/https://www.ubuzimainfo.rw/2022/11/akamaro-10-ko-kurya-urusenda-ku-mubiri.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>Urusenda rushobora gutuma umuntu ababara mu gifu bigakurikirwa n’impiswi, bikaba byanatera abantu bamwe ibibazo mu mara.Urusenda ruvugwaho ibibi n’ibyiza ku bijyanye n’indwara ya kanseri, kuko hari ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mu [[Ubuhinde|Buhinde]] bugaragaza ko umuntu ukunda kurya urusenda rushobora kumuteza ibyago byo kurwara kanseri yo mu kanwa cyangwa se iyo mu muhogo.Icyiza ni uko umuntu yarya urusenda mu rugero ruringaniye,kandi akabanza kumenya niba umubiri we urwihanganira, kuko nk’uko twabisobanuye hari abo rugiraho ingaruka mbi. Ariko hari n’abarukoresha rukabazanira ubuzima bwiza.Abarurya bakagira ibibazo bitandukanye harimo n’ibijyanye n’igogora, bagirwa inama yo kurureka.<ref name=":1" />Ku bantu bamwe kurya urusenda bishobora kubatera ibibazo byo kubabara mu gifu cyangwa bakagira iseseme ,byose bigaterwa nuko umubiri w'umuntu warwakiriye cyangwa nanone bishobora guterwa n'uburwayi bw'igifu ku bantu cyazahaje. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ibimera]] [[Category:Imboga]] [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Umuti]] lkt074u3edcmc9jxnlyczvqgpyuk74t 0 6134 139705 126717 2026-09-23T18:36:29Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Kigali Daily News | logo = | screenshot = | caption = | url = https://kigalidailynews.rw | commercial = Yego | type = Ikinyamakuru cya internet | language = Icyongereza | owner = Nahimana Fabrice | author = Nahimana Fabrice | launch_date = 2022 | current_status = Gikora }} '''Kigali Daily News''' (izwi kandi nka '''KDN''') ni urubuga rwo kuri internet rwo mu [[Rwanda]] rutangaza amakuru atandukanye mu rurimi rw'Icyongereza. Urubuga, rwatangijwe mu 2022, rutangaza inkuru zijyanye n’amakuru y’igihugu, politiki, imibereho, imyidagaduro, siporo ndetse n’inkuru z’abantu. == Amateka == * Kigali Daily News yatangijwe mu 2022 Yashingiwe ku ntego yo kugeza inkuru z’u Rwanda ku Banyamahanga no kwagura uburyo amakuru y’u Rwanda amenyekana. == Intego == Intego ya [https://kigalidailynews.rw/ Kigali Daily News] ni "gukusanya no gusangiza inkuru z’u Rwanda isi yose," hifashishijwe itangazamakuru ryihuta kandi riboneka kuri internet. * Urubuga rwemewe: https://kigalidailynews.rw {{Rwanda-newspaper-stub}} dttrjvu96zp1bjk0gt43lr85rzl92pu 0 6151 139603 136007 2026-09-23T18:19:26Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139603 wikitext text/x-wiki == Amateka yamuranze == [[File:Michèle Alliot-Marie - Université d'été du MEDEF 2009.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Michèle Alliot-Marie</span>]] [[Dosiye:Michèle_Alliot-Marie,_French_Minister_of_Foreign_and_European_Affairs_(5277700729)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Michèle Alliot-Marie, Minisitiri w’ububanyi n’amahanga w’ububanyi n’amahanga n’Uburayi]] [[Dosiye:Msc2011 dett alliot 0149.jpg|thumb|Michèle Alliot-Marie]] '''Michèle Alliot-Marie''' (10 Nzeri 1946) wari Minisitiri w’ububanyi n’amahanga w’u [[Bufaransa]].Akaba ari bamwe mubagize inteko ishinga amategeko mu bufaransa, zimnwe mu nshingano zagiye iyagize harimo Kuba umuyobozi w'ingabo Kandi ari umugore umwe mubagize ishyaka ry'abanyaburayi <ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/23/world/europe/23iht-23excerpts.7231420.html</ref> == Ubuzima bwe == === Michèle Alliot-Marie === Yavukiya mu gihugu cy'ubufaransa ku italiki ya 10 Nzeri mu mwaka wa 46 ,Se umubyara ni Bernard Marie wahoze ari umusifuzi w'umupira wa Ruhago mu makipe mpuzamahaitwa nga ,Nyina yitwa Rennée Leyko akomoka mu gihugu cya [[Polonye]]<ref>[https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en&u=http://www.sudouest.fr/2011/02/17/bernard-marie-en-premiere-ligne-320428-652.php http://www.sudouest.fr/2011/02/17/bernard-marie-en-premiere-ligne-320428-652.php]</ref><ref>Guichoux, Marie (4 December 1999). "Michèle Alliot-Marie, 53 ans, fille de famille gaulliste, présidera peut-être le RPR [...]". ''Libération'' (in French</ref> == Intanganturo == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alliot-Marie, Michèle}} [[Category:Abaminisitiri]] [[Category:Abafaransa]] [[Category:Abagore]] prr53201jv0h4wx1l2etisi6yjb3b7w 0 6622 139942 77390 2026-09-24T10:51:19Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139942 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Intore 3.jpg|thumb|intore]] Kwivuga bya kinyarwanda Igitaramo kigeze hagati, umwana witwa ‘Nyirurugo’ na we yahawe umwanya ngo agaragaze ko no mu bakiri bato, umuco gakondo uhabwa umwanya. Nyirurugo yarataratse maze arivuga biratinda, ibintu byashimishije imbaga yari iteraniye muri Petit Stade i Remera. rtucwwmkd3xor0oij6we69udgk1ock2 0 6707 139534 128522 2026-09-23T14:18:08Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139534 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abaturukiya''' (mu Giturukiya: ''Türkler''), cyangwa se Abaturage ba Turukiya, ni bwo bwoko bunini mu moko y’Aba-Turk (Turkic peoples), kandi ni bo bagize umubare munini w’abaturage ba '''Turukiya''' ndetse n’aba '''Shipure y’Amajyaruguru'''. Muri rusange bavuga indimi zitandukanye z’Igiturukiya. Mu mateka, bakwirakwiye mu bice byinshi byahoze bigize '''Ubwami bwa Ottoman''', bigatuma no muri iki gihe hakigaragara imiryango y’Abaturukiya imaze ibinyejana byinshi ituye mu Burayi bw’Amajyepfo, mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati no mu Majyaruguru ya Afurika. Ingingo ya 66 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Turukiya isobanura ko “Umuturukiya” ari umuntu wese ufite ubwenegihugu bwa Turukiya, bivuze ko iri jambo rishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bw’amategeko ritandukanye n’ubwoko. Nubwo bimeze bityo, abenshi mu baturage ba Turukiya (hafi 70–75%) ni abo mu bwoko bw’Abaturukiya. Ku bijyanye n’idini, umubare munini wabo ni Abayisilamu bo mu murongo wa Sunni, naho hari n’umubare ugaragara w’abakurikiza Alevi (Alevism).[[Dosiye:Flag_Map_of_greater_Türkiye.png|thumb|Flag Map of gre]] [[Dosiye:Flag_of_Turkey.svg|thumb|Ibendera ry'igihugu cya Turikiya]] == Amoko == *Abaturukiya ba Turukiya *Abaturukiya ba Shipure y’Amajyaruguru *Abaturukiya ba Bulugariya *Abaturukiya b’Ubugereki *Abaturukiya b’Ahiska == Islamu == Kuva 1058, Abaturukiya bafata ubuyobozi bw’ahagenzurwa, cyangwa higanje [[Abayislamu]] kugeza mu kinyejana cya 20. Bahebuje cyane mu bugome, no kutagira imbabazi kurusha [[Dosiye:Angling_in_Turkey.jpg|thumb|ubuzima bw'abaturage mu mujyi wa Angling in Turkey]] [[Abarabu]]. [[Dosiye:TR Pamukkale Laodicea asv2020-02 img11.jpg|thumb|turukiya]] Igitero cy’abaturukiya, ahagana mu burasirazuba, cyahagaritswe n’[[Abamongoli]], baje bava muri [[Aziya]] yo hagati, ku ngoma ya [[Genghis Khan]] (1207-1227), uyu kandi yayoboye ingabo nyinshi cyane, yambuka igipande kinini cya Aziya yitwaje itoroshi n’inkota. Imigi 50.000 by’imigi minini n’imito iratwikwa. Miliyoni 5 z’abantu bicwa urw’agashinyaguro, muri abao bapfuye, 630.000 by’abakristo ni abo muri Aziya, y’iburengerazuba mu majyepfo y’inyanja y’umukara (''Asie mineure''). [[Dosiye:Cappadocia_March_2006.jpg|thumb|umugi wa Cappadocia muri tulikiya]] [[Category:Turukiya]] [[Category:Umuryango]] i2nptgip3d1fn316vhmh2qnhawl3gzi 0 6829 139615 134369 2026-09-23T18:21:03Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139615 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Giovanni Francesco Barbieri - Saint Paul.jpg|thumb|Pawulo]] Urwandiko rwa I [[Urwandiko rwa II rwandikiwe Abatesalonika|abatesalonika]] nikimwe mubitabo byanditswe na [[Mutagatifu Pawulo|Pawulo]] Intumwa mu isezerano Rishya yacyandikiye itorero ry'i Tesalonika ahagana mu mwaka 60 nyuma y'izuka rya Yesu igihe Pawulo yari mu buroko i [[Roma]], abandikira uru rwandiko kugira ngo arikomeze mu kwizera, arishimira ku bw'ubudahemuka bwaryo, kandi arihugure ku mibereho ikwiye y'Abakristo.<ref>https://bibiliya.com/tumenye-urwandiko-rwandikwe-abakolosayi/</ref>[[Mutagatifu Pawulo|Pawulo]] ubwo yandikaga uru rwandika akaba yarari muri gereza. Nubwo abatesalonika bahuraga n'ibirushya byishi ariko bakomeje gukomera ku kwizera kwabo muri Yesu Kristo<ref>https://wol.jw.org/rw/wol/d/r127/lp-yw/1001060453</ref>. Mugice cya 4:1-18 Pawulo ababwira kwizera yuko Imana izazana na Yesu kandi abapfiriye mukwizera Kristo batazibagirana cyangwa ngo batandukane n'Imana ahubwo bazazukana na Yesu igihe azagarukira<ref>https://bibiliya.com/yera/1_abatesalonike-4/</ref> Pawulo abasaba kujya bubaha abakorana umwete kandi bakabayobora mu Mwami babagira inama kandi abasaba kwirinda hatagira uwitura undi muntu inabi yamugiriye<ref>https://wol.jw.org/rw/wol/d/r127/lp-yw/1001060453</ref> [[Category:Bibiliya]] [[Category:Ibitabo byo mu Isezerano Rishya]] af3a0lpl6yy027r2i65iad0de6or2fd 0 7893 139680 81313 2026-09-23T18:30:53Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139680 wikitext text/x-wiki Rafiki Felicien bakunze kwita Kabenga yavutse tariki 20/08/1984, yavukiye mu karere ka Burera umurenge wa Butaro kagari ka Mubuga, avuka kubabyeyi bitwa Rwagishenga Felix na Nyirabasigariye Esther ariko niwe wanyonkeje ncutse nza kurerwa na mukadata utarabyaraga witwa Ntamakubuko Ansille ari nawe wandeze kugeza nkuze, amashuri abanza ya yatangiriye mu ishuri ribanza rya Kanyundo mu karere ka Rubavu umurenge wa Mudende mu mwaka w'1990 ubwo bari mu buhungiro mu gihe cy'intambara intambara ibaye nk'icogora yakomeje kwiga mu ishuri ribanza rya Nanga mu karere ka Nyabihu umurenge wa Kintobo. Ubwo Jenosiye yabaga mu Rwanda yari afite imyaka 10 y'ubukuri bahunga berekeza muri Congo aho babaga mu nkambi ya Kibumba akomerezaho amashuri ye mu ishuri rya CARITAS KIBUMBA II aho mumwaka w' 1996 batahutse mukivunge basubira Butaro akomereza amashuri ye ku ishuri ribanza rya Kabyaza mu murenge wa Butaro akarere ka Burera ari naho baje gutura, mu mwaka w'2000 nibwo yarangije amashuri abanza akomereza ikiciro rusange mu ishuri ry' Inshuti CGFB (College George Fox de Butaro)ok [[Dosiye:Lac Burera.jpg|center|thumb|320x320px|kivu]] 4bpmhx5uv0ptw2dvdem2ipokcuinsk1 0 8255 139535 121283 2026-09-23T14:18:12Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139535 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Adolf Hitler 42 Pfennig stamp.jpg|thumb|305x305px]] [[Dosiye:Hitler and Mussolini June 1940.jpg|thumb|Hitler and Mussolini June 1940|alt=Hitler|264x264px]] [[Dosiye:Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg|thumb|Adolf Hitler |347x347px]] [[Dosiye:Hitler and Mussolini June 1940.jpg|thumb|hilter and mussolini|242x242px]] '''Adolf Hitler''' (Braunau am Inn, ku ya 20 Mata 1889-Berlin, ku ya 30 Mata 1945) '''Adolf Hitler''' yari [[Ositiriya|Otirishiya]] umunyapolitiki, mu ideologue isonga mu y'Igihugu c'Umugambwe. Yabaye, demokarasi yatorewe, Chancellor wa [[Ubudage|Budage]], ariko buhoro buhoro yakuyeho uburyo bwa gutandukana ububasha mu Leta German na agglutinating bo mu muntu be kuba ''wategekaga'' kimwe mu zikomeye cyane abanyagitugu mu kinyejana makumyabiri. Azayobora Ishyaka rya Gisosiyalisiti ry’Abakozi b'Abadagekandi yari umuyobozi wa Reich ya gatatu. Ingengabitekerezo ya Gisosiyalisiti y’igihugu yateye imbere mu gihe cya guverinoma ya Hitler yarimo ivangura rishingiye ku moko n’ibitekerezo byibasiye cyane cyane Abayahudi, bikavamo Itsembabwoko. Icyakora, ivanguramoko ryatejwe imbere n’Ubudage bw’Abasosiyalisiti ry’Abadage ryarimo andi moko nk’abaswa kandi muri rusange, umuntu uwo ari we wese wabonaga ko atari Aryan, ashingiye ku gitekerezo cy’ubuziranenge bw’amoko Hitler yateje imbere mu gitabo cye ''Mein Kampf''. Ingengabitekerezo, leta y'Ubudage na Hitler ubwe barwanyaga abakomunisiti muri SSSR. Mu murima wa politiki mpuzamahanga, Hitler bigamije kugarura mu ''Manu gisirikare'' ya German bavuga turere bari batakaje nyuma y'Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi na gusenyuka mu Austro-Hungarian Empire. {{DEFAULTSORT:Hitler, Adolf}} [[Category:Abadage]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abagabo]] 3lf9v06j5tzrj1aa65cnv0je1h4er50 0 8317 139616 90156 2026-09-23T18:21:10Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139616 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Urusyo rusya ibiryo.jpg|thumb|urusyo]] [[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|thumb|Rwanda]] Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rukoreshwa mu Rwanda ndetse no mu bindi bihugu nka Uganda,UBurundi, kongo 39yi982capyt5bdh6jv9t9lz5aieubx 0 8337 139937 137168 2026-09-24T10:50:44Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139937 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Ibiro by'akarere ka Kamonyi.jpg|thumb|ibiro by'akarere ka kamonyi]] [[Dosiye:KamonyiDist.png|thumb]]{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q2424592}} '''Kamonyi''' ni kamwe mu turere mirongo itatu (30) tugize U [[Rwanda]], kamwe mu turere 8 tugize [[Intara y'amajyepfo|intara y'Amajyepfo]]. Aka Karere karere gafite ubuso magana tandatu mirongwitanu na gatanu n'ibice bitanu (655.5 Km2) kagizwe n'imirenge cumi n'ibiri (12); [[Akagari|utugari]] mirongo itanu n'icyenda (59) ndetse n'[[imidugudu]] magana atatu na cumi n'irindwi (317). Ibiro by'Akarere byubatse mu Mudugudu wa Ryabitana, Akagari ka Gahinga, Murenge wa Gacurabwenge.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.kamonyi.gov.rw/default-39a8deacce |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-01-19 |archive-date=2025-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925181539/https://www.kamonyi.gov.rw/default-39a8deacce |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu majyaruguru ashyira Iburasirazuba bw'aka karere, gahana imbibi n'[[Kigali|Umujyi wa Kigali]] mu karere ka [[Akarere ka Nyarugenge|Nyarugenge]]. Mu majyepfo yako, gahana imbibi n'Akarere ka [[Akarere ka Ruhango|Ruhango]], mu Burengerazuba bwako hari akarere ka [[Akarere ka Muhanga|Muhanga]] ndetse m Burasirazuba bwako gahana imbibi n'akarere ka [[Akarere ka Bugesera|Bugesera]].<ref name=":0" /> Aka karere kazwiho imisozi itoshye n’ubutaka bwera, bikagirira akamaro urwego rw'ubuhinzi. === Imirenge igize Akarere ka Kamonyi === Akarere ka Kamonyi kagabanyijemo '''imirenge cumi n'ibiri (12)''': # '''Gacurabwenge''' # '''Karama''' # '''Kayenzi''' # '''Kayumbu''' # '''Mugina''' # '''Musambira''' # '''Ngamba''' # '''Nyamiyaga''' # '''Nyarubaka''' # '''Rugarika''' # '''Rukoma''' # '''Runda''' === Ubukungu n’Ubuhinzi === Ubukungu bwa Kamonyi bushingiye cyane ku buhinzi n'ubworozi, aho abaturage bahinze ibihingwa birimo: Ikawa, Imineke, Ibishyimbo, Ibigori, Imyumbati, imbuto n'imboga zihingwa mu bishanga bigize aka karere. Ikawa ni kimwe mu bihingwa ngengabukungu bikomeye bihingwa muri aka karere. Ubworozi bukorerwa mu karere ka Kamonyi, bwiganjemo ubw’inka zitanga amata n’inyama. Kubera ko gaherereye hafi ya [[Umujyi wa Kigali|'''Kigali''',]] ubucuruzi n’iterambere ry’ubukungu biri gutera imbere cyane. === Agaciro k’Amateka n’Umuco === [[Dosiye:KamonyiGenocideMemorial13.jpg|thumb|Urwibutso rya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi rwa Kamonyi]] Akarere ka Kamonyo gafite ahantu nyaburanga nahabumbatiye amateka y'ubukoroni ndetse nayo mu gihe cy'Ubwami bw'u Rwanda. Gafite kandi ahantu habumbatiye amateka akomeye ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994, harimo Inzibutso za jenoside ndetse naho kwigishiriza amateka ya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. == Ubukerarugendo n’Ahantu Nyaburanga == * '''Uruzi rwa Rukarara:''' Ni ahantu nyaburanga h’umwihariko hateye neza kandi hashobora kwifashishwa mu bukerarugendo muri aka karere. * '''Imidugudu ya Gakondo''': hari ahantu hakigaragara uburyo bugaragaza imibereho y'abanyarwanda mu gihe cya kera. * '''Insengero za kera n’inyubako za gikoloni''': Hari zimwe mu nyubako za kera zifite amateka yihariye. * [[Dosiye:Ijuru rya Kamonyi.jpg|thumb|Ijuru rya Kamonyi risurwa cyane na bamukerarugendo]][[Dosiye:Ikirenge cya Mazimpaka.jpg|thumb|Urutare rwo ku Ijuru rya Kamonyi rugaragaraho ikirenge cya Yuhi III Mazimpaka]]'''Ijuru rya Kamonyi:''' Inteko y'Umuco n'Ururimi yashyize aha hantu mu hantu ndangamateka kuko hatuye abami benshi b'u Rwanda kugira ngo ayo mateka atazibagirana. Ijuru rya Kamonyi hari mu murwa w'Umwami Yuhi III Mazimpaka wari uhafite inzu ndende yitaga umuturirwa. Ubu ni mu Mudugudu wa Juru.<ref name=":1">[https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-mateka/article/nk-uko-kigali-today-igenda-ibagezaho-amateka?utm_source=chatgpt.com Menya inkomoko y’izina ‘Ijuru rya Kamonyi’ - Kigali Today]</ref> Nyuma y'itanga ry'Umwami Yuhi III Mazimpaka, ku Kamonyi hatuye abandi bami barimo Yuhi IV Gahindiro, Urugo rwe rwari i Rubona muri aka Karere, aho yarafite ubushyo bw'inka bwo mu mutwe witwaga Umuriro II.<ref name=":1" /> Abandi bami batuye muri aka karere ni Mutara II Rwogera, [[Kigeli IV Rwabugiri|Kigeri IV Rwabugiri]] wanahijihirije umganura mu 1883, ndetse na [[Yuhi V Musinga]] nawe wahizihirije umuganura inshuro imwe ndetse akahakirira Kapiteni Ramsay. Umwami Yuhi V Musinga yaje mu Ijuru rya Kamoni avuye Runda, nayo ya Kamonyi. ==== 6. Uburezi n’Ibikorwaremezo ==== Kamonyi ifite uburezi bukomeje gutera imbere''',''' harimo [[Amashuri y' incuke mu Rwanda|amashuri]] abanza, ayisumbuye, n’ibigo by’imyuga. Aka karere gafite imihanda ifasha mu itumanaho, irimo igahuza n'umujyi wa Kigali ndetse n’utundi turere tugakikije. Akarere ka Kamonyi gakomeje gutera imbere mu myubakire.<ref>[https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/kamonyi-ugura-cyangwa-ugurisha-ikibanza-muri-site-z-imiturire-azajya-abanza-kwishyura-ibihumbi-250frw Kamonyi: Ugura cyangwa ugurisha ikibanza muri site z’imiturire azajya abanza kwishyura ibihumbi 250Frw - Kigali Today]</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Intara y'amajyepfo]] f60fzubo77qe0m8ilu4i2pulxq56oa7 0 8430 139739 77261 2026-09-23T18:40:47Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139739 wikitext text/x-wiki A [[Dosiye:Kigali_city.jpg|thumb|Akagali ka Rukiri II kaboneka mu mujyi wa Kigali mu karere ka Gasabo umurenge wa Remera]] kagali ka Rukiri II ni kamwe mu tugali tugize umurenge wa Remera, Akarere ka Gasabo. Aka Kagali kagizwe n'imidugudu 5: Ubumwe, Amahoro, Rebero, Ruturusu I, Ruturusu II. '''Reference''' https://web.archive.org/web/20200814133304/https://www.gasabo.gov.rw/index.php?id=169 mdp5wd8ul2kf772lhchtz06n5ghca5c 0 8431 139797 134339 2026-09-24T10:03:29Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139797 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Green tea nyamasheke.jpg|thumb|[[Dosiye:West Province districts.png|thumb]]nyamasheke ]]{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q2005905|useImage=[[File:NyamashekeDist.png|NyamashekeDist]]}} '''Nyamasheke''' ni kamwe mu [[Uturere tw’u Rwanda|turere]] 7 tugize [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|intara y'uburengerazuba]].ibiro byakarere ka nyamasheke biherereye mu Murenge wa kaganoAkagari ka Ninzi,Umudugudu wa Gikuyu. gahana imbibi na [[akarere ka Rusizi]] ,mu majyepfo [[Akarere ka Karongi]], mu majyaruguru [[Akarere ka Nyamagabe]], mu Burasira zuba [[Dr. Justin Nsengiyumva|DRC]], mu burengera zuba. Abaturage b'Akarere ka nyamasheke babeshejweho ahanini n'[[ubuhinzi]] .Akarere ka Nyamasheke ni igice kiberanye n'ubukerarugendo kubera byinshi mu bimenyetso by'amateka bihaboneka bikiyongeraho imiterere karemano yaho.<ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukungu/iterambere/article/reba-ibiro-bishya-by-akarere-ka-nyamasheke-byuzuye-bitwaye-arenga-miliyar</ref>aka karere gafite [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|imirenge]] cumi n'itanu(15),utugari 588 n'umunani(68) gafit ubuso, bugana na kilometero kare igihumbi n'ijana na mirongo irindwi n'enye(1174)<ref name=":1">https://www.nyamasheke.gov.rw/</ref>. === _{IMIRENGE N'UTUGARI} === 1.Umurenge wa Kagano ugizwe n'utugali dutanu(5) n'imidugudu mirongo itanu(50),utugali ni:Rwesero,Gako.Murumbano,Shara,na Ninzi. 2.Umurenge wa Macuba ugizwe n'utugali dutanu(5) n'imidugudu mirongo itanu n'itatu(53),utugali ni:Vugangoma,Gatare,Rugali,Nyakabingo,Mutongo. 3.umurenge wa Karambi:ugizwe n'utugali dutanu aritwo:Gitwe,Kabuga,Kagarama,Gasovu,Rushyarara. 4.umurenge wa kilimbi:ugizwe n'utugali tune(4) aritwo:Cyimpundu,Muhororo,Nyarusange,Karengera. 5.Umurenge wa Bushenge:ugizwe n'utugali tune(5):Gatamu,Impala,Gasheke,Karusimbi. 6.Umurenge wa Shangi ugizwe n' [[Akagari|utugari]] 5 n' Imidugudu 32 , utugali ni:Burimba,Mataba,Mugera,Nyamugali;Shangi. 7.Umurenge wa KANJONGO ugizwe n' utugari 5 n'imidugudu 42: utugali ni : Susa,Raro,Kigarama,Kigoya,Kibogora. 8.Umurenge wa Bushekeri ugizwe n' utugari 4 n' Imidugudu 32 :Ngoma,Nyarusange,Mpumbu,Buvungira. 9.Umurenge wa ruharambuga ugizwe n'utugari tune ari two Kanazi, Ntendezi, Save na Wimana. 10.Umurenge wa Karengera ugizwe n'utugari dutanu ari two Gasayo, Gashashi, Higiro, Miko na Mwezi. 11.umurenge wa Nyabitekeri ugizwe n'utugali dutanu (5) aritwo:Mariba,Kinunga,Muyange,Kigabiro,Ntango. 12.Umurenge wa Rangiro ugizwe n'utugari tune ari two [[Akarere ka Gakenke|Gakenke]], Jurwe, Banda na Murambi. 13.Umurenge wa Mahembe ugizwe n'utugari tune ari two Gisoke, Nyagatare, Kagarama na Nyakavumu. 14.Umurenge wa Cyato ugizwe n'utugari tune ari two Bisumo, Mutongo, Murambi na Rugali.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nyamasheke.gov.rw/akarere-1/imirenge-n-utugari |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-01-30 |archive-date=2022-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626230445/https://www.nyamasheke.gov.rw/akarere-1/imirenge-n-utugari |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubukungu<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://rebero.rw/2026/03/09/nyamasheke-abayobozi-bashya-ba-psf-bijeje-kurushaho-guteza-imbere-ishoramari/ Nyamasheke : Abayobozi bashya ba PSF bijeje kurushaho guteza imbere ishoramari - Rebero]</ref> == === 1. Ubuhinzi (Agriculture) === Ubuhinzi ni inkingi ya mbere y’ubukungu: * Icyayi (tea) – cyane cyane mu misozi miremire * Ikawa (coffee) – ikorwa mu mirenge myinshi * Imyumbati, ibishyimbo, ibirayi n’imboga * Imbuto z’aho zifasha mu mirire no mu bucuruzi === 2. Uburobyi (Fishing)<ref name=":1" /> === * Kubera kuba hafi ya Lake Kivu, hari uburobyi bw’amafi * Amafi afasha mu mirire no mu bucuruzi bw’imbere mu gihugu [[Dosiye:Rwanda beautful country with nice place to visit in nyamasheke.jpg|thumb]] === 3. Ubukerarugendo (Tourism) === * Inkombe za Lake Kivu zifite ubwiza nyaburanga * Amashyamba n’imisozi bituma hakurura ba mukerarugendo * Hari n’ingendo z’amazi n’ahantu ho kuruhukira === 4. Ubucuruzi (Trade) === * Nyamasheke ifite isano n’igihugu cya DRC binyuze ku bucuruzi bwambukiranya imipaka * Ibikomoka ku buhinzi n’amafi bigurishwa mu masoko atandukanye === 5. Ibikorwa by’iterambere === * Imihanda n’amashuri bigenda bitezwa imbere * Serivisi n’ubucuruzi bw’imbere mu karere bigenda byiyongera [[Dosiye:Colombian_Coffee.jpg|thumb|312x312px]] == Amashakiro == [[Category:Akarere ka Nyamasheke‎| ]] [[Ikiciro:Intara y'uburengerazuba]] <references /> [[Ikiciro:Uturere tw’u Rwanda]] rmmon6zrah8fzsew79d3h94tw9to3nz 0 8457 139740 132863 2026-09-23T18:40:55Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139740 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Kamonyi.jpg|thumb|Kamonyi iherere muri mu ntara y'amajyepfo ]] Intara y'amajyepfo ukaba imwe mu ntara enye n'umugi wa kigali zigize u [[Rwanda]]<ref>https://www.southernprovince.gov.rw/</ref>. Igizwe nibyahoze ari intara ya [[Butare]],Gikongoro, na Gitarama <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.southernprovince.gov.rw/index.php?id=20&L=tziwxcudntgvxpu |accessdate=2020-09-27 |archive-date=2020-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027130048/https://www.southernprovince.gov.rw/index.php?id=20&L=tziwxcudntgvxpu |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[File:Rwanda SouthProvDists.png|alt=Ikarita y'Intara y'Amajyepfo y' u Rwanda|thumb|617x617px|Ikarita y'Intara y'Amajyepfo y' u Rwanda]] ubu ikaba igizwe n uturere dutandukanye aritwo [[Akarere ka Nyanza|Nyanza]], Gisagara, Nyaruguru,[[Akarere ka Nyamagabe|Nyamagabe]] ,muhanga Ruhango, kamonyi na Huye === Aho Iherereye === Mu majyepfo : [[Burundi]] mu majyaruguru: [[Kigali|Umujyi wa Kigali]] iburengerazuba : [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|Intara y'uburengerazuba]] Iburasirazuba : [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Intara y'uburasirazuba]] ==== Uturere tugize intara ==== 1[[Akarere ka Gisagara|.Akarere ka Gisagara]] 2. [[Akarere ka Huye]] 3. [[Akarere ka Kamonyi]] 4. [[Akarere ka Muhanga]] 5.[[Akarere ka Nyamagabe]] 6.[[Akarere ka Nyanza]] 7. [[Akarere ka Nyaruguru]] 8. [[Akarere ka Ruhango]] ==== Ihuza ryo hanze ==== aybo5q5hbinog1gp93rmxf7ug94o2hr 0 8475 139755 114129 2026-09-24T09:58:30Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139755 wikitext text/x-wiki = Akamaro ko kwidagadura = Gufasha inshuti zawe, kwiga ikintu gishya no kwidagadura bishobora gutuma agahinda kagabanuka, kugabanya indwara n'ibindi. muri make imyidagaduro n'ingenzi mu rubyiruko. == Imikino y'imyidagaduro == === Umukino w'umupira === [[File:OlivierKarekezi 110723GIFS-Öster 2-1 6892.jpg|thumb|OlivierKarekezi 110723GIFS-Öster 2-1 6892|529x529px]] === Umukino wo gusiganwa === [[File:Jean Pierre Mvuyekure (Rwanda) - London 2012 Mens Marathon (cropped).jpg|thumb|Jean Pierre Mvuyekure (Rwanda) - London 2012 Mens Marathon (cropped)]] dv1foi4xs2loukbgsjsj0m0x8ulk7p8 0 8494 139673 132928 2026-09-23T18:30:03Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139673 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Entreprise Urwibutso Sina Gerard Nyirangarama.jpg|thumb|Entreprise Urwibutso Sina Gerard Nyirangarama]] [[Dosiye:Akarusho.jpg|thumb|Sina Gerard]] '''Sina Gérard''' (yavutse 1963) ni umunyarwanda ukurikirana kandi rwiyemezamirimo, niwe watangiye akaba n'umuyobozi w'ikigo gitunganya ibiribwa Urwibutso Enterprises. Ni umworozi w'ingurube, ukora ibiti, nyir'imigati, nyiri supermarket, ukora ibirungo, hamwe n'abagiraneza. Yavukiye mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Ntara y'Amajyaruguru]], akarere ka Rulindo; umurenge wa Tare n'akagari ka Nyirangarama. Nyuma, Nyirangarama, yabaye izina rye kubera ingaruka ubucuruzi bwagize ku baturage. Arubatse, afite abana batatu. Sina Gerard azwiho ubwitange mu iterambere ryaho. Isosiyete yatangije mu 1983, Urwibutso Enterprises, yavuye mu iduka rito igera ku mashami menshi hirya no hino mu gihugu cy'u Rwanda. Isosiyete Urwibutso, yatanze akazi 280 k'igihe cyose n'akazi 600 k'igihe gito mu cyaro aho Sina akomoka. Isosiyete ikorana n'impuzandengo y'imiryango 3.000 ifitanye isano n'ubuhinzi. Sina kandi yahaye abahinzi basezeranye na gahunda mbonezamubano nko gutera inkunga inguzanyo ziciriritse, uburezi, na gahunda yo guhugura ubuhinzi. Ingaruka z'umurimo we zamenyekanye ku rwego mpuzamahanga, kandi yahawe ibihembo byinshi na yo. Urutonde rwibihembo bye rurimo Diamond International Quality Crown, Igihe gishya cya Era kubera Ikoranabuhanga, Ubwiza, no guhanga udushya, ndetse na Made in Rwanda Award. Kuri ubu Sina ni umwe mu bagabo bakize cyane mu Rwanda kandi Urwibutso Enterprises ni ubwami bw’amadorari miliyoni. == Umwuga == [[Dosiye:PikiWiki_Israel_9192_Gan-Shmuel_-_orange_juice_factory_in_1978.jpg|thumb|Sina Gerard ni rwiyemezamirimo ukora umutobe, juice mu mbuto ziboneka cyane mu Rwanda ]] === Tangira === Sina Gérard yatangije Urwibutso Enterprises afite imyaka 20, mu 1983. Yakoresheje imari shingiro ya 33.000RWF (agaciro ka 2013) kandi atanga umusaruro mubuhinzi bwababyeyi kugirango atangire imigati nto. Na bakery ye, we yatangiye umukono Urwibutso Donuts, bikaba nyuma yabaye izina Ventures we Igikubo. Igihe imigati ye yatangiraga gutanga umusaruro ku ishoramari, Sina yaragutse maze yinjira mu gukora imbuto-umutobe. === Umwuga wo hagati === Mu 1999, abonye ko ibicuruzwa bye bishya yongeyeho byagenze neza, yashora imari mu bikoresho byo gukora umutobe. Sina yafatanije nabahinzi benshi baho, bashora imari mubushakashatsi bwubuhanga bwo kubungabunga umutobe. Imitobe ya Agashya, cyane cyane nectar yimbuto yimbuto, nayo yamenyekanye kumasoko. Sina yahise atandukanya imishinga ye kurushaho: yongeyeho umushinga w'ingurube; [[inka]], [[ihene]], ibice byo korora urukwavu; n'umuvinyu n'umusaruro wa chili. [[Shili|Chili]] Akabanga yabaye kimwe mu bicuruzwa akoresha cyane, atari mu [[Rwanda]] gusa, ahubwo no ku mugabane wa Afurika no mu bindi bice by<nowiki>'isi. Sina avuga kuri Akabanga, "Bisobanura ikintu nk '' ibanga '</nowiki>. Nushira ku biryo byawe, uzasobanukirwa ibanga. " === 2000 === Kuva icyo gihe, Sina yaguye uruganda Urwibutso kandi isosiyete yongera ibicuruzwa bishya kuva kuri biscuits kugeza kuri vino. Ubu Urwibutso bibyara ikintu urugamba ibicuruzwa [[Dosiye:Industry_City_Japanese_Market_(54294).jpg|thumb|Isoko ry' uruganda rwa Sina Gerard ruzwi ku izina rya Nyirangarama]] birimo ifu Akanoze Maize floor, Akandi y'agaciro amazi, Agashya inanasi umutobe, strawberry na amwifuza imbuto umutobe, Akabanga n'urusenda amavuta, Akaryoshye strawberry na [[Yawurute|juice y'amatunda]], Akarusho umweru, umutuku na divayi insina ndetse 'AKARABO' biscuit. Mu AKARABO biscuit katangijwe ku bufatanye na Sweet Z'IBIRAYI Actions for Security na Health muri Afurika (SASHA) ndetse n'abafatanyabikorwa mpuzamahanga Z'IBIRAYI Center (CIP), Rwanda Agricultural Board (RAB), Catholic Relief Services (CRS), IMBARAGA, Young Ishyirahamwe ry'abakristu b'abagore (YWCA). Iyi biscuit yashizweho kugirango yongere imirire nubukungu byimiryango yo mucyaro hamwe nabagore aribo itsinda ryibandwaho. Amaze gutsinda mu bucuruzi Sina Gérard yahisemo gushora imari mu gace atuyemo. Yaha abahinzi imbuto z'ubusa, ifumbire, amahugurwa kandi agura imyaka yabo igihe biteguye gusarurwa. Afite intego yo gutuma abahinzi bo mu Rwanda bumva bishimiye kuba abahinzi, kuko bangana na 90% by'abaturage. === Akazi k'abagiraneza === Sina kandi ni umugiraneza. Yubatse ishuri Collège Fondation Sina Gérard kubanyeshuri bo mu gace atuyemo. Ishuri ryigisha abanyeshuri kuva kurwego rwincuke kugeza [[Dosiye:PikiWiki_Israel_7981_Gan_-_Samuel_-_juice_factory_in_1955.JPG|thumb|Ishuri ryigisha imyuga itandukanye ryashinzwe na Sina Gerard rigamije gufasha urubyiruko kwiteza imbere.]] mumashuri yisumbuye. Abanyeshuri biga kubuntu, ndetse nabari mumashuri acumbikira. Ishuri ryubatswe mumiryango iciriritse, cyane cyane Urwibutso Enterprises ikorana. Iri shuri rihugura abanyeshuri kubaka ubumenyi nubumenyi mubice byubuhinzi, ubuvuzi bwamatungo nubumenyi bwibiryo. Ubu ishuri rifite abanyeshuri bagera ku 1100. Abanyeshuri bafite uburyo bwo guhinga butanga imbuto nka strawberry, pome, imbuto za [[Makadamiya|Macadamiya]], imbuto za logan, imbuto nshya mu [[Rwanda]]. Sina arateganya ko ishuri ryabyara abanyeshuri bazaba abafite PHD mumwaka wa 2022. Sina igamije ko ishuri ryaba ikigo aho abakiri bato nabatishoboye biyubaka bakivana mubukene. === Amagambo === "Mparanira ko nafasha abakennye cyane bitari muburyo bwo mu mafaranga gusa ahubwo no kubafasha kumenya uko ayo mafaranga bayigezaho mbaha ubumenyi bwayo." CNN CNN "Intego yanjye ni ukureba niba abaturage bo mu Rwanda biyubaka kandi bakava mu bukene." "Intego yanjye ni ukureba niba abahinzi bo mu Rwanda, kubera ko bapimwe 90%, bumva bishimiye kuba abahinzi. Nzi neza ko nzabigeraho kuko kugeza ubu maze kugera kuri byinshi. " == Ibyagezweho == * Ikamba ryiza rya Diamond. 2011. * Igihembo gishya cya Era kubijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga, ubuziranenge no guhanga udushya. 2012 * Yakozwe mu Rwanda Igihembo. 2018 == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kpjlsr8oz9mra57stqxfjnwntivzuqr 0 8504 139536 137136 2026-09-23T14:18:16Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139536 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cultivateur_de_manioc.jpg|thumb|Umuhinzi w'imyumbati<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cultivateur_de_manioc.jpg</ref>|321x321px]] [[Dosiye:Malpighiales - Manihot esculenta - 1.jpg|thumb|Umyumbati]] [[Dosiye:Manihot esculenta - Tapioca - Cassava at Periya (3).jpg|thumb|Umyumbati]] [[Dosiye:Manihot esculenta - Tapioca - Cassava at Periya (9).jpg|thumb|Imyumbati]] [[Dosiye:Cassava plant farm in Ikirun.jpg|thumb|Cassava plant farm]] [[Dosiye:Starr-090618-1232-Manihot esculenta-habit-Wailua-Maui (24598375929).jpg|thumb|Imyumbati]] [[Dosiye:Manihot esculenta - cross section 2.jpg|thumb|Umwumbati]] [[Dosiye:Manioc du Cameroun.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Manihot esculenta x glaziovii.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Musoke Deo MDK-MUSO African Cassava harvest.jpg|thumb|Imyumbati]] [[Dosiye:Manihot esculenta - Tapioca - at Kottappuram Market - WikiSangamotsavam 2018, Kottappuram, Kodungalloor.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:A tapioca field.JPG|thumb|Umurima ]] = Uburyo bwo guhinga imyumbati kijyambere = == Intangiriro == [[Dosiye:Manihot esculenta dsc07325.jpg|thumb|255x255px]] Kimwe mu bihingwa bihingwa kuva kera kandi kiri mu biribwa ngandurarugo by’ingenzi ni imyumbati<ref name=":0">https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323756#:~:text=Cassava%20is%20a%20calorie%2Drich,contain%20up%20to%2025%25%20protein.</ref>. Nubwo kera byavugwaga ko ari ibiribwa by’abatishoboye, nyamara kuri ubu siko biri ahubwo isigaye iri mu biribwa biboneka hacye dore ko n’indwara zifata imyumbati zituma umusaruro wayo ugenda ugabanyuka mu [[Rwanda]]<ref>http://www.iita.org/news-item/iita-trains-cassava-processors-and-bakers-in-rwanda/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%202018%20data,in%20terms%20of%20cultivated%20area.&text=So%20far%2C%20cassava%20has%20only,used%20for%20ugali%20or%20foufou.</ref>. Gusa iri mu biribwa bifite intungamubiri nyinshi ndetse abahanga bavuga ko ushobora kuyisimbuza umuceri dore ko byenda kunganya intungamubiri<ref name=":0" />. Mu ntungamubiri zibonekamo twavuga ibyongera ingufu, poroteyine, ibinure, ibinyasukari, fibre[[, [[Vitamini B1]], [[Vitamini B2]], [[Vitamini B3]], [[Vitamin B9]], [[Vitamini C]], vitamin K, imyunyungugu nka karisiyumu, phosphore, ubutare, magnesium na sodiyumu. Ibi byose nibyo bituma iba ikiribwa cy’ingenzi kandi gifitiye umubiri akamaro.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/imyumbati/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-10-04 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226195446/https://umutihealth.com/imyumbati/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323756</ref> == Aho imyumbati ihingwa kandi yera neza == <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yeanrwanda.org/article.php?id=188 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-10-04 |archive-date=2020-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008201750/https://yeanrwanda.org/article.php?id=188 |url-status=dead }}</ref>Itanga umusaruro mwiza mu Mayaga no mu Mirambi no mu mukenke by’Iburirazuba<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/</ref>. [[File:Cassava.jpg|thumb|Imyumbati yasaruwe yeze neza<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cassava.jpg</ref>|257x257px]] === Ubutaka === Ni igihingwa gikunda ubutaka buseseka<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/Articulos_Ciat/07169_Production_techniques_cassava.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-08-14 |archive-date=2016-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005114611/http://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/Articulos_Ciat/07169_Production_techniques_cassava.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Amoko yamamazwa === <ref name=":1">https://www.leaf.tv/articles/types-of-cassava/#:~:text=Bitter%20cassava%20is%20very%20similar,as%20490%20parts%20per%20million.</ref>Hari amoko menshi ariko atangwa n’ubishakashatsi ni aya: ==== Mu Miribwa ==== Ndamirabana(TME14). Mbakungahaze(95/NA/00063), Cyizere(192/0057),Mbagarumbise. [[Dosiye:Malpighiales - Manihot esculenta - 1.jpg|thumb|252x252px]] ==== Mu bwoko bwa Gitaminsi ==== Creolina na Gakiza === Gutegura umurima === Imirimo isabwa ni ibiri: Kurwanya isuri no gutegura umurima<ref>https://www.justagric.com/land-preparation-techniques-for-planting-cassava/#:~:text=Cassava%20requires%20a%20sandy%20loam,to%20enable%20it%20retains%20moisture.</ref> . === Gufumbira === Bashyira toni 10-20 z’ifumbire y’imborera iboze neza bakongeramo kg 300/Ha za NPK 17.17.17 mu kaziga kazengurutse ingeri zimaze gufata<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://yeanrwanda.org/article.php?id=188 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-10-04 |archive-date=2020-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008201750/https://yeanrwanda.org/article.php?id=188 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. === Igera imbuto === Haterwa ingeri 10 000 kuri Ha 1 zavuye mu murima w’imyumbati yera neza. Batera ingeri kuri m1 hagati y’imirongo no kuri m1 hagati y’ingeri n’iyindi kandi hagashyirwa ingeri imwe mu mwobo. Igihe cyiza cy’itera : ni hagati y’Ukwakira n’Ugushyingo<ref name=":2" /> === Gufata neza imyumbati mu murima === Nyuma y’ukwezi bamaze gutera imyumbati igomba kubagarwa, bakayisukira imaze kugira cm 60 z’uburebure. Bongera kubagara iyo bibaye ngombwa imyumbati ifite amezi atatu<ref name=":2" />. [[File:Women_in_a_cassava_farm_in_DRC.jpg|thumb|Abahinzi b'imyumbati b'abagore<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Women_in_a_cassava_farm_in_DRC.jpg</ref>|230x230px]] === Imbyonyi n’indwara === Mu kurwanya ibyonnyi n’indwara, umuhinzi agomba gukoresha ubwoko bwihanganira indwara, guterera igihe akabona gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda<ref>https://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/factsheetforfarmers/20127801787</ref> . === Agatagangurirwa === Ni agakoko gafite ibara ry’icyatsi kibisi bita Mononychellus tanaioa<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |url=https://yeanrwanda.org/article.php?id=188 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-10-04 |archive-date=2020-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008201750/https://yeanrwanda.org/article.php?id=188 |url-status=dead }}</ref> twangiza imyumbati mu gihe cy’izuba. Ku myumbati tugaragara ku mababi yo hejuru akivuka no ku mutwe w’amashami kuko horoshye. Ikimenyetso: amababa usanga ari icyatsi kibisi kivanzemo utubara tw’ umuhondo kandi twinshi. Amababi ata ireme akagwingira ntakure. Ku mutwe w’amashami hasigara utubabi tumeze nk’utwana tw’inyoni .Umwumbati ugira ingingo ngufi cyane<ref name=":3" /> . ==== Uko barwanya iyo ndwara ==== [[Dosiye:Tapioca (Manihot esculenta).jpg|thumb]] Gutera imyumbati yera vuba mu gihe imvura itangiye kugwa no gutera imyaka yihanganira agataganurirwa. ==== Indwara y’Ububembe ==== Ni indwara iterwa n’agakoko ka virusi yitwa Cassava Mosaic Virus(CMV), iyo virus ikwirakwizwa n’isazi yitwa Bemisia tabaci .Iyo ndwara ikunze kuboneka hose mu Rwanda. ==== Ibimenyetso ==== Indwara itangira ibibabi Bizana amabara y’umuhondo, ahasigaye ari icyatsi hagakomeza gukura ugasanga ikibabi kiri kw’ikunja kunja kigapfunyarara nyuma kikagira amatwi. Iyo bikabije umwumbati ukura nabi ukagwingira. ==== Uko bayirwanya ==== Umuhinzi ategekwa kurandura buri giti kirwaye mu murima, guhingira igihe, gutera imbuto nzima kandi z’indobanure kandi zihanganira iyo ndwara. Mu murima hagomba kandi kugirara isuku Imyumbati, no guhinga neza kandi agakumira ingaruka ziterwa na ya sazi. [[File:Récolte_du_manioc.jpg|thumb|Abahinzi bavuye gusarura imyumbati<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%A9colte_du_manioc.jpg</ref>|247x247px]] === Igihe yerera === Imyumbati yera hagati y’ameze 18-24 kuri gitaminsi. Naho ku myumbati y’imiribwa ni hagati y’amezi 10-15<ref name=":1" />. === Gusarura no guhunika === Umusaruro ukunze kuboneka uri hagati ya toni 20 na toni 20 z’imyumbati kuri Ha. Naho ku birebana n’ihunika imyumbati iguma mu murima ikazakurwa bibaye ngombwa cyangwa ikabikwa ahantu humutse ari imivunde yumye<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ehinga.org/kin/articles/cassava/harvesting |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-08-14 |archive-date=2021-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814062621/http://www.ehinga.org/kin/articles/cassava/harvesting |url-status=dead }}</ref>. = Amashakiro = {{Reflist}} k6hc368tq7e3er89wefx90efne4mquv 0 8545 139562 120374 2026-09-23T14:19:56Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139562 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag of Uganda.svg|left|thumb|220x220px|UGANDA]] '''Anita Kyarimpa''' uzwi cyane ku izina rya '''Anita Fabiola''' ni umukinnyi wa filime [[Ubugande|ukomoka]] muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]], ambasaderi w’ubukerarugendo, uwakiriye ibirori, umudamu w’[[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|umucuruzi]], Philanthropiste nuwahoze ari umwamikazi w’Ubwiza. Muri Gashyantare 2019 yari yashyizeho kuba ambasaderi mukuru muri "Tulambule" ubukangurambaga [[wiktionary:liaison|Guhuza]] na Uganda Tourism Board guteza imbere ubukerarugendo yose Uganda. Mbere yo kwakira Be date yanjye kuri NTV muri 2014, Fabiola yabaye Miss Uganda West ndetse nuwa kabiri mu bahatanira ubwiza bwa Miss Uganda muri 2013. Azwiho kandi kwakira bimwe mu birori bikomeye bya [[Afurika]] bitukura. Muri byo harimo Afurika Magic Viewer Choice Awards muri [[Nijeriya]] (2016), Namibia Annual Music Awards (2016 na 2017), Gana Movie Awards 2017, Ghana Music Awards 2016, Glitz Awards Ghana 2017, Abryanz Style na Fashion Awards 2016 n'ibindi. [[Dosiye:Anita_Fabiola_at_Abryanz_Style_and_Fashion_Awards.jpg|thumb|Anita Fabiola]] == Umwuga == Afite imyaka 12 yari umunyamideli mu kigo cyerekana imideli ya Arapapa. Muri icyo gihe, yakoze catwalks no kwamamaza Flair Magazin mu 2008. Igihe yari mu mashuri yisumbuye, Fabiola yitabiriye amarushanwa y'ubwiza bw'iryo shuri yatsindiye izina rye nka, Miss London College, Miss St. Lawrence n'amashuri makuru. Ibi byatumye yitabira igihugu cyose, yatsindiye kuba Miss High School Kadanke mu 2012, bimugira "Miss Kadanke" wa mbere. Mu 2013, Fabiola yitabiriye amarushanwa y'ubwiza bwa Miss Uganda maze yambikwa ikamba rya Miss Uganda West maze aba umukinnyi wa mbere wegukanye umwanya wa kabiri mu marushanwa rusange y'ubwiza ya Miss Uganda muri 2013 Fabiola yatangije umwuga we kuri tereviziyo mu 2014 yakira kandi akora Be my date show kuri NTV yerekanaga buri cyumweru saa munani. Mu 2014 iki gitaramo cyatowe kuba ari gahunda ya tereviziyo yimyidagaduro ikunzwe cyane muri Uganda. Kubera iyo mpamvu, iki gitaramo cyagenze neza, Fabiola yakiriye amahitamo yo gutorwa hanyuma amaherezo yegukana ibihembo bya Buzz Teeniez 2015 mu bihembo bya TV by’umugore mwiza. Mu 2015, Fabiola yagize igihe gito akora nk'umunyamakuru kuri Capital FM buri Mon-vendredi mugitondo kinini guhera saa kumi n'ebyiri za mugitondo. Nkumukinnyi wamafirime, Fabiola azwi cyane kubera uruhare rwe nka ''Angella'' mu masubiramo y'inyinamico ya telenovela kuri NTV, Amahirwe ya kabiri yasohotse mu Kwakira 2016 kuri sitasiyo imwe. Ariko, kubera gahunda ihuze cyane, yavuye mubyerekanwa kugirango akurikirane izindi nyungu zubucuruzi zinjiza amafaranga kwisi yose. Fabiola yagize kandi uruhare runini muri serivise ya Studio 256 ya 2015 no kuri NTV. Nanone akanyenyeri mu 2013 Bollywood Malayalam thriller, hunga Uganda nk'uko Oldra. Kuri ubu Fabiola ni we uyobora ikiganiro cya muzika n'imyidagaduro kizwi cyane, "Katch Up" kiba buri wa gatanu kuri TV ya NBS. Fabiola yakiriye kandi ibirori bitari bike ku myidagaduro yo muri Uganda harimo Hip Hop Awards 2016, Uganda Entertainment Awards 2017, Miss Uganda 2016, Tekno na MR. Igitaramo cya Eazi, Belaire itangiza nabandi. Muri 2018, abaye Umugande wa mbere watumiwe mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Cannes kandi anagendagenda kuri tapi itukura mu birori byuzuyemo ibyamamare. Yatangije kandi podcast ye ya buri cyumweru, "The Fabiola Podcast" kuri Afripods, umuyoboro wa interineti na App yo muri [[Suwede]]. Nyuma yibi, abaye umuntu wa mbere witangazamakuru rya Uganda gutunga no kwakira podcast ye. Muri Gashyantare 2019, yashyizwe ahagaragara nka ambasaderi w’ubukerarugendo wagize uruhare muri "Tulambule", ubukerarugendo bugamije guteza imbere ubukerarugendo bwaho muri Uganda. Hamwe ikipe ya ambasaderi bagenzi famose ko harimo Salvador (Patrick Idringi), Gaetano Kaggwa, Marcus Kwikiriza na kickboxer Musa Golola, ikipe rureshya ijya mu duce dutandukanye tw'igihugu harimo vyobaye landscape ariko kandi bitandukanye byihariye n'imico n'imigenzo mugihe ushishikariza Abagande bagenzi bacu kubikora. === Kwemeza === Umwuga mwiza wa Fabiola wakuruye ibirango byinshi yemeye gufatanya nabyo. Yabaye ambasaderi w’ibirango ku bicuruzwa byinshi nka, inkweto za CAT, Amavuta yo kwisiga ya Paramour, Lux Belaire, Virginia Black MTN Pulse, Jumia Uganda, Lauma Uganda n'ibindi == Ibyagezweho no kumenyekana == {| class="wikitable" |'''AWARD''' | '''UMWAKA''' | '''IGIHUGU''' | '''DETAILS''' |- | Buzz Teeniez Awards | 2015 | Uganda | Uwatsinze-Umugore wa TV |- | Abryanz Style & Fashion Awards | 2016 | Uganda | Uwatsinze-Byinshi muburyo bwa TV |} == Abagiraneza == Fabiola yashinze [https://web.archive.org/web/20180810075259/http://www.fabgirlsfoundation.org/ Fond Girls Fab] ifite intego yo kongerera ubushobozi abakobwa bakiri bato binyuze muri serivisi nk'uburezi bw'ibanze, isuku, guteza imbere virusi itera SIDA n'abandi. Mu ntangiriro za 2019, yatangije ubukangurambaga, agurisha kalendari yabugenewe mu rwego rwo gushaka amafaranga yo gufasha. [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pzge6j2qy1brgvx3skqaaibapq1le5w 0 8564 139847 137157 2026-09-24T10:35:35Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139847 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Naomi Ishimwe.jpg|thumb|Nyampinga|285x285px]] Nyampinga w'u [[Rwanda]] ni irushanwa ryashyizweho hagamijwe gutora umukobwa uhiga abandi mu bwiza, ubwenge n'umuco. Iri rushanwa ritegurwa na [[Rwanda]] Inspiration backup<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/ikinyarwanda/Rwanda-Inspiration-Backup-yatsindiye-kujya-ikurikirana-management-ba-Nyampinga</ref>, rikaba ryaratangiye mu 1910 ritangizwa n'Abakoloni n'Abadage. == Amateka == Nyampinga w'u [[Rwanda]] watowe bwa mbere ni Nubuhoro Jeanne atorerwa muri Hoteli Méridien ubu yahindutse Marasa Umubano mu 1991 akaba yarishwe muri [[Genocide mu Rwanda|Genocide]] yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Yaje gusimburwa na Uwera Dalila watowe mu Ukuboza mu 1993, agomba kuba Nyampinga w'u [[Rwanda]] mu 1994 akaba ari nawe wamenyekanye cyane, kuri ubu aba mu gihugu cy'Ububiligi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/amateka-avuguruzanya-ni-nde-wabaye-nyampinga-w-u-rwanda-bwa-mbere |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-10-31 |archive-date=2020-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108235441/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/amateka-avuguruzanya-ni-nde-wabaye-nyampinga-w-u-rwanda-bwa-mbere |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Uko bagiye bakurikirana == [[Dosiye:Uwera Dalila.jpg|thumb|Uwera Dalila]] 1.[[Nubuhoro Jeanne]] 1991 2.[[Uwera Dalila]] 1994 [[Dosiye:Miss Bahati Grace.jpg|thumb|Miss Bahati Grace]] 3.[[Bahati Grace]] 2009 [[Dosiye:Aurore Kayibanda.jpg|thumb|Kayibanda Aurore]] 4.[[Kayibanda Aurore]] 2012 5.[[Akiwacu colombe|Akiwacu Colombe]] 2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://missrwanda.rw/news/article/akiwacu-colombe-niwe-nyampinga-w-u |accessdate=2020-10-31 |archive-date=2020-11-04 |deadurl=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104083335/http://missrwanda.rw/news/article/akiwacu-colombe-niwe-nyampinga-w-u |url-status=dead }}</ref> 6.[[Kundwa doriane|Kundwa Doriane]] 2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.igihe.tv/ibiganiro/kundwa-doriane-ni-we-nyampinga-w-u-rwanda-2015.html |accessdate=2020-10-31 |archive-date=2020-11-05 |deadurl=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105194338/http://www.igihe.tv/ibiganiro/kundwa-doriane-ni-we-nyampinga-w-u-rwanda-2015.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dosiye:Jolly Mutesi.jpg|thumb|Mutesi Jolly]] 7.[[Mutesi Jolly]] 2016<ref>http://umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/article/amafoto-y-indobanure-ya-nyampinga-w-u-rwanda-2017-n-ibisonga-bye</ref> 8. [[Iradukunda Elsa|Iradukunda Elsa 2017]] 9.[[Iradukunda Liliane]] 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://igihe.tv/ibiganiro/iradukunda-liliane-yabaye-nyampinga-w-u-rwanda-2018.html |accessdate=2020-10-31 |archive-date=2020-02-19 |deadurl=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219083601/http://igihe.tv/ibiganiro/iradukunda-liliane-yabaye-nyampinga-w-u-rwanda-2018.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 10.[[Nimwiza meghan|Nimwiza Meghan]] 2019<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/amafoto-ya-nimwiza-watorewe-kuba-nyampinga-w-u-rwanda-2019 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-10-31 |archive-date=2020-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106093744/https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/amafoto-ya-nimwiza-watorewe-kuba-nyampinga-w-u-rwanda-2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 11.[[Naomie Nishimwe|Nishimwe Naomie]] 2020<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/Nishimwe-Naomie-yegukanye-ikamba-rya-Nyampinga-w-u-Rwanda-2020-Amafoto-na-Video |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-10-31 |archive-date=2020-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103133747/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/Nishimwe-Naomie-yegukanye-ikamba-rya-Nyampinga-w-u-Rwanda-2020-Amafoto-na-Video |url-status=dead }}</ref> 12.[[Ingabire Grace]] 2021 13.[[Miss Muheto Nshuti Divine|Muheto Divine]] <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/ibirori/article/nyampinga-w-u-rwanda-2022-ni-muheto-divine</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} # https://web.archive.org/web/20201108235441/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/amateka-avuguruzanya-ni-nde-wabaye-nyampinga-w-u-rwanda-bwa-mbere # https://web.archive.org/web/20200222045251/http://missrwanda.rw/news/latest-news/article/urutonde-rw-abakobwa-20-bazavamo-nyampinga-w-u-rwanda-rwamenyekanye # https://web.archive.org/web/20201107000404/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/ba-nyampinga-b-u-rwanda-mu-bihe [[Category:Abagore]] [[Category:Ubudage]] [[Category:Rwanda]] mjnobcdjnub7rfej53xwum64bn4z1d6 0 8602 139756 79172 2026-09-24T09:58:37Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139756 wikitext text/x-wiki Muri genetics yabantu, Eva ya Mitochondrial (nayo mt-Eva, mt-MRCA) ni matrilineal ba sogokuruza baheruka (MRCA) mubantu bose bazima. Mu yandi magambo, asobanurwa [[Dosiye:Wiki_Drawing_-_Mitochondrial.svg|thumb|Igishushanyo cyerekana Mitochondrial]] nkumugore uheruka kuva abantu bose bazima bakomoka kumurongo utavunitse binyuze muri ba nyina no kuri ba nyina b'abo babyeyi, kugeza igihe imirongo yose ihurira kumugore umwe. Kubijyanye na mitochondrial haplogroups, mt-MRCA iherereye mugutandukana kwa macro-haplogroup L muri L0 na L1–6. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2013, ibigereranyo ku myaka yo gutandukana kwabaye nko mu myaka 150.000 ishize, [ingingo ya 3] ijyanye n'itariki nyuma yo kuvugwa na Homo sapiens ariko hakiri kare ugereranyije no muri Afurika iherutse gutatanya. [4] [1] ] [5] [[Dosiye:Genetic engineering logo.png|center|thumb|320x320px|Genetics ]] Ikigereranyo cy'abagabo na "Eva ya Mitochondrial" ni "[[Y-chromosomal Adam]]" (cyangwa Y-MRCA), umuntu abantu bose bazima bakomokamo. Nkuko umwirondoro wa matrilineal na patrilineal MRCAs ushingiye kumateka y'ibisekuruza (gusenyuka kw'ibisekuru), ntibakeneye kubaho mugihe kimwe. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2013, ibigereranyo byimyaka Y-MRCA birashidikanywaho cyane, hamwe ninshuro zitandukanye kuva mumyaka 180.000 kugeza 580.000 ishize [6] [7] [8] (ufite imyaka iri hagati ya 120.000 na 156.000 ishize, hafi ya byose bigereranijwe na mt-MRCA.). [2] [9] Izina "Eva Mitochondrial Eva" ryerekeza kuri Eva wo muri Bibiliya, ibyo bikaba byaratumye abantu bavuga nabi cyangwa imyumvire itari yo mu nkuru z’abanyamakuru kuri iyo ngingo. Ibyamamare bya siyansi bizwi cyane mubiganiro byerekana imyumvire itari yo ishobora gushimangira ko umwanya wa mt-MRCA utagenwe mugihe (kuko umwanya wa mt-MRCA ugenda utera imbere mugihe imirongo ya ADN ya mitochondial (mtDNA) iba yazimye) , nta nubwo bivuga "umugore wa mbere", cyangwa umugore wenyine muzima wo mu gihe cye, cyangwa umunyamuryango wa mbere w "ubwoko bushya". [[Dosiye:Mitochondrial_DNA_it.svg|thumb|Mitochondrial DNA it]] [[Dosiye:Production_of_mitochondrial_ROS,_mitochondrial_ROS.png|thumb|uko mitochondrial zikorwa]] gwyiqr1kk1xw07u8a5h24kjynn3emhd 0 8614 139681 121735 2026-09-23T18:31:00Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139681 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noël Hitimana''' (Imyaka icumi 1950, Nyamirambo-yapfuye mbere ya 2002, Rwanda) yari umunyamakuru w’u Rwanda, akaba n'umunyamakuru ( ''animateur'' ) wa radiyo [[Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines]] (RTLM), kikaba cyari uburyo bw’ingenzi mu guteza imbere itotezwa ry’abatutsi n’[[Abahutu]] bashyira mu gaciro mu gihe Jenoside yo mu Rwanda. Kimwe n'izindi sitasiyo kuri sitasiyo, Hitimana yateje urugomo abaturage b'[[abatutsi]] ku kirere. [[Dosiye:Noel_Hitimana_(hatemonguer).png|thumb|271x271px|Noel Hitimana (hatemonguer)]] {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" |Noël (Noheli) Hitimana |- | colspan="3" | |- ! colspan="3" |Amakuru yihariye |- !Ivuka | colspan="2" |1950s Nyamirambo,[[Rwanda]] |- !Urupfu | colspan="2" |cyangwa mbere ya 2002 Muri gereza imwe yo mu [[Rwanda]] |- !Impamvu y'urupfu | colspan="2" |Indwara |- !ubwenegihugu | colspan="2" |Rwanda |- ! colspan="3" |Amakuru yumwuga |- !Umwuga | colspan="2" |Umunyamakuru wa Radio numunyamakuru |- !Umukoresha | colspan="2" |Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines |- ! colspan="3" |Amakuru yinshinjabyaha |- !Ikirego cy'inshinjabyaha | colspan="2" |Jenoside |- !Ibyaha | colspan="2" |Bavuga ko bapfuye mu Rwanda |- | colspan="3" |[hindura amakuru kuri Wikidata] |} Mbere yo gukora muri RTLM, Hitimana yakoraga kuri Radiyo Rwanda iyobowe na Leta ndetse n’ikigo ''cy’itumanaho n’itangazamakuru mu Rwanda'' mu mpera za za 70 ndetse no mu ntangiriro ya za 90. Muri icyo gihe, yamenyekanye cyane kubera indamutso yaturutse bisanzwe mu turere dutandukanye no mumijyi yu Rwanda mu masaha ya mugitondo, mugihe abahinzi babyutse bajya gukora mumirima. Iki gice cyamamaza cyashimangiye akamaro ko gukora cyane, abaturage ndetse n’ibitekerezo byo gukunda igihugu by’ishyaka ryonyine ryemewe n'amategeko kandi riri ku butegetsi, Ishyirahamwe ry’igihugu riharanira demokarasi n’iterambere (MRND). Bavuga ko ari inzogaHitimana yirukanwe kuri Radiyo Rwanda, nyuma yo gutuka umunyagitugu w’u Rwanda Juvénal Habyarimana, mu kiganiro cyahise asinze. Bitewe no kuba yaramamaye ku rwego rw'igihugu, Hitimana yari umwe mu ba ''animateurs ba'' mbere bahawe akazi na RTLM, nyuma yo gushingwa ku ya 8 Mata 1993.  imyitozo yo gusuhuza imijyi n'abayituye. Igihe Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yatangiye, ku itariki ya 7 Mata, 1994, Hitimana ryahinduwe ngeso gutanga ahantu nyayo amazina bivugwa ibyitso Rwandan Patriotic Front, gushishikariza ihohoterwa ndetse kwica abantu, na amatsinda nka Impuzamugambi hamwe ninterahamwe za [[Interahamwe]]. Ibice bya Hitimana bikubiyemo 5% byamakuru yose ya RTLM. Ku ya 17 Mata 1994, igisasu cyaturikiye muri imwe muri sitidiyo ya RTLM, gikomeretsa bikomeye Hitimana. Nyuma y’igitero, byabaye ngombwa ko acibwa ukuguru, maze ahatirwa guhagarika gukorera RTLM.  Hitimana ni abwira vyagiye muri gereza mu 2002, cyangwa wenda imbere mwaka. == Reba == # ↑ ^{'''''a b c d e'''''} Li, Darryl (2004). "Urusaku rw'ihohoterwa: Ibitekerezo kuri radiyo na jenoside mu Rwanda." . ''Ikinyamakuru cy'ubushakashatsi bwa Jenoside'' '''6''' (1): 25. <small>doi : 10.1080 / 1462352042000194683</small> . Yakuweho 19 Werurwe 2013 . # ^ ^{'''''A b'''''} FH (27 Gashyantare 2002). «https://www.justiceinfo.net/fr/hirondelle-news.html<nowiki/>» . ''Ikigo cya Hirondelle''. Yakuwe ku ya 22 Werurwe 2013 . # ^ ^{'''''A b c'''''} Thompson, Allan (Iv.) (2007). https://www.idrc.ca/en/book/media-and-rwanda-genocide?PublicationID=131 . Yakuweho 19 Werurwe 2013 . # ^ Impamba, Cassandra (2007). " ' Aho Radio ari [[Umwami]]': Radiyo Yanga u Rwanda n'amasomo twize." . ''Ikinyamakuru mpuzamahanga cy’ubushakashatsi bwa Atlantike'' : 4-11 . Yakuwe ku ya 17 Werurwe 2013 . dirnh6j7ocu232bi8cmjmryqtjqwzk8 0 8742 139897 133176 2026-09-24T10:44:53Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139897 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:RW Kigali (36) (17260558545).jpg|thumb|Kigali city tower iyo nyubako ndende igaragara mwifoto|293x293px]] Kigali City Tower ni inzu yambere ndende mu [[Rwanda]] ikaba ariyumuherwe mubambere batunze akayabobakaba bamwita sekoko iyinyubako ikaba igaragaza ubwiza n'umuvuduko w'iterambere u [[Rwanda]] rumaze kugeraho ukurikije ikigereranyo n'icyerekezo cya makumyabiri makumyabiri (2020) .<ref>https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g293829-d12281221-Reviews-Kigali_City_Tower-Kigali_Kigali_Province.html</ref> Kigali City tower ni inzu ikoreramo ibiro byinshi byabikorera ( private sector) ndetse naho gucururiza hatandukanye biherereye i [[Kigali]], umurwa mukuru w'u [[Rwanda]]. Iyi nzu igizwe n'umunara w'amagorofa 20, muremure mu gihugu, ahakorerwa ubucuruzi nk'amagorofa ane hamwe na parikingi y'imodoka, umwanya ugabanijwe hagati y'ibiro bikodeshwa hamwe n’ibicuruzwa. Abacuruzi bakomeye barimo supermarket Nakumatt, Ikawa ya Bourbon na ndetse n'amazu ane yerekana firimi mu [[Rwanda]] ( Cinema Centers). Iyi nyubako, iri ahahoze hitwa muri gale yo mu mugi, yakozwe n’umucuruzi wo mu [[Rwanda]] witwa Hatari Sekoko kandi yubatswe n’abashakashatsi b’abashinwa. Imirimo yo kubaka yatangiye mu 2006 ifungurwa muri 2011. == Amateka == [[Dosiye:Kigali night life.jpg|thumb|296x296px|Kigali's night]] Kuva yagera ku butegetsi muri 2000, Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] yashatse guhindura u [[Rwanda]] rukava mu gihugu gikennye gishingiye ku buhinzi, ubworozi kikaba igihugu cyinjiza amafaranga kandi gifite serivisi zikomeye kandi zigera kuri buri muntu. Iyi politiki ishingiye ku kwishyira ukizana mu bukungu, kwegurira abikorera inganda za Leta no kugabanya imisoro ku bucuruzi, byatumye ubukungu bwiyongera cyane hagati ya 2004 na 2010,ku 8% ku mwaka. Ihinduka ry'ubukungu ryatumye ubwubatsi bugenda bwiyongera kuko ibikenerwa mu biro ndetse no gutura mu mijyi byiyongereye.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukungu/iterambere/Iterambere-rya-Kigali-Kuva-ku-nzu-ya-Kandt-kugera-kuri-Kigali-City-Tower</ref> [[Dosiye:Kigali (6817417085).jpg|thumb|Inyubako]] Umushinga wa Kigali City Tower watangiye mu 2006 utangizwa n’umucuruzi wo mu [[Rwanda]] Hatari Sekoko, abinyujije muri sosiyete ye Doyelcy Limited. Sekoko, wahoze ari inararibonye mu muryango wa [[Ishyaka FPR-Inkotanyi|Rwanda Patriotic Front]] mu ntambara yo kubohora igihugu, yakoraga mu [[Ubuyapani|Buyapani]] kuva mu 1995 kugira ngo ashakishe amafaranga, mbere yo kugaruka mu [[Rwanda]] gutangiza ubucuruzi bwo gukwirakwiza ikawa nyuma yaje kwinjira mu bucuruzi bw'umutungo utimukanwa no kwakira abashyitsi. Icyiciro cya mbere cy'uwo mushinga ni iyubakwa ry’inyubako ya parikingi, yatangiye mu 2007. Kuri icyo cyiciro, umunara wari wasabwe nk'inyubako izenguruka ifite igishushanyo mbonera, mu 2008,  ikipe ya Sekoko yari yahinduye ishusho yo kubaka kugira bagerageze gushyiramo ibyumba byinshi. Sekoko yagiranye amasezerano n’isosiyete y’Abashinwa China Civil Engineering Construction kubaka iyi nyubako, anakura ibikoresho fatizo muri depo ye bwite i Guangzhou, mu [[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]]. Iyi nyubako yuzuye mu ntangiriro za 2011, maze abadandaza n’amasosiyete batangira gufata umwanya nyuma yaho. Uruganda rwerekana amashusho (Century Cinema) rwuzuye muri Werurwe 2013 rufungura muri Gicurasi 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/inyubako-10-zihenze-kurusha-izindi-muri-kigali-nagaciro-kazo-amafoto/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-02-11 |archive-date=2020-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219070255/https://yegob.rw/inyubako-10-zihenze-kurusha-izindi-muri-kigali-nagaciro-kazo-amafoto/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ikibanza n'igishushanyo == [[File:Ni nziza kigali city.jpg|thumb|Ni nziza kigali city]] Kigali City Tower iri ku Muhanda wa Avenue du commerce, uzwi kandi ku izina rya KN 76, mu [[Akarere ka Nyarugenge|Karere ka Nyarugenge]], akaba ari akarere k'ubucuruzi hagati ya [[Kigali]]. Iyi nyubako iri ahahoze gari nkuru yo mu mugi, yafunzwe mu 2005. Iyi nyubako igizwe n'ibice bitatu: umunara uzamuka mu magorofa 20, ihuriro ry'ubucuruzi mu magorofa 4, hamwe na parikingi y'imodoka nayo ifite amagorofa 4. Kuva mu 2013 iyi nzu ni inyubako ndende muri Kigali no mu [[Rwanda]]. Umwanya wose wo kugurisha ni 10,000 square metres (110,000 sq ft) mugihe umwanya wibiro ari 7,000 square metres (75,000 sq ft). Iyi nyubako yubatswe ahanini mu mwanya w'ibiro, hamwe nubutaka gusa, hasi hasi no hasi hejuru haracururizwa. Buri igorofa yumunara ifite 336 square metres (3,620 sq ft) yumwanya wibiro uhari.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTRq5htSbgQ</ref> == Gucuruza no kwidagadura == [[Dosiye:High Angle View Of Kigali City Street on November 29, 2018. Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|street of kigali]] Abacuruzi ukomeye muri iyi nzu ni societe ya supermarket ikomoka muri [[Kenya]] Nakumatt, rwigaruriye hasi n’ubutaka bwo hasi bw’iyi nzu, ndetse no hasi y’inyubako ya parikingi. Iyi yari iduka rya kabiri rya Nakumatt rya Kigali, irindi ryari muri Union Trade Center. Amaduka y’imyenda yo muri Afurika yepfo Mr Price yafunguye ishami ryayo ryambere ry’u [[Rwanda]] muri iyi nzu mu mwaka wa 2011, iyobowe na franchisee Deacons Kenya, ndetse n'inzu y’ikawa nziza ya Bourbon Coffee ikora ikawa n’ahantu ho kwicara hanze, kimwe mu bicuruzwa bitanu biri mu mujyi. Igorofa ya gatatu ry'iyi nzu yubucuruzi irimo Century Cinema complex. Sinema ifite ecran enye: ecran eshatu zisanzwe zifite imyanya 233, 135, 70, hamwe na 4D ya firime (yagurishijwe nka 5D) yicara 18, iyambere muri Afrika y'uburasirazuba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://centurycinemasrw.com/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-02-11 |archive-date=2021-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118100140/https://centurycinemasrw.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abandi batanga ibicuruzwa barimo ibigendanye n'ibiryo, mu igorofa rya mbere ry’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi, ikigo ngororamubiri ndetse naho barerera incuke(daycare nursery). [[Dosiye:Kigali Nziza.jpg|thumb|Nyubako muri Kigali]] Umwanya ucururizwamo muri iyi nzu ugizwe n'akabari / resitora mu igorofa yo hasi, ishami rya [[Banki ya Kigali]] mu igorofa yo hasi, na resitora ifite akabari hejuru yo hejuru hamwe na club ya nijoro mu igorofa yo hejuru.<ref>https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Imbaraga-zidasanzwe-zahinduye-isura-ya-Kigali-mu-myaka-25-ishize</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist|33em}} [[Category:Rwanda]] [[Category:Kigali]] [[Category:Kigali city tower]] [[Category:Ubucuruzi]] 2z8oj5u32gh0x11y2we6ap7svxslljc 0 8748 139585 133182 2026-09-23T14:45:21Z ~2026-51108-60 18979 /* Ubuyobozi */ 139585 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chorale de Kigali''' yatanyiye muri 1966 i [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda]].[[Dosiye:Paroisse_ste_famille.jpg|thumb|Paroisse ste famille Kigali]] == Amateka == '''Chorale de Kigali''' yatangiye mu 1966 hamwe n’abaririmbyi b’abagabo gusa, abaririmbyi b’abagore binjiye nyuma mu 1987. Abatangije iyi korari ni abahanzi bo mu Rwanda bahuguwe mu maseminari no mu yandi mashuri y'abamisiyonari gatolika. Abamenyekanye muri abo bayishinze harimo '''Professeur Paulin MUSWAHILI, Saulve IYAMUREMYE, Matthieu NGIRUMPATSE, Célestin NKAKA, Henry NZAJYIBWAMI, Claver KARANGWA''' n'abandi benshi. '''Chorale de Kigali''' yamye ifite umubare munini wabatunganya n'abahimbyi b'umuziki wa chorale mu '''Rwanda'''. Abamenyekanye cyane muri bo ni '''''Saulve IYAMUREMYE, Matthieu NGIRUMPATSE, Apollinaire HABYARIMANA, Dr. Jean Claude BYIRINGIRO, Dr. Alfred NGIRABABYEYI, Pacifique TUNEZERWE.''''' [[Dosiye:Chorale 9.jpg|thumb|Chorale]] '''Chorale de Kigali''' yagiye ikora ibitaramo byinshi mu Rwanda, harimo Misa zisanzwe, amasengesho, ibitaramo ndetse n’ibindi birori byinshi by’umuco mu gihugu. Ibintu bitazibagirana cyane ni aho Chorale de Kigali yakoreye ni isabukuru y'imyaka 50 y'ubusaserdoti bwa Musenyeri [[:en:Aloys_Bigirumwami|Aloys BIGIRUMWAMI]] yizihijwe ku ya 3 Kamena 1978 ndetse na Misa itazibagirana yizihijwe na Nyiricyubahiro Papa Yohani Pawulo wa II ubwo yasuraga u [[Rwanda]] ku ya 10 Nzeri, 1990 i Nyandungu, [[Kigali]]. '''Chorale de Kigali''' ifite icyicaro kuri Paruwasi ya Cathedrale ya Saint Michael . Ariko korari iririmba nizindi ndirimbo ziteza imbere indangagaciro nziza mu ndimi zikoreshwa cyane. Chorale de Kigali yizihiza isabukuru yayo buri ya 15 Kanama ya buri mwaka, umunsi uhurirana n'Ijyanwa mu ijuru rya Bikira Mariya, mu rwego rwo kushimira uruhare rwe rwa mbere mu gucungura abantu. Kugeza ubu, abanyamuryango ba Chorale de Kigali bagera ku 150 bafite imyaka iri hagati ya 17 na 70. Baturuka mu nzego nyinshi z'ubuzima; baturutse impande zose z'igihugu, imyuga itandukanye irimo abanyeshuri ndetse n'abakozi ba leta ndetse n'abikorera ku giti cyabo bahurira hamwe binyuze mu gukunda kuririmba<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.choraledekigali.rw/history |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-02-12 |archive-date=2022-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106122249/http://choraledekigali.rw/history |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Ibyagezweho == '''Chorale de Kigali''' ifite byinshi yagezeho. Yahimbye kandi ikora indirimbo z’ibigo 7 bya Leta n’abigenga, isohora alubumu 13 z’indirimbo z'amajwi, yatangiye gutegura ibitaramo binini bizwi ku izina rya [[Christmas Carols Concert]], iki gitaramo kibaho iminsi mike mbere ya Noheri kuva 2013. Chorale de Kigali yitabiriye iserukiramuco rya muzika ryitwa Music Beyond Boards (MBB) ryabereye i [[Kampala]] mu 2010, naho i [[Kigali]] mu 2011 ryateguwe na Chorale de Kigali ku bufatanye na MINISPOC na MINEAC<ref name=":0" />. == Ubuyobozi == Komite nyobozi ya '''Chorale de Kigali''' igizwe na Perezida, aba Visi-Perezida babiri, abanyamabanga babiri, n'abashinzwe umutungo babiri. Perezida wa korari ubu ni '''''Mieille Umwali RUGWIZANGOGA'''''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.choraledekigali.rw/executive |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-02-12 |archive-date=2022-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101025613/http://choraledekigali.rw/executive |url-status=dead }}</ref>'''''.''''' == Reba == [[Category:Rwanda]] [[Category:Kigali]] kg67010vn03yln68nzpq9k5vf94snu7 139586 139585 2026-09-23T14:45:58Z ~2026-51108-60 18979 /* Ubuyobozi */ 139586 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chorale de Kigali''' yatanyiye muri 1966 i [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda]].[[Dosiye:Paroisse_ste_famille.jpg|thumb|Paroisse ste famille Kigali]] == Amateka == '''Chorale de Kigali''' yatangiye mu 1966 hamwe n’abaririmbyi b’abagabo gusa, abaririmbyi b’abagore binjiye nyuma mu 1987. Abatangije iyi korari ni abahanzi bo mu Rwanda bahuguwe mu maseminari no mu yandi mashuri y'abamisiyonari gatolika. Abamenyekanye muri abo bayishinze harimo '''Professeur Paulin MUSWAHILI, Saulve IYAMUREMYE, Matthieu NGIRUMPATSE, Célestin NKAKA, Henry NZAJYIBWAMI, Claver KARANGWA''' n'abandi benshi. '''Chorale de Kigali''' yamye ifite umubare munini wabatunganya n'abahimbyi b'umuziki wa chorale mu '''Rwanda'''. Abamenyekanye cyane muri bo ni '''''Saulve IYAMUREMYE, Matthieu NGIRUMPATSE, Apollinaire HABYARIMANA, Dr. Jean Claude BYIRINGIRO, Dr. Alfred NGIRABABYEYI, Pacifique TUNEZERWE.''''' [[Dosiye:Chorale 9.jpg|thumb|Chorale]] '''Chorale de Kigali''' yagiye ikora ibitaramo byinshi mu Rwanda, harimo Misa zisanzwe, amasengesho, ibitaramo ndetse n’ibindi birori byinshi by’umuco mu gihugu. Ibintu bitazibagirana cyane ni aho Chorale de Kigali yakoreye ni isabukuru y'imyaka 50 y'ubusaserdoti bwa Musenyeri [[:en:Aloys_Bigirumwami|Aloys BIGIRUMWAMI]] yizihijwe ku ya 3 Kamena 1978 ndetse na Misa itazibagirana yizihijwe na Nyiricyubahiro Papa Yohani Pawulo wa II ubwo yasuraga u [[Rwanda]] ku ya 10 Nzeri, 1990 i Nyandungu, [[Kigali]]. '''Chorale de Kigali''' ifite icyicaro kuri Paruwasi ya Cathedrale ya Saint Michael . Ariko korari iririmba nizindi ndirimbo ziteza imbere indangagaciro nziza mu ndimi zikoreshwa cyane. Chorale de Kigali yizihiza isabukuru yayo buri ya 15 Kanama ya buri mwaka, umunsi uhurirana n'Ijyanwa mu ijuru rya Bikira Mariya, mu rwego rwo kushimira uruhare rwe rwa mbere mu gucungura abantu. Kugeza ubu, abanyamuryango ba Chorale de Kigali bagera ku 150 bafite imyaka iri hagati ya 17 na 70. Baturuka mu nzego nyinshi z'ubuzima; baturutse impande zose z'igihugu, imyuga itandukanye irimo abanyeshuri ndetse n'abakozi ba leta ndetse n'abikorera ku giti cyabo bahurira hamwe binyuze mu gukunda kuririmba<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.choraledekigali.rw/history |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-02-12 |archive-date=2022-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106122249/http://choraledekigali.rw/history |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Ibyagezweho == '''Chorale de Kigali''' ifite byinshi yagezeho. Yahimbye kandi ikora indirimbo z’ibigo 7 bya Leta n’abigenga, isohora alubumu 13 z’indirimbo z'amajwi, yatangiye gutegura ibitaramo binini bizwi ku izina rya [[Christmas Carols Concert]], iki gitaramo kibaho iminsi mike mbere ya Noheri kuva 2013. Chorale de Kigali yitabiriye iserukiramuco rya muzika ryitwa Music Beyond Boards (MBB) ryabereye i [[Kampala]] mu 2010, naho i [[Kigali]] mu 2011 ryateguwe na Chorale de Kigali ku bufatanye na MINISPOC na MINEAC<ref name=":0" />. == Ubuyobozi == Komite nyobozi ya '''Chorale de Kigali''' igizwe na Perezida, aba Visi-Perezida babiri, abanyamabanga babiri, n'abashinzwe umutungo babiri. Perezida wa korari ubu ni '''''Mireille Umwali RUGWIZANGOGA'''''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.choraledekigali.rw/executive |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-02-12 |archive-date=2022-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101025613/http://choraledekigali.rw/executive |url-status=dead }}</ref>'''''.''''' == Reba == [[Category:Rwanda]] [[Category:Kigali]] 47t35y6itwn71errzfm405mg9xxmj6u 0 8814 139792 118006 2026-09-24T10:02:51Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139792 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ndahiro II Cyamatare''' yari Mwami, cyangwa umwami, mubwami bwu [[Rwanda]] mu mpera zikinyejana cya cumi na gatanu. Yategetse hagati ya 1477 na 1510, mu gihe cy'amakimbirane. Yiciwe mu karere ka Gisenyi arwana n'umwami wa Bugara, umuhungu we Ruganzu II Ndoli aramusimbura. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |[[Dosiye:Mwami Lenghe Rugaza (petit format).jpg|center|thumb|249x249px|mwami]]Ndahiro II Cyamatare |- | colspan="2" |''Mwami (King)'' |- !Gutegeka |1447-1510 |- !Yapfuye |1510 Gisenyi , Ubwami bw'u Rwanda |- !Ikibazo |[[Ruganzu II Ndoli]] |- !Ingoma |Ingoma ya Nyiginya (2) |} Ndahiro II Cyamatare yaboboye ingoma guhera 1477-1510 == Urupfu rwe == Amateka avuga ko Rubingo yatinyutse kwica umwami Ndahiro Cyamatare se wa Ruganzu Ndoli anigarurira u Rwanda. Ruganzu, umwami uzwiho kuba yari afite ubuhanga buhanitse ndetse n’ubugenge bamwe bagereranyaga n’amashitani cyangwa ubuhanga bwa Nyagasani, yakuranye inzika yo kuzahorera se. Yabigezeho ubwo yigiraga umuhinzi agatunguka aho Rubingo yari atuye agasanga bahingishije na we akabafasha guhinga yarangiza agakubita ifuni wa muhinza Rubingo akamwica. Byatumye abagaragu ba Rubingo n’ingabo ze bahita bayoboka Ruganzu maze banywa inzoga bari biteretse bashira inyota. Aho hantu basangiriye ni ho hahise hitwa ku nzoga za Rubingo. Ni ku musozi wa Jali hejuru, ahantu hagaragara nk’ahari ibitare n’utwobo bavuga ko ari two bashingagamo imiheha ubundi bagasangirira ku ntango ya Ruganzu yagabiwe na Rubingo. === Muzatsinda Jean Damascene === Umwe mu bahaturiye witwa Muzatsinda Jean Damascene ufite imyaka 68, avuga ko yakuze bavuga ko kera hahoraga habiramo amazi ndetse hakaba haragaragara ikirenge cy’umwami Ruganzu. N’aho umwami yanyuze agenda ngo bahise mu kiryamo cy’inzovu kubera ko hitse cyane. Yagize ati “Twakuze tubona aha hantu bahubaha cyane ndetse abantu bahagera bakahasangirira ndetse bakanivuga, bakavuga ko ari ho Umwami Ruganzu yasangiriye n’ingabo za Rubingo amaze kumwica ndetse no gusubiza agaciro u Rwanda.” === Rukizangabo Aloys === umwe mu bakurikira amateka y’u Rwanda yibutsa Abanyarwanda ko nta wundi muntu uzakunda amateka yabo kubarusha. Ati “Kuki ugera ahantu nk’aha h’amateka ukumva wahakerensa ukavuga ko atari byo, nyamara ugafata indege ukajya muri Isiraheri ugiye kureba ishyamba rya Getsemani cyangwa i Gorogota, nta kindi wahabona uretse ayo mateka bazakubwira cyangwa wasomye! Birakwiye ko natwe dukurikiza urwo rugero ngo twerekane amateka yacu.” === Kajuga Jerome === Umwe mu bakozi ba komisiyo y’igihugu ya UNESCO, Kajuga Jerome avuga ko igihe kigeze ngo ibikorwa ndangamateka bibungabungwe kandi bibyare umusaruro ku gihugu. Ati “Hari ibimenyetso ndangamateka byinshi biri mu Rwanda, bikwiye kubungabungwa abantu bakabimenya ndetse bakagira umwanya wo kumenya amakuru yabyo bityo bigatangira gutanga umusaruro, tuzagenda tubikoraho byose.” == Ibindi == Mu kiryamo cy’inzovu no ku nzoga za Rubingo hamaze gushyirwaho uburyo abantu bashobora kujya bahasura bakabwirwa amateka yaho. Abafite umwanya wo kuruhuka bakaba baharuhukira, ngo banateganya ko mu minsi ya vuba bazahakora neza kugira ngo harusheho kuba heza no kugira ibikorwaremezo bikwiye byafasha abakerarugendo bahasura. Amatsinda nk’ibisumizi (ingabo za Ruganzu), Iriba, Ruganzu n’andi akora umukino wo guterera imisozi agamije no gusura ibyo byiza nyaburangwa byaranze amateka y’Abanyarwanda. == Reba == <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/amateka/article/urupfu-rw-umwami-ndahiro-cyamatare-rugiye-gushyirwa-mu-mateka</ref> 5qvmywrwjxgfoga02sxy3u9ztlsclhv 0 8817 139757 121949 2026-09-24T09:58:44Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease|image=Mutara II of Rwanda.jpg|caption=200px}} {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Mutara II Rwogera |- | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" |Mwami wo mu Rwanda |- !Gutegeka |1830 - Kamena 1853 |- !Ababanjirije |Yuhi IV Gahindiro |- !Uzasimbura |Kigeli IV wo mu Rwanda |- ! colspan="2" | |- !Yavutse |1802 Ubwami bw'u Rwanda |- !Yapfuye |Kamena 1853 (imyaka 50/51) Ubwami bw'u Rwanda |- !Ibisubizo |[[Kigeli IV Rwabugiri]] |- !Clan |Abanyiginya |- !Data |[[Yuhi IV Gahindiro]] |- !Mama |Nyiramavugo II Nyiramongi |} [[Dosiye:Nyanza-Mwami-Kings-Palace-Rwanda.jpg|center|thumb|320x320px|inzu yumwami]] '''Mutara II Rwogera''' ni [[umwami]] ( ''Mwami'' ) ya [[Rwanda]] wategekaga hagati ya <abbr>XIX ^tariki</abbr>  kinyejana, nyuma Yuhi IV. Nyuma y'itariki ya 1 Kamena 1853, Umwami Mutara II Rwogera yapfuye nyuma yo kurwara, ariko umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta wabujije Abiru kumenyesha umwamikazi Nyiramavugo Nyiramongi iby'urupfu rwe, umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta kubera ko yari yanze kunywa kandi akaba atagomba kuguma nyuma y'umwami. Igihe itara ryaka, Rwakagara, mukuru wa mwamikazi, yamusomye ku mata aramwica. Ingoma ya Mutara niyo yarangije guteganya kwigarurira Gisaka, igihugu kitoroshye. Muri icyo gihe kandi ni bwo u Rwanda rwatakaje ijwi, kubera ko ku bijyanye n'umusoro ngarukamwaka nk'uko bisanzwe, indagu yerekanaga ko bidashoboka kubyakira igihe umwami yari arembye cyane, gusa akabisubiza. Kuva icyo gihe, ikirwa cyiganje mu Rwanda. Rwabugili, warazwe ubwami na se,yakoze akazi gakomeye kugarura. [[Category:Abami b’u Rwanda]] 5c0p4rdie9u1qyipf5s8ck0fr0gf95x 0 8818 139655 135057 2026-09-23T18:27:47Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139655 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Ingoma_z'_umwami.jpg|thumb|Ingoma z'ibwami]] '''Yuhi IV Gahindiro''' yari [[Umwami]] w'u [[Rwanda]] kuva 1792 kugeza 1802. Yari umutware w'umuryango wa Bahindiro akaba na se wa Mutara II Rwogera. Ingoma ye yibukwa mu mateka y'u Rwanda nk'amahoro menshi. Yapfuye nta maraso afite mu ntoki. Abandi bana be banditswe ni Nyirindekwe, Nkusi, Rubega, Rwanyanya, Rwayega, Rwabika, Nyabigondo, Nkoronko, Mutijima, Nyamashara, Rubamburamanzi, Mashara na Urujeni. Yuhi IV yapfuye ashaje.<ref>https://peoplepill.com/people/yuhi-iv-du-rwanda</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Yuhi IV Gahindiro |- | colspan="2" |''Mwami (King)'' |- !Gutegeka |1792–1802 |- !Yavutse |1746 Ubwami bw'u Rwanda |- !Yapfuye |1802 Ubwami bw'u Rwanda |- !Ikibazo |[[Mutara II Rwogera]] |- !Ingoma |Ingoma ya Nyiginya-Hindiro |- !Data |[[Mibambwe III Mutabazi II Sentabyo]] |- !Mama |Nyirayuhi IV Nyiratunga |} == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Abami b’u Rwanda]] 16f2wid1ss7jdccber4xg8xiym7y9v3 0 8891 139938 133522 2026-09-24T10:50:51Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139938 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:NAR(Never_Again_Rwanda).jpg|thumb|200x200px| NAR]] '''Never Again Rwanda NAR''' ni Umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta ugamije kubaka amahoro arambye ndetse n’ubutabera mbonezamubano. == Impamvu yashyizweho == Yakozwe mu rwego rwo gusubiza Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 mu Rwanda. Mu minsi 100 gusa muri 1994 guhera ku ya 7 Mata, abantu barenga miliyoni biciwe mu Rwanda n’intagondwa z’Abahutu. Bari bibasiye abanyamuryango b’abatutsi, ndetse n’abatavuga rumwe na politiki, batitaye ku bwoko bwabo. Mu ntangiriro za Nyakanga, ingabo za FPR (Rwanda Patriotic Front); itsinda ry’urubyiruko, ryari ryarigaruriye igice kinini cy’igihugu, harimo na Kigali bituma Jenoside irangira. Never Again Rwanda yaje kumenyesha abenegihugu amakosa yakozwe bigatuma habaho Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994. No kwinjiza mu benegihugu imyumvire yo gukunda igihugu, demokarasi, uruhare rw'uburenganzira bwa muntu, ndetse n'imibereho myiza y'abaturage binyuze mu kwiga no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa bitandukanye. Intego nyamukuru yayo muri ibyo byose ni ukubaka amahoro arambye mu baturage ndetse no mu gihugu cyose. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.transconflict.com/gcct/gcct-members/africa/eastern-africa/rwanda/never-again-rwanda/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-07 |archive-date=2021-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201854/http://www.transconflict.com/gcct/gcct-members/africa/eastern-africa/rwanda/never-again-rwanda/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Intego yo gushyirwaho == NAR yashinzwe ifite igitekerezo cyo gushyiraho ahantu hizewe ku rubyiruko n’abanyeshuri ba kaminuza kugira ngo bakingure imitima yabo n’ububabare bwahise bwatewe na Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994. Yatangijwe mu 2002. Ifite uburambe bwimyaka 19, ibihumbi bitandukanya kuri numero 4500, 100000. <ref>https://www.comminit.com/entertainment-education/content/never-again-rwanda</ref> == Inkingi n'ibikorwa == NAR yanditswe ku mugaragaro mu 2008 kandi kuva icyo gihe, yavuye ku nkingi ebyiri kugeza kuri zirindwi arizo: Kubaka amahoro, Imiyoborere & Uburenganzira, Uburezi, Ubushakashatsi & Ubuvugizi, Imibereho irambye, gahunda y'ibiyaga bigari no kwishora mu rubyiruko. Izi nkingi zijyanye nibikorwa byayo byingenzi. Ibi bikorwa binyuze mu gufasha amatsinda atandukanye yabaturage n’urubyiruko cyane cyane kuganira kumugaragaro ibibazo byabo byahise ndetse nibigezweho cyangwa ibivuka. Itandukaniro ryabo rikemurwa binyuze mubiganiro nubufatanye mugushyira mubikorwa ibyo baba bababwiye gukora. NAR ikorana n’abafatanyabikorwa batandukanye mu guha amahoro abaturage kugira ngo bagere ku mpinduka nziza. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.transconflict.com/gcct/gcct-members/africa/eastern-africa/rwanda/never-again-rwanda/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-07 |archive-date=2021-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201854/http://www.transconflict.com/gcct/gcct-members/africa/eastern-africa/rwanda/never-again-rwanda/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amatsinda atandukanye yashizweho nka "Abanyamahoro space for peace", uhuza abantu baturutse mu bice bitandukanye byigihugu. Muri ayo matsinda Baganira ku mugaragaro ahahise habo ari nako bibafasha gukira inkovu, kubabarira no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by'igihugu. <ref>https://www.comminit.com/entertainment-education/content/never-again-rwanda</ref> == Ibikorwa by'abaturage na NAR == NAR ifitanye isano no guteza imbere ibikorwa abaturage bakora bigaragara byo guteza imbere igihugu binyuze mu gushora urubyiruko nabanyeshuri ba kaminuza nkintego yihariye yo gufatanya kugera kuntego imwe ituma umuryango urangiza imirimo muburyo bwiza kandi bunoze. Ntabwo basunika umuntu wese kwinjiramo, bikorwa kubushake. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/27752162?seq=1</ref> == Ndi Umunyarwanda == [[Dosiye:Rwanda_tradional_dance_in_wedding.jpg|thumb|233x233px|Ndi umunyarwanda nigahunda igamije guhuza abanyarwanda no kugarura ubumwe bw'abanyarwanda.]] Ndi Umunyarwanda, bisobanura ngo 'Ndi Umunyarwanda'. Ni gahunda yatangijwe kubaka indangamuntu ishingiye ku kwizerana n'icyubahiro. Igamije gushimangira ubumwe n’ubwiyunge hagati y’abanyarwanda itanga ihuriro ry’abantu kugira ngo baganire ku mpamvu n’ingaruka za jenoside ndetse n’icyo kuba umunyarwanda bisobanura. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210509162147/https://genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/index.php/Category:Ndi_Umunyarwanda_Collec tion</ref> Ibi kandi bikuraho amakenga hagati yabantu, bikabafasha mubuzima bwabo bwa buri munsi. Ndi kumarwanda yazamuwe mubikorwa byabo bya buri munsi nko kuganira, gusangira kahise kabo no kubabarirana kandi ibyo bibafasha kubona ko nta tandukaniro riri hagati yabo. == Ikigo cyubaka amahoro == NAR yashizeho ikigo cyubaka amahoro cyahaye amahirwe abantu bava mubindi bihugu kwinjiramo. Byagize ingaruka kubandi bantu baturutse mubihugu bitandukanye kugirango badahangana nibyo u Rwanda rwahuye nabyo. Bariga Management Gukemura amakimbirane ● uburyo bwo kubabarira ● Kubona umuntu nkumuntu aho kumushyira mubyiciro bimwe cyangwa ibindi bintu ● uburyo ubwitange butanga imbuto nziza uko imyaka yaba ingana kose, nkuko byakozwe nitsinda ryurubyiruko (FPR) rwarangije Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://weber.edu/SocialScience/Peacebuilding_Institute.html |accessdate=2021-06-07 |archive-date=2021-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513050158/https://weber.edu/SocialScience/Peacebuilding_Institute.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> == Ihuza ryo hanze == https://www.facebook.com/NARwanda/ https://www.linkedin.com/company/never-again-rwanda/?originalSubdomain=rw https://twitter.com/narwanda?lang=en == Reba == hvoq5lgaa9ptqak2z33h0l1a02iw7ki 0 8892 139636 135156 2026-09-23T18:23:34Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|excludeProperties=Q6405906|useImage=[[File:Kigali Genocide Memorial site.jpg|Kigali_Genocide_Memorial_site]] [[File:Kigali Memorial Centre 3.jpg|Kigali_Memorial_Centre_3]]}} '''Urwibutso rwa [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside]] rwa Kigali''' ni ikigo kiruhukiyemo imibiri y'abatutsi barenga 250,000 bishwe muri jenocide yakorewe abatutsi muwi 1994 .<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/fortebet-yunamiye-abazize-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi-amafoto</ref> Ibi nibyo bishingirwaho bihamya ko [[Jenoside mu Rwanda]] yari umugambi wateguwe ndetse ugashyirwa mu bikorwa. Iki kigo cyashyizweho kugirango genocide itazongera kubaho ukundi ndetse n' abashyitsi n’abanyeshuri bifuza kumva no kumenya ibyabaye mbere na nyuma ya [[Jenoside mu Rwanda|Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda]] mu 1994. Uru ni urwibutso ruhoraho ku baguye muri jenoside kandi hakaba ari ahantu ababuze ababo bashobora gushyingura imiryango yabo n'inshuti zabo. Iki Ikigo gicungwa kandi kiyobowe na Aegis Trust mu izina rya komisiyo y'igihugu ishinzwe kurwanya jenoside (CNLG). == Aho ruherereye == Urwibutso ndetse ari nayo nzu ibitse amateka iri ku [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Gisozi]] nk' iminota icumi uvuye hagati mu mugi wa Kigali. <ref name="kgm">[https://web.archive.org/web/20250909215218/https://kgm.rw/ Kigali Genocide Memorial], KGM.rw, Retrieved 2 March 2016</ref> == Amavu n'amavuko == [[Dosiye:Kigali Genocide Memorial site.jpg|thumb|urwibutso Rwa Kigali]] [[File:Kigali Memorial Centre 7.jpg|thumb|Urwibutso rwa jenoside rwa Kigali]] [[Dosiye:Kigali Genocide Memorial.jpg|thumb|urwibutso rwa Kigali]] [[Dosiye:Rwandan Genocide Murambi skulls.jpg|thumb|Urwibutso]] Muri Mata 1994, raporo z’ubwicanyi bwibasiye imbaga mu Rwanda zatangiye kwandikwa no gukwirakwizwa ku isi yose. Hakozwe bike kugirango jenoside ihagarare mu Rwanda. Ku bantu bo hanze, itsembabwoko ryagaragajwe nk'ihohoterwa rishingiye ku moko, abatutsi bishwe n'Abahutu. Umubare wabantu bishwe mubyukuri ntushobora kumenyekana; ibigereranyo bitandukanye bigaragaza hagati ya 500.000 na miliyoni Irenga. Umubare w'abantu bishwe wemejwe ko ari hafi ya 800.000 bishwe mu gihe k'iminsi ijana jenocide yamaze iri gukorwa<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/hagaragaye-imibare-mishya-y-abishwe-muri-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi</ref> . == Amateka == [[File:Skull_and_Belongings_of_Genocide_Victims_-_Genocide_Memorial_Center_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg|thumb| Ibimenyetso simusiga by'abazize Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi muri iki kigo]] Mu 2000, Njyanama y'Umujyi wa [[Kigali]] yatangiye umurimo wo kubaka iyi nyubako, amaherezo yagombaga guhinduka Urwibutso. Aegis Trust yaratumiwe kugirango ifashe iki cyifuzo cyikigo kibe impamo. Aegis Trust noneho yatangiye gukusanya amakuru aturutse kwisi yose kugirango ikore Ibishushanyo bitatu mbonera kuri iyi nzu<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://cnlg.gov.rw/index.php?id=116 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608115900/https://cnlg.gov.rw/index.php?id=116 |archive-date=2021-06-08 |access-date=2021-06-08}}</ref>. Buri gishushanyo cyasohowe mu ndimi eshatu, byatunganirijwe mu gihugu cy' U [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]] ku cyicaro gikuru cya Aegis n'itsinda ryabo ryashushanyaga, hanyuma byoherezwa mu [[Rwanda]] kugira ngo ishyirwe mu bikorwa<ref>https://aegistrust.enthuse.com/profile</ref>. Uru rwibutso ni kimwe mu bigo bitandatu bikomeye byo mu [[Rwanda]] bifasha mu kwibuka jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu [[Rwanda]]. Ibindi ni Urwibutso rwa Murambi, Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero, n’Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ntarama hamwe na [[Nyamata]] na Nyarubuye. <ref name="unesco">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5753/ Sites mémoriaux du génocide : Nyamata, Murambi, Bisesero et Gisozi], UNESCO, Retrieved 2 March 2015</ref> Imibiri y'abazize jenocide yazanywe muri uru rwibutso ivanywe mu murwa mukuru wose nyuma yo gusigara mu muhanda cyangwa gutabwa mu ruzi. Bashyinguwe hamwe bangana 100.000. Urwibutso rwafunguwe mu 1999. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cnlg.gov.rw/index.php?id=81&L=1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-08 |archive-date=2021-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630071047/https://cnlg.gov.rw/index.php?id=81&L=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iki kigo cyatangiye igihe Inama Njyanama y’Umujyi wa [[Kigali]] na Komisiyo y’[[igihugu]] y’u [[Rwanda]] ishinzwe kurwanya Jenoside bafatanyaga n'umuryango wo mu Bwongereza ushinzwe gukumira jenoside witwa Aegis Trust mu gufungura ikigo cy’Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa [[Kigali]]. Muri Mata 2004, ku isabukuru y'imyaka 10 jenoside ishegeshe u [[Rwanda]], hafunguwe urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa [[Kigali]]. Igisubizo cy’abacitse ku icumu rya jenoside ku ishyirwaho kwiki kigo nticyari giteganijwe. Mu cyumweru cya mbere, abarokotse barenga 1.500 basuye buri munsi iki kigo. Mu mezi atatu ya mbere iki kigo cyafunguwemo, abantu bagera ku 60.000 baturutse mu nzego zitandukanye barahasuye. Abashyitsi barenga 7,000 bari baturutse mu mahanga. == Ikigo == Iki kigo cyashyizweho nk'Urwibutso, ariko kandi gisobanura amateka yu [[Rwanda]] rwabanjirije iki gikorwa. ugereranyije nizindi nzibutso zitandukanye kwisi harimo nko mu [[Ubudage|Budage]], [[Ubuyapani]], [[Kambodiya|Kamboje]], na [[Bosiniya na Herizegovina|Bosiniya]]. Bitandukanye n’inkambi zahoze zikoranyirizwagamo imfungwa ahitwa Auschwitz Birkenau, urwibutso rwa Gisozi rurimo ibisigazwa by’abantu n’ibikoresho n’intwaro byakoreshejwe mu gusenya no kwica bagenzi babo. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://imvahonshya.co.rw/menya-amateka-yurwibutso-rwa-jenoside-rwa-gisozi/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-08 |archive-date=2021-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608122648/http://imvahonshya.co.rw/menya-amateka-yurwibutso-rwa-jenoside-rwa-gisozi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Igorofa yo hejuru yiki kigo irimo aho bakorera imurikagurisha hatatu hahoraho, amashusho menshi agaragaza itsembabwoko ryabaye mu 1994, agafasha mu kwerekana amateka mabi yaranze U [[Rwanda]]. ahabanza hari urwibutso rw'abana, hamwe namafoto y'ubuzima bwabo, aherekejwe nibisobanuro byimbitse kubyerekeye ibikinisho bakundaga, amagambo yabo yanyuma nuburyo bishwe. Ahandi uhasanga kandi imurikagurisha ku mateka y’ihohoterwa ryakozwe muri jenoside ku isi. Ahandi hagizwe nikigo cy’Uburezi aho bigishiriza amateka, Ubusitani bw’Urwibutso n’ikigo cy’igihugu cyita ku nyandiko za Jenoside zigira uruhare mu guha icyubahiro abapfuye kandi zagizwe igikoresho gikomeye cy’uburezi ku gisekuru kizaza. Urwibutso rwa [[Kigali]] ni mpuzamahanga. cyakira ingeri zose zabantu kandi gifite akamaro mu buryo mpuzamahanga, kigenewe kurinda no guhangana n’ibibazo mpuzamahanga byibasira inyoko muntu. [[Dosiye:Kigali Genocide Memorial (6817416143).jpg|thumb|kigali memorial site ]] Imishinga ya Audiovisual na GPS y'inyandiko yerekana kandi igatanga ubuhamya bwabacitse ku icumu no kwandika inzira y'inkiko Gacaca. Urwibutso rwagize abashyitsi ibihumbi magana birenga. Urwibutso rusozwa n’ibice byerekana uko u [[Rwanda]] rwashakishije ubutabera binyuze mu rukiko mpuzamahanga rwa Arusha ndetse n’inkiko zacu zihariye za Gacaca (inkiko gakondo ziyobowe n'abakuru b'imidugudu). Urugendo rwamajwi rurimo amateka y'ubukoroni bwafashwe nk'intandaro yo kubiba amacakubiri mu Rwanda narwo ruboneka muri iki kigo. Kandi uko gusura bigenda bitera imbere, imurikagurisha rigenda rikomera, niko abashyitsi bumva ’ibyaha byabereye hano no gukwirakwiza ubuhamya bwa videwo ku barokotse jenocide. Komisiyo yaturutse mu Nama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa [[Kigali]] yagombaga guteza imbere urwibutso, aho abazize jenoside bagera ku 250.000 <ref name=":0" /> bashyinguwe mu mva rusange mu kigo cy’urwibutso n’imurikagurisha rihoraho hagamijwe inyungu z’abacitse ku icumu n’urubyiruko. Aegis Trust icunga Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa [[Kigali]] kandi ikaruteza imbere nk'ishuri ry’uburezi ku rubyiruko rwejo hazaza. == Videwo zivuga ku amateka == Dusure urwibutso rwa kigali igice cya mbere <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y59IOrcTr3M</ref> Dusure urwibutso rwa kigali igice cya kabiri <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WeJ-H8pjJs0</ref> == Reba ==  {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250909215218/https://kgm.rw/ Urubuga rwa Urwibutso rwa Jenoside] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200720072109/http://www.genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/ Ububiko bwa Jenoside yo mu Rwanda] * [http://www.aegistrust.org Icyizere cya Aegis] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131228141350/http://www.kigaligenocidememorial.org/old/centre/index.html Urwibutso rwa Kigali] {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} [[Category:Akarere ka Gasabo]] [[Category:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]] [[Category:Kigali]] [[Category:Rwanda]] [[Category:Urwibutso]] qjf4faog2p3g9xhjgqib1sov8ss9epq 0 8893 139752 133173 2026-09-23T18:42:49Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139752 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Front side in Richard Kandt museum view.jpg|thumb|Inzu ndangamurage ya Richard kandt]] '''Inzu ndangamurage ya Kandt''' niyo nzu ya mbere yubatswe i [[Kigali]], mu [[Rwanda]]. Ikaba ikurikiranywa n'Ikigo cy'ingoro z'umurage w'u Rwanda.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukungu/iterambere/Iterambere-rya-Kigali-Kuva-ku-nzu-ya-Kandt-kugera-kuri-Kigali-City-Tower</ref> == Amateka == [[Dosiye:Inzu y'Umwami.jpg|thumb|Inzu]] Yitiriwe Richard Kandt, mu cyahoze ari inzu y’umuturage w’[[Ubudage]] Richard Kandt ku musozi wa Nyarugenge mu mujyi wa Kigali, ubu wahinduwe inzu ndangamurage y’amateka kuva muri Kamere muri 2006. Iyi nzu ndangamurage yibanda ku kwerekana impinduka zibaho ku binyabuzima, ibisobanuro bya Flora na Fauna muri Pariki Kamere z’u [[Rwanda]] (Nyungwe, Akagera n’[[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|ibirunga]]), imiterere ya geologiya y’u Rwanda, ibyo Ubudage n’u Rwanda basangiye mu mateka n’imurika ry’ibikururuka bizima (inzoka) hagamijwe gusobanura isano iri hagati ya y'ibinyabuzima n'amateka nk'impamvu yo kubaho kwiyi nzu ndangamurage. Aha hitegeye imisozi itatu myiza cyane iri mu mugi wa Kigali(Mt Kigali, Mt Jali na Mt Shyorongi) hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwo kwitegereza umugi wa kigali.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://museum.gov.rw/index.php?id=75&L=1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-08 |archive-date=2021-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608135440/https://museum.gov.rw/index.php?id=75&L=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aho Iherereye == [[File:Front side in Richard Kandt museum.jpg|thumb|Front side in Richard Kandt museum]] Inzu Ndangamurage ya Kandt, iri ahahoze inzu ndangamurage y’amateka Kamere iherereye kuri KN 90 St, hafi kilometero imwe uvuye mu mujyi wa kigali. == Ibigize iyi nzu == [[File:African rock python rwanda.jpg|thumb|zimwe mu Inzoka ziba muri iyi nzu]] Iyi ngoro ndangamurage yahoze izwi ku izina ry’amateka Kamere (NHM). Izina ryayo nka NHM ryahinduwe inzu ndangamurage ya Kandt kuva Ukuboza, 17th 2017. Kuri ubu, inzu ndangamurage ya Kandt igizwe n'ibice bitatu by'ingenzi<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://museum.gov.rw/index.php?id=75 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-08 |archive-date=2021-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608140338/https://museum.gov.rw/index.php?id=75 |url-status=dead }}</ref>: 1.Igice cya mbere cyerekana ubuzima bw'U Rwanda mubice byose (imibereho, ubukungu, na politiki) mbere yubukoloni. 2.Mu gice cya kabiri, aricyo kinini cyane, inzu ndangamurage ikubiyemo uburambe bw’abaturage b’abanyarwanda mu gihe cyabakoloni, cyane cyane ku butegetsi bw’Abadage kuva mu 1884 (igihe cy’inama yabereye i [[Berlin]]), mu buyobozi bw’abakoloni, Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, havugwa mo benshi kugeza mu 1916, harimo ubuzima bwa Richard Kandt n'ibikorwa bye mu Rwanda. 3. Ubundi buryo bushimishije ni igice cya gatatu aho amateka ya [[Kigali]]; [[Kigali]] mbere yigihe cyabakoloni, mugihe cyabakoloni, no kuvuka kwayo nkumurwa mukuru, irerekanwa neza. Icya nyuma ariko ntabwo ari gito, nicyo kimenyetso cyonyine gisigaye cyahoze ari inzu ndangamurage yamateka Kamere, hakubiyemo imurikagurisha ryigihe gito ryinzoka nzima, ningona ikiri nto (yapimwe m 1 muri 2017).<ref>https://ukwezi.rw/mu-rwanda/Ubuzima/article/Ibitangaje-ku-ngona-n-inzoka-zororerwa-i-Kigali-kwa-Richard-aho-bazigaburira-banazikoraho-VIDEO</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSJfTd5E7-0</ref> Mugihe usuye iki gice cyo hanze, umuntu ashobora kwishimira kureba ibintu bitangaje biri mu bidukikije, cyane cyane, kureba neza imisozi ya [[Kigali]], Shyorongi, na Jari. == Reba kandi == Inzu ndangamurage<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.museum.gov.rw/index.php?id=70&L=1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-08 |archive-date=2021-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608135252/http://www.museum.gov.rw/index.php?id=70&L=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ubukungu bw'U Rwanda]] Gusura U Rwanda<ref>https://www.visitrwanda.com/tourism/</ref> == Reba == [[Category:Rwanda]] [[Category:Amateka]] [[Category:Kigali]] 9o0z10a6bvyr7880fi3ktpc1djnm5rh 0 8921 139758 134641 2026-09-24T09:58:51Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139758 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Potok pod jezerom 1.jpg|thumb|Umugezi]] [[Dosiye:RusumoFalls1.jpg|thumb|Rusumo waterfall]] [[Dosiye:Loch Meig dam - geograph.org.uk - 4291914.jpg|thumb|Urugomero]] '''Urugomero rwa Rusumo''', , ni urugomero rw'amashanyarazi rukiri kubakwa, <ref name="1R">https://www.independent.co.ug/rwanda-tanzania-burundi-start-construction-rusumo-dam/</ref> hakaba hateganijwe gushyirwaho ingufu za 80 megawatts (110,000 hp). Umushinga uzaba urimo kubaka urugomero, hifashishijwe igishushanyo mbonera. 90 megawatts (120,000 hp) igishushanyo mbonera cy’ibigega cyatekerejweho mbere yo hashyiraho umushinga wa MW 80 ufite ingaruka nke ku bidukikije kandi bikaba bizatwara miliyoni 300 USD. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2012-03-12/50441/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-09 |archive-date=2017-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212162226/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2012-03-12/50441/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Banki y'isi yatangaje ku ya 6 Kanama 2013 ko yemeye inguzanyo ingana na miliyoni 340 z'amadolari y'Amerika yerekeza kuri miliyoni 468.60 z'amadolari akenewe muri uyu mushinga. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/08/06/world-bank-approves-rusumo-falls-hydropower-plant?cid=EXT_TWBN_D_EXT |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-09 |archive-date=2015-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122235803/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/08/06/world-bank-approves-rusumo-falls-hydropower-plant?cid=EXT_TWBN_D_EXT |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu Gushyingo 2013, [[Banki Nyafurika Itsura Amajyambere|Banki Nyafurika itsura amajyambere]] yemeje inguzanyo ya miliyoni 113 z'amadolari y'Amerika kugira ngo umushinga urangire. <ref name="African">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2013/11/rusomo-falls-hydropower-project-receives-113-million.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-09 |archive-date=2018-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707010602/https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2013/11/rusomo-falls-hydropower-project-receives-113-million.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/afdb-board-commits-us-113-million-to-regional-rusumo-falls-hydropower-project-12610/</ref> == Aho ruherereye == Sitasiyo y’amashanyarazi iri ku ruzi rwa Akagera, hafi yumupaka w'u Rwanda na [[Tanzaniya]] muri 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) epfo na ruguru aho ibihugu byombi bisangiye umupaka uhuriweho nu [[Uburundi|Burundi]]. Umushinga ugaragara ku isoko rya [[Isumo rya Rusumo|Rusumo]], hafi yumujyi wa Rusumo, hafi 164.5 kilometres (102.2 mi), kumuhanda, mu majyepfo yuburasirazuba bwa [[Kigali]], [[umurwa]] mukuru w'u Rwanda. <ref>https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kigali,+Rwanda/Rusumo+Hydroelectric+Power+Station,+Nigara+Rusomo+TZ,+JQ9M%2B2M,+Tanzania/@-2.3769373,30.7636769,13.5z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x19dca4258ed8e797:0xf32b36a5411d0bc8!2m2!1d30.0618851!2d-1.9440727!1m5!1m1!1s0x19c4ddf386af7adb:0xc8989c859096e04!2m2!1d30.784242!2d-2.3825314!3e0</ref> Isumo rya Rusumo ni 61 kilometres (38 mi), kumuhanda, mu majyepfo y'iburasirazuba bw'icyicaro cy'intara i Kibungo, mu [[Akarere ka Ngoma|Karere ka Ngoma]]. <ref>https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Ngoma+District+Office,+Kibungo,+Rwanda/Rusumo+Hydroelectric+Power+Station,+Nigara+Rusomo+TZ,+JQ9M%2B2M,+Tanzania/@-2.2604468,30.5259619,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x19c4caebbba18011:0xf05df23cb1e57b6a!2m2!1d30.5547354!2d-2.1390086!1m5!1m1!1s0x19c4ddf386af7adb:0xc8989c859096e04!2m2!1d30.784242!2d-2.3825314!3e0</ref> Imirongo igereranya ya sitasiyo yamashanyarazi ni: 02 ° 22'47.0 "S, 30 ° 47'09.0" E (Ubunini: -2.379722; Uburebure: 30.785833). <ref>https://www.google.com/maps/place/2%C2%B022'47.0%22S+30%C2%B047'09.0%22E/@-2.3765764,30.8146134,7152m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-2.3797222!4d30.7858333</ref> [[Dosiye:KireheDist.png|center|thumb|Urugomero rwa Rusumo ruherereye mu karere ka Kirehe]] == Ibindi bitekerezo == Imbaraga zitangwa zizagabanywa mubihugu by'u [[Burundi]], u [[Rwanda]], na [[Tanzaniya]]. Amashanyarazi azimurwa avuye mu ruganda rukora hifashishijwe imirongo ya kilovolt 220 kuri sitasiyo yohereza muri: Gitega, u Burundi, intera ya 158 kilometres (98 mi) ; Kigali, u Rwanda, intera 115 kilometres (71 mi) ; na, Nyakanazi, Tanzaniya, intera ya 98 kilometres (61 mi) . <ref>http://www.icafrica.org/fileadmin/documents/Water_Meeting_2008/presentations/Brief_Dam_Rusumo_falls_NBI_EN.pdf</ref> == Amajyambere ya vuba == Mu Gushyingo 2016, hasinywe amasezerano abiri yo kubaka sitasiyo y’amashanyarazi i Kigali, mu Rwanda. Amasezerano ya mbere yari hagati ya Rusumo Power Company Limited hamwe na consortium yabashoramari barimo umushinga uhuriweho na CGCOC Group Limited na Jiangxi Water & Hydropower Construction Company Limited. Aya masezerano ateganya imikorere yimirimo ya leta, harimo gutanga no gushyiramo ibikoresho. <ref name="Sign">{{Cite web |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2016-11-11/205253/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-09 |archive-date=2017-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512173826/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2016-11-11/205253/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amasezerano ya kabiri yasinywe hagati ya Rusumo Power Company Limited n’ihuriro ry’amasosiyete, harimo Rusumo Falls Andritz Hydro GmbH yo mu [[Ubudage|Budage]] na Andritz Hydro PVT Limited yo mu [[Ubuhinde|Buhinde]], kugira ngo bakore gahunda yo kubyaza ingufu amashanyarazi. <ref name="Sign" /> Kugeza mu Gushyingo 2016, amafaranga ateganijwe gukora muri uyu mushinga ni miliyoni 340 z'amadolari, azaterwa inkunga na Banki y'Isi. Imirongo itatu y’amashanyarazi ihanitse izavana ingufu ziteganijwe ko izatwara miliyoni 121 z'amadolari, iterwa inkunga na Banki nyafurika itsura amajyambere. Biteganijwe ko imirimo yo kubaka yatangiye muri Mutarama 2017. akaba ari rumwe murugomero Rufitiye igihugu akamaro kuko rutanga amashanyarazi ahagije == Ubwubatsi == Ku ya 30 Werurwe 2017, umuhango wo gutangira wabereye i Ngara, mu karere ka Tanzaniya, witabiriwe n'abayobozi ba leta baturutse mu bihugu bitatu byunguka; abanyamuryango bose bo mu karere [[Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika|ka Afrika yuburasirazuba]]. Sitasiyo y’amashanyarazi ifitwe na ''Rusumo Power Company Limited'' (RPCL), isosiyete idasanzwe y’imodoka, ifitwe n’ibihugu bitatu. Abashoramari babiri batoranijwe kumushinga. Umushinga uhuriweho na CGCOC hamwe na Jiangxi Water & Hydropower Construction Company Limited ishinzwe imirimo ya gisivili, naho ANDRITZ Hydro yo mu Budage no mubuhinde ishinzwe imirimo y'amashanyarazi. Ishami rishinzwe guhuza ibikorwa bya Nil Equatorial Lake Subsidiary Action Program (NELSAP-CU), rishyira mubikorwa umushinga mu izina rya ba nyirubwite. Byari biteganijwe ko kurangiza no gutangiza ibikorwa byubucuruzi muri 2020. Imirimo yo kubaka uyu mushinga yagereranijwe kuri 35% guhera muri Gashyantare 2019, na 59% guhera muri Mutarama 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2020/01/rusumo-hydroelectric-power-project-in-tanzania-now-59-complete/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-09 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926002828/https://constructionreviewonline.com/2020/01/rusumo-hydroelectric-power-project-in-tanzania-now-59-complete/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>Guhera muri Mata 2021, byari biteganijwe ko irangira mu 2022, aho kimwe mu bice bitatu bitanga amashanyarazi byari biteganijwe gutangira mu gihembwe cya kane cya 2021. <ref name="CompR">https://allafrica.com/stories/202104200296.html</ref>Kugeza muri Kamena 2021, 80 ku ijana by'imirimo yarangiye, hateganijwe ko hajyaho imirimo y'ubucuruzi mu Kuboza 2021. <ref name="CommR">https://allafrica.com/stories/202106140122.html</ref> Ubugenzuzi bwakozwe n'Umugenzuzi Mukuru w'Ibihugu bitatu, bwakozwe mu gice cya kabiri cy'umwaka wa 2021, bwerekanye ko amafaranga yakoreshejwe yiyongereyeho 22 ku ijana, kugeza icyo gihe muri gahunda y'akazi, hejuru y'ibyateganijwe. Icyo gihe imirimo yo kurangiza yagereranijwe kuri 81 ku ijana. Kurangiza biteganijwe mugice cya kabiri cya 2023. <ref name="AnticR">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/rusumo-power-project-delayed-by-two-years-3580334 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-09 |archive-date=2022-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601200511/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/rusumo-power-project-delayed-by-two-years-3580334 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ibidukikije == Binyuze mubihugu bihuriye mugutegura uno mushinga uko ari bitatu aribyo [[Rwanda]], Burundi ndetse na [[Tanzaniya]] byakoze ubushakashatsi bunononsoye bagamije kureba niba uyumushinga utazabangamira ibidukikije ndetse nabaturage bahaturiye ibyo byemejwe nibyo bihugu byombi binyuze mubuganiro nabaturagebyemezwa ukandi n'Ibiro ntangaza makuru bya Banki nyafurika itsura Amajyambere.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rusumoproject.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Documents/Factsheet_-_KINYARWANDA.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-25 |archive-date=2025-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220114001/http://rusumoproject.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Documents/Factsheet_-_KINYARWANDA.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == references == [[Ikiciro:Gahunda ya Leta]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 54rvlk76y0igvl8jr8b2p2gff56c2o4 0 8956 139926 132540 2026-09-24T10:49:24Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139926 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Ibere rya Bigogwe 002.jpg|thumb|ibere rya Bigogwe|339x339px]] [[Dosiye:Flipping over rw.jpg|thumb|Gusimbuka batera amarori.|335x335px]] [[File:Ibere rya bigogwe as Rwanda natural and historical heritage site by turahayo.jpg|thumb|Ibere rya bigogwe as Rwanda natural and historical heritage site by turahayo]] '''Ibere rya [[Umurenge wa Muhima|Bigogwe]]''' ni umusozi muremure uherereye mu ntara y'iburengerazuba<ref>https://rw.geoview.info/ibere_rya_bigogwe,7605569</ref> mu Karere ka [[Rubavu|Rubavu.]] Uyu musozi ni umwe mu misozi ivugwa cyane mu mateka y'U[[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]] cyane kandi uteye amatsiko yo kuwusura kubera ubwiza bwawo ndetse nuburyo utangaje ninkuru ziwuvugaho,cyane ko bavugako ari umwe mu misozi yaguyeho abasirikare benshi bo kubwa Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana|Habyarimana Juvenal]] kuko ariho abakomando bakoreraga imyitozo.<ref>https://mapcarta.com/27556816</ref> == Inkomoko == Abaturiye uyu musozi bavuga ko izina Ibere rya [[Umurenge wa Muhima|Bigogwe]] ryavuye kumukobwa mwiza witwaga Nyirabigogwe<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://imvahonshya.co.rw/harigwa-uko-ku-ibere-rya-bigogwe-habyazwa-umusaruro-mu-bukerarugendo/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628130741/http://imvahonshya.co.rw/harigwa-uko-ku-ibere-rya-bigogwe-habyazwa-umusaruro-mu-bukerarugendo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> wakundaga kuharagirira amatungo hanyuma bakawumwitirira.[[File:Urutare rutangaje ibere rya bigogwe.jpg|thumb|Urutare rutangaje ibere rya bigogwe]] == Amateka == Nkuko mwabibonye haruguru izina ibere rya bigogwe ryaturutse ku mukobwa wari uhatuye bitaga Nyirabigogwe.Ssibyo gusa uyumusozi wakorerwagaho imyitozo ikomeye nabasirikare babakomando bo kubwa [[Juvénal Habyarimana|Habyarimana Juvenal]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://popote.rw/amateka-yibere-rya-bigogwe-ryatikiriyeho-abasirikari-ku-bwa-habyarimana/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628215746/http://popote.rw/amateka-yibere-rya-bigogwe-ryatikiriyeho-abasirikari-ku-bwa-habyarimana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kandi bavugako iyo babaga bari mu myitozo uwahushaga akagwa yahitaga ahasiga [[ubuzima]]. == Aho uherereye == Ibere rya Bigogwe riherereye mu karere ka [[Rubavu]] mumurenge wa Kanzenze.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://popote.rw/amateka-yibere-rya-bigogwe-ryatikiriyeho-abasirikari-ku-bwa-habyarimana/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628215746/http://popote.rw/amateka-yibere-rya-bigogwe-ryatikiriyeho-abasirikari-ku-bwa-habyarimana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyo uhagaze hejuru kuri uwo musozi uba ureba igice kimwe cya [[Kongo Kinshasa|Congo Kinshasa]] nuruhande rumwe rw' [[ikiyaga cya Kivu]]. == Ubukerarugendo == Ni umusozi ubereye ijisho cyane ko iyo uwuhagazeho uba ureba hirya no hino<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/lifestyle/ibere-rya-bigogwe-how-influencer-uses-cultural-tourism-promote-birthplace</ref> ndetse uteye muburyo butangaje kuko uforomye nkibere nkuko bawitiriye ibere rya bigwogwe kandi nihamwe mu misozi irimo gusurwa cyane mu gihugu cy'U [[Rwanda]] kubera ubwiza bwawo. == Agashya == Muri iki gihe ibere rya [[Akarere ka Rubavu|Bigogwe]] hadutse cyane ubukerarugendo bushingiye k[[Umuco nyarwanda|'umuco]] aho risigaye risurwa cyane na bamukera rugendo benshi batandukanye ndetse n'ibyamamare bimwe na bimwe byo [[Rwanda|m'U Rwanda]] no hanze yarwo hamamajwe cyane numwana w'umusore ukomoka kuruwo musozi ubwo yasozaga amashuri ya [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|Kaminuza]] akambika [[inka]] ingofero kubwo kuyiha agaciro kuko kwiga kwe byasabaga kugurisha zimwe munka batunze. Abasura uwo musozi bigirayo byinshi bitandukanye birebana n'[[Umuco nyarwanda|umuco wu Rwanda]]<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3j52hHsDTg</ref> harimo nko Gukama,gusimbuka urukiramende, kurara inkera nibindi yinshi... == Rebera hano == <references /><mapframe latitude="-1.609285" longitude="29.440613" zoom="2" width="200" height="100"> { "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "properties": {}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 29.395682, -1.651874 ] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": {}, "geometry": { "type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [ [ [ 29.390102, -1.660113 ], [ 29.390102, -1.647225 ], [ 29.403648, -1.647225 ], [ 29.403648, -1.660113 ], [ 29.390102, -1.660113 ] ] ] } } ] } </mapframe> [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Rubavu]] opz72k17ysbj1810on18djyucde0wb5 0 8998 139537 136597 2026-09-23T14:18:20Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139537 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Paul Gitwaza .jpg|thumb|Apostle Gitwaza ]] Intumwa Dr Paul Muhirwa Gitwaza, yavutse ku Tariki 15 mu kwezi kwa 08 mu mwaka 1971 ni umuvugabutumwa bwiza bw' Imana, aho abwiriza kuriza kuri za mudasobwa, kuri za televiziyo, ndetse na radiyo hamwe no mubiterane. ni umuyobozi mukuru w' itorero ururembo siyoni ubuturo bw'Uwiteka ndetse akaba ariwe washinze minisiteri y'ubutumwa bwiza.mu magambo yicyongereza ariryo bita ZION TEMPLE CELEBRATION CENTER/ AUTHENTIC WORLD MINISTRIES akaba yarashinze amatorero menshi kwisi yose, akora ibikorwa byinshi binyuranye bifasha abatishoboye aho yaje gushinga ikigo nderabuzima cya betsaida, ibigo bya mashuri birimo amashuri y'inshuke n'abanza ya authentic academy, ndetse na kaminuza y'iyobokamana (authentic university). itorero ryambere yashinze ariryo itorero siyoni yashize murwanda rihererye muri [[kigali]] akarere ka kicukiro umurenge wa gatenga akagari ka ngoma. kandi akaba yarakomeje ashinga andi matorero mu rwanda mu turere twose twigihugu muri afurika [[Burayi|uburayi]], america ndetse no muri [[aziya]]. == Ubuzima bwe ndetse n'amateka. == Intumwa Dr Paul Gitwaza yavukiye mumuryango w' abakirisitu mumunjyi wa Uvira mugiturage cya bijombo muri kivu yamanjyepfo. se umubyara ari mubantu babaye akirisitu babwirijwe nabamisiyoneri baba suwisi, nuko yamureze kuba uwo Imana ishaka. [[Dosiye:Paul Gitwaza.jpg|thumb|Intumwa Dr Paul Gitwaza]] Gitwaza yakiriye Yesu Kristo nkumwami nu mukiza w'ubugingo bwe afite imyaka 9, abatizwa mumazi menshi afite imyaka 12 ndetse yuzura na mwuka wera, atangira kubwiriza afite imyaka 14. kumyaka 16 Gitwaza yaje kugira inzozi arizo zahinduye ubuzima bwa benshi aho Imana yamuhaye ihishurirwa ryo kubaka ubwami bw'Imana ku isi yose, aho se umubyara yamufashije kugera kuri zino nzozi aho yamubitsemo imbuto idashobora guhindurwa nibihe. nuko yakomeje yiga amashuri yisumbuye mucyaro kiwabo ibujombo aho kumyaka 18 aribwo yavuye iwabo akanjya gukomeza kaminuza. == Kaminuza == kumyaka 18 yagiye kuri kaminuza ya kisangani, DRC, aho yakomeje amashuri makuru ariyo kaminuza aho yize ishami ryo kwita ku bimera. aho Imana yaje kumuha ihishurirwa ko agomba kuba umusirikare wa yesu Kristo igihe cyose ku isi, kuko azigisha ku isi yose agategura umugeni wa yesu hano kuri kaminuza yahahuriye nabandi bana baba pasiteri aho yakomeje kunjya abwiriza ubutumwa bwiza bw'Umwami Imana, aho yaje kurangiza amashuri ye ya kaminuza muri 1993, aho yaje kuva muri kisangani yerekeza muri kenya aho yateguraga urugendo rwe rwo gukomeza kwiga ibinjyanye n'indenge muri Australia. ni uko yageze muri kenya akomeza kunjya yigisha ijambo ry'Imana kumihanda, kuri za bus ndetse nahandi henshi. muri icyo gihe nibwo yaje kongera kugira ihishurirw ko igihe cye aricyo cyo gutangira umumurimo w'Imana kandi akanjya kuwutangirira mu [[Rwanda]]. nuko Gitwaza yaje kuva muri kenya aho yageze murwanda kuwa 1 october 1995. byari nyuma ya genocide yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda aho yanjyaga anjya ku itorero inkuru nziza muri kigali akigisha abantu inyigisho z'isana mitima ndetse no kubabarira, aho yaje kongera kuhahurira nabandi banyarwanda babanye muri kaminuza ya bijombo, barimo nuwitwaga Nyinawingeri angelique, uko uyu wari umukobwa muri icyo gihe ariwe wamufashije cyane kuko yandikaga iyerekwa rya Gitwaza akanjyenda abitanga mubantu benshi. == Kuvuka kubutumwa bwiza == == Umuryango == Apostle Dr Paul Gitwaza yashakanye na Angelique Gitwaza babyarana abahungu batatu<ref>https://www.flickr.com/people/129783522@N04/</ref> Elisha, Luke na Davide, abo bahungu bose bavukiye mu [[USA na Belgian]], [[Dosiye:Umuryango w'intumwa Paul GITWAZA.png|thumb|Umuryango w'Intumwa Paul GITWAZA]] Gitwaza yashinze amatorero ya Zion temple arenga 123 mubihugu bitandukanye nko muri [[Afurika]] ni mu [[Rwanda|Rwanda,]][[Uburundi|Burundi]],[[Kenya]], [[Kongo|Congo,]] [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] na [[Ubugande|Uganda]] ,aho yashinzemo imiryango 12 iba igize buri torero abereye umuyobozi. == Imirimo == Paul Gitwaza yashinze imiryango itandukanye, harimo Authentic world ministries<ref>https://web.facebook.com/drpaulgitwaza?_rdc=1&_rdr</ref> yashinze Radio na Television Authentic yashinze amavuriro ndetse n'imishinga ifasha abapfakazi n'imfubyi. Dr Paul Gitwaza ubu niwe uhagarariye Alliance evangelical church mu [[Rwanda]] kuva mu mwaka wa 2009. == Baza hano == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Iyobokamana]] [[Ikiciro:Umunyamwuga]] [[Ikiciro:Umunyarwanda]] 7li17oiuekpohz0b33k68jrmpefath4 0 9010 139882 117950 2026-09-24T10:42:58Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139882 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Kwenga_umutobe.jpg|thumb|Kwenga umutobe]] == Kwenga == kwenga ni umwe mu mirimo ikorerwa mu bice by'icyaro.Ni igikorwa cyahozeho mu [[Umuco nyarwanda|umuco]] w'abanyarwanda kuva kera benga inzoga ndetse n' umutobe byo kwinywera<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsb.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/files/pdf/new_stds/Inzoga_Ibitoki_Divayi.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-08-19 |archive-date=2021-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820103841/https://www.rsb.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/files/pdf/new_stds/Inzoga_Ibitoki_Divayi.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Umuntu ukora igikorwa cyo kwenga yitwa umwenzi. Akenshi na kenshi kwenga bikorwa ku musaruro w'insina ariwo twita ibitoki by'amoko atandukanye tuza gusanga muri iyi nkuru. IBIKORESHO BIKENERWA MU KWENGA[[File:Ibibindi.png|thumb|Ibibindi]] Mu gikorwa cyo kwenga hifashishwa ibikoresho bya ngombwa bikurikira 1.Umuvure: <nowiki>[[File:Umuvure.jpg|thumb|Umuvure]]</nowiki> Ni igikoresho kiramvuwe mu giti cy'umusave cywangwa se umuvumu.Mu muvure niho batonorera ibitoki ndetse bikanengerwamo.Ntushoshobora kwenga bya kinyarwanda udakoresheje umuvure. 2.Ubutanda: <nowiki>[[File:Umuvure n inshinge.jpg|Umuvure_n_inshinge]]</nowiki> Ni igikoresho kiboshywe mu biti bicagaguwemo kandi bicumwe neza, bikaboheshwa imigozi mu buryo bw'inyabubiri cyangwa inyabutatu.Ubutanda butambikwa hejuru y'umuvure mu gihe bagiye gukamura cyangwa gutandukanya ibikatsi n'umutobe. 3.Ibibindi [[Dosiye:Ibibindi.png|thumb|Ibibindi]] Ni ibikoresho bibumbye mu ibumba, byifashishwa mu kudahirwamo umutobe iyo bamaze gukamura umutobe mu bikatsi.Ibibindi binifashishwa kandi mu kuvunura (guhogorora) inzoga iyo yahiye.Ibi bikoresho bishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu gihe bavoma amazi yo gukamira. 4.Amashinge (ishinge) Ni ubwatsi bwabugenewe bwifashishwa mu gukandakanda ibitoki kugirango bitange umutobe.Amashinge azakoreshwa mu kwenga, arahirwa cyangwa se aracibwa, akanikwa ndetse byaba byiza akanozwa kugira ngo umutobe cyangwa inzoga izabe iryoshye kandi ifite isuku mu rwego rwo kwirinda indwara zikomoka ku mwanda. 5.Urusyo Urusyo ni ibuye ry'isarabwayi cyangwa se imonyi, ribajwe neza kuburyo ritagira uwo ryangiza ku mubiri mu gihe arimo kurikoresha.Urusyo rukoreshwa mu gusya amasaka yo kubetera inzoga mu gihe bashaka gukora inzoga y'ibitoki ( URWAGWA).Iyo bategura urwagwa, bakaranga amasaka ku muriro yamara guhindura ibara ahindutse umukara, nibwo bakoresha urusyo hamwe n'ingasire. Amasaka yasewe (ifu y'amasaka ariko itanoze cyane) ivangwa n'umutobe, bakabishyira ahantu hashyuha cyane nko : kurusenge, intabo, mu gitariro n'ahandi. Nyuma y'iminsi ibiri cyangwa itatu bitewe n'akarere, barahogorora ( baravunura) maze abashoboye kunywa bakizihirwa. == <ref>https://www.jw.org/rw/inyigisho-bibiliya/ibibazo/ese-kunywa-inzoga-ni-icyaha/</ref> == [[File:Kwenga urwagwa mu muvure.jpg|thumb|Kwenga urwagwa mu muvure]] [[inzoga|AMOKO Y'IBITOKI BYENGWA]] Kwenga [[inzoga]] bikorwa mu moko atandukanye y'ibitoki muri yo twavuga nka: Intuntu, kayinja, gisubi, kamaramasenge, poyo, gisukari n'andi. Ubu bwoko bw'ibitoki buhabwa amazina bitewe n'akarere abantu batuyemo. AKAMARO KO KWENGA Kwenga bifite akamaro kanini cyane mu muco w'abanyarwanda.Abanyarwanda bagira bati" Inzoga ni gahuza miryango." Abanyarwanda bagira umuco mwiza wo guhana inzoga, abageni n'inka.Iyo mihango yose ikorwa barimo gusoma ku kinyobwa gituruka mu kwenga. Kwenga inzoga cyangwa umutobe ni bimwe mu bikorwa bitanga amafaranga nyuma yo kugurisha inzoga cyangwa umutobe.Ayo mafaranga avuyemo yifashishwa mu kwishyura amashuri y'abana, kubaka inzu nziza yo guturamo, kugura isambu yo guhingamo, guhahira urugo n'ibindi. == Rebara hano == <references /> tqn3swy9q7tgb7fbuj7bt1po8tsb9bq 0 9183 139682 136963 2026-09-23T18:31:07Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139682 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Tidjara Kabendera.jpg|thumb|Tidjara Kabendera]] '''Kabendera''' ni umunyarwandakazi wavutse muri 1978, ni umunyamakuru wa Radiyo na televisiyo y'igihugu wakoreye umwuga w'itangazamakuru imyaka irenga 18<ref>http://www.bwiza.com/?Ni-iki-cyihishe-inyuma-y-ugusezera-kwa-Tidjara-Kabendera-wakoreye-RBA-imyaka-18</ref>. Akora ishoramari akaba ari umwana wa Kabendera Shinani nawe yari umunyamakuru wakoraga kuri radiyo Rwanda, ijwi rya Amerika na BBC<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/serivisi/special-pages/womens-month/inkuru/article/tidjara-amaze-imyaka-15-ku-ntebe-ya-se-shinani-wamamaye-kuri-radio-rwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-10-05 |archive-date=2021-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005032246/https://igihe.com/serivisi/special-pages/womens-month/inkuru/article/tidjara-amaze-imyaka-15-ku-ntebe-ya-se-shinani-wamamaye-kuri-radio-rwanda |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwe == [[Dosiye:Tanzania in its region.svg|thumb|Tidjara yavukiye mugihugu cya Tanzania]] Tidjara yavukiye mu Rwanda mu Karere ka Gasabo, aza kujya mu gihugu cya Tanzaniya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi itangiye 1994 dore ko muri icyo gihugu ariho se umubyara avuka.<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/147229/Lifestyle/my-efforts-to-advocate-for-swahili-speaking-are-paying-off-a-kabendera</ref> == Ibijyanye n'umwuga we == Aho muri Tanzaniya yize amashuri yisumbuye kuri Rugambwa Secondary School ndetse yiga itangazamakuru muri East African Training Institute (yafatwaga nk'agashami ka Dar es Salama). Muri 2002 yatangiriye itangazamakuru muri Tanzaniya Arusha kuri Radio 5.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/89567/imyaka-15-irashize-tidjara-kabendera-akabije-inzozi-zo-gukumbuza-shinani-wamamaye-kuri-rad-89567.html</ref>2003 nibwo yagarutse mu Rwanda atangira gukora kuri Radio Rwanda kuva ubwo kugeza 2021,yakoranye kandi na Magic FM.<ref>https://umuryango.rw/ubuzima-115/imibereho/article/tidjara-kabendera-wakunzwe-cyane-muri-rba-yasezeye-ku-mirimo-ye-nyuma-y-imyaka</ref> == Mu bucuruzi == Tidjara Kabendere ni umwe mu banyarwandakazi binjiye muri businesi ndetse n'ubushoramari. Akora kandi ibijyanye no guhangana n'indwara zibasira uruhu ndetse akaba yarashinze iduka ricuruza amavuta avura indwara z'uruhu, harimo ibiheri, kumagara mumaso, amavuta menshi ndetse no gusatagurika bikaba byose bikorwa mu bimera karemano.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kigaliupdates.com/umunyamakuru-tidjara-kabendera-yiyemeje-guhangana-nindwara-zibasira-uruhu-ashinga-iduka-ricuruza-amavuta-yuruhu-akoze-mubimera-karemano/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-10-25 |archive-date=2021-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160639/https://kigaliupdates.com/umunyamakuru-tidjara-kabendera-yiyemeje-guhangana-nindwara-zibasira-uruhu-ashinga-iduka-ricuruza-amavuta-yuruhu-akoze-mubimera-karemano/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tidjara akora kandi ubucuruzi bw'imyenda aho acuruza imyenda itandukanye ariko akita cyane ku myenda yabasilamu kandi yose ifite umwihariko.<ref>https://www.webrwanda.com/2020/09/video-tidjara-kabendera-yinjiye-mu_9.html</ref> === Inama atanga === Uyu mugore akomeza gushishikariza abadamu bagenzi be, gutinyuka ndetse no gushyira mubikorwa ibisubizo by'ibibazo byinshi bafite ndetse usanga no mubuzima bwa bagenzi babo bwa buri munsi.<ref>https://isano.rw/indi-mpamvu-yatumye-tidjara-kabendera-asezera-muri-rba/</ref> ==== Indi mibereho ==== Tidjara ni umubeyi w'abana 4 abahungu babiri n'abakobwa babiri.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rwandatribune.com/umunyamakuru-tidjara-kabendera-yasezeye-rba-amaze-imyaka-18-akorera/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2025-05-10 |archive-date=2021-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303183950/https://www.rwandatribune.com/umunyamakuru-tidjara-kabendera-yasezeye-rba-amaze-imyaka-18-akorera/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro; == [[Category:Abagore]] <references /> [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]] [[Ikiciro:Ubwiza]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi bari muri business]] 18wv6zaoqhsytasx315u5c944y872gf 0 9187 139538 79491 2026-09-23T14:18:24Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139538 wikitext text/x-wiki Kuri uru rubuga murahasanga ibyatangajwe n abakandida biyamamariza kuba '''komite itegura amategeko ngega y'umuryango'''. abakandida babishaka bahamagariwe kwiyamamaza kuri uru rubuga ''guhera ku itariki ya 2 Kanama kugeza kuri 14 Nzeri 2021'' AoE (2021-09-15 11:59:59 UTC) . Komite biteganyijwe ko izatangirana abantu 15 kwiyamamaza ubu '''byararangiye'''. Amatora ateganyijwe ku itariki 11 kugeza kuri 24 Ukwakira 2021 AoE (2021-10-10 10:00:00 UTC – 2021-10-25 11:59:59 UTC). Hakurikijwe iko byateganyijwe set up process, abakandida barindwi ba mbere mu matora bazahabwa imyanya. abandi bakandida bazahitwamo n inteko ya wikimedia mu bundi buryo mu gihe kimwe. https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates/rw dy3a281uknnvc5xb8cvx06vkkcircol 0 9190 139593 118630 2026-09-23T17:56:31Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139593 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Rwanda Flag Against Light Blue Sky.jpg|thumb|Oda Paccy n'umunyarwandakazi]] '''Uzamberumwana pacifique''' uzwi nka '''Oda Paccy''' (yavutse 06 werurwe 1990), ni umunyarwandakazi w'umuhanzi wamenyekanye mu njyana ya hiphop <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/oda-paccy-yemeje-ko-empire-record-yagurishijwe |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-10-15 |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193959/http://www.isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/oda-paccy-yemeje-ko-empire-record-yagurishijwe |url-status=dead }}</ref>. muri 2019 yashinze kandi ayobora Ladies Empire Records ikoreramo producer Junior multisystem.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://genesisbizz.com/Junior-Multisystem-ntiyari-umukozi-wa-Oda-Paccy |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-10-15 |archive-date=2021-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026231816/https://genesisbizz.com/Junior-Multisystem-ntiyari-umukozi-wa-Oda-Paccy |url-status=dead }}</ref> afite ibihembo 2 bya salax award<ref>Just a moment... (xcvxcvd.space)</ref> == Ubuzima bwe muri make == [[Dosiye:GasaboDist.png|thumb|Oda Paccy yavukiye mu karere ka Gasabo]] Paccy yavukiye i [[Kigali]] mu Gatsata, avuka ari umwana wa mbere mu muryango w'abana 2, yize amashuri abanza mu Gatsata, ayisumbuye ayiga Ecole Secondaire Bulinga i [[Akarere ka Muhanga|Muhanga]], APEM Ruli i [[Akarere ka Gakenke|Gakenke]] na EAV Bigogwe i [[Umujyi wa Rubavu|Rubavu.]]<ref name=":0">Interview: Oda Paccy avuga ko kubana kwe na Lick Lick byagenwa n’Imana - IGIHE.com</ref> Paccy yagize ati nari nikumbuwe cyane hari hashize igihe kinini ntaboneka, Rero Ku i tariki 9 Kamena 2023, ni bwo Oda Paccy kimwe na bagenzi be ba banyeshuri biganaga muri UTB kaminuza y'ubukerarugendo, bahawe Impamyabumenyi z’Icyiciro cya Kabiri mu Ishami rya Business Information Technology. Ni umuhango w'abereye mu birori byabereye mu [[Akarere ka Rubavu|Karere ka Rubavu]] mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|intara y'iburengerazuba]] bwu Rwanda, Ni icyiciro cya masomo asoje uyu muhanzikazi arangije aho nyuma y’imyaka igera ku 10 ubwo yari yarasubitse amasomo yiwe, hari Mu mwaka wa 2013 ukaba yaraje kuyasubukura muri mu mwaka wa 2021. rero ni urugendo rwari nki ntambara igoye cyanegutsinda, ariko ndi hano kandi ni iby’agaciro kongera kkuboneka, ngarutse mu rugo kuko mbikwiye rwose. Uyu muririmyikazi ni nyuma y’iminsi uyu muraperikazi atangaje ko agiye kugaruka nanone muri muziki, kandi ko abantu bakwiye nanone kongera kwitegura imiziki iryoheye amatwi nk’uko nanone twabibamenyereje. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://izubanews.com/index.php/2023/08/05/nari-maze-iminsi-mu-ntambara-oda-paccy/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-08-06 |archive-date=2023-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806101024/https://izubanews.com/index.php/2023/08/05/nari-maze-iminsi-mu-ntambara-oda-paccy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://igihe.com/abantu/success-stories/article/oda-paccy-yasoje-icyiciro-cya-kabiri-cya-kaminuza</ref> [[Dosiye:UTB-Logo.jpg|thumb|Oda yize kaminuza muri UTB]] == indirimbo za Paccy == -Mbese Nzapfa -Umunsi umwe -boom boom -Miss President -amaganya -Ninde -G.O.L -Gangster Love -music -Biteye Ubwoba -Uwo ninde -Ndi Uwawe -Nyitaho -miss president part two<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi bari muri business]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] 6cqfk306csge9no98f35zd0gwngjahl 0 9241 139563 107216 2026-09-23T14:20:00Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139563 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Faten_Hamama.jpg|thumb|right|Faten Hamama wakinnye muri iyi filime nka Amna.]] '''''The Nightingale's Prayer''''' ni film yo mu misiri yakozwe muri 1959 iyoborwa na Henry Barakat kandi ishingiye kuri novel y'umwanditsi ukomeye Taha Hussein. Irimo Faten Hamama na Ahmed Mazhar<ref>https://www.madamasr.com/en/2014/08/23/feature/culture/egypts-cinematic-gems-the-nightingales-prayer/</ref><ref>https://www.madamasr.com/en/2014/08/23/feature/culture/egypts-cinematic-gems-the-nightingales-prayer/</ref> <ref>https://www.theculturist.com/home/for-the-love-of-film-noir-a-nightingales-prayer.html</ref>. Mu 1996, mugihe k'imyaka 100 ya Sinema yo muri Egiputa, iyi film yatoranijwe murimwe mu mafilime 150 meza yo muri Egiputa<ref>https://trakt.tv/movies/the-nightingale-s-prayer-1959</ref>. Yakiriye igihembo cyishimiwe n’ishuri rikuru ry’imashusho y’ubuhanzi n’ubumenyi kandi yatoranijwe muri Filime nziza y’ururimi rw’amahanga mu bihembo bya 32 bya Academy, ariko ntiyemerwa nk'umukandida.<ref>https://trakt.tv/movies/the-nightingale-s-prayer-1959</ref> <ref>https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-nightingales-prayer</ref> Yinjiye kandi mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya 10 rya Berlin<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://b.worldmisc.com/read/the-nightingale-s-prayer |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111045536/https://b.worldmisc.com/read/the-nightingale-s-prayer |url-status=dead }}</ref> . == Abakinnyi == * Faten Hamama nka Amna * Ahmed Mazhar nka injeniyeri * Amina Rizk nka Amna na Nyina wa Hanady * Zahrat El-Ola nka Hanady * Abdel Alim Khattab nka nyirarume Gabber * Mimi Chakib nka Zanooba * Raga El Geddawy nka Khadeeja == Kwakira == Mu 2020, Peter Bradshaw wo mu ''kinyamakuru The Guardian'' ''Isengesho rya Nightingale'' nka filime ya 19 ikomeye muri Afurika yabayeho mu bihe byose, ayita " melodrama yo kwihorera bidasanzwe, cyangwa Umugani w'ubwiza-na-nyamaswa <ref>https://www.filmindependent.org/events/arab-cinema-series-the-nightingales-prayer/</ref>." == references == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] npbqjg0lnjjtr2e2r4ae3jufv8fgj3m 0 9276 139539 96946 2026-09-23T14:18:28Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139539 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Pumzi''''' ni film ngufi ya siyanse y'impimbano yo muri Kenya yanditswe kandi iyobowe na Wanuri Kahiu<ref>https://www.e-flux.com/video/334045/wanuri-kahiu-nbsp-pumzi/</ref> . Yerekanwe mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Sundance 2010 mu rwego rwa gahunda yayo nshya ya Afurika<ref>https://africanfilmny.org/films/pumzi/</ref>. Uyu mushinga watewe inkunga n’ikigega cy’ubuhanzi cya Changamoto, ndetse n’ikigo cya Goethe Institut na Focus Features <ref>https://www.wired.com/2010/01/pumzi/</ref>. Kahiu yizeye kwagura bigufi muburyo bwuzuye<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20211111162859/https://africa.film/pumzi-a-wanuri-kahiu-short-film/</ref>. Filime iri mucyongereza, ariko umutwe ni [[Igiswahili]] bisobanuye"Umwuka<ref>https://www.theafricareport.com/8939/films-pumzi-and-scheherazade-tell-me-a-story/</ref>". === Afurika === Pumzi igwa cyane mubwoko bwa Africanfuturism <ref>https://uniteyouthdublin.wordpress.com/2015/08/31/pumzi-a-review/</ref>. Irerekana uko ejo hazaza hazaba umuco (uherereye kumugabane wa Afrika) utuwe cyane nabirabura<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pumzithefilm.com/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125084711/http://www.pumzithefilm.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Byongeye kandi, yakozwe na sitidiyo yo muri Afrika yepfo igizwe nitsinda ryabashinzwe gukora no kumenyekanisha uburyo bushya bwibintu ndangamuco biva mubihugu bya Afrika<ref>https://www.international.ucla.edu/ccs/event/9186</ref>. ''Pumzi'' ihuza neza na motif ikunze kuboneka muri Africanfuturism, ariko ntibigarukiraho gusa, kuba hari ahantu nyaburanga hatagira uruhare runini rw'amazi<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/film/movie/144513/pumzi</ref>. == references == [[Ikiciro:Afurika y'iburasirazuba]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] 6w78b67qfhq4xqn2nv39ojgle09rgfv 0 9316 139759 119317 2026-09-24T09:58:58Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139759 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Act of Piracy''''' ni filimi yasohotse muri 1988 yakozwe yagati ya [[Amerika]] na South [[Afurika y’Epfo|African]] thriller film iyoborwa na Yohana Cardos na Star Gary Busey, Belinda Bauer na Ray Sharkey<ref>https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7a867b61</ref> . <ref>https://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm_gen_cfilm=174702.html</ref> Mugihe bishimira ingendo zidasanzwe muri [[Ositaraliya]], ubwato bwumuryango bufatwa [[Iterabwoba|nabaterabwoba]]. Bazwi kandi nka '''''Barracuda''''' <ref>https://www.senscritique.com/film/Act_of_Piracy/12162115</ref>. == Umugambi == Ted Andrews ( Gary Busey ) yemeje uwahoze ari umugore we Sandy ( Belinda Bauer ) kureka abana babo Mark (Mathew Stewardson) na Tracey (Candicé Hillebrand) bamuherekeza n'umukunzi we Laura Warner (Nancy Mulford) mu rugendo mu bwato bwe buhenze cyane muri [[Ositaraliya]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/act-of-piracy-1988-english-movie |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112093806/https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/act-of-piracy-1988-english-movie |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.themoviedb.org/movie/42292-act-of-piracy</ref>, aho ateganya kugurisha ubwato. <ref>https://www.moviepilot.de/movies/act-of-piracy-piraterie-auf-hoher-see</ref>Icyakora, nyuma yiminsi mike, biragaragara ko Laura ari umunyamuryango w’umutwe w’iterabwoba uyobowe na Jack Wilcox ( Ray Sharkey )<ref>https://www.alamy.com/original-film-title-act-of-piracy-english-title-act-of-piracy-film-director-john-bud-cardos-year-1988-stars-gary-busey-credit-mayor-arts-corporation-productions-album-image207519951.html</ref>, wifuza ko ubwato bwaba ishingiro ry’ibikorwa bye<ref>https://www.mymoviepicker.com/film/act-of-piracy-108474.htm</ref>. Jack afata yacht, nuko ubwa burashimutwa, kandi kubwibyo, Mark na Tracey babikwa nkingwate. <ref>https://www.filmstarts.de/kritiken/174702.html</ref>Hamwe na Sandy, Ted atangira gushakisha Wilcox, no gutabara Mark na Tracey.<ref>https://www.cinematerial.com/movies/act-of-piracy-i98983</ref> == Abakinnyi == * Gary Busey - Ted Andrews * Belinda Bauer - Sandy Andereya * Ray Sharkey - Jack Wilcox * Nancy Mulford - Laura Warner * Dennis Casey Park - Dennis * Arnold Vosloo - Sean Stevens * Ken Gampu - Bunting * Anthony Fridjohn - Philip O'Connor * Mathew Stewardson - Mark Andereya * Candice Hillebrand - Tracey Andereya * Nadia Bilchik - Maria * Roly Jansen - Carlos Ortiz * Gordon Mulholland - Kapiteni Jenkins * Thoko Ntshinga - Cynthia * Melody O'Brian - Nadine Andereya * Brian O'Shaughnessy - Skipper * Eckard Rabe - Intumwa Harris * Joe Stewardson - Intumwa Johnson * Bruce Wentzel - Mate * Christobel D'Orthez - Karen Daly * Thys Du Plooy - Ahmed * Trevor Fish - Kameraman * Mark Gilbert - Umugabo * Scott J. Ateah - Teka * Allen Booi - George Chibanda * Douglas Bristow - CW Andereya * John Cardos - Igisonga == references == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi zo muri Amerika]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi zo muri Afurika y’Epfo]] b7tu40q7zju7h761y5pft54o7ebshk3 0 9325 139816 119318 2026-09-24T10:31:51Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139816 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Yvonne Okoro in Purple.jpg|thumb]] '''''Adams Apples''''' ni urukurikirane rw'amafilime yo muri [[Gana]],<ref>https://newsghana.com.gh/yvonne-okoro-surprises-at-adams-apples-final-premiere/</ref> yakinwe na Yvonne Okoro, Joselyn Dumas, John Dumelo, Naa Ashorkor Mensa-Doku, Anima Misa Amoah, Adjetey Anang, Helene Asante, SoulKnight Jazz, Jasmine Baroudi, Vincent McCauley, Roselyn Ngissah, Fred Kanebi<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/yvonne-okoro-in-uk-for-adams-apples/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112160623/https://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/yvonne-okoro-in-uk-for-adams-apples/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Urukurikirane rugizwe na firime icumi zerekana amakinamico, azwi ku izina rya "chapters", yakozwe na Ken Attoh kandi iyobowe na Shirley Frimpong-Manso<ref>https://www.africancelebs.com/adams-apple-movie-series/</ref> <ref>https://www.talkafricanmovies.com/adams-apples/</ref>. Urukurikirane film bukurikira ubuzima mu muryango wa Adam, bakaba bagizwe na Doris Adams (Anima Misa Amoah), umupfakazi wa ikintu KALIMANZIRA umudiplomate, n'abakobwa be batatu; Baaba ( Okoro ), Jennifer ( Dumas ) na Kuukua ( Mensah-Doku )<ref>https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2012/10/adams-apples-new-beginnings.html</ref>, berekana uburyo bakemura umuryango wabo utoroshye, ubuzima bw'urukundo, amabanga ya buri muntu, ibinyoma no kwicuza<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/movies/201105/45713.php |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112132058/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/movies/201105/45713.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>. televiziyo drama series, na title kimwe kwerekanwa muri Gashyantare 2013, kandi kuva batangiye airing ku DSTV 's Afurika Magic televiziyo yashyizeho nyuma y'umwaka igice cya cumi cy'urukurikirane rwa firime<ref>https://northsideghshowbiz.wordpress.com/2013/06/19/yvonne-okoro-in-uk-for-adams-apples-omgghana-com/</ref>. == Abakinnyi<ref>https://carifrique.com/film-adams-apples-ghana/</ref> == * [[Dosiye:Jocelyn Dumas.jpg|thumb|joselyne Dumas]]Anima Misa Amoah nka Doris Adams * Yvonne Okoro nka Baaba Adams Smith * Joselyn Dumas nka Jennifer Adams * Naa Ashorkor Mensah-Doku nka Kuukua Adams * Adjetey Anang nka Albert Amankwah (cyangwa Albert Adams) * Helene Asante nka Ivy Amankwah (cyangwa Ivy Adams) * SoulKnight Jazz nka Chris Smith * John Dumelo nka Denu McCarby * Jasmine Baroudi nka Michelle * Vincent McCauley nka Foo * Fred Kanebi nka Gerald * Roselyn Ngissah nka Linda * Fiifi Coleman nka Chidi * Sesanu Gbadebo nka Eric == references == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Filimi zo muri Gana]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] hvvzy6mobc4trdqulmc1tagmahhgf0n 0 9333 139594 95549 2026-09-23T17:56:38Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139594 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Coz Ov Moni 2 ( FOKN) -'''''lni film y'umuziki wa [[Gana]] yasohotse 2013 yakozwe na FOKN BOIS kandi iyobowe n'umukinnyi wamafirime wigenga wo muri [[Gana]] King Luu. Filime numuziki uvugwa byose ni mucyongereza cya Pidgin, ariko subtitles zirerekanwa.<ref>https://foknbois.bandcamp.com/album/coz-ov-moni-2-fokn-revenge-o-s</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fantasticfest.com/films/coz-ov-moni-2 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112150349/https://fantasticfest.com/films/coz-ov-moni-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ni filime yamenyekanye cyane muri Gana kuko ikurura abakunzi bumuziki ndetse na filimi<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nwfilm.org/films/coz-ov-moni-2-fokn-revenge/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112150348/https://nwfilm.org/films/coz-ov-moni-2-fokn-revenge/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>.<ref>https://www.rockol.com/uk/album-19275959/Fokn-Bois-Coz-Ov-Moni-2-(Fokn-Revenge)-O.S</ref> == Kurekura == Iyi filime yerekanwe bwa mbere muri [[Gana]] ku ya 23 Ukuboza 2013 mu nzu mberabyombi ya [[Gana]] i [[Accra]], yerekanwe muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]] ku ya 21 Gashyantare 2014 i Cantina Royale mu mujyi wa New York ndetse no mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]] ku ya 24 Nzeri 2014 i Hackney Attic i Londres <ref>https://www.filmaffinity.com/uk/film554027.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/coz-ov-moni-2-fokn-revenge-o.s/zEtv5-bKT40_ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112150347/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/coz-ov-moni-2-fokn-revenge-o.s/zEtv5-bKT40_ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Iyi filime kandi yerekanwe mu minsi mikuru itandukanye ya firime, harimo iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya [[Afurika]] ( Tinapa ), iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Durban (Durban), Norient Musikfilm Festival ( Bern ) na Fantastic Fest ( Austin )<ref>https://www.discogs.com/FOKN-BOIS-Coz-Ov-Moni-2-FOKN-Revenge-Original-Soundtrack/release/5354219</ref><ref>https://www.okayafrica.com/fokn-bois-coz-ov-moni-2-fokn-revenge/</ref>. Nyuma yaje gusohoka kuri DVD, hamwe no gukuramo ubuntu kuri Soundtrack kuri buri kopi yaguzwe ya firime.<ref>https://www.afrocharts.com/album?id=c5d952a863</ref><ref>https://norient.com/stories/fokn-bois?special=159</ref> == references == [[Ikiciro:Filimi zo muri Gana]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] jd0umr44jnmt1hxqmdwxrg62ozx7lkl 0 9363 139943 124126 2026-09-24T10:51:26Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139943 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Koffi Gaou Artiste Béninois 111.jpg|thumb|Koffi Gahou|270x270px]] '''Koffi Gahou''' (22 Ukwakira 1947 - 24 Kanama 2019) yari umuhanzi, umukinnyi wa filime, n'umuyobozi<ref>http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=6107</ref>. == Ubuzima == Gahou yavukiye i Cotonou ku ya 22 Ukwakira 1947. Yize kuva 1986 kugeza 1989 mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi bw’ikinamico muri Kaminuza ya Sorbonne Nouvelle [[Paris]] 3<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://matinlibre.com/2019/08/26/benin-le-monde-culturel-pleure-koffi-gahou/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-13 |archive-date=2021-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113070057/https://matinlibre.com/2019/08/26/benin-le-monde-culturel-pleure-koffi-gahou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>, abona uruhushya rwo kwigisha. Kuva mu 1985 kugeza 1986 Gahou yakoraga umwuga wo kwimenyereza muri Conservatoire national supérieur d'art ikinamico i Paris maze mu 1988, yimenyereza umwuga muri Institut international de la marionnette<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://actubenin.com/carnet-noirlartiste-koffi-gahou-nest-plus |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-13 |archive-date=2021-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113070057/https://actubenin.com/carnet-noirlartiste-koffi-gahou-nest-plus |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Guhera mu 1974, yize ubwe mu buhanzi bwa plastiki, imashini zometse ku rukuta, amashusho, ndetse n’imbere<ref>https://lanouvelletribune.info/2019/08/benin-lartiste-koffi-gahou-nest-plus/</ref>. Gahou yinjiye mu bakozi ba Leta nk'umuhanzi kandi akora ibitaramo mu itsinda rya "Cerveaux noirs". Yashinze kandi itsinda ry’ikinamico "Zama Hara"<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0229234/characters/nm0301121</ref>, yagize imurikagurisha ryinshi ry’ibikorwa bye muri [[Afurika]], [[Uburayi]], Cuba, na [[Amerika]].<ref>https://www.telerama.fr/personnalite/koffi-gahou,581100.php</ref> [[Dosiye:Artiste Béninois Koffi Gaou au cours d'une interview.jpg|thumb|Umukinnyi wa Film Koffi Gahou |228x228px]] Gahou yakoze imyenda "Yovo Helou e, Akowe helou e" mu 1990. Irerekana imbata zifatanije amaboko inyuma, kandi byari byiza cyane<ref>https://www.theatre-contemporain.net/biographies/Koffi-Gahou/</ref>. Mu 2000, Gahou yakinnye murumuna wa Boubacar, umuhinzi, muri film ya Jean Odoutan ''Barbecue Pejo''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/g11h84q5f68?hl=es |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-13 |archive-date=2021-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113070055/https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/g11h84q5f68?hl=es |url-status=dead }}</ref> . Mu mashusho ya videwo muri Mata 2019, Gahou yasabye ko yishyurwa miliyoni 30 z’amafaranga CFA y’umudepite wo muri [[Bene|Bénine]] yategetswe kumuha n’Urugereko rwa 3 rw’ubucuruzi rw’urukiko rwa Cotonou<ref>https://www.franceinter.fr/personnes/koffi-gahou</ref>. Iki kibazo cyaturutse mu marushanwa yo mu 2007 Gahou yatsinze ariko ntiyabona amafaranga yigihembo. <ref>https://www.senscritique.com/contact/Koffi_Gahou/78137</ref>Gahou yapfuye ku ya 24 Kanama 2019 i Abomey. Umuhango wo kumushyingura wabaye ku ya 25 Nzeri<ref>https://www.allocine.fr/personne/fichepersonne_gen_cpersonne=83887.html</ref>. == references == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa filime]] 8hcfqnabafr7zxpeyam6ytrxip2qv3q 0 9391 139855 135762 2026-09-24T10:39:41Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139855 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag map of Rwanda.svg|thumb]] '''Nyinawamwiza Laetitia''' yavutse ''tariki '''17 ukuboza 1972''','' ni umunyarwandakazi, afite impamyabumenyi yikirenga mw' ishami ry' umusaruro w'inyamaswa (ubworozi bw'amafi) aribyo mu [[Icyongereza|cyongereza]] bita '''''PHD, in Animal Production (Aquaculture)''''' ni umusenateri muri Guverinoma y'u [[Rwanda]], yarahiriye iyi mirimo yatorewe yo kuba senateri kuwa kane tariki ya 17 Ukwakira 2019 ahagarariye intara ya majyaruguru, ni umwe muba senateri 20 bagize manda ya gatatu ya sena y'u [[Rwanda]]. <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/dore-ibigwi-by-abasenateri-20-bagize-manda-ya-gatatu-ya-sena</ref><ref>Senators' Profile (parliament.gov.rw)</ref> == Ibigwi n'imirimo yakoze == Dr. Nyinawamwiza laetitia ni Senateri akaba n' umunyamuryango wa Komite ishinzwe iterambere ry'ubukungu n'imari Yabaye Umuyobozi w'ishami ry'Umusaruro w’’amatungo, ishami ry'ubuhinzi muri [[Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda|kaminuza]] nkuru y'u [[Rwanda]] (kuva 2009 kugeza 2011) Kuva 2010 Dr.Nyinawamwiza laetitia ni Umwarimu mukuru muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|kaminuza]] y'u [[Rwanda]], Ishuri Rikuru ry'[[Ubuhinzi]]. Kuva 2011 kugeza 2013 yari Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe amasomo n'[[Ubushakashatsi mu buhinzi n’ubworozi|ubushakashatsi]] mu Ishuri Rikuru ry[[Ubuhinzi|'Ubuhinzi]] n'[[Ubworozi bw’inkoko|ubworozi]] (ISAE-BUSOGO) kuva muri 2012 kugeza 2013 Dr.Nyinawamwiza Leatitia yabaye AG. Umuyobozi w'ishuri Rikuru ry'[[Ubuhinzi]] n'ubworozi (ISAE-BUSOGO) Dr,Nyinawamwiza laetitia yabaye Umwe mu bagize komite ishinzwe kugenzura Inama Njyanama ya karere ka Africa y’Uburasirazuba mu burezi mu mashuri makuru na [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|kaminuza]] (kuva 2013 kugeza 2015) yabaye Umwe mubagize Inama y'Ubuyobozi y'inama y'[[igihugu]] ishinzwe [[Amashuli mu Rwanda|amashuri]] makuru na [[Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda|kaminuza]] (kuva 2012 kugeza 2019) Yabaye Umuyobozi wungirije w'inama y'Ubuyobozi y'Ikigo cya siyansi yakoreshejwe (Ines-Ruhengeri), (kuva 2012 kugeza 2019) Yari Umuyobozi wungirije w'inama y'Ubuyobozi y'Ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe [[Ubushakashatsi mu buhinzi n’ubworozi|ubushakashatsi]] n'iterambere ry'inganda (NIRDA), (kuva 2016 kugeza 2019) Yabaye Umuyobozi wungirije w'inama y'Ubuyobozi y'icyayi cy'u Rwanda (Inganda z'[[icyayi]] cya Rubaya-Nyabihu), (kuva 2018 kugeza 2019) Yabaye Umunyamuryango w'Inama y'Ubuyobozi ya [[Rwanda Mountain Tea|Rwanda mountain tea]] (Uruganda rw’icyayi rwa Kitabi), (kuva 2018 kugeza 2019) Yari Umuyobozi w'Ishuri Rikuru ry'[[Ubuhinzi]], siyanse y'inyamaswa n'ubuvuzi bw'amatungo muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|kaminuza]] yu [[Rwanda]] (kuva 2013 kugeza 2019).<ref>https://ur.ac.rw/?Dr-Laetitia-NYINAWAMWIZA-appointed-to-Rwanda-Mountain-Tea-s-Board-of-Directors</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gov.rw/senate-2/senators-profiles/senators-profile-1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111084408/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/senate-2/senators-profiles/senators-profile-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kuba muri Sena y'u Rwanda == Mu mwaka w'i 2019 Dr. Laetitia Nyinawamwiza yatorewe kujya mu nteko ishinga amategeko y'u [[Rwanda]], umutwe wa Sena<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gov.rw/senate-2/senators-profiles/senators-profile-1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111084408/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/senate-2/senators-profiles/senators-profile-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Ibihembo == Mu mwaka w'i 2017 Dr [[Laetitia Nyinawamwiza]] yahawe igihembo cy'umwe mu bagore bavuga rikijyana bari mu bucuruzi, imiromo ya leta ndetse n'uburezi muri Afurika, icyo gihembo kikaba cyaratanzwe na CEO-Global<ref>https://ceoglobalnetwork.com/</ref>. Yabaye indashyikirwa muri Kaminuza ishinzwe uburinganire mu Rwanda (kuva 2016 kugeza 2019) == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} adsmy7r7b1j3x15nxtgy8k9i5fs1mb2 0 9396 139604 114155 2026-09-23T18:19:33Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139604 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:An aerial view of new look of Rwanda Parliament Building in Kimihurura, Kigali on May 16, 2019. Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|Inteko ishingamategeko umutwe wa Sena|390x390px]] '''Mukakalisa Jeanne d’Arc''' ni umwe mubategarugori bagize inteko Ishingamategeko umutwe wa Sena, akaba yaratorewe kuzajya mu inteko Ishingamategeko umutwe wa Sena nk’uko byemejwe n’inama nyunguranabitekerezo y’imitwe ya Politiki mu Rwanda.aturuka mu Ishyaka PDC.Iyinama y’iri huriro ry’imitwe ya politiki yemewe mu Rwanda yateranye kuri uyu wa Kane tariki ya 20 Nzeri 2012, niyo yemeje uyu musenateri bashya<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/uyisenga-na-mukakalisa-batorewe-kujya-muri-sena-y-u-rwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-10 |archive-date=2021-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110134442/http://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/uyisenga-na-mukakalisa-batorewe-kujya-muri-sena-y-u-rwanda |url-status=dead }}</ref>.Uyu musenaterari akaba yarafatanyishe nabanyarwanda muri gahunda ya ndumunyarwanda akaba yemezako ndumunyarwanda ari urukingo rw'ejo heza h'u Rwanda<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/ndi-umunyarwanda-ni-urukingo-rw-ejo-heza-h-u-rwanda-senateri-mukakalisa</ref>Akaba yarayoboye comite ya sena ishinzwe gutanga amakuru kubinyobwa bikorerwa mu Rwanda <ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/senate-seeks-expedition-food-and-drugs-authority</ref> == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]] rot81rcr2b0weieni94oyfossy5w22j 0 9472 139564 130764 2026-09-23T14:20:04Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139564 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:South Africa - Location Map (2013) - ZAF - UNOCHA.svg|thumb|daryne yavukiye muri afurika yepfo ninahu yakuriye]] '''Daryne Joshua''' (wavutse 1992), ni umukinnyi wa firime wo [[Afurika y’Epfo|muri Afrika yepfo]] <ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3736242/</ref>. Azwi cyane nk'umuyobozi wa firime ''zamamaye cyane Noem My Skollie'' na ''Ellen: Die storie van Ellen Pakkies''. Usibye gukora firime, ni n'umugiraneza, umwanditsi, uwashushanyije animasiyo, uwashushanyije amajwi, itangazamakuru n'umuyobozi ushinzwe itumanaho.<ref>https://africanfilmny.org/directors/daryne-joshua/</ref><ref>https://www.screenafrica.com/2017/02/15/film/film-content/film-director-speak-daryne-joshua/</ref> == Ubuzima bwite == Yavukiye kandi akurira i Cape Town. Yize mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Livingstone. Ni umwarimu kuri Sinema n’Ubushakashatsi bwa Sinema muri Cape Peninsula, Kaminuza y’ikoranabuhanga<ref>https://www.f6s.com/darynejoshua</ref>. == Umwuga == Afite imyaka irindwi, yatangiye gukina muri filimi ngufi. Muri kiriya gihe, yakoze no kugurisha imigani mu inshuti ze muri Bridgetown. Nyuma yaje kwiga muri AFDA, Ishuri ryubukungu bwo guhanga no kubona impamyabumenyi itandukanye<ref>http://www.spla.pro/index.php?page_inc=fiche&type=personnes&no=51044</ref>. Niwe washinze, umwanditsi akaba n'umuyobozi wa Gambit Films yashinze akimara kurangiza. Gambit Films yakoze ikinamico ya mbere ya Afrikaans ya Cape Town, ''Suidooster'' ica kuri DSTV na Kyknet<ref>https://www.tribute.ca/people/daryne-joshua/58785/</ref>. Muri 2016, yayoboye filime ye ya mbere ''Noem My Skollie''. Filime yatoranijwe nkuwinjiye muri [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afrika]] yepfo muri Filime nziza y’ururimi rw’amahanga mu bihembo bya 89 bya Academy<ref>http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2017067630</ref> . Iyi filime yatsindiye ibihembo bya RapidLion kubera amashusho meza na Filime nziza yo muri [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika]] y'Epfo muri 2017. Intsinzi ya firime, yakoze film ye ya kabiri yerekana ''Ellen: Die storie van Ellen Pakkies''<ref>https://letterboxd.com/director/daryne-joshua/</ref> . Byari bishingiye ku nkuru y'impamo ya Ellen Pakkies<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.africine.org/personne/daryne-joshua/51044 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-15 |archive-date=2025-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224171802/http://www.africine.org/personne/daryne-joshua/51044 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Iyi filime yerekanwe bwa mbere ku isi mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya Filimi Rotterdam (IFFR) ku ya 27 Mutarama 2018 kandi ryishimiwe cyane. Yasohotse muri [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika]] y'Epfo ku ya 7 Nzeri 2018<ref>https://www.programme-tv.net/biographie/513039-joshua-daryne/</ref>. Muri 2018, yanditse inyandiko ya firime ngufi ''nimero 37'' iyobowe na Nosipho Dumisa. Inyandiko yaje gutsindira igihembo cya Afurika yepfo Filime na Televiziyo (SAFTA)<ref>https://www.themoviedb.org/person/1686178-daryne-joshua</ref><ref>https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Daryne-Joshua%2C-dir.-Call-Me-Thief-%5BNoem-My-Jacobs/cb8b964133279b78d32bd8d292001d1894709dd6</ref>. == Amashusho == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Film !Role !Genre |- |2010 |''Lost Boys: The Thirst'' |Staff assistant |Home video |- |2016 |''Noem My Skollie'' (Call Me Thief) |Director |Film |- |2018 |''Ellen: Die storie van Ellen Pakkies'' |Director |Film |- |2018 |''Number 37'' |Writer, script |Short films |- |2020 |''Blood & Water'' |Director, writer |TV Series |} == references == [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] 2cdhc4ey0c05rufgk7cdw7qg3tc00br 0 9562 139776 134706 2026-09-24T10:00:57Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139776 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Uganda-districts-and-capital-map-1-e1693208672957.jpg|thumb|mathew yavukiye muri uganda ninaho yigiye]] '''Mathew Nabwiso,''' ni [[Ubugande|umukinnyi wa filimi muri Uganda]]. Nabwiso azwi cyane kubera uruhare muri firime ''Imbabazi'', ''Rain'' and ''Kyaddala''. Usibye gukina, ni n'umuririmbyi, umuyobozi na producer<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4920146/</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Yavutse nkumwana wa karindwi wumuryango urimo abavandimwe cumi n'umwe. Ababyeyi be bahoze ari abadepite Frank Nabwiso na Mama Christine Nabwiso wa Jinja<ref>https://observer.ug/lifestyle/59432-mathew-nabwiso-on-family-film-and-food</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza ya Mwiri na Kamuli Boys kumashuri abanza. Nyuma yize muri Busoga College, Mwiri kuri O-level nyuma yiga muri Namasagali College, i Kamuli. Nyuma yaje kubona impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu kwamamaza muri Kupuro Institute of Marketing<ref>https://moviefit.me/persons/408612-mathew-nabwiso</ref> . Mbere yo kwinjira mu gukina, yari afite akazi k'igihe cyose nk'umuyobozi ushinzwe kugurisha isosiyete ikora ICT. Ariko yaretse akazi kugira ngo akore umwuga binyuze muri sinema. Yashakanye na mugenzi we bakinana, Eleanor Nabwiso wanakinnye muri serivise za ''The Hostel''<ref>https://mbu.ug/2021/10/21/mathew-eleanor-nabwiso-celebrate-8th-marriage-anniversary/</ref> . Abashakanye bafite abana bane.<ref>https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/eleanor-nabwiso-adventure-drove-me-into-arms-of-film-industry-1937276</ref> == Umwuga == Muri 2006, yakoze sinema yumukobwa akina na firime ''Battle of the Souls'' .Muri 2011, yinjiye mu bakinnyi ba filimi ''The Hostel'' yanyuze kuri NTV Uganda, ikundwa cyane.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.howwebiz.ug/news/entertainment/27945/eleanor-mathew-nabwiso-celebrate-7th-anniversary- |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121134736/https://www.howwebiz.ug/news/entertainment/27945/eleanor-mathew-nabwiso-celebrate-7th-anniversary- |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nyuma yo gusoza uruhererekane, yashinze isosiyete ikora firime 'Nabwiso Films'.Muri 2013, yatsindiye igihembo cy'umukinnyi witwaye neza muri Afurika Magic Viewers 'Choice Awards (AMVCA), kubera filime ''A Good Catholic Girl''<ref>https://observer.ug/lifestyle/59432-mathew-nabwiso-on-family-film-and-food#:~:text=Actor%20Mathew%20Nabwiso%2C%20is%20Uganda's,a%20singer%20and%20film%20producer.</ref> . Nyuma muri 2016, yatorewe umwanya wa 'Dumba' muri film ''Imvura'' muri AMVCA. Muri 2020, yahawe igihembo cya Film Act muri Vine Awards kubera uruhare yagize muri sinema ya [[Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bigeye.ug/mathew-nabwiso-scoops-film-act-award-at-vine-awards/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121134728/https://bigeye.ug/mathew-nabwiso-scoops-film-act-award-at-vine-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashusho == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Film !Role !Genre |- |2006 |''[[:en:Battle_of_the_Souls|Battle of the Souls]]'' | |Film |- |2011 |''[[:en:The_Hostel_(TV_series)|The Hostel]]'' |Director |TV Mini-Series |- |2012 |''Africa First: Volume Two'' |Ahmed |Video film |- |2013 |''[[:en:A_Good_Catholic_Girl|A Good Catholic Girl]]'' | |Film |- |2013 |''[[:en:Imbabazi:_The_Pardon|Imbabazi]]'' |Gasana |Film |- |2016 |''[[:en:Rain_(2016_film)|Rain]]'' |Actor: Dumba, producer |Film |- |2018 |''[[:en:Mpeke_Town|Mpeke Town]]'' |Paul |TV Series |- |2018 |''[[:en:The_Mercy_of_the_Jungle|The Mercy of the Jungle]]'' |Director |Film |- |2018 |''[[:en:Family_(2018_TV_series)|#Family (Hashtag Family)]]'' |Frank Mpanga |TV Series |- |2019 |''[[:en:Kyaddala|Kyaddala]]'' |Mr. G |TV Series |- |2020 |''[[:en:Prickly_Roses|Prickly Roses]]'' |Director |Film |} == references == [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba firime]] 1i8cfq98lp8znhuo3xfg04aoitusnar 0 9585 139829 131387 2026-09-24T10:33:27Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139829 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Angola - Location Map (2013) - AGO - UNOCHA.svg|thumb|erica sofia yavukiye mugihugu cya angola]] '''Érica Sofia de Jesus Chissapa Bicho''' (yavutse ku ya 22 Ukuboza 1988), uzwi cyane nka '''Erica Chissapa''', ni umukinnyi wa filime akaba n'umunyamakuru [[Angola|wa Angola]]<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3977779/bio</ref> . Azwi cyane kubera uruhare muri firime''[[:en:Njinga:_Queen_of_Angola|Njinga: Queen of Angola]]'', ''Voo Directo'' and ''Jikulumessu''<ref>https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/erica-chissapa/3030497069/</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Yavutse ku ya 22 Ukuboza 1988 i Huambo, mu kibaya cyo hagati cya [[Angola]] <ref>https://mubi.com/cast/erica-chissapa</ref>. Nyuma yaje kwimukira i Luanda afite imyaka ibiri gusa kandi abana na ba sekuruza, asize ababyeyi be na barumuna be batatu mu gihugu cye<ref>https://peoplepill.com/people/erica-chissapa</ref>. == Umwuga == Afite imyaka 14, Erica yinjiye mu ikinamico. Mugihe yari mu myitozo yitsinda ryamakinamico i Luanda, yatumiriwe gusimbura umwe mubakinnyi bakinnye, wagombaga gufungura nyuma yiminsi itatu<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jornaldeangola.ao/ao/noticias/erica-chissapa-em-novela-portuguesa/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121171525/https://www.jornaldeangola.ao/ao/noticias/erica-chissapa-em-novela-portuguesa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Hanyuma yimukiye kuri seri ya televiziyo abitumiwe n'umukinnyi Orlando Sérgio. Ariko, ntabwo yatsinze ikizamini cyambere.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://frankensaurus.com/Orlando_S%C3%A9rgio |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121171524/https://frankensaurus.com/Orlando_S%C3%A9rgio |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nyuma yaje gutsinda guhitamo miniseries, ariko ikibabaje nuko umusaruro wahagaritswe nyuma yimitwe ibiri yanditswe<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fontedenoticias.com/en/conheca-o-percurso-destas-tres-actrizes-angolanas/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121171516/https://fontedenoticias.com/en/conheca-o-percurso-destas-tres-actrizes-angolanas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Icyakora, yakomeje kwigaragaza mu ikinamico ya [[Angola]] hamwe nitsinda ryamakinamico 'Henriques Artes'<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sw.shops-net.com/136678/1/erica-chissapa.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121171533/https://sw.shops-net.com/136678/1/erica-chissapa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Mu 2005, yakinnye muri opera yisabune ''Sede de Viver'' anakina nka 'Kátia'. Intsinzi imaze gutsinda, yatumiwe kugira uruhare runini muri Brezil-Angola ''ikorana na Minha''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://angorussia.com/entretenimento/fama/erica-chissapa-partilha-emocao-por-ver-a-mae-a-casar-se-com-seu-vestido/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121173020/https://angorussia.com/entretenimento/fama/erica-chissapa-partilha-emocao-por-ver-a-mae-a-casar-se-com-seu-vestido/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Terra Minha Mãe''. Mu mwaka wa 2010, yakinnye muri filimi ya [[Porutigali|Porutugali]] - Angola ''Voo Directo''. Muri uruhererekane, Érica yagize uruhare nka 'Weza Oliveira'. Muri 2014, yatumiriwe kujya mu ikinamico ''Jikulumessu'' n'umuririmbyi Coréon Dú<ref>https://alchetron.com/Lesliana-Pereira</ref> . == Amashusho == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Film !Role !Genre |- |2004 |''Black and White Lives'' |Lígia |TV Series |- |2005 |''Sede de Viver'' |Kátia |TV Series |- |2008 |''Minha Terra Minha Mãe'' |Teresinha |TV Series |- |2010 |''Voo Directo'' |Weza |TV Series |- |2014 |''[[:en:Njinga:_Queen_of_Angola|Njinga: Queen of Angola]]'' |Kifunji |Film |- |2014 |''Jikulumessu'' |Ruth Capala |TV Series |- |2014 |''Njinga, Rainha de Angola'' |Kifunji |TV Series |} == references == [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba firime]] 04i7taluvv29xpjfr52rkdz1kyvqhww 0 9618 139777 107978 2026-09-24T10:01:04Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139777 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rose Mukantabana''' (wavutse ku ya 31 Kanama 1961) ni umunyamategeko uharanira uburenganzira bw'umugore. Yahoze ari Perezida w’Umutwe w’abadepite mu Rwanda kandi ni we mugore wa mbere watorewe uwo mwanya. Yatorewe kuba umuyobozi w’umuryango w’inteko ishinga amategeko nyafurika kuva 2013-2015<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/Ubuvugizi-Rose-Mukantabana-akorera-abagore-yabutangiriye-kuri-nyina-wamubyaye-Ubuhamya</ref>.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/uwahoze-ayobora-inteko-ishinga-amategeko-y-u-rwanda-yaje-mu-banyeshuri-b</ref> == Ubuzima bwa Biografiya == [[Dosiye:NyanzaDist.png|thumb|Nyanza aho Rose yavukiye]] [[Dosiye:Ancien logo Université Saint-Louis Bruxelles (2013-2018).svg|thumb|Kaminuza Rose yakuyemo impamyabumenyi yihariye mu burenganzira bwa muntu]] Rose Mukantabana yavutse ku ya 31 Kanama 1961 mu [[Akarere ka Nyanza|Karere ka Nyanza]], Intara y'Amajyepfo, u Rwanda. Yarangije amashuri yisumbuye atangira gukora mu bakozi ba Leta mu 1980, <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rnanews.com/grandslacs-societe/656-parlement--qui-est-la-prdente-de-la-chambre-des-dt |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-23 |archive-date=2016-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203070728/http://www.rnanews.com/grandslacs-societe/656-parlement--qui-est-la-prdente-de-la-chambre-des-dt |url-status=dead }}</ref> abanza muri Sosiyete y'u [[Rwanda]] ishinzwe ubwishingizi nyuma muri Minisiteri ishinzwe abakozi ba Leta. <ref name="Institute for Inclusive Security">https://www.inclusivesecurity.org/network-bio/rose-mukantabana/</ref> Mu 1992, yinjiye muri [[kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda]] arangiza impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu 1996<ref>https://www.ktpress.rw/2021/06/school-girl-advocates-for-mother-against-abusive-father-becomes-parliamentary-speaker-womens-advocate/</ref>. Muri uwo mwaka, yatangiye gukorera Ishyirahamwe Haguruka, umuryango utegamiye kuri leta wibanda ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’uburenganzira bw’umugore n’abana. <ref name="bio">{{Template:Cite news}}</ref> Amaze imyaka icyenda muri iryo shyirahamwe, yatangiye kuba umufasha mu by'amategeko kandi akora kugeza ku muhuzabikorwa ushinzwe amategeko. Nyuma gusukura Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa y'Igihugu, <ref name="Parliamentary profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.rw/chamber-of-deputies/members-profile/chamber-of-deputies-members-profile/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-23 |archive-date=2019-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714051241/http://www.parliament.gov.rw/chamber-of-deputies/members-profile/chamber-of-deputies-members-profile/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mukantabana asubira kw'ishure. Yize mu [[Bubiligi]], yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse "impamyabumenyi yihariye mu burenganzira bwa muntu" <ref name="bio" /> yakuye muri Université Saint-Louis Bruxelles. <ref name="Institute for Inclusive Security" /> Mu 2002, yabaye visi perezida wa Pro-Femmes, umuryango w’amahoro wahuzaga ingufu za ONG 43 zigamije iterambere ry’umugore n’uburenganzira. Mu 2005, yatangiye gukora nk'umuhuzabikorwa w’igihugu w’umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw’umugore uterwa inkunga na USAID maze mu 2007, yimukira muri ActionAid International [[Rwanda]], abanza kuba Umuhuzabikorwa w’Uburenganzira bw’umugore nyuma aba umuyobozi ushinzwe gahunda. Mu mwaka wa 2008, yatorewe kuba Umudepite uhagarariye [[Kigali|intara]] y’Umujyi wa Kigali. Ku ya 6 Ukwakira 2008, yatowe na bagenzi be badepite kugira ngo abere Perezida w’Umutwe w’abadepite mu Rwanda kugeza mu 2013 ku majwi 70 kuri 100 na. <ref name="bio" /> Amatora ye yamugize umugore wa mbere uyoboye inteko ishinga amategeko<ref>https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/socar122110a</ref>. <ref name="president of Deputies" /> Mu mwaka wa 2012, yatorewe kuba umuyobozi w’umuryango w’inteko ishinga amategeko nyafurika (APU) kugeza mu 2015. <ref>https://mshale.com/2015/03/31/women-progress-politics-glass-ceiling-remains-unbreakable/</ref> == references == [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi babanyapolitiki]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] 0yhwpse98wm51c3wl7cb4mv43hydy1d 0 9639 139637 86687 2026-09-23T18:23:42Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139637 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tseko Monaheng''', numukinnyi wa filimi muri Mosotho. <ref>https://mubi.com/cast/tseko-monaheng</ref> Azwi cyane ku ruhare muri filime ''This Is Not a Burial, It's a Resurrection'', ''Five Fingers for Marseilles'' and short film ''Behemoth: Or the Game of God''. <ref>http://www.filmstarts.de/personen/883783.html</ref> <ref>https://letterboxd.com/actor/tseko-monaheng/</ref> == Umwuga == Mu 2005, Monaheng yavumbuwe n'umukinnyi w'inararibonye akaba na producer, Silas Monyatsi mu gihe cyo kwerekana ikinamico ya SIDA ''Ke Khetho Eaka''. Nyuma yaho mu mwaka, yakoze mu filimi ngufi ''Untitled'' iyoborwa na Kaizer Matsumunyane. Hagati aho, yakinnye mu makinamico menshi ya radiyo kuri SIDA. Mu mwaka wa 2006, yakinnye bwa mbere mu ikinamico yo muri [[Afurika y'Epfo]] hamwe na Soul City's ''Untitled Stories'' harimo ''[[Mapule's Choice]]'' na ''Monna Motsamai''. <ref name="sundayexpress">https://sundayexpress.co.ls/monaheng-debuts-on-rhythm-city/ </ref> Yakinnye kandi muri firime nyinshi za Mosotho harimo na Lemohang Yeremiya Mosese ya firime ngufi yamamaye cyane Behemoth: Cyangwa Umukino w'Imana nk'uruhare runini 'Umubwiriza'. <ref>https://www.filmaffinity.com/co/film622401.html</ref> Hamwe no gutsinda muri make, yahise atoranyirizwa mumushinga utaha wa Mosese''[[:en:This_Is_Not_a_Burial,_It's_a_Resurrection|This Is Not a Burial, It's a Resurrection]]'' muri 2019. Filime yerekanwe no mubirori mpuzamahanga bya firime. <ref>https://filmfestival.cologne/en/filme/this-is-not-a-burial-its-a-resurrection/</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfesthamburg.de/de/programm/Film/35258/This_Is_Not_a_Burial_Its_a_Resurrection |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-24 |archive-date=2021-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727212629/https://www.filmfesthamburg.de/de/programm/Film/35258/This_Is_Not_a_Burial_Its_a_Resurrection |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sundance.org/projects/this-is-not-a-burial-it-s-a-resurrection |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-24 |archive-date=2021-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124063051/https://www.sundance.org/projects/this-is-not-a-burial-it-s-a-resurrection |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iffr.com/en/2020/films/this-is-not-a-burial-it%E2%80%99s-a-resurrection |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-24 |archive-date=2021-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725230853/https://iffr.com/en/2020/films/this-is-not-a-burial-it%E2%80%99s-a-resurrection |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yakinnye kandi muri firime ''zaho: Kau la poho'' (2008) na ''Lilaphalapha''. <ref name="sundayexpress"/> Muri 2017, Monaheng yakinnye muri firime yo muri [[Afrika yepfo|Afrika yepf]]. Yabigizemo uruhare nk'umupolisi urya ruswa. Iyi filime yakiriwe neza kandi ihitamo kwerekanwa mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Toronto (TIFF) kuva ku ya 7 kugeza ku ya 17 Nzeri 2017. <ref>https://sundayexpress.co.ls/local-actors-featured-at-canada-festival/</ref> Muri 2018, yatangiriye kuri tereviziyo yo muri [[Afrika yepfo]] hamwe nikinamico ''Rhythm City''. Icyakora, yageragejweho uruhare mu Kwakira 2017. Monaheng kandi yifatanyije na productions ku: ''Mantsopa'' na ''Qomatsi'' ndetse bitandukanye 'Lesedi' FM darame radiyo. <ref name="sundayexpress"/> == Amashusho == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Film !Role !Genre |- |2005 |''Untitled'' | |Short film |- |2008 |''[[:en:Mapule's_Choice|Mapule's Choice]]'' | |Short film |- |2008 |''Kau la poho'' |Chief Mohale |Short film |- |2009 |''Lilaphalapha'' | |Film |- |2013 |''Mantsopa'' | |TV Series |- |2015 |''Qomatsi'' | |TV Series |- |2014 |''Naka la Moitheri'' |Chief Mohale |Short film |- |2016 |''[[:en:Behemoth:_Or_the_Game_of_God|Behemoth: Or the Game of God]]'' |Preacher |Short film |- |2017 |''[[:en:Five_Fingers_for_Marseilles|Five Fingers for Marseilles]]'' | |Film |- |2018 |''[[:en:Rhythm_City_(TV_series)|Rhythm City]]'' | |TV Series |- |2019 |''[[:en:This_Is_Not_a_Burial,_It's_a_Resurrection|This Is Not a Burial, It's a Resurrection]]'' | |Film |} == references == [[Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba firime]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] np0e064v7esj2rbcjixnbdcfng89cha 0 9805 139721 127451 2026-09-23T18:38:31Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139721 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:PHOTO ALIOUNE.jpg|thumb|alioune ifra]] '''Alioune Ifra Ndiaye''' (wavutse 1969/1970) 1969/1970 == Ubuzima bwa Biografiya == Ndiaye ni umuhungu w'umujandarume, mukuru we ni umuyobozi wa firime Souleymane Cissé. . <ref name="cessou" /> Ndiaye yatewe inkunga na murumuna we, Ndiaye yimukiye muri [[Kanada]] yiga ibijyanye no gukina amafilime muri Université du Québec à Montréal. Yagarutse i [[Bamako]] mu 1997 kugira ngo abone impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu mateka. Mu 1998, Ndiaye yashinze itsinda ry’ikinamico rya BlonBa ari kumwe n’inshuti ye, umufilozofe w’Abafaransa n’umwanditsi Jean-Louis Sagot-Duvauroux. Yize kandi umubano wumuco muri Kaminuza ya Sorbonne Nouvelle [[Paris]] 3 . Ndiaye yafatanije kwandika no gukora ibitaramo bitanu mu muco w'ikinamico ya kotèba, kandi itsinda rya BlonBa ryatanze ibitaramo ijana muri [[Senegali]], [[Bene|Bénin]], Ubufaransa n'Ububiligi. <ref name="naude">https://www.jeuneafrique.com/132673/culture/alioune-ifra-n-diaye/</ref> Muri Mutarama 2007, BlonBa yafunguye umwanya w’umuco, inzira yonyine y’ikigo ndangamuco cy’Abafaransa (CCF). Umwanya w’umuco wahatiwe gufunga nyuma y’ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi bwa [[Mali]] 2012, ariko ishami ry’Ubufaransa ryemerera kuguma mu bucuruzi. <ref name="meslee">https://www.lepoint.fr/culture/mali-alioune-ifra-ndiaye-la-culture-est-un-instrument-essentiel-d-un-mali-post-crise-12-02-2016-2017549_3.php</ref> Ndiaye yayoboye kandi documentaire, firime zimpimbano, na videwo yindirimbo, maze ahimba igitekerezo cya telekotèba. Yatoje porogaramu yo gutunganya amafilime i Paris, yitabira gutunganya TV kandi akora nk'umujyanama muri Tchad kugira ngo afashe kuvugurura imiyoboro isanzwe. Muri 2012, yasabye umwanya wo kuba umuyobozi mukuru wa Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision du Mali,, ariko ntiyatorwa. Muri 2013, Ndiaye yashinze umuyoboro we wa tereviziyo i [[Bamako]], witwa Wôklôni nyuma ya elve mu migani ya Mandingo. Yatangije umuyoboro n'amafaranga ye, ariko ntiyigeze abona uruhushya rwemewe na guverinoma. Ndiaye yayoboye igitaramo cyiswe ''Taynibougou, la cité des profiteurs'', anenga urwego rwa ruswa mu gihugu. Yasohoye igitabo ''Banyengo'' mu 2016, mu rwego rwo guteza imbere umuco w’[[igihugu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://malisnews.com/en/books-alioune-ifra-ndiaye-writes-banyengo/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-30 |archive-date=2021-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130072437/http://malisnews.com/en/books-alioune-ifra-ndiaye-writes-banyengo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Muri 2017, umwanya wumuco wa BlonBa wongeye gufungura. Ndiaye niwe waremye abahanzi hamwe Djinè Ton. <ref name="meslee"/> Ndiaye ni we washinze umutwe wa politiki Wele Wele, ushaka gukangurira urubyiruko kwiyamamariza umwanya wa politiki. Ni anististe, kandi ntavugwaho rumwe muri Mali kubera ko adakurikiza Islam. Ndiaye afite abana bane, harimo impanga kuva yashyingiranwa bwa mbere. Ahuza amahugurwa yo kwandika ikinamico ngarukamwaka. <ref>http://africultures.com/personnes?no=3186</ref> == references == [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] le3k18i5y0iqcfte9zhil0ckiepbzsu 0 9827 139722 116081 2026-09-23T18:38:38Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139722 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Dosiye:Senegal - Location Map (2011) - SEN - UNOCHA.svg|thumb|igihugu dyana gaye akomokamo]] '''Dyana Gaye''' (wavutse 1975) ni umuyobozi w'amafirime mu [[bufaransa]] ariko aturuka muri [[senegali]]. == Ubuzima bwa Biografiya == Gaye yavukiye i Paris mu 1975, umukobwa w’abimukira bo muri Senegali, yiga muri kaminuza ya Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis yiga filime. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filme-aus-afrika.de/EN/film-database/persons/personen-details/w/2016/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-30 |archive-date=2021-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507213205/https://www.filme-aus-afrika.de/EN/film-database/persons/personen-details/w/2016/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yakiriye inkunga ya Louis Lumière - Villa Médicis inkunga mu 1999 kubera amashusho ye ''Une femme pour Souleymane''. <ref name="africanfilm">https://africanfilmny.org/directors/dyana-gaye/</ref> Gaye yayoboye mu 2000, kandi yahawe igihembo kinini cya Jury mu iserukiramuco rya Filime rya Dakar. <ref name="gan">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fondation-gan.com/laureats-et-films/gan-laureats/des-etoiles |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-30 |archive-date=2014-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127211358/http://www.fondation-gan.com/laureats-et-films/gan-laureats/des-etoiles |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu 2004, yari umwe mu bahatanira umwanya wa Rolex Mentor na Protégé Arts Initiative. Gaye yayoboye filime ngufi ''J'ai deux amours'', mu rwego ''rw'umushinga wa Paris la métisse'' mu 2005. Umwaka ukurikira, yayoboye ''Ousmane'', byagenze neza cyane. Yakiriye nomination ya Filime ngufi nziza muri César Awards. Muri 2009, Gaye yakoze kandi ayobora ''Saint Louis Blues'', yari comedi yumuziki. Yerekanwe mu iserukiramuco rya Filime rya Lokarno na Sundance Film Festival, yari umwe mu batanu ba nyuma ba Filime ngufi nziza muri César Awards. <ref name="africanfilm" /> Filime yatoranijwe, iterwa inkunga kandi ikorwa mubice bigize gahunda yibanze ya Afrika. <ref>https://shadowandact.com/focus-features-africa-first-alumni-dyana-gaye-will-make-her-feature-film-debut-with-des-etoiles-stars/</ref> Yabaye igihembo cya 2012 cyigihembo cya Gan Foundation. <ref name="gan" /> Gaye yayoboye ''Munsi ya Starry Sky'' muri 2013, abaye film ya mbere yerekana amashusho hagati ya Dakar, Turin, na New York City. Yerekanwe mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Toronto maze ahabwa igihembo kinini cya Jury hamwe nigihembo cyabateze amatwi muri Premiers Plans Angers Festival. Gaye yavuze ko iyi filime ari ugukomeza gukina filime ngufi zabanjirije iyi, no gukora ubushakashatsi ku ndangamuntu nyinshi ndetse n’abinjira. <ref>https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/10/02/tint-o02.html</ref> Gaye ni umunyamuryango wa Collectif 50/50, umuryango ufite intego yo kugira uburinganire hagati y’abagabo n’abagore mu nganda za firime, ndetse no guteza imbere ubudasa muri sinema. == Igice cya firime == * 2000: ''Une femme gusuka Souleymane'' * 2005: ''J'ai deux amours'' * 2006: ''Ousmane'' * 2009: ''Mutagatifu Louis Blues'' * 2013: ''Munsi Yinyenyeri'' * 2014: ''Un conte de la Goutte d'or'' == references == [[Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba firime]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] rpspvt6ppt71txme1hgjg2mv6wik3fp 0 9839 139830 122775 2026-09-24T10:33:34Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139830 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Nadineibrahim.jpg|thumb|nadine ibrahim]] '''Nadine Ibrahim''' (wavutse 1993/1994 ) ni umuyobozi wa firime ya [[Nijeriya|Nigeriya]]. == Ubuzima bwa Biografiya == Ibrahim yavukiye i Kaduna akurira ari Umuyisilamu. Nyina, Amina J. Mohammed yahoze ari minisitiri w’ibidukikije muri Nijeriya akaba n'Umunyamabanga mukuru wungirije w’umuryango w’abibumbye. <ref name="okoro">{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/nadine-ibrahim-i-want-to-tell-stories-that-can-change-the-world/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-30 |archive-date=2021-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916170110/https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/nadine-ibrahim-i-want-to-tell-stories-that-can-change-the-world/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Igihe yari akiri muto, yashishikajwe no kuvuga inkuru no gukina filime aho kuba amasomo gakondo. <ref name="samanga">https://www.okayafrica.com/nadine-ibrahim-film-nigeria-nollywood/</ref> Yavuye muri Nijeriya yerekeza mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]] afite imyaka 14 <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mrsceonaija.com/2018/02/25/lessons-on-breaking-into-the-movie-industry-nadine-ibrahim-films-to-the-world/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-30 |archive-date=2021-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029054903/https://mrsceonaija.com/2018/02/25/lessons-on-breaking-into-the-movie-industry-nadine-ibrahim-films-to-the-world/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> yiga itangazamakuru no gutunganya amashusho muri kaminuza ya Gloucestershire. Mubindi bintu, yakoraga imishinga [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|yumuryango w’abibumbye]] na firime za Fictionless. <ref name="okoro" /> Ibrahim yari producer wungirije wa ''Hakkunde'', hafi ya Nigeriya yepfo uhura numuco wamajyaruguru kunshuro yambere. <ref name="future">https://awards.thefutureafrica.com/the-future-awards-africa-prize-for-screen-producer/</ref> Filime ye ngufi ya documentaire ''Through Her Eyes'' yasohotse muri 2017. Iravuga amateka ya Azeeza, umukobwa wimyaka 12 washimuswe ahinduka umwiyahuzi. Iyi filime yari kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Los Angeles kandi yatowe mu cyiciro cya filime ngufi mu Iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime muri Afrika. Kubitsinda ryitangazamakuru EbonyLife firime na tereviziyo yakoresheje firime avuga inkuru zamoko yo mumajyaruguru ya Nijeriya, nka Hausa, Fulani, Igbira, Igala, Tiv na Gbagyi. Ni umuyobozi mukuru wa sosiyete ikorera mu gihugu cya Nigeriya, Nailamedia, yashinzwe mu 2017. <ref name="inmesit">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulse.ng/bi/lifestyle/nadine-ibrahim-nigerian-filmmaker-talks-about-the-essence-of-being-different/nzp71n0 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-30 |archive-date=2020-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031201839/https://www.pulse.ng/bi/lifestyle/nadine-ibrahim-nigerian-filmmaker-talks-about-the-essence-of-being-different/nzp71n0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Filime ye ya documentaire ngufi yitwa ''Marked'', yakoranye imyaka ibiri yatewe inkunga no gushyira ikimenyetso cya nyirasenge, yerekanwe bwa mbere mu iserukiramuco rya Aké ryabereye i Lagos muri 2019. Ireba inkovu gakondo, ikwirakwizwa muri Nijeriya ariko nanone ikaba kirazira, ariko, ubwiza bwayo nibyo Ibrahim yashakaga gutsinda. <ref>https://www.dazeddigital.com/body/article/46557/1/scarification-nadine-ibrahim-marked-documentary-film-nigeria-lagos-taboo</ref> Ibrahim yanditse Tyler Perry, Alfred Hitchcock, Spike Lee and Ang Leee nk'intangarugero. Iyindi ngaruka ikomeye avuga ni nyina, binyuze mu mirimo ye muri guverinoma yamenye ubukene na ruswa muri Nijeriya. Yagizwe umwe mu basore bakomeye ba firime bo muri Nigeriya bareba. <ref>https://shadowandact.com/three-young-nigerian-filmmakers-to-watch</ref> Ibrahim yashakanye na Nasir i [[Abuja]] muri 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/ca5431dadd89220cf93b4b4dac8b7074 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-30 |archive-date=2020-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013180255/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/ca5431dadd89220cf93b4b4dac8b7074 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Igice cya firime == * 2015: ''Idéar'' (film ngufi) * 2017: ''Hakkunde'' (film ngufi) * 2017: ''Binyuze mumaso ye'' (film ngufi) * 2018: ''Tolu'' (firime ngufi) * 2019: ''Ntabwo ndi ruswa'' (film ngufi) * 2019: ''Ikimenyetso'' (firime ngufi) * 2019: ''Amagambo yaciwe cyane'' (firime ngufi) == references == [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba firime]] akb8sydvqla1o8n334gas4hk4mkqjrj 0 9890 139595 128931 2026-09-23T17:56:45Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139595 wikitext text/x-wiki Teta Isibo ni Umunyarwandakazi wiyemeje gukora imirimo y’ubugeni n’ubukorikori. Ni we mbaraga (creative force) ziri inyuma ya Inzuki Designs, kandi nk’umukobwa ukiri muto amaze kwiyubakira izina rikomeye mu Rwanda. Teta azwi cyane mu gukora: * '''Imitako (accessories)''' * '''Ibikoresho by’imideli''' * '''Gutaka no gutunganya imbere (interior decoration)''' Ibikorwa bye bikozwe n’intoki (handmade), akoresha ubuhanga bw’ubukorikori gakondo ahujije n’ibikoresho bitandukanye. Ikindi kimuranga ni uko akorana n’amakoperative menshi y’abategarugori, abafasha gukora ibice byiza kandi bikarushaho guteza imbere ubukungu bwabo. Muri make, Teta Isibo ni urugero rw’umukobwa wagaragaje ko impano, umurava, n’ubufatanye n’abandi bishobora kubyara umusaruro ukomeye no kubaka izina ku rwego rw’igihugu no hanze yacyo. == Ubuzima bwo hambere hamwe nakazi == Teta Isibo w'imyaka 29 y'amavuko ni wenyine wigishije gushushanya akaba ari nawe washinze Inzuki. Ikirangantego cyu Rwanda kizobereye mu ntoki zikozwe mu ntoki, ibikoresho ndetse n’imbere imbere bikozwe mu bikoresho byaho. Bikorewe i Kigali, Inzuki Igishushanyo gikorana namakoperative atandukanye yabategarugori kugirango bakore ibicuruzwa bihuza ubukorikori nuburyo bugezweho.<ref>https://leadingladiesafrica.org/never-stifle-your-dreams-and-aspirations-teta-isibo-teta-isibo-founder-of-inzuki-designs-is-reinventing-traditional-crafts-in-rwanda/</ref> Inzuki Igishushanyo ni ikirango, cyihuta cyane cyu Rwanda ruzobereye mumitako ihumeka nyafurika, ibikoresho hamwe na décor y'imbere, byose byakozwe n'intoki.<ref>https://www.lionessesofafrica.com/lioness-teta-isibo</ref> Ibishushanyo bya Inzuki bizobereye muri Jewellery, Accesories no gutaka imbere. Yakozwe n'intoki igishushanyo cyu Rwanda hamwe nisi yose, ukoresheje ibikoresho kama. Teta ashinzwe igishushanyo mbonera, naho abanyamuryango ba koperative y'abagore hirya no hino bashinzwe gukora ibicuruzwa.<ref>https://www.lionessesofafrica.com/lioness-teta-isibo</ref> == Aho byakuwe == lnhwkdrgxml1zvu6k2ik598r10xf40g 0 9951 139596 130163 2026-09-23T17:56:51Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139596 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kibogora polytechnic''' ni Kaminuza y'igenga ishingiye kw'idini rya Methodist Libre, ifite ikicaro gikuru mu ntara y'iburengerazuba mu karere ka [https://www.nyamasheke.gov.rw/ Nyamasheke], umurenge wa Kanjongo mu Rwanda. Umushinga wo gutangiza iyi kaminuza watangiye muri Nyakanga 2011 ku igitekerezo cy' itorero rya methodiste libre, ibitaro bya Kibogora ndetse n'abaturage batuye mu bice bigize intara y'iburengerazuba <ref>https://www.4icu.org/reviews/15128.htm</ref>. [[Dosiye:University_of_Rwanda,Huye_campus_.jpg|thumb|KAMINUZA YA KIBOGORA |287x287px]] == Amateka == Ubuyobozi bw'itorero ryigenga rya Methodiste nyuma yo gukora ibiganiro byimbitse k'umushinga wo gutangiza kaminuza bwatanze ubusabe kuri minisiteri y'uburezi na minisiteri y'ubutegetsi bw'igihugu Ugushyingo 2011, Minisiteri y'ubutegetsi bw'igihugu yasubije ubusabe bwabo Kuwa 7 Mutarama 2012, ikurikirwa na minisiteri y'uburezi kuwa 31 Kanama 2012<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kp.ac.rw/about |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-01-31 |archive-date=2022-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131045726/https://www.kp.ac.rw/about |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Nyuma yo kwemererwa ubwo busabe, Iyi kaminuza y'itorero rya Methodiste libre mu Rwanda, yatangiye kwakira abanyeshuri bambere kuwa 17 Nzeri 2012, mu masomo y'ubuganga na theology, kuwa 10 Ukwakira 2012 ikigo gishinzwe amashuri makuru mu Rwanda (HEC) cyemereye iyi kaminuza andi mashami abiri arimo ay'Uburezi n'ubucuruzi ( Business and development studies) mu ishami ry'ubukungu n'iterambere ry'icyaro<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Rwanda</ref>. == Icyerekezo == Kibogora Polytechnic (KP) yemejwe n'ikigo k'igihugu gishinzwe amashuri makuru (HEC) ndetse ihabwa uburenganzira busesuye (License) Ukwakira 2014 hashingiwe ku itegeko nomero 07/2015 ryo kuwa 15 Werurwe 2015. Iyi Kaminuza igamije gukemura ikibazo cy'abanyeshuri baburaga aho bakomereza kaminuza hafi yabo igihe batabaga babonye buruse yo gukomeza muri Kaminuza nkuru y' u Rwanda <ref>https://bwiza.com/?Nyamasheke-Abarangije-muri-kaminuza-ya-Kibogora-polytechnic-basabwe-kuba</ref>. Kibogora Polytechnic (KP) itanga impamyabushozi mu ikiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza(Masters) n'ikiciro cya kabiri cya Kaminuza (bachelor) mu mashami y'uburezi (education), ubuganga (Health sciences), Ubucuruzi (Business and development studies) na Theology <ref>https://topuniversitieslist.com/kibogora-polytechnic/</ref> == Ubutumwa == Kugira uruhare mu kuvugurura umuryango w’u Rwanda ku ruhande rwo kuzamura ireme ry’abakozi mu bijyanye n’uburezi, mu gufasha abahawe impamyabumenyi kurushaho kwikorera ubwabo, umuryango n’Imana, binyuze mu mikurire y’umwuka, kwiga imyuga n’ubushakashatsi, no kugira uruhare mu iterambere ry'abaturage.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/uburezi/amashuri/article/kibogora-polytechnic-irateganya-ko-buri-munyeshuri-uyigamo-azagira-laptop-ye</ref> == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Amashuri mu Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Amashuri makuru]] [[Ikiciro:Kaminuza]] [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Nyamasheke]] 03xgun2ch0wu9jnvc8wfb372prt39k7 0 9990 139741 118581 2026-09-23T18:41:02Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139741 wikitext text/x-wiki Niyitegeka Gratien yavutse kuwa 25 ugushyingo 1978 akaba ari umukinnyi wa filimi, Urwenya n'ikinamico. mumirimo yihangiye harimo no kuba avuga imivugo akaba n'umusizi w'umunyarwanda Gratien yabyawe na Ngarukiye thacien na Mukarusharaza Bernadethe ,akaba afite impamyabumenyi y'ikiciro cyakabiri cya kaminuza. akaba yaravukiye Mukarere ka [[Akarere ka Rulindo|Rurindo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ninyampinga.com/sections/amakuru-yabo/seburikoko-ni-muntu-ki/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-05 |archive-date=2021-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021231314/http://ninyampinga.com/sections/amakuru-yabo/seburikoko-ni-muntu-ki/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yiga ibinyabuzima nubutabire murwunge rwamashuri rwa Rurima. Gratien mubuzima busanzwe yaje kwihangira imirimo, akora ibinubyinshi ariko, byose bijyanye nubuhanzi. == Itangiriro ry'e == yatangiye guhanga ibihanganobye yiga mu wagatandatu wa mashuri abanza nibwo yatangiye guhimba imivugo nabyenda gusetsa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ninyampinga.com/sections/amakuru-yabo/seburikoko-ni-muntu-ki/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-05 |archive-date=2021-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021231314/http://ninyampinga.com/sections/amakuru-yabo/seburikoko-ni-muntu-ki/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>agezemuwakane w,amashuri y'isumbuye nubwo yakinye ikinamico yitwa"sirikoreye",ariwe wakinye yitwa gutyo, yarushwanaga kubumwe n'ubwiyunge. [[Dosiye:RulindoDist.png|thumb|Gratien yavukiye mu karere ka Rulindo]] icyogihe yaratsinze ahebwa kurwego rw'igihugu .yakuze afite inzozi zokuzambara tigana[inkweto zarizingezweho kera] nokuzaba uwambere kuberako ababyeyibe bahoraga babimubwira kenshi. kubernu yatinyaga urushinge nago yarikwifuza kuba muganga.gusa ibyobyose yabigezeho yabaye uwambere ni nkweto za tigana yazambaye agiye kubatizwa. umuryangowe yarawufashije arihira amashuri bashikibe.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/sinema/article/mpagurukiye-gutereta-natera-abarenga-30-inda-seburikoko</ref> Gratien azwi cyane nka Seburikoko ,Sekaganda, Papa sava na Ngagi. ibi byamuteje imbere nditse abona nibihembo bitandukanye. == Amashuri yize == Yize amashuri y'icyiro rusange muri ES-Rutongo, Naho ayisumbuye ayiga muri college ya Rurima mu [[Akarere ka Bugesera|karere ka Bugesera]] mw'ishami ry'ubutabire,[[Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda|Nimugihe kaminuza]] yo Yayize muyahoze ari KIE mu ishami rya BIO-GEO uburezi. Niyitegeka Gratien kandi afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya 2 cya [[Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda|Kaminuza]] muyahoze ari KIE ubu ikaba yarabaye Kaminuza y'u Rwanda ishami rya Remera.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ninyampinga.com/sections/amakuru-yabo/seburikoko-ni-muntu-ki/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-05 |archive-date=2021-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021231314/http://ninyampinga.com/sections/amakuru-yabo/seburikoko-ni-muntu-ki/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Reba == s38k5rc261f89uzsofphdelu2nvkria 0 10011 139605 115826 2026-09-23T18:19:49Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139605 wikitext text/x-wiki Kaminuza mpuza mahanga ya Rusizi mu magambo y 'icyongereza ni " Rusizi Interantional University (RUI)" ni kamunuza itanga ubumenyi [[Rwanda]] ikaba ihereye mu ntara y 'iburengeruzuba, akarere ka Rusizi ya kira abanyarwanda na abanyamahanga mu mashami yayo atandukanye, ikaba itanga impamyabumyenyi zitanduka harimo iyi kiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza ni zindi<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.igihe.com/news/mineduc-rusizi-university-exchange-heightens |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-11 |archive-date=2022-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211213615/https://en.igihe.com/news/mineduc-rusizi-university-exchange-heightens |url-status=dead }}</ref> . == Amateka == Kamunuza mpuzamahanga ya Rusizi yatangiye mu mwaka wa bihumbi biri na kumi ni ine (2014) itangirana na amashami yayo atandukanye harimo ayubuvuzi bw' abantu nu ubugeneni<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/Rusizi-Urubyiruko-rwa-Rusizi-International-University-rurashimira-Leta-y-Ubumwe</ref>. == Amasomo == Hari amasomo atangwa na kaminuza mpuzamahanga ya Rusizi akurikira: [[Dosiye:Rusizi interna uni.jpg|thumb|Kamunuza Mpuzamahanaga ya Rusizi (RUI)|324x324px]] * Arts & humanities * Medicine & health. == Ubuyobozi == Dr Gahutu Pascal ni wari umuyobozi wa kamuniza mpuza mahanga ya Rusizi <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.igihe.com/education/gahutu-attacks-education-minister-over-rusizi |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-11 |archive-date=2022-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211222248/https://en.igihe.com/education/gahutu-attacks-education-minister-over-rusizi |url-status=dead }}</ref> mu ri 2017 == Ibindi wamenya == Kamunuza mpuzamahanga ya Rusizi yigeze guhagarikwa mu mwaka w' ibihumbi bibiri na kumi ni itanu nyuma y 'isuzumwa ryari rimazwe gukorwa na minisiteri y uburezi mu [[Rwanda]] <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.igihe.com/spip.php?page=mv2_article&id_article=36060 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-11 |archive-date=2022-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211213614/https://en.igihe.com/spip.php?page=mv2_article&id_article=36060 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Kaminuza mu Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Kaminuza]] [[Ikiciro:Kaminuza na amashuri makuru Mu Rwanda]] 76q41mkhww04uvbymuk6m4fpdzlgoes 0 10038 139597 125586 2026-09-23T17:56:58Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139597 wikitext text/x-wiki International School of Kigali (ISKR) ni ishuri ryigenga, rifatanije, [[:en:English-medium_education|icyongereza]]-giciriritse K - 12 i Kigali, [[umurwa]] mukuru w'u [[Rwanda]]. Iri [[Dosiye:Iskfacilities.jpg|thumb|Location :Kigali, Rwanda]] shuri ryashinzwe mu 2009. Muri Nzeri 2021, ishuri ryimukiye mu kigo gishya i Kigabagaba, ikigo gishya gitanga umwanya munini ku bana<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iskr.org/community |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=2022-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219130548/https://www.iskr.org/community |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Inyigisho na Masomo bitangwa muri ISKR == ISKR itanga integanyanyigisho mpuzamahanga zishingiye ku bipimo ngenderwaho bya AERO n'ibipimo bihuriweho na Common Core muri Amerika.Kubanyeshuri bo mumashuri yisumbuye, ISKR itanga kandi amasomo ya AP mubyiciro byose hiyongereyeho gahunda ya Advanced Placement (AP).<ref>https://www.state.gov/international-school-of-kigali-rwanda-fact-sheet/</ref> Amashuri abanza nayisumbuye yibanda kubibazo, umushinga / uburyo bushingiye kubibazo byo kwiga. Mubyongeyeho, abanyeshuri bose bari mumwanya wo kwiga bashimangira guhanga ibigisha gutekereza cyane, itumanaho nubuhanga bwo gufatanya. Abanyeshuri bose bafite kandi amahirwe menshi yo gutoranya gakondo nkigifaransa, ubuhanzi, ikinamico, hamwe nubumenyi bwumubiri hamwe numwanya wo kwiga uburyo bwo gutekereza kubishushanyo mbonera mugace kacu dukoresheje printer ya 3D nibindi bikoresho byo mukinyejana cya 21.<ref>https://2009-2017.state.gov/m/a/os/219611.htm</ref> == Abarezi == Mu mwaka w'amashuri 2021-2022, ISKR ifite abakozi 50 bose barimo abarimu 34. Abigisha mpuzamahanga bose bemewe, kandi abafasha bose bigisha bafite impamyabumenyi muburezi.<ref>http://www.kicsrw.org/</ref> == Kwiyandikisha == Mu ntangiriro z'umwaka w'amashuri wa 2021-2022, abiyandikishije bari 165 (K-5: 79, 6-8: 49, 9-12: 37, 37 bahagarariye ibihugu 37). === Location === Iri shuri riherereye i Nyarutarama, hamwe muduce dutuwe cyane na Kigali. Ikigo gikuru kirimo amazu abiri yegeranye, hamwe nikibuga cyo gukiniramo, ikibuga gito cyumupira wamaguru, hamwe na basketball. Ikigo cya kabiri, ikigo cyacu cyisumbuye, giherereye nko muri metero 400 kumuhanda umwe. Ishuri rifite umurongo wihariye wa enterineti kandi uhujwe rwose.<ref>https://www.state.gov/international-school-of-kigali-rwanda-fact-sheet/</ref> === Referances === e1bymki4g0e7ixwqjt37vhusmp8p71c 0 10043 139798 136764 2026-09-24T10:03:37Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139798 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Miss Bahati Grace.jpg|alt=baha|thumb|Miss Bahati Grace]] [[Dosiye:Miss Bahati Grace.jpg|thumb|Bahati Grace]] Grace bahati yavukiye [[Uganda]] tariki 15 werurwe 1991 we nu muryango we baje mu [[Rwanda]] afite imyaka 3 nyuma ya [[Genocide mu Rwanda|genocide]] yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994 .yakutse mu muryango mugari. Bahati afite imyaka 16 yihaye intego yo gukora icyamuteza imbere.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://missrwanda.rw/grace-bahati/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-21 |archive-date=2022-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221174418/https://missrwanda.rw/grace-bahati/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Miss Bahati Grace wa twaye ikamba 2009 == Miss Rwanda yabaye nyuma ya jenocide ,tariki 19 Ukuboza 2009 yegukanwa na Miss Bahati grace mubirori byabereye i Gikondo ahasanzwe habera imurikagurisha. yatwaye ikamba rya Miss Rwanda 2009 afite imyaka 18.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/ibirori/article/reba-uburanga-bw-abakobwa-bahataniye-ikamba-rya-miss-rwanda-2009-amafoto</ref> == Ubukwe bwa Miss Bahati Grace == [[Dosiye:Bahati Grace.jpg|thumb|Miss Bahati Grace numugabo bakoze Ubukwe]] Miss babati yakoranye ubukwe na Murekezi pascifque umuhungu wa Fatikaramu wamamaye akina mwikipe ya Royan sports<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/ibirori/article/reba-uburanga-bw-abakobwa-bahataniye-ikamba-rya-miss-rwanda-2009-amafoto</ref>. yakoze ubukwe tariki 19 Nzeri 2021 ,Muri Reta zunze ubumwe na America mu mujyi wa Cedra Rapids muri Reta ya Iowa,akaba arinaho bahuriye ubwambere bateretana.<ref>/imyidagaduro/ibirori/article/ubukwe-bwa-miss-bahati-grace-n-umuhungu-wa-fatikaramu-bwashyushye</ref> == Amateka == Bahati n'umukobwa wavukiye muri [[Uganda]] Mu mwaka wa 1991 kuwa 15 werurwe. [[Nyampinga w'u Rwanda#cite%20note-3|Miss Bahati]] yagiye muri [[Amerika]] kuwa 22 [[Kamena]] 2011. [[Nyampinga w'u Rwanda#cite%20note-3|Bahati Grace]] yavuye mu [[Rwanda]] agiye kwiga muri [[Amerika]] ariko ngo agezeyo yasanze amafaranga yari afite atamurihira n’igihembwe kimwe, bituma abanza gushaka ibyangombwa byatuma yiga mu ishuri atishyura.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hose.rw/miss-bahati-grace-yavuze-ku-buzima-bwo-kurera-umwana-wenyine-nyuma-yo-gutandukana-ka-k8/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-10 |archive-date=2022-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510111223/https://hose.rw/miss-bahati-grace-yavuze-ku-buzima-bwo-kurera-umwana-wenyine-nyuma-yo-gutandukana-ka-k8/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>Guhera ubwo ntabwo yongeye kugaruka mu Rwanda kubera impamvu z’amasomo no gushaka ubuzima. Miss Bahati Grace akabaye yaramaze igihe arimurukondo na Murekezi Pacifique umuhungu wa Fatikaramu wamamaye akina mu ikipe ya Rayon Sports baza kwiyemeza kurushinga. Ubukwe bwabo bwabereye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. [[Nyampinga w'u Rwanda#cite%20note-3|Miss Elsa na Miss Meghane]] Barabutashye.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/ibirori/article/ubukwe-bwa-miss-bahati-grace-n-umuhungu-wa-fatikaramu-bwashyushye</ref> Mbereyaho [[Miss Bahati grace|Miss Bahati]] yatangarije itangazamakuru ko yatwaye inda agifite ikamba rya Miss Rwanda akaza kubyarana n’umuhanzi K8 Kavuyo waje no kumureka, Miss Bahati ntiyacitse intege akomeza kwirwanaho muri Amerika kugeza akundanye na Murekezi kugeza ubu niwe mutware we.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/ibirori/article/ubukwe-bwa-miss-bahati-grace-n-umuhungu-wa-fatikaramu-bwashyushye</ref> Muri ibyo bihe kandi yari afite [[umwana]] w’uruhinja, agomba kwitaho wenyine kuko yari Atari kumwe na se.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/miss-bahati-grace-ari-mu-rwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-10 |archive-date=2022-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510112730/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/miss-bahati-grace-ari-mu-rwanda |url-status=dead }}</ref>Bwari ubuzima butoroshye kuko nta wundi muryango yari ahafite kandi atahamenyereye. bahati agira Ati “Kurera umwana uri umubyeyi umwe ni ikintu kitoroshye, mu gihugu cy’amahanga urimo uragerageza kumenyera ubuzima bushya n’indi mico utari usanzwe umenyereye ariko byose bituruka ku ntego nari mfite.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hose.rw/miss-bahati-grace-yavuze-ku-buzima-bwo-kurera-umwana-wenyine-nyuma-yo-gutandukana-ka-k8/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-10 |archive-date=2022-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510111223/https://hose.rw/miss-bahati-grace-yavuze-ku-buzima-bwo-kurera-umwana-wenyine-nyuma-yo-gutandukana-ka-k8/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>Bahati Grace yavuze ko yaje kubona umuryango wambereye nk’ababyeyi umufasha kurera umwana wemu gihe yari afite akazi abifatanya no kwiga. bahati grace aragira Ati “Nabanye nawe ndamurera ndiga sinavuga ko imbaraga nyinshi zari kuri njye gusa, naje kugirirwa ubuntu n’Imana impa umuryango mugari mwiza n’ubwo ababyeyi banjye bari mu Rwanda Inama yanyegereje abo babyeyi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hose.rw/miss-bahati-grace-yavuze-ku-buzima-bwo-kurera-umwana-wenyine-nyuma-yo-gutandukana-ka-k8/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-10 |archive-date=2022-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510111223/https://hose.rw/miss-bahati-grace-yavuze-ku-buzima-bwo-kurera-umwana-wenyine-nyuma-yo-gutandukana-ka-k8/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Icyo Avuga mu Kwibuka kucuro 28 == Bahati Grace aragita ati : kucuro 28 Abanya Rwanda twibuka Genocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994 .<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/116240/kwibuka28-miss-bahati-grace-yunamiye-sebukwe-wishwe-muri-jenoside-116240.html</ref>Gwarazirikana kandi agaha icyubahiro sebukwe Rapheal Murekezi wamenyekanye nka Fatikaramu warumubyeyi, umukinnyi wumupira wamaguru wikipe ya ryon [[Umukino|siporo]] aho nyuma yaje nokuba umutoza <ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/116240/kwibuka28-miss-bahati-grace-yunamiye-sebukwe-wishwe-muri-jenoside-116240.html</ref> == Reba == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Miss Rwanda]] 5068hrfc5m9sp3kxhc9jdmhygwogjul 0 10053 139683 136317 2026-09-23T18:31:14Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139683 wikitext text/x-wiki Dr Bayisenge Jeannette n'u mubyeyi wabana batatu b'abahungu, numubyeyi ucecetse cyane ariko w'umuhanga mubyakora Kandi ujyira akanyamuneza kuko na minota ibiri ishira atamwenyuye uretse gusa iyo avuga ibijyanyen'akazi.<ref>amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/haracyakenewe-imbaraga-ngo-abagore-biyubake-mu-bukungu-minisitiri-bayisenge</ref> == Amateka == Dr Bayisenge Mbere y'uko aba Minisitiri muri MIGEPROF y'arumwarimu muri [[kaminuza y'u Rwanda]] yigisha amasomo ajyanye n'uburinganire. Umwuga y'amazemo igihe kirekire kuko yawutagiye 2004 nyuma yigihe gito arangije muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|kaminuza]] kuko yayizemo kuva mu 1993 kugeza muri 2003 yiga ibijyanye n<nowiki>'imirimo Rusange ''Social Work''</nowiki>.<ref>/igihe/posts/dr-bayisenge-jeannette-ni-minisitiri-wuburinganire-niterambere-ryumuryango-migep/10159502308582114/</ref> == Amashuri yize == Dr Bayisenge Mbere y'uko abona Doctora yabanje kwiga icyiciro cy'agatatu cya [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|kaminuza]] muri [[Koreya y’Amajyepfo|korea yepfo]] 2008na 2009. Muri kaminuza y'a Ewah Womens y'iga ibijyanye n'iterambere Rusange ariko Ryibanda ku Bagore[Developement cooperative with Specialisation in women and developemen<ref>abantu/article/akunda-koga-gusenga-no-gutembera-ubuzima-bwo-hanze-y-akazi-bwa-minisitiri</ref>t]. == Ibyo akunda gukora == Dr Bayisenge Jeanette nyuma yakazi ke akunda umukino wo koga gutembera ndetse no Gusenga ni umubyeyi ugira urugwiro cyane kuko akunda kuganira ndetse no guseka ni umwe mu ba minisitire babahanga kandi bakora akazi kabo neza mu [[Rwanda]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/abantu/article/akunda-koga-gusenga-no-gutembera-ubuzima-bwo-hanze-y-akazi-bwa-minisitiri |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-03-01 |archive-date=2022-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301162946/https://igihe.com/abantu/article/akunda-koga-gusenga-no-gutembera-ubuzima-bwo-hanze-y-akazi-bwa-minisitiri |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ibikorwa bye == Dr Bayisenge ibyo akora ntago bitandukanye cyane n'ibyo yize n'ibyo yakozemo ubushakashatsi bwinshi.<ref>amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/haracyakenewe-imbaraga-ngo-abagore-biyubake-mu-bu</ref> iyo ugiye ku mbuga zishyirwaho ubushakashatsi,urugero nka researchgate,ubonaho uburenga 15 yakoze,yaba ubuvuga kw'iterambere ry'abagore, uburenganzira buhabwa kubutaka, ubuvuga ku rubyiruko,kubuzima bwo mu cyaro n'ibindi. yakuze ari umuhanga mu ishuri,inzozi ze arukwiga a[[Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda|kaminuza]] kuburyo aba-docter. ubuyarazikabije ahubwo kuko afite impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga ibona [[Umugabekazi|umugabo]] igasiba undi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/abantu/article/akunda-koga-gusenga-no-gutembera-ubuzima-bwo-hanze-y-akazi-bwa-minisitiri |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-03-01 |archive-date=2022-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301162946/https://igihe.com/abantu/article/akunda-koga-gusenga-no-gutembera-ubuzima-bwo-hanze-y-akazi-bwa-minisitiri |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Imirimo ye == Dr Bayisenge ni umwarimu ukomeye muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|Kaminuza yu Rwanda]] ishuri rikuru ry'ubugeni nubumenyi bw'imibereho (UR-CASS) ikigo cy'uburinganire <ref>https://www.migeprof.gov.rw/news-detail/prof-bayisenge-jeannette-takes-oath-as-new-minister-of-gender-and-family-promotion-1</ref> akaba kandi Perezida winama njyanama y'[[Akarere ka Gasabo]] afite akandi impamyabumenyi yikirenga kubijyanye nimibereho yakuye muri [[Suwede|Kaminuza]] [[Suwede|ya Gothenburg muri suwede.]] afite kandi impamyabumenyi yikirenga mubufatanye bw'iterambere hamwe n'inzobere mubagore yakuye muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|Kaminuza]] ya [[Koreya y’Amajyepfo|Ewha woman in Seoul muri koreya y'amajyepfo]] n'impamyabumenyi ihanitse ijyanye n'imibereho myiza yakuye muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|Kaminuza yu Rwanda]] ubushakashatsi bwe bwibanda ahanini k'uburinganire n'iterambere ndetse n'iterambere ry'umugore n'abana.<ref>https://theconversation.com/profiles/jeannette-bayisenge-459033</ref> == Reba == c4wjbpr55tr7hs1roouacknkgmub8p2 0 10066 139638 133823 2026-09-23T18:23:49Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139638 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rwanyonga Mazimhaka Jolly''' ni inzobere mu burezi mu [[Rwanda]]. Yashakanye na [[Patrick Mazimhaka]] (1948–2018) bafite abakobwa batatu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://akilah.org/team-members/dr-jolly-mazimhaka |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-26 |archive-date=2022-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226095227/https://akilah.org/team-members/dr-jolly-mazimhaka |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amavu n'amavuko == Jolly Mazimhaka yavukiye muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]] kandi yiga muri Trinity College Nabbingo. Afite impamyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya kabiri cy’ubuhanzi mu buvanganzo bw’[[icyongereza]] na dipolome ya nyuma y’uburezi yakuye muri kaminuza ya Makerere muri Kampala n’icyiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza mu buvanganzo rusange bwa Commonwealth ndetse na PhD muri Drama ya Renaissance, ituruka muri kaminuza ya Saskatchewan <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.igihe.com/mv/?page=mv2_article&id_article=36863 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-26 |archive-date=2022-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226095227/https://en.igihe.com/mv/?page=mv2_article&id_article=36863 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Umwuga == Yatangiye umwuga we wo kwigisha [[Ubuvanganzo]] n'Icyongereza muri Mount Saint Mary's College Namagunga muri [[Uganda]] no mu ''ishuri ry'abakobwa rya Loreto Convent'' i Limuru, muri [[Kenya]]. Nyuma yaje kuba umwarimu mu cyongereza muri kaminuza ya Saskatchewan<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.umusingi.org/archives/13241 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-26 |archive-date=2022-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226095228/https://www.umusingi.org/archives/13241 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Mu Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubumenyi n'Ikoranabuhanga rya Kigali (KIST) Jolly Mazimhaka yari afite imyanya myinshi, harimo: * Umwarimu mu Cyongereza * Umwarimu muburyo bwubushakashatsi * Umuyobozi: Ubwishingizi bw'amasomo * Umuyobozi wungirije w'agateganyo: Ushinzwe amasomo Muri [[Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda|kaminuza nkuru yu Rwanda (UNR)]] yari: * Umuyobozi: Ubwishingizi bw'amasomo * Umuyobozi: Kwigisha no Gutezimbere Kwiga Ni umwe mu bagize akanama k’abajyanama b’ikigo cya Akilah, ishuri ridaharanira inyungu ry’abagore i [[Kigali]], <ref>[https://www.akilahinstitute.org/leadership/ Rwanda Board of Advisors of the Akilah Institute]</ref> akaba n’umuyobozi w’uburinganire bwa ''Equality Power'', igikorwa gishyigikira imishinga y’imyitwarire kandi itandukanye muri Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara. Yabaye perezida wa Rotary Club Kigali-Virunga.<ref>https://www.oxford.co.ke/index.php?searchword=Jolly%20Mazimhaka&searchphrase=all&Itemid=136&option=com_search</ref> == references == [[Ikiciro:Uburezi mu Rwanda]] <references /> [[Ikiciro:Abarimu ba Kaminuza]] g6wo8eblvuqm6djcj9x3xj0qql4r5wv 0 10071 139883 133017 2026-09-24T10:43:05Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139883 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shyaka Anastase''' ni umurezi akaba n'umunyapolitiki mu [[Rwanda]], wabaye Minisitiri w’ubutegetsi bw’ibanze, muri guverinoma [[Inama y’Abaminisitiri|y’u Rwanda]], kuva ku ya 18 Ukwakira 2018. <ref name="1R">https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/kagame-reshuffles-cabinet</ref> <ref name="2R">http://ktpress.rw/2018/10/rwanda-gets-new-50-50-gender-cabinet-fewer-ministers/</ref> Mbere yuko ashyirwaho, yari umuyobozi mukuru w'Inama y'Ubutegetsi y'u Rwanda RGB. <ref name="3R">http://ktpress.rw/2018/07/new-law-on-religious-institutions-due-next-week/</ref> Yakoraga kandi nk'umuyobozi mu Ikigo gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane muri [[Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda|kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda]]. Ubu yagizwe umujyanama wihariye w'uturere tubiri two mu burengerazuba ni ukuvuga Akarere ka Nyamasheke na Rusizi amakuru amwe yemeza ko ariho kavukire.  == references == [[Ikiciro:Uburezi mu Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abarimu ba Kaminuza]] dl63en1ci5far3lk2kwepm71k1w9dc1 0 10111 139817 137754 2026-09-24T10:31:58Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139817 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Gatumwa.jpg|thumb|Urutare]] [[Dosiye:Gukura amabuye n'umusenyi muruzi vyica ikirere.jpg|thumb]] Guturitsa intambi ni bumwe mu buryo bukoresha mugihe hari gucukurwa amabuye atandukanye ,no muguturitsa ahantu hakomeye nko mu misozi, ubu buryo bwo gukoresha intambi bwangiza ibidukikije ndetse bukagira ingaruka mbi ku baturage baba begereye cyagwa batuye hafite yaho ziturikirizwa <ref>https://my250tv.com/2020/08/31/ikigo-gishinzwe-mine-gaz-na-peteroli-cyasobanuye-ibyabaye-ku-mashyuza-yi-rusizi/</ref> == Bimwe mu bice byo mu gihugu cy u Rwanda byagarage ikibazo k' ituritswa ry'intambi == Abaturage ba Jabana bo mu mugi wa kigali bagaragaje ko bakomeje kubangamirwa ni ituritswa ry'intambi mu gihe hakorwaga umuhanda, mu murenge wa Rusenge mu karere ka nyaruguru <ref>https://rba.co.rw/post/Bamwe-mu-batuye-muri-Nyaruguru-babangamiwe-no-guturitsa-intambi</ref>,mu karere ka Karongi na Rubavu naho hagararagara ikibazo k' ituritswa ry'intambi ndetse ni ingaruka, ituritsa ry'intambi rigira kubaturage. <ref>Abangirijwe n’intambi mu gukora umuhanda Karongi-Rubavu bijejwe ingurane - Kigali Today</ref>. == Ingaruka ziterwa n' ituritswa ry intambi == * Abantu bahaburira ubuzima * Iyangirika ry'ibikorwa remezo * Isenyuka n'iyangirika rya amazu * Iyangirika ry'ibidukikije<ref>https://bwiza.com/?Mont-Kigali-Urutare-rwa-Semafigi-rugiye-guturitswa</ref> * Kubura ubuzima rw'ibisobe bw'ibinyabuzima (inyamaswa, nu tundi dusimba tuba mu butaka )<ref>Abangirijwe n’intambi mu gukora umuhanda Karongi-Rubavu bijejwe ingurane - Kigali Today</ref> * Kwangirika kwimera * Nibindi ......................................<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/ikigo-gishinzwe-mine-gaz-na-peteroli-cyasobanuye-ibyabaye-ku-mashyuza-y-i-rusizi</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibyangiza ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibimera n’Inyamaswa]] ny3vao7jtss5bjvpeapl6qew1mvrmw4 0 10120 139589 135530 2026-09-23T15:59:34Z Ndahiro derrick 8075 Ndahiro derrick moved page [[AMAREBE]] to [[Amarebe]] 135530 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Amarebe.jpg|thumb|Amarebe]] [[Dosiye:Amarebe hejuru y'amazi y'ikiyaga.jpg|thumb|amarebe hejuru y'amazi]] Mu [[Rwanda|Rwanda;]] mu nzuzi n'ibiyaga hakunze kubonekamo icyatsi kitwa "AMAREBE' ni [[ikimera]] kimera mu mazi, ibibabi byacyo bikazamuka bijya ejuru. Mu [[Akarere ka Bugesera|karere ka Bugesera]] mu kiyaga cya Cyohoha hagaragayemo iKi cyatsi kibi ku rusobe ry'ibinyabuzima biba mu mazi. [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu in rwanda.jpg|thumb]] Hatangijwe umushinga wo kurandura icyo cyatsi cy' amarebe mu karere ka Bugesera mu rwego rwo kurengera ibidukikije<ref>Bugesera: Umushinga wo gukura amarebe mu Kiyaga cya Cyohoha ya ruguru umaze gukura bamwe mu bukene - Kigali Today</ref>. [[Dosiye:Photo_de_l'oiseau_appelé_bergeronnette_(_Inyamanza)_sur_la_jacinthe_d'eau.jpg|thumb|Amarebe]] == Ibibi by'amarebe == Amarebe ni umwanzi w'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima mu biyaga, imigezi n'inzuzi. Amarebe yororoka vuba akareremba hejuru y'amazi agafunga imiyoboro y'amazi yo kuhira bityo urusobe rw'ibimyabuzima ruri mu mazi rukazahara ,umusaruro w'amafi ukagabanuka ndetse n'amafi mato ntagenda neza nk'uko bikwiye . Uko amarebe agenda agwira mu kiyaga byangiza ikiyaga kuko uko amarebe agenda aba meshi bigabanya ubwiza bw'amazi ku binyabuzima biri mu mazi bimwe bikanapfa . [[Dosiye:Jacinte d'eau à ganvié.jpg|thumb|Amarebe]] Amarebe nanone ni icyatsi kibi kica urusobe rw'ibimera gisanga mu mazi . == Igisubizo cyabonetse mu kubyaza umusaruro amarebe . == Mu murenge wa Gashora hari itsinda ry'bagore ribyaza umusaruro amarebe hakorwamo bimwe mu bikoresho byifashishwa ;harimo inkweto ,ibikapu ,ingofero n'ibindi mu rwego rwo kurengera ibidukikije n'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima <ref>Gashora: Amarebe yari ikibazo none yabaye igisubizo - Kigali Today</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Dosiye:Amarebe.jpg|thumb|Aya niyo marebe; icyatsi kibi kica urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi. ]] [[Ikiciro:Ibimera n’Inyamaswa]] adr8f8e0c7wkm1uax0nleejx74hfja7 0 10148 139856 137201 2026-09-24T10:39:48Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139856 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Garbage and plastic waste in drainage channel in Butare town in Bushenyi District in Western Uganda 01.jpg|thumb|parasitiki|272x272px]] [[Dosiye:Plastic bags ((in plastic bags) in a plastic bag store) (2062671754).jpg|thumb|Plastic bags|164x164px]] [[Dosiye:Plastic bags ((in plastic bags) in a plastic bag store) (2061879943).jpg|thumb|amashashi|166x166px]] [[Dosiye:Plastic Carrier Bags.png|thumb|Plastic Carrier Bags|162x162px]] [[Dosiye:Plastic bags.jpg|thumb|Plastic bags (amasashe)|165x165px]] [[Dosiye:SZ Shenzhen food shopping plastic bags tomato n green vegetable February 2024 R12S.jpg|thumb|SZ Shenzhen food shopping plastic bags tomato n green vegetable|152x152px]] Reta y'u [[Rwanda]] yatangiye guca ikoreshwa ry' amashashi na parasitiki nkabimwe mu bikoresho byifashishwaga mu buzima bw' abanyarwanda harimo uducupa twamazi dukoze muri palasitiki, amashashi yakoreshwaga afungwamo bimwe mu bicuruzwa [[Isukari|nk'isukari]], amafu atandukanye cyangwa amashashi yakoreshwaga atwarwamo ibyahashywe mu masoko.<ref>https://umuryango.rw/amakuru/mu-rwanda/politiki/article/u-rwanda-nyuma-yo-guca-amashashi-pulasitiki-zikoreshwa-rimwe-nazo-zatangiye</ref> == Itegeko rihana ikoreshwa ry' amasashi na parasiki == Mu mwaka wa 2008, Leta y’u [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]] yasohoye itegeko ribuza ikorwa, itumizwa, ikoreshwa n’icuruzwa ry’amasashi akoze muri parasitiki. Iri tegeko rinagena n’ibihano ku warirezeho birimo igifungo kiva ku mezi atandatu kugeza ku mwaka n’ihazabu iva ku bihumbi 100 kugera ku bihumbi 500 Frw cyangwa kimwe muri byo ku bakora cyangwa abakoresha aya masashi. Ugurisha  aya masashi we ahanishwa kuva ku ihazabu y’ibihumbi 10 kugera ku bihumbi 300 Frw, naho umuntu wese utabyemerewe ukoresha aya masashi  ahanishwa ihazabu iri hagati y’ibihumbi 5 n’ibihumbi 100<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ar.umuseke.rw/amashashi-rema-yayahagurukiyeuyafatanywe-aracibwa-agera-kuri-300-000-frw.hmtl |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-25 |archive-date=2024-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226070624/https://ar.umuseke.rw/amashashi-rema-yayahagurukiyeuyafatanywe-aracibwa-agera-kuri-300-000-frw.hmtl |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ikoreshwa ry'amashashi na parasiki byangiza ibidukikije == Nyuma yikorwa ry'ubushakakashatsi ku bidukikije reta y'uRwanda ibicishije mu Ikigo cy’ igihugu cyo kurengera ibidukikije REMA bagarageje muri zimwe mu ngaruka mbi ziterwa n'ikoreshwa ry' amashashi na palastiki zikurikira :<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/ikindi-gikorwa-cyo-kurwanya-ikoreshwa-ry-amashashi.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-25 |archive-date=2022-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425190952/https://igihe.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/ikindi-gikorwa-cyo-kurwanya-ikoreshwa-ry-amashashi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Amashashi na parasiki bigira ingaruka mbi kubidukikije harimo gutuma amazi y’imvura atabasha gucengera mu butaka n’umusaruro w’ubuhinzi ukagabanuka. * Amashashi na parasiki arekura imyuka ihumanya igihe atwitswe cyangwa akoreshejwe mu gupfundikira ibiryo biri ku ziko. * Amashashi na parasiki biteza umwanda ku bidukije ndetse no mu nzuzi n'imigezi kuko bitabora. * Amashashi na purasiki byangiza inzira z' amazi bikaba byateza isuru. * Amashashi na parsiki byangiza urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/guca-amashashi-byagabanyije-umwanda-muri-kigali</ref>. Amashashi na parasiki byangiza ibidukikije umwuka duhumeka,yanduza amazi ndetse ni izindi ngaruka mbi cyane kubidukikije muri rusange == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] bv9qbad6rg6wr7nl1mbx4lq7gz6upyr 0 10210 139598 137043 2026-09-23T18:16:35Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139598 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pastor Julienne''' '''Kabiligi Kabanda''' ni umuyobozi mukuru akaba ari nawe washinze minisiteri y'icyumba cy'ubuntu (Grace Room Ministries) n’umugore ukora umurimo wo kuvuga ubutumwa mu [[Rwanda]]. == Ubuzima bwe == Julienne Kabiligi ni umuyobozi mukuru akaba ari nawe washinze minisiteri y'Icyumba cy'Ubuntu (Grace Room Ministries) iherereye i Nyarutarama mu mugi wa [[Kigali]] n’umugore ukora umurimo wo kuvuga ubutumwa ni umupasteri ukora umurimo w'ivugabutumwa no kuramya Imana, ariko kandi akabikorana n'ibikorwa by'urukundo nko gufasha abarwayi,gufasha abatishoboye, gukura urubyiruko mu biyobyabwenge nibindi <ref name=":0">https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/192475/Events/featured-bpr-plc-celebrates-new-year-by-supporting-vulnerable-communities</ref><ref>https://graceroomministries.org/about/</ref>. Julienne ni umwe mu ba Bashumba Imana yahaye impano zayo Kandi Bafite uruhare mu kuzana ububyutse mu Rwanda,afasha abakirisitu kumenya inzira nyakuri binyuze mu ijambo ry' Imana n'ubuntu bwayo yamushyizeho, we agaragaza Imana ivuga, ikora Kandi iriho.Bitewe n'inyigisho ze ahuza n’ubuzima bwa buri munsi abantu banyuramo bituma urubyiriko rumukurikira.<ref name=":0" /> == Amateka bwite == Julienne Yashakanye na Pasiteri Stanley Kabanda ni umubyeyi wa bana batanu afite imyaka 41, yatangiye ivuga butumwa akiri muto cyane kumyaka 18 gusa yavukiye mu muryango wa gikristo ariko utari muri iri vuga butumwa ryu yumunsi.<ref>bantu/article/umukozi-wo-mu-rugo-yamuhuje-n-agakiza-ubuzima-bwa-past-kabanda-umaze-i</ref> akiri umwana yakundaga umuziki cyane no kubyina mutubyiniro dutandukanye two mu mujyi wa kigali. akaba ari umwe muba shumba b'abagore mu [[Rwanda Tribune|Rwanda]] kubera Imirimo 'ivugabutumwa == Urugendo rwe rwo gukizwa == Julienne Kabiligi nkuko yakuze akunda kuririmba Kdi agakura abikora hamwe n itsinda yaririmbaga mo Gusa adakijijwe Kandi asa nkuri kuraruka kubera ibyo yirirwamo Iwabo bakagira umukozi wari ubabajwe nibyo julienne yirirwamo Kandi akiri muto yifuzaga ko yakizwa akagarukira Imana akakira yesu nk [[umwami]] n umukiza akagaruka mu nzira y umucyo yakijijwe avuye mukabyiniro kubera umukozi wo murugo babanaga yahoraga aterwa intimba ni myitwarire ye akamusengera. icyo gihe yaravuye mugitaramo atashye asanga umukozi wabo yashyize [[bibiliya]] mucyumba cye icyogihe yabuze ibitotsi arabyuka afata ya bibiriya atangira gusoma nibwo yahise agwa kwi jambo rivuga ngo ku uwo munsi azatoranya [[ihene]] muntama .Iryo jambo ryabaye urufatizo rwo guhinduka kwe ndetse no kwitekerezaho abona ko ubuzima bwe butatuma atorwa nk Intama. Rero kuva ubwo yahinduye inzira ye ava mu kigare kibi atangira urugendo rwo gushaka Imana no kuyimenya abishyiramo umwete wose nuko urukundo akunda Imana ruriyongera nyuma yiyumvamo ko agomba no kuyimenyesha abandi Gusa ntiyari azi ko Imana izamukoresha Imirimo Itangaje birenze uko yabikekaga<ref>m/kxlly_8/?hl=en</ref> == Ibikorwa bye == julienne yatangije ishuri bita high hopes rigamije gufasha abana bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe.<ref>julienne+kabanda&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiak6XN-Lv3AhVpgs4BHbJOCd</ref> akaba ayobora nu rusengero rwita jubilee revival assembly hamwe nu mugabo we Kabanda stanly. == Inzozi yarafite == julienne akiri umwana yakundaga umuziki bikomeye akaririmba arinako ajya kubyina mu tubyiniro dutandukanye mu mujyi wa [[Kigali|kigari]].<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/sports/bal-platform-career-growth-says-reg-star-olivier-shyaka</ref> kabanda bitew nukunu yakunda kuririmba indirimbo za Brenda Fassie bagez naho bazimwitirira. yaciye mumizik y'akundaga ibintu by'inshi byabakobwa, bakiri bato. == Ubuzima bwite == Pastor Julienne Kabiligi Kabanda ni umukuru wa Minisiteri izwi ku izina rya Grace Room iherereye inyarutarama<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/muzika/article/bagiye-gutaha-inyubako-bahawe-mu-isezerano-rimaze-imyaka-5</ref> ndetse akaba ari nawe wayishinze binyuze mu iyerekwa yagize ni umumama wubatse akaba ari umufasha w'umushumba w'itorero bita Jubilee Revival Assembly uzwi ku izina rya Kabanda Stanly aba bombi bakaba ari abavuga butumwa bakomeye mu [[Rwanda]].<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/66395/pastor-kabanda-na-julienne-barashima-imana-ko-bibarutse-umuh-66395.html</ref> == Reba == 796poqfahgh2xdg2t5ba6c6ogm52c6k 0 10245 139617 134977 2026-09-23T18:21:17Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139617 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Fetching water in Rugezi Swamp.jpg|thumb|170x170px|igishanga cya rugezi]] [[Dosiye:Igishanga mu Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Igishanga|168x168px]] [[Dosiye:2013-06-05 05-58-18 Rwanda Kigali - Nyabugogo.JPG|thumb|Igishanga|168x168px]] Igishanga cya Rugezi n' icyanya gikomye kikaba indiri y' urusobe rw' ibinyabuzima ndetse n' icumbi ry' inyamanswa nki; inyoni z' imisambi n' incencebere ndetse nizindi zinyuranye, kikaba gifitiye akamaro abagituriye n' igihugu muri rusange. <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/rema-irasaba-abaturiye-igishanga-cya-rugezi-kugifata-neza</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rema.gov.rw/index.php?id=6 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-02 |archive-date=2021-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229030332/https://rema.gov.rw/index.php?id=6 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aho Igishanga cya rugezi giherereye == Urugezi ni igishanga giherereye mu karere ka Burera mu majyaruguru y' u Rwanda, gikikijwe n' imirenge ya Butaro, Rwerere, Rusarabuye, Kivuye, Ruhunde na Gatebe yo mu karere ka Burera urera ndetse nindi ibiri yo mu karere ka Gicumbi ariyo Miyove na Nyankenke.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/umutekano/imbere-mu-gihugu/article/burera-inkuba-yatumye-igishanga-cya-rugezi-gifatwa-n-inkongi-y-umuriro</ref>igishanga cy’Urugezi, kigeze kwangirika amashanyarazi arabura cyane, bityo Leta imaze kugisana arongera araboneka.''Mu Rwanda hari amoko atatu y’ibishanga: ibishanga bikomye, ibishanga bikoreshwa habanje gufata imigambi yo kubirengera, n’ibishanga byakoreshwa nta kibazo. Muri byo Kamiranzovu, Rugezi n’Akagera ntibyemerewe guhingwamo.'' == Akamaro == [[Dosiye:Rawa Aopa Watumohai.jpg|thumb|Igishanga|173x173px]] [[Dosiye:Olmanskie swamps in Belarus - May 2021 01.jpg|thumb|Igishanga|168x168px]] Urugezi nk' icyanya gikomye ni igicumbi cy' ubukerarugendo ndetse kikaba gicumbikiye inyoni twavuga nk' imisambi n'izindi, kandi nanone kikagira n' umugezi wa Rugezi amazi yawo niyo atanga amashanyarazi ku rugomero rwa Ntaruka ndetse akanisuka mu kiyaga cya Burera.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/ahantu-nyaburanga/article/burera-waba-uzi-ibanga-ry-ibiyaga |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-02 |archive-date=2022-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502161721/https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/ahantu-nyaburanga/article/burera-waba-uzi-ibanga-ry-ibiyaga |url-status=dead }}</ref>Igishanga cya Rugezi, giherereye mu karere ka Burera, usanga gikungahaye ku rusobe rw’ibinyabuzima birimo ibyatsi bitohagiye, hakiberamo amoko y’inyoni yitwa inceberi zitaboneka ahandi ku Isi kandi zikunzwe n’abakerarugendo, gitanga kandi amazi menshi akoreshwa mu rugomero rwa Ntaruka akanatanga umugezi wa Mukungwa.Iki gishanga avuga ko ari umutungo kamere ufitiye igihugu akamaro, bityo abagituriye kuri ubu ntibakigihinga kuko kera wasangaga hanakorwamo ubuhinzi n’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro.<ref>https://igihe.com/ibidukikije/article/impamvu-ibishanga-bya-kamiranzovu</ref>Umuyobozi w’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ibidukikije yavuze ko igishanga cya Rugezi kiri mu bikomye, kandi nta wemerewe kugihingamo kuko rimwe abaturage bigeze kugihingamo bituma umuriro w’amashanyarazi uba muke mu gihe amazi y’iki gishanga ari yo atanga urugomero rwa Ntaruka. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] ae8qeq9gupwbaesnd928v4nyxwo9z9h 0 10253 139818 137234 2026-09-24T10:32:05Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139818 wikitext text/x-wiki Kaitesi Usta ni umuyobozi w'urwego rw'igihugu rw'imiyoborere (RGB) mu [[Rwanda]].<ref name=":0">https://www.rgb.rw/1/about-rgb/senior-manager</ref> == Amashuri yize == [[Dosiye:Nieuw Gildestein Universiteit Utrecht.jpg|thumb|Kaminuza ya Utrecht, Usta yizemo]] Kaitesi Usta afite impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu mategeko yakuyi muri kaminuza ya Utrecht mu [[Ubuholandi|Buholande]], afite kandi impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza mubijyanye n'amategeko yakuye muri kaminuza ya Ottawa muri [[Kanada]], afite n'impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu mategeko yakuye muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|kaminuza y'u Rwanda.]]<ref name=":0" /> [[Dosiye:Ottawa University main entrance point.jpg|center|thumb|Kaminuza ya Ottawa, Usta yakuyemo impamyabumenyi]] == Umwuga == [[Dosiye:Butare img.jpg|thumb|Kaminuza y'u Rwanda, Ishami rya Huye, Usta yigishijemo]] Kaitesi Usta yabaye umwarimu muri kaminuza y'u Rwanda i Huye, yabaye umuyobozi wa koleji y'ubugeni n'ubumenyi rusange, yabaye umwe mu bakomiseri barindwi bari bagize Komisiyo Ishinzwe gufasha Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kuvugurura Itegeko Nshinga.<ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/hashyizweho-abayobozi-bakuru-bashya-muri-rgb-na-rbc |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-02 |archive-date=2022-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502211005/https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/hashyizweho-abayobozi-bakuru-bashya-muri-rgb-na-rbc |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} qtszja5g5r12ja8ezlfgk4l64v81n8a 0 10268 139674 136854 2026-09-23T18:30:10Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139674 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christine Tuyisenge ni umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa w' inama nkuru y' abagore.Akaba ari umubyeyi wishimye ufite abana babiri.'''<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/81129</ref> == Ubuzima bwe nibyo akunda gukora == '''ikintu cya mbere Christine akora mugitondo akibyuka ni isengesho kubera ko ariryo rimutangirira umunsi''' '''ashimishwa no gutanga ubufasha kubantu bamukeneye.akunda no kwita kubantu kubera ko ari mubintu yibukiraho ababyeyi be.''' '''Christine ubuzima bwa mwigishije kwihangana,akaba agira ubwoba bwo kutuzuza inshigano ze nkuko bikwiye mu gihe yumva yakangobye gukora ibirenze yagakwiye gukora,''' '''akaba atinya itsinzwi cyangwa gutsindwa.Nyuma y'akazi akunda gusoma ibitabo.'''<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/81129</ref> == Amateka == '''Umunyamategeko Christine Tuyisenge wamaze hafi imyaka 15 aharanira uburenganzira bw' umugore n' abana mu [[Rwanda]] abicishije mu muryango udaharanira inyungu witwa Haguruka. Christine yagize uruhare mu guhindura amategeko avangura, ndetse yafashaga gushinga icumbi ku bagore bahohotewe, no guhuza ubufasha mu by' amategeko.Kuva 2008 , aho Christine yabaye visi perezida wa komisiyo y'igihugu ishinzwe kurwanya [[Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994|Jenoside]] yakorewe Abatutsi.christine yahoze aharanira inyungu z' umugore n' iterambere ry' umugore mu gihugu; mbese kuva mu mudugudu kugeza mu gihugu urwego.'''<ref>https://www.inclusivesecurity.org/2017/07/08/8-rwandan-women-rising/</ref> === Indanganturo: === <references /> ogfhkewfxeh32c0fs8pfypsxw2eqbq5 0 10271 139706 135283 2026-09-23T18:36:38Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139706 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine animated.gif|thumb|Iminsi yambere yigitero]] '''Intambara y'uburusiya na Ikerene''' yatangiye ku ya 24 Gashyantare 2022 saa 03:00 (UTC) nyuma y’itegeko rya Perezida w’[[Uburusiya]] [[Vladimir Putin]] nyuma yo kumenya ubwigenge bwa Donetsk na Lugansk no kohereza ingabo muri utwo turere. Gutegeka gutangiza igikorwa cya gisirikare muri Ikerene, ukabona ko ari "ikibazo" ku mutekano w’Uburusiya, ukabona ko ari kimwe mu bigize NATO kwaguka mu Burasirazuba binyuranyije n’amasezerano ya Baker / Gorbachev yo mu 1989, no kurwanya Nazification ya [[Ikerene]]. Ukraine yahise itangaza amategeko ya gisirikare maze Uburusiya butangira kugaba ibitero bya rutura mu gihugu hose, intego nyamukuru yo gutesha agaciro ibikorwa bya gisirikare by’ingabo za Ukraine ndetse n’ibibuga by’indege bya gisivili. Muri icyo gihe, abashinzwe umutekano ku mipaka ya Ukraine batangaje ko ibirindiro by’umupaka byibasiwe n’Uburusiya na Biyelorusiya maze batangaza ko ingabo, imodoka zitwaje ibirwanisho, n’indege zambuka umupaka ziva mu gace ka [[Chernobyl]], [[Crimea]], na Chernihiv, Sumy, na Kharkiv. Igitero cyatangiye nyuma y’amezi menshi y’ububanyi n’ububanyi n’ububanyi n’ibihugu by’abasirikare b’Uburusiya bagera ku 190.000 ku mipaka ya Ukraine byatangiye mu mpera za 2021 ndetse n’Uburusiya bwemera ko repubulika itandukana yashinzwe nyuma y’intambara ya Donbass muri Ikirene. 2014. Igitero cyahitanye abantu ibihumbi, barimo abasirikare baturutse impande zombi, abasivili babarirwa mu magana ndetse n’abana benshi, nubwo amakuru avuga ko hagati y’umwana umwe na batatu. Imijyi myinshi irimo guterwa ibisasu mu gihugu hose, nka Kyiv, Kharkiv cyangwa [[Mariupol]]. Nyuma y’ibisasu byatangiye, UNHCR yatangaje ko impunzi 368.000 mu minsi 3 ya mbere y’amakimbirane zahungiye mu burengerazuba bw’igihugu ziva mu burasirazuba no hagati. Ibihumbi n’abasivili bimaze guhunga igihugu kandi ikibazo cy’ubutabazi kikaba kigenda cyiyongera kugera kuri miliyoni 500 kugeza kuri miliyoni nyinshi. Ibikorwa by’Uburusiya byamaganwe ku rwego mpuzamahanga, bihabwa ibihano bikomeye by’ubukungu. Hateguwe imyigaragambyo n'imyigaragambyo yo kurwanya intambara mu mijyi yo ku isi, harimo n'Uburusiya, aho abigaragambyaga bakatiwe kandi bakatirwa imyaka 15. Ikirene ihabwa inkunga n’amahanga mu buryo bw’ibikoresho by’ubukungu n’ibisirikare biva mu bihugu byinshi bya NATO, Azerubayijani yatangaje ko izatanga peteroli na gaze muri Ikerene mu gihe cy’ibibazo. Twenyine, igihugu gikomeye ku isi kireba kure." Ibihugu bimwe na bimwe, harimo [[Ubushinwa]] n'[[Ubuhinde]], ntibujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo bitere. Ku cyumweru, tariki ya 27 Gashyantare, Uburusiya bwatangaje ko intumwa zagiye muri [[Belarusi]] zitegereje gutangira ibiganiro. Nyuma gato, Zelensky yatangaje ko intumwa z’Uburusiya na Ukraine zizahurira ku mupaka wa Biyelorusiya. == Amasezerano ya Baker-Gorbachev == Inzira yo kugwa k'urukuta rwa [[Berlin]], ubumwe bw’Abadage no gusenyuka kwa guverinoma y’abakomunisiti (1989-1991) byazanye impinduka nini mu bihugu bigize Umuryango w’ibihugu by’iburasirazuba, kugeza icyo gihe abanyamuryango cyangwa ibihugu by’ubumwe bw’Abasoviyeti, bahindura uburinganire bwa politiki mu [[Burayi]]. Icyo gihe Perezida w’Abasoviyeti, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], yahoraga akomeza avuga ko yari kubona ingwate guhera mu 1990 kwa Minisitiri w’ububanyi n’amahanga wa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika, James Baker, ko NATO itazaguka mu gihugu icyo ari cyo cyose cyahoze mu Burasirazuba (usibye [[Ubudage]]). Cyangwa no ku mipaka y'Uburusiya, verisiyo ishyigikiwe na bamwe mu bahanga mu by'amateka, n'inyandiko zasohowe na ''Der Spiegel''. Mu masezerano hagati ya Baker na Gorbachev, mu 1990, Ubudage bwarahujwe kandi NATO irimo ifasi y’icyahoze ari Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi.<ref>https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/commentaries/global-spectator-nato-promise-gorbachev/</ref> === Imiterere ya nyuma yAbasoviyeti na Revolution ya Orange === Nyuma y’isenyuka ry’Abasoviyeti mu 1991, Ukraine n'Uburusiya byakomeje umubano wa hafi. Mu 1994, Ikerene yemeye kureka intwaro zayo za kirimbuzi; yashyize umukono ku masezerano y'i Budapest ku ngwate z'umutekano hashingiwe ko Uburusiya, Ubwongereza na Amerika bitanga ingwate zo gukumira iterabwoba cyangwa gukoresha ingufu mu kurwanya ubusugire bw'akarere cyangwa ubwigenge bwa politiki bwa Ikerene. Viktor Yanukovych, icyo gihe wari Minisitiri w’intebe, yatangaje ko yatsinze amatora y’umukuru w’igihugu cya Ukraine mu 2004. Ibisubizo Ibi byose byaje kuvamo Revolution ya Orange, yazanye Yushchenko na Yulia Tymoshenko kubutegetsi, mugihe Yanukovych yabyanze. Mu mwaka wa 2008, Perezida w’Uburusiya Vladimir Putin yamaganye abayoboke ba Ukraine bashobora kuba NATO. Urwego rw’Abasoviyeti mu mpera za 1980 no mu ntangiriro ya Mu 2009, Yanukovych yatangaje ko yifuza kongera kwiyamamariza kuba perezida mu matora ya perezida wa Ukraine yo mu 2010, ari naho yatsinze. === Kwagura NATO === Mu 1992, ikinyamakuru ''New York Times'' cyasohoye inyandiko zemewe zivuga ko hashyizweho inyigisho zifatika zafashe izina ry’inyigisho za Wolfowitz, aho Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zashyize imbere ubutegetsi bw’ibindi bihugu, zigasaba ko habaho ubumwe kandi bugashyirwaho nk "intego ya mbere yo gukumira. kongera kubyuka kwa mukeba mushya, haba mu karere kahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti cyangwa ahandi." Inyandiko ibanza yaje guhindurwa mumagambo yayo. Mu 1994, Ikerene yemeye kureka intwaro zayo za kirimbuzi maze ishyira umukono ku masezerano y’i Budapest ku bijyanye n’umutekano ku bijyanye n’uko Uburusiya, Ubwongereza, na Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika bitanga ingwate ku iterabwoba cyangwa gukoresha ingufu ku butaka, ubusugire, cyangwa ubwigenge bwa politiki. Ikerene. Nyuma yimyaka itanu, Uburusiya bwari bumwe mu bwashyize umukono ku Masezerano y’umutekano w’ibihugu by’Uburayi, "bwashimangiye uburenganzira buri gihugu cyagize cyo guhitamo uburenganzira bwo guhitamo cyangwa guhindura gahunda z’umutekano, harimo n’amasezerano y’umutekano". Guhindura imihigo n'Uburusiya bwo mu 1989/1991, mu gice cya kabiri cy'imyaka ya za 90, [[Amerika]] yahisemo kwagura imipaka ya NATO mu Burasirazuba. Mu 1998, George Keennan, umusesenguzi mpuzamahanga uzwi cyane mu myaka ya za 40 yashyizeho politiki yo muri Amerika yo hagati y’Abasoviyeti, yabajije icyemezo cy’Amerika cyo kwagura NATO mu burasirazuba:<blockquote>Ntekereza ko ari intangiriro y'intambara nshya ikonje. Ndatekereza ko abarusiya bazagenda buhoro buhoro bakitwara nabi kandi ibyo bizagira ingaruka kuri politiki yabo. Ntekereza ko ari ikosa ribabaje. Ntampamvu yabyo rwose. Nta muntu n'umwe wigeze akangisha undi muntu. Uku kwaguka kwatuma ba se bashinze iki gihugu bahinduka imva zabo. Twiyemeje kurinda urukurikirane rw'ibihugu, nubwo tudafite amikoro cyangwa umugambi wo kubikora muburyo bukomeye. Kwiyongera kwa NATO] byari igikorwa cyoroheje cyakozwe na Sena idafite inyungu nyazo z’ububanyi n’amahanga. Ikimbabaza nukuntu impaka kandi zitamenyeshejwe neza impaka za Sena zose. Nababajwe cyane cyane no kuvuga Uburusiya nk'igihugu kigiye gutera Uburayi bw'Uburengerazuba. Abantu ntibumva? Itandukaniro ryacu mu ntambara y'ubutita ryari ku butegetsi bw'Abakomunisiti. Noneho ubu turimo gutera umugongo abantu bakoze impinduramatwara nini itagira amaraso mumateka yo guhirika ubutegetsi bw'Abasoviyeti. Demokarasi y'Uburusiya iratera imbere, niba atari byinshi, kuruta kimwe muri ibyo bihugu twasinyiye kurengera Uburusiya. Birumvikana ko hazabaho imyifatire mibi iturutse mu Burusiya, hanyuma [Abaguzi ba NATO] bakavuga ko twahoraga tubabwira ko aribwo Abarusiya bameze, ariko ibi ni bibi. kurusha kimwe muri ibyo bihugu twasinyiye kurengera Uburusiya. Birumvikana ko hazabaho imyifatire mibi iturutse mu Burusiya, hanyuma [Abaguzi ba NATO] bakavuga ko twahoraga tubabwira ko aribwo Abarusiya bameze, ariko ibi ni bibi. kurusha kimwe muri ibyo bihugu twasinyiye kurengera Uburusiya. Birumvikana ko hazabaho imyifatire mibi iturutse mu Burusiya, hanyuma [Abaguzi ba NATO] bakavuga ko twahoraga tubabwira ko aribwo Abarusiya bameze, ariko ibi ni bibi. George Keennan </blockquote>Mu 1999, NATO yaje gushyiramo Repubulika ya Ceki, [[Hongiriya]], na [[Polonye]]. Muri 2005 [[Bulugariya]], [[Lituwaniya]], [[Romaniya]], Slowakiya, [[Siloveniya]], Esitoniya na [[Lativiya]] byashyizwemo; iyi mipaka ibiri yanyuma nu Burusiya. Muri 2009 Alubaniya na Korowasiya bifatanije naho muri 2017 Montenegro yinjira. Uburusiya na Ikerene byaje gusigara nk'ibihugu byombi bidafite aho bibogamiye, biherereye ku "murongo utukura" watandukanyaga ingabo z’iburengerazuba ziyobowe na Amerika, n'Uburusiya. Ikerene yahise iba umwanya wingenzi kumpande zombi maze politiki yimbere itangira kwangizwa cyane nintambara mpuzamahanga. Mu mwaka wa 2008, Perezida wa Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, George W. Bush, yatangaje ku mugaragaro umugambi we wo kuzana Ukraine na Jeworujiya muri NATO, kandi icyarimwe kurwanya abarusiya na neo-Nazi - bafatanya na Perezida Viktor Yushchenko, yasabwe kwinjira mu gisirikare, avuza inzogera mu Burusiya. Mu mwaka wa 2010, Perezida w’Uburusiya, Viktor Yanukovych yatsinze, yanga icyifuzo. Ariko mu 2014, umutwe w’inyeshyamba uzwi ku izina rya Euromaidan, ku nkunga ikomeye y’Amerika, wahiritse Yanukovych maze guverinoma irwanya Uburusiya isubira ku butegetsi, ikomeza amakimbirane. Amateka yo kwaguka kwa NATO Kuva hejuru kugeza hasi: 1952, [[Ubugereki]], [[Turukiya]]; 1955, Repubulika y’Ubudage (Ubudage bw’iburengerazuba); 1982, Espanye; 1990, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi y'Ubudage (Ubudage bw'Uburasirazuba, byahinduka Ubudage Bumwe); 1999, Hongiriya, Polonye, ​​Repubulika ya Ceki; 2004, Buligariya, Esitoniya, Lativiya, Lituwaniya, Rumaniya, Slowakiya, Sloweniya; 2009, Korowasiya, Alubaniya; 2017, Montenegrin; 2020, Makedoniya y'Amajyaruguru. === Euromaidan n'intambara === [[Dosiye:Київ - Революція Гідности - Ранок на Майдані Незалежности перед початком розстрілів на Інститутській - 14021443.jpg|thumb|Euromaidan]] Nyuma y'ibyumweru byinshi bigaragambije mu rwego rwa Euromaidan (2013-2014), Perezida w'icyo gihe wa Ukraine, Viktor Yanukovych n'abayobozi batavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi mu nteko ishinga amategeko bashyize umukono ku masezerano y'ubwiyunge ku ya 21 Gashyantare 2014 basaba ko habaho amatora hakiri kare. Bukeye bwaho, Yanukovych yahunze Kyiv mbere yuko hatorwa amajwi y’ubujurire amwambura ububasha bwo kuba perezida. Abayobozi b'uturere two mu burasirazuba bwa Ukraine bavuga Ikirusiya batangaje ko bayoboka Yanukovych, byateje imvururu zashyigikiye Uburusiya muri Ikerene 2014. Imvururu zakurikiwe naUburusiya bwigaruriye Crimée muri Werurwe 2014 n’intambara ya Donbas, yatangiye muri Mata 2014 hashyirwaho na Repubulika y’abaturage ya Donetsk na Luhansk. Ku ya 5 Nzeri 2014, Amasezerano ya Minsk, amasezerano yagombaga guhagarika intambara mu burasirazuba bwa Ukraine, yashyizweho umukono n’abahagarariye Ukraine, Federasiyo y’Uburusiya, Repubulika y’abaturage ya Donetsk (DNR), na Repubulika ya Lugansk (LNR), kugeza amaherezo amasezerano ya Minsk II yashyizweho umukono ku ya 12 Gashyantare 2015, aho abategetsi b'Abadage, Ubufaransa, Uburusiya na Ukraine bashakaga kugabanya intambara yabereye i Donbas. Ku ya 14 Nzeri 2020, Perezida wa Ikirene, Volodymyr Zelensky, yemeje ingamba nshya z’umutekano w’igihugu cya [[Ikerene]], "ateganya iterambere ry’ubufatanye bwihariye na NATO hagamijwe kuba umunyamuryango wa NATO". Ku ya 24 Werurwe 2021, Zelensky yashyize umukono ku Iteka No 117/2021 yemeza "ingamba zo kuvaho no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe agace ka Repubulika yigenga ya Crimea n’umujyi wa Sevastopol." Uburusiya bwavuze ko Ukraine ishobora kwinjira muri NATO, ndetse no kwaguka kwa NATO muri rusange, guhungabanya umutekano w’igihugu. Ikerene nayo yashinjaga Putin gushyira mu bikorwa politiki y’abasirikare. == Intangiriro yo gutera == [[Dosiye:Zelensky NY.jpg|thumb|Volodymyr Zelensky]] Amakimbirane yatangiranye no kwiyongera cyane mu bikorwa bya gisirikare, mu ikubitiro kuva muri Werurwe kugeza muri Mata 2021, hanyuma guhera mu Kwakira 2021 kugeza muri Gashyantare 2022. Mu gihe cyo kwiyubaka kwa kabiri kwa gisirikare, Uburusiya bwatanze icyifuzo kuri Amerika na NATO, bugaragaza imishinga ibiri y’amasezerano yari arimo. arasaba icyo yise "ingwate z'umutekano," harimo n'amasezerano yemewe ko Ukraine itazinjira mu muryango w’amasezerano ya Atlantike y'Amajyaruguru (NATO), no kugabanya ingabo n'ibikoresho bya gisirikare bya NATO biherereye mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba. Urebye ibyo, yavuze ko igisubizo cya gisirikare kitazwi niba ibyifuzo bye byanze. Kubera guhangana n’inzego zishinzwe umutekano zishobora gutera igitero cya Ukraine, umuvugizi wa Kremle yatangaje ko "Uburusiya bwabayeho mu ntambara nyinshi, ari cyo gihugu cya nyuma mu Burayi ndetse kikaba gishaka kuvuga ku ntambara." Ku ya 21 Gashyantare 2022, nyuma y’uko repubulika ya Donetsk na Lugansk imenyekana, Perezida Putin yategetse ingabo z’Uburusiya (harimo na tanki) koherezwa i Donbas, aho Uburusiya bwise "ubutumwa bwo kubungabunga ubutumwa". Amahoro. Nyuma yuwo munsi, ibitangazamakuru byinshi byigenga byemeje ko ingabo z’Uburusiya zinjiye i Donbass. Putin yagize icyo avuga aho yatangaje ko Ukraine ya none ari ishyirwaho rya "Bolshevik, Uburusiya bw’Abakomunisiti", anenga uburenganzira bwa Lenin bwo kwishyira ukizana. Kuva "iyo bigeze ku mateka y’Uburusiya n’abaturage bayo, amahame ya Lenin yo guteza imbere igihugu ntabwo yari amakosa gusa; Babaye babi kuruta ikosa, nkuko babivuze. Ibi byagaragaye neza nyuma y’iseswa ry’Abasoviyeti mu 1991 "bita Ukraine y’Abasoviyeti" ibisubizo bya politiki ya Bolsheviks kandi birashobora kwitwa 'Ukraine ya Vladimir Lenin'. Niwe wayiremye kandi yubaka. Yatangaje kandi ko nyuma ya Euromaidan ari ukugerageza "kugoreka imitekerereze n’amateka y’abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni, bo mu gisekuru cyose baba muri Ukraine" bikavamo "ubwenegihugu bukabije bw’iburyo, byahise bibaIgitero Russophobia na Neo -Nazism". Ku ya 22 Gashyantare 2022, Perezida wa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika [[Joe Biden]] yatangaje ko "intangiriro y’igitero cy’Abarusiya muri Ikerene". Umunyamabanga mukuru wa NATO, Jens Stoltenberg na Minisitiri w’intebe wa [[Kanada]], Justin Trudeau, bavuze ko "igitero gishya". Minisitiri w’ububanyi n’amahanga wa Ukraine, Dmytro Kuleba, yagize ati: "Nta kintu na kimwe nko gutera bito, bito cyangwa bikomeye. Igitero ni igitero. Umuyobozi wa politiki y’ububanyi n’amahanga y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, Josep Borrell, yatangaje ko "ingabo z’Uburusiya zageze ku butaka bwa Ukraine" mu "atari igitero cyuzuye".<ref>https://umuryango.rw/amakuru/mu-mahanga/umutekano/article/uburusiya-bwahakanye-ko-buri-mu-ntambara-muri-ukraine</ref> Kuri uwo munsi, Inama ya Federasiyo yemereye Putin gukoresha ingufu za gisirikare hanze y’Uburusiya. Na we, Perezida Zelensky yategetse ko hajyaho ingabo z’abasirikare ba Ukraine, nubwo yari atarashyira mu bikorwa rusange. Ku ya 23 Gashyantare, Ikerene yatangaje ko ibintu byihutirwa mu gihugu hose, usibye uduce twigaruriwe na Donbass. Kuri uwo munsi, Uburusiya bwatangiye kwimura ambasade yayo i Kiev kandi bumanura ibendera ry’Uburusiya hejuru y’inyubako. Nko ku ya 23 Gashyantare, inteko ishinga amategeko ya Ukraine n’imbuga za leta, hamwe n’imbuga za banki, bahuye n’ibitero bya DDoS. == Itangazo ry'intambara == Mbere gato ya saa tatu za mugitondo (UTC) ku ya 24 Gashyantare, ubutumwa ku Gihugu cya Putin bwatangajwe ku miyoboro y'Uburusiya bumumenyesha icyemezo yafashe cyo kugaba igitero cya gisirikare mu burasirazuba bwa Ukraine kuva, mu magambo ye, "Uburusiya ntibushobora kumva umutekano imbere y’iterabwoba rya Ikerene." Abatuye Repubulika y'Abaturage ya Lugansk na Repubulika yabaturage ya Donetsk. Hanyuma, yateye ubwoba amahanga ko atazagira uruhare mu makimbirane: Umuntu wese ugerageza kutwivangamo, cyangwa nibindi byinshi, atera ubwoba igihugu cyacu n'abaturage bacu, agomba kumenya ko igisubizo cy'u Burusiya kizahita kandi kikazana ingaruka nkizo zitigeze zibona mbere mumateka yacyo. Twiteguye guhinduka kw'ibyabaye byose. == Igitero cyo ku ya 24 Gashyantare == [[Dosiye:Vladimir Putin (2022-02-24).jpg|thumb|Vladimir Putin]] Nyuma yiminota mike ijambo rya Putin rivuzwe, i Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odesa na Donbas. Abayobozi ba Ukraine bavuze ko Uburusiya bwinjije ingabo muri Odessa na Mariupol kandi kohereje misile zo mu bwoko bwa ballistique na cruise ku bibuga by’indege, mu birindiro bya gisirikare no mu bubiko bwa gisirikare i Kyiv, Kharkiv na Dnipro.<ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/mu-mahanga/article/ukraine-yohereje-abasirikare-kabuhariwe-muri-donbas</ref> Nk’uko byatangajwe n'umujyanama wa Minisitiri w’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu cya Ukraine, nyuma gato ya 06:30 (UTC +2) ingabo z’Uburusiya zerekezaga ku butaka hafi y’umujyi wa Kharkiv kandi zitangaza ko indege nini nini ziva mu mijyi ya Mariupol na Odesa; na Herashchenko yemeje ko igwa hafi ya Odesa. bashinzwe umutekano ku mipaka ya Ikerene na bo bavuze ko bagabye ibitero muri Luhansk, Sumy, Kharkiv, Chernihiv, na Zhytomyr, ndetse no muri Crimea. Yavuze ko nta myigaragambyo y’ingabo z’umupaka wa Ukraine. Minisiteri y’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu cya Ukraine yatangaje ko ingabo z’Uburusiya zafashe imidugudu ya Horodyshche. Ikigo cya Ukraine gishinzwe itumanaho n’umutekano w’ibikorwa byatangaje ko ingabo za Ukraine zanze igitero hafi ya Shchastia (hafi ya Luhansk) maze yigarurira umujyi, bituma abagera kuri 50 bahitanwa n’Uburusiya. Mu bihe bya mbere by’igitero, ingabo z’Uburusiya zari zishinzwe gutera ibisasu ibikorwa remezo bya gisirikare, ibibuga by’indege ndetse n’ikibuga cy’indege mu turere icyenda tw’igihugu kugira ngo bibe igitero ku butaka, ku nyanja no mu kirere. Ako kanya, igitero cyatangiriye ku mpande eshatu nyamukuru, mu majyaruguru uva ku butaka bwa Biyelorusiya werekeza i Kyiv, umurwa mukuru wa Ukraine, mu burasirazuba werekeza i Kharkiv, umujyi wa kabiri mu gihugu, ndetse no muri Donbas, unyura ku murongo wa mbere ugana kuri icyambu cya Mariupol, hanyuma iheruka mu majyepfo, kuva muri Crimea kugira ngo unyure mu birindiro bya Ukraine ku murongo wa Kherson.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/articles/c4g2y3dvm7wo</ref><ref>https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/commentaries/global-spectator-nato-promise-gorbachev/</ref> Nyuma y'isaha imwe ntaho ihuriye n'ibitero byibasiye Uburusiya, urubuga rwa minisiteri yingabo ya [[Ikerene]] rwasubijwe. Minisiteri yavuze ko yarashe indege eshanu na kajugujugu i Luhansk. Mbere gato ya 07:00 (UTC +2), Perezida Zelensky yatangaje amategeko ya gisirikare muri Ukraine. Nyuma yaje gutegeka ingabo za Ukraine "guteza igihombo kinini" kubatera. Dukurikije icyifuzo cya Minisiteri y’ingabo y’Uburusiya gisaba ishami rishinzwe kugenzura ikirere cya Ukraine guhagarika ingendo, ikirere cyo mu burasirazuba bwa Ukraine kibujijwe kugenda mu kirere cy’abasivili, kandi Ikigo gishinzwe umutekano w’indege z’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kibona ko akarere kose ari agace gakorerwamo amakimbirane (KUBYO). Zelensky yatangaje kandi ko umubano w’uburusiya uhagaritswe. Umutwe wa gisirikare muri Podilsk wagabweho igitero n’ingabo z’Uburusiya, hapfa abantu batandatu barakomereka. Undi muntu yiciwe mu mujyi wa Mariupol. Abandi bantu 19 nabo baburiwe irengero. Ku isaha ya 13h00 (UTC +2), ku ya 24 Gashyantare, ibitangazamakuru byo muri Ukraine byemeje ko imodoka z'imirwano zegeraga ibirometero 50 uvuye ku murwa mukuru, Kyiv, ziva muri Uburusiya. Byongeye kandi, abashinzwe umutekano ku ngabo n’ingabo za Ukraine bavuze ko habaye imirwano ibiri, hafi ya Sumy ("mu cyerekezo cya Konotop") no muri Starobilsk. Nyuma yaho, saa 16h00 (UTC +2), Perezida wa Ikerene, Zelensky yatangaje ko imirwano yaberaga mu gace ka Chernobyl, aho ingabo z’Uburusiya zagerageje kwigarurira akarere ka Chernobyl. Urugomero rwa kirimbuzi rwarinzwe n’ingabo z’igihugu cya Ukraine, ikigo gikomeye gikomeye cya kilometero 150 uvuye i Kyiv. Nyuma yamasaha abiri, guverinoma ya Ukraine ubwayo yemeje ko uruganda rw’Uburusiya rufashe, nyuma y’imirwano ikaze. Dukurikije ifatwa rya Chernobyl. Ingabo z’Uburusiya zafashe ikibuga cy’indege cya Antonov ku birometero 40 uvuyeyi. Ku gicamunsi kimwe, umuyobozi w’umurwa mukuru, Vitali Klychko, yatangaje isaha yo gutaha guhera saa kumi kugeza saa moya za mugitondo, metro ikomeza gufungura amasaha 24 kugirango ibe ubuhung. Nyuma yo guhanana, abanya Ukraine bashoboye kwigarurira ikibuga cyindege cya Antonov. Mu masaha ya nyuma yo ku ya 24 Gashyantare, imirwano ibera mu bice bitandukanye by'igihugu. Nyuma gato ya 22h00 (UTC +2), ingabo z’Uburusiya zafashe ikirwa cy’inzoka giherereye mu nyanja yirabura ku birometero 45 uvuye ku nkombe za Ukraine na Rumaniya, gihitana abarinzi ba Ukraine bose uko ari cumi na batatu banga kwitanga. Ibibunda bya rutura byakomeje kurasa ibirindiro bya Ikirene mu majyaruguru ya Kharkiv no hafi ya Mariupol, mu gihe imirwano ikaze yakomereje mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bw'igihugu i Sumy no mu majyepfo i Kherson. Nyuma yo kugota Sumy, ingabo z’Uburusiya zerekeje i Konotop zifite intego nyamukuru yo kugota Kyiv. Umunsi urangiye, Minisitiri w’ubuzima muri Ukraine Oleh Lyashkoyemeje ko hapfuye abantu 59 naho 169 bakomereka ku munsi wa mbere w’igitero, havugwa ko hapfuye abasivili i Mariupol, Kharkiv no mu majyepfo y’igihugu. Mu buryo bushya, perezida wa Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelensky, yazamuye umubare w’abahohotewe muri Ukraine bagera ku 137 ku munsi w’intambara. Minisiteri y’ingabo y’Uburusiya yatangaje kandi ko ingabo z’Uburusiya zahagaritse ibikorwa remezo bya gisirikare bya Ukraine 74, birimo ikibuga cy’indege 11, ibirindiro 3 bikomeye, na sitasiyo 18 za radar mu nyubako za gisirikare.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/articles/cglg8y62l06o</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} 83jodv3noith6yzk7g91v7ouecvirv7 0 10281 139753 137824 2026-09-23T18:42:56Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139753 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Niyomubyeyi Noella''' ni umunyarwandakazi wamenyekanye mu gukina filimi yuruhererekane [[SEBURIKOKO|Seburikoko]], akaba azwi ku izina rya Fofo muri iyo filimi. yigeze no kwitabira irushunwa rya Nyambinga w'u Rwanda 2022. == Umwuga akora == Noella yatangiye gukina filimi mu 2016 iyo filime yitwaga virunga high school yacaga kuri televiziyo ya Lemigo, nyuma yaho yakomeje gukina mu mafilime atandukanye harimo Seburikoko,Papa sava bituma ajyenda amenyekana.Fofo kandi yitbiriye irushunwa rya Nyambinga w'u Rwanda 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/missrwanda2022-ese-umushinga-niyomubyeyi-noella-izwi-nka-fofo-yatanze-uraza-kumufasha-gutambuka/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2025-09-21 |archive-date=2022-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727134642/https://yegob.rw/missrwanda2022-ese-umushinga-niyomubyeyi-noella-izwi-nka-fofo-yatanze-uraza-kumufasha-gutambuka/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.teradignews.rw/rw/tag/niyomubyeyi-noella/</ref><ref>https://en.everybodywiki.com/Niyomubyeyi_Noella#google_vignette</ref> == Amateka yihariye == Noella ni umugore,yarashatse afite umugabo witwa Niyigena Daniel barushinze ku wa 2 Ukwakira 2022, nyuma yaho baje kubyarana umwna w'umukobwa.<ref>https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/sinema/article/niyomubyeyi-uzwi-nka-fofo-muri-papa-sava-yibarutse-imfura</ref><ref>https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/fofo-wo-muri-papa-sava-agiye-kurushinga-n-umuhanzi-wamuterese-yitwaje-kumutiza</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} 6h7xz2tbil5hhwupjypz4jumuuk4lqz 0 10309 139599 96295 2026-09-23T18:16:42Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139599 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Liza Kamikazi.jpg|thumb|Kamikazi Liza Umuhanzikazi]] [[Dosiye:Liza Indirimbo.jpg|thumb|Liza uririmba indirimbo zokuramya]] '''Solange Umuhire''' wamyekanye nka '''Liza Kamikazi ''' mu muziki [[Rwanda|nyarwanda]] ni umuhanzikazi watangiye aririmba indirimbo zisanzwe( secular music) nyuma akaza kwinjira mu kuririmba indirimbo zihimbaza Imana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/gospel/article/liza-kamikazi-yakoze-indirimbo-ifite-umwihariko-mu-rugendo-rw-umuziki-amazemo |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-09 |archive-date=2022-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504135953/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/gospel/article/liza-kamikazi-yakoze-indirimbo-ifite-umwihariko-mu-rugendo-rw-umuziki-amazemo |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/muzika/article/umuziki-wampaye-umugabo-sinawureka-liza-kamikazi</ref> == Amashuri yize == Liza Kamikazi yize muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]] i Huye mu ishami ry'itangazamakuru aho yakuye impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu ishami ry' itangazamakuru.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/66058/urutonde-rw-abaririmbyi-20-b-abanyarwanda-babashije-kwigonde-66058.html</ref> == Ubuzima bwite == Kamikazi ni umubyeyi w'abana batatu akaba afite umugabo bahuriye mu mwuga w'ubuhanzi aho uwo mugabo yatangiye amufasha mu miririmbire gusa amwigisha uko aririmba neza ariko biza kuvamo urukundo baza kubaka umuryango.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/muzika/article/umuziki-wampaye-umugabo-sinawureka-liza-kamikazi</ref> Liza yaje kwegurira ubuzima bwe Yesu Kristo arakizwa yinjira mukuririmba indirimbo zihimbaza Imana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://agakiza.org/Ubuhamya-Nyuma-yo-kwiyegurira-Kristo-Liza-Kamikazi-aratekanye.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-09 |archive-date=2022-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124223443/https://agakiza.org/Ubuhamya-Nyuma-yo-kwiyegurira-Kristo-Liza-Kamikazi-aratekanye.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Umwuga == Liza yatangiye umwuga w'ubuhanzi mu myaka 17 ishize aho yatangiye aririmba indirimbo zisanzwe zakunzwe cyane, amaze gukizwa nibwo yatangiye kuririmba indirimbo zihimbaza Imana nazo zakunzwe cyane,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/gospel/article/liza-kamikazi-yakoze-indirimbo-ifite-umwihariko-mu-rugendo-rw-umuziki-amazemo |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-09 |archive-date=2022-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504135953/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/gospel/article/liza-kamikazi-yakoze-indirimbo-ifite-umwihariko-mu-rugendo-rw-umuziki-amazemo |url-status=dead }}</ref> Liza afatanya ubuhanzi n'itangazamakuru aho akora kuri televisiyo y'u Rwanda agakora ikiganiro cya gikiristitu kitwa " umutima ku mutima" ( Heart to Heart).<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/108010/liza-kamikazi-agiye-gutangira-gukora-kuri-televiziyo-yu-rwanda-108010.html</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kamikazi, Liza}} [[Ikiciro:Abagore]] 6apfhln7ul3p1fyin4wpqgv56qu95am 0 10398 139760 137006 2026-09-24T09:59:05Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139760 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Sonia Rolland Cabourg 2015.jpg|thumb]] '''Uwitonze Sonia Rolland''' nu umunyarwandakazi,wabaye Nyampinga w'[[ubufaransa]] mu 2000<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/ibirori/article/sonia-rolland-yagarutse-ku-marangamutima-yagize-ubwo-yambikwaga-ikamba-rya-miss-france</ref>, aka yari yabaye mbere y'aho nyampinga wa Bourgogne mu 1999<ref>https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Bourgogne</ref>,bakaba bamwita umwamikazi w'ubwiza, akaba ari umukinnyi wa filime, akaba ari umukozi uhuza umuco w'ubufaransa n'aba Nyarwanda. Akaba yarabaye miss w'Ubufaransa wa 70. Ukunze kwifotoza cyane akandikwa cyane mu binyamakuru<ref>https://umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/article/miss-uwitonze-sonia-rolland-ifoto-ye-yashyizwe-ku-kinyamakuru-play-boy-france</ref> byinshi byo mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]] n'u [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]], akaba aherutse gukora Filime ye yerekanywe mu gikorwa cyo [[kwibuka]]. == Ubuzima bwite == '''UWITONZE Sonia Rolland''' ( yavutse 11 Gashyantare 1981 avukira I [[Kigali]] )  ni umunyarwandakazi se umubyara akaba ari Jacques Rolland w’[[Ubufaransa|umufaransa]] nyina akaba ari umunyarwandakazi.<ref>http://www.isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/miss-sonia-rolland-yifurije-nyina-isabukuru-nziza-mu-kinyarwanda</ref> Mu 1990 baje kuva mu [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]] bahungira i [[Uburundi|Burundi]], haje kuba intambara y’abaturage maze mu 1994 bimukira mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]] ari naho batuye, ubu afite nyina gusa mu gihe se yitabye [[Imana]] muri 2014. Uwitonze  w’imyaka 45, muri 2019 ubwo yaganiraga na Gala Magazine,<ref>https://www.gala.fr/</ref> yavuze ko impamvu akunda kwifotoza yambaye ubusa ari uko aterwa ishema n’[[umubiri]] we.<ref>https://teradignews.rw/umunyarwandakazi-miss-sonia-rolland-yafotowe-yambaye-ubusa-ari-mu-bwogero/</ref> Sonia afite abana babiri b'abakobwa yabyaye ku bagabo babiri. Tess ufitwe imyaka 15 yabyaranye na Christophe Rcancourt na Kahina ufite imyaka 11 yabyaranye na Jalil Lespert,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/umugabo-wa-miss-sonia-rolland-yemeje-ko-batandukanye |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-07 |archive-date=2022-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507201240/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/umugabo-wa-miss-sonia-rolland-yemeje-ko-batandukanye |url-status=dead }}</ref> yivugiye ko abana be bakoze nkibyo akora ntakibazo ariko icya mbere ari ukubaha urugero rwiza rw'umugore w'umunyembaraga. Kandi akavuga ko atiteguye kongera gushaka ahubwo arimo gukora cyane kugira ngo yiyiteho.<ref>https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Rolland</ref> === Amaze kuba misi === * [[Dosiye:Plaque Rue Sonia Rolland - Chaintré (FR71) - 2024-05-08 - 1.jpg|thumb]]Nyuma yo mu 2000<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/ibirori/article/sonia-rolland-yagarutse-ku-marangamutima-yagize-ubwo-yambikwaga-ikamba-rya-miss-france</ref>, nyuma y'umwaka umwe abaye [[Nyampinga w'u Rwanda|Nyampinga]] w'u [[Ubufaransa|bufaransa]] muri 2001,<ref>https://www.gala.fr/stars_et_gotha/sonia_rolland</ref> yavuye mu [[Ubufaransa|bufaransa]] azenguruka [[isi]] mu gihe yari ategereje kubona icyifuzo cye cyo kuba umukinnyi wa [[Filimi ya Seburikoko|filime]], asangira ibikorwa bye byo kwerekana imideli nko muri Karin Models, hamwe n'amasomo ye yo gukina filime, aho yakoze amahugurwa mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba, . Ashyize hamwe na nyina Landrada bashinze ishyirahamwe rya Sonia Rolland ry’abana, ryitwa Maïsha Africa, nyuma gato iri shyirahamwe ryaje gufasha abana b’imfubyi za [[Jenoside y’Abatutsi muri Mata 1994|Jenoside y’Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994]].<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/89792/u-bufaransa-filime-ya-miss-sonia-rolland-yerekanywe-mu-gikorwa-cyo-kwibuka25-cyateguwe-na--89792.html</ref> Ikorera mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]], hamwe n’itsinda ry’abakorerabushake, ibikorwa byo gukusanya inkunga kugira ngo bafashe abo bana mu buryo bw’imibereho, ndetse n’imitekerereze. Iri ishyirahamwe rimaze gusana mu mwaka wa 2008 itsinda ry’amazu cumi n’atandatu atuwe n’aba bana kandi rikomereza ku kibanza gishya cy’amazu makumyabiri kuva mu 2009.<ref>https://www.voici.fr/bios-people/sonia-rolland</ref> * [[Dosiye:Cannes 2018 21.jpg|thumb]]Mu 2002, yateye intambwe ye ya mbere nk’umukinnyi wa filime  ya bakomediye, aho yari afite inshingano zikomeye ari umukinnyi ngenderwaho.Umwaka ukurikiraho, yatoranijwe kugira uruhare runini muri seriveri ya bapolici ishinzwe iperereza uduce mirongo 50 mu minota 52. * Muri Kanama 2002, yitabiriye umukino Fort Boyard mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]]. Yakinnye na bagenzi be bagera kuri 5, Abo Bakinanye bashyigikira ishyirahamwe Sonia Rolland yashyizeho. * Ku ya 14 Ukuboza 2002, yari umwe mu bagize inteko y’abacamanza mu matora ya [[Ubufaransa|Nyampinga w'ubufaransa]] 2003. * Mu 2003, yagaragaye muri clip yindirimbo Ensemble ya Corneille. * Mu 2007, yasohoye [[igitabo]] cyitwa gisubiramo urugendo rwe kuva mu bwana bwe mu Rwanda, kurinda agera mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]], uburyo yateye imbere, uburyo yabaye nyampinga bw’ambere, kwimikwa kuba nyampinya w’ubufaransa 2000, n’uburyo yabaye umukinnyi w’afilime.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/89792/u-bufaransa-filime-ya-miss-sonia-rolland-yerekanywe-mu-gikorwa-cyo-kwibuka25-cyateguwe-na--89792.html</ref><ref>https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9a_Parker</ref> * Muri 2013, yashinze isosiyete yubuhinzi afatangije nabandi. * [[Dosiye:Sonia Rolland Cannes 2018.jpg|thumb]]Ku ya 14 Gicurasi 2013, Sonia Rolland yatanze ibihembo yise Trace Awards byanyuze kuri televisiyo yitwa Trace Urban. * Ku ya 7 Ukuboza 2013, mu mugoroba w’amatora ya Nyampinga w’u bufaransa 2014 yatambutse kuri [[Ubufaransa|televisiyo y'u bufaransa]], niwe watangaje ko abatsinze kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza afatanyije na Jean-Pierre Foucault hamwe n’umuyobozi w’umuryango wa [[Ubufaransa|Nyampinga mu bufaransa]]. * Muri Mata 2015, yari umuyobozi w’akanama nkemurampaka k’iserukira muco w’amahoro w’abaye kunshuro ya 6. * Muri 2017, niwe wabaye intangarugero mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe aho yagiye gushakisha inkomoko ye y'[[igifaransa]] nu [[Rwanda]]. * Ku ya 19 Ukuboza 2020 kuri televiziyo yu [[Ubufaransa|bufaransa]], ni umwe mu bagize inteko y’[[Umugore|abagore]] y’abacyemurampaka yihariye mu matora ya [[Ubufaransa|nyampinga wu bufaransa]] muri 2021. === Urushako === '''Uwitonze Sonia Relland''' yashakanye n'abagabo 2 : # Muri 2006 yashakanye na [[:fr:Christophe_Rocancourt|Christophe Rocancourt]].<ref>https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Rocancourt</ref> bafitanye [[umwana]] umwe w'umukobwa wavutse kuya 13 Mutarama 2007. # Mu ntangiriro za 2009, ubwo yafotoraga, Sonia Rolland yahuye n’umukinnyi [[:fr:Jalil_Lespert|Jalil Lespert]],<ref>https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalil_Lespert</ref> waje kumubera inshuti. Bafitanye umukobwa witwa Kahina Lespert-Rolland, wavutse ku ya 6 Ugushyingo 2010. Batandukanye mu Kwakira 2018.<ref>https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Rolland</ref> === Kwamamaza === Kuva mu 2008, yabaye ambasaderi w’amavuta yo kwisiga yitwa Mixa, Muri 2019, yinjiye muri Guerlain nk’isura ya nshya izajya ikora Makeup na Parufe.<ref>https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Rolland</ref> == Reba == 4n7h4m9ygx8jygfywda3y3cqiqvyn8f 0 10431 139540 112900 2026-09-23T14:18:32Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139540 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Gutera Amashyamba.jpg|thumb|Gutera Amashyamba|151x151px]] [[Dosiye:Ishyamba rya Green Gicumbi.jpg|thumb|155x155px|kubungabunga amashyamb]] Reta y'u[[Rwanda]] ibinyujije muri minisiteri y'ibidukikije yatangije gahunda yo gutera amashyamba gusigasira ahari kubungabunga amashyamba ya kimeza ndetse ni ikengerezo za yo guhana abangiza amashya no gushyigikira abantu bafite umuhate mu gutera amashyamba<ref>Abaturage barakangurirwa kurushaho gufata neza amashyamba yabo - Kigali Today</ref>u [[Rwanda]] muri rusange rufite amashyamba ari ku buso bwa hegitari 724,666 ari byo bingana na 30.4%<ref>“Gutera amashyamba aho bishoboka hose mu Rwanda ni uruhare rwa buri wese” – Minisitiri w’Intebe - Kigali Today</ref> Ibiti biteye mu [[Rwanda]], 30% ari ibivangwa n’imyaka kandi hakaba hari gahunda yo kubyongera ku buryo muri 2024 bizaba bigeze kuri 85% no kongera ubuso buteyeho amashyamba<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/hegitari-380-z-amashyamba-zitemwa-buri-cyumweru-hashakwa-amakara-umujyi-wa |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-10 |archive-date=2022-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510100844/https://igihe.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/hegitari-380-z-amashyamba-zitemwa-buri-cyumweru-hashakwa-amakara-umujyi-wa |url-status=dead }}</ref> . == Intego y'uRwanda mu kongera amashyamba == Reta y'u[[Rwanda]] ibinyujije mu kigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe amashyamba kivuga ko u [[Rwanda]] rufite intego yo gusubiranya ibice byangiritse bidafite amashyamba no kongera aho yagabanutse, gusarura no gutera andi mashyamba aho atigeze hagamijwe kuyongera<ref>Kongera ubuso buteyeho amashyamba mu Rwanda bihagaze bite? - Kigali Today</ref>. [[Dosiye:DYS Crew Planting Ferns at McCredie Day Use Area, Willamette National Forest (34850753086).jpg|thumb|143x143px|gutera ibiti byamoko atandukanye]] == Umumaro w' amashyamba ku bidukikije n'urusobe rw'Ibinyabuzima == [[Dosiye:Igiti 5045.jpg|thumb|Igiti|153x153px]] Amashyamba abumbatira urusobe rw'Ibinyabuzima ndetse n'ibimera muri rusange, amashyamba afite umumaro mu guhangana n'ingaruka z'imihindagurikire y'ibihe no guhangana na amapfa nko mugihe cyi izuba cyangwa imvura nyishi muri rusanga.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.igihe.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/ubuso-bw-amashyamba-y-u-rwanda-buri-hafi-kungana-n-ubw-amajyaruguru-n |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-10 |archive-date=2021-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025074853/http://www.igihe.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/ubuso-bw-amashyamba-y-u-rwanda-buri-hafi-kungana-n-ubw-amajyaruguru-n |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Ibimera n’Inyamaswa]] [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] 3wmavme4ta5exeiwvpb1bmwz0nldy0i 0 10496 139684 133290 2026-09-23T18:31:29Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139684 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kazeneza Marie Merci ('''wavutse mu 1997 ) Ni umunyeshuri muri kaminuza muri Tourism Travelling and Management<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-12 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512170247/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-12 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512170247/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubuzima Bwite == kaneza n' umukobwa w’imyaka 25 uvuka i Rubavu ari ariko uba i Kigali ku mpamvu z’akazi ,Nishuri, yarangije kaminuza muri Tourism Travelling and Management.Uyu mukobwa yitabiriye irushanwa Rya Nyaminga wu Rwanda 2022 akaba yarafite umushinga w’Uburezi aho yashinze urubuga rwo abantu bazajya bigiraho batavuye mu rugo ariko banidagadura.<ref>https://www.isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/ubwiza-n-ibyo-wamenya-ku-bakobwa-5-banikiriye-abandi-mu-majwi-muri-miss-rwanda-amafoto</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-12 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512170247/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kazeneza Marie Merci yabaye Igisonga cya mbere mu irushanwa ry’ubwiza ryahuje abakobwa biga muri Kaminuza y’Ubukerarugendo mu 2016 (Miss UTB) akanegukana ikamba ry’uzi kwifotoza neza kurusha abandi, ari guhatanira ikamba rya Miss Rwanda.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-12 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512170247/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/ubwiza-n-ibyo-wamenya-ku-bakobwa-5-banikiriye-abandi-mu-majwi-muri-miss-rwanda-amafoto</ref> == Ibihembo == '''Kazeneza Marie Merci y'''atsindiye ikamba ry’umukobwa wahize abandi mu kwifotoza muri kaminuza muri Tourism Travelling and Management<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-12 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512170247/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/ubwiza-n-ibyo-wamenya-ku-bakobwa-5-banikiriye-abandi-mu-majwi-muri-miss-rwanda-amafoto</ref> === Referances === [[Ikiciro:Umugore]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] m9uw5xpp3lz7ck3g2yul7se2a06vxf5 0 10626 139819 134284 2026-09-24T10:32:12Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139819 wikitext text/x-wiki Umugezi wa Mwogo ni uruzi ruri mu majyepfo y'u [[Rwanda]], rubyara [[umugezi wa Nyabarongo]] iyo ruhuye na Mbirurume. Ruturuka m'umashyamba ya nyungwe mu majyepfo y’u [[Rwanda]] mu burasirazuba bwa Congo-Nile, aho runyura mumirenge ya ruramba wo mukarere ka Nyaruguru, rukomereza mumurenge wa Kitabi mu[[Akarere ka Nyamagabe|Karere ka Nyamagabe]] <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwogo_River#CITEREFNyamagabe_Administrative_Map</ref>,rugakomeza rujya kuri nyabukona aho intara y'iburasirazuba igabanira n'iyamajyepfo. Ruba rwanyuze Kandi Nyarusiza rwerekeza mu [[Akarere ka Huye|Karere ka Huye]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwogo_River#CITEREFHuye_Administrative_Map</ref> Rwerekeza mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba runyuze mu burengerazuba bw'aka karere, rwinjira mu [[Akarere ka Nyanza|karere ka Nyanza]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwogo_River#CITEREFHughesHughesBernacsek1992</ref> Mu [[Akarere ka Nyanza|karere ka Nyanza]] rukanyura mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, rukanyura Mweya aho uruzi rwa Gihimbi rwinjirira uhereye ibumoso. Munsi yiyi ngingo ihujwe nuruzi rwa Rukarara uhereye ibumoso. Hanyuma rugakora urubibi rw'iburengerazuba rw[[Akarere ka Ruhango|'akarere ka Ruhango]] <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwogo_River#CITEREFRuhango_Administrative_Map</ref>kugeza ruhujwe uhereye ibumoso nuruzi rwa Mbirurume mumajyepfo ya Bikwa Umugezi uhuriweho witwa uruzi rwa [[Nyabarongo]], rukomeza ruguru rujya I Kigali.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwogo_River</ref> '''IMIRIMO IKORERWA MUKIBAYA CYA MWOGO''' '''''K[[Ubuhinzi|UBUHINZI]] BW'[[Umuceli|UMUCERI]] N'IMBOGA''''' Iki kibaya kizwiho cyane gutunganywamo imihanda y'amazi ihingwamo [[Umuceli|umuceri]], aho abaturage bishyize hamwe mu m[[Amakoperative ya RWAMACU|akoperative]] bawuhinga ku bwinshi bakawurya mungo zabo ndetse bagasagurira namasoko. Mu bice biteramo [[Umuceli|umuceri]], hahingwa ibigori, [[Igishyimbo|ibishyimbo]], ibijumba, n[[Imboga za Kayote|'imboga]] zinyuranye bitandukanye nk'ubutaka bwo mu misozi.<ref name=":0">https://m.imvahonshya.co.rw/?p=181682</ref> Nanone haberamo byo kurinda igishamga no kuvomerera .Leta n'[[ABAHANZI|abahinzi]] bafatanya mu mirimo yo gukora imiringoti n'ingomero z'amazi kugira ngo ubuhinzi bukomeze mu bihe byose by'ihinga.<ref name=":2" /> '''''UBWOROZI''''' Kubera icyi gishanga kigira [[ubwatsi]] buhora buba bwinshi, abaturage bahororera [[inka]] n'amatungo magufi bakoresheje uburyo bwo kuhakura [[ubwatsi]] ( kwahira) cyangwa ubworozi bwa kijyambere<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nyamagabe.gov.rw/default-title-9/minisitiri-mukeshimana-yasuye-ibikorwa-by-ubuhinzi-mu-karere-ka-nyamagabe |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-05-15 |archive-date=2022-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630040145/https://www.nyamagabe.gov.rw/default-title-9/minisitiri-mukeshimana-yasuye-ibikorwa-by-ubuhinzi-mu-karere-ka-nyamagabe |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Nanone bifashisha amwe mumazi areka hafi y[[Uruzi|'uruzi]] buhira [[Itungo|amatungo]].<ref name=":0" /> '''''IBIKORWA REMEZO''''' Kubera ko uyu [[Umugezi|mugezi]] n'ikibaya bya Mwogo bihuza uturere twinshi, harangwa imirimo ihoraho yo kubaka no gusana ibiraro<ref>https://rba.co.rw/post/Amajyepfo-Asaga-Miliyari-yashowe-mu-kubaka-ikiraro-cya-Mwogo</ref> bihuza imirenge n'uturere twa [[Nyanza, Rwanda|Nyanza]], [[Akarere ka Ruhango|Ruhango]] na Nyamagabe. '''''IBINDI''''' Nanone hakorerwamo imirimo y'uburobyi bw'amafi yo mubwoko bwa tilapiya. Ndetse no gucukura [[umucanga]] w'igihogo wifahishwa m[[Ubwatsi|ubwubatsi]]. '''''INGAMBA ZAFASHWE MUKUKIBUNGABUNGA.''''' Zimwe mungamba zafashwe harimo Gutera amashyamba y'[[imigano]] (bamboo) ku nkombe z'umugezi wa Mwogo n[[Imigezi y’u Rwanda|'imigezi]] iwushora bityo bigafata [[ubutaka]]<ref name=":1">https://www.environment.gov.rw/news-detail/abanyarwanda-barakangurirwa-kubungabunga-urusobe-rw-ibinyabuzima</ref> Hari ingamba zo guca kandi imirwanyasuri kumisozi. Hashyizweho itegeko n'imipaka (buffer zone) ihagarika [[ubuhinzi]] n'ubwubatsi busatira neza inkombe z[[Umugezi|'umugezi]]. Tutibajyiwe ko [[Abahinzi mu gishanga cya Mwulire|Abahinzi]] bo mu kibaya no mu nkengero bafashwa gutera ibiti bivangwa n'imyaka (nk'iseti, Alnus, n'ibiti by'imbuto) kugira ngo [[Ubutaka mu Rwanda|ubutaka]] bukomeze kugira amahumbezi n'umuco wo gufata [[amazi]].<ref name=":1" /> [[Ikiciro:Umugezi]] [[Ikiciro:Uruzi]] h224k6ndp5i95k609t0zpiun8wbvs7x 0 10632 139656 135082 2026-09-23T18:27:54Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139656 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Rusizi NP.jpg|alt=Umugezi wa Rusizi|thumb|Umugezi wa Rusizi]] '''Umugezi wa Rusiz'''i (nanone rimwe na rimwe yitwa Rusizi) ni uruzi, ufite uburebure bwa kilometero 117, ruva mu [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|kiyaga cya Kivu]] rugana ku kiyaga cya Tanganyika muri [[Afurika]] yo hagati, rukamanuka kuri metero 1.500 (metero 4900) rukagera kuri metero 770, hejuru y'inyanja hejuru yuburebure bwayo, Imiyoboro ihanamye cyane iboneka kuri kilometero 40 za mbere, aho hubatswe ingomero z'amashanyarazi Ahagana hepfo, ikibaya cya [[Akarere ka Rusizi|Rusizi]], gifite imisozi yoroheje gusa, kandi uruzi rutemba mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika unyuze kuri, hamwe n'umuyoboro muto cyangwa ibiri ucitsemo umuyoboro munini.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akanyaru_River</ref> [[Dosiye:Stream between Maeganeku and Moon Beach.jpg|thumb|umugezi wa ruzizi]] Rusizi ni uruzi rukiri ruto, rwashinzwe hashize imyaka igera ku 10,000 igihe [[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|ikirunga]] giturika mu imisozi ya Virunga. Imisozi yabujije ikiyaga cya Kivu ahahoze hasohokera amazi ya [[Nili]] ahubwo ihatira ikiyaga kurenga mu majyepfo ya Rusizi no mu mazi ya Congo.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruzizi_River</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Imigezi]] [[Ikiciro:Umugezi]] [[Ikiciro:Uruzi]] c34qonkv094ewv1uyhlud7ye6uv9ix0 0 10651 139742 133294 2026-09-23T18:41:16Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139742 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Tea products in Rwanda mountain tea.jpg|thumb|icyayi cyakozw'''e''' na Rwanda mountain t'''ea''']] [[Dosiye:Camellia sinensis in Bao Loc.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Tea from Rwanda Mountain Tea 01.jpg|thumb|rwandan mauntain tea]]{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q115136213}} Rwanda Mountain Tea ni icyayi cyu [[Rwanda]] kizwi cyane ku [[isi]], kubera kwinjiza no kumurika Icyayi cyo mu misozi yo mu [[Rwanda]], gitanga [[icyayi]] kiza mu Rwanda no mu mumahanga, ishoramari mu gutunganya [[icyayi]], gukurikirana impuguke no kuyobora mu gutanga umusaruro.<ref name=":0" /> [[Dosiye:Rwanda Mountain Tea.jpg|thumb|ikirango cya kompanyi ya Rwanda Mountain '''Tea''']] == Rwanda Mountain Tea == '''[https://rwandamountaintea.com/ Rwanda Mountain Tea Ltd]''' Guhera mu mwaka 2006, yabaye umushoramari wigenga w’abasangwabutaka mu nganda z’icyayi n’imirima, agura imigabane myinshi mu mitungo myinshi yahoze ari iya leta, harimo, Nyabihu na Rubaya (mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|burengerazuba]] no mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|majyaruguru]]), [[Icyayi cya Kitabi|Kitabi]] (mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|majyepfo]]),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.igihe.com/ubukungu/ubucuruzi/article/icyayi-cya-kitabi-n-icya-gisovu-byaciye-agahigo-ku-isoko-muri-kenya?fbclid=IwAR0vrg71iNhFPv5HOYi7DWSxf-1-PcWyDKgtz0i3nQ9UofRTGXLdZT6ZuGU |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-18 |archive-date=2022-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518163624/https://www.igihe.com/ubukungu/ubucuruzi/article/icyayi-cya-kitabi-n-icya-gisovu-byaciye-agahigo-ku-isoko-muri-kenya?fbclid=IwAR0vrg71iNhFPv5HOYi7DWSxf-1-PcWyDKgtz0i3nQ9UofRTGXLdZT6ZuGU |url-status=dead }}</ref> na Gisakura na Mata (mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|majyepfo]] y'[[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|iburengerazuba]]) .<ref name=":1" />[[Dosiye:Tea plantation in Ciwidey, Bandung 2014-08-21.jpg|thumb|Icyayi Cyiza]] == Kwagura Ibikorwa == Byongeye kandi, muri gahunda yo kwagura, '''Rwanda Mountain Tea Ltd''' yashoboye gushinga uruganda rw'[[icyayi]] ahitwa [[Akarere ka Rutsiro|Rutsiro]] ([[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|mu intara y'burengerazuba]]), kabuhariwe mu gukora CTC y'umukara, [[icyayi]] cyumukara nicyatsi kibisi Ikindi cyiyongereyeho ni uruganda rw'icyayi rwa Gatare mu karere ka [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke|Nyamasheke]] ruteganijwe gukoreshwa mbere yuyu mwaka. <ref name=":1">https://maps.prodafrica.com/places/rwanda/kigali-city/kigali/tea-producer/rwanda-mountain-tea-ltd/</ref> Rwanda mountain tea murwego ryo kwagura ibikorwa yafunguye inganda zitunganya icyayi ziherereye mubice bitandunya byigihugu. 1.[[Kitabi tea factory|Kitabi Tea Factory]] 2.Rubaya Tea Factory 3.Rutsiro Tea Factory 4.Gatare Tea Factory 5.Nyabihu Tea Factory 6.Gisakura Tea Factory 7.Mata Tea Factory == Ishoramari == [[Dosiye:Rwandatea 19.jpg|thumb|Icyayi]] Ishoramari rya '''Rwanda Mountain Tea Ltd''' mu ishoramari ry’[[icyayi]] rigamije kuzamura umusaruro w’[[icyayi]] binyuze mu buhinzi bwiza no kubona no kwagura imirima y’icyayi mu gihugu hose. Umuzenguruko warangiye mu kuzamura no kubaka inganda z'[[icyayi]] zigezweho no gushyiraho uruganda rwicyayi ruvanga nogupakira [[icyayi]] kugirango gikemure abakoresha [[icyayi]] mu [[Rwanda]] kandi buhoro buhoro mukarere ndetse no mubindi bice bya [[Afurika|Afrika]]. '''Rwanda Mountain Tea Ltd''' izwi kwisi yose kubera gukora [[icyayi]] cyiza cya CTC cyiza ku [[isi]], kandi yatsindiye ibihembo bitandukanye by'[[icyayi]] ku [[isi]].<ref>https://www.minagri.gov.rw/index.php?id=544&tx_kesearch_pi1%5Bsword%5D=icyayi&tx_kesearch_pi1%5Bpage%5D=1&tx_kesearch_pi1%5BresetFilters%5D=0&tx_kesearch_pi1%5BsortByField%5D=&tx_kesearch_pi1%5BsortByDir%5D=</ref> == Amashanyarazi == Usibye gukora no gucuruza icyayi, '''Rwanda Mountain Tea Ltd''' ni umushoramari wigenga mu kongera ingufu. Kugeza ubu igomba gushyiraho inganda z'amashanyarazi 2 y'umugezi wa Giciye itanga MW 8 kuri gride y'[[igihugu]].Ari mubikorwa byo kubaka urundi r'uganda kumugezi umwe gifite ubushobozi bwa MW 7.2. Mu bindi bikorwa bifitanye isano, Rwanda Mountain Tea Ltd yasinyanye na leta yu [[Rwanda]] amasezerano y’inguzanyo ku nganda 2 zisanzwe zikoresha amashanyarazi kugira ngo zongere MW 4. Ibigo mu matsinda bivanga mu buryo bworoshye mu baturage bakoreramo, bigira uruhare mu kubaka [[Ishuri|amashuri]], ibigo ndzerabuzima, imihanda igaburira, n’amazu ku bakene cyane. Bagira uruhare kandi muri gahunda y'[[igihugu]] y'[[inka]] imwe ku muryango ukennye buri mwaka baha amatungo imiryango itishoboye. <ref>https://maps.prodafrica.com/places/rwanda/kigali-city/kigali/tea-producer/rwanda-mountain-tea-ltd/</ref> == Ibindi == [[Dosiye:Çay-1.jpg|thumb|Icyayi]] '''Rwanda Mountain Tea Ltd''' itanga imirimo irenga 25.000 kubaturage bo mucyaro usibye kugura ibabi ryatsi kubuhinzi-borozi, bityo bagatanga isoko ryumwaka wose kubicuruzwa byabo. Isosiyete ihuza neza n’abaturage aho ikorera, igira uruhare mu iterambere ry’imibereho n’ubukungu by’abaturage binyuze muri; kubaka amashuri, ibigo nderabuzima, umuhanda ugaburira, amazu kubakene cyane no kuzana amazi meza kubaturage.<ref>https://www.minagri.gov.rw/index.php?id=544&tx_kesearch_pi1%5Bsword%5D=icyayi&tx_kesearch_pi1%5Bpage%5D=1&tx_kesearch_pi1%5BresetFilters%5D=0&tx_kesearch_pi1%5BsortByField%5D=&tx_kesearch_pi1%5BsortByDir%5D=</ref> Hanyuma, '''Rwanda Mountain Tea Ltd''' ni umusoreshwa munini kandi igashora inyungu mu [[Igihugu|gihugu]], bityo ikagira uruhare mu iterambere ry’u [[Rwanda]].<ref>https://maps.prodafrica.com/places/rwanda/kigali-city/kigali/tea-producer/rwanda-mountain-tea-ltd/</ref> == Ibihembo == Rwanda Mountain Tea Ltd, yagiye ishimirwa imikorere yayo myiza, haba muri Africa no mubindi bice bitandukanye mu isi, nk'aho munama yo mwaka wa 2019 ku italiki ya 26 kugeza ku italiki ya 28 yari yabereye i Kampala muri Uganda, Rwanda Mountain Tea Ltd n'uruganda rwayo rwa Kitabi yahembewe kuba iya mbere mugutunganya icyayi gifite ubwiza buhebuje. == Amashakiro == [[Ikiciro:Icyayi]] <references /> [[Ikiciro:Rwanda Mountain Tea]] 9cy2x4mw4k2zky598gkt5tgv7dequsb 0 11285 139606 136187 2026-09-23T18:19:56Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139606 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Cochon_domestique_(Sus_scrofa_domesticus)_(3).jpg|thumb|Ubworozi bw'Ingurube]] [[Dosiye:Pig near trees.jpg|thumb|Ingurube nini]] [[Dosiye:Ingurube n'ibibwana.jpg|thumb]] Ingurube ni rimwe mu matungo magufi yororwa akororoka neza kandi mu gihe gito.<ref>https://www.scribd.com/document/549452503/UMUSHINGA-W-UBWOROZI-BW-INGURUBE-BWA-KIJYAMBERE</ref> Ingurube ntibyara irabwagura.Ingurube ntigira abana, igira ibibwana Ubworozi bw'ingurube bujyana no kubungabunga ubuzima bwazo. == [[Ubworozi bw'Ingurube]]<ref>[[Ubworozi bw'Ingurube]]</ref> == == [[Imirire y'ingurube]]<ref>[[Imirire y'ingurube]]</ref> == == Kubungabunga Ubuzima bw’ingurube == === Kurinda ayo matungo indwara. === – Ingurube zigomba kororerwa ahantu hasukuye; – Umworozi agomba kurwanya inzoka n’udukoko two ku mubiri; – Ingurube zigomba gusasirwa hakoreshejwe ishinge cyangwa ibarizo. Aho iryama hagomba kuba hacuramye kugira ngo amaganga amanuke yoye kureka aho iryama. === Indwara zikunze kugaragara mu ngurube === ==== 1. Udukoko ku ruhu ==== [[Dosiye:Ingurube nibyana byayo.jpg|thumb|Ingurube]] dutera ingurube kwishima cyane ku buryo yikuba cyangwa yishima cyane kugeza aho ikomerekeye. Iyo ndwara irandura cyane, igomba kuvurwa ikigaragara. Iyo ndwara iterwa n’udukoko twitwa «Psoroptes» cyangwa «Sarcoptes». Mu kuvura iyo ndwara, hakoreshwa cyane umuti witwa «Amitix» cyangwa «Ivermectine». ==== 2. Inzoka z’imbere mu mubiri: ==== inzoka mbi ni asikarisi na teniya. Uburyo bwo kuzirwanya Asikarisi * Ahari isima, hagomba kozwa buri munsi; * Guha inyagazi imiti y’inzoka hasigaye iminsi 15 ngo ibwagure, kugira ngo itanduza ibibwana; * Koza ingurube mbere y’uko ibwagura; * Guha ibibwana imiti y’inzoka ibyumweru bibiri, hanyuma ukongera buri mezi abiri n’igice; * Kongera guha inyagazi imiti icukije. Imiti ikunze gukoreshwa ni «Albendasol», «Ivermectine», ni yo miti ivura inzoka nyinshi icya rimwe, ariko hari n’indi nka «Piperazine» (ivura asikarisi gusa), «Mebendazol» (ivura asikarisi, n’inzoka zitwa strongle). '''Kuri teniya''' Imiti ikoreshwa ni «Ivermectine», «Albendasol» na «Yomezan». ==== 3. Rouget (soma ruje) : ==== Iyo ndwara iterwa na mikorobi, ishobora kwanduza umuntu n’ayandi matungo rimwe na rimwe. [[Dosiye:Pot-bellied pigs in Lisbon Zoo 2008.jpg|thumb|402x402px|ingurube]] Ibimenyetso byayo ni ibi bikurikira: ingurube igira umuriro mwinshi, kugeza kuri dogere 42; iraryama ntiyongere kurya. Mu bice by’umubiri byoroha nk’amatwi, ku matako no ku nda, hazaho ibiziga by’amaraso, n’amabara atukura, ayo mabara asibangana gato iyo bayakanze n’urutoki. Ingurube iyo itavuwe ipfa nyuma y’iminsi 2-4. Iyo babaze ingurube yishwe n’iyo ndwara imbere mu nda hose haba hari utudomo dutukura. Mu mpeshyi, iyo ndwara igaragaza ibimenyetso by’umweru aho gutukura. Iyo ngurube ipfa nyuma y’amasaha 12-24. Ingurube n’iyo yaba ikize ishobora kurwara indwara y’umutima cyangwa igakomeza kubyimba amaguru. ==== Icyitonderwa: ==== iyo ndwara ntikunda gufata ibibwana, ifata ingurube zifite hagati y’amezi atatu n’imyaka ibiri. [[Dosiye:Pig farm Vampula 9.jpg|thumb|382x382px|ubworozi bw'ingurube]] Uko umworozi abyifatamo: iyo indwara igaragaye, umworozi akoresha «Penicilline», akenshi iba ihagije. Imiti igizwe na Kalisiyumu na yo ni ngombwa kuko ifasha mu kongera gukomeza amagufa yahungabanyijwe n’indwara. Habaho kandi n’urukingo kuva ku mezi 2. Inyagazi buri gihe uko icukije igomba gukingirwa, imfizi ikingirwa buri mezi 6. Umworozi yirinda gukingira inyagazi zihaka. ==== 4. Guhitwa kw’ibibwana by’ingurube ==== Uko guhitwa guterwa n’impamvu zikurikira : – Kurya nabi,Kororera habi, Mikorobi Uburyo bwo kurwanya impiswi : Umworozi agomba koza inyagazi no gutera imiti mu nzu mbere y’uko ibwagura kugira ngo ibibwana bidahura na mikorobi nyinshi. Guha inyagazi umuti w’inzoka kugira ngo itazanduza ibibwana byayo. [[Dosiye:Cochon domestique (Sus scrofa domesticus) (1).jpg|thumb|ingurube]] Gutuganya akazu k’ibibwana gashyushye, aho byaba mu gihe cy’iminsi 15. Gutera ibibwana urushinge rwa «infero» ku munsi wa 15, «ferkobsang » ku munsi wa 15 kugira ngo babifashe gurwanya ibihe bibi igihe cy’icyumweru cya kabiri n’igihe cy’icuka. Kugaburira neza inyagazi kugira ngo ibibwana bibone amagurubegurube ahagije. Kudahubukira gucutsa ibibwana : – Gukura ingurube mu nzu ibibwana bikayisigaramo – Kudashyira ibibwana by’ingurube byinshi mu nzu imwe. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ingurube]] [[Ikiciro:Ubworozi]] [[Ikiciro:Ubworozi bw'umwuga]] 69uo6rsiri30rvt6t6lo467txk3w2vg 0 12578 139743 137647 2026-09-23T18:41:23Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139743 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Beef Wellington .jpg|thumb|Beef Wellington]] [[Dosiye:Big Mac hamburger.jpg|left|thumb]] == Menya byinshi ku Nyama ya beef Wellington naho yaturutse == Ibisobanuro bya [[Itabi|beef Wellington]] birashoboka kuboneka k'umusore witwa Arthur Wellesley. [[Dosiye:Vegetable Wellington being prepared.jpg|thumb|Beef Wellington]] Azwi cyane kubera gutsinda Napoleon k'urugamba rwa Waterloo, ahabwa izina rya Duke wa mbere wa Wellington. == Ninde muntu wa mbere wakoze beef Wellington? == kuya 18 kamena1815 Duke wa mbere wa Wellington, Arthur Wellesley yatsinze ku rugamba rwa Waterloo, maze hategurwa ibyo kurya kugirango bibuke insinzi mu bisanzwe byemewe kuba aribyo beef Wellington Ishobora gukorwa mbere y'igihe. [[Dosiye:Beef Wellington 2019.jpg|thumb|Beef Wellington]] == Kuki Inyama yiswe beef Wellington izwi cyane? == Uyu munsi [[Itabi|beef Wellington]] izwi cyane nk'igisubizo cya Gordon Ramsey, Icyakora ibyo kurya bifite Inkomoko kera bigera mu ntangiriro y'ikinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda yahawe izina rya Duke wa Wellington nyuma yo kuyobora ihuriro rya karindwi( hamwe na Jenerali Von Blucher) k'urugamba rwa Waterloo mu 1815. Yavutse Arthur Wellesley, Nubwo Azwi cyane nka Duke wa Wellington mu mateka. == Filet ya Wellington yaturutse he? == Ikintu kimwe gishobora kuvugwa neza Ni uko Icyuzuzo cya Wellington nkuko tubizi uyu munsi cyamenyekanye ubwa mbere na chef w'umunyamerika Akaba n'umukinnyi wa firime Julia child. Wamenyekanye kuri filet de bœuf en croûte, Inyama y'inka yuzuye mu [[Ubufaransa|bufaransa]] nka "filet ya Wellington Beef" mu gice cy'umwaka mushya tereviziyo ye, umutetsi w'abafaransa mu 1965 mu ijoro rishya. [[Dosiye:Beef Wellington - rare, sliced.jpg|thumb|Beef Wellington]] == Beef Wellington ikozwe n'iki? == [[Itabi|Beef Wellington]] n'ibiryo bya kera by' abongereza. Beef Wellington n'inyama izingiyeho igipondo cya pate( ubusanzwe foie gras pâte) na duxelle hanyuma ugapfunyika muri puff pastry hanyuma ugateka. [[Dosiye:Beef Wellington - Whole.jpg|thumb|Beef Wellington]] == Nikihe gihugu cyahimbye beef Wellington? == Ibyo kurya bya kera by'abongereza, Inyama beef Wellington n'uruvange rw'inka, ibirayi [[Imboga|n'imboga]]. Iyo ukora inyama ya Wellington ibyo kurya byuzuye bitwikiriwe na pâte mu bisanzwe foie gras pâte na duxelles mbere yo kubizinga hanyuma ikotsa n'ifuru. == Nigute abafaransa bita Beef Wellington? == Ifunguro nkiryo rizwi ku izina rya " filet de bœuf en croûte" ryari rimaze kuba mu bitaramo by'abafaransa mbere y'intambara ya Revolutionary Ef Beef Wellington" Mu cyubahiro cya Wellesley, yahinduwe gusa n'umuntu ahandi hantu. == Ese Beef Wellington byaba ari ibiryo by'abongereza? == [[Itabi|Beef wellington]] Ni ibyo kurya bikomoka mu [[Ubwongereza|bwongereza]] n' Inyama yometseho pâte ( mu bisanzwe foie gras pâte) na duxelles hanyuma bipfunyikwa kuri puff pastry ubundi igatekwa. [[Dosiye:Beef wellington.png|thumb|Beef Wellington]] == Nigute Beef Wellington yabonye izina? == Iyi nyama yitiriwe Arthur Wellesley, Duke wa wellington watsinze Napoleon aba minisitiri w'intebe w'ubwongereza kandi yari ashinzwe kumenyekanisha amazina ya rubber ariko ntibisobanutse uruhare yagize mu guhindura ibintu biryoshye. Nanone Wellington umusirikare ntiyigeze ahangayikishwa cyane n'ibiryo yahawe bityo areka umutetsi we ngo yishakire ibyifuzo bye kimwe muri byo Akaba ariryo Funguro ryihariye. Nkuko Wellington yishimiye iri Funguro yashimangiye Ko ryatangwa kuri buri funguro. Nanone bivugwa ko ibyo kurya byuzuye bisa neza na boot ya Wellington Akaba ariryo mpanvu yiryo zina.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dekooktips.com/recipes-with-beef/who-invented-beef-wellington.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-22 |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824115633/https://www.dekooktips.com/recipes-with-beef/who-invented-beef-wellington.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} <ref><nowiki>https://www.dekooktips.com/recipes-with-beef/who-invented-beef-wellington.html</nowiki></ref> [[Ikiciro:Ibiribwa]] o1rz6q4phk5j2a02aiffzs84z93hb5d 0 12628 139607 86013 2026-09-23T18:20:03Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139607 wikitext text/x-wiki NSENGIMANA Eric ni Umunyarwanda wavukiye mu rwanda mu mwaka wa 01/01/1993, intara y'iburasirazuba akarere ka kirehe, umurenge wa kigina, akagari ka rwanteru, umudugudu wa rusororo AMASHURI amashuri abanza yayize mu ishuri ribanza rya KIGINA guhera 2001-2007 Ikiciro rusange yakize kuri ESIM KIRAMURUZI guhera 2008-2010 Ikiciro kisumbuye yakize kuri ES NYARUBUYE(BEETICA) guhera 2010-2013 Kaminuza yayiye muri kaminuza nkuru y'uRwanda (UR) muri College y'ubuhinzi n'ubworozi ishami rya NYAGATARE guhera 2014-2018 aho yakuye imyamyabushobozi yo mu rwego rwa Ao sfarg9hmu5386f3orwdvwmhcpk7mawb 0 12674 139600 90276 2026-09-23T18:16:49Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139600 wikitext text/x-wiki Isiraheri mbonyicyambu eric uzwi kwizina nka isiraheri mbonyi nu muhanzi uririmba indirimbo z'imana akaririmba anicurangira.<ref>magalykay?Umuhanzi-Israel-Mbonyi-aravugwaho-amabi-yashyizwe-ku-ntonde-803@gmail.com</ref> == Amateka ya mbonyicyambu == lsiraheri yavutse tariki 20/05/1992 avukira muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Repubulika]] iharanira demokarasi ya congo[[Kongo|(R.D.CONGO).,]]<ref>/israel-mbonyi-yashyize-hanze-indirimbo-nshya-nkwiye-kurara-iwawe-iri-kuri-a</ref> mu ntara ya kivu y'amajyepfo,ahobita uvira. Mbonyi yabaye muri congo igihe gito yaje mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1997 we nu muryango we bakaba batuye kimironko == ibihangano bya isiraheli == Mbonyi watangiye kuririmba aririmba muri korari ,akanacuranga kuburyo atabonaga na mahirwe yo gutera indirimbo.<ref>/israel-mbonyi-yashyize-hanze-indirimbo-nshya-nkwiye-kurara-iwawe-iri-kuri-a</ref> ubwo yatangiraga kuririmba yahereye kundirimbo yitwa kumugezi ,zinzibagirwa,yankuyeho urubanza,ibihe, yesu n number one, harubuzima,icyambu. == Reba == qwzrtw4fyj0x6wngpnyonto0p49ysy3 0 12678 139799 136242 2026-09-24T10:03:44Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139799 wikitext text/x-wiki Rayon sports fc ni ikipe ikinira mu [[Rwanda]] ikaba iri no mu makipe akomeye muri shampiyona y'u [[Rwanda]](Rwanda premier league).Ni ukuvuga ngo igitekerezo cyo gushinga ikipe ya Rayon Sports cyatangiye kuvuka mu ntangiriro z'[[umwaka]] wa 1960 nyuma yo kunoza neza ishingwa mu 1964 ishingiwe mucyahoze ari [[Komisiyo y’Igihugu yo Kurwanya SIDA|komini]] Nyabisindu muri perefegitura ya [[Butare]], ubu ni m[[Umurenge wa Muhima|u murenge]] wa [[Busasamana]], [[Akarere ka Kicukiro|akarere]] ka [[Akarere ka Nyanza|Nyanza]] mu [[Nyarabu Zunze Ubumwe|ntara]] y'Amajyepfo. Rayon Sport yaje kubona [[ubuzima]] gatozi mu mwaka 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rayonsports.rw/about |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-16 |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163539/https://rayonsports.rw/about |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dosiye:Aruna_Mussa.jpg|thumb|umukinnyi wa Rayon sports |450x450px]] === Ibigwi === Rayon Sports yabaye ikipe ya mbere igeze mu matsinda mu mikino nyafurika, hari mu mwaka wa 2018 ni yo kipe yo mu Rwanda yaciye agahigo ko kugera mu matsinda.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rayonsports.rw/news |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-18 |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170524/https://rayonsports.rw/news |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imikino/football/article/rwatubyaye-abdul-yasinyiye-rayon-sports |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-18 |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172421/https://igihe.com/imikino/football/article/rwatubyaye-abdul-yasinyiye-rayon-sports |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Inkomoko y' izina rayons === [[Dosiye:LucEymaelRayonSports.jpg|thumb|Abatoza b'ikipe ya Rayon Sport FC.]]Izina RAYONS ni izina iyi kipe yahawe na padiri w' umuzungu Arnot Channoire wayoboraga ishuri rya Krisitu [[umwami]] ry' i Nyanza, arikomoye ku izina yari yahawe na MUREGO Donate wari warashinze iyi kipe. Hari nyuma y' impinduramatwara ya 1961 ubwo havanwagaho ingoma ya cyami hagashyirwaho Repubulika, ari na bwo hatangiraga gushingwa kw' amakipe ashingiye kuri za komini nka kamini Kiyovu muri Kigali, Mukuraya Astrida na Komini Nyabisindu. Gusa abatuye Nyabisindu ntibigeze biyumvamo iyi kipe kuko bakundaga ikipe ya Amaregure y' umwami [[Mutara III Rudahigwa|MUTARA III Rudahigwa]]. ibi byatumye uwari perezida w' urukiko rw' ikirenga rwari i Nyanza MUREGO Donate ashinga ikipe idashingiye kuri komini ayita IMIRASIRE ariyo yaje <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rayonsports.rw/about |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-16 |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163539/https://rayonsports.rw/about |url-status=dead }}</ref>kwitwa RAYONS SPORTS. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} pfy1yx6suc7jkzqwjwpw1mhuqkoho0u 0 12686 139618 138018 2026-09-23T18:21:24Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139618 wikitext text/x-wiki Dj Marnaud ni umwe mubasore baamenyekanye cyane cyane mukuvangavanga imiziki hano mu [[Rwanda Mountain Tea|Rwanda]]. Magingo aya uy[[Umugano|umugabo]] ni umwe mubantu bazwiho [[Ubuvanganzo|ubuhanga]] buhanitse mukuvaganga imiziki mutubyiniriro mub bir ndetse n'ii,ibitaramo bigiye bitandukanye hano [[Mugwaneza Pacifique|mu Rwa]]. nda<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/87446/bwa-mbere-dj-marnaud-agiye-gucuranga-mu-bubiligi-87446.html</ref> == Amateka == Mugisha arnaud uzwi cyane kwizina ry'[[Ubuhinzi bw'ibigoli|ubuhanzi]] nka Dj marnaud, yavutse tariki 26 [[Ugushyingo]] 1995. Kumyaka ye [[Itamu|Itanu]] [[Mugisha Emmanuel|Mugisha]] Arnaud yarafite ubumenyi kuri piyano kandi anakora ibyino na ma korigarafiya. Dj Marnaud mubwangavu bwe yabyinaga ibyino gakondo hamwe n'inganzo ngari culture troupe.<ref>https://profileability.com/dj-marnaud/#.YyRiAVPRY0N</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} . rojjakph42069hmw4vqx9g9tbuc8yto 0 12704 139800 137857 2026-09-24T10:03:51Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139800 wikitext text/x-wiki Kayiranga Jean Baptiste yavukiye i Murambi muri Rwamagana, yakiniye ikipe y’abana y’i Gikondo na APE Rugunga, aho nyuma y’imyaka ibiri gusa yahise abengukwa na [[Rayon sports fc|Rayon Sports]], Mu 1996 yakiniye Avenue Sportif de la Marsa imyaka ibiri yo muri Tunisia, yahagaritse gukina mu 2000, yakoze amahugurwa y’ubutoza mu Budage, atangira ari umwungiriza, agaruka muri Rayon Sports yahesheje igikombe cya shampiyona nk’umutoza mukuru mu 2005. Yatoje AS Kigali, Kiyovu Sports, Gicumbi FC, Mukura VS, Pépinière FC, [[Amavubi]] makuru, U-20, Amavubi y’abagore na Alliance Sports Club yo muri [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]].<ref>http://isimbi.rw/kwibuka/article/umukinnyi-ntiyatinyaga-kwita-mugenzi-we-bakinana-inyenzi-kayiranga-jean-baptiste</ref><ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/72458/kuba-yarahoze-mu-makipe-akomeye-n-amavubi-kayiranga-hari-ubu-72458.html</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Abatoza ba Ruhago]] 4x76139q8zidf6nzh5cmo6jjk9xt5fo 0 12721 139884 136370 2026-09-24T10:43:12Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139884 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Three ghosts by Vishchun.png|thumb|Abazimu]] Mu myemerere gakondo ya Kinyarwanda, abazimu ni ijambo ririmo amagambo abiri ( Abazi -Umu) bisobanura imizi yacu twe turi hano. Abazimu ni abantu bo mu muryango runaka babayeho ariko batakiriho, ni ukuvuga bitabye Imana.<ref name=":0" /> Mu madini ya gikirisitu, abazimu ni ijambo rikoreshwa mu gusobanura imyuka mibi igamije inabi ku bazima, iyo basenga birukana abo bazimu.<ref name=":0">[1][https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/articles/cj52mpq28v8o Rutangarwamaboko: Umupfumu urimo kugarura Imana y'i Rwanda - BBC]</ref> Umuzimu ni ishusho y’umuntu wapfuye, bikekwa ko ashobora kugaruka cyangwa kugaragara mu isi y’abazima. Mu mico n’imigenzo itandukanye ku isi, abantu benshi bemera ko imyuka y’abapfuye ishobora gukomeza kubaho mu bundi buryo butagaragara. '''Imyemerere n’Imigenzo''' [[Dosiye:Ghost opening title.jpg|thumb]] Mu bihugu byinshi no mu mico itandukanye, inkuru z’abazimu zabayeho kuva kera. Bamwe bemera ko umuzimu aba ari umwuka w’umuntu utabonye amahoro, wenda kubera urupfu rutunguranye cyangwa ibibazo yasize adakemuye. Hari n’abemera ko imyuka ishobora kugaruka kurinda cyangwa gutanga ubutumwa ku bantu bakiriho. Gusa abantu bakwiye kumenya ko umuzimu cyangwa abazimu atari inabi mu muryango kubera ko igihe cyose uwapfuye akomeza kwifuriza umuryango we kugira ishya n'ihirwe. Aha twavuga nk'umubyeyi witabye Imana asize abana akomeza kumenya amakuru y'abo yasize yaba mabi cyangwa meza.Mu gihe bigaragaye ko batabayeho neza nkuko yabyifuzaga, uwo mubyeyi agaragara kenshi mu isura yahoranye mu muryango akagira n'ubutumwa atanga. Ikibazo gikomeye ni uko abenshi badakunda gusobanukirwa icyo iyo sura y'umubyeyi isobanura n'igikwiye gukorwa kugirango umubyeyi atuze. Mu muco nyarwanda, hari imyemerere ivuga ku myuka y’abakurambere, aho bamwe bemeraga ko abakurambere bakomeza kugira uruhare mu buzima bw’abariho. Ariko ibyo biterwa n’umuco n’imyemerere y’abantu ku giti cyabo. '''Abazimu mu Buvanganzo n’Imyidagaduro''' [[Dosiye:Ghost sketch creepy pencil sketch.jpg|thumb]] Abazimu bikoreshwa cyane mu nkuru, filimi n’ibitabo. Akenshi bagaragara nk’ikintu giteye ubwoba mu nkuru z’iterabwoba, ariko hari n’aho bagaragazwa nk’umwuka mwiza urinda abantu cyangwa ubayobora. Ibi bituma inkuru z’abazimu zikundwa cyane mu myidagaduro no mu buvanganzo. '''Ibisobanuro bya Siyansi''' Nubwo hari abantu benshi bemera ko abazimu babaho, siyansi ntiyemeza ko hari ibimenyetso bifatika byerekana ko imyuka y’abapfuye igaruka ku isi y’abazima. Abahanga benshi basobanura ko ibihe abantu babona cyangwa bumva ibintu bidasanzwe bishobora guterwa n’ubwoba, imitekerereze, inzozi cyangwa ibindi bintu by’imitekerereze. Guterekera Abazimu Guterekera ntabwo ari umuhango nkezamana nk'uko benshi babivuga. Guterekera ni umuhango mbonezamubano uhuza abariho n'abakurambere babo batakiriho ari bo "'''Abazimu'''".<ref name=":1">https://igihe.com/umuco/amateka/article/impamvu-twese-duterekera</ref> Guterekera ni ukwibuka Abakurambere b'Intwari babayeho mu muryango nyarwanda. Ni umurimo uhuza, abariho n'Abakurambere babo batakiriho (Abazima n'Abazimu) mu rwego rwo kubibuka. Mu guterekera, hibukwaga Intwari z'Abakurambere gusa, nta bigwari byibukwaga.<ref name=":1" /> Guterekera, ni umurimo wakorwaga kenshi, nk'uko abakirisitu basenga kenshi. Nta muntu washoboraga kumara iminsi myinshi cyangwa ukwezi, adaterekereye.<ref name=":1" /> === Amateka y'ijambo Guterekera === Dukurikije ibikorwa n'imiterere y'umuhango wo guterekera mu mateka y'u Rwanda, usanga ari ijambo ry'impine ryunze amagambo abiri ari yo "Guteka" no "Guterekera". Mu Ikeshamvugo rya Kinyarwanda, guteka bivuze kwicara k'umwami cyangwa undi munyacyubahiro, na ho guterekera bikavuga gushyikiriza imbaga y'abantu bateranye bahuje n'umugambi umwe, ibiribwa n'ibinyobwa ngo basangire.<ref name=":1" /> === Impamvu yo Guterekera Abazimu === Guterekera Abazimu byakorwaga mu buryo bwo kwibuka no kuzirikana intwari z'Abakurambere zo mu muryango uyu n'uyu, byose bigamije guha agaciro Abakurambere bubatse ishyanga iri n'iri no kuzirikana umurage basize mu iyubakagihugu cyabo.<ref name=":1" /> === Uburyo bwo Guterekera Abazimu muri iki gihe === Guterekera bikorwa mu buryo bwo kwita umwana izina ry'umukurambere w'igihangange wabayeho mu muryango uyu n'uyu. Noneho uko bamuhamagara iryo zina, bakaba banibuka uwo mukurambere w'Intwari bakomokaho, bitiriye uwo mwana. Ari nayo mpamvu mu muco w'Abanyarwanda, usanga baziririza kwita izina ridafite ibigwi, kugira ngo umwana baryita ritazamwokama.<ref name=":1" /> Guterekera kandi, bikorwa mu buryo bwo gushyiraho umunsi ngaruka mwaka wo kwibuka nyakwigendera cyangwa izindi ntwari z'igihugu, hagakorwa imigenzo runaka yo kubibuka, abantu bagasangira ari na ko bavuga amateka yabaranze.<ref name=":1" /> == Amashakiro: == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Iyobokamana]] 1l4m476496tulipyxyq7mpzoyatd1ej 0 12804 139744 136861 2026-09-23T18:41:30Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139744 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:RestorationBelieversMinIntChurch Greenleys.jpg|thumb|Evangelical Restoration Church]] [[Dosiye:Sheyenne River Valley Scenic Byway - Preston Church - NARA - 7722163.jpg|thumb|evangelic restoration church]] '''Evangelical Restoration Church''' iri torero rya shizwe na [[Apotre Yoshuwa Masasu]] akaba ariwe mushyumba mukuru wiri torero ku isi, rikaba rifite amashami menshi atandukanye haba mu [[Rwanda]] no mumahanga, nka Masoro, Gikondo no kucyicaro Kimisagara nahandi.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/81337/apotre-masasu-81337.html</ref><ref>https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/menya-impamvu-nyamukuru-muri-restoration-church-bavuga-ko-apotre-masasu-ari</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/gospel/article/umuririmbyi-yahagaritswe-muri-restoration-church-azira-impeta-y-urukundo |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-19 |archive-date=2020-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124234801/http://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/gospel/article/umuririmbyi-yahagaritswe-muri-restoration-church-azira-impeta-y-urukundo |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == [[Ikiciro:Amadini n'amatorero]] {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Iyobokamana]] hap1w6cz9orrarbqko9cd72m2ltcuax 0 12952 139639 110073 2026-09-23T18:23:56Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139639 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Starved girl.jpg|thumb|Bwacye ]] '''Kwashiorkor''' [[:en:John_C._Wells|KWOSH]] <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Wells</ref> [[:en:John_C._Wells|CYANGWA]] KWOSH <ref name="Benjamin & Lappin Kwashiorkor">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29939653</ref> Bikekwa ko biterwa no gufata [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29939653 kalori] ihagije, ariko hamwe no gukoresha [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29939653 proteine] idahagije (cyangwa kubura proteine nziza), itandukanya na [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29939653 marasmus] . Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bwerekanye ko kubura mikorobe ya antioxydeant nka β-karotene, lycopene, izindi karotenoide, na vitamine C kimwe no kuba aflatoxine ishobora kugira uruhare mu iterambere ry’indwara. <ref name="Pham Alou Golden et al 2021">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29939653</ref> Ariko, impamvu nyayo itera kwashiorkor ntiramenyekana. Ibiribwa bidahagije bifitanye isano no kwashiorkor; kugaragara mubihugu byinjiza amafaranga menshi ntibisanzwe. <ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3667500</ref> Bibaho hagati yonsa abana bafite imyaka igera kuri itanu. <ref name="Benjamin & Lappin Kwashiorkor" /> Ibintu bisa na kwashiorkor byanditswe neza kwisi yose mumateka. <ref name="Nott2021">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8162845</ref> Icyakora, [[:en:Cicely_Williams|umuganga w’abana w’abana]] bo [[Jamayika|muri Jamayike]], [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1628206 Cicely Williams], yatangije iryo jambo mu 1935, nyuma yimyaka ibiri atangaje ibisobanuro by’indwara ya mbere. Williams niwe wambere wakoze ubushakashatsi kuri kwashiorkor no kuyitandukanya nubundi buke bwimirire. Niwe wambere watanze igitekerezo ko ibyo bishobora kuba bike bya poroteyine. <ref name="williams1933">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1628206</ref> <ref name="williams1935">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1628206</ref> Iri zina ryakomotse ku rurimi rwa Ga rwo ku nkombe za Gana, bisobanurwa ngo "indwara umwana agira iyo umwana mushya aje" cyangwa "indwara y'umwana wimuwe", kandi ikagaragaza iterambere ry'uburwayi ku mwana mukuru wabaye konsa kuva mu ibere iyo murumunawe aje. <ref name="listeningga">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2572388</ref> Amata yonsa arimo aside amine ingirakamaro mumikurire yumwana. Mu baturage bafite ibyago, kwashiorkor irashobora gukura nyuma yuko abana bonsa amata yonsa bagatangira kurya indyo yuzuye karubone, harimo [[Ikigori|ibigori]], imyumbati cyangwa umuceri. <ref name="Benjamin & Lappin Kwashiorkor2">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29939653</ref> <ref name="williams1933" /> == Ibyiciro == [[Dosiye:No-nb bldsa 6a053.jpg|thumb|bwajye ]] Abana bafite imirire mibi ikabije bafite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara no gupfa.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2572388</ref> Kwashiorkor ni bumwe mu buryo nyamukuru bw’imirire mibi yo mu bwana iba mu bihugu bikennye kandi byinjiza amafaranga make. Kwashiorkor ni kenshi byitwa imirire mibi ikabije (SAM). Ubwoko bukabije bwimirire mibi buramenyekana, harimo stunting, marasmus, na kwashiorkor. <ref name="Bhutta Berkley Bandsma 2017">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3667500</ref> Kwashiorkor na marasmus byombi bigwa munsi yumutungo muto witwa protein - imirire mibi (PEM). <ref name="Odigwe Smedslund Ejemot-Nwadiaro et al 2010">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28933421</ref> Izi ndwara zikunze kuganirwaho hamwe, ariko zishobora gutandukanywa. Kwashiorkor ishyirwa mubikorwa na proteine idahagije mugihe marasmus ifitanye isano no kubura ingufu rusange no guta imitsi bikabije. Kwashiorkor nayo itandukanijwe na marasmus kuberako hari edema. Hariho na marasmic kwashiorkor aribwo kubura karori no muri proteyine. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Malnutrition (Kwashiorkor and Marasmus) — Symptoms and Treatment |url=https://www.lecturio.com/magazine/malnutrition/ |access-date=2021-07-27 |website=The Lecturio Online Medical Library |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Pham Alou Golden et al 20212">https://www.lecturio.com/magazine/malnutrition/</ref> Nubwo byombi ari ubwoko butandukanye bwimirire mibi ikabije, habayeho kunywa cyane antioxydants, vitamine, namabuye y'agaciro bigaragara kubafite kwashiorkor ugereranije nabafite marasmus. <ref name="Pham Alou Golden et al 20212" /> == Ibyiciro bya Wellcome == Ibyiciro bya Wellcome <ref>{{Cite web |title=Protein energy malnutrition classification - wikidoc |url=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Protein_energy_malnutrition_classification |access-date=2021-07-29 |website=www.wikidoc.org |language=en}}</ref> ni uburyo bwo gushyira mu byiciro imirire mibi ya protein-ingufu mu bana ukurikije uburemere bwimyaka yabo kandi bishingiye ku kuba hari indurwe. Ibindi byiciro birimo Gomez ishyirwa mubikorwa na Waterlow. <ref>https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803121717631</ref> <ref>https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftropej%2F46.2.97</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Weight for age !With edema !Without edema !General considerations |- |60-80% |Kwashiorkor |Undernutrition | rowspan="2" |Insert paragraph * Weight for age +/- oedema * Reference standard (50th percentile) |- |<60% |Marasmic kwashiorkor |Marasmus |- | colspan="4" | |} == Ibimenyetso n'ibimenyetso == Ikimenyetso gisobanura kwashiorkor mu mwana ufite imirire mibi ni [[:en:Pitting_edema|ugutera edema]] (cyane cyane kubyimba amaboko n'ibirenge). Bitandukanye na [[:en:Pitting_edema|marasmus]], aho umwijima nizindi ngingo zingenzi zigabanuka mubunini, kwashiorkor irangwa n "umwijima munini wumwijima, fibrosis, hamwe nudukorwa twingingo nyinshi (nk'umwijima, impyiko, na sisitemu y'imitsi)". <ref name="Pham Alou Golden et al 20213">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33359074</ref> Ibindi bimenyetso birimo [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33359074 inda] yagutse, kunanuka umusatsi, gutakaza amenyo, uruhu cyangwa umusatsi, hamwe na dermatite. Abana bafite kwashiorkor bakunze kurakara no kubura anorexia. Mubisanzwe, indwara irashobora kuvurwa hongerwamo proteine mumirire; icyakora, irashobora kugira ingaruka ndende kumikurire yumubiri no mubitekerezo byumwana, kandi mubihe bikomeye bishobora kuviramo urupfu. Mu bihe byumye, marasmus nindwara zikunze kugaragara zijyanye nimirire mibi. Indi syndrome yimirire mibi irimo cachexia, nubwo akenshi iterwa nindwara zishingiye. Ibi nibitekerezo byingenzi mukuvura abantu bafite kwashiorkor. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachexia</ref> == icyibitera == Etiologiya isobanutse ya kwashiorkor ntisobanutse neza. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Briend |first=Andre |name-list-style=vanc |date=2014 |title=Kwashiorkor: still an enigma – the search must go on |url=https://www.ennonline.net/attachments/2314/Kwashiorkor-still-an-enigma-CMAM-Forum-Dec-2014.pdf |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=Emergency Nutrition Network |archive-date=2022-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215095457/https://www.ennonline.net/attachments/2314/Kwashiorkor-still-an-enigma-CMAM-Forum-Dec-2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="G. Coulthard 2015">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4462841</ref> <ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6591176</ref> <ref name="Smith Yatsunenko Manary 2013">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3667500</ref> Hatanzwe ibitekerezo byinshi bifitanye isano no gusobanura bimwe, ariko ntabwo aribintu byose bigize pathophysiologiya ya kwashiorkor. Harimo, ariko ntibigarukira gusa kubura protein itera hypoalbuminemia, kubura aside amine, guhagarika umutima, no guhindura mikorobe yo mu nda. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name="Smith Yatsunenko Manary 2013" /> <ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3667500</ref> === Referances === {{DEFAULTSORT:BWACYE cg Kwashiorkor}} [[Ikiciro:Health]] g02x4mxi1d83w7pcegmzlhcvkmzmfye 0 13032 139723 138859 2026-09-23T18:38:46Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139723 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MC Mahoniboni''' ni izina rikomeye muri muzika nya[[Rwanda Rwacu|rwanda]] ariko kugeza ubu ritacyumvikana muri muzika nya[[Rwanda Nziza|rwanda]].<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/93739/mc-mahoniboni-mu-bahanzi-bakunzwe-mu-rwanda-bazimiriye-mu-mahanga-93739.html</ref>. Uyu ni [[Umugano|umugabo]] wakoze [[Amateka ku yahoze ari Gereza ya Nyarugenge 1930|amateka]] akomeye mu [[Rwanda]] aho yakundishije abanya[[Rwanda Nziza|rwanda]] ijyana ya "Hiphop".[[Amazina nyarwanda|amazina]] ye yitwa Bienvenue Mahoro Ruhungande yavutse mu [[Makadamiya|mwaka]] 1982 avuka mu muryango w'abakobwa babiri n'abahungu babiri. == Amateka == Uyu [[Umugabekazi|mugabo]] wamenyekanye cyane mu jyana ya "Hiphop" yatangiye gushyira hanze ibihangano bye mu mwaka 1997, mu mwaka 1999 yasohoye [[Indirimbo y’igihugu|indirimbo]] ye yise "Malariya ni indwara y'icyorezo kandi yica" iyi [[Indirimbo y’igihugu|ndirimbo]] yanakoreshejwe na [[Minisiteri y'uburezi mu Rwanda|minisiteri]] y'[[ubuzima]] muri gahunda yo kurwanya malariya mu mwaka 2000. [[Indirimbo y’igihugu|Indirimbo]] zatumye arushaho kumenyekana mu Rwanda ni "Kubakizina,Twitabire imirimo" n'izindi nyishi<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mobile.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/abahanzi-20-bazahora-bibukwa-mu-mateka-y-igisekuru-cya-nyuma-jenoside-mu-muziki |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-24 |archive-date=2022-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924144235/https://mobile.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/abahanzi-20-bazahora-bibukwa-mu-mateka-y-igisekuru-cya-nyuma-jenoside-mu-muziki |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Uyu mugabo mu mwaka 2009 yaje kwerekeza mu Buholande. == Amwe mu magambo ya muvuzweho == Umuraperi Diplomate ahamyako mugenzi we MC Mahoniboni yakoze akazi gakomeye mugukundisha aba nha [[Rwanda]] ijyana ya Hiphop bityo akaba amufata nku mu raperi mwiza ukomeye u [[Rwanda Mountain Tea|Rwanda]] rwagize mubihe bye. Diplomate avugako Mc Mahoniboni akwiye icyubahiro utabyemera ibyo ngo biramureba<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/55951/mc-mahoniboni-akwiye-icyubahiro-ku-bw-ibikorwa-yakoze-abatabyemera-birabareba-diplomate-55951.html</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umuhanzi]] [[Ikiciro:Abahanzi ba abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Umunyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Rwandan artists]] [[Ikiciro:Indirimbo]] szfshenp8x8m3eblo9efkhz9sfejx89 0 13034 139657 115408 2026-09-23T18:28:02Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139657 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Adventist_Symbol.svg|thumb|Adventist Symbol|255x255px]] [[Dosiye:Scène de rue à Kayonza.jpg|thumb|Agace ka Nyankore uru rusengero rubarizwamo|292x292px]] [[Dosiye:Light Giving Group.jpg|thumb|abadive|297x297px]] '''Itorero''' ry'Abadivantisiti bumunsi wa karindwi rya Nyankora ribarizwa mu ntara ya nkora. filidi y'uburasirazuba bw'u [[Rwanda]], kandi rikaba rimaze imyaka 41 rishinzwe.kurubu rifite abizera bagera kuri 596 barenga. M'uburyo bw'imiyoborere ya politiki y'igihugu, itorero rya Nyankora riherereye mu karere ka [[Igikamba (itabi)|Kayonza]] ,umurenge wa Rwinkwavu, Akagari ka Mukokoyo N'umudugudu wa Kiyovu. == Gushinga Itorero ku Inshuro ya Mbere == Amateka nkuko atangira abitubwira, Itorero ry'abadivantisiti b'umunsi wa karindwi I '''Nyankora''' ryatangijwe n'abantu bagera kuri batanu ahasaga mu mwaka 1975, rikaba ryara tangiriwe mugace kitwa Dusabane ahazwi ku izina rya Kariel mu mpinga y'igitwa urusengero rw'ubatse bwa mbere rwari urw'ibyatsi kuberako nta busobozi bwari buhari bwo kubaka urw'amabati kuko n'abizera bari bakeya cyane. bamwe mu bari baritangije n'aba bakurikira barimo Bagamwabo ,shyirambere, Bihoyiki, Nkundibiza n'abandi.... bari abakuru b'imiryango yari igize itorero ry'abadivantisiti b'umunsi wa karindwi i Nyankora.itorero ryari rigizwe n'abagabo abgoore ndetse n'abana. ariko abayobozi ahanini aribo bakuru b'iyo miryango .Hanyuma abizera bahangiweho itorero ni Ntibibuka Thomas hamwe na Nyiranzabayo Xavera ahasaga kuya 05 ukwakira mu mwaka 1985. == Ibyaranze Abayobozi Bambere mw'Itorero == [[Dosiye:Kayonza district map.jpg|thumb|Ikarita igaragaza imiterere y akarere ka Kayonza urusengero rwabadivantisiti bumunsi wa 7 inyankorere ruherereyemo|335x335px]] Nubwo bisanzwe bi menyereweko abadivantisiti b'umunsi wa karindwi ar'itorero rigendera kuri gahunda ya gikirisitu ihamye, abari bahagarariye itorero bari bafite imico itandukanye cyane niyo muri iki gihe .Nkuko bitangazwa na Shyirambere Athanael umwe mubari baritangiye, ya garagajeko mur'icyo gihe umudivantisiti yabaga afite umugore urenze umwe. ndetse bamwe na bamwe bengaga ibinyobwa bisembuye nk'ikigage hamwe n'inzagwa. mubyukuri ntago itorero ryari riri kumurongo uhamye nkuko amahame y'ibyitorero rigenderaho atubwira. muri make hari harimo ya gipagani,byari ingorane ku mupasiteri wa kurikiranaga ir'itorero, byari ikibazo kuva aho yari acumbitse kandi akoresheje igare. intara yari yubatse ahitwa i Gikaya arinayo Ntara, ubu ni ahitwa KAYONZA, iyi nayo ikaba yari imbogamizi yatumaga hakomeza kugaragara ibibazo mu itorero. cyane cyane bigatuma itorero ridakura ngo ritere imbere. == Guhangwa kw'Intara ya Nyankora == Ahasaga mu mwaka 1992 nibwo hashinzwe intara ya Nyankora bitewe nuko yarimaze kugenda igaba amashami mu duce tumwe na tumwe. ikaba yari iyobowe n'umupasiteri witwaga Ntawukira Jonas,akaba yara riyoboraga aturutse I Gikaya aho yari asanzwe acumbitse kuko umuryango we ntago bari kumwe. Nyuma baje gusanga avunika cyane bamwubakira inzu hafi y'urusengero ariko ntibyashobokako ayibamo,bakodesha indi abariyo abamo. M'umwaka 1994 nyuma y'urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu,Pasiteri Rukara Aoron niwe wayoboye intara ya Nyankora.Mu mwaka 1995 haje umu pasiteri wundi, witwaga Rubyiruko Ephasto. Ikiciro ke cyari mu ntara ya Nyankora kuberako yari ayoboye intara ya Nyankora hamwe n'iya Matahiro.Mu mwaka 1996 nibwo itorero rya Nyankora ariho har'Intara, habonetse umu pasiteri wi hariye, ariwe witwa Mugiraneza Elphaz akaba yari afite icumbi hafi y'itorero iwe n'umuryango we bari bacumbitse mugihe yari ayoboye iy'intara ya Nyankora. == Ikoranabuhanga == BIMWE MUBIKORESHO ITORERO RIFITE MUBURYO BWO KONGERA INGUFU MW'IVUGA BUTUMWA Ibikoresho bifashishwa mu ivugabutumwa kugirango umurimo urusheho gutera imbere binyuze mu ivuga butumwa kuri buri wese mu buryo bw'amajwi. twavuga nkibi bikurikira -mixer ifasha mu gutunganya amajwi -Ingaragazamashusho [tv] sibyo gusa dore ko n'imitegurire y'intebe mu nyubako y'urusengero hateguranye ikoranabuhanga.urusengero rwakomeje gutera imbere bashigwa na korali yitwaga Abavugabutumwa yar'igizwe n'urubyiruko rw'abasore mbere y'umwaka wa 2005. muri 2006 nibwo havutse korali ariyo Umurwa.igitekerezo giturutse kuri bamwe na bamwe mu bahoze muba vugabutumwa. aribo Makuza Etienne, na Habimana Jean Claude. mu mwaka wa 2017 itorero ryari rifite amakorari( 7) kandi zishobora gusohoka kuvuga ubutumwa no hanze y'itorero binyuze mu bihangano byazo bwite. == UBuryo Bwakoreshejwe Mugukusanya Amakuru == Mu gukusanya amakuru hifashishijwe abantu batangiranye n'itorero aribo: 1.Abatanze amakuru batangije itorero SHYIRAMBERE Athanae ( yagiye mu itorero 1975) NDIGIZE Joseph ( yagiye mu itorero mu 1980) 2.Abagiye mu itorero nyumaho gato y'uko ritangira MUKOTANYI paulin ( yagiye mu itorero mu 1985) UWAMARIYA Alodie (yagiye mu itorero mu mwaka 1990) IRAGENA j.Damascene (yagiye mu itorero mu mwaka 1999) NTAKIRUTIMANA Daniel (yagiye mu itorero mu mwaka 1999). [[Ikiciro:Iyobokamana]] g9lq8rak88cfhlk1ynxqb7hcdyh14lp 0 13090 139927 138101 2026-09-24T10:49:32Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139927 wikitext text/x-wiki Inkeragutabara( cyangwa se ambilanse ) ni imodoka ifite ibikoresho byose bikenewe mu buvuzi itwara abarwayi ku bigo nderabuzima ndetse n'ibitaro bitandukanye. Ni ubuvuzi hanze y'[[Ibitaro bya Kaminuza by’i Kigali|ibitaro]] buhabwa umurwayi mugihe ajyanywe ku bitaro cyangwa ku kigo nderabuzima.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance</ref> [[Dosiye:Health_Facilities_like_Ambulance_cars_that_Aid_Health_Standards.jpg|thumb|Inkeragutabara ]] == Amateka y'inkeragutabara == Amateka y'inkeragutabara yatangiye mu gihe cya kera,aho hifashishwaga [[Amagare mu mujyi wa Kigali|amagare]] yo gutwara abarwayi badakira ku ngufu. Ambilanse cyangwa inkeragutabara yakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu buvuzi bwihutirwa mu mwaka wa 1487 n’Abesipanyoli, abandi bantu batandukanye batangiye kuyikoresha mu myaka ya za 1830. [[IKORANABUHANGA (ubusobanuro)|Ikoranabuhanga]] ryo mu kinyejana cya 19 na 20 ryatumye ambilansi igezweho ikoreshwa.<ref>https://indianahealth.care/history-of-ems</ref> [[Dosiye:Ambulance_readyfor_emargency_response_02.png|thumb|Inkeragutabara ]] == Ibikoresho biba mu nkeragutabara == Mu nkeragutabara( ambilanse ) habamo ibikoresho bitandukanye byifashishwa mu gutanga ubutabazi bwihuse mu gihe umurwayi ajyanywe kwa muganga, harimo ibi bikurikira: === 1. Igikoresho gitanga umwuka === Ni kimwe mu bikoresho by'ibanze mu biba muri ambilanse kuko gutanga umwuka bikenerwa cyane mu butabazi bwihutirwa nko kubantu barokotse inkongi y'umuriro, abarwayi bafite ibibazo mu [[Dosiye:Ambulance_readyfor_emargency_response_03.png|thumb|Ambilanse]] buhumekero nk'abarwayi ba asima.<ref>https://www.emergency-live.com/ambulance/top-10-ambulance-equipment/</ref> [[Dosiye:Ambulance_Vehicle,_in_Gaborone.jpg|thumb|Ambulance ]] [[Dosiye:Mercedes-Benz_519_CDI_Ambulance_in_Zürich_canton,_Switzerland_(Ank_Kumar,_Infosys_Limited)_02.jpg|thumb|Inkeragutabara ]] == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} qbak57yqa1pjvoom5310592i4p655tt 0 13092 139801 125931 2026-09-24T10:03:58Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139801 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Just famil''' ni itsinda ry' abahanzi ryitwa ,rigizwe n'abahanzi batatu aribo: jimmy, Bahati, croidja iri tsinda ryagiye rihangana mu ruhando rwa muzika mu [[Rwanda]]. == Amarushanwa == iri tsinda rya Just Family ryitabirye amarushanwa ya salax award na Primus Guma Guma Super Star (PGGSS) abera mu mugi wa [[Kigali|Kigali,]] ibyo ni ibimenyetso by'uko ryakora kandi ko indirimbo zabo ziririmbwa mu Rwanda no hanze yarwo.<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/30056/celebrity-central-just-family</ref> == Amateka == Just Family rero yaje gutangira kugira ibibazo aho umwe muribo wasaga nkaho ariwe nkingi ya mwamba mu buvugizi n'ubujyanama bwayo witwaga Kim Kizito aretse iyo mirimo yakoranaga na just Family ,uhereye icyo gihe hakomeje kuzamo imvururu no gutandundukana kwabagize itsinda, habanje Bahati asezera muri Just Family nyuma ye haje kuburirwa irengero rya mujyenzi we Croidja bivugwa ko yagiye muri [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afrika yepfo]] bitunguranye kubera ko itsinda ryabo ryari rimaze kugira utubazo twinshi harimo n'amadeni.<ref>https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/bahati-wahoze-muri-just-family-yasabye-anakwa-umugore-we-amafoto</ref> Nyuma yigihe baje kongera kwihuza 2017 ndetse, bongera gukora muzika nshyashya ,uwitwa Croidja wari udahari yaragiye muri africa yepfo bamusimbuza uwitwa Chris, bakora indirimbo zinyuranye harimo : Nashiriyemo ,Nasara ,hummer ... ni izindi mu mwaka wa 2018 iri tsinda ryamenyesheje abakunzi baryo ko ari igiti gitangiye gushibuka muri muzika, ko bazakomeza gukora neza nkuko bahoze mbere kandi ko bagiye kongera kwigarurira abakunzi babo, muri uwo mwaka niho basohoye indirimbo yabo Bise<nowiki>''</nowiki> BENZ<nowiki>''</nowiki> kongera kwihuza kwabo nk'itsinda byatumye batangira gukora indirimbo,nubwo bitoroshye guhita basubirana abafana bababo nkuko byahoze mbere, bafite ikizere ko bizakomeza kuza bagasubira mubihe byabo.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/80402/abagize-itsinda-rya-just-family-bahigiye-kurangiza-2018-bong-80402.html</ref><ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/65708/bahati-waririmbaga-muri-just-family-yatandukanye-n-umukunzi--65708.html</ref> == Amashakiro == <references /> * [[Ikiciro:Rwandan artists]] acpn5bmbh4jgn6vbzktoyg8nusdt20h 0 13292 139658 122132 2026-09-23T18:28:10Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139658 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Putin 2022.jpg|thumb|Putin (2022)]] '''Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin''' ( Ikirusiya : ''Владимир Владимирович Путин'' ) (* Leningrad, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti, ku ya 7 Ukwakira 1952 ) , umunyapolitiki w'[[Uburusiya]]. Ni perezida wa kabiri kandi uriho ubu mu Burusiya kuva Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti zaseswa. Yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo ku ya 26 Werurwe 2000 n'amajwi 52,94%. Ku butegetsi bwe habaye umuvuduko mwinshi w’iterambere ry’ubukungu, hiyongereyeho 72% muri GDP n’ubukene bugabanuka cyane. Mu buryo butandukanye n’abamubanjirije, guverinoma ye yashyigikiwe n’abaturage benshi kandi yongeye gutorwa mu matora yo muri Werurwe 2004 n'amajwi 71.31%. Mu mwaka wa 2008, kubera ko atashoboye kwiyamamariza manda ya gatatu kubera ko bitemewe mu Itegeko Nshinga ry’Uburusiya, Putin yasunitse kandidatire ya Minisitiri w’intebe w’icyo gihe, Dmitry Medvedev matora ya, yatsinze. Putin yaje kuba Minisitiri w’intebe. Mu matora yo muri Werurwe 2012 yongeye gutorerwa kuba perezida (amajwi 63.60%), nubwo hari abashinjwaga uburiganya. Yongeye gutorwa n'amajwi 76,69% ​​mu matora ya perezida wa 2018. == Intangiriro nkumuyobozi == Ku ya 7 Ukwakira 1952, Putin yavukiye i Leningrad (ubu ni [[Saint Petersburg]]) . Amaze kurangiza neza amasomo ye mu by'amategeko muri kaminuza yavukiyemo (thesis kuri politiki y’[[Amerika]] muri Afurika ), yinjiye muri KGB, aho yoherejwe mu buyobozi bukuru bushinzwe ububanyi n’amahanga. Kuva mu 1985 kugeza 1990 , yakoraga i Dresden ( Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi y'Ubudage ) mu ishami rya politiki na gisirikare. Nyuma yo gusenya ibiro bya KGB i Dresden mu 1989yasubiye i Leningrad mu 1990. Mu gihe cy'amezi runaka yari ku kazi, bityo agira igitekerezo cyo kuba umushoferi wa tagisi. Yaje kugirwa umwungirije umuyobozi wa kaminuza ya Leningrad, aho yakemuye umubano mpuzamahanga. Nyuma akora nk'umujyanama wa perezida w'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi. Guhera muri Kamena 1991 , yabaye umuyobozi wa komite ishinzwe ububanyi n'amahanga ya St. Uruhare rwe rwari rugizwe ahanini no gukurura abashoramari no guteza imbere ubufatanye n’abafatanyabikorwa b’amahanga. == Umwuga ya KGB == Ku ya 20 Kanama 1991, mu gihe cyo gushaka guhirika ubutegetsi bwa Mikhail Gorbachev, nibwo Putin yeguye ku mugaragaro muri KGB. Kuva mu 1994 kugeza 1996 yabaye Minisitiri w’intebe wungirije kuri Meya Anatoli Sobtchak (umwarimu we mu ishami ry’amategeko), yegura nyuma yo gutsindwa amatora. Muri Kanama 1996 yagizwe umuyobozi wungirije wa Perezida Boris Yeltsin ushinzwe ububanyi n’amahanga. Kuva muri Werurwe 1997, yari umwe mu badepite bayoboye umuyobozi w’ubuyobozi bwa perezida (umudepite wa mbere guhera muri Gicurasi 1998 ). Muri Nyakanga 1998, yagizwe umuyobozi wa FSB (Federal Security Service), ikigo cyasimbuye KGB. Mu 1999 yatangiye kuzamuka kwe gutangaje. Muri Kanama yagizwe minisitiri w’intebe na Yeltsin, wiyemeza kumugira umusimbura. Mu ntangiriro za Nzeri, mu rwego rwo guhangana n'ibitero by'iterabwoba by'Abadage, Putin yategetse ko intambara ya Chechnya isubukurwa. Nintangiriro yintambara ya kabiri yabatekinisiye, yamugize umunyapolitiki uzwi cyane muburusiya. Ku ya 31 Ukuboza 1999 , nyuma yo kwegura kwa Perezida Boris Yeltsin, yabaye perezida w'agateganyo. Ku ya 26 Werurwe 2000 , mu matora y’umukuru w’igihugu ya mbere, yatorewe kuba Perezida w’Uburusiya mu cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 53%, atangira imirimo ye ku ya 7 Gicurasi. Ubuyobozi bwe bwashyizeho politiki yo kwiyegereza [[Burayi|Uburayi]], cyane cyane [[Ubufaransa]] n'Ubudage. Putin ni umuyobozi udasanzwe w'Uburusiya. Nyamwasa, abstemiste (ntanywa inzoga ), umukinnyi wa siporo : akora imyitozo yo mu Burusiya ( ''sambo'' ) na judo kuva afite imyaka 11, akina tennis, agenda ski. Byongeye kandi, azi neza Ikidage n'Icyongereza. Yashakanye n'uwahoze ari umwarimu (1983-2014) w'ishuri kandi ni se w'abakobwa babiri. Afitanye umubano wa hafi cyane na Gerhard Schröder, bafitanye isano, mu bindi, bakomoka mu bwiyoroshye. == Kunegura n'impaka == Putin yanenzwe cyane n'ibitangazamakuru byo mu Burengerazuba kubera umubare w'abanyamakuru bishwe ku butegetsi bwe; benshi muribo bakora iperereza ku ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Chechnya cyangwa ibikorwa bya ruswa ya leta. Urubanza ruzwi cyane ni urw'umunyamakuru Anna Politkóvskaya; umwanditsi w'ibitabo nka "Uburusiya bwa Putin" cyangwa "Ikuzimu ya Chechnya"; wari watangaje ko yakiriye iterabwoba ry'urupfu ndetse no gushaka kumwica akoresheje uburozi. Amaherezo, ku ya 7 Ukwakira 2006, yiciwe muri lift y’inyubako yari afite inzu ye i Moscou. Alexandre Litvinenko yahoze ari intasi y’Uburusiya yarozwe na [[Polonium 210]], nk’uko ibitangazamakuru byo mu Burengerazuba bw’iburengerazuba bibitangaza, ngo yaba yaranenze guverinoma ya Putin kandi ubwo yakoraga iperereza ku iyicwa rya Politkóvskaya yatangiye guhabwa iterabwoba ry’urupfu. Guverinoma ya Putin yahakanye ko ntaho ihuriye n'urupfu rw'aba bantu, ivuga ko ishobora kurega abasebya guverinoma y'Uburusiya kuri iki kibazo. Byongeye kandi, guverinoma ya Putin yashakaga gushimangira oligarchy yavutse mu kwegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo Yeltsin yayoboye leta (usibye abo oligarashi bamurwanyaga, nka Boris Berezovski ). Ubwisanzure bwa demokarasi bwaragabanijwe cyane, hifashishijwe ingamba za politiki (kugenwa n’intoki na ba guverineri b’Intara, igihe mbere yo gutora ku isi hose) n’ingamba z’umuco (gushyiraho inyuguti za Kirilike kugira ngo bandike indimi nke z’Uburusiya). Inzitizi zashyizweho ku ishyirwaho ry’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta nshya, usibye amashami y’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta y’amahanga. Mu bukungu, impirimbanyi ni nziza, kubera ko Uburusiya bwungukiwe no kwiyongera gukabije kwinjiza, ahanini bitewe n'izamuka ry’ibiciro bya peteroli ku isoko ry’isi, ariko kandi no kunoza no koroshya gahunda y’imisoro, byagabanije kunyereza imisoro. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ivugurura ry’amategeko ryarafunguwe mbere y’inzego zitarimo, nk’umutungo w’ubuhinzi, ku ishoramari ry’amahanga. Depite wa Duma, Alexander Hinstein, ntabwo yanze umugambi wihishe wo gutesha agaciro Uburusiya na guverinoma ya Putin, ubu bikaba binyuranyije na politiki mpuzamahanga ya guverinoma y'Amerika ya [[George Bush]]. {| class="wikitable" |Uwabanjirije: '''Boris Yeltsin''' |'''Perezida w'Uburusiya'''1999 - Kugeza ubu |Umusimbuye: '''Mu biro''' |} i1i2nmpllmwh2ck62hqub3ju8ixhwg1 0 13294 139541 88918 2026-09-23T14:18:36Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139541 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emmanuel Habyarimana''' ni uwahoze ari umusirikare mukuru akaba n'umunyapolitiki. Mu bwoko bw'Abahutu, muri 2019 yashakanye n'Umututsi. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" |Emmanuel Habyarimana |- ! colspan="3" |Amakuru yihariye |- !Ivuka | colspan="2" |Ikinyejana cya 20 Katanga ( Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo ) |- !Ubwenegihugu | colspan="2" |Rwanda |- ! colspan="3" |Uburezi |- !bize | colspan="2" |Jean Moulin-Lyon III Kaminuza |- ! colspan="3" |Amakuru yumwuga |- !Umwuga | colspan="2" |Umunyapolitike , umusirikare numwanditsi _ |- !Imyanya ikorwa | colspan="2" |Minisitiri w’ingabo w’u Rwanda  <small>(2000-2002)</small> |- !ishami rya gisirikare | colspan="2" |Ingabo z’ingabo z’u Rwanda |- !ipeti rya gisirikare | colspan="2" |Burigadiye Jenerali |- | colspan="3" |[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373245 hindura amakuru kuri Wikidata ] |} Habyarimana, wo mu bwoko bw’Abahutu, yari mu ngabo z’u Rwanda muri leta ya Juvénal Habyarimana ishyigikiye Abahutu. Nyuma yo kwigarurira u Rwanda gutsinda urugamba rwo gukunda igihugu rw’u Rwanda, yinjiye mu ngabo z’ingabo z’u Rwanda zimaze gushingwa aho yazamutse ku ntera ya koloneli. Mu 1997 yagizwe umunyamabanga wa Leta ushinzwe ingabo muri guverinoma y'u Rwanda. Mu 2000 , yabaye Minisitiri w’ingabo w’u Rwanda, mu gihe yazamutse ku ntera ya Burigadiye Jenerali. Kuva kuri uyu mwanya yagize uruhare runini mu bikorwa byakozwe n'u Rwanda mu ntambara ya kabiri ya Kongo. Mu Gushyingo 2002 , yirukanwe ku mirimo ye muri Minisiteri y'Ingabo, kubera ko yabonaga ko ari byiza cyane ku nsanganyamatsiko y'Abahutu. Yasimbuwe na Marcel Gatsinzi. Ku ya 30 Werurwe 2003, yahungiye muri Uganda ari kumwe n'abandi basirikare bakuru b'u Rwanda, nka Liyetona Ndayambaje na Liyetona Koloneli Balthazar Ndengeyinka. g52ndwfw5raxjfyhuq97uiyz61wqdjb 0 13309 139659 103179 2026-09-23T18:28:18Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139659 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Rwandatea 08.jpg|thumb|Rwanda Mountain Tea]] '''Icyayi''' ni [[ikimera]] Icyayi [https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/wari-uzi-ko-icyayi-gishobora-gutuma-umugore-akuramo-inda gitera umubiri imbaraga]<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/wari-uzi-ko-icyayi-gishobora-gutuma-umugore-akuramo-inda</ref> kandi hari byinshi cyungura ubuzima nko gutuza no kuruhuka.mu gihe wumva icyayi kitaryohereye, ushobora gushyiramo ubuki aho kugirango ushyiremo isukari nyinshi. == Ibyiza byo kunwa icyayi == Icyayi [https://web.archive.org/web/20221109125931/https://genesisbizz.com/Dore-ibyiza-byo-kunywa-icyayi-cya-mukaru-Icyayi-cy-umukara-harimo-no-kugufasha ni ikinyobwa cya kabiri]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20221109125931/https://genesisbizz.com/Dore-ibyiza-byo-kunywa-icyayi-cya-mukaru-Icyayi-cy-umukara-harimo-no-kugufasha</ref> kinyobwa cyane kurusha ibindi ku isi nyuma y’amazi, gusa igishishikaje kuri iki cyayi cya mukaru ni uko gishobora gutegurwa hifashishijwe ibimera bitandukanye byose bikaba byarushaho gutuma kigira akamaro gakomeye kuri benshi harimo no kukurinda uburwayi butandukanye nka diyabete. == Uruganda rutunganya icyayi mu Rwanda n'imwe == '''[[Rwanda Mountain Tea]]'''<ref>[[Rwanda Mountain Tea]]</ref> '''Ltd''' Guhera mu mwaka 2006, yabaye umushoramari wigenga w’abasangwabutaka mu nganda z’icyayi n’imirima, agura imigabane myinshi mu mitungo myinshi yahoze ari iya leta, harimo, Nyabihu na Rubaya (mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|burengerazuba]] no mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|majyaruguru]]), [[Icyayi cya Kitabi|Kitabi]] (mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|majyepfo]]), na Gisakura na Mata (mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|majyepfo]] y'[[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|iburengerazuba]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mucuruzi.com/impamvu-10-ukwiye-kujya-unywa-icyayi-cya-mukaruicyayi-cyumukara-buri-munsi/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-11-09 |archive-date=2022-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109125932/https://mucuruzi.com/impamvu-10-ukwiye-kujya-unywa-icyayi-cya-mukaruicyayi-cyumukara-buri-munsi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Reba aha == jb15xh3794o9fqirz11qngux4b4t262 0 13336 139885 137082 2026-09-24T10:43:19Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139885 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Bottle_1_liter_Sunflower_refined_oil.jpg|thumb|Amavuta y'[[Rwanda Nziza|Ibihwagari]]]] == Ibihwagari == [[Rwanda Nziza|Ibihwagari]] ni kimwe mu bihingwa bivamo amavuta kandi bikungahaye cyane ku ntungamubiri zinyuranye zifatiye umubiri akamaro no mubuzima bwacu. bamwe babyita ruswa abandi bakabwita abirinesoro, igihwagari kandi gikungahaye kuri vitamine nka B9,B6,B1, manganeziyamu, fosifore ndetse na [[Dosiye:Zonnebloem (Helianthus annuus). (actm).jpg|thumb|ibihwagari]] seleniyum na vitamine E na K [https://web.archive.org/web/20221110104009/https://umutihealth.com/ibihwagari/] == Akamaro == [[Rwanda Nziza|Ibihwagari]] birinda uturemangingo fatizo mu kwangirika ifite vitamini E igira uruhare mu mikorere y'amaso ifasha kandi mw'igogora ibihwagari kandi fifasha ubwonko gukora neza nibyiza kandi ku mugore utwite kuko bikungahaye kuri vitamini ya B9 ikaba izwiho gufasha mu mikurire y'umwana uri munda, bituma uturema ngingo dukura neza.[https://web.archive.org/web/20221110104009/https://umutihealth.com/ibihwagari/] ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na kaminuza yitwa colombia university bwagaragaje ko kurya ibihwagari byibuze inshuro eshanu mu cyumweru bifasha cyane bikana gabanya indwara ya ( inflammation) ndetse bikanagabanya cyane kurwara indwara zirimo nk'umutima umuvuduko w amaraso nizindi zidakira. [https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/guhekenya-imbuto-z-ibihwagari-bigira-akamaro-cyane-ku-bagore-batwite] == Ibyo utari uzi ku bihwagari == [[Dosiye:Helianthus annuus 00038.jpg|thumb|sunflower]] Igihwagari ni igihingwa cyera rimwe mu mwaka, kibarirwa mu muryango w’ibyo bita Astéracées Indabyo zacyo usanga ari ngari, gikize cyane ku mavuta <ref>https://igihe.com/ubuzima/wari-uzi-ko-ibihwagari-bifitiye-umubiri-akamaro-ntagereranwa</ref>aribwa, hafi 40% y’ibikigize ni amavuta kandi ni ingirakamaro mu mubiri w’umuntu. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku bihwagari (Tournesol) bwagaragaje ko amavuta akamurwa mu nzuzi zabyo hakurikijwe ubwoko bw’indobanure butandukanye agera kuri 50% by’amavuta abigize, bikungahaye kubyo bita “Acides Gras” kuko habonekamo 12% byayo. Mu mavuta y’ibihwagari.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/guhekenya-imbuto-z-ibihwagari-bigira-akamaro-cyane-ku-bagore-batwite</ref> mu mavuta yibihwagari gari kandi ngo habonekamo Palmique ariko akarusho habonekamo acide linoleique ari nayo yingirakamaro cyane<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/ibihwagari/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-11-10 |archive-date=2022-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110104009/https://umutihealth.com/ibihwagari/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> abahanga bavuga ko ifite akamaro mugukumira indwara ya Diabeti mumubiri w'umuntu.ikindi kandi kihariye kuri iki gihingwa nuko amavuta yacyo akungahaye kuri Vitamine E kandi imbuto zacyo zikoreshwa kenshi bazivanga nabimwe mu biribwa mu [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]] ndese nahandi muri [[Afurika]] bamenye akamaro kacyo == Indi mikoreshereze == abantu benshi bumva igihingwa ki gihwagari bagatekereza amavuta acyo gusa ariko mubusanzwe igihwagari kiraribwa nkuko mu [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]] dukaranga ubunyobwa ugahekena imbuto zacyo nazo zirakarangwa zigahekenywa ikindi zirumishwa zigakurwamo ifu ivangwa mumboga zimwe nazimwe kandi bavuga ko ari ingirakamaro kumugore utwite.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/guhekenya-imbuto-z-ibihwagari-bigira-akamaro-cyane-ku-bagore-batwite</ref> == Reba hano == pspw98gdtbxo71slgeanjthy2nkcp4e 0 13427 139685 123081 2026-09-23T18:31:36Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139685 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Hospital room ubt.jpeg|thumb|Ibitaro bya Ruhengeri]] [[Dosiye:Vliegveld Eindhoven Een gewonde of zieke op een brancard wordt in een ambulanc, Bestanddeelnr 900-4475.jpg|thumb|Ibitaro]] [[Dosiye:Hospital.png|thumb|Ibitaro]] Ibitaro bya Ruhengeri byubatswe mu myaka ya 1939 kugeza 1940, byubatse mu [[Akarere ka Musanze|Karere ka Musanze]] mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|intara y'amajyaruguru]], ni bimwe mu bitaro byatoranyijwe mu gihugu nk’ibitaro byi cyitegererezo, bikaba byakira by’umwihariko abaturajye baturutse muduce duturanye nabyo, turimo akarere ka Musanze n'[[akarere ka Nyabihu]].<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/barifuza-ibitaro-bya-ruhengeri-bijyanye-n-igihe</ref> [[Dosiye:MusanzeDist.png|center|thumb|Aho ibitaro bya Ruhengeri biherereye]] byakira ababigana buri kwezi bagera ku bihumbi bitandatu baza gusaba serivisi zitandukanye z’ubuvuzi bikaba byaratingiye kuvuguruwa kuva mumwaka wa 2024 kugeza nubu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://inkanga.com/musanze-abaturage-bagana-ibitaro-bya-ruhengeri-bakomeje-gutabarizwa/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-11-21 |archive-date=2022-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121114216/https://inkanga.com/musanze-abaturage-bagana-ibitaro-bya-ruhengeri-bakomeje-gutabarizwa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ibitaro byaruhengeri byashikirijwe ibikoresho byo gukora inyunganira ngingo ndetse ninsimbura ngingo, byitezweho korohereza abantu bafite ubumuga.[https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/ubuvuzi/article/ibitaro-bya-ruhengeri-byungutse-ibikoresho-byifashishwa-mu-buvuzi-bw-abafite-ubumuga] == Amashakiro == [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Rwiyemeza mirimo]] <references />3.https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/ubuvuzi/article/ibitaro-bya-ruhengeri-byungutse-ibikoresho-byifashishwa-mu-buvuzi-bw-abafite-ubumuga pnntiqqlahoygunzxfh4q8ee4jhwsln 0 13515 139608 136426 2026-09-23T18:20:11Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139608 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Felicidade_A_very_happy_boy.jpg|thumb|right|Umwana w'umuhungu yishimye.]] == Umunezero == hakurikijwe ubushakashatsi butandukanye bwagiye bukorwa, abahanga bagerageje gusobanura UMUNEZERO. bavugako ,UMUNEZERO arimugari kandi uharanirwa [http://ubuzima.bangmedia.org/2012/02/umunezero-ni-iki-wawugeraho-ute.html#axzz7rOe3KV5J] == Twakuramo iki m 'umunezero? == [[Dosiye:Happines 2.JPG|thumb]] UMUNEZERO uduha ubuzima bwiza ,tukaba twatekereza neza, ntarwara yubwonko cg ingaruka mubuzima bwacu bwa burimunsi. ubushakashatsi kandi nanone bwavuze ko ,kuba mumwanya wanone kuticira imanza, nogukora ibikorwa byurukundo nabyo bizana urukundo.[https://amagara.mystrikingly.com/blog/icyo-ubushakashatsi-buvuga-kugushaka-umunezero] otnus7pfpk6qwro9yrpy79fl3s7jfqy 0 13552 139640 98939 2026-09-23T18:24:04Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139640 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Energy-and-economics1.png|thumb|Iyi ni sisiteme yereka bioenergetike na Biophysical]] Muri bumenyi n'ubuhanga, sisitemu ni igice cy'isanzure kirimo kwigwa, mu gihe '''ibidukikije''' ari byo bisigaye biri hanze yimbibi za sisitemu. Bizwi kandi '''nk'[[ibidukikije]]''' cyangwa '''abaturanyi''', no muri thermodinamike, '''nk'ikigega'''. Ukurikije ubwoko bwa sisitemu, ishobora gukorana n'ibidukikije mu guhana ingufu (harimo ubushyuhe n'imikorere ), umuvuduko w'umurongo, umuvuduko winguni, amashanyarazi, cyangwa nibindi bintu byabitswe. Mubice bimwe, nkibisobanuro by'amakuru, amakuru ashobora no guhanahana amakuru. Ibidukikije birirengagizwa mu gusesengura sisitemu, usibye kubijyanye n’imikoranire. == Reba kandi == * Sisitemu ya bioenergetike - sisitemu yingufu * Ubumenyi bwa sisitemu yisi * Ibidukikije (biophysical) * Sisitemu yo gucunga ibidukikije * Sisitemu ya Thermodynamic == amashakiro yo hanze == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170312203406/https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/envisys.html Uburinganire bwa sisitemu yo gutwara] abantu.hofstra.edu * [http://www.epa.gov/ems/ Sisitemu yo gucunga ibidukikije] epa.gov * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180531225502/http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/ Sisitemu Yibidukikije Yisi] eesc.columbia.edu * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221211035600/https://www.onlinestudyblog.com/2022/12/what-is-environmental-education.html Uburezi bushingiye ku bidukikije] 8jeivj6574snivcjos2pq1iwl1gdw29 0 13568 139601 137950 2026-09-23T18:16:56Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139601 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ibidukikije]] bigizwe n'ibinyabuzima ndetse n'ibitafite [[ubuzima]] ariko karemano bisobanuyeko atari ibintu byakozwe n'abantu. Iri jambo akenshi rikoreshwa havugwa ibintu bigize isi cyangwa isi ubwayo<ref>[https://byjus.com/biology/our-environment/#:~:text=Environment%20plays%20an%20important%20role%20in%20healthy%20living%20and%20the,save%20and%20protect%20our%20environment. https://byjus.com/biology/our-environment/#:~:text=Environment%20plays%20an%20important%20role%20in%20healthy%20living%20and%20the,save%20and%20protect%20our%20environment.]</ref>. Ibindukikije rero ni uruhurirane rw'ibifite ubuzima ikirere, umutungo kamere bishobora kugira ingaruka ku mibereho y'abantu ndetse n'ibikorwa byunguka. Ibidukikije bishobora gutandukanwamo ibice bikurikira<ref>[https://byjus.com/biology/our-environment/#:~:text=Environment%20plays%20an%20important%20role%20in%20healthy%20living%20and%20the,save%20and%20protect%20our%20environment. https://byjus.com/biology/our-environment/#:~:text=Environment%20plays%20an%20important%20role%20in%20healthy%20living%20and%20the,save%20and%20protect%20our%20environment.]</ref>: [[Dosiye:Environment_banner.png|thumb|Environment banner]] [[Dosiye:Imigano ku mazi.jpg|thumb|Gutera ibiti]] == Ubwoko bw'ibidukikije == Hari ubwoko bubiri(2) bw'ibidukikije # ibidukikije karemano # ibidukikije byakozwe n'abantu === Ibidukikije karemano === Ibidukikije karemano bigizwe ibintu kamere bityo rero n 'ibintu karemano bitarimo ubushake bw'abantu .Rimwe na rimwe, abantu ntibashobora kugenzura imiterere yabyo aha turavugamo amashyamba, imigezi, imisozi, ibishyanga ndetse n'ibindi.Ikoreshwa kandi mukwerekana ibinyabuzima nk'inyamaswa,ibimera, n'umutungo kamere ugire uruhare m'ubukungu bw'igihugu. [[Dosiye:Frauenstein_Schloss_Frauenstein_Schlossteich_SW-Ansicht_15082019_6949.jpg|thumb|Ibidukikije ]] [[Dosiye:Hellyer Gorge, Tasmania.jpg|thumb|ishyamba cyimeza]] === Ibidukikije byakozwe n'abantu === Ibidukikije byakozwe kandi bigakorwa n'abantu. Harimo aho borera amafi (aquarium), imirima y'ibihingwa, ubusitani, parike z'inyamaswa, pariki z'ubukerarugendo(zoo) , ni'bindi. Ibigize ibidukikije bigabanijwemo ibyiciro bibiri<ref>[https://byjus.com/biology/our-environment/#:~:text=Environment%20plays%20an%20important%20role%20in%20healthy%20living%20and%20the,save%20and%20protect%20our%20environment. https://byjus.com/biology/our-environment/#:~:text=Environment%20plays%20an%20important%20role%20in%20healthy%20living%20and%20the,save%20and%20protect%20our%20environment.]</ref>: * Ibinyabuzima byose birimo [[inyamaswa]], inyoni, amashyamba, udukoko, ibikururuka hasi na mikorobe nka algae, [[bagiteri]], fungus, virusi, n'ibindi * Ibintu byose bitabaho nk'umwuka, igicu, umukungugu, ubutaka, imisozi, inzuzi, ubushuhe, amazi, imyuka y'amazi, umucanga, n'ibindi. == Akamaro k'ibidukikije == Ibidukikije bigira uruhare runini m'ubuzima bwiza no kubaho ku isi .Isi ni inzu y'ibinyabuzima bitandukanye kandi twese dushingiye kubidukikije ku ibiribwa, umwuka, amazi, n'ibindi bikenerwa.<ref name=":0">[https://byjus.com/biology/our-environment/#:~:text=Environment%20plays%20an%20important%20role%20in%20healthy%20living%20and%20the,save%20and%20protect%20our%20environment. https://byjus.com/biology/our-environment/#:~:text=Environment%20plays%20an%20important%20role%20in%20healthy%20living%20and%20the,save%20and%20protect%20our%20environment.]</ref> Ku bwibyo, ni ngombwa kuri buri muntu akwiriye kubungabunga no kurengera ibidukikije. [[Dosiye:Shchyokino_Pond_IMG_3525_1280.jpg|thumb|Ibidukikije]] [[Dosiye:Hopetoun_falls.jpg|thumb|Ibidukikije]] == Ingaruka z'ibikorwa bya muntu ku bidukikije == Hariho ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibikorwa by'abantu bitera ingaruka mbi ku ibidukikije, birimo- imvura ya aside, aside yo mu nyanja, ihinduka ry’ikirere, gutema amashyamba, kugabanuka kwa ozone, guta imyanda iteje akaga, ubushyuhe bw’isi, abaturage benshi, umwanda, n'ibindi.<ref name=":0" /> [[Dosiye:Libya_4709_Idehan_Ubari_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg|thumb|ibidukikije]] == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} 12048dftvzxas2v980u09m3xf3ilp2z 0 13610 139886 137050 2026-09-24T10:43:27Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139886 wikitext text/x-wiki == Isuri == [[Dosiye:Eroding rill in field in eastern Germany.jpg|thumb|kwangirika cy'ane ku murima bitewe n'isuri]] Isuri cyangwa se icyo bita Soil Erosion mu ndimi za mahanga ni igikorwa giterwa no kwangirika k'ubutaka. isuri ikaba yiganjemo ibice byinshi harimo : -Isuri y'amazi -isuri y'urubura -isuri y'umuyaga bakunze kwita aeolean mundimi za mahanga hamwe n'isuri ya Antropogene. Gutakaza ubutaka buva mu murima bishobora guteza igihombo gikomeye bikagaragarira, mukugabanyuka kw'umusaruro., ubwiza bw'amazi yo hasi no kwangiza imiyoboro y'amazi muri rusange, isuri y'ubutaka nayo ishobora gutera umwobo.[https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/4/951] == Ikigereranyo == Ibikorwa by'abantu byi yongereraho inshuro 10-50 igipimo cy'isuri igaragara kw'isi yose. isuri ikabije itera ibibazo bikabije aribyo kubura kubutaka [https://books.google.rw/books?id=7YBaKZ-28j0C&pg=PA1&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false] , no kugabanuka k'umusaruro w'ubuhinzi no gusenyuka kw'ibidukikije sibyo gusa ndetse dutakaza n'ubutaka bukungahaye ku ntungamubiri [https://books.google.rw/books?id=Wj3690PbDY0C&pg=PA2&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false] isuri y'amazi n'umuyaga nibyo bibiri nyamukuru bitera kwangirika [[Dosiye:IL-negev-wadi.jpg|thumb|kwangirika gukomeye gutewe n'isuri]] kw'ubutaka ahasaga 84% by'ubutaka bwarangiritse kw'isi bigatuma isuri ikabije ari kimwe mu bibazo bidukikije ku Isi [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10668-005-1262-8] j2lwbpa2czgbnge5q4hpcprbadwrsjn 0 13685 139866 97589 2026-09-24T10:41:00Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139866 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Detailed Satellite Imagery of the Idaho Wildfires.png|thumb|Ishusho ya satellite yo mu gace ka Idaho irimo imigabane y'igicu.]] '''Imigabane y'igicu''' ni ijanisha rya buri pigiseli mu mashusho y'icyogajuru cyangwa buri gridbox mugihe runaka cy'imiterere cyangwa imiterere yikirere itwikiriwe nibicu. Imigabane y'igicu kimwe bivuze ko pigiseli yuzuyeho ibicu, mugihe igicu cya zeru cyerekana pigiseli yubusa. <ref>[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MODAL2_M_CLD_FR Cloud Fraction] NASA Earth Observatory, January 2005.</ref> Igice cy'igicu ni ingenzi mu kwerekana imishwarara imanuka. <ref>[https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.04.006 L. Chen, G. Yan, T. Wang, H. Ren, J. Calbó, J. Zhao, R. McKenzie (2012), Estimation of surface shortwave radiation components under all sky conditions: Modeling and sensitivity analysis, ''Remote Sensing of Environment'', 123: 457–469.]</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} aymrn4r0aq0gjmjymd8r7szm3dj1ugj 0 13690 139857 111147 2026-09-24T10:39:55Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139857 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Road 35, Iceland, 20230501 0928 3772.jpg|thumb]] Ubuyobozi bw'ikigo gishinzwe iterambere RTDA, bwatangaje ko ibikorwa by'iterambere mu kubaka umuhanda w'ikitegererezo uzwi nka kaburimbo uhuza intara y'amajyaruguru n'intara y'iburengerazuba igeze kukigero cya 94% n'umuhanda uteganwa kuzatwara byibuze miliyari 53frw y'amafaranga y'urwanda. umuhanda watangiye gufasha mu buhahirane hagati y'abaturage bo muntara zombi muntara y'amajyaruguru n'ibburasirazuba [[Dosiye:Road in Sunyani.jpg|thumb]] haba mu buhahirane ndetse no muburyo bw'ingendo. iyubakwa ry'uyu muhanda ryabereye bamwe umugisha, kuri bamwe mubaturage kuko bahawe ingurane kuko imitungo yabo yacishijwemo umuhanda bityo bakaba barabashije kw'iteza imbere. [https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/imirimo-yo-kubaka-umuhanda-base-gicumbi-nyagatare-igeze-kuri-94] == amashakiro == bep2f1xuhetq6l3vuzrg0aweaw5ahhn 0 13715 139707 106511 2026-09-23T18:36:45Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139707 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Sagano Bamboo forest, Arashiyama, Kyoto.jpg|thumb|bamboo]] IMIGANO ni itsinda ritandukanye n'ibiti by;indabyo bimaze igihe,[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bamboo_Forest,_Gochangupseong_Fortress,_South_Korea_(2).jpg] kinini [https://web.archive.org/web/20031110222335/https://forests.org/articles/reader.asp?linkid=25225] inkomoko y'ijambo "imigano" kugeza na nubu ntiramenyekana ariko birashoboka ko yaturutse mu rurimi rw' Igihorandi cyangwa mururimi rw' Igiporutigari. mu migano kimwe no mubindi byatsi, [[Dosiye:Bamboo Forest, Gochangupseong Fortress, South Korea (2).jpg|thumb|imigano]] mwimbere mu ruti ryarwo usanga ari ubusa, imigano iri muri bimwe mu bimera byihuta cyane kw'isi mugihe wa biteye. ubwoko bumwe bw'imigano bushobora gukura mugihe 91CM (santimetero) (36 inchs) mugihe cy'amasaha 24 kukigero cyo hafi isaha imwe [https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-growing-plant/] umugano umaze igihe kinini ufatwa nk'ibyatsi byambere binini, ahanini biterwa nuko hariho "infratorecences" idasobanutse neza, nyuma y'ubushakashatsi bwa phylogeneque bwa vuba aha, amoko menshi y'ibyatsi byashyizwe mur Bambusiodeae ubu byashyizwe mu bindi bigo. [[Dosiye:Bamboo_Grove,_Arashiyama,_Kyoto,_Japan.jpg|thumb|imigano]] jqmi0khh153ojz9qx541ip7t8pkeigb 0 13740 139761 99783 2026-09-24T09:59:12Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139761 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Lung_cancer.jpg|thumb|Indwara ya kanseri y'ibihaha ]] [[Dosiye:Symptoms-diarrhea-bloody.jpg|thumb|Impiswi]] Indwara ziterwa [http://www.ipsnews.net/2014/06/in-developing-world-pollution-kills-more-than-disease/ n’umwanda] bidukikije, zitera indwara zidakira n’impfu z’abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 8.4 buri mwaka. Nyamara, umwanda wakira igice cyinyungu zumuryango wisi. <ref>http://www.ipsnews.net/2014/06/in-developing-world-pollution-kills-more-than-disease/</ref> Ibi ni bimwe kubera ko umwanda utera indwara nyinshi kuburyo akenshi bigoye gushushanya umurongo ugororotse hagati yimpamvu n'ingaruka.Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwindwara ziterwa n’umwanda, harimo niziterwa n’umwanda [[Imyuka Ihumanya Ikirere|w’ikirere]], [[:en:Soil_contamination|ubutaka bwanduye]], [[:en:Water_pollution|umwanda w’amazi]] no kubura [[:en:WASH|amazi, isuku n’isuku (WASH)]]. Guhumanya ikirere birashobora kugabanuka. == Indwara zidukikije nindwara ziterwa n’umwanda == [[:en:Environmental_disease|Indwara zidukikije]] nigisubizo kiziguye kiva kubidukikije. Ibi birimo indwara ziterwa no gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, guhura n’imiti y’ubumara, hamwe n’ibintu bifatika bidukikije, nk’imirasire ya UV ituruka ku zuba, ndetse n’imiterere y’imiterere. Hagati aho, indwara ziterwa n’umwanda ziterwa no guhura n’uburozi mu kirere, amazi n’ubutaka. Kubwibyo, indwara zose ziterwa n’umwanda ni indwara z’ibidukikije, ariko indwara zose z’ibidukikije ntabwo ari indwara ziterwa n’umwanda. == Indwara ziterwa numwanda wikirere == [[:en:World_Health_Organization|Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima]] (WHO) rivuga ko [[Imyuka Ihumanya Ikirere|ihumana ry’ikirere]] rifitanye isano na miliyoni 7 bapfa imburagihe. Dore gusenyuka n'indwara ihumanya ikirere ritera: <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140326015904/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/</ref> == Guhumanya ikirere hanze == * 40% - indwara yumutima ischemic * 40% - inkorora * 11% - indwara zidakira zifata ibihaha * 6% - kanseri y'ibihaha * 3% - kwandura gukabije kwubuhumekero mubana == Amazi Ahumanye == Nk’uko Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) kibitangaza: "Indwara ziterwa n’amazi ziterwa na mikorobe zitera indwara zishobora gukwirakwizwa binyuze mu mazi yanduye. Indwara nyinshi zandurira mu mazi zitera indwara zimpiswi [Icyitonderwa: ntabwo indwara zose zavuzwe hepfo zitera impiswi]. Mirongo inani- umunani ku ijana by'impiswi ku isi yose ifitanye isano n'amazi yo kunywa adafite umutekano, isuku idahagije cyangwa isuku idahagije. Izi ndwara zitera abantu miliyoni 1.5 bapfa buri mwaka, cyane cyane ku bana bato. Impamvu zisanzwe zitera urupfu ni umwuma. mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere kubera amazi adafite umutekano, isuku nke, ndetse n'isuku idahagije.Izindi ndwara zandurira mu mazi ntizitera impiswi; ahubwo izo ndwara zishobora gutera imirire mibi, kwandura uruhu, no kwangiza ingingo.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/wash_diseases.html</ref> === References === 9m0i7t9z68qhwrst8n5o5h6p5hq3oey 0 13751 139609 136655 2026-09-23T18:20:18Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139609 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Home_Secretary_James_Cleverly_visits_Rwanda_on_5_December_2023_-_16.jpg|thumb|Development ]] GAHUNDA Y'ITERAMBERE Gahunda y'iterambere igena politoki n'inzego z'ibanze n'ibyifuzo bo gukoresha ubutaka mukarere kabo. Gahunda y'iterambere iyobora kandi igashiraho ibyemezo bya buri munsi by'erekeranye n'ubukungu, sisitemu izwi nko kugenzura iterambere. kugirango ibyo byemezo bishyirwe mugaciro kandi bihamye, gahunda y'iterambere yemejwe n'ubuyobozi nyuma y'inama nyungurana bitekerezo kandi ikita kubindi bintu bifatika.[https://web.archive.org/web/20230217104335/https://www.wirral.gov.uk/planning-and-building/local-plans-and-planning-policy/what-local-plan] ibyemezo byafashwe byose bigomba kuba bijyanye n'iterambere, nubwo gahunda zemejwe zose zitagerwamo by'imazeyo, zitanga urufatiro rukomeye rw,ibyemezo byateganijwe kandi bihamye [http://www.communityplanning.net/pub-film/pdf/handy_guide_to_planning_2006_06-1.pdf] == Iterambere ry' Urwanda == [[Dosiye:Oxygen480-places-network-workgroup.svg|thumb|global network]] Ministre w'intebe Eduard Ngirente avugako gahunda y'iterambere ry' u RWANDA rishingiye kumusingi ukomeye w'ubumwe n'ubwiyunge, igihugu gikesha intwari z'igihugu zitanze zitizigamye. nyuma yo kugaragaza ko indangagaciro z'umuco nyarwanda zagize uruhare rukomeye mw'iterambere ry'igihugu. Bwana minisitiri w'intebe yatangaje amahirwe y'ishoramari ari mugihugu mu Rwanda. rubifashijwemo na gahunda y'umwimerere yo kwishakamo ibisubizo n'indangagaciro z'ikomeye zo kwigira, kwiha agaciro, u Rwanda rwageze kw'iterambere rifatika, munyaka 20 ishize u Rwanda rwabaye igihugu cy'Africa cyakataje mu kwihuta kumuvuduko w'ubukungu.[https://rba.co.rw/post/Minisitiri-wIntebe-Dr-Ngirente-aravuga-ko-iterambere-ryu-Rwanda-ryubakiye-ku-musingi-wubumwe-nubwiyunge] == Uruhare rw'ikoranabuhanga == Ikorana buhanga umusingi w'iterambere birumvika kugeza ubu ikoranabuhanga n'ikintu kinini mw'iterambere ry'igihugu haba muri gihugu ndetse no hanze yacyo, birumvikana ko buri kintu, [[Dosiye:Near-me area network diagram.jpg|thumb|ikororana buhanga]] burikintu cyose dukora none ndetse no mubihe bizaza biza bisabwa ikorana buhanga rya murandasi cyangwa se internet mundimi z'amahanga. kurubu urwanda rufite ama robo abasha gukora amasuku ahantu hose haba hagaragaye icyorezo cya shegeshe isi kizwi nka corona virus. kurubu intego urwanda rwari rwarihaye muri vision cyangwa se icyerekezo 2020 harimo no kuzamura ubukungu bushingiye kw'ikorana buhanga. ntagushidikanya ko internet yagombaga kugira uruhare runini kugirango iyo ntego igerwego, ari nayo mpamvu yakomeje gushyirwamo ingufu cyane [https://igihe.com/ikoranabuhanga/article/ishusho-y-iterambere-ry-ikoranabuhanga-ry-u-rwanda-mu-myaka-20-ishize] AMASHAKIRO snz7e64e0a4btpx4bf57rq07u9c270p 0 13804 139848 136708 2026-09-24T10:35:42Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139848 wikitext text/x-wiki == Uburenganzira ku bidukikije == [[Dosiye:Earth with rings.jpg|thumb]] UBURENGANZIRA KU BIDUKIKIJE cyangwa se RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT mu ndimi zamahanga n' ubuzima buzira umuze n'uburenganzira bwa muntu bunganirwa n'umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu n' imiryango iharanira ibidukikije [https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/03/01/case-right-healthy-environment] [https://www.ciel.org/un-global-recognition-right-healthy-environment/]<ref>https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-031720-074856</ref> uburenganzira bwemejwe n'akanama k'umuryango w'abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu [https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2015/04/preliminary-findings-country-visit-lebanon-special-rapporteur-freedom-religion?LangID=E&NewsID=15791] Uburenganzira akenshi n'ishingiro kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu, nabashinzwe kurengera ibidukikije, nkabarengera ubutaka, abashinzwe amazi, n'abaharanira uburenganzira bw'abasangwa buttaka [https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/historic-day-human-rights-and-healthy-planet-un-expert][https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/07/1123482] Uburenganzira bufitanye isano n'ubundi burenganzira bwa muntu bwibanda ku buzima, nk'uburenganzira bwibanda ku mazi, isuku, kubiribwa ndetse no kubuzima. [https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-environment/good-practices-right-healthy-environment] uburenganzira ku bidukikije buzira umuze bukoresha ubuyo bwa muntu bwo kurengera ibidukikije, bitandukanye n'uburyo gakondo bwo kugenzura ibidukikije. [https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/23/3/613/399894?login=false] Ubundi buryo bwo kurengera ibidukikije n'uburenganzira bwa kamere bugerageza kwagura [https://web.archive.org/web/20210117194922/https://environment.yale.edu/blog/2014/12/rights-to-nature-vs-rights-of-nature/] == Uruhare rwa leta == Uburenganzira bushiraho inshingano za leta kugenzura no kubahiriza uburenganzira bw'ibidukikije kurwanya umwanda,gutanga ubutabera no kurengera abaturage,bangijwe n'ibibazo by'ibidukikije, uburenganzira ku bidukikije bwabaye uburenganzira bw'ingenzi mu gushiraho mu gushiraho amategeko y'ibidukikije.[https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/23/3/613/399894?login=false][https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/human-right-to-a-healthy-environment/right-to-a-healthy-environment-and-climate-change/4000179282C67A3C0794A98F75D4E7F0][https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3369481] == Uburyo mpuzamahanga == Mu mateka amasezerano akomeye y'umuryango w'abibumbye y'uburenganzira bwa muntu, nk'itangazo mpuzamahanga ryerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu, gusa amasezerano mpuzamahanga ku bukungu, imibereho myiza n'umuco ntago yemera uburenganzira bw'ibidukikije [https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-031720-074856] Icyemezo cyafashwe n'umuryango w'abibumbye,amasezerano mpuzamahanga y'ibidukikije ,aramutse y'emejwe,kizaba igikoresho cyambere cy'umuryango wabibumbye cyita ku burenganzira bwa muntu cyashizwemo uburenganzira bwo kubungabunga ibidukikije. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/reel.12287] gezp0bj07vjvtm31cz4h2w3tgmmf9ru 0 13818 139675 137915 2026-09-23T18:30:17Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139675 wikitext text/x-wiki == Abatuye u Rwanda == [[Dosiye:Umuhanda wo kwamakuza.jpg|left|thumb|imiturire|149x149px]] Hakurikijwe ijanisha ry’ubwiyongere bwa 2,9 ku ijana buri mwaka, abaturage b’u [[Rwanda]] ubu babarirwa muri miliyoni 9,2 (2006) harimo abatuye mu mijyi bagera kuri 17 ku ijana. Biteganyijwe ko abaturage baziyongera kugeza hafi kuri miliyoni 16 mu mwaka wa 2020 keretse nihashyirwa ingufu mu iringanizwa ry’imbyaro, mu burezi no mu ngamba z’ubukangurambaga (ROR 2000). U [[Rwanda]] ni [[igihugu]] gituwe n’[[Abaturage Rusange|abaturage]] benshi [https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abaturage_Ubuzima_n%E2%80%99Imiturire&veaction=edit Edit]ku buso kurusha ibindi muri [[Afurika]], kikaba gifite hafi abaturage 397 ku kilometero kare. Guverinoma irifuza ko ibi byazagabanukaho 2,2 ku ijana ahagana mu mwaka wa 2012.<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/dore-uko-abatuye-u-rwanda-bazaba-bangana-muri-2022</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/hejuru-ya-70-by-abanyarwanda-bazaba-batuye-mu-mijyi-muri-2050</ref>[[Dosiye:Gukubura.jpg|thumb|Abaturage|151x151px]] == Imicungire y'abaturage == * Ubwiyongere bw’imicucike y’abaturage mu ngaruka yabwo bwasabye imbaraga nyinshi cyane [[ibidukikije]] by’umwimerere bityo butuma abashobora gukora bimukira hirya no hino mu byaro, ndetse hakaba n’abavuye mu cyaro baza mu mujyi. * Kubera y’uko ibitunze hafi 90% by’abaturage bishingiye ku butaka byanze bikunze, ubwiyongere bw’abaturage ni imwe mu nkomoko y’izamuka mu gukenera umutungo kamere.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Dosiye:Umudugudu.jpg|thumb|Ibikorwa remezo mu Rwanda|184x184px]] == Ibikorwa remezo == Indengo rusange y’imiryango ni abantu 4,6 naho icyaro n’umujyi bitandukanye mu kigero cya 4,5:4,8. Hakurikijwe icyerekezo 2020, iterambere ry’imiturire mu mujyi rizatunganywa, bityo iterambere rizagendera ku bwisuganye bw’ibikorwa remezo n’ubwa za serivisi ziboneka mu mijyi (ROR 2000). Ubushakashatsi ku miturire bwerekana ko ubucucike bw’abaturage buri hejuru kurushaho mu mijyi cyangwa mu masanteri (centre) y’ubucuruzi n’ay’ibikorwa remezo by’abaturage.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/ibikorwaremezo/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-19 |archive-date=2023-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219091456/https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/ibikorwaremezo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/politiki/amakuru/article/amb-gatete-asize-he-minisiteri-y-ibikorwaremezo</ref><ref>https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/perezida-kagame-yasabye-ingufu-mu-iyubakwa-ry-ibikorwaremezo-muri-afurika</ref><ref name=":2">https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Kugira-ibikorwaremezo-biteye-imbere-byagabanya-ikiguzi-kigenda-mu-bikorwa-byubucuruzi-muri-Afurika-Perezida-Kagame</ref> == Vision 2020 == [[Dosiye:Amahoro Stadium 2003 c.png|thumb|195x195px|Amahoro stadium ataravugururwa]] Mu mwaka wa 2003, hashyizwe ahagaragara inyandiko ya Viziyo 2020, abaturage bo mu mujyi bakekwaga kuba ari 10 ku ijana; ibarurisha mibare riherutse ryakozwe n’Ishuri Rikuru ry’Igihugu ry’Ibarurishamibare rirasanga bari hafi 17 ku ijana mu mwaka wa 2007 (NISR 2007). Ntibigaragara niba ubwiyongere mu mijyi bushingiye ku ngamba z’iterambere mu bukungu cyangwa ku baturage bava mu cyaro bagana mu mijyi. Byombi bifite ingaruka yihariye ku bidukikije. Izamuka ry’imiturire mu mijyi bitewe no gushakisha iterambere mu bukungu ritanga inyungu z’inyongera ziyongera ku bihasanzwe kandi rigabanya imbaraga nyinshi cyane zisabwa ibidukikije.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> [[Dosiye:Amategura1.jpg|thumb|ICYARO|156x156px]] == Icyaro mu mujyi == Kwimuka kw’abaturage bava mu cyaro bajya mu mijyi bishobora gutanga uburyo wasanga ibyiza bike cyane bisangirwa n’abaturage benshi. Abaturiye umujyi ku bwinshi batuma ubusanzwe habaho kwiyongera kw’imikoreshereze y’ibintu, kwiyongera kugaragara kw’imyanda n’imyuka ihumanya. Impamvu nkuru zo kwimuka bava mu cyaro bajya mu mujyi ni ugushaka uburyo bwo kubona ku buryo byoroshye serivisi, ibikorwa remezo, imyidagaduro n’akazi. Kugira ngo hakumirwe iyimuka ry’abava mu byaro bajya mu mijyi, Guverinoma yitabaje ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ingamba zigamije kwegereza abaturage serivisi, ibikorwaremezo n’imyidagaduro. Hari amasanteri agizwe n’imijyi agera kuri 18 mu Rwanda.<ref>https://igihe.com/amafoto-1922/article/imiterere-ya-kimironko-kamwe-mu-duce-twihagazeho-mu-mujyi-wa-kigali-amafoto</ref><ref>https://igihe.com/amafoto-1922/article/imiterere-ya-kimironko-kamwe-mu-duce-twihagazeho-mu-mujyi-wa-kigali-amafoto</ref> == Politike y'ibidukikije == * Mu 1996, Guverinoma yashyizeho politike y’igihugu y’[[IMITURIRE|imiturire]]. Iyo politike yaje kumenyekana ku izina ry’Imidugudu.[[Dosiye:Environment_Poster.jpg|thumb|Ishusho y'ibidukikije |209x209px]] * Impamvu yo gushyiraho Imidugudu ni ukugirango imiturire ishyirwe mu matsinda, bityo hakemurwa ikibazo cyo kubura ubutaka kimwe n’icyo gucunga neza [[ibidukikije]]. * Imitunganyirize y’ibidukikije ni ikintu cy’ibanze gifasha ubuzima, uburumbuke n’imibereho myiza y’abantu, cyane cyane abaturiye imijyi. Iboneka mu Cyerekezo 2020 nk’ikintu cy’ibanze kigize ishingiro ry’ubuzima n’iry’iterambere ry’abaturage. * Gahunda na none ibona kurinda ibidukikijeale no gucunga neza imiturire nk’igikorwa cy’ibanze kigamije gushyigikira iterambere ry’icyaro n’iry’umujyi.<ref>https://igihe.com/ibidukikije/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umuseke.rw/2023/01/akademiya-izajya-ifasha-u-rwanda-mu-bikorwa-bya-politiki-yo-kurengera-ibidukikije/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-19 |archive-date=2023-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219091454/https://umuseke.rw/2023/01/akademiya-izajya-ifasha-u-rwanda-mu-bikorwa-bya-politiki-yo-kurengera-ibidukikije/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://umuryango.rw/amakuru/mu-rwanda/politiki/article/minisitiri-w-ibidukikije-dr-mujawamaliya-yihanangirije-minisitiri-w-uburezi</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Abaturage]] [[Ikiciro:Umujyi wa Kigali]] fy8i7ta1ftlcm2jzond35l55rj6ksqz 0 13828 139602 138254 2026-09-23T18:17:03Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139602 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Pottery making pots.jpg|thumb|Ibumba]] [[Dosiye:Clay-ss-2005.jpg|thumb|Ibumba |165x165px]] [[Dosiye:Ceramist_At_Work_03.jpg|thumb|umububyi |166x166px]] [[Dosiye:Pots making.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Fabrication de pot.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:A depiction of clay for pot making.JPG|thumb]] = Sobanukirwa Ibumba ry'Icyatsi = [[Dosiye:20220916120259_IMG_9559.jpg|thumb|Ibibumbano |166x166px]] Kunywa amazi avanzemo ibumba ritagira umusenyi gatatu ku munsi bigirira umubiri akamaro gakomeye, ibumba ry'icyatsi uretse kurinda indwara zimwe na zimwe ribasha no kuvura indwara zitandukanye.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/102296/sobanukirwa-akamaro-kibumba-ryicyatsi-102296.html</ref> == Akamaro k'Ibumba ry'Icyatsi == * Ibumba rirakenewe cyane mu myanya inoza ibyo kurya rikavura indwara zirimo,izo mu gifu no mu mara,ukarinywa ubyitondeye kandi ukurikije gahunda idahinduka.Ibumba rivura kanseri kuko rifite imbaraga yo kunyunyuza, gutwika,koza,kugaburira no kongera amaraso.Rishobora kunyobwa cyangwa rikarambikwa aharwaye ari ryinshi.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/102296/sobanukirwa-akamaro-kibumba-ryicyatsi-102296.html</ref>Ikirahuri 1 cy’amazi kivanzemo akayiko gato k’ifu y’ibumba ry’icyatsi kibisi n’uduheke 2 twa tungurusumu bikararana hamwe bikanyobwa mu gitondo na nimugoroba iminsi 7,kabiri mu kwezi bivura kanseri. Iyo urwaye inzoka uriraza mu mazi washyizemo uduheke 2 twa Tungurusumu ukarinywa mu gitondo ukibyuka, ku ndwara z’uruhu no mu kiziba cy’inda n’umugongo, ibibyimba <ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/102296/sobanukirwa-akamaro-kibumba-ryicyatsi-102296.html</ref>Uritoba mu mazi ukomekaho umubumbe waryo aharwaye rikahamara isaha imwe gusa. Umwana wabuze igikuriro uritobamo ukaryomeka mu ruti rw'umugongo rikahamara isaha imwe. Umugore utwite arinywa kugeza ku mezi arindwi ubundi akajya arisiga mu kiziba cy'inda.Ibumba rivura kanseri kuko rifite imbaraga yo kunyunyuza, gutwika,koza,kugaburira no kongera amaraso.Rishobora kunyobwa cyangwa rikarambikwa aharwaye ari ryinshi.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/102296/sobanukirwa-akamaro-kibumba-ryicyatsi-102296.html</ref>Ikirahuri 1 cy’amazi kivanzemo akayiko gato k’ifu y’ibumba ry’icyatsi kibisi n’uduheke 2 twa tungurusumu bikararana hamwe bikanyobwa mu gitondo na nimugoroba iminsi 7,kabiri mu kwezi bivura kanseri. == Ibumba mukuvura byinshi bitandukanye == [[Dosiye:Patterned clay plaster - Clay - Preview (Amal Kumar via Poly Haven).webp|thumb|231x231px|Ibumba]] [[Dosiye:Clay 2.jpg|thumb|373x373px|Ibumba]] Ibumba ry’icyatsi mu gihe ribitswe neza, ahantu hatari ubukonje bukabije cyangwa urumuri rwinshi, ntirisaza.Kuko ibumba ari ikintu gifite imbaraga nyinshi, ni ikintu cyo kwitonderwa cyane cyane kurikoresha mu mubiri imbere. Ibumba ry’icyatsi rishobora kubuza indi miti gukora akazi kayo mu mubiri. Ikindi kandi ntiriribwa cyangwa ngo rinyobwe n’abana bato, ndetse n’abagore batwite ntibabyemerewe.Ku rubuga www.santemagazine.fr bavuga ko ibumba ry’icyatsi rifasha mu kugabanya ububabare.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/urusobe-rw-ubuzima/article/menya-ibyiza-byo-gukoresha-ibumba-ry-icyatsi</ref>Ibumba ry’icyatsi rikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kwita ku ruhu rwo mu maso, rigafasha cyane abagira uruhu rwo mu maso ruyaga, aho bavanga ibumba n’amazi bikamera nk’igikoma gifashe, nyuma bakagisiga mu maso kugira ngo bifashe uruhu kumera neza.Mu byiza by’ibumba ry’icyatsi, harimo kuba ryomora aho umuntu yakomeretse, rigasohora imyanda mu mubiri ndetse rikica tumwe mu dukoko twitwa “bacteria”; rivura kandi impiswi n’ibindi.Ibumba ry’icyatsi kandi ryifashishwa mu kwita ku musatsi ndetse no mu gukesha amenyo.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/urusobe-rw-ubuzima/article/menya-ibyiza-byo-gukoresha-ibumba-ry-icyatsi</ref> Silice iboneka mu ibumba ry’icyatsi kandi, ifasha ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri gukora neza.Kuko ibumba ari ikintu gifite imbaraga nyinshi, ni ikintu cyo kwitonderwa cyane cyane kurikoresha mu mubiri imbere. Ibumba ry’icyatsi rishobora kubuza indi miti gukora akazi kayo mu mubiri. Ikindi kandi ntiriribwa cyangwa ngo rinyobwe n’abana bato, ndetse n’abagore batwite ntibabyemerewe.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/urusobe-rw-ubuzima/article/menya-ibyiza-byo-gukoresha-ibumba-ry-icyatsi</ref> == Ibindi bintu wamenya ku Ibumba == [[Dosiye:20220916120442 IMG 9564.jpg|thumb|Ibikoresho biva mwibumba|192x192px]] [[Dosiye:Omarama Clay Cliffs.jpg|thumb|192x192px|Ikinombe cy'ibumba]] Twahisemo ibumba ry’icyatsi kuko ariryo ahanini rikunda gukoreshwa mu kuvura, nubwo andi moko atandukanye nk’umweru,umutuku,umukara n’iroza nayo ajya akoreshwa mu kwita ku ruhu, n’ahandi.Ubundi ibumba ni ubutare bucukurwa mu butaka. Rishobora gucukurwa ahantu henshi hatandukanye ho mu bishanga no ku gasozi.Ibumba ryo kunywa no kwisiga riba ritunganije ku buryo riba rimeze nk’ifu inoze neza.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://agasaro.com/spip.php?article2088 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-19 |archive-date=2023-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219160445/http://agasaro.com/spip.php?article2088 |url-status=dead }}</ref>Impumuro mbi mu kanwa, igihe umuntu yarozwe, grippe, ibumba rukura imyanda mu mubiri umubiri wacu uba udafitiye ubushobozi bwo gusohora, umuriro, kuvura guhitwa, kurinda kanseri, rikiza constipation, ububabare bwo mu menyo, ibumba ryorohereza abarwayi ba asthma, ku ndwara z’igifu kigira aside nyinshi, umwijima uterwa na virus, ku mainfections atandukanye( iz’amaraso, amahumane mu nda bita mycose intestinale), kuvura amashamba ( kubyimba ku matama), abagira ibibazo byo muri pancreas, ku badamu batwite rifasha kubyara abana bameze neza kandi rikabafasha no kubyara neza.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/102296/sobanukirwa-akamaro-kibumba-ryicyatsi-102296.html</ref>Ibumba kandi rifasha abantu barwaye za amibe, abantu bagira imyuka mu mara( abantu bagira umwanya mu mara irimo ubusa kandi nta mwanya urimo ubusa uba ugomba kuboneka mu mara), kubura amaraso, ku mallergies atandukanye, uburwayi bw’impyiko, gutunganya imihango ibabaza, abafite udusebe mu gifu urarinywa ukanaryisiga ku gice igifu giherereyemo,kutabona ibitotsi, no gushaka kwihagarika buri mwanya aha naho urarinywa ukanarisiga kuri cy’iziba cy’inda.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://agasaro.com/spip.php?article2088 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-19 |archive-date=2023-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219160445/http://agasaro.com/spip.php?article2088 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ubuvuzi mu Rwanda]] 11u7ntvmdfjt9a65wsvn5iih5q3btc6 0 13869 139867 90867 2026-09-24T10:41:07Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139867 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umwuzure w’uruzi rw’umuhondo mu mwaka wa 1452''' ni ibiza karemano byibasiye abahinzi ibihumbi magana ku ruzi rw’umuhondo muri Shandong na Henan, ndetse no mu kibaya cya Huai. Umwuzure wa mbere washenye ibikorwa rusange byakozwe i Shawan hashize imyaka ine gusa biturutse ku mwuzure wo mu mwaka wa 1448 wabereye i Linqing. Umwanda wuzuye mu muyoboro munini wa Shandong wasabye imbaraga nyinshi zo gusana. Ibikorwa by'ubutaka bimaze gusanwa, Umwami w'abami wa Jingtai yategetse ko hubakwa insengero ebyiri – imwe i Heiyangshan indi i Shawan – maze yiyemeza gusengera ku giti cye imana z'umugezi kugira ngo ikumire umwuzure. Ukwezi kwa gatandatu, inkombe y'amajyaruguru yongeye guturika ahitwa i Shawan maze amato yose y'Umuyoboro munini ahagarikwa n'umusenyi wajugunywe mu nzira. == Reba kandi == * [[Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1448|Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa]] [[Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1448|1448]] * [[Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1448|Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa]] 1453 == Amashakiro == {{Reflist|2}} jdw4u2bnw6c7xpaleqxxk0fq2ts634h 0 13877 139641 90876 2026-09-23T18:24:12Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139641 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mu mwaka wa 1642 mu gihe cy'umwuzure w'umugezi w’Umuhondo''' cyangwa '''umwuzure wa Kaifeng''' ni ibiza byatewe n'abantu mu Kwakira 1642, yibasiye cyane cyane Kaifeng na Xuzhou. Kaifeng iherereye ku nkombe y’amajyepfo yuruzi rw'Umuhondo, ikunze kwibasirwa n’umwuzure ukabije mu mateka yarwo. Ku ngoma ya mbere ya Ming, umujyi niho wibasiwe n’umwuzure ukomeye mu mwaka wa [[Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1375|1375]], [[Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1384|1384]], [[Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1390|1390]], [[Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1410|1410]], na [[Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1416|1416]]. Mu kinyejana cya 15 rwagati, Ming yari yarangije gusana gahunda yo kurwanya imyuzure muri ako karere  kandi yarayikoresheje hamwe nitsinzi rusange mumyaka irenga ijana. Umwuzure wo mu 1642, ntabwo wari karemano, ahubwo wari uyobowe na guverineri w’umujyi wa Ming  twizeye gukoresha amazi y'umwuzure kugirango bahagarike amezi atandatu umujyi wari wihanganiye inyeshyamba z'abahinzi ziyobowe na Li Zicheng. Imiyoboro yaraturitse igerageza kuzuza umwuzure ku inyeshyamba, ariko amazi asenya Kaifeng. Dukurikije indi nkuru, ivuga ko inyeshyamba ziyobowe na Li Zicheng zashakaga gukoresha uruzi mu kuzuza umwuzure ku ingabo z’ibwami. John W. Dardess wo muri kaminuza ya Kansas yaranditse ati: "Ba myugariro na Li bombi bagerageje gukoresha uruzi rw'umuhondo kugira ngo bahangane." umujyi ukarimbura. Li yatsinze. Ku ya 8 Ukwakira 1642, abantu ba Li batemye imigezi, maze uruzi rw'umuhondo rwuzuye imvura rwaturikiyemo intambara ikomeye, yuzura Kaifeng. . . " <ref>John W. Dardess, ''Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2012) p. 132</ref> Harry Miller wo muri kaminuza ya Alabama y'Amajyepfo yanditse ati: "Impande zombi zagerageje gutobora imigezi ku ruzi rw'umuhondo, kugira ngo umwuzure ube inshuti. Amaherezo, ku ya 7 Ukwakira, uruzi rwuzuyemo imvura rwatembye mu mwobo wagabanutse ahantu habiri. " <ref>Harry Miller, ''State Versus Gentry in Late Ming Dynasty China, 1572-1644'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) p. 155</ref> Ibyo ari byo byose, 300,000 mu baturage 378,000 bahitanywe n’umwuzure hanyuma hakurikiraho ibiza byo hirya no hino nk'inzara n'icyorezo. Ifashwe nk'impanuka kamere, yaba imwe mu myuzure yahitanye abantu benshi mu mateka.  Nyuma y’ibi byago umujyi waratereranywe kugeza mu 1662 igihe wongeye kubakwa byari ku ngoma y'Umwami w'abami wa Kangxi mu ngoma ya Qing. Ubushakashatsi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo muri uyu mujyi bwatanze gihamya y’umwuzure wo mu mwaka wa 1642 n’umwuga wakurikiyeho mu 1662. <ref>Storozum, Michael J., et al.''[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-60169-1 Geoarchaeological evidence of the AD 1642 Yellow River flood that destroyed Kaifeng, a former capital of dynastic China], '' Scientific Reports, 2020.</ref> Wakomeje kuba umujyi wamazi winyuma wicyaro wagabanutse cyane kandi uhura nindi myuzure idakabije. Umwuzure kandi watumye "ibihe bya zahabu" by’Abayahudi batuye mu [[Ubushinwa]], bivugwa ko byabaye nko mu mwaka wa 1300–1642. Abashinwa bake b'Abayahudi, bagera ku 5,000, bari i Kaifeng. Byongeye kandi, umwuzure washenye isinagogi hamwe na Torah hafi ya zose zidasimburwa. == Reba kandi == * Umwuzure mu mateka ya Xuzhou * Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1938, amayeri asa nintambara yibidukikije == Amashakiro == {{Reflist|2}} dsi8gy35u0o6j23vli0w95r6kofffef 0 13912 139565 122953 2026-09-23T14:20:08Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139565 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:CARPElogo.png|right|200x200px]] [[Dosiye:CARPEemployees.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Abakozi ba CARPE mu kazi]] Gahunda '''yo muri Afurika yo Hagati ishinzwe Ibidukikije''' ni ikigo cy’Abanyamerika gishinzwe iterambere mpuzamahanga (USAID) kigamije guteza imbere imicungire y’umutungo kamere urambye mu kibaya cya Congo. Igamije kurinda amashyamba mu bihugu nka [[Gabon]], [[Kameruni]] na [[Kongo|Repubulika ya Kongo]] itanga ahantu heza ho kubungabunga urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima. iyi porogaramu ikora kugirango igabanye umuvuduko wo kwangirika kw’amashyamba no [[Gutakaza urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima|gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima]] mu gushyigikira andi matsinda no gukorera hamwe hagamijwe kongera urwego rw’ibanze, igihugu, ndetse n’akarere mu gucunga umutungo kamere. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080612185138/http://carpe.umd.edu/ CARPE Official Site], Retrieved on June 18, 2008 {{PD notice}}</ref> [[Dosiye:CongoforestbasinTRIDOM.jpg|left|thumb|304x304px| Agace k'ibibaya by'amashyamba CARPE ishaka kurinda]] == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} iugmlrebyv1xdm2ao8f6w2hgj3n0n7x 0 13987 139642 96971 2026-09-23T18:24:20Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139642 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umunsi w'abatagatifu bose Umwuzure wo mu 1436''' ku munsi w'abatagatifu bose (1 Ugushyingo) mu mwaka wa 1436 wari umuhengeri wibasiye inkombe zose z'inyanja y'Amajyaruguru ya Bight yo mu Budage. Mu mudugudu wa Tetenbüll wo mu majyaruguru ya Frisiyani niho honyine hapfuye abantu 180. Eidum ku kirwa cya Sylt harasenyuka, abahatuye baragenda bashinga umudugudu wa Westerland kubera iyo mpamvu y'umwuzure. Urutonde kuri Sylt narwo rwarahebwe nyuma y'umwuzure wubatswe kure y'uburengerazuba. Urukuta rwaturitse ku mugezi wa Oste no muri Kehdingen. Ikirwa cya Pellworm cyatandukanijwe n’abaturanyi ba Nordstrand kandi igikuta cyongeye kugaragara mu 1550. == Amashakiro =saint gaelle= {{Reflist}} sftn48bo22t3dw3mgez0unzl5mlnsmh 0 14017 139944 100146 2026-09-24T10:51:34Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139944 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Logo of the Foundation for Environmental Education.svg|thumb|189x189px|Ikirango cy'umuryango.]] '''Foundation for Environmental Education''' ('''FEE''') ni umuryango [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|utegamiye kuri Leta]], udaharanira inyungu uteza imbere iterambere rirambye binyuze mu burezi bushingiye ku bidukikije. FEE ikora binyuze muri gahunda eshanu; Ibendera ry'ubururu, Eco-Amashuri, Abanyamakuru bato kubidukikije (YRE), Kwiga Amashyamba (LEAF) na Green Key International. Ifite abanyamuryango mu bihugu 77 ku isi. == Amashyirahamwe y'abanyamuryango == FEE ni umuryango mpuzamahanga w’umuryango hamwe n’umuryango umwe w’abanyamuryango b’igihugu kuri buri gihugu uhagarariye FEE kurwego rwigihugu kandi ushinzwe gushyira mubikorwa gahunda za FEE mugihugu. FEE ifite amashyirahamwe y'abanyamuryango mu bihugu 77 kwisi. == Ikigega cy’amashyamba ku isi == Numuryango uteza imbere iterambere rirambye, FEE yashyizeho [[:en:Investigative_journalism|ikigega cy’amashyamba ku isi]] kugira ngo ikureho imyuka ihumanya ikirere CO ituruka mu ngendo. Iki kigega kidaharanira inyungu gishora 90% byinjiza mu buryo butaziguye mu gutera ibiti n’izindi mbaraga z’indishyi CO zahujwe n’ibikorwa byo kwigisha ibidukikije. === References === sotcr9ajhnz7a8hx8lq5emdp59cnox0 0 14041 139619 120518 2026-09-23T18:21:31Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139619 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Gas-natural.jpg|thumb|Gaze|177x177px]] Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yatangije umushinga wo kubaka uruganda rucukura rukanatunganya Gaz icukurwa mu [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|Kiyaga cya Kivu]] yitezweho gukemura ikibazo cy’ibura n’ihenda rya Gaz yifashishwa mu guteka no mu bindi bikorwa bikenera ingufu. == Gahunda ku Umushinga == [[Dosiye:Natural gas burning on a gas stove.jpg|thumb|187x187px|Gucana kur gaze]] [[Dosiye:Washington Gas service-pnp-hec-14600-14697v 01.jpg|thumb|185x185px|Uruganda rwa gas]] Minisitiri w’Ibikorwaremezo yavuze ko ubusanzwe u [[Rwanda]] rwakoreshaga Gaz iturutse mu mahanga ariko kuri ubu hagiye kujya hakoreshwa iyatunganyirijwe mu gihugu, ibintu avuga ko ari igisubizo ku bijyanye n’izamuka ry’ibiciro ry’ibikomoka kuri Peteroli na Gaz.Avugako Gaz dukoresha mu guteka iva hanze nayo mwabonye ko igiciro cyakomeje kugenda kizamuka, kiratumbagira. Uyu mushinga uzanye ibisubizo, ntabwo igihugu kizongera gutumiza Gaz igera hano ihenze, ahubwo igihugu nacyo kigiye kubona ubushobozi bwo gutunganya iyi Gaz.<ref name=":0">https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/minisitiri-w-intebe-dr-ngirente-yatangije-umushinga-wo-kubaka-uruganda-rwa</ref>Ni Gaz izaba yitwa CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) ikaba izasimbura mazutu, peteroli na LGP (Liquefied petroleum gas) imenyerewe gutumizwa mu mahanga.Iyi Gaz ndetse ifite umwihariko kuko ishobora gukoreshwa mu gutwara ibinyabiziga ndetse yanakoreshwa mu guteka, cyane ko idahumanya ikirere kuko isukuye ku kigero 27% kurenza izindi Gaz zose.Uyu mushinga urimo kubaka uruganda rucukura gaz mu kiyaga cya Kivu, aho Gasmeth Energy Ltd, izacukura ikanatandukanya Gaz méthane n’amazi, ikayitwara mu rundi ruganda ruyitunganya nyuma ikajyanwa ku isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu n’iryo mu mahanga.<ref name=":0" />Umushinga wose uteganyijwe kuzatwara miliyoni $530. == Ibindi Wamenya == [[Dosiye:Gas stove 13.jpg|thumb|193x193px|Amashyiga ya gas]] Uru ruganda rugiye kubakwa ku bufatanye bw’u [[Rwanda]] n’Ikigo Gasmeth Energy Ltd, mu Murenge wa Bwishyura, [[Akarere ka Karongi]] mu Ntara y’Uburengerazuba.Umuhango wo gushyira ibuye ry’ifatizo ahagomba kubakwa uru ruganda wabaye kuri wa 18 Kanama mu mwaka 2022, uyoborwa na Minisitiri w’Intebe wari uhagarariye Umukuru w’Igihugu.<ref name=":0" />Yari kumwe n’Umuyobozi Mukuru w’Ikigo Gazmeth Energy Ltd,Minisitiri w’Ibikorwaremezo,Minisitiri w’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu,Umuyobozi Mukuru w’Urwego rw’Iterambere, RDB, n’abandi.Uyu ni umushinga witezweho gutangira gutanga umusaruro mu mwaka 2024 uzanye ibisubizo by’ibibazo biterwa n’ibura ry’ibikomoka kuri peteroli ndetse na Gaz yaba ikoreshwa mu guteka cyangwa mu nganda, amashuri no mu bigo bitandukanye bikenera gukoresha Gaz.<ref name=":0" />Ariko by’umwihariko ikabazo cyo kubona ingufu zo guteka.Tuzi neza ko 85% by’Abanyarwanda bifashisha inkwi mu guteka. Ni ikibazo gikomeye kibangamiye n’ibidukikije, urebye amashyamba atemwa, kugira ngo icyo kibazo ntikizongere kubaho, uyu mushinga uzadufasha ariko no kubona Gaz yacu tuzakoresha mu gihugu ikaba yanagurishwa hanze y’Igihugu. == Icyo bizamarira Abaturage == [[Dosiye:Gas kitchen 2 Kenya.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Guteka kumashyiga ya Gas bifash kubungabunga ibidukikije]] Ni inkuru nziza kandi ku Baturarwanda mu gihe kiri imbere, uru ruganda nirumara kuzura, tuzashobora gukoresha Gaz yacukuwe mu Kiyaga cya Kivu. Iyo Gaz kandi izifashishwa mu nganda, amashuri n’ibindi bigo bya leta bizaba biyikeneye.Yakomeje agira ati "Murumva ko uyu mushinga ari ingirakamaro nk’uko mubizi muri iyi minsi ibiciro bya Gaz n’ibikomoka kuri peteroli byariyongereye cyane haba mu [[Rwanda]] ndetse no ku Isi. Uyu mushinga rero uje gukemura icyo kibazo ku buryo Abanyarwanda babona Gaz ku giciro kiboroheye.<ref name=":0" />Guverinoma y’u [[Rwanda]] yihaye intego yo kwegereza abaturage ingufu zaba izikomoka ku mashanyarazi n’izindi aho kugeza ubu abagerwaho n’amashanyarazi ari 71.92% mu gihe kandi abakoresha ingufu zitari iz’amashanyarazi bagera kuri 50.61%.Minisitiri w’Intebe ati "Uru ruganda rurateganya gutanga izindi ngufu zizakoreshwa mu ngo, ibintu bizatuma tugera ku ntego yo gucanira Abanyarwanda ku kigero cya 100% mu mwaka wa 2024. == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] 4s32lbh1vi98nny6nrtrn60o2pgiw2m 0 14044 139686 136875 2026-09-23T18:31:44Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139686 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Pelican_Safari_Park.jpg|thumb|Pelican Safari Park |425x425px]] == Pelikani == [[Dosiye:Pink backed pelican dorsal.jpg|thumb|pelcan bird]] [[Dosiye:Pelicans,_Jurong_Bird_Park.jpg|thumb|Pelicans, Jurong Bird Park]] '''Pelikani''' ni ubwoko bw'inyoni zo mubwoko bwa pelcan. ni umworozi utuye mubishanga no mubiyaga bito by'afika no mumajyepfo ya alabiya, bigaragara ko yavuye muri madagasikari. == Taxonomy (iyitarusange) == Palikani ishyigikiwe n'umuhondo y'asobanuwe ku mugaragaro mu 1789 n'umudage witwa [[John Gmelin]] mu gitabo cye cyavuguruwe na sisitemu ya Carl, yayishyize hamwe nabandi ba pelcans mubwoko bwa pelcanus ahimba izina rya binomial palecanus Gmelin yari yarasobanuye ibisobanuro mu 1785 akaba ari umuhanga mubijyanye n'imiterere no mu myororokere w'umwongereza john latham mugitabo cye k'imibumbe myinshi rusange. == Ibisobanuro == pelikani cyangwa se pelican mundimi za mahanga dukukunze kwita inyange mu kinyarwanda ni inyoni ntoya ifite uburebure bwayo kuva 125-155 cm amababa ni 2.15- 2.9M (7.8-9.2FT) ikaba ipima kuva ku 4-7kg ikaba ifite 30-38 cm mu burebure <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120425064858/http://israelibirdsstamps.yardbirds.org.il/g2.html</ref> ikaba ifite ibara ryera. == Imiturire n'ubworozi == Palikani ishyigikiwe n'umuhondo ikaba iboneka ahantu hatandukanye mu mazi, ikaba ikunda amazi meza cyane kandi atuje maremare ikirinda inkombe [[Dosiye:Pelecanus rufescens MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.12.3.jpg|thumb|Eggs of palcan's bird]] z'ikiyaga ikirinda inkombe zifite ibimera, ihitamo ibiyaga by'amazi meza ibishanga izuzi nziza z'amazi meza kandi zitemba gahoro hamwe n'ibidendezi, iboneka rimwe na rimwe ku nkombe. ni ubwoko bukunda korora no kororoka mu biti, ariko kandi bizerera kubirwa by'umucanga, mubitare, munyanja ya Kolari no kumucanga. ibiti byo gutereramo amagi ibyari byinshyi byutswe hamwe, ibyo byari byongeye gukoreshwa buri mwaka kugeza igihe ibyo biti bisenyutse. Nubwo ubusanzwe izo nyonyi ziguma muri akogace, ubwo bwoko bugumaho mu biti, urubingo cyangwa mu bihuru bito kunkombe z'amazi Icyari cyayo ni ikirundo kinini cy'inyoni kandi gishobora kuba 10-15m hejuru y'ubutaka. Igitsina gole gitera amagi manini 2 cyanga 3 hanyuma nyuma inkoko zirisha zishira umutwe wazo mu mufuka zigafata mafi yangiritse. == Indyo == Ubusanzwe ibiryo ni amafi (ubunini bwose bugera kuri 400mg mu bisanzwe muri 80-290mg) na amphibia, kandi mubisanzwe mumafi yahigwaga nizi nyoni harimo cichlide ndetse nka hoplochrosm na tilapiya. dfa0wgpmnqolnq5ixydknj3yu3sa55d 0 14068 139708 96885 2026-09-23T18:36:52Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139708 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Mu Rwanda hagiye kubakwa uruganda ruzajya rukora ibikoresho byinshi mu migano, uru ruganda rukaba ruzakora  ibikoresho birimo impapurozo kwandikwaho zikozwe mu migabo, ibikoresho bikozwe mu mpapuro byo gupfunyikwamo,impapuro zo mu bwiherero hamwe n’ibindi bikoresho byo munzu bitandukanye harimo ibitanda, utubati, intebe n’ibindi.''''' == Imiterere == Ni umushinga wo kubaka uruganda uzakorwa na Kampani y’Abashinwa yitwa “East Africa Bamboo Forestry Company Ltd”. Mu rwego rwo kutazabura ibyo bakoresha iyi Kampani itaka yatangije gahunda yo gutera imigano mu Rwanda, izabasha kwifashisha mu gukora ibyo bikoresho. Iyi gahunda yo gutera imigano ikaba iteganijwe guterwa mu turere dutandatu,ku buso bwa hegitari 2,129. Bakaba bateganya gutara imigano ingana na miliyoni eshatu, ikaba izunganira iyari isanzwe iteye mu Rwanda ifite ibara ry’umuhondo yitwa “AlundinariaAlpina”. Uyu mushinga wo gutera iyi migano ukaba waratangirijwe mu Karere ka Bugesera mu Murenge wa Musenyi, ahatewe iyi migano y’ubwoko bushya ku nkengero z’ikiyaga cya Cyohoha, mu bwoko bwatewe hari iyavuye mu Bushinwa aho yanatewe muri Pariki ya Nyandungu izifashishwa nk’uruzitiro, ariko izabyazwa n’umusaruro. == Intego == Nshimiyimana Sypridio Umuyobozi Mukuru w’Agateganyo w’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Amashyamba avuga ko ari imwe mu mpamvu iyi Kampani yahawe inkengero z’ibiyaga byo mu Rwanda kugira ngo ihatere imigano izabasha kwifashisha ikora ibyo bikoresho. Uretse kandi gutera iyo migano izifashishwa mu gukora ibyo bikoresho, iyi migano izanagira uruhare mu kubungabunga ibidukikije, guhangana n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe ndetse no kurwanya isuri. CG. Emmanuel Gasana Umuyobozi w’Intara y’Iburasirazuba avuga ko biteguye gufatanya niyi Kampani ya “East Africa Bamboo Forestry Industry Ltd” kandi abwira abaturage kubungabunga iyi migano kugira ngo izatange umusaruro ushimishije. == Ibindi == Uyu mushinga mugari, harimo gutera iyi migano no kubaka uruganda ndetse no gutangira gutunganya ibikoresho bitandukanye, uzatwara amafaranga y’u Rwanda asaga miliyari 300. == Reba == <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230221210626/http://www.rebero.co.rw/2022/02/02/east-africa-bamboo-forestry-industry-ltd-yatangije-gahunda-yo-gutera-imigano-izatanga-umusaruro/</ref> s1n48eczqp9jl30srffloez6zo2u1bj 0 14108 139928 137929 2026-09-24T10:49:39Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139928 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Umurima w'amashu.jpg|thumb|Akarima k'igikoni]] [[Dosiye:Umurima w' ibishyimbo n' urutoki.jpg|thumb|Umurima]] == Akamaro k'akarima k'igikoni == Akarima k’igikoni kazanwe na Guverinoma y’u [[Rwanda]] mu gufasha ingo nyinshi kurwanya imirire mibi n’igwingira byagaragaraga mu bana ndetse no mu bantu bakuru nka bumwe mu buryo bwo kwishakamo ibisubizo u[[Rwanda]] rugenda rugira.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/ubuzima/article/ntibihenze-uko-akarima-k-igikoni-kabaye-isoko-y-imirire-myiza-n-imibereho-muri |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-22 |archive-date=2021-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614000147/http://igihe.com/ubuzima/article/ntibihenze-uko-akarima-k-igikoni-kabaye-isoko-y-imirire-myiza-n-imibereho-muri |url-status=live }}</ref> Abantu benshi bakekako umuntu akora akarima k'igikoni iyo afite ubutaka bwo guhingamo gusa, ariko siko biri ushobora gukora akarima k'igikoni ukoresheje uburyo bwinshi harimo nko gushyira igitaka mu mufuka, mu ndobo ndetse nikindi gikoresho gishobora kubika ubutaka bwabutaka washyize muri ibyo bikoresho byavuzwe haruguguru ukabusukura neza ugashyiramo ifumbire ukabutunganya neza ugahingamo ibihingwa nk'imboga,imbuto n'ibindi. Akarima k'igikoni gafite akamaro ko kurwanya imirire mibi haba kubantu bakuru ndetse n'abana. <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/urusobe-rw-ubuzima/Akarima-k-imboga-kitezweho-guca-imirire-mibi</ref> == Tumenye gahunda y'Akarima k'Igikoni == [[Dosiye:Wetlands in Rwanda.jpg|thumb|akarima ko munsi y'urugo]] Minisitiri w’Uburinganire n’Iterambere ry’Umuryango yatangije ku mugaragaro ubukangurambaga bw’ukwezi bwo kubaka mu gihugu hose uturima tw’igikoni nka bumwe mu buryo bwo kurwanya imirire mibi itera abana kugwingira.Yabutangirije mu [[Akarere ka Nyaruguru|Karere ka Nyaruguru]] kuri tariki ya 6 Gicurasi mu mwaka 2022 aho yifatanyije n’abayobozi ndetse n’abaturage gutera [[imboga]] mu turima tw’igikoni twubatswe.<ref name=":1">https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/migeprof-yaciye-umuvuno-wo-guhangana-n-igwingira-ry-abana</ref>Yavuze ko iyo gahunda yatangirijwe mu Karere ka Nyaruguru kuko kari mu dufite abana benshi bagwingiye kuko imibare yo mu mu mwaka 2020 yerekana ko bari kuri 39,1% kakaba ku mwanya wa cyenda mu gihugu mu kugira abana benshi bafite icyo kibazo.Ati “Kugwingira ku mwana ni ikintu gikomeye cyane kuko kimubuza kuzaba umwe mu Banyarwanda bashoboye bazageza igihugu cyacu aho twifuza.Iyo ufite umurima w’igikoni urya imboga zikungahaye ku ntungamubiri kuko uzisoroma ako kanya ugahita uziteka, biruta kwa kundi ushobora kujya kuzigura ku isoko n’uwagiye kuzigurisha yarazisoromye nk’ejo cyangwa ejobundi zanambye zimwe muri za ntungamubiri zatakaye.<ref name=":1" /> [[Dosiye:Akarima kigikoni.jpg|thumb|imiterere y'akarima k'igikoni]] == Umumaro w'Akarima k'Igikoni == Kubona imboga zo kurya si uguhora utanga amafaranga buri munsi ku bacuruzi, nawe ushobora guhinga akarima k’igikoni ugashyiramo za mboga zose ugura ya mafaranga uhora utanga akagabanuka cyane akaba yakoreshwa n’ibindi.Akarima k’igikoni ni kimwe mu bifasha mu kurwanya imirire mibi n’igwingira, gafasha kandi mu kuba umuntu yakwirinda gusesagura amafaranga biciye mu kugura zimwe mu mboga, ibitunguru n’ibindi umuntu yakwihingiye ariko ajya gushaka ku isoko.<ref name=":0" />Ubushakashatsi ku buzima n’imibereho by’abaturage, RDHS (Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey) bwakoze mu 2020 n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ibarurishamibare [NISR], bwerekana ko 33% by’abana bari munsi y’imyaka itanu mu Rwanda bafite ikibazo cyo kugwingira. Ni mu gihe gahunda ya guverinoma y’u Rwanda ari uko mu 2024 bazaba ari 19%.Mu gihe gahunda ya Guverinoma y’imyaka irindwi yo kwihutisha iterambere iteganya ko mu 2024 abana bazaba bafite ikibazo cy’igwingira bazaba bageze kuri 19%, gahunda yo guhinga imboga mu turima tw’igikoni iri mu bifasha uturere muri gahunda yo kwihutisha gahunda yo kurwanya imirire mibi n’igwingira.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/kwita-ku-karima-kigikoni-kimwe-mu-bisubizo-bishatsemo-mu-kurwanya-imirire-mibi-nigwingira/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-22 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226093431/https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/kwita-ku-karima-kigikoni-kimwe-mu-bisubizo-bishatsemo-mu-kurwanya-imirire-mibi-nigwingira/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dosiye:An agricultural field captured at afternoon.jpg|thumb|Akarima k'igikoni ni akarima gato bahinga munsi yurugo,bahingamo imboga nibindi bigoboka urugo umuntu atajya guhaha]] == Ibindi Twamenya == Ku bijyanye na gahunda ya SPRP ibafasha mu kurwanya imirire mibi, bavuze ko yabafashije cyane kuko hari ababyeyi benshi bafashijwe, abajyanama b’ubuzima mu gukurikirana abana ndetse no gufasha mu guhugura abakozi n’abandi bantu batandukanye mu bijyanye no kurwanya igwingira ry’abana bato.<ref name=":0" />Iyo ufite imbuga nto ushatse watekereza kuhashyira akarima k’igikoni, uretse ibyo ushobora no gufata imifuka ugashyiramo itaka ubundi ugashyiramo dodo, ibitunguru, karoti n’ibindi icya mbere ni ukugira ubushake ukumva ko amafaranga uhora utanga ku mboga wayasigasira.Kugira akarima k’igikoni rero si umuteguro no kugira ngo bigaragare ko gahari gusa nko kubahiriza umurongo w’igihugu, ahubwo akarima k’igikoni ni ako gukoresha gahingwamo imboga z’ubwoko butandukanye kugira ngo kunganire gahunda yo kurwanya imirire mibi abana bahura na yo bikaba byabatera no kugwingira.G<ref name=":1" />ahunda yo kurandura burundu igwingira binyuze mu kwita ku karima k’igikoni ni gahunda yagezweho binyuze mu bukangurambaga mu baturage no gufatanya n’abafatanyabikorwa mu kurwanya imirire mibi n’igwingira. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] lpodc8oo2wqecq7dh40u04xtzuzws1h 0 14114 139709 138898 2026-09-23T18:37:00Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139709 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Cut Trees - geograph.org.uk - 2327685.jpg|thumb|Gutema amashamba|258x258px]] [[Dosiye:Deforestation_(1).jpg|thumb|Gutema amashamba|241x241px]] Gutema amashyamba cyangwa gutema amashyamba ni ugukuraho ishyamba cyangwa igihagararo cy’ibiti ku butaka noneho bigahinduka gukoresha amashyamba. Gutema amashyamba birashobora guhindura ubutaka bwamashyamba mumirima, ubworozi, cyangwa gukoresha imijyi. Gutema amashyamba cyane biboneka mu mashyamba yimvura yo mu turere dushyuha. Kugeza ubu 31% by'ubutaka bw'isi butwikiriwe n'amashyamba muri iki gihe. Iki ni kimwe cya gatatu ugereranije n’amashyamba mbere yo kwagura ubuhinzi, kimwe cya kabiri cy’igihombo cyabaye mu kinyejana gishize. Hafi ya hegitari miliyoni 15 kugeza kuri miliyoni 18 z'amashyamba, ubuso bungana na Bangladesh, burimburwa buri mwaka. Ugereranije, ibiti 2,400 bitemwa buri munota. [[Dosiye:Cutted trees slovakia.JPG|thumb|Gutema amashamba bimwe mubyangiza umwuka duhumeka|242x242px]] Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku biribwa n'ubuhinzi risobanura ko gutema amashyamba ari uguhindura amashyamba ahandi hantu hakoreshwa ubutaka (tutitaye ko biterwa n'abantu). "Gutema amashyamba" na "ihinduka ry’amashyamba" ntabwo ari kimwe: icya nyuma ni igiteranyo cy’ibihombo byose by’amashyamba (gutema amashyamba) hamwe n’inyungu zose z’amashyamba (kwagura amashyamba) mugihe runaka. Guhindura net rero, birashobora kuba byiza cyangwa bibi, ukurikije niba inyungu zirenze igihombo, cyangwa ubundi. [[Dosiye:Cutting_Wood.jpg|thumb|Cutting Wood|247x247px]] Kurandura ibiti nta mashyamba ahagije byatumye habaho kwangirika kw'imiturire, gutakaza urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima, n'ubukonje. Gutema amashyamba bitera kuzimangana, guhindura imiterere y’ikirere, ubutayu, no kwimura abaturage, nkuko bigaragara muri iki gihe ndetse no mu bihe byashize binyuze mu myanda y’ibinyabuzima. Gutema amashyamba bigabanya kandi ibinyabuzima bya dioxyde de carbone yo mu kirere, byongera ibitekerezo bibi bitera ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi. Ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi kandi bushyira ingufu mu baturage bashaka kwihaza mu biribwa bakuraho amashyamba yo gukoresha mu buhinzi no kugabanya ubutaka bwo guhinga muri rusange. Uturere tw’amashyamba ubusanzwe tugira izindi ngaruka zikomeye z’ibidukikije nk’isuri mbi y’ubutaka no kwangirika mu butayu. [[Dosiye:Trees cut by avalanche.jpg|thumb|ibiti bitemye|248x248px]] Kwihangana kwimikorere yibiribwa byabantu hamwe nubushobozi bwabo bwo guhangana nimpinduka zizaza bifitanye isano n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye - harimo ibihuru byahujwe n’ibiti by’ibiti ndetse n’ibiti by’ibiti bifasha kurwanya ubutayu, udukoko dutuye mu mashyamba, udusimba n’ubwoko bw’inyoni zanduza ibihingwa, ibiti bifite imizi myinshi. mu bidukikije by’imisozi birinda isuri, n’ubwoko bwa mangrove butanga guhangana n’umwuzure mu turere two ku nkombe. Hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere yiyongera ku ngaruka z’ibiribwa, uruhare rw’amashyamba mu gufata no kubika karubone no kugabanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere ni ingenzi ku rwego rw’ubuhinzi. Amateka ya vuba (1970 gukomeza) [[Dosiye:Cutting_down_trees_for_firewood.jpg|thumb|Cutting down trees for firewood|244x244px]] Gutema amashyamba yimvura ya Amazone muri leta ya Berezile ya Maranhão, 2016 Kurugero, FAO ivuga ko ububiko bwa karubone ku isi bwagabanutseho 0,9%, naho ibiti bitwikiriye 4.2% hagati ya 1990 na 2020. [11] Amashyamba ya karubone y’amashyamba mu Burayi (harimo n’Uburusiya) yiyongereye kuva kuri 158.7 agera kuri 172.4 Gt hagati ya 1990 na 2020. Muri Amerika ya Ruguru, ububiko bwa karuboni bw’amashyamba bwiyongereye buva kuri 136.6 bugera kuri 140 Gt muri icyo gihe. Nyamara, ububiko bwa karubone bwaragabanutse buva kuri 94.3 bugera kuri 80.9 Gt muri Afurika, 45.8 bugera kuri 41.5 Gt muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo n’Amajyepfo y’Amajyepfo ya Aziya hamwe, 33.4 kugeza 33.1 Gt muri Oceania, 5 kugeza kuri 4.1 Gt muri Amerika yo Hagati, no kuva kuri 161.8 kugeza kuri 144.8 Gt muri Amerika yepfo. 12] IPCC (Akanama gashinzwe guverinoma ihuriweho n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe) ivuga ko hari ukutumvikana ku bijyanye n’uko ishyamba ry’isi rigabanuka cyangwa ritagabanuka, kandi ubushakashatsi bwakozwe bwerekana ko [[igiti]] cyiyongereyeho 7.1% hagati ya 1982 na 2016. [a] IPCC nayo yaranditse iti: "Mugihe hejuru Ububiko bwa karubone ya biomass bivugwa ko bugabanuka mu turere dushyuha, bugenda bwiyongera ku isi yose kubera ubwiyongere bw’ibigega mu mashyamba ashyushye kandi y’ibiti. [[Dosiye:Cut trees, Crawfordsburn Country Park - geograph.org.uk - 3785130.jpg|thumb|ibiti|245x245px]] Kwagura ubuhinzi bikomeje kuba intandaro yo gutema amashyamba no gucamo ibice amashyamba no gutakaza ibinyabuzima bitandukanye by’amashyamba. Ubuhinzi bunini mu bucuruzi (cyane cyane ubworozi bw'inka no guhinga ibishyimbo bya soya n'ibigazi by'amavuta) bingana na 40 ku ijana by'amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha hagati ya 2000 na 2010, naho ubuhinzi butunzwe n’ibindi bice 33%. Ibiti byaciwe kugirango bikoreshwe nk'ibikoresho byo kubaka, ibiti cyangwa bigurishwa nka lisansi (rimwe na rimwe mu buryo bw'amakara cyangwa ibiti), mu gihe ubutaka bwakuweho bukoreshwa nk'inzuri ku bworozi n'ibihingwa ngandurarugo. Umubare munini wibikorwa byubuhinzi bivamo amashyamba biterwa inkunga n’imisoro ya leta. Kwirengagiza agaciro kavuzwe, gucunga neza amashyamba, hamwe n’amategeko adahagije y’ibidukikije ni bimwe mu bintu bitera amashyamba manini. Gutema amashyamba mu bihugu byinshi - haba mu buryo busanzwe [15] kandi biterwa n'abantu - ni ikibazo gikomeje. Hagati ya 2000 na 2012, haciwe kilometero kare miliyoni 2.3 (890.000 sq mi) y’amashyamba ku isi. Gutema amashyamba no kwangirika kw’amashyamba bikomeje kubaho ku kigero giteye ubwoba, ibyo bikaba bigira uruhare runini mu gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima bikomeje. Umubare w’ubutaka bw’ubuhinzi ukenewe ku isi wagabanukaho bitatu bya kane mu gihe abaturage bose bafashe indyo y’ibikomoka ku bimera. [[Dosiye:Cut trees, Cairn Wood, Craigantlet - geograph.org.uk - 2469999.jpg|thumb|gutema amashyamba muri Afurika|247x247px]] Gutema amashyamba birakabije muri tropique na suamashyamba ya btropiki mubukungu bugenda buzamuka. Kurenga kimwe cya kabiri cyibinyabuzima n’ibinyabuzima ku isi bibera mu mashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha. Kubera gutema amashyamba, kilometero kare miliyoni 6.2 gusa (kilometero kare miliyoni 2.4) zisigaye kuri kilometero kare miliyoni 16 (kilometero kare kare) y’amashyamba y’imvura yo mu turere dushyuha yahoze atwikiriye Isi. Agace kangana n’ikibuga cy’umupira kivanwa mu ishyamba ry’imvura rya Amazone buri munota, hamwe na hegitari miliyoni 136 (hegitari miliyoni 55) z’amashyamba y’imvura yahanaguwe mu buhinzi bw’inyamaswa muri rusange. Hegitari zirenga miliyoni 3.6 z'ishyamba ry'ubushyuhe bwo mu turere dushyuha twatakaye muri 2018. [21] Kurya no gutanga inyama zinka nizo ntandaro yambere yo gutema amashyamba muri Amazone, hafi 80% yubutaka bwahinduwe bukoreshwa mu korora inka. [22] 91% by'ubutaka bwa Amazone bwatewe amashyamba kuva mu 1970 bwahinduwe ubworozi bw'inka. [24] Gutakaza ibiti ku mwaka ku isi bivugwa ko bigera kuri miliyari 10. [26] Dukurikije icyegeranyo cy’umutungo w’amashyamba ku isi 2020 ugereranyije buri mwaka isi y’amashyamba y’amashyamba mu myaka ya 2015-2020 yari hegitari miliyoni 10 naho impuzandengo y’amashyamba y’umwaka mu myaka ya 2000–2010 yari hegitari miliyoni 4.7. Isi yatakaje ha miliyoni 178 z’amashyamba kuva mu 1990, akaba ari agace kangana na Libiya. Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2020 bwasohotse muri Scientific Reports, niba gutema amashyamba bikomeje ku kigero kiriho birashobora gutuma abantu barimbuka burundu cyangwa hafi ya bose mu myaka 20 kugeza 40 iri imbere. Bashoje bavuga ko "duhereye ku mibare ... bishoboka ko umuco wacu ubaho ubwayo uri munsi ya 10% mu bihe byiza cyane." Kugira ngo wirinde gusenyuka, ikiremwamuntu kigomba kuva mu muco wiganjemo ubukungu kikajya muri "sosiyete ndangamuco" "iha agaciro inyungu z’ibinyabuzima kuruta inyungu z’umuntu ku giti cye, ariko amaherezo ikurikije inyungu rusange." [28] [29] Mu mwaka wa 2014, ibihugu bigera kuri 40 byashyize umukono ku Itangazo rya New York ryerekeye amashyamba, umuhigo ku bushake wo kugabanya amashyamba mu mwaka wa 2020 ukarangira mu 2030. Aya masezerano ntiyubahirijwe mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko, ariko, ndetse n'ibihugu bimwe na bimwe by'ingenzi nka Burezili, Ubushinwa, n'Uburusiya, ntabwo yashyizeho umukono. Kubera iyo mpamvu, imbaraga zarananiranye, kandi gutema amashyamba byiyongera kuva 2014 kugeza 2020. [30] Mu Gushyingo 2021, ibihugu 141 (bifite hafi 85% by’amashyamba y’ibanze yo mu turere dushyuha ku isi na 90% by’ibiti by’ibiti ku isi) byemeranijwe mu nama y’ikirere ya COP26 yabereye i Glasgow ku cyemezo cy’abayobozi ba Glasgow ku mashyamba n’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka, umuhigo wo kurangiza no gutema amashyamba mu 2030. [31] [32] [33] Aya masezerano yaherekejwe na miliyari 19.2 z'amadolari y'Amerika mu bikorwa byo gutera inkunga. Amasezerano ya 2021 ya Glasgow yateye imbere ku Itangazo rya New York kugeza ubu harimo Burezili ndetse n’ibindi bihugu byinshi bitashyize umukono ku masezerano ya 2014. [31] Bimwe mu bihugu by'ingenzi bifite umuvuduko mwinshi wo gutema amashyamba (harimo Maleziya, Kamboje, Laos, Paraguay, na Miyanimari) ntabwo byashyize umukono ku Itangazo rya Glasgow. Kimwe n'amasezerano yari yabanje, Itangazo ry'abayobozi ba Glasgow ryashyizweho hanze y’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’imihindagurikire y’ibihe bityo akaba atemewe n'amategeko. Mu Gushyingo 2021, umuyobozi w’Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi yagaragaje umushinga w’itegeko risaba ibigo kwerekana ko ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi by’inka, ibiti, amavuta y’amamesa, soya, ikawa na kakao bigenewe abaguzi miliyoni 450 z’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bitajyanye no gutema amashyamba. Muri Nzeri 2022, Inteko ishinga amategeko y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi yashyigikiye kandi ishimangira gahunda kuva ku buyobozi bw’Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi n'amajwi 453 kuri 57. [35] [[Dosiye:Tree cuts.jpg|thumb|ibiti|260x260px]] Impamvu Abatwara amashyamba no kwangirika kw’amashyamba ku karere, 2000–2010, bivuye mu gitabo cya FAO Leta y’amashyamba ku isi 2020. Amashyamba, ibinyabuzima bitandukanye n’abantu - Muri make. [36] Abatwara amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha Icyiciro cya nyuma cyibiti biva mu ishyamba ryimbuto muri Indragiri Hulu, Sumatra, Indoneziya. Gutema amashyamba yo guhinga imikindo. Nk’uko amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye yerekeye imihindagurikire y’ikirere (UNFCCC) abigaragaza, impamvu nyamukuru itera amashyamba ni ubuhinzi. Ubuhinzi butunzwe ninshingano za 48% zo gutema amashyamba; ubuhinzi bwubucuruzi bushinzwe 32%; gutema ibiti bingana na 14%, no kuvanaho ibiti bya peteroli bingana na 5%. Abahanga ntibavuga rumwe niba gutema inganda ari uruhare runini mu gutema amashyamba ku isi. [38] Bamwe bavuga ko abakene bakunze gukuraho amashyamba kubera ko nta bundi buryo bafite, abandi bakavuga ko abakene badafite ubushobozi bwo kwishyura ibikoresho n'umurimo ukenewe kugira ngo ishyamba risibe. Izindi mpamvu zitera amashyamba muri iki gihe zishobora kuba zirimo ruswa y’inzego za Leta, [40] [41] 47] [48] Ingaruka zo kwiyongera kwabaturage ku gutema amashyamba zararwanyijwe. Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwerekanye ko ubwiyongere bw’abaturage bitewe n’uburumbuke bukabije aribwo bwabaye intandaro yo gutema amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha mu bice 8% gusa. Mu 2000, Ishami ry’Umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku biribwa n’ubuhinzi (FAO) ryasanze "uruhare rw’ingufu z’abaturage mu gace kamwe rushobora gutandukana bitewe n’icyemezo ndetse n’ingirakamaro", kandi ko gutema amashyamba bishobora guturuka ku "guhuza igitutu cy’abaturage no guhagarara mu bukungu, imibereho myiza ndetse n’imibereho. imiterere y'ikoranabuhanga ". [44] Kuba isi ihinduka nk’indi ntandaro yo gutema amashyamba, [50] [51] nubwo hari aho usanga ingaruka z’isi yose (urujya n'uruza rw'imirimo, imari shingiro, ibicuruzwa, n'ibitekerezo) byateje imbere ishyamba ry’amashyamba. Indi mpamvu itera amashyamba ni imihindagurikire y’ikirere. 23% by'igihombo cy'ibiti bituruka ku nkongi y'umuriro n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere byongera inshuro n'imbaraga. Ubushyuhe bwiyongera butera inkongi y'umuriro cyane cyane mu mashyamba ya Boreal. Ingaruka imwe ishoboka ni uguhindura amashyamba. Ubucukuzi bwa zahabu butemewe muri Madre de Dios, muri Peru. Iyangirika ry’ibinyabuzima by’amashyamba naryo ryatewe no gushimangira ubukungu bituma guhindura amashyamba bigaragara ko byunguka kuruta kubungabunga amashyamba. Ibikorwa byinshi by'amashyamba nta soko bifite, bityo rero, nta gaciro k'ubukungu bigaragarira byoroshye ba nyir'amashyamba cyangwa abaturage bashingira ku mashyamba kugira ngo babeho neza. Dufatiye ku bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, inyungu z’amashyamba nk'ibimera bya karuboni cyangwa ibinyabuzima bitandukanye bigenda byinjira cyane cyane mu bihugu bikize byateye imbere kandi nta ndishyi zihagije zihari kuri izo serivisi. Ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere byumva ko ibihugu bimwe na bimwe byo mu bihugu byateye imbere nka Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, byatemye amashyamba mu binyejana byashize kandi bikungukira mu bukungu kubera gutema amashyamba, kandi ko ari uburyarya guhakana ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere amahirwe amwe, ni ukuvuga ko abakene bagomba ntugomba kwishura ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga mugihe abakire bateje ikibazo. Bamwe mu batanze ibitekerezo bagaragaje impinduka mu bashoferi batema amashyamba mu myaka 30 ishize. Mu gihe gutema amashyamba byatewe ahanini n’ibikorwa byo gutunga ndetse n’imishinga iterwa inkunga na leta nko kwimuka mu bihugu nka Indoneziya no gukolonizwa muri Amerika y'Epfo, Ubuhinde, Java, n'ibindi, mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 no mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, na Mu myaka ya za 90, amashyamba menshi yatewe n’inganda, harimo inganda zivoma, ubworozi bunini bw’inka, n’ubuhinzi bwagutse. Kuva mu 2001, gutema amashyamba biterwa n’ibicuruzwa, bishoboka cyane ko bizahoraho, bingana na kimwe cya kane cy’ihungabana ry’amashyamba, kandi iki gihombo cyibanze muri Amerika yepfo no mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo ya Aziya. [59] Ingaruka ku bidukikije Ikirere Andi makuru: Gutema amashyamba n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere Uburyo bwa biofiziki uburyo amashyamba agira ingaruka ku kirere. Kuri buri muntu imyuka ya CO2 ituruka ku gutema amashyamba kugirango itange umusaruro Imyitozo itemewe "gukata-gutwika" muri Madagasikari, 2010 Ikigereranyo cyo gutakaza karubone buri mwaka iterwa no gutema amashyamba. Gutema amashyamba birakomeje kandi birahindura ikirere na geografiya. [62] [63] [64] [65] Gutema amashyamba ni umusanzu w'ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi, [66] [67] [68] kandi bikunze kuvugwa nk'imwe mu mpamvu nyamukuru zitera ingaruka ziterwa na parike. Ibiharuro biheruka kwerekana byerekana ko imyuka ya dioxyde de carbone ituruka ku gutema amashyamba no kwangirika kw’amashyamba (ukuyemo ibyuka by’ubutaka) itanga hafi 12% y’ibyuka bya karuboni ya dioxyde de antropogeneque iri hagati ya 6% na 17%. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2022 bwerekana ko imyuka ihumanya ikirere ituruka ku mashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha yikubye kabiri mu myaka 20 ishize kandi ikomeza kwiyongera. (0.97 ± 0.16 PgC ku mwaka muri 2001–2005 kugeza 1.99 ± 0.13 PgC ku mwaka muri 2015–2019) [70] [61] Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwabigaragaje, mu majyaruguru ya 50 ° N, gutema amashyamba manini biganisha ku bukonje bukabije ku isi mu gihe amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha atera ubushyuhe bukabije butatewe gusa n’ingaruka za CO2 gusa ahubwo biterwa n’ubundi buryo bwa biofiziki (bigatuma ibipimo bishingiye kuri karubone bidahagije) . Byongeye kandi, byerekana ko amashyamba ahagaze ashyuha afasha gukonjesha ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 1 ° C. [71] Inzira Gutema amashyamba bitera karuboni ya dioxyde itinda mu kirere. Dioxyde de carbone iboneka, itanga urwego mu kirere gifata imirasire y'izuba. Imirasire ihinduka ubushyuhe butera ubushyuhe bwisi, bizwi cyane nkingaruka za parike. Ibimera bivana karubone muburyo bwa karuboni ya dioxyde de carbone mu kirere mugihe cya fotosintezeza, ariko ikarekura dioxyde de carbone igasubira mu kirere mugihe cyo guhumeka bisanzwe. Gusa iyo ukuze cyane ushobora igiti cyangwa ishyamba gukuramo karubone, mukubika mubice byibihingwa. Kubora no gutwika inkwi birekura ibyinshi muri iyi karubone yabitswe isubira mu kirere. Nubwo gukusanya inkwi muri rusange ari nkenerwa mugukurikirana karubone, mumashyamba amwe urusobe rwibihumyo bya symbiotic ruzengurutse imizi yibi biti birashobora kubika karuboni nyinshi, bikabikwa munsi yubutaka nubwo igiti cyayitanze ipfa kandi ikangirika, or irasarurwa kandi igatwikwa. Ubundi buryo karubone ishobora gutwarwa n’amashyamba ni uko inkwi zisarurwa zigahinduka ibicuruzwa bimaze igihe kirekire, ibiti bishya bikabisimbuza. Gutema amashyamba birashobora kandi gutuma ububiko bwa karubone bufashwe mu butaka burekurwa. Amashyamba arashobora kuba arohama cyangwa isoko bitewe nibidukikije. Amashyamba akuze asimburana hagati yo kurohama hamwe nisoko ya karuboni ya dioxyde (reba karuboni ya dioxyde de carbone na cycle ya karubone). Mu turere tw’amashyamba, ubutaka burashyuha vuba kandi bugera ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru, biganisha ku kuzamuka kwaho kuzamuka kwizamura ibicu kandi amaherezo bikabyara imvura nyinshi. Icyakora, nk'uko Laboratoire ya Geophysical Fluid Dynamics ibivuga, icyitegererezo cyakoreshejwe mu gukora ubushakashatsi ku byerekeranye no gutema amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha cyerekanye ubushyuhe bwagutse ariko bworoheje bwiyongera binyuze mu kirere gishyuha. Icyitegererezo cyahanuye <0.2 ° C ubushyuhe bwumuyaga wo hejuru kuri 700 mb na 500 mb. Nyamara, icyitegererezo cyerekana ko nta mpinduka nini zigaragara mubindi bice usibye Ubushyuhe. Nubwo icyitegererezo cyerekanye ko nta mpinduka nini z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu bindi bice bitari Ubushyuhe, ibi ntibishobora kuba kubera ko icyitegererezo gifite amakosa ashobora kuba kandi ibisubizo ntibisobanutse neza. Gutema amashyamba bigira ingaruka ku gutemba kw'umuyaga, imyuka y'amazi no kwinjiza ingufu z'izuba bityo bikagira ingaruka ku kirere cyaho ndetse no ku isi hose. Inkongi y'umuriro kuri Borneo na Sumatra, 2006. Abantu bakoresha amashyamba yo gutema no gutwika kugira ngo basibe ubutaka bwo guhinga. UMUKARA Kugabanya imyuka iva mu gutema amashyamba no kwangirika kw’amashyamba (REDD) mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere byagaragaye ko ari ubushobozi bushya bwo kuzuza politiki y’ikirere ikomeje. Igitekerezo kigizwe no gutanga indishyi zamafaranga yo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere (GHG) biturutse ku gutema amashyamba no kwangirika kw’amashyamba ". uburenganzira bwo gusohora umwanda runaka (ni ukuvuga CO2). Oxygene-itanga nabi Amashyamba y’imvura yemerwa n’abalayiki kugira uruhare runini rwa ogisijeni ku isi, [79] nubwo ubu byemewe n’abahanga ko amashyamba y’imvura agira umwuka wa ogisijeni muke mu kirere kandi gutema amashyamba bigira ingaruka nke gusa ku rwego rwa ogisijeni yo mu kirere. [81] Icyakora, gutwika no gutwika ibiti by’amashyamba kugira ngo bisibe ubutaka birekura CO2 nyinshi, bigira uruhare mu gushyuha ku isi. Abahanga mu bya siyansi bavuga kandi ko gutema amashyamba mu turere dushyuha toni miliyari 1.5 za karubone buri mwaka mu kirere. [[Dosiye:Cut back trees south of Arlington Reservoir - geograph.org.uk - 3884349.jpg|thumb|gutema amashyamba byangiza umwuka duhumeka|250x250px]] Hydrologiya Inzira y'amazi nayo yibasiwe no gutema amashyamba. Ibiti bivoma amazi yubutaka mu mizi yabyo bikarekura mu kirere. Iyo igice cy'ishyamba kivanyweho, ibiti ntibigishobora kwanduza aya mazi, bigatuma ikirere cyuma cyane. Gutema amashyamba bigabanya amazi mu butaka n’amazi yo mu butaka ndetse n’ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere. Ubutaka bwumutse butera amazi make kugirango ibiti bivomwe. Gutema amashyamba bigabanya guhuza ubutaka, ku buryo hashobora kubaho isuri, imyuzure ndetse n’isenyuka. [84] Kugabanya igifuniko cyamashyamba bigabanya ubushobozi bwikibanza cyo guhagarika, kugumana no kwimura imvura. Aho gufata imvura igwa, igahita igera kuri sisitemu y’amazi yo mu butaka, ahantu hateye amashyamba hahinduka isoko y’amazi yo hejuru, agenda yihuta cyane kuruta imigezi yo munsi. Amashyamba asubiza amazi menshi agwa nkimvura igwa mukirere. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, iyo agace katewe amashyamba, imvura hafi ya yose iba yatakaye nkuwashize. Ibyo gutwara byihuse amazi yubutaka birashobora guhinduka umwuzure wumwuzure hamwe n’umwuzure waho kuruta uko byakorwa hamwe n’ishyamba. Gutema amashyamba kandi bigira uruhare mu kugabanuka kwa evapotranspiration, igabanya ubushuhe bwo mu kirere rimwe na rimwe bigira ingaruka ku mvura igwa ikamanuka ikava mu mashyamba, kubera ko amazi adakoreshwa neza ngo amashyamba agabanuke, ariko akabura mu mazi agasubira mu nyanja. Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwerekanye ko mu majyaruguru y’amajyaruguru n’amajyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bw’Ubushinwa, impuzandengo y’imvura yagabanutseho kimwe cya gatatu hagati ya 1950 na 1980. [87] Gutema amashyamba mu kibaya cya Highland muri Madagasikari byatumye habaho gutemba kwinshi n’imigezi idahungabana yinzuzi z’iburengerazuba. Ibiti, n'ibimera muri rusange, bigira ingaruka ku cyerekezo cy’amazi: [88] ibitereko byabo bifata igipimo cyimvura, hanyuma igahumeka igasubira mu kirere (interopy interception); imyanda yabo, ibiti n'imigozi bigabanya umuvuduko w'amazi hejuru; imizi yabo irema macropore - imiyoboro minini - mu butaka bwongera kwinjira mu mazi; bigira uruhare mu guhinduka kwisi no kugabanya ubuhehere bwubutaka hakoreshejwe transpiration; imyanda yabo nibindi bisigazwa kama bihindura imiterere yubutaka bugira ingaruka kubushobozi bwubutaka bwo kubika amazi. ibibabi byabo bigenzura ubuhehere bwikirere mu guhinduranya. 99% by'amazi yakuwe mu mizi azamuka mu mababi kandi arahinduka. Nka result, kuba ibiti cyangwa kutabaho bishobora guhindura ubwinshi bwamazi hejuru, mubutaka cyangwa mumazi yubutaka, cyangwa mukirere. Ibi na byo bihindura igipimo cy’isuri no kuboneka kwamazi kubikorwa byibidukikije cyangwa serivisi zabantu. Gutema amashyamba mu bibaya byo mu kibaya bituma ibicu bigwa kandi imvura ikagera ahantu hirengeye. Ishyamba rishobora kugira ingaruka nke kumyuzure mugihe habaye imvura nyinshi, irenga ubushobozi bwo kubika ubutaka bwamashyamba niba ubutaka buri hafi cyangwa bwuzuye. Amashyamba yimvura yo mu turere dushyuha atanga hafi 30% byamazi meza yumubumbe wacu. Gutema amashyamba bihagarika ikirere gisanzwe gitera ikirere gishyushye kandi cyumye bityo byongera amapfa, ubutayu, kunanirwa kw'ibihingwa, gushonga kw'ibarafu ya polar, umwuzure wo ku nkombe no kwimura ingoma zikomeye z’ibimera. [91] Ubutaka Gutema amashyamba mu Bufaransa. Bitewe n’imyanda y’ibimera, amashyamba adahungabanye afite igipimo gito cy’isuri. Igipimo cy'isuri kibaho giterwa no gutema amashyamba, kubera ko bigabanya ubwinshi bw'igifuniko cy'imyanda, gitanga uburinzi bwo gutemba hejuru. Igipimo cy’isuri ni toni zigera kuri 2 kuri kilometero kare. [93] [Inkomoko yonyine? Ibikorwa byamashyamba ubwabyo nabyo byongera isuri binyuze mugutezimbere imihanda (amashyamba) no gukoresha ibikoresho bya mashini. Gutema amashyamba mu kibaya cya Loess mu Bushinwa mu myaka myinshi ishize byatumye habaho isuri; iri suri ryatumye ibibaya bifungura. Ubwiyongere bwubutaka mumazi butemba butera uruzi rwumuhondo kwuzura bigatuma ibara ryumuhondo. Isuri nini ntabwo buri gihe ari ingaruka zo gutema amashyamba, nkuko bigaragara mu turere two mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Amerika. Muri utwo turere, gutakaza ibyatsi bitewe no kuba hari ibiti n’ibindi biti bitera isuri cyane kuruta igihe ibiti byakuweho. Ubutaka bushimangirwa no kuba hari ibiti, birinda ubutaka guhambira imizi kuburiri bwubutaka. Bitewe no gutema amashyamba, gukuraho ibiti bituma ubutaka bugoramye bushobora kwibasirwa n'inkangu. Ibinyabuzima bitandukanye Gutema amashyamba ku gipimo cy’umuntu bituma igabanuka ry’ibinyabuzima, [94] ndetse no ku isi isanzwe izwiho gutera amoko menshi. [9] Kurandura cyangwa gusenya uduce tw’amashyamba byatumye ibidukikije byangirika hamwe n’ibinyabuzima bigabanuka. Amashyamba ashyigikira ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, atanga aho atuye ku gasozi; [96] byongeye kandi, amashyamba atera kubungabunga imiti. Hamwe na biotopi yo mu mashyamba ari isoko idasubirwaho y’imiti mishya (nka tagisi), gutema amashyamba birashobora gusenya itandukaniro ry’irondakoko (nko kurwanya ibihingwa) ku buryo budasubirwaho. Kwinjira mu buryo butemewe muri Madagasikari. Mu mwaka wa 2009, igice kinini cy’ibiti byinjira mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko byoherejwe mu Bushinwa. Kubera ko amashyamba y’imvura yo mu turere dushyuha ari urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye ku isi [99] [100] kandi hafi 80% by’ibinyabuzima bizwi ku isi bishobora kuboneka mu mashyamba y’imvura yo mu turere dushyuha, [101] mubidukikije byangiritse [103] hamwe no kugabanya ibinyabuzima bitandukanye. [9] [104] Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe i Rondônia, muri Burezili, bwerekanye ko gutema amashyamba bikuraho kandi mikorobe igira uruhare mu gutunganya intungamubiri, kubyara amazi meza no kuvanaho umwanda. Byagereranijwe ko turimo gutakaza amoko 137 y’ibimera, inyamaswa n’udukoko buri munsi kubera gutema amashyamba y’imvura, bingana n’ibinyabuzima 50.000 ku mwaka. [106] Abandi bavuga ko gutema amashyamba y’imvura yo mu turere dushyuha bigira uruhare mu kuzimangana kwa Holocene. [107] Ikigereranyo kizwi cyo kuzimangana ku gipimo cy’amashyamba kiri hasi cyane, hafi amoko 1 ku mwaka ahereye ku nyamaswa z’inyamabere n’inyoni, zikaba zigera ku moko agera ku 23.000 ku mwaka ku moko yose. Byahanuwe ko ibinyabuzima birenga 40% by'inyamaswa n'ibimera byo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya bishobora kurimburwa mu kinyejana cya 21. [109] Ubuhanuzi nk'ubwo bwashidikanyaga ku makuru yo mu 1995 yerekana ko mu turere two mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya igice kinini cy'ishyamba ry'umwimerere cyahinduwe mu gihingwa cyihariye, ariko ko amoko ashobora kwangirika ari make kandi ibimera by'ibiti bikomeza kuba byinshi kandi bihamye. [110] Gusobanukirwa na siyansi inzira yo kuzimangana ntibihagije kugira ngo hamenyekane neza ingaruka z’amashyamba ku binyabuzima. [111] Benshi mu bahanura ibijyanye no gutakaza urusobe rw’amashyamba bishingiye ku bwoko bw’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima, hakaba hashingiwe ko uko amashyamba agabanuka amoko atandukanye azagabanuka kimwe. Nyamara, ibyitegererezo byinshi byagaragaye ko ari bibi kandi gutakaza aho gutura ntabwo byanze bikunze bitera amoko menshi yo gutakaza. Ubwoko bw'imiterere y'akarere bizwiho guhanura umubare w’ibinyabuzima bizwi ko bibangamiwe mu turere aho amashyamba akomeje gukorerwa, kandi agateganya cyane umubare w’ibinyabuzima byugarije bikwirakwira hose. [110] Muri 2012, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Amazone yo muri Berezile bwahanuye thnubwo kugeza ubu hatabayeho kuzimangana kugeza ubu, abagera kuri 90 ku ijana by'abazarimbuka amaherezo bazabaho mu myaka 40 iri imbere. Ingaruka ku buzima Imiterere yubuzima rusange Kwangirika no gutakaza amashyamba bihungabanya uburinganire bwa kamere. Mu byukuri, gutema amashyamba bikuraho amoko menshi y’ibimera n’inyamaswa nazo zikunze gutuma indwara ziyongera, [114] no guhura n’indwara zonotike. [10] [115] [116] [117] Gutema amashyamba birashobora kandi gutera inzira amoko atari kavukire kugira ngo atere imbere nkubwoko bumwebumwe bwibisimba, bifitanye isano no kwiyongera kwanduye schistosomiasis. [114] [118] Indwara ziterwa n’amashyamba zirimo malariya, indwara ya Chagas (izwi kandi ku izina rya trypanosomiasis y'Abanyamerika), Afurika trypanosomiasis (indwara yo kuryama), leishmaniyasi, indwara ya Lyme, virusi itera sida na Ebola. Indwara nyinshi zandura zanduza abantu, harimo na virusi ya SARS-CoV2 yateje icyorezo cya COVID-19, ni zoonotic kandi kuvuka kwabo bishobora kuba bifitanye isano no gutakaza aho gutura bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’amashyamba no kwaguka kw’abantu mu mashyamba, byombi byongera ubuzima bwabantu ku nyamaswa. Gutema amashyamba bibera ku isi yose kandi byahujwe no kwiyongera kw'indwara zandura. Muri Maleziya, hegitari ibihumbi n’ibiti by’amashyamba byahanaguwe ku bworozi bw’ingurube. Ibi byatumye kwiyongera kwa zoonose virusi ya Nipah. [119] Muri Kenya, gutema amashyamba byatumye umubare wa malariya wiyongera ubu bikaba ari byo biza ku isonga mu gutera indwara n’impfu mu gihugu. [120] [121] Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2017 mu isuzuma ry’ubukungu bw’Abanyamerika bwerekanye ko gutema amashyamba byongereye cyane indwara ya malariya muri Nijeriya. [122] Indi nzira inyuramo amashyamba yibasira indwara nukwimuka no gukwirakwiza abakira indwara. Iyi nzira igaragara yindwara ishobora kwitwa "kwaguka kwagutse", aho urwego rwabakiriye (hamwe n’urwego rwa virusi) rwaguka mu turere dushya. Binyuze mu gutema amashyamba, ibinyabuzima hamwe n’ibinyabuzima by’ibigega bihatirwa gutura. Guherekeza amoko y'ibigega ni virusi zitera ubushobozi bwo kubona abashyitsi bashya mu turere tutaramenyekana. Mugihe izo virusi nubwoko bihura cyane nabantu, byanduye muburyo butaziguye. Urugero ruteye ubwoba rwo kwaguka ni urugero rwa virusi ya Nipah muri 1998 muri Maleziya. [124] Mu myaka itari mike, gutema amashyamba, amapfa, n’umuriro byakurikiyeho byatumye habaho ihinduka rikomeye ry’imiterere n’uburinganire bw’ibiti by’imbuto, ikigega cya virusi ya Nipah. Gutema amashyamba byagabanije ibiti byera imbuto biboneka aho batuye, kandi bigarurira imirima ikikije iyo nayo yabaye ahantu h'ingurube nyinshi. Ibibabi, binyuze hafi yegera Nipah ingurube. Mugihe virusi yanduye ingurube, impfu zaragabanutse cyane ugereranije n’abantu, bituma ingurube zakira virusi bigatuma abantu banduza virusi. Ibi byatumye havuka abantu 265 banduye encephalite, muri bo 105 bakaviramo urupfu. Uru rugero rutanga isomo ryingenzi ku ngaruka gutema amashyamba bishobora kugira ku buzima bwabantu. Urundi rugero rwo kwaguka kwatewe no gutema amashyamba nizindi ngaruka ziterwa na antropogenique zirimo imbeba ya Capybara muri Paraguay. [126] Iyi nzoka niyo yakira indwara nyinshi zo mu bwoko bwa zoonotic kandi, mu gihe hataraboneka icyorezo cyatewe n'abantu bitewe no kwimuka kw'iyi nzoka mu turere dushya, itanga urugero rw'ukuntu kwangiza aho gutura binyuze mu gutema amashyamba ndetse no kugenda kw'ibinyabuzima nyuma. ni buri gihe. Ubu igitekerezo cyateye imbere kandi cyemewe na benshi ni uko iseswa rya virusi itera sida ryatewe byibuze igice bitewe no gutema amashyamba. Ubwiyongere bw'abaturage bwatumye ibiribwa bikenerwa, kandi gutema amashyamba bikingura uduce dushya tw’ishyamba, abahigi basaruye ibihuru byinshi by’ibihuru, bikekwa ko ari yo nkomoko ya virusi itera [[SIDA]]. [114] Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe muri Indoneziya bwerekanye ko abakozi bo hanze bakoraga mu turere dushyuha no mu mashyamba aho kuba mu turere dushyuha kandi dusanzwe tw’amashyamba bahuye n’ubumuga bwo kutamenya no kwibuka bigaragara ko biterwa ahanini n’ubushyuhe bwinshi ibiti byari kubarinda. [127] Gutema amashyamba bigabanya amasaha meza yo gukora kubantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni mu turere dushyuha, cyane cyane ku bakora imirimo iremereye hanze. Biteganijwe ko gukomeza gushyuha ku isi no gutakaza amashyamba byongera izo ngaruka, bikagabanya amasaha y'akazi ku matsinda atishoboye kurushaho. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation] kso1idtkhltbfjs78e9au693y8yasem 0 14123 139898 111805 2026-09-24T10:45:01Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139898 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Metla2009.jpg|thumb| Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi bw’amashyamba muri Finlande (Metla)]] [[Dosiye:Fishlake National Forest, Fish Lake Basin, Red Aspen (29038103583).jpg|thumb|Ishyamba]] [[Dosiye:Sapium insigne 4.jpg|thumb]] '''Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi bw’amashyamba muri Finilande''' ( Finnish, Swedish ), kizwi ku izina rya '''Metla''', ni ikigo kiyobowe na Minisiteri y’ubuhinzi n’amashyamba ya guverinoma ya Finlande. Ifite inshingano zemewe n'amategeko zo guteza imbere, binyuze mu bushakashatsi, gucunga ubukungu, ibidukikije, n'imibereho myiza irambye no gukoresha amashyamba. Metla ni kimwe mu bigo bikomeye by’ubushakashatsi bw’amashyamba mu Burayi, bifite ingengo y’imari ingana na miliyoni 40 z’amayero n’ibice 9 by’ubushakashatsi (muri Joensuu, Kannus, Kolari, Läyliäinen ya Loppi, Parkano, Punkaharju ya Savonlinna, Rovaniemi, Suonenjoki na Vantaa ) . == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110623071309/http://www.metla.fi/index-en.html urubuga] rwa Melta  [[Ikiciro:Finilande]] [[Ikiciro:Amashyamba|Finilande]] 503dybgpd8hoge0cvrb41jcdlejgxt1 0 14133 139831 91219 2026-09-24T10:33:41Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139831 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umwuzure wo mu mujyi wa Shalan mu mwaka wa 2005''' wari umwuzure ukabije wabereye mu mujyi wa Shalan nyuma ya saa sita ku ya 10 Kamena 2005. Umwuzure ukabije n’inkangu byabereye mu Mujyi wa Shalan uherereye i Ning'an, wari mu gace ka Mudanjiang mu Ntara ya Heilongjiang, intara muri Repubulika y’Ubushinwa. Ishuri ribanza rya Shalan Town Central ryarengewe n’amazi y’umwuzure, rihitana abantu 117, 105 muri bo bakaba bari abanyeshuri. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5085-0928-5</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} e2i43e6mvdmtylugqqc71rg59ejnx3f 0 14244 139899 138907 2026-09-24T10:45:09Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139899 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Children hands up.jpg|thumb|289x289px]] '''Uburenganzira bw'abana''' cyangwa '''uburenganzira bw'abana ni agace k'uburenganzira bwa muntu''' hitawe cyane cyane ku burenganzira bwo kurengera no kwita ku bana bato. [1] Amasezerano yo mu 1989 yerekeye uburenganzira bw’umwana (CRC) asobanura ko umwana ari "umuntu uwo ari we wese uri munsi y’imyaka cumi n'umunani, keretse iyo amategeko akurikizwa ku mwana, benshi babigeraho mbere." [2] Uburenganzira bw'abana bukubiyemo uburenganzira bwabo gufatanya n'ababyeyi bombi, indangamuntu kimwe n'ibikenerwa by'ibanze mu kurinda umubiri, ibiryo, uburezi buhembwa na Leta, ubuvuzi, n'amategeko mpanabyaha akwiranye n'imyaka n'iterambere ry'umwana, kurengera kimwe uburenganzira bw'umwana, n'umudendezo wo kuvangura hashingiwe ku bwoko bw'umwana, igitsina, icyerekezo cy'imibonano mpuzabitsina, indangamuntu, inkomoko y'igihugu, idini, ubumuga, ibara, ubwoko, cyangwa ibindi biranga. [[Dosiye:CHILD-RIGHTS-PROGRAMME.jpg|thumb|CHILD-RIGHTS]] = ''Gusobanura uburenganzira'' = [[Dosiye:ECDs_2023_Rwanda_Mountain_Tea_Ltd_30.jpg|thumb|Children ]] [[Dosiye:Ugandan Children during traditional dance.jpg|thumb|Abana bafite uburenganzira bwo gukina.|290x290px]] ''Uburenganzira bw'abana'' bitangirira ku kwemerera abana ubushobozi bwo gukora ibikorwa byigenga kugeza ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'abana badafite ihohoterwa ku mubiri, mu bwenge no mu marangamutima, nubwo icyo ari cyo "ihohoterwa" ari ikibazo cy'impaka. Ibindi bisobanuro birimo uburenganzira bwo kwita no kurera. Nta bisobanuro by'andi magambo akoreshwa mu gusobanura urubyiruko nka "ingimbi", "ingimbi", cyangwa "urubyiruko" mu mategeko mpuzamahanga, [4] ariko umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'abana ufatwa nk'utandukanye n'umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'urubyiruko. Urwego rw'uburenganzira bw'abana rurimo amategeko, politiki, idini, n'imyitwarire. === Gutsindishirizwa === Umuhungu ukora nka "umuhungu w'isaha" mumihanda ya Merida, Mexico Hariho amategeko menshi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, haba mu masezerano ndetse n <nowiki>''</nowiki> amategeko yoroshye ', haba muri rusange no ku mwana, yemera imiterere itandukanye n’ibisabwa abana. [Abana], bitewe n’intege nke zabo n’akamaro kabo nk’igihe kizaza, bafite uburenganzira bwo kuvurwa bidasanzwe muri rusange, kandi, mu bihe by’akaga, bagashyirwa imbere mu kubona ubufasha n’uburinzi. - Jenny Kuper, Amategeko mpuzamahanga yerekeye abasivili b'abana mu ntambara yitwaje intwaro (1997, Itangazamakuru rya Clarendon) Nkabana bato n amategeko, abana ntibafite ubwigenge cyangwa uburenganzira bwo kwifatira ibyemezo ubwabo mubutegetsi buzwi bwisi. Ahubwo abarezi babo bakuze, barimo ababyeyi, abashinzwe imibereho myiza y'abaturage, abarimu, abakozi b'urubyiruko, n'abandi, bahabwa ubwo bubasha, bitewe n'ibihe. Bamwe bemeza ko iyi miterere iha abana ubushobozi budahagije ku mibereho yabo kandi bigatuma batagira intege nke. Louis Althusser yageze aho asobanura iyi mashini zemewe n'amategeko, kuko zireba abana, nk "" ibikoresho bya leta bikandamiza ". Inzego nka politiki ya leta zakozwe na bamwe mu batanga ibitekerezo kugira ngo bahishe uburyo abantu bakuru bahohotera no gukoresha abana, bikaviramo ubukene bw'abana, kubura amahirwe yo kwiga, n'imirimo ikoreshwa abana. Kuri iki gitekerezo, abana bagomba gufatwa nkitsinda rito abantu bakeneye kugira ngo bongere gutekereza ku myitwarire yabo. == Ubushakashatsi == '''Abashakashatsi bagaragaje''' ko abana bakeneye kumenyekana nk'abagize uruhare muri sosiyete bafite uburenganzira n'inshingano bigomba kumenyekana mu myaka yose. Ibisobanuro byamateka byuburenganzira bwabana Umukobwa wa Farawo agirira impuhwe Mose mu gitebo kireremba. (Abana b'Abaheburayo bari barategetswe kwicwa na se.) [[Dosiye:Sir William Blackstone from NPG.jpg|thumb|Sir William Blackstone.]] Sir William Blackstone (1765-9) yemeye imirimo itatu y'ababyeyi ku mwana: kubungabunga, kurinda, no kwiga. Mu mvugo igezweho, umwana afite uburenganzira bwo kubakira kubabyeyi. Umuryango w’ibihugu wemeje Itangazo ry’i Jeneve ry’uburenganzira bw’umwana (1924), ryagaragaje uburenganzira bw’umwana bwo kubona ibisabwa kugira ngo akure neza, uburenganzira bw’umwana ushonje kugaburirwa, uburenganzira bw’umwana urwaye bwo kubona ubuzima ubwitonzi, uburenganzira bw'umwana wasigaye gusubizwa, uburenganzira bw'imfubyi zo kubamo, n'uburenganzira bwo gukingirwa gukoreshwa. Ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku burenganzira bwa muntu (1948) mu ngingo ya 25 (2) ryemeje ko umubyeyi n’umwana akeneye "kurengera no gufashwa bidasanzwe" n’uburenganzira bw’abana bose "kurengera imibereho". Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye yemeje Itangazo ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku burenganzira bw’umwana (1959), ryashyizeho amahame icumi yo kurengera uburenganzira bw’abana, harimo n’uburenganzira rusange, uburenganzira bwo kurindwa bidasanzwe, n’uburenganzira bwo gukingirwa ivangura. , mu bundi burenganzira. Ubwumvikane buke mu gusobanura uburenganzira bw’abana bwarushijeho kugaragara mu myaka mirongo itanu ishize. Igitabo cyo mu 1973 cyanditswe na Hillary Clinton (icyo gihe wari umwunganira) cyavuze ko uburenganzira bw'abana ari "interuro ikeneye ibisobanuro". Nk’uko abashakashatsi bamwe babivuga, igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bw’abana ntikirasobanurwa neza, byibuze umwe avuga ko nta bisobanuro byemewe cyangwa inyigisho imwe y’uburenganzira ifitwe n’abana. [16] Amategeko y’uburenganzira bw’abana asobanurwa nk ingingo aho amategeko ahuza ubuzima bwumwana. Ibyo bikubiyemo ubugizi bwa nabi bw’abana, inzira ikwiye ku bana bagize uruhare mu butabera mpanabyaha, kubahagararira bikwiye, na serivisi zita ku buzima busanzwe; kwita no kurengera abana barera leta; kwita ku burezi ku bana bose hatitawe ku bwoko bwabo, igitsina, icyerekezo cy'imibonano mpuzabitsina, indangamuntu, inkomoko y'igihugu, idini, ubumuga, ibara, ubwoko, cyangwa ibindi biranga, kandi; ubuvuzi no kunganira. = Ibyiciro = '''Abana bafite ubwoko bubiri bwuburenganzira''' bwa muntu hakurikijwe amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Bafite uburenganzira rusange bw’ikiremwamuntu nk’abantu bakuru, nubwo uburenganzira bwa muntu, nk’uburenganzira bwo gushyingirwa, businzira kugeza bageze mu za bukuru, Icya kabiri, bafite uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu bukenewe mu kubarinda mu gihe gito. ] Uburenganzira rusange bukorera mu bwana burimo uburenganzira bw’umutekano w’umuntu, umudendezo wo gufatwa nabi n’ubumuntu, ubugome, cyangwa gutesha agaciro, n’uburenganzira bwo kurindwa bidasanzwe mu bwana. By'umwihariko uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’abana harimo, mu bindi burenganzira, uburenganzira bwo kubaho, uburenganzira ku izina, uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo bye mu bibazo bireba umwana, uburenganzira bwo kwisanzura mu bitekerezo, umutimanama n’idini, uburenganzira bwo kwivuza, uburenganzira bwo gukingirwa mu bukungu no mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, n'uburenganzira bwo kwiga. '''Uburenganzira bw'abana busobanurwa''' muburyo butandukanye, harimo n'uburenganzira butandukanye bw'abaturage, politiki, ubukungu, imibereho myiza n'umuco. Uburenganzira bukunda kuba muburyo bubiri: abunganira abana nkabantu bigenga bakurikiza amategeko nabatanga ikirego muri societe kugirango bakingire ibibi byakorewe abana kubera ko batunzwe. Ibi byashyizweho nk'uburenganzira bwo kongererwa imbaraga n'uburenganzira bwo kurindwa. Ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryigisha abana ryashyize mu bikorwa uburenganzira buvugwa mu Masezerano y’uburenganzira bw’umwana nka "3 Zab": Gutanga, Kurengera, no Kugira uruhare. Bashobora gusobanurwa gutya: Ibiteganijwe: Abana bafite uburenganzira bwo kubaho neza, ubuzima, uburezi na serivisi, no gukina no kwidagadura. Ibi birimo indyo yuzuye, uburiri bushyushye bwo kuryama, no kubona amashuri. Kurinda: Abana bafite uburenganzira bwo kurinda ihohoterwa, kutitabwaho, gukoreshwa no kuvangura. Ibi birimo uburenganzira bwahantu hizewe abana bakinira; imyubakire yubaka abana yubaka, no kwemeza ubushobozi bwabana. = Uburenganzira = Abana bafite uburenganzira bwo kwitabira abaturage kandi bafite gahunda na serivisi ubwabo. Ibi birimo uruhare rwabana mumasomero na gahunda zabaturage, ibikorwa byijwi ryurubyiruko, no kugira uruhare mubana nkabafata ibyemezo. Mu buryo busa, umuyoboro mpuzamahanga uharanira uburenganzira bw'umwana (CRIN) ushyira uburenganzira mu matsinda abiri: [22] [23] Uburenganzira mu bukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco, bujyanye n’ibihe bikenewe kugira ngo abantu babone ibyo bakeneye nk’ibiribwa, aho kuba, uburezi, ubuvuzi, n’akazi keza. Harimo n'uburenganzira ku burezi, amazu ahagije, ibiryo, amazi, urwego rwo hejuru rw’ubuzima rushoboka, uburenganzira bwo gukora n’uburenganzira ku kazi, ndetse n’uburenganzira bw’umuco bw’abantu bake n’abasangwabutaka. Uburenganzira ku bidukikije, umuco n’iterambere, rimwe na rimwe byitwa "uburenganzira bwo mu gisekuru cya gatatu", kandi harimo n’uburenganzira bwo gutura ahantu hizewe kandi hafite ubuzima bwiza kandi ko amatsinda y’abantu afite uburenganzira bwo kwiteza imbere mu muco, politiki, n’ubukungu. Amnesty International iharanira ku mugaragaro uburenganzira bune bw’abana, harimo no guhagarika ifungwa ry’abana bato nta gufungurwa by’agateganyo, guhagarika kwinjiza mu gisirikare abana, kurangiza igihano cy’urupfu ku bantu bari munsi y’imyaka 21, no gukangurira uburenganzira bwa muntu mu ishuri. ] Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu Human Rights Watch, urimo imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana, ubutabera bw’abana, impfubyi n’abana batereranywe, impunzi, abana bo mu muhanda n’ibihano by’umubiri. Kwiga intiti muri rusange byibanda kuburenganzira bwabana muguhitamo uburenganzira bwa buri muntu. Uburenganzira bukurikira "butuma abana bakura neza kandi bafite umudendezo": [ukurikije nde?] [24] '''Ubwisanzure bwo kuvuga''' '''Ubwisanzure mu bitekerezo''' '''Umudendezo wo gutinya''' '''Ubwisanzure bwo guhitamo n'uburenganzira bwo gufata ibyemezo''' '''Gutunga umubiri wawe''' '''Uburenganzira bw'umubiri''' Raporo ya komite ishinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage, ubuzima, n’iterambere rirambye ry’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’Inama y’Uburayi yagaragaje ibice byinshi Komite yari ihangayikishijwe, harimo n’uburyo nka "gutema igitsina gore, gukebwa ku bahungu bato kubera impamvu z’idini, kwivuza hakiri kare mu bwana mu bijyanye n’abana bahuje ibitsina no kuyoboka cyangwa guhatira abana mu gutobora, kwishushanya cyangwa kubaga plastique ". Inteko yemeje imyanzuro idahwitse mu 2013 isaba ibihugu 47 bigize uyu muryango gufata ingamba nyinshi zo guteza imbere ubusugire bw’umubiri bw’abana. Ingingo ya 19 ya amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’umwana ategeka amashyaka "gufata ingamba zose zikwiye zishinga amategeko, iz'ubutegetsi, imibereho myiza n’uburezi kugira ngo arinde umwana ihohoterwa iryo ari ryo ryose ry’umubiri cyangwa ryo mu mutwe, gukomeretsa cyangwa guhohoterwa, kutita ku bintu cyangwa kwirengagiza, gufata nabi cyangwa gukoreshwa nabi". Komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’umwana isobanura ingingo ya 19 ibuza ibihano by’umubiri, igira icyo ivuga ku "nshingano z’ibihugu byose kwihutira kubuza no gukuraho ibihano byose by’umubiri." [28] Komite y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu nayo yasobanuye ingingo 7 mu Masezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu na Politiki abuza "gufata nabi cyangwa guhohotera, ubumuntu cyangwa gutesha agaciro" ibihano ku bana, harimo no guhana abana ku mubiri. Newell (1993) yavuze ko "... igitutu cyo kurengera ubusugire bw’umubiri bw’abana kigomba kuba kimwe mu bigize igitutu cy’uburenganzira bw’abana." [30] Komite ishinzwe ibinyabuzima byo mu Ishuri Rikuru ry’Abanyamerika ryita ku bana (AAP) (1997), ishingiye ku Masezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’umwana (1989), yemeza ko "buri mwana agomba kugira amahirwe yo gukura no kwiteza imbere nta burwayi cyangwa ibikomere byakumirwa. "[31] == Ibindi == , kugura inzoga, gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina, cyangwa gukora akazi gahembwa. Mu muryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'urubyiruko, bemeza ko itandukaniro nyamukuru riri hagati y’uburenganzira bw’abana n’uburenganzira bw’urubyiruko ari uko abaharanira uburenganzira bw’abana muri rusange bashyigikira ishyirwaho n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’uburinzi bw’abana n’urubyiruko, mu gihe uburenganzira bw’urubyiruko (umuryango muto cyane) rushyigikira kwaguka y'ubwisanzure ku bana na / cyangwa urubyiruko n'uburenganzira nko gutora. Ububasha bw'ababyeyi == Reba kandi == === Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'ababyeyi === Ababyeyi bahabwa imbaraga zihagije zo gusohoza inshingano zabo ku mwana. Ababyeyi bigira ingaruka mubuzima bwabana muburyo budasanzwe, kandi nkuruhare rwabo muburenganzira bwabana rugomba gutandukanywa muburyo runaka. Ibibazo by’umwihariko mu mibanire y’abana n’ababyeyi harimo kutita ku bana, guhohotera abana, umudendezo wo guhitamo, igihano cy’umubiri no kurera abana. [33] Hariho ibitekerezo byatanzwe biha ababyeyi ibikorwa bishingiye ku burenganzira bikemura amakimbirane hagati y’uburere rusange n’uburenganzira bw’abana. Iki kibazo kirakenewe cyane cyane mu manza zigira ingaruka ku irekurwa ry’abana bato, ndetse no mu gihe abana barega ababyeyi babo. Uburenganzira bw'umwana ku mibanire n'ababyeyi babo bombi buragenda bumenyekana nk'ikintu gikomeye cyo kumenya inyungu z'umwana mu gutandukana no kurera abana. Guverinoma zimwe na zimwe zashyizeho amategeko ashyiraho igitekerezo kidashidikanywaho ko kurera abana ari inyungu z’abana. Imipaka yububasha bwababyeyi Ababyeyi ntabwo bafite imbaraga zuzuye kubana babo. Ababyeyi bagengwa n'amategeko mpanabyaha abuza gutererana, guhohoterwa, no kutita ku bana. Amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ateganya ko kwerekana idini ry’umuntu bishobora kugarukira mu nyungu z’umutekano rusange, kurengera umutekano rusange, ubuzima cyangwa imyitwarire, cyangwa kurengera uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure by’abandi. [19] [38] Inkiko zashyizeho izindi mbibi kububasha nibikorwa byababyeyi. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwo muri Amerika, mu rubanza rw'igikomangoma aburana na Massachusetts, rwemeje ko idini ry'ababyeyi ritemerera umwana gushyira mu kaga. Ba nyir'ubujurire mu Bisanzwe basanze, ku bijyanye na Gillick na West Norfolk na Wisbech Area Health Authority n'ikindi, ko uburenganzira bw'ababyeyi bugabanuka uko imyaka igenda yiyongera ndetse n'ubushobozi bw'umwana, ariko ntibicike burundu kugeza igihe umwana azaba ageze ku bwinshi. Uburenganzira bw'ababyeyi bukomoka ku nshingano z'ababyeyi ku mwana. Mugihe adafite inshingano, nta burenganzira bwababyeyi bubaho. [40] [41] Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa Kanada rwemeje, ku byerekeye E (Madamu) na Eva, ko ababyeyi badashobora gutanga uburenganzira bwo gusambanya uburenganzira bwo kuboneza urubyaro. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa Kanada rwemeje, mu rubanza B. (R.) aburana na Sosiyete ifasha abana ba Metropolitan Toronto: [43] Mu gihe nta gushidikanya ko abana bungukirwa n'Amasezerano, cyane cyane mu kurengera uburenganzira bwabo ku buzima no ku mutekano w'umuntu wabo, ntibashobora kwemeza ubwo burenganzira, kandi sosiyete yacu rero ivuga ko ababyeyi bazakoresha umudendezo wabo wo guhitamo mu buryo. ibyo bitabangamira uburenganzira bw'abana babo. Adler (2013) avuga ko ababyeyi badahawe ububasha bwo gutanga uburenganzira bwo gusiramura abana badakoresheje imiti. Kwimuka === Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwabana === Reba kandi: Igihe cyuburenganzira bwurubyiruko mubwongereza hamwe nigihe cyuburenganzira bwurubyiruko muriLeta zunz'ubumwe Igitabo cyasohowe mu 1796 cy’uburenganzira bw’impinja cya Thomas Spence kiri mu byanditswe mbere y’icyongereza byerekana uburenganzira bw’abana. Mu kinyejana cya 20, abaharanira uburenganzira bw'abana bateguye uburenganzira bw'abana batagira aho baba ndetse n'uburere rusange. Igitabo 1927 cyasohowe n’uburenganzira bw’umwana cyubahwa na Janusz Korczak cyashimangiye [[ubuvanganzo]] bukikije umurima, kandi uyu munsi imiryango mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga irakora ku isi hose mu rwego rwo guteza imbere uburenganzira bw’abana. Mu Bwongereza hashyizweho umuryango w’abashinzwe uburezi, abarimu, abashinzwe ubutabera mu rubyiruko, abanyapolitiki n’abaterankunga b’umuco witwa Ibitekerezo bishya mu nama y’uburezi [44] (1914–37) byashimangiye agaciro ko 'kubohora umwana' kandi bifasha mu gusobanura ishuri ryibanze 'ryiza' mu Bwongereza kugeza muri za 80. Inama zabo zashishikarije umuryango UNESCO, Uburezi bushya. A.S. Igitabo cya Neill cyo mu 1915 cyitwa A Dominie's Log (1915), cyanditswe n’umuyobozi w’ishuri ahindura ishuri rye rishingiye ku kwibohora n’ibyishimo by’umwana, dushobora kubibona nkigicuruzwa cy’umuco cyishimira intwari z’uyu mutwe. === Abatavuga rumwe na leta === Kurwanya uburenganzira bw'abana kuva kera byerekana ko ibintu byose bigenda bigaragara muri sosiyete, hakaba haranditswe inyandiko zerekeye uburenganzira bw'abana bo mu kinyejana cya 13 na mbere yaho. Abatavuga rumwe n'uburenganzira bw'abana bemeza ko urubyiruko rugomba kurindwa isi ikuze, harimo ibyemezo n'inshingano by'iyo si. Muri societe yiganjemo abantu bakuru, ubwana bwifuzwa nkigihe cyo kuba umwere, igihe kitarangwamo inshingano namakimbirane, nigihe cyiganjemo gukina. Abenshi mu batavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi bakomoka ku mpungenge zishingiye ku busugire bw’igihugu, uburenganzira bw’ibihugu, umubano w’ababyeyi n’umwana. Haravuzwe kandi imbogamizi z’amafaranga n '"indangagaciro zishingiye ku muco gakondo zirwanya uburenganzira bw’abana". Igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bw’abana nticyitabweho cyane muri Amerika. Amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera uburenganzira bwa muntu Andi makuru: Gushimuta abana mpuzamahanga Ingingo nyamukuru: Itangazo ryuburenganzira bwumwana Itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu rifatwa nk’ifatizo ry’amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bw’abana muri iki gihe. Hano hari amasezerano menshi namategeko yerekeye uburenganzira bwabana kwisi yose. Inyandiko nyinshi ziriho n’amateka zigira ingaruka kuri ubwo burenganzira, harimo n’itangazo ry’uburenganzira bw’umwana, [11] ryateguwe na Eglantyne Jebb mu 1923, ryemejwe n’umuryango w’ibihugu mu 1924 kandi ryongera gushimangirwa mu 1934. Hafashwe icyemezo cyagutse gato. n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye mu 1946, hakurikiraho verisiyo yagutse yemejwe n'Inteko rusange mu 1959. Nyuma yaje kuba ishingiro ry'amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw'umwana. == Amasezerano mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira bwa muntu == [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Umuryango w’abibumbye]] wemeje amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwa politiki (ICCPR) mu 1966. ICCPR n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’ibihugu byinshi yemejwe cyangwa yemerwa n’ibihugu hafi ya byose ku isi. Ibihugu byahindutse ibihugu-by’amasezerano birasabwa kubahiriza no kubahiriza uburenganzira bwatanzwe n’amasezerano. Aya masezerano yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 23 Werurwe 1976. Uburenganzira bwatanzwe na ICCPR ni rusange, bityo bukoreshwa kuri buri wese nta kurobanura kandi harimo n'abana. Nubwo abana bafite uburenganzira bwose, uburenganzira bumwe nkuburenganzira bwo gushyingirwa nuburenganzira bwo gutora butangira gukurikizwa ari uko umwana amaze gukura. '''Uburenganzira rusange bukoreshwa kubana harimo:''' '''uburenganzira bwo kubaho''' '''uburenganzira ku mutekano w'umuntu''' '''uburenganzira bwo kwidegembya''' '''uburenganzira bwo kwidegembya kubihohoterwa, ubumuntu cyangwa gutesha agaciro''' uburenganzira bwo gutandukana n'abantu bakuru iyo bakurikiranyweho icyaha, uburenganzira bwo guca imanza vuba, n'uburenganzira bwo kuvurwa bujyanye n'imyaka yabo [19] Ingingo ya 24 yerekana uburenganzira bw’umwana bwo kurindwa bidasanzwe kubera ubwinshi bwe, uburenganzira ku izina, n’uburenganzira ku bwenegihugu. Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’umwana === Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bwumwana === Amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye yo mu 1989 yerekeye uburenganzira bw’umwana, cyangwa CRC, ni cyo gitabo cya mbere cyemewe n'amategeko mu rwego rwo kwinjiza uburenganzira bwose bwa muntu - uburenganzira bw’abaturage, umuco, ubukungu, politiki ndetse n’imibereho. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo rikurikiranwa na komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw'umwana. Guverinoma z'igihugu zemeza ko ziyemeje kurengera no guharanira uburenganzira bw'abana, kandi zemera ko zizabazwa ibyo ziyemeje imbere y'umuryango mpuzamahanga. CRC ni amasezerano yemejwe cyane n’uburenganzira bwa muntu yemejwe 196; Amerika nicyo gihugu cyonyine kitigeze kibyemeza. [53] CRC ishingiye ku mahame ane y'ingenzi: ihame ryo kutavangura; inyungu z'umwana; uburenganzira bwo kubaho, kubaho no kwiteza imbere; no gusuzuma ibitekerezo byumwana mu byemezo bibareba, ukurikije imyaka yabo n'ubukure bwabo. CRC, hamwe n’uburyo mpuzamahanga bwo kubazwa ibyaha nk’urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha, inkiko za Yugosilaviya n’u Rwanda, n’urukiko rwihariye rwa Siyera Lewone, bivugwa ko byongereye cyane uburenganzira bw’abana ku isi hose. [55] === Itangazo rya Vienne na Gahunda y'ibikorwa === Itangazo na gahunda y'ibikorwa bya Vienne birasaba, mu gice cya II igika cya 47, ibihugu byose gufata ingamba ku buryo bushoboka bwose umutungo waboneka, ku nkunga y'ubutwererane mpuzamahanga, kugira ngo bigere ku ntego muri gahunda y'ibikorwa by'inama mpuzamahanga ku isi. Kandi irahamagarira ibihugu kwinjiza Amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’umwana muri gahunda z’ibikorwa by’igihugu. Hifashishijwe iyi gahunda y'ibikorwa by'igihugu kandi binyuze mu mbaraga mpuzamahanga, hagomba gushyirwaho cyane cyane kugabanya umubare w'abana bapfa bapfa bavuka n'ababyeyi, kugabanya imirire mibi no kutamenya gusoma no kwandika no kubona amazi meza yo kunywa ndetse n'uburezi bw'ibanze. Igihe cyose byasabwe, hakwiye gutegurwa gahunda y’ibikorwa by’igihugu kugira ngo irwanye ibihe byihutirwa bituruka ku mpanuka kamere n’amakimbirane yitwaje intwaro ndetse n’ikibazo gikomeye kimwe cy’abana bafite ubukene bukabije. Ikindi, igika cya 48 kirasaba ibihugu byose, ku nkunga y’ubufatanye mpuzamahanga, gukemura ikibazo gikaze cy’abana mu bihe bigoye cyane. Gutoteza no guhohotera abana bigomba kurwanywa cyane, harimo no gukemura intandaro yabyo. Harasabwa ingamba zifatika zo kurwanya impinja z’umugore, imirimo mibi y’abana, kugurisha abana n’ingingo, uburaya bw’abana, porunogarafiya y’abana, n’ubundi buryo bwo gusambanya abana. Ibi byagize ingaruka ku iyemezwa rya Porotokole ku bushake ku ruhare rw’abana mu makimbirane yitwaje intwaro ndetse na protocole idahwitse ku igurishwa ry’abana, uburaya bw’abana na porunogarafiya y’abana. === Gushyira mu bikorwa === Imiryango itandukanye nuburyo bukoreshwa burahari kugirango uburenganzira bwabana bugerweho. Harimo Inteko ishinga amategeko y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abana. Yashyizweho hagamijwe guteza imbere ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryuzuye no kubahiriza Amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’umwana, no guharanira ko uburenganzira bw’umwana bwashyizwe imbere mu nama idasanzwe y’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe abana n’imyiteguro yayo. Akanama k'umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu kashyizweho "twizeye ko hashobora kuba intego, kwizerwa no gukora neza mu kwamagana ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu ku isi kuruta Komisiyo ishinzwe politiki y’uburenganzira bwa muntu." Itsinda ry’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta y’amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’umwana ni ihuriro ry’imiryango mpuzamahanga itegamiye kuri Leta yashinzwe mu 1983 kugira ngo ryorohereze ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bw’umwana. === Amategeko y'igihugu === Ibihugu byinshi ku isi bifite uburenganzira bw’umuvunyi cyangwa abakomiseri b’abana bafite inshingano za leta, guhagararira inyungu z’abaturage mu gukora iperereza no gukemura ibibazo byatanzwe n’abaturage ku giti cyabo bijyanye n'uburenganzira bw'abana. Abavunyi b'abana barashobora kandi gukorera ikigo, ikinyamakuru, umuryango utegamiye kuri leta, ndetse no kubaturage muri rusange. === Amategeko ya Amerika === Andi makuru: Igihe cy’uburenganzira bw’urubyiruko muri Amerika, gushimuta abana mpuzamahanga muri Amerika, n’amategeko agenga imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana muri Amerika. Amerika yasinye ariko ntiyemeza CRC. Kubera iyo mpamvu, uburenganzira bwabana ntabwo bwashyizwe mubikorwa muri Amerika Muri rusange abana bahabwa uburenganzira bw'ibanze bukubiye mu Itegeko Nshinga, nk'uko biteganywa n'ivugururwa rya cumi na kane ry'Itegeko Nshinga rya Amerika. Ingingo yo Kurinda Kuringaniza y'iryo vugurura ni ukurikizwa ku bana, bavutse mu bashakanye cyangwa batabyaye, ariko ukuyemo abana bataravuka. Ibi byashimangiwe nicyemezo cyingenzi cyurukiko rwikirenga rwo muri Amerika rwa In re Gault (1967). Muri uru rubanza Gerald Gault w'imyaka 15 wo muri Arizona yajyanywe gufungwa n’abapolisi baho nyuma yo gushinjwa guhamagara kuri telefoni iteye isoni. Yarafunzwe kandi yiyemeza mu ishuri ry’inganda rya Leta ya Arizona kugeza ageze ku myaka 21 azira guhamagara telefoni iteye isoni umuturanyi ukuze. Mu cyemezo cya 8–1, Urukiko rwemeje ko mu iburanisha rishobora kuvamo kwiyemeza ikigo, abantu bari munsi y’imyaka 18 bafite uburenganzira bwo kubimenyesha no kunganirwa, kubaza abatangabuhamya, no kwirinda kwikomeretsa. Urukiko rwasanze uburyo bwakoreshejwe mu iburanisha rya Gault butujuje na kimwe muri ibyo bisabwa. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwo muri Amerika rwemeje mu rubanza rwa Tinker aburana na Des Moines Akarere k'ishuri ryigenga ry’abaturage (1969) ko abanyeshuri biga bafite uburenganzira bw'Itegeko Nshinga. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwo muri Amerika rwemeje mu rubanza Roper aburana na Simmons ko abantu badashobora kwicwa bazira ibyaha byakozwe igihe bari munsi y’imyaka cumi n'umunani. Rwemeje ko iyicwa nk'iryo ari igihano cy'ubugome kandi kidasanzwe, bityo ni ukurenga ku Ivugurura rya munani ry'Itegeko Nshinga rya Amerika. [60] Hariho izindi mpungenge muri Amerika zerekeye uburenganzira bw'abana. Ishuri Rikuru ry’Abanyamerika bashinzwe kurera abana ryita ku burenganzira bw’abana ku miryango itekanye, ishyigikiwe kandi ihamye. Umwanya wabo ku burenganzira bw'abana mu manza zo kurera uvuga ko, "abana bafite uburenganzira bwo kwishyira ukizana bushingiye ku itegeko nshinga mu kurengera imiryango yabo yashinzwe, uburenganzira nibura bungana, kandi twizera ko burenze, uburenganzira bw'abandi basaba 'gutunga' 'inyungu muri aba bana. " Ibindi bibazo byavuzwe mu guharanira uburenganzira bw’abana muri Amerika harimo uburenganzira bw’abana bwo kuzungura mu bashakanye bahuje ibitsina ndetse n’uburenganzira bwihariye ku rubyiruko. === Amategeko y'Ubudage === Raporo yatanzwe na Perezida w’inama ya INGO y’Inama y’Uburayi, Annelise Oeschger isanga abana n’ababyeyi babo bakorerwa ihohoterwa ry’umuryango w’abibumbye, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi na UNICEF. Ikibazo gihangayikishije cyane ni ikigo cy’Abadage (na Otirishiya), Jugendamt ([[Ikidage]]: Ibiro by’Urubyiruko) gikunze kurenganya kwemerera leta kutagenzura imibanire y’ababyeyi n’umwana, ibyo bikaba byaviriyemo ingaruka zirimo iyicarubozo, gutesha agaciro, gufata nabi ubugome kandi bikabaviramo urupfu rw'abana. Ikibazo kitoroshye nimbaraga "zitagira imipaka" z'abapolisi ba Jugendamt, nta nzira yo gusuzuma cyangwa gukemura imiti idakwiye cyangwa yangiza. Mu mategeko y’Ubudage, abapolisi ba Jugendamt (JA) barinzwe gukurikiranwa. Abayobozi ba JA igihe cyo kugenzura kigaragara mu manza zijya mu rukiko rw’umuryango aho ubuhamya bw’impuguke bushobora guteshwa agaciro n’abayobozi ba JA batize cyangwa bafite uburambe; Mu manza zirenga 90% byimanza umuyobozi wa JA yemerwa nurukiko rwumuryango. Abapolisi kandi birengagije ibyemezo by'urukiko rw'umuryango, nk'igihe cyo gusubiza abana ku babyeyi babo, nta nkurikizi. Ubudage ntibwemeye ibyemezo bifitanye isano n’imibereho myiza y’abana byafashwe n’urukiko rw’inteko ishinga amategeko y’uburayi rwashatse kurengera cyangwa gukemura abana n’uburenganzira bw’ababyeyi. == Reba == <ref>Uburenganzire_bw_umwana_.pdf (cndp.org.rw)</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cndp.org.rw/index.php?id=187&L=1&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=152&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=703c23e26fbd051147ca870b298b4c7d |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-24 |archive-date=2023-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224123328/https://www.cndp.org.rw/index.php?id=187&L=1&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=152&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=703c23e26fbd051147ca870b298b4c7d |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/abanyamategeko-bagaragaje-ibibangamiye-uburenganzira-bw-abana</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ijamboryumwana.com/category/uburenganzira-bwumwana/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-24 |archive-date=2023-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224123323/https://ijamboryumwana.com/category/uburenganzira-bwumwana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cndp.org.rw/index.php?id=187&L=1&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=85&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=7e01a10e085f66486bd34e285ef97ec7 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-24 |archive-date=2023-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224123330/https://cndp.org.rw/index.php?id=187&L=1&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=85&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=7e01a10e085f66486bd34e285ef97ec7 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/sobanukirwa-uburenganzira-bwa-muntu-n-uko-bwubahirizwa</ref> 8wtg68o6kisojw3c4c5ddjb40ohk6xg 0 14246 139620 138914 2026-09-23T18:21:39Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139620 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Panel on Improving Gender Balance (03411055) (43943901330).jpg|thumb|Abagore ku isonga mu nama mpuzamahanga iharanira ihame ry'uburinganire.]] Uburenganzira bw'umugore ni uburenganzira busabwa ku bagore n’abakobwa ku isi. Bagize ishingiro ry’umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw’umugore mu kinyejana cya 19 n’imigendekere y’abagore mu kinyejana cya 20 na 21. Mu bihugu bimwe, ubwo burenganzira bwashyizweho cyangwa bushyigikiwe n’amategeko, imigenzo yaho, n’imyitwarire, mu gihe mu bindi, birengagizwa kandi bigahagarikwa. Bitandukanye n’ibitekerezo byagutse by’uburenganzira bwa muntu binyuze mu kuvuga ko kubogama kw’amateka gakondo gakondo kubangamira ikoreshwa ry’uburenganzira bw’umugore n’abakobwa, bashyigikira abagabo n’abahungu. Ibibazo bikunze guhuzwa n’ibitekerezo by’uburenganzira bw’umugore birimo uburenganzira bwo kuba inyangamugayo n’ubwigenge, kutagira ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, gutora, gukora imirimo ya Leta, kugirana amasezerano n’amategeko, kugira uburenganzira bungana mu mategeko y’umuryango, ku kazi, kuri umushahara ukwiye cyangwa umushahara ungana, kugira uburenganzira bw'imyororokere, gutunga umutungo, no kwiga. [[Dosiye:W20 Conference- Panel - Inspiring women- Scaling up women’s entrepreneurship (33455379573).jpg|thumb|Uburenganzira bw'abagore mu Iterambere]] == Amateka == === Mezopotamiya === Abagore bo muri Sumeri ya kera bashoboraga kugura, gutunga, kugurisha, no kuzungura umutungo. Bashoboraga kwishora mu bucuruzi, [3] kandi bagatanga ubuhamya mu rukiko nk'abatangabuhamya. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, abagabo babo bashoboraga gutandukana kubera amakosa yoroheje, [3] kandi umugabo watanye ashobora kongera gushaka undi mugore, mu gihe umugore we wa mbere atigeze amubyarira. [3] [4]: 182 Umusizi wa Akkadian Enheduanna, umupadiri wa Inanna akaba n'umukobwa wa Sargon, ni we musizi uzwi cyane izina ryanditswe. [5] Amategeko ya kera ya Babiloni yemerera umugabo gutandukana n’umugore we uko byagenda kose, [4]: 140 ariko kubikora byamusabye gusubiza ibintu bye byose ndetse rimwe na rimwe akamuha ihazabu. [4]: 140 Amategeko menshi yabuzaga umugore saba umugabo we ubutane kandi ashyira mu bikorwa ibihano bimwe ku mugore usaba ubutane nko ku mugore wafatiwe mu busambanyi. , abasaba kwishyura amande amwe. [[Dosiye:Women in Egypt.jpg|thumb|Abagore mu Misiri]] === Misiri === Igishusho cya farawo wumugore Hatshepsut cyerekanwe mungoro yubuhanzi ya Metropolitan Muri Egiputa ya kera, abategarugori bari bafite uburenganzira bungana n’amategeko nk’umugabo, nubwo uburenganzira bwabo bushingiye ku mibereho. Umutungo wubutaka wamanutse kumurongo wumugore kuva nyina kugeza kumukobwa, kandi abagore bari bafite uburenganzira bwo gucunga umutungo wabo. Abagore bo muri Egiputa ya kera barashobora kugura, kugurisha, kuba abafatanyabikorwa mu masezerano yemewe n'amategeko, kuba ababishaka mu bushake n'abatangabuhamya ku nyandiko zemewe n'amategeko, kurega mu rukiko, no kurera abana. [[Dosiye:Mamallapuram, Visitors, Women of India.jpg|thumb|Abaagore mu Buhinde]] === Ubuhinde === Abagore mugihe cyambere cya Vediki [7] bafite umwanya ungana nabagabo mubice byose byubuzima. Ibikorwa byakozwe n’ikibonezamvugo cya kera cy’Abahinde nka Patanjali na Katyayana byerekana ko abagore bize mu gihe cya Vediki ya mbere. [9] Imirongo ya Rigvedic yerekana ko abagore bashakanye bakuze kandi birashoboka ko bafite umudendezo wo kwihitiramo abagabo babo mubikorwa byitwa swayamvar cyangwa kubana neza byitwa ubukwe bwa Gandharva. [[Dosiye:Group of workers harvesting tea Chakva Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg|thumb|Abagore mu Iterambere ry'ubugereki]] === Ubugereki === Ifoto ya vase itukura yerekana abagore babiri bamesa imyenda Ifoto ya vase itukura yerekana umugore ugurisha ibiryo Abategarugori bubahwa bo muri Atene bari biteganijwe ko bazishora mubikorwa byo murugo nko koza imyenda (ibumoso); mubyukuri, benshi bakoze (iburyo). Nubwo abagore benshi badafite uburenganzira bwa politiki n'uburinganire mu bihugu byo mu mujyi wa Bugereki bwa kera, bari bafite umudendezo runaka wo kugenda kugeza mu bihe bya kera. Inyandiko zibaho kandi ku bagore bo muri Delphi ya kera, Gortyn, Thessaly, Megara, na Sparta batunze ubutaka, uburyo buzwi cyane bw'umutungo bwite muri kiriya gihe. Icyakora, nyuma y’igihe cya kera, abashingamategeko batangiye gushyiraho amategeko yubahiriza ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina, bituma uburenganzira bw’umugore bugabanuka. Abagore bo muri Atenayi ya kera ntibari bafite ubuzimagatozi kandi bafatwaga nk'abagize oikos iyobowe na kyrios y'abagabo. Kugeza igihe cyo gushyingirwa, abagore barerwaga na se cyangwa undi muvandimwe w'umugabo. Umugabo amaze gushyingirwa, yabaye kyrios yumugore. Kubera ko abategarugori babujijwe gukurikirana imanza, abami babikora mu izina ryabo. Abagore bo muri Atene bashoboraga kubona uburenganzira ku mutungo binyuze mu mpano, inkwano, no kuzungura, nubwo kyrios ye yari ifite uburenganzira bwo guta umutungo w’umugore. Abagore bo muri Atenayi bashoboraga kugirana amasezerano gusa afite agaciro kari munsi yagaciro ka "medimnos ya sayiri" (urugero rw'ingano), bigatuma abagore bakora ubucuruzi buciriritse. Abagore ntibakuwe muri demokarasi ya kera ya Atenayi, haba mu bikorwa no mu bikorwa. Abacakara bashoboraga kuba Abanyatene nyuma yo kubohorwa, ariko nta mugore wigeze abona ubwenegihugu muri Atenayi ya kera. Muri Atenayi ya kera abagore nabo babujijwe kuba abasizi,intiti, abanyapolitiki, cyangwa abahanzi. Mu gihe cy'Abagiriki muri Atenayi, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya Aristote yatekereje ko abagore bazana imvururu n'ikibi, bityo bikaba byiza ko abagore batandukana n'abandi baturage. Uku gutandukana kwaba gusaba gutura mucyumba cyitwa gynaikeion, mugihe ureba imirimo murugo kandi ukaba udafite aho uhuriye nisi yumugabo. Ibi byari no kwemeza ko abagore bafite abana bemewe gusa nabagabo babo. Abagore bo muri Atene bize amashuri make, usibye gutozwa urugo kubumenyi bwibanze nko kuzunguruka, kuboha, guteka, ndetse nubumenyi bwamafaranga. Nubwo abagore b’Abanyasiparita batandukanijwe mu buryo bwa gisirikare n’ubuzima bwa politiki, bari bafite umwanya utari muto w’ababyeyi b’abarwanyi ba Spartan. Nkuko abagabo bakoraga ibikorwa bya gisirikare, abagore bafataga inshingano zo kuyobora imitungo. Nyuma y'intambara yamaze igihe kinini mu kinyejana cya 4 mbere ya Yesu, abagore bo muri Spartan batunze hafi 35% na 40% by'ubutaka bwose n'umutungo wa Spartan. [18] Mu gihe cy'Abagiriki, bamwe mu Banyasiparita bakize cyane bari abagore. Abagore bo muri Spartan bagenzuraga imitungo yabo bwite, ndetse n'umutungo wa bene wabo b'igitsina gabo bari kure y'ingabo. Abakobwa kimwe n'abahungu bize amashuri. [18] Nubwo ariko ubwisanzure bwo kugenda bw’abagore b’Abanyasiparita, uruhare rwabo muri politiki rwabaye kimwe n’abagore bo muri Atene. Platon yemeye ko guha uburenganzira bw'abaturage no mu bya politiki ku bagore byahindura cyane imiterere y'urugo na Leta. Aristote wari warigishijwe na Platon, yahakanye ko abagore ari imbata cyangwa ko bagengwa n'umutungo, avuga ko "kamere yatandukanije umugore n'umugaragu", ariko we abona ko abagore "bagurwa". Yavuze ko ibikorwa by’ubukungu by’umugore ari ibyo kurinda umutungo w’urugo wakozwe n’abagabo. Ku bwa Aristote, umurimo w'abagore nta gaciro wongeyeho kuko "ubuhanga bwo gucunga urugo ntaho buhuriye n'ubuhanga bwo kubona ubutunzi, kuko umwe akoresha ibikoresho undi atanga". [23] Ibinyuranye n'ibitekerezo bya Platon, abahanga mu bya filozofiya b'Abasitoyiko bavuze ko uburinganire bw'umugabo n'umugore bungana, ubusumbane bushingiye ku gitsina babona ko binyuranyije n'amategeko y'ibidukikije. Mu kubikora, bakurikiranye Abasinike, bavuga ko abagabo n'abagore bagomba kwambara imyenda imwe kandi bakiga amashuri amwe. Babonaga kandi gushyingiranwa ari ubusabane bwimyitwarire hagati yuburinganire aho gukenera ibinyabuzima cyangwa imibereho kandi bagashyira mubikorwa ibyo bitekerezo mubuzima bwabo kimwe ninyigisho zabo. Abasitoyiko bemeje ibitekerezo by'Abasinike kandi babongerera ku nyigisho zabo bwite za kamere muntu, bityo bashyira uburinganire bwabo ku mibonano mpuzabitsina ishingiye kuri filozofiya ikomeye. [[Dosiye:Khamoro Roma Festival 2007 Prague.jpg|thumb|Abagore muri Roma]] === Roma === Abagore bakorana numugabo mu iduka ryirangi (fullonica), kurukuta rwa Pompeii Amategeko y'Abaroma, kimwe n'amategeko ya Atene, yashyizweho n'abagabo kugira ngo ashyigikire abantu. Abagore ntibari bafite ijwi rusange kandi nta ruhare rusange bagize, byateye imbere nyuma yikinyejana cya 1 kugeza mu kinyejana cya 6 MIC. Abakenyezi b'abidegemvya bo muri Roma ya kera bari abanyagihugu bafise uburenganzira bwo gukingirwa no gukingirwa bitari abanyagihugu canke abashumba. Umuryango w'Abaroma ariko, wari abakurambere, kandi abagore ntibashoboraga gutora, gukora imirimo ya Leta, cyangwa kujya mu gisirikare. Abagore bo mu cyiciro cyo hejuru bagize uruhare muri politiki binyuze mu gushyingirwa no kubyara. Muri Repubulika y'Abaroma, ba nyina b'abavandimwe ba Gracchus na Julius Sezari bagaragaye nk'abagore b'intangarugero bateje imbere umwuga w'abahungu babo. Mu gihe cy’Ubwami, abagore bo mu muryango w’umwami w'abami bashoboraga kubona imbaraga za politiki kandi bakagaragazwa buri gihe mu buhanzi no mu biceri. Intego nyamukuru y’umuryango w’Abaroma yari pater familias cyangwa umutware wumugabo wakoreshaga ububasha ku bana be bose, abakozi be n’umugore we. Abakobwa bari bafite uburenganzira bungana n’abahungu niba se yarapfuye atabishaka. Kimwe n'abagore bo muri Atene, abagore b'Abaroma bari bafite umurinzi cyangwa nk'uko bitwaga "umurezi" wacungaga akanagenzura ibikorwa bye byose. Iyi myigishirize yari ifite ibikorwa bike by’abagore ariko mu kinyejana cya mbere kugeza mu kinyejana cya gatandatu MIC, umutoza yararuhutse cyane kandi abagore bemerewe kugira uruhare mu bikorwa rusange nko gutunga cyangwa gucunga umutungo ndetse no gukora nk'abashinzwe amakomine mu mikino ya gladiator n'ibindi bikorwa by'imyidagaduro [ 25] Kubyara byatewe inkunga na leta. Kugeza mu wa 27–14 MIC, ius tritium liberorum ("uburenganzira bwemewe n'amategeko bw'abana batatu") yahaye icyubahiro n'ikigereranyo uburenganzira bw'ikigereranyo ku mugore wabyaye abana batatu kandi amukura mu burinzi bw'abagabo. [30] Mu bihe bya mbere bya Repubulika y’Abaroma, umugeni yavuye ku butegetsi bwa se yinjira mu "kuboko" (manus) y’umugabo we. Nyuma yaje kugengwa na potestas yumugabo we, nubwo bitarenze abana babo. Ubu buryo bwa kera bwubukwe bwa manus bwarahebwe cyane mugihe cya Julius Sezari, mugihe umugore yagumye munsi y'ubutegetsi bwa se n'amategeko nubwo yimukiye mu rugo rw'umugabo we. Iyi gahunda yari imwe mu mpamvu z’ubwigenge abagore b’Abaroma bishimiye. Nubwo abagore bagombaga gusubiza ba se mu bijyanye n'amategeko, ntibigeze bamukurikirana mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi, [33] kandi abagabo babo nta bubasha bari bafite kuri bo. Igihe se w'umugore yapfaga, yarekuwe mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko (sui iuris). Umugore wubatse yagumanye gutunga ibintu byose yazanye mu bashakanye. Abakobwa bari bafite uburenganzira bungana n’abahungu niba se yarapfuye atabishaka. Mu mategeko ya kera y'Abaroma, umugabo nta burenganzira yari afite bwo guhohotera umugore we ku mubiri cyangwa kumuhatira gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina. Gukubita umugore byari impamvu zihagije zo gutandukana cyangwa ikindi cyemezo kirega umugabo. Kubera ubuzimagatozi bwabo nk'abenegihugu n'urwego bashobora kurekurwa, abagore bo muri Roma ya kera bashoboraga gutunga umutungo, bagirana amasezerano, kandi bakishora mu bucuruzi. Bamwe babonye kandi bajugunya umutungo utari muto, kandi byanditswe mu nyandiko nk'abagiraneza mu gutera inkunga ibikorwa rusange. Abagore b'Abaroma bashoboraga kwitaba urukiko bakajya impaka, nubwo byari bimenyerewe ko bahagararirwa n'umugabo. Basuzugurwaga icyarimwe nk'ubujiji bukabije kandi badafite imitekerereze idahwitse yo gukurikiza amategeko, kandi bakora cyane kandi bafite uruhare runini mu bijyanye n'amategeko - bivamo itegeko ryabuzaga abagore gukora imanza mu izina ryabo bwite aho kuba abandi '. Ariko na nyuma y’iri tegeko ryashyizweho, hari ingero nyinshi z’abagore bafata ibyemezo mu bibazo by’amategeko, harimo no gutegeka ingamba z’amategeko ku babunganira abagabo. Amategeko y'Abaroma yemeraga ko gufata ku ngufu ari icyaha uwahohotewe nta cyaha yari afite [43] n'icyaha cy'urupfu. Gusambanya ku gahato umugore byafatwaga nk'igitero cyagabwe ku muryango we no ku cyubahiro cya se, kandi abahohotewe ku ngufu bakozwe n'ikimwaro kubera ko bemeye izina ribi mu cyubahiro cya se. Nkuko amategeko abiteganya, gufata ku ngufu byakorerwa gusa umuturage uhagaze neza. Gufata ku ngufu imbata byashoboraga gukurikiranwa gusa nk’ibyangiritse ku mutungo wa nyirabyo. Igishushanyo cya bronze cyumukobwa ukiri muto usoma (ikinyejana cya nyuma) Umwami w'abami wa mbere w’Abaroma, Augustus, yavuze ko yazamutse ku butegetsi bwonyine kugira ngo agaruke ku mico gakondo, kandi agerageza kugenga imyitwarire y’abagore binyuze mu mategeko mbwirizamuco. Ubusambanyi, bwari bwarabaye ikibazo cy’umuryango wigenga muri Repubulika, bwahamwe n’icyaha, [46] kandi busobanurwa muri rusange ko ari igikorwa cy’imibonano mpuzabitsina kitemewe (stuprum) cyabaye hagati y’umuturage w’umugabo n’umugore washatse, cyangwa hagati y’umugore wubatse n’umugabo uwo ari we wese kuruta umugabo we. Kubwibyo, umugore wubatse yashoboraga kuryamana numugabo we gusa, ariko umugabo wubatse ntiyasambanye mugihe yaryamanye nindaya, imbata, cyangwa umuntu ufite akato (infamis). Indaya nyinshi muri Roma ya kera zari imbata, nubwo imbata zimwe zarindwaga uburaya ku gahato n’ingingo yo mu masezerano yabo yo kugurisha. Umugore wigenga wakoraga nkindaya cyangwa imyidagaduro yatakaje imibereho ye ahinduka infamis, "icyubahiro"; mu gutuma umubiri we uboneka ku mugaragaro, mu by'ukuri yari yaratanze uburenganzira bwe bwo kurindwa ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina cyangwa ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. Filozofiya ya stoic yagize uruhare mu iterambere ry'amategeko y'Abaroma. Abasitoyiko bo mu bihe bya Imperial nka Seneka na Musonius Rufus batezimbere ibitekerezo byimibanire gusa. Nubwo badashyigikiye uburinganire muri sosiyete cyangwa mu mategeko, bavuze ko kamere iha abagabo n’abagore ubushobozi bungana bwo kugira ingeso nziza ndetse n’inshingano zingana zo gukora neza, bityo rero abagabo n’abagore bakeneye uburere buke bwa filozofiya. [24] Iyi mitekerereze ya filozofiya mu ntore ziyobora zitekereza ko zagize uruhare mu kuzamura imibereho y’abagore ku ngoma. [50] Roma ntiyari ifite gahunda y’ishuri ryatewe inkunga na leta, kandi uburezi bwaboneka gusa kubabishoboye. Abakobwa b'abasenateri na knight basa nkaho bahoraga biga amashuri abanza (kumyaka 7 kugeza 12). Hatitawe ku gitsina, abantu bake barize barenze urwo rwego. Abakobwa bakomoka mu buryo buciriritse barashobora kwigishwa kugira ngo bafashe mu bucuruzi bwo mu muryango cyangwa kugira ubumenyi bwo gusoma no kwandika bwabafashaga gukora nk'abanditsi n'abanyamabanga. Umugore wamamaye cyane ku isi ya kera kubera imyigire ye ni Hypatia wo muri Alegizandiriya, wigishije abasore amasomo akomeye kandi agisha inama perefe w’Abaroma wa Misiri kuri politiki. Inganzo ye yatumye agirana amakimbirane na musenyeri wa Alegizandiriya, Cyril, ushobora kuba yaragize uruhare mu rupfu rwe rw’urugomo mu mwaka wa 415 azize agatsiko ka gikristo. Abashakanye bafatana urunana mu ishyingiranwa, bagereranywa n'Abaroma nk'urwego rwubaka umuryango kandi nk'ubufatanye bwa bagenzi bakorera hamwe kubyara no kurera abana, gucunga ibintu bya buri munsi, kubaho ubuzima bw'intangarugero, no kwishimira urukundo [54] [[Dosiye:Beach handball Euro 2019 Preliminary Round Women CRO-ROM 054.jpg|thumb|Abagore mu myidagaduru Roma]] === Ingoma ya Byzantine === Kubera ko amategeko ya Byzantine yari ashingiye ahanini ku mategeko y'Abaroma, ubuzima gatozi bw'abagore ntiyahindutse cyane mubikorwa byo mu kinyejana cya 6. Ariko inzitizi gakondo z’abagore mu buzima rusange kimwe no kwanga abagore bigenga ziracyakomeza. Uruhare runini rw’umuco w’Abagereki rwagize uruhare mu myumvire ikaze ku ruhare rw’umugore mu rugo aho kuba rubanda. Hariho kandi kwiyongera kw'abagore batari indaya, imbata cyangwa abidagadura ngo bitwikirwe rwose. Kimwe n'amategeko ya mbere y'Abaroma, abagore ntibashoboraga kuba abatangabuhamya mu by'amategeko, kuyobora ubuyobozi cyangwa gukora amabanki ariko barashobora kuzungura imitungo n'ubutaka bwabo. Nkuko bisanzwe, iryo torero ryakoreshwaga mu rwego rwo gukuraho ubumuga bwashyizweho n’itegeko rya kera ku buseribateri no kutabyara, ibikoresho byongerewe kwinjira mu buzima bwitwa ko ari idini, ndetse no guteganyirizwa umugore. Itorero kandi ryashyigikiraga imbaraga za politiki z'abari bafitanye ubucuti n'abayobozi b'amadini. Ishyirwaho ry'ababyeyi na ba nyirakuru nk'abarezi ryemejwe na Justinian. Ibibujijwe ku ishyingirwa ry’abasenateri n’abandi bagabo bo mu rwego rwo hejuru hamwe n’abagore bo mu rwego rwo hasi byongerewe na Constantine, ariko hafi ya byose byavanyweho na Justinian. Umubano wa kabiri waciwe intege, cyane cyane mu kwemeza ko hashyirwaho itegeko rivuga ko uburenganzira bw’umupfakazi ku mutungo bugomba guhagarika kongera gushaka, kandi Itegeko Nshinga rya Leonine mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 9 ryatumaga gushyingirwa kwa gatatu bihanwa. Itegeko-nshinga naryo ryatumye umugisha wa padiri uba ngombwa mu mihango yo gushyingirwa. [[Dosiye:Women of Beijing at Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests (2).jpg|thumb|Abagore mu gihugu cy'ubushinwa]] === Ubushinwa === Guhambira ibirenge, umuco ukunze gukoreshwa ku bagore b'Abashinwa hagati y'ikinyejana cya 10 no mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20. Ishusho yerekana X-ray yamaguru abiri aboshye. Abagore bo mu Bushinwa mu mateka no mu bihe bya kera babonaga ko bari hasi kandi bafite ubuzima gatozi bushingiye ku mategeko ya Confuciya. Mu Bushinwa Imperial, "Abumvira Batatu" bazamuye abakobwa kumvira ba se, abagore bumvira abagabo babo, n'abapfakazi kumvira abahungu babo. Abagore ntibashoboraga kuragwa ubucuruzi cyangwa ubutunzi [57] kandi abagabo bagombaga kurera umuhungu kubwibyo bikorwa byamafaranga. Amategeko ya nyuma yubwami yerekanaga ubwoko burindwi butandukanye bwo gutandukana. Umugore ashobora kwirukanwa aramutse ananiwe kubyara umuhungu, agasambana, atumvira nyirabukwe, akavuga cyane, akiba, agahabwa ishyari, cyangwa akaba yararwaye indwara idakira cyangwa iteye ishozi cyangwa indwara. [57] Ariko hariho n'imbibi ku mugabo - nk'urugero, ntashobora gutandukana aramutse abonye aho icyunamo cya sebukwe, niba adafite umuryango wo gutaha, cyangwa niba umuryango w'umugabo wahoze ari umukene kandi kuva icyo gihe ukaba wari ufite ube umukire. Umubare w'abagore mu Bushinwa nawo wari muke, ahanini bitewe n'umuco wo guhambira ibirenge. Ku byiciro byo hejuru, byari hafi 100%. Mu 1912, guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yategetse ko guhagarika ibirenge. Guhambira ibirenge birimo guhindura imiterere yamagufwa kuburyo ibirenge byari bifite uburebure bwa santimetero enye gusa. Ibirenge biboshye byateje ingorane zo kugenda, bityo bigabanya cyane ibikorwa byabagore. Bitewe n'imigenzo mbonezamubano ivuga ko abagabo n'abagore batagomba kuba hafi yabo, abagore b'Abashinwa ntibashakaga kuvurwa n'abaganga b'abagabo bo mu Burengerazuba bw'Ubuvuzi. Ibi byatumye hakenerwa cyane abaganga b’abagore b’ubuvuzi bw’iburengerazuba mu Bushinwa. Ni yo mpamvu, umumisiyonari w’ubuvuzi w’umugore Dr. Mary H. Fulton (1854–1927) [58] yoherejwe n’inama y’ubutumwa bw’amahanga mu Itorero rya Peresibiteriyeni (USA) gushinga ishuri rikuru ry’ubuvuzi ry’abagore mu Bushinwa. Iri shuri rizwi ku izina rya Hackett Medical College ry’Abagore, [59] [60] iryo shuri ryashobojwe i Guangzhou mu Bushinwa, ku nkunga nini yatanzwe na Edward A.K. Hackett (1851–1916) wa Indiana, Amerika. Iri shuri ryari rigamije gukwirakwiza ubukristu n’ubuvuzi bwa kijyambere no kuzamura imibereho y’abagore b’abashinwa. [61] Muri Repubulika y'Ubushinwa (1912–49) na guverinoma z'Ubushinwa mbere, abagore baguzwe mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko bagurishwa mu bucakara bitwaje abakozi bo mu rugo. Aba bagore bari bazwi ku izina rya Mui Tsai. Ubuzima bwa Mui Tsai bwanditswe n’umunyamerika w’umugore witwa Agnes Smedley mu gitabo cye cyitwa Portraits y’abagore b’abashinwa muri Revolution. Icyakora, mu 1949, Repubulika y’Ubushinwa yahiritswe n’inyeshyamba z’abakomunisiti ziyobowe na Mao Zedong, maze Repubulika y’Ubushinwa ishingwa muri uwo mwaka. Muri Gicurasi 1950, Repubulika y’Ubushinwa yashyizeho itegeko rishya ry’abashyingiranywe kugira ngo bakemure igurishwa ry’abagore mu bucakara. Uku gushyingirwa bitemewe na proxy kandi byatumye ishyingiranwa ryemewe mugihe abashakanye bombi babyemeye. Itegeko rishya ryo gushyingirwa ryazamuye imyaka yemewe yo gushyingirwa igera kuri 20 ku bagabo na 18 ku bagore. Iki cyari igice cyingenzi mu kuvugurura ubutaka mu cyaro kuko abagore batagishoboye kugurishwa na ba nyirinzu. Icivugo cyemewe cyari "Abagabo n'abagore barangana; umuntu wese akwiriye umunyu (cyangwa)". == Amateka ya nyuma ya kera == === Dahomey Amazone yari Fon ibitsina gore. === Haba mbere ndetse no mu bihe bya Bibiliya, uruhare rw'umugore muri sosiyete rwaragabanijwe cyane. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, muri Bibiliya, abagore bagaragazwa ko bafite uburenganzira bwo kwihagararaho mu rukiko, [66]: 56-62 ubushobozi bwo gukora amasezerano, [66]: 63-67 n'uburenganzira bwo kugura, gutunga, kugurisha, na kuzungura umutungo. Kutubahiriza ubwo burenganzira bwo mu Isezerano rya Kera byakozwe n’umugabo ufite abagore benshi byahaye umugore impamvu zo gutandukana: [67] umuhe ibi bintu bitatu, agomba kugenda ku buntu, nta kwishyura amafaranga "(Kuva 21: 10-11). === Qor'an === Iki gice cyukuri ntikivugwaho rumwe. Ibiganiro bijyanye murashobora kubisanga kubiganiro: Uburenganzira bwumugore. Nyamuneka fasha kwemeza ko amagambo atavugwaho rumwe yaturutse neza. (Ukuboza 2018) (Wige uburyo nigihe cyo gukuraho ubu butumwa bwicyitegererezo) Qor'ani, Abayisilamu bemeza ko yahishuriwe Muhamadi mu gihe cy'imyaka 23, yatanze ubuyobozi ku muryango wa kisilamu kandi ihindura imigenzo yari isanzweho muri sosiyete y'Abarabu. Qor'ani isobanura uburenganzira buke ku bagore mu bashakanye, gutana, no kuzungura. Mu guteganya ko umugore, atari umuryango we, yari guhabwa inkwano n’umugabo, yashoboraga gutanga nk’umutungo we bwite, Qor'ani yagize abagore mu buryo bwemewe n’amasezerano yo gushyingirwa. Mu gihe mu mategeko gakondo, umurage wasangaga ugarukira gusa ku bakomoka ku bagabo, Qor'ani yarimo amategeko yerekeye umurage hamwe n’imigabane imwe n'imwe yagabanijwe ku bazungura babanje, babanje guhabwa abavandimwe b’abakobwa hafi, hanyuma bene wabo b'abagabo begereye. [71] Nk’uko Annemarie Schimmel "abigereranije n'umwanya wabanjirije Ubuyisilamu bw'abagore, amategeko ya kisilamu yasobanuye iterambere rinini; uyu mugore afite uburenganzira, nibura akurikije ibaruwa y'amategeko, gucunga umutungo yazanye mu muryango cyangwa afite yinjijwe n'umurimo we bwite. "[72] Ku bagore b’abarabu, Islamu yarimo kubuza uruhinja rw’umugore no kumenya uburinganire bw’umugore. Muri rusange abagore babonye uburenganzira burenze ubw'abagore bo muri Arabiya yabanjirije Ubuyisilamu [74] [75] no mu Burayi bwo hagati. Abagore ntibahawe ubuzima gatozi mu yindi mico kugeza mu binyejana byakurikiye. Ku bwa Porofeseri William Montgomery Watt, iyo agaragaye mu bihe nk'ibi, Muhammad "ashobora kugaragara nk'umuntu watanze ubuhamya mu izina ry'uburenganzira bw'umugore." [78] === Uburayi bw'Uburengerazuba === Abagore bakora imirimo mugihe cyo hagati Uburenganzira bw'umugore bwarinzwe n’Itorero rya Gikristo rya mbere ryo mu gihe cyo hagati: imwe mu ngingo za mbere zemewe n'amategeko zerekeye uburenganzira bw’umugore yatangajwe n’inama ya Adge mu 506, aho muri Canon XVI yavugaga ko niba umusore wubatse yifuza gushyirwaho, we yasabye uruhushya rw'umugore we. [79] Itorero n'umuco byo mu Bwongereza mu gihe cyo hagati byafataga abagore nk'intege nke, badashyira mu gaciro, bashobora kwibasirwa n'ibishuko, kandi ko bakeneye guhora bagenzurwa. [80] Adamu na Eva aho Eva yaguye mubishuko bya Satani maze ayobora Adamu kurya pome. Iyi myizerere yari ishingiye kuri Mutagatifu Pawulo, ko ububabare bwo kubyara ari igihano kuri iki gikorwa cyatumye abantu birukanwa mu busitani bwa Edeni. [80] Ubuke bw'abagore bugaragara no mu nyandiko zo mu gihe cyo hagati; nk'urugero, umuhanga mu bya tewolojiya wa 1200 AD, Jacques de Vitry (wasangaga agirira impuhwe abagore kurusha abandi) yashimangiye ko abagore bumvira abagabo babo kandi akavuga ko abagore ari abanyerera, abanyantege nke, batiringirwa, abayobya, abashuka kandi binangiye. [80] Iri torero kandi ryateje imbere Bikira Mariya nk'intangarugero ku bagore kwigana ari abere mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, gushyingirwa n'umugabo amaherezo biba nyina. Iyo yari intego nyamukuru yerekanaga umuco ndetse n’amadini mu Burayi bwo Hagati. Gufatwa ku ngufu kandi byagaragaye mu Bwongereza bwo mu kinyejana cya 5 nk'icyaha cyakorewe se cyangwa umugabo ndetse no kurenga ku kubarinda no kurera abagore barera mu rugo. Imyirondoro y'abagore mu myaka yo hagati yanagaragajwe binyuze mu mibanire yabo n'abagabo bafitanye isano, nka "umukobwa we" cyangwa "n'umugore n'umugore". N'ubwo bimeze bityo ariko, Itorero ryakomeje gushimangira akamaro k'urukundo no kugirana inama mu bashakanye kandi ryabuzaga ubutane ubwo aribwo bwose kugira ngo umugore agire uwo amwitaho. === Ibikorwa byabagore bumwami mugihe cyo hagati === Muri rusange mu Burayi mu gihe cyagati, abagore barutaga abagabo mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko. Mu Burayi bwo Hagati, abagore bahatiwe kutitaba inkiko kandi bagasigira abagabo babo ibibazo byose by’ubucuruzi. Muri ayamategeko, abagore babonwaga nk'umutungo w'abagabo ku buryo iterabwoba cyangwa igikomere kuri bo cyari inshingano y'abashinzwe kurera. Mu mategeko ya Irilande, abagore babujijwe gukora nk'abatangabuhamya mu nkiko. Mu mategeko ya Welsh, ubuhamya bw’abagore bushobora kwemerwa ku bandi bagore ariko ntibureke abagabo, ariko amategeko ya Welsh, cyane cyane Amategeko ya Hywel Dda, yanagaragaje uburyo abagabo bagomba kwishyura abana barera abana batashyingiranywe, ibyo bikaba byahaye abagore uburenganzira bwo gusaba uburenganzira. kwishura. Mu Bufaransa, ubuhamya bw'abagore bwagombaga gushimangira n'izindi nkuru cyangwa ntibwakirwa. Nubwo byari byitezwe ko abagore batazitabira inkiko, ibi ariko ntabwo buri gihe byari ukuri. Rimwe na rimwe, tutitaye ku biteganijwe, abagore bitabiriye kandi bakitabira imanza n'inkiko. Ariko abagore ntibashoboraga gukora nk'abacamanza mu nkiko, kuba abavoka cyangwa abagize inteko y'abacamanza, cyangwa gushinja undi muntu icyaha gikomeye keretse niba ari ubwicanyi bw'umugabo we. Ahanini, ikintu cyiza umugore yakora mu nkiko zo hagati ni ukureba imiburanishirize yimanza. Amategeko ya Suwede yarindaga abagore ububasha bw’abagabo babo baha ububasha bene wabo b'abagabo. Umutungo w’umugore nubutaka nabyo ntibishobora gutwarwa numugabo atabanje kubiherwa uruhushya numuryango we ariko numugore ntashobora. Ibi bivuze ko umugore adashobora kwimurira umugabo we umutungo we atabiherewe numuryango we cyangwa umuvandimwe. Mu mategeko ya Suwede, umugore na we yari kubona kimwe cya kabiri cya murumuna we mu murage. Nubwo ibyo bibazo by’amategeko, Suwede yari imbere cyane kandi isumba cyane mu gufata abagore kurusha ibihugu byinshi by’Uburayi. Ubukwe bwo mu gihe cyo hagati mu ntore bwateguwe mu buryo bujyanye n'inyungu z'umuryango muri rusange. Mu buryo bw'igitekerezo, umugore yari akeneye kubyemera mbere yuko bashyingirwa kandi Itorero ryashishikarije ubwo bwumvikane kugaragazwa n'iki gihe kandi atari ejo hazaza. Ubukwe bushobora no kubaho ahantu hose kandi imyaka ntarengwa ku bakobwa yari 12, mu gihe yari 14 ku bahungu. === Amajyaruguru y'Uburayi === Igipimo cya Wergild cyagaragaje ko abagore bo muri iyo societe bahabwa agaciro cyane cyane kubworozi bwabo. Wergild y'umugore yikubye kabiri iy'umugabo ufite statut imwe mu mategeko ya Aleman na Bavariya. Hagati aho Wergild y’umugore yikubye inshuro eshatu iy'umugabo ufite statut imwe mu mategeko agenga amategeko ya Salic na Repuarian ku bagore bafite imyaka yo kubyara, igizwe kuva ku myaka 12 kugeza kuri 40. [85] Imwe mu mategeko y’Abadage yakomotse ku muco wa Lombard yemeje ko abagore bayoborwa na mundoald w’umugabo, ibyo bikaba byari bigize se, umugabo, umuhungu mukuru cyangwa amaherezo umwami nkuburyo bwa nyuma niba adafite bene wabo b'abagabo. [85] Umugore yari akeneye uruhushya rwa mundold rwo gucunga umutungo ariko arashobora gutunga amasambu ye nibicuruzwa. Uturere tumwe na tumwe dufite amategeko y’umurage wa Visigothique kugeza mu kinyejana cya 7 byari byiza ku bagore mu gihe andi mategeko yose atari yo. Mbere y’ubukirisitu bw’Uburayi, wasangaga umwanya muto w’abagore bemera gushyingirwa no gushyingirwa binyuze mu kugura (cyangwa Kaufehe) mu byukuri byari umuco w’abaturage, bitandukanye n’ubundi buryo bwo gushyingirwa binyuze mu gufatwa (cyangwa Raubehe). Icyakora ubukirisitu bwatinze kugera mu tundi turere twa Baltique na Scandinaviya gusa bugera kuri King Harald Bluetooth ya Danemark mu mwaka wa 950 nyuma ya Yesu. Ababa bakurikiza amategeko ya Noruveje na Islande bakoresheje ubukwe kugira ngo bagirane ubumwe cyangwa bagire amahoro, ubusanzwe abagore batabivuze cyangwa babyemereye. Icyakora uburenganzira bwo gutandukana bwari bwemewe ku bagore bahohotewe ku mubiri ariko gukingirwa ibibi ntabwo byahawe abo bitwaga "abagore babi" nk'abasabirizi, abakozi n'abacakara. Kuryamana nabo ku gahato cyangwa batabanje kubiherwa uruhushya nta nkurikizi cyangwa ibihano byemewe n'amategeko. Mu gihe cya Viking, abagore bari bafite ubwisanzure mu bihugu byo mu majyaruguru ya Suwede, Danemarke na Noruveje, bigaragazwa na Grágás yo muri Islande ndetse n'amategeko ya Frostating yo muri Noruveje hamwe n'amategeko ya Gulating. Nyirasenge wa papa, mwishywa wa papa n'umwuzukuru wa papa, bitwaga odalkvinna, bose bari bafite uburenganzira bwo kuzungura umutungo ku muntu wapfuye. Iyo bene wabo b'igitsina gabo badahari, umugore utarashatse adafite umuhungu, yashoboraga kuragwa umutungo gusa, ariko n'umwanya wo kuba umutware wumuryango kwa se cyangwa umuvandimwe wapfuye. Umugore ufite statut nk'iyo bamwitaga ringkvinna, kandi yakoresheje uburenganzira bwose yahawe umutware w'umuryango, nk'uburenganzira bwo gusaba no guhanishwa ihazabu yo kwica umuntu wo mu muryango, keretse niba yarashatse, akaba ari we. uburenganzira bwahawe umugabo we. Nyuma y’imyaka 20, umugore utarashatse, witwa maer na mey, ageze ku bwiganze bwemewe n’amategeko, afite uburenganzira bwo guhitamo aho atuye, kandi yafatwaga nk’umuntu ku giti cye imbere y’amategeko. Uretse ubwigenge bwe ni uburenganzira bwo guhitamo uwo bazabana, kubera ko ubusanzwe ishyingiranwa ryategurwaga n'umuryango. Abapfakazi bishimiye kimwe kwigenga status nk'abagore batubatse. Abagore bari bafite ubutware bw'amadini kandi bakoraga nk'abapadiri (gydja) n'amagambo (sejdkvinna); nk'abacuruzi n'abagore b'imiti. [88] Bashobora kandi kuba baragize uruhare mubiro bya gisirikare: inkuru zerekeye inkeragutabara ntizemezwa, ariko bimwe mubya kera byubucukuzi nkumurwanyi wa Birka wumugore wa Viking birashobora kwerekana ko byibuze abagore bamwe mubuyobozi bwa gisirikare bariho. Umugore wubatse ashobora gutandukana n'umugabo we akongera gushaka. Byari byemewe kandi mu mibereho ko umugore wigenga yabana numugabo akabyarana atarongowe, kabone niyo uwo mugabo yaba yarashatse; umugore uri mu mwanya nk'uwo yitwaga frilla. Nta tandukanyirizo ryakozwe hagati y'abana bavukiye imbere cyangwa hanze y'abashakanye: bombi bari bafite uburenganzira bwo kuzungura umutungo nyuma y'ababyeyi babo, kandi nta bana "bemewe" cyangwa "batemewe". Ubwo bwisanzure bwagiye buhinduka buhoro buhoro nyuma yo gutangira ubukristo, kandi guhera mu kinyejana cya 13, ntibikivugwa. Mu gihe cy’abakirisitu bo hagati, amategeko ya Scandinaviya yo mu gihe cyo hagati yakurikizaga amategeko atandukanye bitewe n’amategeko y’intara yaho, bivuze ko imiterere y’abagore ishobora gutandukana bitewe n’intara yari atuyemo. == Amateka ya none == === Uburayi === ==== Ikinyejana cya 16 na 17 Uburayi ==== Mu kinyejana cya 16 n'icya 17 habaye ibigeragezo byinshi by'abapfumu, bituma abantu ibihumbi n'ibihumbi mu Burayi bicwa, muri bo 75-95% ni abagore (bitewe n'ahantu n'ahantu). Iyicwa ahanini ryabereye mu bihugu bivuga [[Ikidage]], kandi mu kinyejana cya 15 ijambo "ubupfumu" ryafatwaga nk'ikintu cy'umugore bitandukanye n'imyaka yashize. Imfashanyigisho zizwi cyane nk'ubupfumu nka Malleus Maleficarum na Summis Desiderantes zerekanaga abarozi nk'abagambanyi ba diabolical basenga Satani kandi ahanini bari abagore. Umuco n'ubuhanzi muri kiriya gihe byagaragazaga abo bapfumu nk'abashukashuka kandi babi, bikarushaho gutera ubwoba amahame mbwirizamuco ahujwe n'amagambo yavuzwe na Kiliziya. Inkomoko y’umugani w’umugore "umurozi" ukomoka ku biremwa by’imigani by’Abaroma bizwi ku izina rya Strix, batekerezaga ko bigaragara kandi bikazimira mu buryo butangaje nijoro. [91] Benshi kandi bizeraga ko ari abagore bahinduwe n'imbaraga zabo ndengakamere. Iyi migani y'Abaroma ubwayo ikekwa ko yakomotse ku Isabato y'Abayahudi yasobanuye abagore badasanzwe ndengakamere bashoboraga kugenda bagataha vuba nijoro. [91] Abanditsi ba Malleus Maleficarum bashimangiye cyane isano iri hagati y’ubupfumu n’abagore batangaza ko bishoboka cyane ko abagore baterwa n '"ikibi". Abanditsi n'abashakashatsi Heinrich Kramer na Jacob Sprengerh bashimangiye iyo myizerere bavuga ko abagore bafite ikizere cyinshi, igitekerezo, ubwenge, intege nke, imibiri idakomeye, ubudahangarwa ndetse na kamere ya kamere byari inenge zishobora guterwa n’imyitwarire mibi n’ubupfumu. Icyo gihe imyizerere nk'iyo irashobora kohereza abategarugori cyangwa abasabirizi mu bigeragezo kugira ngo batange imiti cyangwa imiti y'ibyatsi. Uru ruhererekane rw'imigani yateye imbere amaherezo ruganisha ku bigeragezo by'abapfumu bo mu kinyejana cya 16-17 byasanze ibihumbi by'abagore batwikwa ku giti. Mu 1500, Uburayi bwigabanyijemo ubwoko bubiri bw'amategeko. Rimwe ryari amategeko gakondo, yiganjemo mu majyaruguru y’Ubufaransa, Ubwongereza na Scandinaviya, andi akaba itegeko ryanditswe n’Abaroma, ryiganje mu majyepfo y’Ubufaransa, Ubutaliyani, Espanye na Porutugali. [93] Amategeko gakondo yatoneshaga abagabo kuruta abagore. Kurugero, umurage mu ntore zo mu Butaliyani, Ubwongereza, Scandinaviya n'Ubufaransa wahawe umurage mukuru w'abagabo. Mu turere twose, amategeko yahaye kandi abagabo imbaraga zikomeye ku buzima, ku mutungo no ku mibiri y’abagore babo. Ariko, hari ibyo byahinduye kubagore bitandukanye numuco gakondo; nk'urugero, barashobora kuzungura abavandimwe babo badahari, bagakora imyuga imwe n'imwe badafite abagabo babo, kandi abapfakazi bashoboraga kubona dower. Mu turere tugengwa n’amategeko yanditse y’Abaroma, abagore bagenzurwaga n’abagabo mu bijyanye n’umutungo n’amategeko, ba se bagenzura abakobwa, abagabo bagenzura abagore na ba nyirarume cyangwa bene wabo b'igitsina gabo bagenzura abapfakazi. Mu Burayi hose, ubuzimagatozi bw'abagore bushingiye ku mibereho yabo mu gihe gushyingirwa ubwabyo ari byo byagize uruhare runini mu kugabanya ubwigenge bw'abagore. Imigenzo, amategeko n'imikorere ntabwo byagabanije uburenganzira n'ubwisanzure bw'umugore gusa ahubwo byabujije abagore b'abaseribateri cyangwa abapfakazi gukora imirimo ya Leta bavuga ko umunsi umwe bashobora kurongora. Dukurikije amategeko rusange y’icyongereza, yateye imbere kuva mu kinyejana cya 12 gukomeza, umutungo wose umugore yari afite mu gihe cyo gushyingirwa wamutunze umugabo. Amaherezo, inkiko zo mu Bwongereza zabujije umugabo kwimura umutungo atabanje kubiherwa uruhushya n’umugore we, ariko akomeza kugira uburenganzira bwo kuwucunga no kwakira amafaranga yatangaga. Abagore bubatse b'Abafaransa bababajwe n'uburenganzira bwabo bwakuweho mu 1965. Mu kinyejana cya 16, Ivugurura mu Burayi ryemereye abagore benshi kongera amajwi, barimo abanditsi b'Abongereza Jane Anger, Aemilia Lanyer, n'umuhanuzikazi Anna Trapnell. Abongereza n'Abanyamerika Quakers bemezaga ko abagabo n'abagore bangana. Abagore benshi ba Quaker bari ababwiriza. Nubwo umudendezo mwinshi ugereranije n’abagore b’Abongereza n'Abasajya, kugeza mu kinyejana cya 19 rwagati, abanditsi batekerezaga ko gahunda y'abakurambere ari gahunda karemano yahozeho. Iyi myumvire ntiyigeze ihangayikishwa cyane kugeza mu kinyejana cya 18 igihe abamisiyonari b'Abayezuwiti basangaga matrilineality mu baturage kavukire bo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru. Umufilozofe John Locke yarwanyije ubusumbane bw'abashakanye no gufata nabi abagore muri iki gihe. Yari azwi cyane mu guharanira uburinganire bw'abashakanye mu gitsina mu kazi ke mu kinyejana cya 17. Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwasohotse mu kinyamakuru cyo muri Amerika cyita ku mibereho n’ibibazo by’ubumuntu kibitangaza, uko abagore bameze mu gihe cya Locke byari amagambo: [98] Abagore b'Abongereza bari bafite impamvu nke zo gutandukana kurusha abagabo kugeza 1923 [98] Abagabo bagenzuraga imitungo myinshi y’abagore babo kugeza igihe itegeko ry’umutungo w’abagore bubatse 1870 hamwe n’itegeko ry’umutungo w’abagore 1882 [98] ==== Abana bari umutungo w'umugabo [98] ==== ==== Gufatwa ku ngufu ntibyashobokaga mu bashakanye [98] ==== Abagore ntibari bafite ibintu by'ingenzi biranga ubuzimagatozi, kubera ko umugabo yafatwaga nk'uhagarariye umuryango (bityo bikuraho uburenganzira bwo gutora kw'abagore). Ibi bintu byemewe n'amategeko byo gushyingirwa byerekana ko igitekerezo cyo gushyingiranwa hagati y’abantu bangana cyasaga nkaho bidashoboka kuri Victorians. . Abandi bafilozofe nabo bagize icyo bavuga ku burenganzira bw'umugore muri iki gihe. Kurugero, Thomas Paine yanditse mu Ibaruwa Rimwe na rimwe yerekeye Igitsina Cy’Abagore 1775 aho avuga (nka cote): [99] "Nidukora ubushakashatsi ku myaka no mu bihugu, tuzasanga abagore, hafi ya bose badasanzwe ... basengwa kandi bakandamizwa ... ni ... bambuwe umudendezo wo kwihitiramo amategeko ... Nyamara, I, Mbabajwe no kuvuga, ni abagore benshi ku isi yose. Umugabo kuri bo, yabaye umugabo utumva cyangwa umukandamiza. "[99] Umuryango wa kibyeyi urashobora kubona uburenganzira bwo guha uburenganzira bw'umugore inshingano z'umugabo, urugero nko mu mategeko rusange y’icyongereza abagabo bagombaga kubungabunga abagore babo. Iyi nshingano yavanyweho mu 2010. [100] [101] === Ikinyejana cya 18 na 19 Uburayi === Abagore batatu bicaye kumeza ntoya, umwe adoda, umwe anywa igikombe cyicyayi. Byose uko ari bitatu byashushanijwe kugirango bisa nkaho biteye ubwoba. Umugore wa gatatu asa nkaho afite imitwe ibiri, ariko birashoboka ko hari abagore bane. Imitwe y'abagore ntabwo isa nkaho yorohewe kumubiri. Amabara ni umutuku wijimye, umukara, umukara, na almond. Debutante (1807) na Henry Fuseli; Umugore wahohotewe n’amasezerano mbonezamubano y’abagabo, aboshye ku rukuta, akozwe mu kudoda no kurindwa na ba guverineri. Ifoto iragaragaza ibitekerezo bya Mary Wollstonecraft mu Kwemeza Uburenganzira bw'Umugore, byanditswe mu 1792. [102] Guhera mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 18, no mu kinyejana cya 19, uburenganzira, nk'igitekerezo n'ibisabwa, bwongereye agaciro mu bya politiki, imibereho, na filozofiya mu Burayi. Hagaragaye imyigaragambyo isaba ubwisanzure mu idini, kuvanaho ubucakara, uburenganzira ku bagore, uburenganzira ku badafite imitungo, no gutora ku isi hose. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 18 ikibazo cy’uburenganzira bw’umugore cyabaye ishingiro ry’impaka za politiki haba mu Bufaransa no mu Bwongereza. Muri icyo gihe, bamwe mu batekerezaga bakomeye mu kumurikirwa, barwanaga amahame ya demokarasi y’uburinganire kandi bakamagana imyumvire ivuga ko bake bafite amahirwe bagomba gutegeka umubare munini w’abaturage, bemeza ko aya mahame agomba gukurikizwa gusa ku gitsina cyabo no ku bwabo. ubwoko. Urugero, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya Jean-Jacques Rousseau, yatekereje ko ari gahunda ya kamere ku bagore kumvira abagabo. Yanditse ati: "Abagore bakora nabi binubira ubusumbane bw'amategeko yashyizweho n'abantu" kandi avuga ko "iyo agerageje kwambura uburenganzira bwacu, aba ari hasi yacu". Mu 1754, Dorothea Erxleben abaye umudamu wa mbere w’umudage wakiriye M.D (Kaminuza ya Halle) [105] Mary Wollstonecraft by John Opie (nko mu 1797) Minna Canth (1844–1897), umwanditsi wo muri Finilande akaba n'umurwanashyaka uharanira imibereho myiza y'abaturage, yari umwe mu bagore b’abanyarwandakazi bakomeye kandi baharanira uburenganzira bw’umugore. [106] [107] [108] [109] [110] Urupapuro rwa mbere rwitangazo ryuburenganzira bwumugore nubwenegihugu bwumugore Mu 1791, umwanditsi w'amakinamico akaba n'umurwanashyaka wa politiki Olympe de Gouges yasohoye Itangazo ry'uburenganzira bw'umugore n'ubw'umugore, [111] ryerekanwe ku Itangazo Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’Umuturage wo mu 1789. Iri tangazo rirasekeje mu gushyiraho kandi rigaragaza kunanirwa kwa Revolution y'Abafaransa, yari yarahaye uburinganire. Ivuga ko: "Iyi mpinduramatwara izatangira gukurikizwa ari uko abagore bose bamenye neza ubuzima bwabo bubi, n'uburenganzira batakaje muri sosiyete". Itangazo ry’uburenganzira bw’umugore n’umuturage w’umugore rikurikiza ingingo cumi nindwi z’itangazo ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwenegihugu ku ngingo kandi Camille Naish yavuze ko "hafi ya parody ... y’inyandiko y'umwimerere" . Ingingo ya mbere y’itangazo ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwenegihugu itangaza ko "Abagabo bavutse kandi bakomeza kuba abidegemvya kandi bangana mu burenganzira. Itandukaniro ry’imibereho rishobora gushingira gusa ku nyungu rusange." Ingingo ya mbere y’itangazo ry’uburenganzira bw’umugore n’umuturage w’umugore yarashubije iti: "Umugore yavutse afite umudendezo kandi akomeza kuba umwe n’umugabo mu burenganzira. Itandukaniro ry’imibereho rishobora gushingira gusa ku nyungu rusange". De Gouges yaguye ingingo ya gatandatu y’itangazo ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwenegihugu, ryatangaje uburenganzira bw’abaturage kugira uruhare mu ishyirwaho ry’amategeko, kugeza: Uburenganzira bw'umugore wo muri Ositaraliya bwamuritswe muri iyi karato ya 1887 ya Melbourne Punch: Umunyamurwango ukabije yanga ko umwana we yita ku Perezida w’Inteko. Abanyagihugu bose harimwo n'abakenyezi bemererwa kimwe abanyacyubahiro bose, ibiro hamwe nakazi kabo, bakurikije ubushobozi bwabo, kandi nta rindi tandukaniro uretse imico yabo nubuhanga. De Gouges ashimangira kandi ko mu mategeko y’Ubufaransa abagore bahanwe burundu, ariko bakamburwa uburenganzira bungana. Nyuma yaje koherezwa muri guillotine. Mary Wollstonecraft, umwanditsi akaba n'umuhanga mu bya filozofiya wo mu Bwongereza, yasohoye igitabo cyitwa A Vindication of Rights of Women mu 1792, avuga ko uburere n'uburere bw'abagore ari byo byateje ibyifuzo bike. [113] Wollstonecraft yibasiye ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, isaba amahirwe angana yo kwiga, maze isaba "ubutabera!" n "" uburenganzira ku bantu "kuri bose. Wollstonecraft, hamwe n’igihe cye cyo mu Bwongereza Damaris Cudworth na Catharine Macaulay, batangiye gukoresha imvugo y’uburenganzira ku bijyanye n’abagore, bavuga ko abagore bagomba kugira amahirwe menshi kuko kimwe n’abagabo, bari abantu bafite imico myiza kandi bashyira mu gaciro. [116] Mary Robinson yanditse mu buryo nk'ubwo muri "Ibaruwa yandikiwe Abagore b'Abongereza, ku karengane ko kuganduka mu mutwe.", 1799. Ikarito ya Punch kuva mu 1867 isebya John Stuart Mill kugerageza gusimbuza ijambo 'umugabo' n <nowiki>''</nowiki> umuntu ', ni ukuvuga guha abagore uburenganzira bwo gutora. Inyandiko: Urusyo rwumvikana: Cyangwa, Franchise kubagore. "Senga usobanure inzira, ngaho, kuri aba - a - abantu." [117] Mu nyandiko ye 1869 yise "Kuganduka kw'Abagore" umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w'umwongereza akaba n'umuhanga mu bya politiki mu bya politiki, John Stuart Mill, yasobanuye uko abagore bo mu Bwongereza bameze: Turakomeza kubwirwa ko umuco nubukristo byagaruye umugore uburenganzira bwe buboneye. Hagati aho, umugore ni umugaragu nyawe wumugabo we; ntabwo ari munsi, nkuko inshingano zemewe zigenda, kuruta imbata bakunze kwita. Hanyuma, umwe mu bagize inteko ishinga amategeko, Mill yavuze ko abagore bakwiriye uburenganzira bwo gutora, nubwo icyifuzo cye cyo gusimbuza ijambo "umugabo" n "" umuntu "mu mushinga w’itegeko rya kabiri ry’ivugurura ryo mu 1867 cyakiriwe neza mu nteko ishinga amategeko umutwe w'abadepite kandi batsinzwe na 76 kugeza ku majwi 196. Igitekerezo cye nticyashyigikiwe cyane n’iki gihe [117] ariko kuba yagerageje guhindura umushinga w’ivugurura byatumye abantu bashishikazwa cyane n’ikibazo cy’amatora y’abagore mu Bwongereza. Ku ikubitiro, imwe gusa mu bukangurambaga bw’uburenganzira bw’umugore, gutora byabaye intandaro y’imyigaragambyo y’abagore mu Bwongereza mu ntangiriro yikinyejana cya 20. [119] Muri icyo gihe, ubushobozi bwo gutora bwagarukiraga kuri ba nyir'umutungo ukize mu nkiko z'Ubwongereza. Iyi gahunda yakuyemo ku buryo butaziguye abagore kuko amategeko agenga umutungo n’amategeko y’ubukwe yahaye abagabo uburenganzira bwo gushyingirwa cyangwa kuzungura kugeza mu kinyejana cya 19. Nubwo gutora kw'abagabo kwagutse mu kinyejana, abagore babujijwe gutora mu gihugu ndetse no mu karere mu myaka ya za 1830 n'Itegeko rivugurura 1832 n'Itegeko rigenga amasosiyete 1835. [120] Millicent Fawcett na Emmeline Pankhurst bayoboye ubukangurambaga rusange ku matora y'abagore maze mu 1918 hatorwa umushinga w'itegeko ryemerera abagore barengeje imyaka 30 gutora. Mu myaka ya 1860, politiki y’imibonano mpuzabitsina y’ubukungu bw’abagore bo mu cyiciro cyo hagati mu Bwongereza ndetse n’ibihugu bituranye n’ibihugu by’Uburayi bw’iburengerazuba byayobowe n’ibintu nk’ihindagurika ry’umuco w’abaguzi wo mu kinyejana cya 19, harimo no kuvuka kw’ibiro by’ishami, no mu bice bitandukanye. Muri Ngwino Kugura, Ngwino Kugura: Guhaha n'umuco wo Kurya mu Kwandika kw'Abagore ba Victorian, Isesengura ry'[[ubuvanganzo]] bwa Krista Lysack ryerekeye ubuvanganzo bwo mu kinyejana cya 19 rivuga ko umutungo we ugaragaza amahame rusange y'iki gihe, "uburinganire bw'umugore wa Victorian bwaranzwe no kwiyanga no kugenga ubushake bwo kurya. "[121] Mugihe abagore, cyane cyane abo muri rubanda rugufi, rwabonye uburyo buciriritse bwo gukoresha amafaranga yo murugo buri munsi kandi rufite ubushobozi bwo kuva munzu, kwitabira ibirori mbonezamubano, no kugura ibintu byumuntu nu rugo mububiko butandukanye bw’amashami yateye imbere mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 Uburayi, ikirere cy’ubukungu n’ubukungu cy’i Burayi cyari gikwirakwije ingengabitekerezo y’abagore. ntibari bagenzuye byimazeyo ibyifuzo byabo byo gukoresha (ukeka) umushahara wumugabo cyangwa se. Kubera iyo mpamvu, amatangazo menshi yamamaza ibicuruzwa 'byigitsina gore' byerekanaga iterambere ryiterambere ryimibereho, exoticism ziva muburasirazuba, kandi byongerera imbaraga inshingano zurugo abagore babonaga ko bafite inshingano nko gukora isuku, kurera abana, no guteka. [121] === Uburusiya === Mu mategeko n'imigenzo, Uburusiya bw'Abascovite bwari umuryango w'abakurambere wategekaga abagore ku bagabo, naho abato bakayobora bakuru babo. Petero Mukuru yoroheje umuco wa kabiri, ariko ntabwo yayobokaga abagore. Iteka ryo mu 1722 ryabuzaga mu buryo bweruye gushyingirwa ku gahato risaba abakwe n’abakwe kubyemera, mu gihe uruhushya rw’ababyeyi rwakomeje kuba icyifuzo. Ariko ku ngoma ya Petero, umugabo wenyine ni we washoboraga gukuraho umugore we amushyira mu kigo cy'ababikira. Ku bijyanye n'amategeko, hari amahame abiri ku bagore. Abagore basambana bakatiwe imirimo y'agahato, mu gihe abagabo bishe abagore babo bakubiswe gusa. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Petero Mukuru, amategeko n'imigenzo bijyanye n'ububasha bw'abagabo ku bagore babo byariyongereye. Mu 1782, amategeko mbonezamubano yashimangiye inshingano z'umugore zo kumvira abagabo babo. Kugeza mu 1832, Digest of laws yahinduye iyi nshingano "kumvira kutagira imipaka". Mu kinyejana cya 18, itorero rya orotodogisi mu Burusiya ryarushijeho kubona ububasha bwo gushyingirwa kandi ribuza abapadiri gutanga ubutane, ndetse no ku bagore bahohotewe bikabije. Kugeza mu 1818, sena y'Uburusiya nayo yari yarabujije gutandukana kw'abashakanye. Mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, kwita ku bana byarushagaho kugora abagore, benshi muri bo bakaba batashoboraga kwibeshaho, kandi abagabo babo bakaba barapfuye cyangwa barwanaga mu ntambara. Abagore benshi bagombaga guha abana babo ingo zabana bazwiho guhohoterwa no kutitabwaho. Amazu y'abana yiswe "uruganda rw'abamarayika". Nyuma ya Revolution yo mu Kwakira, Bolsheviks yahagaritse uruganda rukora abamarayika ruzwi ku izina rya 'Nikolaev Institute' ruherereye hafi y'umuyoboro wa Moika. Bolsheviks yahise isimbuza ikigo cya Nikolaev n’inzu y’ababyeyi igezweho yitwa 'Ingoro y’ababyeyi n’abana'. Uru rugo rwababyeyi rwakoreshejwe na Bolsheviks nk'icyitegererezo cy'ibitaro byababyeyi. Umubare w’umuyobozi wayoboraga Ikigo cya kera yimuriwe ku ruhande, ariko akwirakwiza ibihuha bivuga ko Bolsheviks yakuyeho amashusho yera, kandi ko abaforomo basambanye n’abasare. Ibitaro by’ababyeyi byatwitswe mbere y’amasaha mbere yuko biteganijwe gufungura, kandi uwo mukecuru yakekwagaho kuba nyirabayazana. Abagore b'Abarusiya bari bafite inzitizi zo gutunga umutungo kugeza mu kinyejana cya 18 rwagati. Uburenganzira bw'umugore bwariyongereye nyuma y’uko Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti zimaze kwiyongera ku butegetsi bwa Bolsheviks. Ku butegetsi bwa Bolsheviks, Uburusiya bwabaye igihugu cya mbere mu mateka y’umuntu cyakuyemo inda ku buntu ku bagore bari mu bitaro bya Leta. === Amerika y'Amajyaruguru === [[Dosiye:Calgary Montage 2020.2.jpg|thumb|Umujyi Wa Calgary]] ==== Kanada ==== Igishusho mu mujyi wa Calgary wa Byamamare bitanu. Igishusho gisa nacyo kibaho kumusozi winteko, Ottawa. Guharanira uburenganzira bw'umugore muri Kanada mu kinyejana cya 19 no mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20 byibanze ku kongera uruhare rw'umugore mu mibereho rusange, hagamijwe intego zirimo gutora kw'abagore, kongera uburenganzira ku mutungo, kongera amashuri, no kwemeza ko abagore ari "abantu" nk'uko amategeko abiteganya. ] Icyamamare Batanu bari Abanyakanada batanu - Emily Murphy, Irene Marryat Parlby, Nellie Mooney McClung, Louise Crummy McKinney na Henrietta Muir Edwards - mu 1927, basabye Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa Kanada gusubiza ikibazo, "Ese ijambo 'Abantu'? mu gika cya 24 cy'itegeko ryo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru y'Ubwongereza, 1867, harimo n'abagore? " mu rubanza Edwards aburana na Kanada (Umushinjacyaha mukuru). [127] Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa Kanada rumaze kuvuga mu ncamake umwanzuro wafashwe ku mwanzuro w'uko abagore atari "abantu", urwo rubanza rwajuririwe kandi ruseswa mu 1929 na komite ishinzwe ubutabera mu Bwongereza y'Inama ishinzwe Imperial Privy, icyo gihe urukiko rwanyuma rwa Kanada mu Bwami bw'Ubwongereza na Commonwealth. [128] Leta zunz'ubumwe Andi makuru: Igihe cyuburenganzira bwumugore muri Amerika (usibye gutora) Ihuriro ry’abagore b’abakirisitu (WCTU) ryashinzwe mu 1873 kandi riharanira uburenganzira bw’umugore, harimo no guharanira indaya no gutora abagore. [129] Ku buyobozi bwa Frances Willard, "WCTU yabaye umuryango munini w’abagore bo mu gihe cyayo none ubu niwo muryango w’abagore bakera cyane muri Amerika." [130] === Aziya === ==== Aziya y'Uburasirazuba ==== ===== Ubuyapani ===== Umubyeyi n'umwana, 1872 Urugero abagore bashobora kugira uruhare muri societe yUbuyapani rwagiye rutandukana mugihe cyamasomo. Mu kinyejana cya 8, Ubuyapani bwari bufite abami b'abagore, no muri 12 ikinyejana cya (Heian period) abagore mu Buyapani bari bafite umwanya wo hejuru ugereranije, nubwo bagitegekwa nabagabo. Kuva mu bihe bya nyuma ya Edo, urwego rw'abagore rwaragabanutse. Mu kinyejana cya 17, "Onna Daigaku", cyangwa "Kwiga ku Bagore", byanditswe n'umwanditsi witwa Kaibara Ekken w’Abanyakanaka, byagaragaje ibyateganijwe ku bagore b’Abayapani, bigabanya cyane urwego rwabo. [131] Mu gihe cya Meiji, inganda n’imijyi byagabanyije ububasha bwa ba se n’abagabo, ariko muri icyo gihe, amategeko mbonezamubano ya Meiji yo mu 1898 yima abagore uburenganzira bw’amategeko kandi abayoboka ku bushake bw’abatware b’urugo. [132] Kuva mu kinyejana cya 20 rwagati urwego rw'abagore rwateye imbere cyane. Nubwo Ubuyapani bufatwa nk’igihugu gikumira cyane, mu byukuri byari kare kuruta ibihugu byinshi by’Uburayi mu guha abagore uburenganzira bw’amategeko mu kinyejana cya 20, kubera ko Itegeko Nshinga ry’Ubuyapani ryo mu 1947 ryatangaga urwego rw’amategeko rushimishije mu guteza imbere uburinganire bw’umugore mu Buyapani. Urugero, Ubuyapani bwashyizeho itora ry’abagore mu 1946, mbere y’ibihugu byinshi by’Uburayi nk’Ubusuwisi (1971 ku rwego rwa federasiyo; 1990 ku bibazo byaho muri kanton ya Appenzell Innerrhoden), Porutugali (1976 ku buryo bungana n’abagabo, bibujijwe kuva 1931), San Marino mu 1959, Monaco mu 1962, Andorra mu 1970, na Liechtenstein mu 1984. [133] [134] ==== Aziya yo hagati ==== Imico yo muri Aziya yo Hagati ahanini ikomeje kuba abakurambere, ariko, kuva aho Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti zaguye, imiryango y'isi yo muri ako karere yarushijeho gutera imbere mu nshingano z’abagore hanze y’imyubakire gakondo yo kugandukira abagabo rwose. Muri Mongoliya, abagore benshi kurusha abagabo barangiza amashuri kandi ni bo binjiza menshi. [136] Gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe iterambere ivuga ko "iterambere rikomeye" mu buringanire bw’umugabo muri Qazaqistan ariko ivangura riracyakomeza. Gushyingirwa no gushimutwa bikomeje kuba ikibazo gikomeye muri kano karere; umuco wo gushimuta abageni wiganje muri Kirigizisitani, [138] Qazaqistan, [139] Turukimenisitani, [140] na Karakalpakstan, akarere kigenga ka Uzubekisitani. [141] === Oceania === ==== Australiya ==== Umukandida wa mbere w’umugore wa politiki muri Ositaraliya, gutora muri Ositaraliya yepfo Catherine Helen Spence (1825–1910) Amateka y’uburenganzira bw’umugore muri Ositaraliya ni ayavuguruzanya: mu gihe Ositaraliya yayoboye isi mu burenganzira bwo gutora bw’abagore mu kinyejana cya 19, ntiyatinze cyane kumenya uburenganzira bw’umugore ku mwuga - kugeza mu 1966 ni bwo hakuweho akabari k’abashakanye. 142] Ku rundi ruhande, ivugurura ryemerera abagore gutora no guhagararira umwanya muri Ositaraliya y'Amajyepfo mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 ryabaye umusingi w'uburenganzira bwa politiki bw'umugore mu bindi bice by'isi. Ni muri urwo rwego, Ositaraliya itandukanye n’indi mico, kubera ko gutora kw'abagore muri Ositaraliya byari imwe mu ntego za mbere z’umuryango w’abagore bahari (guhera muri Ositaraliya yepfo na Ositaraliya y’Uburengerazuba) bitandukanye n’indi mico, nk’imico y’uburayi bw’iburasirazuba, aho na yo igeze. cyo mu kinyejana cya 20 umutwe w’abagore wibanze ku burenganzira bw’umurimo, kubona imyuga n’uburezi, aho guharanira uburenganzira bwa politiki. Kugeza magingo aya, Ositaraliya ifite umubare muto w’abagore mu nshingano z’ubucuruzi ugereranije n’ibindi bihugu bifite ibigo bisa. [143] ===== Ibyingenzi ===== Uburenganzira ku kazi ku bagore burimo kutavangura abagore ku mirimo no guhembwa kimwe. Uburenganzira bw'umugore n'abagabo bwo guhembwa kimwe n'inyungu zingana ku kazi kangana na leta ya Hong Kong y'Ubwongereza kugeza mu ntangiriro ya za 70. Leslie Wah-Leung Chung (鍾華亮, 1917–2009), Perezida w’ishyirahamwe ry’abakozi ba Leta mu Bushinwa muri Hong Kong 香港 政府 華 員 會 [144] (1965–68), yagize uruhare mu ishyirwaho ry’imishahara ingana ku bagabo n’abagore, harimo uburenganzira ku bagore bubatse kuba abakozi bahoraho. Mbere yibi, imiterere yumurimo wumugore yahindutse kuva kumukozi uhoraho aba umukozi wigihe gito amaze gushyingirwa, bityo atakaza amafaranga ya pansiyo. Bamwe muri bo ndetse babuze akazi. Kubera ko abaforomo ahanini bari abagore, uku kuzamura uburenganzira bw’abagore bubatse byasobanuye cyane umwuga w’ubuforomo. [61] [145] [146] [147] [148] [149] Mu bihugu bimwe by’Uburayi, abagore bubatse ntibashoboraga gukora batabanje kubiherwa uruhushya n’abagabo babo kugeza mu myaka mike ishize, urugero nko mu Bufaransa kugeza mu 1965 [151] [152] no muri Espanye kugeza mu 1975. [153] Byongeye kandi, utubari twashyingiranywe, umuco watangiye kuva mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 kugeza mu myaka ya za 70 mu bihugu byinshi, harimo Otirishiya, Ositaraliya, Irilande, Kanada, n'Ubusuwisi, wabuzaga abagore bubatse akazi mu myuga myinshi. [154] [155] Ikibazo cy'ingenzi kigamije kwishingira uburinganire bw'umugabo n'umugore ku kazi ni ukubahiriza uburenganzira bw'ababyeyi n'uburenganzira bw'imyororokere bw'umugore. [156] Ikiruhuko cyo kubyara (n'ikiruhuko cyo kubyara mu bihugu bimwe) n'ikiruhuko cy'ababyeyi ni igihe gito cyo kubura kuva akazi gatangwa ako kanya mbere na nyuma yo kubyara hagamijwe gushyigikira umubyeyi gukira no gutanga igihe cyo kwita ku mwana. [157] Ibihugu bitandukanye bifite amategeko atandukanye yerekeye ikiruhuko cyo kubyara, ikiruhuko cyo kubyara na konji y'ababyeyi. Mu Muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU) politiki iratandukanye cyane n’ibihugu, ariko abanyamuryango b’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bagomba kubahiriza ibipimo ntarengwa by’amabwiriza y’abakozi batwite n’akazi - Amabwiriza yo Kuringaniza Ubuzima. [158] ===== Uburenganzira bwo gutora ===== ====== Amatora y'abagore ====== Ushinzwe ingamba akaba n'umurwanashyaka Alice Paul yayoboye kandi ayobora igice kinini cya Suffrage muri Amerika muri 1910. Icyicaro gikuru cy’ishyirahamwe ry’igihugu ryarwanyije uburenganzira bw’umugore, Amerika, mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20 1919 ibyapa byamatora, abadage baharanira demokarasi. "Frauen! Gleiche Rechte, Gleiche Pflichten" ("Abagore! Uburenganzira bumwe, inshingano zimwe") Mu kinyejana cya 19, abagore bamwe batangiye gusaba, gusaba, hanyuma bahagarika umutima kandi berekana uburenganzira bwo gutora - uburenganzira bwo kugira uruhare muri guverinoma yabo no gushyiraho amategeko. [159] Abandi bagore barwanyije amatora, nka Helen Kendrick Johnson, wavuze mu gatabo k’Umugore na Repubulika mu 1897 ko abagore bashobora kugera ku buringanire mu by'amategeko no mu bukungu badafite amajwi. [160] Ibitekerezo by’itora ry’abagore byateye imbere hamwe n’amatora yo ku isi yose kandi muri iki gihe gutora by’abagore bifatwa nk’uburenganzira (hashingiwe ku Masezerano yerekeye gukuraho ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore). Mu kinyejana cya 19, uburenganzira bwo gutora bwagiye buhoro buhoro mu bihugu byinshi, kandi abagore batangira kwiyamamariza uburenganzira bwabo bwo gutora. Mu 1893 Nouvelle-Zélande ibaye igihugu cya mbere cyahaye abagore uburenganzira bwo gutora ku rwego rw'igihugu. Ositaraliya yahaye abagore uburenganzira bwo gutora mu 1902. [118] Ibihugu bitari bike bya Nordic byahaye abagore uburenganzira bwo gutora mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20 - Finlande (1906), Noruveje (1913), Danemarke na Islande (1915). Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose irangiye ibindi bihugu byinshi byakurikiranye - Ubuholandi (1917), Otirishiya, Azerubayijani, [161] Kanada, Cekosolovakiya, Jeworujiya, Polonye na Suwede (1918), Ubudage na Luxembourg (1919), Turukiya (1934) , na Amerika (1920). [162] Abatinze mu Burayi ni Ubugereki mu 1952, Ubusuwisi (1971 ku rwego rwa federasiyo; 1959–1991 ku bibazo byaho ku rwego rwa canton), Porutugali (1976 ku buryo bungana n'abagabo, bibujijwe kuva 1931) ndetse na microstate ya San Marino muri 1959, Monaco mu 1962, Andorra mu 1970, na Liechtenstein mu 1984. [133] [134] Muri Kanada, [[intara]] nyinshi zashyizeho itora ry’abagore hagati ya 1917 na 1919, abatinze bakirwa ni ikirwa cya Prince Edward mu 1922, Newfoundland mu 1925 na Quebec mu 1940. [163] Muri Amerika y'Epfo ibihugu bimwe byahaye abagore uburenganzira bwo gutora mu gice cya mbere cy'ikinyejana cya 20 - Ecuador (1929), Burezili (1932), El Salvador (1939), Repubulika ya Dominikani (1942), Guatemala (1956) na Arijantine (1946) ). Mu Buhinde, ku butegetsi bwa gikoloni, gutora ku isi hose mu 1935. Ibindi bihugu byo muri Aziya byahaye abagore uburenganzira bwo gutora hagati mu kinyejana cya 20 - Ubuyapani (1945), Ubushinwa (1947) na Indoneziya (1955). Muri Afurika, muri rusange abagore babonye uburenganzira bwo gutora hamwe n'abagabo binyuze mu gutora isi yose - Liberiya (1947), Uganda (1958) na Nijeriya (1960). Mu bihugu byinshi byo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati gutora ku isi hose nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, nubwo mu bindi bihugu nka Koweti, gutora ari bike cyane. Ku ya 16 Gicurasi 2005, Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Koweti yongereye amajwi ku bagore ku majwi 35-23. ====== Uburenganzira ku mutungo ====== Mu kinyejana cya 19, bamwe mu bagore, nka Ernestine Rose, Paulina Wright Davis, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Harriet Beecher Stowe, muri Amerika n'Ubwongereza batangiye kunenga amategeko ababuza uburenganzira ku mutungo wabo bamaze gushaka. Mu mategeko asanzwe yigisha abagabo bihishe bagenzuye imitungo itimukanwa yabagore babo. Guhera mu myaka ya za 1840, inteko ishinga amategeko za Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika [165] n’Inteko ishinga amategeko y’Ubwongereza [166] zatangiye gushyiraho amategeko arengera umutungo w’abagore ku bagabo babo ndetse no ku baguriza abagabo babo. Aya mategeko yari azwi nk'ibikorwa by'imitungo y'abagore bubatse. [167] Inkiko zo mu kinyejana cya 19 Amerika nazo zakomeje gusaba ibizamini byihariye ku bagore bubatse bagurishije imitungo yabo. Ikizamini cyiherereye cyari akamenyero aho umugore wubatse wifuzaga kugurisha umutungo we yagombaga gusuzumwa ukundi n’umucamanza cyangwa ubutabera bw’amahoro hanze y’umugabo we bakamubaza niba umugabo we amuhatira gushyira umukono ku nyandiko. [168] Uburenganzira ku mutungo ku bagore bwakomeje kubuzwa mu bihugu byinshi by’Uburayi kugeza ivugurura ry’amategeko ryo mu myaka ya za 1960-70. Urugero, mu Budage bw’Iburengerazuba, itegeko ryerekeye izungura ry’icyaro ryashyigikiraga abaragwa b’abagabo kugeza mu 1963. [169] Muri Reta zunzubumwe za Amerika, Umutware hamwe n’amategeko, yatangaga umugabo wenyine kugenzura imitungo y’abashakanye, byari bisanzwe kugeza mu myaka mike ishize. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, i Kirchberg aburana na Feenstra (1981), rwemeje ko ayo mategeko atubahirijwe. ====== Ubwisanzure bwo kugenda ====== Umugore hamwe ibirenge biboshye, 1870 Banyarwandakazi ba Caubul (Kabul, Afuganisitani) berekana kuzamura purdah mu bice bya zenana - 1848 byanditswe na James Rattray, Icyegeranyo cy’ibiro by’iburasirazuba n’Ubuhinde, Isomero ry’Ubwongereza Ubwisanzure bwo kugenda ni uburenganzira bwingenzi, bwemewe n’ibikoresho mpuzamahanga, harimo ingingo ya 15 (4) ya CEDAW. [170] Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, mu turere twinshi tw'isi, abagore bafite uburenganzira buke cyane, mu mategeko cyangwa mu bikorwa. Urugero, mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe abagore ntibashobora kuva mu rugo badafite umurinzi w’umugabo, [171] cyangwa batabanje kubiherwa uruhushya n’umugabo - urugero amategeko bwite ya Yemeni avuga ko umugore agomba kumvira umugabo we kandi ntagomba kuva mu rugo atabanje kubiherwa uruhushya. [172] Ndetse no mu bihugu bidafite amategeko abuza amategeko, ingendo z’abagore zishobora gukumirwa mu bikorwa n’imibereho n’amadini nka purdah. Amategeko abuza abagore gutembera yabayeho kugeza vuba aha mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe by’iburengerazuba: kugeza mu 1983, muri Ositaraliya gusaba pasiporo y’umugore wubatse byagombaga kwemererwa n’umugabo we. [173] Ibihugu byinshi byo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati na byo bikurikiza gahunda yo kurera abagabo mu bihe bya none, aho abagore basabwa gusaba uruhushya umuryango w’umugabo kubintu byinshi, harimo no kujya mu bindi bihugu. Muri Kanama 2019, Arabiya Sawudite yarangije amategeko yayo yo kurera abagabo, yemerera abagore kugenda bonyine. Imigenzo itandukanye yagiye ikoreshwa mu mateka kugira ngo ibuze ubwisanzure bw’umugore bwo kugenda, nko guhambira ibirenge, umuco wo guhambira cyane ibirenge by’abakobwa b’abashinwa bakiri bato, byari bisanzwe hagati yikinyejana cya 10 na 20. Ubwisanzure bw'abagore bwo kugenda bushobora kubuzwa n'amategeko, ariko birashobora kandi kubuzwa n'imyitwarire y'abagore ahantu rusange. Mu bice bitemewe ko abagore bava mu rugo, abagore bari hanze barashobora guhohoterwa nko gutukwa, ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina n’ihohoterwa. Byinshi mu bibuza umudendezo w’abagore kwimuka byashyizweho nkingamba zo "kurinda" abagore. [175] ====== Kumenyesha abagore uburenganzira bwabo bwemewe ====== Kutagira ubumenyi mu by'amategeko mu bagore benshi, cyane cyane mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, ni inzitizi ikomeye mu kuzamura imibereho y'abagore. Inzego mpuzamahanga, nk'Umuryango w'Abibumbye, zavuze ko inshingano z’ibihugu zitagizwe gusa no gushyiraho amategeko abigenga, ahubwo no mu kumenyesha abagore ko ayo mategeko abaho, kugira ngo bashobore gushaka ubutabera no kumenya mu bikorwa uburenganzira. Kubwibyo, ibihugu bigomba kumenyekanisha amategeko, no kubisobanurira rubanda neza, kugirango birinde ubujiji, cyangwa imyumvire mibi ikomoka kumigani ikunzwe, kubyerekeye amategeko. Gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe iterambere ivuga ko, kugira ngo ubutabera bw’uburinganire bugerweho, "Abagore bagomba kumenya uburenganzira bwabo kandi bagashobora kubona amategeko", [176] n’itangazo ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryo mu 1993 ryerekeye guca burundu ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore mu bihugu by’ubuhanzi. 4 (d) [...] "Ibihugu bigomba kandi kumenyesha abagore uburenganzira bwabo mu gushaka kurenganurwa binyuze muri ubwo buryo". [177] === Ivangura === Imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bw'umugore yibanda ku kuvangura abagore. Ni muri urwo rwego, ibisobanuro by'ivangura ubwabyo ni ngombwa. Dukurikije ubucamanza bw'Urukiko rw'u Burayi Ruharanira Uburenganzira bw'Ikiremwamuntu, uburenganzira bwo kwishyira ukizana ntibukubiyemo gusa inshingano z’ibihugu byo gufata mu buryo bumwe abantu bahuye n’ibibazo bisa, ariko kandi n’inshingano yo gufata mu bundi buryo abantu bari mu bihe bitandukanye. . [178] Kuri iyi ngingo uburinganire, ntabwo "uburinganire" gusa ari ngombwa. Kubwibyo, leta zigomba rimwe na rimwe gutandukanya abagore n’abagabo - binyuze mu gutanga urugero rw’ikiruhuko cyo kubyara cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo kurengera amategeko bukikije gutwita no kubyara (hitabwa ku miterere y’ibinyabuzima y’imyororokere), cyangwa binyuze mu kwemeza amateka yihariye. Kurugero, ibikorwa byubugizi bwa nabi byakozwe nabagabo byibasiye abagore ntibibera mu cyuho, ahubwo biri mubice byimibereho: muri Opuz na Turukiya, ECHR yasobanuye ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore nkuburyo bwo kuvangura abagore; [179] [180] iyi nayo ni umwanya w’amasezerano ya Istanbul aho ku ngingo ya 3 ivuga ko "ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore" ryumvikana nko guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu ndetse n’ivangura rikorerwa abagore [...] ". [181] Hariho ibitekerezo bitandukanye byerekana aho bikwiye gutandukanya abagore n’abagabo, kandi igitekerezo kimwe ni uko igikorwa cy’imibonano mpuzabitsina ari igikorwa aho itandukaniro rigomba kwemerwa, haba bitewe n’ingaruka z’umubiri ziyongera ku mugore, [182] kandi bitewe n'amateka yaranze abagore bakorerwa imibonano mpuzabitsina ku gahato mu gihe bari mu mibereho yabo (cyane cyane mu bashakanye no mu gihe cy'intambara). [183] Ibihugu bigomba kandi gutandukanya ibijyanye n’ubuvuzi byemeza ko ubuzima bw’umugore - cyane cyane ku bijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere nko gutwita no kubyara - butitaweho. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima, "Ivangura mu modoka y'ubuzima igenamiterere rifata uburyo bwinshi kandi rikunze kugaragara mugihe umuntu cyangwa itsinda ryangiwe kubona serivisi zita kubuzima zishobora kuboneka kubandi. Irashobora kandi kubaho binyuze mu guhakana serivisi zikenerwa gusa n’amatsinda amwe, nk’abagore. " kugabanya impfu z'ababyeyi birashobora kuba uburyo bwo kuvangura.Mu bijyanye no gufata abagore n'abagabo kimwe ntabwo bikora kuko ibintu bimwe na bimwe biologiya nko mu mihango, gutwita, kubyara, kubyara, no konsa, ndetse n'ubuvuzi bumwe na bumwe, bigira ingaruka ku bagore gusa. Komisiyo ishinzwe guca ivangura rikorerwa abagore iteganya mu cyifuzo rusange cyayo No 35 ku ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rikorerwa abagore, rivugurura icyifuzo rusange No 19 kivuga ko ibihugu bigomba "Gusuzuma amategeko na politiki bitagira aho bibogamiye kugira ngo bidashyiraho cyangwa ngo bikomeze ubusumbane buriho; no gukuraho cyangwa kubahindura niba babikora ". (paragarafu ya 32). imiti yapimwe mubigeragezo byubuvuzi kubagabo gusa ikoreshwa no kubagore bakeka ko nta tandukaniro ryibinyabuzima. ====== Uburenganzira ku buzima ====== Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima risobanura ko "ubuzima bwiza bw’umubiri, bwo mu mutwe ndetse n’imibereho myiza aho kuba gusa nta ndwara cyangwa ubumuga". [189] Ubuzima bwumugore bivuga ubuzima bwumugore, butandukanye nubwa bagabo muburyo bwinshi budasanzwe. Ubuzima bw’umugore burahungabana cyane mu bice bimwe na bimwe by’isi, kubera ibintu nk’ubusumbane, gufunga abagore mu rugo, kutita ku bakozi b’ubuvuzi, kutagira ubwigenge bw’umugore, no kubura amikoro y’abagore. [190] [184] ] Ivangura rikorerwa abagore ribaho no kwanga serivisi z'ubuvuzi zikenerwa n'abagore gusa. Ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bw'umugore ku buzima rishobora kuviramo urupfu rw'ababyeyi, bikavamo abantu barenga 300.000 buri mwaka, abenshi muri bo bakaba bari mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere. Bimwe mubikorwa gakondo, nko gutema igitsina gore, nabyo bigira ingaruka kubuzima bwumugore. Kw'isi yose, abakobwa bakiri bato n'abakobwa b'ingimbi ni bo baturage banduye virusi itera SIDA. Hariho kandi amateka y’ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore, cyane cyane politiki yo mu kinyejana cya 19 yo gufunga abagore nabi mu buhungiro bw’abasazi, akenshi babisabwe n’abagabo na bene wabo b'abagabo. [194] Umunyamurwango uzwi cyane wo kurwanya iyo mikorere ni Elizabeth Packard, wakozwe nabi mu 1860 n’umugabo we, agatanga ikirego maze agatsinda nyuma, agaragaza ikibazo cy’imihigo idakwiye. [195] Undi muharanira inyungu ni umunyamakuru w’iperereza Nellie Bly, wihishe mu 1887, mu buhungiro bwo mu mujyi wa New York, kugira ngo agaragaze ibintu bibi abarwayi bo mu mutwe bari bafite. ====== Uburenganzira bwo kwiga ====== Uburenganzira bwo kwiga ni uburenganzira rusange ku burezi. [196] Amasezerano arwanya ivangura mu burezi abuza ivangura mu burezi, ivangura rikaba risobanurwa nk "itandukaniro iryo ari ryo ryose, guhezwa, kugarukira cyangwa guhitamo ibyo, bishingiye ku bwoko, ibara, igitsina, ururimi, idini, politiki cyangwa ibindi bitekerezo, inkomoko y'igihugu cyangwa imibereho, uko ubukungu bwifashe cyangwa kuvuka, bifite intego cyangwa ingaruka zo gukuraho cyangwa gutesha agaciro uburinganire bw’ubuvuzi mu burezi ". [197] Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco avuga ku ngingo ya 3 ko "Ibihugu bigize aya masezerano byiyemeje guharanira uburenganzira bungana bw’abagabo n’abagore bwo kubona uburenganzira bwose bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco bivugwa muri aya masezerano. ", hamwe n'ingingo ya 13 yemera" uburenganzira bwa buri wese ku burezi ". [198] Kubona uburezi ku bagore bikomeje kuba bike mu bice bimwe na bimwe byisi. Hafi ya bibiri bya gatatu by'abantu bakuru batazi gusoma no kwandika ku isi ni abagore. [199] Nubwo uburenganzira bw’umugore bwo kwiga amashuri bwemewe nk’ingenzi cyane, biramenyekana cyane ko amashuri y’amasomo agomba kongerwaho inyigisho ku burenganzira bwa muntu, kutavangura, imyitwarire n’uburinganire, kugira ngo iterambere ry’imibereho rishoboke. Ibi byagaragajwe na Zeid bin Ra'ad, Komiseri Mukuru w’Umuryango w’abibumbye ushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu muri iki gihe, yashimangiye akamaro ko kwigisha uburenganzira bwa muntu ku bana bose ati: "Ni ikihe cyiza ku bantu kuba Josef Mengele yari afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu buvuzi na antropologiya? , urebye ko yari ashoboye gukora ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu? Umunani mu bantu 15 bateguye itsembabwoko ryabereye i Wannsee mu 1942 bafite impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga ya PhD.Bamuritse mu ishuri, nyamara bari bafite ubumara bukabije ku isi. Radovan Karadžić yari umuganga w’indwara zo mu mutwe watojwe. Pol Pot yize ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki i Paris. Ese iki kibazo, mu gihe nta n'umwe muri bo wagaragaje akantu na gato ko kwitwara neza no gusobanukirwa? " ====== Uburenganzira bw'imyororokere ====== ==== Uburenganzira ==== Uburenganzira bw'imyororokere ni uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure bijyanye n’imyororokere n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere. Uburenganzira bw'imyororokere bwemejwe na gahunda y’imyaka makumyabiri y’ibikorwa bya Cairo yemejwe mu 1994 mu nama mpuzamahanga y’abaturage n’iterambere (ICPD) yabereye i Cairo, ndetse n’itangazo rya Beijing hamwe n’urubuga rwa Beijing rwibikorwa mu 1995. Mu myaka ya 1870, abategarugori bateje imbere igitekerezo cyo kuba umubyeyi ku bushake nka kunegura politiki y’ababyeyi batabishaka [202] kandi bagaragaza ko bifuza kubohorwa. [203] Abunganira umubyeyi ku bushake banze kuringaniza imbyaro, bavuga ko abagore bagomba gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina gusa hagamijwe kubyara [204] kandi bagaharanira kwifata buri gihe cyangwa burundu. [205] Uburenganzira bw'imyororokere bugaragaza igitekerezo cyagutse, gishobora kuba gikubiyemo uburenganzira bumwe cyangwa bwose bukurikira: uburenganzira bwo gukuramo inda byemewe n'amategeko cyangwa umutekano, uburenganzira bwo kugenzura imikorere y’imyororokere y’umuntu, uburenganzira bwo kubona ubuvuzi bw’imyororokere bufite ireme, n'uburenganzira bwo kwiga no kwinjira muri gutegeka guhitamo imyororokere itarimo agahato, ivangura, n’urugomo. Uburenganzira bw'imyororokere bushobora nanone kumvikana harimo kwigisha ibijyanye no kuringaniza imbyaro n'indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina. [207] [208] [206] [209] Uburenganzira bw'imyororokere bukunze gusobanurwa harimo ubwisanzure bwo gutema igitsina gore (FGM), no gukuramo inda ku gahato no kuboneza urubyaro ku gahato. [207] [208] [206] [209] Amasezerano ya Istanbul yemera ubwo burenganzira bubiri mu ngingo ya 38 - Gutema igitsina gore n’ingingo ya 39 - Gukuramo inda ku gahato no kuboneza urubyaro ku gahato. Uburenganzira bw'imyororokere bwumvikana nk'uburenganzira bw'abagabo n'abagore, ariko bukunze gutera imbere nk'uburenganzira bw'umugore. [208] Mu myaka ya za 1960, abaharanira uburenganzira bw'imyororokere bateje imbere uburenganzira bw'umugore bwo kwigenga ku mubiri, iyo mibereho iganisha ku kubona uburenganzira bwo kuboneza urubyaro no gukuramo inda mu myaka mirongo iri imbere mu bihugu byinshi. [211] Kuringaniza imbyaro Igifuniko cyo gusubiramo imbyaro yo mu 1919, cyanditswe na Margaret Sanger. Kubijyanye na "Tuzahindura dute amategeko?" Sanger yaranditse ati "... abagore bajuririra ubusa kugira ngo bahabwe amabwiriza yerekeye uburyo bwo kuringaniza imbyaro. Abaganga bafite ubushake bwo gukuramo inda aho bivugwa ko ari ngombwa, ariko banga kuyobora ikoreshwa ry’imiti yatuma gukuramo inda bitari ngombwa ..." Sinshobora kora - amategeko ntabimwemerera. "" [212] Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, kuringaniza imbyaro byatejwe imbere nk'ibindi bisobanuro bigezweho bigarukira ku muryango no kubyara ku bushake. [213] Imvugo "kuringaniza imbyaro" yinjiye mu rurimi rw'icyongereza mu 1914 kandi ikundwa na Margaret Sanger, [213] [214] wakoraga cyane muri Amerika ariko akaba yaramenyekanye ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu myaka ya za 1930. Umukangurambaga wo kuboneza urubyaro mu Bwongereza Marie Stopes yemeye kuringaniza imbyaro mu Bwongereza mu myaka ya za 1920 abikora mu buryo bwa siyansi. Guhagarara byafashaga uburyo bwo kuringaniza imbyaro bugaragara mu bihugu byakoronijwe n'Ubwongereza. Urwego rwo kuboneza urubyaro rwashyigikiraga uburyo bwo kuringaniza imbyaro kugira ngo imibonano mpuzabitsina yifuzwe nta byifuzo byo gutwita. [205] Mu gushimangira kugenzura, umuryango wo kuringaniza imbyaro wavuze ko abagore bagomba kugenzura imyororokere yabo, igitekerezo gihuza cyane n’insanganyamatsiko y’umugore. Amagambo nka "kugenzura imibiri yacu" yanenze ubwiganze bw'abagabo anasaba ko abagore babohorwa, iryo jambo rikaba ridahari mu kuboneza urubyaro, kugenzura abaturage no kwimuka kwa eugene. [216] Mu myaka ya za 1960 na 1970 umuryango uharanira kuringaniza imbyaro washyigikiye ko amategeko akuramo inda ndetse n’ubukangurambaga bunini bwo kwigisha kuringaniza imbyaro na leta. Mu myaka ya za 1980, imiryango ishinzwe kuringaniza imbyaro no kugenzura abaturage bafatanyaga mu gusaba uburenganzira bwo kuringaniza imbyaro no gukuramo inda, hibandwa cyane ku "guhitamo". Kuringaniza imbyaro byabaye insanganyamatsiko muri politiki yo muri Amerika. Ibibazo by'imyororokere bitangwa nk'urugero rw'ubushobozi bw'umugore bwo gukoresha uburenganzira bwabo. Kuba abantu bemera kuringaniza imbyaro byasabye gutandukanya igitsina no kubyara, bigatuma kuringaniza imbyaro bivugwaho rumwe cyane mu kinyejana cya 20. [217] Kuringaniza imbyaro muri Amerika byahindutse ikibuga cy’amakimbirane hagati y’indangagaciro n’ubudahangarwa, bitera kwibaza ku muryango, ubwisanzure bwite, kwivanga kwa leta, idini muri politiki, imyitwarire y’imibonano mpuzabitsina n’imibereho myiza. [218] Uburenganzira bw'imyororokere, ni ukuvuga uburenganzira bujyanye n'imibonano mpuzabitsina ubuzima bw'imyororokere n'ubuzima bw'imyororokere, [207] byaganiriweho bwa mbere nk'igice cy'uburenganzira bwa muntu mu nama mpuzamahanga y’umuryango w’abibumbye yo mu 1968 y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Gukuramo inda Kugera kuri serivisi zo gukuramo inda biratandukanye cyane kwisi yose, aho uburenganzira bwuburenganzira bujyanye nibintu bya politiki kandi bikomeye mubihugu byinshi. Uburenganzira bw'imyororokere bw'abagore bushobora kumvikana harimo n'uburenganzira bwo kubona byoroshye gukuramo inda kandi byemewe n'amategeko. Amategeko yo gukuramo inda aratandukanye no kubuzwa burundu (Repubulika ya Dominikani, El Salvador, Malta, Nikaragwa, Vatikani) [219] n'ibihugu nka Kanada, aho nta tegeko ribuza. Mu bihugu byinshi aho gukuramo inda byemewe n’amategeko, abagore barashobora kubona serivisi nke zo gukuramo inda. Mu bihugu bimwe, gukuramo inda biremewe gusa kurokora ubuzima bw’umugore utwite, cyangwa niba inda yaturutse ku gufata ku ngufu cyangwa kuryamana. Hariho kandi ibihugu aho amategeko yigenga, ariko mubikorwa biragoye cyane gukuramo inda, kubera ko abaganga benshi banga kujya mu gisirikare. [221] Kuba mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe aho gukuramo inda byemewe n'amategeko mu byukuri biragoye cyane kubona kimwe muri byo ntibivugwaho rumwe; Umuryango w'abibumbye mu cyemezo cyarwo cyo mu 2017 cyo kongera ingufu mu gukumira no guca burundu ihohoterwa iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore n’abakobwa: ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo ryasabye ibihugu kwemeza "gukuramo inda ku mutekano aho serivisi nk'izo zemewe n’amategeko y’igihugu". [223] Komisiyo ishinzwe guca ivangura rikorerwa abagore ibona ko icyaha cyo gukuramo inda ari "ihohoterwa ry’ubuzima bw’imyororokere n’imyororokere y’abagore n’uburenganzira" n’uburyo bw’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina; igika cya 18 cy’icyifuzo rusange cyacyo No 35 ku ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rikorerwa abagore, rivugurura icyifuzo rusange No 19 kivuga ko: "Ihohoterwa ry’ubuzima bw’imyororokere n’imyororokere y’abagore n’uburenganzira, nko kuboneza urubyaro ku gahato, gukuramo inda ku gahato, gutwita ku gahato, icyaha cyo gukuramo inda, guhakana cyangwa gutinda gukuramo inda neza no kwita ku gukuramo inda, gukomeza ku gahato ku gahato, guhohotera no gufata nabi abagore n’abakobwa bashaka amakuru y’ubuzima bw’imyororokere n’imyororokere, ibicuruzwa na serivisi, ni uburyo bw’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, bitewe n’ibihe, rishobora kuba ryinshi kwica urubozo, ubugome, ubumuntu cyangwa gutesha agaciro. " abagore, harimo [...] amategeko ahana gukuramo inda ". [185] Nk’uko ikinyamakuru Human Rights Watch kibitangaza ngo "Gukuramo inda ni ikintu cy’amarangamutima kandi gishimisha ibitekerezo byimbitse. Icyakora, kubona uburyo bunoze bwo kubona serivisi zo gukuramo inda ku mutekano ni mbere na mbere uburenganzira bwa muntu. Aho gukuramo inda bifite umutekano kandi byemewe n'amategeko, nta muntu uhatirwa kubikora. imwe. Iyo gukuramo inda bitemewe kandi bidafite umutekano, abagore bahatirwa gutwara inda batifuzaga kugeza igihe cyangwa guhura n’ingaruka zikomeye z’ubuzima ndetse n’urupfu. Abagera kuri 13% bapfa bapfa babyara ku isi hose ni ukubera gukuramo inda ku buryo butemewe - bapfa hagati ya 68.000 na 78.000 buri mwaka. "[224 ] Nk’uko Human Rights Watch ibivuga, "kwanga uburenganzira bw'umugore utwite bwo gufata icyemezo cyigenga ku bijyanye no gukuramo inda bibangamira cyangwa bibangamira uburenganzira bwa muntu butandukanye." [225] gukuramo inda kuruta umugore w'umuzungu. [227] Kiliziya Gatolika n'andi madini menshi ya gikirisitu, cyane cyane ababonaga ko ari uburenganzira bwa gikristo, kandi Abayahudi benshi ba orotodogisi babona ko gukuramo inda atari uburenganzira, ahubwo ko ari bibi kandi ko ari icyaha cyica. [228] Uburusiya nicyo gihugu cya mbere cyemeje gukuramo inda no gutanga ubuvuzi ku buntu mu bitaro bya Leta. Nyuma ya Revolution yo mu Kwakira, ibaba ry<nowiki>'abagore b'ishyaka rya Bolshevik (Zhenotdel) ryemeje Bolsheviks kwemeza gukuramo inda (nk '' ingamba z'agateganyo '). Bolsheviks yemeye gukuramo inda mu Gushyingo 1920. Bwari ubwa mbere mu mateka y'</nowiki>isi abagore batsindira uburenganzira bwo gukuramo inda ku buntu mu bitaro bya Leta. ====== Guhohoterwa mugihe cyo kubyara ====== Ingingo nyamukuru: Ihohoterwa mugihe cyo kubyara Ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore mu gihe cyo kubyara ni ikibazo giherutse kugaragara ku isi no guhonyora uburenganzira bw’umugore. [229] Ihohoterwa mugihe cyo kubyara ni ukwirengagiza, guhohoterwa kumubiri no kutubaha mugihe cyo kubyara. Ubu buvuzi bufatwa nko guhonyora uburenganzira bw'umugore. Ifite kandi ingaruka zo kubuza abagore gushaka ubuvuzi mbere yo kubyara no gukoresha izindi serivisi zita ku buzima. ====== Gushyingirwa kw'abana ====== Umubare w'abana bavuka ku bagore 1.000 bafite imyaka 15–19, kwisi yose Gushyingirwa kw'abana ni umuco ukwirakwira ku isi hose, kandi akenshi bifitanye isano n'ubukene n'ubusumbane bushingiye ku gitsina. Gushyingirwa kw'abana bibangamira ubuzima bw'imyororokere y'abakobwa bakiri bato, bigatuma ibyago byongera ibibazo byo gutwita cyangwa kubyara. Ingorane nk'izo nizo zitera impfu nyinshi mu bakobwa bo mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere. [231] [232] [233] ====== Gutwita ku gahato ====== Gutwita ku gahato ni akamenyero ko guhatira umugore cyangwa umukobwa gusama, akenshi mu rwego rwo gushyingirwa ku gahato, harimo no gushimuta abageni, binyuze ku ngufu (harimo gufata ku ngufu abashakanye, gufata ku ngufu no gufata ku ngufu jenoside) cyangwa muri gahunda ya korora imbata (reba ubworozi bw'abacakara muri Amerika). Nuburyo bwo guhatira imyororokere, byari bisanzwe mumateka, kandi biracyagaragara mubice byisi. Mu kinyejana cya 20, leta yashyingiranywe ku gahato hagamijwe kongera umubare w'abaturage byakorwaga na guverinoma zimwe na zimwe z’igitugu, cyane cyane mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bwa Khmer Rouge muri Kamboje, bwahatiraga abantu gushyingirwa babategeka kubyara, kugira ngo bongere abaturage no gukomeza impinduramatwara. [234] Gutwita ku gahato bifitanye isano cyane nigiciro cyumugeni. [235] ==== Umudendezo wo guhohoterwa ==== Ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore, hamwe, ibikorwa byubugizi bwa nabi byibasiye cyane cyane abagore. Itangazo ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryerekeye guca burundu ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore rigira riti: "ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore ni ikimenyetso cy’imibanire y’uburinganire bw’amateka hagati y’abagabo n’abagore" kandi ngo "ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore ni bumwe mu buryo bukomeye bw’imibereho abagore bahatirwa mu mwanya wabo. ugereranije n'abagabo. " bw'uburenganzira bwa muntu n'ubwoko bw'ivangura rikorerwa abagore kandi bisobanura ibikorwa byose by'ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina bivamo, cyangwa bikaba byaviramo ingaruka mbi ku mubiri, ku gitsina, mu mutwe cyangwa mu bukungu cyangwa ku mibabaro ku bagore, harimo n'iterabwoba ry'ibyo bikorwa, agahato cyangwa kwamburwa umudendezo uko bishakiye, byaba mu ruhame cyangwa mu buzima bwite ". [236] Ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore rishobora gukorwa n’abantu ku giti cyabo, n'amatsinda, cyangwa na Leta. Irashobora kugaragara mwiherero cyangwa kumugaragaro. Ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore rishobora kuba ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, ihohoterwa ryo mu mutwe, cyangwa ihohoterwa rishingiye ku mibereho. Bumwe mu ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore rifite umuco gakondo: ubwicanyi bwubahwa, ihohoterwa ry’ubukwe, gutema igitsina gore. Ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore rifatwa n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi "ikibazo gikomeye cy’ubuzima rusange no guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu." [237] ==== Amategeko yumuryango ==== Mu mategeko agenga abagabo yiganjemo abagabo, abagore bari bafite uburenganzira buke, niba buhari, bagengwa n’umugabo cyangwa bene wabo b'abagabo. Ibitekerezo byemewe n'amategeko byabayeho mu binyejana byinshi, nko guhisha, imbaraga z'abashakanye, amategeko y'umutware na shebuja, byatumaga abagore bagenzurwa cyane n'abagabo babo. Ibibujijwe mu mategeko yo gushyingirwa byageze no mubuzima rusange, nk'utubari. Imyitozo nkubukwe, igiciro cyumugeni cyangwa serivisi yumugeni byari, kandi n'ubu biracyariho mubice bimwe byisi, byari bisanzwe. Ibihugu bimwe bikomeje gusaba kugeza na nubu kurera abagabo kubagore, badafite abagore badashobora gukoresha uburenganzira bwabaturage. Ibindi bikorwa bibi birimo gushyingirwa nabakobwa bato, akenshi kubagabo bakuze cyane. Muri gahunda nyinshi zemewe n'amategeko, umugabo yari afite imbaraga zuzuye kumuryango; nk'urugero, muri Espagne ya Franco, nubwo uruhare rw'umugore rwasobanuwe nk'uruhare rwo mu rugo rwagombaga kwirinda cyane cyane rubanda kugira ngo rwite ku bana, uburenganzira bwemewe n'amategeko ku bana bwari ubwa se; kugeza mu 1970 umugabo yashoboraga guha umwana w'umuryango kurera atabanje kubiherwa uruhushya n'umugore we. [238] Kugeza mu 1975, abagore bo muri Espagne bakeneye uruhushya rw'umugabo wabo (byitwa gushyingirwa kwa permiso) mu bikorwa byinshi, birimo akazi, kugenda kure y'urugo, ndetse no gutunga umutungo. Ubusuwisi ni kimwe mu bihugu by’Uburayi byanyuma byashyizeho uburinganire bw’umugabo mu bashakanye: uburenganzira bw’umugore bubatse bwabujijwe cyane kugeza mu 1988, igihe ivugurura ry’amategeko ritanga uburinganire bw’umugabo mu bashakanye, rikuraho ububasha bw’amategeko bw’umugabo, ryatangiye gukurikizwa (iri vugurura ryari ryaremejwe mu 1985 n’abatora muri referendum, batoye gato bashyigikira 54.7% by’abatoye bemeza). [240] [241] [242] [243] Ikindi gice gishishikaje abategarugori ni amategeko y’ubusambanyi, kubera itandukaniro rikabije ry’amategeko n’imibereho hagati y’uburyo ubusambanyi bw’umugore n’umugabo bwafatwaga mu mategeko mpanabyaha ndetse n’amategeko y’umuryango mu mico myinshi, abambere bakaba barahanwe bikomeye, kugeza kuri igihano cyurupfu, no gukandamizwa bikabije nko kwica icyubahiro, mugihe aba nyuma bakunze kwihanganira, ndetse bagashishikarizwa nkikimenyetso cyimibereho yabagabo. Mu Burayi, ibyo byari ukuri cyane cyane mu Burayi bw’Amajyepfo, kandi ubwicanyi bw’icyubahiro nabwo bwari bumenyerewe mu mateka muri kano karere, kandi "habaye ubwicanyi bw 'icyubahiro" mu kwibuka mu bihugu bya Mediterane nko mu Butaliyani n'Ubugereki. "[244] gakondo mumico yubufaransa kubagabo bo murwego rwo hejuru kugira ba nyirabuja, hamwe no kwihanganira ibyaha byifuzo (igifaransa: icyaha passionnel) yakorewe abagore badahemutse yerekana aya mahame, yanashyigikiwe n’amategeko ahana y’Ubufaransa yo mu 1810 (yateganyaga kugirira impuhwe abagabo bishe abagore babo bafashwe basambana, ariko ntibireba abagore bishe abagabo babo mu bihe nk'ibyo, kandi aribyo? bafashe ubusambanyi bw'abagore n'abagabo mu buryo butandukanye, [245] bwakomeje gukurikizwa kugeza 1975). Amahame nkaya yabayeho muri Espagne [246] (ibyaha byo kwifuza kugeza 1963, [247] nubusambanyi - bisobanurwa ukundi kubagore nabagabo - kugeza 1978). Ingendo zigezweho Abaminisitiri ba mbere b’abagore ba Finlande bazanywe mu Nteko ishinga amategeko ya Finilande nyuma gato y’ikinyejana cya 20. [249] Uhereye ibumoso ugana iburyo: Hedvig Gebhard (1867–1961), umudepite, na Miina Sillanpää (1866–1952), Minisitiri w’Imibereho Myiza y'Abaturage, [249] [250] mu 1910. Video yo hanze Eleanor Roosevelt na John F. Kennedy (Komisiyo ya Perezida ku miterere y'abagore) - NARA yahinze.jpg amashusho ya videwo Ibyiringiro byabantu hamwe na Eleanor Roosevelt; Bimeze bite ku bagore?, 59:07, 1962. Eleanor Roosevelt, umuyobozi wa komisiyo ya perezida ku bijyanye n’imiterere y’umugore, abaza Perezida John F. Kennedy, umunyamabanga w’umurimo Arthur Goldberg n'abandi, Open Vault yo muri WGBH. [251] Umwanditsi w’umunyamerika n’umunyamerika Zainab Salbi, washinze Women for Women International Mu myaka icumi yakurikiyeho uburenganzira bw'umugore bwongeye kuba ikibazo gikomeye mu isi ivuga icyongereza. Mu myaka ya za 1960 uwo mutwe witwaga "feminism" cyangwa "kwibohora kw'abagore." Abagorozi bifuzaga guhembwa kimwe n'abagabo, uburenganzira bungana mu mategeko, n'ubwisanzure bwo kuboneza urubyaro cyangwa kutabyara na gato. Imbaraga zabo zabonetse ibisubizo bivanze. [252] Inama mpuzamahanga y’abagore (ICW) n’umuryango wa mbere w’abagore wakoze ku mipaka y’igihugu hagamijwe guharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu ku bagore. Muri Werurwe na Mata 1888, abayobozi b'abagore bateraniye i Washington, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, hamwe n'abavuga 80 n'intumwa 49 bahagarariye imiryango 53 y'abagore baturutse mu bihugu 9: Kanada, Amerika, Irilande, Ubuhinde, Ubwongereza, Finlande, Danemark, Ubufaransa na Noruveje. Abagore bo mumashyirahamwe yabigize umwuga, ihuriro ryabakozi, amatsinda yubuhanzi hamwe na societe nziza. Inama z'igihugu zifatanije na ICW bityo zikumva ubwabo ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Mu 1904, ICW yahuriye i Berlin mu Budage. [253] ICW yakoranye n’umuryango w’ibihugu mu myaka ya za 1920 ndetse n’umuryango w’abibumbye nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose. Uyu munsi, ICW ifite Inama Ngishwanama n’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe ubukungu n’imibereho myiza y’umuryango w’abibumbye, icyemezo cy’umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta gishobora kugera ku Muryango w’abibumbye. Kugeza ubu, igizwe n'ibihugu 70 kandi ifite icyicaro i Lasaunne, mu Busuwisi. Inama mpuzamahanga zikorwa buri myaka itatu. Mu Bwongereza, igitekerezo rusange cy’abantu benshi bashyigikira uburinganire bw’amategeko cyariyongereye cyane, bitewe n’akazi gakomeye k’abagore mu nshingano z’abagabo gakondo mu ntambara zombi z’isi. Mu myaka ya za 1960, hashyizweho gahunda yo gushyiraho amategeko, hashingiwe kuri raporo ya komite yatoranijwe ya Depite Willie Hamilton, umushahara we ungana ku mushinga w'akazi ungana, [254] hashyirwaho akanama gashinzwe ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina, umushinga wa Lady Sear umushinga w'itegeko rirwanya ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina, guverinoma Green Impapuro zo mu 1973, kugeza mu 1975 igihe itegeko rya mbere ry’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina ry’Abongereza, itegeko rihembwa kimwe, na komisiyo ishinzwe amahirwe angana. [255] [256] Abifashijwemo na guverinoma y'Ubwongereza, ibindi bihugu bya EEC ntibyatinze gukurikiza amasezerano yo kwemeza ko amategeko y'ivangura azavaho mu bihugu bigize Umuryango w'Uburayi. Muri Amerika, Umuryango w’igihugu w’abagore (NONAHA) washinzwe mu 1966 hagamijwe kuzana uburinganire bw’abagore bose. NONAHA yari itsinda rimwe ryingenzi ryarwaniye kuvugurura uburenganzira bungana (ERA). Iri vugurura ryavuze ko "uburinganire bw’uburenganzira buteganywa n’amategeko butagomba guhakana cyangwa gukurwaho na Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika cyangwa igihugu icyo ari cyo cyose bitewe n’imibonano mpuzabitsina." Abaterankunga bemezaga ko bizafasha abagore gufatwa kimwe. Ariko abanenga batinyaga ko bishobora kwambura abagore uburenganzira bwo guterwa inkunga n’amafaranga n’abagabo babo. Iri vugurura ryapfuye mu 1982 kubera ko ibihugu bidahagije byari byemeje. ERAs zashyizwe muri Kongere yakurikiyeho, ariko zirananirwa kwemezwa. Women for Women International (WfWI) n’umuryango udaharanira inyungu utanga ubufasha bufatika n’imyitwarire ku bagore barokotse intambara. WfWI ifasha abategarugori kongera kubaka ubuzima bwabo nyuma y’intambara nyuma y’intambara binyuze muri gahunda y’umwaka itangirana n’imfashanyo itaziguye n’ubujyanama bw’amarangamutima kandi ikubiyemo ubumenyi bw’ubuzima (urugero, gusoma, kubara) niba bibaye ngombwa, kwigisha ubumenyi bw’uburenganzira, uburezi bw’ubuzima, ubumenyi bw’akazi amahugurwa no guteza imbere ubucuruzi buciriritse. Uyu muryango washinzwe mu 1993 na Zainab Salbi, Umunyamerika wo muri Iraki na we ubwe warokotse Intambara ya Irani na Iraki ndetse n'umugabo wa Salbi wahoze ari Amjad Atallah. Kuva ku ya 20 Kamena 12, WfWI iyobowe na Afshan Khan, wahoze ari umuyobozi mukuru muri UNICEF wabaye umuyobozi mukuru wa mbere wa WfWI kuva uwashinze Zainab Salbi yeguye ku mirimo ye kugira ngo amara igihe kinini mu kwandika no gutanga ibiganiro. [259] Inama y’igihugu y’abagore bo muri Kanada (Conseil national des femmes du Canada), ni umuryango uharanira inyungu z’Abanyakanada ufite icyicaro i Ottawa ugamije kuzamura imibereho y’abagore, imiryango, n’abaturage. Ihuriro ry’imiryango itegamiye kuri leta y’abagabo n’abagore n’inama z’ibanze n’intara z’abagore, ni Umunyakanada mu Nama Mpuzamahanga y’Abagore (ICW). Iyi nama yitaye ku nzego zirimo gutora kw'abagore, abinjira n'abasohoka, ubuvuzi, uburezi, itangazamakuru, ibidukikije, n'ibindi byinshi. [260] Ryashinzwe ku ya 27 Ukwakira 1857 i Toronto, muri Ontario, ni rimwe mu mashyirahamwe aharanira inyungu za kera mu gihugu. Uharanira uburenganzira bw'umugore wo muri Arabiya Sawudite, Loujain al-Hathloul yatawe muri yombi muri Gicurasi 2018, hamwe n'abandi 10 baharanira uburenganzira bw'umugore muri Arabiya Sawudite. Ishyirahamwe rirengera no kurengera uburenganzira bw’umugore muri Arabiya Sawudite ni umuryango utegamiye kuri leta wa Arabiya Sawudite washinzwe gutanga uburenganzira ku burenganzira bw’umugore. Yashinzwe na Wajeha al-Huwaider na Fawzia Al-Uyyouni, ikura mu rugendo rwo mu 2007 kugira ngo ibone abagore uburenganzira bwo gutwara. Iri shyirahamwe ntabwo ryemewe na guverinoma ya Arabiya Sawudite, kandi ryasabwe kudatera imyigaragambyo. [262] Mu kiganiro 2007, al-Huwaider yasobanuye intego: "Ishyirahamwe rizaba rigizwe na shampiyona nyinshi, buri shyirahamwe rikurikirana ikibazo cyangwa uburenganzira butandukanye ... guhagararira abagore mu nkiko za shariya; gushyiraho imyaka [ntarengwa] ku bashakanye b'abakobwa; kwemerera abagore kwita ku bibazo byabo bwite mu bigo bya Leta no kubemerera kwinjira mu nyubako za leta; kurinda abagore ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo, nk'ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina cyangwa mu magambo, cyangwa kumubuza kwiga, akazi, cyangwa gushyingirwa, cyangwa kumuhatira gutandukana ... "[263] Muri Ukraine, FEMEN yashinzwe mu 2008. FEMEN ifite amatsinda yimpuhwe mubihugu byinshi byu Burayi binyuze ku mbuga nkoranyambaga. Umuryango w’abibumbye n’inama z’isi Mu 1946, Umuryango w’abibumbye washyizeho komisiyo ishinzwe imiterere y’abagore. [264] [265] Ubusanzwe nk'igice kijyanye n'imiterere y'abagore, ishami ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu, ishami rishinzwe imibereho myiza y'abaturage, ubu rikaba rigizwe n'inama y'ubukungu n'imibereho myiza y'abaturage (ECOSOC). Kuva mu 1975, Loni yagiye ikora inama zitandukanye ku isi ku bibazo by’umugore, guhera ku nama mpuzamahanga y’umwaka mpuzamahanga w’abagore mu mujyi wa Mexico. Izi nama zashyizeho ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bw’umugore, ariko kandi ryerekana amacakubiri hagati y’abagore b’imico itandukanye n’ingorane zo kugerageza gukurikiza amahame ku isi hose. [266] Hakozwe Inama enye ku Isi, iyambere mu mujyi wa Mexico (Umwaka mpuzamahanga w’abagore, 1975), iya kabiri i Copenhagen (1980) n'iya gatatu i Nairobi (1985). Mu nama ya kane y’isi ku bagore i Beijing (1995), hashyizweho umukono ku ihuriro ry’ibikorwa. Harimo kwiyemeza kugera ku "buringanire no guha ubushobozi abagore". [267] [268] Imihigo imwe yongeye gushimangirwa n’ibihugu byose bigize Umuryango w’abibumbye mu nama y’ikinyagihumbi mu 2000 kandi byagaragaye mu ntego z'ikinyagihumbi zizagerwaho muri 2015. Mu mwaka wa 2010, Umuryango w’abibumbye washinzwe binyuze mu guhuza Ishami rishinzwe guteza imbere abagore, Ikigo mpuzamahanga cy’ubushakashatsi n’amahugurwa kigamije guteza imbere abagore, ibiro by’umujyanama wihariye cyangwa ibibazo by’uburinganire biteza imbere abagore n’ikigega cy’umuryango w’abibumbye gishinzwe iterambere. Abagore ku cyemezo cy'Inteko rusange 63/311. ==== Uburenganzira mpuzamahanga bw'umugore ==== Ugereranije n’imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bw’umugore w’iburengerazuba, uburenganzira bw’umugore mpuzamahanga bwugarijwe n’ibibazo bitandukanye. Nubwo byitwa uburenganzira mpuzamahanga bwabagore, birashobora kandi kwitwa feminism yisi ya gatatu. Uburenganzira mpuzamahanga bw’umugore bukemura ibibazo nko gushyingirwa, uburetwa bw’imibonano mpuzabitsina, gushyingirwa ku gahato, no gutema igitsina gore. Nk’uko uyu muryango ukomeza ubivuga, EQUAL MEANS EQUAL, "Umuryango w’abibumbye uza mu mibare iteye ubwoba: Abahohotewe n’igitsina gore - umuhango wo gukuraho igituba cy’umukobwa ukiri muto kugira ngo ube umwizerwa - ni miliyoni 130. Abakobwa bagera kuri miliyoni 60 bahinduka 'abageni b’abana,' guhatirwa gushaka, rimwe na rimwe nyuma yo gushimutwa no gufatwa ku ngufu ". [269] Ikintu, cyashyizweho kugirango kirwanye ibintu nkibi ni Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore. Yashyizweho kugira ngo ifashe kurwanya ivangura mu burezi, mu bashakanye, ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, na politiki. Nubwo ibi bitareba ibihugu bitari iburengerazuba gusa, leta 193 zarabyemeje. Bimwe mu bihugu byayirwanyije birimo Irani, Palau, Somaliya, Sudani y'Amajyaruguru n'Amajyepfo, Tonga, na Amerika. === Banki y'Isi === Raporo ya 2019 kuva Banki y'Isi yasanze abagore bafite uburenganzira busesuye ku bagabo mu bihugu bitandatu gusa: Ububiligi, Danemarke, Ubufaransa, Lativiya, Luxembourg na Suwede. === Uburenganzira bwa muntu === Itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ryemejwe mu 1948, ryerekana "uburenganzira bungana bw’abagabo n’abagore", kandi rikemura ibibazo by’uburinganire n’uburinganire. [271] Mu 1979, Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye yemeje Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore (CEDAW) kugira ngo ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’itegeko ryerekeye guca ivangura rikorerwa abagore. Yavuze ko ari umushinga mpuzamahanga w’uburenganzira ku bagore, watangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 3 Nzeri 1981. Ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’abibumbye bitaremeje aya masezerano ni Irani, Palau, Somaliya, Sudani, Tonga, na Amerika. Niue n'Umujyi wa Vatikani, ibihugu bitari mu muryango, na byo ntibabyemeje. Intara iheruka kuba ishyaka muri ayo masezerano ni Sudani y'Amajyepfo, ku ya 30 Mata 2015. [273] Amasezerano asobanura ivangura rikorerwa abagore mu magambo akurikira: Itandukaniro iryo ari ryo ryose, guhezwa cyangwa kubuzwa bikorwa hashingiwe ku mibonano mpuzabitsina bifite ingaruka cyangwa intego yo kubangamira cyangwa gutesha agaciro kumenyekana, kwishimira cyangwa gukora imyitozo y’abagore, hatitawe ku mibereho yabo, hashingiwe ku buringanire bw’abagabo n’abagore, uburenganzira bwa muntu n'ubwisanzure bw'ibanze muri politiki, ubukungu, imibereho, umuco, ubwenegihugu cyangwa urundi rwego urwo arirwo rwose. Ishiraho kandi gahunda y'ibikorwa byo gukuraho ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina aho ibihugu byemeza ayo masezerano bisabwa gushyiraho uburinganire hagati y’amategeko y’imbere mu gihugu, kuvanaho ingingo zose z’ivangura mu mategeko yabo, no gushyiraho ingingo nshya zo kwirinda ivangura rishingiye ku ivangura. abagore. Bagomba kandi gushyiraho inkiko n’ibigo bya Leta byemeza ko abagore barinda ivangura, kandi bagafata ingamba zo gukuraho ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore ku giti cyabo, imiryango, n’inganda. [274] Gushyingirwa, gutandukana, n'amategeko y'umuryango Ingingo ya 16 y’Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu ikubiyemo uburenganzira bwo kwemerera abagabo n’abagore gushyingirwa no kubona umuryango. [271] (1) Abagabo n'abagore bageze mu kigero cyuzuye, nta mbogamizi zishingiye ku bwoko, ubwenegihugu cyangwa idini, bafite uburenganzira bwo gushaka no gushinga umuryango. Bafite uburenganzira bungana nko gushyingirwa, mu gihe cyo gushyingirwa no guseswa. [275] (2) Ubukwe bugomba kwinjizwa gusa kubuntu kandi byuzuye kubushake bwabashakanye. (3) Umuryango ni urwego rusanzwe kandi rwibanze rwumuryango kandi rufite uburenganzira bwo kurindwa na societe na leta. Ingingo ya 16 ya CEDAW iteganya ko, "1. Ibihugu bigize ibihugu bizafata ingamba zose zikwiye zo gukuraho ivangura rikorerwa abagore mu bibazo byose bijyanye n’ubukwe n’imibanire y’umuryango [...]". [276] Mu burenganzira burimo harimo uburenganzira bw'umugore bwo kwihitiramo kandi byumvikanyweho guhitamo uwo bashakanye; kugira uburenganzira bwa kibyeyi kubana be hatitawe ku mibereho ye; uburenganzira bw'umugore wubatse guhitamo umwuga cyangwa umwuga, no kugira uburenganzira ku mutungo mu bashakanye. Usibye ibyo, "Gusezerana no gushyingirwa k'umwana nta ngaruka byemewe n'amategeko". [276] Gushyingirwa bifite abagore benshi ni umuco utavugwaho rumwe, wiganje mu bice bimwe na bimwe byisi. Ibyifuzo rusange byatanzwe na komite ishinzwe kurandura ivangura rikorerwa abagore, leta mu cyifuzo rusange No 21, Uburinganire mu bashakanye n’imibanire y’umuryango: "14. Irashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku mutima no ku mutungo kuri we no ku bamutunga ku buryo gushyingirwa bigomba gucibwa intege kandi bikabuzwa. "[277] Kubana kw'abashakanye kimwe n'ababyeyi barera abana birasanzwe mu bice bimwe na bimwe by'isi. Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu yagize iti: [278] 27. Mu guha agaciro kumenyekanisha umuryango mu rwego rwingingo ya 23, ni ngombwa kwemera igitekerezo cyubwoko butandukanye bwimiryango, harimo abashakanye batashyingiranywe hamwe nabana babo hamwe nababyeyi barera abana hamwe nabana babo kandi bakarebwa kimwe. abategarugori muriki gice (Igitekerezo rusange 19 igika cya 2 interuro yanyuma). Imiryango y'ababyeyi barera abana benshi igizwe numugore umwe urera umwana umwe cyangwa benshi, kandi amashyaka yibihugu agomba gusobanura ingamba zifatika zihari kugirango ashobore kurangiza imirimo yababyeyi ashingiye kuburinganire numugabo mumwanya umwe. == Itangazo rya Vienne na Gahunda y'ibikorwa == Itangazo na gahunda y'ibikorwa bya Vienne (VDPA) ni itangazo ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu ryemeranijweho mu nama mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira bwa muntu ku ya 25 Kamena 1993 i Vienne, ustria. Iri tangazo ryemera uburenganzira bw’umugore nk’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Igika cya 18 kigira kiti: [279] Uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’umugore n’umukobwa-umwana ni igice ntagereranywa, kidasanzwe kandi ntigabanywa uburenganzira bwa muntu. Uruhare rwuzuye kandi rungana rw’abagore mu buzima bwa politiki, ubwenegihugu, ubukungu, imibereho n’umuco, ku rwego rw’igihugu, uturere ndetse n’amahanga, no kurandura ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rishingiye ku gitsina ni intego z’umuryango mpuzamahanga. Umwanzuro w’akanama gashinzwe umutekano ku isi 1325 Ingingo nyamukuru: Icyemezo cy’umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe umutekano Ku ya 31 Ukwakira 2000, Inama y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe umutekano yemeje ku mwanzuro w’inama y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe umutekano 1325, inyandiko ya mbere yemewe n’amategeko yatanzwe n’akanama gashinzwe umutekano ku isi isaba ibihugu byose kubahiriza byimazeyo amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu n’amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu akoreshwa mu burenganzira. no kurengera abagore n’abakobwa mu gihe na nyuma y’intambara yitwaje intwaro. === Amasezerano y'akarere ===     ==== Ingingo z'ingenzi ==== Amasezerano ya Belém do Pará, Protokole ya Maputo, n’amasezerano yo gukumira no kurwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore n’ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’Abanyamerika yerekeye gukumira, guhana, no guca burundu ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore, uzwi ku izina rya Belém do Pará, yemejwe n’umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika ku ya 9 Kamena 1994. Kuva muri Werurwe 2020, 32 muri 34 cyangwa Ibihugu 35 bigize Umuryango w’umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika byashyize umukono ku masezerano, byemezwa cyangwa byinjira mu masezerano ya Belém do Pará; gusa Kanada, Cuba na Amerika ntibigeze. [281] [ingingo ya 1] Amasezerano y’amasezerano nyafurika y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage ku burenganzira bw’umugore muri Afurika, uzwi ku izina rya Maputo Protocol, yemejwe n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika ku ya 11 Nyakanga 2003 mu nama yayo ya kabiri yabereye i Maputo, [282] Mozambike. Ku ya 25 Ugushyingo 2005, imaze kwemezwa n’ibihugu 15 bisabwa bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika, ayo masezerano yatangiye gukurikizwa. Amasezerano yemeza ko uburenganzira bw’umugore burimo uburenganzira bwo kugira uruhare muri gahunda za politiki, uburinganire bw’imibereho n’ivya politiki n’abagabo, no kugenzura ubuzima bw’imyororokere, ndetse no guca burundu imyanya ndangagitsina y’abagore. [284] Amasezerano yo gukumira no kurwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore n’ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo, uzwi ku izina rya Istanbul, yemejwe n’inama y’Uburayi ku ya 11 Gicurasi 2011. Kuva muri Kamena 2020, ayo masezerano yashyizweho umukono n’umunyamuryango w’Inama y’Uburayi 45/47 bihugu n'Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi; 34 mu bashyizeho umukono na bo bemeje ayo masezerano. [285] === Ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore === Itangazo ry’umuryango w’abibumbye Itangazo ryerekeye guca burundu ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore ryemejwe n’umuryango w’abibumbye mu 1993. Risobanura ko ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore ari "igikorwa icyo ari cyo cyose cy’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ritera, cyangwa rishobora kuviramo ingaruka mbi ku mubiri, ku gitsina cyangwa ku mitekerereze cyangwa kubabazwa ku bagore, harimo iterabwoba ry'ibyo bikorwa, ku gahato cyangwa kwamburwa umudendezo uko bishakiye, haba mu baturage cyangwa mu buzima bwite. "[286] Iki cyemezo cyagaragaje ko abagore bafite uburenganzira bwo kutagira ihohoterwa. Kubera iyo myanzuro, mu 1999, Inteko rusange yatangaje ko umunsi wo ku ya 25 Ugushyingo ari umunsi mpuzamahanga wo guca burundu ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore. Ingingo ya 2 y’itangazo ryerekeye guca burundu ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore ryerekana uburyo butandukanye bw’ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore: Ingingo ya kabiri: Ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore rizasobanuka rikubiyemo, ariko ntirigarukira gusa kuri ibi bikurikira: . urugomo rujyanye no gukoreshwa; ) (c) Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku mubiri, rishingiye ku gitsina no mu mutwe ryakozwe cyangwa ryemejwe na Leta, aho ribaye hose. === Amasezerano ya Istanbul === Amasezerano y’Inama y’Uburayi yerekeye gukumira no kurwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore n’ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo, rizwi kandi ku izina rya Istanbul, ni cyo gitabo cya mbere cyemewe n'amategeko mu Burayi mu bijyanye n’ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo n’ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore, [287] kandi ritangira gukurikizwa. 2014. [288] Ibihugu byemeza bigomba kwemeza ko ihohoterwa ryasobanuwe mu nyandiko yaryo ritemewe. Mu Ijambo ryayo ryibanze, Amasezerano avuga ko "gushyira mu bikorwa uburinganire bw’umugore n’abagabo ari ikintu cy’ingenzi mu gukumira ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore. nyirabayazana asangiye cyangwa yasangiye inzu imwe n’uwahohotewe. ". === Gufata ku ngufu n'ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina === Ingingo nyamukuru: Urwego mpuzamahanga rwihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina Umusore ukomoka mu Bushinwa w’amoko wari muri imwe muri "bataillon ihumuriza" yingabo z’Ubuyapani, abazwa n’umusirikare w’ubumwe (reba abagore bahumuriza). Gufatwa ku ngufu, rimwe na rimwe byitwa ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, ni igitero cy’umuntu urimo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina cyangwa kwinjira mu wundi muntu atabanje kubiherwa uruhushya. Gufata ku ngufu muri rusange bifatwa nkicyaha gikomeye cyimibonano mpuzabitsina kimwe n’ihohoterwa ry’abaturage. Iyo bimwe mubikorwa byakwirakwijwe kandi kuri gahunda, gufata kungufu nubucakara bwibitsina byamenyekanye nkicyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu kimwe nicyaha cyintambara. Gufata ku ngufu kandi ubu bizwi nkuburyo bwa jenoside iyo bikozwe hagamijwe gusenya, yose cyangwa igice, itsinda ryibasiwe. Nka jenoside ====== Itsembabwoko ryo mu Rwanda ====== Mu 1998, Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rw’u Rwanda rwashyizweho n’umuryango w’abibumbye rwafashe ibyemezo by’ingenzi ko gufata ku ngufu ari icyaha cya jenoside hakurikijwe amategeko mpuzamahanga. Urubanza rwa Jean-Paul Akayesu, umuyobozi wa komini ya Taba mu Rwanda, rwemeje ko gufata ku ngufu ari kimwe mu bigize icyaha cya jenoside. Urubanza rwa Akayesu rurimo gusobanura no gusaba bwa mbere urukiko mpuzamahanga rw’amasezerano yo mu 1948 yo gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside. Urugereko rwa Mbere rw'Iremezo rwemeje ko gufata ku ngufu bisobanura ko ari "igitero cy’umubiri cy’imibonano mpuzabitsina cyakozwe ku muntu ku gahato ku gahato", kandi ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rikaba ari ibikorwa bya jenoside mu gihe byakozwe hagamijwe kurimbura, muri rusange cyangwa igice, itsinda rigenewe. Yasanze ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ryagize uruhare rukomeye mu bikorwa byo gusenya ubwoko bw’abatutsi kandi ko gufata ku ngufu byari gahunda kandi ko byakorewe abagore b’abatutsi gusa, bikagaragaza intego yihariye isabwa kugira ngo ibyo bikorwa bibe jenoside. [290] Umucamanza Navanethem Pillay mu ijambo rye nyuma y’urubanza yagize ati: "Kuva kera, gufata ku ngufu byafashwe nkimwe mu minyago y’intambara. Ubu bizafatwa nkicyaha cy’intambara. Turashaka kohereza ubutumwa bukomeye buvuga ko gufata ku ngufu bitakiriho. igikombe cy'intambara. " Nkicyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu === Ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu === Amasezerano y’i Roma asobanura ububasha bw’urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha, yemera ko gufata ku ngufu, uburetwa bw’imibonano mpuzabitsina, gukora uburaya, gutwita ku gahato, kuboneza urubyaro, "cyangwa ubundi buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose bw’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rifite uburemere bugereranywa" nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu niba ibikorwa ni bimwe mubikorwa byakwirakwijwe cyangwa kuri gahunda. [293] [294] Itangazo na gahunda y'ibikorwa bya Vienne kandi biramagana gufata ku ngufu buri gihe kimwe n'ubwicanyi, uburetwa bw'imibonano mpuzabitsina, ndetse no gutwita ku gahato, kuko ari "ukurenga ku mahame remezo y'uburenganzira bwa muntu mpuzamahanga n'amategeko agenga ikiremwamuntu." kandi bisaba igisubizo cyiza cyane. [295] Gufata ku ngufu byamenyekanye bwa mbere nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu igihe Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rwahoze ari Yugosilaviya rwatangaga impapuro zo kumuta muri yombi zishingiye ku Masezerano y'i Jeneve no kurenga ku mategeko cyangwa gasutamo y'intambara. By'umwihariko, byaragaragaye ko abagore b’abayisilamu bo muri Foca (mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo ya Bosiniya na Herzegovina) bakorewe ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina kandi rishingiye ku gitsina ry’abasirikare, abapolisi, ndetse n’abagize imitwe yitwara gisirikare nyuma yo kwigarurira umujyi muri Mata. 1992. [296] Inyandiko y'ibirego yari ifite akamaro kanini mu mategeko kandi ni bwo bwa mbere hakozwe iperereza ku ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina hagamijwe gukurikiranwa hashingiwe ku iyicarubozo no kuba imbata nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. [296] Inyandiko y'ibirego yemejwe n'icyemezo cyo mu 2001 n'Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rwahoze ari Yugosilaviya ko gufata ku ngufu no kuba imbata z'ibitsina ari ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu. Iki cyemezo cyamaganye ko abantu benshi bafatwa ku ngufu no kuba imbata z’abagore nk’intambara mu ntambara. Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rwahoze ari Yugosilaviya rwasanze abagabo batatu bo muri Seribiya bo muri Bosiniya bahamwe n'icyaha cyo gufata ku ngufu abagore n'abakobwa bo muri Bosniak (Abayisilamu bo muri Bosiniya) (bamwe bafite imyaka 12 na 15 y'amavuko), i Foca, mu burasirazuba bwa Bosiniya na Herzegovina. Byongeye kandi, babiri muri abo bagabo bahamwe n’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu cy’ubucakara bw’igitsina bazira gufata abagore n’abakobwa mu bigo byinshi by’imfungwa. Nyuma yaho, benshi mu bagore barazimiye. Raporo y’ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku burenganzira bwa muntu, yasohotse ku ya 28 Nyakanga 2020, abagore bakoze ingendo mu mahanga basubijwe muri Koreya ya Ruguru ku gahato kandi bakorerwa ihohoterwa, iyicarubozo, ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ndetse n’andi makosa. Koreya ya Ruguru ibuza abaturage gutembera mu mahanga. Abo bagore bafunzwe bazira kubikora bakubiswe buri gihe, bakorerwa iyicarubozo, bakorerwa ubwambure ku gahato ndetse no gusaka ku mubiri. Abagore bavuze kandi ko mu gihe batwite, abayobozi ba gereza bakuyemo inda abana benshi bakubita abagore cyangwa babakora imirimo ivunanye. == Ibindi == Gushyingirwa ku gahato n'ubucakara Guhatira ku gahato abakobwa bake muri Pakisitani no gushyingirwa ku gahato Amasezerano y'inyongera yo mu 1956 yerekeye gukuraho ubucakara, ubucuruzi bw'abacakara, n'inzego n'ibikorwa bisa n'ubucakara bisobanura "ibigo n'imikorere isa n'ubucakara" birimo: [299] c) Ikigo cyangwa imyitozo iyo ari yo yose: ) cyangwa (ii) Umugabo w'umugore, umuryango we, cyangwa umuryango we, afite uburenganzira bwo kumwimurira undi muntu agaciro yakiriwe cyangwa ukundi; cyangwa (iii) Umugore ku rupfu rw'umugabo we agomba kuragwa undi muntu; == Reba == <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/kumenya-uburenganzira-bw-abashakanye-bifasha-kugabanya-amakimbirane</ref> <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/kumenya-uburenganzira-bw-abashakanye-bifasha-kugabanya-amakimbirane</ref> <ref>https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/topics/cvjp2jy8dxjt</ref> <ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/uburinganire-ni-uburenganzira-si-impuhwe-perezida-kagame</ref> <ref>https://urwenya.wordpress.com/2015/01/01/uruhare-rwumugore-mu-guharanira-uburenganzira-bwe/</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gmo.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=570 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-24 |archive-date=2023-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224103142/https://gmo.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=570 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230224103150/http://www.agasaro.com/spip.php?article4377</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230224103142/https://www.judiciary.gov.rw/uploads/tx_publications/law_803d1665f18163c7851eadf4f7ed61201501683556.pdf</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://panorama.rw/kudasobanukirwa-uburenganzira-ku-buzima-bwimyororokere-biracyazamura-ihohoterwa-rishingiye-ku-gitsina-ubushakashatsi/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-24 |archive-date=2023-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224103142/https://panorama.rw/kudasobanukirwa-uburenganzira-ku-buzima-bwimyororokere-biracyazamura-ihohoterwa-rishingiye-ku-gitsina-ubushakashatsi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>http://haguruka.org.rw/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Inyoborabiganiro-ku-gushishikariza-abakobwa-kumenya-uburenganzira-bwabo.pdf</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rw.amateka.net/imihango-yumugore-numugabo-we/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-24 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423145408/https://rw.amateka.net/imihango-yumugore-numugabo-we/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rwandashia.com/2021/10/30/dore-amateka-ya-asiyah-umugore-wa-farawo-wareze-intumwa-mussa-as-akicwa-abambwe/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-24 |archive-date=2023-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224111211/https://rwandashia.com/2021/10/30/dore-amateka-ya-asiyah-umugore-wa-farawo-wareze-intumwa-mussa-as-akicwa-abambwe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://historyopinion.com/rw/13598-wars-ancient-mesopotamia-part-8-bad-times-of-good-kings/</ref> <ref>https://umuryango.rw/ubuzima-115/udushya/article/taliki-15-kamena-isomere-ibyaranze-uyu-munsi-mu-mateka-birimo-n-ishingwa-rya</ref> <ref>https://bwiza.com/?Ibigwi-by-Umwami-w-Abami-Constantine-n-uko-yaje-kubatizwa-ntibivugweho-rumwe</ref> <ref>https://umuragenamateka.rw<ref> j3b530k9j9ezijgtesz3pyyoprltlqc 0 14264 139724 130120 2026-09-23T18:38:53Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139724 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Famiyeh Bozah''' (yavutse ku ya 11 Nzeri 1994), azwi ku izina ryo ku rubyiniro rya '''Fameye''', ni umuraperi wo muri [[Gana]] akaba ari n'umucuranzi ukomoka muri Bogoso. <ref>{{Cite web |title=My parents died when I was age 1 – 'Nothing I Get' hitmaker reveals |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/My-parents-died-when-I-was-age-1-Nothing-I-Get-hitmaker-reveals-756477 |access-date=6 July 2019 |website=ghanaweb.com |archive-date=6 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706124202/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/My-parents-died-when-I-was-age-1-Nothing-I-Get-hitmaker-reveals-756477 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=It hurts to hear I'm imitating Kwesi Arthur – Fameye |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/It-hurts-to-hear-I-m-imitating-Kwesi-Arthur-Fameye-690082 |access-date=6 July 2019 |website=ghanaweb.com}}</ref> Azwi cyane mu ndirimbo ye yitwa "Nothing I Get". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adom FM Music Chart (Week 15): Fameye's 'Nothing I get', Kofi Mole's 'Don't be late' on the rise |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/April-18th/adom-fm-music-chart-week-15-fameyes-nothing-i-get-kofi-moles-dont-be-late-on-the-rise.php |access-date=6 July 2019 |website=myjoyonline.com |archive-date=6 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706124202/http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/April-18th/adom-fm-music-chart-week-15-fameyes-nothing-i-get-kofi-moles-dont-be-late-on-the-rise.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 March 2019 |title=Fameye drops 'Nothing I Get' after viral freestyle video |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/fameye-drops-nothing-i-get-after-viral-freestyle-video/qf0k2fk |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=6 July 2019 |website=Entertainment}}</ref> Yashyize hanze remix y'indirimbo yagaragayemo Article Wan, Medikal na Kuami Eugene. Yari umunyamuryango wa MTN Hitmaker icyiciro cya 3. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MTN Hitmaker: five evicted |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/MTN-Hitmaker-five-evicted-333580 |access-date=2019-12-21 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}</ref> Yatsindiye igihembo cy'umuhanzi mushya mwiza w'umwaka muri VGMA yo mu 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-29 |title=VGMA 2020: Full list of winners |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/music/vgma-2020-full-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2020-09-01 |website=MyJoyOnline.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029083332/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/music/vgma-2020-full-list-of-winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-21 |title=I Can't Spend On dressing And dying Of Starvation – Fameye To Critics |url=https://legitloaded.com/i-cant-spend-on-dressing-and-dying-of-starvation-fameye-to-critics/ |access-date=2020-09-01 |website=Legitloaded |language=en |archive-date=2020-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811042516/https://legitloaded.com/i-cant-spend-on-dressing-and-dying-of-starvation-fameye-to-critics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubuzima bwa mbere n'uburezi == Fameye yavukiye mu mujyi wa [[Accra]] akaba afite inkomoko muri Bogoso,mu ntara y'iburengerazuba [[Gana]]. Yiz Oamashuri y dmakuru ku ishuri rikuru rya Odorgonno ayasoza mu mwaka wa 2013. Yahoze ari umuhanzi w'injyana ya rapu (umuraperi) mu gihe yigaga amashuri yisumbuye mbere yuko ahindura akajya munjyana ya Afro beat. == Disikogarafi == {| class="wikitable" !Indirimbo ! Umwaka |- | Enkwa | 2019 |- | Barman | 2019 |- | Sika Duro | 2019 |- | Destiny | 2019 |- | Nothing I get | 2019 |- | Nothing I Get yasubiyemo ayikorana na Article Wan, Kuami Eugene, Medikal | 2019 |- | Mati | 2019 |- | Calling (Kwesi Ramos) | 2019 |- | Chairman yakoranye hamwe na Joey B. | 2019 |- | Me Pay Me (yakoranye hamwe na Lord Paper ) | 2020 |} == Ibihembo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Umwaka ! Ishirahamwe ! Igihembo ! Akazi katoranijwe ! Réf |- | rowspan="3" | 2020 | rowspan="2" | WMA | Umuhanzi wohejuru wumwaka-Fameye | rowspan="3" | We ubwe | rowspan="2" | |- | Umuhanzi Wumwaka- Fameye |- | rowspan="3" | Igihembo cya muzika cya Vodafone Gana | Umuhanzi mushya mwiza wumwaka | <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2020 |title=VGMA 2020: Full list of winners |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/vgma-2020-full-list-of-winners/ |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=My Joy Online |language=}}</ref> |- | 2021 | Indirimbo ya Hiplife yumwaka | Long Life | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-04 |title=Ghana Music Awards 2021 nominations unveiled - |url=https://museafrica.com/2021/04/04/ghana-music-awards-2021-nominations-unveiled/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | 2022 | Umwanditsi w'umwaka | Praise | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Effah |first=Evans |date=2022-05-07 |title=VGMA23: Fameye wins Songwriter of the Year to break Kinaata's 4-year dominance |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/vgma23-fameye-wins-songwriter-of-the-year-to-break-kinaatas-4-year-dominance/4qzqpdq |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506235923/https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/vgma23-fameye-wins-songwriter-of-the-year-to-break-kinaatas-4-year-dominance/4qzqpdq |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} == Reba == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Ikiciro:Umuziki]] 4im8w02n39wzlygobawcv10gtzjgedb 0 14290 139710 91494 2026-09-23T18:37:08Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139710 wikitext text/x-wiki Africa Darter nimwe mu nyoni imeze nk'inzoka, akaba ari inyoni ikunze kuba mumazi cyane ikaba ibarizwa cyane munsi y ubutayu bw'afurika na na irake <ref>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696705/110665322</ref> == taxenomy == Darter n'imwe munyonyi zigize umuryango wa Darter ,rifitanye isano rya bugufi n'umuryango ny'amerika == imiterere yayo == darter n'inyoni ifite 80cm (31)in) uburebure ifite ijosi rirerire cyane. igitsina gabo akenshi kirarabagirana kandi kikanirabura cyane kikagira umugongo wera, igitsina gole cyo n'inyoni zidakuze zijimye. iyi nyoni kandi itandukanye cyane na darter y'amerika izwi cyane n'umurongo wacyo wera ugana inyuma. == ikwirakwiza == iyi nyoni igaragara cyane munsi y'ubutayu bwa sahara. ikaba igaragara ahantu hose hagaragara amazi manini akabari ubwoko bukunda kuboneka kandi bwororoka[] ubwoko bumwe gusa butari muri afurika, bukaba bwibera ku kiyaga cya amik, mu majyepfo ya turikiya rwa gati, mu kiyaga cya hula. no mubishanga byo mu majyaruguru ya isiraheri, abaturage bo mu gihugu cya turikiya bamwe na bamwe baburiwe irengero mu mwaka yaza 1930 n'abaturage baza isiraheri mugihe cyo kuvoma mu hula mu 1950, muri Khuzeskan habaruwe inyoni110 mu 1990, ariko amoko mato yatinyaga kuzimangana bitewe n'amavuta yamenetse mugihe cy'intambara.[http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/060.pdf] cyakora abaturage bake banditswe muri Marchez ya hawizeh muri 2007 [https://books.google.rw/books?id=GkkgAQAAIAAJ&q=isbn:9781868727216&dq=isbn:9781868727216&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y] Amazi y'ibishanga yarahagaritswe kandi asubira inyuma kubera intambara yo muri irake == Imyitwarire == ububwoko bwa African Darter ninyoni zitera amagi 3-6 akenshi iba hamwe na heron, egret hamwe na cormonant. akenshi iyo biri koga bikunze gushira ijosi hejuru akabariyo mpamvu babyitirira inzoka. ibi nabyo n'ingeso bikaba bitungwa n'amafi ifata iyo yibiye, bitandukanye n'izindi nyoni nyishi zo mumazi, amababa ya derita nta mavuta ariho kandi rero ntago arinda amazi, kubera iyo mpamvu inyoni ntago igenda neza kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo kwibira. kugirango ibashe kuguruka no gukomeza gushyuha ibigomba kubanza igakamya amababa yayo. rero derita yo ikunda kugaragara yicaye iruhande, rw'amazi irambuye amababa yayo kugirango iyumishe. yo na comorant zishobora gusangira aho zituye. [https://books.google.rw/books?id=GkkgAQAAIAAJ&q=isbn:9781868727216&dq=isbn:9781868727216&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y] r6e2ydw2b16v5engjkz7nb4q96cb0ab 0 14298 139687 91568 2026-09-23T18:31:51Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139687 wikitext text/x-wiki == Little Bittern == [[Dosiye:Little bittern (Ixobrychus minutus).JPG|thumb]] Little Bittern ni ubwoko bw'inyoni bukomoka muri africa ,mu burayi bwo hagati ndetse no mu majyepfo ya aziya y'uburengerazuba y' amajyepfo na madagasikari, akaba ari inyoni zo muturere dushyuha mu burayi ndetse na aziya y'uburengerazuba. izo nyoni zikaba ziba mu turere dukunda gushyuha, ibyo bikaba bidasanzwe mu kororoka kwazo [https://ebird.org/species/litbit1] mu Bwongereza hari raporo zagiye zivugwa mu bworozi mukinyejana cya 1946 na 1957, ariko ntana hamwe, murizo nyandiko bwagaragaye. == taxonomy == [[Dosiye:Ixobrychus minutus NRM.jpg|thumb]] Umushakashatsi yasobanuye Littre Bittern muwi 1786. * I M minutus (lunneaus 1766) Iboneka mu burayi, Aziya n afrika n'ubutayu bwa sahara * I.m payesii (Harthaub 1858) iboneka muri afrika no munsi y'ubutau bwa sahara * I.M podiceps (Bonapart 1985) Iboneka muri madagasikari == Imiterere == [[Dosiye:Ixobrychus minutus MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.49.1.jpg|thumb]] Little Bittern ifite uburebure bwa 30-38 cm na 13-15 hamwe n'amababa afite uburebure bwa 52-58 cm na 20-23 in nintoya mu bworozi bwororerwa mu burayi. ingabo ifite imiterere itandukanye niy'ingore. ingabo ifite umukara uvanze n'icyatsi kibisi cyoroshe inyuma kumurizo,ibice byimbere n'ibara ryera ibara risa n'ibara ryijimye ritandukanye n'andi mabara y'umukara rifite igipfukisho cy'imbere. igitsina gore nti cyoroshye kurusha igitsina gabo. ikaba ifite ibara ryirabura, amababa agaragara hafi. ibice by'igitsina gore ntago bisukuye nkibya nkibyingabo, kandi byuzuyemo ibara ryijimye [https://animalia.bio/little-bittern] ubusanzwe irisha amafi nutundi dukoko dufatiwe mu rubungo cyangwa ku nkombe. amagi yacyo ashyirwa mu cyari giherereye mu rubingo rwinshi [https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/litbit1/cur/introduction] [https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=7AAD57ACA1C4ECA9] 83pfk0t3lm5pdugqpeeqhh8rvspfrvd 0 14305 139566 110839 2026-09-23T14:20:12Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139566 wikitext text/x-wiki   {| class="wikitable" |+Inama y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’imihindagurikire y’ibihe '''COP12/MOP2''' !Itariki !Ahantu !Icyabaye !Icyakurikiyeho !Abitabiriye amahugurwa !Urubuga |- |6 Ugushyingo 2006–17 Ugushyingo 2006 |Nairobi, Kenya | {| class="wikitable" |← Montreal 2005 |} |Bali 2007 → |Ibihugu bigize UNFCCC |Raporo y'inama y'amashyaka<ref>http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2006/cop12/eng/05.pdf</ref> |}[[Dosiye:UNFCCC_logo.svg|thumb|Ikirango ya UNFCCC|144x144px]] [[Dosiye:Armen_Sarkissian_attends_the_2021_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference_(71).jpg|thumb|'''Inama y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’imihindagurikire y’ibihe'''|134x134px]] '''Inama y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’imihindagurikire y’ibihe mu mwaka wa 2006''' yabaye hagati ya 6 na 17 Ugushyingo 2006 i [[Nairobi]], muri [[Kenya]]. Muri iyo nama harimo imiryango y'amashyaka 12 yiga ku masezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’imihindagurikire y’ibihe (UNFCCC) (COP12) ndetse n'inama ya kabiri y’amashyaka yiga ku masezerano ya Kyoto (MOP2). [[Dosiye:United Nations Building, Geneva (Ank Kumar) 01.jpg|thumb|Umuryango|150x150px]] Muri iyo nama, umunyamakuru wa BBC, Richard Black, yahimbye imvugo yitwa "ba mukerarugendo b’ikirere" kugira ngo asobanurire intumwa zimwe zitabiriye "kureba Afurika, gufata amashusho y’ibinyabuzima, abakene, abana b’abagore bapfa". Black yavuze kandi ko kubera impungenge z’intumwa z’ibiciro by’ubukungu ndetse n’igihombo gishobora guterwa mu guhangana, benshi mu bitabiriye ibiganiro birinze kuvuga ko hagabanywa imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Black yashoje avuga ko hari itandukaniro hagati ya politiki na ngombwa bya siyansi. <ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6161998.stm</ref> N'ubwo banengwa, hari intambwe imaze guterwa muri COP12, harimo no mu rwego rwo gutera inkunga ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere ndetse n’iterambere ry’isuku. Impande zombi zemeje gahunda y’imyaka itanu y’imirimo yo gushyigikira imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, kandi bemeranya gushira mubikorwa uburyo bwo gushyigikira ikigega cyo kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Bemeye kandi kunoza imishinga yo guteza imbere isuku. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umuryango w’Abibumye]] [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] 7wn1dqy20k5y55xudwzivmzhn61dgjd 0 14311 139762 136116 2026-09-24T09:59:19Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139762 wikitext text/x-wiki Mu Rwanda ibi bisiga birahaboneka cyane, ndetse byagera muri Kigali bikaba akarusho.Iki gisiga nubwo cyaba gifunze umunwa ntibiwubuza kugaragaramo umwanya. [[File:African Openbill Stork.jpg|thumb|Igisiga cya African Openbill Stork]] == Imiterere == African openbill stork ni igisiga gifite amababa kigurukisha yirabura ariho ibara ry’icyatsi kibisi hamwe na hamwe. Umunwa w’iki gisiga usa n’ihembe ry’inka. Umunwa w’iki gisiga ntabwo ubasha gufatana neza ahubwo hagati y’umunwa wo hejuru n’uwo hasi harimo umwanya nibura wa milimetero 5-6. Amaso y’iki gisiga ajya gusa n’ubururu kandi uruhu ruzengurutse ijisho ntabwoya bubaho. Amaguru n’amano birirabura. Iki gisiga iyo kikiri gito umunwa wacyo uba urimo umwanya muto kandi uwo mwanya ugenda ukura uko igisiga kigenda gikura. Iki gisiga gishobora kugira uburebure bwa 80-94 cm, kikagira uburemere bwa 1000-1300g. Mu bijyanye no kurama gishobora kurama imyaka 18. [[Dosiye:African_Openbill_Stork_056.jpg|thumb|African Openbill Stork 056]] == Aho iboneka == African openbill stork igaragara ahantu henshi muri Afurika mu gice cyo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara. Iki gisiga gikunda kuba ahantu h’ibishanga, ahantu haje umwuzure, ibibaya byajemo umwuzure, ku migezi, ibiyaga by’ibikorano, imirima y’imiceri, inkombe y’ibiyaga n’ahandi hantu hatandukanye. Abantu babasha kugera ku kiraro cya Nyabugogo muzakomeze gato imbere mugana mu Gatsata ku nzu zishaje zahoze ari iz’uruganda rwa Rwantexo muzahabona ibisiga bihagaze kuri izo nyubako ari byinshi cyane kandi bishimishije kubireba. Iyo bwije nabwo ntabwo bijya kure kuko biza mu giti kiri hafi aho rugura y’umuhanda bikajya kurarana na Sacred ibis. Ahandi twabisanga muri Kigali ni Nyandungu guhera kuri La Palisse kiriya gishanga cyose kugera ku Murindi, ku Nyange Industries na ho birahaboneka cyane, kuva kuri Ruliba Clays ugana i Mwendo hari ahantu babumbira amatafari bahinga n’umuceri aho hose n’ahandi henshi African openbill zirahaboneka. == Imirire == Ibyo kurya by’ibanze bya African Openbill ni ibinyamunjonjorerwa ariko irya n’iminyorogoto, amafi, imitubu n’ibindi bisimba bito. Mu gushaka ibyo kurya ushobora kubona iki gisiga kiri cyonyine cyangwa kiri kumwe n’ibindi. Iki gisiga kandi aho bishoboka kigenda ku mugongo w’imvubu gitereje ko mu gihe igenda udusimba twayikanga kibasha kuturya. Ikindi ni uko iki gisiga gishobora kugenda gishinga umunwa mu byondo cyangwa mu isayo gishakashakamo iminyorogoto. [[Dosiye:African_Openbill_Stork_RWD3.jpg|thumb|African Openbill Stork ]] == Imyororokere == Ibi bisiga bikora umuryango w’ikigabo n’ikigore cyayo kandi ntabwo bicana inyuma. Iyo bigeze igihe cyo kororoka byishyira hamwe ku buryo ushobora gusanga 60 no kugera kuri 170 ahantu hamwe. Ibyari byabyo bibyubaka ahantu hari ibindi bisiga birimo ibiyongoyongo, African spoonbill (igisiga gifite umunwa umeze nk’ikiyiko), African darter (igisiga kimeze bk’inzoka) n’bindi. Icyari cyubakwa n’ikigabo gifatanyije n’ikigore nibura mu gihe cy’icyumweru. Ikigore gitera amagi 3-5 kandi kuyararira bikorwa n’ikigore n’ikigabo mu gihe cy’iminsi 21-30. Umushwi ukiri muto ugaburirwa n’ababyeyi bombi kandi ugaburirwa ibinyamunjonjorerwa. Umushwi umaze iminsi 42 ntabwo uba ushobora kumena igikonoshwa cy’ikinyamunjonjorerwa. Iminsi iyo imaze iminsi kuba 55-60 uba umaze gukura no kumera amababa ni yo mpamvu muri icyo gihe uguruka ukava mu cyari. [[Dosiye:African_Openbill_Stork._Anastomus_lamelligerus._Dimorphic_Egret._Egretta_dimorpha._-_Flickr_-_gailhampshire.jpg|thumb|African Openbill Stork. ]] == Ibiyibangamira == Iyo ibi bisiga bitari mu cyari ngo birarire amagi n’imishwi, ibyiyoni n’ibindi bisiga bitandukanye biraza bikayarya. Nubwo bimeze bityo ku rwego rw’Isi ibi bisiga bifatwa nk’ibitabangamiwe gusa, muri Afurika y’Epfo ho birageramiwe bitewe n’imiti yica imibu iterwa mu mazi, kubura aho biba ndetse binafatwa n’imitego ikoreshwa mu burobyi bw’amafi. == Reba == <ref>http://mobile.igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/inyamaswa/article/ibyo-wamenya-kuri-african-openbill-stork-igisiga-gifite-umunwa-uhora-ufunguye</ref> jp4xkv3osokhbumnj7y498y4ppzim1y 0 14324 139745 135455 2026-09-23T18:41:38Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139745 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Agricultural lime in field. Lime pile.jpg|thumb|Ishwagara rikoreshwa mubuhinzi mukugabanya aside mubutaka]] [[Dosiye:ផ្កានៅប្រទេសដែលស្រស់ស្រកាល.jpg|thumb|Ishwagara mu buhinzi]] [[Dosiye:Isuka.jpg|thumb|ishwagara]] [[Dosiye:Ubutaka - umurima.jpg|left|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Ubutaka - umurima.jpg|left|thumb]] Ishwagara ni ibisigazwa by’udusimba twabayeho cyera cyane. Ishwagara nayo amazi ayinjiramo vuba, igihe cy’izuba iba umukungugu ariko mu mvura ikamatira cyane. Ishwagara ivanze n’ibumba ndetse n’imborera itanga ubutaka bwiza burumbuka.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/Nyaruguru-Ngo-basobanukiwe-no-guhinga-bakoresheje-ishwagara</ref><ref>https://kubahonet.com/tag/kwita-ku-butaka/</ref><ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/nyaruguru-uko-umusaruro-w-ubuhinzi-wiyongereye-nyuma-yo-kuyoboka-ishwagara</ref> == Ishwagara mu buhinzi == [[Dosiye:A white field - geograph.org.uk - 3361899.jpg|thumb|Umurima urimo Ishwagara nyinshi]] Ishwagara ikoreshwa mu buhinzi butandukanye nko mu buhhinzi bw’imyumbati, Ishwagara kandi Ikoreshwa iyo ubutaka busharira hakoreshwa kg 30 by’ishwagara inoze kandi yumutse kuri Ari imwe buri myaka 2 , ishwagara Ishyirwa mu murima nibura ibyumweru 4 mbere yo gutera, Ishwagara kandi Inyanyagizwa mu murima ugahita urenzaho igitaka. Ishwagara ishobora gukorana nifumbire y'imborera, rero ifumbire y’imborera ikoreshwa kuri Ari 1, Koresha ibiro 100 kuri Ari 1 = cyangwa ingorofani 2 , Ishyirwamo hashize ibyumweru 2 ishwagara igiyemo cyangwa mu gihe cy’itera, Yinyanyagize mu murima uhite urenzaho igitaka mu gihe usanza ndetse n'ishwagara.<ref>https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Abatuye-Uturere-7-dufite-ubutaka-bufite-ubusharire-bukabije-barishimira-basigaye-babona-umusaruro-uhagije</ref><ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/Nyaruguru-Ngo-basobanukiwe-no-guhinga-bakoresheje-ishwagara</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isangostar.rw/nyamasheke-abahinzi-ba-kawa-bahawe-ishwagara-yo-kurwanya-ubusharire-bwubutaka |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226090250/https://www.isangostar.rw/nyamasheke-abahinzi-ba-kawa-bahawe-ishwagara-yo-kurwanya-ubusharire-bwubutaka |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.intyoza.com/2022/03/24/huye-karama-babangamiwe-no-kutabona-ishwagara-ihagije-ibafasha-gukura-ubusharire-mubutaka/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226090249/https://www.intyoza.com/2022/03/24/huye-karama-babangamiwe-no-kutabona-ishwagara-ihagije-ibafasha-gukura-ubusharire-mubutaka/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Amashakiro === {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Ubutaka]] 1v2rujciid2h09aytjq10p1r3j2aapl 0 14325 139846 137294 2026-09-24T10:35:28Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139846 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Manure spreading Hlokozi 2007 11 29.jpg|thumb|Imfumbire y'imborera]] [[Dosiye:घुरुवा.jpg|thumb|ifumbire]] [[Dosiye:Ifumbire y’ imborera.jpg|left|thumb]] '''Ifumbire y’imborera''' [[Dosiye:Ifumbire.jpg|thumb|Ifumbire y'imborera ]] cyangwa imborera ituruka ku bisigazwa by’[[inyamaswa]] n’ibimera byaboreye ahantu. Imborera ikungahaye ku byangombwa bitunga [[Ikimera|ibimera]]. [[Ubutaka]] bworoshye bunyurwamo n’[[amazi]] vuba (umusenyi) irabufatanya bukegerana. Ubutaka bufatanye cyane bw’intamenwa (ibumba ryumye) ibuha koroha bugahumeka ndetse igaha intungamubiri igihingwa gikenera,bityo bigatuma gikura neza ukobikwiye kigatanga umusaruro.<ref>https://kubahonet.com/tag/kwita-ku-butaka/</ref><ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/article/kwitunganyiriza-ifumbire-y-imborera-bimufasha-kuzigama-asaga-ibihumbi-700-buri-gihembwe</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://rwandanews24.rw/2022/08/16/abahinzi-barakangurirwa-gukoresha-ifumbire-yimborera-kugirango-boroherwe-nigiciro-cyimvaruganda/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226093428/https://rwandanews24.rw/2022/08/16/abahinzi-barakangurirwa-gukoresha-ifumbire-yimborera-kugirango-boroherwe-nigiciro-cyimvaruganda/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thebridge.rw/imborera-ni-kimwe-mu-bifasha-guhangana-nimihindagurikire-yikirere/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226093427/https://thebridge.rw/imborera-ni-kimwe-mu-bifasha-guhangana-nimihindagurikire-yikirere/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rebero.co.rw/2021/05/20/ifumbire-yimborera-irinda-gutwarwa-kubutaka/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226093427/http://www.rebero.co.rw/2021/05/20/ifumbire-yimborera-irinda-gutwarwa-kubutaka/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Uko imborera ikorwa == [[Dosiye:घुरुवा.jpg|thumb|GUkora Ifumbire]] ifumbire iba igizwe n’uruvange rugizwe n’amase y’[[inka]] avanga n’ibisigazwa by’umusaruro w’ibigori, ibarizo, ubwatsi bwitwa sitariya atunganyiriza mu cyobo cyabugenewe, rukamaramo amezi atanu, nyuma yaho akaba ari bwo atangira kuyikoresha mu buhinzi bwe.<ref name=":0" /> [[Dosiye:A typical fertilizer application pump system.jpg|thumb|ifumbire y'imborera]] === uko ikoreshwa === Mu buhinzi hakenerwa ifumbire y’imborera iboze kandi ihoze kugira ngo ifashe ubutaka noneho ibihingwa bizatange umusaruro mwiza. Ingano y’ifumbire y’imborera ikoreshwa kuri Ari 1, iKoresha ibiro 100 kuri Ari 1 = cyangwa ingorofani 2, Ishyirwamo hashize ibyumweru 2 ishwagara igiyemo cyangwa mu gihe cy’itera, Yinyanyagize mu murima uhite urenzaho igitaka mu gihe usanza, imborera ikoreshwa rimwe n'arimwe hamwe Ishwagara ikoreshwa mu buhinzi butandukanye nko mu buhinzi bw’akumisozi, imborera hamwe n'ishwagara kandi Ikoreshwa iyo ubutaka busharira hakoreshwa kg 30 by’ishwagara inoze kandi yumutse kuri Ari imwe buri myaka 2 , ishwagara Ishyirwa mu murima nibura ibyumweru 4 mbere yo gutera, Ishwagara kandi Inyanyagizwa mu murima ugahita urenzaho igitaka.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>https://imvahonshya.co.rw/kamonyi-basabwe-gukoresha-ifumbire-yimborera-iboze-kandi-ihoze/?fbclid=IwAR1PnvhrkHn-fst0Z1k-QSLLFcZMQb8W-xWBlHb3-POs_kAqAlucQTe5r1A</ref><ref>https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Abashoramari-bagiye-gusarura-amafaranga-mu-myanda-yapfaga-ubusa</ref><ref>https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ngoma-umuvuno-mushya-w-abahinzi-nyuma-y-izamuka-ry-ibiciro-by-ifumbire</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.intyoza.com/2022/09/21/kamonyi-ibyakabaye-ifumbire-yimborera-yunganira-imvaruganda-bigirwa-umwanda-guverineri-kayitesi/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226093427/https://www.intyoza.com/2022/09/21/kamonyi-ibyakabaye-ifumbire-yimborera-yunganira-imvaruganda-bigirwa-umwanda-guverineri-kayitesi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.intyoza.com/2022/09/21/kamonyi-ibyakabaye-ifumbire-yimborera-yunganira-imvaruganda-bigirwa-umwanda-guverineri-kayitesi/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226093427/https://www.intyoza.com/2022/09/21/kamonyi-ibyakabaye-ifumbire-yimborera-yunganira-imvaruganda-bigirwa-umwanda-guverineri-kayitesi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/ubukungu/gatsibo-ubuyobozi-buragira-abahinzi-inama-yo-kwikorera-no-gukoresha-ifumbire-yimborera/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226093428/https://muhaziyacu.rw/ubukungu/gatsibo-ubuyobozi-buragira-abahinzi-inama-yo-kwikorera-no-gukoresha-ifumbire-yimborera/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Ifumbire]] kgi4wwaapnrogm5qhqx7tt2oejv2n38 0 14341 139688 136483 2026-09-23T18:31:58Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139688 wikitext text/x-wiki == Grey Heron == Grey heron ninyoni ndede ikomoka mu muryango waba heron, kavukire nomuri aziya ndetse no mubice bya afrika. mugihe cy'izuba iyi nyoni uyisanga mu bishanga cyanga ukayisanga hafi y'ibiyaga, ndetse no kunkombe z'ibiyaga.umuhigo wayo uwusanga mumazi cyangwa utundi gusimba dutandukanye Grey heron ipima (1M (3 ft3) igapima 1-2kg ifite umutwe wera n'ijosi hamwe n'umurongo mugari uva kumaso ukagera kumutwe w'umukara umubiri n'amababa bisa gray cyangwa se imvi naho munsi yagatuza n'ibara ryera hamwe n'umukara kumpande ikagira umumwa muremure w'umuhondo n'amaguru yijimye.[https://web.archive.org/web/20160112220326/http://www.heronconservation.org/styled-5/styled-6/] == Imyororokere == Inyoni zororoka mu mpeshyi,Ubusanzwe inyoni zubaka ibyari byazo hejuru y'ibiti, ikaba itera amagi kuva kuri 3-5 == Taxonomy == [[Dosiye:Grey Heron. AMSM4086.jpg|thumb]] Grey n'inyoni nini ihagaze ipima 100cm(40 in) 6iznqtuiw2mtg5wz66fku308w6mw4d1 0 14347 139793 136876 2026-09-24T10:02:58Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139793 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Amaranthus cruentus 'Azhurnyi' kz03.jpg|thumb|Imbija]] == Iriburiro == [[Dosiye:Amaranthus cruentus 'Azhurnyi' kz02.jpg|left|thumb]] Imbwija ni zimwe mu mboga z’amababi  zeramuri Afurika, zagaragaje ko ziri mu musaruro w’ibihingwa utanga ikizere bitewe n’uko zihanganira ubushyuhe, amapfa, indwara n’ibyonnyi, urugero runini rw’intungamubiri zigira haba mu mbuto ndetse no mu mababi (Onyango, 2003).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/akamaro-ko-kurya-imbwija/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226161650/https://umutihealth.com/akamaro-ko-kurya-imbwija/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/reba-akamaro-gakomeye-utari-uzi-ku-buzima-bwawe-no-ku-ruhu-ko-kurya-imboga-za</ref> [[Dosiye:Amaranthus cruentus Szarłat wiechowaty 2017-10-15 03.jpg|thumb|imboga]] [[Dosiye:Salad greens and vegetables - Cambridge, MA.jpg|thumb|334x334px|imbwijaaa]] Amababi n’amashami biraryohera, ni isoko nziza y’ubutare (38.5mg/100g), kalisiyumu (350-400mg/100g), vitamini-A na C. Umunyu wa oxalate ku rugero rwo hejuru (1-2%) na nitarate (1.8-8.8g/kg iyo byumye) biboneka mu mababi y’amoko atandukanye y’imbwija (Gopalakrishnan, 2007).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Imbwija ziboneka mu gice kinini hagati y’imirongo mbariro toropike zombi no munsi yazo. Imbwija ni igihingwa kigira amababi yo mu bihe by’ubushyuhe, kibereye ibihe ikirere gishyushye kirimo ubuhehere bwinshi.Imbwija zihingwa igihe cyose cy’umwaka hagati ya za toropike. Imbwija zitukura zikenera urumuri rw’izuba ruhagije kugira ngo ibara ritukura riboneke. Ubwoko busarurwaho imbuto, ''A. caudatus, A. cruentus, A. edulis'' bwera neza mu gihe igihe cy’amanywa kiba kigufi naho ubwoko ''A. hypochondriacus'' bukaba ari imberabyombi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Dosiye:Kwikorera mwibase.jpg|thumb|Imbwija ni ubwoko bw'imboga rwatsi]] === Amoko y’imbwija === Ukeneye guhinga imbwija zisarurwaho imbuto, dore amwe mu moko yazo: ''Amaranthus caudatus Amaranthus cruentus, Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Amaranthus retroflexus.'' Ushaka guhinga imbwija zisarurwa amababi, dore bumwe mu bwoko bwiza: ''Amaranthus cruentus,  Amaranthus blitum, Amaranthus dubius, Amarantus hypocondriacus                          Amaranthus retroflexus, Amarantus blitum na Amaranthus Dubius.''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ehinga.org/kin/crops/amaranth |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226161645/http://www.ehinga.org/kin/crops/amaranth |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ubuhumbikiro === Ubutaka bubanza guhingwa neza bukaringanizwa. Bashyirwamo ifumbire y’imborera iboze neza iseye ikanoga neza. Ishyirwa mu murima ku rugero rwa Toni 20-25 /ha mu gihe cyo kuringaniza umurima bwa nyuma.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LwZS6iq_SE</ref><ref name=":2" /> === Gutera ingemwe z’imbwija === Hakenewe imbuto zingana na 0.5 kg kuri ha (5g kuri 1 are). Imbuto zigomba guturuka ku bimera bifite ubuzima bwiza cyangwa mu bigo bizwi kandi byemewe.Mu buryo bwo gutera ako kanya mu murima, ubutaka bwo guteraho bugomba kuba bwigiye hejuru, imirongo yo guteramo ikaba icishijwe agati kugeza kuri cm 0.5 z’ubujyakuzimu. Kuko imbuto z’imbwija ziba ari nto cyane zivangwa n’umucanga useye neza bikanyanyagizwa ku rugero rumwe mu mirongo itandukanyijwe na cm 40. Imbuto mu mirongo zitwikirizwa n’agacanga cyangwa agataka gake, hanyuma bagasasira imitabo iyo isaso ihari. Hakurikiraho kuhira udasiba.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LwZS6iq_SE</ref> Mu buryo bwo gutera ingemwe, hagati y’iminsi 22-25 zishyizwe mu buhumbikiro, ingemwe zirabyarurwa zigaterwa ku mirongo itandukanyijwe na cm 40 x 30.<ref name=":3">https://murukali.com/products/amarath-green-imbwija</ref> [[Dosiye:Green Leafy Vegetables.jpg|thumb|imboga rwatsi]] === Kwita ku gihingwa cy'imboga === === Gukoresha ifumbire y’imborera n’imvaruganda === Imbwija zikenera ifumbire nyinshi ariko zigatanga umusaruro mwinshi cyane. Uretse Toni 20-25 z’ifumbire y’imborera, kg 120:50:50 za NPK kuri hegitari imwe zirakenewe. Mu gihe cyo gutera ingemwe hashyirwamo kg 33/ha, hagashyirwamo kg 33/ha nyuma y’ibyumweru bine ingemwe zitewe na kg 86/ha nyuma y’ibyumweru umunani ingemwe zitewe.<ref name=":4">https://intambwenews.com/category/ubuzima/</ref><ref name=":2" /> === Indwara n’uburyo bwo kurwanya udukoko ku mboga === [[Dosiye:Rau - Vegetables.jpg|thumb|imbwija nizindi mboga]] Amababi asa n’ayababutse (''Rhizoctonia'' sp.) n’umugese w’umweru ni zo ndwara z’ingenzi zibasira ubuhinzi bw’imbwija. Amababi asa n’ayababutse ni yo ifata cyane imbwija mu gihe cy’imvura, iyo hari ubushyuhe n’ubuhehere bwinshi. Mu bimenyetso byayo harimo utudomo tw’umweru tugenda tugaragara ku mababi bituma umusaruro utagurwa ku isoko.<ref name=":5">https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukungu/iterambere/article/gashora-bamaze-kwiteza-imbere-babikesha-imboga-zikurwamo-ifu</ref><ref name=":3" /> ==== Uko bayirwanya: ==== * Gutera imbuto z’imbwija z’icyatsi z’ubwoko bwihangana mu gihe cy’imvura. * Kwirinda kuhira umisha amazi ku mababi; * Gutera umuti wa mancozeb ku rugero rwa g 4 g/l y’amaganga y’inka. Uterwa rimwe mu cyumweru ukabihagarika hasigaye iminsi 14 no usarure kugirango ugabanye ingaruka ziterwa n’imiti isigara ku bihingwa/umusaruro.<ref name=":6">https://bwiza.com/?Amarante-ibyo-kurya-byiza-cyane-ku-bana-AMARANTE-GRAINE</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> === Gusarura imbwija === Imbwija zisarurwa amababi barazirandura cyangwa bagakata amababi. Iyo hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kurandura, imbuto zikuze zisoromwa ku minsi 30, 45 na 55 nyuma yo gutera. Zigifite imizi yazo zirozwa zikoherezwa ku isoko zifunze mu mifungo mito mito. Naho imbwija zisarurwaho imbuto zo zisarurwa iyo amababi hafi ya yose yahindutse umuhondo,amahundo yahindutse ikigina naho Imbuto zahindutse umukara.Amahundo amaze gukatwa ategereza ku mbuga kugira ngo yume. Iyo amaze kuma ahurwa hakoreshejwe ikibando kugira ngo imbuto zivemo. Hanyuma imbuto ziragosorwa umwanda ugashiramo.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |url=https://www.isangostar.rw/huye-ubuyobozi-burasaba-abakirisitu-gukora-ivugabutumwa-rishingiye-ku-bikorwa |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226161647/https://www.isangostar.rw/huye-ubuyobozi-burasaba-abakirisitu-gukora-ivugabutumwa-rishingiye-ku-bikorwa |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kwita ku musaruro no guhunika imbwija === Imbwija ni imboga zangirika ubusa, zikaba zisaba kwitonderwa kugira ngo zidatakaza ubwiza bwazo n’intungamubiri. Gutakaza ubwiza bw’imbwija nyuma yo gusarurwa bigaragarira kuri ibi bikurikira: * Guhinduka umuhondo kubera gutakaza ubushobozi bwo gukora ibara ry’icyatsi kibisi ( Chlorophyll); * Kuraba no gutakaza ireme; * Kubora. Nyuma yo gusarurwa, imbwija zibikwa mu mufuka kan<ref name=":4" />di zikagurishwa uwo munsi kugira ngo wirinde ko zatakaza ubwiza bwazo.  Igihe bishoboka ko zabikwa mu byuma bikonjesha byazifasha kugumana ubwiza bwazo.<ref name=":3" /> Iyo imbwija zisarurwaho imbuto zimaze gusarurwa, ni ngombwa kuzanika zikuma neza mbere yo kuzibika, naho ubundi zazana uruhumbu. Zanikwa ku nkoko ku zuba cyangwa mu nzu hafi y’isoko y’uushyuhe. Genda uzikorakora kenshi kugeza zumye neza. Zibike ahantu hatinjira umwuka, hafutse kandi humutse mu gihe cy’amezi 6.<ref>https://www.rwandamagazine.com/ubuzima/article/ibyo-kurya-7-byagufasha-kongera-amaraso</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> === Amashakiro === {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Imboga]] cko0vvr8lszjlicylt1hx11j30wh3b6 0 14361 139832 134703 2026-09-24T10:33:48Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139832 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Kamembe Airport from the runway, 2017 1.jpg|thumb|Ikibuga cy'indege cya Kamembe kiboneka kumuhanda, 2017]] [[Dosiye:Pulkovo Airport panoramic view.jpg|thumb|I kanombe]] '''Ikibuga mpuzamahanga cya Kamembe''', ni ikibuga cy'indege cyo mu [[Rwanda]]. RwandAir ikora Dash 8-Q400 hamwe n'indege zirindwi buri cyumweru zerekeza ku kibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Kigali. Ikibuga cy’indege cyakira ingendo ziva [[Tanzaniya|muri Tanzaniya]], [[Ubugande|Uganda]] na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], nubwo bitari kuri gahunda isanzwe. Mu gihe cya genoside yakorewe abatutsi, ikibuga cy'indege cya Kamembe cyatanzwe nk'ahantu ho kohereza intwaro z'Abafaransa muri guverinoma y'agateganyo nyuma ya Mata mu mwaka wa 1994. <ref name="1R">https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno15-8-02.htm</ref> [[Dosiye:Kamembe_Airport_from_the_outside,_2017_1.jpg|thumb|Ikibuga cy'indege cya Kamembe hanze yacyo, mu mwaka wa 2017 ]] == Aho biherereye == Ikibuga cy'indege cya Kamembe giherereye muri kilomete 5, k'umuhanda, mu majyaruguru y'ubucuruzi bukuru bwa Cyangugu, [[Akarere ka Rusizi]], mu ntara [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|yuburengerazuba]] bwu Rwanda. <ref name="2R">https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Rusizi+Taxi+Park,+3b,+Cyangugu,+Rwanda/A%C3%A9roport+de+Kamembe,+Rwanda/@-2.4734846,28.9025272,13z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x19c296dcb5ba79c9:0x907f8a7b60aae6cc!2m2!1d28.9176856!2d-2.4877909!1m5!1m1!1s0x19c29653421af92d:0xc345f60bd667dc1e!2m2!1d28.9082644!2d-2.4593351!3e0?entry=ttu</ref> Ikibuga cy'indege giherereye muri kilometero 147.5 , mu kirere, mu majyepfo ashyira uburengerazuba bw'ikibuga mpuzamahanga cya Kigali, ikibuga kinini mu gihugu. <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=31 May 2020 |title=Distance between Kigali International Airport KGL and Kamembe Airport KME, Flight Time/Duration |url=https://airport.globefeed.com/Rwanda_Distance_Between_Airports_Result.asp?from=KGL&to=KME |access-date=31 May 2020 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Yicaye ku butumburuke bwa metero 5,192 hejuru bisobanura urwego rw'inyanja. <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |url=https://www.greatcirclemapper.net/en/airport/KME-HRZA-kamembe-airport.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-06-08 |archive-date=2016-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711175207/http://www.greatcirclemapper.net/en/airport/KME-HRZA-kamembe-airport.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Imiterere y'ubumenyi bw'isi bw'ikibuga cy'indege cya Kamembe ni: 02 ° 27'23.0 "S, 28 ° 54'35.0" E (Ubunini: -2.456389; Uburebure: 28.909722). == Incamake == Kamembe ni ikibuga cy'indege kiringaniye gifite umuhanda wa kaburimbo 02/20 upima metero 4,921 uburebure na metero 45 mu bugari. == Amateka == Inyubako y’ikibuga cy’indege yarangiritse cyane kubera umutingito wo mu mwaka wa 2008, <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Church Mission Society |date=4 February 2008 |title=Earthquake hits Rwanda and Congo |url=https://churchmissionsociety.org/our-stories/earthquake-hits-rwanda-and-congo/ |access-date=31 May 2020 |publisher=Churchmissionsociety.org |location=Oxford, United Kingdom}}</ref> maze mu ntangiriro z'umwaka wa 2010 guverinoma y’u Rwanda itangaza ko ikibuga cy’indege cya Kamembe kizasanwa kandi muburyobugezweho. <ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=Gérard Rugambwa |date=31 May 2010 |title=Kamembe Airport Will Be Rehabilitated |url=http://www.orinfor.gov.rw/printmedia/news.php?type=fr&volumeid=37&cat=20&storyid=1156 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316103600/http://www.orinfor.gov.rw/printmedia/news.php?type=fr&volumeid=37&cat=20&storyid=1156 |archive-date=16 March 2012 |access-date=31 May 2010 |publisher=Rwanda Information Office (ORINFOR) |location=Kigali |format=Archived from the original on 16 March 2012}}</ref> [[Dosiye:RusiziDist.png|thumb|Aho ikibuga cy'indege cya Kamembe giherereye]] Mu mera z'umwaka wa 2012 habonetse itumanaho rishya ryuzuye, hafunguwe umunara mushya wo kugenzura, ndetse na Techno Sky, ishami rya sosiyete ya ENAV y’abataliyani ifitwe na rubanda, yari imaze gushyiraho uburyo bushya bwo kugenda. <ref name="8R">https://books.google.rw/books?id=KMJRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Muri uruzinduko rwo muri Gicurasi mu mwaka wa 2013, [[Ministry of Infrastructure (Rwanda) - MININFRA|Minisitiri w’ibikorwa Remezo]] Albert Nsengiyumva yatangaje ko umuhanda uzagurwa kandi ukongerwa kuva kuri kilometero 1.5 kugeza kuri kilometero 2 mu mwaka wa 2015. <ref name="9R">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2014 |title=Kamembe airport upgrade to boost tourism industry |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/181416 |access-date=31 May 2020 |location=Kigali}}</ref> Ikibuga cy’indege cyongeye gufungura muri Kamena mu mwaka wa 2015 maze [[RwandAir]] itangira ingendo ziteganijwe kuva ku kibuga cy’indege. <ref name="10R">{{Cite web |last=Wolfgang Thome |date=15 June 2015 |title=Kamembe Airport ready to open new runway |url=https://www.eturbonews.com/118552/kamembe-airport-ready-open-new-runway/ |access-date=31 May 2020 |publisher=eTurboNews.com}}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Travel/691238-819378-jyotl5/index.html/ Rwandair yongeye ingendo za Nairobi nyuma y'ibyumweru bibiri bishize] Kuva ku ya 8 Ukuboza 2009. [[Ikiciro:Cyangugu]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ingendo]] [[Ikiciro:Indege]] 57phh3xz20duhk9aj3gzvtrhfpm2c0o 0 14374 139910 138766 2026-09-24T10:47:28Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139910 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Ibihumyo.jpg|thumb|Ibihumyo by'aganoderma[[Dosiye:Dried_mushrooms.jpg|thumb|Ibihumyo ]]]] [[Dosiye:Navadne podvihanke (Paxillus involutus).jpg|thumb|igihumyo]] [[Dosiye:Fly Agaric Emerging - geograph.org.uk - 260684.jpg|left|thumb]] [[Ibihumyo]] by'aganoderma ni ibiribwa bikoreshwa mu buryo bwo guteka mu mico itandukanye y'abantu, bikaba kandi bumwe mu bwoko buke bw'ibihumyo biribwa. N'ubwo mu mateka twumva ko abantu bakoreshaga ibihumyo mu mirire cyangwa mu kwivuza, mu myaka ya vuba nibwo byinjijwe ku mugaragaro mu buhanga mu gutegura mafunguro. Uko ubuhinzi bugamije isoko bugenda butera imbere, ubwoko bw'ibihumyo biribwa na bwo bwagiye bwiyongera. Mu rwego rwo kuzamura imirire cyane cyane ku baturage bakennye, ibihumyo ni isoko y'intungamubiri na za vitamini. Byongeye kandi, ibihumyo bikungahaye ku myunyungugu nka Sodiyumu, Potasiyumu, na Kalisiyumu n'Ubutare biri ku rwego rwo hejuru.Ku bw'iyo mpamvu rero, ibihumyo bigira uruhare mu kurwanya imirire mibi no kurwanya indwara yo kugwingira mu bana.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/article/ubuhinzi-bw-ibihumyo-burimo-inyungu-kandi-ku-buso-buto-ubuhamya</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIiACUBMo3Y</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPx_-5LYElE</ref> Guhinga ibihumyo bishobora gukorerwa mu rugo, wifashishije ibikoresho biciriritse cyane cyane hagamijwe gutera inkunga imiryango ikennye ikeneye inkunga y'ibikoresho. Ibihumyo byera mu gihe gito, ntibikenera guhingwa ku butaka bunini kandi ntibutwara amafaranga menshi kuko hari ikoranabuhanga ryoroshye rikoreshwa mu kubihinga.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/ubukungu/ubuhinzi-ubworozi/ubuhinzi/ibyo-wamenya-ku-bihumyo-nubuhamya-bwabo-byagiriye-umumaro/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221123041/https://muhaziyacu.rw/ubukungu/ubuhinzi-ubworozi/ubuhinzi/ibyo-wamenya-ku-bihumyo-nubuhamya-bwabo-byagiriye-umumaro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amoko == [[Dosiye:Mycena crocea Maas Geest 265871.jpg|thumb|Ubwoko bw'iIbihumyo]] Hariho amoko menshi y'ibihumyo biribwa, ariko ahingwa muri aka karere k'ibiyaga bigari ni abiri gusa, ari yo: Pleurote na Ganoderma. Pulerote  ni ubwoko bw'ibihumyo biribwa buhingirwa kugurishwa no kuribwa ku isi hose. Ubu bwoko bw'ibihumyo ntibugoye guteka kandi biraryoha.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/71965/mu-mafoto-uko-ibihumyo-bihingwa-kugeza-bisaruwe-71965.html</ref> === Guhinga ibihumyo bya Ganoderma : === ==== Gushaka umurama ==== [[Dosiye:2008-07-16 Armillaria tabescens cropped.jpg|thumb|Ubwoko bundi bw'ibihumyo]] Niba ukeneye guhinga ibihumyo, ni ngombwa gushaka umurama wo guhinga. Umurama: nk'uko imbuto ari ingenzi ku bihingwa, na wo ni ikintu gihomeye kuko ubwiza bw'umurama ari kimwe mu bituma ibihumyo bitanga umusaruro mwiza. Ushobora kwitegurira umurama ukoresheje ikintu kitarangwaho mikorobi cyangwa ukagura imigina yateguwe n'abayigurisha. Kwitegurira umurama bishobora guhenduka mu gihe kirekire, ariko mu gutangira igishoro cyaba kinini. Ku bw'iyo mpamvu, ni byiza gutangira ugura imigina yatewemo umurama.<ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/ubukungu/iterambere/article/ambasaderi-wang-xuekun-yagaragaje-uko-ibihumyo-bishobora-gufasha-mu-kurandura</ref> [[Dosiye:Fly Agaric mushroom 04.jpg|thumb|igihumyo]] ==== Kubaka igisharagati ==== [[Dosiye:Lactarius salmonicolor cropped.jpg|thumb|Ibihumyo.]] Inzu yo guhingamo ibihumyo ntogomba kuba ihenze cyangwa yubakishije ibikoresho bihambaye. Ibihumyo byo mu butaka bihingwa mu gisharagati cyangwa se ikibandahori cya mpande eshatu (Triangle shelter); kimwe n’icya mpande enye'''.'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umuseke.rw/2022/08/abahinzi-bibihumyo-bari-guhugurwa-ku-buhinzi-butanga-umusaruro-utubutse/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221124547/https://umuseke.rw/2022/08/abahinzi-bibihumyo-bari-guhugurwa-ku-buhinzi-butanga-umusaruro-utubutse/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Gutera ibihumyo === * Cukura uturingoti dufite hagati ya cm 25 na 30 uzateramo imigina yawe. * Tereka imigina mu butaka utondekanya ku murongo wegeranya umwe ku wundi, * Orosaho agataka ka cm 1 hanyuma uvomerere. * Shyiraho ishashi igondeye ku biti kugira ngo hagumemo ubuhehere kandi hatagira ikibazo cyo kumagara kugeza igihe bitangiye kuzamuka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.musanze.gov.rw/soma-ibindi/ubuhinzi-bwibihumyo-inyunganizi-mu-kurwanya-imirire-mibi-nigwingira-ku-batishoboye |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227084610/https://www.musanze.gov.rw/soma-ibindi/ubuhinzi-bwibihumyo-inyunganizi-mu-kurwanya-imirire-mibi-nigwingira-ku-batishoboye |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Gufata neza umusaruro ==== Nk'imbuto cyanga imboga, ibihumyo byangirika vuba. Bishobora kubikwa ahantu hatari mu byuma bikonjesha mu gihe kitarenga amasaha 24. Ni ngombwa rero ko umuhinzi w'ibihumyo akora uko ashoboye kugira ngo ibihumyo bibisi bipfunyikwe kandi bibikwe ku buryo bukwiye ndetse binatunganywe kugira ngo bibashe kubikwa igihe kirekire. Gutunganya umusaruro w'ibihumyo bikorwa babishyira mu bikombe byabugenewe, babyumisha cyangwa babikuramo impumuro kugira ngo bizabikike igihe kirekire. Hakozwe ikoranabuhanga rigamije gukora ibiribwa bikoze mu bihumyo nk'imigati bita Piza, ifu y'ibihumyo itegurwamo isupu, ibisuguti n'ibindi byinshi.<ref>https://rwandamagazine.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/kigali-farms-yatangije-gahunda-yo-kurwanya-imirire-mibi-yifashishije-ibihumyo</ref> <ref>https://bwiza.com/?Musanze-Hamuritswe-umushinga-uzafasha-mu-guhangana-n-ingaruka-z</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Imbuto]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiribwa]] gay2gq577476g992smzevsw9wtyfqh1 0 14375 139711 138951 2026-09-23T18:37:15Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139711 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Pisum sativum Горох лущильний - зелений горошок.jpg|thumb|Amashaza|308x308px]] == Intagiriro == [[Dosiye:Pisum sativum - 1001.jpg|thumb|Amashaza.|320x320px]] [[Dosiye:Pisum sativum - 1005.jpg|left|thumb]] Amashaza, ikiribwa cy’ingirakamaro ku ndwara zitandukanye Amashaza agizwe n’umugabane munini w’amazi (78,9%). n’ibindi bya ngombwa bikenura umubiri: nka amidon n’isukari nke ya sakaroze. Afite proteyine (5,42%), akaba azirusha ibirayi (2,07%), ahubwo akaba asatira umuceri (6,61%). Uretse ko ari inyuma cyane y’ibishyimbo by’umweru (23,4%). Proteyine z’amashaza ziruzuye, uretse ko zikennye ku yitwa metiyonine, naho iyitwa lizine yo ikaba nyinshi cyane. Ariko bitewe n’uko ibinyampeke biba bikize cyane kuri iyo proteyine ya metiyonine, nyamara na byo bigakena kuri lizine (lysine), ni yo mpamvu kurya amashaza yatekanywe n’ibinyampeke byuzuzanya neza bigakungahaza umubiri. Harimo urusobe rwa vitamini B (nka B1, B2, B6, niacine, folates) z’ingenzi cyane mu gutuma umutima ukora neza, ndetse n’[[ubwonko]]. Harimo kandi vitamin C (40%), hafi kunganya n’indimu (53%), icyakora kapusine ikabirusha byose (285%). Amashaza atanga na vitamini A ku bwinshi, ndetse na vitamini E. Ni yo mpamvu iyo yatekanywe n’ibinyampeke aba ingirakamaro cyane ku mikorere myiza y’imyanya ishinzwe imyororokere, akagirira akamaro n’[[Umugore|abagore]] batagira amahirwe yo gusama n’abagabo bafite ibibazo byo kubyara, abagore batwita zikavamo zitageze igihe. Amashaza afite n’imyunyu ngugu, nka potasiyumu (244%), uyu munyuukaba ingenzi cyane ku mikorere myiza y’umutima. Afite n’umunyu w’ubutare (fer: 1,47%), manyeziyumu, zinc na manyeziyumu, bityo agatuma ubwonko bukora neza. Abo amashaza agirira akamaro.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230227100506/https://umutihealth.com/urunyogwe/</ref><ref name=":0">https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/122159/dore-akamaro-ko-kurya-amashaza-buri-munsi-122159.html</ref> [[Dosiye:-2020-06-28 Garden pea (Pisum sativum), Trimingham, Norfolk (1).JPG|thumb|Amashaza]] === Umumaro === * Abarwaye indwara z’umutima. Uretse ibyo twavuze haruguru, amashaza agirira umutima akamaro, kuko akennye ku binure no ku munyu wa sodiyumu (uboneka mu munyu w’urugera ukoreshwa kenshi mu gikoni), kandi ibyo byombi iyo bibaye indengarugero mu mubiri biba abanzi b’umutima. * Imvururu mu mikorere y’urwungano rw’ubwonko n’imitsi yumva: bitewe n’uko akungahaye kuri vitamini B n’imyunyu. Ni meza ku bafite ubwonko bukorana intege nke, abakunda kurakazwa n’ubusa, abacika intege bakiheba vuba (depression), abatabona ibitotsi bihagije (insomnia), neurasthénie, * [[Dosiye:Rice with peas.JPG|thumb|192x192px|Amashaza atetse]]Ababyeyi batwite n’abonsa: cyane cyane iyo yavanzwe n’ibinyampeke. Bitewe n’uko akungahaye ku byitwa folates, bituma ubwonko bw’umwana uri mu nda budakurana ubumuga (malformation du foetus). * Abarwaye diyabete: amidon iba mu mashaza igenda ihindurwamo isukari ya glucose buhoro buhoro mu gihe cy’igogora, bityo akihanganirwa n’abarwaye diyabete, kuko nta sukari nyinshi iba yisukiye icyarimwe mu maraso ngo urugero rwayo ruhite rujya hejuru. * Abana bato bagitangira kwiga kurya: abo bana na bo abagirira akamaro gakomeye cyane. Ni kimwe mu biribwa bigaburirwa abana bari gutangira kurya, hamwe n’imineke, ibirayi n’igikoma cy’ibigori (ni cyo kibanziriza ibindi).<ref name=":1">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2GlK00spBQ</ref> === Indwara n’uburyo bwo kurwanya udukoko === [[Dosiye:-2019-07-20 Garden pea (Pisum sativum) in flower, Trimingham.JPG|thumb|Ubuhinzi bw'amashaza]] ==== Ibibara bifite inguni ku mababi ==== '''Ibibara bikora inguni ku mababi (ALS, iterwa n’uduhumyo (P'''haeoisariopsis griseola), bifatwa nk’indwara ikomeye cyane y’ibishyimbo mu duce twinshi. Ifata amashami y’ibishyimbo, amababi n’imisogwe. '''Ibibara bihera ku ruhande rwo hasi rw’ikibabi bikagarurwa n’uturandaryi tw’ikibabi, bibanza kuba ikigina hanyuma bigahinduka isine. Ibibara biba bizengutswe n’urugori rweruruka. Kuba ibibara bikora inguni ni ikimenyetso cy’ingetsi kiranga uduhumyo tuyitera ('''''P. griseola''). Ibibara bishobora kuba byinshi cyane ku buryo amababi ahunguka imburagihe. Ibibara byo ku ruti bya by’indwara ierwa n’uduhumyo ''P. griseola'' biba ari birebire kandi ari isine. Ibibara byo ku misogwe ntibiba byinshi nko ku mababi. Biba biteye nk’igi cyangwa uruziga, bitangira biri inyuma, imirongo y’umukara hagati hijimye henda gutukura. Ibibara birutanwa mu bugari, amaherezo biba byinshi bigahura umusogwe wose ukuzura.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ooEGMMFBvac</ref> === Kwirinda iyi ndwara no kuyirwanya === === Kwita ku bihingwa === ** '''Gusimburanya ibihingwa bitandukanye ku murima umwe ku buryo hanyuramo nibura imyaka 2 udahinzemo amashaza kugira ngo ibisigazwa by’ibya mbere bibone umwanya wo kubora''' ** '''Gukoresha imbuto zitarwaye kandi zihanganira indwara''' ** '''Gukoresha imiti myiza nka Ridomili.''' === Ascochyta ku mababi n’ibibara ku misogwe ===   Indwara y’ibibara ku mababi no ku misogwe irakomeye ku amashaza. Ibimenyetso bigaragara ku mababi, amashami no ku misogwe ku gihingwa cyafashwe bishobora kwitiranywa iyo ikiri mu ikiciro cya mbere aho ibibara biba bias n’ikigina. Ku mababi, utubara duto tw’uruziga tw’igaju ni two tubanza kuza. Buhoro buhoro uko indwara ikwira, ibibara biba bigari kandi bikeruruka, hanyuma bikagenda byijima. Bitangira gufata iforomo ndinganire, bigafatana bigakwira igice kinini k’ikibabi. Igice kegereye ibibara bishobora guhinduka umukara hameze nk’ ahaboze. Mu bibara hagati hazamo utundi tudomo tw’umukara tungana n’umutwe w’urushinge (pycnidia). Ibi biboeneka mu duce tubamo ubuhehere bwinshi kandi tuba turi ku mirongo iteye nk’uruziga ikurikiranye. Ku mashami ibibara biba ari birebire, bigera imbere cyane byijmye cyane kurusha ku mababi kandi hariho bene twa tudomo (pycnidia) tunyanyagiye. Amashami ashobora kwisatura byagera aharwaye akavunika, bigatera igihingwa kugwa. Ku misogwe, ibibara byinjira imbere hagati hijimye n’imirongo yo ku mpande yijimye. Hashobora kuzaho utudomo (pycnidia) twinshi. Ibibara byakuze bishobora kwinjira imbere mu misogwe bigafata imbuto zikanyunyuka zigahindura n’ibara. Imbuto zafashwe zigira utudomo tw’umuhondo wijimye ku ruhu rw’inyuma, ibyo bigabanya cyane agaciro kabyo ku isoko. Iyo indwara ya Ascochyta yaje mu bihingwa itinze imbuto z’ibishyimbo zizana amabara, icyo gihe indwara iba yari ku rwego rwo hasi bivugako gutera imiti byari bikenewe.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=http://agasaro.rw/spip.php?mot15 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2024-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215112321/http://agasaro.rw/spip.php?mot15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://migro.co.rw/product/amashaza-peas-petit-pois-2-1</ref> [[Dosiye:Pisum sativum 01.JPG|thumb|Amashaz ni bimwe mubwoko bw'imboga]] === Kurwanya iyo ndwara Ascochyta === Mu kurwanya iyi ndwara bahuriza hamwe ibikorwa bitandukanye: guhitamo neza umurima, guhitamo imbuto zihanganira indwara, gutera neza imiti ku mababi no gusarura kare imbuto z’amashaza zitarahindurwa ibara n’indwara.<ref>https://duhahe.rw/Rw/peas-amashaza-281</ref> === Umugese === * Umugese ufata ibishyimbo uterwa n’uduhumyo dufata amababi, imisogwe n’amababi y’amashaza ku amashaza by’imiteja n’ibisanzwe. * Ibimenyetso byayo ni ibibara bifite ibara nk’iry’umugese mu bice byabaye umuhondo. Ibibara bibanza kuza ari utudomo duto turimo agafu k’ikijuju, ako gafu aba ari umurama w’iyo ndwara.<ref name=":3">https://web.archive.org/web/20230227100506/https://umutihealth.com/urunyogwe/</ref> '''Kuyirwanya:''' * Guhagarika guhinga muri uwo murima ibindi bishyimbo mu gihe cy’imyaka 2 * Guhita utaba ibisigazwa by’amashaza ukimara gusarura * Gutera imbuto zihanganira iyo ndwara * Kwirinda gufumbiza Azote nyinshi * [[Dosiye:Pisum sativum var. sativum sl20.jpg|thumb|Umurima w'amashaza]]Gukoresha imiti yabugenewe nka Ridomili.<ref name=":4">https://rwiyemeza.com/kn/mordet.php?titID=2792b828694631325f3f5801dd91ec44e6d&vario=3237fc8fdf20eb5533b386fe344bf77f20</ref> '''Indwara y’ububembe bw’amashaza (BCMV) n’indwara y’ibibara biterwa na virusi (BCMNV)''' Indwara y’ububembe bw’amashaza (BCMV) n’indwara y’ibibara biterwa na virusi (BCMNV) zitera kubemba no kubora (imizi iba umukara) ku amashaza. Ibimenyetso byazo bihinduka bitewe n’ubwoko bwa virusi izitera, ubushyuhe n’imiterere karemano y’ubwoko bw’ibishyimbo byafashwe. Ibimenyetso bijyanye no kubemba birimo kwikunja cyangwa hakaza udufuka (utubumbe), ibibara byeruruka n’icyatsi cyijimye ku mababi, imirongo y’uturandaryi ifite ibara ryihariye, ibipande byikunje by’umuhondo no kugwingira igihingwa ntigikure naza. Ibibabi byikunje byahinduye ibara bikizamuka byerekana ko urubuto rwatewe arirwo rwari rurwaye. Igihingwa rero gishobora kubemba bisanzwe bizwi kikazana ibibara cyangwa kigahinduka umukara.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |url=https://www.urwego.com/2014/12/amashaza-na-laitue.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227100504/https://www.urwego.com/2014/12/amashaza-na-laitue.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inzira zishoboka zo kurwanya BCMV/BCMNV harimo: * Gutera imbuto nzima. * Kuvugurura uburyo bwo guhinga * Gukoresha imiti ikwiye nka superimitirine cyangwa roketi 5 (supermithrine na Roquette 5).<ref name=":5" /> === Inda zangiza amashaza === [[Dosiye:Pisum sativum Горох цукровий - молоді рослини.jpg|thumb|Ubuhinzi bw'amashaza bujyezweho]] Inda z’amashaza zanduza virusi kuva ku gihingwa kimwe ujya ku kindi, imboga n’ibiti by’imirimbo. Inzuzi z’ibihaza, konkombure, situruye, wotameloni, amashaza, ibirayi, leti, beterave ni ibihingwa bifatwa na virusi zizanwa n’ubuhunduguru. Virusi zihindura ibara ry’ikimera, biba umuhondo cyangwa ababi akikunja ikimera kikadindira mu gukura. N’ubwoinda z’amashaza zica umusaruro cyane, biragogoye kuzirwanya, kuberako n’iyo zaba nke mu murima zironona cyane; inda ikwirakwiza virusi mu minota mike mu gihe bitwara igihe kinini ngo uyicishe umuti wica udukoko.<ref name=":3" /> === Kurwanya indwara z’amashaza === N’ubwo inda z’amashaza zica rimwe na rimwe igihingwa cyakuze, ibyorezo zitera n’umushongi zishyira ku bihingwa bituma biba ngombwa kuzirwanya. Rimwe na rimwe imiti yica udukoko yica n’udusimba dufite umumaro hamwe n’ibyonnyi icyarimwe.<ref name=":0" /> === Kugenzura umurima kenshi === Ni byiza kugenzura umurima buri gihe (nibura 2 mu cyumweru), ukareba niba ibihingwa byatewe bikura  vuba ugahita utangira kurwanya utu dukoko kakiri kare utwica, umenaho umuti cyangwa amababi yafashwe uyavanaho. Inda z’amashaza zikunze gutera ibyorezo mu gihe hari ubushyuhe ariko ntibwabishobora kuri degere 65-80 F. Iyo inda z’amashaza zamaze gufata amababi akikunjakunja biragoye kuzicisha imiti yica udukoko kuko bwihisha mu mababi yikunje akaburinda kugerwaho n’imiti ndetse n’ibindi byabuhiga. <ref name=":0" /> === Indwara ziterwa na bagiteri mu amashaza === Kubabuka bitewe na [[bagiteri]], uruhumbu n’ibibara byijimye biterwa na bagiteri zose ni indwara ziterwa na bagiteri zifata ibibabi by’ibishyimbo. Ibimenyetso zerekana n’igihe uburwayi bumara byenda gusa kuri izo ndwara uko ari 3. Kubera izo mpamvu, gusuzuma ngo umenye ndwara iyo ariyo biragoye. Kubw’amahirwe izo ndwara zishobora kurwanywa mu buryo bumwe. Akenshi uburwayi butewe na bagiteri ku mababi bubanza kuza ari utudomo bufite inguni cyangwa ari uruziga twuzuyemo amazi (icyatsi kijimye). Uko indwara igenda ikwira, biba ibibara byeruruka kandi byumye, ikindi gika kikazenguruka cya kibara. Amababi yafashwe cyane ahinduka umuhondo agashwanyagurika iyo ayo mababi akuze cyangwa aguye hasi.<ref name=":0" /> '''Kurwanya''' '''Indwara ziterwa na bagiteri mu amashaza''' Kuzirinda mbere y’uko zigera mu murima ni bwo buryo bwiza bwo kuzirwanya. * Gutera imbuto nzima zitanduye, abahinzi bibikira imbuto ntibagomba gukoresha imbuto zanduye * Gutera ubwoko bw’imbuto bwihanganira mu buryo bwose bene izi ndwara * Gukura mu murima ibisigazwa by’ibimera byose bishaje * Ibisigazwa by’ibimera byari birwaye ntibigomba guhugutishwa ngo bibe ifumbire kuko ubushyuhe bwo mu kimpoteri ntibwakwica za bagiteri * Gusimburanya ibihingwa mu murima ku buryo umurima wavuyemo amashaza byarwaye uzengera kubihingamo nibura nyuma y’imyaka 3. * Kugira ngo ugabanye gukwirakwiza indwara, wirinda kuhira unagaho amazi ukirinda no kwinjira mu murima amashaza bigitose * Kurandura igihingwa cyafashwe ukibona ko indwara yaje mu murima.<ref name=":1" /> === Imungu y’amashaza === === Ibiranga imungu y’amashaza === Ni agasimba gato ko mu bwoko bw’ibivumuri, kagira mm 3.5-5, kenda kugira ishusho ya mpandeshatu, ibara ryijimye n’utudomo tw’umweru, dutukura cyangwa tw’umukara. Imungu ishobora gutera amagi mu amashaza, kuyafatisha ku gishishwa cy’amashaza cyangwa mu musate aho amashaza cyamenetse. Ikiciro cy’urunyo rwavuye mu magi no kujya mu gakono karwo byose bibera mu amashaza imbere. amashaza bishobora kwandura imungu guhera ku mbuga. Imungu nkuru zishobora kujya mu murima zivuye mu buhunikiro, mu biteresho, mu bisarurisho n’ahandi hantu hose habitse ibishyimo byagiyemo imunyu.<ref name=":2" /> === Uko imungu yonona === Imungu ikiri urunyo ikurira mu amashaza ikacyangiza igicamo imiyoboro. Inyo z’imungu zirya amashaza kigashiramo burundu. Urunyo rujya mu gakono rukiri mu amashaza hazavamo imungu ikuze isohoka inyuze mu mwenge umeze nk’uruziga ivuye mu gasate k’amashaza. Konona kw’imungu rero gushingiye ku gushaka ibiyitunga bihuye no kugenda ikwira hose.<ref name=":4" /> === Kurwanya imungu y’amashaza === [[Dosiye:Peas in pods - Studio.jpg|thumb|amashaza]] Kwirinda ko umusaruro wawe uhura n’imungu ni bwo buryo bw’ingenzi. Kuberako amashaza byandurira imungu akenshi ku mbuga zivuye mu amashaza, wagerageza gukuraho aho imungu ishobora guturuka hose. Aho hashobora kuba imifuka yabitswemo ibindi byamunzwe nka soya, ibindi amashaza byari baramunzwe byasigaye nyuma y’ihinga, ibindi amashaza byahunikiwe kugaburirwa amatungo n’aho bitunganyirizwa, ibindi bishyimbo cyangwa ibisigazwa byabyo byamunzwe aho byaba birunze hose : mu murima cyangwa hafi yawo ndetse n’ubuhunikiro burimo imungu.<ref name=":3" /> [[Dosiye:NCI peas in pod.jpg|thumb|319x319px|amashaza]] === Amashakiro === <references /> [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiribwa]] [[Ikiciro:Imbuto]] 8blt5n79fl790iy4imtw8ipbojv3zle 0 14381 139802 126890 2026-09-24T10:04:05Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139802 wikitext text/x-wiki == Hadada Ibis == [[Dosiye:Hadeda Ibis Portrait, crop.jpg|thumb|Hadada ibis]] Hadada Ibis ni inyoni kavukire ikomoka muri afrika kavukire munsi y'ubutayu bwa sahara ikaba arinyoni ivuga amajwi aranguruye ikagira amajwi atatu kugeza kuri ane. akaba inyoni ushobora gusanga mubishanga, ariko cyame cyane wayisanga hafi y'abantu,igakunda kurisha mu mirima ndetse no mubusitani, iyo imaze gukura igira amaguru maremare ,amababa asa icyatsi cyibisi cyangwa umutuku.nigake uzasanga, yavuye mugace ijya mukandi ariko zizwiho gukora ingendo cyane cyane mugihe cy'amapfa. umubare munini wazo wariyongereye muri afrika yepfo.cyane cyane zigana ahantu hatuwe n'abantu.[https://ebird.org/species/hadibi1] == Ibyiciro rusange (taxonomy) == [[Dosiye:Hadeda Ibis, Bostrychia hagedash, foraging EOS 02504s.jpg|thumb]] Hadada ibis yaje gushirwa mu byiciro muwa 1790 ,yaje gushyirwa mu bwoko bumwe na Hagedashia ariko kuva ubwo yaje gushirwa mubwoko bwa Bostrychia.[https://web.archive.org/web/20230227124247/http://thebdi.org/2022/03/24/hadada-ibis-bostrychia-hagedash/] == Imiterere == Hadada ni nini hafi (76cm (30in) iyi Ibis ikaba ifite ibara rijya gusa n'ivu, ibis y'ingabo n'ingore birasa, ifite umugongo muto wera, ikagira amaguru yirabura, gusa rimwe na rimwe usanga asa umutuku, ikagira amababa akomeye kandi yagutse, ashobora guhaguruka kandi byihuse. ifite ijwi rirenga kandi ryihariye ihamagara ryayo rikunze kunvikama mugihe inyoni zihagurutse, cyangwa mugihe inyoni zishyikirana. urugero nko mugitondo cyakare mugace zituyemo.[https://web.archive.org/web/20230227124247/http://thebdi.org/2022/03/24/hadada-ibis-bostrychia-hagedash/] == Imiturire == Iyi Ibis yororoka muri africa yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa sahara mu bwatsi bufunguye,savanna,ibishanga ndetse naza pariki zo mumijyi, nubusitani bunini. iyi nyoni iboneka muri; [[Dosiye:Hadeda Ibis (Bostrychia hagedash) in flight, from side.jpg|thumb]] Sudani, uburundi, ethiopia,Senegali, tanzania,Uganda,Gabon congo na cameron,Gambia ,kenya Somalia Lesoto botswana,Eswatin,Mozambique ,zimbabwe,namibia na africa yepfo. ibwiyongere bwa Hadada ryariyongereye muri afrika yepfo ishyuro zigera kuri ebyiri n'igice. mu kinyejana cya 20 mugihe cyo kwinjiza ibiti muduce tutagiraga agaciro imishinga yo gutera ibiti nabyo byafashishe ibis mu kwiyongera kwazo, kuko bigaragara ko ikunda ubutaka bworohereye [http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22697463] == Imyitwarire n'ibidukikije == Hadada Ibis ikunda kuguruka mu gitondo, na nimugoroba [https://www.oaklandzoo.org/animals/hadada-ibis] , ikunda kurya Hadada ibis ikunda gufungura [[Dosiye:Bostrychia hagedash MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.62.7.jpg|thumb|eggs]] utuntamanswa ikoresheje umunwa wayo ukomeye kugirango ibanze isuzume kubutaka bwaho bworoshye igakunda kurya utunyamaswa duto nk'inzoka, prown ya parktown, iitagangurirwa nutundi dukoko duto. iyi nyoni kandi irisha byoroshye nk'urusenda.igakunda kugira isuku akenshi aho zirara. kimwe nkandi moko ya ibis. ikunda kurisha umuhigo utagaragara nka livre zo munsi y'ubutaka butagaragara ibyobo bizifasha kurisha ndetse no kumenya utunyamanswa turi mubitaka. hadada ya menyekanye mu mijyi myinshi yo muri afrika kandi yihanganira kuba hafi y'abantu. Hadada ifite ubushobozi bwo kumenya umuvuduko abantu bari kugenderaho kugirango ibashe guhunga. hadada ibisi kandi yagize uruhare mu kurema ubwoko bw'inyoni nyishi ku bibuga by'indege nka kenya na afrika y'epfo. ubworozi bwayo butangira nyuma y'invura,muntara ya cape zororoka cyane kuva mu kwakira kugeza mu gushyingo. icyari cyayo ikunda kukimanika mubiti hejuru ikaba itera amagi atatu kugera kuri ane.[https://animalia.bio/hadada-ibis] == Umuco == Ihamagarwa rya Hadada Ibis rifatwa nk'ikimenyetso cy'invura mu bice bya lesoto, Abantu ba xhosa bakoresha izina ingangane risobanura ibis, bitandukanye na cyera, indimi nyishi nyafurika nka onomatopoeic. azwi nka zililili muri chewa, chinawa muri chiyao, chihaha cyangwa mwanawawa muri tumbuka na malawi muri konde, abahigi babayoroni babonaga ari inyoni nziza yo kurya. muri zululand izina ingqamathumba ryerekanako umuntu wese usebya inyoni azavamo ibisebe, iyo ziguruka ubudahwema, bivuga gusarura umusaruro mwinshi muri uwo mwaka.imvugo utahthisele amathohe ingangane bisobanura ngo yafashwe ibyari bya hadeda ni imvugo ikoreshwa mu kwerekana ko umuntu yababaje, umuntu wihorera kandiko agomba kwitonda.[https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=CAFBA217EB0B098C] daon42fm7q922w6kjmuknwq9qq03qv8 0 14388 139820 137899 2026-09-24T10:32:19Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139820 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Kalanchoe - Ботаничка градина Скопје (2).jpg|thumb|Ikitenetene|157x157px]] [[Dosiye:Kalanchoe beharensis serres du Jardin du Luxembourg.JPG|left|thumb]] Ikinetenete ni [[ikimera]] kizwi n’Abanyarwanda benshi, cyane cyane ababyeyi kuko gituma umwana yoroherwa mu nda, niba yari yananiwe kwituma bigakunda, bityo ibyamuryaga bigashira. Hari n’abagikoresha mu gihe umwana yarwaye inkorora, bakacyotsa mu rukoma, bagakamura bagaha umwana amazi yacyo. Ikinetenete kandi gikora nk’icyo bita Umukunde,ngo ufasha umwana gukundana n’amara ye, ntakomeze kuribwa mu nda.<ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/ubuvuzi/article/ibi-bimera-bifite-ibanga-mu-buvuzi-gakondo</ref><ref>https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ikinetenete</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rw.amateka.net/iihango-yumugore-mu-gihe-cyo-kubyara/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227141854/https://rw.amateka.net/iihango-yumugore-mu-gihe-cyo-kubyara/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3X-Do0eAak</ref> == Kuvura == * [[Dosiye:Kalanchoe beharensis - Ботаничка градина Скопје (3).jpg|thumb|Igiti |164x164px]]Kivura n'amatwi hamwe n'inkorora. ni uku kivumbika mu ivu rishyushye wacyizingiye mu rukoma, kigashyuha. Ukagikuramo maze ugakandira mu gutwi kiri akazuyazi ariko kitakotsa. * Ku nkorora umaze ku kivumbika uragihekenya. * [[Dosiye:Orbea variegata и Kalanchoe - Ботаничка градина Скопје.jpg|thumb|Imigozo y'Ikinetenete|183x183px]]Ikinetenete baragitwika bagashyira utuzi twacyo ku gakondo k'uruhinja kagakungura nta infection ijemo.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] nri08fld6zhjoeoa8d5aug29j2ao14o 0 14391 139887 138837 2026-09-24T10:43:35Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139887 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Curcuma longa (Haldi) W IMG 2440.jpg|thumb|Turmeric cyangwa Ikinzari|160x160px]] [[Dosiye:Turmeric (Haldi) 03.jpg|left|thumb]] Ikinzari cyangwa Turmeric ni [[ikimera]] kiri mu muryango Zingiberaceae ni [[ikimera]] kitarigishya kuko kimaze imyaka irenga 2000 gihingwa, uburebure bwacyo bujya gukabakaba metero, Ifu iva mumizi yacyo ikunzwe gukoreshwa cyane nk’ ikirungo. Igira ibara ry’ umuhondo ujya kuba nk’ icunga ( orange). N’ [[ikimera]] gikomoka mubuhinde no muri Asia y’ amajyepfo y’ iburasirazuba. Kuri ubu kikaba gikoreshwa mubihugu byose ku isi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/icyinzari/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227151600/https://umutihealth.com/icyinzari/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20230227151600/http://www.agakiza.rw/Menya-byinshi-ku-icyinzari-ikirungo-kivura-indwara-nyinshi.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuzimainfo.rw/2022/02/akamaro-kicyinzari.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227151601/https://www.ubuzimainfo.rw/2022/02/akamaro-kicyinzari.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dosiye:Curcuma longa - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-199.jpg|thumb|Ikinzari|206x206px]] == Akamaro ka turimeric kubuzima bwacu. == ● Itera Umwijima kumererwa neza ● Irwanya ibibazo by' Umutima: ubushakashatsi bwakozwe bwerekanyeko itera imikorere myiza uduce duto two mumutima imbere no mumitsi ijyana amaraso (endothelial), tugira uruhare mukurwanya umuvuduko w' amaraso, no kwangirika kw' umutima. ● Ni anti- inflamatoire. Kubwibyo bituma iba nziza kubibazo bitandukanye cyane nka rubagimpande na arthritis. ● Ni carminative, ninziza kukubyimbura, colic, no gusohora icyuka cyo mumara. ● Irwanya mikorobi, ubwandu cyangwa ama infection, kandi ikaba nziza mukongera ubudahangarwa bw’ umubiri. ● Ni nziza kundwara z’ igifu nka dyspepsia, igogora ritinda kunoza ibyokurya, gastrite chronique, kubura kw’ ipfa ry’ ibyo kurya… ●Ifasha muguhangana n’ indwara zibasira imyanya y’ ubuhumekero nka bronchite, inkorora, asthma… ● Ikangura imikorere y’ [[ubwonko]] kandi igafasha mukugabanya umunaniro no guhangayika, ● ikanarinda indwara ya Alzheimer kubageze muzabukuru n’ izindi Ifite ubushobozi bwogushyira kurigahunda imihango y' abakobwa no kuburizamo ibindi bibazo bijyanye nayo. ● Irinda gusazira imburagihe Ifasha mugusohora urugimbu rubi mumubiri no kurwanya indwara z’ umutima Indwanya indwara z’ uruhu nka psoriasis, eczema, ibiheri byo mumaso… [[Dosiye:Curcuma longa (Haldi) W2 IMG 2440.jpg|thumb|ikinzari|210x210px]] ● Ikomeza imikaya (ligaments) Isukura amaraso Igabanya umubyibuho ukabije Igabanya ingaruka z’ imiti y’ ubutabire ( chemotherapy) Irwanya cancer ( y’ amabere, prostate, y’ uruhu, y ‘ iherezo ry’ amara, iyo mumatembabuzi, n’ iya maraso) Nibyiza kuvanga Turmeric na Black pepper izwi ku izina rya Pilipilimanga, kuko bituma curcumin iboneka muri Turmeric ikwirakwizwa neza mumubiri, ibyo bikayiha ubushobozi bwayo mu mubiri.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thechoicelive.com/sobanukirwa-byinshi-byagufasha-kurinda-ibihaha-no-gutuma-bikora-neza |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227151559/https://www.thechoicelive.com/sobanukirwa-byinshi-byagufasha-kurinda-ibihaha-no-gutuma-bikora-neza |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Uko ikoreshwa === * Utuyiko 2 duto muri litiro 1 y’ amazi ashyushye. Tegereza iminota 10, ubone kuyungurura, unywe amatasi 3 kumunsi * Kuyishyira mubyokurya, mugikoma, …ukoresheje akayiko gato katuzuye neza * Kubibazo by’ uruhu ikoreshwa uyisize uvanze n’ amazi * Kuvura ibiheri byo mu maso:3 ibiyiko by’ ifu ya turmeric-- 3 ibiyiko by’ [[ubuki]] 1 ikiyiko cya vinaigre ya pomme ½ cy’ [[indimu]] Bivange neza usige mu maso bimareho igice cy’ isaha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/ibyagufasha-gucyesha-mu-kwaha-hawe-hahindutse-umukara/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227151600/https://yegob.rw/ibyagufasha-gucyesha-mu-kwaha-hawe-hahindutse-umukara/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dosiye:Turmeric plants image.jpg|thumb|218x218px|Umurima uhinzemo ibinzani]] === Ibindi === 1. Turmeric ntangaruka mbi itera umubiri iyo ikoreshejwe neza kurugero rukwiriye. Iyo urengeje urugero ushobora kugira bimwe mubibazo bikurikira:Gukora nabi kw' igogora.--Iseseme Diarrhe Isereri 2. Sibyiza kuyikoresha igihe kirenze amezi 2 cyangwa 3, ujye usimbuka andi mezi 2 mbere yuko wongera kuyikoresha. 3. '''Utwite:''' kuyikoresha nk' ikirungo mubyokurya ntacyitwaye, ariko kuyikoresha kurugero rurihejuru ( nk' umuti) ntabwo byemewe.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] cf6skkbum7vpor1bnqtmxa660emitul 0 14418 139689 138296 2026-09-23T18:32:05Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139689 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Green mango tree.jpg|thumb|Ibibabi by'umwembe.|176x176px]] [[Dosiye:Baramati, Maharashtra, India. 28 Mango leaves.jpg|thumb|Ibibabi by'umwembe|168x168px]] [[Dosiye:-Mango -Salem special -Fruits.jpg|left|thumb]] umwembe ni igiti kigira amababi afasha muri byinshi haba mu ibidukikije, buvuzi, hari imwe mu ndwara zihangayikisha abazirwaye dore ko nta n’umuti uhamye uyivura burundu ni indwara ya diyabete. Iyi ndwara iterwa nuko igipimo cy’isukari mu maraso cyazamutse cyangwa we ikorwa rya insulin ryagabanyutse itera uyirwaye guhora afata imiti umunsi ku wundi cyangwa yitera inshinge buri munsi Bumwe mu buryo bwo guhangana na yo ni uguhindura imirire no gukora siporo. ibibabi by’imyembe bikagufasha kugabanya uburemere bw’indwara. Ibi biterwa nuko muri byo harimo amoko anyuranye ya anthocyanidins zifasha mu guhangana na yo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/ibibabi-byimyembe/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228100907/https://umutihealth.com/ibibabi-byimyembe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">https://umuryango.rw/opinion/article/akamaro-ko-kurya-umwembe-ufatwa-nk-umwami-w-izindi-mbuto</ref><ref name=":2">https://web.archive.org/web/20230228100902/https://www.agakiza.org/Akamaro-gakomeye-k-umwembe-ku-mubiri-wacu.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuzimainfo.rw/2022/07/umwembe-rumwe-mu-rubuto-rukungahaye-ku.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228100904/https://www.ubuzimainfo.rw/2022/07/umwembe-rumwe-mu-rubuto-rukungahaye-ku.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.urwego.com/2015/01/urubuto-rwumwembe-rukungahaye-kuri.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228100905/https://www.urwego.com/2015/01/urubuto-rwumwembe-rukungahaye-kuri.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/akamaro-ko-kurya-umwembe-ufatwa-nkumwami-wizindi-mbuto/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228100905/https://yegob.rw/akamaro-ko-kurya-umwembe-ufatwa-nkumwami-wizindi-mbuto/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://umwezi.rw/?p=9746</ref> [[Dosiye:Mango tree leaves.jpg|thumb|ibibazi byumwembe|144x144px]] === Ibidukikije: === ibibabi by’imyembe afasha mu gukora ifumbire nziza kandi ifite ibicyenewe byose.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/dore-impamvu-zatuma-umwembe-utabura-ku-ifunguro-ryawe</ref><ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/menya-zimwe-mu-ndwara-zivurwa-n-ibibabi-by-umwembe</ref> === Mu kuvura === * Ibibabi 15 bibisi by’umwembe bikiri bito * [[Dosiye:GREEN MANGO (6).jpg|thumb|Imyembe|173x173px]]Ibikombe 4 (litiro imwe) by’amazi<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> === Uko bikorwa === * Canira ya mazi arimo bya bibabi wabanje kubisukura, ubikore nimugoroba * Namara kubira uterure ubike bipfundikiye kugeza mu gitondo * Mu gitondo utaragira ikindi ushyira mu nda, yungurura unywe ya mazi uyamare. Ibi ubikora buri munsi mu gihe byibuze cy’amezi abiri. Utabashije kujya ubona ibibabi buri munsi, urabyanika ugakoramo ifu, ukajya ukoresha ibiyiko bibiri byayo muri Litiro y’[[amazi]]. Uretse kandi kurwanya diyabete bizanafasha.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> * [[Dosiye:Mango and cross sections.jpg|thumb|197x197px|Imyembe Ihiye]]Gusukura mu gifu * Kurwanya zimwe mu ndwara z’umutima ziterwa nuko imitsi isa n’iyazibye * Kugabanya ibiro * Kurwanya uburibwe cyane cyane bw’umutwe * Kugabanya ibicece na ya nda yitwa nyakubahwa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] [[Ikiciro:Imbuto]] 08s2qb0uylwujme9ielfs1jqitvv787 0 14423 139763 138973 2026-09-24T09:59:27Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139763 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Internet-problems.svg|thumb|Interineti mu itumanaho ritandukanye.|384x384px]] Murandasi (Internet) yatangiye hagati mu myaka ya 1960-1970, ubwo ibyogajuru (satellites) byari bitangiye koherezwa mu kirere(mu isanzure), hagamijwe gufasha abasirikare kuvugana bakoresheje itumanaho rigendanwa(mobile telecommunication). == Amateka == === Inkomoko ya murandasi muri rusange === [[Dosiye:StaticTemplates.gif|thumb|<u>Uruhererekane rw'urusobe rw'amakuru kuri murandasi.</u>]] Murandasi (internet) ni kimwe mu bintu bifite uruhare runini mu iterambere rya tekinologi kwisi. Bimwe mu bibazo wakibaza ni inkomoko yayo, uko yavumbuwe, uwayivumbuye, n’ibindi bibazo byinshi umuntu yakwibaza. uyu munsi twakusanyirije hamwe bimwe mu bibazo mwibaza ku nkomoko ya murandasi(internet) n’ibisubizo byabyo. Murandasi(Internet) ni urusobe runini rw’imiyoboro, n’ibikorwa remezo. Ihuza amamiriyoni ya mudasobwa hamwe kwisi yose, ikora umuyoboro ku buryo  mudasobwa iyo ari yo yose ishobora kuvugana n’izindi mudasobwa byose kandi byifashishije murandasi(internet).Murandasi(Internet) yatangiye nk’umuyoboro w’ishami ry’ingabo z’Amerika kugira ngo uhuze abahanga n’abarimu ba kaminuza ku isi. Nkuko tubizi ikoranabuhanga ryaragutse kandi rihora rihinduka, ntibishoboka gushimira igihangano cya murandasi(internet) ku muntu umwe. Murandasi(Internet) yari umurimo w’ubumenyi bw’abapayiniya benshi, abategura porogaramu naba injeniyeri buri wese yateje imbere ibintu bishya n’ikoranabuhanga byaje guhuzwa no kuba “amakuru super highway” tuzi uyumunsi. Kera cyane mbere yuko tekinoroji ibaho kugirango yubake murandasi(internet), abahanga benshi bari bamaze kumenya ko hariho imiyoboro y’amakuru ku isi. Nikola Tesla yagerageje igitekerezo cya “sisitemu idafite isi” mu ntangiriro ya za 1900, afatanya n’umuhanga Paul Otlet na Vannevar Bush batekereje uburyo bwo kubika imashini zikoreshwa mu bubiko bw’ibitabo n’itangazamakuru mu myaka ya za 1930 na 1940. Mu ntangiriro ya za 1960, ubwo MIT ya J.C.R. Licklider yakwirakwije igitekerezo cya “Intergalactic Network” ya mudasobwa. Nyuma yaho gato, abahanga mu bya mudasobwa bateje imbere igitekerezo cyo “guhinduranya paki,” uburyo bwo kohereza neza amakuru ya elegitoroniki nyuma bikaza kuba imwe mu nyubako zikomeye za murandasi(internet). Porotipi ya mbere ikora ya murandasi(internet) yaje mu mpera za 1960 hashyizweho ARPANET, cyangwa Urwego Rushinzwe Ubushakashatsi. Ubusanzwe yatewe inkunga na Minisiteri y’ingabo z’Amerika, ARPANET yakoresheje guhinduranya paki kugirango yemere mudasobwa nyinshi kuvugana ku murongo umwe. Ku ya 29 Ukwakira 1969, ARPAnet yatanze ubutumwa bwayo bwa mbere: itumanaho rya “node-to-node” riva kuri mudasobwa imwe ijya mu rindi. (Mudasobwa ya mbere yari muri laboratoire y’ubushakashatsi muri UCLA naho iya kabiri yari i Stanford; buri imwe yari ingana n’inzu nto). Ubutumwa – “LOGIN” – bwari bugufi kandi bworoshye, ariko bwasenyutse umuyoboro wa ARPA wari umaze igihe gito.: Mudasobwa ya Stanford yakiriye gusa inyuguti ebyiri za mbere. Ikoranabuhanga ryakomeje kwiyongera mu myaka ya za 70 nyuma y’uko abahanga Robert Kahn na Vinton Cerf bakoze porotokore yo kugenzura imiyoboro ya murandasi(internet) na Porotokole ya interineti, cyangwa TCP / IP, uburyo bw’itumanaho bwashyizeho ibipimo byerekana uburyo amakuru ashobora koherezwa hagati y’imiyoboro myinshi. ARPANET yemeye TCP / IP ku ya 1 Mutarama 1983, maze kuva aho abashakashatsi batangira guteranya “urusobe rw’imiyoboro” rwahindutse murandasi(internet) igezweho. Isi yo kuri murandasi(internet) yahise ifata imiterere yamenyekanye cyane mu 1990, ubwo umuhanga mu bya mudasobwa Tim Berners-Lee yahimbaga Urubuga mpuzamahanga. Nubwo bikunze kwitiranywa na murandasi(internet) ubwayo, urubuga mu byukuri n’uburyo busanzwe bwo kubona amakuru ku murongo mu buryo bw’urubuga na hyperlinks. Urubuga rwafashaga kumenyekanisha murandasi(internet) mu baturage, kandi rwabaye intambwe yingenzi mu guteza imbere amakuru menshi benshi muritwe tubona buri munsi. Sinasoza ntabibukije ko murandasi(internet) ari kimwe mu bintu byavumbuwe n’umuntu. kandi ifite byinshi imaze kutujyezaho bitangaje cyane. N’igikoresho gikomeye rwose cyo kwiga ibintu byinshi bitandukanye  ndetse no mu buryo bw’itumanaho ikaba ingenzi cyane. === Inkomoko ya 1G kugeza kuri 5G === [[Dosiye:5G mobile network diagram.jpg|thumb|Imiterere y'uruhererekane rwa interrineti.]] Umuyobozi w’ishami ry’Urwego Ngenzuramikorere (RURA) rishinzwe Ikoranabuhanga, Charles Gahungu, avuga ko uko kuvugana kwatangiriye mu gisirikare cy’Abanyamerika, ariko nyuma y’imyaka mike kwaje gusakara no mu baturage basanzwe b’abasivili. Icyo gihe hakoreshwaga telefone nini za Motorola zabaga zifite antenne, abantu bakavugana hagenda amajwi gusa, ari na cyo cyiciro cya mbere cya murandasi cyitwa 1G(generation). Gahungu avuga ko icyo gihe amajwi yagendaga acikagurika ku buryo abavugana batumvikanaga neza kugeza ahagana mu 1990, ubwo haje icyiciro cya kabiri(2G) cy’amajwi avuguruye yumvikana neza, ndetse abantu batangira no kwandikirana ubutumwa bugufi. Hashize imyaka mike Internet ya 2G ivugururwa hashakwa uko amakuru ahererekanywa yagenda ari menshi mu buryo bw’inyandiko n’amajwi, ari bwo haje icyiciro cya 2.75G cyo kohererezanya amajwi, inyandiko(text nini hakoreshejwe email) ndetse n’amafoto mato. Mu cyiciro cya gatatu(3G) havuguruwe uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru menshi cyane kurushaho mu buryo bw’amajwi, inyandiko, amafoto n’amashusho, kandi bikagenda cyangwa bigafunguka hashize igihe gito, ku muvuduko urushijeho kuba munini urengeje kilobytes 400 ku isegonda(kbps). Internet ivuguruye ya 3.5G ndetse no kugera kuri 3.75G yo irushijeho kwihuta gufunguka kw’amakuru arimo guhererekanywa, ku muvuduko ubarirwa muri za megabytes mu isegonda(mbps). Iki cyiciro gituma abantu bashobora kuvugana barebana cyangwa umuntu agakurikirana imbonankubone ibintu birimo kubera ahandi, n’ubwo biba bigenda gahoro kandi bicikagurika, kuko ngo amakuru aba asakazwa n’ibyogajuru biri kure cyane kandi anyura mu miyoboro mito. Gahungu avuga ko ibi bigereranywa n’impombo cyangwa amatiyo atwara amazi, kuko ngo iyo abantu bakoresha agatiyo gato ari benshi, babona amazi make, ndetse abenshi bakayabura. Nk’uko habaho kwagura imiyoboro y’amazi cyangwa kuyongera kugira ngo abantu babone menshi, ni na ko hakenerwa kubaka ibikorwaremezo bya Internet bitwara amakuru menshi ku muvuduko ugenda nk’urumuri. Gahungu avuga ko Internet ya 4G yihuta gutwara amashusho y’ibibera ahantu hatandukanye ku Isi muri ako kanya, itashobokaga u Rwanda rutarashyira imiyoboro migari ya ’fibre optique’ mu butaka, ari na cyo gikorwa cyatangiranye n’umwaka wa 2008. Izi ntsinga zitwara Internet ziyihawe n’ibyogajuru, ikamanuka mu kirere yinjira mu minara miremire yahujwe na byo, bakazitaba mu butaka ku buryo zigenda nk’amatiyo atwara amazi, zagezwa n’ahari inyanja ngari bakazitaba hasi mu mazi, zikambuka zigafata no ku yindi migabane. Fibre optique zimaze kugera mu Rwanda hahise haza Internet ya 4G ’Long Term Evolution (LTE)’, igenda ku muvuduko ubarirwa muri ’Gigabayiti imwe’ mu isegonda(gbps), ariko na yo ikarushwa na 5G itaragezwa mu Rwanda, yo ikaba igenda ku muvuduko wa ’gigabytes’ zirenze 10 mu isegonda. Kugira ngo Internet igere mu gikoresho cy’itumanaho (telefone, mudasobwa, televiziyo, radiyo...) bisaba kugicomeka ku rutsinga ruva ku muyoboro mugari wa fibre optique, rugera mu nzu ituwemo cyangwa ikorerwamo. Icyakora bitewe n’uko ya telefone cyangwa mudasobwa abantu baba bakeneye kuyigendana, hitabazwa utwuma bita "Router" cyangwa "Switch" dutangwa mu Rwanda n’ibigo nka KtRN, Liquid Terracom, Canal Box n’ibindi. Utu twuma ducomekwa kuri rwa rutsinga rwa ’fibre optique’ rugarukira mu nzu cyangwa ku munara, tukaba ari two dusakaza Internet kuri telefone na mudasobwa biri muri ibyo bice, igendeye mu mwuka (wireless) aho kuba mu rutsinga. Gahungu akomeza agira ati "Iyo Internet itarimo kwihuta kandi ukeneye kureba wenda nk’ikibanza cyawe aho giherereye ku ikarita, ureba kuri ’Google Earth’, wajya gufungura bigatindaaa(bikarangira itanafungutse), ariko iyo ari 4G, ukozaho gusa." Byagera kuri 5G ho bikaba akarusho kuko porogaramu (applications) zayo zikoresha ’Camera’ zibasha kugenzura ibintu byinshi icyarimwe, kandi bigatangira kwikoresha (automation na robotism). Gahungu atanga urugero ku ruganda runini rwenga ibinyobwa, aho amacupa aba ari ku mirongo myinshi agenda apfundikirwa. Ubusanzwe abantu ni bo bashyirwa kuri iyo mirongo yose bakagenzura buri cupa, ku buryo iyo ridapfundikiwe neza cyangwa rihangutse, bahita barikuramo bakarishyira ku ruhande. [[Dosiye:04 11 2021 Leilão 5G (51655543910).jpg|thumb|5G interineti iri ku muvuduko ugezweho.]] Gahungu ati "Reba amacupa ari kunyuraho yihuta, ntabwo ari ibintu umuntu yagenzura n’amaso anakoresha amaboko ngo bishoboke! Ibyo ari byo byose hari iriguca mu maso ntunabimenye, mu nganda zikora ibintu bihambaye haba hakoreshwa uburyo bwikora kandi mudasobwa zaho zikoresha Internet ya 5G." Aha hose haba hakoreshwa ‘camera’ zigereranywa n’amaso y’umubiri w’umuntu, ibyuma bizifite bimwe bigakora nk’amaboko n’amaguru, ibindi byitwa ‘censors’ bigakora nk’ibyumviro mu kumenya urusaku, gukorwaho(toucher),... Gahungu avuga ko ubu buryo bwitwa ‘robotisme’ ari bwo bukoreshwa mu kugenzurira kuri mudasobwa ibinyabiziga bigera muri za miliyoni mu mihanda itandukanye, hifashishijwe za ’camera’, ku buryo bidasaba ko abapolisi baba bari ahantu hose. Interineti yihuta cyane ya 5G ikaba ari na yo ikoreshwa mu kwerekana muri ako kanya(live), imikino n’ibindi bikorwa birimo kubera hirya no hino ku Isi, kandi bikaza ari amashusho akeye cyane. Politiki nshya y’u Rwanda y’umwaka wa 2022-2027, igamije guha Abaturarwanda bose Interineti yihuse binyuze mu miyoboro migari ya ’fibres optiques’, iteganya ko hazatangwa internet ya 4G, 5G n’ibindi byiciro bizakurikiraho. Iyi Politiki ubu yemerera ibigo by’Itumanaho bya MTN, Airtel, KtRN Liquid Terracom, BsG Mango n’ibindi, gutangira gucuruza murandasi ya 5G isakazwa n’intsinga za fibre optique n’iminara ubu bigenda bikwirakwizwa hirya no hino mu Gihugu. == Imikoreshereze ya interineti mu Rwanda == === Guhinduka kw’imikorere no koroshya ubuzima === Mu myaka 20 ishize ubwo Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro (Rwanda Revenue Authority/RRA) cyari kigikorera ahitwa ku Kinamba, ngo yabonaga imirongo miremire y’abantu birirwa aho bagiye kumenyekanisha imisoro ndetse no gusora. Kuri ubu umuntu wiryamiye mu cyumba iwe akanda kuri ’application’ ya banki muri telefone ye akishyura ya misoro, ubundi agahita yikomereza kuryama. Umuyobozi wa rimwe mu mashami ya Banki ya Kigali, Nzabandora Noel, we avuga ko imirongo miremire yari ikigaragara kugeza mu mwaka wa 2018, ubwo ’applications’ zo muri telefone na programu za ’Internet banking’ zari zitaraza. Nzabandora ati "Ubu ikoranabuhanga kuri telefone rikwereka ko wahembwe, ukaba ushobora guhita wishyura fagitire y’amazi, umuriro, imisoro,...Ushobora no guhita uyakurura ukayashyira kuri Mobile Money, ugahinira hafi ukayabikuza, muri make akazi Banki yajyaga ikora umuntu ni we ubasha kukikorera atavuye aho." Nzabandora avuga ko imashini za ATM na zo ziri mu byagabanirije imvune abakozi ba za banki, kuko abagombaga kujyayo kubikuza bagana ibyo byuma bifite ikoranabuhanga rya 4G ryikoresha(automation) bikabaha amafaranga. Ntabwo bikiri ngombwa ko umuturage uhabwa amafaranga na VUP ahaguruka i Kinyamakara ngo ajye mu Mujyi i Huye cyangwa i Nyamagabe kubikuza kuri banki, kuko abakozi b’umurenge SACCO bahita bashyira ayo mafaranga kuri Mobile Money y’uwo muturage. Nzabandora avuga ko mu myaka yo hambere abantu babitsaga muri banki bikandikwa mu gatabo, umuntu ngo yabaga ashobora kugata, kukamburwa cyangwa kwibwa, ndetse n’abakozi ba Banki ubwabo ngo bashoboraga kunyereza ya mafaranga bakigendera ntibakurikiranwe. Imiyoboro ya fibre optique ubu igeza murandasi muri mudasobwa z’uturere, [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|imirenge]] n’utugari, ku buryo umuturage ugannye serivisi z’Irembo gusaba icyemezo, cyangwa akoresheje mudasobwa ye aho yaba aherereye hose ku Isi, ahita akibonera kuri telefone cyangwa mudasobwa imwegereye bitamusabye kujya ku buyobozi aho yagisabiye. === Fibre Optique yatumye Internet ihenduka kandi igera kuri benshi === Gahungu avuga ko mu mwaka wa 2006 ubwo Internet yari igishingiye kuri Satellite n’iminara gusa(fibre optique zitaraza), Leta yaguraga megabyte imwe/isegonda amadolari ya Amerika 2500 ku kwezi, kuri ubu ahwanye n’amafaranga y’u Rwanda miliyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi 500. Icyo gihe itumanaho rikoresha ikoranabuhanga ngo ryaharirwaga ubuyobozi bw’inzego zo hejuru gusa, bitewe n’uko nta miyoboro migari ya ’fibre optique’ n’ibyogajuru byari bwasakare henshi ku Isi. Kuri ubu umuntu umwe abasha kwigurira megabytes 7000 za 3G mu cyumweru kimwe mu bigo bya MTN na Airtel atanze amafaranga 5000Frw gusa, cyangwa GB(Gigabytes) 30 za 4G muri Airtel n’ahandi, aziguze amafaranga ibihumbi 16,000Frw. Kugeza ubu mu bigo no mu ngo ahenshi mu mijyi hamaze kugezwa intsinga za fibre optique zitanga murandasi ya 4G, aho zitaragera hakaba hifashishwa iminara y’itumanaho yahujwe na fibre optique, ikabasha gusakaza murandasi ku ntera ndende irenga ibirometero bitatu. Abahanga mu by’ikoranabuhanga bakavuga ko bene iyi Internet ya wireless, iyo ituruka kure cyane iba ishobora kudakora neza kuko haba hari inzitizi mu nzira inyuramo, cyangwa imikorere ituzuye y’ibyuma biyisakaza. Uwitwa Munyeshyaka uzobereye ibijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga ati “Internet ya wireless ntabwo ishobora kuba 100% wireless, hari aho igera ikanyura mu ntsinga, mu minara no muri routers ziri aho. Imbogamizi abakoresha murandasi bagifite kugeza ubu N’ubwo u Rwanda ruvuye kure, hari bamwe mu bakoresha Internet cyane cyane iya 4G inyura mu ntsinga, bavuga ko ihenze kandi yihuta gushira, ku buryo hari ingo zinubira kuba ziyitangaho amafaranga y’u Rwanda ibihumbi 27 ku kwezi, kandi yaba itarashira muri uko kwezi bakayisubiza. Munyeshyaka avuga ko nta buryo umuntu "yakugurishaho ibyo kurya muri resitora, akaguha igihe cyo kuba wabimaze, cya gihe cyashira akisubiza ibisigaye byose, ndetse akongera kugusaba kugura ibindi". Ibi ni amakosa abakiriya b’ibigo by’Itumanaho binubira bavuga ko byagakwiye kuyahanirwa, kuko umuntu waguze Internet ngo atagombye guhabwa igihe agomba kuba yayimaze, ngo nidashira bayisubize. Abakoresha Internet bamwe bakomeza bavuga ko akenshi babwirwa ko baguze iyihuta, ariko ntibibe nk’uko bari babyiteze. Umunyamakuru ukorera Televiziyo ya BTN agira ati "Ugura Internet bakubwira ko ari 4G ariko ikagenda nabi, ikarutwa n’iya 3G." Abakiriya bakoresha Internet bagasaba Ikigo RURA kujya gisuzuma ayo makosa yose, kigatanga ibihembo ku bigo byitwaye neza mu bucuruzi bw’ikoranabuhanga. Minisiteri y'Ikoranabuhanga mu Itumanaho na Inovasiyo ivuga ko abagerwagaho na murandasi mu Rwanda muri 2011 bari 7% gusa  mu gihe muri 2019 bageze kuri 52% Imibare y'iyi Minisiteri kandi igaragaza ko  muri 2010 abari batunze telefone ngendanwa bari 33% gusa mu gihe muri uyu mwaka wa 2019 barenga 80.5% Ibi byatumye abakoresha service zo guhererekanya amafaranga kuri telefone bazamuka bava ku bihumbi 630 muri 2011 barenga miliyoni 10 muri 2019. Minisiteri y'Uburezi yo igaragaza ko amashuri abanza agerwaho na murandasi yavuye ku 9.8% muri 2016 agera kuri 25.1% muri 2017 mu gihe amashuri yisumbuye yo yavuye kuri 35.4% muri 2016 agera kuri 41.3% muri 2017 Mu mwaka wa 2000 ni bwo mu Rwanda hatangiye gukoreshwa murandasi (internet). Hakozwe byinshi cyane ko igihugu cyaheraga ku busa, nk'uko bisobanurwa na KALEMA Goldon, umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe ikoranabuhana MINICT. "Kuva mu 2000 hibanzwe mu gushyiraho politiki n'ibigo by'ikoranabuhanga. kuva mu 2006 Leta yibanze ku gushyiraho ibikorwa remezo by'ikoranabuhanga ari nabyo bitanga murandasi. icyo gihe nibwo fibre optique yagejejwe hose mu gihugu,mu turere 30 ndetse igezwa no ku mbibi z'igihugu zirenga 15.4G coverage ni ukuvuga ukuntu ukwirakwijwe hose mu gihugu ku baturage tugeze ku kigero cya 96.6%." KALEMA Goldon, Umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe ikoranabuhana MINICT Gushyira ingufu mu kwihutisha ikoranabuhanga byoroheje itangwa rya service zitandukanye abaturage bakenera. Mu kwihutisha ikoranabuhanga Leta y'u Rwanda yabihereye mu rwego rw'uburezi aho kuva mu mashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye abanyeshuri bakoresha mudasobwa ibintu bitanga icyizere ko icyerekezo cy'iterambere u Rwanda rufite kizagerwaho. === Ubucuruzi bwo kuri interineti === Ubucuruzi bwo kuri murandasi (e-commerce) buri kugenda bwaguka mu Rwanda ku buryo mu minsi iri mbere ntawe uzongera kwirirwa azenguruka amaduka yose ashaka televiziyo nziza, mudasobwa igezweho cyangwa se imyenda akunze kuko azajya abirebera iwe, ashime, agure, bimugereho adahagurutse. Ibi byose bikorwa kubera ikoranabuhanga n’abantu batekereza kure bakazana ibyo abantu bakeneye bakurikije aho ibihe bigeze. Uku ni ko Kalpesh Patel watangije Kanis mu Rwanda yabigenje. Kanis Retail Rwanda Ltd ni isoko rishya mu Rwanda ricururiza kuri murandasi ibikoresho byose birimo inkweto, imyenda, iby’ikoranabuhanga nka frigo, printer, mudasobwa, telefone zigezweho, amavuta yo kwisiga, imibavu, ibikinisho by’abana, ibikoresho byo mu gikoni, ibyo kunywa nk’umuvinyo n’ibindi. Patel watangije iri soko yavuze ko akigera mu Rwanda mu 2019 yasanze hari ikibazo cyo kubona ibikoresho ku buryo bworoshye, kuko nk’iyo washakaga imashini imesa byagusabaga kujya mu mujyi kuyishakisha, rimwe na rimwe ukabura ubwoko ushaka cyangwa wabubona ugahendwa. Ati “Icyo nakoze, nashakiye iki kibazo igisubizo nkora urubuga abantu bashobora kuguriraho ibikoresho byiza kandi bigezweho. Urwo rubuga ubu ruriho ibikoresho byinshi bitandukanye kandi nta wagira ikibazo cy’ubuziranenge bwabyo kuko mbere yo kubishyira ku rubuga tubanza kubisura tukareba uko bimeze twabishima tukabona kubishyiraho.” Yakomeje avuga ko ibikoresho bagurisha ari ibifite aho bibarizwa hazwi, ndetse uko bwije n’uko bucyeye bakomeza kongera ibikoresho bacuruza, ariko nako bateza imbere ikoranabuhanga ku buryo ubitumije bimugeraho mu gihe gito. Kanis ubu ifite ibikoresho birenga 5400 ku rubuga, aho igirana amasezerano n sosiyete zitandukanye nka LG, Samsung, Apple, Oppo, Hp, Dell, n’izindi ku buryo ushaka igikoresho cy’ikoranabuhanga cyangwa n’ibindi bitandukanye bimugeraho bimeze nk’ibivuye ku ruganda. Patel yavuze ko umuntu uguze ashobora kwishyura akoresheje Mobile Money (MTN cyangwa Airtel), ikarita iyo ariyo yose, cyangwa akishyura amafaranga asanzwe igihe agejejweho ibyo yatumije, ndetse ko muri iki gihe abakiliya bari kugabanyirizwa kugeza ku 10% by’igiciro cy’igicuruzwa. Yongeyeho ati “Icyo nakwizeza abatugana cyangwa abifuza kutugana ni uko nibasura urubuga rwacu icyo bazabona ari uko dutanga ibikoresho bifite umwimerere (qualité), ikintu cyose bazagura kizabanyura kuko byose bifite qualite kandi biraramba.” Igikoresho gishobora kugira ikibazo Kanis ifasha ukiguze kugikemura ndetse batanga na garanti bitewe n’ubwoko bw’ibyo aguze. ==== Ushobora gucuruza wifashishije Kanis ==== [[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|Umucuruzi]] ufite ibikoresho byiza kandi bigezweho ashobora gucuruza kuri uru rubuga, aho abisaba anyuze kuri www.kanis.rw akiyandikisha, akuzuza ibisabwa, byarangira agasurwa n’iyi sosiyete ku buryo iyo byujuje ubuziranenge bishyirwa ku rubuga abantu bakabigura. Patel ati “Ushobora no gucururiza kuri Kanis, hari porogaramu dufite yitwa ‘kanis affiliate partner’ aho umuntu ashobora kugurira abantu ibikoresho cyangwa akohereza abakiliya kugurira kuri Kanis, maze agahabwa 5% by’inyungu y’ibyagurishijwe buri uko yohereje umukiliya.” Gukora ubu bucuruzi nabyo bisaba kwiyandikisha gusa ku rubuga rwa Kanis, aho ubisaba nta kiguzi yakwa ndetse nta n’igishoro cy’amafaranga runaka utanga, ibintu Patel avuga ko bishobora gufasha umuntu kubona amafaranga atavuye aho bari. Uretse ibikoresho, Kanis ifite urubuga icururizaho ibiryo gusa rwa www.kanisfood.com aho umuntu atumiza ibiryo muri restora ashaka i Kigali, akabigezwaho. Kugeza ubu Kanis igeza ibicuruzwa byayo ku batuye Umujyi wa Kigali gusa ariko ifite gahunda yo kuzagera no mu ntara zose z’igihugu, aho ushaka kubigura ajya ku rubuga rwa www.kanis.rw cyangwa akamanura (download) application yayo muri Playstore cyangwa App Store akiyandikisha akajya abona ibicuruzwa byoroshye. === Interineti itangwa hakoreshejwe satellite === Mu rwego rwo kwagura ibikorwa by’ikoranabuhanga, mu Rwanda hatangijwe gahunda yo kujya hatangwa murandasi (Internet) hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya satellite (icyogajuru), rizafasha kuyigeza mu bice bitandukanye by’icyaro n’ibindi byari bisanzwe bigoye kuyigezamo. Umuhango wo gutangiza iki gikorwa ukaba wabereye i Kigali muri Convention Center, kuri uyu wa Gatatu tariki 22 Gashyantare 2023, uyobowe na Minisitiri w’Ikoranabuhanga na Inovasiyo, Paul Ingabire. Murandasi y’Ikoranabuhanga rya satellite izakoreshwa mu Rwanda ni iy’ikigo cya Starlink, kimenyerewe cyane ku ruhando mpuzamahanga mu gutanga serivisi za murandasi hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya satellite, kikaba ari icy’umunyemari Elon Musk. Ni uburyo buje bwunganira ubundi bwari busanzwe bukoreshwa burimo gufatira kuri fiber, gufatira ku minara y’ibigo by’itumanaho, ariko ubw’ikoranabuhanga rya satellite ngo nibwo buhendutse kandi butagora ugereranyije n’ubundi. Umunyarwanda cyangwa umunyamahanga utuye mu Rwanda, ukeneye gukoresha murandasi ya satellite, azajya yishyura amafaranga y’u Rwanda ibihumbi 48 y’ifatabuguzi, yiyongera ku bihumbi 572 y’ibikoresho birimo igisahane (satellite dish) hamwe n’ibindi bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bijyana nacyo. Umukozi ushinzwe ikoranabuhanga mu kigo c’igihugu gishinzwe ibijyanye n’isanzure (RSA), George Kwizera, avuga ko mu Rwanda hatari hameneyerewe murandasi y’ikoranabuhanga rya satellite. Ati “Abanyarwanda ntabwo bari bamenyereye murandasi y’ibijyanye na satellite, ariko iyi ni imwe mu ntabwe zikomeye zo gutangira kuzana murandasi ya satellite mu gihugu, ndetse ni intangiriro kuko n’abandi bashoramari barimo baragenda batwegera batubaza uburyo batangira gutanga izo serivisi mu gihugu. Tuzakomeza nk’uko biri munshingano zacu kuborohereza kugira ngo babashe kuza batange izo serivisi ku Banyarwanda”. Umuyobozi Mukuru wa RSA, Col. Francis Ngabo, avuga ko kuba u Rwanda ari Igihugu kigizwe n’imisozi bigoye cyane kugira ngo murandasi ya fiber izagere hose. Ati “Ariko uzanye serivisi ya satellite kugira ngo uzane murandasi ni isaha imwe, kuko ufata antene yabo ukayishyira hejuru y’inzu mu isaha imwe uba ubonye murandasi, bikaba bigabanyije amafaranga wagombaga gutanga ngo ushyireho fiber ariko n’umwanya”. Minisitiri Ingabire avuga ko ubu ari uburyo bwiyongera ku bundi bwari busanzwe bukoreshwa, buje kugira ngo bukemure bimwe mu bibazo byagaragaraga. Ati “Starlink ni bumwe mu buryo bwiyongereye k’ubwo twari dusanzwe dufite buje kugira ngo budufashe gukemura ibibazo bibiri, ahatari serivisi hashobora kuba hakoreshwa ikoranabuhanga ry’ibyogajuru kugira ngo babone murandasi yihuse, ariko noneho dukoresha iryo koranabuhanga kugira ngo igiciro gishobore kuba cyahendukira umuturage no kuba yayibona”. Ku ikubitiro iyi murandasi izatangirana n’ibigo by’amashuri n’ibindi bigo, ariko kandi ngo n’umuntu wese wifuza kuyikoresha nta kindi bimusaba uretse kwishyura ubundi akayihabwa. Ikigo cya Starlink cyifashisha ibyogajuru bisaga 3500 biri mu isanzure, mu gutanga murandasi yifashisha ikoranabuhanga rya satellite, gusa bukaba ari ubushobozi bukomeza kwiyongera kuko SpaceX ifite uburenganzira bwo kohereza mu isanzure ibyogajuru 1200, bakaba baramaze gusaba ko byakongerwa ikemererwa ibigera ku bihumbi 30. === Ingaruka mbi zikireshwa rya murandasi === U rwego rw’igihugu rw’ubugenzacyaha RIB, rwavuzeko mu myaka itatu ishize mu Rwanda hibwe amafaranga y’u Rwanda asaga miliyari imwe na miliyoni 600 binyuze mu bujura bukoresheje ikoranabuhanga ndetse hakiyongeraho amadorari afati agaciro kari yejuru ya miliyoni 600 z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda yose yibwe hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga. Minisiteri y’ubutabera mu Rwanda ikaba yaravuzeko ubufatanye bw’ibihugu ndetse n’imikoranire myiza aribyo bishobora gutanga igisubizo cy’ubu bujura bw’ikoranabuhanga bwibasira U Rwanda ndetse n’ibindi bihugu bya Africa, nkuko ikigo cya Kaspersky gishinzwe kungenzura umutekano mu by’ikoranabuhanga cyabitangaje. imibare yagaragajwe n’urwego rw’igihugu rw’ubugenzacyaha RIB, ikaba yarerekanyeko kuva mu mwaka wa 2019 kugera mu mwaka wa 2021 hakozwe ibyaha by’ikoranabuhanga bingana na 555 aho mu mwaka wa 2019 uru rwego rwa RIB rwakiriye ibirego 128 by’ibyaha byakozwe ndetse muri uwo mwaka hakibwa miliyoni 200 ndetse n’amadorari ibihumbi 190. Ni mugihe ibi birego mu mwaka wa 2020 byiyongereye bikava ku birego 128 bikagera ku birego 168 ndetse muri uwo mwaka hakibwa amafaranga y’u Rwanda agera kuri miliyari 1 hamwe n’amadorari agera ku bihumbi 400 , mu mwaka wa 2021 ho hakaba hagaragaye ibyaha by’ikoranabuhanga bigera kuri 254 , hibwamo miliyoni 400 ndetse n’amadorari ibihumbi 48. Kuri uyu wa mbere, ubwo I kigali hatangizwa inama ihuza abashinzwe gukurikirana ibyaha bikoresheje ikoranabuhanga baturutse mu bihugu bya Africa, umuyobozi ushinzwe gukurikirana ibi byaha muri Police mpuzamahanga akaba yaravuzeko abakora ubujura bwo kw’ikoranabuhanga ari abajura bakoresha amaheri atandukanye kugirango bagere ku ntego zabo. Ikigo gishinzwe kungenzura umutekano mu by’ikoranabuhanga kw’isi Kaspersky kikaba cyaragajeko mu mwaka wa 2021 umugabane wa Africa watakaje ibingana 10% by’umusaruro mbumbe wa Africa bingana na miliyari 4 z’amadorari binyuze mu bujura bikoresheje ikoranabuhanga gusa aho ari ikibazo gikomeje guhangahikisha abatuye uy’umugabane. == Interineti muri rusange mu Rwanda == === 4G,3G na 2G mu Rwanda === U Rwanda rukomeje gushyira imbaraga mu gukwirakwiza Internet yihuta cyane ya 4G aho kuri ubu imaze kugezwa mu turere 28 tw’igihugu ndetse ikaba yarashyizwe no modoka zitwara abagenzi mu mujyi wa Kigali. Nubwo ariko ikwirakwizwa ndetse hakaba n’ibikorwa bitari bike bigamije gushishikariza abantu kuyibyaza umusaruro bakora ibikorwa bibateza imbere n’igihugu muri rusange, hari benshi usanga bibaza aho internet ya 4G itandukaniye n’iyo bari basanzwe bakoresha. Hari n’abo usanga batebya bavuga ko ntaho itaniye na 3G, 2G cyangwa 1G bituma ababifiteho ubumenyi buke ibibazo bibaza birushaho kwiyongera. Ubundi iriya G ibanzirizwa n’imibare ivuga Generation iba ishaka nko kugaragaza urukurikirane rw’ikoranabuhanga rya Internet idakeneye umugozi (Wireless). Mu 1982 nibwo 1G yavumbuwe, urubuga what’s a G ruvuga ko iri zina ritakunze gukoreshwa mu kugaragaza Internet idakoresha umugozi kugeza ubwo 2G yazaga ari nabwo iri koranabuhanga ryavuye mu buryo bwa “analogue” zigatangira gukoresha uburyo bwa “digital”. Nyuma ya buri myaka 10 1G ishyizwe hanze, hagiye haza izindi aho kuri ubu itegerejwe ari 5G, zose zikaba zitandukaniye ku bintu bitandukanye birimo n’umuvuduko zikoresha mu gufungura ikintu kuri Internet cyangwa kukivanaho(download). ==== 1G (1st Generation) ==== Nk’uko twabivuze haruguru, izina 1G ntiryakunze gukoreshwa cyane kugeza ubwo 2G yashyirwaga ahagaragara. [[Dosiye:GSM-Rail bord (NL).JPG|thumb|229x229px|Icyapa cyerekana ko ihuzanzira rikora ari irya 2G.]] 1G niryo koranabuhanga rya mbere ryakoreshejwe muri telefoni zigendanwa aho icyabashaga gukorwa ari uguhamagara gusa, icyo gihe kandi hari hagikoreshwa uburyo bwa analog kugira ngo amajwi abashe kugera kubari kugirana ikiganiro binyuze ku munara. ==== 2G (2nd Generation) ==== Hagati ya 1991 na 1992 nibwo 2G yashyizwe ahagaragara, ari nabwo iyayibanjirije yahise itangira guhabwa izina rya 1G. Mu gihe 1G yatumaga abantu babasha guhamagarana bakoresheje telefoni zigendanwa, 2G yo yaje yongeramo utundi dushya turimo kuba umuntu yakohereza ubutumwa bugufi (sms), kohererezanya ubutumwa burimo amashusho n’amafoto(multimedia messages) kandi byose bigakorwa mu buryo uwo byohererejwe ari we gusa ubasha kubibona. ==== 3G (3rd Generation) ==== 3G yaje ikemura byinshi mu bibazo 2G itari yarabashije gukemura aho abantu batangiye kubasha guhamagarana barebana(video calls), kureba Televiziyo bakoresheje telefone zabo. [[Dosiye:3g-telecom.png|thumb|Interineti y'umuvuduko wa 3G.]] Iki gihe ni na bwo smartphone zatangiye kwiyongera ari na ko hagenda havuka porogaramu nyinshi za telefoni zidufasha gukora ibintu bitandukanye birimo gukura amashusho kuri internet, kuyasangiza abandi, kohererezanya e-mail, kumenya aho umuntu aherereye(Global System positioning, GPS) ndetse n’ibindi byinshi. Ikoranabuhanga rya 3G twavuga ko ari na ryo rikoreshwa cyane n’abafite telefoni zigendanwa mu Rwanda n’ahandi henshi hirya no hino ku isi. Gushyira cyangwa gukura ikintu kuri Internet ukoresheje 3G bitwara Mb 2 ku isegonda. ==== 4G (4th Generation) ==== Nubwo 3G igikoreshwa kuri ubu abantu barashishikarizwa gukoresha 4G, zombi zitandukanyijwe n’umuvuduko mu gukura cyangwa gushyira ikintu kuri Internet. Umuvuduko wa 4G uri hagati ya Mb 100 na Gb 1 ku isegonda, ari na yo mpamvu abantu bavuga ko yihuta cyane. Kugeza ubu ariko 4G ntiramara gukorwa neza ku buryo yagera ku ntego zayo z’umuvuduko wa Gb 1 ku isegonda. Niyo mpamvu habaye hashyizwe ahagaragara iyo bita 4GLTE (Long Term Evolution) bishatse kugaragaza ko hari ibikivugururwa,ikazitwa 4G gusa ari uko byose byarangiye ikagera ku ntego zayo. Mu gihe 4G ubwayo itararangira kandi hatangiye kuvugwa 5G (5th Generation) yitezweho gukora ibintu bitandukanye ku muvuduko uri hagati ya Gb1-10 ku isegonda. Ikigo Mpuzamahanga cy’Ikoranabuhanga mu Itumanaho (ITU) nicyo cyemeza ko Internet idakoresha umugozi yujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo ishyirwe mu cyiciro runaka. Tariki ya 11 Ugushyingo 2014, u Rwanda rwatangije gahunda y’ikoreshwa rya interineti y’ihuta izwi ku izina rya 4G, interineti igezweho ku rwego rw’Isi mu kunyaruka. Byari biteganyijwe ko iyi interineti itangira muri Nzeri 2014 nyamara havuka ibibazo bya tekiniki. Ikigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Imirimo Imwe n’imwe Ifitiye Igihugu akamaro kiratangaza ko ubu buryo buje gukemura byinshi mu Rwanda. Umuyobozi w’agateganyo wa RURA Maj. Patrick Nyirishema yavuze ko bidasubirwaho gukoresha iyi (...) ''Tariki ya 11 Ugushyingo 2014, u Rwanda ruratangiza gahunda y’ikoreshwa rya interineti y’ihuta izwi ku izina rya 4G, interineti igezweho ku rwego rw’Isi mu kunyaruka.'' Byari biteganyijwe ko iyi interineti itangira muri Nzeri uyu mwaka nyamara havuka ibibazo bya tekiniki. Ikigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Imirimo Imwe n’imwe Ifitiye Igihugu akamaro kiratangaza ko ubu buryo buje gukemura byinshi mu Rwanda. Umuyobozi w’agateganyo wa RURA Maj. Patrick Nyirishema yavuze ko bidasubirwaho gukoresha iyi interineti yihuta bitangizwa mu Rwanda ku wa kabiri tariki ya 11 Ugushyingo 2014. Ubu buryo kandi ngo ntibuzasimbura ubundi bwari buriho bwa interineti 2G, 3G kuko ngo ubwa 4G buzaza bubwunganira. Nyirishema yemeza ko hari abahuraga n’ingorane zo kohereza amashusho kubera ko asaba interineti ifite imbaraga ariko ngo guhera uyu munsi bazajya bayohereza nta komyi kubera 4G. Iyi interineti iratangirira mu Mujyi wa Kigali, mu gihe cy’imyaka itatu ikazaba yaskajwe mu gihugu hose, nkuko RURA ikomeza ibitangaza. byitezwe kandi ko igiciro na cyo kizamanuka, ku bantu batandukanye bakoresha iyi interineti, ku buryo inyungu zizagera ku bantu benshi. Ubwo aheruka mu Rwanda, Dr Hamadoun Toure wari Umunyamabanga mukuru w’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’itumanaho, (International Telecommunication Union/ITU) mu gikorwa cya Smart Rwanda Days’ yemeje ko mu gihe ikoranabuhanga mu Rwanda rimaze gutera imbere, na interineti ikwiye guhenduka kandi ikaboneka ahantu henshi ndetse no mu byaro. Interineti ya 4G LTE izajya igurishwa na sosiyete yo muri Koreya y’Epfo ya Olleh Rwanda Networks. Abayifuza mu Rwanda bazajya bayigura na sosiyete zo mu Rwanda zirimo Airtel, MTN, BCS, Tigo, Liquid Telecom, Axiom, Airtel na ISPA. Kuri ubu byitezwe ko bitazarenze mu mwaka wa 2017, iyi interineti inyaruka izaba ikoreshwa n’Abanyarwanda ku kigero cya 95%, cyane ko imiyoboro yashyizeho ingufu mu gukwizwa mu gihugu hose. U Rwanda ruri mu bihugu icyenda bya Afurika byari byitezweho butangiza iri koranabuhanga muri uyu mwaka wa 2014. Ibi bihugu byiyongera ku bindi icumi byari bifite iyi interineti guhera mu mwaka wa 2012 ari byo Liberia, Namibia, Angola, Tanzania, Nigeria, Mauritius, Uganda, South Africa, Zambia, na Zimbabwe. Minisitiri w’Urubyiruko n’Ikoranabuhanga mu Isakazabumenyi, Jean Philbert Nsengimana, ashimangira ko "Gukoresha 4G bigiye kongera ibikorwa bihanga imirimo ndetse akaba ari n’inzira nshya yo kunoza serivisi zitandukanye zitangwa mu gihugu." === 5G mu Rwanda === Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yashyizeho Politiki nshya y’igihugu y’ikoranabuhanga, igena imirongo izafasha mu guteza imbere internet ngo irusheho kugera kuri benshi mu gihugu kandi ihendutse, ndetse mu gihe kiri imbere gishobora gutangira gukoresha n’ikoranabuhanga rya 5G. Ni politiki igomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa mu myaka itanu hagati y’imyaka ya 2022-2023 na 2026- 2027. Yitezweho gutuma u Rwanda ruba igihugu gikomeye mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga no guhanga ibishya birishamikiyeho. Minisiteri y’ikoranabuhanga igaragaza ko kugira ngo igere ku ntego zose ziteganywa muri iyi politiki, hakenewe ishoramari rya miliyari 200 Frw, harimo uruhare runini rw’abikorera ndetse n’urwa Leta. Ni ishoramari rigiye gukorwa mu gihe bimaze kugaragara neza ko internet imaze kuba izingiro rya serivisi hafi ya zose z’ubukungu, ubuvuzi, uburezi, ubugeni, imyidagaduro n’ibindi byinshi. Mu gihe imibare yerekana ko abakoresha telefoni ngendanwa bagera kuri 84%, iyo bigeze ku bakoresha internet, imibare yo mu 2021 yerekana ko bari 31%. Mu isesegura, byagaragaye ko ibigo bikora mu rwego rwo gusakaza internet bidakora uko bikwiye, ku buryo igihe kigeze ngo hahindurwe imiterere y’isoko mu gihugu, guhindura uburyo bw’ihangana rishingiye kuri serivisi, gushyiraho uburyo bufasha mu kubona imiyoboro igezweho. Ni politiki igizwe n’inkingi esheshatu zikomeye, zizagenderwaho mu guteza imbere uburyo abanyarwanda bagerwaho na internet yihuse mu buryo bw’umwihariko. ==== Ikiguzi cya Internet kigiye kugabanywa ==== Muri gahunda, biteganywa ko hazakorwa ibishoboka byose kugira ngo internet ihenduke ku baturage, kandi abantu babashe kuyikoresha yihuta. Umuyobozi Mukuru muri Minisiteri y’Ikoranabuhanga na Inovasiyo ushinzwe Iterambere ry’Ikoranabuhanga, Gordon Kalema, yabwiye IGIHE ko bitewe n’aho u Rwanda rugeze, kugira ngo ikoranabuhanga rirusheho kubyazwa umusaruro, internet igomba kuba ihendutse, ijyanye n’ubushobozi bw’abaturage basanzwe. Muri ubwo buryo hateganywa koroshya uburyo abantu babona ibikoresho bigezweho by’ikoranabuhanga, hakongerwa n’uburyo internet igera mu gihugu. Biteganywa ko ibikoresho bigezweho bizagera ku bantu bakuru 85% na 90% ku rwego rw’ingo. Guverinoma kandi iteganya kwagura inzira u Rwanda ruboneramo internet, kuko uyu munsi hari inzira ya internet y’insinga iva muri Uganda igaca i Gatuna na Kagitumba, n’indi igaca muri Tanzania iciye ku Rusumo. Kalema ati "Mu gihe tugifite inzira zikiri nkeya, ntabwo biduha amahirwe menshi mu kugabanya igiciro. Icyo twifuza rero ni ugukorana n’abantu batandukanye kugira ngo tube twakongera inzira. Inzira zishobora kunyura n’ubundi muri ibyo bihugu, ariko ari inzira zitandukaye. Zishobora no kunyura mu bindi bihugu duturanye bitewe n’uwo tuzaba twumvikanye." Harimo imiyoboro ishobora guca muri RDC cyangwa u Burundi, ishobora kuba ivuye muri Angola cyangwa Zambia. Ati "Hari abantu benshi bagiye batanga ibitekerezo ko byakunda." ==== Intego ==== Mu ntego zihawe muri iyi myaka itanu harimo gufugura nibura inzira eshatu nshya. Hateganyijwemo kandi icyiswe Mobile Number Portability, uburyo nk’umuntu ashobora kwimukana nimero imwanditseho, igihe ahinduye ikigo cy’itumanaho. Muri icyo gihe, niba ufite nimero ya [[MTN Rwanda]] ugakenera gukoresha Airtel Rwanda cyangwa ikinyuranyo cy’ibyo, nimero ukayihamana. Kalema ati "Byumvikane biba bivuze ngo mu gihe wumva ubonye serivisi itanoze, ndetse na wawundi uyiguha aba abizi ko mu gihe biri bukorohere kuba wakwimuka ukajya ku wundi muyoboro, ni ukuvuga ngo aba agomba gukora uko ashoboye kose kugira ngo serivisi inoge." Ni mu gihe hari ubwo wasangaga umutu yanga guhindura umuyoboro nubwo atawishimiye, kubera gusa impungenge zo gutakaza nimero ye kandi izwi n’abantu benshi, ugasanga ahisemo kubangikanya Sim-cards. ==== KtRN ishobora gutakaza umwihariko kuri 4G ==== Muri iyi politiki hateganyijwemo kongera ipigana mu bantu batanga serivisi za internet n’ibikorwa remezo, bikazogera imitangire ya serivisi. Binyuze muri ubwo buryo, nko mu Rwanda ikigo KtRN ni cyo rukumbi cyaranguzaga 4G, abandi bakayicuruza bayidandaza. Kalema ati "Mu gihe abandi 2G ari yo bisanzuraho mu gucuruza na 3G, bataragera kuri 4G, urumva uburyo bwo gukora inovasiyo bwari bugoranye. Kimwe rero Leta izaganira n’uwo twari dufitanye ubufataye ni uburyo dushobora kuba twareka abandi bose bakinjira mu isoko rya 4G, mu buryo bwo kuba nabo bemerewe kuba bashyiraho umurongo wabo n’iminara yabo." "Icyo gihe bizahindura ibintu byinshi mu buryo 4G yakoreshwaga. Uyu munsi ntabwo yariho abantu benshi, kandi byagaragaye no mu bihugu duturanye ko aho bagiye bayishyiraho kubera ko bari bafite uburyo bw’ihatana, byaboroheye kugera ku bantu benshi." ==== U Rwanda rugiye kwifashisha satellite ==== Hanateganywa ingamba zijyanye no gutuma umuyoboro mugari ugera ku bantu benshi, zirimo ko internet itangwa n’icyogajuru (satellite) izunganira imigozi cyangwa 4G. Ni gahunda izakorwa mu bufataye n’ibigo birimo igishinzwe ibyogajuru, Rwanda Space Agency. Kalema ati "Kuri Satellite ho urumva biba byoroshye ngo uyigeze ahantu henshi kandi ikoranabuhanga rimaze kwerekana ko ishobora kuruta na 4G mu buryo bw’umuvuduko." Kugeza mu 2021 u Rwanda rwari rufite satellites ebyiri mu isanzure zirimo Rwasat-1 itanga amakuru y’ubutaka, n’iyiswe Icyerekezo, yitezweho gutanga internet ku banyeshuri barimo abo ku kirwa cya Nkombo, mu kiyaga cya Kivu. Icyakora, uyu mushinga wa kabiri nturaratangira gutanga umusaruro. ==== Imiyoboro ya REG igiye kugendana n’iya internet ==== Mu gukwirakwiza internet kandi, hateganywa gahunda y’uko imiyoboro ya internet igomba kubangikanywa n’iy’insinga z’amashanyarazi, haba ku mishya igenda yubakwa cyangwa isanzweho. Muri iki gihe bimaze kugaragara ko mu bice byinshi nka Kigali, Liquid Telecom yakomeje kugeza internet ku ngo inyuze mu butaka, ariko ubu CanalBox na MTN bimaze kugenda biyigeza ku ngo iciye ku mapoto y’amashanyarazi. Kalema yakomeje ati "Turimo turakorana na REG, ku buryo ahantu hose hazajya hashyirwa amashanyarazi hazajya hashyirwamo n’imiyoboro ya internet, cyane cyane byagaragaye ko iyo usubiye inyuma ukabikora nyuma, biguhendesha hafi inshuro cumi ku giciro byakabaye bigufata mbere." "Ni ukuvuga ngo ahantu hose REG izajya ishyira amashanyarazi hazajya hashyirwamo na intenet. Ubundi ntabwo ariko byari bimeze, ariko n’ikindi, mu mabwiriza ahabwa cyangwa agenga imyubakire, ni uko umuntu wese ugiye kubaka inzu izahuriramo abantu, yaba iy’ubucuruzi cyangwa y’isoko, ibyo ni ibintu agomba gukora. Aba agomba kuhageza internet." Ibyo bizaba bivuze ko internet izagenda yishyurwa nka serivisi zisanzwe. Biteganywa ko gahunda zashyizweho ibura zizagabanya ikiguzi cya serivisi z’uyu muyoboro mugari ho 40%. ==== U Rwanda mu nzira za 5G ==== Muri iyi politiki hanateganyijwemo ibijyanye na inovasiyo, kuko nk’uko ikoranabuhanga rikataza, niko rigomba no kubyazwa umusaruro. Mu gihe u Rwanda rukirimo kwihutisha ikwirakwiza rya 4G, hari nk’ibihugu byageze kuri 5G, ndetse hari n’ibyatangiye gusingira 6G. Muri iyi politiki hateganyijwe gahunda yo kubaka ubumenyi, kugira ngo abaturage bakoreshe internet mu buryo butuma babona serivisi bakeneye. Ibyo kandi bizagendana no kubaka ubushobozi bw’abantu bafite ubumenyi, bwatuma u Rwanda rutera imbere mu ikoranabuhanga. Kalema yakomeje ati "Urugero niba tuvuze ngo tugiye kujya muri 5G, ni gute twaba dufite nk’aba enjeniyeri, twarabateguye neza, bashobora kuba bakoresha iryo koranabuhanga bakarishyira no mu bikorwa." "Hari imishinga igamije kugira ngo dutere imbere tube twarenga 4G, duhindure umurongo ukuntu watangwaga, ku buryo dushobora natwe kuba twakwakira 5G kandi mu gihe cya vuba." Muri iyi politiki ariko ntabwo bageze ku kugena igihe u Rwanda rushobora kubona 5G, ahubwo hagarukwa ku gushyirwaho uburyo bwatuma bishoboka vuba. Ubwo iyi internet kadi izakomeza gushyirwa ku rwego rufatika, hanateganywa ibikorwa byinshi bizatuma ibyazwa umusaruro mu guhanga ibishya (inovasiyo). Nibura buri mwaka hazaba haterwa inkunga ibikorwa bya inovasiyo 40. Hanateganywa kuzajya hakorwa Digital Broadband development index, ibipimo bifasha mu kureba uko umuyoboro ugenda waguka, abakoresha internet, intambwe ziterwa n’imbogamizi zihari, zikeneye gushakirwa umuti. Ibyo bikazajyana n’uburyo bwo kwihutisha amategeko yakira ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu gihe bibaye ngombwa, kugira ngo arusheho kujyana n’igihe. == Ibindi == Haracyari urugendo runini cyane kugira ngo buri Munyarwanda agerweho na Internet yihuta, binyuze mu miyoboro ya fibre optique n’iminara bigomba gukwirakwizwa hose mu Gihugu. Avuga ko nk’uko u Rwanda rwahawe imiyoboro ya fibre optique kuva ku nyanja ngari y’u Buhinde, inyuze mu bihugu bya Kenya na Tanzania, na rwo ruzakomeza kuyitanga ku bindi bihugu by’ibituranyi aho itaragera. Leta y’u Rwanda ku bufatanye n’abikorera, irateganya gukoresha amafaranga asaga Miliyari 200(mu myaka ya 2022-2027) mu bikorwa byo guteza imbere Internet yihuta, izajyana no gufasha abaturage kubona telefone zishoboye kuyikoresha. Urugendo rwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya Internet rukaba kugeza ubu rukiri rurerure, kuko Abaturarwanda bafite telefone zigezweho cyangwa mudasobwa batarenga 25%. == Reba == <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ikoranabuhanga/internet/article/dore-amateka-ya-murandasi-internet-kuva-kuri-1g-5g-n-aho-u-rwanda-rugeze</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://techinika.com/inkomoko-ya-murandasi-internet/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228143703/https://techinika.com/inkomoko-ya-murandasi-internet/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://rba.co.rw/post/AMATEKA-YA-INTERNET-MU-RWANDA</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230228142201/http://mobile.igihe.com/ikoranabuhanga/ubumenyi/article/u-rwanda-rurandika-amateka-mu</ref> <ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/ikoranabuhanga/internet/article/ibyo-wamenya-ku-miyoboro-ya-internet-ya-4g-3g-na-2g</ref> <ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/ikoranabuhanga/article/u-rwanda-rwinjiye-mu-myiteguro-ya-5g-impinduka-zikomeye-zitezwe-mu-ishoramari</ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20230228143703/https://techinika.com/inkomoko-ya-murandasi-internet/] Haracyari urugendo runini cyane kugira ngo buri Munyarwanda agerweho na Internet yihuta, binyuze mu miyoboro ya fibre optique n’iminara bigomba gukwirakwizwa hose mu Gihugu. Avuga ko nk’uko u Rwanda rwahawe imiyoboro ya fibre optique kuva ku nyanja ngari y’u Buhinde, inyuze mu bihugu bya Kenya na Tanzania, na rwo ruzakomeza kuyitanga ku bindi bihugu by’ibituranyi aho itaragera. Leta y’u Rwanda ku bufatanye n’abikorera, irateganya gukoresha amafaranga asaga Miliyari 200(mu myaka ya 2022-2027) mu bikorwa byo guteza imbere Internet yihuta, izajyana no gufasha abaturage kubona telefone zishoboye kuyikoresha. Urugendo rwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya Internet rukaba kugeza ubu rukiri rurerure, kuko Abaturarwanda bafite telefone zigezweho cyangwa mudasobwa batarenga 25%. rcl9vfpj73uypc4pww7spkg2e0immqm 0 14434 139542 136622 2026-09-23T14:18:39Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139542 wikitext text/x-wiki == Saddle Bill Stork == [[Dosiye:Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis -Kruger National Park, Limpopo, South Africa-8.jpg|thumb]] Ni inyoni nini ikomoka mu muryango wa coconidae,n'ubwoko bwamamaye akaba ari umworozi utuye muri africa yo munsi y' ubutayu bwa sahara, kuva sudani, etiyopiya na [[kenya]] mu majyaruguru kugeza muri afrika yepfo yo muri [[gambiya]], senegari kote divori na chad, mu burengerazua bwa afurika.gusa bifatwa nk'akaga muri afurika y'epfo [https://ebird.org/species/sabsto1] == Imiterere == Ni inyoni ifite imiterere n'uburebure bwa (145 to 150 Cm (4 ft 9 cg 4ft11) uburebure bwa mababa (142cm (4ft8) na (2.4 to 2.7m( 7ft 10 8ft8in) ifite ijosi rirerire ikagira n'amguru maremare [https://www.marylandzoo.org/animal/saddle-billed-stork/] ho gato ugereranije n'izindi nyoni nini ikaba ariyo nyoni nini mumoko yayo amaguru maremare apima [[Dosiye:Saddle-billed Stork, Uganda (15191938619).jpg|thumb|299x299px]] (36.5cm (14.4 in) ,birashoboka cyane ko wayitandukanya na iris, y'umuhondo, ingore n'ingabo gusa kungore itandukanyeho kereka umweru cyane muri primary yo guhaguruka, umutwe, ijosi na amababa, umurizo byirabura, abana bato bafite ibara ryijimye muri plumage, amaguru n'ibirenge bifite ibara ry'ijimye, kugituza hari ibara ritukura. [https://www.sa-venues.com/wildlife/birds_saddle_billed_stork.php] == Imyitwarire == Iracecetse cyane kereka iyo isagariwe mucyari.kimwe n'inyoni nyinshi ,ziguruka zifite ijosi rirambuye ntizisubira inyuma nka heron,saddle bill stork n'inyoni isa nigaragara nk'idasanzwe kubayibonye bwambere kurundi ruhande kubarobyi binyoni babimenyerere, ibi bituma zimenyekana byoroshya nubwo zigaragarira kure.[https://www.britannica.com/animal/saddle-billed-stork] == Ubworozi n'imiturire == [[Dosiye:Saddle-billed Stork (Epphippiorhynchus senegalensis) couple (right, female) (33146446285).jpg|thumb|538x538px]] Iyi nyoni kandi ihitamo ahantu ho gutura hari amazi menshi ugereranije n'utundi turere twinshi. bimwe muribi bigenda,ariko biterwa no kubogama, gukwirakwiza n'abahanga, mubijyanye n'imyororokere y'inyoni hizewe nka pariki y'igihugu n'ibishanga bikingiwe bitanga uburyo bworoshe mugutura kwizo nyoni. Iyi nyoni kandi yubaka ibyari bikomeye ikoreshywa inshuro nyinshi mugihe gikurikiranye, bitandukanye n'izindi nyoni nyinshi zororoka mu mashyamba. ndetse n'ibishanga nandi masoko, nimyuzure yo muturere dushyuha, yubaka icyari kinini. cy'imbitse mu biti itera amagi abiri kugeza kuri atatu, apima (146g (5.1 oZ) [https://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-saddle-billed-stork.html] Igihe cyo guturaga n'iminsi 30-35, hashize iminsi 70-100, mbere yuko inyoni zihunga. umuhigo wazo zikunze kugaburirwa n'amafi molluskus, ibikeri hamwe na crustaceans ariko bizwiho no kurya ibikururuka hasi ,nibindi binyabuzima bikomoka mumazi, kimwe no mubindi byo mubwoko bwo mubimera.[https://animalia.bio/saddle-billed-stork] == Isano n'umuco wa kera wa Misiri == Ibisobanuro byayo akenshi itangwa nabi kubera ko ntamakuru ahagije bayifiteho nka <nowiki>''jabilu''</nowiki> umuvandimwe wa afrika yepfo, ingoma ya gatatu farawo khaba, yashizwemo iyi hieroglyph. mu izina rye, ishusho yambere yerekana amoko yaturutse kwishusho mugihe cyakera (mbere 3150 mbere ya Yesu) kandi imigendekere y'ibishushanyo yagize akamaro, mukugabanya imiterere y'ubuzima kuva muri ethiopia ya kera bishoboka bitewe n'imijyi itakije ndetse no mukirere kuva ( nko muri 2686-2181 mbere ya Yesu).[https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/sabsto1/cur/introduction][https://africafreak.com/saddle-billed-stork] m238v04xp9svgkybrsjy1lffqnmp3hn 0 14442 139778 91811 2026-09-24T10:01:11Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139778 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dufatanye kurera bana''' ni uburyo bwihariye bwo kwita ku bana bitewe inkunga cyangwa bigakorwa n'umukoresha. bishobora kuba nk'irerero cyangwa bikaba ari nk'inshingano rusange za sosiyete. Ishobora guha ababyeyi bakora akazi amahirwe yo kuringaniza umurimo-ubuzima. Amashyirahamwe atera inkunga kwita ku bana ashobora kongera ubudahemuka bw'abakozi ,kugabanya abakozi basiba akazi, kugabanya ikiruhuko gihabwa uwabyaye no kunoza akazi. == Ingengabihe == Ibigo byatangiye gahunda yo kwita ku bana ku bakozi bato b' ibisekuruza Y, benshi muri bo bifuza gushyiraho umurimo n' ubuzima biringaniye bagakomeza akazi kabo kandi bakabona n' amafaranga. Ababyeyi benshi bakora bahura n’ibibazo nko kubura ahantu hisanzuye mu bigo rusange byincuke, gahunda zidakwiye, serivisi zihenze zo kwita ku bana mu mashuri y'abana y'igenga no mu marerero, serivisi ziciriritse cyangwa kumarana igihe gito n'umwana. Gahunda zo gufatanya kwita kubana zigamije gukemura ibi bibazo. Porogaramu nk'izo zikubiyemo ibi bikurikira: * Isosiyete itanga ahantu hashya ho kwita ku bana * Ingengabihe ishyirwaho ku masaha babyeyi bakora akazi * Isosiyete irashobora kwishingira ibyakenerwa byose cyangwa igafatanya n'ababyeyi * Umwimerere mwiza (kubera gahunda yo gushaka abakozi, uburezi burambye, iterambere ryabarimu) * Igihe kinini cyo kumarana nabana (mugihe cyo bimuwe) == Icyitegererezo == Buri gahunda iha abana imikurire myiza hamwe nicyitegererezo cyuburezi cyateguwe nabarimu babishoboye * Nido(ifu y'amata) ihabwa abana kuva ku myaka 0 kugeza ku myaka 1 * ihuriro ry'abana bafite myaka 0–3 * Ishuri ry'incuke / ihuriro ry'abana bafite imyaka 3-6 * Kwita ku bana basubiye inyuma mumikurire 0–3 и 3-6 * Kampu y'abana bafite imyaka itandukanye (kuva kuri 3 kugeza kuri 14) muminsi y'ikiruhuko == Inyungu zishoboka == * Kongera ubudahemuka bw'abakozi bose * Kubungabunga abakozi mu gihe cy'ikiruhuko cyo kubyara * Kugabanya abakozi basiba akazi kubera kubyara * Kugabanuka kw'amafaranga yo kwivuza * Kongera umusaruro w'abakozi * Kongera imbaraga mu kureberera no kwita ku nshingano z'umukoresha * Iterambere ryumuryango ushingiye kumico yibigo * Amafaranga yazigamye mu gushaka no guhugura abakozi bashya == Reba == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> o1ppkechb36f3h6owmnjxpve5ipzdiq 0 14510 139858 118363 2026-09-24T10:40:02Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139858 wikitext text/x-wiki Aside nyinshi mu gifu irangwa na bimwe mu bimenyetso birimo; kokera mu gifu, ikirungurira n’ibindi biba byerekana ko yarenze iyikenewe bityo bikaba byabangamira imikorere y’igifu. Kuba nyinshi mu gifu biterwa n’ibintu binyuranye, muri byo hakabamo ibyo kurya bitarimo fibre, kimwe n’ibyanyujijwe mu nganda. Hanazamo kandi ibirungo bimwe na bimwe, kuryagagura buri kanya no kutarya na ducye igihe kinini. Kunywa inzoga n’itabi nabyo bishobora kuzamura igipimo cya aside yo mu gifu. == Ibyo wakoresha urwanya aside mu gifu == === Kunywa amazi === Nubwo iyo aside yamaze kuzamuka cyane ntacyo amazi ayikoraho ariko amazi ni urukingo rurinda ko aside yo mu gifu yazamuka. Kunywa byibuze ibirahure 2 buri gitondo bizarinda ko aside yo mu gifu yazamuka. kunywa amazi y'akazuyaze. === Umwenya === Umwenya uzwiho kuba ari ikirungo cyo mu cyayi ndetse ukaba n’umuti w’indwara zinyuranye zo mu mihogo. Niba wumva aside yazamutse, hekenya utubabi twawo umire amazi, uzoroherwa. === Amata === Birazwi ko abantu benshi barwara igifu banywa amata iyo cyazamutse. Mu gihe rero wumva bije cyangwa haje ikirungurira jya unywa inshyushyu ndetse no mu gihe umaze kurya uyirenze ku biryo mu gihe usanzwe ugira icyo kibazo uzaba ukizitiye kubaho. === Vinegere === Nubwo vinegere nayo ari aside, ariko kuyifata uri kurya bituma aside yo mu gifu yari gukorwa mu igogorwa idakorwa. Ibiyiko 2 kuri buri funguro birahagije kukurinda. Ushobora kuyishyira mu byo kurya cyangwa ukayivanga n’amazi unywa nyuma yo kurya. === Tangawizi === Tangawizi izwi nk’ikirungo cy’icyayi aho abenshi ariho bayikoresha. Mu kuyikoresha ngo urwanye aside nyinshi bisaba kuyivanga n’amazi unywa nyuma yo kurya cyangwa se ukavanga agafu kayo mu byo kurya. === Igikakarubamba === Amata cyangwa umushongi uva mu gikakarubamba nabyo bifasha mu igogorwa bityo bigatuma igifu kidakora aside irenze igipimo. Nyuma yo gukata ikibabi cyacyo ugatega umushongi uvamo unywa ikiyiko kuri buri funguro. === Inanasi n'amacunga === Ukora umutobe w’inanasi ukavangamo uw’amacunga nuko wajya kunywa kugirango urwanye aside nyinshi ukongeramo akunyu gacye. Ibi birwanya ko aside yarenga igipimo. === Imbuto === Imbuto zigira amazi menhsi muri zo, nka concombre, watermelon na amande nizo zivugwa hano. Ndetse ntitwakibagirwa n’umuneke. Kubirya mbere cyangwa nyuma yo gufungura birwanya aside nyinshi. === Igitunguru === Usekura cyangwa usya igitunguru nuko ugakamura maze ukanywa umutobe wacyo. Uretse kwirukana aside nyinshi binafasha igifu mu kazi kacyo ko kugogora ibyo wariye. === Bicarbonate === Uyu munyu w’igitangaza kubera imimaro yawo myinshi inyuranye nawo ni ingenzi by’umwihariko mu kurwanya ikirungurira. Ushobora kuwurigata cyangwa ukavanga mu mazi ukanywa. Birwanya aside yo mu gifu. == Reba == <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/aside-nyinshi-mu-gifu/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301081245/https://umutihealth.com/aside-nyinshi-mu-gifu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 44131kjod2gvq921qr9a4zs29xob86u 0 14530 139900 136623 2026-09-24T10:45:17Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139900 wikitext text/x-wiki == Red Billed Teal == [[Dosiye:Red-billed Pintail (Anas erythrorhyncha) RWD1.jpg|thumb]] Red billed teal ni inyoni ituje, akaba ari umworozi utuye cyane mu majyepfo yo mu burasirazuba bwa afrika, [https://ebird.org/species/rebduc1] ubusanzwe iyi nyoni ntago ikunda kwimuka ariko iraguruka cyane kugirango ibone igikwiye, ikunda kujya mumazi cyane mugihe cy'imikumbi minini. iyi nyoni ya Red billed Teal yasobanuwe mu 1789 n'umudage witwa Gmilin mu gitabo cye kandi cyavuguruwe na sisitemu naturer yabushize hamwe n'izindi nyoni zose. Gmelin yasobanuye ibisobanuro bye kuri <nowiki>''</nowiki> Crimson-Billed-Duck<nowiki>''</nowiki> yari yarasobanuwe mu 1785 n'umuhanga mubijyanye n'imiterere y'umwongereza john latham mu gitabo cye kitwa synopsis of bird.[https://web.archive.org/web/20230301141619/http://www.biodiversityexplorer.info/birds/anatidae/anas_erythrorhyncha.htm] == Imiterere == Red Billed Teal ifite (43-48CM (17-19In) ni inyoni ndende kandi ifite cape [[Dosiye:Red-billed Pintail (Anas erythrorhyncha) RWD2.jpg|thumb]] y'umukara, gusa iratandukanye kuko ifite mumaso y'ijimye, ifite umurongo w'umukara uzamutse, ubu n'ubwoko butuje ,ninyoni ikunda amazi meza. ikunda kurisha mubimera bihunitse cyangwa kurisha kubutaka cyane ni mugoroba cyangwa nijoro [https://animalia.bio/red-billed-teal]. yibera hasi mubimera byinshi hafi y'amazi.[https://www.waterfowl.org.uk/wildfowl/true-ducks/red-billed-teal/] ubu ni bumwe mu bwoko amasezerano yerekeye kubungabunga inyoni zo mumazi ny'afurika na Aziya (AEWA) zikurikizwa [https://wildlifesafari.info/redbilled_teal.htm] g1hvuf7hc863hk4kz4n17weu0bp6ebk 0 14540 139621 118370 2026-09-23T18:21:46Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139621 wikitext text/x-wiki == White Backet Duck == [[Dosiye:White-faced Whistling Duck with chicks RWD.jpg|thumb|323x323px]] White backed duck ni inyoni ikunda kubarizwa mu mazi yo mu muryango wa Anatidae. ikandukanye n'izindi nyoni zose, ikaba ifitanye isano rya hafi no mumuryango wenyine mu bwoko bwa Thalassornis.[https://ebird.org/species/whbduc1] == Imiterere == n'inyoni zitandukanye cyane kuko zo zikunda kwibira mumazi. ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko rimwe na rimwe zikunda kw'ibira munsi y'amazi. ariko zikunda gushakisha cyane n'imbuto n'amababi n'ibindi bimera byo mumazi nimwe nutuntu duto duto nk'isazi zo kukiyaga, iyo haje akaga nazo zikunda kumanuka mumazi [http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22679785] == imibereho == [[Dosiye:White-faced Whistling-Duck (Dendrocygna viduata) RWD2.jpg|thumb|344x344px]] White Blacket Duck zishyigikiwe n'umweru ziba muri afrika, cyane cyane hagati ya senegari na chat hagati mu burengerazuba, etiyopiya mu burengerazuba, na afrika yepfo mu majyepfo aho zitura hagizwe n'ibiyaga [https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=2EEDACD56C704AE5], ibyuzi n'ibishanga, aho bifatanyiririzwa n'inyamaswa. Hariho ubwoko bubiri. "thalassornis" na <nowiki>'' leuconotus" izi nyoni zifatwe nk'</nowiki>akaga bitewe no guhiga, gutakaza aho gutura no kwinjiza amoko y'ibinyabuzima bidasanzwe.[https://web.archive.org/web/20230301152758/https://harteman.nl/thalassornisleuconotus] == Kubungabunga == Iyi nyoni bita White black Duck ishigikiwe n'umweru ni bumwe mu bwoko amasezerano yerekeye kubungabunga inyoni zo mu mazi zo muri afrika na aziya (AEWA) Akurikizwe Woolaver na Nichols bakoze ubushaka shatsi bwo guteka kubishanga bya madagascar mu 2001. ku kiyaga cya antsamaka mu burengerazuba bwa Madagascar, bwose hamwe 37, bwerekana akamaro, kuru rubuga rumwe mu kubungabunga ubu bwoko butandukanye inyamanswa n'ibindi, inyoni zo muri afrika nazo zishobora kuba ziri hagati ya 10,000 na kugeza kuri 25.000. [http://www.wildfowl-photography.co.uk/wildfowl/white-backed-duck.htm] [https://beautyofbirds.com/white-backed-ducks/] pyoyi60oejcg4nsxiridz5rcsfidliz 0 14564 139849 92327 2026-09-24T10:35:49Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139849 wikitext text/x-wiki == African Black Duck == [[Dosiye:African Black Duck RWD.jpg|thumb|389x389px|African Bkack Duck]] African Black Duck ni inyoni yo mubwoko bwa Anas [http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/african-black-duck-anas-sparsa] ni genetike yegereye itsinda rya Mallar, gusa yerekana bimwe mu bidasanzwe mu myitwarire yayo na plumage. ishyirwa mu buryo bwa subgenus Melenanas mugihe hagitegereje ubushakashatsi.[https://petkeen.com/african-black-duck/] == Imiterere == African Black Duck ni inyoni y'umukara ifite ibimenyetso byera inyuma. ikirango kijimye n'amaguru bya orange. icyatsi kibisi ubururu gikunze kugaragara ihagurutse igiye kuguruka ituye muri afurika yo hagati yo mumajyepfo, bizwi kandi nk'inzuzu z'umukara, Africa black duck iboneka muri afrika y'iburengerazuba cyangwa muri etiyopiya. ni ibisimba biciriritse, bifite uburebure bwa (48-57 Cm (19-22 In) [https://beautyofbirds.com/african-black-duck/] == Ikwirakwizwa == iyi nyoni kandi iboneka cyane cyane mu burasirazuba bwa sahara kuva muri afrika y'epfo kugera muri sudani y'epfo na etiyopia, hamwe n'uburasirazuba bwa nijeia, kameruni na gabo [https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/afbduc1/cur/introduction] == Imyitwarire no kororoka == [[Dosiye:Anas sparsa African Black Duck IMG 9734.jpg|thumb|370x370px]] yororoka umwaka wose mu bice bitandukanye ,inkubasiyo muminsi 30 na nyina kandi igihe cyo kuvuka ni iminsi 86 kandi umubyeyi wenyine kandi umubyeyi wenyine niwe wita kubato ingano y'amagi itera ari hagati ya 4-8 [https://web.archive.org/web/20171022233654/http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/birds/anatidae/anas_sparsa.htm] == Ibidukikije n'imirire == N ubwo ikunda kuguma munzu zayo kumanywa ikunda amazi manini afunguye na nijoro iyi nyoni kandi, ikunda kujya mu mazi ari mu misozi y'ishyamba y'afrika kandi ihisha icyari cyayo hafi y'amazi atemba. nanone African Black Duck ikora igikombe cyayo kimeze n'icyari cya driftwood n'ibyatsi bihuye. nubwo yubaka icyari cyayo hafi y'amazi ihora hejuru y'urwego rw'umwuzure n'o hasi. ikunda kurya ibituruka kubimera, amafi mato, ugusimba hamwe n'igikona.[https://animalia.bio/african-black-duck] [http://www.biodiversityexplorer.info/birds/anatidae/anas_sparsa.htm] sdkqigowyq7h1lgxku7xdaxu01jfjo0 0 14569 139859 138218 2026-09-24T10:40:09Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139859 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ndarama Mark''' ni umunyarwanda w’umugabo akaba umuyobozi w’ikipe ikinamo abakobwa n’[[Umugore|abagore]], yahoze mu cyiciro cya kabiri cya shampiyona, ubu ikaba iri mu cyiciro cya mbere. [[YOUVIA WFC]] ni ikipe yashyizwe kandi iyoborwa na Ndarama Mark, ndetse akaba yari umukandida ku kuyobora [[FERWAFA|Ferwafa]] ku mwanya wa komiseri ushinzwe tekiniki n’ iterambere ry’umupira w’amaguru, mu [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru mu Rwanda|Ishyirahamwe ry'umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda]]. Ndarama Mark umunyabugeni wagize uruhare mu gushushanya mu bitabo by'abanyeshuri bigiramo kuva 2017. <ref>https://igihe.com/imikino/football/article/tuyishimire-wagiye-muri-koma-kubera-gutsindwa-kw-ikipe-ye-amerewe-ate</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umuryango.rw/index.php?page=print&id_article=61105 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302125023/https://umuryango.rw/index.php?page=print&id_article=61105 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.isimbi.rw/siporo/article/iminsi-3-umukinnyi-w-umunyarwanda-ari-muri-koma-kubera-gutsindwa</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thechoicelive.com/wa-mukinnyi-wa-youvia-wfc-waguye-muri-koma-kubera-gutsindwa-yavuye-muri-koma |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302125023/https://www.thechoicelive.com/wa-mukinnyi-wa-youvia-wfc-waguye-muri-koma-kubera-gutsindwa-yavuye-muri-koma |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://igihe.com/imikino/football/article/tuyishimire-wagiye-muri-koma-kubera-gutsindwa-kw-ikipe-ye-amerewe-ate</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umuryango.rw/index.php?page=print&id_article=61105 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302125023/https://umuryango.rw/index.php?page=print&id_article=61105 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://igihe.com/imikino/football/article/youvia-wfc-itarabona-amikoro-ahagije-yabonye-abatoza-bashya-barimo-baraka</ref><ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/122065/youvia-wfc-yagarutse-mu-cyiciro-cya-mbere-ihigitse-as-kabuye-ya-lucky-fire-amafoto-122065.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umuseke.rw/2021/06/olivier-na-louis-barahatanira-kuyobora-ferwafa-hanemejwe-buri-wese-nabo-azakorana-na-bo/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301032218/https://umuseke.rw/2021/06/olivier-na-louis-barahatanira-kuyobora-ferwafa-hanemejwe-buri-wese-nabo-azakorana-na-bo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.isimbi.rw/siporo/article/rayon-sports-yatashye-ikibuga-cy-asaga-miliyoni-500-perezida-wa-yo-ahabwa-umukoro-ukomeye</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Siporo]] [[Ikiciro:Umutoza]] [[Ikiciro:Umuyobozi muri Siporo]] 2v8oxun6zsuacocz90hcw9hwvdtave6 0 14604 139543 138638 2026-09-23T14:18:43Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139543 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Dracaena sp. - inflorescence (10201101173).jpg|thumb|Umuhati|309x309px]] [[Dosiye:Dracaena sp. in fruit (10201101203).jpg|thumb|Umuhati|226x226px]] [[Dosiye:Brombeerlätter Rubus caesius stack32 20190819-RM-8191922.jpg|thumb|umuhati]] [[Dosiye:Dracaena deremensis 1zz.jpg|thumb|318x318px|Umuhati]] '''Umuhati''' ni [[igiti]] kigera kuri m 15 z'uburebure, umubyimba wa cm 25-35 z'umurambararo ufite amashami menshi mu bushori shori, hamwe n'inkovu z'amababi zigaragara mu gihe gihagaze cyonyine. amababi ya cyo arabyibushye kandi ni manini, amababi agaragara cyane icyatsi kibisi cyaka iyo amurutseho izuba, cyanga akagaragara nkama babi yi rose, imeze nkinkota, ifashe kugeza kuri cm 130 zu burebure ndetse na cm 16 z'ubugari. Umuhati ugaragara neza iyo utondeka neza, indabyo nyinshi kugeza kuri cm 100 z'uburebure na cm 70-150 z'ubugari. indabyo za grenish z'umuhati yera kugeza kuri cm 1.5 z'uburebure imbuto imbuto zijimye zigera kuri cm 1,5 kugeza kuri 2 z'uburebure na 1.5. kugeza kuri cm 3 z'ubugari.<ref>https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=110</ref><ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/ubuvuzi/article/ibimera-byifashishwa-mu-buvuzi-gakondo-biri-mu-marembera</ref><ref>https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=110</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] 4m453d4geygo8yinb8hxvl21e90d70v 0 14612 139794 134949 2026-09-24T10:03:06Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139794 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Brillantaisia owariensis kz03.jpg|thumb|Ikirogora cyangwa brillantaisia ku izina tekinike]] [[Dosiye:Brillantaisia cicatricosa 1DS-II 3-1726.jpg|thumb|Ikirogora|289x289px]] [[Dosiye:Brillantaisia vogeliana kz03.jpg|thumb|Ikirogora]] [[Dosiye:Brillantaisia vogeliana kz02.jpg|left|thumb]] '''Ikirogora''' brillantaisia) ni umuti kikaba n’imboga kiri mu bihingwa by’inyongeramirire. Ikirogora kera cyifashishwaga mu kuvura kuko gifasha abarwayi ba Diabete cyangwa abantu bahorana umunaniro n’isereri. Ikirogora gifasha gukiza kwa kuzahara guterwa n’uburozi, Ikirogora kirwanya infection’ mu maraso barozwe kuko uburozi bugira ingaruka, gihangana n’uburozi umubiri ukongera ugakora neza. Ikirogora gifasha mu gusukura amaraso ku bafite ibibazo bitandukanye. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.impamba.com/2020/10/27/uwarozwe-iyo-ahuye-na-muganga-sibomana-ntaba-agipfuye/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-03 |archive-date=2023-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202180905/http://www.impamba.com/2020/10/27/uwarozwe-iyo-ahuye-na-muganga-sibomana-ntaba-agipfuye/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=2 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-03 |archive-date=2024-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529043741/https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvc2CWgIltI</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] hjtfiynf08pj8imwz57s301ki2j091d 0 14613 139660 138487 2026-09-23T18:28:25Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139660 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Hypoestes triflora, blom, Krantzkloof NR, b.jpg|thumb|Magaru cyangwa hypoestes triflora|324x324px]] [[Dosiye:Fig Tree leaves (Ficus carica).jpg|thumb|magaru|225x225px]] [[Dosiye:Hypoestes triflora, blom, Krantzkloof NR, a.jpg|thumb|Magaru]] '''Magaru''' (hypoestes triflora) ni ikimera gikunda kuba mu ishyamba, mu misozicyangwa mu bishanga. Magaru ni umuti kikaba n’imboga kiri mu bihingwa by’inyongeramirire. Magaru kera cyifashishwaga mu kuvura kuko gifasha abarwayi ba Diabete cyangwa abantu bahorana umunaniro n’isereri. Magaru gifasha gukiza kwa kuzahara guterwa n’uburozi, Magaru kirwanya infection mu maraso ndetse Magaru ikura uburozi mu mubiri hamwe n'ingaruka zabwo. Magaru gihangana n’uburozi mu m'umubiri ukongera ugakora neza. Ikirogora gifasha mu gusukura amaraso ku bafite ibibazo bitandukanye.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=5 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-03 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124160521/https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=5 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/ubuvuzi/article/ibi-bimera-bifite-ibanga-mu-buvuzi-gakondo</ref><ref>https://www.wordsense.eu/magaru/</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] f6s2nrcvv6nmhf9cksq6dpjiq97i0uq 0 14615 139746 137472 2026-09-23T18:41:45Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139746 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Common blue damselfly (Enallagma cyathigerum) immature male.jpg|thumb|nkurimwonga|366x366px]] [[Dosiye:Leaf 1 web.jpg|thumb|Nkurimwonga]] '''Nkurimwonga''' ni ikimera gikunda kuba hafi yahantu hari umuswa cyangwa aho wahoze, kiba mu ishyamba ku butumburucye bwa metero 1200 kugeza kuri metero 2500. Nkurimwonga ni umuti kikaba n’imboga kiri mu bihingwa by’inyongeramirire. Nkurimwonga kera cyifashishwaga mu kuvura kuko gifasha abarwayi ba Diabete cyangwa abantu bahorana umunaniro n’isereri. Nkurimwonga gifasha gukiza kwa kuzahara guterwa n’uburozi, Nkurimwonga kirwanya infection mu maraso ndetse Magaru ikura uburozi mu mubiri hamwe n'ingaruka zabwo. Nkurimwonga gihangana n’uburozi mu m'umubiri ukongera ugakora neza. Ikirogora gifasha mu gusukura amaraso ku bafite ibibazo bitandukanye.<ref>https://www.memoireonline.com/10/13/7622/m_Mourir-au-Burundi-gestion-de-la-mort-et-pratiques-d-enterrement-de-la-periode-pre-coloniale-17.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=7 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-03 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124160919/https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=7 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lavierebelle.org/index-noms-kinyarwanda-noms-286?lang=en |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-03 |archive-date=2024-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503103734/https://lavierebelle.org/index-noms-kinyarwanda-noms-286?lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/MEMOIRES_VERHANDELINGEN/Sciences_morales_politique/Hum.Sc.(NS)_T.VIII,1_LESTRADE%20A._La%20m%C3%A9dicine%20indig%C3%A8ne%20au%20Ruanda_1956.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8532704/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://amateka.net/la-medecine-indigene-a-u-ruanda-v/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-03 |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326183348/https://amateka.net/la-medecine-indigene-a-u-ruanda-v/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dosiye:Hypoestes triflora, blom, Krantzkloof NR, a.jpg|thumb|Nkurimwonga|222x222px]] == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] tm86gf6gcazkwc5x188nt7tcfnjvgsi 0 14617 139622 136879 2026-09-23T18:21:53Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139622 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Day 67 Bateleur (Terathopius ecaudatus) immature female ... (53354930085).jpg|thumb|293x293px|Bateleur]] == Igisiga cya bateleur == [[Dosiye:Bataleur - Kruger National park (37161617713).jpg|thumb|294x294px]] Bateleur cyangwa se terathopius ecaudatus ni inyoni yo mu muryango wa acciipitriade bikunze gufatwa nkimwe mu nkomgoro bitirira inzoka, ishyirwa mu bice bya circaetinea. ni imwe mu zigize ubwoko bwa terathopius.kandi ishobora inkomoko y'inyoni za zambiya [https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zimbabwe-bird.html] == Bateleur == Bateleur ni inyoni nini idasanzwe, birashoboka kwari iyakabiri mu burebure mu bwoko bwa circaetinea, kugeza ubu igisiga kinini ni igisiga cyo mumuryango wa kagoma ya filipine iyirenzeho inshuro ebyiri. [[Dosiye:Bateleur (Terathopius ecaudatus) - Flickr - Lip Kee.jpg|thumb|363x363px|Bateleur]] Bateleur ifite (55 to 70cm (22 to 28 in) mu burebure iyo bwiyongereye igera kuri (63.5cm (25.0 in). amababa yayo angana na (168 to 190cm (5 ft 6 kuri 6 ft 3 in)[https://ebird.org/species/batele1] imirire naho kuba [https://animalia.bio/bateleur][https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=6CBD872456996F41][http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/bateleur-terathopius-ecaudatus] 58apg6xujsftom1m78l04lowycb92u6 0 14627 139690 138359 2026-09-23T18:32:13Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139690 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Pumpkin flower 3.jpg|thumb|Igifashi|263x263px]] [[Dosiye:PUMPKIN FLOWER (5).jpg|thumb|Umutwe]] [[Dosiye:2019-07-01 (100) Hanging leaves of Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo Zucchini (zucchini) at Bichlhäusl, Tiefgrabenrotte, Frankenfels, Austria.jpg|thumb]] '''Igifashi''' ni ikimera cy'igiti kigenda kinyerera uko kigenda kizamuka gikura, ibyatsi cyangwa amababi akivaho ashobora kugera kuri metero nyinshi z'uburebure. Igifashi umutwe wacyo ugenda witambika ukingoronzora, . Igifashi gifite indabyo z'icyatsi kibisi n'umuhondo zometse ku mababi yacyo, ndende. imbuto zacyo zisa ni kapucile. Igifashi kiravura mu buvuzi gakondo nki miti itandukanye nk'igikomere cyangwa igisebe, kuvura diyare cyangwa guhitwa, kwiruka, ubugumba. Imizi yacyo irafasha mu kuvura umugore utwite no kubyara.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=14 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-04 |archive-date=2023-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304073053/https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=14 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=13 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-04 |archive-date=2023-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304073051/https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=13 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/recherche-dans-prelude/?plant_id=1915</ref><ref>https://www.africamuseum.be/en/research/collections_libraries/biology/prelude/view_reference?ri=HR%2013</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] petzzqdmz54f79xgktkvy50n7brc8pd 0 14629 139803 112594 2026-09-24T10:04:12Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139803 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Crowned Eagle (Stephanoaetus coronatus), at Ndumo Nature Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (28328530574).jpg|thumb]] == Crowned Eagle == [[Dosiye:Crowned Eagle (Stephanoaetus coronatus), at Ndumo Nature Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (28842574882).jpg|thumb|297x297px]] [[Dosiye:Crowned Eagle (Stephanoaetus coronatus), at Ndumo Nature Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (28661982430).jpg|thumb]] crowned eagle izi kandi nanone kwizina rya kagoma yo muri africa yambitswe ikamba cyangwa se igikona ni inyoni ikomoka mu muryango wa Stephanoaetus. ni inyoni nini y'inyamaswa iboneka muri Afrika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa sahara muri afrika yepfo ugana iburasirazuba, ahantu ikunda ni mumashyamba, amashyamba y'ibyuzi na amashyamba atandukanye [https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/crowned-eagle] umuhigo nyamukuru uyigaburira n'udusimba guto.[https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/crowned-eagle][https://ebird.org/species/crheag1][https://animalia.bio/crowned-eagle][https://storyteller.travel/crowned-eagle/] 0sfh12i5p3n1fndbbb9sbwcvv0feg5a 0 14631 139939 120504 2026-09-24T10:50:58Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139939 wikitext text/x-wiki == African Marsh Herrier == [[Dosiye:Circus ranivorus.jpg|thumb]] African Marsh Herrier ni inyoni ikomoka mu woko bwa circus, ikunda ahantu hagizwe n'igishanga kiri mu majyepfo yo hagati y'iburengerazuba bwa bwa africa == imiturire == iboneka mu bishanga byo muri africa bikunze kuboneka mu rubingo rwo mu burasirszuba ndetse no mu mirima iri hafi y'ibishanga ,ituye cyane cyane muture two mu majyepfo no mumajyaruguru ya africa uherereye [[Rwanda]] nomu burengerazuba bwa cape town, iboneka muri lesoto,eswatin,zimbabwe, [[mozambike]],[[Malawi]], angola nahandi henshi muri africa.[https://animalia.bio/african-marsh-harrier][https://www.bluecrane.org.za/project/african-marsh-harrier/][http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/african-marsh-harrier-circus-ranivorus/details][https://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-african-marsh-harrier.html] fu3wcar91vye9sadae84jpkiuh9bmf4 0 14634 139804 98045 2026-09-24T10:04:19Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139804 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lizzard Buzzard == [[File:Lizard Buzzard (Kaupifalco monogrammicus) (52795796759).jpg|thumb|Lizard Buzzard (Kaupifalco monogrammicus) (52795796759)]] [[File:Kaupifalco monogrammicus 251786914.jpg|thumb|Kaupifalco monogrammicus 251786914]] [[Dosiye:Hagedisbuizerd-2 (28615165136).jpg|thumb]] IYI nyoni ikunze kwiktirirwa umuserebanya cyangwa se Lizzard,ni inyoni ihiga umuryango wa Accipitridae, ikomoka munsi y'ubutayu bwa sahara nubwo izina ryayo yishobora kuba rifite isano rya hafi na Acipiter hawks,kuruta Buteo buzzard.[https://ebird.org/species/lizbuz1/ZA-NL][https://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-lizard-buzzard.html] == Imiterere == iyi nyoni yitiriwe umuserebanya ifite umurambararo ungana 35-37 CM hamwe n'amababa 79Cm. ibice byo hejuru umutwe n'amababa birasa, ikagira umurongo w'umukara wera, ifire kunda h hera n'umwijima mwiza umurizo n'umukara ufite umutwe wera amaso yijimye,ikagira amaguru y'umuhondo.[http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/lizard-buzzard-kaupifalco-monogrammicus/details][https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=3EEB66EDF52A873B] ra4aen2isho1pt9dsdbisi9c9xe41ge 0 14635 139544 97536 2026-09-23T14:18:47Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139544 wikitext text/x-wiki == Brasshopper Buzzard == [[Dosiye:Butastur rufipennis -Far North Region, Cameroon-8.jpg|thumb]] Ninyoni yo mu bwoko bwa Butastur zihiga mu muryango wa Accipitridae ziboneka [[File:019 Grasshopper buzzard at Kibale forest National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|thumb|019 Grasshopper buzzard at Kibale forest National Park Photo by Giles Laurent]] mu gace kagufi ka africa yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa sahara.mu muryango wa [[File:Grasshopper Buzzard - Gambia (31838455523).jpg|thumb|Grasshopper Buzzard - Gambia (31838455523)]] Accipitridae. [https://ebird.org/species/grabuz1][https://peregrinefund.org/explore-raptors-species/hawks/grasshopper-buzzard] iyi nyoni ifite ibara ryijimye hejuru hamwe n'umutwe wijimye.ifite ibara rtijimye ku mababa yayo yose, ifite urwasaya n'umuhogo byera n'amaguru y'umuhondo ikagira uburebure bwa (30-35Cm (12-14 in) amababa (90Cm (35 in) ubureburemere bwa (310-340G (11-12 oZ) ingabo zo biratandukanye kuko yo igera (300-380g (11-12oZ)[https://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-grasshopper-buzzard.html][http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22695714] gxwy3beqbmsxmi0s5imhvauktow3e2b 0 14638 139691 138447 2026-09-23T18:32:21Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139691 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Surinam Cherry.jpg|thumb|Akamenampishyi.|321x321px]] [[Dosiye:Seeds on a bush red and black probably not edible.jpg|thumb|akamenampyisi|323x323px]] [[Dosiye:Gebarsten bolster van een paardenkastanje (Aesculus) 20-09-2020 (d.j.b.) 01.jpg|thumb]] Akamenampishyi ni ikimera gikunda kuba mu gihuru kiba kubutaka bufite ubutumburuke bwa metero 1800 kugeza 2500.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=20 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-04 |archive-date=2023-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304144401/https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Irwara kivura === Akamenampishyi gufite imizi, igiti amashami n'amababi, kandi ibibabi yumweru byose biravura, irwara zitandukanye. Kuribwa mu mihogo,wumva humye n'agakorora kumye cyangwa angine yo mu muhogo, gapfura, sinesite, Kuva imyuna mu mazuru cyangwa se gukanuka, Ibicurane hamwe n'ibimwira byinshi mu mazuru, Ku barwayi bwa Grippe, Kutaryoherwa(kubura appetit, Gusarara(Kubura Ijwi), Umwuma mu muhogo.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] db28nhcl62tf9ego0gwt28ju80h6vdp 0 14639 139795 135372 2026-09-24T10:03:14Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139795 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Achyranthes aspera NP 04.jpg|thumb|Ivumavumwe]] [[Dosiye:Salvia-darcy-blaetter-leaves-small.jpg|thumb|250x250px|ivumavume]] [[Dosiye:Achyranthes mutica (4742575407).jpg|left|thumb|205x205px|Ivumavumwe]] '''Ivumavumwe''' ni [[ikimera]] gikunda kuba mu gihuru kiba kubutaka bufite ubutumburuke bwa metero 1800 kugeza 2500. Ivumavumwe gufite imizi, igiti amashami n'amababi, kandi ibibabi yumweru byose biravura, irwara zitandukanye. Kuribwa mu mihogo,wumva humye n'agakorora kumye cyangwa angine yo mu muhogo, gapfura, sinesite, Kuva imyuna mu mazuru cyangwa se gukanuka, Ibicurane hamwe n'ibimwira byinshi mu mazuru, Ku barwayi bwa Grippe, Kutaryoherwa(kubura appetit, Gusarara, Kubura Ijwi, Umwuma mu muhogo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=20 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-04 |archive-date=2023-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304144401/https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] 4cgfmdbh7yxub2znl974a8tl0lfhgmj 0 14658 139764 92118 2026-09-24T09:59:34Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139764 wikitext text/x-wiki == Peregrine == [[Dosiye:Peregrine falcon with common teal kill (cropped and adjusted).jpg|thumb|256x256px]] Peregrine Falcon izwi kw'izina rya peregrini, kandi ikaba ifite amateka mu bwoko bwa Daki,[https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Peregrine_Falcon/overview] muri amerika ya ruguru, ni inyoni y'inyamanswa ihiga mu muryango wa Falconidae peregrini ifite umuvuduko ugera kuri 320Km/H (200)mph bikaba [https://www.britannica.com/animal/peregrine-falcon] aribyo biyigira inyoni yihuta mu mateka y'isi,[https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/peregrine-falcon] ndetse n'umunyamuryango wihuta mu bwami bw'inyamanswa, ishobora kuboneka kw'isi yose usibye uturere tumwe na tumwe. imisozi miremire cyane n'amashyamba y'imvura nyinshi, imwe mu bwoko bw'inyoni buboneka cyane, abahanga bamenya amoko agera kuri 17 kugera kuri 19 [https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Birds/Peregrine-Falcon] gnsyti088g8fbim2mkhugp7bw6p4pcq 0 14661 139545 92122 2026-09-23T14:18:51Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139545 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lanner falcon == [[Dosiye:Lanner Falcon (Falco biarmicus) after a foot bath ... (32222780438).jpg|thumb]] nimwe munyoni y'inyamaswa yororoka muri Africa, no mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba [https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Peregrine_Falcon/id] bw'uburayi no muri aziya, ihitamo kuba ahantu hafunguye kandi hanini falconi ihiga inyoni ngenzi zayo n'utundi tunyabuzima dutandukanye.[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/facts/peregrine-falcon] Falcon Lanner yasobanuwe n'umuhanga mu binyabuzima w'umuhorandi,Jacob Temminck. ryitwa Falcon Biarmicus, umuhanga mu binyabuzima wo muri suwede Carl Linnaeus [https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Birds/Peregrine-Falcon] hgsxn97ukcudccbw207odaeo25bwzn6 0 14672 139929 138394 2026-09-24T10:49:46Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139929 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Lisc lipy.jpg|thumb|Igishikashike|342x342px]] [[Dosiye:Icyarire.jpg|thumb|Ibyatsi by'Igishikashike|312x312px]] [[Dosiye:Narzisse.jpg|left|thumb|237x237px]] '''Igishikashike''' cyangwa Ishikashike ni kimwe mu bimera gifasha mu buvuzi bwa kera, Igishikashike kiravura uhereye ku mizi, igiti amashami cyangwa amababi. Igishikashike bivura irwara zu ruhu n'irwara za maso, Igishikashikekivura ibimeme, kandi kivura irwara y'umwijima, gikora kandi mu kwicyingira maraliya ndetse no kuvura inzoka zo munda ndetse nububabare byazana haba ku gifu namara.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/musanze-hakozwe-ubusitani-bwo-kubungabunga-ibimera-biri-kugenda-bicika</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wikirwanda.org/index.php?title=Imihango_y%27_umukobwa |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-05 |archive-date=2023-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305142504/https://wikirwanda.org/index.php?title=Imihango_y%27_umukobwa |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=58 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-05 |archive-date=2023-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305144009/https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=58 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plants_by_category.php?id=10 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-05 |archive-date=2023-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305142516/https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plants_by_category.php?id=10 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9lMZjwPlimo</ref><ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1076/phbi.39.2.132.6251</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] mbkoz5397ejgftg2osulsza9cq3jvme 0 14698 139860 138324 2026-09-24T10:40:16Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139860 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Match de volley ball1.jpg|thumb|Gisaka Opne volley ball]] '''Gisaka Open Volleyball Tournament''' cyangwa se '''Gisaka Open Volleyball Tournament''' ni irushanwa ritegurwe na [[Akarere ka Kirehe|Karere Ka kirehe]] gatafanyije na [[Ishyirahamwe ry'umukino wa Volleyball mu Rwanda|Ishyirahamwe ry'umukino wa Volleybal]]<nowiki/>l mu [[Rwanda]], [[FRVB]], iri rushanwa rya Gisaka International Volleyball Tournament rikaba rifite intego kokugirango hazamurwe impano z’uyu mukino wa volleyball mu [[Akarere ka Kirehe|Karere ka Kirehe]] n’utundi turere bihana imbibi. Gisaka Open Volleyball Tournament '''m'''u bagabo, iki gikombe cyegukanwe na Gisagara VC naho RRA WVC mu bagore, yegukanye umwanya wa mbere itwara igikombe. Gisaka International Volleyball Tournament rikaba ari irushanwa ngaruka mwaka, hakaba haherwa umukinnyi mwiza m'umugore nu mukinnyi mwiza w'umugabo. <ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/120209/gisagara-vc-yegukanye-irushanwa-rya-gisaka-international-volleyball-tournament-120209.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/kirehe-menya-imyiteguro-yirushanwa-gisaka-open-rya-volleyball-riraba-muri-iyi-weekend/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-06 |archive-date=2023-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306200105/https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/kirehe-menya-imyiteguro-yirushanwa-gisaka-open-rya-volleyball-riraba-muri-iyi-weekend/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/kirehe-ikipe-ya-gisagara-vc-niya-rra-vc-ni-zo-zegukanye-gisaka-open/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-06 |archive-date=2023-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306194606/https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/kirehe-ikipe-ya-gisagara-vc-niya-rra-vc-ni-zo-zegukanye-gisaka-open/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/imikino/volleyball/article/gisagara-vc-na-rra-vc-zegukanye-ibikombe-muri-gisaka-open</ref><ref>https://igisabo.rw/2022/08/22/reg-vc-ntiyahiriwe-na-gisaka-open-volleyball-tournament/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.umusarenews.com/story/amakipe-ya-gisagara-vc-na-rra-vc-yegukanye-ibikombe-muri-gisaka-open |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-06 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307030212/https://www.umusarenews.com/story/amakipe-ya-gisagara-vc-na-rra-vc-yegukanye-ibikombe-muri-gisaka-open |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino-11/volleyball/article/nyirimana-fidele-wari-umutoza-wa-gisagara-vc-yeguye</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umuseke.rw/2022/09/shampiyona-ya-volleyball-mu-rwanda-yagarutse/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-06 |archive-date=2023-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306144605/https://umuseke.rw/2022/09/shampiyona-ya-volleyball-mu-rwanda-yagarutse/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Siporo]] [[Ikiciro:Siporo ya volleyball]] qopavxlafajk6gfn5tlqgrxtlvfvdpq 0 14713 139888 113211 2026-09-24T10:43:43Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139888 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Purple_sweet_potato_bought_in_Yoshiwara.jpg|thumb|Ibijumba bya mauve]] [[Dosiye:20230304_091846_Kumara.jpg|thumb|Ibijumba by'idoma ]] Ibijumba bya mauve bifite inkomoko mu gihugu cya Peru ariko ubu byarasakaye ku isi yose no mu gihugu cyacu birahahingwa. Ni ibijumba bifite ibara rya mauve imbere naho igishishwa cyabyo kikaba cyenda gusa umukara kuko ni mauve yijimye cyane gusa hanabaho ibigira igishishwa gitukura cyangwa cyenda gusa umweru. Ibara rya mauve dusanga muri ibi bijumba rituruka ku kuba bikungahaye kuri anthocyanins, iri rikaba itsinda ry’ibisohora uburozi n’imyanda mu mubiri tunasanga mu mizabibu aribyo bituma divayi igira rirya bara. Ibi bijumba kuba bifite iri bara bituma bigira akamaro kihariye ku buzima ugereranyije n’ibindi bijumba nk’uko tugiye kubibona. [[Dosiye:Kumala.jpg|thumb|Ibijumba bya mauve]] Ubu bwoko bw’ibijumba bukungahaye cyane kuri fibres na poroteyine gusa bikagira calories nkeya ugereanyije n’andi moko y’ibijumba. Bikungahaye kandi kuri potasiyumu, vitamin C na za vitamin B zinyuranye naho ku bisohora imyanda mu mubiri ibi bijumba bikubye inshuro enye ibindi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/ibijumba-bya-mauve |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-07 |archive-date=2020-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705180211/https://umutihealth.com/ibijumba-bya-mauve/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Akamaro kabyo ku buzima == === Umuvuduko w’amaraso === Kuba bikungahaye kuri potasiyumu bituma biba ingenzi mu kuringaniza umuvuduko w’amaraso. Ibi bigafasha mu kugabanya ibyago byo kurwara umutima n’indwara zose zijyana n’imikorere yawo === Gusohora uburozi n’imyanda === Ibijumba bya mauve dusangamo ibisohora imyanda mu mubiri byo mu matsinda ya anthocyanins na flavonoids. Ibi bikaba bifite akamaro kanyuranye mu mubiri harimo kurinda indwara za karande ndetse n’indwara zitera umubiri kubyimbirwa. === Ubwonko === Mu bwonko kurya ibi bijumba bifasha mu gusukura uturandaryi n’imitsi ijya mu bwonko bityo bikarinda kwirundanya kw’ibyitwa beta-amyloid izwiho gutera kwibagirwa no gusaza kw’imitsi yo mu bwonko. Kurya ibi bijumba kandi birinda indwara ya Alzheimer itera abakuze kwibagirwa ndetse n’iya Parkinson ibatera gususumira zose zikaba indwara zifatira ku bwonko. === Kugabanya ibiro === Kubera ko ibijumba bifite amafufu na za fibres kubirya bituma wirirwa ufite igihagisha bityo bigatuma utaryagagura bikaba byagufasha mu gutakaza ibiro kuko umubiri ukoresha ibinure wibitseho. [[Dosiye:Batata_doce-ipomoea_batatas.JPG|thumb|Ibijumba bya mauve]] === Kanseri === Kwa kuba bikungahaye ku bisohora uburozi n’imyanda mu mubiri bituma biba ingenzi mu kurwanya kanseri zinyuranye. Ndetse muri byo tunasangamo cryogenic acid izwiho gufasha umubiri mu kurinda gukura k’uturemangingo dutera kanseri. === Igogorwa === Kubera birimo fibres ndetse binifitemo ibirinda kubyimbirwa, bituma bifasha mu kurwanya kutituma no kwituma impatwe, gutumba no kugugara mu nda kimwe no kuribwa mu nda. === Kwipfundika kw’amaraso === Kugabanya igipimo cya cholesterol mbi no kuringaniza umuvuduko w’amaraso bituma ibi bijumba biba ingenzi mu kurwanya kwipfundika kw’amaraso; ikibazo gishobora gutera indwara ya stroke, n’izindi ndwara z’umutima. Aha bihite byumvikanako mu gihe uteganya kubagwa vuba udakwiye kubirya cyangwa niba ufite indwara yo kuva. [[Dosiye:Kumara.jpg|thumb|Ikijumba ]] == Uko bitekwa == Ibijumba bya mauve bitekwa nkuko uteka ibindi bijumba. Gusa kuko usanga ibitetse bihindura ibara biba byerekana ko ya anthocyanin iri kugabanyuka bitewe no gucanirwa mu mazi. Bityo uburyo buruta ubundi ni ukubirya byokeje kuko niho intungamubiri zose ziba zikirimo zitanagabanyutse.<ref>https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/ibijumba-bya-mauve-bifite-akamaro-kihariye-ugereranyije-n-ibindi-bijumba</ref> == Reba == a1ploweynccgw6nuy8dcqc1o8mo215v 0 14798 139911 92334 2026-09-24T10:47:36Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Forms of government map}}'''Ubutegetsi''' ni gahunda cyangwa itsinda ryabantu bayobora umuryango wabantu, muri rusange twavuga leta. Ku bijyanye n’ibisobanuro byagutse bifitanye isano, guverinoma isanzwe igizwe ninteko ishinga amategeko, ubuyobozi, nubutabera. Guverinoma ni uburyo politike y’inzego zishyira mu bikorwa, ndetse n’uburyo bwo kugena politike. Mu bihugu akenshi, guverinoma iba ifite itegeko nshinga, ikanatanga amahame ngenderwaho na filozofiya yayo. jsfhxgb0dmkert30fp7vlol055hlcki 0 14809 139692 116914 2026-09-23T18:34:54Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139692 wikitext text/x-wiki Abaturage bamwe bo mu Rwanda bavugako [[Dosiye:Vase_with_flowers_and_paradise_bird_01.jpg|thumb|Vase]] kubumba amavaze byaba hinduriye ubuzima. [[Dosiye:Odilon_Redon_-_Vase_of_Flowers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|Vase of Flowers]] [[Dosiye:Flowers_In_A_Vase_(18437855).jpeg|thumb|Ivaze ]] [[Dosiye:Vase_of_Flowers_Claude_Monet.jpg|thumb|Vase of Flowers]] abasigajwe inyuma n'amateka bibumbiye muma coperative "abakomezamwuga" bakorera mu murenge wa kacyiru mu karere ka gasabo, bavugako umwuga wo kubumba ategurwamo indabo wa bahinduriye ubuzima, kuko byabafashije [[Dosiye:Odilon_Redon_-_Vase_of_Flowers_-_1900-16.jpg|thumb|Vase of Flowers ]] [[Dosiye:A_Vase_of_Flowers_NG_1883_.PNG|thumb|A Vase of Flowers]] kwiteza imbere.[https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/kubumba-amavaze-byabahinduriye-ubuzima] [[Dosiye:Vase_with_clematis_flowers_Emile_Gallé.jpg|thumb|Vase]] [[Dosiye:Kromogram_No_1_Vase_of_flowers_circa_1896_large.jpg|thumb|Ivaze ]] [[Dosiye:View_of_flowers_in_a_vase_in_Strawberry_Hill_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6192495.jpg|thumb|Ivaze ]] iwaw9htn87rhrr2my8rgg2p4ufsj1ha 0 14821 139610 120641 2026-09-23T18:20:25Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Amin El-Hady''' cyangwa Amin El-Hady, Larabci (wavutse ku ya 13 Mata 1983) ni Umunyamisiri ukina umukino wo guterura ibiremereye mu gice cyoroheje. yitabiriye imikino Olempike inshuro ebyiri atwara imidari inshuro eshanu (zahabu eshatu na feza ebyiri) muri Shampiyona nyafurika. Yegukanye umudari wa feza mu mikino nyafurika yo mu 2007 yabereye muri [[Aligeriya|Alijeriya]], aho Mounir Benamadi yatsizwe. <ref>"Jeux Africains 2007: Judo – Une moisson de 7 médailles dont 5 en or" [2007 African Games: Judo – A harvest of seven medals, including five gold] (in French). </ref> <ref>"African Games, Algiers, 2007, Algeria" . </ref> El-Hady yagaragaye bwa mbere mu mikino Olempike yo muri 2004 yabereye muri Atenayi, aho yatsinzwe mu cyiciro cya mbere cy’abagabo bafite ibiro 66, na ippon da sumi gaeshi, na Amar Meridja wo muri Alijeriya. Mu mikino Olempike yo mu 2008 yabereye i Beijing, El-Hady yitabiriye ku nshuro ya kabiri mu cyiciro cy’abagabo baremereye bafite ibiro 66, Yatangiye atsinda Armen Nazaryan [[Arumeniya]] mu cyiciro cya mbere cy'amajonjora, mbere yo gutsindwa umukino wakurikiyeho na Yordanis Arencibia wo muri Cuba. <ref>"Men's Half Lightweight (66kg/145 lbs) Preliminaries" . </ref> Bitewe nuko uwo bahanganye yerekeje muri kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza, El-Hady yongeye kugaruka gutsinda Daniel García González wa Andorra na Taylor Takata wo muri Amerika mu cyiciro cya kabiri cy'irushanwa. Yarangirije ku mwanya wa karindwi, nyuma yo gutsindwa ku mukino wa nyuma na Mirali Sharipov wo muri [[Uzubekisitani]], watsinze waza-ari (igice cya kabiri) na tomoe nage, shampiyona irangirira Mu minota itanu. <ref>"Men's Half Lightweight (66kg/145 lbs) Final of Repechage B" . </ref> == Reba == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi w'iruka na maguru]] [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi uterura ibiremereye]] posmq3er6e81t27d2z60y8qw261xkn9 0 14830 139868 100149 2026-09-24T10:41:14Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139868 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Caldas 07-04r.jpg|thumb|Igishushanyo kiri ku muhanda wo muri Spain cyerekana ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rikorerwa mu ngo.]] '''Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina no gufata ku ngufu muri Espagne y’Abafaransa''' byari ikibazo cyatewe n’imyitwarire y’Abenegihugu cyateye imbere mu gihe cy’intambara yo muri Esipanye. Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ryakunze kugaragara ku ngabo z’Abenegihugu n’abo baro bafatanije mu gihe cy’intambara y’abaturage. Ingabo z’inyuma za Falangist zasambanyaga ku gahato zikanica abagore mu marimbi, mu bitaro, mu mazu n’imirima, no muri gereza. Bafataga kungufu, bakabica urubozo bakanica abasosiyaliste, abakobwa bato, abaforomo nabandi basirikare. Abasirikare basanzwe b'Abanyagihugu bakoraga ibikorwa nk'ibi byo gufata ku ngufu, iyicarubozo n'ubwicanyi ahantu nka Maial, Callus na Cantalpino. Abavugabutumwa baba misiyoneri b'abanyamahanga bo muri Maroc bakoreshejwe mu gufata ku ngufu abagore kugira ngo bateze iterabwoba mu baturage baho, bakoresheje gufata ku ngufu nk'intwaro y'intambara. Abagore bari muri gereza nabo bafashwe kungufu, akenshi bahuraga nurupfu iyo bangaga kuryamana nababashimusi. Ingano nyayo yikibazo ishobora kutazamenyekana kuko nta nyandiko nanke zabitswe ziguga kubyakorewe abagore, kandi kugerageza kubara ahanini byatumye amateka y’umugore asibangana. apbsqz9fl37125rk0uxnt12baa0xj55 0 14833 139833 92377 2026-09-24T10:33:55Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Fanta Keita''' (yavutse 8 Gicurasi 1981 - 30 Ukwakira 2006) <ref>[[Keita Fanta]] Olympic Results" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2017.</ref> ni umukkinyi wa jido wo muri Senegali. <ref>Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill ; et al. "Keita Fanta Olympic Results" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2017.</ref> Yabaye uwambere muri shampiyona ya Afurika mu 2005, aba shampiyo wa Senegali kabiri mu myaka wa 2000 na 2005. <ref>"Fanta Keita - Athlete Bio" . JudoInside.com . 6 July 2019.</ref> Keita yapfuye azize impanuka y'omunyitozo. <ref>"[[Fanta Keita]] - Athlete Bio" . JudoInside.com . 6 July 2019. Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill ; et al. "Fanta keita Olympic Results" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2017.</ref> == Reba == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi uterura ibiremereye]] 4aqcluvnniypgppe1g528rwhu2rnd4u 0 14883 139546 92437 2026-09-23T14:18:55Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139546 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Éric Pacôme N'Dri''' (yavutse ku ya 24 Werurwe 1978) ni umukinnyi wu munya Kote Divuwari kabuhariwe mu kwiruka muri metero 100 . Yitabiriye imikino Olempike yo mu 2004, yegukanye umwanya wa gatatu muri metero 100, bityo abasha kuzamuka mu cyiciro cya kabiri kisumbuye. Nyuma yaje kugera ku mwanya wa munani mu cyiciro cya kabiri, gusa ananirwa kubona ibihe bimufasha kuza muri kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza. Yitabiriye amarushanwa y'isi mu 2001 na 2003 . N'Dri yatsindiye imidari ibiri muri metero 100 kuri Jeux de la Francophonie; umudari wa bronze muri 2001 n'umudari wa silver muri 2005. N'Dri yagize agahigo muri metero 4 x 100 mu gusiganwa ku maguru akoresha amasegonda 38.60, afatanije nabagenzi be Ibrahim Meité, Ahmed Douhou na Yves Sonan mu marushanwa y'isi yabereye i Edmonton 2001. == Reba == <references /> == Amashakiro == * Éric Pacôme N'Dri at World Athletics [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi w'iruka na maguru]] qdwy2sr48g16mfblit4mqkzierkg3ve 0 14904 139821 136627 2026-09-24T10:32:26Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139821 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Anti-LGBT.svg|thumb|LGBT]] = Abasaga ibihumbi 35 mu [[Rwanda]] baryamana bahuje ibitsina, bari mu bugarijwe cyane na [[SIDA]] = [[Dosiye:02019 1173 Rzeszów Pride.jpg|thumb|Abaharanira uburenganzira ku kubana kwabahuje ibitsina]] Imibare ya Minisiteri y’Ubuzima igaragaza ko icyiciro cy’abaryamana bahuje ibitsina kiri mu byugarijwe cyane na virusi itera [[SIDA|Sida]] kuko cyihariye 7% by’abafite ubu bwandu bose mu gihugu.<ref name=":0">https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/barenga-ibihumbi-35-bari-mu-byiciro-byugarijwe-na-sida-imbogamizi-zibangamiye</ref> Raporo y’Ibikorwa bya Minisiteri y’Ubuzima mu mwaka wa 2019-2020, igaragaza ko [[Umugore|abagore]] bakora uburaya n’abagabo bakorana imibonano mpuzabitsina n’abandi bagabo ari bo bari ku isonga mu bafite virusi itera [[SIDA]].<ref name=":0" /> Abo bagore bihariye 35,5% by’abafite Virusi ya [[SIDA]] mu gihugu, naho abagabo bakorana imibonano mpuzabitsina n’abandi bagabo bihariye 7%.<ref name=":0" /> Umunyamabanga Mukuru mu Nama y’Ubutegetsi y’Ihuriro ry’imiryango itari iya Leta irwanya [[SIDA]], igituntu na malaria no guteza imbere ubuzima (RNGOF) akaba n’Umuyobozi wa RDFP, Mukantabana Crescence yavuze ko imwe mu mpamvu ituma iyi mibare iri hejuru mu baryamana bahuje ibitsina, ari uko iki cyiciro cy’abantu kidakunze gusaba serivisi z’ubuvuzi zabugenewe.<ref name=":1">https://igihe.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/ubuzima-bw-ababana-bahuje-igitsina-bo-mu-mujyi-wa-kigali</ref> Yagize ati “Ibintu byabo babikora babihishe, bagatinya kujya kwa muganga kubera ko [bahagera] bakababwirana, bakabaryanira inzara ugasanga baricecekeye.” Ababana bahuje ibitsina mu [[Rwanda]] bakunze guhisha ibyiyumviro byabo, bakazabigaragaza bumaze gukura bafite ubushobozi bwo kwibeshaho mu gihe baramuka bamaganwe na sosiyete.Mu kiganiro aherutse kugirana na IGIHE, Nabonibo Albert yasobanuye uburyo akimara kugaragaza ko afite ibyiyumviro byo kuryamana n’abo bahuje ibitsina, yatewe utwatsi na sosiyete bikamugiraho ingaruka zigaragara. Mukantabana Crescence, yavuze ko ababana bahuje ibitsina mu [[Rwanda]] bagifite imbogamizi zijyanye n’amategeko abarengera, atuma hari ubwo bahohoterwa ntibabone ubufasha. Icyakora yavuze ko hari byinshi byakozwe bigatuma benshi muri no bigaragaza, ingingo ikomeye cyane kuko ubundi bikunze kugirwa ibanga mu rwego rwo kwirinda ihohoterwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kuri ubu habarurwa ko abarenga ibihumbi 35 baryamana n’abo bahuje ibitsina mu [[Rwanda]], nk’uko Mukantabana yabitangaje. Ati “Barahari byaragaragaye. Igihe mperukira imibare bari bageze mu bihumbi 35. [[Abanyarwanda]] ibihumbi 35 ni benshi.” Nabo nibo we yabwiye IGIHE ko ari benshi bashobora kuba barenze uyu mubare, ahubwo bamwe bataragira ubushobozi bwo kugaragaza ibyiyumviro byabo kuko bishobora kubagiraho ingaruka. Umwe mu babana bahuje ibitsina twaganiriye, yavuze ko “Kwemera kuvuga ko uryamana n’abo muhuje igitsina ni ikintu kitoroshye, benshi mu bakiri bato birinda kubikora kugira ngo batiteranya n’imiryango yabo, cyangwa bakabura amahirwe mu kazi n’ibindi nk’ibyo.<ref name=":1" /> "Kubikora bisaba ubutwari, niyo mpamvu bikorwa na bake, abantu bagenda batinyuka bitewe n’uko imyumvire ya sosiyete izamuka. Ntabwo ari uko ababana bahuje ibitsina mu [[Rwanda]] ari bacye, ni uko banga kubyerekana gusa mu rwego rwo kurinda inyungu zabo.” Yongeyeho ko nubwo hari byinshi bikenewe gukorwa, ashima ubwisanzure bafite mu [[Rwanda]] ugereranyije n’ahandi muri Afurika. Ati "Dufite uburenganzira nk’ubw’abandi imbere y’amategeko, nta mategeko yihariye aduhana, ni ikintu dushimira Leta nubwo hagikenewe byinshi byo gukora, ariko ubona ko nta kibazo duhura nacyo cyo kwimwa uburenganzira bigizwemo uruhare na Leta, niyo mpamvu benshi bari kugenda batinyuka, bakagaragaza imiterere y’umubiri wabo.”<ref name=":0" /> '''Leta yarahagurutse''' Mu bihugu bitandukanye, ikigero cy’abanyamuryango ba [[LGBTQ]] (ababana bahuje ibitsina) biyahura kiri hejuru kurusha uko bimeze mu bindi byiciro by’abaturage, bikaba akarusho iyo bigeze mu bakiri bato, baba bageze mu gihe cyo kwiga no kumenya imiterere y’ibitsina byabo. Ibi ni ko bimeze mu bihugu birimo [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]],<ref name=":2">https://www.kigalitoday.com/ntibisanzwe/article/ababana-bahuje-ibitsina-mu-gisirikari-cya-amerika-baratangira-guhabwa</ref> aho imibare y’urubyiruko ruri mu muryango w’ababana bahuje ibitsina rutekereza kwiyahura, ikubye kabiri iyo mu rundi rubyiruko rusanzwe.<ref name=":0" /> Imwe mu mpamvu zibitera harimo kwamaganwa no guhabwa akato, aho usanga abantu bagaragaje ko baryamana n’abo bahuje igitsina, baterwa utwatsi bakamaganwa cyangwa bakimwa amahirwe atandukanye, ibi bigatuma barushaho kwiheba no kwitera icyizere, bamwe bakabura aho batura ibibazo byabo kugera ubwo biyahuye.<ref name=":0" /> Ku rwego mpuzamahanga cyane cyane mu bihugu byateye imbere, hagenda haba ubukangurambaga bugamije kwigisha abantu ko ababana n’abo bahuje ibitsina ari abantu nk’abandi, bitewe n’uko ari bwo buryo baremye kandi iyo myitwarire ikaba atari amahitamo, ahubwo ari imiterere yabo.<ref name=":1" /> Ku bakurikira [[umupira w’amaguru]], cyane cyane Shampiyona ya Premier League yo mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]], muzakunda kubona ba kapiteni b’amakipe bambaye ibitambaro birimo amabara y’umukororombya, ari ryo bendera riranga abaryamana bahuje ibitsina.<ref name=":3">https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/ababana-bahuje-igitsina-babimye-ahantu-ho-gukorera-ubukwe-biteza-ikibazo-muri#!?pr=119249&lang=en</ref> Ibi na nako bigenda ku mipira ikinwa, imishumi y’inkweto n’ibindi bitandukanye, byose bigamije kurushaho guteza imbere ubukangurambaga bw’umuryango w’ababana bahuje ibitsina.<ref name=":1" /> Amateka agaragaza ko abagize uyu muryango babayeho kuva mu myaka ibihumbi bibiri mbere y’ivuka rya Yezu, bagaragara ku migabane yose y’Isi ndetse no mu moko atandukanye y’abantu. Guhuza ibitsina kw’abafite ibiteye kimwe si imyitwarire y’abantu gusa, kuko iyi mico inagaragara mu zindi nyamswa z’ubwoko burenga 1500 burimo inyoni, [[inyamaswa]] zo mu mazi, inyamabere ndetse no mu dusimba duto. Bitekerezwa ko 90% by’ibikorwa byo guhuza ibitsina bya giraffe bikorwa hagati y’izibihuje.<ref name=":2" /> Hari gahunda nyinshi zagiyeho zigamije guhangana n’ibibazo by’ababana bahuje ibitsina, nk’uko Umuyobozi w’Ishami ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu mu Muryango Uharanira Guteza Imbere Ubuzima (HDI), Christopher Sengoga, aherutse kubitangariza IGIHE. Yagize ati “Indi mbogamizi bahura na yo ni ukubona serivisi z’ubuzima. Abaganga benshi ntibaramenya kubitaho mu buryo bw’umwihariko, nubwo turi gufatanya n’inzego za Leta mu kubahugura, ku buryo mu gihe bagiye gushaka serivisi zijyanye n’ubuzima bwabo bwihariye, bazibona nta nkomyi.”<ref name=":0" /> Uretse guhugura abaganga, hari ibindi bikorwa byakozwe mu rwego rwo kurushaho gufasha abagize uyu muryango kugira ubuzima bwiza, harimo kubaha amahugurwa ku bijyanye n’icyorezo cya [[SIDA]] n’ubukangurambaga ku ikoreshwa ry’agakingirizo, ndetse bakanasabwa kurushaho kwisuzumisha kugira ngo bamenye uko ubuzima bwabo buhagaze. Ku ruhande rwa Minisiteri y’Ubuzima mu Rwanda, iri gukora ibishoboka byose mu gufasha abagize uyu muryango kwisuzumisha Virus itera [[SIDA]], kubona ibinini bya PrEP birinda umuntu kwanduza iyo Virus uwo bakorana imibonano mpuzabitsina ndetse n’imiti igabanya ubukana bwa Virus itera [[SIDA]].<ref name=":3" /> Niyingenera Callixte Ushinzwe gukurikirana ibikorwa by’abanyamuryango ba RNGOF mu Mujyi wa Kigali n’Intara y’Iburasirazuba, yabwiye IGIHE ko bagerageza gufasha ababana n’abo bahuje igitsina kujya kwa muganga kugira ngo bivuze indwara zifata imyanya ndangagitsina. Yongeyeho ati “Tubaha n’ibikoresho birimo udukingirizo n’amavuta yongera ububobere. Ikirenze ibyo, tunagerageza gukora ubuvugizi ku butabera bwabo nk’uko nabo babyifuza kuko ni abantu nk’abandi.” Yasobanuye ko batarahabwa ikaze mu muryango mugari w’Abanyarwanda, ati “Ntabwo umuryango Nyarwanda ukwiye kubaca ngo ubatere ibuye ahubwo bakwiye gufashwa mu byo bakora, tugakora ubuvugizi ngo bikorwa bite kugira ngo birinde izo ndwara zindi n’ihohoterwa ariko uburenganzira bwabo burakenewe.”<ref name=":0" /> '''Icyizere cy’Itegeko rirengera LGBTQ mu [[Rwanda]]?''' U [[Rwanda]] ni kimwe mu bihugu bya Afurika bidafite itegeko iryo ari ryo ryose ribangamira ababana bahuje ibitsina. Magingo aya, Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u [[Rwanda]] ntiryerura ngo ryemere cyangwa ryamagane imyitwarire n’imigirire y’ababana n’abo bahuje igitsina. Icyakora mu ngingo yaryo ya 16 rigira riti “Abanyarwanda bose bavukana kandi bagakomeza kugira uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure bingana.”<ref name=":1" /> Gusa mu ngingo ya 17 yaryo, harimo ko “Ishyingirwa ryemewe ari iryabaye hagati y’umugabo n’umugore,” ingingo itavugwaho rumwe kuko ababana bahuje ibitsina bashobora no kubana nk’abashakanye.IGIHE ifite amakuru yemeza ko abanyamategeko b’Ihuriro ry’imiryango itari iya Leta irimo GLIHD, HDI na RNGOF, bateguye umushinga w’itegeko rirebana n’uburenganzira bw’ababana bahuje ibitsina, aho bivugwa ko uyu mushinga warangiye ndetse bari kwitegura kuwushyikiriza Inteko Ishinga Amategeko.<ref name=":0" /> Uwatanze amakuru yagize ati “Ni itegeko ribemerera kugira izindi serivisi bahabwa mu gihugu nk’[[Abanyarwanda]] muri rusange. Ntabwo ari iribashyigikira ngo nimugende mukore ibyo mushaka ku mugaragaro turabashyigikiye.” “Ni iribahesha serivisi nk’undi Munyarwanda uwo ari we wese ku buryo aho bazajya baca batazajya babona ko ari ibicibwa. Niba agiye kwa gitifu cyangwa ubundi buyobozi akaba yisanga nta pfunwe atewe no kuba abana n’uwo bahuje igitsina.” Niyingenera yatangaje ko nka sosiyete sivile, bakangurira ababyeyi gushyigikira uburenganzira bw’abana babo mu gihe bagaragaje ibyiyumvo nk’uko baryamana n’abo bahuje ibitsina, kandi bakabigaragaza bakiri bato. Yasobanuye ko ibi bituma abana bakura neza, bakarushaho kwiyakira no gushyira imbaraga mu iterambere ryabo, aho kwigunga no kwitera icyizere.<ref name=":3" /> == Amashakiro; == lacmzg3cob3aauqi3wynjp47kxucdzu 0 14938 139661 92525 2026-09-23T18:28:33Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139661 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Numida meleagris -Serengeti National Park, Tanzania-8 (1).jpg|thumb]] Helmeted guineafowl niyo izwi cyane mu miryango y'inyoni ya guineafowl, Numididae n'umunyamuryango umwe rukumi wa bwoko bwa Numida. ikomoka muri Africa cyane cyane mu majyepfo ya sahara, kandi yamenyekanye cyane nk'ubwoko bwororerwa mu rugo mu burengerazuba bw'uburengerazuba, Amerika y'amajyaruguru,kolombia,brazil,Austrarial n'uburayi. Helmeted guineafowl ifite uburebure bwa cm hagati ya 53 na 58cm iyi nyoni ifite umubiri uzengurutse n'umutwe muto. ipima nka 1.3kg(2.9ib) amabara y'umubiri n'umukara, umukara uzengurutswe n'umweru. kimwe n'izindi nyoni, ubu bwoko bufite umutwe utarondoreka, murubu bwoko ukaba wambitswe ibara ry'umuhondo wijimye cyangwa umutuku wijimye. n'uruhu rwambaye umutuku,ubururu,cyangwa umukara. amababa ni magufi kandi azengurutse,umurizo nawo ni mugufi.[https://ebird.org/species/helgui] indyo yazo igizwe n'ibiribwa bitandukanye harimo inyamaswa n'ibimera( harimo ibigori,ibirayi,imbuto cyane cyane ibyatsi byo mu buhinzi hamwe n'ibihingwa bitandukanye by'ubuhinzi.) [https://poultry.extension.org/articles/poultry-management/raising-guinea-fowl-in-small-and-backyard-flocks/#:~:text=They%20like%20wheat%2C%20sorghum%2C%20or,fed%20a%20commercial%20poultry%20diet.] ibigabo bikunze kwerekana ubukana hagati yabyo,kandi bikagira bikagira uruhare mu mirwano ikaze. eorqi1j782floojfllab4oyupvfyk7w 0 14946 139822 92537 2026-09-24T10:32:34Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139822 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Allen's gallinule, Porphyrio alleni, at Chobe National Park, Botswana.jpg|thumb]] Allen's Gallinule yahoze yitwa Gallinule ntoya, iyi nyoni ntoya yo mumuryango wa Rallidae,[https://ebird.org/species/allgal1] ikunda gutura mu bishanga no mubiyaga muri afrika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa sahara, icyari cyayo gikunda kureremba mu bishanga, itera amagi 2-5. igitangaje iyi nyoni bigaragara ko iguruka idakomeye, ntago ari ubwo bwoko bwonyine, dufite muri africa yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa sahara. bwageze mu bwongereza. iyi nyoni kandi igaragara no mubindi bihugu by'iburayi. [https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=53288666B2C70F88] bsaw7ukqayb3g2eohq0eupbf9eboh9x 0 14954 139693 92549 2026-09-23T18:35:01Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139693 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:African Finfoot - Lake Mburu - Uganda.jpg|thumb]] iyi nyoni yitiriwe ibirenge bya afrika iboneka mu muryango wa Helionithidae ubu bwoko bukunda gutura mu bishanga no munzuzi n'ibiyaga byo muri africa y'iburengerazuba hagati no mumajyepho.[https://ebird.org/species/afrfin1] African finfoot ni inzobere mu mazi, ifite ijosi rirerire, umunwa utyaye kandi utangaje, ikagira ibirenge bitukura ingabo iba yijimye cyane kurusha ingore.[http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22692177][https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=46DECAEEE5908123] frdnl91bfynovjr6qbtvpi69by9dzc4 0 14973 139712 92580 2026-09-23T18:37:23Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139712 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Three-banded Plover (Charadrius tricollaris) (33236650032).jpg|thumb]] three banded plover ni inyoni ifite 18CM z'uburebure [https://ebird.org/species/thbplo1] ifite ibara ry'ijimye hagati ya fagitire, uruhanga rwera kandi impande z'umutwe n'imvi. ubusakashatsi bwerekanyeko hari itandukaniro ririi hagayi y'inyoni za madagascar na africa itera amagi yayo kuva muri werurwe kugera muri kamena mu turere dushyuha 70% no kuva muri nyakanga kugera mu kwakira. [https://animalia.bio/three-banded-plover][https://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-three-banded-plover.html] 6jkjrrzcl83dmxn5nqzpmaru6nq88ih 0 14977 139694 92585 2026-09-23T18:35:08Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139694 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Nycticryphes semicollaris - American-painted snipe.jpg|thumb]] painted snipe ni inyoni zigizwe n'imiryango ibiri ariyo Restratula na Nycticyryphes. iyi nyoni ifite amaguru magufi, ikagira umunywa muremure. iyi nyoni yasobanuwe mu 1988 bivuye mu bubiko bwa pliocene,[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_painted-snipe][https://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-greater-painted-snipe.html] 8cf9fsoruys99dqyi6joujvrjtvl2c8 0 14980 139695 92590 2026-09-23T18:35:15Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139695 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Rhinoptilus africanus -Tierpark Hagenbeck, Hamburg, Germany-8a.jpg|thumb]] Double banded course ni ubwoko bw'inyoni mu muryango wa Glareolidae. ni inyoni yera iifite amababa y'ijimye, ifite umurongo muto wirabura iva munsi y'agatuza, amatama umunywa. umuhogo ni josi ni buff, iofite amaso y'ijimye n'amaguru [https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=C130193B80227278] iyi nyoniniboneka muri etiyopiya, somariya afurika y'epfo na tanzaniya.[https://ebird.org/species/dobcou2][https://www.britannica.com/animal/double-banded-courser] 8g70h1rvzg1jyleetjlgy0e9dtwo1d2 0 14981 139912 127117 2026-09-24T10:47:43Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139912 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ndagijimana Eulucane''' ni umunyarwandakazi ukora umukino wo kwiruka wiruka hagati mu kwiruka. Yahagarariye [[igihugu]] cye cyu [[Rwanda]] muri metero 1500 z'abagore na metero 800 z'abagore mu mikino Olempike yo mu 1988 . Igihe cye cyiza yagize cyari 1: 52.08 muri 800, na 3: 51.61 muri metero 1500 z'uburebure. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418061029/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/nd/eulucane-ndagijimana-1.html Eulucane Ndagijimana at Sports Reference] Sports Reference</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-sports.org/eulucane-ndagijimana-athletics-spf651862.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-10 |archive-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310161034/https://www.the-sports.org/eulucane-ndagijimana-athletics-spf651862.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.les-sports.info/eulucane-ndagijimana-athletisme-spf651862.html</ref><ref>https://olympicrwanda.org/olympians/</ref><ref>https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/75471</ref><ref>https://www.howtopronounce.com/eulucane-ndagijimana</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://allfamousbirthday.com/eulucane-ndagijimana/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-10 |archive-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310161036/https://allfamousbirthday.com/eulucane-ndagijimana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wikilogy.com/biography/eulucane-ndagijimana/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-10 |archive-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310161035/https://www.wikilogy.com/biography/eulucane-ndagijimana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://pitwall.org/person/165313/eulucane-ndagijimana</ref><ref>https://www.olympiandatabase.com/index.php?id=120435&L=1</ref><ref>https://www.olympiandatabase.com/index.php?id=120435&L=1</ref><ref>https://www.olympiandatabase.com/index.php?id=19164&L=1</ref><ref>https://www.bornglorious.com/rwanda/birthday/?pd=03</ref><ref>https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Category:Rwandan_sportspeople_stubs</ref><ref>https://wiki.alquds.edu/?query=Rwanda_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://profilbaru.com/sv/Rwanda_i_olympiska_sommarspelen_1988 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-10 |archive-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310161034/https://profilbaru.com/sv/Rwanda_i_olympiska_sommarspelen_1988 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ar.umuseke.rw/wari-uzi-abahagarariye-u-rwanda-muri-jeux-olympique-kuva-mu-1984.hmtl |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-10 |archive-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310161034/https://ar.umuseke.rw/wari-uzi-abahagarariye-u-rwanda-muri-jeux-olympique-kuva-mu-1984.hmtl |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi w'iruka na maguru]] [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wiruka n'amaguru]] 36liizkpiprl0uklqsi6kkrfbvu77q9 0 14989 139547 112197 2026-09-23T14:18:59Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139547 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Vanellus lugubris (Charadriidae) (Senegal Lapwing) - (adult), Bonamanzi Game Park, South Africa.jpg|thumb|236x236px]] Senegal Lapwing ni ubwoko bw'inyoni mu muryango wa Charadriidae. iboneka mu [https://ebird.org/species/senlap1] [[Rwanda]] ,angola, Burumdi,kameruni,congo,gambiya, gana gineya,kenya, libiya, marawi ,mali ,mozambike nijeriya,siyela rewone somaliya,afurika y'epfo, tanzaniya, togo uganda ,zambiya na zimbabwe [https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/senlap1/cur/introduction] qtz26nfw6flesj6hybvlcx6p7cluja6 0 14995 139548 92612 2026-09-23T14:19:03Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139548 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Crowned lapwing in Zulu Nyala Reserve, crop.jpg|thumb]] Crowned plover ni inyoni yo mubwoko bwa lapwing, muburyo butagaragara [https://ebird.org/species/crolap1] iboneka kuva mu nkombe z'inyanja itukura ya somaliya kugera mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa africa, ni ubwoko bumenyerewe kandi butandukanye iyi nyoni yambitswe ikamba kandi ryasobaniwe na Polymath w'abafaransa Geogres Louise mu 1781 mu gitabo cye cyitwa Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux.[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/66490] ahe7z17f3eam3nalm4krryi937varw8 0 14997 139805 92615 2026-09-24T10:30:32Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139805 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Dromas ardeola Kenya 1.jpg|thumb]] ni inyoni ikunda kugaragara mu gishanga gusa iratandukanye [https://www.audubon.org/news/one-lesson-sandy-hurricanes-arent-all-bad-birds] ni inyoni ikomoka mu muryango wa Dromadidae ,umuryango wayo ni charadriformes, ntusobanutse neza bamwe babonaga ko ifitanye isano rya bugufi na pranticoles mugihe abandi babonaga ko yegereye Auks, nimwe mu banyamuryango bonyine ba Dramas. kandi irihariye kuko ikunda ahantu hashyuha kuko biyifasha mu gutera amagi.[https://www.audubon.org/news/top-audubon-stories-2022-conservation-and-science] bnxuw8nzibk6oqa7dif3fdob693mywz 0 14998 139549 122147 2026-09-23T14:19:07Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139549 wikitext text/x-wiki --> [[Marthe Yankurije]] '''Marthe Yankurije''' (wavutse 5 Nyakanga 1994) ni umunyarwanda wiruka intera ndende ya marato. Muri 2018, yatsindiye igihugu cye metero 10,000 na Shampiyona ihuza ib'igihugu. Yatsinze kandi isiganwa muri kimwe cya kabiri cya marato muri 2021 Kigali International Peace Marathon, kandi yitabira irushanwa rya metero 5000 mu mikino Olempike yatinze ya 2020 . == Umwuga == Yankurije akinira ikipe ya APR Imikino ngororamubiri mbere ya 2016, yarushanwe muri Nyamasheke Athletics Club. <ref name="NT19" /> Yatangiye imikino ngororamubiri afite imyaka 11. <ref name="NT19" /> Yatangiriye bwa mbere muri marathon ya Kigali 2014, arangiza ari uwa gatanu, nyuma yu mwaka, yitabira amarushanwa ya Afurika ahuza igihugu cya 2014, arangiza ari 35. Yaje ku mwanya wa kane mu gice cya kabiri cya marathon muri Marato mpuzamahanga y’amahoro [[Kigali|ya Kigali]] 2017 <ref name="NT19" /> maze atsinda 20 kilometres de kigali (12 mi) bigera muri [[Akarere ka Bugesera|Bugesera]]. Yankurije yatsinze muri metero 10,000 mu marushanwa y’igihugu yu [[Rwanda]] 2018. Muri uwo mwaka, yatsindiye irushanwa ry’igihugu cy’u Rwanda mu shampiyona y'ibihugu, aza ku mwanya wa gatatu mu marushanwa ya kimwe cya kabiri cya marathon muri Marato mpuzamahanga y’amahoro ya Kigali 2018, na Dar Marathon muri [[Tanzaniya]]. Muri 2019, yaje ku mwanya wa kabiri mu Kigali International Peace Marathon igice cya kabiri cya marato, maze atsinda 20 kilometres (12 mi) ibyabaye muri Bugesera na none. Muri uwo mwaka, yitabiriye isiganwa rya metero 10,000 mu mikino nyafurika ya 2019 ; yari umwe mu bakinnyi babiri gusa bo mu Rwanda mu mikino. Muri 2020, yatsindiye igice cya Marathon [[Butare|ya Huye]] mugihe cyi saha 1:15:15. Yarangije kandi umwanya wa gatatu muri Trier isanzwe 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) mu isiganwa. Muri Gicurasi 2021, yitabiriye amarushanwa yo gusiganwa ku maguru muri Zambiya yaberaga i [[Lusaka]], imikino yo gushaka itike yo kuzitabira imikino Olempike yo mu mpeshyi ya 2020 . Muri kamena, yatsindiye isiganwa mpuzamahanga rya marato rya Kigali. Kubera iyo mpamvu, yahawe ikarita yo mu Rwanda yo kwitabira imikino Olempike ya 2020. Yarushanwe muri metero 5000 ; yarangije umwanya wa 17 mubushuhe, kandi ntiyatera imbere. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Athletics - Round 1 - Heat 2 Results |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/result-women-s-5000m-rnd1-000200-.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807005735/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/result-women-s-5000m-rnd1-000200-.htm |archive-date=7 August 2021 |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=Olympics.com}}</ref> == Ubuzima bwite == Yankurije yavutse muri Nyakanga 1994. Akomoka mu [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke|karere ka Nyamasheke]], mu Rwanda. <ref name="NT19" /> Akiri umunyeshuri, yakinnye [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] hamwe na [[Umupira w’intoke|handball]]. <ref name="NT19" /> Yavuye mu ishuri akiri muto, mu mwaka wa kane w'amashuri yisumbuye mu 2012. <ref name="NT19" /> == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi w'iruka na maguru]] 6vkw2qxgyqpmn4wbt0hhdnqhxrl916a 0 14999 139611 92617 2026-09-23T18:20:33Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139611 wikitext text/x-wiki Kuba '''nyir'ubwite''' ni leta cyangwa ukuri gutunga amategeko no kugenzura umutungo, ushobora kuba umutungo uwo ariwo wose, ugaragara cyangwa udafatika. Nyirubwite arashobora kubamo uburenganzira bwinshi, twese hamwe twavuga nkumutwe, ushobora gutandukana kandi ufashwe nimpande zitandukanye. Inzira hamwe nubukanishi bwa nyirubwite biragoye rwose: umuntu arashobora kunguka, kwimura, no gutakaza nyirubwite muburyo butandukanye. Kugirango ubone imitungo umuntu arashobora kuyigura namafaranga, kuyigurisha kubindi bintu, kuyitsindira inshuti, kuyakira nkimpano, kuyungura, kuyisanga, kuyakira nkibyangiritse, kuyinjiza mukora akazi cyangwa gukora serivisi, kuyikora, cyangwa urugo. Umuntu arashobora kwimura cyangwa gutakaza nyir'umutungo awugurisha amafaranga, kuwuhana undi mutungo, kuwutanga nk'impano, kuwusimbuza undi, cyangwa kuwambura nyirubwite binyuze mu nzira zemewe n'amategeko nko kwirukana, kwamburwa, gufatira, cyangwa gufata. Kuba nyirubwite arikwirakwiza kuko nyir'umutungo uwo ariwo wose nawe azagira inyungu zubukungu bwuwo mutungo. = Amateka = Mu binyejana byinshi ndetse no mumico itandukanye, imyumvire yerekeye "umutungo" nuburyo ifatwa mumico yagiye itandukana cyane. Kuba nyir'ubwite ni ishingiro ry’ibindi bitekerezo byinshi bigize urufatiro rw’imiryango ya kera n’iki gihe nk’amafaranga, ubucuruzi, ideni, guhomba, ubugizi bwa nabi bw’ubujura, n’umutungo bwite n’umutungo rusange. Kuba nyir'ubwite ni urufunguzo rw'inyubako mu iterambere rya gahunda y’imibereho n’ubukungu. Adam Smith yavuze ko rimwe mu mategeko yera y’ubutabera ari ukurinda ibintu umuntu atunze. == Amashakiro == https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ownership i2rlt6noyn3o46bxwik056fwln1khv0 0 15047 139869 135432 2026-09-24T10:41:22Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139869 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ali Ahmed Mohab Elfil''' ni umukinnyi wu mupira wamaguru wumunyamisiri ukinira muri cy'iciro cya mbere muri league yo muri Egiputa ho mu Misiri mu i kipe ya Future FC nka myugariro. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Ali Elfeel - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://ng.soccerway.com/players/mohab-ali/212834/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=ng.soccerway.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ali Elfil - Player Profile - Football |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/ali-elfil_prs377466/person.shtml |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Eurosport |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=كووورة: الموقع العربي الرياضي الأول |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=83632 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=www.kooora.com}}</ref> == Ubuzima == Ali Elfil yavutse ku ya 13 Ukuboza 1992 mu Misiri. Yatangiye umwuga we wumupira wamaguru muri Telephonat Beni Suef SC. Muri 2015, yimuriwe muri Haras El Hodoud SC. Muri 2018, yaguzwe na Tala'ea El Gaish SC maze mu 2022 yimurirwa muri Future FC. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-26 |title=علي الفيل يوقع لفيوتشر بعد انتهاء تعاقده مع الطلائع |url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2022/6/26/علي-الفيل-يوقع-لفيوتشر-بعد-انتهاء-تعاقده-مع-الطلائع/5815706 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=اليوم السابع}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=كووورة: الموقع العربي الرياضي الأول |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=83632 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=www.kooora.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.kooora.com/?player=83632 "كووورة: الموقع العربي الرياضي الأول"]. ''www.kooora.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FilGoal {{!}} لاعب {{!}} علي الفيل |url=https://www.filgoal.com/players/22454 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=FilGoal.com |language=ar}}</ref> Muri rusange, afite inshuro zirenga ijana n'ibitego bitatu. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Ali Elfeel - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://ng.soccerway.com/players/mohab-ali/212834/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=ng.soccerway.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://ng.soccerway.com/players/mohab-ali/212834/ "Egypt - Ali Elfeel - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway"]. ''ng.soccerway.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Igikombe == Yabaye igisonga mu gikombe cya EFA 2019/2020 ndetse nuwatsindiye igikombe cya Super Cup 2020/2021. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Ali Elfeel - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://ng.soccerway.com/players/mohab-ali/212834/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=ng.soccerway.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://ng.soccerway.com/players/mohab-ali/212834/ "Egypt - Ali Elfeel - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway"]. ''ng.soccerway.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wo mu misiri]] dskhbltj80dkogz14d5lln55zilhg1h 0 15063 139913 124146 2026-09-24T10:47:50Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139913 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Moussa''' (; wavutse ku ya 16 Kanama 1995) ni umukinnyi wu mupira wa maguru wabigize umwuga ukomoka mu nyamisiri ukina nkumuzamu muri El-Entag El-Harby. Yakiniye ikipe yi gihugu ya Misiri y'abatarengeje imyaka 23 , Muri 2015, Moussa yasinyanye amasezerano yi myaka 4 na El-Entag, ava muri Wadi Degla na Al Ahly Fc mbere yuko arangira 2010-2011 <ref>{{Cite web |title=المشاهير {{!}} رسميا حارس المنتخب الأوليمبي يوقع للإنتاج الحربي لمدة 4 مواسم |url=http://www.almshaheer.com/article2-1600577 |access-date=2017-10-03 |website=www.almshaheer.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.icao.int/Meetings/SUSDEV-AT/Documents/Mohamed%20MOUSSA.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=2022-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503233842/https://www.icao.int/Meetings/SUSDEV-AT/Documents/Mohamed%20MOUSSA.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.asecna.aero/index.php/en/publications-media/actualite/a-la-une/372-mohamed-moussa-installe-dans-ses-fonctions</ref><ref>https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1366026/economie/mohamed-moussa-asecna-jai-bon-espoir-que-ladhesion-du-rwanda-ouvre-la-porte-a-dautres-candidatures/</ref><ref>https://www.law.cam.ac.uk/people/academic/m-moussa/78351</ref><ref>https://www.una-oic.org/page/public/news_details.aspx?id=320393&NL=True</ref><ref>https://int.soccerway.com/players/mohamed-moussa/473613/</ref><ref>https://www.pagesjaunes.fr/pagesblanches/r/mohamed.moussa</ref> Reba {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wo mu misiri]] s8v07pgj6x4ynvpqwwau39vig5g5ask 0 15114 139850 92794 2026-09-24T10:35:56Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139850 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Francis Busungu''' (wavutse ku ya 10 Mata 1991) ni umukinnyi wu mupira wa maguru wabigize umwuga, akaba ari rutahizamu w'umupira w'amaguru wa Tanzaniya. == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Tanzaniya]] g6ianlnnwkg5uwsf14394o46vzkcijj 0 15119 139643 135398 2026-09-23T18:26:17Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139643 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamdya Abass''' (yavutse 1 Kanama 1982) ni umukinnyi umupira wa maguru mu bagore bo muri Gana ukina nka myugariro. Ni umwe mu bagize ikipe yi gihugu y'u mupira wa maguru muri Gana. Yabaye mu ikipe yari mu gikombe cyisi cy’a bagore cya FIFA 2007 . Ku rwego rwa club akinira ikipe ya Ghatel Ladies muri Gana. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=List of Players |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/fwwc%5f2007%5fplayers%5f19147.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014165606/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/fwwc_2007_players_19147.pdf |archive-date=October 14, 2012 |access-date=2007-09-28 |website=FIFA Women's World Cup China 2007 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> == Reba kandi == * Urutonde rwabakobwa bumupira wamaguru mpuzamahanga == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana]] pgzv31vsyxxa6uvgjkcqxahcivhdvut 0 15133 139945 92820 2026-09-24T10:51:43Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139945 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Aziz Bouderbala, Lalla plus - Feb 12, 2018.jpg|thumb|Aziz Bouderbala]] '''Abdelaziz El Idrissi Bouderbala''' ( wavutse ku ya 26 Ukuboza 1960) yahoze ari umukinyi wu mupira wa maguru wabigize umwuga [[Maroke|muri Maroc]]. Mu 2006, yatoranijwe na [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru muri Afrika|CAF]] yari mubakinnyi 200 bakina umupira w'a maguru muri Afurika mu myaka 50 ishize. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-10-13 |title=Meilleur joueur des 50 dernières années 14 Marocains en lice |url=http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Journal/Article.asp?origine=jrn&idr=114&id=70173 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055322/http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Journal/Article.asp?origine=jrn&idr=114&id=70173 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |access-date=2009-08-28 |publisher=Le Matin |language=French}}</ref> == Umwuga == Aziz CHAR yatangiye umwuga we wabigize umwuga i Wydad Casablanca, mbere yo kwimukira muri FC Sion, Matra Racing na Olympique Lyon [[Ubufaransa|yo mu Bufaransa]] nyuma. uwahoze ari umukinnyi yakoraga nk'umuyobozi wa tekinike mu ikipe ye ya mbere Wydad Casablanca. Yakiniye kandi GD Estoril-Praia ukomoka muri Porutugali. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bouderbala (Abdelaziz El Idrissi Bouderbala) |url=https://www.foradejogo.net/player.php?player=196012260001 |access-date=2009-08-28 |publisher=Fora de Jogo |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Mu 1986, Bouderbala yegukanye umwanya wa kabiri mu gihembo cy'umupira w'amaguru muri Afurika. Bouderbala yakinnye imikino 57 mu ikipe yumupira wamaguru yigihugu ya Maroc kandi akina imikino yanyuma yigikombe cyisi cya 1986 . Muri 2015, yabaye ambasaderi w'igikombe cya [[The SATUC Cup|SATUC]], irushanwa rishya ry’abagiraneza ku isi ry’imfubyi U16, impunzi n’abana batishoboye. == Imibare yumwuga == === Mpuzamahanga === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+List of international goals scored by Aziz Bouderbala<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdelaziz Bouderbala - International Appearances |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/maro-bouderbala-intl.html |access-date=2021-11-20 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> !No. !Amatariki !Igihugu !Uwo bahanganye !Uwatsinze !Itsinzi !Irushanwa |- | align="center" |1 |{{dts|8 June 1980}} |Tunis, Tunisia |{{fb|TUN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1-0 |Friendlies |- | align="center" |2 | rowspan="2" |{{dts|22 March 1981}} | rowspan="2" |Fès, Morocco | rowspan="2" |{{fb|LBR}} | align="center" |2-1 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3-1 | rowspan="2" |1982 African Cup of Nations qualification |- | align="center" |3 | align="center" |3-1 |- | align="center" |4 |{{dts|4 April 1981}} |Monrovia, Liberia |{{fb|LBR}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |5-0 |1982 African Cup of Nations qualification |- | align="center" |5 |{{dts|27 September 1981}} |Kénitra, Morocco |{{fb|TUN}} | align="center" |1–2 | align="center" |2-2 |Friendlies |- | align="center" |6 |{{dts|3 October 1982}} |Riyadh, Saudi Arabia |{{fb|SEN}} | align="center" |1–2 | align="center" |1-2 |Friendlies |- | align="center" |7 | rowspan="2" |{{dts|10 April 1983}} | rowspan="2" |Casablanca, Morocco | rowspan="2" |{{fb|MLI}} | align="center" |2-0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |4-0 | rowspan="2" |African Cup Qualification |- | align="center" |8 | align="center" |3-0 |- | align="center" |9 |{{dts|15 January 1984}} |Abidjan, Ivory Coast |{{fb|CIV}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3-3 |Friendlies |- | align="center" |10 |{{dts|28 July 1985}} |Casablanca, Morocco |{{fb|EGY}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2-0 |1986 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF) |- | align="center" |11 |{{dts|6 October 1985}} |[[Rabat]], Morocco |{{fb|LBY}} | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |3-0 |1986 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF) |- | align="center" |12 |{{dts|22 January 1989}} |Tunis, Tunisa |{{fb|TUN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1-2 |1990 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF) |- | align="center" |13 |{{dts|2 September 1990}} |Casablanca, Morocco |{{fb|MRT}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |4-0 |African Cup Qualification |- | align="center" |14 |{{dts|12 April 1991}} |Nouakchott, Mauritania |{{fb|MRT}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2-0 |African Cup Qualification |- |} == Ubuzima bwite == Aba i Canton, muri Leta ya Michigan, hamwe n'umugore we n'abana bane. == Icyubahiro == '''Wydad''' * Igikombe cy'intebe ya Maroc : 1978, 1979, 1981, 1997 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Strack-Zimmermann |first=Benjamin |title=Abdelaziz Bouderbala |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/17523/Abdelaziz_Bouderbala.html |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=www.national-football-teams.com |language=en}}</ref> * Botola : 1978 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Strack-Zimmermann |first=Benjamin |title=Abdelaziz Bouderbala |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/17523/Abdelaziz_Bouderbala.html |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=www.national-football-teams.com |language=en}}</ref> * Igikombe cya Mohammed V : 1979 '''Fc Sion''' * Igikombe cy'Ubusuwisi : 1986 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Strack-Zimmermann |first=Benjamin |title=Abdelaziz Bouderbala |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/17523/Abdelaziz_Bouderbala.html |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=www.national-football-teams.com |language=en}}</ref> '''Maroc''' * 1983 Nyampinga wimikino ya Mediterane : 1983 * 1980 Igikombe cya Afurika cy’ibihugu : umwanya wa 3 '''umuntu ku giti cye''' * CAF Umukinnyi wumupira wamaguru wumwaka wa kabiri : 1986 * Umupira w'amaguru nyafurika wo mu kinyejana cya 20 : umwanya wa 15 <ref>{{Cite web |title=IFFHS' Century Elections |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/iffhs-century.html |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> * Igikombe cya Afurika cyibihugu byumukinnyi mwiza: 1988 == Reba == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Maroke]] g3b0sxtaqazkeml7s5roqsag0ck9tes 0 15180 139567 92886 2026-09-23T14:20:17Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139567 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eric Akogyiram''' (wavutse ku ya 25 Kamena 1969) ni umukinnyi wa siporo wari warabigize uwmuga wakomokaga [[Gana|muri Gana]] wasezeye ari mu cyiruhuko cyi zabukuru yari kabuhariwe mu kwiruka muri metero 100 . Yatsindiye umudari wa feza mu mikino yo muri Afurika yo mu 1987 . Muri uwo mwaka yitabiriye amarushanwa y'isi yo mu 1987, agera muri kimwe cya kabiri hamwe n'ikipe ya relay. Yitabiriye kandi imikino Olempike yo mu 1992 . Igihe cye cyiza ni amasegonda 10.23, yagezweho muri Mata 1990 muri Provo. <ref>[http://hem.bredband.net/athletics/atb-m01.htm World men's all-time best 100m (last updated 2001)]</ref><ref>https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ghana/eric-akogyiram-14348459</ref><ref>https://olympics.com/en/athletes/eric-akogyiram</ref><ref>https://peoplepill.com/people/eric-akogyiram</ref><ref>https://dbpedia.org/page/Eric_Akogyiram</ref><ref>https://www.les-sports.info/eric-akogyiram-athletisme-spf359403.html</ref> == Ibyagezweho == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{GHA}} |- |1987 |[[1987 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]] |[[Nairobi, Kenya]] |bgcolor=silver|2nd |100 m |10.32 |} == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * Eric Akogyiram at World Athletics [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana]] 1nko2hj00uc2m1u8pk0fhcmyn4q3z0l 0 15202 139568 125612 2026-09-23T14:20:21Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139568 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Philip Attipoe''' (yavutse ku ya 23 Gashyantare 1963) ni umukinnyi wo gusiganwa wabigize umwuga ukomoka muri Gana. Yitabiriye metero 100 mu bagabo mu mikino Olempike yo mu 1984 .<ref>https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-022-04362-9</ref><ref>https://www.cmu.edu/piper/news/archives/2022/february/leadership-development-seminar.html</ref><ref>https://www.koaci.com/article/2021/06/26/ghana/societe/ghana-deux-suspects-impliques-dans-un-meurtre-arretes-au-togo_152053.html</ref><ref>https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/education/5069389/aberdeen-winter-graduation-2022-full-list-of-grads-from-day-one/</ref><ref>https://www.gatesnotes.com/Gestamp-is-producing-great-results-for-Tennessee-students</ref><ref>https://www.rgj.com/story/sports/college/nevada/2016/08/10/apartheid-killed-olympic-dream-ex-pack-star/88541724/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://citifmonline.com/2017/02/transformation-with-jess-157kgs-of-weight-lost-in-season-1/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-13 |archive-date=2023-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313200036/https://citifmonline.com/2017/02/transformation-with-jess-157kgs-of-weight-lost-in-season-1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.vogue.com/article/what-the-hf-twitter-met-gala-team-did-next</ref><ref>https://www.nola.com/news/business/article_2f0ed5c2-cc53-11ea-9f60-8b6b12da977a.html</ref><ref>https://www.marca.com/futbol/segunda-division/cronica/2022/10/09/6343006dca4741f2068b458d.html</ref><ref>https://www.myjoyonline.com/trade-and-industry-minister-inaugurates-ghana-export-promotion-authority-board/</ref><ref>https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/level-results-live-updates-thousands-21270133</ref><ref>https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/features/farmers-laud-rehabilitation-of-tono-irrigation-scheme-project-to-increase-paddy-rice-by-33.html</ref><ref>https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/annie-moore-ellis-island</ref><ref>https://www.modernghana.com/news/1095545/re-ndc-adentan-youth-leadership-awards.html</ref><ref>https://brooklynrail.org/2010/02/local/hanne-tierney-promoting-theater-without-actors</ref><ref>https://www.graphic.com.gh/sports/sports-news/commonwealth-games-2018-take-a-peek-at-ghana-s-kente-costume-for-the-opening-ceremony.html</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * Philip Attipoe at Olympedia [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana]] sekb858zcw9r5lpj14djyqudtpmol4e 0 15207 139644 134822 2026-09-23T18:26:24Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139644 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christiana Boateng''' (wavutse ku ya 24 Gashyantare 1943) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christiana Boateng |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/70617 |access-date=13 June 2020 |website=Olympedia}}</ref> yari umukinnyi wo gusiganwa ukomoka itariki y'urupfu rutazwi muri Gana. Yitabiriye metero 100 mu bagore mu mikino Olempike yo mu 1964 . <ref>https://yen.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/228800-christian-atsu-late-ghanaian-footballers-facebook-post-hours-earthquake-garners-reactions/</ref><ref>https://www.myjoyonline.com/maintain-fix-dollar-rate-for-6-months-chamber-of-automobile-dealership-to-government/</ref><ref>https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Muntari-s-tears-Stephen-Appiah-s-eulogy-What-you-might-have-missed-at-Atsu-s-one-week-observation-1726271</ref><ref>https://www.myjoyonline.com/women-and-girls-with-disabilities-receive-financial-skills-training-start-up-funds/</ref><ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/202205230717.html</ref><ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/202205230717.html</ref><ref>https://adventistreview.org/news/in-ghana-women-are-called-to-touch-a-heart-to-reach-the-world/</ref><ref>https://www.thelancet.com/article/S0140-6736(22)01884-0/fulltext</ref><ref>https://news.delaware.gov/2023/01/18/statewide-autism-programs-move-to-department-of-education/</ref><ref>https://www.afro.who.int/countries/nigeria/news/gender-responsive-support-nigerias-polio-eradication-programme-tackle-covid-19-vaccine-hesitancy</ref><ref>https://www.myjoyonline.com/naomi-akua-gyanwa-okyireh-aka-auntie-naomi/</ref><ref>https://yen.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/228800-christian-atsu-late-ghanaian-footballers-facebook-post-hours-earthquake-garners-reactions/</ref><ref>https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Muntari-s-tears-Stephen-Appiah-s-eulogy-What-you-might-have-missed-at-Atsu-s-one-week-observation-1726271</ref><ref>https://ghanasoccernet.com/ghana-u20-female-coach-submits-final-squad-fifa-u20-womens-world-cup</ref><ref>https://www.davidemaggio.it/archives/216734/madre-generale-delle-suore-orsoline-commenta-laddio-di-suor-cristina</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ghanamansports.com/2017/06/13/national-womens-league-2016-17-season-5-updates/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-13 |archive-date=2023-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313195115/https://ghanamansports.com/2017/06/13/national-womens-league-2016-17-season-5-updates/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://greensboro.com/lifestyles/guilford-county-schools-high-school-a-honor-roll-third-quarter/article_25ee5182-bf1f-11ec-8fe6-37e65588181b.html</ref><ref>https://greensboro.com/lifestyles/guilford-county-schools-high-school-a-honor-roll-third-quarter/article_25ee5182-bf1f-11ec-8fe6-37e65588181b.html</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana]] oltzycsp0b6f03ezkymo16hpr2altsf 0 15217 139725 107142 2026-09-23T18:39:01Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139725 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:LAGUNADEFUQUENE.JPG|thumb|right|Ikiyaga cya Fuquene]] '''Ikiyaga cya Fuquene''' ni ikiyaga kimeze nk'umutima giherereye mu kibaya cya Ubaté muri Chiquinquira, igice cya Altiplano Cundiboyacense, mu majyaruguru ya Cundinamarca, muri [[Kolombiya]], ku mupaka na Boyaca. Ikiyaga cya Andean, kiri butumburuke bwa metero 2,540, yafatwaga nk'uwera mu idini rya Muisca yari atuye muri ako gace mbere yuko Abesipanyoli bigarurira uyu mujyi wa Muisca mu myaka 1530. <ref>Ocampo López, 2013, p.226</ref> == Imiterere == == Amateka ==   == Reba == {{Reflist|30em}} 0gg7u4pldpccbd0hp8zx1bo5au1dwld 0 15230 139834 99800 2026-09-24T10:34:03Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139834 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Projected impact of climate change on agricultural yields by the 2080s, compared to 2003 levels (Cline, 2007).png|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Imvura yatebye mumashu.jpg|thumb|imvura urubura]] '''Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku buhinzi''' zishobora gutuma umusaruro w’ibihingwa ugabanuka ndetse n’ubuziranenge bw'ibihigwa n'imirire bitewe n’amapfa, imivumba, n’umwuzure ndetse no kwiyongera kw’udukoko tujya ku mwaka ndetse n’indwara z’ibimera. Ingaruka zikwirakwizwa ku isi ziterwa n’imihindagurikire y’ubushyuhe, imvura n’imiterere ya karuboni yo mu kirere bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku isi. Muri 2019, miliyoni zari zimaze guhura n’ibura ry’ibiribwa kubera imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Byongeye kandi, igabanuka ry’umusaruro w’ibihingwa ku isi ni 2% - 6% hafi buri myaka icumi. Muri 2019 byari byarahanuwe ko ibiciro by'ibiribwa bizamuka 80% muri 2050. Ibi birashoboka ko umutekano w’ibiribwa wiyongera, bikagira ingaruka ku baturage batishoboye. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2021 bwagaragaje ko ubukana bw’ubushyuhe n’amapfa ku musaruro w’ibihingwa byikubye inshuro eshatu mu myaka 50 ishize i [[Burayi]] - kuva ku gihombo cya 2,2% mu 1964–1990 kugeza ku gihombo cya 7.3% muri 1991 kugeza2015.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20181102223808/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch1s1-es.html</ref><ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-020-00148-x</ref><ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/08/climate/climate-change-food-supply.html</ref> == Ingaruka zo guhindka ikirere == === Ubushyuhe buzamuka === === Shyushya imiraba === ==== Shyushya amatungo ==== === Imihindagurikire yimvura ( amapfa n'umwuzure) === ==== Impinduka mubunini bw'urubura ==== * 2022 ibiribwa birahungabana * Ubuhinzi * Imihindagurikire y’ibihe hamwe n’ibinyabuzima bitera * [[Ingaruka ku bidukikije ku buhinzi n'inyamaswa|Imihindagurikire y’ibihe n’umusaruro w’inyama]] * [[Climate resilience|Kurwanya ikirere]] * Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere * Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku burobyi * Ibidukikije hamwe n'ubuhinzi * Raporo idasanzwe ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe n’ubutaka (raporo ya IPCC 2019) == Reba == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] 9gno3943t8v2ihgxt1q7kneldeykgo7 0 15254 139870 114212 2026-09-24T10:41:29Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139870 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Fourth Circuit 2022.jpg|thumb|924x924px]] '''Gregory V. Jones''' ni umugabo ukomoka ku mugabane wa amerika mu bushakashatsi bwi kirere akaba ari nzobere mu bijyanye ni kirere cyu buhinzi bwi mbuto, yibanda ku kuntu imihindagurikire yi kirere igira ingaruka ku mikurire yi mizabibu, umusaruro wa divayi, ndetse nu bwiza bwa divayi ikorwa. Jones akaba ari umuyobozi mukuru wa Abacela Vineyards na Winery <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2021 |title=Abacela winery names Gregory Jones as its new CEO |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/wine/2021/07/abacela-winery-names-gregory-jones-as-its-new-ceo.html |access-date=July 23, 2021 |website=oregonlive.org |publisher=The Oregonian}}</ref> i Roseburg, Oregon. Mbere yahoze akora nku muyobozi wi kigo gishinzwe kwigisha divayi kandi ni umwarimu mu bushakashatsi bwi bidukikije muri kaminuza ndetse anaba umuyobozi wi shami ryu bucuruzi, itumanaho ni bidukikije muri kaminuza y’amajyepfo ya Oregon muri Oregoni kandi yari Porofeseri muri gahunda yu bumenyi ni bidukikije muri kaminuza. == Amavu n'amavuko == == Ubushakashatsi == Ubushakashatsi bwa Jones bwasobanuwe kandi ubuhanga bwe bwagaragaye mu bitabo by’ubucuruzi bwa divayi no ku mbuga za interineti harimo: Ikinyamakuru muri Gicurasi 2015, ''cya Oregoni muri'' Gicurasi 2015, [ ''3'' ''Divayi nini yo mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba'' Mata 2015 , ( Ukuboza 2014), Nzeri 2013), Ikinyamakuru mu gushyingo 2012), n'ikinyamakuru ''Mail Tribune'' (Kamena 2009). == Icyubahiro n'ibihembo == Mu mwaka wa 2016, Jones yahawe igihembo cy'icyubahiro na Ranki na Conifirariya kubera akazi yakoranye n'inganda zikora divayi muri Porutugali. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daspit, MJ |date=December 8, 2016 |title=Wine Honors for SOU's Greg Jones Reach Worldwide |url=http://www.dailytidings.com/news/20161208/wine-honors-for-sous-greg-jones-reach-worldwide |access-date=1 February 2016 |website=Ashland Daily Tidings |archive-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209145956/http://www.dailytidings.com/news/20161208/wine-honors-for-sous-greg-jones-reach-worldwide |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] nn5g2ludn92ck6h3r0mpslpoz2fau5b 0 15273 139645 126126 2026-09-23T18:26:31Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139645 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abu Duah''' (wavutse ku ya 5 Kamena mumwaka wi 1978) Ni umukinnyi wabigize umwuga ukora siporo yo kwiruka ukomoka muri [[Gana]] uzobereye muri metero 100 . Yarushanwe muri metero 4 × 400 mu mikino Olempike yo mu mwaka wi 1996 na Olempike yo mu 2000 . <ref>https://ghanasoccernet.com/2022-23-ghana-premier-league-week-20-match-report-nsoatreman-2-1-kotoku-royals</ref><ref>https://ghanasoccernet.com/performance-of-ghanaian-players-abroad-wrap-up-paintsil-dwamena-numah-among-14-players-on-target-across-europe</ref><ref>https://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/bs-sp-coppin-state-joseph-amoah-tokyo-olympics-20210806-323jw7gvcze3ppy7zk4tcvlc6m-story.html</ref><ref>https://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/bs-sp-coppin-state-joseph-amoah-tokyo-olympics-20210806-323jw7gvcze3ppy7zk4tcvlc6m-story.html</ref><ref>https://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/bs-sp-coppin-state-joseph-amoah-tokyo-olympics-20210806-323jw7gvcze3ppy7zk4tcvlc6m-story.html</ref> Duah yegukanye umwanya wa gatanu muri metero 4 x 100 mu marushanwa ya Shampiyona y'isi yabaye mu mwaka wi 1997, ari kumwe na bagenzi be aribo Eric Nkansah, Aziz Zakari na Emmanuel Tuffour. Iyi kipe yari imaze gushyiraho agahigo mu gihugu k'amasegonda 38.12 muri kimwe cya kabiri cy'irangiza. <ref>[http://www.gbrathletics.com/cm99.htm Commonwealth All-Time Lists (Men)] - GBR Athletics</ref> Igihe byiza yagize ni mu ntera yu muntu kugiti cye akoresha amasegonda 10.31 yageze muri Nyakanga 2001 muri Arnhem. Kugeza ubu agahigo afite muri Gana ni iya Leonard Myles-Mills n'amasegonda 9.98.<ref>https://apnews.com/article/world-cup-soccer-sports-travel-6c951692811a86f7f599fcc27e184d6d</ref><ref>https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2021/08/11/you-dont-need-infrastructure-to-excel-but-determination-and-hard-work-sarfo-ansah/</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana]] 5ml4jeoj7nkei1th2no0752b0r3u670 0 15320 139946 121202 2026-09-24T10:51:51Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139946 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yusuf Barası''' (yavutse 31 Werurwe 2003) ini umukinnyi ukina umupira wa maguru ukina mu ikipe ya AZ Alkmaar. Barası yavukiye mu [[Ubuholandi|Buholandi]], ahagarariye [[Turukiya]] ku rwego mpuzamahanga.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.90min.com/tr/posts/hollanda-dan-fenerbahce-ye-bir-transfer-daha-ferdi-kadioglu-nun-arkadasi-fenerbahce-ye-geliyor-01gmmmjkm6ew |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316165143/https://www.90min.com/tr/posts/hollanda-dan-fenerbahce-ye-bir-transfer-daha-ferdi-kadioglu-nun-arkadasi-fenerbahce-ye-geliyor-01gmmmjkm6ew |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.aksam.com.tr/sporplus/fenerbahceden-surpriz-transfer-yusuf-barasi/haber-1328112</ref><ref>https://www.ntvspor.net/foto-galeri/fenerbahce-yeni-ferdi-sini-hollanda-da-buldu-63a03a090d0ac917f4bd652a</ref><ref>https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/barasi-krijgt-geel-voor-niet-zo-slimme-actie-maar-az-betaalt</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.61medya.com/haber/13310687/trabzonspordan-bir-gurbetci-transferi-daha-yusuf-barasi |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316165144/https://www.61medya.com/haber/13310687/trabzonspordan-bir-gurbetci-transferi-daha-yusuf-barasi |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.cnnturk.com/spor/futbol/turkiye-u21-avusturya-u21-maci-1-1-sona-erdi</ref><ref>https://www.ntvspor.net/futbol/yusuf-barasi-umit-milli-ye-dahil-edildi-5fafa791ce35b22bec147e91</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sportsunfold.com/fc-vaduz-vs-az-alkmaar-prediction-head-to-head-lineup-betting-tips-where-to-watch-live-today-uefa-europa-conference-league-2022-match-details-october-27/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316165144/https://www.sportsunfold.com/fc-vaduz-vs-az-alkmaar-prediction-head-to-head-lineup-betting-tips-where-to-watch-live-today-uefa-europa-conference-league-2022-match-details-october-27/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/sporarena/az-alkmaar-formasi-giyen-gurbetci-yusuf-barasinin-tercihi-turkiye-oldu-41662552</ref><ref>https://www.trtspor.com.tr/haber/futbol/milli-futbol-takimlari/umit-milli-takimin-aday-kadrosu-aciklandi-265104.html</ref> == Umwuga mpuzamahanga == Barası yavukiye mu Buholandi, akomoka muri Turukiya. <ref>[https://ajansspor.com/haber/hedefinde-13-isim-var-341854#4 Hedefine 13 isim var - Ajansspor]</ref> Ni umukinnyi mpuzamahanga mu Buholandi. Barası yahinduye guhagararira Turukiya yabatarengeje imyaka 21, maze atangira gukina nabo batsinze [[Kosovo]] yabatarengeje imyaka 21 ibitego 3-0 ku ya 17 Ugushyingo 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ümit Milli Takım, Kosova'yı 3-0 yendi - Milli Takımlar Haber Detay Sayfası TFF |url=https://www.tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=628&ftxtID=34171 |website=www.tff.org}}</ref> == Imibare yumwuga == === Club === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Ibigaragara n'intego by club, ibihe n'amarushanwa ! rowspan="2" | Club ! rowspan="2" | Igihe ! colspan="3" | Urutonde ! colspan="2" | Igikombe ! colspan="2" | Umugabane ! colspan="2" | Ibindi ! colspan="2" | Igiteranyo |- ! Igabana ! Porogaramu ! Intego ! Porogaramu ! Intego ! Porogaramu ! Intego ! Porogaramu ! Intego ! Porogaramu ! Intego |- | Jong AZ | 2019–20 | Eerste Divisie | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="3" | Umwuga wose ! 1 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 1 ! 0 |} == Reba == {{Reflist}} 3lbuwzqwdc7lelvtqll0t7zqrx6aqz6 0 15414 139947 134447 2026-09-24T10:51:59Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Sezibwa|name_native=|name_native_lang=|name_other=|name_etymology="Sizibwa" ([[Luganda]]):..''my path cannot be blocked''.. <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->|image=Ssezibwa Falls.jpg|image_size=|image_caption=|map=|map_size=250|map_caption=The rivers of northern Uganda with the Sezibwa River (bottom center)|pushpin_map=|pushpin_map_size=|pushpin_map_caption=<!---------------------- LOCATION -->|subdivision_type1=Country|subdivision_name1=[[Uganda]]|subdivision_type2=|subdivision_name2=|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=Cities|subdivision_name5=[[Ngogwe]], [[Kayunga]], [[Galiraya]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->|length_km=150|width_min=|width_avg=|width_max=|depth_min=|depth_avg=|depth_max=|discharge1_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg=|discharge1_max=<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->|source1=[[Ngogwe]], [[Buikwe District]]|source1_location=[[Uganda]]|source1_coordinates={{coord|00|16|12|N|33|00|18|E|display=inline}}|source1_elevation={{convert|1200|m|abbr=on}}|mouth=|mouth_location=[[Lake Kyoga]], [[Kayunga District]], [[Uganda]]|mouth_coordinates={{coord|01|24|00|N|32|44|06|E|display=inline,title}}|mouth_elevation={{convert|1140|m|abbr=on}}|progression=|river_system=|basin_size=|tributaries_left=|tributaries_right=|custom_label=|custom_data=|extra=}}'''Uruzi rwa Sezibwa''' ni uruzi ruri muri Uganda yo hagati, muri [[Imiterere ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'ibidukikije byaho|Afurika y'Iburasirazuba]]. Iri zina rikomoka ku nteruro [[Ikiganda|y'ikiganda]] "sizibirwa kkubo", isobanura "inzira yanjye ntishobora gufungwa". == Aho uherereye == Uruzi rwa Sezibwa ruherereye mu majyepfo yo hagati ya [[Ubugande|Uganda]]. Ruhera mu bishanga biri hagati [[Ikiyaga cya Victoriya|y'ikiyaga cya Victoria]] n'ikiyaga [[Ikiyaga cya Kyoga|cya Kyoga]], mu burengerazuba bwa [[Nili Yera|Nili ya Victoria]], rugatemba mu cyerekezo rusange cy'amajyaruguru kugira ngo rwisuke mu kiyaga cya Kyoga. Isoko y'Uruzi rwa Sezibwa iherereye mu Karere ka Buikwe, hafi y'umujyi wa Ngogwe, ifite imirongo: Latitude: 0.2700; Longitude: 33.0050. Sezibwa yinjira mu kiyaga cya Kyoga mu Karere ka Kayunga, hafi y'umujyi wa Galilaya, ifite imirongo: Latitude: 1.3700; Longitude: 32.8150. Uburebure bw'Uruzi [[Umugezi wa Sezibwa|rwa Sezibwa]] ni {{Convert|150|km|mi}} kuva ku isoko kugera ku munwa. Hagati y'isoko ryawo mu Karere ka Buikwe, ariko mbere yuko winjira mu Karere ka Kayunga, umugezi unyura mu Karere ka Mukono. Nk’uko inkuru zibivuga, [[uruzi]] rwa Ssezibwa si ikintu gisanzwe, ahubwo ni urubyaro rw’umugore utwite witwaga Nakangu, wabayeho mu myaka amagana ishize kandi akaba yari uwo mu muryango wa Kibe (imbwebwe). Byari byitezwe ko azabyara impanga, ariko icyavaga mu nda ye cyari imigezi y’impanga. Imyuka y’abana ba Nakangu bataravuka - Ssezibwa na Mubeeya bikekwa ko ibuza imigezi y’impanga, ari nayo mpamvu byari bimenyerewe ko Muganda wese unyura ku isoko y’uruzi i Namukono, nko muri kilometero 20 uvuye mu burasirazuba, ajugunya ibyatsi cyangwa amabuye mu ruzi kugira ngo abone amahirwe. Ndetse n’uyu munsi, igitambo cyo gushimira cy’ibishishwa by’umushishwa, inzoga n’ingurube gikorerwa ku isoko y’uruzi buri mwaka, ubusanzwe kiyobowe na Ssalongo (se w’impanga). <ref>{{Cite book |last=Briggs |first=Philip |year=2020 |title=Uganda: The Bradt Travel Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/ugandabradttrave0009brig |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=9781784776428 |location=England |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ugandabradttrave0009brig/page/180 180] |language=English}}</ref> [[Dosiye:Ssezibwa_Falls1.jpg|thumb|gusuma kwa ssezibwa]] [[Dosiye:Sezibwa_falls.jpg|alt=River Sezibwa|thumb|Uruzi rwa Sezibwa]] Amasumo ya Sezibwa ari hafi {{Convert|20|mi|km}}, iburasirazuba bwa Kampala, [[umurwa]] mukuru wa [[Ubugande|Uganda]], ku muhanda wa Kampala-Jinja. Aha hantu ni ahantu gakondo ha Buganda. Harangwa n'amabuye atyaye n'urusaku rwiza rw'amazi aruhura amanuka mu mabuye ahanamye. Amasumo aherereye mu Karere ka Mukono. Hakurikijwe inkuru za gakondo, inzuzi ebyiri zitwa Ssezibwa na murumuna we Bwanda, zavumbuwe n'umugore agenda yerekeza i Kavuma Bukunja. Uwo mugore, Nakangu Tebateesa, wari ufite umugabo witwa Nsubuga Ssebwaato, yabyaye impanga mu buryo bw'amazi. Uruzi rwa Ssezibwa rwakomeje gutemba rwerekeza iburengerazuba, runyura mu nzitizi nyinshi, ni naho rwakuye izina ryarwo, mu gihe Bwanda yo yatembye yerekeza iburasirazuba, ahitwa Nyenga. Abantu benshi baza muri ako hantu basaba ibitangaza kuko bemera ko hari imbaraga z'ikirenga (supernatural) ahohera. Amasumo ni {{Convert|7|m|ft}} uburebure. Kuzamuka amabuye no [[Kwitegereza inyoni|kureba inyoni]] ni byo bikorwa by'ingenzi kuri ako gace. Abahanga mu by'ubutaka n'abandi bahanga mu bya siyansi nabo bakunze kuhasanga. [[Inyamaswa]] zo mu ishyamba rikikije zirimo [[Inguge|inkende zo mu gasozi]], inkende zitukura n'izindi nyoni [[Inyoni|n'inyoni]]. * [[Ikiyaga cya Victoriya|Ikiyaga cya Victoria]] * [[Ikiyaga cya Kyoga]] * [[Nili Yera|Victoria Nile]] * Kayunga == indangasoko == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/-/691232/1370492/-/cqqfk/-/index.html Ibisobanuro birambuye ku Masumo ya Sezibwa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100717033047/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region2/UGANDA.pdf Imigezi n'Ibiyaga bya Uganda] * [http://www.energyandminerals.go.ug/renenergy/images/Sezibwa.jpg Ifoto y'amasumo ya Sezibwa]  {{Buikwe District}}{{Mukono District}}{{Kayunga District}}{{Rivers of Uganda}} dh4tsk6ibevgw71kmvhm6td9g8tlsdd 0 15503 139914 93436 2026-09-24T10:47:58Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139914 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umugezi wa Loange''' ni uruzi rw'u mugezi wa Kasayi. Ni uruzi rukomoka muri [[Angola]], uruzi rutemba rugana muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], runyuze mu burasirazuba bwa Kwango. Uruzi noneho rukomeza ruguru rugana kumupaka uhuza intara za Kwilu na Kasayi kugera kumunwa wa Kasai. <ref name="Blaes">{{Cite web |last=X. Blaes, PNUD-SIG |date=October 2008 |title=Découpage administratif de la République Démocratique du Congo |url=http://www.rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401040116/http://rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |archive-date=2010-04-01 |access-date=2011-11-22 |publisher=UNOCHA and PNUD}}</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umugezi wa congo]] 08z2o33i16sx7f2act7irm6x80ax93i 0 15515 139569 93454 2026-09-23T14:20:25Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139569 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umugezi wa Kamtsha''' ni uruzi rw'umugezi wa Kasayi. Uruzi rutemba rugana mu majyaruguru binyuze mu gace ka Idiofa mu ntara ya Kwilu, [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] kugera ku munwa wa Kasayi. Kamtsha ninzuzi zikomeye muntara ya Idiyofa. Igizwe no guhuza imigezi mito ninzuzi ntoya izamuka mu majyepfo yubutaka, aho Lokwa na Labuba ari byo byingenzi, bifata izina rya Kamtsha nyuma y’ubumwe bwabo mu burengerazuba bwa Idiofa. Kuri ubu uruzi rufite metero 20 ubugari, ariko ikura kugera kuri metero 100 mu majyepfo yacyo, yinjira muri Kasayi kuri Ewolo. Uruzi runyura mu kibaya kigufi mbere ariko kigenda cyiyongera buhoro buhoro kugeza kibuze hafi y’umugezi. Inzuzi zikomeye ni Luana, Lokwa na Dule. Luana, ikora hafi ya Kamtsha, ni metero 20 hafi y'akanwa kayo. Inzuzi zombi zitemba ku mpande zombi z'imisozi ituwe neza. Luana imaze kuyinjiramo, uruzi ntiruzongera kwihuta kandi rushobora kugana Kasayi. == Reba == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name=Terr1923>{{cite web |url=http://lib.itg.be/open/ASBMT/1924/1924asbm0073.pdf |title=Le territoire de la Kamtsha-Lubue (district du Kasai) |year=1923 |accessdate=2012-02-07 |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506214713/http://lib.itg.be/open/ASBMT/1924/1924asbm0073.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} [[Ikiciro:Umugezi wa congo]] kx06acdqr0j5u22zxt0os76mqwy57zh 0 15564 139806 133862 2026-09-24T10:30:40Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139806 wikitext text/x-wiki Agasozi ka Kanyirarebe gaherereye mu Karere ka Burera, Umurenge wa Gahunga, kakaba gahuriweho n’utugari tubiri aritwo Buramba na Nyangwe.<ref name=":0">https://mobile.igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/ahantu-nyaburanga/article/musanze-inkomoko-y-izina-ry-agasozi-ka-kanyirarebe-ryaturutse-ku-murwayi-wo-mu</ref> == Amateka == Amateka avuga ko kuri aka gasozi habaga igiti kinini cyane cy’inganzamarumbu cy’umunyinya cyari cyaritsemo inyoni zitandukanye, gusa ngo nta bantu benshi bari bahatuye, igice kinini cyari kigizwe n’ibihuru.<ref name=":0" /> Nk’uko abantu bakuze batuye kuri aka gasozi babisobanura, bavuga ko inkomoko y’izina Kanyirarebe ryaturutse ku mugore wabanaga n’ubumuga bwo mu mutwe witwaga Nyirarebe, waje aturuka mu Gihugu cy’abaturanyi cya Uganda mu gace ka Bufumbira, maze aruhukira munsi y’icyo giti ahubaka akazu k’ibyatsi agaturamo.<ref name=":0" /> == Ibindi == Kuri ubu ku Kanyirarebe harangwa n’ibikorwaremezo bitandukanye birimo umuriro w’amashanyarazi, inzu z’ubucuruzi, izo guturamo n’ibindi bikorwa byinshi by’iterambere. Abaturage baho batunzwe cyane n’ubuhinzi bw’ibirayi bakuramo amafaranga abatunga mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi, abandi bagakora ubucuruzibw’ibintu bitandukanye. == Reba == iwch5kcml7xqrmy7ac5wmy8njxbpb82 0 15566 139915 93511 2026-09-24T10:48:05Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139915 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umugezi wa Bundi''' ni uruzi ruri muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo. Numugezi wiburyo [[Umugezi wa Congo|wumugezi wa Congo]] wo hepfo winjira muruzi munsi yisumo rya Inga. Niba umushinga uteganijwe gukorwa n’urugomero rwa Inga ukomeje, ikibaya cy’umugezi kizuzura kugira ngo kibe ikiyaga kinini. == Abashyitsi ba mbere b'Abanyaburayi == Mu 1816, Kapiteni Jemesi wo mu Bwongereza mubwami bwa Navi ni we Munyaburayi wa mbere wasuye ikibaya cya Bundi. Muri kiriya gihe ikibaya cya Inga cyari ishingiro ryubutware bufite abantu 300 n'abahutu 70. Isoko ryo muri Inga ryateye imbere kubera kwishyuza imisoro ku bacuruzi b’abacakara b’Abongereza, Igiporutugali, Abafaransa n’Ababiligi bazamuka mu ruzi, no ku modoka y’abacakara bamanuka ku nkombe ya Atlantike. [1] Heniri yahasuye muri Gashyantare 1880. Yatekereje ko mu gihe cyashize Kongo yari yaranyuze mu kibaya cya Bundi, igasigara hafi ku rwego rwose. [2] Yanditse ati: "Bundi ni umugezi mwiza w’amazi meza cyane, arwanira mu gihe cyizuba hejuru yigitare n'amabuye n'amabuye asukuye neza munsi yikibaya cyimbitse. [3] Yavuze ko umukino ari mwinshi, ariko ikibabaje nuko isazi-isazi, gad-isazi m'ugihe mumugezi wumuhondo ingona zari nyinshi. [4] Yapimye intera kuva Bundi kugera kumugezi wa Bula nkibirometero 16 miles (26 km) . [5] == Urugomero runini == == Inyandiko == {{Reflist|30em}} == Inkomoko ==   [[Ikiciro:Umugezi wa congo]] jxqds2zav8sfw2m9qwqvy04xd4l5zte 0 15568 139835 93550 2026-09-24T10:34:10Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139835 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:ABIR_company_posts.svg|thumb| Umugezi wa Bolombo]] '''Umugezi wa Bolombo''' ni uruzi ruri mu ntara ya eqateri, muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. Bolombo ni uruzi rw'umugezi wa Lopori. Umugezi wa Lopori ufatanye n'umugezi wa Maringa mu majyepfo, ugakora uruzi rwa Lulonga, uruzi rw'umugezi wa [[Umugezi wa Congo|Kongo]]. Bolombo itembera mu kibaya cya Lopori na Maringa, izwi kandi ku izina rya Maringa-Lopori-Wamba, ahantu h’ibidukikije bifite akamaro kanini. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jef Dupain |last2=Janet Nackoney |last3=Jean-Paul Kibambe |last4=Didier Bokelo |last5=David Williams |name-list-style=amp |title=Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Landscape |url=http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/docs/edf2008/EN/SOF_23_Maringa.pdf |access-date=2011-10-14 |publisher=L'Observatoire des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205354/http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/docs/edf2008/EN/SOF_23_Maringa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inzuzi nini za Bolombo zirimo uruzi rwa Bloia, Loniuka na Lololu. <ref>[http://www.geonames.org/maps/google_1.15_22.18.html Geonames]</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umugezi wa congo]] fhay063wy3s1xnnpvn61lot9q33fq16 0 15647 139726 123994 2026-09-23T18:39:09Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139726 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Godfrey Chitalu (cropped).jpg|thumb|Godfrey Chitalu]] '''Godfrey Chitalu''', uzwi ku izina rya '''Ucar''' (22 Ukwakira 1947 - 27 Mata 1993), yari [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri Zambiya wakinnye mu bi'imbere. Azwi cyane nk'umukinnyi ukomeye wa Zambiya mu bihe byose kuko afite umuhigo wo gutsinda ibitego mu ikipe y'igihugu kandi yatorewe kuba umukinnyi w’umupira w'amaguru muri Zambiya inshuro eshanu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muchimba |first=Jerry |date=24 May 2012 |title=Samuel "Zoom" Ndhlovu: True Zambian Legend |url=http://bolazambia.com/index.php/component/content/article/88-more-football/413 |access-date=9 July 2012 |publisher=Bolazambia |archive-date=19 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819082158/http://www.bolazambia.com/index.php/component/content/article/88-more-football/413 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maradas |first=Emmanuel |title=Interview with Ndaye Mulamba Living Legend |url=http://simbasports.iquebec.com/interviewndaye.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907231719/http://simbasports.iquebec.com/interviewndaye.htm |archive-date=7 September 2009 |access-date=17 June 2009 |publisher=Simbasports}}</ref> <ref name="records">{{Cite web |last=Jerry Muchimba |date=9 November 2012 |title=Zambia National Team Appearance and Scoring Records |url=http://www.zambianfootball.co.zm/?p=2050 |access-date=23 November 2012 |publisher=Zamfoot}}</ref> <ref>Chibulu, Musonda "Stars of yester-year – Solly Pandor: True Zambian Legend" ''Zambia Daily Mail,'' 14 August 2010 p.10</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2012 |title=Profile: Before Lionel Messi, there was Godfrey Chitalu |url=http://www.thescore.ie/profile-before-lionel-messi-there-was-godfrey-chitalu-718210-Dec2012/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219001405/http://www.thescore.ie/profile-before-lionel-messi-there-was-godfrey-chitalu-718210-Dec2012/ |archive-date=19 December 2012 |access-date=16 December 2012 |publisher=The Score}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ekai |first=Claudia |date=13 December 2012 |title=Chitalu's record spins football world |url=http://www.supersport.com/football/zambia/news/121213/Chitalus_record_spins_football_world |access-date=17 December 2012 |publisher=Supersport}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pilgrim |first=Sophie |date=17 December 2012 |title=Zambia's Chitalu 'scored more goals than Messi' |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20121213-zambia-chitalu-more-goals-messi |access-date=17 December 2012 |publisher=France24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Guerrero |first=Jose |date=15 December 2012 |title=Kamanga: "El Derby County vino dos veces para fichar a Chitalu" |url=http://futbol.as.com/futbol/2012/12/15/primera/1355534748_319085.html |access-date=15 December 2012 |publisher=as.com}}</ref> Muri 2006, yatoranijwe na [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru muri Afrika|CAF]] nk'umwe mu bakinnyi 200 b'umupira w'amaguru muri Afurika mu myaka 50 ishize. Ishyirahamwe ry'umupira w'amaguru muri Zambiya ry'atangaje ko Chitalu yatsinze ibitego birenga 100 mu marushanwa yose yabaye mu 1972, akaba arenga Geradi Mulere yatsindiye mu mwaka umwe ndetse na Lioneli Mesi yose hamwe muri 2012, bombi bakaba bakunze kwita umunyamakuru amateka y'isi. <ref name="history">{{Cite web |title=Super League History |url=http://www.fazfootball.com/content/super-league-history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113171347/http://www.fazfootball.com/content/super-league-history/ |archive-date=13 January 2012 |publisher=Football Association of Zambia}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cummings |first=Michael |date=11 December 2012 |title=Godfrey Chitalu: Did Zambian Striker Score More Goals Than Lionel Messi? |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1440990-godfrey-chitalu-did-zambian-striker-score-more-goals-than-lionel-messi |access-date=29 March 2013 |publisher=Bleacher Report}}</ref> Ubushakashatsi bwatanzwe mu mwaka wa 2012 nyuma yuko Liyoneli Mesi ahinduye amateka avugwa ku isi ya Geradi Mulere. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, umuvugizi wa FIFA yatangaje ko amateka ya FIFA ku isi atigeze abaho kuko batakurikiranye amarushanwa yo mu gihugu. Nyuma y’izabukuru, Chitalu yatangiye gutoza kandi yari ayoboye ikipe y’igihugu ya Zambiya igihe ikipe yose yazize impanuka y’indege y'abereye ku nkombe za [[Gabon|Gaboni]] ku ya 27 Mata 1993. == Ubuzima bwo hambere == Godfrey Kangwa Chitalu yavukiye i Luanshya, mu Ntara ya Copperbelt, aho se Chitalu yakoraga akazi ko gucukura amabuye y'agaciro ndetse akanaba umucamanza w’urukiko rw’ibanze, mu gihe nyina Chitalu yari umugore wo mu rugo. Yakuriye mu gice cya 9 cy'umujyi wa Mine hamwe na barumuna be 9, Godefure ni uwa karindwi wavutse. Aha kandi niho yakinaga umupira wamaguru wurubyiruko utambaye ibirenge, mumihanda yumujyi kimwe nabantu benshi. <ref name="jerry" /> Imikino yabera hagati yibice bitandukanye byumujyi wa kirombe. Utubuto twaba igihembo nyamukuru kubatsinze, ariko, mubihe bimwe na bimwe amafaranga yaba igiciro. Aha niho imikino imwe nimwe yarangirira mu kuboko, hagati y'amakipe ahanganye. Chitalu yakundaga gukina umupira, ariko imiterere y'imikino isobanura ko yagize imvune nyinshi. Bimwe muri ibyo bikomere byaba birimo ukuboko kuvunitse, kuzavunika inshuro nyinshi mugihe kizaza. Rimwe na rimwe, iyo yari mu bitaro, yarahunze akajya gukina umupira n'incuti ze. == Umwuga wa ikipe == === Kitwe United === === Kabwe Warriors === {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="5" |Incamake y'inyandiko |- ! Irushanwa ! Umwaka ! Igihe |- | Igikombe cya Afurika cy'amakipe yatwaye ibikombe | 13 | 4 |- | Igikombe | 15 | 15 |- | Igikombe | 10 | 10 |- | Ingabo | 1 | 1 |- | Igikombe cya Chibuku | 16 | 16 |- | Nshuti | 5 | 5 |- | Urutonde | 49 | 49 |- | Umukino wa NFL Mugiraneza | 2 | 2 |- | Igikombe cya NFL | 3 | 3 |- | Amajonjora y'Igikombe cy'isi | 2 | 2 |- ! Igiteranyo ! 116 ! 107 |} == Umwuga mpuzamahanga == == Umwuga wo gutoza == [[Dosiye:Godfrey_Chitalu_with_Alex_Chola.jpg|left|thumb|232x232px| Chitalu hamwe na Alex Chola i Lusaka mu 1993]] == Icyubahiro == == Reba == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Zambiya]] f1pqlvucpa07qpludjc9od2i2g76gtz 0 15661 139612 134911 2026-09-23T18:20:40Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139612 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umugezi wa Umba''' uherereye mu majyaruguru yu burasirazuba [[Tanzaniya|bwa Tanzaniya]] mu karere ka Tanga. Irazamuka mu ishyamba rya Shagayu mu misozi ya Usambara yi burengerazuba ku butumburuke bwa metero 2000 kandi itemba mu majyaruguru y’umusozi ugana iburasirazuba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deutsches Koloniallexikon 1920, SCHNEE, H.(Buchstabe: Umba) |url=http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=umba |access-date=2023-03-23 |archive-date=2021-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925212012/http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Umba |url-status=dead }}</ref> I [[Lelwa]] isiba [[Mbalamu River|uruzi rwa Mbalamu]], ruva mu majyaruguru akabije y'imisozi ya Usambara, n'umugezi [[Mglumi River|wa Mglumi]] ukinjira muri Umba. Mbere yuko Umba yinjira mu nyanja y'Ubuhinde, yambuka umupaka yerekeza muri [[Kenya]]. Umunwa ubwawo uranga ahantu h'iburasirazuba cyane ku mupaka uhuza Tanzaniya na Kenya, wakozwe ahanini mu murongo ugororotse ugana mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba ugana ku [[Ikiyaga cya Victoriya|kiyaga cya Victoria]] mu kinyejana cya 19. Mu masoko yo hejuru y’uruzi rwagati mu myaka ya za 1960 rwagati, havumbuwe amabuye y'agaciro menshi, harimo safiro na spessartine. Ku ruzi kandi ni [[Umba River Game Reserve]], ikigega cy’inyamanswa kirimo hamwe na Mkomazi Game, hafi kilometero kare 2.600. * Ubumenyi bwa Tanzaniya * Umba * Umba safiro {{Rivers of Kenya}} == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umugezi wa Tanzaniya]] ea0lnuep5xtzumv5ano3ehlhs4ac9wn 0 15686 139948 93701 2026-09-24T10:52:06Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139948 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umugezi wa Lukuga''' ni uruzi rwu mugezi wa [[Umugezi wa Lualaba|Lualaba]] muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] (DRC) rutwara ikiyaga cya Tanganyika. Ntibisanzwe kubera ko imigezi yayo itandukana ibihe gusa ariko nanone bitewe n'ihindagurika ry'igihe kirekire. == Aho biherereye == == Imyaka yo hambere == [[Dosiye:Stanley's_Lake_Tanganyika.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Umurongo wirabura werekana inzira ya Stanley.]] == Reba == {{Reflist|30em}} == Inkomoko ==   [[Ikiciro:Umugezi wa congo]] 4y23i52780rc7sdjc3sbzxsbuc9zdav 0 15692 139871 131838 2026-09-24T10:41:36Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139871 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Umugezi wa Luvua''' (cyangwa ''uruzi rwa Lowa'' ) ( Swahili ) ni [[uruzi]] ruri mu Ntara ya Katanga muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] (RDC). Rutemba ruturutse ku mpera y'amajyaruguru y'ikiyaga cya Mweru ku mupaka wa [[Zambiya]] na Kongo mu cyerekezo cy'amajyaruguru y'uburengerazuba ku {{Convert|350|km|mi}} kugera aho ihurira [[Umugezi wa Lualaba|n'uruzi rwa Lualaba]] ruteganye n'umujyi wa Ankoro. Lualaba ihinduka [[Umugezi wa Congo|uruzi rwa Kongo]] ruri munsi y'amasumo ya Boyoma. Ikiyaga cya Mweru, kiri ku burebure bwa {{Convert|1000|m|ft}}, ni [[Ikiyaga|ikiyaga cyuzuye amazi]] cyakozwe n'isuri aho umuyaga watwaye alluvium. [ 1 ] Uruzi rwa Luvua ruva mu majyaruguru y'ikiyaga i Pweto muri RDC. [ 2 ] Uruzi rutemba {{Convert|350|km|mi}} mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba ugana Ankoro, aho uhurira na Lualaba. [ 3 ] Umurongo wo hagati w'uruzi ubangamiwe n'imigezi myinshi, imigezi n'amasumo mu gihe umanuka uva ku kibaya ugana mu kibaya cya Kongo. [ 4 ] I [[Piana Mwanga]] amasumo akoreshwa mu gutanga amashanyarazi yo mu birombe bya Manono na Kitotolo. Uruzi rushobora kugendwa mu bwato buto buto mu {{Convert|160|km|mi}} yo hasi munsi ya [[Kiambi]]. [ 3 ] Luvua ifite amazi menshi cyane hagati ya Werurwe na Gicurasi, aho amazi menshi cyane hagati ya Nzeri na Ugushyingo. [ 5 ] [[Dosiye:Luvua_-_Luapula_-_Chambeshi_River_DRC.svg|thumb|300x300px|Uruzi rwa Luvua ni rwo rusobe rw'umutuku ruri mu majyaruguru cyane.]] Ikibaya cy'Uruzi rwa Kongo gifite ishusho y'isahani nini kandi idakomeye. Luvua inyura mu nkengero z'amajyepfo y'uburasirazuba bw'iyi sahani, ikazana amazi ava mu kibaya cya Mweru-Bangweulu. [ 6 ] Luvua itwara amazi ku buso bwa {{Convert|218000|km2|sqmi}}, igice kinini cyabyo cyahoze ari igice cy'amazi ya Zambezi. [ 7 ] Hari ibimenyetso bikomeye by'inyamaswa bigaragaza ko ikibaya cya Luvua cyahoze ari igice cy'uburyo bwa Zambezi, aho amoko menshi y'amafi asanzwe muri ubwo buryo bwa Zambezi nayo aboneka muri Luvua. [ 8 ] Inyamaswa zo muri Kongo zinjiye muri Luvua zinjira mu kiyaga cya Mweru, ariko zafunzwe n'amasumo ya Mambatuta kugira ngo zigere mu kiyaga cya Bangweulu. Impinduka yabaye mu ntangiriro za Tertiary. [ 9 ] Bamwe mu bahanga mu by’ubutaka babona ko Luvua ari igice cy’uruzi rwa [[Umugezi wa Congo|Kongo]]. Bashyira inkomoko ya Kongo mu misozi miremire iri hagati ya Tanzaniya na Zambiya, aho [[Umugezi wa Chambeshi|uruzi rwa Chambeshi]] ruturuka, rutemba mu majyepfo y’uburengerazuba rugana ku kiyaga cya Bangweulu. [[Umugezi wa Luapula|Uruzi rwa Luapula]] ruvamo rukamanuka rugana mu majyaruguru rurenga {{Convert|500|km|mi}} kugera ku kiyaga cya Mweru. Uruzi rwa Luvua rusohoka mu kiyaga cya Mweru rugatemba mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba rugana ku [[Umugezi wa Lualaba|ruzi rwa Lualaba]], ruhinduka uruzi rwa Kongo rumanuka. [ 10 ] Bamwe bavuga ko Kongo itangirira aho Lualaba na Luvua bihurira. [ 11 ] Impamvu yo gufata Lualaba nk'amazi y'ingenzi, nubwo ari magufi cyane, ni uko rufite amazi akubye kabiri aho ruhurira na Luvua. [ 10 ] Ikibaya cyo hejuru cy'uruzi rwa Luvua cyahoze gituwe n'abantu b'umuryango wa Bwile. Hashize igihe nyuma ya 1810, Kumwimbe Ngombe, umutegetsi w'Ubwami bwa Luba, yigaruriye akarere. Umumisiyonari n'umushakashatsi w'Umunyaburayi David Livingstone "yavumbuye" Ikiyaga cya Mweru mu 1867, kandi yibwiraga ko uruzi rwa Luvua rutemba rugana ku Nili y'Hejuru. Ariko nyuma y'urupfu rwa Livingstone, ni bwo Henry Morton Stanley, mu rugendo rwe rwo gushakisha rwo mu 1874-1877, yagaragaje ko mu by'ukuri uru ruzi ari umugezi w'uruzi rwa Kongo. Guhera mu 1891, Umuswahili witwa Shimba yatangiye ibitero by'inyuma byinshi byo kunyaga abantu bakabagurisha nk'abacakara, ibyo bigatuma igice kinini cy'inkombe y'iburengerazuba y'Ikiyaga cya Mweru kiba nta bantu. Shimba yifatanyije n'undi Muswahili witwa Kafindo wari ari mu gace ko hejuru y'uruzi rwa Luvua, maze batera umutegetsi w'aho w'umuryango wa Yeke. Ibyo bitero byakomeje kugeza igihe Umubiligi Braseur agezeyo, atangira "kuhanagura intambara" muri ako karere, akarere ibihangange by'Uburayi byari byumvikanyeho ko ari ak'ubutegetsi runaka.. [ 14 ] Mu 2000, mu Ntambara ya Kabiri ya Kongo, ingabo za leta zatsinzwe bikomeye n'ingabo z'u [[Rwanda]] i Pweto, aho uruzi rwatangiriye. Ingabo za Kongo zari zazanye inyinshi mu modoka zazo zitwaje intwaro zambukijwe uruzi. Hari ubwato bumwe, kandi ntibari bafite umwanya uhagije wo kuvana izo modoka mbere yuko Abanyarwanda bahagera. Abasirikare bashyizemo tanki ya T-62 mu buryo buteye ubwoba, maze ubwato buragwa burohama. Abanyarwanda babonye ibifaru 33, hamwe n'izindi modoka, ingabo za Kongo zari zagerageje gutwika. [ 15 ] 55edzvzafoa8ysy7g9t140vnadkdhpm 0 15782 139930 93900 2026-09-24T10:49:53Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139930 wikitext text/x-wiki Muvumba ni [[uruzi]] ruherereye mu majyaruguru .y'uburasirazuba bw'u [[Rwanda]] no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba [[Ubugande|bwa Uganda]]. Ibice byo hejuru byamazi ya [[Nili]]. Kuri Birometero 170 z'uburebure, ni rumwe mu nzuzi runini 'mu Rwanda haba mu bunini no mu bukungu. Amzi yuru Ruzi Yifashishwa mu guhinga icyayi mu butumburuke bwo mu majyaruguru yu Rwanda no mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba bwa Uganda. Inzira yacyo yo hasi itanga amazi kubice byumye bya [[Akarere ka Nyagatare|Nyagatare]], byorohereza kuhira imirima yumuceri nibindi bihingwa kimwe no gutanga amazi y'inka muri kano gace kugirango borore inka. == Amasomo == Uruzi rufata isoko i Rukomo mu karere ka Gicumbi hafi y'umujyi wa Byumba mu misozi miremire yo mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda. Mwisoko, yitwa uruzi rwa Mulindi. Uyu mugezi ni ingenzi cyane mubukungu kuko ikibaya cyacyo n’ibibaya by’inzuzi zacyo birumbuka kandi birimo ibihingwa by’icyayi. Rumwe mu ruganda runini rw'icyayi mu Rwanda, Uruganda rwa Mulindi Factory tea ruherereye ku uru ruzi. Mulindi itemba mu majyaruguru kuri 28 km hanyuma yinjira muri Uganda. rumaze kwinjira muri Uganda, ruhindura izina ruva mu ruzi rwa Mulindi ruhinduka uruzi rwa Rwabakazi. Rwabakazi ikomeza mu majyaruguru, hanyuma imaze kugera mu mujyi wa Kabale, uruzi ruhindura inzira kandi rutemba mu cyerekezo rusange cyo mu majyepfo y'iburasirazuba yerekeza mu Rwanda. Iki gice cyumugezi wa Muvumba muri Uganda (Umugezi wa Rwabakazi) gifite uburebure bwa km 55. Uruzi rusubira mu Rwanda mu Karere ka Nyagatare rugafata izina Umugezi wa Muvumba. Ihita itemba yerekeza mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa kilometero 87 ikisuka mu [[Umugezi wa Kagera|ruzi rwa Akagera]] ahitwa Kagitumba, inyabutatu ihuza u Rwanda, Uganda na Tanzaniya. Kuri kilometero 30 yanyuma yinzira zayo, uruzi rugize umupaka uhuza u Rwanda na Uganda. == Ubukungu == Muvumba river ifite ikibaya gihingwa cyane. Inzira yo hejuru yinzuzi mu misozi yintara yamajyaruguru mu Rwanda no mu Karere ka Kabale muri Uganda ifite ibibaya bigufi bikoreshwa cyane nko guhinga icyayi. Uruzi rutanga amazi kumigezi itabarika ifasha kuvomera imirima. Kubera iyo mpamvu, uruzi rwangiritse igice kinini ahantu henshi kugirango igenzure amazi kandi irebe ko haboneka amazi no mugihe cyizuba. Mu bice bidahingwa byicyayi, ikibaya gikoreshwa mubuhinzi butunze Benci. Iyo uruzi rwongeye kwinjira mu Rwanda, rutemba mu turere tw’imisozi ahantu hahanamye kandi hahanamye cyane. Inzira zose z'ikibaya cy'umugezi wa Muvumba zikunda kwibasirwa n'umwuzure kubera imvura nyinshi igwa mu misozi yo mu majyaruguru yayo. Ibi bizwiho kuzana imyuzure ikabije ndetse no mu bice byo hepfo yuruzi ubusanzwe bitagira imvura nyinshi. Iyi myuzure ishobora guhagarika inzira yo hepfo yuruzi, igafunga imihanda nikiraro mugihe nayo yangiza cyane ibihingwa. == Ibinyabuzima ni Bimera == Hanze y'ubuhinzi bunini, imigezi yo hepfo ishyigikira ishyamba rinini. Iri shyamba rifunganye rirashobora kuba ryinshi kandi ntirishobora kwambuka, kandi rikubiyemo ubwoko bwinshi bwibiti bya savanna. Ubwoko bwinshi bwinyoni buboneka muri kariya gace, ubwinshi muri bwo ni heron na egrets. Amatungo magufi y’inyamaswa n’ibikururukanda Inyamaswa nini zo mu mazi nka Invubu, ningona za Nili zishobora kandi kuboneka mubice byegeranye n’isangano ry'umugezi munini wa Akagera. Izi nyamaswa zizwiho kugenda zerekeza hejuru cyane cyane mugihe cyumwuzure utera guhitana abaturage baho batabizi batamenyereye aya matungo kuba kure cyane. == Reba == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> '''Inkomoko'''   <nowiki>http://en.igihe.com/IMG/pdf/Hydrological_Bulletin_No_06.pdf</nowiki> ilxi7msq9ukicmk7l24df9p7b2wy27i 0 15795 139676 134844 2026-09-23T18:30:24Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139676 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibimera/article/kurinda-amashyamba-kimeza-ngo-nabo-bibafitiye-inyungu Parki nkuru ya Nyungwe]<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibimera/article/kurinda-amashyamba-kimeza-ngo-nabo-bibafitiye-inyungu</ref> ni ishyamba cyimeza riri mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bw’u Rwanda kandi riri hejuru y’inkombe z’ikiyaga cya Kivu. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230221134131/https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/ibidukikije/amashyamba/ Iryo shyamba rifatanye]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/ibidukikije/amashyamba/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-27 |archive-date=2023-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221134131/https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/ibidukikije/amashyamba/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> na Pariki Nasiyonali ya Kibira yo mu gihugu cy’u [[Uburundi|Burundi]] kandi rishobora kuba ari ryo shyamba ry’inzitane ryo mu misozi minini kandi miremire muri Afurika yose; ryari rifite ubuso bwa km² 924 mu mwaka w’i 2000. Iryo shyamba riri mu misozi ifite m 1600 na m 2950 kandi ririmo amoko menshi y’ibimera abana n’amoko anyuranye y’[[inyamaswa]]; agizwe ahanini n’inyoni n’ingunge. [https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/pariki-n-amashyamba/article/ahantu-hateye-amabengeza-hakurura-abasura-pariki-y-igihugu-ya-nyungwe-amafoto Ishyamba cyimeza rya Nyungwe]<ref>https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/pariki-n-amashyamba/article/ahantu-hateye-amabengeza-hakurura-abasura-pariki-y-igihugu-ya-nyungwe-amafoto</ref> ni kimwe mu bigega by’amazi y’u [[Rwanda|Rwanda:]] ritanga hafi 60% by’amazi y’u [[Rwanda Mountain Tea|Rwanda.]] Ikindi kandi isoko ry’uruzi rwa [[Nili]] iri muri iryo shyamba<ref>https://umuryango.rw/amakuru/mu-rwanda/ubukungu/article/abari-ba-rutwitsi-muri-nyungwe-ubu-nibo-basigaye-bayibungabunga</ref>. == Amashakiro == <references /> hptb8e932w97fvsr00vh437og36mbob 0 15854 139662 121924 2026-09-23T18:28:41Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139662 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isaac Isinde''' (wavutse ku ya 16 Mata 1991) ni [[Umupira w’amaguru|umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri [[Ubugande|wa Uganda]] kuri ubu ukinira Hadiya Hossana nk'umukinnyi ukina hagati. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Player info: Issac Isinde |url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/isaac-isinde/66293/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228124019/https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/isaac-isinde/66293/ |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=28 December 2021 |website=globalsportsarchive.com |publisher=Global Sports Archive}}</ref> Yatangiye gukina umupira w'amaguru mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Jinja, igihangange cya siporo mu burasirazuba bwa Uganda; aho yari asanzwe akora. Yatsindiye ibikombe 4 muri shampiyona, muri [[Etiyopiya]] ndetse n’ibikombe 2 bya FA bya Etiyopiya mu myaka 5 yakoranye na Saint George. <ref name="NFT">{{Cite web |title=Isaac Isinde |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/36608/Isaac_Isinde.html |access-date=30 Aug 2014 |publisher=National Football Teams}}</ref> <ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=Uganda - I. Isinde- Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/isaac-isinde/183431/ |access-date=30 Aug 2014 |publisher=soccerway.com}}</ref> == Amateka yumwuga == Isaac yakinnye umupira w'amaguru mu Nama Iganga Town Council, Simba, Victors yo muri Uganda, Saint George muri Etiyopiya, Buildcon FC muri [[Zambiya]], na TRAU FC mu [[Ubuhinde|Buhinde]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TRAU FC: Players from A-Z |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/trau-fc/10/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228122908/https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/trau-fc/10/ |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=28 December 2021 |website=Worldfootball.net}}</ref> == Kubaka FC == Isaac yerekeje muri Buildcon FC nyuma yo kurangiza amasezerano yagiranye na St. George yo muri Etiyopiya, iminsi mike kugeza ku mukino w'anyuma w'igikombe cya Afurika cy’ibihugu aho yari muri Uganda, Isaac yatangiye gukinira Buildcon FC na TP Mazembe. Sitade Mwanawasa, Ndola, Isinde igaragara inyuma iburyo. Yatangiye bwa mbere muri shampiyona ya Zambiya ku ya 8 Mata 2017 na Real Nakonde FC maze umukino urangira banganyije 0-0.  == Umwuga mpuzamahanga == Isinde yakinnye umukino we wa mbere mpuzamahanga n'ikipe [[Imisambi ya Uganda|nkuru y'igihugu]] ku ya 3 Werurwe 2010 muri Tanzaniya (2–3), aho yakinnye umukino wose. Ubu asanzwe mu ikipe y'igihugu yashyizweho kuva mu 2013 kandi ku myaka 25 y'amavuko yahamagawe mu ikipe y'igihugu inshuro 55. <ref name="NFT">{{Cite web |title=Isaac Isinde |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/36608/Isaac_Isinde.html |access-date=30 Aug 2014 |publisher=National Football Teams}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/36608/Isaac_Isinde.html "Isaac Isinde"]. National Football Teams<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> === Intego mpuzamahanga === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;" !Oya ! Itariki ! Ikibanza ! Murwanya ! Amanota ! Igisubizo ! Irushanwa |- | 1. | 8 Ukuboza 2011 | Sitade y'igihugu, Dar es Salaam, [[Tanzaniya]] | Tanzaniya | align="center" | '''3–1''' | align="center" | 3–1 ( aet ) | Igikombe cya CECAFA 2011 |- | 2. | 10 Ukuboza 2011 | Sitade y'igihugu, Dar es Salaam, Tanzaniya | Rwanda | align="center" | '''1–1''' | align="center" | Ikaramu 2-2. ) | Igikombe cya CECAFA 2011 |} * Igikombe cya CECAFA : 2011, 2012 {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda]] q1szqn3o9xcpeem07tyg7jc3hgwzgdg 0 15889 139851 94006 2026-09-24T10:36:03Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139851 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamis Diego Kiiza''' (yavutse ku ya 10 Ukuboza 1990) ni umukinnyi ukina umupira [[Ubugande|w'amaguru]] w'abigize umwuga ukina muri Kagera Sugar FC, muri shampiyona yambere ya Tanzaniya. == ubuzima bwite == * Umukinnyi wa Uganda w'umwaka wa 2011 hamwe na URA FC * Abatsinze ibitego byinshi, muri shampiyona ya Uganda 2010/11 hamwe na URA FC. * Uwatsinze ibitego byinshi, Young Afurika FC yo muri Tanzaniya, muri shampiyona ya Vodacom muri 2011/12. * Muri CECAFA uwatsinze ibitego byinshi hamwe na Young African FC 2012. * Hamis Kiiza Hamwe na Simba SC - muri shampiyona ya Tanzaniya muri 2015–2016 Yakinnye imikino 30, 24 Ibitego 24 (19 muri Shampiyona, n'ibikombe 5 ), watsinze ibitego byinshi mu marushanwa yose ndetse n'umwanya wa kabiri watsinze ibitego byinshi muri shampiyona ya Vodacom. == Umwuga mpuzamahanga == Diego yatangiye gukinira Cranes muri Bobby Williamson muri Gicurasi 2011 ubwo yahamagarwaga mu ikipe ya batarengeje imwaka 23 ubwo bahuraga na [[Tanzaniya]] mu majonjora y'imikino yose ya Afurika. Yatsinze ibitego 3 mu mikino 2 ubwo bakinaga na Tanzaniya afasha ikipe kuzamuka mu cyiciro gikurikira guhura na [[Kenya]]. <ref>Michael Mubiru [https://web.archive.org/web/20120324060740/http://redpepper.co.ug/welcome/?p=7249%2F Uganda Kobs Take On Kenya!]. redpepper.co.ug</ref> Nyuma yo kwerekeza mu ikipe ya bari munsi y'imyaka 23, yazamuwe mu ikipe y’igihugu yuzuye izakina na [[Gineya-Biso|Gineya-Bisawu]] mu majonjora akomeye yo guhatanira igikombe cya Afurika cy’ibihugu muri 2012 ku ya 4 Kamena 2011. <ref>[http://www.goal.com/en/news/89/africa/2011/05/13/2485062/uganda-coach-bobby-williamson-names-squad-for-guinea-bissau/ Ugandan coach Bobby Williamson names squad for Guinea Bissau match]. </ref> * Amarushanwa ya CHAN Afurika muri Sudana 2011 * Amajonjora yo guhatanira igikombe cya Afurika kuva 2011 (Ikipe nkuru) * Umunyamuryango mukuru w'ikipe y'igihugu kuva 2011 * Abaterengeje imyaka 23 Ikipe y'igihugu Imikino yose ya Afrika muri 2011 (mozambike) * Amajonjora y'amakipe y'igihugu ya batarengeje imyaka23 muri 2011. == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda]] o2zd7isypt6vmczzkfgo6ktuzz1bve3 0 15906 139713 120694 2026-09-23T18:37:30Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139713 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Melvyn Lorenzen (2018).jpg|thumb|Melvyn Lorenzen]] '''Melvyn Lorenzen''' (wavutse 26 Ugushyingo 1994) [[Umupira w’amaguru|ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri Uganda ukina ku ruhande bazatira izamu muri Wormatia Worms. Afite kandi ubwenegihugu bw'Ubudage. <ref name="kinsella">{{Cite web |last=Kinsella |first=Nizaar |date=16 September 2020 |title=From Ukraine exile to scoring against Chelsea: Trial star Lorenzen wants to crack English football |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/scoring-against-chelsea-trial-lorenzen-english-football/1d3110jhf7awk1v6em8vdc3226 |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=goal.com}}</ref> == Umwuga wa ikipe == === Werder Bremen === Lorenzen yinjiye muri SV Werder Bremen muri 2013 avuye muri Holstein Kiel. Yatangiye bwa mbere Bundesliga ku ya 5 Ukwakira 2013 na VfB Stuttgart. Yasimbuye Eljero Elia nyuma y'iminota 88 banganya 1-1 i Stuttgart. === ADO Den Haag === Mu mpera za Nyakanga 2017, Lorenzen yinjiye mu ikipe ya Eredivisie ADO Den Haag ku masezerano y'imyaka ibiri. Yatangiye gukinira ikipe FC Utrecht baza gutsindwa 3-0 m'urugo. === Karpaty Lviv na Persela Lamongan === Muri Werurwe 2021, nyuma yo gutsinda AFC Wimbledon muri Nzeri 2020, <ref name="kinsella">{{Cite web |last=Kinsella |first=Nizaar |date=16 September 2020 |title=From Ukraine exile to scoring against Chelsea: Trial star Lorenzen wants to crack English football |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/scoring-against-chelsea-trial-lorenzen-english-football/1d3110jhf7awk1v6em8vdc3226 |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=goal.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKinsella2020">Kinsella, Nizaar (16 September 2020). [https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/scoring-against-chelsea-trial-lorenzen-english-football/1d3110jhf7awk1v6em8vdc3226 "From Ukraine exile to scoring against Chelsea: Trial star Lorenzen wants to crack English football"]. ''goal.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Lorenzen yasinyanye amasezerano y'ukwezi kumwe n'ikipe ya [[Indonesiya|Indoneziya]] ya Persela Lamongan yo muri Liga 1 . === Sligo Rovers === Ku ya 23 Kanama 2021, Lorenzen yasinyanye na Sligo Rovers yo mu cyiciro cya mbere cya Shampiyona yo muri [[Irilande]] mu mikino 13 yarisigaye muri shampiyona yabo muri 2021, nyuma y'ibyumweru bibiri imyitozo niyi kipe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2021 |title=Rovers sign attacking player Lorenzen |url=https://www.sligorovers.com/rovers-sign-attacking-players-lorenzen/ |access-date=23 August 2021 |website=Sligo Rovers}}</ref> Yavuye muri iyo kipe shampiyona irangiye. === Wormatia Worms === Lorenzen yinjiye muri Wormatia Worms, wazamuwe muri Regionalliga Südwest, muri Nzeri 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2022 |title=Wormatia Worms holt Bundesliga-erfahrenen Lorenzen |url=https://www.kicker.de/wormatia-worms-holt-bundesliga-erfahrenen-lorenzen-917609/artikel |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=kicker |language=de}}</ref> == Umwuga mpuzamahanga == Lorenzen yavukiye i Londere mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]] kuri se uvuka Uganda na nyina w'umudage. Amazina ye akomoka kuri nyina. Se yitwa Drake Mugisa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Melvyn Lorenzen chose Uganda over Germany and England |url=http://www.kawowo.com/index.php/football/item/26580-why-melvyn-lorenzen-chose-uganda-over-germany-and-england.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623000209/http://www.kawowo.com/index.php/football/item/26580-why-melvyn-lorenzen-chose-uganda-over-germany-and-england.html |archive-date=23 June 2016 |access-date=18 May 2016}}</ref> Mu 2016, yahamagawe mu [[Imisambi ya Uganda|ikipe y'igihugu ya Uganda]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=SV Werder Bremen EN on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/werderbremen_en/status/732895387045003264}}</ref> maze atangira umukino wa mbere mu mukino wa gicuti yatsinzwe na Zimbabwe ibitego 2-0 ku ya 31 Gicurasi 2016. == Imibare y'umwuga == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+kugaragara , ibitego mu ikipe, igihe, amarushanwa ! rowspan="2" |ikipe ! rowspan="2" |igihembwe ! colspan="3" |amarushanwa ! colspan="2" |Igikombe ! colspan="2" |ibindi ! colspan="2" |igiteranyo |- !irushanwa !porogaram !ibitego !igiteranyo !ibitego !igiteranyo !ibitego !igiteranyo !ibitego |- | rowspan="5" |Werder Bremen II |2013–14 | rowspan="2" |Regionalliga Nord |13 |4 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |13 |4 |- |2014–15 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |3 |0 |- |2015–16 | rowspan="2" |3. Liga |9 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |9 |1 |- |2016–17 |30 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |30 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |igiteranyo !54 !7 !0 !0 !1 !0 !55 !7 |- | rowspan="4" |Werder Bremen |2013–14 | rowspan="3" |Bundesliga |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- |2014–15 |3 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |3 |1 |- |2015–16 |9 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |igiteranyo !14 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !14 !1 |- | rowspan="3" |ADO Den Haag |2017–18 | rowspan="2" |Eredivisiye |20 |1 |1 |0 |1 |0 |22 |1 |- |2018–19 |22 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 |23 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |igiteranyo !42 !3 !2 !0 !1 !0 !45 !3 |- |Karpaty Lviv |2019–20 |shampiyona ya Ukraine |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |- |Persela Lamongan |2021 |Liga 1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |2 |3 |2 |- |Sligo Rovers |2021 |shampiyona ya ilirande |7 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |7 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |igiteranyo cyose !121 !11 !2 !0 !5 !2 !128 !13 |} == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda]] bk95edez0hpb2tez34k4arrhplvp6rq 0 15936 139836 100408 2026-09-24T10:34:17Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139836 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Soccer_Uganda.png|thumb|Umupira wa amaguru muri Uganda]] '''Sam Ssimbwa''' (wavutse 1967) [[Umupira w’amaguru|ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru]] wa bigize umwuga ukomoka muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]], ubu akaba ari umutoza. == Umwuga == Yakiniye amakipe atatu: nka [[KK Cosmos]] muri 1986, KCC FC muri 1987 kugeza 1995 na [[Mbale Heroes FC|Mbale Intwari FC]] muri 1999 kugeza 2000. Yakinnye kandi mu [[Imisambi ya Uganda|ikipe y'igihugu]] y'[[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] ya [[Ubugande|Uganda]]. Yatoje amakipe nka [[Health FC]] (1998), na [[Mbale Heroes FC|Mbale Intwari FC]] (1999-2000), na Masaka LC FC (2001), Polisi ya Gisirikare FC muri (2002), na KCC FC (kabiri 2002 & 2009), [[Top TV FC]] (2003-2004 ), [[Rwanda]] ATRACO FC (2006), Express FC (2007), Simba SC (2008) na [[Kenya]] Sofapaka FC (2009-2010). Kuva mu Gushyingo kugeza Ukuboza 2012 yatoje ikipe y'igihugu y'[[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] ya [[Somaliya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kawowo.com/index.php/football/item/14362-ssimbwa-for-somalia-national-team-job.html |title=CECAFA 2012: Sam Ssimbwa appointed Somalia Head Coach |access-date=2023-04-01 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030922/http://www.kawowo.com/index.php/football/item/14362-ssimbwa-for-somalia-national-team-job.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Strack-Zimmermann |first=Benjamin |title=Somalia (2012) |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/country/171/2012/Somalia.html |access-date=2018-05-23 |website=www.national-football-teams.com |language=en}}</ref> Mbere yari umutoza mukuru wa kaminuza ya SC Victoria. Nyuma yaje gutoza ikipe ya Express FC na [[Police Fc|Police FC]] yo mu [[Rwanda]] <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.redpepper.co.ug/sam-ssimbwa-now-jobless-after-leaving-rwandas-police-fc/ |title=Sam Ssimbwa Now Jobless After Leaving Rwanda's Police FC {{!}} Red Pepper |access-date=2023-04-01 |archive-date=2022-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211210025/https://redpepper.co.ug/sam-ssimbwa-now-jobless-after-leaving-rwandas-police-fc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2014 SC Villa yashyizeho Ssimbwa nk'umutoza. == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda]] 50ojrbozz5gyqpye1o5h63cwix2jdpb 0 15961 139916 123693 2026-09-24T10:48:12Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139916 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Go Ahead Eagles - Mamelodi Sundowns FC - 53066456428 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Onyango (2023)]] '''Denis Masinde Onyango''' ( yavutse ku ya 15 [[Umupira w’amaguru|Gicurasi]] 1985) <ref>{{Cite web |title=36. Denis Onyango &#124; Mamelodi Sundowns |url=http://www.sundownsfc.co.za/36-denis-onyango/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210090324/http://sundownsfc.co.za/36-denis-onyango/ |archive-date=10 December 2017 |access-date=3 March 2017}}</ref> ni umuganda ukina umupira w'amaguru wabigize umwuga ukina mu izamu, wakinaga [[Afurika y’Epfo|muri afurika yepfo]]. Amaze gutangira umwuga we mu gihugu cye kavukire, Onyango yagiye gukina muri Shampiyona y’[[umupira w'amaguru]] muri Afurika yepfo muri ikipe ya Supersport United, Mpumalanga Black Aces, na Mamelodi Sundowns. Hamwe na Mamelodi Sundowns, ye gukanye igikombe cya Shampiyona cya CAF muri 2016 kandi yitabira igikombe cyisi cya FIFA cya makipe muri 2016 . Yatowe nk'umukinnyi witwaye neza muri Afurika ukomoka muri Afurika muri 2016 . Yashyizwe kandi ku izamu rya cumi ryiza ku isi ku rutonde rw’umwaka wo muri 2016, ryakozwe n'ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry'amateka y'umupira w'amaguru &amp;amp; Ibarurishamibare. Yaserukiye [[Imisambi ya Uganda|Uganda]] mu gikombe cy’ibihugu by’Afurika muri 2017, anabatwara kugeza igihe yegiye mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru mu 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwine |first=Julian |date=10 September 2016 |title=Interview: Uganda Cranes goalkeeper on qualifying for AFCON and the future |url=http://www.ntv.co.ug/news/sports/10/sep/2016/interview-uganda-cranes-goalkeeper-qualifying-afcon-and-future-14160#sthash.W7YN7KHy.dpbs |access-date=6 April 2018 |website=www.ntv.co.ug |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010252/http://www.ntv.co.ug/news/sports/10/sep/2016/interview-uganda-cranes-goalkeeper-qualifying-afcon-and-future-14160#sthash.W7YN7KHy.dpbs |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Umwuga wa ikipe == === Umwuga wo hambere === Onyango yavukiye i Kampala, muri Uganda, yatangiye umwuga we na SC Villa i Kampala nyuma yinjira muri St. George SA muri [[Etiyopiya]]. === SuperSport United na Mpumalanga Umukara Aces === Mu 2006, Onyango yinjiye mu ikipe ya Supersport United yo muri Afurika y'Epfo. Ku ya 8 Nyakanga 2010, yarekuwe na SuperSport United. Ku ya 26 Nyakanga, Mpumalanga Black Aces yasinyishije Onyango k'ubuntu. === Mamelodi Sundowns === Muri 2011, Onyango yinjiye mu ikipe ya Mamelodi Sundowns yo muri Afurika y'Epfo. Ku ya 2 Kanama 2013, yatanze inguzanyo ku bahanganye muri shampiyona Bidvest Wits. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2013 |title=Onyango loaned out to Wits - BigEye.UG |url=http://bigeye.ug/onyango-loaned-out-to-wits/ |access-date=21 May 2018 |website=bigeye.ug |language=en-US}}</ref> Muri Nyakanga 2014, Mamelodi Sundowns yakoresheje uburyo bwo kongera amasezerano ya Onyango umwaka. Onyango yatsindiye umunyezamu wa PSL igihembo cya shampiyona (umukinnyi mwiza mu cyiciro cya mbere cya Afurika yepfo) muri shampiyona yo muri 2015–16 kandi agumana impapuro 14 zisukuye kuko Sundowns yabonye amanota 71. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Ibigaragara n'intego by'ikipe y'igihugu n'umwaka ! Ikipe y'igihugu ! Umwaka ! Porogaramu ! Intego |- | rowspan="15" | [[Imisambi ya Uganda|Uganda]] | 2005 | 2 | 0 |- | 2006 | 2 | 0 |- | 2007 | 4 | 0 |- | 2008 | 6 | 0 |- | 2009 | 1 | 0 |- | 2010 | 3 | 0 |- | 2011 | 6 | 0 |- | 2012 | 6 | 0 |- | 2013 | 3 | 0 |- | 2014 | 10 | 0 |- | 2015 | 6 | 0 |- | 2016 | 5 | 0 |- | 2017 | 8 | 0 |- | 2018 | 7 | 0 |- | 2019 | 6 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Igiteranyo ! 75 ! 0 |} == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda]] c86o1zo14728wegwxppwm9a549jlow5 0 15976 139837 120675 2026-09-24T10:34:24Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139837 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Denis Obua''' (13 Kamena 1947 - 4 Gicurasi 2010) yahoze ari umukinnyi [[Umupira w’amaguru|ukina umupira w'amaguru]] akaba umuyobozi w’ishyirahamwe rya Uganda, akaba yarakinnye ibumoso muri [[Imisambi ya Uganda|Uganda]] hagati yo muri 1968 na 1977 nyuma akaza kuba perezida w’ishyirahamwe ry’amashyirahamwe y’umupira w'amaguru muri Uganda (FUFA) n'umuyobozi w'Inama ishinzwe amashyirahamwe y'umupira w'amaguru muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba no Hagati (CECAFA). == Gukina umwuga == === Umwuga wa club === Denis Otim Obua yavutse ku ya 13 Kamena 1947 mu mudugudu wa Akol mu Karere ka Amolatar muri Uganda. Yize mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Boroboro na Manjasi High School, Tororo, aho, muri 1967, impano ye yamenyekanye maze asinywa muri Coffee United FC. Umwaka wakurikiyeho yinjiye muri [[Police Fc|Police FC]], bakorana umwuga umwe nk'umupira w'amaguru n'umupolisi. Muri 1977, Obua niwe watsinze ibitego byinshi muri shampiyona, afite ibitego 24, ariko nyuma yuko Polisi isezerewe mu mpera za shampiyona yo muri 1978 yinjiye muri Maroons FC ya Luzira. <ref name="legend">{{Cite web |last=Zziwa |first=Hassan Badru |date=9 May 2010 |title=Obua: Akol boy who became legendary |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=8437&Itemid=80 |access-date=4 August 2010 |publisher=The Observer (Uganda)}}</ref> <ref name="daughter">{{Cite web |last=Zziwa |first=Hassan Badru |date=16 May 2010 |title=Is it true that Desire Birungi is Late Obua's daughter |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=8521&Itemid=80 |access-date=4 August 2010 |publisher=The Observer (Uganda)}}</ref> Obua yakiniye Maroons gusa igihembwe kimwe. Muri Mata 1979, umunyagitugu wa Uganda, [[Idi Amin Dada|Idi Amin]], yirukanwe maze, mu gihe kihungabana cy'akurikiyeho, abakinnyi benshi bo muri Simba FC - ikipe, icyo gihe, bakuwe mu bakozi bakuru b'ingabo - batawe muri yombi. Kugira ngo wirinde ibintu nk'ibyo, Obua n'abandi bakinnyi benshi b'umupira w'amaguru bahungiye muri [[Kenya]], aho yakiniye Luo Union. Yagarutse muri Uganda mu 1980 maze asubira muri Polisi FC, ariko ntiyasubirana imiterere maze arasezera. Muri 1983, yavuye mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru yinjira muri Villa SC, wari yegukanye igikombe cya shampiyona y'icyiciro cya mbere muri Uganda umwaka ushize. <ref name="legend">{{Cite web |last=Zziwa |first=Hassan Badru |date=9 May 2010 |title=Obua: Akol boy who became legendary |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=8437&Itemid=80 |access-date=4 August 2010 |publisher=The Observer (Uganda)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFZziwa2010">Zziwa, Hassan Badru (9 May 2010). [http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=8437&Itemid=80 "Obua: Akol boy who became legendary"]. The Observer (Uganda)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="villa">{{Cite web |last=Ndawula |first=Innocent |date=5 May 2010 |title=Obua was Mr Football |url=http://www.sc-villa.com/fufa-ncs/obua-was-mr-football.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110929155348/http://www.sc-villa.com/fufa-ncs/obua-was-mr-football.html |archive-date=29 September 2011 |access-date=4 August 2010 |publisher=SC VILLA.}}</ref> Obua yakiniye Villa mu mikino yombi yo mu cyiciro cya kabiri cy’igikombe cya Afurika cy’igikombe cyo muri 1983, ariko, mbere gato yuko umukino ubanza wa kimwe cya kane kirangiza, yakomerekeye mu kibazo cyatumye umwuga we wo gukina urangira. Yari muwa kabari i Kamwokya ubwo yagabweho igitero n’abantu bitwaje imbunda, batangira kurasa ku bakiriya batabishaka. Obua yarashwe mu nda, nubwo yajyanywe mu [[Ubudage|Budage]] bw'Iburengerazuba kwivuza, ntiyashoboye gukomeza gukina. <ref name="villa">{{Cite web |last=Ndawula |first=Innocent |date=5 May 2010 |title=Obua was Mr Football |url=http://www.sc-villa.com/fufa-ncs/obua-was-mr-football.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110929155348/http://www.sc-villa.com/fufa-ncs/obua-was-mr-football.html |archive-date=29 September 2011 |access-date=4 August 2010 |publisher=SC VILLA.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNdawula2010">Ndawula, Innocent (5 May 2010). [https://archive.today/20110929155348/http://www.sc-villa.com/fufa-ncs/obua-was-mr-football.html "Obua was Mr Football"]. SC VILLA. Archived from [http://www.sc-villa.com/fufa-ncs/obua-was-mr-football.html the original] on 29 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> == Umwuga nkumuyobozi == == Umuryango == Denis Obua yabyaye abana 18. Umuhungu we David yahoze ari umukinnyi mpuzamahanga wa Uganda kandi yakinishaga Umutima muri shampiyona ya Premier League ya sikotishi. Undi muhungu, Eric, akinira SC Villa yari muri Uganda Super League, naho uwa gatatu, Kevin, akinira ishuri rye, Ishuri ryisumbuye rya St Mary, Kitende. Umukobwa, Sarah Desire Birungi, ayoboye ikipe y’igihugu y’ubwishingizi ya netball muri Netball League ya Uganda. <ref name="daughter">{{Cite web |last=Zziwa |first=Hassan Badru |date=16 May 2010 |title=Is it true that Desire Birungi is Late Obua's daughter |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=8521&Itemid=80 |access-date=4 August 2010 |publisher=The Observer (Uganda)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Zziwa, Hassan Badru (16 May 2010). [http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=8521&Itemid=80 "Is it true that Desire Birungi is Late Obua's daughter"]. The Observer (Uganda)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Namunyala |first=David |date=1 November 2009 |title=National Insurance crowned champions |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/30/699791 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091103105407/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/30/699791 |archive-date=3 November 2009 |access-date=4 August 2010}}</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda]] 9wadv91n941xhkqvdtrtn5njavbyf87 0 16009 139646 94190 2026-09-23T18:26:39Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139646 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Somalia national team talks with coach Livingstone Mbabazi.jpg|thumb|Charles Livingstone Mbabazi]] '''Charles Livingstone Mbabazi''' (Yavutse ku ya 18 Ukwakira 1980) ni umutoza [[Umupira w’amaguru|w’umupira wamaguru]] wa [[Uganda]] akaba yarahoze akinira ikipe ya Athletic St Patrick muri Shampiyona y’icyiciro cya mbere muri Irlande ndetse n’ikipe [[Imisambi ya Uganda|y'igihugu ya Uganda]]. Yari umukinnyi ufite ubushobozi bwo gukina haba mu m'ababa cyangwa imbere. Mu gihe y'amaze muri ikipe yakoresheje izina rya Mbabazi inyuma mu myenda ye. == Ubuzima n'umwuga == [[Dosiye:Johnson Mbabazi photo.jpg|thumb|Charles Livingstone Mbabazi]] Mbabazi yamenyekanijwe na St Patrick n'umukozi icyo gihe yari John Fashanu. Yabanje gukinira ikipe ya Al Ahly SC muri shampiyona ya Premier League yo mu [[Misiri]]. Nyuma y'imishyikirano y'amaze igihe kinini arekurwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga na Federasiyo y’amashyirahamwe y’umupira w’amaguru ya [[Uganda]], yatangiye ku munsi wa St Stephen ku munsi wo muri 1999 yakinnye na Athlone Town mu gikombe cya Leinster. Mbabazi yabaye umufana ukomeye, atsinda igitego cya mbere bakinnye na Longford Town mu mikino ya Ligue y'abereye muri Richmond Park. yatsinze igitego mu rugo kwa Bray Wanderers, nyuma y'iminsi ine gusa na murumuna we bapfuye muri [[Uganda]]. Muri Kamena 2002, Mbabzai yatsinze igitego bakinnye na HNK Rijeka mu gikombe cya Intertoto UEFA 2002 . Uyu mukino wanditswe mu mateka k'ubatagatifu nkubwa mbere batsinze mu marushanwa ya makipe yi Burayi. Nyuma yo gutsinda ibitego hanze, Charles yongeyekuzuguza inshundura mu cyiciro gikurikira mu mukino wo mu rugo na KAA Gent. Mu 2003, byabaye ngombwa ko asezera kubera ikibazo cy'umutima nyuma yo kugwa mu kibuga mu mukino wa shampiyona na Bohemians. Ubuhamya yatanze ku guhitamo Brian Kerr bwabaye mu Gushyingo 2004 mbere yo gusubira muri Uganda. Mbabazi yatsindiye [[Imisambi ya Uganda|Uganda]] inshuro 36. == Icyubahiro == * Igikombe cya Irlande Igikombe : 2003 == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda]] 75mka2iv37isqis0mcj61h8kjmr1d3h 0 16032 139663 138490 2026-09-23T18:28:49Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139663 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Igishanga_cya_Nyabicwamba.jpg|thumb|Igishanga]] '''Igishanga cya Bahimba''' ni igishanga gihingwamo n'abaturage b'imirenge ya Bushoki, Tumba ,Mbogo na Base na Rusiga yose yo mu karere ka rulindo mu intara y'ajyaruguru. Igishanga cya Bahimba kiri mu [[Akarere ka Rulindo|karere ka Rulindo]], kuwa mbere tariki 08/10/2012, Minisitiri w’Intebe, yasuye ibikorwa bitandukanye bijyanye n’ubuhinzi bikorerwa mu gishanga cya Bahimba asanga icyo gishanga kitabyazwa umusaruro nk’uko bikwiye,.<ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/Rulindo-Minisitiri-w-Intebe-arasaba-ko-igishanga-cya-Bahimba-kibyazwa-umusaruro</ref> === Abayobozi === abayobozi b’akarere ka Rulindo yasabye gukoresha ingufu zose, bafatanyije n’abaturage, bagashaka imbuto ikwiranye n’icyo gishanga maze kigahingwa bakakibyaza umusaruro ku buryo bugaragara.<ref name=":0" /> Kimwe muri ibyo bibazo ni amazi yireka ahantu hamwe ntagere mu mirima y’abaturage yose. Ngo hari imiyoboro y’amazi yagombaga gutunganywa itaratunganywa ariko barimo gushaka uburyo yatunganywa bafatanije na MINAGRI.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibishanga]] gruscsz5sot3wlb9qefijcj55fgna6l 0 16047 139570 133296 2026-09-23T14:20:29Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139570 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jean-Bertrand Baleckita''' (Ku ya 6 Mutarama 1948) ni umukinnyi ukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Repuburika Iharanaira Demokarasi ya congo]] wavukiye i Brazzaville muri Afurika ekwatoriyare. Akina nka rutahizamu. Abavandimwe be Serge-Simon Balekita-Nzaba na Ferdinand nabo ni abakinnyi b'[[umupira w'amaguru]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=F. Kimina-Makumbu |date=3 avril 2011 |title=Nécrologie : Balékita-Nzaba "Kargu" s'en est allé ! |url=http://www.starducongo.com/Necrologie-Balekita-Nzaba-Kargu-s-en-est-alle-_a3435.html |access-date=25 avril 2014 |website=starducongo.com |publisher=La Semaine Africaine}}</ref> . == Ubuzima == Jean-Bertrand Balekita yegukanye igikombe cya Afurika muri 1972 , <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hervé Brice Mampouya |date=26 avril 2012 |title=Football : les Diables rouges du Congo à la recherche de leur glorieux passé |url=http://angongaj2011.wordpress.com/2012/04/26/football-les-diables-rouges-du-congo-a-la-recherche-de-leur-glorieux-passe/ |access-date=25 avril 2014 |website=angongaj2011.wordpress.com}}</ref> . Yarushanwe nyuma y'imyaka ibiri mu marushanwa yo muri 1974 yasohotse <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barrie Courtney |date=22 août 2013 |title=African Nations Cup 1974 - Final Tournament Details |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tables/74a-det.html |access-date=25 avril 2014 |website=rsssf.com |language=en}}</ref> . Amaze gukura nk'[[umupira w'amaguru]], yinjiye mu gisirikare maze aba umukoloneli kandi akora ku mwanya wa attaché wa gisirikare kuri ambasade ya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Repuburika Iharanaira Demokarasi ya congo]] muri [[Kubandwa no Guterekera|kuba]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy-Saturnin Mahoungou |date=14 mars 2012 |title=Football : Que sont devenus les Diables Rouges: héros de Yahoundé 72 |url=http://lasemaineafricaine.net/index.php/sabonner/images/pdf/3216.pdf |access-date=25 avril 2014 |website=lasemaineafricaine.net |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170204/http://lasemaineafricaine.net/index.php/sabonner/images/pdf/3216.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> . == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]] bvke42ji0cuw0nheibweqrhj3spcz39 0 16048 139647 122046 2026-09-23T18:26:46Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139647 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Mini football game.jpg|thumb|Umupira wamaguru]] '''Musemestre Bamba''' yavutse Ku ya 10 Ugushyingo 1971 i [[Kinshasa]] ni umukinnyi ukina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|congo]]. Icyo gihe yari umutoza wungirije wa SC Roland Beckum. == Umwuga == === ikipe === Yakinnye nk'umukinnyi ukina hagati. Musemestre Bamba yakiniye US Kintambo na AS Vita Club yi Kinshasa muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Kongo]] atangiye umwuga we mbere yinjira muri shampiyona ya [[Turukiya]] i Denizlispor muri shampiyona yo muri 1994-1995 . Nyuma yimukiye mu [[Ubudage|Budage]] aho yakiniye SpVg Marl na VfB Hüls. Mu 1996, Abanyekongo basinyanye na LR Ahlen. Hamwe niyi kipe, yitabiriye kuzamuka kugera mu cyiciro cya2 muri Bundesliga mu mpera za shampiyona ya 1999–00 Regionalliga, mu cyiciro cya kane cy[[umupira w'amaguru]] w’Ubudage, aho iyi kipe yagumye imyaka itandatu. Yatsinze imikino 314 yose (harimo 173 ) muri iyi kipe (niya nyuma yiswe Rot Weiss Ahlen muri 2006), atsinda ibitego 54 harimo 24 muri Bundesliga ya kabiri. Uyu mukinnyi wibasiye impande zose yakoreshejwe nkikarita kubera imyaka afite kubakinnyi b'umupira w'amaguru kuva ikipe ye yamanuka muri Regionalliga Nord muri 2006. Bitewe n'ubudahemuka bwe muri iyi kipe, Musemestre Bamba ni umwe mu bakinnyi bakunzwe cyane muri iyi kipe. Ariko, amasezerano ye ntiyongeye kongerwa nyuma yi gihembwe cyo muri 2006-2007. Mu gice cya mbere cya shampiyona yo muri 2007–08, Musemestre Bamba yagiranye amasezerano na SV Lippstadt 08 muri Oberliga Westfalen, ariko agaruka muri Regionalliga Nord muri SC Verl mu kiruhuko cy’itumba, aho yakuye amasezerano kugeza mu mpera za 2008 Igihembwe -2009. Ariko, aya masezerano araseswa muri kuboza 2008 kubwu mvikane ningirakamaro mu mpera zumwaka. Muri shampiyona yo muri 2009-2010, Musemestre Bamba yakiniye irushanwa y'igihugu cya shampiyona SG Telgte. Kuva muri shampiyona ya 2010–11 yakiniye SC Roland Beckum, bazamuwe mu ntera bava muri Landesliga bajya muri [[Westfalenliga|Verbandsliga]] muri 2011 na Oberliga Westfalen muri 2012. Kuva mu 2012 yabaye umutoza wungirije w'ikipe ya Beckum Oberliga. === Igihugu === Bamba akina imikino itatu mu ikipe y'igihugu y'umupira w'amaguru ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, atatsinze igitego. == Inyandiko == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]] 14rvmp2za5dkiytqjen881g52nagllt 0 16079 139727 94328 2026-09-23T18:39:17Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139727 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Patrick Dimbala Mawongo''' (yavutse Ku ya 20 Nzeri 1982 i [[Kinshasa]] ) ni umukinnyi uri mpuzamahanga ukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] akaba [[umubilig]]<nowiki/>i ukomoka muri congo usanzwe ari umutoza wungirije muri ROCC (Royal Olympic Club ya Charleroi yashinzwe mu 1912) mu bubiligi mu gice cya 2 cy'abatabigize umwuga. == Umwuga == === Amahugurwa === Dimbala yahuguye muri SV Asse kuva 1991 kugeza 1996, hanyuma no muri Eendracht Aalst kuva 1996 kugeza 1999. === Umwuga wabigize umwuga === Muri Ukuboza 1999 , imyitozo ye, Eendracht Aalst yamuhaye amahirwe mu makipe yambere. Azakinira harimo igitunguru mu ikino 37, ku bitego 7 yatsinze. Imyitwarire ye ireba ikipe ya Jupiler League: KAA La Gantoise yinjiye mu gihe cyi imbeho muri 2001-2002. Kuri Gent, yakinnye imikino 38 ku bitego 5 yatsinze mbere yo kwimurirwa muri KV Kortrijk, yongera mu cyiciro cya kabiri, aho yagumye amezi 6 gusa. Na none, ni igice cya 1 umuturage wamuhamagariye: umuturanyi, Royal Excelsior Mouscron. Mubindi bihe bibiri, Dimbala yambaraga umwenda wa Hurlus inshuro 57, atsinda ibitego 7. Impinga yiki gihe ikomeje umukino wa nyuma w'igikombe cyababiligi yatsinzwe Gicurasi 2006 kurwanya muri SV Zulte Waregem. Ariko ikipe y'umupaka ihura n ibibazo by'amafaranga Dimbala yimukira [[Ubugereki|mu bugereki]]. Ubwa mbere muri APO Levadiakos kuva 2007 kugeza 2009, no kuva 2009 muri PAS Giannina. Agarutse muri Nzeri 2014 mu Bubiligi anasinyana amasezerano y'igihembwe muri Royal Football Club Tournai. * 1996-2001: Eendracht Aalst * 2001-2004 KAA La Gantoise * jan. 2004-2004: KV Kortrijk (intizanyo) * 2004-2006: Royal Excelsior Mouscron * 2006-2007: EAP Asteras Tripolis * 2007-2009: APO Levadiakos * 2009-2010: SI Giannina * jan. 2011-2011: APO Levadiakos * Gashyantare 2012-2012: [[Ubugereki]] Panionios GSS * Kuva muri Nzeri 2014: [[Ububiligi]] Royal Football Club Tournai == amahuza yo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]] beyon7kb15re7aq0qivzfmyojs093wi 0 16103 139664 135145 2026-09-23T18:28:57Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139664 wikitext text/x-wiki Ubuvumo bwa Nyakavumu buherereye mu Mudugudu wa Kigarama, Akagari ka Bisesero, Umurenge wa Mubuga, Akarere ka Karongi, Intara y’Iburengerazuba.<ref>http://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/ubuvumo-bwa-nyakavumu-buracyabitse-imibiri-y-abazize-jenoside</ref> [[Dosiye:Burera_cave.jpg|thumb|Ubuvumo bwo mu burengerezuba ]] == Amateka == Ubu buvumo bukekwa ko bwaguyemo abantu bagera kuri 200 bazize Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994, buracyabitse imibiri y’aba bantu, nubwo bwose hakomeje igikorwa cyo kuyikuramo. Ubuvumo bwa Nyakavumu ni burebure kandi bufite amakona imbere, bityo gutaburura imibiri ari igikorwa kigomba ubuhanga n’ubushobozi.<ref>http://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/ubuvumo-bwa-nyakavumu-buracyabitse-imibiri-y-abazize-jenoside</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} 3bqibmbohkuf9alz37c3n6xg9r3tobv 0 16117 139571 119818 2026-09-23T14:20:33Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139571 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dieudonné Kalulika''', (wavukiye [[Kinshasa]] Ku ya 10 Mutarama 1981) , ni umukinnyi ukina ari mpuzamahanga ukina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|wa congo,]] ukina nku mukinnyi wo hagati utera. Yakiniye ikipe ya CD Primeiro de Agosto [[Angola|yo muri Angola]] kuva muri Mutarama 2013, nyuma yo kumara igihe kinini mu buzima bwe mu [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]]. yakinnye inshuro 12 n'ibitego 4 yatsindiye mu ikipe y'igihugu ya congo, yakinnye mu gikombe cy'Afurika muri 2004 . == Umwuga == === Intambwe yambere muri congo === Dieudonné Kalulika yatangiye u[[mupira w'amaguru]] muri 1997 muri AS Maïka, mu cyiciro cya kabiri cya Kongo <ref name="rwdmbrusselsfc">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rwdm-fcbrussels.be/11-FICHES/fiche-dieudonn%E9kalulika2007.htm |title=Biographie sur RWDM Brussels FC.be |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-date=2024-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126182042/http://www.rwdm-fcbrussels.be/11-FICHES/fiche-dieudonn%E9kalulika2007.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> . Yakiniyeyo ibihe bibiri, yibeshya ko yatsinze ibitego, nyuma aragenda agerageza amahirwe ye mu mahanga muri 1999 . Yinjiye mu ikipe [[Uburundi|yo mu Burundi]] ya Atlético OFC, nubwo yatsinze ibitego byinshi, yahuye n’ivanguramoko na bagenzi be <ref name="rwdmbrusselsfc" />, bituma ava muri iyo kipe asubira mu gihugu cye kavukire nyuma ya shampiyona. Nyuma yinjiye muri US Safari, no mu cyiciro cya kabiri, ubwo yatangiraga kwiga amategeko <ref name="rwdmbrusselsfc" /> . Muri 2001, yinjijwe muri Tout Puissant Mazembe, ikipe nini ya Lubumbashi, ikina mu cyiciro cya mbere. Muri shampiyona ye ya mbere muri iyi kipe, yatsindiye igikombe cyigihugu. Imyitwarire ye myiza ya makipe yafunguye amarembo ikipe y'igihugu muri 2004, aho yakinnye muri CAN muri 2004 , aho igihugu cye cyasezerewe mu cyiciro cya mbere. === Kugera mu Bubiligi === Dieudonné Kalulika yahise agaragara n’uwahoze ari umukinnyi mpuzamahanga wu [[Ububiligi|bubiligi]], Luc Nilis, wamusinyishije na Beringen Heusden-Zolder, ikipe ikina mu cyiciro cya 2 aho yari umuyobozi wa tekiniki. Yakinnye umukino wa mbere ku ya 31 Kanama 2005 hanze ya Oud-Heverlee Louvain maze yishimira itangira rya mbere afite igitego cya mbere nyuma yiminsi itatu ahanganye na Red Star Waasland. Ni umukinnyi usanzwe mu ikipe kandi yatsinze ibitego bitandatu bya shampiyona. Kubwamahirwe, iyi kipe ifite ibibazo bikomeye bya mafaranga kandi ihatirwa gusaba guhomba muri Werurwe 2006. Uyu mukinnyi yaje kurangiza shampiyona muri KVSK United, bakinana mu cyiciro cya nyuma cyi cyiciro cya 2. Yatsinze ibitego bitanu mu mikino itandatu, nyamara byagaragaye ko bidahagije kwinjira mu ntore. == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]] qynabfi8hspuzm06bwypglhejzobyys 0 16138 139728 115435 2026-09-23T18:39:25Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139728 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Julien Kialunda.jpg|thumb|Julien Kialunda|410x410px]] '''Julien Kialunda''', (yavutse Ku ya 24 Mata 1940 i Matadi muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Kongo]], apfa Ku ya 14 Nyakanga 1987 i Antwerp) [[Ububiligi|mu Bubiligi]], ni umukinnyi ukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|wa congo]], wakinnye nka myugariro wo hagati. Yakiniye amakipe atatu yo mu [[Bubiligi]] hagati ya 1960 na 1980 , ntabwo byari bisanzwe ku mukinnyi nya furika icyo gihe. Nyuma yumwuga we, yabaye umutoza wa Zayire amezi make. Yapfuye azize SIDA Ku ya 14 Nyakanga 1987 . Hano haribiganiro kumazina ye, bamwe babyandika ''Kialunda'', abandi ''Kaliunda''. Nkuko umukinnyi ubwe atazi neza uko izina rye ryanditswe, imyandikire ikunze kugaragara, ''Kialunda'', ifatwa nku kuri. == Umwuga == === Guhera mu Bumwe === Julien Kialunda yavutse Ku ya 24 Mata 1940 i Matadi, muri kiriya gihe haracyari [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Kongo y'Ububiligi]], apfa ku ya 14 Nyakanga 1987 i Antwerp mu Bubiligi. Yatangiriye umupira i ''Daring Léopoldville'', umurwa mukuru w’abakoloni b’Ababiligi, nyuma uza kuba [[Kinshasa]]. Mu 1960, yasimbukiye i [[Burayi]], ariko icyo gihe kikaba cyari gake cyane. Yatangiriye muri Union Saint-Gilloise, ikipe [[Buruseli|yaturutse i Buruseli]], nyuma ikina mu cyiciro cya mbere. Nyuma y'imyaka itatu, iyi kipe isubiye mu cyiciro cya kabiri. Yatsindiye igikombe maze asubira mu ndege ya mbere muri shampiyona ya mbere, ariko kugaruka ntibyatinze, aho ''Abanyamurwango'' barangije ku mwanya wa kabiri kugeza ku mwanya wa nyuma, bisobanura kimwe no kumanuka. === Intsinzi muri Anderlecht === == Inyandiko == {{Traduction/Référence|nl|Julien Kialunda|21077929|type=note}}{{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]] 5ez9f2ud0wx07t7egjwid1476rocm0q 0 16146 139940 138962 2026-09-24T10:51:05Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139940 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Haltern_am_See,_Stausee,_Schiff_--_2016_--_2869.jpg|thumb|uruganda rwa Haltern ruri mazi rukoresha amazi meshi69|235x235px]] == Inganda zikora ibinyobwa nizo zitungwa agatoki cyanecyane == Nyuma yo kubona ko inganda zikora ibinyobwa muri Afurika zikoresha amazi menshi, ba nyiri izo nganda bararakangurirwa gukoresha amazi make mu binyobwa bakora kuko biri muri gahunda yo kurengera umutungo kamere w’Amazi n’ibidukikije muri rusange. Ibi byasabwe kuri uyu wa 25 Mata 2013 mu nama yaberaga i Kigali ihuje ibihugu 7 byo muri Afurika byibumbiye mu ihuriro ABIWSI rigamije gukangurira inganda nyafurika z’ibinyobwa gukoresha amazi make mu rwego rwo kurengera ibidukikije. Ibyo bihugu (...) ''Nyuma yo kubona ko inganda zikora ibinyobwa muri Afurika zikoresha amazi menshi, ba nyiri izo nganda bararakangurirwa gukoresha amazi make mu binyobwa bakora kuko biri muri gahunda yo kurengera umutungo kamere w’Amazi n’ibidukikije muri rusange.'' [[Dosiye:PikiWiki_Israel_71122_dead_water_discharge.jpg|thumb|uruganda rwa PikiWiki rwo Israel uko rwanduzaga amazi |248x248px]] Ibi byasabwe kuri uyu wa 25 Mata 2013 mu nama yaberaga i Kigali ihuje ibihugu 7 byo muri Afurika byibumbiye mu ihuriro ABIWSI rigamije gukangurira inganda nyafurika z’ibinyobwa gukoresha amazi make mu rwego rwo kurengera ibidukikije. Ibyo bihugu ni [[Misiri]], Ethiopie, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzanie, Ouganda na Zimbabwe Abari mu nama basanze inganda zo muri Afurika zikoresha amazi arenze urugero ugereranyi n’igipimo kiba gisabwa gukorehswa muri litiro y’ikinyobwa gisembuye n’ikidasembuye. Ikigereranyo fatizo cy’amazi kigomba kujya muri litiro imwe y’ikinyobwa ni Litiro enye z’amazi. Alexis Ruzibukira, ushinzwe inganda nini ,into n’iziciriritse muri Minisiteri y’ubucuruzi n’inganda (MINICOM) , yavuze ko iyi nama ari ingirakamaro bitewe nuko ibyavugiwemo bizafasha Inganda z’ibinyobwa muri Afurika gukoresha neza amazi igihe ashyirwa mu binyobwa. Ngarukiye Deric, ushinzwe ibya tekiniki mu ruganda rw’ Inyange, yatanze urugero rugaragaza ko mu mwaka w’ 2010 bakoreshaga amazi angana na litiro 4,5 muri litiro imwe y’ ikinyobwa mu gihe bari barihaye. Kuri ubu uruganda rw’Inyange rukaba rukoresha litiro 4 z’amazi muri ilitiro imwe y’ ikinyobwa. Ku ruhande rw’uruganda rukora ibinyobwa rwa [[Bralirwa Brewery|BRALIRWA]], Jules Kalitanyi ushinzwe gukurikirana uro ruganda avuga ko kuva mu myaka icumi bakorana n’umushinga ABIWSI bagabanije amazi bakoresha baka bageze kuri litiro enye muri litiro imwe y’ikinyobwa. == Amashakiro == https://mobile.igihe.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/inganda-z-ibinyobwa-muri-afurika 2gkxyjd9tvxf0fokr6i08txxdkpudwv 0 16167 139648 121404 2026-09-23T18:26:53Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139648 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Djo Issama Mpeko''' (yavutse Ku ya 30 Mata 1989 i [[Kinshasa]] <ref>Ce sont les données présentes sur son passeport dont un scanner a été fourni via OTRS ticket numéro 2013072410008375</ref>, Zaire (ubu ni [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|DR Congo]] )) ni umukinnyi ukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] ukina ari mpuzamahanga ukomoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|congo]] ukina iburyo inyuma kuri TP Mazembe. Yitoje mu ikipe ya Lumières Mbandaka no muri DC Motema Pembe. Muri 2011 yimuriwe muri As Vita Club yakinnye imikino 115 mu myaka 2 atsinda igitego kimwe. Muri shampiyona yo muri 2013, yasinyanye na Kaburscorp, muri [[Angola]]. Akina imikino 17 mu myaka 2 ariko azagu komereka. Muri 2015 yasinyanye na TP Mazembe. == Ibihembo == === Mu guhitamo === * [[Dosiye:2015 caf 3.jpg|thumb|Igikombe cya CAF Confederation]]'''DR Congo''' ** Igikombe cya Afurika: *** Icya gatatu: 2015 . === Hamwe na TP Mazembe === * Uwatsindiye igikombe cya Super Congo muri 2016 * Uwatsindiye Igikombe cya Confederation 2016 == Inyandiko == == amahuza yo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]] ow52mq9x1u4aior4bkk0r5985ihvdr5 0 16246 139729 112196 2026-09-23T18:39:32Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139729 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Dosiye:Sara Ramadhani Rio 2016.jpg|thumb|Sara Ramadhani|330x330px]] '''Sara Ramadhani Makera''' (yavutse 30 Ukuboza 1987) ni umunya[[tanzaniya]] wiruka muri marato. Yitabiriye amarushanwa ya marato y'abagore mu mikino Olempike yo muri 2016 aho yarangije ku mwanya wa 121 akoresheje isaha ya 3:00:03. <ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |title=Sara Ramadhani |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/sara-ramadhani |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806065251/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/sara-ramadhani |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date=15 August 2016 |website=Rio 2016}}</ref> Muri 2019, yaserukiye [[Tanzaniya]] mu mikino nyafurika yo muri 2019 yabereye i Rabat, muri [[Maroke]]. <ref name="athletics_women_half_marathon">{{Cite web |title=2019 African Games – Athletics – Women's Half Marathon – Final |url=https://www.jar2019.ma/resultats/eng/at/engat_athletics-results-women-s-half-marathon-1-01.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001143458/https://www.jar2019.ma/resultats/eng/at/engat_athletics-results-women-s-half-marathon-1-01.htm |archive-date=1 October 2019 |access-date=1 October 2019 |website=2019 African Games}}</ref> Yarushanwe muri kimwe cya kabiri cya marato y'abagore gusa ntabwo yarangije isiganwa rye. <ref name="athletics_women_half_marathon" /> == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * Sara Ramadhani at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) [[Ikiciro:Uwiruka muri Tanzaniya]] nu01qs50i5qxjvtkyi147tkq0ksswbs 0 16250 139779 94716 2026-09-24T10:01:18Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139779 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zakia Mrisho Mohamed''' (yavutse ku ya 19 Gashyantare 1984) ni umunya [[Tanzaniya]] wiruka intera ndende yari kabuhariwe mu kwiruka m'u muhanda. Yahagarariye igihugu cye muri metero 5000 mu mikino Olempike yo muri 2008 no mu mikino Olempike yo muri 2012 . Yavukiye i Singida, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171906/http://www.demadonna.com/atlete/mrisho%20zakia.htm Athlete Profile]. Demadonna. Retrieved on 2010-09-12.</ref> Yitabiriye irushanwa rye rya mbere mpuzamahanga ry’imikino ngororamubiri muri 2003, yiruka muri metero 3000 aho yarangije ari uwa gatandatu. Yatsinze muri Cinque Mulini mu kuzenguruka ibihugu muri 2004, abaye umugore wa mbere wo muri [[Tanzaniya]] wa bikoze. Yatoranijwe mu marushanwa ya IAAF muri 2005, kandi abasha kurangiza ku mwanya wa makumyabiri mu isiganwa rirerire. Yaje ku mwanya wa gatandatu muri metero 5000 muri Shampiyona yisi yo muri 2005 mu isiganwa, na gatatu ku mukino wanyuma wisimuri metero 3000 nyuma yu kwezi. Yahagarariye [[Tanzaniya]] mu mikino ya bavuga icyongereza muri 2006, arangiza ari uwamunani muri metero 5000 ari kuri finale. Mu marushanwa ya IAAF yo muri 2007 yari ku mwanya wa 23 muri rusange ariko ntiyatsinze neza inzira, ananirwa kugera muri metero 5000, ashyushye muri Shampiyona yisi yo muri 2007 mu isiganwa. Amahirwe nk'ayo yamutegereje mu mikino Olempike ya mbere yabereye i Beijing umwaka ukurikira, nu bwo yashoboye kurangiza umwanya wa kane muri metero 3000, ku mukino wa nyuma wa IAAF ku Isi yo muri 2008 kimwe no guhatanira metero 5000. Yageze ku mukino wa nyuma ukomeye ku isi muri shampiyona itaha muri Shampiyona y’isi yo muri 2009 yaberaga mu isiganwa, afata umwanya wa 15 muri metero 5000. == Ibyagezweho == === Ibyiza byawe bwite === == Reba == {{Reflist}} == uwiIhuza ryo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Uwiruka muri Tanzaniya]] bu7kzyps7l0q9fk2yhspxw595vn1vtz 0 16273 139838 94688 2026-09-24T10:34:32Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139838 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Safi Nyembo''' (yavutse ku ya 23 Nzeri 1984) ni umukinnyi ukina umupira [[Umupira w’amaguru|w'amaguru]] w'[[Ubudage|umudage]] wavukiye [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|muri congo]] ukina nku mukinnyi ukina imbere mu kibuga. == Ubuzima == Safi Nyembo yavutse ku ya 23 Nzeri 1984 i [[Kinshasa]], muri Zayire. Nyembo yatangiye umwuga we muri FSV Schierstein maze ava mu gihe afite munsi yimwaka 16 mu mpeshyi ya 2001 muri Oberliga yerekeza muri SG Germania Wiesbaden. Muri shampiyona ya 2004/2005, yimukiyekwai mukeba wabo FFC Frankfurt maze atangaza ku ya 5 Ukuboza 2004. umukino we wa mbere muri Bundesliga. Amaze gukina umukino umwe, yimukiye mu mujyi wa FSV Frankfurt aho yabonye amahirwe yo gukina imikino 22. Muri 2006, yagarutse muri FFC Frankfurt akina mu ikipe yabo ya kabiri. Nyuma yi gihembwe muri Bundesliga ya 2, yagumye mu bubiko bw'ikipe ya 1 ya FFC Frankfurt. Nyembo yahisemo kwimukira muri 1 FC Lokomotive Leipzig. Yahise aba umukinnyi uzwi cyane hamwe niyi kipe, atsinda ibitego 35 mu mikino 79 mu myaka itanu. Muri Werurwe 2012, Nyembo yahagaritswe nyuma yo kunengwa n'inama, kandi kuva icyo gihe akina mu ikipe ya kabiri gusa. Nyuma yi myaka itanu i Leipzig yakinnye kugeza muri kamena 2012 mbere yuko ahinduka muri Bundesliga aherutse kuzamurwa mu ikipe ya VfL Sindelfingen. Nyuma yi kigeragezo cyatsinze yahisemo kwimurirwa muri FF USV Jena, aho yasinye amasezerano yi myaka ibiri. Mu mpeshyi yo muri 2013 yishe amasezerano ye, yari gutangira kugeza ku ya 30 Kamena 2014, i Jena maze yinjira mu muryango FFV Leipzig wari umaze gushingwa, umuryango uzasimbura amakipe y’abagore ya FC Lokomotive Leipzig. Nyuma yo kuva muri FFV Leipzig muri Regionalliga muri 2016/2017, yinjiye mu ikipe yashinzwe FC Phoenix. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Morgenluft für die Verfolgerinnen |url=http://www.nrhz.de/flyer/beitrag.php?id=17625 |access-date=2017-11-24 |website=www.nrhz.de}}</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]] or2tk17p0n8h76ica1vti7vit9ljxut 0 16277 139872 94693 2026-09-24T10:41:43Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139872 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kadra Mohamed Dembil''' (yavutse ku ya 22 Mata 1997) ni uwo muri Somaliya na [[jibuti]] wiruka mu ntera yo hagati utuye Ali Sabieh. Kadra yaretse amashuri yisumbuye. Avuga ko Abanyasomaliya kandi azi [[Igifaransa]]. Kadra yinjiye mu ikipe, y'[[Umugore|Abakobwa]] Run 2, mu mwaka wo muri 2012, yishyuye ibikoresho byo gukora, gutwara abantu mu murwa mukuru kugira ngo bahatane mu marushanwa, ndetse n'amafaranga y'ishuri. Muri iyo kipe, niwe wihuta cyane mu kwiruka metero 3000, ku buryo bigoye kwitoza kubera ko nta bahanganye nawe bafasha gukomeza umuvuduko. Imikino ngororamubiri yatoje irimo inzira, imbogamizi, hamwe n'uburemere bukozwe mu mata y'ifu yuzuye ifu yuzuye sima. Kadra yatangiye shampiyona muri 2013–14 hamwe n'[[Umugore|abakobwa]] biruka 2, ariko ahabwa akazi nabashinzwe kurinda repubulika (abasirikari bashinzwe kurinda perezida), arangiza igihe cye nabo. <ref name="roundtable">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Rachel |date=July 7, 2015 |title=The Long Run |url=http://www.thebigroundtable.com/stories/the-long-run/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007155430/http://www.thebigroundtable.com/stories/the-long-run/ |archive-date=October 7, 2016 |access-date=October 14, 2016 |website=The Big Roundtable}}</ref> == Amarushanwa ya Olempike == Iri yerekanwa ryiyongereye ryatumye amenyekana bihagije ko yoherejwe mu mikino Olempike y’abato muri 2014 yabereye i Nanjing mu kwiruka metero 2000, asiganwa atigeze yiruka mbere. Kumenyereza, urwobo rwabanje kuzuzwa umusego, kuko amazi nigicuruzwa cyiza muri Djibouti. Kadra amaze kubimenyera, urwobo rwuzuyemo amazi kugirango ashobore kwitoza imikino Olempike. Nubwo Kadra yinjiye mu mikino Olempike yabato afite amateka mabi ku giti cye, yarangije afite amasaha 7:07, yica agahigo ye ku masegonda 50 arangiza ari uwa 11 mu bushyuhe bwa mbere. Mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwa kabiri, Kadra yaguye ku isimbuka ry'amazi ya gatatu, amusubiza inyuma ku mwanya wa 5; iyo uhujwe nubushyuhe bwa mbere, umwanya we wanyuma wari umwanya wa 14. <ref name="roundtable">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Rachel |date=July 7, 2015 |title=The Long Run |url=http://www.thebigroundtable.com/stories/the-long-run/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007155430/http://www.thebigroundtable.com/stories/the-long-run/ |archive-date=October 7, 2016 |access-date=October 14, 2016 |website=The Big Roundtable}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJones2015">Jones, Rachel (July 7, 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161007155430/http://www.thebigroundtable.com/stories/the-long-run/ "The Long Run"]. ''The Big Roundtable''. Archived from [http://www.thebigroundtable.com/stories/the-long-run/ the original] on October 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Yitabiriye imikino Olempike yo muri 2016 mu kwiruka metero 1500 mu [[Umugore|bagore]]; umwanya we ni amasaha 4: 42.67 mu bushuhe ntabwo wujuje ibisabwa muri kimwe cya kabiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadra Mohamed Dembil |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/kadra-mohamed-dembil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806072619/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/kadra-mohamed-dembil |archive-date=August 6, 2016 |access-date=September 4, 2016 |website=Rio 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's 1500m - Standings |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athletics-standings-at-womens-1500m |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823115832/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athletics-standings-at-womens-1500m |archive-date=August 23, 2016 |access-date=September 4, 2016 |website=Rio 2016}}</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa jibuti]] l6xzpy1lwz16air1m8tswfjqa5az2t3 0 16320 139917 104099 2026-09-24T10:48:19Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139917 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yimenashu Taye''' (yavutse 1979) ni [[Etiyopiya|umunyetiyopiya]] wiruka intera ndende muri marato. Mu 1998 yatsindiye [[Isiganwa Ryo Gukunda Igihugu|isiganwa]] ryabato muri Shampiyona y[[isi]] ya Cross Cross Country kandi yegukana imidari ya feza muri metero 1500 na metero 3000 muri Shampiyona y[[isi]] yabato. Muri Shampiyona ny'[[afurika]] muri uwo mwaka yatsindiye umudari wa bronze muri metero 3000. Mu [[Irushanwa ry'Abasora neza|marushanwa]] [[Umugore|mpuzamahanga]] y’o [[Isi|kuzenguruka]] w’[[isi]] muri 2000 yarangije ku mwanya wa gatandatu mu [[Isiganwa Ryo Gukunda Igihugu|isiganwa]] rigufi, mu gihe [[ikipe]] ya [[Etiyopiya]] Taye ya bigizemo uruhare yegukanye umudari wa feza mu marushanwa y'[[Ikipe|amakipe]].<ref>https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/yemenashu-taye-14259729</ref><ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/199803270130.html</ref><ref>https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/4515/CompetitionResults4515.pdf?v=-263366127</ref><ref>https://services.datasport.com/1999/lauf/gp/rang091.htm</ref><ref>http://www.alltime-athletics.com/w_3000ok.htm</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sportfiction.ru/articles/they-call-her-bold/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-04-12 |archive-date=2023-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412115159/http://sportfiction.ru/articles/they-call-her-bold/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ihuza ryo hanze == * Yimenashu Taye at World Athletics [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa etiyopiya]] s55ap99z6387u7xjgnyiomgjentgu4p 0 16326 139949 94791 2026-09-24T10:52:13Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139949 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Mestawat Tadesse (cropped).jpg|thumb|Meskerem Legesse]] '''Meskerem Legesse''' (Yavutse ku ya 28 [[Nzeri]] 1986 - 15 [[Nyakanga]] 2013)<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> yari [[Etiyopiya|umunyetiyopiya]] wiruka. Yitabiriye metero 1.500 mu mikino Olempike yo mu 2004 yabereye muri Atenayi. Legesse yahindutse umunyamwuga kandi yitabira ibikorwa byinshi byo muri [[Amerika]] ahantu hatandukanye. Yashyize ku rutonde rw'abato ku [[isi]] muri metero 800 mu nzu hamwe na masaha 2: 01.03 i Fayetteville, muri [[Amerika]] ku ya 14 Gashyantare 2004. Mu mikino Olempike yo muri 2004, yirukanye umwanya wa 4:18:03 (umwanya wa cumi na [[kabiri]] mu bushyuhe bwo mu cyiciro cya mbere), ntiyakomeza kujya mu cyiciro cy'abatsindira umudari. Legesse yabaga i Westport, muri leta ya Connecticut kandi yari amaze imyaka icyenda muri [[Etiyopiya]], kuva muri 2004. Yasezeye kwiruka kubera ikibazo cy'[[umutima]]. Legesse yapfuye mu buryo butunguranye ibyumweru bitatu mbere yuko abyara. Yari kumwe n'[[Umugabo|umuhungu]] we w'[[Kabiri|imyaka]] ibiri ubwo yagwaga ku ya 15 Nyakanga 2013 muri resitora i Hamden, muri leta ya Connecticut. Abaganga baratsinze m'ugukiza umwana we wari utaravuka. == Reba == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Ihuza ryo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa etiyopiya]] pkjku8otdo0jrmrnodblt7sq9tjq2qg 0 16361 139572 124767 2026-09-23T14:20:37Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139572 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roger Lukaku''', (Yavutse Ku ya 6 Kamena 1967 i [[Kinshasa|Léopoldville]] (ubu ni [[Kinshasa]] ) apfa ku ya 28 Nzeri 2025), ni umukinnyi w' [[Ububiligi|Umubiligi]] ukina Umupira [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|w'amaguru]] w'abigize umwuga. Yagiye mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru kuva muri 1999 . Roger ni papa w'ababiligi mpuzamahanga bo mu Bubiligi Jordan na Romelu Lukaku <ref>[https://www.sofoot.com/lukaku-probleme-de-taille-149821.html Lukaku, problème de taille], sofoot.com, 14 novembre 2011, par Swann Borsellino : [[José Mourinho]] a loué d'ailleurs la prudence de Roger Lukaku dans la gestion de la carrière de son fils ainé Romelu en formation et à ses débuts pro : " Lukaku a des parents intelligents. Son père a dit qu'il devait rester à Anderlecht afin de terminer ses études. Je trouve ça fantastique ! Où trouve-t-on encore de tels parents? Trop de jeunes joueurs et leurs parents pensent seulement à l'argent"</ref> . == Ubuzima == Mu 1990, icyo gihe yari afite imyaka 23, Roger Lukaku yatangiye umwuga we umupira w'amaguru w'abigize umwuga. Yinjiye mu ikipe ya FC Boom muri cyiciro cya kabiri cya shampiyona y'Ububiligi. Ikipe iza kura muri 1 kugabana muri 1992 mbere yo kongera ku manuka muri 2 kugabana igihe gikurikira. Nyuma yo kumanuka, Roger Lukaku yimukiye muRFC Seraing. Hamwe na RFC Seraing, yarangije ari 3 muri shampiyona y'Ububiligi. Nyuma y'igihembwe 2, yakoze guhinduranye mu ikipe nshya muri Germinal Ekeren aho yanabonye icya 3 umwanya muri shampiyona y'[[Ububiligi]]. Muri 1996 yavuye mu Bubiligi yinjira muri Gençlerbirliği SK yo muri [[Turukiya]]. Yamaranye shampiyona imwe gusa muriyi kipe mbere yo gusubira mu [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]] muri FC Mechelen. Roger Lukaku nawe uri inyuma yo gushinga Ishyirahamwe Sportif Rojolu. Umuryango ukomoka muri Kintambo aho iyi club iherereye. Izina ry'iyi kipe rikomoka ku nyuguti za mbere z'amazina Romelu, Yorodani na Lukaku. Roger Lukaku yapfuye ku ya 29 Nzeri 2025, afite imyaka 58, i Kinshasa. Nyuma gato y'urupfu rwe, umuhungu we Romelu Lukaku yamwunamiye, agira ati: “Urakoze kunyigisha ibyo nzi byose. Ubuzima ntibuzongera kubaho ukundi. Warandinze kandi unyobora nk'uko ntawundi wabishobora”. == Guhitamo == == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]] 9duwv54ker6k2ukuzn7ihv5fpzt7ulm 0 16366 139573 114103 2026-09-23T14:20:41Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139573 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Guy Lusadisu''' [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|ni umunyekongo]] wahoze akina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] wa bigize umwuga. Aheruka gukina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati muri AS Vita Club. Muri Gashyantare 2019, yagizwe umutoza mukuru wa AS Maniema Union <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2019 |title=Maniema Union: Guy Lusadisu nommé entraîneur principal |url=https://www.eventsrdc.com/maniema-union-guy-lusadisu-nomme-entraineur-principal/ |website=eventsrdc.com}}</ref> . == Umwuga == [[Dosiye:Football trainning.jpg|thumb|Umupira w'amaguru]] === Kugaragara mpuzamahanga === : ''Amanota n'ibisubizo urutonde rwa mbere DR DR.'' {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !Oya. ! Itariki ! Ikibanza ! Murwanya ! Intego ! Igisubizo ! Irushanwa |- | 1. | Ku ya 6 Ugushyingo 2015 | Estádio 11 de Novembro, Luanda, [[Angola]] | Zambiya | align="center" | '''2''' –0 | align="center" | 3–0 | Nshuti |- | 2. | Ku ya 17 Mutarama 2016 | [[Stade Huye|Stade ya Huye]], [[Butare]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] | Etiyopiya | align="center" | '''1''' –0 | align="center" | 3–0 | Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika 2016 |} === Umutoza === [[Dosiye:VClub 2013.jpg|thumb|Ikipe ya AS Vita Club]] Muri 2017 yatangiye umwuga we nk'umutoza wa AS PJSK ikipe ya bigenewe ya AS Vita Club Kandi yafashijwe na Francis Makenda wa musimbuye nyuma yo kuva muri iyi kipe muri 2019 akajya muri AS Maniema Union == Ibihembo == ; [[Dosiye:CAF Champions League Trophy.jpg|thumb|CAF Champions league]]AS Vita Club '''Uwatsinze''' * Urutonde 1 2014-15 '''Finalist''' * CAF Champion League: 2014 ; TP Mazembe '''Uwatsinze''' * Linafoot (2): 2011, 2012 * CAF Champion League (2): 2009, 2010 * CAF Super Cup (2): 2010, 2011 '''ku mukino wanyuma''' * Igikombe cyisi cya FIFA: 2010 == Reba == {{Reflist}} == amahuza yo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]] figj7y55g6a6jdjz44d05r82hyoca18 0 16367 139574 118542 2026-09-23T14:20:45Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139574 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Guy Lusadisu''' [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|ni umunyekongo]] wahoze akina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] wa bigize umwuga. Aheruka gukina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati muri AS Vita Club. Muri Gashyantare 2019, yagizwe umutoza mukuru wa AS Maniema Union <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2019 |title=Maniema Union: Guy Lusadisu nommé entraîneur principal |url=https://www.eventsrdc.com/maniema-union-guy-lusadisu-nomme-entraineur-principal/ |website=eventsrdc.com}}</ref> . == Umwuga == === Kugaragara mpuzamahanga === : ''Amanota n'ibisubizo urutonde rwa mbere DR DR.'' {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !Oya. ! Itariki ! Ikibanza ! Murwanya ! Intego ! Igisubizo ! Irushanwa |- | 1. | Ku ya 6 Ugushyingo 2015 | Estádio 11 de Novembro, Luanda, [[Angola]] | Zambiya | align="center" | '''2''' –0 | align="center" | 3–0 | Nshuti |- | 2. | Ku ya 17 Mutarama 2016 | [[Stade Huye|Stade ya Huye]], [[Butare]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] | Etiyopiya | align="center" | '''1''' –0 | align="center" | 3–0 | Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika 2016 |} === Umutoza === Muri 2017 yatangiye umwuga we nk'[[Umuhoza Emma Pascaline|umutoza]] wa AS PJSK [[ikipe]] ya bigenewe ya AS Vita Club Kandi yafashijwe na Francis Makenda wa musimbuye nyuma yo kuva muri iyi ikipe muri 2019 akajya muri AS Maniema Union == Ibihembo == ; AS Vita Club[[Dosiye:Trophée de la Ligue des champions de la CAF.jpg|thumb|Igikombe cya CAF Champions League]] '''Uwatsinze''' * Urutonde 1 2014-15 '''Finalist''' * CAF Champion League: 2014 ; TP Mazembe '''Uwatsinze''' * Linafoot (2): 2011, 2012 * [[Dosiye:TP Mazembe April 2011.jpg|thumb|Bamwe mubakinnyi bakinanye muri TP Mazembe]]CAF Champion League (2): 2009, 2010 * CAF Super Cup (2): 2010, 2011 '''ku mukino wanyuma''' * Igikombe cyisi cya FIFA: 2010 == Reba == {{Reflist}} == amahuza yo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]] bn3oit2mb9737c213zrbtrrfagabcnm 0 16369 139780 121416 2026-09-24T10:01:25Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139780 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Guy Lusadisu''' [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|ni umunyekongo]] wahoze akina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] wa bigize umwuga. Aheruka gukina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati muri AS Vita Club. Muri Gashyantare 2019, yagizwe umutoza mukuru wa AS Maniema Union <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2019 |title=Maniema Union: Guy Lusadisu nommé entraîneur principal |url=https://www.eventsrdc.com/maniema-union-guy-lusadisu-nomme-entraineur-principal/ |website=eventsrdc.com}}</ref> . == Umwuga == === Kugaragara mpuzamahanga === : ''Amanota n'ibisubizo urutonde rwa mbere DR DR.'' {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !Oya. ! Itariki ! Ikibanza ! Murwanya ! Intego ! Igisubizo ! Irushanwa |- | 1. | Ku ya 6 Ugushyingo 2015 | Estádio 11 de Novembro, Luanda, [[Angola]] | Zambiya | align="center" | '''2''' –0 | align="center" | 3–0 | Nshuti |- | 2. | Ku ya 17 Mutarama 2016 | [[Stade Huye|Stade ya Huye]], [[Butare]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] | Etiyopiya | align="center" | '''1''' –0 | align="center" | 3–0 | Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika 2016 |} === Umutoza === Muri 2017 yatangiye umwuga we nk'[[Umuhoza Emma Pascaline|umutoza]] wa AS PJSK [[ikipe]] ya bigenewe ya AS Vita Club Kandi yafashijwe na Francis Makenda wa musimbuye nyuma yo kuva muri iyi [[ikipe]] muri 2019 akajya gukina muri AS Maniema Union == Ibihembo == ; [[Dosiye:Trophée de la Ligue des champions de la CAF.jpg|thumb|Igikombe cya CAF Champions league]]AS Vita Club '''Uwatsinze''' * Urutonde 1 2014-15 '''Finalist''' * CAF Champion League: 2014 ; TP Mazembe '''Uwatsinze''' * Linafoot (2): 2011, 2012 * CAF Champion League (2): 2009, 2010 * CAF Super Cup (2): 2010, 2011 '''ku mukino wanyuma''' * Igikombe cyisi cya FIFA: 2010 == Reba == {{Reflist}} == amahuza yo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]] ozkechnh5xqqati152sqkjvbac8n1iz 0 16436 139730 94984 2026-09-23T18:39:40Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Footballeur}} {| class="infobox_v2 noarchive" | colspan="3" class="entete footballblack" style="background-color:#99cc99;color:#000000;" |Ibrahim Somé |- ! colspan="3" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000" |Ubuzima |- ! scope="row" |Ubwenegihugu | colspan="2" |<span class="wd_p27">[[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|umuCongo]]</span> |- ! scope="row" |Naissance | colspan="2" |<span class="wd_p569"><time datetime="1988-05-24" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="1988-05-24">24 gicurasi [[1988]]</time></span> <span class="noprint">(34)</span> <br /><br />[[Kinshasa]] |- ! scope="row" |Uburebure | colspan="2" |1,82 |- ! scope="row" |Umwanya | colspan="2" |rutahizamu |- ! colspan="3" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000" |inkuru |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | |- !Igihembwe !ikipe !ib |- | class="data" |<time datetime="2005" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2005">2005</time>-<time datetime="2006" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2006">2006</time> | class="data" |<span class="flagicon">[[Dosiye:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]</span> Ajax Cape Town FC | class="data" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center" |2&nbsp;(0) |- | class="data" |<time datetime="2005" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2005">2005</time> | class="data" |<span class="flagicon">[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Congo_Kinshasa.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Congo_Kinshasa.svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]</span> SC Cilu | class="data" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center" | |- | class="data" |<time datetime="2007" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2007">2007</time>-<time datetime="2008" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2008">2008</time> | class="data" |<span class="flagicon">[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]</span> KSC Lokeren | class="data" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center" |3&nbsp;(0) |- | class="data" |<time datetime="2007" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2007">2007</time> | class="data" |<span class="flagicon">[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]</span> FC Molenbeek Brussels Strombeek | class="data" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center" |0&nbsp;(0) |- | class="data" |<time datetime="2008" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2008">2008</time> | class="data" |<span style="cursor:help;" title="Prêté à">→</span> <span class="flagicon">[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Serbia.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Serbia.svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]</span> Bezanija Novi Belgrade | class="data" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center" |11&nbsp;(4) |- | class="data" |<time datetime="2008" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2008">2008</time>-<time datetime="2009" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2009">2009</time> | class="data" |<span class="flagicon">[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Serbia.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Serbia.svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]</span> Étoile rouge Belgrade | class="data" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center" |16&nbsp;(3) |- | class="data" |<time datetime="2009" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2009">2009</time>-<time datetime="2010" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2010">2010</time> | class="data" |<span class="flagicon">[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]</span> FCV Dender EH | class="data" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center" |23&nbsp;(7) |- | class="data" |<time datetime="2010" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2010">2010</time>-<time datetime="2011" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2011">2011</time> | class="data" |<span class="flagicon">[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]</span> F91 Dudelange | class="data" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center" |13&nbsp;(7) |- | class="data" |<time datetime="2011" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2011">2011</time>-<time datetime="2013" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2013">2013</time> | class="data" |<span class="flagicon">[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]</span> Union Royale La Louvière Centre | class="data" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center" |42&nbsp;(19) |- | class="data" |<time datetime="2013" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2013">2013</time>-<time datetime="2014" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2014">2014</time> | class="data" |<span class="flagicon">[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]</span> FC Molenbeek Brussels Strombeek | class="data" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center" |15&nbsp;(8) |- | class="data" |<time datetime="2014" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2014">2014</time> | class="data" |<span style="cursor:help;" title="Prêté à">→</span> <span class="flagicon">[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]</span> K Saint-Trond VV | class="data" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center" |14&nbsp;(6) |- | class="data" |<time datetime="2014" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2014">2014</time>-<time datetime="2015" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2015">2015</time> | class="data" |<span class="flagicon">[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]</span> Oud-Heverlee Louvain | class="data" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center" |0 |- | class="data" |depuis <time datetime="2015" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2015">2015</time> | class="data" |<span class="flagicon">[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]</span> Royal White Star Bruxelles | class="data" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center" | |- ! colspan="3" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000" |i nkuru |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | |- !umwaka !guhtamwo !ib |- | class="data" |depuis <time datetime="2006" class="nowrap date-lien" data-sort-value="2006">2006</time> | class="data" |<span class="flagicon">[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Congo_Kinshasa.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Congo_Kinshasa.svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]</span> Congo | class="data" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center" | |} [[Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox]] [[Catégorie:Pas d'image locale ni d'image sur Wikidata]] '''Ibrahim Lamine Mokabi Somé-Salombo''' uzwi cyane nka '''Ibrahim Somé''' ( Yavutse Ku ya 24 [[Gicurasi]] 1988 i [[Kinshasa]] ) ni umupira ukina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira]] w'amaguru ukomoka muri congo. Kuri ubu arimo gukina muri club Sint-Truiden VV ku ntizanyo yatanzwe na RWDM Bruxelles FC. Uyu rutahizamu ushishikaye kandi ufite impano imbere yizamu ni kimwe mu byiringiro bikomeye bya congo by'igihe cyizaza. Kugeza ubu yatoranijwe mu ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo kandi afite imipira itatu. Afite uburebure bwa metero 1.82. Asigaye ari akinisha i moso. == Amakipe akurikirana == * 2008-2009: FK Inyenyeri Itukura Belgrade * 2009-2010: FCV Dender EH * 2010-2011: F91 Dudelange * 2011-2013: UR La Louvière Centre * kuva mu 2013: RWDM Bruxelles FC ** kuva muri Mutarama. 2014: K Sint-Truiden VV (inguzanyo) == Ibihembo == * Shampiyona ya Luzamburu : 2011 * 3 mu batoranijwe == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == amahuza yo hanze == * Ressources relatives au sport : ** FBref ** FootballDatabase ** (en) National Football Teams ** (mul + id) Soccerway ** (mul) Transfermarkt   [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]] 6dtj0lz7jboeq0ltgyr12ajsxc15zpu 0 16454 139765 123034 2026-09-24T09:59:41Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139765 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elias Tshimanga''' yari umukinnyi mpuzamahanga w'umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|congo (DRC)]] mu mwaka o muri 1960, watsindiye CAN muri 1968 . == Ubuzima == Umwuga we nturamenyekana, ariko tuzi ko yakinnye umukino wo gutoranya mu Kuboza muri 1967, na [[Romaniya]], kandi ko yari ku rutonde rwabakinnyi 22 batoranijwe na Congo-Kinshasa muri CAN muri 1968, nku mukinnyi wa Amerika Kipushi, cyangwa FC Kipushi <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bomboma.org/news/news.php?Num_News=861 |title=bomboma.org |access-date=2023-04-14 |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418043450/https://www.bomboma.org/news/news.php?Num_News=861 |url-status=dead }}</ref> . Mu gihe yari muri CAN, yakinnye imikino wose atangira, atsinda igitego kuri penariti yakinnye na [[Senegali]], kugirango atsinde ibitego bibiri kuri kimwe. Niwe kandi watsinze igitego mu izamu yatsinze ku mukino wa nyuma na Gana <ref>[http://adiac-congo.com/content/football-et-souvenir-le-gouvernement-commemore-le-premier-titre-des-leopards-la-can-1968 adiac-congo.com]</ref> . Congo yatsinze irushanwa, niyo nyandiko yonyine ya Tshimanga uzi kugeza ubu. == Intego mpuzamahanga == ''Byamenyekanye : ibitego byatsinzwe mumikino ya gicuti ntabwo biri mururu rutonde'' {| class="wikitable sortable" ! colspan="7" width="350" |Intego yo guhitamo |- ! ! Itariki ! Ikibanza ! Murwanya ! Amanota ! Igisubizo ! Irushanwa |- | 1. |Ku ya 16 Mutarama 1968 | [[Asmara]] ( [[Etiyopiya]] ) |Senegali | '''2''' -1 (intego 1 kuri ? ku gihano) | 2-1 | CAN muri 1968 |} == Inyandiko == <references /> == amahuza yo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]] 52y47mh47mzdzqz3dcflfj9dnb1qal1 0 16466 139918 131276 2026-09-24T10:48:26Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139918 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ricky Tulenge Sindani''' [[Umupira w’amaguru|ni umukinnyi ukina umupira wamaguru]] ari mpuzamahanga wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|congo]] ukina nkumukinnyi wo hagati. [[Dosiye:Mini football game.jpg|thumb|Umupira wamaguru]] == Ubuzima == === Muri ikipe === Muri shampiyona yo muri 2014-2015, yatsinze ibitego 17 mu cyiciro cya kabiri cya Kongo hamwe n'ikipe ya Arc-en-Ciel [[Kinshasa]]. Nyuma, hamwe n'ikipe DCMP Imana, yatsinze ibitego birenga 30 muri cyiciro cya mbere cya Kongo, mu bihe bine <ref>[https://www.footballdatabase.eu/fr/joueur/details/283958-ricky-tulenge Fiche de Ricky Tulenge] sur ''footballdatabase.eu''</ref> . [[Dosiye:VClub 2013.jpg|thumb|Ikipe ya AS Vita Club]] Muri Kamena 2019 , yasinyishije ibihe bitatu muri ikipe ya Maroke ya Difaâ El Jadida. Ariko nyuma gato, agarutse avuye kwimenyereza umwuga muri [[Turukiya]], umukinnyi abura muri radari. Yifuza rwose kutazongera gukina n'ikipe ya Maroke, yifuzaga kwinjira muri AS Vita Club <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230414210013/https://www.africatopsports.com/2019/08/28/ricky-tulenge-que-se-passe-t-il-entre-le-congolais-et-le-difaa-el-jadida/ Ricky Tulenge: Que se passe-t-il entre le Congolais et le Difaâ El Jadida ?], article sur ''africatopsports.com'', 28 août 2019</ref> . Hanyuma, nyuma y'imishyikirano myinshi, yiyemeje kugaraga muri AS Vita Club. Ku ya 2 Gashyantare 2020 , ku masezerano y'imyaka itatu. Amafaranga yo kwimurwa agera ku 100.000 by'amadolari. Yambara numero 11 mu ikipe ye mashya <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230414210016/https://4pouvoir.cd/v-club-ricky-tulenge-sindani-presente-officiellement-a-la-presse/ V.club : Ricky Tulenge Sindani présenté officiellement à la presse], article sur ''4pouvoir.cd'', 2 février 2020</ref> . === Mu ikipe y'igihugu === Yakinnye umukino we wa mbere mu ikipe ya DR Congo Ku ya 6 Ugushyingo 2015 , mu mukino wa gicuti na [[Zambiya]]. Nyuma yitabiriye Shampiyona y’ibihugu by’Afurika muri 2016 yabereye mu [[Rwanda]]. Muri iri rushanwa, akina imikino itanu. DR Congo yatsinze irushanwa itsinze [[Mali]] ku mukino wa nyuma 3-0 . == Ibingwi == * Uwatsinze Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika muri 2016 hamwe na DR Congo == Inyandiko == <references /> == amahuza yo hanze == * Ressources relatives au sport : ** FBref ** (mul + id) Soccerway ** (mul) Transfermarkt   [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]] b0igddbqlty2enr9qjy9mv1swt356m9 0 16627 139852 134418 2026-09-24T10:36:10Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139852 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Habinshuti Jacques'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/umugabo-uvuga-ko-ari-umujyanama-wa-meddy-yatahuwe-ko-acuruza-amayinite-none-abo-kuri-twitter-bari-kumuha-urwamenyo-gusa-ari-no-kwigisha-isomo-ryubuzima/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-05-15 |archive-date=2023-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515195404/https://yegob.rw/umugabo-uvuga-ko-ari-umujyanama-wa-meddy-yatahuwe-ko-acuruza-amayinite-none-abo-kuri-twitter-bari-kumuha-urwamenyo-gusa-ari-no-kwigisha-isomo-ryubuzima/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>(wavutse ku ya 25 Ukuboza 1996) , uzwi ku izina rya '''Kazungu Kaboss''' yavukiye mu [[Akarere ka Musanze|karere ka Musanze]]/[[Rwanda]] mu muryango w'Abana 9 Abahungu (6) n'Abakobwa (3) . '''Kazungu Kaboss''', ni rwiyemezamirimo w’umunyarwanda, azwi cyane mu myidagaduro Nyarwanda no guteza imbere ibyamamare byo mu rwanda....kuko Ari mubakurikirwa cyane n'Abantu benshi ku mbuga nkoranyambaga nka Instagram<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/nuko-baba-banywa-izo-batiguriye-umugore-yavugishije-abantu-nyuma-yo-kugaragara-yahaze-agatama-mu-buryo-budasanzwe-amafoto/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-07-19 |archive-date=2023-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719125515/https://yegob.rw/nuko-baba-banywa-izo-batiguriye-umugore-yavugishije-abantu-nyuma-yo-kugaragara-yahaze-agatama-mu-buryo-budasanzwe-amafoto/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>/Twitter ndetse na Tiktok... Akaba azwiho cyane mukumenyekanisha Ibihangano cg guteza Imbere Abahanzi ( Promotion)Yari ashinzwe kurebera inyungu z'umuhanzi [[Meddy]] mbere yuko yimukira Muri America.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/christopher-yahaye-igisubizo-gisekeje-umufana-we-wamubwiye-ko-ari-mwiza/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-05-15 |archive-date=2023-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515200047/https://yegob.rw/christopher-yahaye-igisubizo-gisekeje-umufana-we-wamubwiye-ko-ari-mwiza/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Umunyamwuga]] [[Ikiciro:Umunyarwanda]] 8ap6rebf1s2rahadgevqaidy81noo77 0 16632 139919 95587 2026-09-24T10:48:33Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139919 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hanshin tigers insignia.PNG|thumb||]] '''Hanshin Tigers''' (阪神タイガース) ni ikipe [[Ubuyapani]] yabigize umwuga. Biri muri Ligue Nkuru. Ikibanza cyabereye ni Stade Hanshin Koshien mu mujyi wa Nishinomiya, Perefegitura ya Hyogo. Izina rigufi ni " Hanshin " naho izina ni " Ingwe ". Rimwe na rimwe byitwa " ingwe " cyangwa " kurwanya ingwe ". Mu makipe 12 asanzwe yabigize umwuga mu Buyapani, ifite amateka ya kabiri maremare nyuma ya Yomiuri Giants, kandi ni imwe mu makipe yatangije shampiyona yabigize umwuga mu 1936 . Kugeza mu 1960, yitwaga Ingwe za Osaka usibye igihe cyintambara. Isosiyete ikora ni Hanshin Tigers Co., Ltd. Isosiyete y'ababyeyi ni Hanshin Electric Railway ( ishami rya Hankyu Hanshin Holdings ). Shampiyona eshanu zatsinze (zashyizwe ku mwanya wa 5 mu mubare watsinze), inshuro imwe gusa mu Buyapani (ihuza amanota yo hasi mu makipe 12 ), kandi kuva 1987 kugeza 2001 , imyaka yijimye yo kurohama kugeza hasi inshuro 10 muri saison 15. ==Ihuza ryo hanze== {{commonscat|Hanshin Tigers}} * [https://m.hanshintigers.jp/ Urubuga rwemewe] [[Category:Ubuyapani]] 4inwhxyzx9u8mzlf9syv7wliz9igv2a 0 16682 139731 134478 2026-09-23T18:39:47Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139731 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kubi Chaza Indi''' ni umurwanashyaka w'iterambere wo muri [[Zimbabwe]] ni rwiyemezamirimo w'umugore. Akunze gukoresha izina rye rya mbere, Kubi Chaza, yari umukinnyi wa filime mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]], agaragara muri ''Live and Let Die'' mu 1973 ari umwanditsi w’igurisha ukorera James Bond. Amaze gusubira muri Zimbabwe, we n'umugabo we w'umukinnyi wa filime witwaJohn Indi batangije uruganda rukora ibicuruzwa by'ubwiza. == Amavu n'amavuko == Indi afite uruhare runini mu iterambere ry'imiryango, byumwihariko ku bijyanye n’ibibazo byugarije abagore, kandi ni umunyamabanga mukuru w’umuryango w’abagore bakora ubucuruzi b’abasangwabutaka bo muri [[Zimbabwe]]. Umuryango wa Indi wakomeje gukora mu mitunganyirize ya film, John nk'umukinnyi, ariko Kubi kumpande zombi za kamera. Mu 1989, yakoze ''I am the Future'', filime ivuga ku mukobwa ukiri muto (wakinwe na Stella Chiweshe ) ujya mu mujyi munini ahunze intambara y'ubwigenge bwa Zimbabwe mu cyaro. Mu 1993, yakinnye eponymous heroine's modern neighbour muri ''Neria'', inyandiko ya Tsitsi Dangarembga ivuga ku bapfakazi muri Zimbabwe. Filime zombi zayobowe na Godwin Mawuru, naho ''Neria'' yagaragayemo amajwi ya Oliver Mtukudzi. Indi ni umunyamuryango w'abakora amafilime b'abagore bo muri Zimbabwe. == Umwuga == Yakinnye ari umukobwa wakoraga agurisha mu iduka rya Oh Cult Voodoo yaje igihe yari mu Bwongereza, maze abigiramo uruhare. Yakinnye nk'umukobwa ucuruza akorera James Bond (yakinnye na Roger Moore ), amupfunyikira ikintu hanyuma avuza Mister Big igihe Bond avuye mu iduka. <ref>''3-mob.com'', 4 March 2017 - [https://web.archive.org/web/20230604213557/https://3-mob.com/entertainment/when-a-zimbabwean-girl-appeared-on-a-james-bond-film/#.WYRdnWd--Um When a Zimbabwean girl appeared on a James Bond film…]</ref> Zimbabwe imaze kwigenga, Indi n'umugabo we John basubiye mu gihugu. Ari naho batangiriye uruganda rw'ibicuruzwa by'ubwiza rwitwa Kubi Cosmetics. Ubu ni iduka rizwi cyane muri Afrika yepfo. Ikora ibicuruzwa byumwihariko ku ruhu n'umusatsi wa Afrika. <ref>''News Day Zimbabwe'', August 3, 2013 - [https://web.archive.org/web/20230606003118/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/08/03/ocoft-rescues-children-of-jailed-parents Ocoft rescues children of jailed parents - Report by Ropafadzo Mapimhidze]</ref> == Amashusho == * ''Tommorow'' (1970) - Sylvana * ''Live and Let Die'' (1973) - umwanditsi unacuruza (Oh Cult Voodoo Shop, 33 E 65th St, Umujyi wa New York, New York 10065) * ''Love Thy Neighbour'' (1973) - umukobwa wa mbere w'umwirabura * ''Royal Flash'' (1975) - Lucy * ''Neria'' (1993) - Connie (uruhare rwa film ya nyuma) * ''Shaina'' (2020) - Rooster Gogo == Reba == {{Reflist}} jaejbpy992psji4n7nv0924p1rzuexn 0 16707 139766 116257 2026-09-24T09:59:48Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139766 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Road_sign_Equity_Bank_in_Juba_in_2011_177_635_kb.jpg|thumb|Equity Bank muri Juba south sudan |286x286px]] [[Dosiye:Equity_Center.jpg|thumb|Equity Bank ikicaro|282x282px]] [[Dosiye:Equity Group Logo.png|thumb|Ikirango cya Equity]] [[Dosiye:James Mwangi, President of Equity Bank.jpg|left|thumb|President of Equity]] '''Banki ya Equity''' ifite amashami atandukanye dushobora kubona muri afurika : * Itsinda rya banki ya Equity, ubu rizwi ku izina rya Equity Group Holdings, iyi sosiyete ikora ibikorwa by'imari muri Afurika aho ifite amashami nka : ** Equity Bank Congo, izwi ku izina rya Equity Banque Commerciale du Congo. ** Equity Bank Kenya Limited ** Equity Bank Rwanda Limited ** Equity Bank y'Amajyepfo Sudani ** Equity Bank Tanzania Limited ** Equity Bank Uganda Limited * Equity Bank (Amerika), ifite icyicaro muri leta ya Kansas yo muri Amerika.[[Dosiye:Equity Branch Fourways Branch.jpg|center|thumb|Ishami rya Equity]] [[Dosiye:Umunyamuryango.jpg|center|thumb|Umunyamuryago wa equity]] [[Ikiciro:Banki zo mu Rwanda]] 21i9vg3lufot8ttlc2hlf6engmzkrru 0 16752 139575 135725 2026-09-23T14:20:49Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139575 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Lopé_National_Park_river_crop.jpg|thumb|Pariki ya Lopé National Park river crop n'umugezi wayo biri mubikurura abakerarugendo muri Gabon]] [[Dosiye:La_mangrove_Nyonié_au_Gabon.jpg|thumb|Icyi cyanya cyitwa gutya La mangrove Nyonié au Gabon kiri mubikurura abakerarugendo muri Gabon]] [[Dosiye:La_plaine_aux_images_Nyonié_Gabon.DJI_0020_CVIGNA.jpg|thumb|La plaine aux Nyonié Gabon. uyu musozi ugizwe n'ishyamba uri mubikurura ba mukerarugendo ]] '''Ubukerarugendo muri Gabon''' ntabwo bwateye imbere. <ref name="ne">{{Cite web |title=Gabon: Tourism, travel, and recreation |url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Gabon-TOURISM-TRAVEL-AND-RECREATION.html |access-date=2008-08-19 |publisher=Nations Encyclopedia}}</ref> Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, ibyiza nyaburanga birimo inyanja, ibiyaga hamwe n’uburobyi bw’imbere mu gihugu, kugwa ku ruzi rwa Ogooué, n’imisozi ya Crystal. <ref name="ne" /> Ba mukerarugendo baza kandi baje kureba ibitaro bizwi byashinzwe na Dr. Albert Schweitzer i Lambaréné . <ref name="ne" /> Guhiga biremewe mu bice byihariye mu gihe cy'ukuboza kugeza Nzeri. <ref name="ne" /> == Amateka == Kugeza uba, ubukerarugendo bwarirengagijwe, busimburwa no kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze nk'amavuta n'ibiti. <ref name="oil">http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/35/254.html</ref> Mu mwaka wa 2000, guverinoma ya Gabon yakoze ibishoboka byose ngo iteze imbere urwego rutezimbere ubukerarugendo buhebuje kandi bwiza, nk'urugendo rw’ibihuru cyangwa ingendo za safari. <ref name="oil" /> Ukwezi k'ukuboza gushize, impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu bukerarugendo yatangijwe muri kaminuza ya Libreville. Gusa ikintu kibuza Gabon gutsinda ni ruswa. [[Igitabo]] cyitwa Guardian Book of Statistics cyerekana Gabon nka kimwe mu bihugu byangiritse ku isi. <ref name="oil" /> Ku ya 4 Nzeri 2002, perezida wa Gabon, [[Omar Bongo|Omar Bongo,]] yatangaje ko igihugu cye kizashyira ku ruhande 10% by'ubutaka bwa gahunda ya parike y'igihugu. <ref name="gabonnationalparks">https://web.archive.org/web/20130627121332/http://www.gabonnationalparks.org/gnp-pressrelease</ref> Mbere, ntabwo yari ifite gahunda ya parike yigihugu, ikorana na societe yo kubungabunga inyamanswa kubibazo byo kubungabunga ibidukikije. <ref name="gabonnationalparks" /> Kugeza ubu, sisitemu igizwe na mayiro kare 10,000 (kilometero 26,000), yarengewe na [[Kosita Rika|Costa Rica]] gusa ku ijanisha ry'ubutaka, nubwo kubwa nyuma ubuso bwo kubungabunga ari buto cyane. <ref name="gabonnationalparks" /> Izi pariki nshya zirimo gutegurwa hagamijwe kubungabunga ibidukikije, nkuburyo bwubukungu bwo gukoresha amashyamba ya Gabon. <ref name="gabonnationalparks" /> Uyu mushinga washimiwe na Dr. Steven Sanderson, perezida akaba n’umuyobozi mukuru w’umuryango w’ibungabunga ry’ibinyabuzima, nka kimwe mu bikorwa by’ubutwari mu myaka 20 ishize." <ref name="gabonnationalparks" /> == Ibikurura == === Parike z'igihugu === [[Dosiye:Insigne de grand-croix de l'ordre national du Mérite (Gabon)-Musée de la Légion d'honneur.jpg|thumb|370x370px|umudari wo muri gabon]] Parike 13 za Gabon ziva mu turere two ku nkombe z’inyanja, aho imvubu z'ikinira ku nkombe zidakorwaho, kugeza aho amashyamba atuwe n’ingagi za "naive". == Imibare == Mu mwaka wa 2000, bari bafite ibyumba bya hoteri bigera ku 2,450. <ref name="ne">{{Cite web |title=Gabon: Tourism, travel, and recreation |url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Gabon-TOURISM-TRAVEL-AND-RECREATION.html |access-date=2008-08-19 |publisher=Nations Encyclopedia}}</ref> Muri uwo mwaka, ba mukerarugendo bagera ku 155,000 nibo bahageze, kandi amafaranga yinjiye aturutse mubakerarugendo agera kuri miliyoni 7 z'amadorari y'amanyamerika. <ref name="ne" /> Umwaka wabanjije, abanyamahanga 120,000 nibo bageze mu igihugu, aho 1% aribo bonyine baje mu bukerarugendo, kandi byari hagati ya kimwe na bitatu ku ijana bya GDP (Umusaruro rusange w’imbere mu Gihugu). <ref name="oil" /> Umushyitsi asabwa kugira pasiporo na viza, mugihe baturuka mubufaransa, [[Ubudage]], cyangwa ibihugu byinshi bya Afrika. <ref name="ne" /> Bagomba kandi gutanga ibimenyetso byerekana urukingo rw'irwara yo mubwoko bw'ibicurani bwitwa (Yellow fever) . <ref name="ne" /> Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika yavuze ko impuzandengo ya buri munsi yo kuguma mu murwa mukuru wa Gabon wa Libreville ari madolari 182 y'amanyamerika ku munsi guhera mu mwaka wa 2002, amafaranga yakoreshejwe ahandi mu gihugu akaba ari amadorari 70 y'amanyamerika ku munsi. <ref name="ne" /> [[Dosiye:Éléphant du Gabon.jpg|thumb|244x244px|inzovu yo muri Gabon]] == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo]] 2fpdcf7nq9txsuw3hyu7m0l4iusilww 0 16779 139732 123535 2026-09-23T18:39:55Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139732 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Early_Morning_view_from_Sehlabathebe_House_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Umusozi wo muri parike y'igihugu ya Sehlabathebe.]] '''Ubukerarugendo muri Lesotho''' ni inganda zirigukura mu gihugu. Mu mwaka wa 2013, ingendo n'ubukerarugendo byatanze hafi 5.5% by'umusaruro mbumbe w'igihugu (GDP) muri [[Lesoto|Lesotho]], biteganijwe ko uyu mubare uziyongera kugera kuri 6.1% by'umusaruro mbumbe w'igihugu (GDP) mu mwaka wa 2024. <ref name="lesothoreview">{{Cite web |title=Tourism |url=http://www.lesothoreview.com/tourism-2015.php |access-date=2015-10-31 |publisher=The Lesotho Review |archive-date=2015-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106081613/http://lesothoreview.com/tourism-2015.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aka gace kubukerarugendo kahaye akazi abakozi 25,000 mu mwaka wa 2013, 4.6% by'imirimo yose y'igihugu. <ref name="lesothoreview" /> Abatuye Afurika y'Epfo, bakikije Lesotho, barenga 90 ku ijana by'abasura iki gihugu. Ingendo nyinshi nugusura inshuti n'imiryango.<ref name="lesothoreview"/> [[Dosiye:Lesotho mountain village (5285775857).jpg|thumb|278x278px|lesotho mauntain village]] Ibikorwa bitandukanye byo hanze bikorwa mu buryo bwo kwidagadura buzwi cyane kubakerarugendo mu gihugu. Imisozi ikurura ba mukerarugendo mu kuzamuka imisozi bayitemberaho, gukora ingendo zakure no gusiganwa ku binyabiziga byabugenewe, ndetse no gukoresha inzira enye zifite ibiziga bine. Ikibuga cyo gukoreraho ayo masiganwa cyitwa Afriski gikora mu mezi y'itumba. [[Dosiye:Maseru airport (4019614223).jpg|thumb|Ikibuga cy'indege cya Moshoeshoe]] Ahantu hakunda gukoreshwa cyane mukwinjira muri Lesotho harimo ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Moshoeshoe hamwe n’umupaka wambukiranya imipaka ya [[Maseru]] na Maputsoe. <ref name="A.2015">{{Cite book|pages=314–}}</ref> Ubukerarugendo mu gihugu bugenzurwa na Minisiteri y'Ubukerarugendo, Ibidukikije n'umuco, ikorera mu murwa mukuru wa Maseru. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} * Lesotho travel guide from Wikivoyage [[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo muri Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo]] ag953doflvg5csegeoeeiav0g96413d 0 16787 139714 121546 2026-09-23T18:37:38Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139714 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Bank of Skotia.jpg|thumb|Banki|267x267px]] [[Dosiye:GTBank Rwanda Headquarter.jpg|thumb|bank|267x267px]] '''Banki Crane Rwanda''' yari banki y'ubucuruzi ikorera mu [[Rwanda]], yemewe na [[Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda|Banki nkuru y’u Rwanda]], nk’umuyobozi ushinzwe amabanki y’igihugu. <ref name="Go">{{Cite web |last=Kabona |first=Esiara |date=20 February 2018 |title=Commercial Bank Africa buys out Crane Bank Rwanda |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/CBA-buys-out-Crane-Bank-Rwanda/2560-4312612-ac8m75/index.html |access-date=20 February 2018 |location=Nairobi}}</ref> Muri Kamena 2017, Banki y’ubucuruzi y'afurika yashyize umukono ku masezerano yo kugura umutungo muri Banki ya Crane y’u Rwanda, mu gihe hagitegerejwe ko byemezwa n’amabwiriza. <ref name="Bust">{{Cite web |last=Mutegi |first=Mugambi |title=CBA in deal to buy Rwandan unit of Uganda’s Crane Bank |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/CBA-deal-Rwandan-Uganda-Crane-Bank--/2560-3973368-q00g0r/index.html |access-date=16 June 2017 |location=Nairobi}}</ref> Banki yatangiye gukora ku wa mbere 30 Kamena 2014, imaze kubona uruhushya rwa banki rutagira umupaka muri NBR, umwaka umwe mbere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Otage |first=Stephen |last2=Wandera |first2=Stephen |date=26 July 2013 |title=Crane Bank To Extend Operations To Rwanda |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Crane-Bank-to-extend-operations-to-Rwanda/-/688322/1926736/-/2ad1w2z/-/index.html |access-date=2 August 2014 |archive-date=9 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209130308/http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Crane-Bank-to-extend-operations-to-Rwanda/-/688322/1926736/-/2ad1w2z/-/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ikigereranyo cy’agaciro k’umutungo w’ikigo mu Kuboza 2014 cyari hafi miliyoni 13.7 z’amadolari y’Amerika, aho abanyamigabane bangana na miliyoni 8.6 US z'[[Amadolari y'Amerika|amadolari y'amerika]].<ref name="Report">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2015 |title=Crane Bank 2014 Annual Report And Financial Statement |url=http://cranebanklimited.com/index.php/financial-reports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717062720/http://www.cranebanklimited.com/index.php/financial-reports |archive-date=17 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |publisher=Crane Bank Limited (CBL) |format=PDF}}</ref> Igipimo cy’ivunjisha ryemewe ku ya 31 Ukuboza 2014 cyari USh 2.778 = n'idolari rimwe 1.00.<ref name="Data">{{Cite web |date=26 March 2015 |title=Umeme 31 December 2014 Annual Report And Financial Statements |url=http://www.umeme.co.ug/articles/Annual%20Report%20&%20Financial%20Statements%20for%20the%20Year%202014.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427111558/http://www.umeme.co.ug/articles/Annual%20Report%20%26%20Financial%20Statements%20for%20the%20Year%202014.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2015 |access-date=23 April 2015 |publisher=Umeme Limited (Umeme) |format=PDF}}</ref> == Ownership == Banki Crane yu Rwanda yari ishami rya 100% rya Banki yu Crane, yari banki ya 3 nini y’ubucuruzi muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]], banki nini y’ubucuruzi gakondo mu gihugu, ifite umutungo wa miliyoni 620 z’[[Amadolari y'Amerika|amadolari y’Amerika]] mu Kuboza 2014.<ref name="Report"/> Muri Gicurasi 2017, ikigo cy’imari iciriritse CBA Rwanda, cyatangaje ku mugaragaro umugambi wo kugura Crane Bank Rwanda, banki y’ubucuruzi, isosiyete y’ababyeyi muri Uganda yari yagurishijwe kandi abaguzi b’ababyeyi ntibifuzaga kugumana ishami ry’u Rwanda. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwai |first=Collins |date=10 May 2017 |title=Rwanda: CBA Set to Acquire Crane Bank Rwanda |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201705100118.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830193948/http://allafrica.com/stories/201705100118.html |archive-date=30 August 2017 |access-date=20 February 2018 |location=Kigali}}</ref> Ku ya 15 Kamena 2017 Itsinda rya CBA ryasinyanye amasezerano yo kugurisha no kugura na Banki ya DFCU, ba nyiri Crane Banki yu Rwanda. Kugura byasabye kwemererwa n'amategeko mu Rwanda, [[Kenya]] na Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |last=CBA |date=15 June 2017 |title=CBA to Acquire Crane Bank Rwanda Limited |url=http://cbagroup.com/rwanda/newsroom/cba-to-acquire-crane-bank-rwanda-limited/ |access-date=20 February 2018 |publisher=[[Commercial Bank of Africa]] (CBA) |location=Nairobi |archive-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830193845/http://cbagroup.com/rwanda/newsroom/cba-to-acquire-crane-bank-rwanda-limited/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sale and acquisition == Muri Gashyantare 2018, nyuma yo kwemezwa na Banki nkuru y’u Rwanda, Banki Nkuru ya Kenya na Banki ya Uganda, Itsinda rya CBA ryigaruriye u Rwanda rwa Crane. Umutungo hamwe ninshingano byabonye, ​​harimo amashami atatu akorera muri Kigali, biteganijwe ko bizahuzwa nibikorwa bisanzwe by’imari iciriritse ya CBA Rwanda.<ref name="Go"/> == Itsinda Ruparelia == Crane Bank u Rwanda yari umunyamuryango wa Groupe Ruparelia, ihuriro rikorera muri Uganda, ryarimo banki, amasosiyete y’ubwishingizi, ibiro by’ivunjisha, amashuri, amaradiyo, kaminuza, amahoteri na resitora. Mu Kwakira 2016, Banki ya Uganda yafashe ubuyobozi bwa Crane Bank n’ibigo biyishamikiyeho, kubera igishoro gike. Muri Mutarama 2017, Banki ya DFCU yaguze umutungo n'imyenda bya Crane Bank. <ref name="Bust"/> Crane Bank Rwanda yagurishijwe muri Banki yubucuruzi ya Afrika Group muri Gashyantare 2018. <ref name="Go"/> == Amashami == kuva muri Nyakanga 2015, CBR ikomeza amashami akurikira.<ref name="Report"/> # '''Ishami rikuru''' - 10249 Ville De Kigali, Nyarugenge, Muhima, [[Kigali]] # Ishami rya La Bonne Adresse -5447 Inyubako ya Adresse La Bonne, 76 Avenue de la Revolution, Kigali. == Reba kandi ==   == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180201194700/http://www.bnr.rw/ Urubuga rwa Banki nkuru yigihugu yu Rwanda] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232319/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/News/Crane-Bank-entry-excites-Rwanda-banking-sector-/-/1433218/2348140/-/j0fv4c/-/index.html Irushanwa Rikomeye Nkuko Banki Nkuru ya Uganda Yimukiye Mubice byisoko ryu Rwanda] [[Ikiciro:Banki]] [[Ikiciro:Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Banki zo mu Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]] e3ogj8f0b4313ziw9rhbtuk2inwvn9x 0 16945 139623 110122 2026-09-23T18:22:00Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139623 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Transfer money sign.jpg|thumb]] Vuga Ltd ni isosiyete yo [[Rwanda|mu Rwanda]], itanga ni serivisi yo kwambukiranya imipaka ya '''VugaPay'''. Iremera ubucuruzi n’abakoresha kohereza amafaranga muri sisitemu nini yo kwishyura, harimo imiyoboro y'amakarita yinguzanyo, amafaranga ya terefone igendanwa na Bitcoin ukoresheje porogaramu yabigenewe, porogaramu y’inyongera, porogaramu ya terefone igendanwa, cyangwa interineti. Yatunganije ibicuruzwa bisaga miliyoni 5 muri 2016. Kuva mu Kuboza 2016, VugaPay itanga ubwishyu bwihuse kuri 40 n’itumanaho rya terefone zigendanwa / zitwara abantu nko [[Rwanda]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Nigeri]], [[Malawi]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Gana]], [[Tanzaniya]] na [[Zambiya]]. == Serivisi == [[Dosiye:Ria Main Logo Descriptor Color RGB.png|thumb]] VugaPay ni serivisi yo kwishyurana yambukiranya imishinga ituma ubucuruzi n’abakoresha byohereza amafaranga muri sisitemu nkuru yo kwishyura. Irakurikiza uburyo bwubucuruzi busa kuri PayPal. VugaPay yisobanura nka umufuka wa digitale. Abakoresha biyandikisha kandi bashiraho konti batanga amakuru yibanze namakuru ya konti ya banki ukoresheje porogaramu zabo zigendanwa, USSD kuri terefone ziranga cyangwa kurubuga rwa VugaPay kandi bashobora kubona abandi bakoze konti. Inshuti n'abakira ibicuruzwa murashobora kubisanga mukoresheje nimero ya terefone, izina rya VugaPay, cyangwa imeri. Abakoresha bafite impagarike ya Vuga Pay ikoreshwa m'ubikorwa byabo. Barashobora guhuza amafaranga yabo agendanwa, bitcoin, konte ya banki ya PayPal, amakarita yo kubikuza, cyangwa amakarita y'inguzanyo kuri konti yabo ya VugaPay. Kwishura amafaranga ya mobile ni ubuntu, ariko amakarita yinguzanyo, bitcoin, PayPal na konti za banki bifite amafaranga 3% kuri buri gikorwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pricing |url=https://vugapay.com/fees/ |website=VugaPay.com}}</ref> Niba umukoresha adafite amafaranga ahagije kuri VugaPay ubwayo mugihe akora transaction, izahita ikuramo amafaranga yinyongera mu mafaranga ya mobile, konte ya banki cyangwa ikarita. == Amateka == [[Dosiye:2013 10 23 Economy Barclays Remittance Money Transfer 006 (10470877794).jpg|thumb]] Vuga Pay yashinzwe n'abavandimwe babiri bo mu Rwanda, Patrick Muhire na Cedrick Muhoza. Nyuma y'imyaka mike yo kureba M pesa ihinduka kuva kuri platifomu ntoya yimurwa igahinduka igisubizo cyuzuye cyo kwishyura, Patrick yibajije uko bishobora kumera niba byarahinduwe kuva hasi; gusa ku bihugu byose. Nk’uko Patrick abitangaza ngo igitekerezo cya Vuga Pay cyatangiye igihe Patrick yashakaga kohereza amafaranga ku mukoresha wa terefone igendanwa ku yindi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-10 |title=How Rwandan College Brothers Coded Their Way to Silicon Valley |url=https://ktpress.rw/2017/05/how-rwandan-college-brothers-coded-their-way-to-silicon-valley/ |access-date=2019-08-27 |website=KT PRESS |language=en-US}}</ref> Igikorwa cyo kohereza amafaranga kumukoresha umwe wa terefone igendanwa kurindi cyari ikibazo, nuko batangira gukora muburyo bwo kohereza amafaranga mubakoresha imiyoboro yose igendanwa, imikoranire y'amafaranga agendanwa. Porotipire yabo yumwimerere yohereje amafaranga binyuze muri MTN, TIGO, AIRTEL mu Rwanda, ariko amaherezo bava mu Rwanda bajya muri [[Imiterere ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'ibidukikije byaho|Afurika y'uburasirazuba]] bwose, bahuza itumanaho muri utwo turere. Iyi porogaramu yagiye ahagaragara mu nama yo muri Transform Africa 2015 ya TAS yabereye i [[Kigali]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-10 |title=How Rwandan College Brothers Coded Their Way to Silicon Valley |url=https://ktpress.rw/2017/05/how-rwandan-college-brothers-coded-their-way-to-silicon-valley/ |access-date=2019-08-27 |website=KT PRESS |language=en-US}}</ref> Ku ikubitiro, VugaPay yari ishingiye ku mafaranga agendanwa. Ihererekanyabubasha rya VugaPay rifatwa nkigisambo binyuze mubitwara amafaranga kandi birashobora gukorwa kubitwara byose hamwe na serivisi zamafaranga. Iyimurwa ryihuse, hamwe numubare munini wabatwara baturutse muri Afrika. Afurika y'Iburasirazuba ivuga ko amayeri amwe n'amwe akoreshwa kuri sisitemu y'amafaranga agendanwa no mu zindi serivisi. Mu mpera zo muri 2016, Timothy C. Draper yashoye ishoramari rye rya kabiri muri Afurika muri VugaPay. Nyuma VugaPay yazanye isoko ifunguye amafaranga mobile api, kubacuruzi bazemera amafaranga ya mobile nkubwishyu. == Reba kandi == * Kwishura kuri terefone * amafaranga ya mobile * M-pesa * Bitcoin * Kwishura == Reba == {{Reflist|2}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo]] [[Ikiciro:Rwiyemeza mirimo]] [[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]] 3zu7csk4ba0u0bi10l2jng3a7g45pom 0 16983 139807 135497 2026-09-24T10:30:47Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139807 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ubukerarugendo bw'ibimera == [[Dosiye:Flowers in wetland.jpg|thumb|ibimera]] Mu [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]] kimwe nahandi hose ibidukikije bigizwe n'ibice bibiri, ibidukikije karemano, ibidukikije kamere,n'ibidukikije biva kubikorwa bya muntu kandi bigengwa na Poliike, inzego z'ubuobozi n'amategeko mumikorere,mu kurindwa no<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibimera/</ref> mumicungire yabyo, Ibidukikije kamere bigizwe n'ubutaka, n'ikuzimu, umwuka, urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, ubwiza nyaburanga, ahantu nyaburanga n’inyubako. Ibidukikije biva ku bikorwa bya muntu birebana n’imitunganyirize y’imijyi n’icyaro n’imibereho y’abantu.<ref>https://rwandatrade.rw/media/Plant-health-law-Official_Gazette_no_22_of_30.05.2016.pdf</ref> == Akamaro == ibimera mu [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]] nibimwe mubintu byitaweho cyane kuko byagaragaye ko bigira uruhare runini mu iterambere ry'igihugu mu [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]] ndettse no hanze yyarwo hariho ingamba zo kubungabunga umusaruro ukomoka ku bimera == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} 2yqx8krvt76eqxkv8ap4nejm3m536dq 0 17015 139649 98900 2026-09-23T18:27:00Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139649 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nkosana Makate''' (wavutse mu mwaka wa 1977), ni umunyafurika yepfo wasabye Vodacom igitekerezo cyitwa "Ndakwinginze umpamagare". <ref name="enca">{{Cite web |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/please-call-me-guy-relieved-after-years-of-court-battles |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-06-13 |archive-date=2021-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118170541/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/please-call-me-guy-relieved-after-years-of-court-battles |url-status=dead }}</ref> Igitekerezo cye cyari kigizwe no kohereza ubutumwa kubuntu kubandi bakoresha Vodacom kugirango bagusabe ko baguhamagara, nubwo waba udafite inguzanyo ihagije yo kubikora. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Please call me - send a call back when out of airtime |url=https://myvodacom.secure.vodacom.co.za/personal/main/100GB_campaign |website=myvodacom.secure.vodacom.co.za}}</ref> Nkosana Makate yasangiye igitekerezo n'umukoresha we, ariko ntabwo yigeze abona ubwishyu. Yashinjeje Vodacom kandi yatsinze urwo rubanza nyuma y'intambara y'imyaka 8. == Urubanza == Vodacom yatangiye serivisi yiswe Ndakwinginze umpamagare mu mwaka wa 2001. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 28, 2016 |title=How Nkosana Makate won the Please Call Me case |url=https://www.moneyweb.co.za/moneyweb-opinion/nkosana-makate-won-please-call-case/ |website=Moneyweb}}</ref> Urubanza rwaciwe mu mwaka wa 2014 mu rukiko rwisumbuye rwa Gauteng rwo mu majyepfo rwashyigikiye ikirego cya Makate ko ariwe nyiri gitekerezo cyaturutseho cya Ndakwinginze umpamagare. Yanze kandi icyifuzo cy'uwahoze ari umuyobozi mukuru, Alan Knott-Craig, avuga ko yazanye igitekerezo cya serivisi y'ubutumwa. Nyamara Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze Makate, ruvuga ko Geissler atari afite ububasha bwo gusezeranya Makate izo ndishyi kandi ko umwenda wari kurangira (mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko, byateganijwe) mu myaka itatu. Makate yajuririye urwo rubanza, nyuma aza kurujyana mu Rukiko Rushinzwe Kurinda Iremezo ry'Itegeko Nshinga. Muri Mata mu mwaka wa 2016, umutabera Chris Jafta yasanze kuruhande rwa Makate no kurwanya Vodacom. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]] [[Ikiciro:Umucuruzi]] eap63uo60wizann5riq070ku3lu1osm 0 17067 139873 110159 2026-09-24T10:41:50Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139873 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Manchester-fifth-pan-african-conference-1.jpg|thumb]] '''Komisiyo ishinzwe ifaranga n’imari ( Committee on Monetary and Financial Affairs )''' ni imwe muri komite icumi zihoraho z’Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Pan afurika. Ikemura ibibazo bikurikira : * Suzuma umushinga ugereranya ingengo y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kandi ushyikirize Inteko. * Muganire ku ngengo y’imari y’ubumwe kandi mutange ibyifuzo bikwiye. * Suzuma kandi utange raporo ku Nteko ku bibazo bifitanye isano n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ingengo y'imari y'umwaka. * Fasha Inteko gushyira mu bikorwa uruhare rwayo rwo gushyiraho politiki nziza y’ubukungu, ifaranga n’ishoramari. Perezida wa Komite ni Peter Daka ukomoka muri [[Zambiya]]. Umuyobozi wungirije Babacar Gaye ukomoka muri [[Senegali]]. Rapporteur ni Wycliffe Oparanya ukomoka muri [[Kenya]]. [[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]] ktmm6kbrubm9t1ned1zdrkdmh1306ve 0 17074 139781 112582 2026-09-24T10:01:32Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139781 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Tamagoto solar pedals hybrid vehicle.jpg|thumb]] Ni Abanyeshuri bagera kuri 12 biga iby’ikoranabuhanga i Kigali bamuritse imodoka bakoze itwarwa n’ingufu z’imirasire y’izuba, igatwara abagera k'ubantu batatu, igenda ku muvuduko wa kilometero 50 mu isaha. <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ikoranabuhanga/ibindi-bikoresho/article/abanyeshuri-b-abanyarwanda-bamuritse-imodoka-bikoreye</ref> == Imodoka == [[Dosiye:STES campus,Vadgaon-Ambegaon,Pune,Maharashtra,India.jpg|thumb|Ishuri rya Singhad Technical Education Society (STES)]] Iyi modoka urebye yakozwe n’abanyeshuri biga muri kaminuza yitwa Singhad Technical Education Society (STES) mu [[Rwanda]] bagera kuri 12 . Ni imodoka igendeshwa n’ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba ziba zabitswe mu byitwa batiri ebyiri, zaba zuzuye neza iyo modoka ikaba yagenda amasaha ane idahagaze. Ubwo ariko igihe ibyuma bihindura imirasire y’izuba iyo modoka ikoranywa byaba bikora neza, imodoka yakomeza kugenda na nyuma y’amasaha ane, kimwe n’uko bibaye ngombwa izo batiri bazongeramo ingufu bazicometse ku mashanyarazi asanzwe.<ref>https://www.igihe.com/ikoranabuhanga/ibindi-bikoresho/article/nyuma-y-imodoka-ikoresha-imirasire-y-izuba-bakoze-ipombo-izafasha-mu-kurwanya?fbclid=IwAR20cqI7O86R-K-oLBXG78skva4QyQEZWplYfgo-VG1AGj8HVb9TBQtj96g</ref> == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Imodoka]] 0rf1mh78b6d0xuzumi8dcheibgzq7lz 0 17120 139747 112885 2026-09-23T18:41:53Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139747 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:IMG-20190331-WA0002 Nyali bridge , Mombasa, Kenya.jpg|thumb|ikiraro cya nyali]] k {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ikiraro cya Nyali gishaje |- | {| class="wikitable" |+ |'''''Amerekezo''''' |[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nyali_Bridge_(1931)&params=4_2_51_S_39_40_42_E_ 4°2′51″S 39°40′42″E] |- |'''''Gutwara''''' |Imodoka zo mu muhanda,abanyamaguru |- |'''''Aho bihurira''''' |Tudor Creek |- |'''''Ahantu''''' |Kenya |} {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="2" |Ibiranga |- |'''''Igishushanyo''''' |ikiraro kireremba |- |'''''Uburebure bwose''''' |Metero 400 |- |'''''Umwanya muremure''''' |Metero 250 |} {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="2" |Amateka |- |'''''Gufunga''''' |Mu mwaka wa 1980 (hasimbuwe mu mwaka wa 1981) |} [[Dosiye:Mombasa County location map.png|thumb|Aho Mombasa iherereye]] |} [[Dosiye:Bridge Alcantara.JPG|thumb|Ikiraro]] '''Ikiraro cya Nyali''' cyari ikiraro kireremba hejuru y'amazi kigahuza ikirwa cya Mombasa [[Kenya|n'umugabane wa Kenya]]. Iki kiraro cyahuzaga akarere ka Mzizima ka Mombasa na Nyali, <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.blissites.com/kenya/places/mombasa.html |title=Tim and Lara Beth's Kenya Page – Mombasa |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-date=2008-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617031557/http://www.blissites.com/kenya/places/mombasa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> aho cyubatswe mu mwaka wa 1931. [[Dosiye:Approach_to_Nyali_Bridge.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Roar_to_Nyali_Bridge.jpg|thumb]] Mu mwaka wa 1980, ikiraro cyasimbuwe n’ikiraro gishya cya Nyali (giherereye nko muri kilometero 0.89 mu majyaruguru), gusiga ikiraro cy'icyuma kugirango gisenywe muburyo bwo gusibwa. <ref>[http://www.buzzle.com/articles/139696.html Kenya North Coast Beach Hotels- (5) Star Mombasa Beach Hotels]</ref> Iburengerazuba bwa (Mombasa) hafi y'ikiraro nigice gisigaye cyikiraro ariko kimwe mubyuma bya pontoon byerekanwa hafi ya Restaurant ya Tamarind. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Kenya]] [[Ikiciro:Ubwikorezi]] [[Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica]] f73vb0j9v5wxumq2temwij1opdrjaif 0 17198 139808 133352 2026-09-24T10:30:54Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139808 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Gossy Ukanwoke.jpg|thumb|gossy ukankoke]] Gossy Ukanwoke ni [[Rwiyemezamirimo]], Umushoramari n'Umujyanama wa Guverinoma ushinzwe gutezimbere amashuri Makuru, Umutekano, Imari, Imyidagaduro, no Gukina. yakoranye n'inzego za [[Afurika]] na Guverinoma gutegura politiki y'iterambere.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230620041430/https://ukanwoke.org/about/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thechrysaliscapital.com/team/gossy-ukanwoke/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-06-20 |archive-date=2023-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620041430/https://thechrysaliscapital.com/team/gossy-ukanwoke/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.crunchbase.com/person/gossy-ukanwoke</ref> == Amateka == Rwiyemezamirimo w’uburezi, Gossy Ukanwoke, ni we washinze uburezi bukuru bwa BAU butanga Gahunda y’Uburezi Nshingwabikorwa ku banyamwuga, abayobozi ndetse n’abanyeshuri barangije bashaka guteza imbere ubucuruzi n’ubuyobozi kuri interineti no mu kigo. Isosiyete ye ifite, BAU R&D yarangije gushora imari muri Kaminuza ebyiri za [[Nijeriya|Nigeriya]]. Ni na Perezida wa EduTech Nigeriya, isosiyete ikora ibijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga ikorana na za kaminuza mu gukoresha ubuzima bw’abanyeshuri kuri interineti kuva mu gushaka kugeza ku barangije bafasha kaminuza gakondo zo muri Afurika gufata gahunda z’impamyabumenyi ku kigo cya interineti binyuze mu gushyira mu bikorwa ikoranabuhanga ryiza, gucunga inzira, gushaka, kwinjira no gutanga inama.<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2018/04/18/30-most-promising-young-entrepreneurs-in-africa-2018/?sh=36608ddd7474</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.responsiblebusiness.com/speakers/gossy-ukanwoke/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-06-20 |archive-date=2023-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620041430/https://www.responsiblebusiness.com/speakers/gossy-ukanwoke/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://refinedng.com/gossy-ukanwoke/</ref> == Ishakiro == [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica]] [[Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo]] [[Ikiciro:Nigeriya]] jan2bh108ven4th3shfxojsj8hk8x16 0 17477 139696 117133 2026-09-23T18:35:22Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139696 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Communes of Rwanda in 1983.svg|thumb|avuka mugihugu cyurwanda mumujyi wa kigali]] '''Alice Kayitesi''' afite imyaka 25, ni umwe mu bakobwa barokotse ibitero bya FNL bya korewe mu Rwanda, uvuki ikigali, woreraga i kamembe mu karere ka Rusizi. [[Dosiye:RusiziDist.png|center|thumb|Aho Alice yakoreraga]] [[Ikiciro:Umukobwa]] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] gbnczw46vi6tdy2tqfo971x3p3iojbi 0 17582 139697 108103 2026-09-23T18:35:29Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139697 wikitext text/x-wiki Akarere ka [[Akarere ka Nyabihu|Nyabihu]] ni kamwe muturere duhingwamo [[icyayi]] cy Urwanda bafifashijwe ni imwe muri companyi zikomeye hano murwanda izwi nka [[Rwanda Mountain Tea Packaging and Blending Unit|Rwanda Mountain Tea]]. icyo kigo cyatangije ingamba zikomeye zo guteza imbere umuhinzi w icya kuva mumwaka wa 2005 kugeza ubu aho umusaruro w icyayi wiyongereye cyane ubu Urwanda rukaba rusagurira n amahanga<ref>https://igihe.com/ubukungu/iterambere/article/nyabihu-abahinzi-b-icyayi-bakanguriwe-kongera-ubuso-n-ubwiza-bwacyo</ref><ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/13230/news/featured/rwanda-mountain-tea-ltd-honours-tea-farmers-across-8-factories</ref> [[Dosiye:Tea_of_Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Tea of Rwanda]] == Iterambere ry Umurimo == Murwego rwo kwishimira uruhare niterambere ry umuhinzi ndetse numusoromyi w icyayi Mu Rwanda, habaho ikorwa ngaruka mwaka bibashishikariza ndetse bibatera imbaraga zo kongera umusararo, mw iterambere rirambye kuburyo numuhinzzi ubwe bimujfasha kwiteza imbere kuburyo bugharagara.<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/13230/news/featured/rwanda-mountain-tea-ltd-honours-tea-farmers-across-8-factories</ref> Amatungo yaratanze kuri benshi mubahinzi bo mukarere ka Nyabihu, ndetse bamwe muribo baragira bati iri tungo mpawe rigiye kunfasha kwiteza imbere nge numuryango wange, ndetse ndashishikariza abahinzi b icyayi bagenzi bange kugifata neza ndetse no kugisigasira.<ref>https://maps.prodafrica.com/places/rwanda/kigali-city/kigali/tea-producer/rwanda-mountain-tea-ltd/</ref> [[Dosiye:Rwanda_landscape.jpg|thumb|Rwanda landscape]] [[Dosiye:Green_tea_box_with_leaf.jpg|thumb|Green tea box with leaf]] [[Dosiye:Mild_Tea_Bag.jpg|thumb|Tea Bag]] == Isoko y Izi Nyandiko == bi84ibyfb448vpqxovrryrdhg3h4wti 0 17590 139809 101757 2026-09-24T10:31:01Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139809 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barashimira abafite amavuriro yijyenga numusanzu''' '''wabomwiterambere ry'Igihugu''' Imyaka 48 Dr Muyombano ntoine akora umwuga wubuvuzi yatanyiriye mumahanga akaba yarawukomereje ino m'uRwanda mu 1994 atashye mujyihugu cye atajyiza ivuriro polyclinique du plateau.[https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Kwibohora-Abafite-amavuriro-yigenga-barishimira-umusanzu-wabo-mu-iterambere-ryIgihugu] bamwe mubagana aya mavuriro yigenga bavugako bayagana kubera servise nziza bahabwa nayo mavuriro yijyenga.[https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Kwibohora-Abafite-amavuriro-yigenga-barishimira-umusanzu-wabo-mu-iterambere-ryIgihugu] Amavuriro yijyenga m'uRwanda asaga 300 ni amamwe mavuriro usanga aganwa nabenshi kuko atanga serivisi nziza cyane, akaba akunda nogutanga akazi kubantu bataribacye akaba aganwa na miliyoni 3 zingana nabivuza miliyoni 3 kumwaka.[https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Kwibohora-Abafite-amavuriro-yigenga-barishimira-umusanzu-wabo-mu-iterambere-ryIgihugu] === indanganturo === https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Kwibohora-Abafite-amavuriro-yigenga-barishimira-umusanzu-wabo-mu-iterambere-ryIgihugu ifbcesfa6gwbd2kjnv0x55lo53zh95f 0 17605 139698 136671 2026-09-23T18:35:37Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139698 wikitext text/x-wiki Inama y' igihugu y' abantu bafite ubumuga ni urwego rwa leta rwigenga, rureberera abafite ubumuga mu [[Rwanda]] rukagira inzego z' imitegekere kandi rukagenzurwa na guverinoma. <ref>https://archive.gazettes.africa/archive/rw/2011/rw-government-gazette-dated-2011-02-12-no-special.pdf</ref> == Abayigize == Inama y' igihugu y' abantu bafite ubumuga igize na abantu bose bafite ubumuga. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncpd.gov.rw/news-details?tx_news_pi1%5Bday%5D=25&tx_news_pi1%5Bmonth%5D=6&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=269&tx_news_pi1%5Byear%5D=2020&cHash=7d48a0a1217f7a78d99836855d536ddf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-01-18 |archive-date=2024-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115094420/https://www.ncpd.gov.rw/news-details?tx_news_pi1&#91;day&#93;=25&tx_news_pi1&#91;month&#93;=6&tx_news_pi1&#91;news&#93;=269&tx_news_pi1&#91;year&#93;=2020&cHash=7d48a0a1217f7a78d99836855d536ddf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Inzego zigize inama y' igihugu y' abantu bafite ubumuga === Mu Rwanda inama y' iguhuguy' abantu bafite ubumuga igizwe n' inzego 3 zikurikira: # Inama rusange, akaba arinarwo rwego rukuru ruyobora, rukanafata ibyemezo. # Comite nyobozi ni urwego rushinzwe gushyira mubikorwa ibyemezo byafashwe ni nama rusange. # Ubunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa ni rwo rwego rushizwe imikorere yaburi munsi y' inama y' igihugu y' abantu bafite ubumuga rukagira abakozi bagera kuri 21 bahoraho kandi rukayoborwa n' Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa, ndetse rushinzwe guhuza ibikorwa by' abafatanyabikorwa. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncpd.gov.rw/news-details?tx_news_pi1%5Bday%5D=25&tx_news_pi1%5Bmonth%5D=6&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=269&tx_news_pi1%5Byear%5D=2020&cHash=7d48a0a1217f7a78d99836855d536ddf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-01-18 |archive-date=2024-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115094420/https://www.ncpd.gov.rw/news-details?tx_news_pi1%5Bday%5D=25&tx_news_pi1%5Bmonth%5D=6&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=269&tx_news_pi1%5Byear%5D=2020&cHash=7d48a0a1217f7a78d99836855d536ddf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Inshingano z' inama y' igihugu y' abantu bafite ubumuga === inama y' igihugu y' abantu bafite ubumuga igira inshingano nyinshi ariko zikubiye mu 10 zingenzi: # Kubaka ubushobozi bw' abantu bafite ubumuga. # Kugira uruhare mugukumira ibitera ubumuga. # Guhuza ibikorwa bigamije gutezimbere abantu bafite ubumuga === Ibikorwa by' inama y'igihugu y' abantu bafite ubumuga === Inama y' igihugu y' abantu bafite ubumuga igira ibikorwa byinshu byibanda kugutezimbere abafite ubumuga harimo kumenya imibare y' abantu bafite ubumuga mu Rwanda, kumenya ubuko bw' ubumuga abanyamuryango bafite, kumenya no kugena ibikenewe nki insimburangingo n' [[inyunganirangingo]] no' ubuvuzi bw' abafite ubumuga. ==== Ibarura rusange ry' abantu bafite ubumuga mu Rwanda <ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/hatangiye-ibarura-ry-abafite-ubumuga-mu-rwanda</ref> ==== Inama y' igihugu y' abantu bafite ubumuga mu Rwanda yatangije ibarura rusange ry' abantu bafite ubumuga mu Rwanda rigamije kumenya umubare w' abafite ubumuga, ubwoko bw' ubumuga bafite naho baherereye. hashingiwe ku ibarura rusange ryo mu mwaka wa 2022 ryagaragaje ko abafite ubumuga mu Rwanda bagera kuri 3,4% by' abaturage bose bivuzeko ari 391.775 muri aba abagore basaga ibihimbi 216 naho abagabo ni ibihumbi 174 n' imisago, akarereka Nyagatare kaza ku isinga mukugira umubare munini w' abafite ubumuga gakurikirwa na akarere ka Gasabo naho Nyarugenge niyo ifite umubare muto w' abantu bafite ubumuga aho ifite abasaga ibihumbi 8. Ibarura ry' uyu mwaka biteganyijweko rizagaragaza imibare mpamo y' abantu bafite ubumuga mu Rwanda ndetse n' amakuru yose aberekeyeho kuko inama y' igihugu y' abantu bafite ubumuga yatangaje ko hazifashishwa ikoranabuhanga muri iri barura rikazamara amezi 4 guhera muri Ukuboza 2023. <ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/hatangiye-ibarura-ry-abafite-ubumuga-mu-rwanda</ref> <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/gukusanya-amakuru-y-abantu-bafite-ubumuga-bizazana-impinduka-mu-mibereho-yabo</ref> === Intanganturo. === 6x13c77x5mmgu4o49cknb7g881exfj1 0 17648 139576 125523 2026-09-23T14:20:53Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139576 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:KneeScooter.jpg|thumb| Igare rikoreshwa n'abafite ubumuga bw'Amavi n'amaguru mu Kugenda by'ubuvuzi bukenewe. Iyi verisiyo ifite umusego ushobora guhinduka hamwe nigitambaro, hamwe na feri ebyiri.]] [[Dosiye:Knee_scooter_75_St_CPW_jeh.jpg|thumb| Ni akagare gakoreshwa]] '''Akagare k'abafite ubumuga''' cyangwa '''igikoresho gifasha ufite ubumuga bw'Ivi kugenda''' ni igikoresho kigizwe n'ibiziga bibiri, bitatu cyangwa ibiziga bine by'ikiziga kibisimbuza inkoni cyangwa umutambagiro gakondo nk'ubufasha. Hari n'andi mazina menshi, harimo '''coaster y'ivi''', '''cruiser''', '''ivi caddy''', '''scooter orthopedic''', cyangwa '''kugenda kw'amaguru'''. <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=620–621}}</ref> Mu myaka yashize, hifashishijwe uburyo bwinshi, uhereye ku bikoresho bifite amapine mato bikwiriye gukoreshwa mu nzu, kugeza ku binini, bibasha gukoreshwa hanze mu byatsi cyangwa muri kaburimbo. Ubusanzwe verisiyo y'uyu munsi n'ubusanzwe bworoshye, bushobora kugereranywa, hamwe n'ivi ryoroheje, rishyigikira uburyo bw'ingingo zidakoreshwa. Ikirenge gihabanye gikora hasi cyangwa kigahura no hasi, bifasha mu kugenda. == Ibikorwa bifashwa n'Intego == Intego y'iryo gare ni ukorohereza abafite ubumuga mu ngendo zitandukanye. Mbere yo kuyitangiza, ababazwe ibirenge, '''bunionectomies''', '''gout''', ababazwe munsi y'amavi, ibisebe bya diyabete n'ibikomere, ndetse no kuvunika ibirenge cyangwa kuvunika amavi, nta kundi bari kubigenza uretse kugabanya ibikorwa buzima busanzwe. Amahitamo yabo yonyine yari kugendana inkoni, kugenda mu buryo bwa gakondo cyangwa gucumbagira, igare ry'abafite ubumuga, cyangwa agatanda ko kuruhukiraho. Ububasha bw'utugare tw'ababana n'ubumuga bwo mu ivi bufite aho bugarukira; dushobora kuba dukwiye ku barwayi bamwe, harimo n'abafite ibikomere by'amaguru hejuru cyangwa hafi y'amavi. Ntidushobora kuyobora ingazi iremereye cyane kandi biragoye kutwikorera mu modoka kuruta inkoni. == Uburyo bwo gukodesha == Nk'uko utugare dukoreshwa n'abafite ubumuga bwo mu mavi bukoreshwa mu gihe urikoresha amaze gukira nyuma yo kubagwa, akenshi badukoresha mu gihe gito, mu busanzwe hafi ibyumweru bine. Mu gihe code ya Medicare E0118 ishobora kuba yari ihari kera ku bacuruzi kugira ngo babone abarwayi cyangwa abagenerwabikorwa, kuko impinduka zatewe mu mafaranga, abadandaza benshi bafite amahitamo yo gukodesha ibyo bicuruzwa mugihe gito cyo gukoreshwa. Bitewe ni ingorabahizi, ikiguzi cyo gukodesha (niba igikomere ari kirekire kuruta ibisanzwe), kandi birashoboka ko bitagaruka, bamwe bahitamo kugura ibicuruzwa aho. == Reba == {{Reflist}} j085ohqonuc90gnxb1fmyph4qa83tye 0 17651 139874 125369 2026-09-24T10:41:57Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139874 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Patientenlifter.JPG|thumb|Kuzamura umurwayi]]   A patient lift ( '''kuzamura abarwayi''', '''kuzamura jack''', cyangwa '''kuzamura Hoyer''' ) birashobora kuba '''umutwaro wa shitingi''' cyangwa '''kuzamura kwicara'''. Iki nigikoresho gifasha abarwayi mu bitaro n’ingo zita ku bageze mu za bukuru ndetse abantu bakira ubuvuzi mu rugo kwimurirwa hagati y'igitanda n'intebe cyangwa ahandi hameze nkaho baruhukira, hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi cyangwa imbarga za hydraulic. Sling lift ikoreshwa kubarwayi bafite umuvuduko muke. Kuzamura ibinyabiziga ni mobile (cyangwa hasi) kuzamura cyangwa kuzamura hejuru (igisenge- cyangwa urukuta, cyangwa ukoresheje inzira yo hejuru). <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gingerich |first=Barbara Stover |date=1998-06-15 |title=Pocket Guide for the Home Care Aide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mpKNG260hIgC&q=%22hoyer+lift%22&pg=PA225 |last2=Ondeck |first2=Deborah Anne |isbn=978-0-8342-1161-2}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Altman |first=Gaylene |date=2003-07-29 |title=Delmar's fundamental and advanced nursing skills |url=https://archive.org/details/delmarsfundament00gayl |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-4018-1069-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/delmarsfundament00gayl/page/484 484] |quote=hoyer lift. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Kuzamura umugozi bifite ibyiza byinshi. Kigira ngo abarwayi baremereye bimurirwe mu buryo butagoye, bikanagabanya umunaniro ku bafasha mu kwita ku barwayi,Igabanya kandi amahirwe yo gukomeretsa amagufwa yo guterura abarwayi. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith-Temple |first=Jean |date=2005-02-01 |title=Nurses' guide to clinical procedures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DgTKGcGOwsC&q=%22hoyer+lift%22&pg=PA621 |last2=Johnson |first2=Joyce Young |isbn=978-0-7817-5379-1}}</ref> Ubundi bwoko bwo kuzamura shitingi, bwitwa kuzamura igisenge, burashobora gushyirwaho burundu hejuru yinzu kugirango ubike umwanya. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Joel |date=2004-10-15 |title=Stroke and the family: A new guide |url=https://archive.org/details/strokefamilynewg00stei |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01513-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/strokefamilynewg00stei/page/210 210] |quote=hoyer lift. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Amakosa akoresheje guterura abarwayi arashobora gukomeretsa bikomeye, kandi ibikomere bimwe byatewe no gukoresha nabi cyangwa imikorere mibi ya lift ya shitingi byatumye habaho imanza zimbonezamubano. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Iyer |first=Patricia W |date=2002-11-26 |title=Legal nurse consulting: Principles and practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Kp-_MhPHPIC&q=hoyer+lift&pg=PA327 |last2=Consultants |first2=American Association of Legal Nurse |isbn=978-0-8493-1418-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2019-05-09 |title=Patient Lifts |url=https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/general-hospital-devices-and-supplies/patient-lifts |url-status=dead |journal=FDA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911144837/https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/general-hospital-devices-and-supplies/patient-lifts |archive-date=September 11, 2019}}</ref> hw1awacbiigwrvx2z9mz9h1o1mne496 0 17668 139839 123446 2026-09-24T10:34:39Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139839 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Rollator_as_a_backup.JPG|thumb|right|imodoka ya Canta LX.]] [[Dosiye:Canta LX (28053928465).jpg|thumb|Canta]] [[Dosiye:Canta (41812415484).jpg|thumb|canta]] '''Canta''' ni imodoka ifite intebe ebyiri zikorerwa m' ubuholandi zakozwe byumwihariko, ariko nanone ntizagenewe gusa abashoferi bamugaye. Yakozwe muri 1995 na Waaijenberg afatanije na kaminuza y’ikoranabuhanga ya Delft. Usibye imashini isanzwe ikoreshwa na peteroli, Canta y'amashanyarazi yagenewe isoko ry'ubudage kandi ubu iraboneka igurishwa ku masoko. Mu Buholandi, yashyizwe mu rwego [[mobility aid]] kuko ubugari bwiki kinyabiziga gifite metero 1,10 gusa, itandukanye nimodoka nini - ishobora gukoreshwa mu mihanda mito kimwe no k'umuhanda no kunyura k'umaguru; wongeyeho kandi uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga ntirusabwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Wat zijn de verkeersregels voor een gehandicaptenvoertuig met een motor? &#124; Vraag en antwoord |url=http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/bijzondere-voertuigen/vraag-en-antwoord/wat-zijn-de-verkeersregels-voor-een-gehandicaptenvoertuig-met-een-motor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520144343/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/bijzondere-voertuigen/vraag-en-antwoord/wat-zijn-de-verkeersregels-voor-een-gehandicaptenvoertuig-met-een-motor.html |archive-date=2013-05-20 |access-date=2014-05-17 |publisher=Rijksoverheid.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Buri Canta ikozwe hamwe no guhuza n'imihindagurikire isabwa y'umukiriya, nko kumenya kugenzura no guhinduranya ibumoso cyangwa iburyo, cyangwa byose ku kinyabiziga. Intebe zifite intera nini yo guhinduka kandi ishobora kwihuta kugirango yorohereze kwinjira no gusohoka. Aho kugira icyicaro cyumushoferi, icyitegererezo cyakozwe kugirango uyikoresha ufite ubumuga abashe kwinjira mu murongo w'inyuma hanyuma atware mugihe yicaye. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-08 |title=The world's smallest car? Meet the "Canta" &#124; Amsterdam Travel Guide |url=https://www.amsterdamlogue.com/attractions/the-worlds-smallest-car/amp/ |access-date=2014-05-17 |publisher=Amsterdamlogue.com}}</ref> <ref>Hoireabhaird, Niamh Ní, ''[https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/12/26/1064764/diversity-linguistics-project-us/ This tiny Dutch vehicle for people with disabilities is taking off]'', [[MIT Technology Review]], December 26, 2022</ref> Inyuma y'ikinyabiziga kimanurwa hasi iyo gihagaze kandi kikazamurwa mu buryo bworoshye iyo moteri itangiye. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-25 |title=De Inrij Canta: De ideale oplossing voor rolstoelgebruikers &#124; Waaijenberg Mobiliteit |url=http://www.waaijenberg.com/canta/de-inrij-canta |access-date=2014-05-17 |publisher=Waaijenberg.com |language=nl |archive-date=2014-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135627/http://www.waaijenberg.com/canta/de-inrij-canta |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-06 |title=Rolstoel canta, Wheelchair canta Waaijenberg |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnJ-QCchaqk |access-date=2014-05-17 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> == ''De Canta danst!'' == kandi De Canta danst ni tereviziyo ikorana na Viewpoint Productions na NTR ku bufatanye na Ballet y’Ubuholandi yerekana korewografiya yerekana microcar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Over Ons |url=http://www.nederland.tv/nederland-2/de-canta-danst.html |access-date=2014-05-17 |publisher=Nederland.TV |language=nl}}</ref> Ni igice cya ''ballet ya Het Nationale Canta'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=het nationale CANTA ballet |url=http://www.hetnationalecantaballet.nl/ |access-date=2014-05-17 |publisher=Hetnationalecantaballet.nl |language=nl |archive-date=2014-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517232353/http://hetnationalecantaballet.nl/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> nayo ikaba ari igikorwa cy'umukinnyi wamafirime umuyobozi Maartje Nevejan. Yakozwe na korewografiya na Ernst Meisner wo muri Ballet y'igihugu yu Buholandi, hamwe n'umuziki wanditswe n'uwahimbye ariwe Robin Rimbaud. Umushinga watewe inkunga na Stichting Doen n'Ikigega SNS NYAKURI. Ibitaramo byabaye ku ya 28 Kamena 2012 ahitwa Westergasfabriek. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Bijzondere eenmalige voorstelling van het Nationale Canta Ballet &#124; Westergasfabriek |url=http://www.westergasfabriek.nl/whats-on/nieuws/het-nationale-canta-ballet |access-date=2014-05-17 |publisher=Westergasfabriek.nl |language=nl}}</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * Official website [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]] 7oe6rqjxmu2aoub5vfsrkqq8m0dsqjc 0 17682 139624 136797 2026-09-23T18:22:07Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139624 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kwiyubaka kubafite ubumuga == === Abafite ubumuga aho bajyeze biyubaka nubushobozi nu ububasha basigaye bafite mundi baturage ndetse n'ijambo muri leta muri rusange. Samaza Chantal atuye mukarere ka Gasabo mu Murenge Wa kacyiru aho aho akora umwuga wogutunganya imisatsi. === Nubwo afite ubumuga bwingingo yanze kwicara ngo asabirize yakuye amaboko mumifuka yihangira umurimo wogukora imisatsi.[https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/abafite-ubumuga-babayeho-bate-mu-nzego-zitandukanye-z-ubuzima] Yahise ahuza bagenzibe bafite ubumuga kujyirango bishakemo ibisubizo, ati kumugara nibivuze kwicara kumuhanda ngo usabirize iyufite mumutwe hazima uratecereza ugashaka icyukora ukiteza imbere, ubu twishyize hamwe iyushatse ugurizwa 100,000Rwf ukaba wakunguka 10,000rwf burikwizi, umwaka iyurajyiye dufata kuriyanyungu tukagabana kubutyo burinyungu ijyera kuri burimunyamuryango.[https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/abafite-ubumuga-babayeho-bate-mu-nzego-zitandukanye-z-ubuzima] Avugako leta ibafasha umunsi kumunsi, gusa akavugako bafashwa kugira aho bakorera kujyirango bajye babona inkunga ibaha igishoro. ati ikindi leta ikwiye kudufasha nkabagore bafite ubumuga, ni uko twafashwa kubona imidugudu kuko abenshi usanga batishoboye kandi bafite abana ,badufashije kubona aho tuba twateza imbere kuko duhora twirukanwa munzu abandi.[https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/abafite-ubumuga-babayeho-bate-mu-nzego-zitandukanye-z-ubuzima].. Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa wa NUDOR Jean Damascene Nsengiyumva avugako hari bimwe bigomba gukorwa ngo abafite ubumuga koko ngobafashwe. [https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/abafite-ubumuga-babayeho-bate-mu-nzego-zitandukanye-z-ubuzima] === ishakiro === # https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/abafite-ubumuga-babayeho-bate-mu-nzego-zitandukanye-z-ubuzima 2_.[https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/abafite-ubumuga-babayeho-bate-mu-nzego-zitandukanye-z-ubuzima https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/abafite-ubumuga-babayeho-bate-mu- nzego-zitandukanye-z-ubuzima] 3.[https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/abafite-ubumuga-babayeho-bate-mu-nzego-zitandukanye-z-ubuzima https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/abafite-ubumuga-babayeho-bate-mu- nzego-zitandukanye-z-ubuzima] ic0q6g6yv68tfw5oo7wc1zjwyqhj09b 0 17697 139823 136798 2026-09-24T10:32:42Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139823 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ibikorwa bidahezwa abafite ubumuga == === Mu butumwa rusange ku bitabiriye ibirori byo gutanga ibyo bihembo hagaragajwe ko buri wese akwiye kujyira uruhare muguharanira ko abantu bafite ubumuga bagira uburenganzira nk'ubw'abandi, kandi ko abahawe ibihembo bakwiye kubera abandi urugero mugukomeza kubera abandi urugero mugukomeza guteza imbere mubikorwa bidaheza abafite ubumuga. === Hahembwe kandi abanyeshuri biga muri IPRF Kicukiro, nkabafite umushinga mwiza ufite agashya gashobora gufasha abafite ubumuga, aho bakoze igare rishobora gufasha ubumuga rikoresheje kwitwara bisabye ko bamusunika ahubwo rigasaba ijwi mu kwitwara.[https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/abateza-imbere-ibikorwa-bidaheza-abafite-ubumuga-bashimiwe] Hanahembwe kandi ibigo bitandukanye bisanzwe bitanga serivisi birimo iby'imari,ubucuruzi bwagutse birimo stafford Coffee Brewerty ltd igikoresho abakozi bakoresha bafite ubumuga kandi kigaragazako batanga umusaruro kandi ko kizakomeza kubongera.[https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/abateza-imbere-ibikorwa-bidaheza-abafite-ubumuga-bashimiwe] Umunyamabanga Nshingwa bikorwa w'Inama y'Igihugu y'abafite ubumuga Ndayisaba Emmanuel, yavuzeko hatewe intambwe ikomeye imaze mu rugendo rwo gushikira abafite ubumuga. agari ati ibigo bitandukanye bikwiye kwimakaza ihame ryo kudaheza abafite ubumuga kuko nabo bashoboye kandi ko munzego zose bakoramobashobora gutanga umusaruro.[https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/abateza-imbere-ibikorwa-bidaheza-abafite-ubumuga-bashimiwe] === indanganturo === 1.https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/abateza-imbere-ibikorwa-bidaheza-abafite-ubumuga-bashimiwe 2.https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/abateza-imbere-ibikorwa-bidaheza-abafite-ubumuga-bashimiwe 3.https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/abateza-imbere-ibikorwa-bidaheza-abafite-ubumuga-bashimiwe a67q6fh3974btg6sw2kun3c2bqs7cpm 0 17781 139810 117109 2026-09-24T10:31:08Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139810 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Wheelchair_front_drive_power_add-on_diagram.jpg|thumb| Intebe y'abamugaye ]] [[Dosiye:WheelchairSeatingNTSB.jpg|thumb|Wheelchair]] [[Dosiye:WWHCC 2009 - Team China.jpg|thumb|wheelchair ]] '''Intebe y’ibimuga yongerwaho''' cyangwa ifasha imbaraga n'igikoresho cy'ubuvuzi, Icyiciro cya mbere gifasha abakoresha [[Wheelchair|intoki]] byoroshye-gukoresha imbaraga cyangwa amaboko. Yagenewe abantu badashobora kugenda ariko bashobora kwigenza mu igare ry’abamugaye. Turabikesha uburyo bwihuse bwo guhindura ibintu hamwe na clip byoroshye kuri sisitemu zitandukanye z'intebe z’abamugaye, inyongeramusaruro zishobora gukoreshwa n'abantu bafite inzitizi zitandukanye zo kugenda. [[Dosiye:UNAwheel Mini Active and UNAwheel Mini Basic wheelchair power add-ons in Los Angeles 2.jpg|thumb|Abantu bari gukoresha Wheelchair power add-ons]] == Ubwoko == Hariho ubwoko butandukanye bw'intebe y'abamugaye byongeweho, bitandukanye nu buryo bwo kugerekaho, imbaraga zongerwaho, uburyo bwo kugenzura, hamwe n'ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa. Imbaraga zimwe zongeweho zoroheje kandi zagenewe gukoreshwa muri rusange b'urimunsi, izindi zirakomeye cyane kandi zuzuye mubikorwa bimwe, cyangwa kugirango zikemure ibikenewe byihariye. Guhanga udushya ku isoko birasanzwe, ariko udushya twinshi amaherezo tugwa mu nzira, haba muburyo budasanzwe cyangwa kunanirwa kuza ku isoko ku giciro cyagenwe. === Yinjijwe mu ruziga rw'ibimuga === Ubu bwoko bw'imbaraga zongeraho gufasha abamugaye cyangwa intebe yumwimerere hamwe na moteri. Muri moderi ziheruka za bateri, umugenzuzi wa moteri byose byubatswe mu ruziga kandi uruziga rukomeza gutandukana no gutwara byoroshye. Intebe y’abamugaye irashobora kugenzurwa no gusunika uruziga cyangwa irashobora guhindura byimazeyo intebe y’abamugaye mu [[Motorized wheelchair|igare ry’ibimuga]] wongeyeho joystick yashyizwe ku kuboko. <ref>[https://www.alber.de/ Alber GmbH]</ref> == Reba kandi == * Ikinyabiziga kigendanwa * [[Motorized wheelchair|Ikimuga cy’ibimuga]] * [[Cars for wheelchair users|Imodoka kubakoresha igare ryibimuga]] * Kuzamura intebe * Intebe y'abamugaye == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == {{Disability navbox}} [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]] swht7bl9kmn4c06yfrupsf1ya4a8zd6 0 17783 139811 117111 2026-09-24T10:31:16Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139811 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Wheelchair tennis Atlanta Paralympics (11).jpg|thumb|Wheelchair tennis|223x223px]] [[Dosiye:Ontario Hockey League IMG 1100 (4470734195).jpg|thumb|wheelchair trainer]] '''Igare ry’abamugaye''' cyangwa igare ni igikoresho cy'emerera umuyobozi [[Wheelchair|w’ibimuga]] w'igana ingendo y'umurongo mugihe asigaye ahagarara muburyo busa n'umuntu ambulatori ugenda cyangwa wiruka kuri podiyumu cyangwa umumotari utwara igare ku mutoza wa magare. Inziga y’absmugaye y'inyuma ishyirwa hamwe nu muzingo uhagaritse cyangwa utambitse ushobora kandi kuba wometse kuri flawhehele, kurwanya imashini cyangwa uburyo bwo gufata feri, moteri n'umuvuduko utandukanye hamwe na sensor sensor. [1] Flywheel ishobora kuba nini kugirango itange umukoresha wa misa runaka hamwe na inertiya yo kuzenguruka ihwanye nubusobanuro bwabo kugirango ubashe kugereranya igare ry'abmugaye. == Amateka == [[Dosiye:Wheelchair Basketball Canada - SWNT player Tara Llanes.jpg|thumb|Umukinnyi ukoresha Wheelchair|263x263px]] Ishami rishinzwe ibibazo by’abasirikare muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika ryashoye imari mu myaka myinshi ishize, m' ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’ibikoresho bibiri bitoza abamugaye: Ikimuga cy’abimugaye (WAFT), [2] na GameWheels. [4] Amateka y’iterambere ry’abatoza b’abamugaye ashobora kuvunagurwa muri patenti 10 zatanzwe n’ibiro by’Amerika bishinzwe ipiganwa n’ubucuruzi by’abamugaye bahagarariye abamugaye ,amagare, ergometero, dinometero, simulator byatanjwe kuva 1980 kugeza 2009. == Iterambere == Ipatanti iheruka kugurishwa munsi yikimenyetso cya Trekease, cy'ashizweho kugirango kibe impine ya Translation na Rotational Equivalent Kinetic Energy Aerobic Stationary Exertainment kandi nk'izina rya Trekkies abakunzi ba Star Trek bakunda. [7] Nta na kimwe mu bindi bintu byatanzwe, harimo na prototypes zigeragezwa zakozwe na VA, kuri ubu zirimo gucuruzwa; icyakora sisitemu yoroshye iterekanijwe hamwe na sisitemu ya roller isa mubishushanyo na patenti 4,966.362 bigurishwa n'abandi. [9] == Reba == '''Imirongo'''   '''Inama'''   '''Urubuga'''   == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [https://www.invictusactive.com/invictus-active-trainer/ Sisitemu yo guhugura abamugaye sisitemu yakozwe kandi ikorerwa mubwongereza] * [http://www.sportaid.com/mclain-wheelchair-training-rollers.html Ubusanzwe Reta zunzubumwe zamerika zakoze umutambagiro wibimuga hamwe nigare ryibimuga bifite imbaraga zo guhangana kandi nta cyerekezo] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240124140549/http://www.ukshopability.co.uk/disability/acatalog/Cardiovascular.html Abongereza bakoze umwirondoro muto & umutoza utoza hamwe no guhangana no guterana amagambo kandi nta cyerekezo] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200202164919/http://www.medical-development.com/produits/fiche-produit.asp?id=21&cat=1 Hejuru ya moteri yubufaransa yakoze ubushakashatsi bwibimuga byabamugaye / ergometero hamwe nicyerekezo no guhindura kamera] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] 8x70s5tr59cok556teeze57n3boyjyn 0 17822 139840 109642 2026-09-24T10:34:46Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139840 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Mountbatten-Brailler.jpg|right|thumb| A Mount batten Brailler]] '''Mountbatten Brailler''' ni imashini ya elegitoronike ikoreshwa mu kwandika ku mpapuro za braille. Ikoresha "clavier yandika ya braille" gakondo ya Perkins Brailler hamwe n'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, ikayiha ibintu byinshi byongeweho nko gutunganya ijambo, ibitekerezo by'amajwi no gushushanya. Imashini yabanjirijwe kandi itunganyirizwa mu [[Ubwongereza]] Royal National College for Blind i Hanoford na Ernest Bate. Ku ikubitiro Mountbatten yakorewe itunganywa muri [[Ositaraliya]]. <ref name="AFB1">{{Cite web |last=D'Andrea |first=Frances Mary |date=January 2005 |title=Product Evaluation: More than a Perkins Brailler: A Review of the Mountbatten Brailler, Part 1 |url=http://www.afb.org/afbpress/Pub.asp?DocID=aw060106 |access-date=24 February 2010 |publisher=[[American Foundation for the Blind]] |archive-date=28 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928161513/http://www.afb.org/afbpress/pub.asp?DocID=aw060106 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ku taliki ya 1 Mutarama mu mwaka 2010, uruganda rwa Mountbatten rwafashwe na sosiyete yo muri Polonye Harpo Sp. z o.o. <ref name="MB1">{{Cite web |title=About Harpo |url=http://www.mountbattenbrailler.com/about-harpo.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203083040/http://www.mountbattenbrailler.com/about-harpo.html |archive-date=3 December 2010 |access-date=13 December 2010}}</ref> Mountbatten yatunganijwe nyuma yuko Lord Mountbatten asize irage m'ubushake bwe bwo guteza imbere ibikorwa by'iterambere, igiciro gito, cyoroshye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Holbrook |first=M.C. |date=2003 |title=Teachers' Perceptions of Using the Mountbatten Brailler with Young Children |url=http://www.afb.org/jvib/jvibabstractNew.asp?articleid=jvib971008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222071257/http://www.afb.org/jvib/jvibabstractNew.asp?articleid=jvib971008 |archive-date=22 February 2012 |access-date=26 April 2010 |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref> cyabonetse kuva mu mwaka 1991. <ref name="AFB1"/> Kimwe na Perkins, Mountbatten ifite urufunguzo ruhuye na buri tudomo dutandatu kode ya braille. Mu gihe kimwe ukanda icyarimwe guhuza ku ufunguzo rwa gatandatu, abakoresha bashobora gukora inyuguti iyo ari yo yose muri kode ya braille. Usibye izi mfunguzo esheshatu, Mountbatten ifite urufunguzo rw'umwanya, ufungura inyuma, n'urufunguzo rushya. Kimwe n'imyandikire y'intoki, ifite ipfundo ryo guteza imbere impapuro ukoresheje imashini, nubwo bitandukanye na Perkins umurongo ntigenda. <ref name="AFB1"/> Hano hari urufunguzo rwo kugaruka rumera nk'urwo gutwara ibinyabiziga. Ibizingo bifata kandi bigateza imbere impapuro bifite ibinono byabugenewe kugira ngo birinde guhonyora utudomo twazamuye brailler twaremwe. Usibye clavier gakondo, Mountbatten ifite ibindi bintu byinshi biyiranga. Ibi birimo kwibuka byemerera dosiye y'inyandiko ya braille kubikwa mu buryo bumwe nk'uko bikorwa hamwe n'ijambo ritunganya na processor, ibitekerezo byatanzwe byemerera umukoresha kumva inyandiko banditse cyangwa kwandika muri dosiye, hamwe no guhindura imbere n'inyuma hagati y'inyandiko na braille. Mountbatten ishobora guhuzwa n'icapiro ryemerera dosiye gucapurwa nk'inyandiko, mu gihe clavier isanzwe ya PC ishobora guhuzwa na Mountbatten ituma inyandiko ishobora gukorwa nk'uko byasezeranijwe cyangwa bidafite amasezerano. <ref name="AFB2">{{Cite web |last=D'Andrea |first=Frances Mary |date=March 2005 |title=Product Evaluation: More Than a Perkins Brailler: A Review of the Mountbatten Brailler, Part 2 |url=http://www.afb.org/afbpress/Pub.asp?DocID=aw060208 |access-date=24 February 2010 |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind |archive-date=7 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707122607/http://www.afb.org/afbpress/pub.asp?DocID=aw060208 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hari moderi nyinshi za Mountbatten, shingiro ry'umwanditsi wa Mountbatten. Umwanditsi wa Mountbatten Yongeyeho, Pro ya Mountbatten, <ref name="AFB1"/> na Sisitemu yo Kwiga ya Mountbatten. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [http://www.mountbattenbrailler.com/ Urubuga rwa Mountbatten Brailler] * [http://www.harpo.com.pl Harpo Sp.] [http://www.harpo.com.pl z oo] , uwakoze uruganda rwa Mountbatten * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110220081906/http://quantumtechnology.com.au/Mountbattenbrailler Ikoranabuhanga rya Quantum], uwabanje gukora Mountbatten Brailler * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120223114214/http://www.rncb.ac.uk/products-mountbatten-brailler.php Mountbatten Brailler], Royal National College y'Abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona {{Braille}}{{Royal National College for the Blind}} 85qfqkdz1oe9i4sajyamqgmt1h4yhsv 0 17836 139920 130272 2026-09-24T10:48:40Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139920 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Aerial Porters Continue to Support Worldwide Air Mobility Operations DVIDS307907.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Chairs An early 19th century wheel chair with a pull out footrest.jpg|left|thumb]] '''Mobility Worldwide''' ni umuryango ushingiye ku kwizera, abakorerabushake ba 501 (c) (3) umuryango udaharanira inyungu. '''PET''' ni amagambo ahinnye y'umuryango w''utwara abantu ku giti cyabo'', imodoka itsinda ryubaka kandi rigakwirakwiza nta kiguzi cyo gutanga impano yo kugenda kubana bamugaye ndetse nabakuze kwisi yose. PET International, Inc. yatangiye gukora ubucuruzi nka Mobility Worldwide muri Kanama 2016, batangira gukoresha izina rya Mobility Cart kuri iyo modoka. <ref name="dba">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2016 |title=September 2016: PET International transitions to DBA Mobility Worldwide |url=http://mobilityworldwide.org/newsletters-stories/newsletters/september-2016-mission-seeks-to-help-more-through-rebranding/ |access-date=2016-10-01 |archive-date=2016-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017231955/http://mobilityworldwide.org/newsletters-stories/newsletters/september-2016-mission-seeks-to-help-more-through-rebranding/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kuva muri 1994, amakarita arenga 80.000 ya Mobility yubatswe kandi agakwirakwizwa n'abafatanyabikorwa barenga 70. == Amateka == PET yakuze mu rugendo rwo muri 1994 n’umumisiyonari w’Abametodisite Reverend Larry Hills yerekeza i Zayirecongo, aho yamenyeye bwa mbere ko iki gikoresho gikenewe igihe yahuraga n’abacitse ku icumu rya polio na mines badashobora kugenda ariko badashobora gukoresha [[Wheelchair|intebe z’abamugaye]] aho batuye mu cyaro. Hills n'umugore we Laura bavuganye na Reverend Mel West ku ntebe y’abamugaye yahinduwe ishobora gukorera, ifatishijwe intoki n'inziga eshatu. Muri 1995, Uburengerazuba bwagize uruhare mu gukora ibicuruzwa Earl Miner mu gukora prototype yubatswe hagamijwe kunangira, ubworoherane no gukora neza. Muri 1996, enye zashyizwe mu kizamini muri congo. Ukurikije imikorere yabo, PET yagiye mubikorwa kandi yoherezwa gukwirakwizwa muri congo. <ref name="HIST">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240106011228/https://mobilityworldwide.org/about-2/history/ "History"] Mobility Worldwide Web site</ref> Umwaka ukurikira, umusaruro wa PET watangiye kwaguka mu bindi bihugu, guhera kuri [[Mozambike]]. Muri 2000, kugira ngo ibyifuzo byiyongera, Uburengerazuba bwafunguye ikigo muri Columbiya, Misuri, muri Amerika, gikora kwakira ibice byatanzwe, guteranya PET no kubyohereza ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Ikigo cya kabiri cyo muri Amerika cyafunguwe muri Penney Farms, muri Floride (hafi ya Jacksonville, Foloride ), na Hills muri uwo mwaka. <ref name="PENNY">Howard, Kate: [http://jacksonville.com/news/metro/2010-04-13/story/penney-farms-third-world-wheelchairs-and-love "From Penney Farms to the Third World: Wheelchairs and love"] Florida Times-Union, April 13, 2010</ref> Muri 2003, ikigo cya gatatu cyashinzwe i Luling, muri Texas muri amerika. Muri 2004, kugirango bafashe gucunga iterambere n’umusaruro wa PET, Pet International yashizwemo, hamwe n'inama y’abashinzwe abakozi n’abakozi kugira ngo bafashe gucunga ibibazo byose bijyanye no guteranya no gukwirakwiza PET. Igiciro cyibigize PET ni amadolare 300. <ref name="HIST"/> == Ibihugu == Amagare ya PET yoherejwe muri Afuganisitani, Afuganisitani, Arijantine, Arumeniya, Angola, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, [[Boliviya]], Bosiniya, Botswana, Brasil, [[Bulugariya|Buligariya]], Burkina Faso, u Burundi, Kamboje, Kameruni, Tchad, Ubushinwa, Kolombiya, Kosta Rica, Cuba, [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya São Tomé na Príncipe, Djibouti, Repubulika ya Dominikani, Ecuador, El Salvador, Eritereya, Etiyopiya, Fiji, Gabon, Gambiya, Gaza, Jeworujiya, Gana, Guatemala, Gineya, Gineya-Bisawu. Mozambike, Miyanimari, Namibiya, Nepali, Nikaragwa, Niger, Nijeriya, Koreya y'Amajyaruguru, Pakisitani, Panama, Papuwasiye Nouvelle Gune, Paragwaya, Peru, Filipine, Repubulika ya Kongo, Rumaniya, Uburusiya, u Rwanda, Samowa, Senegali, Siyera Lewone, Somaliya, Sri Lanka, Repubulika ya Sudani y'Amajyepfo, Suwazilanda, Siriya, Tajikistan, Tanzaniya, Tayilande, Togo, Tonga, Tirinidada, Turukiya, Uzubekisitani, Uganda, Ukerene, Uruguya, Vanuatu, Viyetinami, Banki y'Iburengerazuba, Sahara y'Uburengerazuba, Zambiya, na Zimbabwe. <ref>[https://mobilityworldwide.org/PImap.html "PET Around the World"] Mobility Worldwide Web site</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [https://mobilityworldwide.org/ Urubuga rwisi yose] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] 0wjzt6jn5r1gb58rx4mt2ee5hj8utif 0 17867 139950 125094 2026-09-24T10:52:20Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139950 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Automatik Text Reader''''' yari isoko yubuntu kandi ifunguye yongeweho kuri Firefox itanga inyandiko-y-imvugo iboneka mu cyegeranyo cya Mozilla Add-ons. Ifasha indimi nyinshi hamwe nibisobanuro kandi ishobora kwigenga kumenya ururimi rwinyandiko yanditse kandiikagira moteri ya synthesis. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lee Textos Automaticamente Con Mozilla Firefox |url=http://www.taringa.net/posts/info/18235038/Lee-Textos-Automaticamente-Con-Mozilla-Firefox.html |access-date=9 August 2015 |language=Spanish}}</ref> Mubintu byihariye, umuvuduko wijwi ushobora guhinduka kandi guhitamo inyandiko byikora. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Automatik Text Reader on AMO |url=https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/automatik-text-reader |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614084735/https://addons.mozilla.org/en-us/firefox/addon/automatik-text-reader/ |archive-date=2015-06-14 |access-date=2015-08-09}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2014 |title=Firefox Text To Speech Add-on For English, Italian, Spanish |url=http://www.ilovefreesoftware.com/23/windows/internet/plugins/firefox-text-speech-add-english-italian-spanish.html |access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref> Usibye ibintu byihariye abakoresha bazabona ko interineti yoroshye gukoresha; kugira buto 4 gusa zo kuyikora. <ref name="Automatik Text Reader">{{Cite web |title=Automatik Text Reader |url=https://addons.mozilla.org/en-Us/firefox/addon/automatik-text-reader/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102193750/https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/automatik-text-reader/ |archive-date=2 November 2018 |access-date=28 February 2017 |website=addons.mozilla.org}}</ref> == Indimi zishyigikiwe == Automatik Text Reader ifite ubufashe bw'ururimi [[Icyongereza|yicyongereza]], [[Icyesipanyole|icyesipanyoli]], [[igifaransa]], [[ikidage]], umutaliyani nu [[kirusiya]]. Ubwiza bwa synthesis buratandukanye cyane hagati yindimi, hamwe nicyongereza nijwi ryoroshye, ryumvikana cyane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Addon Firefox per ascoltare il testo delle pagine web |url=http://www.guidami.info/2014/10/addon-firefox-per-ascoltare-il-testo-delle-pagine-web.html |access-date=9 August 2015 |language=Italian |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024112/http://www.guidami.info/2014/10/addon-firefox-per-ascoltare-il-testo-delle-pagine-web.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Imipaka == Kuba Firefox yongeyeho, Automatik Text Reader isaba Firefox gukora kandi ntishobora gushyirwaho standalone. Na none, kumyandiko migufi cyane igizwe namagambo atatu cyangwa munsi yayo, ibiganiro mbwirwa ruhame rwerekana ururimi irashobora kunanirwa kumenya ururimi rwukuri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2018 |title=Automatik Text Reader :: Add-ons for Firefox |url=https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/automatik-text-reader/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102193750/https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/automatik-text-reader/ |archive-date=2 November 2018 |website=}}</ref> == Reba == gupau3m3aoleltdqeci57f60kt1p9bv 0 17870 139824 136743 2026-09-24T10:32:50Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139824 wikitext text/x-wiki == RBC == === Minisante yamuritse ibitabo bishya bizaza byafashishwa mugutahura ubumuga bw'umwana acyiri muto, bikazaza byifashijwa mubuvuzi. === Minisiteri y'ubuzima ibinyujije mucyigo cyayo, RBC ku bufatanye n'urugaga rw'imiryango yabafite ubumuga mukurwanya Virus itera [[SIDA|sida]] nizindi ndwara zijyiye zitandukanye zandura ndetse noguteza imbere ubuzima, nabandi bafatanya bikorwa bamuritse [[Igitabo|ibitabo]] byo kuzaza batahira abafite ubumuga bacyiri bato.[https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/minisante-yamuritse-ibitabo-bizafasha-mu-gutahura-ubumuga-bw-umwana-akiri-muto] Ibi bitabo bigaragaza ubutyo umwana ajyenda akura kubutyo urebe uko angana ukajyereranya nuko yaba angana.[https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/minisante-yamuritse-ibitabo-bizafasha-mu-gutahura-ubumuga-bw-umwana-akiri-muto] Umuyobozi wa agashami RBC gashinzwe kwita kunkomere nabafite ubumuga Dr Irene Bagahigwa yavuze ko abaganga bita kubana mbere batari bafite ibikoresho bifashishaga mukwita kubana neza ngo babe batahura icyumwana arwaye, bityo ibyo bitaro akaba aribyo bije guhindura.[https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/minisante-yamuritse-ibitabo-bizafasha-mu-gutahura-ubumuga-bw-umwana-akiri-muto] == DMIS == Izabasha kugaragaza ubumuga umwana afite, aho atuye,imvu zituma atiteza imbere ndetse no guhabwa serivise zo guhangana nubwo bumuga bizanafasha kumenya ibitaro yafashirizwamo muburyo bwihuse.[https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/minisante-yamuritse-ibitabo-bizafasha-mu-gutahura-ubumuga-bw-umwana-akiri-muto] === Inkomoko === 1.https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/minisante-yamuritse-ibitabo-bizafasha-mu-gutahura-ubumuga-bw-umwana-akiri-muto 2.https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/minisante-yamuritse-ibitabo-bizafasha-mu-gutahura-ubumuga-bw-umwana-akiri-muto 3.https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/minisante-yamuritse-ibitabo-bizafasha-mu-gutahura-ubumuga-bw-umwana-akiri-muto np5bg8mleylw4g1ldejtpbc0vnwwr7u 0 17908 139782 122992 2026-09-24T10:01:39Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139782 wikitext text/x-wiki Telesensory '''Systems''' Ibicuruzwa bya TSI byafashaga abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona gukora mu bwigenge hamwe na mudasobwa hamwe n'ibikoresho bisanzwe byacapwe. == Amateka == Optacon, <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=40–51}}</ref> Igicuruzwa cya mbere cya TSI, yatekerejwe na Porofeseri w’amashanyarazi John G. Linvill nk'uburyo umukobwa we ufite ubumuga bwo kutabona, Candy, yasomaga ibyanditswe bisanzwe. Iterambere rya Optacon, riyobowe na James C. Bliss, ryitabiriwe n’abashakashatsi n’abahanga benshi muri kaminuza ya Stanford no mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Stanford (ubu ni SRI International ) guhera mu mwaka wa 1962. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Assistive Technology Timeline |url=http://www.afb.org/Section.asp?SectionID=4&DocumentID=4368 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525195014/http://www.afb.org/Section.asp?SectionID=4&DocumentID=4368 |archive-date=2011-05-25 |access-date=2009-01-25 |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref> Nyuma yo kwerekana neza prototype ikora mu mwaka 1969, TSI yashinzwe mu mwaka 1970 i Palo Alto, California, USA. TSI yateje imbere umurongo w'ibicuruzwa by'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona mu myaka ya za 70, kandi yaguka mu cyerekezo gito mu mwaka wa 1984. Ibicuruzwa bya TSI ku bantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona hakoresheje uburyo bworoshye bwo kumva amakuru, ibicuruzwa byayo byo kureba byazamutse byiyongera ubunini no gutandukanya ibikoresho byacapwe cyangwa amashusho ya mudasobwa. Ibicuruzwa bimwe bya TSI byari bigizwe na software gusa, ariko ibyinshi byari bikenewe n'ibyuma bya elegitoroniki byabugenewe. Mu myaka mirongo itatu n'itanu TSI yatanze ibikoresho bifasha bya elegitoronike ku bantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona ku isi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Services for the Visually Handicapped (Malaysia) |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000422/042248eo.pdf |access-date=2009-01-25 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Assistive Devices for the Visually Impaired |url=http://www.bpaindia.org/VIB%20Chapter-VII.pdf |access-date=2009-01-25 |publisher=Blind Peoples Association of India |pages=208–209 |archive-date=2011-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725094810/http://www.bpaindia.org/VIB%20Chapter-VII.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ni mu gihe kimwe tekinoroji ya mudasobwa yateye imbere kandi sisitemu yo gukoresha mudasobwa yatangiye gushyiramo uburyo bworoshye burimo nko gusoma imvugo igaragara kunsakaza mashusho cyangwa gukuza k'ubusa cyangwa kuba ntakiguzi. Ubwo yari amaze guhindura izina ayita "TeleSensory", isosiyete yerekeje ibitekerezo byayo ku bicuruzwa bitagaragara kandi yahagaritse gukora ibicuruzwa bitabona mu ntangiriro ya za 90. Muri Werurwe,mu mwaka 2005, TeleSensory yahoze ari TSI, yatangaje mu buryo butunguranye igice cya 7 cyari mumadeni gihomba kandi abakozi bayo bose baherekejwe bavanwa mu nyubako. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kendrick |first=Deborah |date=July 2005 |title=From Optacon to Oblivion: The Telesensory Story |url=http://www.afb.org/AFBPress/pub.asp?DocID=aw060403 |access-date=2009-01-20 |website=AFB Access World |archive-date=2008-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025153450/http://www.afb.org/afbpress/pub.asp?DocID=aw060403 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Muri Kanama mu mwaka wa 2005, InSiPhil (S) Pte Ltd yo muri Singapuru m'Ubuhinde yaguze umutungo w’ubwenge wa TeleSensory hamwe n’umutungo usigaye maze ikomeza gukora bimwe mu bicuruzwa bitagaragara neza ku izina n’ikirango cya TeleSensory. Kuva mu ntangiriro zo mu mwaka wa 2010, ibyo bicuruzwa biboneka henshi hatandukanye nko mu bihugu 50. == Ibicuruzwa byatoranijwe kubantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona == [[Dosiye:TSI_Speech+_Talking_Calculator_01.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Imvugo + kubara]] * Optacon, <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=296–299}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kent Stein |first=Deborah |title=The Optacon: Past, Present, and Future |url=http://www.nfb.org/Images/nfb/Publications/bm/bm98/bm980506.htm |access-date=2009-01-25 |publisher=Blind Service Association of Chicago}}</ref>mu mwaka 1970 (imashini ya tactile ya fasimile yo gusoma ibyanditswe bisanzwe) * Imvugo + Kubara, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Speech+ |url=http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/speech-.html |access-date=2015-02-23}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Development of the TSI Speech+ |url=http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/development_of_the_tsi_speech-.html |access-date=2015-02-23}}</ref> mu mwaka 1975 (kubara hamwe no gusohora imvugo ) * VERT, <ref>High Tech Center Training Unit of the California Community Colleges, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120220044347/http://www.htctu.fhda.edu/publications/articles/cahe/prodguide.pdf Product Guide to Adaptive Computer Hardware and Software (PDF)]. pg. A17. Accessed 2007-02-02.</ref> mu mwaka 1979 (imvugo isohora imvugo isoma mudasobwa) * VersaBraille, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Versabraille system |url=http://www.aph.org/museum/virtual_exhibit/exhibit2/e20010a.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121105822/http://www.aph.org/museum/virtual_exhibit/exhibit2/e20010a.htm |archive-date=2008-11-21 |access-date=2009-01-24 |publisher=Museum of the American Printing House for the Blind}}</ref> mu mwaka 1979 (mudasobwa y'umuntu ufite braille yerekana neza ) * OsCar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=OSCAR |url=http://www.abledata.com/abledata.cfm?pageid=113583&top=0&productid=91624&trail=0 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606065124/http://www.abledata.com/abledata.cfm?pageid=113583&top=0&productid=91624&trail=0 |archive-date=June 6, 2011 |access-date=2009-01-25 |publisher=Abledata (National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, USDoE)}}</ref> imashini imenyekanisha imvugo isoma imashini == Ibicuruzwa byatoranijwe kubantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona == * Vista <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=707–710}}</ref> (kwagura ingaragaza amashusho kugira ngo igere kuri mudasobwa) * Vantage (ifunze umuzenguruko wa TV magnifier yo gucapa cyangwa amashusho) * Aladdin <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hardware Overview: Aladdin Magnifier |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~iuadapts/technology/hardware/cctv/aladdin.html |access-date=2009-01-20 |publisher=Indiana University}}</ref> ( amashusho yerekana uburyo bugaragara ) * PICO (amashusho yerekana uburyo bugaragara) == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} odi5bdnqtx76jgajnwl4nervsfmb69w 0 17983 139812 135628 2026-09-24T10:31:23Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139812 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Uburaguzi.jpg|thumb|Umuraguzi]] mu [[Rwanda]] rwo hambere hahozeho [[Umuco nyarwanda|umuco]] wo '''[[Kuraguza no Kuraguriza umugeni|kuraguza]]''' cyaraziraga kikaziririzwa kugira icyo wakora utabanje kubaza Imana zi [[Rwanda]] aribyo bitaga kuraguza ni umuco wari wigaruriye igice kinini cyabatuye igihugu. == Uko kuragura byakorwaga == Kuragura byakorwaga muburyo butandukanye bitewe n'agace bagakoresha [[Umwishywa]], Imbazi ndetse n'Amata aha byakorwaga iyo babaga barimo kuraguriza umugeni. == Umwishywa == Iwabo w'umuhungu boherezaga umukobwa ufite se na nyina, cyangwa mushiki w'umukwe, akajya Guca '''umwishywa''' uturiye ibiti cyangwa ibihuhuru, Akawukiza.Intarizi. kirazira kandi kujya guca Umwishywa wanyagiwe n'imvura uwo munsi.<ref>https://bangambiki.wordpress.com/category/kuraguza/</ref> == Imbazi == Uwo mukobwa waciye '''Umwishywa''' arongera agaca utubabi tw''''imbazi''', maze akadushyira mu mutemeri w'igikongote, (utagira ibara).akabizana akabishyira inyuma y'irembo. maze Imbazi akazihonda, agakamurira mu nkongoro y'isugi. impamvu yo kubiheza inyuma y'irembo ngo nuko baramutse babizanye imbere y'irembo umugeni ataraza ubukwe bwapfa. ngo byabaga bisuriye nabi umukwe ndetse kera ubukwe bwarapfaga maze akabirongoza undi [[Ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda|mugeni]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ar.umuseke.rw/umuco-wo-kuraguza.hmtl |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-02-08 |archive-date=2024-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208145642/https://ar.umuseke.rw/umuco-wo-kuraguza.hmtl |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amata == Ku mbazi bakamiragaho amata y'inka y'isugi yonsa ikimasa kitwa Imana. udafite '''amata''' yashoboraga kurongoza Amarwa kuko amasaka ari makuru mubasangwabutaka.Amarwa yitwa ubuhoro bwabyawe n'ubutaka,umwishywa kandi atabonetse bashobora kurongoza Igikangara, ngo n'indacika ntacika iwabo.kuko igikangara ni gikuru mu Rwanda.cyazanywe na '''[[Gihanga]]''' ntigicika mu [[Rwanda]], umupfakazi yaba umugabo cyangwa umugore, ntiyashyingiranwa umwana we atabanje kwereza uzaza kwakira umwishywa w'umwana kuko akenshi ariwe bakomeza kubana.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/MugangaRutangarwamaboko/posts/kuragura-kuraguza-sibya-none-ni-bikuru-irwanda-byarahoze-ndetse-byaremye-u-rwand/1837030309805989/</ref> == U Rwnda rwo hambere == [[Dosiye:Umuvuzi.jpg|thumb|Inzu baraguriragamo]] Muri rusange iyo wajyaga kuraguza wagombaga kujya kureba '''[[Abapfumu|umupfumu]]''', wafatwaga nk'umuhanuzi. ukamugezaho gahunda zawe zose utegenya gukora, ubundi akakuragurira akoresheje Inzuzi. Zakwera ukaba ufite amahirwe muri gahunda zawe cyangwa ibindi wagiye kuraguriza. zakwirabura ukaba rwose ntamahirwe ufite muri izo gahunda, kuburyo washoboraga no kuzireka. cyangwa se akagushakira insinzi, kugirango izo gahunda zawe zizagende neza nkuko ubishaka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ar.umuseke.rw/umuco-wo-kuraguza.hmtl |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-02-08 |archive-date=2024-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208145642/https://ar.umuseke.rw/umuco-wo-kuraguza.hmtl |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Umuco n'iterambere == kugeza ubu mu [[Rwanda]] ndetse n'ahandi mu bihugu by' [[Afurika]] umuco wo '''[[Kuraguza no Kuraguriza umugeni|kuraguza]]''' urimo kugenda ukendera kuko iterambere ryaje kandi abenshi mubaturage batuye muri ibyo bihugu bamenye gusenga kugiti cyabo ntago bakirukira mu '''kuraguza''' cyane ko hadutse n'insengero nyinshi zitandukanye nazo zirimo abitwa abahanuzi twagereranya nabo kera twitaga abaragura cyangwa [[Abapfumu|Abapfumu.]] == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} lbqt6dalt2pm3q956whm15lq55odrq1 0 18035 139767 134913 2026-09-24T09:59:55Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139767 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Toyin Ojih Odutola''' (wavutse 1985) Umunyabugeni wo muri Nigeriya n’umunyamerika kazi uzwi cyane Mugushushanya amashusho yifashishije impapuro za bugenewe. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Morse |first=Trent |date=2014-01-08 |title=Making Cutting-Edge Art with Ballpoint Pens |url=http://www.artnews.com/2014/01/08/great-art-made-with-ballpoint-pens/ |access-date=2017-09-29 |website=ARTnews |language=en-US}}</ref> Uburyo bwe budasanzwe bwo gukora ibimenyetso bigoye no guhimba ibintu byiza byongeye gutekereza ku cyiciro n'imigenzo yo gushushanya no kuvuga inkuru. Ibihangano bya Ojih Odutola bikunze gukora iperereza ku nsanganyamatsiko zinyuranye zishingiye ku busumbane bw’imibereho n’ubukungu, umurage w’abakoloni, igitekerezo cy’uburinganire, imyumvire y’abirabura nkikimenyetso kiboneka n’imibereho, hamwe nubunararibonye bwo kwimuka no kwimurwa. {{Reflist}} ez6hf10vjnm4a2hcpkblpligmi2dvmm 0 18036 139861 124067 2026-09-24T10:40:23Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139861 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Isombe.jpg|thumb|Ibibabi by'isombe idasekuye]] Isombe ni ibiryo bya kinyarwanda, aho basoroma amababi yimyumbati barangiza bakayashya cyangwa bakayasekura akanoga barangiza bakayiteka. Isombe igira vitamini nyinshi zitandukanye kandi ikagira intungamubiri zo mu bwoko bwa poroteyine imyunyu ngugu nibindi bynishi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuzimainfo.rw/2022/01/waruzi-ko-burya-isombe-irinda-gusaza.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-03-18 |archive-date=2024-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318102751/https://www.ubuzimainfo.rw/2022/01/waruzi-ko-burya-isombe-irinda-gusaza.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Akamaro k'isombe === Isombe ifite akamaro gakomeye mu buzima bwa muntu ariko cyane cyane ku muco nyarwanda usanga umurwayi ukirutse ayondozwa, usanga umubyeyi wabyaye ashishikarizwa kurya isombe ngo abone amashereka ndetse ikaba iri mu mafunguro yingenzi mu muco nyarwanda.<ref name=":1">https://www.teradignews.rw/rw/waruzi-ko-isombe-aribiryo-ikaba-numuti-ukomeye-sobanukirwa/</ref> ==== 1. Kurinda indwara ==== Isombe ifite umwihariko wo kuvura indwara nyinshi zitandukanye harimo indwara yo kubura amaraso, kuvura no kurinda ko umuntu yarwara indwara ya kwashiarukoru, kuvura kubabara umutwe ndetse no kugabanya umuriro. <ref name=":0" /> Isombe yifitemo intungamubiri ziri mu bwoko bwa Lysini protein ifasha mu kurwanya indwara, yifitemo ibinyabutabire bya folate acide na vitamin C byongera amaraso ndetse kandi isombe ifite ubushobozi bwa kuvura impiswi.<ref name=":1" /> ==== 2. Kurinda gusaza imburagihe ==== Isombe ikungahaye ku tungamubiri cyinshi cyane zituma umuntu ahorana itoto, uruhu rugatoha, rukanabasha gukweduka neza aribyo bituma umuntu urya isome ahorana itoto, uruhu rukeye no gusa neza.<ref name=":0" /> ==== 3. Gutanga imbaraga ku mubiri ==== Isombe ni ikiribwa gishobora kugufasha wowe wakiriye aho ishobora guha imbaraga zikwiye umubiri wawe kubera vitamin yifitemo izwi nka B1 ishobora kukurinda kurwara umutwe umutwe n’izindi ndwara zituma ucika intege.<ref>https://ramukacom.wordpress.com/2018/07/12/dore-ibyiza-byo-kurya-isombe-utari-uzi/</ref> === Uburyo bwo guteka isombe === [[Dosiye:Umuco wo gusekura.jpg|thumb|Gusekura isombe mu isekuru]] Isombe kenshi na kenshi mumuco nyarwanda yasekurwaga mw'isekuru, Isekuru iba ikozwe mugiti ifite n'umuhini basekuza isombe kugeza inoze cyangwa igeze aho yatekwa. Uko iterambere rigenda riza hasigaye haraje nutumashini dushya dusya isombe.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukungu/ubucuruzi/article/ruhango-gusekura-isombe-bibatungiye-imiryango</ref> Iyo isombe imaze kunogwa zishyirwa mu isafuriya zigatekwa igihe kirekire ndetse bamwe bakunda kongeramo inyama, umunyu n'ibirungo bitandukanye harimo ibitunguru, puwalo, puwavuro, amavuta y'amamesa ndetse nibindi.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CutwYjTVmWI</ref> === Aho byakuwe === im8a9h83vedw4n4abx2m2re8r9ckvur 0 18054 139550 136629 2026-09-23T14:19:10Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139550 wikitext text/x-wiki Dr uwamalia valentine, wagizwe minisitiri w'Uburinganire n'iterambere ry'umuryango, yari Minisitiri w'ubureziku kuva ku itariki 28 Gashyantare 2020, nyuma yukoasimbuye Dr Eugene Mutimura.[https://www.kigalitoday.com/uburezi/amashuri/article/menya-abaminisitiri-16-bayoboye-minisiteri-y-uburezi-kuva-mu-1994] Dr Uwamalia ni Minisitiri ufatwa nkumunyabigwi, aho ashimwa cyane aho yarashinzwe kureberera barimo abarimu, cyane cyane ko yabafashije kumwenyura nyuma yuko bakiriye inkuru nziza yuko umushara wabo wikubye kabiri.[https://www.kigalitoday.com/uburezi/amashuri/article/menya-abaminisitiri-16-bayoboye-minisiteri-y-uburezi-kuva-mu-1994] === Indanganturo === 1.https://www.kigalitoday.com/uburezi/amashuri/article/menya-abaminisitiri-16-bayoboye-minisiteri-y-uburezi-kuva-mu-1994 5xzyup0pntohv0kqg2fa34m6byiqevf 0 18060 139901 135606 2026-09-24T10:45:24Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139901 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Natte_traditionelle.jpg|thumb|Ikirago]] [[Dosiye:Ikirago jp.jpg|thumb|ikirago]] Ikirago ni igikoresho kigaragara mu muco wa kinyarwanda kuva cyera cyane, gikorwa mu byatsi birebire; kibica, kikabifata, harimo urukaganga, imigwegwe n'indi nkuko bigaragara mu ifoto ikirago kandi ntago gikoreshwa mukwicaraho gusa ahubwo mugihe cy'ahambere bana kiryamagaho ndetse no mubice bimwe na bimwe by'africa haraho bigikoreshwa nk'uburiri.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/93968/impamvu-6-zishobora-gutuma-umuntu-apfa-urwikirago-urupfu-rutunguranye-93968.html</ref> '''AHO CYAKORESHAGA''' [[Dosiye:Ikirago.jpg|thumb|Ikirago]] Ikirago cyakoreshwaga ibintu bitandukanye mu muco nyarwanda, aho cyakoreshwaga bakiryamaho cyangwa se bakiyorosa, bagikoreshaga bagisasa ku ingobyi ya kinyarwanda, ndetse ikirago umugore ugiye kurongorwa nikimwe mubyo yitwazaga agiye kurongorwa. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umuco]] 1nfv632ho0srzpkz6z5k7ahw1abwthd 0 18158 139665 137333 2026-09-23T18:29:04Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139665 wikitext text/x-wiki == Amateka == [[Dosiye:Zeo trap.jpg|thumb|274x274px|Pic igaragaza zeo trap<ref>https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/izaba-iriho-hip-hop-y-ubwoko-bwose-iby-ingenzi-wamenya-kuri-album-ya-kabiri-ya</ref>]] Zeo Trap umuhanzi ukiri muto wigaruriye imitima y'abenshi mu rwanda Kandi akaba yaravukiye nyamirambo.akaba akora indirimbo nziza za hip-hop free style kandi zirimo ubutumwa akaba akunda kuvuga Kavukire akaba azwi no kumushinga witwa visit Nyamirambo.<ref name=":0">https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/130639/umuraperi-zeo-trap-yakebuye-abahanzi-batita-ku-myambarire-ku-rubyiniro-video-130639.html</ref> == Ibikorwa == Yasohoye album ebyiri(2) Iyambere yitwa Abafana ibihumbi ijana irimo indirimbo zigera kwi cumi nk'umwanda,My ghee, ten10,Abafana 100k, kabosi, n'izindi. Iyakabiri yitwa Ntago anoga irimo indirimbo zigera kuri makumyabiri(20 ) harimo street goat, Impane, hard work, Ntago anoga, ibisimba byaje, Therapy n'izindi.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} fj1gxzmmfrheopzydqni84myoliezbo 0 18194 139862 110966 2026-09-24T10:40:31Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139862 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:UNESCO logo.svg|thumb|Ikirango cya UNESCO, Caritas yakozemo]] '''Karadereye Caritas Mategeko''' yari umunyapolitiki n'umurwanashyaka, wari wagizwe Minisitiri w’ibibazo by’Abagore, yabaye umwe mu bagore ba mbere bakoreye muri guverinoma igihe yagirwa Minisitiri w’imibereho myiza muri 1982. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net Press |url=http://www.netpress.bi/spip.php?article4574 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=www.netpress.bi |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021545/http://www.netpress.bi/spip.php?article4574 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Muri icyo gihe, yari visi-umunyamabanga mukuru w’ubumwe bw’abagore. Yagumye muri guverinoma kugeza mu 1987. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Burundi Ministers |url=http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Burundi.htm |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=www.guide2womenleaders.com}}</ref> Mu mwuga we, yamaze kandi igihe ahagarariye umuyobozi mukuru wa UNESCO. ; <ref name="iwacu-burundi.org">{{Cite web |date=3 November 2014 |title=Ce jour-là, 1er novembre 1976 : Coup d'Etat du Conseil suprême révolutionnaire |url=http://www.iwacu-burundi.org/ce-jour-la-1er-novembre-1976-coup-detat-du-conseil-supreme-revolutionnaire/ |access-date=6 November 2017 |publisher=iwacu-burundi.org}}</ref> we, umunyeshuri, yari mu bishwe mu gihe cya jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo muri 1972 . <ref name="ChrétienDupaquier2007">{{Cite book|pages=491–}}</ref> Karadereye yanditse kandi ku ngingo y’abagore n’umuryango, asohora impapuro kuri iyo ngingo muri 1969. Bigaragara ko yagumye kuba umwe mu bagize guverinoma kugeza nibura muri 1992; <ref name="iwacu-burundi.org"/> guhera muri 1997 yari umunyamuryango wa ''conseil des sage'' washinzwe gukora iperereza kuri jenoside yo muri 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |title=3–13 mars 97 |url=https://www.netpress.bi/Nouv/netpress/d1997/Mar.htm |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=www.netpress.bi}}</ref> == Reba == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] 1lz897ipm37anu6bdhf4tx8ns2p84dh 0 18195 139625 137417 2026-09-23T18:22:14Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139625 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Hip-hop stub.svg|thumb|Hip]] [[Dosiye:Kigali2018Cropped.jpg|thumb|mutoni ni umukobwa uvuka mugihugu cyurwanda mumujyi wa kigali]] '''Mutoni Angell''' ni umunyarwandakazi akaba ari umuhanzi ufite ikizere uzobereye mu muziki mu ijyana ya Hip hop na RnB Kuva akiri muto cyane, ise umubyara yamwigishije umuziki, ariryo soko y'umuziki akora. Albumu yambere yasohoye kugeza ubu zirimo indirimbo nka Pandemic Pack na Imbuto, kandi yanagaragaye mu ndirimbo ya DJ Toxxyk yitwa Kurura, aho yatangaje ibintu bitangaje abinyujije ku murongo wa rap. Uyu muraperikazi kandi afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bw’ubucuruzi yakuye mui kaminuza nkuru ya Cardiff Metropolitan University yo mu gihugu cyu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]].<ref>https://www.soundsofafrica.org/rwandan-female-artists-that-have-started-trends/</ref> [[Dosiye:UWIC Llandaff Cardiff.JPG|center|thumb|Kaminuza ya Cardiff Metropolitan, Mutoni yizeho ]] == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] 8hawhqxjbnm3cyktmw1q9sdmk3befhb 0 18232 139813 137650 2026-09-24T10:31:30Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139813 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Rayon Sport Uniform.JPG|thumb|rayon sport]] '''UWIRINGIYIMANA Ange''' ni umugore akaba ari umunyarwandakazi mu gukina imikono igiye itandukanye harimo imikini y'amaboko, yakiniye ikipe agiye atandukanye ubu akinira ikipe ya GS GAHINI mu marushanwa agiye atandukanye. Yakinnye shampiyona y’igihugu ya Basketball I tegurwa FERWABA, Ishyirahamwe rya Basketball mu Rwanda, ndetse nibindi bikombe bitandukanye harimo igikombe cy'amahoro, igikombe cya gaciro, n' igikombe gitegurwa na FIBA Women's AfroBasket. Yitabiriye amarushanwa agiye tandukanye ku rwego rwa afurika nki rushanwa ry'imikino ya shampion league mu mukino wa basketball y'[[Umugore|abagore]]. Ni umukinnyi w'ikipe y'igihugu yabasketball y'abagore.<ref>https://ferwaba.web.geniussports.com/competitions/?WHurl=%2Fcompetition%2F37985%2Fleaders</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Siporo ya basketball]] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] 8umiv80ek8gc5a213sqgbqgdfiadqd0 0 18233 139931 135219 2026-09-24T10:50:00Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139931 wikitext text/x-wiki '''NIBISHAKA Brigitte''' ni umugore akaba ari umunyarwandakazi mu gukina imikono igiye itandukanye harimo imikini y'amaboko, yakiniye ikipe agiye atandukanye ubu akinira ikipe ya Groups Scolaire Marie Reine Rwaza mu marushanwa agiye atandukanye. Yakinnye shampiyona y’igihugu ya Basketball I tegurwa FERWABA, Ishyirahamwe rya Basketball mu Rwanda, ndetse nibindi bikombe bitandukanye harimo igikombe cy'amahoro, igikombe cya gaciro, n' igikombe gitegurwa na FIBA Women's AfroBasket. Yitabiriye amarushanwa agiye tandukanye ku rwego rwa afurika nki rushanwa ry'imikino ya shampion league mu mukino wa basketball y'[[Umugore|abagore]]. Ni umukinnyi w'ikipe y'igihugu yabasketball y'abagore. <ref>https://ferwaba.web.geniussports.com/competitions/?WHurl=%2Fcompetition%2F37985%2Fleaders</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Siporo]] ajdn548xap2x0mq219ifluzpfjn4ixe 0 18235 139825 138093 2026-09-24T10:32:57Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''NIKAZE QUEEN Kercy''' ni umugore akaba ari umunyarwandakazi mu gukina imikono igiye itandukanye harimo imikini y'amaboko, yakiniye ikipe agiye atandukanye ubu akinira ikipe ya GS GAHINI mu marushanwa agiye atandukanye. Yakinnye shampiyona y’igihugu ya Basketball I tegurwa FERWABA, Ishyirahamwe rya Basketball mu Rwanda, ndetse nibindi bikombe bitandukanye harimo igikombe cy'amahoro, igikombe cya gaciro, n' igikombe gitegurwa na FIBA Women's AfroBasket. Yitabiriye amarushanwa agiye tandukanye ku rwego rwa afurika nki rushanwa ry'imikino ya shampion league mu mukino wa basketball y'[[Umugore|abagore]]. Ni umukinnyi w'ikipe y'igihugu yabasketball y'abagore. <ref>https://ferwaba.web.geniussports.com/competitions/?WHurl=%2Fcompetition%2F37985%2Fleaders</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Siporo ya basketball]] qyc0hfdtz6mdemiegdwivou4uwq76no 0 18240 139826 104244 2026-09-24T10:33:04Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139826 wikitext text/x-wiki Uwimanimpaye Angelique ni umugore akaba ari umunyarwandakazi mu gukina imikono igiye itandukanye harimo imikini y'amaboko, yakiniye ikipe agiye atandukanye ubu akinira ikipe ya UR KIGALI WOMEN mu marushanwa agiye atandukanye. Yakinnye shampiyona y’igihugu ya Basketball I tegurwa FERWABA, Ishyirahamwe rya Basketball mu Rwanda, ndetse nibindi bikombe bitandukanye harimo igikombe cy'amahoro, igikombe cya gaciro, n' igikombe gitegurwa na FIBA Women's AfroBasket. Yitabiriye amarushanwa agiye tandukanye ku rwego rwa afurika nki rushanwa ry'imikino ya shampion league mu mukino wa basketball y'[[Umugore|abagore]]. Ni umukinnyi w'ikipe y'igihugu yabasketball y'abagore.<ref>https://ferwaba.web.geniussports.com/competitions/?WHurl=%2Fcompetition%2F37985%2Fleaders</ref> == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Siporo ya basketball]] 8g16w0vqdb15g78sroz5lg71k8gcna6 0 18242 139626 104246 2026-09-23T18:22:21Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139626 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Niyigena Bonheur''' ni umugore akaba ari umunyarwandakazi mu gukina imikono igiye itandukanye harimo imikini y'amaboko, yakiniye ikipe agiye atandukanye ubu akinira ikipe ya UR KIGALI WOMEN mu marushanwa agiye atandukanye. Yakinnye shampiyona y’igihugu ya Basketball I tegurwa FERWABA, Ishyirahamwe rya Basketball mu Rwanda, ndetse nibindi bikombe bitandukanye harimo igikombe cy'amahoro, igikombe cya gaciro, n' igikombe gitegurwa na FIBA Women's AfroBasket. Yitabiriye amarushanwa agiye tandukanye ku rwego rwa afurika nki rushanwa ry'imikino ya shampion league mu mukino wa basketball y'[[Umugore|abagore]]. Ni umukinnyi w'ikipe y'igihugu yabasketball y'abagore.<ref>https://ferwaba.web.geniussports.com/competitions/?WHurl=%2Fcompetition%2F37985%2Fleaders</ref> == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Siporo]] [[Ikiciro:Siporo ya basketball]] ra3gjgxbit7t7ogsjqazd7sv8j5ohvw 0 18243 139627 104247 2026-09-23T18:22:28Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139627 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uwimpuhwe Henriette''' ni umugore akaba ari umunyarwandakazi mu gukina imikono igiye itandukanye harimo imikini y'amaboko, yakiniye ikipe agiye atandukanye ubu akinira ikipe ya KEPLER WOMEN mu marushanwa agiye atandukanye. Yakinnye shampiyona y’igihugu ya Basketball I tegurwa FERWABA, Ishyirahamwe rya Basketball mu Rwanda, ndetse nibindi bikombe bitandukanye harimo igikombe cy'amahoro, igikombe cya gaciro, n' igikombe gitegurwa na FIBA Women's AfroBasket. Yitabiriye amarushanwa agiye tandukanye ku rwego rwa afurika nki rushanwa ry'imikino ya shampion league mu mukino wa basketball y'[[Umugore|abagore]]. Ni umukinnyi w'ikipe y'igihugu yabasketball y'abagore.<ref>https://ferwaba.web.geniussports.com/competitions/?WHurl=%2Fcompetition%2F37985%2Fleaders</ref> == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Siporo]] [[Ikiciro:Siporo ya basketball]] 74c4em28hjlnix7opysgset6g5qtg8c 0 18244 139889 106494 2026-09-24T10:43:51Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139889 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nsanzabaganwa Sandra Nelly''' ni umugore akaba ari umunyarwandakazi mu gukina imikino igiye itandukanye harimo imikino y'amaboko, yakiniye amakipe agiye atandukanye ubu akinira ikipe ya KEPLER WOMEN mu marushanwa agiye atandukanye. Yakinnye shampiyona y’igihugu ya Basketball itegurwa na FERWABA, Ishyirahamwe rya Basketball mu Rwanda, ndetse nibindi bikombe bitandukanye harimo igikombe cy'amahoro, igikombe cya gaciro, n' igikombe gitegurwa na FIBA Women's AfroBasket. Yitabiriye amarushanwa agiye tandukanye ku rwego rwa afurika nk’ irushanwa ry'imikino ya champions league mu mukino wa basketball y'[[Umugore|abagore]]. Ni umukinnyi w'ikipe y'igihugu ya basketball y'abagore.<ref>https://ferwaba.web.geniussports.com/competitions/?WHurl=%2Fcompetition%2F37985%2Fleaders</ref> == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Siporo]] [[Ikiciro:Siporo ya basketball]] i3grdy4875yqr2pzdoy57i19vml9vkr 0 18245 139853 104249 2026-09-24T10:36:17Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139853 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yamfashije Marie Chantal''' ni umugore akaba ari [[Rwanda|umunyarwandakazi]] mu gukina imikono igiye itandukanye harimo imikini y'amaboko, yakiniye ikipe agiye atandukanye ubu akinira ikipe ya Groups Scolaire Marie Reine Rwaza mu marushanwa agiye atandukanye. Yakinnye shampiyona y’igihugu ya Basketball I tegurwa FERWABA, Ishyirahamwe rya Basketball mu Rwanda, ndetse nibindi bikombe bitandukanye harimo igikombe cy'amahoro, igikombe cya gaciro, n' igikombe gitegurwa na FIBA Women's AfroBasket. Yitabiriye amarushanwa agiye tandukanye ku rwego rwa afurika nki rushanwa ry'imikino ya shampion league mu mukino wa basketball y'[[Umugore|abagore]]. Ni umukinnyi w'ikipe y'igihugu yabasketball y'abagore.<ref>https://ferwaba.web.geniussports.com/competitions/?WHurl=%2Fcompetition%2F37985%2Fleaders</ref> == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Siporo]] [[Ikiciro:Siporo ya basketball]] dco1b3vxd589xb5om7xo6exgwll1mwa 0 18246 139902 136439 2026-09-24T10:45:31Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139902 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhawenimana Yvonne''' ni umugore w'[[Rwanda|umunyarwandakazi]] mu gukina imikono igiye itandukanye harimo imikini y'amaboko, yakiniye amakipe agiye atandukanye ubu akinira ikipe ya Groups Scolaire Marie Reine Rwaza mu marushanwa agiye atandukanye. Yakinnye shampiyona y’igihugu ya Basketball I tegurwa FERWABA, Ishyirahamwe rya Basketball mu Rwanda, ndetse nibindi bikombe bitandukanye harimo igikombe cy'amahoro, igikombe cya gaciro, n' igikombe gitegurwa na FIBA Women's AfroBasket. Yitabiriye amarushanwa agiye atandukanye ku rwego rwa Afurika nk'irushanwa ry'imikino ya shampion league mu mukino wa basketball y'[[Umugore|abagore]]. Ni umukinnyi w'ikipe y'igihugu ya basketball y'abagore y'u Rwanda.<ref>https://ferwaba.web.geniussports.com/competitions/?WHurl=%2Fcompetition%2F37985%2Fleaders</ref> == Amashakiro; == [[Ikiciro:Siporo]] [[Ikiciro:Siporo ya basketball]] qvr6sigkqa3nd2udb5iautf9jutyuyf 0 18255 139854 104260 2026-09-24T10:36:24Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139854 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akimana Ange''' ni umugore akaba ari [[Rwanda|umunyarwandakazi]] mu gukina imikono igiye itandukanye harimo imikini y'amaboko, yakiniye ikipe agiye atandukanye ubu akinira ikipe ya EAST AFRICA UNIVERSITY RWANDA WOMEN mu marushanwa agiye atandukanye. Yakinnye shampiyona y’igihugu ya Basketball I tegurwa [[FERWAFA|FERWABA]], Ishyirahamwe rya Basketball mu Rwanda, ndetse nibindi bikombe bitandukanye harimo igikombe cy'amahoro, igikombe cya gaciro, n' igikombe gitegurwa na FIBA Women's AfroBasket. Yitabiriye amarushanwa agiye tandukanye ku rwego rwa afurika nki rushanwa ry'imikino ya shampion league mu mukino wa basketball y'[[Umugore|abagore]]. Ni umukinnyi w'ikipe y'igihugu yabasketball y'abagore yu Rwanda. <ref>https://ferwaba.web.geniussports.com/competitions/?WHurl=%2Fcompetition%2F37985%2Fleaders</ref> == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Siporo]] [[Ikiciro:Siporo ya basketball]] d2nvna0z4knupqsgufi2vz6lwx9m45w 0 18376 139551 116262 2026-09-23T14:19:14Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139551 wikitext text/x-wiki = Amateka ya Kiliziya ya Rwamagana yubatswe n'umuganda, umutware akikorera amatafari ku mutwe = [[Dosiye:Atholic church in Rwamagana District in Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Kiliziya yi Kabgayi]] Tariki ya 5 Gashyantare 2024, Paruwasi Gatolika ya Rwamagana yitiriwe Umwamikazi w'imitsindo, yujuje imyaka 105 imaze yubatswe n'imiganda y'abaturage bari bayobowe n'umutware w'u Buganza wanatunze amatafari yubakishijwe Imyaka ibaye 103 Paruwasi ya Rwamagana ibonye izuba (1919-2024 ). Iyo paruwasi yagize umugisha wo gusengerwamo na Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika muri 2009, umwami Rudahigwa nawe yayisuye inshuro 10 zose ndetse yubatswe mu bikingi byahoze ari iby'Umutware watwaraga Ubuganza Francisco Rwabutogo wanikoreye amatafari yayubatse. Paruwasi ya Rwamagana yashinzwe kuwa 5 Gashyantare 1919 na Musenyeri Jean Joseph Hilt, maze iragizwa Bikira Mariya Umwamikazi w’Imitsindo. Padiri Léon Delmas wari usanzwe ari Padiri mukuru wa Misiyoni ya Kigali, yari yarashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1913, ubu ni Paruwasi yitiriwe Umuryango Mutagatifu (Paroisse Sainte Famille), niwe watumwe kurambagiza Ubuganza maze atanga raporo yatumye Musenyeri Hiriti afata icyemezo cyo gushinga Misiyoni ya Rwamagana ubu imaze imyaka 103. [[Dosiye:Kiliziya ya KABGAYI.jpg|thumb|Kiliziya ]] [[Dosiye:Rwamagana catholic center.jpg|thumb|Paruwasi ya Rwamagana]] Paruwasi ya Rwamagana Tariki 21 Nzeri yizihije yubile y'imyaka 100 icyo gihe yari ifite Intego yagiraga iti “Muryango w’Imana, ‘Turabinginze mu Izina rya Kristu: Nimureke Imana ibigarurire.”’(2Kor 5, 20b). [[Dosiye:RwamaganaDist.png|thumb|Rwamagana]] Abakiristu ba Rwamagana mu myiteguro ya Yubile yamaze umwaka wose baranzwe Kugira ubumwe bushingiye ku bavandimwe bwa gikristu; Kurangwa n’ubufatanye mu rukundo n’ubwitange mu ngo no mu Miryango-Remezo; Gushimangira ubufatanye bw’Abasaserdoti, Abihayimana n’Abalayiki mu kwitangira ubutumwa bwa Kiliziya ya Kristu, baha Kiliziya umwanya w’ibanze mu kuyiteza imbere; Kiliziya. Kureka urukundo rwa Kristu rukaduhihibikanya tukitangira Iyogezabutumwa rigamije kunga abantu bishingiye ku mugenzo mwiza wo gusaba imbabazi, kuzitanga no guhimbaza ubwiyunge bwagezweho; Kwihatira gukora ubukangurambaga ku Bakristu b’ibyiciro byose bakita ku nshingano z’ubukrsistu muri rusange n’iz’Umunsi wa Nyagasani; Bityo Misa igakundwa ikitabirwa n’Abagatolika bose igahimbazwa neza, ikubaka imitima, ikubaka Umuryango w’Imana kandi igasozwa no kujya mu butumwa bwo kogeza Ingoma y’Urukundo-Ukuri-Ubugingo-Ibyishimo-Ubutabera n’Amahoro bahereye mu ngo no mu Muryango Remezo. Mu mwaka wa Yubile amafaranga y’u Rwanda miliyoni mirongo irindwi n’ebyiri Magana atanu (72, 550,800 frw) yakusanyijwe n'abakirisitu bavugurura Kiliziya yubatswe 1933. Iyo kiliziya yavuguruwe yatangiye kubakwa mu mwaka wa 1933, ibikoresho bikaba byari byaratangiye kwegeranywa mu mwaka wa 1931. Ibuye ry’ifatizo ry’iyo kiliziya ryahawe umugisha kuwa 30 Mata 1933 Mgr Léon Classe Musenyeri akaba ariwe wahisemo ahubakwa iyo kiliziya anatanga igishushanyo mbonera cyayo. Padiri Privat wari i Zaza niwe wari umwubakisha mukuru; iyo kiliziya yatashywe tariki 4 Ukuboza 1934. [[Dosiye:RwamaganaChurch.jpg|thumb|Paruwasi ya Kabgayi]] Mu kubaka iyo Kiliziya hari ababigizemo uruhare rukomeye harimo uzwi cyane Umutware Fransisko Rwabutogo wabatirijwe i Kabgayi kuwa 2 Nyakanga 1927 maze ahabwa izina rya Fransisko wa Sales, akomezwa kuwa 10 Nyakanga 1927. Umutware Rwabutogo yubakwa ry’iyo kiliziya yarigizemo uruhare rukomeye: Ubwo yabwiye ingabo ze ngo zifashe kubaka kiliziya. Rubanda ruciye bugufi rwemeye nta guseta ibirenge gutanga imiganda, ariko abakomeye barabyanga ngo ntibashobora kwikorera amabuye cyangwa amatafari no kwisiga ibyondo n’imikungugu, Rwabutogo abyumvise yafashe ingata ashyira ku masunzu ye ku mutwe yikorera amatafari afatanya na rwa rubanda rugufi. Ba bandi babisuzuguye bagira isoni babona ko ishyano riguye maze barakenyera batunda amabuye n’amatafari kugeza inyubako ya kiliziya yuzuye” Hari byinshi Rwabutogo yakoze bigaragaza ubukristu bwe budashidikanywa harimo no kuba yaraherezaga  amaturo mu Misa z’iminsi Mikuru nka Noheli, Pasika, Umunsi Mukuru w’Isakaramentu Ritagafu. “Umutware Francois Rwabutogo ku minsi mikuru yaraherezaga, akayobora abatwara amatara mu gihe cya consécration.  agafatanya n’ibisonga bye byarimo uwitwa Ruhorahoza  Gérard wari su  shefu i Nyarusange, Ndaruhutse Bernard wari su shefu, Rugumire  Antoine wari S/ chefu ya Nyarubuye na MUtsinzi Michel su shefu wa Nkomangwa. Ku minsi mikuru ikomeye yaherezaga hamwe n’ibisonga bye ndetse ku matangazo ya Misa nkuru bandikagaho ngo abazahereza ni "Abatware". Francois Rwabutogo kandi yanditse igitabo ku Isakaramentu ry’ugushyingirwa kitwa Ugushyingirwa Gutagatifu, gakubiyemo Inama zerekeye abasore n’abakobwa bashaka guhabwa Isakaramentu ry’Ugushyingirwa. Umutware Rwabutogo mu rwego rwo kumushimira uruhare rw’indashyikirwa yagaragaje mu kurwanira ishyaka Kiliziya, Papa Piyo wa XII yamushyize mu rugaga rw’abalayiki b’imena baba baragize uruhare muri Kiliziya mu kuyirwanira ishyaka, mu kuyirengera no mu bindi bikorwa by’indashyikirwa mu bihugu byabo, urwo rugaga rwitwa «Chevalier de l’Ordre Pontifical de Saint Sylvestre ». Umudari w’ishimwe ujyana no kumushyira muri urwo rwego yawambitswe ku mugaragaro ku itariki ya 30 Kamena 1940 i Rwamagana ari ku Cyumweru. Umwami Mutara wa III Rudahigwa, wabatijwe kuwa 17 Ukwakira 1943 agahabwa izina rya Charles Léon Pierre  nawe yagize uruhare mu kubaka kiliziya ya Misiyoni ya Rwamagana. Mu mwaka wa 1933 mu gihe Abamisiyoneri bubakaga kiliziya ya Misiyoni ya Rwamagana, umwami Mutara yabigizemo uruhare rukomeye. Musenyeri Mgr Classe ubwe abitangamo ubuhamya avuga ko " Umwami Mutara wa III Rudahigwa yemereye Abamisiyoneri ba Rwamagana gutema ibiti[1] bigera kuri 300 " Rusatira Védaste  mu gitabo " yise sous la direction du Dr BYANAFASHE Déogratias, LE BUGANZA SUD ET LA MISSION CATHOLIQUE DE RWAMAGANA (1919-1945, Mémoire présenté en vue de l’obtention du grade de Licencié en Histoire, Université Nationale du Rwanda, p 60 Ibyo biti, byari biri mu bikingi bya Rwabugiri, byari byubashywe cyan enta washoboraga gupfa kubitema. Umwami Musinga we yaranabiziriraga cyane kuko bitashoboraga no kugurishwa. Uwihaga kubitema yashoboraga no kuhatakariza ubuzima.Nkuko bigaragara mu Gitabo cya Musenyeri Classe  " Ils trébuchaient dans les ténèbres ." urupapuro rwa  155 kugeza ku rwa 156. Ikindi ni uko Umwami Mutara atahwemaga gusura Misiyoni ya Rwamagana nk’uko igitabo cy’ubuzima Misiyoni ya Rwamagana kibigaragaza, hagati y’umwaka wa 1931 n’umwaka wa 1945, Mutara Rudahigwa yayisuye misiyoni ya Rwamagana inshuro zigera ku icumi zose. Mu gihe hatahwaga Kiliziya, Umwami Mutara wa III RUDAHIGWA n'Umugabekazi bitabiriye ibirori byo kuyitaha ndetse Tariki ya 21 Mutarama 1947,  Papa Piyo wa XII yamwambitse umudari  w’ishimwe uhabwa Abalayiki bakoreye Kiliziya ibikorwa by’indashyikirwa, babaye abakristu b’intangarugero mu bihugu byabo, ashyirwa mu rugaga bita  “Chevalier de l’Ordre de Saint Grégoire le Grand". Iyo kiliziya yubatswe mu mwaka wa 1933, ikaba iherutse kuvugururwa muri iyi Yubile, Nyakubahwa Paul KAGAME, Perezida wa Repubulika, ubwo yari yaje gusengera muri Kiliziya ya Paruwasi ya Rwamagana ku munsi Mukuru wa Noheli muri 2009, yageneye inkunga abakiristu ba Paruwasi Gatolika yo gutunganya imbuga ya Kiliziya hashyirwaho amapave ndetse kigashyirwaho uruzitiro rukomeye, icyo gihe Igitambo cya Misa cyatuwe na Mgr Bahujimihigo Kizito wari umushumba wa Diyosezi Gatolika ya Kibungo, paruwasi ya Rwamagana yayoborwa na padiri n'uwari padiri Mukuru Ntaganira Cyprien. Misiyoni ya Rwamagana yagiye ibyara Amaparuwasi ayikomokaho iya mbere yabaye iya Kiziguro yashinzwe mu 1930.Kiziguro  ubu ni Paruwasi ibarizwa muri Diyosezi ya Byumba, yashinzwe ibyawe na Misiyoni ya Rwamagana, ikaba ariyo mfura muri Paruwasi zabyawe na Paruwasi ya Rwamagana. Tariki 11 Ukwakira 1930, nibwo Padiri Soete yahawe ubutumwa bwo kuba umukuru wa Misiyoni nshya ya Kiziguro kandi ahabwa ubutumwa bwo  gushinga iyo Misiyoni. Ku itariki ya 13 ukwakira 1930, Padiri Soweto yagiye i Kiziguro ajyanye n’abafundi ba Misiyoni ya Rwamagana ajya kuhubaka inzu y’ibyumba 3 igenewe gufasha abamisiyoneli bagomba gukora  ubutumwa muri Misiyoni nshya ya Kiziguro. Kuwa 10 Ugushyingo1930, Misiyoni ya Kiziguro yahawe undi mupadiri, waturutse i Kabgayi, ajya  gufasha Padiri Soeto, ari we Padiri Pauwels. Misiyoni ya Kiziguro nayo yaje kubyara Paruwasi ya Rukara ibarizwa muri Diyosezi Gatolika ya Kibungo. Mu mpera z’umwaka wa 1963, abakirisitu bamaze kugaragaza ko bifuza Paruwasi kubera ingendo ndende bakoraga, uwari Igisonga cy’Umwepiskopi wa Arikidiyosezi ya Kabgayi, Musenyeri Innocent Gasabwoya yasabye abakirisitu gutangira kubaka Kiliziya n’amacumbi y’abapadiri. Nyuma yaho Umwepiskopi yashinze Padiri Ludoviko Piye (Louis Pien) wabarizwaga muri Paruwasi ya Kiziguro kuyitaho no kujya ahasomera Misa ku cyumweru. Mu mwaka wa 1965 inyubako zari zimaze kuzura nibwo hakozwe umunsi mukuru wo gutaha Kiliziya. Icyo gihe  nibwo Paruwasi ya Rukara yashinzwe ku mugaragaro, iragizwa Mutagatifu Faransisko Saveri (Saint François Xavier). Paruwasi ya Rukara nayo iritegura kubyara Paruwasi ya Nyakabungo, ubu Nyiricyubahiro Musenyeri Antoni KAMBANDA Arkiyepiskopi wa Kigali n’Umuyobozi wa Diyosezi ya Kibungo akaba yarayihaye umupadiri uyitaho ku buryo bw’umwihariko. Paruwasi ya Musha yashinzwe mu 1969 , ubu ni Paruwasi ibarizwa muri Arkidiyosezi ya Kigali, yabanje kuba imwe muri sikirisali zari zigize Misiyoni ya Rwamagana, igihe hatangiye inzego za Diyosezi yari iyo muri Arkidiyosezi ya Kabgayi. Paruwasi ya Musha yitiriwe mutagatifu Dominiko Saviyo yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1969 ibyawe na Paruwasi ya Rwamagana, Mbere y’uko iza i Musha Abapadiri b’Abamisiyoneri babanje gufata ikibanza i Nzige ho muri Santarali ya Kigarama barahakoma, bashyiraho ikimenyetso cy’imbibi ko hafashwe. Bitewe n’uko mu gace ka Musha ariho hari iterambere ni naho hubatswe Paruwasi ya Musha aho kuyubaka i Kigarama; ubu aho icyicaro cya Paruwasi kiri niho Umutware RWUBUSISI yari atuye. Kuva Paruwasi ya Musha ishinzwe kugeza mu mwaka wa 1994 yayoborwaga n’Abapadiri bo mu muryango w’Abapadiri w’Abasereziyani (Abamisiyoneri) baje gusimburwa n’Abapadiri ba Diyosezi biganjemo abenegihugu ari nabo bayiyobora kugeza ubu. Mu mwaka wa 2008, Paruwasi ya Musha yari igizwe n’amasantarali 7 nyuma yo kubyara Paruwasi ya Kigarama. Paruwasi ya Mukarange yabanje kuba Sikirisali ya Misiyoni ya Rwamagana, ni nayo Sikirisare ya mbere yayo. Kuwa 10/9/1920 , hashize umwaka umwe Misiyoni ya Rwamagana ishinzwe, Padiri Delimasi yagiye gushaka ikibanza cy’aho kubaka sikirisale ya Mukarange. Kuwa 10/01/1930, Padiri ucunga umutungo yohereje abafundi bane i Mukarange batangira kubakisha Sikirisare bakoresheje amabuye barangiza kuyubaka ku wa 20/01/1930. Nyuma yahindutse Santarari ya Paruwasi ya Rwamagana kugeza mu mwaka wa 1970 ubwo yabaye Paruwasi. Musenyeri Sibomana Joseph yayishinze ari iya mbere muzo yashinze, maze ayiragiza Mutagatifu Yozefu; ikaba yarashizwe kuwa 01 Paruwasi ya Ruhunda yashinzwe na Nyiricyubahiro Musenyeri Antoni KAMBANDA kuwa 9 Nzeri 2018, iragizwa Bikira Mariya Umwamikazi wajyanywe mu ijuru, ikaba igizwe na Santarali ebyiri Ruhunda na Nkomangwa, na Sikirisali eshatu arizo Kavumu, Gati na Nyarubuye. Abapadiri bakomoka muri Paruwasi ya Rwamagana kuva yashingwa kugeza ubu barenga 20 harimo abahavuka nyirizina n’abahatuye cyangwa bakahahererwa isakaramentu ry'Ubusaseridoti bitewe n’uko ababyeyi babo bahatuyUgushyingo 1970. Abakiristu ba Paruwasi Gatolika ya Rwamagana bayobowe na Padiri Mukuru Twizeyimana Eugene ubwo bakiraga umushumba mushya wa Diyosezi Gatolika ya Kibungo Mgr Twagirayezu Jean Marie Vienney bamugabiye inka. Umupadiri wa mbere uvuka muri paruwasi ya Rwamagana,  Padiri Stanislas Bushayija wahawe Ubupadiri tariki  25 Nyakanga mu 1944 akaba yaritabye Imana Padiri Vincent Sebagabo yahawe Ubupadiri tariki 25 Nyakanga mu 1947 nawe yitabye Imana.  Padiri Tharcisse Rwasabutare yahawe Ubupadiri 8 Mata 1956 akaba yaritabye Imana. Padiri Medard KAyita ukorera ubutumwa muri Diyosezi Gatolika Nyundo yahawe Ubupadiri 23 Ugushyingo 1958 ,Padiri François Xavier MFIZI ukorera Ubutumwa mu Bubirigi yahawe Ubupadiri tariki ya 25 Nyakanga mu 1976. Musenyeri Kizito Bahujimihigo yahawe Ubupadiri tariki ya 25 Nyakanga 1980 ubu akaba aba muri Diyosezi Gatolika ya Byumba. Anselme MUZERWA yahawe Ubupadiri tariki 10 Kanama 2003 akaba akorera ubutumwa mu Busuwisi. Padiri Dieudonné Uwamahoro ushinzwe itumanaho muri Diyosezi Gatolika ya Kibungo yahawe Ubupadiri tariki ya 22 Nyakanga 2007, Prosper Rugamba ubu akorera ubutumwa muri Diyosezi MAHAGI/Congo-Kinshasa) Padiri Eugène Twizeyimana, niwe padiri Mukuru wa paruwasi Gatolika ya Rwamagana yanaherewemo Ubupadiri tariki ya 14 Kanama 2010. Padiri Vedaste Tuyiramye yahawe Ubupadiri tariki ya 14 Kanama2010, Padiri Egide Mutuyimana yahawe Ubupadiri tariki ya 15 Kanama 2011, Padiri J. D’Amour Tumusenge yahawe Ubupadiri tariki  01 Kanama 2015, Padiri alain Robert Umuhire yahawe Ubupadiri tariki 22 Nyakanga 2015 akorera ubutumwa muri Alkidiyosezi ya Kigali. Padiri Pierre Claver Nkusi, ababyeyi be bakomoka muri Paruwasi ya Rwamagana muri santarali ya Mwulire akababa yarahawe ubupadiri kuwa 25 Nyakanga 1987, Padiri Vedaste Kayisabe yabatirijwe muri Paruwasi ya Rwamagana, akaba yarahawe Ubupadiri Paruwasi ya Mukarange yaravutse, kuwa 26 Nyakanga 1998, ubu ni Umunyamabanga Mukuru w'Inama y'abepisikopi Gatolika mu Rwanda. Padiri Olivier kayitare, umupadiri wo mu muryango w’Abayezuwiti, wabuherewe muri Paruwasi ya Regina Pacis i Remera kuwa 8 Kanama 2015, ababyeyi be bari batuye muri Paruwasi ya Rwamagana. <ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/139383/amateka-ya-kiliziya-ya-rwamagana-yubatswe-numuganda-umutware-akikorera-amatafari-ku-mutwe-139383.html</ref> e7s9xhx8ybfp69zso7u6us15rv93iqd 0 18472 139890 105051 2026-09-24T10:43:59Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139890 wikitext text/x-wiki ===== Urubyiruko nibamwe mumbaraga zigihugu kuko urubyiruko rukora byinshi muguteza imbere igihugu cyabo. abahanga mubijyanye nimiterere yamuntu bavugako urubyiruko ruhera ku myaka 14 kugeza kuri 34. ===== urubyiruko rufasha igihugu mu guteza igihu imbere binyuze muguteza imbere ikorana buhanga, kuzamura ubuhinzi n'ubworozi ndetse runafasha kurwanya SIDA. Bamwe murubyiruko bavugako bamaze gutera intabwe yo kumenya n'ogusobanukirwa akamaro ko kurwanya SIDA bityo bigatuma bahorana ubuzima bumeze neza bakagirira akamaro igihugu cyabo bagifasha mu gushaka ibyabateza imbere batarinze gutega amaboko kuri Leta. Urubyiruko rufasha mukuzamura ubuhinzi n'ubworozi bwamatungo ni nyuma yogusanga urubyiruko arirwo rwinshi mu RWANDA<ref>uruhare rwurubyiruko muiterambera ry'igihugu</ref> kandi abaturage benshi bakaba batunzwe n'ubuhinzi n'ubworozi n7aa5oc0fp5dia75a818g8es00bem1j 0 18498 139587 133880 2026-09-23T15:56:33Z Ndahiro derrick 8075 Ndahiro derrick moved page [[AMAHUGURWA Y'UBUMWE N'UBUDAHERANWA]] to [[Amahugurwa y'Ubumwe n'Ubudaheranwa]] 133880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amahugurwa y'[[Ubumwe]] n'Ubudaheranwa''' ni gahunda itegurwa n'Umuryango '''Unity Club Intwararumuri''' igamije kubaka ubushobozi bw'[[urubyiruko]] no kwimakaza indangagaciro z'[[ubumwe]], ubunyarwanda n'ubudaheranwa mu banyeshuri biga mu mashuri makuru na kaminuza zo mu Rwanda. Aya mahugurwa akorwa ku bufatanye n'inzego zitandukanye za Leta n'abafatanyabikorwa.[http://www.unity-club.rw/news-details?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=1&cHash=77afd9835f168bda042b1ce20e367cd6] Mu mwaka wa '''2024''', Unity Club Intwararumuri yasoje icyiciro cya kane cy'aya mahugurwa, cyabereye mu Karere ka [[Musanze Fc|Musanze]] ku wa '''28 na 29 Mata 2024'''. Iki gikorwa cyari kimwe mu bikorwa by'ingenzi bigize umushinga ugamije kwimakaza [[Umunyarwandakazi|Ubunyarwanda]] mu rubyiruko, uzwi ku izina rya '''Ndi Umunyarwanda Integration Project'''.[https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/umuryango-unity-club-intwararumuri-watangiye-icyiciro-cya-kane-cy-umushinga-wo-kwimakaza-ndi-umunyarwanda-mu-rubyiruko] == Amavu n'amavuko == Umushinga '''Ndi Umunyarwanda Integration Project''' watangiye mu mwaka wa '''2019''' '''[https://www.minubumwe.gov.rw/news-detail/min-dr-bizimana-yasabye-abiga-muri-seminari-nkuru-ya-kabgayi-kwimakaza-ndi-umunyarwanda]''', utangizwa n'ibiganiro bigamije kwimakaza gahunda ya '''Ndi [[Umunyarwandakazi|Umunyarwanda]]''' mu rubyiruko. Ushyirwa mu bikorwa na '''Unity Club Intwararumuri''' ku bufatanye na Minisiteri y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda n'Inshingano Mboneragihugu ([[MINUBUMWE]]), Minisiteri y'Urubyiruko n'Iterambere ry'Ubuhanzi (MoYA), Minisiteri y'Uburezi (MINEDUC), Ishuri Rikuru rya Gisirikare rya Nyakinama ndetse n'Ikigo cy'Ubushakashatsi n'Ubusabane bigamije Amahoro (IRDP).[https://www.minubumwe.gov.rw/index.php?eID=dumpFile&t=f&f=151357&token=f48bf90f1e1f1b6bf26385a36978ad92194ebeb6] === Intego === Icyiciro cya kane cy'uyu mushinga cyari kigamije kubaka ubushobozi bw'Amahuriro y'[[Ubumwe]] n'Ubudaheranwa akorera mu mashuri makuru na kaminuza '''32''' zo hirya no hino mu [[Rwanda]]. Aya mahuriro afasha abanyeshuri gusobanukirwa amateka y'u [[Rwanda]], kwimakaza [[ubumwe]] bw'[[Abanyarwanda]], ubudaheranwa no kugira uruhare mu iterambere ry'igihugu. [https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/abayobozi-b-amahuriro-y-ubumwe-n-ubudaheranwa-muri-kaminuza-biyemeje-kwimakaza] === Gusoza amahugurwa === Mu muhango wo gusoza aya mahugurwa, '''Visi Perezida wa kabiri wa Unity Club Intwararumuri, Hon. Uwacu Julienne''', yagarutse ku butumwa bwa Perezida wa Repubulika y'u [[Rwanda]], '''[[Paul Kagame]]''', bukangurira [[urubyiruko]] kwizera ubushobozi rufite no kugira uruhare rugaragara mu kubaka igihugu no gukomeza kwimakaza indangagaciro z'[[Umunyarwandakazi|Ubunyarwanda]].[https://umuryango.rw/amakuru/article/uwacu-julienne-yatangiye-imirimo-mishya-muri-unity-club-intwararumuri] Aya mahugurwa akomeje kugira uruhare mu kongerera [[urubyiruko]] ubumenyi n'indangagaciro zibafasha kuba abaturage bafite inshingano, bakunda [[igihugu]] kandi bagira uruhare mu kubungabunga [[ubumwe]] n'ubudaheranwa bw'[[Abanyarwanda]].[https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/urubyiruko-rwasabwe-kurwanya-ibyonona-ubumwe-bw-abanyarwanda] === Amashakiro === gy3z35436vdp81wos3y8yvw91nqvisk 0 18536 139951 137063 2026-09-24T10:52:27Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139951 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ni ibiki biboneka mu karere ka Rwamagana by'umwihariko == * Mu karere ka Rwamagana habonekamo ibintu binyuranye kandi bifitiye igihugu akamaro harimo nk'ikigo cya * polisi(ahatangirwa amasoma ya polisi),twavugama nk'indabo.ikibuga cya gorufe(golf playground),ikiyaga.ndetse n'amahoteri[[Dosiye:Police_of_Rwanda_training_school_Gishari.jpg|thumb|Police of Rwanda training school Gishari-Rwamagana |416x416px]] == 1. ikigo cya polisi cy'i Gishari == == Ni ikigo giherereye muri aka karere mu murenge wagishari iyo uturika mu murwa mukuru w'igihugu cyacu unyura nyagasambu ugakomeza mu kabuga ka Musha ,ukagera Intunga uterera amaso ku ruganda rukora amaferabeto rwa mwulire ugakomeza ukagera ku gasoko kwa Manuel umanuka wikoza kwa Karangara maze ukagera mubyimana aha uhasanga ihuriro ry'imihanda maze ugamanukaho gato ugahira ukatira ibumoso ujya ku murenge wa gishari aho iki kigo giherereye ugakomeza uwo muhanda ukugeza neza mu marembo yicyo kiga harangwa nuko uhasanga icyapa kikubwira ngo murakaza neza mu kigo cya polisi haka hahugurirwa abashaka buba abapolisi giteye ubuzu ndakigukumbuje kuzagisura ukirebera aho abaturindira mutekana babarizwa<ref name=":0">https://police.gov.rw/rw/ahabanza/amashuri-ya-polisi/ishuri-ryigisha-abapolisi-gishari/</ref><ref>https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/tujyanye-muri-pts-gishari-ahatangirira-urugendo-rwo-gutoza-no-gukarishya</ref> == == 2. Aho bahinga indabo hazwi nko muri NAEB muri Rwamagana == == Nkuko twabivuze haruguru muri rwamagana hari ahantu hahinga indabo zifitiye == [[Dosiye:Lake_Muhazi_part_of_Rwamagana.jpg|thumb|Lake Muhazi part of Rwamagana]] == akamoro igihugu ndatse nabaturiye aho hantu kuko igihugu kigemura indabo mu mahanga tukabona amadevise kandi nabaturage babona imirimo bakiteza imbere. Mubyukuri n'ikigao kizwi nka "Bella Flower ' ariko mbre yuko cyitwa iri zina cyitwaga muri NAEB Kavumuubundi kandi bakahita gasutamo.haba indabo nziza cyane ibimenya neza iyo ari kuri mutagatifu Valentin idabo ziba zicicikana kuri uwo munsi zose ziba zaturutse ikavumu.Nanone kandi ngagirango tutemberere muri bella flower iyo uturitse ikigari naho unyura i Kabuga ukinjira mumarembo ya Rwamagana ariyo Nyagasabumbu ukameza uwo muhanda ukagera mu Kabuga ka Musha uterera agasozi ka Ntunga no ku gasoko ngo ba uhita umanuka ako gasozi ujya ku ruganda ruko fera beto rwa Mwurile maze ugakomeza no kugasoko ka Manuel iyo uhageze ukomereza kwa Karangara maze ugakata mukaboko k'ibumoso ugakomeza uwo muhanda mbere yuko ugera mu bella == [[Dosiye:Rwamagamana.jpg|thumb|Rwamagamana]] == flower utangira kubonao ibitaro bya Ruhunda amashuri nka Ecole Secondaire de Muhazi na GS Ruhunda ku ruhunda rw'uwo muhanda ndetse nudusantere twa Ruhunda kw'isoko ndetse na kavumu duherereye mu murenge wa Gishari iyo ugeze ikavumu uba wingira ahatangiriye ibikorwa bya Bella fLower uhabwirwa nuko uhabona umazu bahingamo indabo azwi kw'izina rya green house ndetse n;abakozi baba bacicikana bakorerama imirimo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://naeb.gov.rw/index.php?id=24&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=838&tx_news_pi1%5Bday%5D=24&tx_news_pi1%5Bmonth%5D=3&tx_news_pi1%5Byear%5D=2021&cHash=37d6855ea18595cbbb7dfc4750da98cf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-21 |archive-date=2024-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521124718/https://naeb.gov.rw/index.php?id=24&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=838&tx_news_pi1%5Bday%5D=24&tx_news_pi1%5Bmonth%5D=3&tx_news_pi1%5Byear%5D=2021&cHash=37d6855ea18595cbbb7dfc4750da98cf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bellaflowers.rw/about-us/article/about-us |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-21 |archive-date=2024-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525120936/https://bellaflowers.rw/about-us/article/about-us |url-status=dead }}</ref> == == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} g8pn2rkh61hggnfu47s1iqwnv76x6o4 0 18541 139932 105413 2026-09-24T10:50:08Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139932 wikitext text/x-wiki Urubyiruko nimbaraga z'igihugu kuko usanga akenshi ibinti byinshi bijyanye niterambere ry'igihugu, urubyiruko rugiramo uruhare rwinshi cyane. nkurugero twavuga kurubyiruko rwo mu Rwanda usanga hafi yabose bariteje imbere binyuze mumirimo itandukanye harimo: ubworozi, ubuhinzi, ubuhanzi, ubujyeni, ndetse nindi mishinga myinshi yabateza imbere nyuma bikagirira igihugu akamaro muburyo butandukanye. Twavuga wenda nko kuba hari urubyiruko ruzi ubujyeni nko gushushanya usanga bituma haza bamukera rugendo bishura amadovise akifashishwa muguteza imbere igihugu. nanone kurubyiruko rukora ibijyanye n'ubuhinzi n'ubworozi usanga bituma igihugu gihora kihagije mubukungu ndetse abaturage bakabona iryo yuzuye harimo nibituruka kumatungo.<ref>http://197.243.16.106/police/index.php?id=51&L=2&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=10528&cHash=819789ccd599dd1b27c608abbaea027e</ref> Mu Rwanda urubyiruko rwiteje imbere kuko usanga ibyo turya bihingwa n'urubyiruko, iyo bigeze ku isoko bicuruzwa n'urubyiruko, iyo mureba ikoranabuhanga, mobile money, aba agent bose n'urubyiruko, munzego za leta abenshi usanga ari urubyiruko n'abanyamakuru usanga ari urubyiruko kandi n'abaganga, abaforomo usanga ari urubyiruko. nanone urubyiruko rufasha mukurwanya SIDA bakanakora umuganda bigatuma igihugu gihorana isuku. Nanone usanga iyo urubyiruko ruhari bahanga udushya bityo bigatuma lete ibona imisoro, ikifashishwa muguteza imbere ibikorwa remezo.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/article/urubyiruko-rushobora-guteza-imbere-ubuhinzi-n-ubworozi-rugiye-kubarurwa</ref> 3arx58fotcihgvdaooj1akhy4b4erre 0 18570 139552 122768 2026-09-23T14:19:18Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139552 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Cocaine3.jpg|thumb|227x227px]] Ikiyobyabwenge n'ikintu cyose gihindura imitekererze n'imyitwarire bikagira ingaruka kubuzima bw'umuntu, cyaba cyinyowe, gihumetswe, cyangwa gitewe mu rushinge n'ubundi buryo bwose cyafatwamo. [[Dosiye:17-05-06-Miniaturen RR79033.jpg|thumb]] Mubuyobyange harimo nk'urumogi, kokayine, heroyine(mugo), n'ibindi. Akenshi usanga urubyiruko arirwo rukoresha ibiyobyabwonge cyane bityo bikabagiraho ingaruka zitandukanye. <u>ZIMWE MUNGARUKA ZO GUKORESHA IBIYOBYABWE</u> [[Dosiye:Spier 21 Gables.jpg|thumb|317x317px]] Ibibazo byo mumutwe birushaho kuba urusobe ndetse uko bitinda abantu bagenda batakaza imbara zo gukora, ubushobozi bwo gufata mu mutwe, agahinda gakabije, kwiyahura ndetse n'uburwayi bukomeye bwo mumutwe. Ibiyobyabwenge binatuma umuntu ahora mumadeni, amahane mumuryango no muri sosiyete, gusiba akazi, kwirukanywa kw'ishuri cyangwa kukazi, ubukene, kwiyandarika, abakozi muri leta baba bakeya kuko urubyiruko rwirirwa muri transit centre, iwawa na huye. <u>UBURYO WAKIRINDA IBIYOBYABWENGE</u> Kwirinda ibigare/agakungu,gukunda umurimo no gutekereza icyaguteza imbere,gushinga z'akaribu zo kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge.....<ref>https://www.rbc.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/mental/men/8.4.%20RBC%20booklet%20ibiyobyabwenge.pdf</ref> 3dpa1t6zjwwhsz6tufrlcly3hicwmm5 0 18621 139921 122993 2026-09-24T10:48:47Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139921 wikitext text/x-wiki Abanyeshuri bashoje amashuri yisumbuye mu karere ka Rwamagana barize ibijyanye na za siyansi bagenda bakangurirwa kuba bazakomeza amasomo yabo muri ,kaminuza mu bijyanye n’uburezi mu rwego rwo kuzaba abarezi beza.Aba banyeshuri babanza gufasha abarimu kwigisha mu kiciro rusange amasomo bize ukaba umwanya mwiza wo kwimenyereza gukunda uburezi. [[Dosiye:Uburezi.jpg|thumb]] <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.izubaradiotv.rw/rwamagana-abarangije-amashuri-yisumbuye-muri-siyansi-barimo-gutozwa-gukunda-uburezi |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-23 |archive-date=2024-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523131956/https://www.izubaradiotv.rw/rwamagana-abarangije-amashuri-yisumbuye-muri-siyansi-barimo-gutozwa-gukunda-uburezi |url-status=dead }}</ref> banyeshuri bagera muri mirongo itatu bize siyansi baba baratsinze neza amasomo yabo basoza amashuri yisumbuye nibo batoranyijwe n’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ibizamini n’ubugenzuzi bw’amashuri '' '' (NESA) bashyikirizwa umushinga witwa IEE ukorera mu karere ka Rwamagana urabahugura bagera ku rwego rwaho ubu  barimo gufasha abarimu kwigisha amasomo bize aho bigisha mu cyiciro rusange. Bavuga ko uyu ari umwanya mwiza bahawe wo kwimenyereza kuzaba abarezi beza ndetse bagafasha abana b’abakobwa bakiri hasi kwitinyuka bakaba bakiga n’amasomo arimo imibare azwi nka (sciences ) bityo bikazabagirira akamaro Mubuzima bwabo ndetse nokugihugu murirusange.https://www.izubaradiotv.rw/rwamagana-abarangije-amashuri-yisumbuye-muri-siyansi-barimo-gutozwa-gukunda-uburezi 7ipl4z62ybaywqa277im5jh5iidot4w 0 18636 139748 111406 2026-09-23T18:42:00Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139748 wikitext text/x-wiki Urubyiruko ni rumwe mumbaraga z'igihugu kuko igihugu cyitagira urubyiruko usanga ahanini ntaterambere rihari cyangwase ryaba rihari ugasanga ntabakozi bahari. Urubyiruko rero nirwo mbaraga zigihugu rero natwe tugire uruhare muguteza igihugu cyacu kugirango natwe tubashe kubona ibyo dukenera kuri leta. Rubyiruko dufite imbaraga rero mureke ntitukazimfushubusa dukora ibidusenya ahubwo dukore ibyagirira igihugu akamaro ndetse natwe. [[Dosiye:Article_6_workshop_by_SYND.jpg|thumb|Urubyiruko]] Mumirimo ihari urubyiruko rwakora harimo: ubworozi, ubuhinzi, ubucuruzi, kwigisha, ubujyeni..., ibi bizatuma igihugu gihora gifite umusaruro uhagije kubiribwa kikagira nabaturage bize. Perezida [[Paul Kagame|PAUL KAGAME]] yavuzeko, Urubyiruko rugomba kumenya ko igihugu kibategerejeho guhindura ubuzima bwacyo. Perezida PAUL KAGAME yibukije urubyiruko ibyo rugomba kurwanya rubizi, bagomba kubihera kumateka y'igihugu cy'[[Rwanda|urwanda]]. Yibukije urubyiruko ko kugirango ibyo ubisohoze neza, icyambere ntampamvu nimwe ikwiye kukubuza kuba uwo ugomba kuba we, [[Dosiye:A_happy_youth_Group.jpg|thumb|Urubyiruko]] ugomba kurwanira uwo uriwe.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/urubyiruko-rufite-uruhare-runini-rwo-gukomeza-kubaka-igihugu-perezida-kagame</ref> 6bhtyir91kdqn9tocqrrzk8hyacr7pp 0 18652 139768 133108 2026-09-24T10:00:02Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139768 wikitext text/x-wiki ikiyaga cya Ruhondo na Burera babyita impanga kubera ko byavukiye rimwe kubera ko byegeranye ariko nibifatanye nkuko bamwe bakunze kubivuga babyibazaho aho biri kubuso bungana hegitari 2800,bikaba bitandukanyijwe n'ubutaka buri mukirometero kimwe.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/sobanukirwa-byinshi-ku-biyaga-by-impanga-burera-ruhondo</ref> = INKOMOKO YABYO = [[Dosiye:Panaromic of Lake Ruhondo, Rwanda.jpg|thumb|ruhondo]] inkomoko y'ibyo biyaga byabayeho nyuma yivuka ry'ibirunga by'umwihariko ikirunga cya Muhabura kuko ibyo birunga bikimara kuvuka byafashe amazi yatembaga ava mu misozi y'uRwanda yerekeza muri y'uganda.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/sobanukirwa-byinshi-ku-biyaga-by-impanga-burera-ruhondo</ref> [[Dosiye:Ikiyaga cya burera na RUHONDO 1.jpg|thumb|ikiyaga cya burera na ruhondo]] nibiyaga bitahozeho ariko amazi ava muri nyabarongo na rusizi yajyaga muri y'uganda nyuma yuko ibirunga byikoze birayatangira bituma yireka muri Burera na Ruhondo, niyo mpamvu ko ari ibiyaga by'impanga byiremye hano mu majyaruguru y'uRwanda.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/sobanukirwa-byinshi-ku-biyaga-by-impanga-burera-ruhondo</ref> ibyo biyaga bikaba bikurura ba mukerarugendo bikinjiza amadovise igihugu kigatera imbere kuko gifite ibiyaga bidasanzwe.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/sobanukirwa-byinshi-ku-biyaga-by-impanga-burera-ruhondo</ref> fnktyhft4dn1zkp3vbz78xixvyt6lmz 0 18780 139650 110767 2026-09-23T18:27:08Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139650 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Urugo rw'umwami (inzu ya kinyarwanda).jpg|thumb|Urugo rwa Kinyarwanda]] [[Dosiye:Urugo rw' kinyarwa.jpg|thumb|276x276px|urugo rw'ikinyarwanda]] '''Urugo Rwa Kinyarwanda''' ni [[Urugo rwa Yezu Nyirimpuhwe mu Ruhango|urugo]] rugizwe ni nzu ahanini za Kera zigizwe ahanini ni inzu za kigonyi cyangwa se [[Inzu y'akinyarwanda|inzu ya kinyarwanda]]. <ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukerarugendo/inzu-ndangamurage/article/abatuye-ku-kirenge-barasaba-ko-ikirenge-cya-ruganzu-cyahahoze-cyahagarurwa</ref><ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/120736/dore-inzu-ndangamurage-6-wasura-mu-rwanda-120736.html</ref> Urugo rwa Kinyarwanda rwabaga rukunze kurangwa nu muvumu nki giti kiri mumuco nyarwanda.<ref name=":0" /> [[Dosiye:Rwanda_cultural_home.jpg|thumb|Urugo rwa Kinyarwanda]] == Uko yari imeze == Urugo Rwa Kinyarwanda ni inyubako iranga umuco w'akinyarwanda, aho yabaga ifite ibiti by’ubwubatsi aho by'abaga ari ibiti nka bibiri : harimo ibiti bya mankumbo, imbariro ndetse na mwamba. Inzu ya Kinyarwanda y'ubakishwaga ibikoresho bitandukanye nk' imiganda igizwe n’umusave, umubirizi n’umuvumu. Harimo imbariro zigizwe n’imisekere, imbingo, imbabaza, imisororo, iminaba, imitiritiri, imicundura, imikindo, hamwe n' imishurushuru. <ref name=":0" /> [[Dosiye:Inside_of_Rwanda_culture_house.jpg|thumb|Inside of Rwanda culture house]] == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umuco]] qu8c8f842el5xblef3clv5n5srk1636 0 18784 139841 128108 2026-09-24T10:34:53Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139841 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kigeli II Nyamuheshera''' yari [[Urutonde rw'Abami bayoboye u Rwanda|umwami]] mu [[ABAMI BATEGETSE U RWANDA|Bwami bw'u Rwanda]] mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 17. Jan Van sina yamusabye ibi bihimbano, akongerwaho no mu gisekuru cya cyami nyuma kugira ngo arangize uruziga rw'amazina y'ingoma. <ref>Vansina, Jan. 2004. Antecedents to Modern Rwanda : The Nyiginya Kingdom. Africa and the Diaspora. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref> Imigenzo ivuga ko yari umurwanyi ukomeye kandi wagutse cyane. Yari afite ingabo zikomeye zizwi nk'Inkingi. Imwe mu nkambi ze za gisirikare, izwi ku izina ryari Iziruguru, yagabweho igitero n’abaturage bitwaga abanyabungo" baturutse mu burengerazuba bwa Kivu muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Kongo]] ya none. Kigeli II yibasiye abatware mu burasirazuba bwa Kongo, barimo Bishugi, Kamuronsi, Gishali, Buhunde, Buzi, na Tongo ( Masisi ). Yahagaritswe n’amashyamba n'imvura menshi kugirango akomeze muri Kongo. Yerekeje ibitero bye byo kwaguka mu burengerazuba [[Ubugande|bwa Uganda]], hafi y’ikiyaga [[Ikiyaga cya Edward|cya Edward]], ahagarara ku "rutare rwa Kabasha" (urutare rwa Kabasha) maze agaragaza ko ari umupaka wahuzaga u Rwanda na Busongora. Busongora yari azwi kandi nk'ubutaka bwa Bacwezi. Byari binyuranyije n'amategeko gakondo y'u Rwanda gutera [[Busongora]] kuko yatekerezaga ko ari inzu y'imana Ryangombe. Yibasiye kandi yigarurira abatware ba Buberuka anambura ingoma yabo izwi ku izina rya Icyungo maze atera Kigezi na Bushengero aho yaje guhura n'ibishyimbo bidasanzwe byahinzwe mu Rwanda kugeza na n'ubu bikaba byasabye ubwoko bw'abasangwabutaka buzwi ku izina rya "Ibiharo". Yambuye kandi Bunyoro ubwoko bw'[[ihene]] zizwi ku izina rya Ihene z'Akamenesho. Ihene nini kandi zashinzwe kwitabwaho bidasanzwe. Umuco wo kwerekana ihene na parade watangijwe ku ngoro kugeza ku ngoma ya [[Yuhi V Musinga]] muri icyo gihe umurezi witwa Bunyereri wa Muhozi ukomoka i Gishubi muri Gitarama yari umushumba w'ihene. == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Abami b’u Rwanda]] s1j6ws8th482klaw5by8ice7uez87dz 0 18793 139628 132338 2026-09-23T18:22:35Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139628 wikitext text/x-wiki === Iyo bavuze Ubwiru wumva ik?<ref name=":0">https://groups.google.com/g/collectifcres/c/8Hkbyz9Kixk?pli=1</ref> === Ubwiru ni imihango y'amabanga akomeye y'ibwami yakorwaga n'itsinda ry'abiru ari nabo bari bashinzwe kubungabunga amabanga y'ingoma. Ubwiru kandi bisobanura amabanga ntamenyekana.Ubwiru na none ni ijambo risobanura ibizwi na nyirubwite cyabgwa bene icyo kintu gusa.Ubwiru rero ni ijambo ryakoreshejwe cyane ku ngoma nyabami kuko ubwiru bwari amabanga y'ingoma yamenywaga n'abiru. Iyo mihango yose hamwe yari nk'amategeko agizwe n'ibice cumi n'umunani bita inzira, agateganya uburyo buhambaye bwo kurengera igihugu. Muri make, umuntu yavuga ko ubwiru ari imihango [[umwami]] yakoraga cyangwa yakorerwaga ho kugira ngo aronke ububasha buhambaye bwo kurengera igihugu byabanje gusuzumwa no kwigwaho n'abiru b'ingoma. Kurengera igihugu ni uguha buri kinyabuzima cyose imibereho myiza, uburumbuke n'amahoro. Uretse izerekeye ububasha bw'umwami bwihariye, inzira z'Ubwiru zerekeranye n'ibituma ibinyabuzima byose bishyika kuri izo ntego eshatu umwami aharanira: ubuhinzi, ubworozi, umuhigo, ubuvumvu, umuganura, umuriro, umwuzure, rukungugu.<ref name=":0" /> === Ubwiru bwatangiye gute?<ref name=":0" /> === Ubwiru si umwihariko w'u Rwanda. Bwabonekaga mu bindi bihugu byinshi by'Afurika byagenderega ku mitegekere y'ubwiru. Ubwami bwo mu bihugu byo mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari bwari bufite imihango y'ubwiru: u [[Uburundi|Burundi]], u Bunyabungo, u Bushubi, u Bushiru, Cyingogo, u Busozo, u Bukunzi, u Buha, Karagwe, Ndorwa. Bityo rero, ubwiru si umwihariko w'ingoma nyiginya. Ubwiru si umwihariko w'ubwoko cyangwa w'umuryango. Ariko umwihariko w'ubwiru mu Rwanda ni uko ari ho honyine Abiru bashoboraga guhererekanya iyo mihango ku buryo ubu n'ubu. Ubwiru bugirze ingeri ikomeye y'uburage gakondo w'Abanyarwanda.<ref name=":0" /> Aho Abanyiginya bamariye kugira ingufu bakarema ingoma yabo bigarurira izindi zo mu karere, Imihango y'ubwiru yari isanzweho bongeye ho iyindi. Bavuga ko Rubunga ari we wamenyesheje Gihanga ubwiru bw'ingoma y'Abarenge. Kubera iyo neza ye, yaje guhimbwa izina rya "Mwungura wunguye ingoma ubwiru". Umwami w'u Rwanda Mutara I Semugeshi yahawe "Inzira y'ishora" n'umwami w' u Burundi Mutaga II Nyamubi. Uyu yohereje mu Rwanda abiru be babiri (Nyamwonda na Kiniga) kuyitoza abiru b'u Rwanda baboneye ho no kumenya ibindi bice by'ubwiru bw'i Burundi. Bavuga ko umwami Kigeli I Mukobanya yaronse ubwiru bw'Abatsobe b'i Bumbogo n'i Rukoma amaze kuhigarurira. Umwami Ruganzu II Ndori abuundutse yasanze umwami Minyaruko w'u Busigi amubwira iby'ubwiru bw'ingoma,amurangira n'aho abiru ba [[Ndahiro II Cyamatare]] bahishe ingoma z'u Rwanda. Umuhungu wa Minyaruko, Nyamigezi, ni we wagiye i Cyungo mu Buberuka kuramvura karinga na bagenzi bayo bane, nuko izo ngoma aziha Ruganzu II Ndori. Ibi byose biragaragaza ko ubwiru bw'ingoma y'Abanyiginya bwakomotse impande nyinshi. Abiru b'u Rwanda bagiye bongera ibyo bungutse mu byo basanganywe maze bakanihuza n'uruhiriri rw'imihango y'u Rwanda.<ref name=":0" /> Hari uwa kwibaza ati "Ubwiru bwatangiye kubaho ryari?". Imihango y'ubwiru yabayeho kuva kera cyane kubera ko buri bwami bwemeraga ko hari ububasha budasanzwe umwami yashoboraga kubona muri iyo mihango, bigatuma igihugu cye kigira uburumbuke n'umunezero. Bwashyiragaho rero abashinzwe iyo mihango. Ubwami bwose bwo mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari bwari bufite ubwiru. Mu by'ukuri biragoye kumenya ahantu n'igihe ubwiru byatangiriyeho.<ref name=":0" /> === Iherezo ry'ubwiru bw'ingoma y'Abanyiginya<ref name=":0" /> === Ingoma y'Abanyiginya yagiye isigarana ubwiru bw'ingoma z'ibihugu yatsinze. Ubwiru bwabo bwatangiye guhabwa umwanya ukomeye mu buyobozi bw'igihugu ku ngoma z'abami Cyirima I Rugwe, Kigeli I Mukobanya, na Mibambwe I Mutabazi. Abandi bami ngo bagize uruhare rugaragara mu mitunganyirize y'ubwiru ni Ruganzu II Ndori na Yuhi IV Gahindiro. Abiru bagiye bagira ijambo riniri mu miyoborere y'igihugu.<ref name=":0" /> Mu mwaka wa 1925 ni bwo ubutegetsi bushinzwe ubuyobozi [[Urutonde rw'abami bategetse u Rwanda|bw'u Rwanda]] bwavanyeho imihango y'ubwiru, n'umutware w'inteko y'Abiru, Gashamura ka Rukangirashyamba, agacirwa i Burundi. Kuva mu mwaka 1931 umwami [[Mutara III Rudahigwa]] yimikwa n'Abategetsi bashinzwe ubuyobozi bw'u Rwanda, abiru ntibongeye kugaragara mu mihango y'ibwami kuko igihugu cyari cyiyemeje kugendera ku matwara mashya ya gikiristu. Abiru bongeye kubyutsa umutwe mu gihe cy'iyimikwa ry'umwami Kigeli V Ndahindurwa amaze kwima yagerageje kuzanzamura urwo rwego ashyira ho Abiru bashya, ariko nta kintu kigaragara bakoze kuko hahise habaho imyivumbagatanyo yo mu 1959 yaje kugera ku ivanwaho ry'ubwami.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro:<ref name=":0" /> == [[Ikiciro:Amateka y’u Rwanda]] e244ls3jz052nd42v8w8ta8zqa8dz4x 0 18796 139891 122336 2026-09-24T10:44:06Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139891 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emmanuel Bushayija''' (yavutse ku ya 20 Ukuboza 1960) ni umwe wari uzi [[ABAMI BATEGETSE U RWANDA|amateka y'ubwami Rwanda]], bwakuweho mu 1961. Yatangajwe ko asimbuye umuhango w'icyubahiro ( ''[[Urutonde rw'Abami bayoboye u Rwanda|w'umwami]]'' ) ku ya 9 Mutarama 2017 ku ngoma ya '''Yuhi VI'''. Yasimbuye nyirarume nyakwigendera King [[Kigeli V Ndahindurwa|Kigeli V]] kandi ni umwuzukuru w'umwami [[Yuhi V Musinga|Yuhi V.]] == Ubuzima == Yakuriye mu buhungiro muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]], aho yize mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Iganga akorera Pepsi Cola i Kampala. Yabaye kandi muri [[Kenya]], akora mu bukerarugendo, mbere yo gusubira mu Rwanda muri Nyakanga 1994 mbere yo kwimukira mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]] nyuma y'imyaka itandatu. Kwinjira kwa Yuhi VI kwakozwe no gutangaza [[Abiru|Inama yumwami ya Abiru]], bagize itsinda ryabasaza kandi banga ibyifuzo byumwami nkabajyanama. Dukurikije umuco, Inama ya Abiru iratangaza ko umwami yatoranije uzamusimbura mu bagize umuryango we. <ref name="Customs">p.50. </ref> Bushayija, mwishywa, yiswe umusimbura. Ibi byatangajwe na Boniface Benzinge, umuyobozi w'inama njyanama ya Abiru. Ubu ni umwenegihugu w’Ubwongereza ufite ubwenegihugu kandi ubu atuye i Sale, hafi macesita mu majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bw’Ubwongereza. Umugore we, Lilian, ni umukozi wita ku buzima bwo mu mutwe. === Icyubahiro === ==== Ingoma y'u Rwanda ==== == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ubwami bw'u Rwanda]] eatnwcuqihwvs6jnyi4pnriz29cl53w 0 18806 139629 114183 2026-09-23T18:22:42Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139629 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Umuvuba.png|thumb|Umuvuba|352x352px]] '''Ivubiro''' ni ahantu habaga hari ikibindi kinini mu muco nyarwanda kigafasha kureba igihe imvura izagwira bakabibwirwa nuko icyo kibindi kinini cyabaga gitangiye kuzana icyuya bakabonako imvura yenda kugwa. Ivubiro ryakorwagaho nabantu bitwa Abavumbyi. Ahitwa mu Mariba ya Bukunzi ni ho hari ivubiro rya Ndagano wategekaga u Bukunzi ku mwaduko w’abazungu. Bukunzi yari iherereye mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Majyepfo]] y’[[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|Uburengerazuba]] bw’u [[Rwanda]], ihana imbibi n’uturere tw’u Busozo, i Cyesha, Impara, na Biru ndetse n’igihugu cy’u [[Uburundi|Burundi]].<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/menya-amateka-y-ahitwa-mu-mariba-ya-bukunzi</ref> == Amateka == Ivubiro rero ryabaga rikoze mu kibindi gifite umurwa ureba hejuru, hakaba hari amazi amanuka akagwa muri ako kabindi gatabye mu butaka, kari ahazwi nka Huro, umusozi wa Huro, Akagari ka Huro umurenge wa Muhondo, akarere ka Gakenke.aho kaba gakikijwe n'ibiti bitandukanye byagakondo nk'umubirizi cyangwa umuravumba.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/65234/ku-musozi-wa-huro-mu-karere-ka-gakenke-hari-akabindi-kamaze-imyaka-isaga-300-kifashishwaga-mu-gupima-imvura--65234.html</ref> == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umuco]] 3ugdzq6l7a3p6bu06i7qzj2g3qug02x 0 18817 139553 114202 2026-09-23T14:19:22Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139553 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Imirambi.jpg|thumb|Ubutaka mu Rwanda|360x360px]] [[Dosiye:Ubutaka - umurima.jpg|thumb|ubutaka]] [[Dosiye:Ubutaka - umurima.jpg|thumb|Ubutaka]] [[Dosiye:Kubura k'ubwatsi.jpg|thumb|Ubutaka]] Ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ubutaka mu [[Rwanda]] binyuze muri [[Guverinoma]] yu [[Rwanda]], cyashyizweho kugirango gitunganye amategeko, imikoreshereze y'ubutaka,no gukemura amakimbirane. <ref>https://www.igihe.com/ubukungu/article/ibyo-kwitondera-mbere-yo-kugura-ubutaka-mu-rwanda</ref> ukowasaba ihererekanywa ryubutaka (ubugure). Mu [[rwanda]] hasyizweho iyi serivise ikemerera nyirubutaka gutanga uburenganzira kwihererekanywa ryubutaka atunze Abuha undi ubuguze iyo dosiye yamaze kwishyurwa ,yohererezwa kumurenge kwanoteri kugirango inozwe.Menyako ubugure bwaho azakorera ubucuruzi cyangwa inganda byoherezwa kukarere kunozwa. Serivise itangwa nikigo gishinzwe ubutaka (NLA). Itwara iminsi7 yakazi igiciro cyo gushyiraho umukono wa noteri kizajya gihinduranya bitewe numubare wa paji za masezerano yihererekanywa ryubutaka.<ref>https://support.irembo.gov.rw/is/support/solutions/articles/47001210595-uko-wasaba-ihererekanya-ry-uburenganzira-ku-butaka-ubugure</ref> == Imikoreshereze y'Ubutaka == [[Dosiye:Isuka.jpg|thumb|ubuka bw ubuhinzi]] Ikigo gishinzwe Imikoreshereze y'ubutaka nicyo gishyiraho amategeko n'amabwiriza bijyanye n'uburyo bukoreshwamo,bitewe nicyo nyir'ubutaka yifuza kubukoreramo,hagendewe ku gishushanyo mbonera [[icyerekezo 2050]],Kigaragaza aho byemewe cyangwa bitemewe gutura no guhinga ,kugirango bifashe igihugu mu [[iterambere]] n'ubukungu.<ref>https://www.lands.rw/rw/imikoreshereze-yubutaka-no-gutunganya-amakarita</ref> == Kubungabunga Ubutaka == [[Dosiye:Imiringoti.jpg|alt=Ubuhinzi|thumb|216x216px|ubuhinzi]] Kubijyanye no gukemura ibibazo byo kwangirika k'ubutaka n'imiterere yabwo ndetse no kwihaza mu biribwa [[Guverinoma]] y'urwanda ibinyujije mu kigo cy'amashyamba [[Rwanda|RFA]] ku mfashanyo y'ibindi bigo by'ibidukikije muri [[Afurika]], bagiye bashishikariza abaturage bose kugarura ubutaka bwangiritse, kubungabunga [[ibinyabuzima bitandukanye mu buhinzi]] no kunoza imikorere ,batera ibiti n'amashyamba Kandi hagafatwa ingamba zo kugabanya gutema ibiti no kubicana,mu rwego rwo gusana ubutaka bw' igihugu.<ref>https://www.iucn.org/blog/202401/restoring-soil-and-land-health-rwanda-using-community-centered-approach</ref> == Amashakiro == {{reflist}}5.https://www.google.com/search?q=ubutaka&oq=ubutaka&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqCQgAEEUYOxiABDIJCAAQRRg7GIAEMgcIARAAGIAEMgcIAhAAGIAEMgcIAxAAGIAEMgcIBBAAGIAEMgYIBRBFGDwyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 [[Ikiciro:Ubutaka]] 6f2vmrw2z0bnrif8yf6eqr27s5bs9jv 0 18843 139577 133562 2026-09-23T14:20:57Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139577 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Living_on_the_rainforest.jpg|thumb|296x296px| Uko abahiga bari babayeho mu mateka yu Rwanda]] [[Dosiye:Impigi.jpg|thumb|impigi|440x440px]] '''Abahigi bahiga''' [[inyamaswa]] ni umuntu uba mu baturage, cyangwa ukurikije imibereho yakomotse kuri ba sogokuruza, aho ibiryo byinshi cyangwa byose bibonerwa biturutse mu guhiga mu ishamba, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ember |first=Carol R. |date=June 2020 |title=Hunter-Gatherers (Foragers) |url=https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/hunter-gatherers |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> ni ukuvuga, mu gukusanya ibiryo biva ahantu bisanzwe biboneka., cyane cyane [[Ikimera|ibimera]] byo mu gasozi biribwa ariko nanone [[Inigwahabiri|udukoko]], ibihumyo, ubuki, [[Igi|amagi yinyoni]], cyangwa ikindi kintu cyose cyiza cyo kurya, cyangwa nu mukino wo guhiga (gukurikirana no cyangwa gufata no kwica inyamaswa zo mu gasozi, harimo no [[Uburobyi|gufata amafi]] ). Ibi nibimenyerewe mubisanzwe byintangangore zose zishobora byose. Imiryango ihiga abahigi ihabanye n’imiryango myinshi y’ubuhinzi yicaye, ishingiye cyane cyane ku guhinga ibihingwa no korora [[Itungo|amatungo yororerwa mu]] biribwa, nubwo imipaka iri hagati y’inzira zombi zidatandukanye rwose. Usibye abagabo, [[Umugore|abagore]] nabo bakoraga mu guhiga muri 79% by'imiryango igezweho y'abahigi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ocobock |first=Cara |last2=Lacy |first2=Sarah |date=November 1, 2023 |title=The Theory That Men Evolved to Hunt and Women Evolved to Gather Is Wrong |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-theory-that-men-evolved-to-hunt-and-women-evolved-to-gather-is-wrong1/ |access-date=February 23, 2024 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref> Icyakora, kugerageza kugenzura ubu bushakashatsi bwasanze ibimenyetso byerekana uburyo bwo gutoranya kubogama hamwe n’amakosa menshi ya yangiza imyanzuro y’uru rupapuro isesengura ryabo ntirivuguruza ibimenyetso byinshi bifatika byerekana ko igabana ry’imirimo rishingiye ku gitsina rishingiye ku gitsina. Gusa abantu bankeya ziki gihe zabantu badafite aho bahurira baracyashyirwa mubikorwa nk'abahiga bahiga, kandi benshi bongera ibikorwa byabo byo kurisha hamwe [[Imboga|n'imboga]]. <ref>{{Cite book|pages=241–62}}</ref> [[Dosiye:Arri_Raats,_Kalahari_Khomani_San_Bushman,_Boesmansrus_camp,_Northern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20540522615).jpg|thumb| Umugabo wacyera uri guhiga akoresheje umuheto mu butayu .]] [[Dosiye:Glyptodon_old_drawing.jpg|right|thumb| Ishusho ya kanyamaswo ]] [[Dosiye:Negritos.png|thumb| Negritos ( ''Negrillos'' ) muri fiilipine muri 1595]] [[Dosiye:The_Hadzabe_house.jpg|thumb| Abahiga-bahiga]] == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umuco]] [[Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda]] 14e5e1bflhfrz783tc9n0s28tcdffwq 0 18876 139651 138044 2026-09-23T18:27:15Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139651 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Ingoma 23.jpg|thumb|ingoma]] == Ingoma == [[Dosiye:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA0543, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Ngoma-Schlagen.jpg|thumb|Karinga]] Ingoma y’Ingabe, ni ukuvuga Ingorna yerekana Ubwami bw’Igihugu. Ingabe zacu ni enye: Ingabe ihatse u [[Rwanda]], ikagaragaza [[Umwami]] yonyine, ni Karinga. Ingabekazi yayo, ni Cyim’umugizi. Ilyo Cyim’umugizi, ni ukuvuga ko « Igihugu cyima Umwami ukigira, akakirema, akakibamo Nyamugira-ubutangwa. Mbere ya Karinga, Ingabe y’u [[Rwanda]] yitwaga RWOGA, yaremwe na Gihanga, inyagwa n’Abanyabungo, igihe Umwami Ndahiro II Cyamatare aguye i Rubi rw’i Nyundo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://inyamibwa.com/igitabo-inganji-karinga/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-15 |archive-date=2024-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715112340/https://inyamibwa.com/igitabo-inganji-karinga/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rw.amateka.net/inganji-karinga-igice-cya-i/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-15 |archive-date=2024-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527084412/https://rw.amateka.net/inganji-karinga-igice-cya-i/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ibindi == [[Dosiye:Ingoma mu.jpg|thumb|Ingoma]] iriya mu Bugamba (Provinsi ya Cyingogo). Aho umuhungu we Ndoli ahungukiye, ava i Karagwe, yimye afite ingoma yitwa NANGAMADUMBU. Aho amariye gutsinda abamurwanizaga, yimika Karinga. Iyo ya Nangamadumbu ayiha Abiru bo kwa Gitandura, ayibashurnbusha byo kubashimira ko Gitandura yali yaracikanye Cyim’umugizi, igihe bicikiye i Rubi rw’i Nyundo; Cyim’umugizi igaruka i Bwami ityo, aba ariyo ngoma ya Gihanga igumana na Karinga, uko yahoranye na Rwoga. Ingabe zindi dufite, ni Mpatsi ibihugu  na Kiragutse. Iri ni ukuvuga ko igihugu cyabaye kigaIi, cyagutse. Zo zaremwe na Kigeli IV RwabugiIi, ejobundi, aziremana n’indi yitwaga Icy’umwe, yahiliye ku Rucuncu, mu ipfa lya Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa. Bavuga ko na [[Butare]] yali ingabe; yali ingoma yimitswe na Kigeli IV Rwabugili na yo, bayitakaho amasaro umubili wose: na yo yahiliye ku Rucuncu. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umuco]] [[Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda]] bl6cu6z912bbja1a1kbnewop0vrrvrq 0 18901 139749 127811 2026-09-23T18:42:08Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139749 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Virunga Mountain Gorilla.jpg|thumb|Ingagi zo muri Pariki ya Virunga muri Kongo |181x181px]] [[Dosiye:A Park ranger with AK-47 Machine gun in a bamboo forest , Volcanoes National Park Rwanda. Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|203x203px|'''A Park ranger with AK-47 Machine gun in a bamboo forest, Virunga National Park Rwanda. Emmanuel Kwizera''']] '''Pariki y'igihugu ya Virunga''' ni agace karinzwe cyane muri [[Afurika]] y'iburasirazuba mu igihugu cya [[Kongo|Congo]], karimo amoko arenga igihumbi y’inyamabere, [[inyoni]], ibikururuka hasi, na amphibian ndetse n’[[ingagi]] zo mu misozi. Virunga iherereye ku nkombe y’iburasirazuba bw’ikibaya cya [[Kongo]], n' ishyamba rya kabiri rinini ku [[isi]] mu amashyamba y’imvura yo mu turere dushyuha, Virunga yamenyekanye nka parike y’umuriro n’ibarafu kubera aho ituye itandukanye kuva ku mpinga ya Rwenzori kugeza mu kibaya cya savanna no mu misozi y’ibirunga. Mu 1979 ryashyizwe k'urutonde ndangamurage rwa UNESCO, Virunga ihora ibangamiwe n'intambara, guhiga ndetse n'ibikorwa bitemewe ndetse n'ibiza bidasanzwe.<ref>https://virunga.org/</ref><ref name=":0">https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/63</ref> == Amateka == [[Dosiye:Virunga National Park Gorilla.jpg|thumb]] Pariki y'igihugu ya Virunga ni parike y'igihugu mu kibaya cya Albertine Rift mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. Yashinzwe mu 1925. Mu butumburuke, ifite uburebure bwa metero 680 mu kibaya cy’umugezi wa Semliki kugera kuri metero 5109 (16,762 ft) mu misozi ya Rwenzori. Uhereye mu majyaruguru ugana mu majyepfo igera kuri kilometero 300 (190 mi), ahanini ugana ku mipaka mpuzamahanga na [[Ubugande|Uganda]] n'u [[Rwanda]] mu burasirazuba. Ifite ubuso bwa 8.090 km2 (3,120 sq mi).<ref name=":0" /> Ibirunga bibiri Nyiragongo na Nyamuragira, biri muri parike ya Virunga. Amoko arenga 3.000 y’ibinyabuzima n’indabyo yaranditswe, muri yo arenga 300 aboneka muri Rift Albertine harimo ingagi zo mu burasirazuba (Gorilla beringei) n’inguge (Cercopithecus kandti).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.virunga-volcanoes.org/volcanoes/nyiragongo/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-17 |archive-date=2024-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717080638/https://www.virunga-volcanoes.org/volcanoes/nyiragongo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.virunga-volcanoes.org/volcanoes/nyiragongo/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-17 |archive-date=2024-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717080638/https://www.virunga-volcanoes.org/volcanoes/nyiragongo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Indanganturo == [[Ikiciro:Congo]] [[Ikiciro:Pariki Nasiyonali]] [[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo]] [[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo muri Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Isi]] 1sz19e92531ppnmcnx34fyj7t1td0vm 0 18903 139892 135730 2026-09-24T10:44:13Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139892 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ibishanga == Ibishanga bifite uruhare runini mu kubungabunga umutungo w'amazi kandi biri mu bikorwa remezo. birinda kansi ubw'iza bw'amazi, ikindi kandi bigabanya ibyago by'umwuzure kandi bigira uruhare runini mubwiza bw'ibidukikije by'Urwanda .ibishanga kandi by'ongera ubuzi ku binyabuzima byinshi.<ref>https://www.oieau.fr/eaudoc/system/files/33163.pdf</ref> [[Dosiye:Travis Wetland panorama, Christchurch, New Zealand.jpg|thumb|750x750px|ibishanga]] Ibishanga bishyirwa mu by'iciro biranga ubwoko bw'ubutaka' Hydrologia n'ikirere .ibishanga binini ni ibishyanga by'imyuzure by'imyuzure y'ubutumburuke buke bujyanye n'ibiyaga binini nkikiyaga cya cyohoha,Rweru,Mugesera,Nasho,N'Inzuzi nka nyabarongo,Akanyaru,Mukungwa,Base,Nyabugogo,ibindi.<ref>https://waterportal.rwb.rw/toolbox/465</ref> == Akamaro k'ibishanga == [[Dosiye:North Cave Wetlands at dawn.jpg|thumb]] Ibishanga bimwe na bimwe byo mu [[Rwanda]] bihura n'igitutu cy'ubuhinzi budakwiye (ifumbire mvaruganda n'imiti yica udukoko) isiri y'ubutaka, isuri y'ubutaka, gukuramo ifu,ubucuruzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro,ibikorwa remezo biremewe, umwanda uva mu mazi y'inganda ( imyanda kama, virusi ndetse n'ibyuma biremereye) n'ibindi... iyangirika ry'ibishanga n'umwanda bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bwiza bw'amazi, kugabanuka kw'aibishanga gutanga serivisi z'ibidukikije by'atumye imyuzure yiyongera. ngetse n'abakozi bangiza ibikorwa remezo, bituma umusaruro ugabanuka <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rema.gov.rw/our-work/link/wetlands |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-17 |archive-date=2024-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520030759/https://www.rema.gov.rw/our-work/link/wetlands |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} r4dnpuyxjyo5ryyewp7oshn5f684irq 0 18957 139875 135659 2026-09-24T10:42:05Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139875 wikitext text/x-wiki Igishushanyo mbonera cy’Umujyi wa Kigali, kigamije guhindura kigali umugi urambye mucyerekezo 2050. Muri kigali hagaragaye igabanuka ry’ibice by’ibishanga biva kuri 14% muri 2013 bikagera kuri 10,6% kugeza ubu, bigaterwa ahanini n’ibikorwa by’abantu. Kugeza ubu, muri Kigali hari ibishanga 37 bifite hegitari 9.160, bifite agaciro ka miliyoni zirenga 74 z’amadolari y' Amerika. Uku kugabanuka gushimangira imbogamizi zigarara mu guhuza iterambere ry’imijyi no kubungabunga ibidukikije<ref name=":0">https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ibyo-wamenya-ku-bishanga-byo-mu-mujyi-wa-kigali-bigiye-gutangira-gusanwa</ref>. [[Dosiye:Ibisga k.jpg|thumb|246x246px]] Kuva mu 2017, guverinoma y'u Rwanda yashyize ingufu mu kurinda urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima. Guverinoma yimuye Imiryango yari itute mubishanga, kandi bahagarika ibikorwa byangiza ibishanga, guverinoma yakuye ibkorwa bigera ku 7,222 byangizaga ibishanga kandi bimuye imiryango irenga 3,600. Nubwo hari ingamba zafashwe, gusa inzira iracyakomeje. Ibikorwa nk'ibi byo kubungabunga ibishanga ni ingenzi, ntabwo ari urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima gusa ahubwo bifasha no mukugabanya ingaruka z' imyuzure no guharanira ko urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima biramba mu gihe kirekire<ref name=":0" />. [[Dosiye:Ibisha.jpg|left|thumb|236x236px]] Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Albertine Rift Conservation Society (ARCOS) bugaragaza inyungu zikomeye mu bukungu zo kubungabunga ibishanga bya Kigali<ref>https://arcosnetwork.org/uploads/2022/01/Policy_Brief_Economic_Value_Kigali-City_Wetland_Complex.pdf</ref>. Mu kubungabunga no kuzamura utwo duce twibishanga, u Rwanda rushobora kwinjiza amadolari arenga miliyari 1.9 mu 2025. Uyu mushinga urimo amafaranga yinjiza buri mwaka arenga miliyoni 155 z'amadolari y’Amerika. Mu gihugu hose, u Rwanda rufite ibishanga bigera ku 915, bingana na 10,6% by'ubutaka bwose, 38 muri byo bikaba byumye. Uyu muyoboro mugari w’ibishanga ushimangira ko hakenewe ingamba zihamye zo kubungabunga ibidukikije kugira ngo ubuzima bw’ibidukikije butere imbere ndetse n’ubukungu butere imbere. == <u>Urutonde rw intanganturo</u> == {{Reflist}} 1xwy1h4hx6w0qwbs9bjxzfj6p2hejvt 0 18986 139699 130209 2026-09-23T18:35:45Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139699 wikitext text/x-wiki === ubucukuzi bw’amabuye yagaciro ukorera mu mashami atatu mu Rwanda– ikirombe cya Rutongo, ikirombe cya Nyakabingo, n’ikirombe cya Musha. Harimo ibibanza bitatu byamabuye y’agaciro hamwe nibindi bitoya biherereye hafi y’ibibanza byambere. === Ahantu hose ducukura amabuye y’agaciro hakoreshwa hubahirijwe amategeko mpuzamahanga y’ubucukuzi kandi twubahiriza amahame akomeye y’ibidukikije. Ntabwo dukoresha uburozi cyangwa ibyangiza ibidukikije mugucukura amabuye yacu, ntanubwo ibirombe byacu bisohora ibintu nkibyo byangiza. Amabuye yacu yose yaremejwe “nta makimbirane”-ibirombe byacu byujuje ibisabwa n’abagenzuzi bamabuye y’agaciro na amabwiriza ya OECD. Gucukura gasegeleti i Rutongo byatangiye mu 1931, kandi guhera mu 1940, ibirombe byahoraga bitanga toni 800 mu mwaka za gasegeleti. Mu myaka ya zo 1950, SOMUKI, isosiyete icukura amabuye y’agaciro yo mu Bubiligi, yari imaze guteza imbere iki kirombe mu ruganda runini rukora gasegeleti mu Rwanda.Mu 1973, guhuza ahahoze hacukurwa amabuye y’agaciro ya gikoroni byatumye havuka SOMIRWA (Société Des Mines Du Rwanda), umushinga waruhuriweho na guverinoma y’u Rwanda na GEOMINES.Iyi sosiyete icukura amabuye y’agaciro mu Bubiligi yakoreraga aho kugeza iseshwe muri 1986. Muri iki gihe, ibirombe byahawe ubwenegihugu kandi bigakoreshwa na REDEMI (Regie d’Exploitation et de Developpement des Mines). birombe bya Rutongo bikora munsi y’uruhushya rw’imyaka 25 rwatangiye muri 2015. Biteganijwe ko irimo toni zigera ku 54.000 za gasegeleti ishobora kugarurwa. Kuri ubu hatanga umusaruro uri hagati ya toni 40 na 70 ku kwezi, biteganijwe ko ziziyongera kugera kuri toni 200 buri kwezi mu myaka itanu iri imbere. Ibirombe byafunzwe mu 1994 igihe itsembabwoko ryakorewe abatutsi ryaberaga. Mu 1995 bongeye gufungura bayobowe na REDEMI nka koperative y’abacukuzi kugeza mu 2008, igihe guverinoma yongeye kubegurira abikorera. ==== Ikirombe cya Nyakabingo giherereye ku birometero 19 (kumuhanda) ugana mumajyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bwa Kigali mu Ntara y’Amajyaruguru, hafi yumudugudu wa Shyorongi. Iki kirombe gitanga toni zirenga 50 buri kwezi ikaba ifite uruhushya rw’imyaka 25 rwatangiye muri 2015. ==== Ubushakashatsi ku bucukuzi bw’ibirombe byagiye bikorwa kubera kwirundira hamwe kwibintu bitandukanye bizankwe n’amazi bwatangiye mu mpera za 1930, ariko nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose ni bwo hatangiye gucukurwa mu buryo bwemewe kandi buhoraho. Gucukura munsi yubutaka byatangiye nyuma mu 1960 bakora indani cyangwa imingoti yakorwaga bakurikirana ifiro y’ isarabwayi iteye nkuko umusozi uteye ( amabuye cyimeza) . Ayo mabuye yagaciro acukurwa hakorwa imyobo miremire itandukanywa n’umusozi ukomeye, Hari Kandi amafiro agenda bitandukanye nuko umusozi uteye acukurwa mu buryo bwo kuyimaramo ine itanga toni zigera kuri 20 buri kwezi za gasegereti, hamwe na Kolota nkeya iboneka mu duce twa Duha na Ntunga, ikaba ifite ruhushya rw’imyaka 25 rwatanzwe muri 2014 muri Piran Rwanda Limited. Iyi mine kandi irimo ubwoko bwiza bya Litiyumu iboneka muri Ntunga. haracyakorwa inyigo yimbitse kugirango hamenyekane uburyo bwiza yacukurwamo. <ref>https://trinity-metals.com/kin/ahabanza/imishinga/</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://trinity-metals.com/kin/ahabanza/ibikorwa-birambye/#IBIDUKIKIJE |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-24 |archive-date=2024-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724083641/https://trinity-metals.com/kin/ahabanza/ibikorwa-birambye/#IBIDUKIKIJE |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/umutungo-kamere/amabuye-yagaciro/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-24 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401041958/https://muhaziyacu.rw/umutungo-kamere/amabuye-yagaciro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> j6rn4d0vh4naz6k4lzp3pov5xv5j2yb 0 18995 139630 138169 2026-09-23T18:22:50Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139630 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Igitabo cyinkomane.jpg|thumb|388x388px|Igitabo cyinkomane.]] == Umuntu == [[Dosiye:Shona witch doctor (Zimbabwe).jpg|thumb|umuntu]] Umubandwa ntanywa inka yabyaye amafuti, ngo yahumana. Nta n’umubandwa unywa amasitu ngo yahumana bibi, inzara zikamushinguka mu ntoke. Umubandwa ntanywa inzoga yaguyemo inkono y’tabi, ngo yahumana cyangwa agasara. Inkono y’itabi yaguye mu ifu, amarwa y’iyo fu nta mubandwa uyanywa; inkono y’itabi iyo yaguye mu muvure, nta mubandwa unywa kuli iyo nzoga, kwanga ko yahumana. Umubandwa ntiyanywesha inkono y’itabi iteye umukwege, iyo adapfuye arahumana. Inkono y’itabi ngo yaguye mu bilyo, nta mubandwa wabilya, ngo yapfa yatonyotse. Umuntu utali umubandwa yitwa inzigo; azira gucana inkwi ziturutse ku mulinzi; ntiyatema n’igiti cy’umulinzi, ngo ni ukwiteza imandwa zikamwica; n’umubandwa arabyilinda, kwanga kwiteranya n’imandwa ze. Mu Rwanda bazira gucana umulinzi (umuko), ngo babemba, ntibacana n’igiti cyo ku gituro, ngo badahumana bakabemba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rw.amateka.net/imihango-yumuntu-nindi-migenzo-nimizilirizo/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-24 |archive-date=2024-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724135427/https://rw.amateka.net/imihango-yumuntu-nindi-migenzo-nimizilirizo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> N’igiti cy’umuvumu bita imana nta muntu ugicana, ngo yahumana. Umuntu iyo abonye umuvumu wimejeje, azira kuwurandura, kuwubona byitwa kugira umugisha rwose; maze kuwurandura bikitwa kwivutsa umugisha; barawureka ugakura (il ne pousse presque jamais, il se plante par bouture). Urugo rwubakishije imivumu bahora barureba bagira ngo imivumu y’igikingi cy’irembo cyo haruguru idahura n’iy’icyo hepfo, bahora bayicira, yombi ihuye yakenya bene urugo. == Ibindi == [[Dosiye:2013-kapu-Vtorov.jpg|thumb|358x358px|kirazira]] Umuntu iyo agize ahantu yerekera, maze agasitara ukuguru kw’ibulyo, ngo ni bibi, ni ubuvukasi butuma atagira icyo aronka. Iyo ahindukiye ataha iwe, agasitara ukuguru kw`ibumoso, ni bibi nta cyo asanga mu rugo, ngo alibwa, kandi ngo apfusha ikintu. Usitaye indyo ajya i we ni byiza: usitaye imoso ataha iwe ni bibi. Iwabo w’umuntu hitwa ibulyo, imuhana hitwa ibumoso. Iyo amaguru yombi asitaye, byitwa ko asitaye intonganyi, agera mu rugo akarwana. Umuntu yitsamura indyo (neza) ajya aho yifuzaga kujya; yitsamura imoso (nabi) iyo atashakaga kujya aho hantu. Umuntu iyo aciye ku rugo, agakubitwa n’umwuka w’inkono bahishije, yivuma ku mutima avuga ati: Sinkurogerwamo. Atabivuze ngo yazarogerwa mu byo bamugabuliye, agapfa. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Umuco]] cholrfyor1c95d60ap7thx3f48jg8g7 0 19019 139903 125111 2026-09-24T10:45:38Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139903 wikitext text/x-wiki ikigo gishinze ubutaka kibinyujije mu ishami ryimikoreshereze yubutaka gitanga serivisi zimikoreshereze yubutaka, izi serivisi zigamije ikoresha rirambye ry'ubutaka, iterambere ryubukungu nimibereho myiza yabaturage mu Rwanda.[https://web.archive.org/web/20231211101847/https://www.rema.gov.rw/info/details?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=341&cHash=9f418890779dcd5c55140d7558d8d113][https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/] zimwe muri izi serivisi nizi zikurikira ====== iyandikisha ry'imikoreshereze yubutaka ====== iyi serivisi irebana niyandikwa ryicyo ubutaka bwajyenewe gukoreshwa. iyi serivisi yifashishwa mu iyandikisha ry'ubutaka n'itangwa ry'ibyangombwa byabwo [https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/] ===== igenamigambi ry'imikoreshereze yubutaka ===== iyi serivise iyanye nitegurwa ryimikoreshereze yubutaka ndetse nicyo bwajjyenewe mubice bijyiyebitandukanye. urugero imiturire, ubucuruzi, ibikorwa rusanjye ,ubuhinzi nibindi bigiye bitandukanye nkuko itegeko ribijyena.[https://web.archive.org/web/20231211101847/https://www.rema.gov.rw/info/details?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=341&cHash=9f418890779dcd5c55140d7558d8d113] ==== indanganturo ==== 1.https://www.rema.gov.rw/info/details?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=341&cHash=9f418890779dcd5c55140d7558d8d113 2.https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/ 3.https://www.rema.gov.rw/info/details?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=341&cHash=9f418890779dcd5c55140d7558d8d113 anset7mq6pt9tp0smfl3s2fywxy9gvc 0 19037 139904 135246 2026-09-24T10:45:45Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139904 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Kubura k'ubwatsi.jpg|thumb|ubutaka]] == Ubutaka == [[Dosiye:Guhura.jpg|thumb|Ubutaka]] Igihe nyakuri cyo gukodesha [[ubutaka]] bwa Leta mu rwego rw’ishoramari gishobora kurenga imyaka mirongo ine n’icyenda (49) ariko ntikirenge imyaka mirongo icyenda n’icyenda (99), byemejwe na Minisitiri ufite ubutaka mu nshingano ashingiye ku nama yagiriwe n’urwego rufite ibikorwa bikubiye muri uwo mushinga mu nshingano. Igihe nyakuri cyo gukodesha ubutaka bwa Leta mu rwego rw’ishoramari gishobora kurenga imyaka mirongo ine n’icyenda ariko ntikirenge imyaka mirongo icyenda n’icyenda, byemejwe na Minisitiri ufite ubutaka mu nshingano ashingiye ku nama yagiriwe n’urwego rufite ibikorwa bikubiye muri uwo mushinga mu nshingano.<ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/itegeko-rishya-ry-ubutaka-rigiye-gutangira-gushyirwa-mu-bikorwa</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ubutaka]] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] k7atb1auowujci8llg6an1pqevxovh5 0 19043 139700 138577 2026-09-23T18:35:52Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139700 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Ubutaka - Land.jpg|thumb|Ubutaka ]]ikigo gishinzwe ubutaka mu Rwanda cyatangajeko kigiye gukora igishushanyo mbonera kizifashishwa mugukoresha neza ubutaka iyigahunda ikaba iri kurwego rwigihugu kandi ikaba yishimiwe cyane kuberako izafasha abaturage ndetse nigihugu muri rusange.<ref>Ikigo gishinzwe ubutaka mu Rwanda </ref> == Amavu n'amavuko == Ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe Ubukata, ni ikigo cya leta cyibarizwa muri minisiteri y'ibidukikije, cyikaba gifite inshingano zirimo gushyira mubikorwa politi z'ubutaka, igenamigambi ry'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka, kwandika ubutaka, guhuza ubutaka, gukemura amakimbirane ashingiye k'ubutaka n'ibindi...<ref name=":0">https://www.lands.rw/rw/abo-turi-bo/amavu-namavuko</ref> Ikigo gishinzwe imicungire n'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka mu [[Rwanda]](NLA) cyashyizweho n'iteka rya Perezida no 030/01ryo kuwa 06/05/2022. nyuma y'amavugurura atandukanye, icyi kigo cyagiye gihindurirwa amazina kuva mu mwaka w'2008 cyitwaga ikigo cy'ubutaka(NLC), naho muri 2011 cyitwa ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe umutungo kamere(RNRA), naho muri 2017 cyiswe ikigo gishinzwe imicungire n'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka mu [[Rwanda]](RLMUA) cyongera guhindurirwa izina ari na ryo gifite ubu(NLA).<ref name=":0" /> Icyi kigo gishinzwe gukurikirana imicungire n'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka mu [[Rwanda]](NLA),kuva cyashingwa cyakoze impinduka zigaragara, bimwe mubyingenzi byagezweho harimo nk'ishyirwaho rya politiki y'ubutaka mu [[Rwanda]], rejisitiri y'ubutaka ikozwe mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga, Igenamigambi rihamye ry'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka bw'igihugu cyose hagamijwe imikoreshereze ihamye kandi inoze y'umutungo kamere w'ubutaka.<ref name=":0" /> Ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ubutaka cyagize kandi uruhare rufatika mu gukemura amakimbirane ashingiye ku butaka binyuze mu guhuza no kumvikanisha abari bafitanye amakimbirane. Aha iki kigo cyikaba cyarabashije guha ba nyir'ubutaka umutekano urambye ku butaka bwabo, cyibasha no gukumira amakimbirane binyuze mu iyandikisha rusange ry'ubutaka.<ref name=":0" /> == Intego n'inshingano == Intego y'ikigo ni uguharanira ko imicungire n'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka bikorwa muburyo bunoze hagamijwe iterambere rirambye. Inshingano z'ikigo ni; 1. Gushyira mubikorwa politike, amategeko, ingamba, n'amabwiriza by'igihugu n'ibyemezo bya leta byerekeranye no kwandikisha ubutaka, igenamigambi n'imicungire by'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka.<ref name=":1">https://www.lands.rw/rw/abo-turi-bo/intego-ninshingano</ref> 2. Kugira inama leta kubijyane n'ubutaka<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bugesera.gov.rw/soma-ibindi/byinshi-bizamenyekana-mu-cyumweru-cyahariwe-ibijyanye-nubutaka |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-29 |archive-date=2024-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729154849/https://www.bugesera.gov.rw/soma-ibindi/byinshi-bizamenyekana-mu-cyumweru-cyahariwe-ibijyanye-nubutaka |url-status=dead }}</ref> 3. Kwigisha no gukangurira abaturage politike n'amategeko byerekeye imicungire n'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka.<ref>https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/20041802/repubulika-yu-rwanda</ref><ref>https://minijust.prod.risa.rw/index.php?eID=dumpFile&t=f&f=55387&token=03f551ce16a21ae34019ed1cdcb095b5bcc8b5a6</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://shyogwe.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Igitabo-kubutaka.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-29 |archive-date=2024-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717083554/https://shyogwe.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Igitabo-kubutaka.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.lands.rw/rw/imikoreshereze-yubutaka-no-gutunganya-amakarita</ref> 4. Gutunganya no guhuza n'igihe [[igitabo]] cyandikwamo amakuru yerekeranye n'ubutaka,no gutanga amakuru yerekeranye n'ubutaka.<ref>https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/article/hashyizweho-uburyo-bwo-kureba-amakuru-arebana-n-ubutaka-hifashishijwe</ref><ref>https://www.lands.rw/rw/abo-turi-bo/intego-ninshingano</ref> 5. Gutegura, guhuza n'igihe no gukurikirana ishyirwa mubikorwa ry'ibishushanyombonera by'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka ku rwego rw'igihugu no ku nzego zibanze ndetse no gushyiraho amahame ngenderwaho, imirongo ngenderwaho n'amabwiriza y'ikoreshwa ry'ubutaka hagamijwe gukoresha ubutaka neza no kubaka iterambere rirambye.<ref>https://www.environment.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Moe/Brochure_-_igishushanyombonera..._-.pdf</ref><ref>https://support.irembo.gov.rw/is/support/solutions/articles/47001200485-uko-wahindura-imikoreshereze-y-ubutaka</ref> 6. Gukurikirana imikoreshereze y'ubutaka mu gihugu nokugaragariza leta aho bukoreshwa nabi.<ref>https://archive.gazettes.africa/archive/rw/2005/rw-government-gazette-dated-2005-09-15-no-18.pdf</ref> 7. Gukora, kuvugurura, gutangaza no kumenyekanisha ibipimo n'amakarita by'inyigo y'imiterere ku bumenyi bw'isi, iby'imiterere y'ubutaka, iby'imbago zo mu mazi, iby'ibibanza n'amasambu birebana n'umutungo w'ubutaka.<ref name=":2">https://archive.gazettes.africa/archive/rw/2005/rw-government-gazette-dated-2005-09-15-no-18.pdf</ref> 8. Kwakira no kugenzur imishinga ijyanye no kugura cyangwa gukodesha ubutaka bwa leta buri mu mutungo bwite wayo.<ref name=":2" /> 9. Gutanga no kwambura mu mwanya wa leta ibyangombwa by'ubutaka hakurikijwe itegeko rigenga ubutaka<ref>https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/rwa210129.pdf</ref><ref>https://rbc.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/OG_n_19_Bis_of_09.05.2022_CHUB_CHUK_RLMA_Meteo_RBC_REMA_RFA.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.minict.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/minict_user_upload/Documents/Laws/ICT_LAW.pdf</ref> 10. Kubarura no kugaragaza imitungo yose yo ku butaka mu gihugu, ubwiza n'imikoreshereze yayo no kubika amakarita, amafoto yafatiwe mu kirere no kuba ikusanyirizo ry'amakuru yabyo.<ref>https://www.lands.rw/rw/abo-turi-bo/intego-ninshingano</ref><ref name=":3">https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/rwa210129.pdf</ref> 11. Gufasha kubaka ubushobozi bw'inzego z'imitegekere y'igihugu zegerejwe abaturage mu micungire n'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka.<ref name=":1" /> 12. Gusesengura imishinga mishya isaba ubutaka no kugenzura ko ikurikije amategeko y'igihugu y'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka n'ibishushanyombonera by'iterambere.<ref name=":3" /> 13. Kwandika no gucunga ubutaka bwose bwa leta hagamijwe kubucunga neza no kubwongerera agaciro.<ref name=":3" /> 14. Kugenzura no gusuzuma ibisabwa byose kugirango ubutaka bwa leta butangwe cyangwa<ref name=":4">https://www.lands.rw/rw/abo-turi-bo/imiterere-yikigo</ref> butizwe mu rwego rw'ishoramari, imibereho myiza y'abaturage n'ibikenewe n'izindi nzego za leta.<ref name=":3" /> 15. Gukora ubushakashatsi n'inyigo bijyanye n'ubutaka, gutangaza ibivuye muri ubwo bushakashatsi no kubisakaza.<ref name=":1" /> == Andi makuru == Icyi kigo giherereye mu [[Akarere ka Nyarugenge|karere ka nyarugenge]], mu nyubako bita Nyarugenge Pension Plaza cyikaba gifite umurongo wahamagaraho ukeneye ayandi makuru ariwo 2142 cyangwa se ukaba wabandikira ukoresheje email; info@lands.rw<ref name=":4" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} kpo1o3u9plxa8gqhiau95wgbwj031jf 0 19066 139715 135880 2026-09-23T18:37:46Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139715 wikitext text/x-wiki == ibidukikije == [[Dosiye:Ubucafu bwabaye ndase mukiyaga tanganyika.jpg|thumb|ibidukikije]] [[Dosiye:Hopetoun_falls.jpg|thumb|ibidukikije]] Ubuzima bw’i[[Ibidukikije|bidukikije]] bugamije guteza imbere no kugira ibidukikije bisukuye, byizewe kandi biboneye, mu miturire, hagamijwe guteza imbere ubuzima bwiza bw’abaturage, n’ubukungu mu nzego zose z’abaturage. Bugizwe n’umubare runaka w’ibikorwa byuzuzanya, harimo kubaka no kwita ku bikorwaremezo bijyanye n’ubizima, itangwa rya za serivisi, uburezi bushingiye kuri Leta, ibikorwa rusange n’iby’umuntu ku giti cye, amabwiriza n’amategeko. <ref>https://rba.co.rw/post/Min-Mujawamariya-Hakenewe-ubufatanye-bwinzego-mu-kubungabunga-ibidukikije</ref> [[Dosiye:Ibidukikije_n.jpg|thumb|Ibidukikije n]] [[Dosiye:Hortus_Haren_d.j.b_09.jpg|thumb|ibidukikije]] [[Dosiye:DayEnvironmentHDRI040_16K-TONEMAPPED.jpg|thumb|ibidukikije]] [[Dosiye:JA_1.jpg|thumb|Ibidukikije ]] == Ubuzima == Intego y’Icyitegererezo 2020 ni ukugira ubuzima bwiza mu mujyi no mu cyaro – nta bintu byanduza, no gukorera isuku ibishanga byose hagamijwe kugabanya cyane cyane ibintu bibamo bitera malariya. Kuri buri mujyi cyangwa buri hantu h’iterambere kugira agashami gashinzwe gutunganya no gushyingura imyanda ikomeye, no mu ngo, guteza imbere ubukangurambaga no gushyira mu bikorwa, ingamba z’ibanze z’izuku n’iz’imitunganyirize y’ahantu n’iy’ibintu. - Ubushakashatsi mu 2006 bwerekanye ko 19 ku ijana by’ingo zo mu mujyi zakoreshaga amazi y’amariba naho ko 12 ku ijana zavomaga amazi mu mavomero ya Leta adatwikiriye. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] kgmqw45z2uc9bfyaj2xwdn7mypkx1ua 0 19121 139677 138633 2026-09-23T18:30:31Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139677 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umuti == [[Dosiye:Ikirere c'ikabonobono.jpg|thumb|ikirere]] Guhangana n’ihindagurika ry’ikirere: U Rwanda rwasanze hari ibintu 6 byihutirwa mu guhangana n’Imihindagurikire y’ikirere:<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/iyo-umwana-agwingiye-kugeza-ku-myaka-ibiri-ntakira-minisante</ref><ref>https://rba.co.rw/post/Min-Mujawamariya-Hakenewe-ubufatanye-bwinzego-mu-kubungabunga-ibidukikije#google_vignette</ref> * Gucunga neza Umutungo kandi; uburyo Bukomatanyije (IWRM); * Gushyiraho uburyo bwo gutanga amakuru kugira ngo inzego zishinzwe amazi n’izishinzwe ubumenyi bw’ikirere n’ubuhinzi zigire icyo zimenya hakiri kare no gushyiraho inamba zo gutabara bidatinze; * Guteza imbere ibikorwa byo mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi bisuganyije; * Guteza imber ibikorwa bitari iby’ubuhinzi bibyara inyungu; * Kuzana amoko ahangana n’ibihe bikabije; * Gutunganya amasoko y’ingufu asimbura inkwi zo gucana. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ikirere]] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] ageh47xbuf0rmjm6uiykxoa7qwj43mu 0 19167 139905 138330 2026-09-24T10:46:51Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139905 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Igishanga.jpg|thumb|Umurima w'umuceri]] '''Uruganda Mayange Rice company Ltd''' ni uruganda rutunganya umuceri aho rwatangiye ibikorwa byawo mu kwezi kwa mbere muri 2013, aho rutunganya umuceri udatonoye ruwuguze cyangwa ruwukuye n’abahinzi bo mu [[Akarere ka Bugesera|Karere ka Bugesera]] bibumbiye mu ma Koperative 12  bakorana n’abo bahinzi, kuva bakiwuhinga kugeza basaruye bakawugeza  ku Uruganda.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igisabo.rw/2021/03/23/bugesera-twasuye-uruganda-rwa-mayange-rice-company-ltd/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-08-17 |archive-date=2024-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817085955/https://igisabo.rw/2021/03/23/bugesera-twasuye-uruganda-rwa-mayange-rice-company-ltd/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Uruganda == Uruganda Mayange Rice Compny Ltd ni uruganda ruri mu Karere ka Bugesera, kuko gakikijwe n’ibishanga byinshi bihingwamo umuceri, abaturage bakaba barubyaza umusaruro wabo. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Icyaro]] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] 4pljh27as4bto1sb5x3c7x24a8tuv6m 0 19177 139631 128907 2026-09-23T18:22:58Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139631 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Rwamagana]] nikamwe muturere tujyize igihugu cy'u[[Rwanda]] kakaba kari mumajyepfo icyindi kakaba numugi mukuru wamajyepfo, kakaba gakataje mu iterambere aho usanga abasaga 500 barimo urubyiruko babonye akazi mumirimo igiye itandukanye harimo kubaka, aho bari kubaka isoko rya kijyambere rizafasha abahaturiye mubijyanye nubucuruzi ndetse niterambere muri rusajye.[https://web.archive.org/web/20240819080803/https://ukwelitimes.com/rwamagana-imirimo-yo-kubaka-isoko-rigezweho-irarimbanyije/] === menya rwamagana === Akarere ka [[Rwamagana]] kajyizwe nicyari akarere ka [[Muhazi WFC|Muhazi]], icyari akarere ka Bicumbi, imirenge 2 yari iyagasabo (Fumbwe na Mununu) n'imirenge 3 yari iyakabarondo (kaduha,Rweru na NKungu) hiyongereyeho icyari umujyi wa [[Rwamagana]].[http://197.243.22.137/rwamagana/index.php?id=72] === indanganturo === 1.https://ukwelitimes.com/rwamagana-imirimo-yo-kubaka-isoko-rigezweho-irarimbanyije/ 2.http://197.243.22.137/rwamagana/index.php?id=72 mu4uvhd8wvt5b6jirzi5l50l5wj0rup 0 19265 139906 138530 2026-09-24T10:46:59Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139906 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imiryango yo mu bugesera''' ibayeho nkuko indiyose ibayeho hirya no hino mu gihugu haba abagabo ,abagore, abakobwa, abahungu, ba nyirakuru cyangwa se ba sekuru, burya ahari abantu ntihabura uruntu runtu rero hajya haboneka ibibazo nkahandi hose niyo mpamvu mu karere ka bugesera haboneka inamaz'ihariye zirebana no guhangana nicyo kibazo cya'abana mu miiryango.<ref name=":0">https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/umuryango/bugesera-amakimbirane-mu-miryango-yagaragajwe-nkintandaro-yimyitwarire-mibi-ku-mwana/</ref> == Ikibazo == Imiryuango mu Bugesera ibonako rimwe na rimwe hari ababonako kwangirika kw’abana, hari ababyeyi babigiramo uruhare, nk’umubyeyi ntiyite ku mwana nawe akaba tereriyo, cyane cyane nka ba babyeyi bakunda kwibera mu kabari, Inshuro nyishi kandi bituruka ku miryango ibana nabi n’amakimbirane mu muryango, ugasanga rero ibyo bintu byica abana mu bwonko, Hasanzwe hariho gahunda ziharanira uburenganzira bw’umwana, ariko iyo abantu bavuze ngo dukore ubukangurambaga, ni ukugira ngo ibyo bintu bihabwe umwihariko kurusha ibindi byose dukora buri munsi. Abantu bongere babyumve, uwutari uzi ubwo burenganzira bw’umwana yongere abwumve.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Icyaro]] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] [[Ikiciro:Bugesera]] 7r1tvhv602fjtp6ai5n3hii5alcmt8f 0 19298 139716 138806 2026-09-23T18:37:54Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139716 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akarere ka Rwamagana''' kari mu mu turere twagenewe kugaragira umujyi wa Kigali zitwa satellite city, ibi bituma aka karere kagira umwihariko haba mu bikorwaremezo, mu kwagura umujyi ndetse no kuwuturamo cyangwa kuwukoreramo, nyamara hari abagaragaza impungenge no kutabyishimira kuko aka karere kagizwe n’ubutaka bwera cyane.<ref name=":0">https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/politiki/iterambere-ryumujyi-wa-rwamagana-rizahuzwa-rite-nubutaka-bwera-bukomeje-gutuzwaho-abantu/</ref> == Ubutaka == [[Akarere ka Rwamagana|Akaree ka Rwamagana]] mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|intara y'iburasirazuba]] bwu [[Rwanda]], hari igishushanyo mbonera cy’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka mu Rwanda nkuko bigaragara ku rubuga rwa interineti rw’Ikigo Gishinzwe Imicungire n’Imikoreshereze y’Ubutaka mu Rwanda, Umujyi wa Rwamagana ukazaba umujyi w’ubucuruzi no gutunganya umusaruro w’ubuhinzi, Umujyi wa Kigali uzagaragirwa n’indi mijyi itatu iwukikije ariyo Muhanga, Bugesera na Rwamagana.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Icyaro]] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] [[Ikiciro:Rwamagana]] l1haliy90kmvbbpsotybley2i9ilsur 0 19305 139701 137714 2026-09-23T18:36:00Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139701 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utubari muri Bugesera''' turaahari ndetse ni twinshi kuko hakunze kumena nzoga z’inkorano, ibikoresho bikorerwamo izi nzoga byajyanwe kuri Station ya Polisi ya harimo nka Nyamata, aho iperereza rikomeje gukorwa ngo hafatwe uyu ukekwaho kwenga izi nzoga z’inkorano.<ref name=":0">https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/bugesera-litiro-2400-zinzoga-zinkorano-zari-ziri-mu-rwengero-zamenwe/</ref> == Utubari == Rero muri BUgesera by'umwihari mu mirenge wa Nyamata, ntara cyangwa se Rweru na Juru hari abacuruza ariko bakagira utubari cungira umutekano yaje kuyitiza rwihishwa  ukekwaho gukora izi nzoga ngo abe abitsemo ibikoresho. Uyu musore uri mu kigero cy’imyaka 30 utagaragajwe umwirondoro  yabwiye inzego z’imutekano ko izi nzoga z’inkorano zimaze iminsi mike zitangiye gukorerwa muri iyi nyubako.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Icyaro]] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] [[Ikiciro:Bugesera]] 7pciy85oyjdvjkd7lsx6w6br475qvnl 0 19307 139907 138646 2026-09-24T10:47:06Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139907 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ishuri ribanza rya Mbyo''' ni ishuri riherereye mu kagari ka Mbyo mu murenge wa Mayange mu [[Akarere ka Bugesera|karere ka Bugesera]] mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|intara y'iburasirazuba]] mu gihugu cyu [[Rwanda]], aho ari inshuri ribanza rya mashuri abanza, ndetse hari amashuri y'ishuke ndetse n'amashui y'isumbuye, ni ishuri riri kwita ukurushaho kwita ku ireme ry’uburezi mu nguni zaryo zose kugira ngo umwana abashe kuguma ku ishuri.<ref>https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/uburezi/bugesera-minisitiri-uwamariya-yasuye-ibigo-byamashuri-mu-kugenzura-ireme-ryuburezi/</ref> == Muri Mbyo == == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Icyaro]] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] [[Ikiciro:Bugesera]] iql1be4kf0m4b69jtvgdbcm27e4wblq 0 19309 139554 127006 2026-09-23T14:19:26Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139554 wikitext text/x-wiki Mukigo ngorora muco cya Muhanga harimo ibikorwa by'umusaruro bifasha abagororwa ndetse nabaturiye hafi yicyo kigo kugira imibereho myiza, muribyo bikorwa harimo ubuhinzi,ububaji,ubudozi,inganda zikora amasafuriya ,amasabune bikaba bijyira uruhare rwiza mumibereho yabaturage.[https://web.archive.org/web/20240829100244/https://rcs.gov.rw/gereza-ya-muhanga-ibikorwa-byumusaruro-bifasha-abagororwa-kugira-imibereho-myiza/] ==== ubworozi ==== muhanga borora ingurube za kijyambere cyangwa za kizungu zizwiho kororoka vuba, ubworozi bwinka zakijyambere zitanga umukamo mwinshi, naho mubuhinzi bakunda guhinga ibishyimbo,ibigori ndetse n'imboga rwatsi zitandukanye.Muri rusange umusaruro ufasha abaturage mumibereho myiza cyane cyane nkubuhinzi bw'imboga kuko bazitekerwa mumafunguro yabo yaburimunsi.[https://web.archive.org/web/20240829100244/https://rcs.gov.rw/gereza-ya-muhanga-ibikorwa-byumusaruro-bifasha-abagororwa-kugira-imibereho-myiza/] ==== inkomoko ==== https://web.archive.org/web/20240829100244/https://rcs.gov.rw/gereza-ya-muhanga-ibikorwa-byumusaruro-bifasha-abagororwa-kugira-imibereho-myiza/ 6gmm0uyvqhd91at7tr2lc9peszuaczs 0 19314 139863 127010 2026-09-24T10:40:38Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139863 wikitext text/x-wiki Umushinga w'iterambere rya coperative y'ibirayi wateguwe unashyirwa mubikorwa kuva mu 2017 , numuryango wabahinzi, ibirayi biri mubuhingwa bibyara umusaruro mwinshi mwiterambere ry'uRwanda kandi amakoperative ya Muhanga agira uruhare runini rwokubika imbuto ndetse noguhunika ibirayi.[https://web.archive.org/web/20240829105733/https://imbaraga.org/kiny/?THRIVE-Project] Agriterra ni ikigo cyubuhinzi cyashinzwe mu 1997 n'umuryango w'abahinzi w'abaholandi bafite inego yokojyera ubushobozi mubice binyuranye ku isi.[https://web.archive.org/web/20240829100244/https://rcs.gov.rw/gereza-ya-muhanga-ibikorwa-byumusaruro-bifasha-abagororwa-kugira-imibereho-myiza/] ==== coperative uko zikora ==== Mu bufatanye na AGRITERRA umuryango IMBARAGA ufasha izi coperative zihinga ibirayi murwego rwokubafasha kuba ibigo byubucuruzi biteye imbere. AGRITERRA ikorana n'IMBARAGA kuva mu 1998 . imishinga yose igamije kongera ubushobozi IMBARAGA kugirango ibashe kugeza serivisi nziza kubahinzi mu rwego rwo kubafasha kuzamura imibereho yabo no kuva mu bukene.[https://web.archive.org/web/20240829105733/https://imbaraga.org/kiny/?THRIVE-Project] === inkompoko === 1.https://imbaraga.org/kiny/?THRIVE-Project 2.https://rcs.gov.rw/gereza-ya-muhanga-ibikorwa-byumusaruro-bifasha-abagororwa-kugira-imibereho-myiza/ 4of2wwgbvej8c7riu7l5n7rxjcy4z3j 0 19333 139702 137976 2026-09-23T18:36:07Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139702 wikitext text/x-wiki Isoko riherereye mukarere ka [[Rwamagana]] umurenge wa Mwurile mukagari ka Ntunga Hashize umwaka rifunguwe ryatashywe kumugaragaro kuwa 23 kamena 2023, kubufatanye na visi mayor Karangwa Umutoni, Iri soko ririmo ibicuruzwa bitandukanye haba ibituruka mubuhinzi n'ibituruka mubworozi.<ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/rwamagana-baretse-guca-inshuro-nyuma-yo-gufashwa-n-umuryango-better-world-rwanda</ref><ref>https://x.com/RwamaganaDistr/status/1671456586944872448</ref> == Andi makuru wamenya kwisoko rya mwulire == Better World Rwanda ni umushinga utegamiye kuri Leta ufasha abagore bacitse kw'icumu kwiteza imbere bakava mubwigunge kubufatanye na COICA bishyize hamwe bategura umushinga witwa Ultra Poor Graduation Project for Women Headed Household’s wogukomeza gufasha abo bagore bacitse kwicumu kwiteza imbere ndetse nokuva mubwigunge. Bakoze itsinda baryita KORA-WIGIRE.<ref name=":0" /> Iryo tsinda KORA-WIGIRE ribafasha kwigirira icyizere,rikabigisha kuzigama,kwiga guhinga neza,rikabaha n'amatungo,gukodesherezwa imirima ndetse nokubona inyongera musaruro. Kubufatanye n'ubuyobozi bwa [[Rwamagana]] babashyiriyeho isoko rya Mwulire kuko bari bamaze kwihaza mubiribwa bageze kurwego rwogusagurira amasoko.<ref name=":0" /> Umuhuzabikorwa w'umushinga KORA-WIGIRE muri Better World Rwanda, Antoine Kimenyi avugako ababyeyi 287 (81 bo mu murenge wa Munyiginya na 206 bo mu Murenge wa Mwulire) bari abakene bo mu cyiciro cya mbere n'icya akabiri by'ubudehe ariko ubu ngo bashoboye kwikura mubukene bukabije, binyuze mugukomeza korora, guhinga neza no kwizigamira.<ref name=":0" /> Kimenyi akomeza agira ati "Muri ikigihe cyose tumaranye kuva mu kwezi kwa werurwe 2021, bashoboye kwizigamira amafaranga y'u [[Rwanda]] angana na miliyoni 27, aho buri mwaka bahura bakagabana amafaranga bizigamye hamwe n'inyungu."<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} s5uodgjr5m59x5xttc7rxqaf3lt3vhi 0 19384 139555 138008 2026-09-23T14:19:29Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139555 wikitext text/x-wiki Igishanga cya ruhogo ni igishanga gihingwamo umuceri mu karere ka [[Rwamagana]]. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/ubukungu/ubuhinzi-ubworozi/ubuhinzi/abahinga-mu-gishanga-cya-cyaruhogo-bafite-impungenge-zuko-bagurirwa-umusaruro-wabo-ku-mafaranga-macye/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-09-07 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419134552/https://muhaziyacu.rw/ubukungu/ubuhinzi-ubworozi/ubuhinzi/abahinga-mu-gishanga-cya-cyaruhogo-bafite-impungenge-zuko-bagurirwa-umusaruro-wabo-ku-mafaranga-macye/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>Ni igishanga gikora ku Mirenge itatu ariyo Kigabiro,Rubona na Mwulire, gihingwamo umuceri aho abahinzi bahoze bagihingamo kuri hegitari 270 maze Leta y'u Rwanda niy'u Buyapani ibinyujije mu kigega gishinzwe ubutwererane Mpuzamahanga (JICA) bakacyivugurura kuri ubu gihingwamo kuri hegitari 348. Kukivugurura byatwaye miliyari makumyabiri n'imwe y'amafaranga y'u Rwanda (21Million Frw) zashowe mu bikorwa byo kuvugurura ibyuzi bibiri birimo icya cyimpima na Gashara ndetse hakaba haranubatswe ikindi cyuzi gishya cya Bugugu, Hanubatswe umuyoboro ugeza amazi mu mirima. Uwo muyoboro ureshya na kilometero 23,5.<ref name=":0">https://www.igihe.com/ubukungu/article/imishinga-itandatu-iri-guhindura-isura-n-imibereho-y-abatuye-rwamagana</ref> Abahinzi barenga 1200 bagihingamo bavugako umusaruro wabo wikubye hafi kabiri kuko babonaga Toni eshatu kuri hegitari none ubu babona toni hafi esheshatu.<ref name=":0" /> == Andi makuru == Icyi gishanga cya ruhogo mbere cyitaravugururwa cyatangaga umusaruro mucye ugereranije nubu cyamaze kuvugurwa. Icyo bita igishanga cya Cyaruhogo ni uk ari izina rimenyerewe, ariko ubusanzwe ni ibishanga bitandukanye, hari icyitwa Gashara, Cyimpima,Bugugu na Cyaruhogo; Ibi byose bihingwamo n'abahinzi 1,174 bibumbiye mu makoperative ane, bafite ibyuzi bihangano 3 ubu byamaze kuguvururwa byitezweho kuzabafasha kuhira ubuso bungana na hegitari 170.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/ubukungu/ubuhinzi-ubworozi/ubuhinzi/abahinga-mu-gishanga-cya-cyaruhogo-bafite-impungenge-zuko-bagurirwa-umusaruro-wabo-ku-mafaranga-macye/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-09-07 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419134552/https://muhaziyacu.rw/ubukungu/ubuhinzi-ubworozi/ubuhinzi/abahinga-mu-gishanga-cya-cyaruhogo-bafite-impungenge-zuko-bagurirwa-umusaruro-wabo-ku-mafaranga-macye/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Icyifuzo cya minisiteri ifite ubuhinzi mu nshingano ni uko kuri hegitari imwe y'ubutaka havamo toni umunani z'umuceri, ibi ngo bizatuma n'amafaranga umuhinzi azabona aziyongera kuko azaba afite umusaruro mwinshi. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} dmqhjblsm6r8au2kdpfgxo82c844m6m 0 19473 139864 137342 2026-09-24T10:40:45Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139864 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Centre de sante rutonde''' ni ivuriro rito riri munsi y'ibitaro, aho iri vuriro riri mu murenge wa muhanga, mu [[Akarere ka Muhanga|karere ka Muahanga]], mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|intara y'amajyepho]] yu [[Rwanda]]. '''Centre de sante rutonde''' ni ivuroro riifasha mu kuvura abanyarwanda ndetse n'abanyamahanga bagiye tandukanye muntara y'amajyepho y'igihugu.<ref>https://umuseke.rw/2023/10/muhanga-gs-gitarama-yakuyeho-ifunguro-ryabarimu-biteza-intugunda/</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] [[Ikiciro:Icyaro]] an3627ect4sg872wyxt9jo8dcn7igmc 0 19477 139908 137888 2026-09-24T10:47:13Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139908 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ecole Secondaire Scientifique de Fille de Hamdam B''' ni ikigo cya mashuri, kirimo igeri zigiye zitandukanye giherere mu [[Akarere ka Muhanga|karere ka Muhanga]], mu murenge wa mushishiro, mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|intara y'amajyepho]], Ecole Secondaire Scientifique de Fille de Hamdam B ikaba yigamo abantushuri kuva ku ishuke, amashuri abanza, hakaza ama somo y'icyiciro rusanye mu yisumbuye, gusa yose akaba yigenga.<ref>https://rw86081-ecole-secondaire-scientifique-des-filles-de-hamdanbunra.contact.page/</ref><ref>https://panorama.rw/muhanga-abanyeshuri-ba-ahazaza-independent-school-bagaragaje-umusaruro-mwiza-mu-bizamini-bya-cambridge/</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] [[Ikiciro:Icyaro]] 6jt8uoqq1kpjancpfr4j6h56waece73 0 19479 139769 135315 2026-09-24T10:00:09Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139769 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ecole secondaire adventiste Muhanga''' ni ishuri ryigenga Ahazaza ritoza abana kuvuga indimi ebyiri z'amahanga, icyongereza n' igifaransa ibyo bita Belangue mu rurimi rw'amahanga. ibyo bituma abana bahiga bavuga izo ndimi zose neza, ndetse nubundi bumenyi n' uburere ni indashyikirwa, riri i mu [[Akarere ka Muhanga|karere ka Muhanga]] ,.<ref>https://panorama.rw/muhanga-abanyeshuri-ba-ahazaza-independent-school-bagaragaje-umusaruro-mwiza-mu-bizamini-bya-cambridge/</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] [[Ikiciro:Icyaro]] ffv306yahoqdxlq7zy2jifc8otmeha5 0 19597 139770 136721 2026-09-24T10:00:15Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139770 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ubusobanuro == Kororera mu kiraro nuburyo bwo korora amatungo ari hamwe, ibyo bigafasha uworoye ayo matungo kuyakurikirana, kuyagaburira, kuyavura, kuyarinda indwara no mu buryo bwo gutanga ifumbire nyinshi mugihe gito, nibindi.<ref>https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/gatsibo-aborozi-binka-basobanukiwe-akamaro-ko-kororera-mu-biraro/</ref> [[Dosiye:Ankole bull.jpg|thumb|Inka]] <ref>inka nziza</ref> == Ibyatumaga umusaruro w'inka zororewe mukiraro zitagira umusaruro == Reka twivugire kubworozi bw'[[inka]] bukorewe mu kiraro, mu [[Rwanda]] abantu barimo bagenda bamenyera kororera mu kiraro kubera ko basanze kororera mugasozi ntanyungu byabagiraga nko kororera mubiraro, aho wasanganga inka zirwa ziruka imusozi, rimwe narimwe zigakurayo indwara nkuburondwe, uburenge, ikibagarira nizindi, ikindi kibazo inka zirisha mugasozi zahuraga nazo nukubyarana ni bimasa badashaka, ugasanga umuntu araragiye inka ze zihuye nikimasa mugasozo kirakibanguriye, ukazasanga abyaje inka yincenzi, ikindi kibazo wasangaga abarozi batabona ifumbire kuko izo nka zabaga zataye amase mugasozi aho baziragiye, rimwe na rimwe umusaruro w' amata ugasanga wabaye mucye.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubworozi/article/iburasirazuba-aborozi-basabwe-kororera-mu-biraro</ref> [[Dosiye:Ankole-Watusi-cattle.jpg|thumb|inka nziza]] == Icy kororera mukiraro byafashije == kororera mukiraro byafashije ababikora kubasha kwihaza ku mukamo, kubasha gurwanya [[Indwara ya Ebola|indwara]] zandurira mugasozi, kurwanya icyororo umuntu atahisemo kuko iyo bibaye ngobwa umuntu ashobora no kwifashisha intanga avugurura icyororo ke, kandi nanone bifasha kwihaza kwifumbire kubera ko inka ziba zita amase ahantu hamwe.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubworozi/article/iburasirazuba-aborozi-basabwe-kororera-mu-biraro</ref> == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} byff6aayvtx94na9ea3428ps7ggpv71 0 19604 139771 119259 2026-09-24T10:00:22Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139771 wikitext text/x-wiki ibigori by'umuhondo n'ibigori byibara ry'umuhondo bikungahaye kurivitamine A,B,na E<ref>Akamaro K’Ibigori</ref> bitewe nigihe bimaze bihingwa bigenda bicica arikona nanone simuribose ahubwo abakunda gushaka amafaranga badashaka ibivangiwe nibobabica kuko bivangira ibindi. == Skamaro == ibigori byumuhondo bikungahaye kurivitamine B ariyo ifitemo vitamine zigaburira ubwonko bigatuma bukoraneza.ikindi ibigori bituma umubiri ugirimbaraga murimake biterimbaraga.birindanindwara nka kanceri nizindi nyinshi ikindi kandi ibigoribyumuhondo bituma ababyeyi barera abanababo neza kuko usanga abana babikundirako biryoha kurusha ibyumweru btyo bigatuma bitarambirana mukubifungura<ref>Impamvu ikomeye yatumye ibiciro by’umuceri na kawunga bigabanuka - Umuryango.rw</ref> == Aho ibigori byumuhondo byera == ibigori byumuhondo byera hafiyahose murwanda.ibibigori bihingwa mubutaka bufite ifumbire, kandi bufite amazi kuko bikunda amazi cyane. isuyemubutaka bisaba kubyuhira cyangwase kubibagarira.<ref>Akamaro K’Ibigori</ref> [[Dosiye:Maize -Zea mays - corn 02.jpg|thumb|maize]] === Ishakiro === {{reflist}} 7lq1nuuze5bpojizc32qh7rv9b13n7p 0 19625 139632 136492 2026-09-23T18:23:05Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139632 wikitext text/x-wiki Amafaranga ni kimwe mu bintu biyoboye iyi si ya none. Mu RWANDA dufite ubwoko bwinshi bwa amafaranga.<ref>https://m.imvahonshya.co.rw/2024-2029-ubukungu-bwu-rwanda-buzamukaho-93-buri-mwaka/</ref> == Ubwoko bw' amafaranga == [[Amafaranga y'u Rwanda|Amafaranga]] arimo ubwoko bwinshi hari ibiceri ndetse n' inote, mu Rwanda rero dukoresha inote ndetse n' ibiceri<ref>https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ubwoko-bw-amafaranga-yakoreshejwe</ref>. Inote zikoreshwa mu RWANDA ni ubwoko bune harimo inote ya bitanu, inote ya bibiri, inote y' igihumbi ndetse n' inote ya magana atanu<ref>https://igihe.com/ubukungu/article/ishusho-y-izamuka-ry-ibiciro-ku-masoko-mu-mezi-11-ya-2024</ref>. Ibiceri bikoreshwa mu RWANDA harimo igiceri cy' ijana, igiceri cya mirongo itanu, igiceri cya makumyabiri, igiceri cy' icumi, igiceri cy' atanu.<ref>https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=881c8779ce9071b0&udm=2&fbs=ADc_l-aN0CWEZBOHjofHoaMMDiKpaEWjvZ2Py1XXV8d8KvlI3vWUtYx0DZdicpfE1faGYenqWn-q4MFiFFtvJjTKeAVxFEuu2a6K2e-w9K5a_rZUODnsWTOWr5HjfEZKWtozD4sZ0PYLvyPqzGmJGFkOzqpOB5mN_QiODcALW4TOJx_UWeY7jKorGHhQzB2GqcTJN_zUmK7xH1h2NCnDXz0ve_HYyNibpg&q=amafaranga&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj21qbfrbuTAxUNOfsDHVqCLMkQtKgLegQIExAB&biw=589&bih=402&dpr=1.5</ref> ==== Ishakiro ==== [[Dosiye:100frw.png|thumb|igiceri cy' ijana]] 9qokvhj9jjr7vabajzakwhm5d7y94vn 0 19735 139633 122319 2026-09-23T18:23:13Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139633 wikitext text/x-wiki == Intangiriro == U Rwanda igihugu ni igihugu cyaremanywe ibigwi n'imihigo, abaturage ba rwo, baremanywe ubutarushwa n'ubutaneshwa. Uwo mujyo ni wo wagiye uhererekanywa kuva mugisekuru kugera mukindi mu banyarwanda n'ababakomokaho mu myaka amagana n'amagana u Rwanda rumaze. Ni yo mpamvu bigoye kandi bizagorana, kubona u Rwanda cyangwa abanyarwanda mu bikorwa by'ubugwari cyangwa se intekerezo mbi. U Rwanda ni igihugu gitekereza abaturage ba cyo, abaturanyi n'isi muri rusange. <ref name=":0">https://www.igihe.com/umuco/amateka/article/ubutwari-bw-abanyarwanda-igiti-cyatewe-kitimejeje</ref> U Rwanda rwagiye rugira abami bihatiye kugaragaza ibikorwa by'ubutwari ndetse n'abagiye mu mujyo wa bo bakabaha ingororano. Uwabimbuye ayo mateka yo gushyiraho ibihembo by'intwari ku rugamba ndetse n'umugayo w'ibigwari,ni umwami Ruganzu Ndoli, watwaye u Rwanda ahasaga mu wa 1510 kugeza 1543. Bitewe nuko Ruganzu Ndoli yari afite akazi katoroshye ko gushimangira igitinyiro cy'igihugu cy' u Rwanda mu mahanga aruzengurutse nyuma yo kurubundura rumaze imyaka 11 rutagira umwami, yashakishije ikintu cyatuma abaturage ayoboye n'Ingabo bari kumwe mu igababitero byo koromya amahanga adakunda u Rwanda, bagira ubushake bwo kwitabira no kwitangira igihugu mu mugambi ukome barimo wo kubaka u Rwanda, wari ugeze kure mu bitero byo kwagura igihugu.<ref name=":0" /> Muri uwo mugambi wo kwagura u Rwanda, ni bwo Umwami yaciye iteka rigena ingororano z'intwari zagaragaje ubudasa muri buri gikorwancyerekeranye na gahunda yari yimirijwe imbere, agena imitere y'umugayo ugawa ibigwari byatereranye abandi kurugamba. Ingorarano cyangwa impeta z'ubutwari, zatumaga abanyarwanda barushaho gushira amanga no kurwana ishyaka ryo kwikura mu bucakara bw'amahanga no kwigarurira ibihugu. Inzego z'intwari n'Impeta zahabwaga intwari uhereye kungoma ya Ruganzu Ndoli, zari ziteye zitya: '''''Umudende''''': Umudende yari impeta y'ubutwari yambikwaga intwari yicaga ababisha barindwi ibatsinze mu itsimbiro. Kubatsinda mu itsimbiro, ni ukuvuga uwo ufashe mpiri ataguye mu kivunge cy'abishi n'inyuranamo ry'imyambi n'amacumu. '''Impotore:''' Impotore ni impeta y'ubutwari yambikwaga umuntu wivuganye ababisha cyangwa abanyamahanga 14 abatsinze mu rukubo. Nyuma y'urugamba yambikwaga umuringa usa n'amazi uzinze nk'inyabubiri akawambara ku kuboko kw'ibutyo. Usibye kumwambika uwo muringa, yanahabwaga amashyo y'inka, ubundi agatunga agatunganirwa. '''Gucana uruti:''' Impeta y'ikirenga mu Rwanda rwo ha mbere yari iyo; <nowiki>''</nowiki>Gucana uruti". Iyo mpeta yahabwaga umuntu wishe ababisha 21 ku rugamba, abatsinze mu itsimbiro. Kugira ngo ayihabwe ibwami haberaga imihango ikomeye ikitabirwa n'umwami ubwe. Uwo muntu wacanye uruti, yabaga yubashye bitavugwa akanafatwa nk'intwari y'ikirenga koko!!! Yahabwaga Inka nyinshi z'amashyo n'amasibo,n'imisozi yo gutegeka,agasonerwa kujya ku rugamba. Ibyo bikagaragazwa nuko yafataga icumu rye, akarishinga mu muriro igiti rikwikiyemo kigashya nk'ikimenyetso cy'uko asoje urugamba atazongera kurusubiraho, ari nayo yabaye inkomoko y'iryo zina. Nyuma yogushyiraho impeta z'ishimwe ku ntwari zagaragaje ubudasa mu bitero byo kwagura igihugu, Ruganzu Ndoli yashyizeho n'izindi ngororano zahabwaga Ingabo iyo ariyo yose yatsindaga urugamba, n'ubwo yabaga itari mu rwego rwa'abahabwa Imidende, Impotore cyangwa se Abacana uruti. Ingororano zahabwaga ingabo zatsinze urugamba ndetse n'ibigwari byaruhunze ni izi zikurikira: '''Inka Y'umuheto:''' Inka y'umuheto ni Inka yagororerwaga Ingabo yose yabaga yagabye urugamba ikarutsinda, kabone n'ubwa yabaga nta mubisha yatsinze mu itsimbiro. Ariko mu bigaragara ntaba yaratereranye abandi ku rugamba, yabaga yararwitabiriye akarurasanira kabone n'ubwo atagiraga uwo ahamya, kugeze urugamba rusoje bagatahana intsinzi. '''Inka y'imirindi:''' Burya murugamba rwose habamo intwari hakabamo n'ibigwari, habamo abarwitabira hakaba n'abaruhunga. Inka y'imirindi yagabirwaga ibigwari byose byahunze urugamba, mu buryo bwo kugira ubwoba bagatoroka, cyangwa se mu butyo bwo kutarwitabira, ntibanitabire uwo muhamagaro, abandi bafashe iya mbere mu kururwanirira, cyangwa se kwigira ntibindeba no kwikunda. '''Inka y'ubumanzi:''' Ni inka yahabwaga undi wese wakoze ibindi bikorwa by'indashyikirwa bitari ibyo ku rugamba n'intambara. N'ubwo ibyo bigwari byahabwaga Inka imeze kimwe n'iy'Intwari, ariko bwari uburyo bwo kunenga mu kinyabupfura kw'Abanyarwanda. icyatandukanyaga izo nka ni izina gusa, kuba warahawe Inka y'ubutwari, undi agahabwa Inka y'ubugwari, ntabwo mwakwishima kimwe, kuko byatumaga nabo bikosora bagaharanira ubutwari. '''Intango y'Abahizi:''' Mu Rwanda rwo ha mbere, bagiraga ibikoresho mugerwa byifashishwaga mu gupima ibisukika,ndetse bikifashishwa mu gusangiriramo ibinyobwa. Muri ibyo bikoresho habagamo, Ikibindi, Urweso n'Akeso, uko byatandukanaga mu mazina ,ni nako byabaga bitangana no mu bumini. Intwari zasangiriraga ku Ntango, cyangwa se ibirori byahuje abantu benshi, kigakoreshwa kandi n'imiryango yifite, Intango kikaba yari mu bwoko bw'ibibumbano, ikaba ingana n'ikibindi kinini cyane( kijyamo ijerekani hejuru y'eshanu). Ikibindi cyo cyasangirwagamo nabantu bake bahuriye mu birori baciriritse cyangwa se imiryango itifite cyane (kijyamo ijerikani). Mu rwego rwo gushimira ingabo zasoje urugamba, zasangiraga ku Ntango,y'Abahizi zakundaga guterekwa ingabo n'abagaba bazo mu gitaramo mvarugamba, inzoga yabaga irimo yo yanjyenwaga n'ibwami. '''Akeso k'isoni:''' Ikigwari ntabwo cyasangiraga hamwe n'abandi ku Ntango, nticyasangiraga na rubanda ruciriritse ku kibindi, yemwe no ku rweso rw'abatindi, ikigwari nticyabashaga kurusomaho. Ahubwo mu rwego rwo kugaya ubugwari bwa bamwe, mu gihe intwari zabaga zisangira ku " Ntango y'Abahizi" babashakiraga Akeso( Akabindi gato cyane!!! kajyamo amacupa nka 5 cyangwa munsi yayo) akaba ariko basangiriramo, kuko babaga babuze ubutwari, bakabura no kuba rubanda rwa giseseka kuko bananiwe kumaranira igihugu cyabo. Akeso ibigwari byasangiriragaho niko bitaga: " Akeso k'isoni" basangiriragaho mu rwego rwo kubereke ko babaye ibigwari badakwiriye gusangira nabandi ku Ntango.<ref name=":0" /> Ibi bihembo byahabwaga Intwari k'urugamba byaremywe nu Umwami Ruganzu Ndoli, byaremye umwuka w'ubutwari buruseho mu Banyarwanda, bibabera igihabuzo gihanitse cyabaremyemo ikibatsi cy'ubutwari budatsimburwa n'ababisha kugeza magingo aya. Uyu murage w'ubutwari utimejeje, ni wo wifashishijwe mu kubohora u Rwanda no guhagarika Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, none tuganzanye Intwari z'Imanzi, Imena n'ingenzi, zahagaze aho rukomeye, zirwanya amacakubiri m'u <ref name=":0" />Abanyarwanda kandi bakomeje kugira umuco wo gufatanya,gukundana,no kugira ubutwari mu bandi. Reference {{DEFAULTSORT:Ubutwari mu Banyarwanda}} <references /> [[Ikiciro:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 in Rwanda]] cg7vau2jye2l6vw7zlgl4xu6bonwx15 0 19736 139796 119755 2026-09-24T10:03:22Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139796 wikitext text/x-wiki == Inganda z'ibikoresho by'intambara m' u Rwanda rwo hambere == Mu mateka, Abanyarwanda bamye ari indwanyi n'abakogota b'umuheto mu buryo budasubirwaho ku buryo muri aka karere nta ngabo z'ibindi bihugu zapfaga kubisukira. Baribafite ubuhanga bwo kwiremera imyitozo njyarugamba bakayitoza nta wundi bakeneye uyibatoza. Ubwo buhanga bwo kurwana, bwagendanaga no kugira ubuhanga bwo kurema ibikoresho by'intambara by'ingeri zitandukanye no kubicura, birimo amacumu, imyambi, imiheto, ingabo, inkota n'ibindi. Byose bikagira ingeri zitandukanye bitewe n'uko bashaka kuzitwara ku rugamba.<ref name=":0">https://www.igihe.com/umuco/amateka/article/uko-u-rwanda-rwo-hambere-rwiyubakiye-inganda-z-ibikoresho-by-intambara</ref> Hari nk'amacumu bateraga umwanzi ryamwinjiramo rikamutera ubumara buhita bumuhitana, hakaba n'amacumu bacuraga uwo bariteye kuryikuramo ntibishoboke kuku n'ubundi ryahitaga rishishimura inyama zo mu nda.<ref name=":0" /> U Rwanda rwagize amacuriro menshi yacurirwagamo amacumu yo kwagura u Rwanda, ayamenyekanye cyane ni atatu. Hari Uruganda rw' i Gacuriro rwari ruherereye mu Bwanacyambwe, ari nayo nkomoko y'iryo zina.<ref name=":0" /> Kugeze ubu ni mu Kagali ka Gacuriro mu Murenjye wa Kinyinya wo mu Karere ka Gasabo. Ni rumwe mu nganda za kera na kare, kuko rwahanzwe n'Umwami w'u Rwanda Kigeli Mukobanya ahasaga mu wa 1378, ubwo yari amaze kwigarurira u Bwanacyambwe bwa Nkuba ya Nyabakonjo.<ref name=":0" /> Nubwo mbere ye habagaho ubucuzi bw'ibintu bitandukanye birimo n'intwaro zo ku rugamba, ariko byakorwaga mu kajagari buri wese mu bari bagize Abanyabyuma b'ibwami bari bakuriwe n'Umwiru-mucuzi, babikoraga buri umwe ukwe bakazahuza ibyo bacuze nyuma babikuye mu baturage bari inzobere muri uwo mwuga.<ref name=":0" /> Urundi ruganda ni urw' i Shango. Cyilima Rujugira yarushinze ahasaga mu wa 1694, aho rwari rwubatswe, kuri ubu niho habarizwa mu mudugudu wa Kabeza mu Kagari Ka Shango mu Murenge wa Nduba mu Karere ka Gasabo hafi y' amashuri abanza ya Shango.<ref name=":0" /> Urundi ruganda ni urwo ku Ruganda rwubatswe ku ngoma ya Rwabugili ahasaga mu wa 1867, ubwo yari atangiye guhangana n' ibitero yagabaga mu bihugu by'ibyurengerazuba bw' u Rwanda. Uru ruganda rwari ruri mu Kagari ka Ruganda mu Murenge wa Kamembe kuri ubu, ari naho gakura iryo zina, kuko hari uruganda rucurirwamo amacumu yo kwagura u Rwanda.<ref name=":0" /> Mu ntwaro zamenyekanye zacurirwaga i Rwanda mu gukungahara ku bikoresho by' intambara, harimo imyambi, amacumu, ingabo, n' imiheto. Ni ho kandi hakomeje kwamamazwa imiheto yitirwaga ubukomere bwayo n' ibiti yaramvuwemo nk' imiheto y' ibihekane yari ikabije kurekera umwambi ukagera kure cyane kandi ikaramba, imiheto y' imikore bitaga Impangare, imiheto y'Imironko, imiheto y' Inkwaya, imiheto y' Urukurazo n' iyindi.<ref name=":0" /> Imyambi ni igikoresho cy' intambara bambikaga mu muheto, bagafora ubundi bakarasa umwanzi. Bumwe mu bwoko bw' imyambi yabonekaga m' u Rwanda harimo Imigano, Imigera, Impiru, Ingobe, Amabano, Urukurazo, Intanage, Ingorore, n' iyindi. Imyambi yabaga icuzwe mu byuma igakwikirwa mu biti.<ref name=":0" /> Mu bwoko bw'amacumu yakoreshwaga mu Rwanda harimo Injunga, Imitsakura, Amashongoro, Iminembwe, Imitari, Amakuzu, Iminega, Indekwe n'ayandi. Amacumu yabaga acuzwe mu cyuma kuva hasi kugera hejuru.<ref name=":0" /> Ingabo igikoresho cy' intambara yabaga ari yo gukinga amacumu n' imyambi by' umwanzi yabaga yohereje. Mu ngabo zakorerwaga mu Rwanda harimo ingabo y' Isuri, Urubega, Impenzi, Inkuku n' izindi.<ref name=":0" /> Umunyarwnda wajyaga ku rugamba, yagombaga kuba yikwije ibi bikoresho byose, kugira ngo abashe guhangana n' umwanzi. Ikindi bagiraga nk' igikoresho cy' intambara, ni inkota yabafashaga guhorahoza umwanzi babaga bamaze kwica ariko atararekana.<ref name=":0" /> Shakira hano [[Ikiciro:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 in Rwanda]] roa7wcrv0xtviksm9ptm0adqldg8pp3 0 19740 139634 119781 2026-09-23T18:23:20Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139634 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ikosa ry'Umwami Rwabugilii: Intandaro y'intambara yo ku Rucunshu<ref name=":0">https://ingenzinyayo.com/2016/07/05/ikosa-ryumwami-rwabugiriintandaro-yintambara-yo-ku-rucunshu/</ref> == Intambara yo ku Rucunshu bivugwa ko yaba yaratewe n'ikosa ryakozwe n'umwami Kigeli IV Rwabugili. Ubutegetsi bwose ku isi bucungwa n'inzego z'iperereza cyangwa intasi. Umwami kigeki IV Rwabugili we ntabwo ngo yubashye amabwiriza ngenderwaho y'Abiru b'ibwami. Amabwiriza y'Abiru iyo atubahirizwaga yatezaga ibibazo ibwami no ku gihugu muri rusange. Umwami Kigeli IV Rwabugili kutubaha amabwiriza y'Abiru ngo niho havuye intambara yo ku Rucunshu.<ref name=":0" /> Umusozi wa Rucunshu icyo gihe wari ahitwaga Amarangara nyuma muri Repubulika hitwa komine Nyamabuye perefegitire ya Gitarama none ubu ni Akarere ka Muhanga intara y'Amajyepfo. Amateka avuga ko intambara yo ku Rucunshu yabaye mu mpera z'umwaka wa 1896 bishyira mu mwaka wa 1897<ref name=":0" />. === Inkomoko y'iyi ntambara<ref name=":1">https://rwiyemeza.com/kn/mordet.php?titID=3218f463574d9b06c35cb6ac828dab4788a&vario=229a9f382b7e96e8e74cf5c299f6634e5d</ref> === Kigeli IV Rwabugili ajya gutanga yimitse umuhungu we witwaga Rutalindwa amushakira n'umugabekazi w'umutsindirano witwaga Nyiramibambwe IV Kanjogera, kuko nyina wa Rutalindwa ari we Nyiraburunga wari waracyuwe na Mubyara wa Rwabugili yari yarapfuye, yishwe na Rwabugili ahorera nyina.<ref name=":1" /> Abiru baje kugaragariza Rwabugili mbere yuko intambara yo ku Rucunshu iba ni uko bamubwiraga ko Kanjogere atazemera kuba nyina wa Rutarindwa kandi nawe yarabyaye umuhungu ariwe Musinga. Abiru bati: Rwabugiri yakoze ryo guha Kanjogera ubugabekazi kuri Rutarindwa, kandi yarasanzwe aziko atamukundaga na mbere hose.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Umugambi wo guhirika Umwami Mibambwe Rutalindwa<ref name=":1" /> ==== Abega babonye ko Rwabugili akoze ibyo, bacura umugambi wo guhirika umwami Rutarindwa, hakima umuhungu wabo Musinga. Uwo mugambi wacuzwe na Kanjogera na basaza be arivo Kabare na Ruhinankiko n'umuhungu wabo Rwidegembya.<ref name=":1" /> ===== Uburyo bakoresheje ngo bahirike Rutalindwa.<ref name=":1" /> ===== Uburyo bwa mbere bakoresheje ni ukumwomoraho amaboko ya bamwe mu bamushyigikiye, bakabicisha mu buryo bwa'akagambane. Icyo gihe bafashe Abiru bamwe b'inkoramutima ba Rutalindwa bagenda babica uruhongohongo.<ref name=":1" /> Uburyo bwa kabiri bakoresheje nubwo gushaka amaboko y'abashyigikira Musinga, icyo gihe biyegereje bene Rwabugili batagize amahirwe yo kwima ingoma, babasaba kutagira aho babogamira mu macakubiri yari atangiye kugaragara i bwami. Biyegereza na bamwe mu Biru n'Abatware batavugaga rumwe na Rwabugili, kubera kop abenshi yari yaragiye abanyaga kubera amafuti yabo, kandi akaba ariwe wahaye Rutarindwa ingoma, icyo gihe batangira kwishundika Rutalindwa batyo.<ref name=":1" /> Uburyo bwa gatatu bakoresheje, nubwo gushoza urugamba(intambara) yabereye ku Rucunshu muri komine Nyamabuye i Gitarama (mu Karere ka Muhanga), ariko umugambi w'Abega wari ugiye kubapfubana iyo badafatirana ingabo z'Abatanyagwa zari zivuye mu Budaha zije kuvuna Umwami ngo zifashe kunesha iza Rutalindwa.<ref name=":1" /> Kubera ko kabare yari azwiho ubutwari ku rugamba mu gihe cy'ingobo za Rwabugili, byatumye izo ngabo zimwumva vubsa zanga kwiteranya nawe ngo hato zitikura amata mu kanwa. Ubwo urugamba rwarashojwe, Rutalindwa abonye ko asumbirijwe niko gufata icyemezo gikomeye. Yafashe abo mu muryango we ( umugore n'abana) n'ibimenyetso ndangabwami byose ( Ingoma ngabe Kalinga n'ibindi) nuko bitwikira mu nzu bose barashya barakongoka ntihaboneka n'igufwa na rimwe.<ref name=":1" /> Iyo ntambara yarangiye Rutalindwa apfuye, numo Kabare yimika mwishywa we Musinga afata izina ry'ubwami rya Yuhi. Nuko Kanjogera nawe areka izina ry'ubugabekazi rya Nyiramibambwe afata irya Nyirayuhi. Nuko Kabare abwira rubanda ko Rutalindwa yari yarigize ikigomeke kihaye ingoma.<ref name=":1" /> Ariko kuko Musinga yari akiri muto, yabanje gutegekerwa na nyina Kanjogera na abasaza be aribo Kabare na Ruhinankiko. Maze guhera ubwo Abega barategeka, barica barakiza, Baragaba, baranyaga, ububasha bw'ingopma Nyiginya babwegukana batyo.<ref name=":1" /> ====== Ingaruka z'iyo ntambara <ref name=":1" /> ====== Imwe mu ngaruka z'iyo ntambara, nuko i bwami havutse imitwe ibiri ishyamiranye yaranzwe n'amazimwe, ubutiriganya n'inzangano z'urunuka. Ikindi kandi nuko ku Rucunshu habaye urugero rw'urwikekwe n'ubugome bugamije kwiharira ubutegetsi n'amaronko.<ref name=":1" /> Kuko na anyuma y'iyo ntambara yo ku Rucunshu abantu bakomeje gupfa bazira ko bagifite ibisigisigi by'umwami Rutalindwa, ibyo byose byashakaga gushimangira ubuhangange bw'Abega no kurushaho gukomeza ingoma ya Musinga ngo irusheho gushinga imizi muri rubanda.<ref name=":1" /> Ibyo byarushijeho gutera ibisare bikomeye kandi birambye mu bikomangoma ( Abana b'umwami) ku ruhande rumwe Abega banganye n'Abanyiginya urunuka, ku rundi ruhande Abega bazirana urunuka n'Abakono.<ref name=":1" /> Indi ngaruka iy'intambara yateje mu mateka y'u Rwanda ni uko yatumye ibirango by'igihugu bishya. Ibyasimbujwe ibyo birango ntabwo byahawe agaciro kuko abanyarwanda ntabwo bigeze byemera. Impamvu ni ukop bavugaga ko ibyo birango by'ubutegetsi bw'u Rwanda byari kuzabaho igihe cyose, umwana w'umunyarwanda akazabimenya. Kabare ati: Kalinga n'igiti bazabaze ikindi ariko umwana wacu yime ingoma.<ref name=":0" /> Abasesenguzi bemera ko gutwika Kalinga ko aribyo byatumye ingoma ya Musinga na Knjogera ariwe nyina itaramba. Amateka atubwira ko nabo baciriwe ishyanga ahitwa Moba ya Kongo ko ariho umwami Musinga yatangiye ko n'umugogo we watwawe n'ababiligi. Rwabugili nk'umwami nk'umubyeyi wa Rutalindwa ntabwo yubashye Abiru bituma umuryango we wicana. Ngibyo ibyo ku Rucunshu.<ref name=":0" /> Bariza hano <references /> [[Ikiciro:Images from Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 in Rwanda]] n6yjnvmvkjb5fry0ux00178rtkv5wek 0 19770 139933 133303 2026-09-24T10:50:15Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139933 wikitext text/x-wiki == Amateka y'Umwami Gihanga I Ngomijana<ref name=":0">https://www.igihe.com/umuco/amateka/amateka-y-umwami-gihanga-i-ngomijana</ref> == U Rwanda rwagiye rutegekwa n'abami batandukanye kuva rwabaho kugeza ubwo abanyamategeka babagabanyamo ibyiciro bitatu bakurikije ibihe aribyo: Abami b'ibimanuka, abami b'umushumi n' abami b'ibitekerezo.<ref name=":0" /> Abami b'ibimanuka ni abakomoka kuri Shyerezo, Abami b'umushumi ni abatazwi igihe bategekeye n'ibyabaye ku Ngoma zabo, naho Abami b'ibitekerezo ni abami bazwi neza igihe bategekeye n'ibyabaye ku ngoma zabo. Abami b'ibimanuka bahera kuri Shyerezo bakageza kuri Kazi. Naho Abami b'umushumi bahera kuri Gihanga cyahanze Inka n'Ingoma bakageza kuri Cylima I Rugwe. Abami b'ibitekerezo ari nabo ba nyuma bahera kuri Kigeli I Mukobanya bakageza ku Mwami wa nyuma w'u Rwanda ariwe Kigeli V Ndahindurwa. tukaba tugiye kubage amateka y'umwami wa mbere w'Umushumi, Gihanga I Ngomijana.<ref name=":0" /> === Gihanga Ngomijana(1091-1124)<ref name=":0" /> === Uyu mwami witwa Gihanga avugwaho byinshi kandi agafatwa nk'umuntu ngo wahanze u Rwanda. Gusa umuntu ashobora niba mbere yaho nta Rwanda rwabagaho.<ref name=":0" /> Iyo umuntu ahereye ku mateka y'abami b'ibimanuka bivugwa ko bakomoka mu ijuru, usanga bavugwa ko baba baramanukiye bwa mbere mu Mubari( mu Burasirazuba bw'u Rwanda ahitwa ku rutare rwa Kinani) aho baje basanga hatuwe kandi hategekwa muri icyo gihe n'uwitwaga Kabeja wo mu bwoko bw'abazigaba. Uyu Mwami witwa Gihanga niwe ntangiriro y'ubutegetsi bw'ingoma Nyiginya (fondateur de la Dynastie) ni nawe washyizeho gahunda y'Igihugu gitegekwa n'Abami.<ref name=":0" /> Mu ntangiriro z'ubutegetsi bwe, Gihanga nta ngoma yimanye, ahubwo yategekeshaga ibindi birango bibiri aribyo inyundo n'ikindi gikoresho cy'umuziki bita urusengo. Ibyo gushyiraho ingoma nk'ikimenyetso cy'ubwami ngo yaba yarabizaniwe n'uwitwa Rubunga nawe abikopeye mu bucurabwenge bwakoreshwaga n'abitwa Abarenge. Abarenge bari Abasinga, aribo bitwaga Abasangwabutaka (bivuga abo Abanyiginya basanze bategeka) ngo akaba ari bo barti mu gihugu mbere y'uko iriya ngoma Nyiginya iza kurutegeka. Ingoma ya mbere yakoreshejwe n'ubutegetsi bwa Gihanga yahawe izina rya Rwoga bituruka ku ijambo 'Kwogera' cyanggwa 'kwamamara'. <ref name=":0" /> Rubunga wayizaniye Gihanga ni we bakunze kwita Mwungura ari naho banakomerezaho bagira bati ni 'Mwungura wunguye ingoma ubwiru' akaba akomokwaho n'umuryango w'Abatege bituruka ku izina ry'umwe mu bakurambere baho witwaga Nyabutege. Ikoreshwa ry'ingoma nk'ikimenyetso cy'ubwami bwa Gihanga ngo ntiryakuyeho burundu ikoreshwa rya biriya bimenyetso bindi byakoreshwaga mbere ari byo urusengo n'inyundo nk'uko amateka akomeza kubigaragaza<ref name=":0" /> Urugero rwatangwa nuko iyo i bwami bamenyeshaga icibwa ry'umuntu runaka cyangwa se umuryango runaka ariko mu buryo butari burundu bakoreshaga umurishyo w'ingoma, mu gihe iyo iryo cibwa ryemezwaga mu buryo bwa burundu baritangazaga bakoresheje urusengo. N'ubwo hashidikanywa niba Gihanga ari we wahanze u Rwanda cyangwa atari we ngo ntibikuraho ko yaba yarabayeho kuko kubaho kwe kugaragarira ku kuntu uruhererekane rw'abamukurikiye mu butegetsi bamwubahiriza kandi ugasanga mu ntekerezo zose agarukamo nk'uko amateka abigaragaza. iyo umwami runaka yageraga ku butegetsi yubakishaga ingoma ye, ariko ku ruhande agashyiraho n'ahagenewe kubahiriza umukurambere Gihanga ariko bitaga urukamishirizo.<ref name=":0" /> Uretse n'ibyo kandi ngo aho umusezero(imva y'umwami) wa Gihanga wari ku gasozi ka Muganza ya Kayenzi ngo naho hakorerwaga imihango yo kumuterekera niba ari ko nabyita. Aha ngaha i bwami ngo bakaba barahoherezaga abiru bo kuhakorera imihango yabugenewe. Habga indi mihango yamukorerwaga yari ishingiye ku nka ikaba yarakorwaga n'abo mu muryango bita ABaheka: umutware wabo agatura i Runda ndetse akaba yarafatwaga nk'umwiru mukuru w'inka.<ref name=":0" /> Ntawakwirengagiza ubwoko bw'Abatsobe nabwo ngo bukomoka kuri Gihanga, kuko ngo uwo bakomokaho witwa Rutsobe ari umuhungu yabyaye hanze. Uyu muryango nawo ukaba waraje kubahwa ibwami kubera imihango y'ubwiru wakoraga, dore ko ngo banagiraga ingoma yabo yitwa Rwoma naho umurwa baturagaho ukaba wari i Kinyambi muri Runda. Umuryango w'Abatsobe wari ufite agaciro mu butegetsi bwite bw'igihugu kuko bari bashinzwe imihango y'ubwiru ijyanye n'umuganura bagatura mu karere k'u Bumbogo bakagira n'umutwe w'ingabo bayoboraga witwa Gakondo ukumoka kuri Gihanga. Ikindi kivugwa kuri Gihanga ni uko igihugu yategekaga cyarengaga imbibi z'U Rwanda tuzi ubu. Ibi bigashingirwa ku ntekerezo zigaragaza ko ubutegetsi bwe bwageraga hakurya mu burengerazuba bwa Congo aho bitaga mu Bunyabungo ndetse n'ahitwa Buhindangoma hakurya muri Rutshuru.<ref name=":0" /> Ahandi hagaragara ibirari by'amateka bishobora kwemeza ko Gihanga yabayeho ni mu majyaruguru y' u Rwanda ahitwa Buhanga hagati ya Nyamutera na Nyakinama ku bazi amazina y'uturere twa kera. Aha hagaragaraga ibigabiro by'aho uyu mwami yari atuye ariko umuntu akaba atakwemeza ko ibyo bigabiro bigihari magingo aya kubera ibikorwa by'ubuhinzi n'imiturire.<ref name=":0" /> Imwe mu mihango yakorerwaga muri aka gace ni iyakorwaga ku mfizi yitwa Rugira ngo yabanaga n'inka zitwa Ingizi nkuko uyu munyamategeka abivuga. Iyi mihango ngo yaba yaratangiye ku ngoma y'umwami Yuhi II Gahima ari nabwo umutwe w'ingabo zitwa Gakondo zatandukanaga n'izitwa Abangakungoma nyuma aba Bangakugoma bakoherezwa kuba hariya mu Buhanga. Undi murwa wa Gihanga uvugwa mu mateka, ni uwari ahitwa Nyamirembe cyangwa se Humure yo mu Mutara, aho uyu mwami ngo yaba yarageneye umuhungu we Kanyarwanda ngo azabe ari we umusimbura ku ngoma amaze gutanga.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Gihanga yarongoye Abagore benshi<ref name=":0" /> ==== Ikindi amateka agaragara, avuga ko Gihanga yagiye abyara abana batandukanye badahuje ba nyina kuko nawe yari afite abagore benshi nk'uko byari bisanzwe bimenyerewe mu Rwanda rwo ha mbere.<ref name=":0" /> Umugore wa mbere wa Gihanga ari uwitwa Nyamususa akaba umukobwa wa Jeni uturuka mu bwoko bw'Abarenge akaba yarabyaranye n'uyu mugore Kanyarwanda Gahima( Wamusimbuye ku Ngoma), Kanyandorwa Sabugabo se wa Mushambo ukomokwaho n'ubwoko bw'Abashambo( Wabaye Umwami wo mu Ndorwa) ndetse n'uwitwa Kanyabugesera Mugondo se wa Muhondogo sekuruza w'ubwoko bwa Abahondogo( Bategetse u Bugesera), ndetse na Nyirarucyaba umukuramberekazi w'ubwoko bw'Abacyaba ( Bategetse Ingoma y'u Bugara).<ref name=":0" /> Gihanga yarongoye kandi Nyangobero ukomoka mu Bunyabungo( Intara ya kivu y'Amajyepfo) barabyarana Kanyabungo Ngabo waje gutegeka mu Bunyabungo ndetse arongora na Nyirampirangwe babyarana Gashubi se wa Gashingo ukomokwaho n'abitwa Abashingo ndetse ngo babyarana n'undi mwana witwa Gafomo. Gihanga yari afite undi mugore w'inshoreke witwaga Nyirarutsobe babyarana Rutsobe umukurambere w'abo mu bwoko bw'Abatsobe.<ref name=":0" /> '''AMASHAKIRO;''' [[Ikiciro:Images from Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 in Rwanda]] t56in9dcprxwo7um3rjm4ikhzl5w8sz 0 19774 139772 119883 2026-09-24T10:00:29Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139772 wikitext text/x-wiki imyambaro yo hambere yabaga ikozwe mu mpu n'ibiti, [[abanyarwanda]] bohambere bakoresheje ubwenge bwabo mukurema imyambaro mubishishwa by'ibiti n'impu zikomoka kunyamaswa zitandukanye. nubwo nanganda zabagaho icyo gihe, [[abanyarwanda]] bari bafite uburyo bwa [[Gikondo|gakondo]] bwogukoramo imyambaro ijyanye n'umuco wabo, kandi bakambara bakaberwa. imyambaro myinshi abantu bambara mbere yavaga mu mpu zinyamaswa cyangwa mubishishwa byibiti nkomubivumu cyangwa mubivovo by'insina, aho niho [[abanyarwanda]] bakuraga imyambaro.[https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/amateka-y-imyambaro-mu-rwandahttps://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/amateka-y-imyambaro-mu-rwanda] === ibyo bambaraga namazina yabyo === ingimbi zambaraga [[Imyenda k'umashyamba|imyenda]] bitaga uruyonga rwabaga rukozwe muruhu, naho [[ABASOREBEGUKANYE IGIHEMBOCYA MNI|abasore]] nabagabo bambaraga uruhu rwinyana, [[Abagore bo mu Misiri|abagorebo]] bakambara inkanda n'ibicirane[[ABAMI BATEGETSE U RWANDA|, abami]] n'abatware bambaraga [[imyambaro]] ikozwe mu ruhu rw'ingwe kuko ari [[inyamaswa]] ikomeye mukugaragaza icyubahiro cyabo,usibye [[imyambaro]] yoguhisha ubwambure, [[abanyarwanda]] bambaraga [[Imitako y'imigongo|imitako]] ku mubiri bagamije kurimba gusa.[https://www.igihe.com/twinigure/ubibona-ute/article/ese-koko-mu-rwanda-rwo-hambere-ntibambaraga] ==== Indanganturo ==== 1.https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/amateka-y-imyambaro-mu-rwanda 2.https://www.igihe.com/twinigure/ubibona-ute/article/ese-koko-mu-rwanda-rwo-hambere-ntibambaraga sdw328h60sy2m463t9a1swg66dtmzzf 0 19809 139591 128086 2026-09-23T17:19:51Z Ndahiro derrick 8075 Ndahiro derrick moved page [[AMAKORO]] to [[Amakoro]] 128086 wikitext text/x-wiki Amakoro ni ubwoko bw'amabuye afite ibara ry'umukara aboneka akenshi nyuma yiruka ry'ibirunga , cyane cyane mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|ntara y'amajyaruguru]] n'uburengerazuba by'u [[Rwanda]][[Dosiye:Kubakisha Amakoro.jpg|thumb|amakoro]] ==Akamaro k'amakoro== Mu bwubatsi ,amakoro yagize umumaro cyane , kera umuntu wabaga afite umurima urimo amakoro yagorwaga/yavunwaga no kuwuhinga ariko muri iyi myaka, kubera iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga mu kubasha kuyabyaza umusaruro mu bw'ububatsi , amakoro yongereye agaciro kandi inganda zongerera agaciro aya makoro zariyongereye cyane.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umuseke.rw/2022/06/musanze-amakoro-yahindutse-imari-ishyushye-umuturage-yateje-imbere-ayavuga-imyato/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2025-11-07 |archive-date=2025-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011012659/https://umuseke.rw/2022/06/musanze-amakoro-yahindutse-imari-ishyushye-umuturage-yateje-imbere-ayavuga-imyato/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br> Amakoro yifashishwa mu gutaka imbuga, kubaka imihanda , inkuta z'inzu n 'ibindi<ref>https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Amakoro-amaze-kuba-imari-ishyushye-Arabyazwamo-ibikoresho-byubwubatsi</ref> <br> Amakoro yagize uruhare runini mu kubaka ama hoteli ateza imbere ubukerarugendo ndetse anifashishwa mu gutunganya ubwubatsi butangiza ibidukikije. <br> Ivu rikomoka ku iruka ry'ibirunga rikize ku myunyu y'ingenzi ku buhinzi, akaba ari cyo gituma ubutaka bw'amakoro burumbuka bukaba buberanye cyane n'ibikorwa by'ubuhinzi<ref>https://www.virungatoday.rw/ibyingenzi-wamenya-ku-kirunga-umusozi-buhumekero-bwisi/</ref> == Uruhare rw amakoro mwiterambere == abantu benshi batangiye kujya bayakoresha mubucuruzi buteye imbare , nko mumarestora ahenze mumugi wa kigali restorant yitwa Treasures of Ikoro yayakoresheje mukubaka iyo nyubako yayo yose and bikana kururra abakiriya baje kwirebera ubwiza bwiryo kora , ritanga umwuka mwiza ndetse bifasha [[Urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima|nurusobe rw'ibinyabuzima]]. murwego rwo guhanga nimihindagurikire y ikirere nabwo ikoro rifite icyo rifasha kuko risimbura amarange nibindi bikoresho byifashishwa mugutaka amazu, ikoro ritanga ubwiza butangaje.<ref>https://www.tripadvisor.com/Restaurant_Review-g293829-d26224035-Reviews-Treasures_Of_Ikoro-Kigali_Kigali_Province.html</ref> == Uturere tubonekamo amakoro== Mu turere tw'amajyaruguru harimo [[akarere ka Musanze]] Mu turere tw'uburengerazuba harimo akarere ka Nyabihu n'akarere ka Rubavu. ==Uko amakoro abaho == Iyo ibirunga birutse ibikoma(magma) biva mu kirunga bishyushye iyo bimaze igihe birafata maze byakonja bigahinduka amabuye ari yo yitwa amakoro. cv7j77cb6owi497rmbj02jvql665fur 0 19822 139578 125843 2026-09-23T14:21:01Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139578 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Milking cow.jpg|thumb|Inka bari gukamamwo amata]] Ijambo '''“amata”''' ni ijambo ry’Ikirundi n’Ikinyarwanda rifite agaciro gakomeye mu buzima bw’abantu, cyane cyane mu mirire no mu muco. Dore amakuru arambuye kuri iri jambo: {{stub}} ---- === 🥛 1. Ibisobanuro by’ijambo “amata” === * '''Amata''' ni '''ibinyobwa bivuye mu nka''', cyangwa izindi nyamaswa z’amata nka: ihene, intama, ingamiya, n’ingwejwe. * Mu Kinyarwanda, “amata” ni ijambo riri mu '''bwinshi'''; ijambo ry’'''umwimerere''' ryarwo mu rwego rw’umwe ni '''amase''', '''amata y’inka''', cyangwa '''icyansi''' (bitewe n'uko ukoreshwa mu mvugo). ---- === 🥣 2. Uko amata akoreshwa === {| class="wikitable" !Imikoreshereze !Ibisobanuro |- |'''Kunywa amata''' |Gufata amata nk’ikiribwa cy’umwimerere. |- |'''Gukamisha amata''' |Gukamura amata mu nka cyangwa izindi nyamaswa. |- |'''Guteka amata''' |Amata ashobora gutekwa cyangwa gutunganywa mu buryo butandukanye (nk’ay’amata y’amashu, ay’ifu, ay'igikoma, n'ibindi). |- |'''Gukoramo ibindi biribwa''' |Amata akorwamo: '''amavuta''', '''fromage (cheese)''', '''yoghurt''', '''amavuta y’inka''', n'ibindi. |} ---- === 🧬 3. Agaciro k’amata mu mirire === * Amata ni isoko ikomeye ya: ** '''Calcium''' (ifasha amagufa gukomera), ** '''Proteyine''' (ifasha mu bwubatsi bw’umubiri), ** '''Vitamini D''', '''B12''', n’izindi. * Yifashishwa cyane mu mirire y’abana, abagore batwite n’abonsa, ndetse n’abantu bose bashaka kugira ubuzima bwiza. ---- === 🐄 4. Amata mu muco nyarwanda === * Mu muco wa Kinyarwanda, amata afite agaciro gakomeye: ** Bayatanga nk’ikirango cy’urukundo n’icyubahiro ku bashyitsi. ** Inka n’amata bifatwa nk’ikimenyetso cy’ubukire, ubumwe n’amahoro. ** Haririmbwa, haterwa imigani n’imivugo bijyanye n’amata: *** ''“Amata meza ntiyivugira”'' – bivuga ko ibiza ntibimenyekanisha, ahubwo bigaragarira mu bikorwa. *** ''“Umwana utaragira amata ntiyamenya akamaro kayo”'' – bivuga ko utagize amahirwe ntamenya agaciro kayo. ---- === 📝 Mu ncamake: === {| class="wikitable" !Ijambo !Amata |- |Ubwoko |Izina ry'ibintu (plural) |- |Ibisobanuro |Ibinyobwa bivuye mu nka n’izindi nyamaswa z'amata |- |Agaciro |Mu mirire, ubuzima, n’umuco |- |Ikoreshwa |Kunywa, guteka, gukora ibindi biribwa |- |Muri kamere |Akungahaye kuri calcium, protein, vitamini |} ----Amata ni ikinyobwa gifite uburyohe bwiza kandi bufitiye umubiri w'umuntu akamaro. Akenshi amata avamwo amata y'inka, ariko hashobora gukoreshwa n'amata y'izindi nyamaswa nk'ihene cyangwa intama. amata aba afite intungamubiri nyinshi nka karisiyumu,vitamini D,hamwe n'ibinyamasukari bya Lactose.<ref>https://copilot.microsoft.com/chats/2a6gAgPsVM4GBySmH4HPg</ref> kubera ibyiza byinshi bifitiye umubiri akamaro,Amata ni ikinyobwa kimenyerewe cyane kandi kigira uruhare rukomeye mu mirire y'abantu. == Akamaro k'amata mu mubiri w'umuntu == - Ibinure bigize amata ni ingenzi cyane mu gutuma umubiri ugira imbaraga, umubiri ushobora gukora imisemburo,mukurinda umubiri n'ingingo ziwugize,gufasha umubiri guhangana n'ubukonje ndetse no gufasha vitamin zisaba ibinure kugirango zikore neza. -Isukari iboneka mu mata (yitwa Lactose),ituma umubiri ubona imbaraga zo gukora. [[Dosiye:Glass of Milk (33657535532).jpg|thumb|Amata]] -Proteyine ziboneka mu mata zifasha umubiri mu kongera ubudahangarwa,gusana ahangiritse no gukomeza imikorere myiza y'umubiri.Izi ntungamubiri kandi zifasha mu gukomeza imikaya n'amagufa. -Akomeza imikaya y'amaso no kubona neza, gukungahara kuri Vitamin A biyaha ubushobozi bwo gukomeza amenyo n'amagufa ndetse no kugira uruhu rwiza.Vitamin A inafasha mu kurwanya indwara yo kutabona neza nijoro. -Vitamin B12; ifasha mu mikorere myiza y'ubwonko n'urwungano rw'imyakura(nervous system) no gukora uturemangigo tw'amaraso dutukura, ibi byose ibifatanya na Vitamin B6, iyi ikongeraho kuvana uburozi mu mwijima. B12 ni igenzi cyane mu mikorere myiza y'umutima, ibibazo byo gusinzira, Diyabete n'ibindi bibazo byo mu mutwe. -Vitamin B2 (riboflavin); ifasha umubiri kwinjiza ubutare bityo bikarinda indwara yo kubura amaraso (anemia). -Vitamin B3 (niacin); ifasha umutima gukora neza no kugabanya cholesterol mbi mu mubiri, ifasha kandi urwungano rw’imyakura, ngogozi (imikorere myiza y’urwungano ngogozi iyifitanya na vitamin B1 cg thiamine), uruhu, umusatsi n’amaso. -Vitamin B5 iba mu mata ifasha mu gukomeza amagufa n’aho ingingo zihurira, igafasha mu mikorere myiza y’umutima. Igafasha mu gukora uturemangingo dufasha mu ihanahana ry’amakuru ku bwonko. [[Dosiye:Milk 001.JPG|thumb|Amata]] -Folate irinda indwara yo kubura amaraso no gutuma inda-ibyara (uterus) ikura nezaVitamin D, ifasha umubiri kwinjiza kalisiyumu. Inafasha mu kuringaniza imyunyungugu nka kalisiyumu na fosifore mu mubiri, ikanarinda indwara zituma umubiri wirwanya ubwawo ( autoimmune diseases ). Vitamin D inafasha mu kuringaniza umuvuduko w’amaraso no gutuma umutima ukora neza. -Kalisiyumu na manyesiyumu, iyi myunyungugu ifasha mu gukomeza amagufa kimwe n’amenyo. Manyesiyumu ifasha kandi umubiri guhinduramo ibyo turya imbaraga umubiri ukoresha no gukora ingingo zisimbura izishaje. Fosifore nayo ifasha umubiri gukomeza amagufa n’amenyo no gutuma umwijima ukora neza. -Potasiyumu ifasha mu kuringaniza umuvuduko w’amaraso no gutuma umutima ukora neza. -Zinc ifasha mu gukora ubwirinzi bukomeye, gukura no gusana uturemangingo, gukiza ibisebe kimwe no kwinjiza mu mubiri ibinyamasukari tuba twariye Selenium, ifasha mu mikorere myiza y’urwungano rurinda umubiri kubera ubushobozi n’ingufu iki kinyabutabire gifite, inarinda kandi imvubura ya thyroid (haba ingoto). -Choline, ni intungamubiri z’ingenzi amata afite, afasha mu gusinzira, gukoresha imikaya, kwiga no gufata mu mutwe. Iki kinyabutabire gifasha mu mikorere myiza y’uturemangingo, no gukwirakwiza amakuru k’ubwonko, ifasha kandi mu kwinjiza ibinure mu mubiri no kugabanya ububyimbirwe bukabije.<ref>https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/menya-akamaro-k-amata-ku-mubiri-w-umuntu</ref> === Ingaruka z'amata kuri bamwe === Hari abo amata atera ikibazo, kizwi nka lactose intolerance. Kuri aba bantu umubiri wabo uba ubura enzymes ihindura isukari iva mu mata, igakoreshwa mu mubiri. Abantu bafite iki kibazo iyo banyweye amata abamerera nabi; bagira ibyuka byinshi mu mara, kumva inda yuzuye no guhitwa. Abantu bafite iki kibazo bagomba kunywa amata atarimo lactose, cg bagafata inyongera zituma bagira lactose mbere yo kunywa amata. Allergie cg kugira ubwivumbure budasanzwe ku mata, iki ni ikibazo kiba kiri mu miterere y’ubwirinzi bw’umubiri wawe. Abantu bafite iki kibazo barangwa no guhumeka biruhije, gufuruta, kumererwa nabi mu gifu, kuruka no guhitwa igihe banyweye amata. Kugira potasiyumu na fosifore nyinshi mu mubiri, nazo ziri ku bwinshi mu mata, si byiza ku bantu bafite ikibazo cy’impyiko. Iyo impyiko zidashoboye gusohora iyi myunyungugu mu gihe iba yabaye myinshi bishobora guteza ikibazo gikomeye. Kalisiyumu nyinshi nayo si nziza mu mubiri, ishobora gutera ibibazo bya constipation, kugira utubuye mu mpyiko cg imikorere mibi yazo. Iyi kalisiyumu ishobora no kujya mu mijyana ikaba yatera indwara ku mutima. Guha amata y’inka umwana utarageza umwaka 1 ntago ari byiza. Aya mata y’inka ugereranyije n’amashereka aba arimo ubutare (fer) bucye, bishobora gutera ibibazo byo kuva mu rwungano ngogozi bitewe no kugira ikigero cy’ubutare gike. Amata y’inka zimwe na zimwe aba arimo imisemburo kimwe n’imiti (irimo za antibiyotike) n’ibindi bitandukanye izo nka zihabwa. Ibi byose bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku buzima bwa muntu n’indwara zibasira ubwonko kimwe na kanseri zitandukanye. f9et17oqlaqprln2ig9z6rg0q9dmkna 0 19832 139814 137636 2026-09-24T10:31:37Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139814 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Ganghwa soknorang sweet potatoes 1.jpg|thumb|Amahunge y'ibijumba]] '''Amahunge''' cyangwa se '''amahungire''' ni umurima bahingamo [[ibijumba]] muburyo bw'ihariye, cyangwa se byabugenewe, aho habaga ari mu gisambu cynagwa se mu rwiri kuki amahungu akorwa ahantu hakomeye.<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/umuco/ubugeni/article/imyuga-yacwekereye-kandi-yarafashaga-abanyarwanda-ba-kera-kwirwanaho</ref> == Amahunge == Amahunge y'ibijumba cyangwa se amayogi ni intabire cyangwa se ubuhinge aho buba bwege hejuru, akaka ariho batera ibijumba, amateke cyangwa imyumbati cyangwase urutoki, akaba ariho babyitanga ibinyamayogi. <ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Umuco]] [[Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda]] pwwyewsgxsx3b8jiqtr3mlb8un4j675 0 19844 139717 138453 2026-09-23T18:38:01Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139717 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Icyansi nyarwanda.jpg|thumb|Icyansi]] '''Icyansi''' ni kimwe mu bikoresho byakera bakoreshawa n'abakurambere bu [[Rwanda]], ndetse cyarangaga [[umuco nyarwanda]], aho icyansi cyari kimwe mu byakoreshwaga mu gukama cyangwa se mu gufata neza [[amata]].<ref>https://rwandamagazine.com/umuco/article/ntibavuga-bavuga-ibyerekeye-inka-n-amata</ref> icyansi cyabaga ari inkongoro yabazwaga mugiti cy'umusave cyangwa umukerenke n'isabo byakurwaga mu nzuzi zirega ibicuma zigaterekwa zikamara igihe zikabyazwamo icyansi cyo kubungabunga amata mumuco nyarwanda. [[Dosiye:Icyansi cyirimo inshushyu.jpg|thumb|Icyansi]] Mu muco nyarwanda, '''icyansi''' ni igikoresho cy’umwimerere gikoreshwaga mu gukama amata avuye ku nka. By’umwihariko, cyari kimwe mu bikoresho by’ingenzi mu kubungabunga amata, kuzirinda umwanda, no kugaragaza agaciro k’inka mu muryango.<ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/umuco/ikinyarwanda/ntibavuga-bavuga-ibyerekeye-inka-n-amata</ref> == Icyansi == Icyansi kiraziririzwa ndetse niyo cya'menetse hari umvugo bakoresha, icyansi nti kimeneka ahubwo kirabyara, cyangwa kiraseka. <ref>https://rwandamagazine.com/umuco/article/ntibavuga-bavuga-ibyerekeye-inka-n-amata</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umuco]] [[Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] synb2jtlced0i87b71jsvy5gpjin9id 0 19851 139893 137477 2026-09-24T10:44:22Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139893 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Umusambi urambuye.jpg|thumb|Umusambi]] '''Umuce''' ni kimwe mu bikoresho by'[[umuco nyarwanda]] bya kera kuva mu bakurambere bu [[Rwanda]], umuce ubundi bawita umusambi cyangwa se ikirago. Umuce ubundi ukoze mu rukaganga bumishije ubundi bakagenda bahambiriza umugwegwe nayo babanje gutunganya neza bayikubita, bakayumutsa ubindi ikoroha.<ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/rulindo-batunguwe-no-kubona-meya-aboha-ikirago</ref> == Ibindi == Umuce ubundi utandukanye n'umusambi ndetse nanone byobi bitandukanye ndetse n'[[ikirago]], ariko nanone bigatandukana bigendanye naho bikoresha ndetse n'imikoreshereze.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Umuco]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] r45gbfwddw52s4yrq09azio12awyt93 0 19882 139718 137124 2026-09-23T18:38:09Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139718 wikitext text/x-wiki Urwunge rw'amashuri rwa Nyinawimana ni ikigo giherereye mu ntara y'Amajyaruguru mu Karere ka Gicumbi Umurenge wa Nyamiyaga mu Kagari ka Kiziba. Kikaba gifite abanyeshuri bose hamwe barenga 2800 kikaba cyarashizwe mu 1960. Kilizi ya Nyinawimana)abanyeshuri basengeramo kikaba ari ikigo gitanga uburere bunoze kikaba gitsindisha k'urwego rwo hejuru kandi kikaba gifite n'ibyumba cy'abakobwa abagize ikibazo bafashirizwamo, ikindi gifite igikone batekeramo gifite isuku kandi kitegereye abanyeshuri ku buryo kitababangamira bigatuma biga neza bakanatsinda neza k'urwego rushimishije.<ref name=":0" /> === Groupe Scolaire Nyinawimana === Groupe Scolaire Nyinawimana ni ikigo cy'amashuri giherereye mu Karere ka [[Gicumbi Ibiti ibihumbi 12 byatewe mu gukumira isuri n’inkangu|Gicumb]]<nowiki/>i. Iyo bavuze Nyinawinana wumva Bikiramariya;ariko mu karere ka Gicumbi mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru hari umusozi witwa Nyinawimana hakaba ariho habarizwa iki kigo. Ariko padiri NDAYAMBAJE Ildophonse akavuga ko uyu musozi bakunda kuwita " Mugisaninzu" kubera ibicu bikunda kuba bihabuditse. Nyuma haje gushingwa paruwasi Nyinawimana tariki ya mbere ugushyingo 1960.Ubu rero iki kigo gifite ibyumba by'amashuri birenga mirongo itatu harererwamo abahungu n'abakobwa;Abanyehuri barenga ibihumbi bitatu ndetse n'abarimu barenga mirongo inani.Iki kigo gifite ibyiciro bitatu byamashuri aribyo amashuri y'inshuke (nursery),abanza primary ndetse n'ayisumbuye agabanyijemo ibyiciro bitatu aribyo indimi,amateka n'ubumenyi bw'isi. Cyashinzwe mu mwaka w'igihumbi kimwe magana kenda mirongo itandatu(1960)<ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-mateka/article/menya-inkomoko-y-izina-nyinawimana-ryitiwe-umusozi-wo-muri-gicumbi</ref>. Ni ishuri rya kiliziya Gatolika, rikaba ryararagijwe mutagatifu Fransisiko Xaveri<ref>gs nyinawimana - Search</ref>kikaba gifite umuyobozi witwa SEBAHIRE Deogratius ariwe deregiteri. Nyinawimana ni ikigo kinini cyane. Gihuriraho abayeshuri benshi, ikindi kandi iki kigo gikorana n'imishinga myinshi. Ari avs, cartas ndetse n'iyindi myinshi.Ikindi Kandi iyi mishinga ifasha abanyeshuri benshi bagatsinda bishimishije. Amakuru mashya ahari ubu nuko iki kigo kitakiyoborwa na SEBAHIRE ahubwo biravurwa ko derigiteri yahinduwe [[Nyinawimana]] '''Amashakiro;''' q6e1m8rd24m9i76xq5otbij8s2cujzt 0 19885 139556 130687 2026-09-23T14:19:33Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139556 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Genocide Memorial site of Gisozi Kigali Genocide Memorial 006.jpg|thumb|Urwibutso rwo ku Gisozi-kigali]] Urwibutso rwa Gisozi ni urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali. Ruruhukiyemo imibiri y'abasaga ibihumbi 250 y'abazize jenocide yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. ruherereye ku musozi wa Gisozi,urwibutso rwa Kigali ni rumwe mu zubatswe ku ikubitiro nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi kuko mu 1994 aribwo umusozi wa Gisozi watoranyijwe ngo imibiri y’abazize Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi iharuhukire. Uru rwibutso ruherereye mu Murenge wa Gisozi, Akarere ka Gasabo.<ref>Gisozi, Murambi, Nyamata na Bisesero: Ibyo wamenya kuri izi nzibutso ziri mu murage w’Isi wa UNESCO - ICK News</ref> Uru rwibutso rwubatse mu rwego rwo gufasha abarokotse Jenoside n'abandi bantu bose kuzirikana ku mateka y'icyo gihe,no gukomeza kwigisha isi yose ku ngaruka zayo.<ref>Microsoft Copilot: Your AI companion</ref> [[Dosiye:Wiki Indaba 2022 Viste des Wikimédiens au mémorial du génocide de Kigali au Rwanda 14.jpg|thumb|Urwibutso rwo ku Gisozi-kigali]] === Nyuma y'ivugururwa ry'urwibutso rwo ku Gisozi Abanyarwanda barasabwa kurushaho kurusura === Ubuyobozi bw’urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali ruri ku Gisozi bufatanyije n’inshuti zarwo, basabye [[abanyarwanda]] kutirara bareka gusura inzibutso za Jenoside, kubera urwitwazo ko baba barazisuye cyangwa ko ntaho babona ho kwibukira ku Gisozi. Umuryango mpuzamahanga wa Aegis Trust wita ku rwibutso rwo ku Gisozi, watangaje ko ibyumba byo kwigiramo ububi bwa Jenoside, ndetse n’ikibanza cyo kwicaramo, kumva no kureba ibikorwa bijyanye no kwibuka (Amphitheatre), byamaze kubakwa.<ref>Nyuma y’aho Urwibutso rwa Gisozi ruvugururiwe Abanyarwanda barasabwa kurushaho kurusura - Kigali Today</ref> “Uru rwibutso ntirugomba guhagararira gusa ku kwerekana amateka, ahubwo twashatse ko ayo mateka [agomba kuba amateka y’isi], yaba umusingi w’ibihe byiza bizaza; niyo mpamvu hubatswe iyi ‘amphitheatre’, kuko iyo hazaga abantu barenze 1,000 baburaga aho bicara, bikaba ngombwa ko basimburana”, nk’uko umuyobozi wa Aegis Trust, Freddy Mutanguha yabitangaje. [[Dosiye:Wiki Indaba 2022 Viste des Wikimédiens au mémorial du génocide de Kigali au Rwanda 10.jpg|thumb|''Abantu bagiye gusura Urwibutso'']] ‘Amphitheatre’ yo ku Gisozi (ikibanza kigizwe n’intebe zubatswe n’amabuye) ngo ishobora kwakira abantu bagera kuri 5,000 icyarimwe, bakareba, bakumva inyigisho, imikino n’ibindi bagezwaho n’abantu bari imbere yabo, mu gikono gikozwe mu byuma kihateretse. Urwibutso rwo ku Gisozi ngo rugiye kubakirwa kandi ikigo mpuzamahanga kibikwamo inyandiko zivuga kuri Jenoside zagiye ziba ku isi; ku buryo ngo abavuye mu bihugu bitandukanye bajya baza kuhigira amasomo yo gukumira Jenoside n’ubundi bugome bukorerwa ikiremwamuntu, nk’uko Mutangana yabisobanuye. [[Dosiye:Genocide Memorial site of Gisozi Kigali Genocide Memorial 025.jpg|thumb|''Amwe mu mazina y'abazize Jenocide yakorewe Abatutsi muri mata1994'']] Muri iki gihe abanyarwanda basura urwibutso rwo ku Gisozi ngo baragabanutse basigara batarenga 50% bavuye kuri 70% y’abazaga mu myaka ibiri ishize; ibyo bigaterwa n’uko benshi ngo biyumvisha ko basuye urwo rwibutso inshuro nyinshi, n’ubwo Mutangana ngo atirengagiza ikibazo cy’amikoro make kuri bamwe. Abadepite Mutesi Anita na Jean Marie Vianney Gatabazi bo mu ihuriro rigize inshuti z’u rwibutso mu Nteko ishinga amategeko y’u Rwanda, bamenyesha ko kwibuka bitazigera bireka gukorwa, bagasaba abanyarwanda kutirara no kutumva ko gusura urwibutso rimwe bihagije. “Abanyarwanda bagomba guhora baza hano gusura urwibutso, bakumva impamvu Jenoside yabaye kugirango itazongera kubaho; uretse ko hari benshi bataranasobanukirwa uko Jenoside yabaye”, Depite Mutesi. Nyuma yo kubaka Amphitheatre ku Gisozi, abakozi ba banki za COGEBANKI na ACCESS baje kuhibukira, banatera inkunga izo nyubako zitararangira neza, aho Cogebanki yatanze ibihumbi 20 by’amadolari, Acces itanga ibihumbi 10 by’amadolari, yiyongera ku zindi nkunga izo banki zivuga ko zagiye zifashisha urwibutso rwo ku Gisozi.<references /> 5dn5nimca54utd3g2tp1quk7yxl3h28 0 19937 139941 136181 2026-09-24T10:51:12Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139941 wikitext text/x-wiki Muri buri stinda ry'abantu, Imiryango ndetse n'ibihugu usanga bagira ibintu bibahuza ndetse bikaba umwihariko wabo,ibyo bikabatandukanya n'abandi ndetse ugasanga aribyo bibagira abo baribo.<ref name=":0" /> Aha ushobora gusanga mo byinshi birimo nk'ururimi rubahuza, imico itandukanye nimirire ndetse n'imyambarire. Kumugabane w'afurika ndetse no m'u [[Rwanda]] by'umwihariko, ibyo uranihasanga bikaba birimo [[Imigani migufi y’Ikinyarwanda|Imigani migufi]], aho ikoreshwa ushaka kuvuga ikintu ariko muburyo butumvwa n'umuntu uwariwe wese keretse imenyereye ururimi rw'[[Ikinyarwanda|ikinyarwanda.]]<ref name=":0">https://yegob.rw/sobanukirwa-imigani-migufi-10-itangaje-yo-mu-kinyarwanda/</ref> Ubu tugiye kurebera hamwe imigani migufi 10 itangaje cyane; === 1.Shotora ingagi uzabona ubwitonzi bwayo! === Uyumugani bawuca bashaka kuvuga ko atari byiza kwendereza, kwiyenza kumuntu kugeza aho akwereka uburakari cyangwa kamere ye. === 2.Nta sugi iba munzu y'ibyariro (Maternite) === Nkuko byumvikana, munzu y'ibyariro habamo ababyeyi baje kubyara, ntiwasangamo amasugi! bakaba bawucira umuntu wagaragaweho nokubeshya nyamara umuntu wese yibonera ukuri kubiriho. === 3.Umugore uhora atekereza aho umugabo we ari ni umupfakazi gusa. === Uyu ni umugani ushobora guca ushaka kumvisha rubanda ko hari ibibazo byawe ugomba kwimenyera wowe ubwawe gusa. === 4.Umwana yakina n'amabere ya nyina ariko ntiyakina n'ubugabo bwa se! === Uyu mugani bawuca bashaka kwerekana ko ntamikino! Niyo wakwisanzura ariko haraho utakagombye kurenga, mbese ko utagomba kurengera. === 5.Ujya koga mumaso ntahera kubirenge! === Uyumugani bawuca bashaka kuvugako buri kintu kigira kigihe cyacyo, mbese ko utakorera ibintu byose rimwe ko ahubwo ugomba guhera ku vyingenzi kuruta ibindi. === 6.Intebe niyo imenya uwasuze! === Iyo intebe ziba zivuga, nizo zavugisha ukuri umuntu wasuze mubantu!! Uyu mugani ucibwa hagamijwe kwerekana ko ukuri nyako kubyabaye kuba gufitwe n'uwo byabayeho. === 7.Uwaraye aribwa munnyo, abyukana intoki zinuka!! === Uyu mugani usekeje, ucibwa hashaka gusobanurwako ataribyiza guhisha ikibazo ufite kuko umunsi umwe kizagaragara wabishaka utabishaka. === 8.Iyo umubu ukurumye kubugabo nibwo umenyako ubuhubutsi budakemura ibibazo byose! === cyangwa bati; '''Iyo imashini y'ipantalo igufashe kubugabo, nibwo umenyako guhubuka kudakemura ibibazo byose!''' Iyi migani yombi yerekanako hari ibibazo bikemurwa n'ubwitonzi ndetse bikabije kuko uhubutse wakwagiza byinshi kurushaho. === 9.Agahwa kari kuwundi karahandurika! === Uyu mugani bawucaga bashaka kumvikanisha ko nubwo umuntu yakubwira ibibazo bye utabifata cyangwa se bitakuremerera nkuko we bimuremereye akenshi bamwe unasanga uba ubwira ibyo bibazo byawe babifata nkaho byoroshye bitakabaye bikubabaza. === 10.Igiti uzatema ushaje ugitera ukirimuto! === uyu mugani bawuca badasobanura igiti ahubwo bavuga kwizigamira, iyo wizigamiye ukurimuto bigufasha no mubusaza bwawe ntago usaza wanduranya kuko uba warizigamiye.<ref>https://mushavalik.tripod.com/imigani.htm</ref> Imigani migufi ariyo bakunze kwita Imigani y'imigenurano nubwo ivugitse mu buryo bunyarutse, irusha ibindi byose kuranga umuco rusange w'abanyarwanda. Ushaka kumenya uburezi n'uburere cyangwa imibanire y'abantu bya Kinyarwanda wabisangamo. Nkuko Amateka y'ubuvanganzo nyarwanda abigaragaza, umugani n'ipfundory'amagambo atonze neza, gacamigani yakagiriyemo ihame ridutoza gukora iki cyangwa se kudakora kiriya. Mbese muri make umugani ni umwanzuro w'amarenga y'intekerezo. Umugani uvuga ukuri ariko muri kamere yawo ntabwo wo uba ari ukuri.<ref>https://web.facebook.com/ubushuti/posts/imigani-migufi-yikinyarwand-ababiri-bashyize-hamwe-baruta-umunani-barasana-ababi/480328755397105/?_rdc=1&_rdr#</ref> ingero ziyo migani harimo; -Uwoze ntazika -Inyama utazarya ntuzirinda ibisiga. -Uruyuzi rujya kwera ibihaza rubanza ubututu. -Ntwe ukandagira ibijanju by'amacupa ngo ananirwe ibijanju by'ibicuma -Nyakamwe ntavumba mu Bakara -Agaharawe gahabwa agahari, agahararutswe kagahabwa agahini -Aho ingenzi ziri ingegera ntizigurumbya -Aho ingenzi zitari ingegera zirigurumbya -Nta nyanya zera imitobotobo -Icumu rizagucungura ntumenya aho ryacuriwe -Nyokorome akuruma akurora -Utagira nyirasenge arisenga -Umwana uko umureze niko akunera nindi migani myinshi........<ref>https://www.wikirwanda.org/index.php/Imigani_migufi</ref> === Amashakiro === {{Reflist}} cvc97i16f31qqx69b5ibz39lpafjvne 0 19957 139557 121156 2026-09-23T14:19:37Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139557 wikitext text/x-wiki === LeBron James yashimye imyambaro ya Moshions Sudani y’Epfo yaserukanye<ref>https://igihe.com/fashion/article/lebron-james-yashimye-imyambaro-ya-moshions-sudani-y-epfo-yaserukanye</ref> === <center></center>Yanditswe na ISHEMA Christian Kuya 02 march 2025 saa 10:12 Yabivuze nyuma y’ubutumwa bwatambukijwe ku rubuga rwa ‘LeagueFits’, bugaragaza ko Ikipe y’Igihugu ya Sudani y’Epfo yitabiriye imikino Olempike 2024 yambaye neza.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino/basketball/article/basketball-lebron-james-yujuje-amanota-ibihumbi-40</ref> Mu bitekerezo byatanzwe kuri aya amafoto yashyizwe kuri uru rubuga aherekejwe n’ubutumwa, LeBron James, yanditse agaragaza ko aba basore bari bambaye neza. Ati “Abahungu basa neza.’’ Ubwo imikino ya Olempike yatangiraga abinyujije ku mbuga nkoranyambaga ze, Turahirwa Moses yagaragaje ko yishimiye kuba ari we wambitse Ikipe y’Igihugu ya Basketball ya Sudani y’Epfo. Ati “Dutewe ishema no kugera i Paris aho twambitse Ikipe y’Igihugu ya Sudani y’Epfo yitabiriye Imikino Olempike, imyenda yose yahanzwe inakorwa na Moshions.” Ikipe y’Igihugu ya Sudani y’Epfo iherutse guca igikuba nyuma yo gutsindwa bigoranye na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika amanota 101 kuri 100 mu mukino wa gicuti bakinnye bitegura imikino Olempike. Imikino Olempike yatangijwe ku mugaragaro mu muhango wabaye ku wa Gatanu, tariki 26 Nyakanga 2024 i Paris mu Bufaransa ku mugezi wa Seine. Ni ku nshuro ya 33 iyi mikino igiye gukinwa mu mpeshyi kuva habaye iya mbere i Athènes mu Bugereki mu 1896.<center> LeBron James yishimiye imyambaro Moshions yambitse Ikipe y’Igihugu ya Sudani y’Epfo </center><center> Abakinnyi ba Sudani y'Epfo mu myambaro ya Moshions <u>'''''Basketball : Lebron James yujuje amanota ibihumbi 40'''''</u><ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino/basketball/article/basketball-lebron-james-yujuje-amanota-ibihumbi-40</ref> Ibi Lebron James yabikoze mu ijoro ryo Ku wa Gatandatu rishyira iryo Ku Cyumeru, tariki 3 Gashyatare 2024 ubwo ikipe ya Los Angeles Lakers akinira yatsindwaga iwa yo kuri Crypto Arena na Denver Nuggets amanota 124-114. Muri uyu mukino Lebron James yitwaye neza kuko yatsinze amanota 26 amugira uwa kabiri watsinze menshi nyuma ya Nikol Jokic ukinira Denver Nuggets watsinze 29 aho uyu mugabo w’imyaka 39 kandi yanabaye umukinnyi mwiza (MVP) bitewe n’amateka yari akoze ndetse binamugira mwiza kuko ayo manota yatsinze yose yaje ava inyuma dore ko ikipe ye yari yarushijwe. Byamusabye gutsinda amanota ari hejuru 9 kugirango yuzuze amanota ibihumbi 40 kuko yagiye mu mukino ariyo abura ngo akore aka gahigo ndetse akomeze kuyobora uru rutomde rwa’abakinnyi batsinze amanota menshi muri rusange barimo Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Stephen Curry ndetse na Kobe Bryant. Lebron James ubwo yari amaze guca kuri Kareem Abdul-Jabbar ina we wahoze akinira Los Angeles Lakers wari afite amanota ibihumbi 38 338 nibwo yatangajeko yifuza kuzuza amanota ibihumbi 40 ndetse byaba byiza akayarenza. Usibye kandi kuzuza amanota ibihumbi 40, Lebron James yabaye umukinnyi wa kane watanze imipira myinshi ivamo amanota (Assists) nyuma yo kuzuza ibihumbi 10 ,akaba aza inyuma ya John Stock wa mbere ufite ibihumbi 15, Jason Kid ufite ibihumbi 12, Paul Chris ufite ibihumbi 11. Lebron James kandi yujuje gukina imipira ya kabiri ibihumbi 10 ( Rebounds) ikinwa iyo umukinnyi yugarira cyangwa asatira atsinda byahise bimushyira byibuze mu bakinnyi 25 bakoze ako gahigo.Mu manota ibihumbi 40, yatsinze 23,119 muri Cleverland Cavaliers, atsinda 7,919 muri Miami Heat ahatsindira ibihumbi 8,979. Utu duhigo turaza twiyongera ku mateka amwe n’amwe yagira kora arimo; gutwara ibikombe 4 bya shampiyona (NBA), ndeste aba umukinnyi wa shampiyona inshuro 3 (MVP). </center><center> <u>'''''ISHEMA Christian/rw.wikipedia.org'''''</u> </center> 7c1whly8vonq1ia3kwaxyfz8ue0vxss 0 20198 139783 138047 2026-09-24T10:01:46Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139783 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imisozi ya Usambara''' yo mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa [[Tanzaniya]] muri [[Imiterere ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'ibidukikije byaho|Afurika yo mu turere]] dushyuha, igizwe n'imisozi y'iburasirazuba. ifite ubutumburuke bwa {{Convert|90|km|mi}} ndende na kimwe cya kabiri cy'ubugari, kandi biherereye mu Karere ka Lushoto mu Karere ka Tanga .hakaba hashize hafi imyaka miriyoni ebyiri kandi bigizwe nubutare bwa metamorphic Precambrian. Bagabanijwemo ibice bibiri; Uburengerazuba bwa Usambaras burenze Uburasirazuba bwa Usambara, bwegereye inkombe kandi bugwa imvura nyinshi. == Ubumenyi bw'isi == Usambaras ni {{Convert|90|km|mi}} nubugari bwa {{Convert|30|-|50|km|mi}} . igice cyimisozi yuburasirazuba bwa Arc, kiva muri [[Kenya]] kinyura muri Tanzaniya. Ikirere ni kimwe mu ku isi. Ahantu hirengeye ni impinga ya Chambolo kuri metero 2,289 hejuru yinyanja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Usambara Peaks |url=https://peakvisor.com/adm/tanga.html |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=Peakvisor}}</ref> == Ubumenyi bwa geologiya == Imisozi yavumbuwe hashize hafi miliyoni ebyiri.<ref>https://sgp.undp.org//innovation-library/item/download/561_02740f4fd1699cc6aa9e2b85bcbaf0db.html</ref> ishyamba ryimvura ryanyuze mugihe kirekire kandi ryihindagurika ridasanzwe bituma habaho endemism itangaje hamwe n’amashyamba yimvura ashaje. <ref>https://archive.org/details/shambaakingdomhi0000feie</ref> Uburengerazuba n’iburasirazuba Usambaras ni intera nini ya metamorphic metologique ya geologiya ya acide- gneisses, pyroxène, na amphiboles. [ 3 ] kuriyi misozi yashizweho uburyo bwo kuvoma imigezi igizwe n’amasoko menshi y’amazi,Igemurira umubare mwishi w'abaturage ba Tanzaniya <ref>https://middlebury.figshare.com/articles/thesis/Square_Peg_Round_Hole_A_Case_Study_of_the_NGO-Village_Interactions_of_TFCG_and_Sagara_Village_Tanzania/21538749/1</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} e892n2i8h0hkndrx4xhkojznt9jjvnk 0 20207 139894 123187 2026-09-24T10:44:31Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139894 wikitext text/x-wiki Umuhanda nicyimwe mu bikorwa remezo bihenze kandi biba bifitiye runini abawukoresha kuko uhindura ubuzima bwaho ugeze, binyuze mu korohereza abaturage mu bikorwa bitandukanye birimo kugenderana no guhahirana.[https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/minisitiri-w-intebe-dr-ngirente-yahamije-ko-gahunda-yo-kwiyubakira-imihanda-i] === imwe mumihanda mishya === umuhanda Ngoma - Ramiro-[[Inyanya|inyanza]] ugizwe nibice bitatu birimo ikiva i Ngoma kikajyera mu karere ka Bugesera kigizwe n'ibirometero 52.8 cyiyongeraho ibindi birometero 72.8 biva Bugesera bikajyera gasororo arinaho igice cyo mu karere ka nyanza gitangirira kikazanyura mumirenge itatu irimo kigoma ,muyira na busororo ,ahangana na kilometero 30,67, umuhanda base -butaro -kidaho numuhanda uhuza akarere ka rulindo na burere ureshya na kirometero 63, undi muhanda ni uwa Muhanga -karongi-ufite ibirometero 128.[https://www.umusanzunews.rw/2025/03/24/miliyari-140-frw-zizakoreshwa-mu-kuvugurura-amasangano-yimihanda-mu-mujyi-wa-kigali/] === indanganturo === 1.[https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/minisitiri-w-intebe-dr-ngirente-yahamije-ko-gahunda-yo-kwiyubakira-imihanda-i Gahunda yo kwiyubakira imihanda i Kigali igiye gusubukurwa - IGIHE.com] 2.[https://www.umusanzunews.rw/2025/03/24/miliyari-140-frw-zizakoreshwa-mu-kuvugurura-amasangano-yimihanda-mu-mujyi-wa-kigali/ Miliyari 140 Frw zizakoreshwa mu kuvugurura amasangano y’imihanda mu mujyi wa Kigali – Umusanzu] jgukk52bgrm0rb4xz3zzfr776h2ygxm 0 20234 139719 130226 2026-09-23T18:38:16Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139719 wikitext text/x-wiki ibyo wamenya ku impyisi imwe munyamaswa zitinyitse mu [[ishyamba]], ibarwa munyamaswa zinkazi n'intare nizipfa kuyigondera kuko insuro nyinshi usanga zirwanira umuhigo nubwo waba wishwe n'[[intare]], ubudahangarwa bw'impyisi buturuka kurwsaye rwayo rukomeye ku buryo bushobora guhekenya kandi rukajanjagura igufa ry'inzovu. [https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/ibidukikije/ibyo-utari-uzi-ku-mpyisi-inyamaswa-irya-ibyasigajwe-nizindi-ifatiye-runini-urusobe-rwibinyabuzima/] === ibyo wamenya ku mpyisi === ubusanzwe mumuryango w'impyisi harimo ubwoko bune butandukanye, impyisi zirangwa no kugira ibidomo binini ku ruhu rwazo kuko uko zigenda zitandukana niko nimiterere n'imigaragarire y'amabara y'uruhu igaragara itandukaniraho, kugeza ubu ku rwego rw'isi habarirwa impyisi ziri hagati 27000-47000, umuvuduko wayo ku isaha ushobora kugera kuri kilometero 60,impyisi ishobora gupima kilogarama ziri hagati ya 40-64 igihagararo cy'impyisi gishobora kubarirwa hagati ya santimetero 70-91, uburebure bwayo burihagati ya santimetero 95-166. ==== imibereho y'impyisi ==== mubijyanye nimibanire yazo izi nyamaswa zibaho nkizindi nyamabere zitandukanye, mu jyihe cyaninjoro zireba neza cyane bigatuma zihiga ninjoro kumankwa zikaryama hafi yimyobo yazo, ziba mumiryango aho umuryango uba uyoborwa nimpyisi y'ingore, iyo zishatse kuganga zijya kure yimyobo yazo nabwo bukaba ubundi buryo bwokwerekana agace ziherereyemo, zijyira amajwi ajyera kure cyane izo bikazifasha mu buryo bwo guhanahana amakuru n'izindi zo mu bwoko zibarizwamo.[https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/iyo-bavuga-ko-impyisi-yarongoye-biba-byagenze-gute] ====== imyororokere y'impyisi ====== ubu bwoko bw'impyisi icyigabo gishobora kwimya ibigore byinshi kubwagura bishobora kuba igihe icyaricyo cyose mumezi agize umwaka, iyo ikigore kimaze kubangurirwa kibwegeka amezi ane kandi kongera kwima ku yindi nshuro bikorwa hagati y'amezi 11 na 21, ikigore kibwagurira mu isenga kandi kikabwagura ibibwana hagati ya 1-3 ariko inshuro nyinshi biba aribibwana bibiri, bigacutswa hagati yamezi 12 na 18, impyisi, impyisi yingabo iva mumuryango yavukiyemo ku myaka ibiri mu gihe impyisi y'ingore ihaguma. === intanganturo === 1.[https://web.archive.org/web/20250501223352/https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/ibidukikije/ibyo-utari-uzi-ku-mpyisi-inyamaswa-irya-ibyasigajwe-nizindi-ifatiye-runini-urusobe-rwibinyabuzima/ Ibyo utari uzi ku mpyisi, inyamaswa irya ibyasigajwe n’izindi, ifatiye runini urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima – MUHAZIYACU] 2.[https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/iyo-bavuga-ko-impyisi-yarongoye-biba-byagenze-gute Iyo bavuga ko impyisi yarongoye biba byagenze gute? - Kigali Today] 7ov3nf66yv8557tqa9lpn7ipmzxl4ef 0 20243 139666 123296 2026-09-23T18:29:11Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139666 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Imva yabami.jpg|alt=Umusezero wa Rwabugiri|thumb|Umusezero wa Rwabugiri]] Imisezero ni ahantu hatabarizwaga (hashyingurwaga) abami n' Abagabekazi b' u Rwanda, mu [[Rwanda]] Abami n' abagabekazi bagiye batabarizwa ahantu hatandukanye mu gihugu ariko habayeho imisezero rusange, urugero n' umusezero w' Abami w' i rutare ho mu murenge wa rutare mu karere ka Gicumbi kuri ubu. Aha i Rutare hatabarijwe Abami 11 n' Abagabekazi 2, kugeza ubu imisezero (Imva) zikigaragara ni 2 iy' umwami Kigeli IV Rwabugiri yatwaye u rwanda kuva muri 1853 _ 1895 nuwa Nyirayuhi V kanjogera, ahandi ntabimenyetso bigaragara ko hari imisezero kuko n' abaturage bahakoresha mumirimo yabo isanzwe yaburi munsi. <ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/umuco/amateka/article/ibimenyetso-ndangamateka-by-imisezero-y-abami-b-u-rwanda</ref> == Abami n' Abagabekazi batarijwe i Rutare <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-mateka/article/inteko-y-umuco-igiye-kubungabunga-ibigabiro-n-imisezero-by-abami</ref> == === [[ABAMI BATEGETSE U RWANDA|Abami]] <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/amateka/article/menya-abami-n-abagabekazi-batabarijwe-i-rutare-muri-gicumbi-ahaberaga-igiterane</ref> === * Kigeli IV Rwabugiri yatwaye kuva 1853 _ 1895 * kigeli I Mukobanya yatwaye ahasaga 1378 _ 1411 * Ndahiro II Cyamatare yatwaye ahayinga 1477 _ 1510 * Ruganzu II Ndoli yatwaye ahayinga 1510 _ 1543 * Mutara I Nsoro II Semugeshi yatwaye ahayinga 1543 _ 1576 * Kigeli II Nyamuheshera yatwaye ahayinga 1576 _ 1609 * Mibambwe II Sekarongoro II Gisanura yatwaye ahayinga 1609 _ 1642 * Cyilima II Rujugira yatwaye ahayinga 1675 _ 1708 * Mibambwe III Mutabazi II Sentabyo yatwaye ahayinga 1741 _ 1746 * Yuhi IV Gahindiro yatwaye ahayinga 1746 _ 1802 * Mutara II Rwogera yatwaye ahayinga 1830 _ 1853 === Abagabekazi === * Nyiramibambwe III Nyiratamba * Nyirayuhi V Kanjogera == Abami batabarijwe ahandi == * Gihamba I Ngomijana yatwaye ahasaga 1091 _ 1124 yatabarijwe i Muganza ya Kayenzi muri [[Kamonyi District|Kamonyi]] * Ruganzu I Bwimba yatwaye ahasaga 1312 _ 1345 yatabarijwe i Nkungu na Munyaga ubu ni muri Rwamagana * Cyilima I Rugwe yatwaye ahasaga 1345 _ 1378 yatabarijwe i Butangampundu (Mugambazi) ubu ni i Rulindo * Yuhi II Gahima II yatwaye ahasaga 1444 _ 1477 yatabarijwe i kayenzi ya Muganda ho mu Busigi (Tumba_Byumba) ubu ni i Rulindo * Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi I tatwaye ahasaga 1411 _ 1444 yatabarijwe i Remera y' abaforongo muri [[Akarere ka Rulindo|Rulindo]] * Yuhi III Mazimpaka yatwaye ahasaga 1642 _ 1575 yatabarijwe mu kibuza cya Nkingo Ku ijuru rya Kamonyi (Yiyahuye mu manga y' urutare) * Kigeli III Ndabarasa yatwaye ahasaga 1708 _ 1741 yatabarijwe i Kayenzi muri Kamonyi * Mutara III Rudahigwa yatwaye kuva 1931 _ 1959 yatabarijwe i Mwima ya Busasamana muri [[Akarere ka Nyanza|Nyanza]] * Kigeli V Ndahindurwa yatwaye kuva 1959 _ 1961 yatanze kuwa 15 mutarama 2017, yatabarijwe i Mwima ya Busasamana muri Nyanza == Abagabekazi batabarijwe ahandi <ref name=":0" /> == * Nyirakigeli I Nyankuge yatabarijwe ku Kabiza, i Shyorongi, Rilindo * Nyirayuhi II Matama yatabarijwe i Remera y' Abaforongo, Rulindo * Nyirakigeli III Rwesero yatabarijwe ku Kabira, Shyorongi, Rulindo == Vuga == [[Ikiciro:Amateka y’u Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abami b’u Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Africa]] __FORCETOC__ __INDEX__ __NEWSECTIONLINK__ 0j56x97m70qzqrc4lr5oodr61kxzqq0 0 20275 139784 138441 2026-09-24T10:01:53Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Monte Binga''' ni umwe mu misozi miremire muri [[Mozambike]] n'uwa kabiri muremure muri [[Zimbabwe]]. Iherereye mu misozi ya Chimanimani, ikanyura ku mupaka wa Zimbabwe na Mozambike muri Parike ya Chimanimani mu Ntara ya Manica. Ireshya na metero 8,004 (hejuru ya 2,440m) hejuru yinyanja.<ref>https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11230</ref> == Ubumenyi n'imiterere ya Monte Binga == Umusozi ugizwe na quartzite yumukara wijimye cyane, munsi y'umusozi wa Chimanimani, ukawuha ubutayu. imisozi yo mu majyaruguru n'amajyepfo bigenda byuzura hafi ya mpinga kugera ku mpande ya dogere 40 hanyuma bigahuriza mu burasirazuba, ikirenge cy'umusozi hamwe na Turret Towers bihita byerekeza mu majyepfo biryamye ku makosa. Kubwibyo, inzira y'uburasirazuba ninto, mugihe iyomu uburengerazuba ihanamye cyane ahantu. ihinduka ku rutare ruhagaze hepfo. Iyo wegereye iburengerazuba, uva mu kibaya cy'Uruzi rwa Bundi, hari inzira idasobanuwe neza ishami riva mu nzira nyamukuru ya magendu yerekeza kuri Skeleton Pass.<ref>https://worldribus.org/southern-africa/</ref> Umusozi ucuramye uhinduka nk'ikizenga. Kugaragara hejuru y'umusozi ni mwiza kandi n'urutare, hamwe nubutaka butagira ingano cyane bukikijwe ibyatsi bya tussocky gusa na mususu hagati y'imisozi ihanamye cyane. Ushobora kandi kubona inyanja y'Ubuhinde kuva ku mpinga ya Binga ku munsi ugaragara neza ureba hafi y'iburasirazuba, ku birometero 190. Umusozi uri kure yimiturire. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} sm31tnoz56d6pw00ooa8ws97m7vte4e 0 20280 139579 138060 2026-09-23T14:21:05Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139579 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leptis''' cyangwa '''Lepcis Magna''' uzwi kandi ku yandi mazina mu bihe bya kera, wari umujyi ukomeye w'ingoma ya Carthagine na Libya y'Abaroma ku munwa wa Wadi Lebda muri Mediterane.<ref>https://archiqoo.com/locations/leptis_magna.php</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Leptis-Magna</ref> Uyu mujyi washyizweho nk'umudugudu wa Punic mbere y'imyaka 500 mbere ya Yesu, umujyi wagutse cyane ku ngoma y'Umwami w'Abaroma Septimius Severus( r. 193–211 ), wavukiye mu mujyi. Legio ya 3 kanama yari ihagaze hano kugirango irinde umujyi ibitero bya Berber. Nyuma y’iseswa rya legiyonali ku butegetsi bwa Gordian III mu 238, umujyi warushijeho gukorerwa ibitero mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 3. Diocletian yagaruye umujyi nk'umurwa mukuru w'intara, kandi wongeye gukura mu iterambere kugeza igihe waguye kuri Vandals mu 439. Yongeye kwinjizwa mu Bwami bw'iburasirazuba mu 533 ariko akomeza kwibasirwa n'ibitero bya Berber kandi ntiyigeze agarura akamaro kahoze. Yaguye mu bitero byab'abayisilamu muri c. 647 hanyuma aratereranwa.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Leptis-Magna</ref> Nyuma yo gutereranwa, umujyi warinzwe ku buryo budasanzwe kuko wari ushyinguwe munsi y’imisozi. Mu myaka yo mu 1920, umujyi wacukuwe n'abacukuzi b'ibyataburuwe mu mataliyani mu gihe U butaliyani bwigarurira Libiya. Amatongo yacyo ari muri Khoms [[Libiya]], {{Convert|130|km|mi|abbr=on}} iburasirazuba bwa Tripoli. Biri mubibanza byabitswe neza n'Abaroma muri Mediterane. == Amateka == === Ibihano === Umujyi wa Punic washinzwe mu gice cya kabiri cy'ikinyejana cya 7 BC. Ntabwo uzwi cyane kuri Leptis muri iki gihe, ariko bigaragara ko yari ifite imbaraga zihagije zo guhashya Dorieus yagerageje gushinga ubukoloni bw’Abagereki hafi ya 515 BC. Kimwe n’[[imidugudu]] y’Abapunike, Leptis yabaye umwe mu Bwami bwa Carthaginiya maze igwa mu maboko y'Abaroma itsinzwe na Carthage mu ntambara ya Punic. Leptis yagumye yigenga cyane mu gihe nyuma ya 111 BC.<ref>https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=6485615&fid=3783&c=libya</ref> === Repubulika y'Abaroma === Repubulika y’Abaroma yohereje abakoloni hamwe n’abasirikare bato kugira ngo bagenzure umujyi. Umujyi wateye imbere ndetse yemererwa guhimba amafaranga yacyo mw'ifeza n'umuringa. Mu kwerekana imiterere y’imico, ibiceri byayo byari byanditseho Punic ariko amashusho ya Hercules na Dionysus. Bidatinze, abacuruzi b'Abataliyani batuye muri uwo mujyi maze batangira ubucuruzi bwunguka imbere muri Libiya. Umujyi washingiye ahanini ku burumbuke bw’imirima ikikije iyo, aho hacukuwe imashini nyinshi elayo. Kuri 46 BC, umusaruro [[Amavuta ya Elayo|w’amavuta ya elayo]] wari ku buryo umujyi washoboye gutanga miliyoni eshatu zama pound buri mwaka kuri Julius Sezari nk'umusoro. === Ingoma y'Abaroma ===   Leptis Magna yagumye gutya kugeza ku ngoma y'umwami w'abami w'Abaroma Tiberiyo, igihe umujyi n'akarere kegeranye byinjizwaga mu bwami mu rwego rw'intara ya Afurika. Bidatinze byahindutse umwe mu mijyi iyoboye Afurika y'Abaroma ndetse n'iposita ikomeye. Umujyi wateye imbere byihuse ku butegetsi bw'Abaroma. Ku ngoma ya Nero hubatswe amphitheater. Gutura byazamuwe muri komini muri AD 64 cyangwa 65 no mubu koloni munsi ya Trajan ( r. 98–117 ).Umwepiskopi wa mbere uzwi wa Letis Magna yari umupadiri runaka witwa Victor wabaye papa mu 189 Leptis yageze ku ntera ikomeye cyane guhera muri AD 193, nk'umujyi w'umwami w'abami Septimius Severus.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Septimius-Severus</ref> Septimius yatoneshaga umujyi yavukiyemo kuruta indi mijyi yose y'intara, kandi inyubako n'ubutunzi yawutunze byatumye Leptis Magna umujyi wa gatatu w'ingenzi muri Afurika, uhanganye na Carthage na Alegizandiriya. Muri AD 205, we n'umuryango w'abami basuye umujyi kandi baha icyubahiro gikomeye. Mu mpinduka Severus yazanye harimo gushiraho ihuriro rishya ryiza no kongera kubaka dock. Icyambu gisanzwe cyari gifite impengamiro yo gushonga, ariko impinduka za Severan zatumye ibi birushaho kuba bibi, kandi ibibuga by'iburasirazuba birarinzwe neza cyane, kubera ko bitakoreshejwe gake. Leptis yateye imbere binyuze mu bucuruzi bwambukiranya ibicuruzwa bitandukanye muri Sahara bifite agaciro, birimo amahembe y'inzovu, inyamaswa zo mu gasozi ku kibuga cya gladiator, umukungugu wa zahabu, karubone, ibiti by'agaciro nka enbony, n'amababa [[Ostrich|ya ostrich]]. Leptis muri iki gihe yarikabije. mu gihe cya Crisis yomu kinyejana cya 3 igihe ubucuruzi bwagabanutse ku buryo bugaragara, akamaro ka Leptis Magna nako karagabanutse, kandi hagati mu kinyejana cya 4 rwagati, ndetse na mbere yuko cyangizwa na tsunami 365, igice kinini cyuyu mujyi cyari cyaratereranywe. Ammianus Marcellinus avuga ko ikibazo cyarushijeho gukomera na guverineri w’Abaroma wamunzwe na ruswa witwa Romanus, wasabye ruswa kugira ngo arinde uyu mujyi mu gihe cy'igitero gikomeye cy’amoko. Umujyi wangiritse ntushobora kwishyura ibi kandi bitotombera umwami Valentiniya I. Romanus yahise atanga ruswa mu rukiko ategura ko intumwa za Leptan zihanwa "kubera ibirego by'ibinyoma". yishimiye ubuzima bushya butangira ku ngoma y'umwami Theodosius I. === Ubwami bwa Vandal === Mu mwaka wa 439, Leptis Magna hamwe n'indi mijyi yose ya Tripolitania bagengwaga na Vandals igihe umwami wabo, Gaiseric yafataga Carthage mu Baroma akayigira [[umurwa]] mukuru. Ikibabaje ni uko ejo hazaza ha Leptis Magna, Gaiseric yategetse ko inkuta z'umujyi zasenywa kugira ngo abaturage bacyo batigomeka ku butegetsi bwa Vandal. Abaturage ba Leptis na Vandals bombi bishyuye igiciro cyinshi kuri AD 523 mugihe itsinda ry'abateraga Berber birukanye umujyi. === Ingoma ya Byzantine === Belisariyo,jenerali w'Umwami Justinian I, yigaruriye Leptis Magna mu izina ry'ingoma y'Abaroma nyuma y'imyaka icumi, maze mu mwaka wa 533-4 yongera kwinjizwa mu bwami. Leptis yabaye umurwa mukuru w'intara y'Ubwami bw'iburasirazuba, ariko ntiyigeze akira irimbuka ryatewe na Berber. Mu mwaka wa 544, munsi ya perefegitura ya Sergiyo, umujyi wibasiwe cyane n’imiryango ya Berber, kandi nyuma yo kugira icyo ugeraho, Sergiyo yagabanutse asubira muri uwo mujyi, ihuriro ry’imiryango ya Leuathae rikambika hanze y’irembo risaba kwishyurwa. Sergius yemereye abadepite mirongo inani mu mujyi kugira ngo bagaragaze ibyo basaba, ariko igihe Sergius yimukiye mu nama, yafunzwe n’umwenda n’umudepite umwe, yuzura abandi. Ibi byateje umupolisi w’umuzamu wa perefe kwica uwo umudepite urambika amaboko kuri perefe, bikaviramo ubwicanyi rusange. Abadage bakiriye igitero simusiga maze Sergius ahatirwa guta Leptis asubira i Carthage. === Intsinzi ya kisilamu === Mu kinyejana cya 6, umujyi wari umukirisitu wuzuye mu myaka icumi 565-578 nyuma ya Yesu, abamisiyonari b'Abakristo bo muri Leptis Magna ndetse batangiye kwimukira mu moko ya Berber kugera mu majyepfo ya Fezzan mu butayu bwa Libiya maze bahindura Garamantes. Mu kinyejana cya 10, umujyi wa Al-Khums wari wuzuye. === Ubucukuzi === Kugeza uyu munsi, ikibanza cya Leptis Magna niho hari amatongo amwe n'amwe atangaje yo mu gihe cy'Abaroma. Igice cy'urusengero rwa kera cyazanywe I Leptis Magna munzu ndangamurage y'Ubwongereza mu 1816 gishyirwa munzu ya cyami ya Fort Belvedere mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]] mu 1826. Ubu kiri mu gice cya Parike nini ya Windsor. Amatongo aherereye ku nkombe y’amajyepfo y’amazi ya Virginie n’umuhanda wa Blacknest hafi y’isangano ry’umuhanda A30 London na Wentworth Drive. Igihe Abataliyani bigarurira Libiya mu ntangiriro y'ikinyejana cya 20, byatwaye imbaraga nyinshi mu kuvumbura Leptis Magna.mu ntangiriro z'umwaka wa 1930, ubushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe bwashoboye kongera kwerekana ibisigazwa byashyinguwe hafi y’umujyi wose. Ikinyejana cya 4 kugeza ku cya 3BC necropolis yaje kuboneka munsi y'ikinamico y'Abaroma. Muri Kamena 2005, byagaragaye ko abahanga mu bucukumbuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo bo muri kaminuza ya Hamburg bakoraga ku nkombe za Libiya ubwo bavumburaga uburebure bwa metero 30 z'uburebure bwa mosaika eshanu zakozwe mu kinyejana cya 1 cyangwa icya 2. Mosaika yerekana mu buryo budasobanutse bwerekana umurwanyi urwana n'impongo, abasore bane barwanira ikimasa cyo mw'ishyamba hasi, hamwe na gladiator iruhuka mu munaniro kandi yitegereza uwo bahanganye yiciwe. Mosaika yashushanyije inkuta za pisine ikonje muri ''balneae'' muri villa y'Abaroma i Wadi Lebda muri Leptis Magna. Mosaic ya gladiator izwi n’intiti nkimwe mu ngero nziza cyane zerekana ibihangano bya mozayike byigeze kubaho - "igihangano cyagereranywa n’ubuziranenge na Alexandre Mosaic muri Pompeii .Mosaika yavumbuwe mu mwaka wa 2000 ariko ibikwa mu ibanga kugira ngo birinde gusahura. Kuri ubu barerekanwa munzu ndangamurage ya Leptis. Hari amakuru avuga ko Leptis Magna yakoreshejwe nk'igifuniko cya tanki n'imodoka za gisirikare n'ingabo zishyigikiye Kadhafi mu gihe cy'intambara ya mbere y'abanyagihugu yo muri Libiya, Nyuma gato y'intambara, umuhanga mu bucukumbuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo wo muri Libiya, Hafed Walda, yatangaje ko Leptis Magna, hamwe n'ikigo cya Rasaimergib kiri hafi na Tripolis yo mu burengerazuba bwa Sabratha, kugeza ubu nta gihombo kigaragara" cyatewe no kurwanira ku butaka cyangwa ibisasu byakozwe n'ingabo mpuzamahanga. Hagati y’intambara ya 2 y'Abanyalibiya no kubura inkunga ya leta ndetse n’amahanga ku rubuga, abaturage batuye muri ako gace biyemeje kurinda no kubungabunga Leptis Magna. == Imihindagurikire y’ibihe == Kubera ko ziherereye ku nkombe, amatongo ya Leptis Magna ashobora kwibasirwa n'inyanja. Mu mwaka wa 2022, raporo y’isuzuma rya gatandatu rya IPCC y'abashyize ku rutonde rw’ahantu ndangamuco nyafurika hashobora kwibasirwa n’umwuzure hamwe n’isuri ku nkombe mu mpera z'ikinyejana, ariko ari uko [[Imihindagurikire y’ibihe|imihindagurikire y’ikirere]] yakurikiye RCP 8.5, ibyo bikaba ari ibintu byerekana ko imyuka ihumanya ikirere ikomeza kwiyongera 4 ° C., kandi ntibikiboneka ko bishoboka cyane. Ibindi, byumvikana cyane bituma ubushyuhe buke bugabanuka bityo inyanja ikagabanuka: nyamara, inyanja yakomeza kwiyongera mu myaka igera ku 10,000 munsi yabyo bose. Nubwo ubushyuhe bugarukira kuri 1.5 ° C, kuzamuka kw'inyanja kw'isi biracyateganijwe kurenga {{Convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} nyuma y'imyaka 2000 (n'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru buzabona ubwiyongere bukabije icyo gihe), kubwibyo birenga 2100 kuzamuka kw'inyanja munsi ya RCP 8.5 (~ {{Convert|0.75|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} hamwe na {{Convert|0.5-1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.​ == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} # https://www.britannica.com/place/Leptis-Magna # https://archiqoo.com/locations/leptis_magna.php # https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=6485615&fid=3783&c=libya # https://www.britannica.com/place/Leptis-Magna # https://www.britannica.com/biography/Septimius-Severus [[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gpmf3qo1hix48a6dqwjmjgl6hu7bpfo 0 20381 139667 135103 2026-09-23T18:29:18Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139667 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Niyomwungeri Aaron''' ni umwe mubagize ihuriro ryabanditsi ba filime mu [[Rwanda]], wagiye ugira uruhare muguteza imbere umwuga biciye muri iryo ihuriro. == Umwuga Akora == Mu kazi ke ka buri munsi, Aaron ni Umuyobozi ushinzwe amarushanwa n’ibihembo mu izinda ryo gutanga ibihembo ku rwego muza mahanga mu Rwanda( Rwanda International Movie Awards). Ni umwanditsi wa filime, umuyobozi wa filime, ndetse n’umukozi w’amajwi. Yagize uruhare mu guteza imbere uruganda rwa sinema mu Rwanda. Afatanije na bagenzi be bashyizeho urubuga rwitwa " vugafrica.rw" rugamije gufasha abanditsi ba filime mu Rwanda no muri [[Afurika]] muri rusange kubahuza n’abaguzi no gucuruza inkuru zabo, bikabafasha kwiteza imbere.<ref name=":0">[https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/abanditsi-ba-filime-bashyiriweho-urubuga-rwa-internet-bazacururizaho-inkuru-zabo-amafoto-111952 Abanditsi ba filime bashyiriweho urubuga rwa internet bazacururi | InyaRwanda.com]</ref><ref>https://www.ktpress.rw/2021/11/rwandan-screenplay-writers-can-now-sell-online/</ref> Aaron ni umunyamakuru, umusangiza nkuru, ndetse n’umuyobozi w’ibirori uzwi cyane kubera ubuyobozi mu mishinga y’ubugeni n’umuco. Ni umwe mu bashinze Mashariki African Film Festival ndetse yigeze no kuyobora ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ibirori bya Set Film Festival. Mu bikorwa bye bifite uruhare, Aaron yayoboye amarushanwa ya National Street Dance Competition, inshingano yagiye akora yitanga, bitewe n’urukundo afitiye gufasha urubyiruko kugaragaza impano zabo mu mbyino, filime, umuziki n’izindi nzira z’ubuhanzi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umuseke.rw/2024/03/ibihembo-bya-rwanda-performing-arts-bizatangirwa-i-huye/ |title=Ibihembo bya ‘Rwanda Performing Arts’ bizatangirwa i Huye – Umuseke |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2025-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907054344/https://umuseke.rw/2024/03/ibihembo-bya-rwanda-performing-arts-bizatangirwa-i-huye/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amateka ye == Nk’umwe mu barokotse [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]], ubuzima bwa Aaron bwaranzwe no gukomera ku ntego no kugira uruhare mu kubaka igihugu. Ukwemera kwe mu mahoro n’ubumwe si amagambo gusa, ahubwo kugaragarira mu bikorwa bye by’ubuhanzi no guhindura imibereho y’abaturage binyuze mu nkuru z’ukuri.<ref name=":0" /> Ku bwa Aaron, gusobanura inkuru si umwuga gusa ni uburyo bwo gukiza ibikomere, kwibuka, no kurinda umuco. Umwuga we wose ushingiye ku kwemera ko ubuhanzi ari kimwe mu bikoresho bifite imbaraga cyane mu kubaka amahoro n’ubumwe. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} 70yl3ikh71dku6nzxrv10alssbuk878 0 20388 139703 138243 2026-09-23T18:36:14Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139703 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Ishusho ya papa.webp|thumb|ishusho ya papa]] '''Ishusho ya papa''' ni filimi nyarwanda Jean Luc, umusore w’imyaka 30 ukomoka mu Bubiligi muba byeyibe hakaba hari harimo umunyarwanda, ntiyigeze ahura na se w’Umunyarwanda. Igihe nyina arwaye amerewe nabi, afata urugendo ajya mu Rwanda kumushaka, afite gusa ifoto n’izina ry’ahantu ababyeyi be bahuriye. Ku bw’amahirwe, Bonheur avuga Ikinyarwanda, bituma kumvikana bimugendekera neza. Ariko ibintu birushaho kugorana igihe ahuye na Olive, umukobwa w’umurobyi mwiza bahuye, maze akabyukira amarangamutima yo kumukunda <ref>https://www.canalplus.com/rw/series/ishusho-ya-papa/h/25741366_50680/resume-casting/</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} jzulneso7y64gyd1e5z5i7h97sym72y 0 20431 139668 138578 2026-09-23T18:29:25Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139668 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kalisa Ernest''' uzwi nka '''Samusure''' muri sinema nyarwanda, akaba ari umukinnyi wa filimi, Urwenya n'ikinamico. mumirimo yihangiye harimo no kuba avuga imivugo akaba yaramenyekanye muri filime yitwa SEBURIKOKO. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seburikoko</ref> Akaba yarakinnye filimi zirimo nka samusure,Rulinda, seburikoko na filime yitwa Makuta akaba ari muri bamwe bazamuye ndetse bagira aho bashyire sinema nyarwanda ndetse Akaba yaragize uruhare rukomeye muri filime yiswe makuta. iyi filimi yayikinnyemo ndetse anashoramo amafranga atari macyeya gusa iyi filime makita ntago yaje kumuhira nkuko yabitekerezaga aho yaje kujyanwa murucyiko kubera ibibazo birimo kubura amafranga yo kwishyura aho yari yagujije kugirango iyi filime ikinwe <ref>https://umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/article/samusure-yahishuye-ubuzima-bubi-yanyuzemo-bwatumye-atorokera-muri-mozambike</ref>. Tugarutse gato mubyo yagiye akora uyu mugabo yamenyekanye cyane cyane muzirimo zirara zishya ndetse na seburikoko. iyi filime yitwa '''seburikoko''' ni filime y'uruhererekane y'inyarwanda yakozwe na [[Misago Nelly Wilson]] ayikora binyuze muri Sosiyete itunganya amafilimi ya Afrifame Pictures <ref>https://afrifame.rw/</ref>. Buri gace k'iyi filimi kanyura kuri Televiziyo y'u Rwanda <ref>https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/igice-cya-2-cya-filime-seburikoko-kiragera-hanze-kuri-uyu-wa-mbere-64625</ref> buri wa mbere na buri wa kane saa kumi n'ebyiri na mirongo ine n'itanu za nimugoroba guhera muri Werurwe 2015 <ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/188442/Entertainment/get-to-know-rwandaas-top-local-series</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} hp0wxge9c1qqnzt6a6m484zjnqtixvj 0 20476 139827 124320 2026-09-24T10:33:11Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139827 wikitext text/x-wiki === Amateka === Filimi ‘Sakabaka’ yatunganyijwe n’inzu Cinematic Productions Ltd ya Denis Nsanzamahoro bahimba Rwasa,<ref>https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/gakwaya-wamamaye-muri-filime-sakabaka-yateye-umugongo-uwo-yambitse-impeta-agiye</ref> ndetse yavugishije menshi abari bitabiriye umuhango wo kumurika igice cyayo cya mbere kubere bimwe mu biyikubiyemo byerekana imyumvire iriho muri bamwe mu barambagizanya, aho kuryamana babigize ihame. Ikaba ivuga ku imyumvire iriho muri bamwe mu barambagizanya, aho kuryamana babigize ihame.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/abakinnyi-ba-filime-sakabaka-biteguye-gusangira-n-abanyarwanda-mu-birori-bya-inyarwanda-fans-hangout-61290</ref> === Ibiyigize === Mu myaka itari myinshi ishize, iyo umukobwa yatwaraga inda y’indaro yafatwaga nk’ikirara ndetse akaba n’icyimwaro ku muryango we, rimwe na rimwe akaba yanakwirukanwa iwabo akangara. Nk’uko muri ‘Sakabaka’ babyerekana bisa nk’aho muri iki gihe ari ibisanzwe kuba umukobwa yatwara inda y’umusore bakundana mu gihe batarashakana. Icyaje gutungura abantu cyane muri iyi filimi ni kubona Freddy yari afite n’undi mukobwa bakundana gusa uwo mukobwa yahoraga amubaza niba amukunda by’ukuri cyangwa se niba urukundo rwabo rushingiye ku mibonano mpuza bitsina gusa bitewe n’uko iyo batabaga bataryamye, umusore yabaga ameze nk’aho yibereye mu bindi atamwitayeho. Denis benshi bamenyereye ku izina rya Rwasa, ari nawe nyiri iyi Film, nawe yagaragaye muri iyi filimi yitwa Peter avuye muri Amerika asanga mu Rwanda ibintu byose byarahindutse, gusa we icyamutunguye cyane, ni abakobwa beza bari biganje mu mujyi wa Kigali.<ref>[https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/sinema/article/gukora-imibonano-mpuzabitsina#:~:text=Mu%20myaka%20itari,mujyi%20wa%20Kigali. https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/sinema/article/gukora-imibonano-mpuzabitsina#:~:text=Mu%20myaka%20itari,mujyi%20wa%20Kigali.]</ref><center></center> m6lf0tek1f9zvtngem95kw419qtojxa 0 20536 139750 124484 2026-09-23T18:42:26Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139750 wikitext text/x-wiki Cairo” ni filime y’abanyamerika yo mu rwego rw’ibyaha yasohotse mu 1963. Irimo abakinnyi barimo George Sanders, Richard Johnson na Walter Rilla. Yayobowe na Wolf Rilla (umuhungu wa Walter Rilla) kandi yanditswe na Joan LaCour Scott. Yashyizwe ahagaragara ku wa 21 Kanama 1963 na sosiyete Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.r. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cairo (1963) - Overview - TCM.com |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/15562/cairo |access-date=1 December 2014 |website=Turner Classic Movies}}</ref> ] ''['' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cairo |url=http://movies.tvguide.com/cairo/126094 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204223510/http://movies.tvguide.com/cairo/126094 |archive-date=4 December 2014 |access-date=1 December 2014 |website=TV Guide}}.</ref>​ == Umugambi == Uwahoze umugisirikare Mubwongereza akaba ari na Majoro Pickering yagiye i kairo akoresheje pasiporo y'ibihimabano. yarimaze imyaka muri gereza mu Budage ategure umugambi wo kwiba imitako yumwamwi Tut munzu Ndangamurage yo muri Cairo Yavuganye na Nicodemos, Umuyobozi wa kasino wihishe muigicucu cya murumuna wumuhanzi we wahoze ari mugenzi we, maze ashyira igisasu cye. Aratangaza ko heist yatinyutse azinjiza miliyoni enye mu mamadorari. atangira kwegeranya agatsiko kugira ngo bakore umupango we. mu kugenzura utangirana numunyagihugu wizewe nuwahoze ari umusirikare Willy. Impuguke iturika kandi yigeze kuba "box man", ubu yashakanye numunyamisiri na se wumwana muto. Yanze kwinjiramo, yemezwa nini nini cyane kuvuga ngo oya gusezeranya $ 25.000. Icyingezi, nuko Majoro adafite amafaranga kandi akeneye abaterankunga. gayiye kureba Nikodemu, utanga igitekerezo cyo gukiza no gutunga Kuchuk, umutumiza mu mahanga-wohereza ibicuruzwa hanze ashobora gutera inkunga ako kazi ndetse no kujugunya imitako yacyo. Kuchuk yarabyemeza, ariko amafaranga yiibanze avuye mugastiko kamabandi yarayamaze koherezwa Nikodimos muri ako kanya hari hakenewe umuntu witwaje ibunda, Majoro akurikizaho guha akazi Ali wumuzinzi, akazaba nkumushoferi uzabatwara abasohotse Kerim yari azi muhinda, ariko Ali akihuta cyane kumanuka ... atangiraguhigwa na polisi yaho,bashyirwa mu gihirahiro, hatuje kandi utitaye ku mukobwa wabyinaga mu nda Amina ubwo yerekanaga ko atwite mu byumba bye. Mu mibabaro ye, yibanze ku mushahara w'ubujura nk'amahirwe ye ya nyuma yo kugura umurima w'ibisheke yavukiye hanze y'umujyi no kunyeganyeza abadayimoni bo mu mujyi wa Cairo. dukurikije ingengabihe ya Majoro, itsinda ryabashinzwe umutekano ryinjiye mu nzu ndangamurage nkuko byari byapanzwe, ariko ku bw'impanuka impuruza irasakuza irabatamaza. Umuzamu arabikeka atangira kugenzura apfa kurasa, isasu rikubita Willy. akomereka cyane mu nda, abasbako bamugeza imihira Mugihe Majoro na Ali bahageraga kuri uwo mugoroba bahura na Kuchuk, we na mugenzi we Ghattas bishimye cyane bagerageza gusuhuzanya. Mbahita barasa Ghattas aricwa na Ali arakomereka mu rubavu. Umujinya mwinshi kuri gambit no kumena amaraso, Majoro arasaba Kuchuk gusaba abapolisi amasezerano: amafaranga 200.000 $, cyangwa ubutunzi butagereranywa buzashongeshwa mubikoresho kugirango bijugunywe byoroshye. Imitwe yibinyamakuru birasakuza, bitatangira gukomera. Nikodemu w'ikigwari aterwa ubwoba abwiza ukuri kose umuyobozi wa polisi, Karim arafungwa, Willy apfira mu rugo. Umurambo wa Ghattas ujugunywa mu ruzi,abapolisi batangira gucyeka Kuchuk mbere yuko agira icyo akora. ashyirwaho ingenza buri hamwe birangira yiyahuye Ali ahungira mumujyi na jeep hamwe na Amina, maze Majoro yiyoberanya nkakavukire ajya mubwato bwomuri Nile. Ageze mu mudugudu yakuriyemo, guhinga nti bayhira Ali. Icyiza, apfira mumaboko ya Amina yizeraga cyane Majoro, wakundaga gushishoza, aburira mubwato yari yacikiyemo maze yisanga akikijwe n'abapolisi maze arafatwa afungirwa murigereza igihe kirekire, arafatwa nta kurwana. == Abakinnyi == * George Sanders nkuwatoranije * Richard Johnson nka Ali * Mubyibushye Hamama nka Amina * John Meillon nka Willy * Ahmed Mazhar nka Kerim * Eric Pohlmann nka Nikodemu * Walter Rilla nka Kuchuk * Kamal el-Shennawi nka Ghattas * Salah Nazmi nk'umuyobozi wa Polisi * Shwikar nka Marie * Mona Saxena nka Bamba * Abdel Khalek Saleh nka Minisitiri wungirije * Yavuze Abu Bakari nka Osman * Salah Mansour nkumuganga * Mohamed El Sayed nk'umuyobozi wa mbere * Yousuf Shaaban nk'umuyobozi wa kabiri * Ezzat El Alaili nkumuyobozi wa gatatu * Mohamed Abdel Rahman nk'umuyobozi wa kane * Nahed Sabri nkumubyinnyi wambere * Aziza Hassan nkumubyinnyi wa kabiri == Abashoramari == Iyi filime yahujije umustar, producer n’umuyobozi w’Umudugudu ''wa Damned'' (1960) kandi yakozwe binyuze muri MGM yo mu Bwongereza ikora ibicuruzwa iyobowe na Lawrence Bachmann. Gufata amashusho byabaye hagati ya 1962 kandi birimo kurasa ahitwa Cairo. [[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kn12ypt7wq1huz7o4gw0gw7iedldtt1 0 20539 139785 127541 2026-09-24T10:02:00Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Gushyamirana''''' ni filime ikinamico yakinwe mu cyarabu yo mu 2016 yakozwe ku rwego mpuzamahanga yanditswe kandi yayobowe na Mohamed Diab. Yatoranijwe bidasubirwaho n’iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Cannes 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title='Clash':Cannes Review |url=http://www.screendaily.com/reviews/clash-cannes-review/5103774.article |access-date=12 May 2016 |website=Screen Daily}}</ref> yabaye filime itangiza igice cy’ibirori Un Certain Regard muri uwo mwaka yakorewemo. <ref name="IW">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2016 |title=2016 Cannes Film Festival Announces Lineup |url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/cannes-live-stream-2016-film-festival-lineup-list |access-date=14 April 2016 |website=IndieWire}}</ref> <ref name="VarCannes">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2016 |title=Cannes 2016: Film Festival Unveils Official Selection Lineup |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/festivals/cannes-film-festival-official-selection-lineup-2016-1201753269/ |access-date=14 April 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> Yatoranijwe muri mu Misiri yose nka Filime nziza y’ururimi rw’amahanga mu bihembo bya 89 bya Osama ariko ntibyatoranijwe. <ref name="Egypt">{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=1 September 2016 |title=Oscars: Egypt Selects 'Clash' for Foreign-Language Category |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-egypt-selects-clash-foreign-924944 |access-date=1 September 2016 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Yatsindiye igihembo cya Filime nziza mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Kerala 2016. yerekana ikanavuga ku bya politiki byo muri Kamena 2013, iyi filime yafatiwe mu modoka y’imodoka y’abapolisi irimo abayoboke b’abavandimwe b’abayisilamu nabashyigikiye ingabo, ndetse nabandi bantu bo muri iyo mitwe. <ref name="VarReview">{{Cite web |date=13 May 2016 |title=Cannes Film Review: ''Clash'' |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/festivals/cannes-film-review-clash-1201773347/ |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> <ref name="HWR">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2016 |title='Clash' ('Eshtebak' ): Cannes Review |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/clash-eshtebak-cannes-review-893496 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> == Abakinnyi == * Nelly Karim * Hany Adel * Mohammed Alaa * Khaled Kamal * Ali Altayeb * Mai Elghety * Hosni Sheta * Ahmed Malik * Mohamed Gamal Kalbaz * Ashraf Hamdi == Kwakira == Filime yagize amanota 93% ku Rotten Tomatoes bashingiye kuri 45 zasuzumwe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Clash (Eshtebak) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/clash_2016/ |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=}}</ref> Deborah Young ''Umunyamakuru wa Hollywood'' avuga ko iyi filime "izibukwa nk'imwe mu zivugwa cyane muri Egiputa ya none nyamara yafashwe amashusho" kandi ngo "ni umwimerere, akenshi uhungabanya cyane kureba". <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2016 |title='Clash' ('Eshtebak'): Cannes Review |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/clash-eshtebak-cannes-review-893496 |access-date=18 October 2016 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |publisher=}}</ref> Jay Weissberg wo muri ''Variety'' yaranditse avuga ati "ubu ni ugukora amafilime atanga ubutumwa bwo gutangiza ubutumwa ku kajagari n'ubugome (hamwe n'ubumuntu)." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weissberg |first=Jay |date=13 May 2016 |title=Cannes Film Review: 'Clash' |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/cannes-film-review-clash-1201773347/ |access-date=18 October 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Tom Hanks yashimye iyi filime avuga ati: "Niba hari uburyo ushobora kubona CLASH yakozwe numunya Misiri, Mohamed Diab, ugomba. Ugomba gusa. Filime izagutera umutima, ariko imurikire bose." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Diab's 'Clash' storms Egyptian box office |url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/diabs-clash-storms-egyptian-box-office/5107277.article}}</ref> == Reba kandi == * Urutonde rwabatanze muri 89 Awards Academy ya Filime Nziza Yindimi Zamahanga * Urutonde rwabanyamisiri batanze igihembo cya Academy ya Filime Nziza Yindimi Zamahanga == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * Clash at IMDb {{Mohamed Diab}} rjefdicavjlkuv7kyfwlpusftcq251z 0 20600 139876 124602 2026-09-24T10:42:12Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139876 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Crumbs''''' ni film yomuri Etiyopiya yakozwe muri 2015 nyuma ya apocalyptic siyanse yimpimbano. Niyofilime yambere yerekanwe numuyobozi wavukiye muri Espagne [[Miguel Llansó]]. Amashusho yafatiwe hafiya Dallol, muri Etiyopiya kungengo yimari ingana na amadorali 225,000. ''Crumbs'' "ifata inzira idasanzwe kandi rimwe na rimwe itagaragara kunkuru yurukundo rworoshye, rukora ku mutima". Yerekanwe mw iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya Filimi rya Rotterdam, ndetse na Nightfall Jury Mention mw' iserukiramuco rya Filime rya Los Angeles 2015 ndetse nigihembo cya Filime nziza ya mbere yagaragaye mw' iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya Fantasia 2015. == Inyandiko == Mwiyerekwa riteye ubwoba rya Etiyopiya ya postapocalyptic, umunyabugeni utagira ingano atangira ibintu bitangaje birimo UFO itangaje, abarozi, Santa Santa, abatware b'Abanazi, n'ibindi. Kugereranya isanzure-isanzure ryikirere kuva mubiumuco wa pop wo mu kinyejana cya 20 (kuva Michael Jordan ukageza kuri Ninja Turtles), iyi fantasia ya psychedelic fantasia iratungurwa kandigakundwa kuko izenguruka umurongo wacyo. == Reba kandi == * Urutonde rwa firime ya Afrofuturist == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * Crumbs at IMDb hy5wey4uvemvwim31xbyl48ubdzxwai 0 20615 139877 134800 2026-09-24T10:42:21Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139877 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Ernest Cole: Lost and Found''''' ni film ya documentaire 2024 yakozwe, yanditswe kandi iyobowe na Raoul Peck. Irakurikira Ernest Cole, umufotozi wigenga wo muri Afrika yepfo wagaragaje amahano ya Apartheid muri [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afrika yepfo]] mugihe cya za 1960 na 1970. Byanditswe na LaKeith Stanfield. Iyi documentaire yerekanwe bwa mbere ku isi mu gice cyerekanwe cyerekanwe mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Cannes 2024 ku ya 20 Gicurasi 2024, aho yatsindiye ''L'Œil d'or'' ya Documentaire Nziza. Ku nshuro ya 50 César Awards yatowe mucyiciro cya Filime Nziza. Yasohowe mwikinamico muri Amerika ku ya 22 Ugushyingo 2024, na Magnolia Pictures, nomu Bufaransa ku ya 25 Ukuboza 2024, na Condor Distribution. == Ikibanza == Ernest Cole yashyizwe ahagaragara amahano ya Apartheid akoresheje amafoto, bimuviramo guhungira muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]] kugira ngoyirinde gutotezwa kw’abanyamakuru b’abirabura muri [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika yepfo]]. Byinshi mu bikorwa bye ntibyakomeje gutangazwa kugeza mu 2017, igihe habonetse ibibi 60.000 muri banki yo muri Suwede. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodfellow |first=Melanie |date=May 9, 2024 |title=‘Ernest Cole: Lost And Found' Teaser: LaKeith Stanfield Voices Raoul Peck's Tribute To Apartheid Photographer |url=https://deadline.com/video/ernest-cole-lost-and-found-teaser-lakeith-stanfield-voices-raoul-pecks-tribute-to-apartheid-photographer/ |access-date=May 13, 2024 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> == Umusaruro == Muri Gicurasi 2023, byatangajwe ko Raoul Peck azayobora documentaire izenguruka Ernest Cole, hamwe na Magnolia Pictures igiye gukwirakwizwa muri Amerika. Iyi documentaire yakozwe kubufatanye n’umutungo wa Cole, aho Peck yaboneyeho kwinjira mububiko bwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carey |first=Matthew |date=May 15, 2023 |title=Raoul Peck's Documentary On Photographer Ernest Cole Acquired by Magnolia Pictures And mk2 Leading Into Cannes Market |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/raoul-peck-untitled-ernest-cole-documentary-acquisition-announcement-magnolia-pictures-mk2-cannes-market-news-1235366648/ |access-date=May 13, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=May 15, 2023 |title=Cannes: Ernest Cole Doc, About South African Photographer Who Captured Brutality of Apartheid, Sells to Magnolia Pictures, MK2 Films |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/cannes-ernest-cole-documentary-magnolia-pictures-mk2-films-1235613008/ |access-date=May 13, 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Muri Gashyantare mumwaka wa 2024, byatangajwe ko LaKeith Stanfield izumvikana Cole. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=February 12, 2024 |title=LaKeith Stanfield to Voice Photographer Ernest Cole in Raoul Peck's Documentary ‘Lost and Found' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/lakeith-stanfield-raoul-peck-ernest-cole-lost-and-found-documentary-1235907766/ |access-date=May 13, 2024 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Kurekura == Yabaye <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntim |first=Zac |date=April 11, 2024 |title=Cannes Film Festival Lineup Set: Competition Includes Coppola, Audiard, Cronenberg, Arnold, Lanthimos, Sorrentino & Abbasi's Trump Movie — Full List |url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/cannes-film-festival-lineup-2024-live-francis-ford-coppola-thierry-fremaux-1235881376/ |access-date=May 13, 2024 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> isi mw'Iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Cannes mu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carey |first=Matthew |date=October 23, 2024 |title=‘Ernest Cole: Lost and Found' Trailer: In Director Raoul Peck's Oscar-Contender, A Legendary South African Photographer Captures Horrors Of Racial Injustice |url=https://deadline.com/video/ernest-cole-lost-and-found-raoul-peck-documentary-trailer/ |access-date=November 5, 2024 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> ku ya 20 Gicurasi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ernest Cole: Photographe |url=https://www.condor-films.fr/film/ernest-cole-photographe/ |access-date=May 13, 2024 |website=Condor Distribution}}</ref> == Kwakira == === Igisubizo gikomeye === Kurubuga rwogusubiramo Rotten Tommatoes, 97% ya 34 banengaga ibyiza naho impuzandengo ya 7.4/10.[11] Metacritic, ikoreshampuzandengo iremera ihamanota 82 kwi 100, ishingiye11 kubanegura, indicating "ishimwa nabose".<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Ernest Cole: Lost and Found'' |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/ernest-cole-lost-and-found/ |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> === Amashimwe === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Igihembo ! scope="col" | Itariki y'imihango ! scope="col" | Icyiciro ! scope="col" | Uwakiriye ! scope="col" | Igisubizo ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Ref. |- ! scope="row" | Iserukiramuco rya sinema | Ku ya 24 Gicurasi 2024 | L'Œil d'or [ a ] | rowspan="2" | Raoul Peck| {{won}} | align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=L'Œil d'or 2024 est décerné à Raoul Peck et Nada Riyadh & Ayman El Amir |url=https://www.scam.fr/actualites-ressources/loeil-dor-2024-est-decerne-a-raoul-peck-et-nada-riyadh-ayman-el-amir/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Scam : Société civile des auteurs multimédia |language=fr-FR}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Ibihembo bya César | Ku ya 28 Gashyantare 2025 | Filime Nziza Nziza| {{nominated}} | align="center" | |} <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * Ernest Cole: Lost and Found at IMDb [[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4cifz88afttl6622o9w7uhl8clpn0uz 0 20623 139878 124629 2026-09-24T10:42:29Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|name=My Song Goes Forth|image=|caption=|director=Joseph Best|producer=Joseph Best|writer=|starring=[[Paul Robeson]] (narrator)|music=|cinematography=|editing=|distributor=|released={{Film date|df=yes|1937}}|runtime=33 minutes|country=United Kingdom|language=}}'''''My Song Goes Forth''''' (izwi kandi ku izina rya '''''Afurika Iririmba, Afurika Irareba''''', Ubwongereza, 1937), ni filime ya mbere ivuga kuri Afurika y'Epfo kuko ivangura ryashyizweho. <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web |title=Africa Sings |url=http://www.villonfilms.com/filmrec.php?queryIndex=0&director=26:// |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220100736/http://www.villonfilms.com/filmrec.php?queryIndex=0&director=26%3A%2F%2F |archive-date=20 February 2012 |access-date=2009-02-13}}</ref> Muri iyi filime hagaragaramo umuririmbyi, umukinnyi w’umukinnyi uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu Paul Robeson uririmba indirimbo y’umutwe kandi yongeraho prologue isaba abayireba gusobanura ibisigaye bya filime binyuranyije n’umugambi wa prodiyusa. <ref name="NYTimes" /> Ubundi buryo bwiswe "Afurika Iririmba", intego yambere ya firime yari nkumukinyi wiganjemo abazungu bigufi-bigizwe n'amatangazo yerekana ivuka rya apartheid muri Afrika yepfo ariko hamwe n'ubutumwa buvuguruzanya mumajwi. Ahanini iyi documentaire yahujwe na Robeson hamwe n’ibikorwa byo kurwanya Anti-Apartheid hakiri kare kubera ko yongeye gutunganya no kwandika inkuru za firime. == Inyandiko == Agatabo kamenyekanisha mbere kuriyi filime igihe yiswe "Afurika Iririmba", kavuze ko kerekana "icyo umuzungu yagezeho" kandi ngo "ibyo yakoreye abenegihugu." "Afurika Iririmba" nimwe muri filime za documentaire za mbere zaturutse muri Afurika y'Epfo zarebye ubuzima bw'Abanyafurika y'Epfo b'amoko yose. Hano hari amashusho yubuzima bwaho, amashuri na kaminuza, hamwe nigice cyimyuga, uhereye kubakozi bakora mu birombe kugeza ku gatsiko k’imihanda, abarimu-shuri kugeza ku bakozi bo mu rugo, abategereza kugeza ku bakata inkoni. Abasesenguzi nyamukuru batanze documentaire igisubizo cyiza; Umukozi wa London Daily Worker yatekereje ko ari bibi cyane kuburyo adashobora guharanira intego yo kwibohora. == Paul Robeson's rewritten narration and singing == Yahawakazi n'umuyobozi [[Joseph Best]], Robeson yakoze yitonze kugirango asubiremo prologue kandi muri verisiyo yanyuma avuga, "Ubikirenge cyosecya Afurika cyashyizwe mumoko y'abazungu. Kuki ibi byabaye? Niki cyabateye kujyayo? Niba uteze amatwi abagabo nka Mussolini bazakubwira ko ari 'umuco' - umurimo uva ku Mana, washinzwe abantu bamurikirwa gutwara itara ry'umucyo no kwiga, no kugirira akamaro Abanyafurika kugira ngo ubone inyungu - ubwe." Robeson kandi aririmba indirimbo ishyigikiye kwibohora muri Afurika, "Kuva mumashyamba yo muri Afurika, kraal n'akazu Ahigicucu kigwa kumucyo mwinshi Indirimbo yanjye irasohoka kandi irasaba Mu gushaka urukundo n'uburenganzira Ndashaka iyo nyenyeri iri kure cyangwa hafi Erekana abantu bose inzira isobanutse Gukorera murumuna we Kandiwirukane urwango n'ubwoba " == Abakinnyi == * Paul Robeson - Ibivugwa == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ibindi gusoma == * {{Cite journal |last=Musser |first=Charles |date=2006-12-01 |title=Presenting "a true idea of the African of to-day": two documentary forays by Paul and Eslanda Robeson |journal=Film History |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=412–439 |doi=10.1353/fih.2007.0006 |s2cid=192091567}} 67wyuey2rn3jqpyl55fqtijmg1qa1yf 0 20663 139922 124682 2026-09-24T10:48:54Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139922 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''A Place Called Happy''''' ni firime ya Nollywood yakozwe, iyobowe kandi yanditswe na Dolapo Adeleke. Ivuga inkuru y'abashakanye babiri baturutse muri [[Gana]] na [[Nijeriya]] bagize ibihe bitoroshye mumyaka yashize. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-11 |title=A Place Called Happy {{!}} Nollywood REinvented |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2015/04/a-place-called-happy.html |access-date=2018-11-18 |work=Nollywood REinvented |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abakinnyi == * Sika Osei nka Abena * Kiki Omeili * Mawuli Gavour nka Kwame * Blossom Chukwujekwu nka Dimeji * Omowunmi Dada * Deyemi Okanlawon == Reba == {{Reflist}} 370ngp0yfth1rixicmis6ng3jg9917y 0 20715 139786 126891 2026-09-24T10:02:08Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139786 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Hollow City''''' ( ''Na Cidade Vazia'' ) (2004) ni filime ya mbere yuzuye yuzuye iyobowe n’umuyobozi wavukiye [[Angola|muri Angola]], Maria João Ganga. Iyifilime niimwe muzakozwe mbere muri Angola kuva intambara y'abenegihugu irangira, ndetse nafilime yambere yakozwe numugore wo muri Angola. Gufata amashusho byakorewe ahitwa Luanda, muri Angola. Impapuro mpuzamahanga za firime ziri mururimi [[Igiporutigali|rwigiportigale]] hamwe [[Icyongereza|nicyongereza]]. <ref name="globalfilm">{{Cite web |title=HOLLOW CITY a film by Maria João Ganga |url=http://www.globalfilm.org/catalogue/hollow_city.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120074614/http://globalfilm.org/catalogue/hollow_city.htm |archive-date=January 20, 2007 |access-date=24 March 2014 |publisher=globalfilm.org}}</ref> <ref name="fandor">{{Cite web |title=fandor |url=http://www.fandor.com/films/hollow_city |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109202554/https://www.fandor.com/films/hollow_city |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=24 March 2014 |publisher=fandor.com}}</ref> <ref name="lib-berkeley">{{Cite web |title=African Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB |url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/Africanfilm.html |access-date=24 March 2014 |publisher=lib.berkeley.edu |archive-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190327/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/Africanfilm.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Umugambi == Iyifilime yibanze kubuzima bwimfubyi yitwa N'dala, bajyanwa mumujyi wa Luanda nyuma yurupfu rwababyeyi bemu ntambara yabenegihugu ya Angola. Ushaka gusubira mumujyi yavukiyemo wa Bié, N'dala ahunga ababikira akajya mihanda yomumujyi. Azerera ahantu hamwe ahura nabantu batandukanye, nkumusore witwa Zé ugerageza kumufasha kubona inzu. Nyuma mur firime N'dala ajyanwa munsi yibaba ryumugizi wanabi witwa Joka umukoresha wenyine. == Reba kandi == * Gutangiza Filime ku Isi == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * Hollow City at IMDb k5dg4n843w18766jryx799rnytosbw9 0 20747 139652 124770 2026-09-23T18:27:23Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139652 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Estas são as armas''''', ''Izi nimbunda'', ni film mbarankuru [[Mozambike|yomuri Mozambike]] yakozwe muwi 1978. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lars Kristensen |date=28 February 2013 |title=Postcommunist Film - Russia, Eastern Europe and World Culture |publisher=Routledge, 2013 |isbn=978-1136475559}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Nwachukwu Frank Ukadike |author-link=N. Frank Ukadike |date=May 1994 |title=Black African Cinema |publisher=University of California Press, 1994 |isbn=0520912365}}</ref> Yarashwe nitsinda ryabanyeshuri bomu [[National Cinema Institute|kigo cyigihugu cya sinema]] (INC) iyobowe na [[Murilo Salles]] na Luís Bernardo Honwana, ifi filime mbarirano ''Izi nizo mbunda'' zerekana amashusho yingabo za Rodeya zateye muri Repubulika yabaturage ya Mozambike. Muwi 1977, iyifirime yatangiriye i [[Maputo]] yerekeza mu ntara ya Tete gufata amashusho yibyangijwe nigitero cy’indege mu cyaro. == Reba == {{RefFCAT|286}}{{Reflist}} 6dpmfwokssg5c6ob5f0yqbx8tacbrxu 0 20749 139952 124772 2026-09-24T10:52:34Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139952 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Gray Dawn''''' ni Gana yomuri 2015 - Filime yikinamico yomuri Nigeriya, yakozwe hamwe na Shirley Frimpong-Manso. Irimo Bimbo Manuel, Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi, Sika Osei na Marlon Mave. Iyi filime yibanze kubibazo bikomeye bijyanye n’abinjira n’abinjira, politiki, n’imibereho ya sosiyete mu rwegorwa Gana, byerekana uburinganire hagati y’ibibazo by’umuntu kugiti cyen’ibibazo by’imibereho. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2015 |title=Movie Trailer: Grey Dawn (Nollywood) |url=http://www.afrofresh.com/movie-trailer-grey-dawn-nollywood/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731202616/http://www.afrofresh.com/movie-trailer-grey-dawn-nollywood/ |archive-date=31 July 2017 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=Afrofresh}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shirley Frimpong-Manso To Release New Movie, "Grey Dawn." Watch Trailer |url=http://tns.ng/shirley-frimpong-manso-to-release-new-movie-grey-dawn-watch-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150423072435/http://tns.ng/shirley-frimpong-manso-to-release-new-movie-grey-dawn-watch-trailer/ |archive-date=23 April 2015 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=True Nollywood Stories}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2015 |title=Full house at Shirley Frimpong-Manso's 'Grey Dawn' premiere (Photos) |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=346732 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=Ghana Web}}</ref> == Umugambi == Iyinkuru ikurikira minisitiri wa guverinoma ya Gana, Bimbo Manuel, umwugawe wa politiki ukaba wugarijwe na sebukwe, umwimukira utemewe n'amategeko, ahura n’ukoherezwa. Mugihe minisitiri ahanganyeno gukomezakuba inyangamugayo muri politiki arinako akomeza umubanowe mu muryango, agwa murugamba rw’imyitwarire n’amarangamutima. Ibisobanuro bivanaho insanganyamatsiko yubudahemuka, indangamuntu, nigiciro cyo kwifuza muri [[Gana]] ya none. == Abakinnyi == * Bimbo Manuel nka Minisitiri * Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi nka Jessica Davies * Sika Osei nka Flora Davies * Marlon Mave nka Jacques Julien Diouf * Kofi Middleton Mends nka Kweku Yanka * Ambrose Amexo nka Eiifi * Salomey Akromah nka Esi * Dorothy C. Adjei nka Mona * Irene Asamoah Siaw nka Sally * Lyn Ethel Bentil nka Doreen * Benjamin A. Mills nkumunyamakuru * Derek W. Johnson nkumusomyi wamakuru 1 * Elsie Srodah nkumusomyi wamakuru 2 * Fred Kanebi nkumusomyi wamakuru 3 * Moesha Babiinoti Boduong nka Betty * Benjamin IKA nka Sam Ampofo == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == Grey Dawn trailer on YouTube 43brb19fnz3xkucjcs678f4zyc4t1bf 0 20839 139879 125051 2026-09-24T10:42:37Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MedalTableTop}} {{MedalSport|Men's [[paratriathlon]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{USA}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[World Triathlon Championship Series|World Championships]]}} {{MedalBronze|[[2009 ITU World Championship Series|2009 Gold Coast]]|TRI 1}} {{MedalBottom}}'''George Gallego''' (yavutse c. 1966 ) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Boatman |first=Mark |date=June 1, 2013 |title=Freeing Our People: Getting Young People out of Nursing Homes |url=https://newmobility.com/getting-young-people-out-of-nursing-homes/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=New Mobility}}</ref> numunyamerika paratriathlete na rwiyemezamirimo. Niwe washinze kandi akaba n'umuyobozi mukuru wa Wheels of Progress <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2011-08-04 |title=Paratriathlete George Gallego credits success to help of wife, coach, friends and rescue dog |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2011/08/04/paratriathlete-george-gallego-credits-success-to-help-of-wife-coach-friends-and-rescue-dog/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=[[New York Daily News]]}}</ref> akaba ari nawe washinze umushinga wa Axis. Binyuze kuri Access Initiatives, yafunguye siporo ebyiri zigamije gufasha ababana n'ubumuga: umwe i Brooklyn undi i Manhattan. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Feldman |first=Eric |date=2023-07-25 |title=Gym catered to people with disabilities set to reopen |url=https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/human-interest/2023/07/26/gym-catered-to-people-with-disabilities-set-to-reopen-george-gallego-access-initiatives-andrew-cuomo |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=[[NY1]] |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2021, yafunguye resitora Contento muri East Harlem. Resitora yashyizweho ku buryo abantu bakoresha karekezi bashobora kuyinjiramo no kuyikoresha neza, kandi ku mafunguro ari ku menyu harimo QR codes kugira ngo abagize ubumuga bwo kutabona babashe kumva ayo mafunguro basomwe n’icyuma cyabo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crowley |first=Sharon |date=2021-06-28 |title=Accessibility is a centerpiece at East Harlem restaurant |url=https://www.fox5ny.com/news/contento-restaurant-accessible-design-patrons-disabilities.amp |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=[[Fox 5 NY]]}}</ref> Gallego yakuye impamyabumenyi ihanitse ya master mu buyobozi bw'inzego yakuye muri kaminuza ya Mercy. Yize kandi muri kaminuza ya Fordham na kaminuza ya Cornell kugira ngo arangize. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Boatman |first=Mark |date=June 1, 2013 |title=Freeing Our People: Getting Young People out of Nursing Homes |url=https://newmobility.com/getting-young-people-out-of-nursing-homes/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=New Mobility}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoatman2013">Boatman, Mark (June 1, 2013). [https://newmobility.com/getting-young-people-out-of-nursing-homes/ "Freeing Our People: Getting Young People out of Nursing Homes"]. ''New Mobility''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Gallego yamugaye kuva mu rukenyerero nko mu mwaka wa 1990 afite imyaka 23 nyuma yo kugwa mu idirishya rya etage ya gatatu ahazubakwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2011-08-04 |title=Paratriathlete George Gallego credits success to help of wife, coach, friends and rescue dog |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2011/08/04/paratriathlete-george-gallego-credits-success-to-help-of-wife-coach-friends-and-rescue-dog/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=[[New York Daily News]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nydailynews.com/2011/08/04/paratriathlete-george-gallego-credits-success-to-help-of-wife-coach-friends-and-rescue-dog/ "Paratriathlete George Gallego credits success to help of wife, coach, friends and rescue dog"]. ''[[New York Daily News]]''. 2011-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Feldman |first=Eric |date=2023-07-25 |title=Gym catered to people with disabilities set to reopen |url=https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/human-interest/2023/07/26/gym-catered-to-people-with-disabilities-set-to-reopen-george-gallego-access-initiatives-andrew-cuomo |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=[[NY1]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFeldman2023">Feldman, Eric (2023-07-25). [https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/human-interest/2023/07/26/gym-catered-to-people-with-disabilities-set-to-reopen-george-gallego-access-initiatives-andrew-cuomo "Gym catered to people with disabilities set to reopen"]. ''[[NY1]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> Yahungabanye mu buryo bw’umutima, yungutse ibiro byinshi nyuma y’impanuka, maze atandukana n’umugore we. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Boatman |first=Mark |date=June 1, 2013 |title=Freeing Our People: Getting Young People out of Nursing Homes |url=https://newmobility.com/getting-young-people-out-of-nursing-homes/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=New Mobility}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoatman2013">Boatman, Mark (June 1, 2013). [https://newmobility.com/getting-young-people-out-of-nursing-homes/ "Freeing Our People: Getting Young People out of Nursing Homes"]. ''New Mobility''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Amaherezo, Gallego yatangiye imyitozo. Yinjiye mu irushanwa rye rya mbere [[Handcycle|ry’amagare]] mu 2005 ndetse n’umujyi wa mbere wa New York City Triathlon mu mwaka wa 2007. <ref name=":1" /> Gallego yahuye n'umugore we, Julia Kahn-Gallego, muri Triathlon yo mu mujyi wa New York 2007; bashakanye mu mwaka wa 2009. Gallego afite abana batatu. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2011-08-04 |title=Paratriathlete George Gallego credits success to help of wife, coach, friends and rescue dog |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2011/08/04/paratriathlete-george-gallego-credits-success-to-help-of-wife-coach-friends-and-rescue-dog/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=[[New York Daily News]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nydailynews.com/2011/08/04/paratriathlete-george-gallego-credits-success-to-help-of-wife-coach-friends-and-rescue-dog/ "Paratriathlete George Gallego credits success to help of wife, coach, friends and rescue dog"]. ''[[New York Daily News]]''. 2011-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Gallego, George}} 07yhh3zs28qc9k5tq6o999d0kty4bh7 0 20865 139880 125100 2026-09-24T10:42:44Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139880 wikitext text/x-wiki Amasezerano hagati y'Abanyamerika yerekeye gukuraho ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa ababana n'ubumuga Yasinywe ku ya 8 Kamena 1999 Ikibanza Umujyi wa Guatemala, Guatemala Guhera ku ya 14 Nzeri 2001 Imiterere 6 Abashyizeho umukono 20 Amashyaka 19 Ubunyamabanga Bukuru bw’Umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika Indimi Icyongereza, Igifaransa, Igiporutugali, n'Icyesipanyoli '''Amasezerano mpuzamahanga hagati y’Abanyamerika yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa ababana n’ubumuga''' ni [[:en:International_human_rights_instruments|igikoresho cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu]] mu karere, cyemejwe mu 1999 mu [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Muryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika]]. Irahamagarira ibihugu koroshya kwinjiza ababana [[Ubumuga|n'ubumuga]] muri sosiyete binyuze mu mategeko, gahunda z’imibereho na gahunda z’uburezi. Yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 14 Nzeri 2001. Kugeza mu 2013, ibihugu 19 [[:en:Ratification|byemeje]] ayo masezerano. <ref>[http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/sigs/a-65.html OAS, Signatories and Ratifications]</ref> === Reba kandi === * [[:en:American_Convention_on_Human_Rights|Amasezerano y'Abanyamerika yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu]] * [[:en:Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities|Amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga]] === Reba === OAS, Abashyizeho umukono no Kwemeza roaud0bjs5pvq76bhc30f7574abve5a 0 20873 139842 125200 2026-09-24T10:35:00Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139842 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ubiquitous robot''' ni ijambo rikoreshwa muburyo busa na comptabilite hose. Porogaramu ifite akamaro ko "guhuza tekinoroji ya robo hamwe nikoranabuhanga riva mu bice bya mudasobwa biboneka hose kandi bikwira hose, imiyoboro ya sensor, hamwe n’ubwenge bw’ibidukikije ". Ukurikije uburyo telefone zikemura ibibazo byihuse, mudasobwa zishobora kwambarwa hamwe na mudasobwa ziboneka hose bituma bishoboka ko abantu bazaba mu isi iboneka hose aho ibikoresho byose bihurira. Kubaho umwanya uhari hose biva mubikorwa byiterambere rya mudasobwa na tekinoroji bizatanga imbaraga zo gutanga serivisi zifuzwa nigikoresho icyo aricyo cyose cya IT ahantu hose nigihe cyose binyuze mumikoreshereze yabakoresha hamwe na porogaramu zidafite intego. Ihinduka ryihutishije impinduramatwara ikwira hose, ikaba yarigaragaje cyane mu gice gishya cy’ubushakashatsi butandukanye, robotics ahantu hose. Itangiza igisekuru cya gatatu cya robo gikurikira igisekuru cya mbere cyimashini yinganda nigisekuru cya kabiri cyimashini. Imashini ya Ubiquitous (Ubibot) ni robot ikubiyemo ibice bitatu birimo robot software ya software cyangwa avatar, robot igendanwa kwisi yose hamwe na sisitemu ya sensor yashyizwe mubidukikije. Imashini na software mu isi isanzwe ishobora kuyobora robot nyayo nkubwonko kandi igakorana nabantu kandi muburyo bworoshye. Abashakashatsi ba [[KAIST, Korea|KAIST, Koreya]] basobanura ibi bice bitatu nka Sobot ( Software ya robot ), Mobot ( robot mobile ), na Embot ( [[Embedded robot]] ). == Reba kandi == * Igicu cya robo * Interineti yibintu == Ibitabo bya tekiniki bijyanye == * Tae-Hun Kim, Seung-Hwan Choi, na Jong-Hwan Kim. "Kwinjiza robot ya software hamwe na robot igendanwa ukoresheje urwego rwagati." IEEE Ihererekanyabubasha kuri Sisitemu, Umuntu, na Cybernetics - Igice C: Porogaramu no gusuzuma, Vol. 37, No 6, Ugushyingo 2007. * Jong-Hwan Kim n'abandi, "Imashini ya Robo: Paradigm nshya ya serivisi zihuriweho", muri Proc. ya IEEE Int'l Conf. kuri Robo na Automation, Roma, Ubutaliyani, Mata 2007. * Jong-Hwan Kim, "Imashini ya Robo: Amajyambere n'iterambere biheruka", (Ijambo ry'ibanze) mu nama mpuzamahanga ihuriweho na SICE-ICASE 2006, Busan, Koreya, p.&nbsp;I-25 - I-30, Ukwakira 2006. * Jong-Hwan Kim n'abandi, "Igisekuru cya 3 cya Roboque: Imashini iboneka hose", (Urupapuro rw'ijambo nyamukuru) muri Proc. y'Inama Mpuzamahanga kuri Robo Yigenga n'Abakozi, Palmerston y'Amajyaruguru, Nouvelle-Zélande, 2004. * Jong-Hwan Kim, "Robo Ubiquitous Robot", muri ''Computational Intelligence, Theory and Applices'' (byahinduwe na B. Reusch), muri Springer, pp.&nbsp;451–459, 2004 (Ijambo nyamukuru ry'Ijambo ry'Inama mpuzamahanga ya 8 ya Fuzzy, Dortmund, Ubudage, Nzeri 2004). dltayttp26dm5xata3qs1310p90mvxf 0 20874 139787 125201 2026-09-24T10:02:15Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139787 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lekotek''' ni gahunda mpuzamahanga yo gutanga inguzanyo ya Assistive Technology, ibikinisho n'ubuhanga k'abana bamugaye. Lekotek ya mbere yafunguwe mu 1963 i Stockholm, muri Suwede. Kuva aho, igitekerezo cyakwirakwiriye mu bindi bihugu bya Scandinaviya, Uburayi ndetse no ku isi yose. Kurugero, muri Amerika hari lekoteks zirenga 50. Lekotek ya mbere y'Abanyamerika yafunguye i Evanston, muri Illinois mu 1980. Lekoteks ya mbere yo muri Amerika yashinzwe na Sally DeVencentis na Sharon Draznin. Izina ni uruvange rwijambo ryumuzi wo muri Suwede "lek," risobanura igikinisho cyangwa imikino, hamwe n’ikigereki "tek" gihuza isomero. == Igitekerezo gishingiye == Igitekerezo cyibanze ni uko gutabara hakiri kare binyuze mu gukina ibikinisho n’ikoranabuhanga byahujwe bishobora kwigisha abana [[Ubumuga|bamugaye]] guhangana n'isi "isanzwe". Bimwe mubyibanzweho mubitekerezo bya lekotek biva mubikorwa byakozwe numuhanga mubya psychologue wubwongereza, Elizabeth Newson. Igitabo cye "Ibikinisho n'imikino", ( ) ivuga ku ngaruka zo gukina ku mikurire yumwana. == Itangizwa rya AblePlay == Mu Gushyingo 2005, Ikigo cy’igihugu cya Lekotek cyatangije urubuga rwabo rushya rwa AblePlay kuri www.AblePlay.org rutanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kubona amanota yemewe ndetse n’isuzuma rirambuye ry’inzobere mu gihugu cya Lekotek ku mizigo myinshi y’ibikinisho n’ibindi bicuruzwa. Isuzuma ryihariye rya Lekotek ritanga amakuru y'ibicuruzwa yashyizwe mu byiciro by'abafite ubumuga kugirango arusheho koroshya uburambe bwo kugura ibikinisho. Ababyeyi nabahanga bashobora kungukira mu bitekerezo byimbitse by'imikino bijyanye na buri gikinisho cy'abana, ndetse no kumahuriro yo kumurongo kugirango babemere gusangira ubunararibonye no gutanga inama kugiti cyabo. Gutangiza AblePlay byari intambwe ikomeye mu gusobanura intego ya Lekotek yo kuba isoko nyamukuru y'amakuru n'imirimo yo gufasha ijyanye n'ibikinisho n'imikino y'abana bafite ubumuga. National Lekotek ni agace ka Anixter Centre itanga serivisi kubantu barenga 5.000 bakuze n'abana bafite ubumuga binyuze muri gahunda 70 ahantu 35 buri mwaka. izv2brn20tq02jsgpzmzxdjqkuoqb0v 0 20921 139678 125252 2026-09-23T18:30:39Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139678 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gnuspeech''' nigikoresho cyagutse cyanditse -kuri- porogaramu ya mudasobwa ikora porogaramu itanga imvugo yubukorikori ishingiye ku gihe nyacyo cyo kuvuga imvugo ikoresheje amategeko. Nukuvuga ko, ihindura imirongo yinyandiko mubisobanuro bya fonetike, ifashwa ninkoranyamagambo isobanura, inyuguti ku majwi amategeko, hamwe ninjyana nziza mumatwi cyane ko ifasha nabafite ubumuga bwo kutumva neza; ihindura ibisobanuro bya fonetike mubipimo byurwego rwo hasi rwo kuvuga imvugo synthesizer; ikoresha ibi kugirango utware moderi yerekana inzira yijwi ryumuntu itanga umusaruro ukwiranye nibikoresho bisanzwe bisohora amajwi bikoreshwa na sisitemu zitandukanye zikoresha mudasobwa; kandi ibikora ku kigero kimwe cyangwa cyihuse kuruta imvugo ivugwa kumvugo yabantu bakuru. == uburyo Gnuspeech yakozwemo == Synthesizer ni tube resonance, cyangwa waveguide, icyitegererezo cyerekana imyitwarire yinzira nyayo yijwi ryeruye, kandi mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro, bitandukanye na synthesizeri ikora yerekana mu buryo butaziguye imvugo. Ikibazo cyo kugenzura gikemurwa hifashishijwe icyitegererezo cy’akarere ka René Carré gifitanye isano n’imihindagurikire ya radiyo y’ibice umunani birebire by’igice cy’ijwi hamwe n’impinduka zijyanye n’imiterere itatu y’imiterere mu mvugo itanga amakuru menshi y’imvugo. Uturere na two, dushingiye ku bikorwa byakozwe na Laboratoire y’ikoranabuhanga ya Stockholm y’Ikigo cy’Ikoranabuhanga cy’Ikoranabuhanga ( KTH ) kuri "isesengura rishingiye ku bwiyumvo" - ni ukuvuga uburyo imirongo ikora iterwa n’impinduka ntoya kuri radiyo y’ijwi ahantu hatandukanye mu burebure bwayo. [[File:Monet_(Gnuspeech)_in_Nextstep_3.3_running_inside_Previous.png|thumb|MONET (Gnuspeech) muri NeXTSTEP 3.3 ikorera imbere Ibanza .]]   == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} owztc3sgl9xzvx3xx89vy90q6d95qnf 0 20931 139788 125264 2026-09-24T10:02:22Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139788 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MediaCorp Teletext''' yari serivise [[Singapore|yo muri Singapuru]] itanga amakuru yatanzwe na MediaCorp. Yakozwe kuri MediaCorp's Channel 5, Umuyoboro wa 8 na Channel NewsAsia. Hejuru yamakuru asanzwe yatwawe nabashizwe serivisi ya teletext benshi, yatwaye kandi amakuru yihariye muri Singapuru, nkibiciro bya COE na ERP, amatangazo yatanzwe na minisiteri zatoranijwe muri Singapuru nibisubizo bya tombora. Iyi serivisi kandi yaboneka kuri interineti kuva mu 1999 kugeza ihagaritswe muri 2013. Umuyobozi wa bisi yakuweho mu 1986 kubera imikoreshereze mike. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 1986 |title=Very few used 40-page SBCText bus guide |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19860712-1.2.59.1.3?qt=teletext&q=Teletext |access-date=13 August 2023 |website=The Straits Times (retrieved from NLB)}}</ref> Iyi serivise yiswe INtv ku ya 18 Mutarama 1993. Simulcast kuri SBC 8 ntabwo yatangajwe kubera ivugurura rya tekiniki ryakozwe uwo munsi. Izina rishya kandi ryatangije imikorere ya Newsreel yo kuvugurura amakuru hamwe na amakuru y'ingenzi ya Fastext. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 1993 |title=New SBC teletext service |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19930117-1.2.30.4.5?qt=sbctext&q=SBCtext |access-date=13 August 2023 |website=The Straits Times (retrieved from NLB)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 1993 |title=Page 25 Advertisements Column 1 |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/biztimes19930118-1.2.51.1?qt=intv&q=INtv |access-date=13 August 2023 |website=The Business Times (retrieved from NLB)}}</ref> Serivise ivuguruye yaje kumunsi umwe sosiyete yo mugihugu cya Singapore Telecom yatangije Teleview isa, abakozi bayo ntibari bazi rebrand ya SBCText. SBC yavuze ko idahiganwa na Teleview, ivuga ko serivisi zombi zitandukanye. Serivisi ziiki kigo cyikorera zaje guhagarikwa by'agateganyo ku ya <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 1993 |title=INtv vs Teleview: Early skirmish in an impending war? |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19930123-1.2.30.4 |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=The Straits Times (retrieved from NLB)}}</ref> 1993 nyuma y'imirongo ya INtv yaciwe nabi. Serivisi nyinshi zagaruwe nyuma yumunsi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 1993 |title=INtv hitch caused by construction work |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19931220-1.2.59.3 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=The Straits Times (retrieved from NLB)}}</ref> verisiyo ya PC, Networked INtv, yakozwe n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’ikoranabuhanga cya kaminuza ya kaminuza ya tekinike ya Nanyang, yasohotse ku mugaragaro muri Mutarama 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 1994 |title=Let the PC monitor your shares |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/biztimes19940103-1.2.19.4 |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=The Straits Times (retrieved from NLB)}}</ref> Nyuma yaje kwagurwa kugeza kuri News News Asia igihe umuyoboro watangizwaga ku ya 1 Werurwe 1999. Kuva mu mpera za Nzeri 2001, serivisi yabonetse 24/7. <ref>{{Cite news |date=24 September 2001 |title=TELETEXT ROUND THE CLOCK |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes20010924-1.2.97.3.3.3 |work=The Straits Times}}</ref> == Ibirimo == Teletext yatanzwe kumiyoboro itatu MediaCorp, hamwe numuyoboro wihariye muburyo bwisakaza amakuru. Teletext kumuyoboro wa 5 kabuhariwe mu myidagaduro nubuzima bwamakuru, Ibyiciro kuri Channel 8 namakuru yubucuruzi kuri News News Asia. {| class="wikitable" !Umuyoboro ! Ibirimo (urupapuro rwurupapuro) |- | Umuyoboro wa MediaCorp | * Amakuru (100s) * Amakuru yimari nububiko (200s) * SGX (300s) * Amakuru (500s) * Imyidagaduro (850s) |- | Umuyoboro wa MediaCorp | * Ibyiciro (byafunzwe ku ya 1 Nzeri 2012) (160, 200, 300 na 500) * Ibinyabiziga (500s) * Imyidagaduro (850s) |- | Umuyoboro AmakuruAsia | * Amakuru (100s) * Amakuru yimari nububiko (200s) * SGX (300s) * Amakuru yimari (450, 480 & 490) * Amakuru (500s) * Imyidagaduro (850s) |} === Teletext Kumurongo wa mudasobwa === Iyo serivisi yari ikiri kumurongo, verisiyo ya Teletext yimiyoboro uko ari itatu iboneka mugushakisha ukoresheje interineti kandi igaragaramo verisiyo igezweho ya Teletext yerekanwe kuri tereviziyo cyangwase isakazas mashusho (gutinda bishobora kuba iminota 10). Kimwe na Teletext kuri tereviziyo, ubu serivisi irahagaritswe. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} 9wvn1kwpnvjw7o86du6v8ltf3xq73ju 0 20932 139733 125265 2026-09-23T18:40:02Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139733 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''IBOT''' ni [[Motorized wheelchair|igare rifite moteri rifasha umuntu ufite ubumuga kugenda]] rikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya giroskopi (gyroscopic) kugirango rigende neza ku butaka butandukanye imbere munzu no hanze. Ubu buryo, iBOT® PMD, bwakozwe na '''Mobius Mobility''' kuva muri 2019.Iki gikoresho cyakozwe na DEKA Research &amp;amp; Development Corp. ya Dean Kamen ku bufatanye n’ishami '''ry’ubwigenge''' bwa Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson. Impapuro zambere zakozwe na Technology Technology yigenga kuva 2003 kugeza 2009. == Ibisobanuro == IBOT ikoresha tekinoroji ya giroskopi hamwe ninziga enye zikoresha moteri hamwe ninziga ebyiri za caster kugirango zitange uburyo butandukanye bwo gutwara. Muburyo bwibiziga 4, ifite ibiziga bine gusa byo gutwara hasi, bikabasha gukora ahantu h'inyuma nka curbs, umucanga, na urubura. ikoreshwa mu buryobusanzwe nka kagare afite moteri, ifite ibiziga bibiri b'imodoka hiyongereyeho ibiziga bya caster hasi, kandi ikora nk'ibisanzwe bisanzwe by'imodoka y'inyuma yimodoka. Ubundi buryo burimo kuringaniza uburyo, buzamura umukoresha kurwego rwamaso murwego rwo kuringaniza ibiziga bibiri byimodoka, hamwe nuburyo bwintambwe, bufasha umukoresha watojwe kuzamuka no kumanuka. == Amateka == === Iterambere === Iterambere rya iBOT ryatangiye mu 1990 muri DEKA Ubushakashatsi & Iterambere i Manchester, NH. Prototype ya mbere ikora yaboneka mu 1992, : 21 no muri 1994, DEKA yasinyanye amasezerano na Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson yo gukora icyo gikoresho. IBOT yahishuriwe rubanda kuri Dateline NBC mu gice na John Hockenberry ku ya 30 Kamena 1999. : 53 Kugeza ubu, Johnson & Johnson yari amaze gukoresha miliyoni 50 [[Amadolari y'Amerika|US $]] muri uyu mushinga. : 48 Ku gitaramo cya Art Bell 's Coast to Coast AM show (16 Werurwe 2001) umunyamakuru w’iperereza Robert Steensen yaganiriye ku gihangano cya Dean Kamen, "Umushinga Ginger" cyangwa "It", nyuma uza gusohoka nka iBOT na The Segway. IBOT yahanaguwe na FDA nk'igikoresho cyo mu cyiciro cya III ku ya 13 Kanama 2003. [[Segway|Segway PT]], igikoresho kitari ubuvuzi, yahagaritswe mugihe cyo guteza imbere ibicuruzwa bya iBOT, ikoresha ikoranabuhanga ryibanze. Mugihe cyiterambere, iBOT yitwaga Fred, mugufi kuri Fred Upstairs, igihano kuri Fred Astaire, mugihe Segway yitwaga Ginger, nyuma yumubyiniro wa Fred Astaire Ginger Rogers. : 27 Segway PT yarekuwe mu 2001. : 20-30  === iBOT 3000 na iBOT 4000 === Johnson & Johnson bashizeho Ikoranabuhanga ryigenga kugirango bazane iBOT ku isoko. Umwimerere wa iBOT 3000 winjiye mu 2003, usimburwa na iBOT 4000 mu 2005. Bitewe na FDA yashyizwe mu byiciro, iBOT 3000 na iBOT 4000 ntibishobora kugira icyo bihindura ku bicaye cyangwa ku bagenzuzi, bivuze ko bidashobora guhindurwa ku bakoresha ku giti cyabo. Byongeye kandi, ubwishingizi bwari buke kuri ibyo bikoresho, byagurishijwe $ 25.000- $ 28,000. Haragurishijwe ibice 500 gusa, Johnson & Johnson bahagarika umusaruro mu === iBOT PMD === Mu mpera za 2014, Kamen yatangaje ko FDA yashyize mu majwi iBOT kuva mu cyiciro cya III ikajya mu cyiciro cy’ubuvuzi cya kabiri. Uku kugabanya kugenzura kugenzura kwemerera DEKA kubyutsa iBOT isinziriye no gutangira iterambere kubicuruzwa bizaza. Muri 2019, igisekuru kizaza iBOT PMD (Igikoresho cyumuntu ku giti cye) cyasohowe ku isoko na Mobius Mobility i Manchester, NH. FDA yahaye iBOT PMD byombi IMK (Intebe Yabamugaye, Kuzamuka kuntambwe) hamwe na ITI (Intebe yimuga, ikora). [[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7jpin3jaf440t1tlzrizta8psvav364 0 20945 139679 127571 2026-09-23T18:30:46Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139679 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Serivisi ya STS''' ni serivisi yo kuvuga imvugo itanga serivisi kubantu bose bahamagara kuri terefone cyangwa abahamagaye bafite ubumuga bwo kutavuga ndetse nabashaka kuvugana nabo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Speech-to-Speech Relay Service (STS) |url=https://www.fcc.gov/sts |access-date=2025-10-22 |archive-date=2025-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607175000/https://www.fcc.gov/sts |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Muri Amerika == ''STS Relay'' iboneka binyuze kuri 711 muri Amerika binyuze muri Serivisi ishinzwe Itumanaho; muguhamagara kuri terefone, banza uhamagare 711, hanyuma ubaze STS. Umufasha witumanaho wamenyerejwe azakubaza numero ushaka guhamagara. uwakwakiriye azasubiramo ibyo umuhamagaye ufite ubumuga bwo kutavuga. Umuhamagaye ashobora gusubiza. Umufasha witumanaho ''azasubiramo'' ubutumwa bwumuhamagaye. Hamagara noneho yitaba muri ubu buryo butatu bwafashijwe kuganira kuri terefone. == Mu bindi bihugu == Serivisi iboneka mu gihugu cya Ositaraliya, na [[Suwede]], no mu bindi bihugu hashingiwe ku igeragezwa. STS Itanga kuri PSTN (umuyoboro wa terefone uhinduranya rubanda) irahari kubakeneye ubufasha bwo guhamagara kuri terefone kubera ubumuga bwo kutavuga. == Amateka == STS Relay yabonetse bwa mbere muri Amerika muri Californiya, mu 1997; serivisi yabonetse ku rwego rw'igihugu ku ya 1 Werurwe 2001. Ku ya 12 Gicurasi 2006, kaminuza ya Wisconsin - Madison yahaye Robert Z. Segalman, impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (UW 1972), impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga y'icyubahiro kubera umurimo yakoze mu guhanga Speech To Speech. == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240524021130/http://www.speechtospeech.org/ Umuvugizi.org] == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} oy2rdbvuumfb5ffyxo0shag7ekh3t8l 0 20949 139895 127238 2026-09-24T10:44:38Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139895 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Switch adapted toys''' ni ibikinisho cyangwa ibikoresho byahujwe kuburyo bahinduye umwimerere berekejwe kuri nini nini yo hanze yorohereza uyikoresha. Abana benshi n'abakuze bafite ubumenyi buke mikorere y'imikino n'ingingo, ntibashobora gukina n'udukino dukoresha amabuye y'amashanyarazi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Special Needs Toys Australia |url=http://tecsol.com.au/cms123/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&category_id=23&main_cat=23&Itemid=88 |access-date=2016-01-23 |website=tecsol.com.au}}</ref> Ku bana cyangwa urubyiruko rufite ubumuga bukomeye kandi bubangamiye cyane mu mikorere y’umubiri no mu mitekerere, gukoresha igikinisho cyahinduriwe uburyo bwo kugenzura n' akabuto bishobora kuba ari cyo kintu cya mbere bakora ku giti cyabo. Ibi bibubakira icyizere, bibaha ibyishimo, kandi bigatuma batekereza ko bigira ubushobozi bwo kwiga ibintu bishya. == Ibiranga Guhindura Ibiranga == Ukurikije ubushobozi bwumukoresha, ibintu bitandukanye birahari kubikorwa bitandukanye, harimo: guhinduranya urutoki, guhinduranya ibirenge no guhinduranya buto y'ubunini butandukanye. Abahindura bamwe bafite ibifuniko byihariye - imyenda yoroshye, "squishy" latex, pom pom, cyangwa "bump" ishushanyije kubantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona. Gukoresha ibintu byahinduwe biterwa n'imikoreshereze y'imitsi y'umukoresha, kwihuta, ubushobozi bwo kubona, imikorere yubwenge n'inyungu. Ibikinisho bihinduwe kugira ngo bikorwe n'udufunguzo byihariye bishobora gutanga amatara amurika cyangwa ahindagurika ndetse n'umuziki, kuvuga, kunyeganyega, urusaku, abafana, aromatherapy, massage, indirimbo zifite nimero, inyuguti cyangwa pepiniyeri injyana yinjyana ndetse no gufata amajwi no gukina. == Hindura ibikinisho byahujwe muri Amerika == Hafi ya byose byahinduwe bikinisha ibikinisho nibikoresho ni ibintu bishobora kugurwa mububiko kandi bigahuzwa nyuma yisoko nabantu nimiryango. Abantu bamwe bagurisha ibyo bintu byahinduwe kumurongo binyuze kubacuruzi nka Etsy, Amazon, na Shopify. Ibigo bimwe binini nabyo bigurisha ibyo bikoresho kimwe nibikoresho byihariye bigenewe kuvura. == Hindura ibikinisho byahujwe muri Ositaraliya == Abatanga ibicuruzwa benshi babaho muri Ositaraliya ariko bakoresha ibikinisho bitumizwa mu mahanga byahinduwe bivuze ko ibikinisho bihenze kugura. Amasomero y'ibikinisho nk'isanduku ya Nowa i Perth, Uburengerazuba bwa Ositaraliya ibitse ibikinisho byinshi byahinduwe kugirango imiryango ishobore kuguza kugirango ishakishe ubwoko bwiza bwa switch hamwe nibikinisho bishimishije kubana babo. Amasomero y'ibikinisho atumiza ibintu byahinduwe bikinishwa cyangwa bifite abafasha bitangiye imirimo bashoboye gufata bateri isanzwe ikoreshwa kandi ikayihindura kugirango ihindurwe. Ibikinisho bifite imikorere imwe gusa birahagije kugirango bihindurwe ariko biragoye, ibikinisho byinshi bikora ntibishobora kuba byoroshye. Guhuza igikinisho cya batiri murugo birashobora kugerwaho ukoresheje umubare muto wibikoresho. Urupapuro rwo gutera inkunga imbaga Ibikinisho kuri Tots <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toys for Tots with a Disability by Cerebral Palsy Alliance |url=http://www.pozible.com/project/173565 |access-date=2016-01-23 |website=Pozible}}</ref> binyuze muri Cerebral Palsy Alliance ibaho kugirango itange amafaranga akenewe mugutanga ibikinisho byahinduwe byahinduwe kugirango bikoreshwe mumasomero menshi yabigenewe yo muri Perth, atangiza gahunda itanga ibikinisho kubana bujuje ibisabwa ahantu hegereye amazu yabo. == Kwiga uburyo bwo guhindura imiterere == Imfashanyigisho yo guhindura imihindagurikire y'ikirere yashyizweho na Greg Nakata, AIA yitwa [https://adapted-design.com/products/book-lets-adapt-for-everyone "Reka duhuze na bose!"] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Let's Adapt for Everyone! |url=https://adapted-design.com/products/book-lets-adapt-for-everyone |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Adapted-Design.com}}</ref> Umwanditsi ni umubyeyi wumwana ufite ubumuga kandi yize uburyo bwo kubahindura ibikinisho bya adapt. Guhindura uburyo bwo guhuza ibikorwa byerekana ibikoresho byose hamwe nibikoresho umuntu yakenera gutangira guhuza ibikinisho nibikoresho kimwe ninyigisho zirambuye kubwoko bwibikinisho kugirango ahuze. Nakata ashyira kandi amashusho ahuza amashusho yinyandiko kumurongo wa Instagram: [https://www.instagram.com/adapteddesign/ AdaptedDesign] <ref>{{Cite web |title=@adapteddesign |url=https://www.instagram.com/adapteddesign/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Instagram}}</ref> aho intego ye ari iyo gutuma imenyekanisha ryoroha kubantu bose mugusangira ubumenyi no kwerekana inzira. Hariho kandi umurongo wa interineti werekana uburyo bwo guhuza ibikinisho kugirango uhindure ibintu, nka TheLaserguy2 ya "Santa's Switch Adapted Toys". <ref>{{Cite web |title=TheLaserguy2 on YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/@TheLaserguy2/videos |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=YouTube}}</ref> lgzhw4g920z7ivgg67nqpps61z2f69z 0 20952 139734 125304 2026-09-23T18:40:09Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139734 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Switch access''' ni uburyo bwo gukoresha buto imwe cyangwa nyinshi mu gutunganya mudasobwa nibindi bikoresho, kandi bikoreshwa ahanini n'abantu bafite ubumuga bukomeye bw'umubiri cyangwa bw'imitekerereze. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Colven |first=David |last2=Judge |first2=Simon |year=2006 |title=Switch access to technology |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Simon-Judge/publication/41322950_Switch_access_to_technology_-_A_comprehensive_Guide/links/0fcfd507dcb3bd0bdf000000/Switch-access-to-technology-A-comprehensive-Guide.pdf |journal=ACE Centre Advisory Trust}}</ref> Guhindura ni igikoresho cyikoranabuhanga gifasha gisimbuza icyifuzo cyo gukoresha clavier ya mudasobwa cyangwa imbeba. Irashobora kwemerera abakoresha kugenzura mudasobwa, intebe y’ibimuga, umukino wimikino ya videwo, tablet, terefone, igikinisho, nibindi bikoresho bitandukanye bya elegitoroniki. == Ubwoko bwa switch == [[Dosiye:Access_device.JPG|right|thumb|Urugero rwa switch imwe]] [[Dosiye:IMG_0096_Foot_Switch.JPG|right|thumb|Guhindura ibirenge]] Switches tuza muburyo butandukanye bw'imiterere n'ingano, bitewe n'uburyo dukorwamo kugira ngo dukore (nka sip-puff, gusunika, gukurura, gukanda, guhumbya cyangwa gukanda). Guhindura(switches) nabyo biratandukanye mumabara yabyo hamwe nubwiza. Kubisunika cyangwa gukanda kuri switch, ingano yingufu zisabwa kugirango zikoreshe ziratandukanye cyangwa mubihe bimwe na bimwe birashobora guhinduka. Guhindura bimwe bishobora gusaba gukoraho gusa (ntanubwo ari imashini), bimwe bishobora kuba byarateguwe gukubitwa imigeri. Ihindura irashobora gukoreshwa nigice cyumubiri gishobora kubyara kugenda kandi kubushake. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation ikenewe</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Guhuza icyuma == Ihindura ntishobora gucomeka muri mudasobwa. Ahubwo, Guhindura Interineti birasabwa gukemura icyuho kiri hagati ya switch na USB ya mudasobwa, serial, cyangwa icyambu cya PS / 2 . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation ikenewe</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Niki gishobora kugerwaho hamwe na switch == Guhindura birashobora kuba byiza kubantu bafite ibibazo byubwenge, gutinda kwiterambere no kugarukira kumubiri. Muburyo bworoshye gukoresha ni inzira isobanutse kandi yoroshye yo kwerekana ibikorwa / reaction bakunze kwita nkimpamvu n'ingaruka. Mugukoresha cyane, birashobora kuba uburyo bwo kugenzura kugenda cyangwa gukorana nibidukikije. Hariho ibikorwa bitandukanye byo guhinduranya ibikorwa bishobora gukoreshwa mugusuzuma no guteza imbere imyumvire yumuntu guhitamo nigihe. Guhindura birashobora guhuzwa nibikoresho bitandukanye, kurugero: Ibikoresho byogutumanaho nubundi buryo bwitumanaho, [[Switch adapted toys|guhinduranya ibikinisho byahujwe]], guhinduranya interineti kugirango ubone mudasobwa, iDevices, Ikoranabuhanga rya SMART, ibikoresho byibyumba byumviro [[Environmental control device|nibikoresho bigenzura ibidukikije]]. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation ikenewe</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Hindura ubwoko == Umubare muto wimikoranire ishobora gutangwa na switch ni binary switch yinjiza, kuko gufata hasi kumwanya mugihe runaka bishobora kuba bidashoboka kubikoresho byo guswera no guswera cyangwa kubabaza umuntu urwaye rubagimpande. Abakoresha bamwe bazahitamo gukoresha switch imwe, abandi bahitamo gukoresha bibiri rimwe na rimwe birenze. Kubakoresha bakoresha sisitemu zabo kugirango bagere kubikorwa byoroheje byongeweho bizana amahitamo yo guhitamo. Iyemerera kandi abakoresha babiri gukorera hamwe cyangwa gukina hagati yabo. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation ikenewe</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Urebye uburyo bwinshi bwo guhinduranya ni ngombwa kubakoresha kugera kubikorwa byinshi byiterambere binyuze muri [[Switch access scanning|scan yogusuzuma]]. Ibi mubisanzwe bigenwa nubushobozi bwabo bwumubiri. Guhindura kimwe bisaba kugenzura bike kumubiri kandi mubisanzwe birarambiranye kubigeraho ariko bigabanya uburyo bwo gusikana kandi mubisanzwe biganisha ku gipimo cyihuta cyo kwinjiza. Gusikana inshuro imwe bisaba kandi kwibanda cyane. Ibice bibiri-bisikana bishoboza urutonde rwo gusikana, harimo umurongo-na-nkingi na overcan. Ibi birashobora kongera cyane umuvuduko wo kwinjiza amakuru kandi bigatuma gukoresha mudasobwa cyangwa ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bifasha biba byoroshye kandi byihuse. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation ikenewe</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> hbljn56834jj93zuksb7cfsh5d5urkb 0 21026 139580 125401 2026-09-23T14:21:09Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139580 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Garageio''' ni igikoresho cy'ikoranabuhanga cyo kugenzura umuryango wa garaje mu rugo, cyakozwe na Alottazs Labs, LLC icyi cyumba cyayo giherereye i Columbus, Ohio. Alottazs Labs, LLC ni isosiyete ifite abikorera ku giti cyabo yashinzwe mu Kwakira 2012. Garageio ni interineti y'ibintu itanga igaraji icungwa ndetse n'irembo ryinjira binyuze kuri terefone n'ibindi bikoresho bifasha urubuga. <ref name="CNET Garageio">{{Cite web |title=Garageio brings smarts to your garage door (hands-on) |url=http://www.cnet.com/products/alottazs-labs-garageio/ |access-date=6 June 2015 |publisher=CNET}}</ref> <ref name="DIY Resolution">{{Cite web |title=DIY Resolution: Improve Home Security This Year |url=https://www.foxnews.com/real-estate/diy-resolution-improve-home-security-this-year |access-date=6 June 2015 |publisher=Fox News}}</ref> Garageio igizwe na [[Wi-Fi|WiFi]] ishoboye kugenzura ihuriro ryugurura urugi rwa garage kandi rigenzurwa binyuze muri Garageio mobile cyangwa porogaramu ya desktop. <ref name="SiliconANGLE">{{Cite web |date=4 November 2013 |title=Open source the Smart Home:Cure app fatigue |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2013/11/04/open-source-the-smart-home-cure-app-fatigue/ |access-date=6 June 2015 |publisher=SiliconANGLE}}</ref> Igenzura rishobora guhuza inzugi zigera kuri eshatu zitandukanye nigikoresho kimwe. <ref name="Device Magazine">{{Cite web |title=Garageio Takes Your Garages to Smart, Intelligent Territory |url=http://www.devicemag.com/2013/11/04/garageio-takes-your-garages-to-smart-intelligent-territory/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201042214/http://www.devicemag.com/2013/11/04/garageio-takes-your-garages-to-smart-intelligent-territory/ |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=6 June 2015 |publisher=Device Magazine}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Garage Doors Jacksonville FL |url=https://simongaragedoorsandrepair.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930200011/https://simongaragedoorsandrepair.com/ |archive-date=2021-09-30 |access-date=2021-09-23}} Thursday, September 23, 2021</ref> Porogaramu ya Garageio iOS na Android yemerera uyikoresha gucunga kure buri rugi rwa garage rwigenga. <ref name="CNET">{{Cite web |title=AT&T Digital Life expands to more US cities, gains a garage-door controller |url=http://www.cnet.com/news/at-t-digital-life-expands/ |access-date=6 June 2015 |publisher=CNET}}</ref> Umukoresha arashobora kandi gutanga no kwemera kugera kumiryango yandi ya garage kubandi bakoresha Garageio. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2013 |title=Control your garage door opener from your smartphone with Wi-Fi connected Garageio |url=http://www.techspot.com/news/54557-control-your-garage-door-opener-from-your-smartphone-with-wi-fi-connected-garageio.html |access-date=May 3, 2015 |publisher=TechSpot}}</ref> == Amateka == Igitekerezo cya Garageio cyatangiye mu 2012 ubwo uwashinze umushinga Zak Dziczkowski yavumbuye urugi rwe rwa garage rwabuze. <ref>{{Cite news |title=CEO Zak Dziczkowski: Frustrated shopper co-founds garage door remote business |url=http://www.dispatch.com/article/20140427/NEWS/304279890 |access-date=2017-10-11 |work=The Columbus Dispatch |language=en}}</ref> Zak yahise amenya ko igiciro cyo gusimbuza icyuma gishya cyari gihenze cyane kandi atekereza uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura umuryango wa garage. Muri iryo joro nyene, Zak yahamagaye uwashinze Dave Reif maze batangira gukora kuri prototype ya Garageio. <ref name="bizjournals">{{Cite web |title=Smartphone-based garage-door opener Garageio getting trial run |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/news/2013/11/20/smartphone-based-garage-door-opener.html |access-date=6 June 2015 |publisher=BizJournal}}</ref> <ref name="dispatch">{{Cite web |title=Frustrated shopper co-founds garage door remote business |url=http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/business/2014/04/27/frustrated-shopper-co-founds-business.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414122848/http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/business/2014/04/27/frustrated-shopper-co-founds-business.html |archive-date=14 April 2015 |access-date=6 June 2015 |publisher=Columbus Dispatch}}</ref> === 2012 === Mu Kwakira 2012, Garageio yabaye ibicuruzwa bya Alottazs Labs, LLC izana abandi bashinze imishinga, rwiyemezamirimo Greg Colarich, umuhanga mu guhanga udushya Jess Boonstra, n’umucuruzi Zach Cochran. <ref name="Zach Cochran">{{Cite web |date=23 January 2014 |title=Garageio + the business possibilities in the Internet of Things (IoT) |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2014/01/23/garageio-the-endless-possibilities-of-the-internet-of-things-iot/ |publisher=Silicon Angle}}</ref> === 2013 === Garageio yamaze igice cya mbere cy'umwaka yibanda ku gukora porogaramu no gushushanya ibicuruzwa. Garageio yahawe igihembo cy'igitekerezo gishya (Cool Idea) Igihembo cyatanzwe na Minnesota gikora plastike Proto Labs yatanze progaramu ya prototype yubusa hamwe nibikorwa byakurikiyeho. <ref name="entrepreneur">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2013 |title=Proto Labs Wants to Help You Create a Cool Prototype for Free |url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/230453 |access-date=6 June 2015 |publisher=Entrepreneur Magazine}}</ref> Mu Gushyingo 2013, Garageio yatangije gahunda yo gutera inkunga imbaga y'abantu binyuze muri Fundable ikusanya $ 30.000 yo kugurisha mbere. <ref name="Fundable">{{Cite web |title=Alottazs Labs starts shipping Garageio smartphone garage door controllers after raising $30K |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/news/2014/01/27/alottazs-labs-starts-shipping-garageio.html |access-date=6 June 2015 |publisher=BizJournal}}</ref> === 2014 === Garageio yatangiye kohereza mu ntangiriro za 2014 kubaterankunga bayo baterankunga kandi akomeza gufata ibicuruzwa abinyujije kurubuga rwayo. Garageio yasohoye verisiyo ivuguruye ya porogaramu kandi itangaza ko hiyongereyeho porogaramu nka IFTTT (niba irenze iyo), ituma abayikoresha bakora resept zikurura ibintu byabigenewe. <ref name="IFTTT Digital Trends">{{Cite web |date=6 November 2014 |title=IFTTT IS QUIETLY BECOMING A SMART HOME POWERHOUSE |url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/home/ifttt-quietly-becoming-smart-home-powerhouse/ |access-date=6 June 2015 |publisher=Digital Trends}}</ref> <ref name="IFTTT Channel Updated Channels">{{Cite web |date=26 October 2014 |title=IFTTT updated with new channels plus optimizations for iOS 8 and iPhone 6 |url=http://appadvice.com/appnn/2014/10/ifttt-updated-with-new-channels-plus-optimizations-for-ios-8-and-iphone-6 |access-date=6 June 2015 |publisher=appadvice.com}}</ref> <ref name="IFTTT 25 recipes">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2015 |title=IFTTT compatible hardware: 25 devices to recipe your life |url=http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/133826-ifttt-compatible-hardware-25-devices-to-recipe-your-life |access-date=6 June 2015 |publisher=Pocket-lint}}</ref> <ref name="IFTTT Channel">{{Cite web |title=IFTTT Garageio Recipes |url=https://ifttt.com/recipes/search?q=garageio&ac=false |access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Garageio yongereye imiyoboro ikora kandi ikomeza kohereza muri Amerika ya ruguru. === 2015 === Garageio yari umwe mu nshuro za mbere yakiriyeinkunga ya Alexa, umushiga wa Amazon.com ugamije gushyigikira amasosiyete atangira (starups) akora ku ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura amajwi. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghose |first=Carrie |date=June 25, 2015 |title=Amazon invests in Columbus startup with debut of Alexa Fund |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/news/2015/06/25/amazon-invests-in-columbus-startup-with-debut-of.html |publisher=Columbus Business First}}</ref>{{Reflist}} infa2x28h12w7cfbqmgflz2vg2uwsw3 0 21060 139923 134549 2026-09-24T10:49:01Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139923 wikitext text/x-wiki '''OpenPicus''' yari isosiyete ikora ibyuma ikomoka yatangijwe mumwaka wa 2011 yateguye kandi ikora sisitemu ya Internet yibintu kuri module yitwa Flyport. Flyport ni ibyuma bifunguye kandi urwego rwa OpenPicus na IDE ni software ifunguye. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-24 |title=The Big List of IoT Devices and IoT Products |url=https://www.datamation.com/mobile/85-top-iot-devices/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=Datamation |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amyx |first=Scott |title=67 open source tools and resources for the Internet of Things (IoT) |url=https://techbeacon.com/app-dev-testing/67-open-source-tools-resources-iot |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=TechBeacon |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011163126/https://techbeacon.com/app-dev-testing/67-open-source-tools-resources-iot |url-status=dead }}</ref> Flyport ni sisitemu ikomeye yonyine kuri module, kuko ntamuntu uturuka hanze ukenewe kugirango agokere porogaramu za IoT. Isosiyete yahagaritse imirimo muri 2018. == Amateka == OpenPicus yashinzwe na Claudio Carnevali na Gabriele Allegria mu mwaka wa 2011.Igitekerezo cyari ugushiraho ibyuma na porogaramu bifungura sisitemu kugira ngo byihutishe iterambere ry’ibikoresho na serivisi by’umwuga IoT. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation ikenewe</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Umwaka wa 2018 urangiye, OpenPicus Wiki hamwe namakuru yose afitanye isano na Hardware yamakuru yabuze kuri enterineti kuko abashinze OpenPicus ubu bamenyekanisha izina rya IOmote bahindura ubumenyi bwabo mubucuruzi nyabwo. Amwe mumakuru ashaje agaragazwa na (wiki, inyigisho, nibindi) kubibaho bya OpenPicus birashobora kugarurwa ukoresheje Internet Archive Wayback Machine. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation ikenewe</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Flyport ni sisitemu yubwenge kandi ihujwe kuri module ya enterineti. Flyport ikoreshwa nimbaraga zikomeye kandi zoroheje zifungura isoko (ishingiye kuri FreeRTOS ) icunga porogaramu ya TCP / IP, porogaramu y'abakoresha hamwe na ''seriveri'' ihuriweho. Flyport iboneka muri 3 pin ihuza: <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-25 |title=openPicus Introduces Wi-Fi and GPRS IoT Kits Powered by Microchip PIC24 MCU - CNX Software |url=https://www.cnx-software.com/2014/09/25/openpicus-introduces-wi-fi-and-gprs-iot-kits-powered-by-microchip-pic24-mcu/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=CNX Software - Embedded Systems News |language=en-US}}</ref> # FlyportPRO Wi-Fi 802.11g # FlyportPRO GPRS ya kane # FlyportPRO Ethernet [[Dosiye:Flyport.png|left|frameless|800x800px|Flyport modules]] Sisitemu ya Flyport kuri module ishingiye kuri Microchip Technology PIC24 itunganya ingufu nke. Ikoreshwa muguhuza no kugenzura sisitemu kurubuga rwa murandasi binyuze muri enterineti yashyizwemo cyangwa seriveri isanzwe ya TCP / IP. Microcontroller ihuriweho ikora abakiriya, ntabwo rero umukiriya yakenewe. Pinout iroroshye cyane kuva ishobora guhindurwa na software. Flyport ishobora guhuzwa na seriveri nyinshi yibintu nka Evrthng, Xively, ThingSpeak nibindi byinshi. == Uruhushya == Ibyuma: Imibare irekurwa munsi ya CC BY 3.0 Porogaramu: Framework yasohotse munsi ya LGPL 3.0 == Reba kandi == * Ibyuma byubusa == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170829114109/http://www.openpicus.com/ Gufungura urubuga rwa Picus] (archive) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180407115350/http://wiki.openpicus.com/index.php/Main_Page funguraPicus Wiki] (archive) == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} 82frwvgj91xse6g3asukecf4sihvhu8 0 21102 139773 125525 2026-09-24T10:00:36Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139773 wikitext text/x-wiki '''European Home Systems(EHS) Protocol''' yari uburyo gutumanaho (communication protocol) bugamije kugenzura no guhuza ibikoresho byo mu rugo hifashishijwe umurongo w'amashanyarazi (power line communication), byatejwe imbere, ryakozwe n'ishyirahamwe ry’ibihugu by’i Burayi (EHSA). Nyuma yo guhuza hamwe na protocole ebyiri, ni igice cyurwego rwa KNX, rwubahiriza komite y’ibihugu by’i Burayi ishinzwe ubuziranenge bwa Electrotechnical Standard (CENELEC) EN 50090 kandi ifite amahirwe yo kuba ishingiro ryambere ryugururiwe urugo no kugenzura inyubako. == Reba kandi == * Kubaka ubwikorezi * Gukoresha urugo imz9b789fzoektj9psxmlqzqb32jlm6 0 21104 139843 125527 2026-09-24T10:35:07Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139843 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Instabus''', ni sisitemu yigenga kandi ifunguye ikoreeshwa mu gucunga no kugenzura ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi biri mu nyubako. Yakozwe na Berker, Gira, Jung, Merten na Siemens AG. Hano hari ibigo bigera kuri 200 byibikoresho byamashanyarazi ukoresheje protocole yitumanaho. '''The Europen Installation Bus''' (EIB) yemerera ibice byose by'amashanyarazi guhuzwa binyuze muri bisi y'amashanyarazi. Buri kintu cyose gishobora kohereza amategeko kubindi bice, aho biri hose. Umuyoboro usanzwe wa EIB ugizwe nibice byamashanyarazi nka switch, pulsers, moteri yamashanyarazi, amashanyarazi, amashanyarazi, hamwe na sensor. Iyi bisi y'amashanyarazi ikozwe mu mashanyarazi ya 2x2x0,8mm, ihuza ibikoresho byose murusobe. Umubare ntarengwa wibintu ni 57375. Sisitemu ya EIByatejwe imbere hagamijwe kongera kuzigama ingufu z'amashanyarazi, umutekano, ihumure n'ubwisanzure mu mikorere. == Kugenzura sisitemu == Nubwo EIB ari sisitemu yegerejwe abaturage kandi idakenera icyerekezo icyo aricyo cyose cyamashanyarazi cyangwa igenzura, birashoboka gushyira mubikorwa sisitemu yo kugenzura PC kugirango igenzure imiterere yimiterere no kohereza amabwiriza yintoki cyangwa yabanje gutegurwa kuri kimwe cyangwa byinshi bigize umuyoboro. == Guhuza nibindi bipimo == Konnex KNX (standard) yatejwe imbere bitewe no guhuza EIB, BCi na EHSA. 8v4f92vwj5bra9ccdgtpb12qp16jg4i 0 21122 139934 138869 2026-09-24T10:50:22Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139934 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Biotelemetrie''' (cyangwa '''telemetrie yubuvuzi) isobanura ikoreshwa rya''' tekinologi ya telemetrie mubijyanye n'ubumenyi bw'ibinyabuzima, ubuvuzi, n'izindi serivisi z'ubucuzi hagamijwe gukurikirana kure ibimenyetso by'ingenzi by'abarwayi bashobora ba ambulatori. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=K |title=Biotelemetry: Could technological developments assist healthcare in rural India |url=http://www.rrh.org.au/publishedarticles/article_print_234.pdf}}</ref> == Gusaba == Ikoreshwa cyane kuri biotelemetrie ni mubice byabugenewe byita k'umutima cyangwa ibice byamanutse mu bitaro. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiourti |first=Asimina |last2=Nikita |first2=Konstantina |date=2017 |title=A review of in-body biotelemetry devices: Implantables, ingestibles, and injectables |journal=IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering |volume=64 |issue=7 |pages=1422–1430 |doi=10.1109/TBME.2017.2668612 |pmid=28212074 |s2cid=34814036}}</ref> byose bifatika bishobora kwanduzwa, porogaramu igarukira gusa ku kugenzura umutima na SpO2 . Biotelemetry iragenda ikorwa cyane mu kumenya inyamaswa n'ibinyabuzima byo mu ishyamba, binyuze mu gupima kure imikorere y'imibiri yabo, imyitwarire yabo, n'imikoreshereze y'ingufu. Irashobora gukoreshwa mugusobanukirwa uburyo inyamaswa zimuka, hamwe nibidukikije bahura nabyo mugupima ibinyabuzima bihindagurika, nuburyo bigira <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cooke |first=Steven J. |last2=Hinch |first2=Scott G. |last3=Wikelski |first3=Martin |last4=Andrews |first4=Russel D. |last5=Kuchel |first5=Louise J. |last6=Wolcott |first6=Thomas G. |last7=Butler |first7=Patrick J. |date=2004-06-01 |title=Biotelemetry: a mechanistic approach to ecology |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=334–343 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2004.04.003 |issn=0169-5347 |pmid=16701280 |s2cid=17085487}}</ref> yabyo mugupima ibinyabuzima bihindagurika nkumutima nubushyuhe. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Use of Biotelemetry in the Study of Animal Migration {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-use-of-biotelemetry-in-the-study-96639422/ |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref> ya telemetrie irashobora kwomekwa hanze yinyamaswa, cyangwa igashyirwa imbere, hamwe nubwoko bwokwirakwiza kubikoresho biterwa nibidukikije inyamaswa yimukiramo. <ref name=":0" /> Urugero, mu bushakashatsi ku mikorere y'inyamaswa ziba mu mazi, bakoresha uburyo bwo kohereza ubutumwa hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi y'amajwi (radio transmission) cyangwa amajwi atumvikana (ultrasonic transmission). Ariko inyamaswa ziba ku butaka cyangwa iziguruka zo, zishobora gukurikiranywa hifashishijwe GPS n'ubutumwa mu kirere (satelitte transmission) == Ibigize sisitemu ya biotelemetrie == Sisitemu isanzwe ya biotelemetrie igizwe na: * Sensor ikwiranye nibimenyetso byihariye bigomba gukurikiranwa * Amashanyarazi akoreshwa na Batiri, abarwayi bambara imashini * Radiyo Antenna n'iyakira <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiourti |first=Asimina |last2=Nikita |first2=Konstantina |date=2012 |title=A Review of Implantable Patch Antennas for Biomedical Telemetry: Challenges and Solutions |journal=IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=210–228 |doi=10.1109/MAP.2012.6293992 |s2cid=20515196}}</ref> * Igice cyo kwerekana gishobora icyarimwe gutanga amakuru kubarwayi benshi == Amateka == Bumwe mu buryo bwa mbere bwakoreshejwe bwa sisitemu ya biotelemetrie bwatangiye mu isiganwa ry’ikirere hakiri kare, aho ibimenyetso bya physiologique byakuwe mu nyamaswa cyangwa abagenzi b’abantu byoherejwe ku isi kugira ngo bisesengurwe (izina ry’uruganda rukora ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi Spacelabs Healthcare ni uburyo rwerekana ko rwatangiye mu 1958 rutezimbere uburyo bwa biotelemetrike muri gahunda yo muri Amerika yo hambere). Ibinyabuzima bikomoka ku binyabuzima byakoreshejwe kuva byibura 1980. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Wolcott |first=T.G. |date=1980 |title=A Handbook on Biotelemetry and Radio Tracking |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookonbiotel0000inte |publisher=Pergamon |isbn=9780080249285 |editor-last=C.J. Amlaner |location=Oxford |pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookonbiotel0000inte/page/279 279]–286 or 333–338 |chapter=Optical and Radio Optical Techniques for Tracking Nocturnal Animals |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-024928-5.50044-0 |editor-last2=D.W. MacDonald}}</ref> Ibinyabuzima bikomoka ku binyabuzima byateye imbere kugira ngo bidasobanukirwe gusa n’imiterere n’imiterere y’inyamaswa zidafite ubwisanzure, ahubwo binasobanura uburyo inyamaswa zitandukanye zikorana, urugero, hagati y’inyamanswa n’inyambo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halfyard |first=Edmund A. |last2=Webber |first2=D. |last3=Papa |first3=J. Del |last4=Leadley |first4=T. |last5=Kessel |first5=S. T. |last6=Colborne |first6=S. F. |last7=Fisk |first7=A. T. |date=2017 |title=Evaluation of an acoustic telemetry transmitter designed to identify predation events |journal=Methods in Ecology and Evolution |language=en |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=1063–1071 |bibcode=2017MEcEv...8.1063H |doi=10.1111/2041-210X.12726 |issn=2041-210X |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ibigezweho == Kubera ubwinshi bwa radiyo bitewe na televiziyo ya digitale iherutse gutangizwa muri Amerika no mu bindi bihugu byinshi, komisiyo ishinzwe itumanaho (FCC) kimwe n’ibindi bigo bisa ahandi vuba aha. yatangiye gutanga imirongo yihariye yabugenewe yo gukoresha biotelemetrie yihariye, urugero, Serivise ya Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS). FCC yashyizeho Sosiyete y'Abanyamerika ishinzwe ubuvuzi bw’ubuzima bw’ishyirahamwe ry’ibitaro by’Abanyamerika (ASHE / AHA) nkumuhuzabikorwa wa WMTS. Mubyongeyeho, hari ibicuruzwa byinshi bikoresha ibikoresho bisanzwe bya radio bisanzwe biboneka nka Bluetooth na IEEE 802.11 . == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} lfcyhea978xactkf9lvh2lwmu20fwr2 0 21129 139581 125599 2026-09-23T14:21:13Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139581 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''TiLR''' ni robot ya mbere ku isi yo mu rwego rw'ibigo ikora uburyo bwa telepresence, yakozwe na kompanyi yitwa RoboDynamics Corporation. '''''Telepresence ya enterineti ihujwe na robot ihendutse (TiLR)''''' ituma uyikoresha ahita atwara ahantu kure aho robot yaba ikubiyemo umukoresha ahantu kure. Ibyiza bya robotic telepresence bigabanya ingendo n'igihe cyo gutaha kimwe no kongera ibicuruzwa n'ubufatanye. == Ibisobanuro == TiLR mu byukuri sisitemu yo guteranya amashusho kumuziga. Umukoresha ashoboye kuyobora robot mu gucunga kure, gutwara robot no kugenzura imikorere ya pan / tilt / zoom ya kamera ya robo. Nka TiLR itanga uburyo bwo guterana amagambo ''ad hoc imbona nkubone'' kimwe no kurebera amajwi n'amashusho. == Ibikorwa == [[File:TiLR_Command_Center_Screenshot.jpg|right|220x220px]] Hariho ibice bibiri kuri sisitemu ya TiLR ya telepresence. Imashini ya TiLR ihagaze ku rubuga rwa kure. Igice cya kabiri ni software ya TiLR Command Centre (TCC) ishyira kuri PC iyariyo yose hamwe na web kamera hamwe n'umuyoboro mugari. Umukoresha atangiza gusa TiLR Command Centre hanyuma yinjira muri TiLR. Iyo winjiye, hariho amashusho-yerekana amashusho / amajwi hagati ya robo na TCC. Umukoresha noneho arashobora kuyobora robot kuva kure, gufata amashusho, ndetse no kwandika isomo kugirango turebe nyuma. Ubuyobozi bwa TiLR bushyigikiwe gusa kuri Windows XP / Vista. Kwishushanya gukurikira kwa TiLR Command Centre bizaba bishingiye ku buhanga bwa Flash aho abakoresha bazashobora kwinjira muri TiLR no kuyobora robot kuva kurubuga rwisi. == Iterambere == TiLR yatangijwe mu mpera za 2007 na RoboDynamics ikurikira porogaramu ya MILO ya telepresence yatangijwe mu 2004. Ibi bituma TiLR igira robot ya telepresence yakozwe na RoboDynamics. Muri Kanama 2008 RoboDynamics yatangije gahunda yabo ya Beta ishyira robot mu miryango itandukanye kugirango bungurane ibitekerezo. Abitabiriye gahunda ya mbere cyane ni itsinda rya Google Lunar X Igihembo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fun with Robots! RoboDynamics let's the X PRIZE test the first TiLR robots |url=http://thelaunchpad.xprize.org/2008/08/fun-with-robots-robodynamics-let-x.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016012324/http://thelaunchpad.xprize.org/2008/08/fun-with-robots-robodynamics-let-x.html |archive-date=2008-10-16 |access-date=2008-11-12}}</ref> cya X Award Foundation. RoboDynamics yateganyaga gukomeza gahunda ya TiLR Beta kugeza mu mpera za 2008. 47qnte2bcz9uv4f0vj55oubf4zbm3jq 0 21182 139881 125689 2026-09-24T10:42:51Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139881 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imyandikire y'intoki ya Hongiriya''' (cyangwa '''magyar ujjábécé''' mu [[Igihongiriya|gihongiriya]] ) Rukoreshwa mu kwandika amagambo hifashishijwe intoki mu rurimi rw'amarenga rw'Abahungariya. Bikunze kugaragara cyane ni inyuguti imwe y'intoki hafi yisura, ariko imiterere ya LSF -imiterere y'imyandikire rimwe na rimwe ikoreshwa.   a7wjv93w90iwhnnwa1hyg97r9ppkhoa 0 21285 139924 135853 2026-09-24T10:49:09Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139924 wikitext text/x-wiki ngingo 109I   Celine Dion{{Infobox Biographie2|charte=chanteuse}}'''Céline Dion''', yavutse ku wa 30 Werurwe 1968 i Charlemagne ( Quebec ), ni umuririmbyi [[Kanada|wo muri Kanada]]. Celine Dion,ni umwana w'umuhererezi mu bana cumi na bane, yatangiye kubona ibihembo akiri muto mu ntara ye,mu gihugu kavukire cya '''Québec''' yatangiye gutsindira ibihembo byihuse ku ndirimbo ye ya mbere Ce n''''était qu'un rêve''' muri alubumu y'indirimbo z'igifaransa yahimbye mu myaka ahagana '''1980. izi ndirimbo''' zatumye arushaho gukundwa no kumenyekana mu gihe indirimbo yise ''D'amour ou d'alliance'' (1983)yarimbye bwa mbere mu gihugu cy'Ubufaransa yamuheshejekurushaho kumenyekana no kwamamara mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]]. Yakomeje kwamamara akimara gutsinda amarushanwa y'indirimbo za Eurovision mu 1988 aho yari ahagarariye igihugu cy' [[Ubusuwisi]] mu indirimbo ye yise" ''Ne partez pas sans moi'' ." Nyuma yize [[icyongereza]], ahindura imyambarire maze asinyana amasezerano na Epic Records muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]]. MuriAlubumuye yo mu Cyongereza, ''Unison'', yasohotse mu 1990 maze imugaragaza nk'umuhanzi ukomeye wa pop mu masoko yo [[Amerika ya Ruguru|muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru]] na Anglo-Saxon. Mu myaka ya za 1990, yamenyekanye cyane ku isi, cyane cyane akora alubumu ebyiri ziza ku rutonde rw'izagurishijwe cyane mu mateka ya muzika :Alubumu ''Falling into you'' (1996) na ''Let's Talk About Love'' (1997), buri imwe yaycuruje kopi zirenga miliyoni 30 ku isi yose. Yakomeje kwigarurira imitima y'abatuye isi bose mu ndirimbo ye yise" My Heart Will Go On " no muri Filimi yiswe " Titanic ya Jemes Cameron en 1997.Yakomeje kwamamara muri alubumu nyinshi yagiye akora mu [[Igifaransa|gifaransa]] akomeza kuzicuruza ku masoko y'ubufaransa ibi kandi byamuhesheje amahirwe akomeye yo guhura na Jean-Jacques Goldman wamuyoboye muri Albumu D'eux (1995),Iyi niyo albumu y'indirimbo z'igifaransa yacurujwe cyane mu gihugu cy'Ubufaransa no mu isi yose." S'il suffisait d'aimer" (1998). Mu myaka ya za 2000, yamenyekanye cyane nk'umukinnyi w'umugore wa filimi, cyane cyane mu gitaramo ''Umunsi mushya…'' cyatangiwe i Las Vegas kuva 2003 kugeza 2007, kikaba ari cyo gitaramo cyinjije amafaranga menshi mu mateka hamwe na ''Taking Chances World Tour'' kuva 2008 kugeza 2009 cyabaye imwe mu ngendo zunguka cyane mu bihe byose. Mu myaka ya za 2010, yongeye gutura i Las Vegas kuva mu 2011 kugeza 2019 kandi akora ibitaramo byinshi byo mu karere ku isi. Mu mwaka wa 2016, urupfu rw'umugabo we n'umuyobozi, René Angélil, wagize uruhare runini mu byiciro byose yatsindiye, byagaragaje impinduka mu mwuga we. [[Umuziki]] wa Celine Dion ufasha abakunzi be mu ibintu bitandukanye, kuva R&amp;amp;B kugeza gospel kugeza kera kugeza pop. Yandika cyane cyane mu Gifaransa n'Icyongereza, ariko nanone rimwe na rimwe mu [[Icyesipanyole|akandika muri Espagnol]],Igitaliyani, [[Ikidage]], [[Ikilatini]], [[Ikiyapani]] na Mandarin, azwi cyane kandi azwi nk'umwe mu bantu bafite ijwi rikomeye muri muzika ya pop. Yakiriye ibihembo bitanu bya Grammy, harimo Album y'umwaka n'indirimbo y'umwaka, naho ibihembo bibiri bya Academy by'indirimbo y'umwimerere nziza byahawe indirimbo yakoze mu 2003, ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’inganda za Fonografiya ryamuhesheje icyubahiro kubera kugurisha alubumu zirenga miliyoni 50 mu [[Burayi]]. Mu bihembo bya muzika ku isi 2007, yahawe ''igihembo cya Legend'' mu rwego rwo kumushimira « Gutsinda ku isi yose hamwe no guteza imbere ibikorwa bya muzika » <ref name="WMA">{{Cite web |title=Page d’accueil World Music Awards (cf. « Diamond Award » & « Legend Award ») |url=http://www.worldmusicawards.com/ |access-date=14 novembre 2010 |website=World Music Award – Site officiel}}.</ref> . Mu buryo nk'ubwo, yahawe ''igihembo cya Billboard Icon Igihembo'' cya Billboard Music Awards mu 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Céline Dion en larmes après avoir reçu le Billboard Icon Award des mains de René-Charles (vidéo) |url=http://www.non-stop-people.com/actu/musique/celine-dion-en-larmes-apres-avoir-recu-le-billboard-icon-award-des-mains-de-rene |access-date=2016-05-23 |website=Non Stop People |archive-date=2016-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526093546/http://www.non-stop-people.com/actu/musique/celine-dion-en-larmes-apres-avoir-recu-le-billboard-icon-award-des-mains-de-rene |url-status=dead }}.</ref> mu rwego rwo gushimira umwuga we wose <ref>{{Cite web |title=Celine Dion Salutes Late Husband With 'The Show Must Go On' Performance & Teary Speech at 2016 Billboard Music Awards |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/bbma/7378386/celine-dion-show-must-go-on-billboard-music-awards-2016 |access-date=2016-05-23 |website=Billboard}}.</ref> . Umuhanzi rukumbi wamamaye cyane mu mateka ya muzika muri Kanada mu mateka. Ni umwe mu bahanzi bagurishije Alubumu nyinshi cyane hamwe na miliyoni zirenga 200 zagurishijwe kwisi yose <ref>{{Cite web |last=EDT |first=Conor Gaffey On 7/28/16 at 5:21 AM |date=2016-07-28 |title=Celine Dion just changed the life of one Gabonese teenager |url=https://www.newsweek.com/celine-dion-salutes-her-gabonese-imitator-484860 |access-date=2019-12-19 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}.</ref> , <ref>{{Cite web |title=Céline Dion joins Twitter {{!}} The Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2013/08/22/cline_dion_joins_twitter.html |access-date=2019-12-19 |website=thestar.com |language=en}}.</ref> , <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kitchener |first=Shaun |date=2019-07-08 |title=Celine Dion reveals ‘big turnaround’ since death of husband René Angélil: ‘I’m very proud’ |url=https://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/music/1150596/Celine-Dion-husband-Rene-Angelil-death-career-music-tours-Hyde-Park-London |access-date=2019-12-19 |website=Express.co.uk |language=en}}.</ref> . Celine Dion{{Infobox Biographie2|charte=chanteuse}} == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} tktr4gqyohhg0udtqq4tp9wh0drj1lc 0 21301 139865 126175 2026-09-24T10:40:53Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139865 wikitext text/x-wiki === Umugenzo Nyarwanda wo kwitwaza Inkoni === Mu muco n'amateka y'u Rwanda, habagamo imigenzo mikuru yabaga ari umuco karande ababakomokaho bazagenderaho ibihe byinshi. Muriyo migenzo, ntitwabura kuvuga k'umaze imyaka myinshi mu muco w'Abanyarwanda, ari wo wo kwitaza inkoni.<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/umuco/amateka/article/iby-ingenzi-wamenya-ku-mugenzo-nyarwanda-wo-kwitwaza-inkoni</ref> Kwitwaza inkoni, byari bimwe mu bigize imigenzo myinshi y'Abanyarwanda, yaba abakiri bato n,abakuru, abayobozi n'abayoborwa.<ref name=":0" /> [[Dosiye:Inkoni.jpg|thumb|1967x1967px|Inkoni]] Impamvu nyamukuru zatumaga Abanyarwanda bo hambere bitwaza inkoni: === Kwirinda no Kwitabara<ref name=":0" /> === Kera u Rwanda rukiri amashyamba ya cyimeza, rwari rurimo inyamaswa nyinshi z'inkazi n'ibikururuka bitagira ingano. Ibyo byatumaga Abanyarwanda, bahora bitwaje inkoni, kugira ngo mu gihe bahuye n'inyamaswa iyo ari yo yose yabasagarira babashe kwitabara. Iyo bahuraga n'inzoka, inkoni babaga bitwaje, ni yo yabibafashagamo kugira ngo babashe kuyica, itabangiza.<ref name=":0" /> === Inkoni nk'ikimenyetso cy'ubushumba<ref name=":0" /> === Abanyarwanda bitwazaga inkoni nk'ikimenyetso cy'ubuyobozi n'ubushumba bw'abo bashumbye cyangwa se bashinzwe kubungabunga umutekano wa bo. Iteka ryose, wasangaga abami, abatware b'umwami n'abatware b'imiryango, bakunze kwitwaa inkoni.<ref name=":0" /> === Inkoni nk'akaguru ka gatatu<ref name=":0" /> === Abanyarwanda bitwazaga inkonink'akaguru ka gatatu, iyo umuntu yaageraga mu zabukuru, akenshi yagiraga intege nke, zivanze no kurwara isusumira, bityo bikamusaba kugira inkoni yo kwicumba, kugira ngo abashe gushingura abe yagira iyo agana.<ref name=":0" /> Izo akaba ari zo mpamvu nyamukuru zatumaga Abanyarwnda, baba abato n'abakuru bagira umugenzo wo kwitwaza inkoni, ukaba waramamaye na magingo aya.<ref name=":0" /> Nta bwo kwitwaza inkoni byari umuco w'urugomo cyangwa se impamvu z'ubusaza nk'uko benshi babyibwira cyangwa se babibwiwe, buri wese yagiraga impamvu ze zituma yitwaza inkoni hakaba n'izo bahuriyeho.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro: == 8096wzhk67tzod5zsqegrx7ezinktug 0 21316 139953 139141 2026-09-24T10:52:41Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139953 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ogi Ifediora''', uzwi cyane nka Ogi, ni umuhanzi w’Umunyamerika ufite inkomoko muri Nijeriya, uririmba injyana ya R&B na blues. Yamamaye cyane ubwo yaririmbaga indirimbo ''AlJ'' ya PJ Morton, ndetse n’indirimbo ye yo mu 2021 ''I Got It'', yakozwe n’umuhanga mu gutunganya indirimbo wegukanye Grammy, No ID.<ref name=":32">{{Cite magazine|last=Sahai|first=Fred|date=June 24, 2022|title=How Ogi Scored a Record Deal Thanks to a PJ Morton Cover|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/ogi-ep-monologues-one-to-watch-interview-1235104659/|access-date=July 30, 2022|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> == Amateka bwite == Ogi Ifediora yavutse mu 1997 hanze ya Chicago akurira i Madison, muri Wisconsin. Kuva akiri muto, yakundaga umuziki. Nyirakuru yakunze kuririmba indirimbo gakondo zo muri Nigeriya kumukangura. Yahoraga kandi mu nama zo gusengera mu muryango, zirimo n'indirimbo. Ibi byaranze intangiriro yinyungu za Ogi muburyo bukomeye kandi bugoye. <ref name=":34">{{Cite magazine|last=Sahai|first=Fred|date=June 24, 2022|title=How Ogi Scored a Record Deal Thanks to a PJ Morton Cover|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/ogi-ep-monologues-one-to-watch-interview-1235104659/|access-date=July 30, 2022|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> Mu mashuri yisumbuye, yari umunyamuryango wa korari jazz usibye gucuranga inanga. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Global Music Month: Meet Ogi, R&B's Latest, Stunning Singing Sensation |url=https://www.bet.com/article/tluo76/global-music-month-2022-ogi-monologues-interview |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=BET |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922044811/https://www.bet.com/article/tluo76/global-music-month-2022-ogi-monologues-interview |url-status=dead}}</ref> Nyuma yize muri Northwestern University aho yize ibijyanye na siyanse ya politiki kandi yiga ibijyanye n’amategeko. Igihe yari ahari, yari umwe mubagize itsinda rya cappella, SHAKA cappella. Mu myaka ye mikuru, yakoze konte ya Instagram aho yashyize ibifuniko byindirimbo zitandukanye, harimo nindirimbo ya ''Alight'' ya PJ Morton. PJ Morton amaze gusubiramo igifuniko cye, yaje kuvugana na producer No ID ., wafatanije nawe gukora indirimbo ye ya mbere, ''Nabonye''. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ogi: Monologues EP |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/ogi-monologues/ |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref> Muri 2022, Ogi yasohoye Uumuzingo we wa mbere, ''Monologues''. <ref name=":2"/> Nkumuhanzi, yashyigikiye kandi afungura abahanzi nka Marias, Mahalia, Snoh Aalegra, na Paramore. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cella |first=Rob |date=2022-09-22 |title=PARAMORE ANNOUNCE INTIMATE NEW YORK CITY SHOW |url=http://dreadmusicreview.com/2022/09/22/paramore-announce-intimate-new-york-city-show/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=The DreadMusicReview |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025174458/http://dreadmusicreview.com/2022/09/22/paramore-announce-intimate-new-york-city-show/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=RockDaBeat |date=2022-03-03 |title=THE MARIAS CONTINUE 'CINEMA' TOUR! w/Evann Mcintosh and Ogi! (photos + info) |url=https://www.rockdabeat.com/the-marias-continue-cinema-tour-w-evann-mccintosh-and-ogi-photos-info |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=ROCKDABEAT |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025174456/https://www.rockdabeat.com/the-marias-continue-cinema-tour-w-evann-mccintosh-and-ogi-photos-info |url-status=dead }}</ref> [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Douglas |first=DeVaughn |title=Mahalia's Letter To Ur Ex Tour Comes To The House of Blues |url=https://www.houstonpress.com/music/mahalia-rocks-the-bronze-peacock-room-at-house-of-blues-14278997 |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Houston Press |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2022, Ogi yerekanye bwa mbere BET Awards yakinnye na "Nabonye", indirimbo ye ya mbere muri ''Monologues'' EP. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Best Moments from the BET Awards 2022 |url=https://www.bet.com/bet-awards/photos/1yz9dt/the-best-moments-from-the-bet-awards-2022/slj30h |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=[[BET]] |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020204020/https://www.bet.com/bet-awards/photos/1yz9dt/the-best-moments-from-the-bet-awards-2022/slj30h |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ubuhanzi == Umuziki we wasobanuwe cyane nka R&amp;amp;B, hamwe na jazz na hip hop. Avuga kandi ko umuziki nyafurika wagize ingaruka ku njyana ye. <ref name=":1"/> == Ubucukumbuzi == === Imizingo y'indirimbo === {| class="wikitable" !Umutwe ! Ibisobanuro |- | ''Monologues'' | * Yarekuwe: 5 Gicurasi 2022 * Ikirango: ARTium Entertainment LLC, Atlantic Recording Corporation * Imiterere: Gukuramo Digital, gutembera |} == Reba == 7iks4xyah0l8ntrzjc51sjcpgbun81d 0 21424 139704 127203 2026-09-23T18:36:21Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139704 wikitext text/x-wiki Ni ishyirahamwe ry'umukino wa basketball mu Rwanda (Rwanda Basketrisinzweball Federation) , ishyirahamwe ry'umukino wa basketball, rishinzwe gushyigikira, gutegura amarushanwa n'amashyirahamwe y'umukino wa basketball mu Rwanda, rikaba rikorana na FIBA.<ref>https://rwanda.basketball/</ref> Inshingano zaryo z’ingenzi zikubiye mu ngabundo zikurikira: * '''Gushyiraho no kuyobora amarushanwa:''' FERWABA itegura kandi igakurikirana amarushanwa atandukanye mu gihugu, arimo: ** '''Rwanda Basketball League (RBL):''' Icyiciro cya mbere n’icya kabiri mu bagabo. ** '''Women's Basketball League:''' Shampiyona y’abagore. ** '''Amarushanwa y’urubyiruko:''' Porogaramu na marushanwa agenga abakinnyi bakiri bato (Youth & Mini Basketball). * '''Kuyobora amakipe y’Igihugu:''' Isinzwe gutoranya, gutegura, no guhagararira amakipe y’Igihugu (abagabo n’abagore) mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga nka FIBA AfroBasket n’imikino yo gushaka itike y’Igikombe cy’Isi.(ngibi<ref>https://www.igihe.com/imikino/basketball/article/ferwaba-mu-myaka-ine-ishize-n-ibyo-yakwitegwaho-muri-manda-itaha-mugwiza-desire#:~:text=Mugwiza%20ati%20%E2%80%9CMuri%20iri%20rushanwa,gushimisha%20no%20gukurura%20abantu%20benshi.%E2%80%9D</ref>) 98e1s1gmtwi53cdyne017u3uuc3lsqw 0 21535 139844 128603 2026-09-24T10:35:14Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139844 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ikipe y'igihugu y'abagore ya rugby''' nikipe y'igihugu cy'u [[Rwanda]] ihagarariye imikino ya rugby. Iyikipe yakinnye bwa mbere muri 2005. == Incamake y'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi == ''(Amahanga yose gusa)'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Rugby: Amarushanwa mpuzamahanga y'u Rwanda 2005- ! Umwanzi ! Umukino wa mbere ! Yakinwe ! Yatsinze ! Igishushanyo ! Yatakaye ! Ijanisha |- | style="text-align: left;" | Uganda | 2005 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.00% |- ! Incamake ! 2005 ! 2 ! 0 ! 0 ! 2 ! 0.00% |} == Ibisubizo == === Mpuzamahanga yuzuye === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" ! style="width:5%" |Ikizamini ! style="width:11%" | Itariki ! style="width:17%" | Umwanzi ! style="width:5%" | ! style="width:5%" | ! Aho bizabera ! Igikorwa |- bgcolor="FFE4E1" | align="center" | '''1''' | 26 February 2005 | Uganda | align="center" | '''0''' | align="center" | '''92''' | [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda|mu Rwanda]] | |- bgcolor="FFE4E1" | align="center" | '''2''' | 10 December 2005 | Uganda | align="center" | '''0''' | align="center" | '''81''' | Kampala, [[Ubugande|Uganda]] | |} === Andi mahanga === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" ! style="width:12%" |Itariki ! style="width:17%" | U Rwanda ! style="width:5%" | ! style="width:5%" | ! style="width:17%" | Umwanzi ! Aho bizabera ! Ref |- bgcolor="#ccffcc" | 2012-12-15 | align="right" | Rwanda  | align="center" |'''12''' | align="center" | '''5''' | Uburundi | [[Bujumbura]] | |} === Indi mikino === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" ! style="width:12%" |Itariki ! style="width:17%" | U Rwanda ! style="width:5%" | ! style="width:5%" | ! style="width:17%" | Umwanzi ! Aho bizabera ! Icyitonderwa |- bgcolor="FFE4E1" | 2004-12-04 | align="right" | Rwanda XV  | align="center" |'''0''' | align="center" | '''183''' | Uganda XV | Kampala | |} == Reba kandi == * Ishyirahamwe ry'abakina umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Amasano yo hanze == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200615165730/http://www.friendsofrwandanrugby.org/ Inshuti z'u Rwanda Rugby.org] * [http://www.irb.com/en/Home/MemberUnionHomePage?UnionID=124 U Rwanda] muri Rugby y'Isi * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200115151443/http://www.rugbydata.com/rwanda/ U Rwanda] kuri rugbydata.com [[Ikiciro:Imikino (Rwanda)]] fplfz3r9x0pqv3rjtxj04uadwhvjigz 0 21597 139789 130221 2026-09-24T10:02:29Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139789 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IPRC-Kigali BBC''' ni ikipe ikina umukimo w'amaboko wa [[Umupira w’agatebo|basketball]] mu Rwanda, ifite icyicaro mu karere ka [[Akarere ka Kicukiro|Kicukiro]] muri [[Kigali]]. Ikaba ibarizwa mu ishuri rikuri rya IPRC Kigali Polytechnic University. Abakinnyi benshi bakaba banakina mu ikipe y'igihugu y'u Rwanda, nka Dieudonné Ndizeye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dieudonné Ndizeye: The rise of Patriots' breakout star |url=https://rwanda.shafaqna.com/FR/AL/156692 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Rwanda Nouvelles (Nouvelles Reader) |language=FR |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212701/https://rwanda.shafaqna.com/FR/AL/156692 |url-status=dead }}</ref> IPRC-Kigali yamanuwe muri [[Rwanda Basketball League|Shampiyona ya Basketball mu Rwanda]] mu cyiciro cya 2 muri shampiyona ya 2023, [[Rwanda Basketball League Division 2|cyiciro cya 2]].<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/148216/Sports/iprc-kigali-set-to-defend-heroes-day-title</ref><ref>https://www.ktpress.rw/2018/12/reigning-champions-patriots-edge-iprc-kigali-to-launch-bright-start/</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/articles/cw8jy0ngn6no</ref> == Ibyubahiro == == Abakinnyi bazwi bayikinamo == * [[Dieudonné Ndizeye]] <small>(2 seasons: 2015–17)</small> * [[Guibert Nijimbere]] <small>(2 seasons: 2017–19)</small> * [[NSHIMIYIMANA YORONIMU]] <small>(2 seasons: 2023–24)</small> == imikino == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Igihembwe ! Icyiciro ! Shampiyona ! Umwanya ! W ! L ! Igikombe cy'Intwari |- | 2016–17 | rowspan="5" | 1 | rowspan="5" | [[Rwanda Basketball League|NBL Rwanda]] | Iya kane | | | bgcolor="gold" | Uwatsinze |- | 2017–18 | Iya kane | | | |- | 2018–19 | Iya 5 | | | |- | 2019–20 | Iya 3 | | | bgcolor="silver" | Uwa kabiri |- | 2020–21 | Iya kane | | | rowspan="2" | ''Byahagaritswe'' |- | 2021–22 | rowspan="2" | 1 | rowspan="2" | [[Rwanda Basketball League|RBL]] | Iya 8 | 13 | 10 |- | 2023 | Iya 11 | 2 | 20 | |} == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Imikino]] [[Ikiciro:Imikino (Rwanda)]] fipg520x3js1b9wdcobxzix6b1ccqus 0 21613 139735 128286 2026-09-23T18:40:16Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139735 wikitext text/x-wiki Irushanwa rya Tennis '''rya 2025 Rwanda Challenger''' ryarirushanwa [[Tenisi|rya Tennis]] ryakinwe ku bibuga by'ibumba. Ryarirushanwa rya gatatu ryari mucyiciro cya ATP Challenger Tour ya 2025. Ryabereye i [[Kigali]], mu Rwanda, hagati yatariki ya 24 Gashyantare na 1 Werurwe 2025. == Abitabiriye tombola y'ibanze mu bakinnyi b'ingaragu == === Imbuto === {| class="sortable wikitable" ! width="70" |Igihugu ! width="175" | Umukinnyi ! Icyiciro ^{cya 1} ! Imbuto |- | | Jesper de Jong | 105 | 1 |- | | Carlos Taberner | 177 | 2 |- | | Valentin Royer | 188 | 3 |- | | Calvin Hemery | 190 | 4 |- | | Lukas Neumayer | 212 | 5 |- | | Filip Cristian Jianu | 226 | 6 |- | | Oriol Roca Batalla | 252 | 7 |- | <s>CRO</s> | <s>Matej Dodig</s> | <s>264</s> | <s>8</s> |} * Urutonde ¹ ni urw'itariki ya 17 Gashyantare 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rankings – Singles – ATP Tour – Tennis |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/rankings/singles |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> === Abandi binjira === Abakinnyi bakurikira bahawe amakarita y’ibanga mumukino w’ibanze w’abakinnyi bonyine: * [[Marco Cecchinato]] * [[Maximus Jones]] * Gabriele Pennaforti Abakinnyi bakurikira binjijwe mumukino w’ibanze w’abasimburana: * [[Eliakim Coulibaly]] * [[Nicholas David Ionel]] * [[Maximilian Neuchrist]] * Andrea Picchione Abakinnyi bakurikira nibo binjijwe mumukino wo gushaka itike: * [[Guy den Ouden]] * [[Dominik Kellovský]] * [[Zdeněk Kolář]] * [[Andrej Martin]] * [[Neil Oberleitner]] * [[Luka Pavlovic (tennis)|Luka Pavlovic]] Umukinnyi ukurikira yakiriwe nk'umunyamahirwe watsinzwe: * [[Daniel Michalski]] == Abakinnyi ba shampiyona == === Abantu b'ingaragu === * '''[[Valentin Royer]]''' def. [[Andrej Martin]] 6–1, 6–2. === Ababiri === * '''[[Jesper de Jong]]''' / '''[[Max Houkes]]''' def. [[Geoffrey Blancaneaux]] / [[Zdeněk Kolář]] 6–3, 7–5. == Amareferensi == {{Reflist}} ejgirry85365vjk7q9w3ae290y3w8tt 0 21652 139845 128336 2026-09-24T10:35:21Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139845 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Christine Mukamutesi''' (wavutse ku ya 24 Ukuboza 1983) ni umukinnyi w’Umunyarwanda wiruka interayohagati. Yitabiriye irushanwa rya metero 800 mumikino Olempike yomumpeshyi ya 2000. == Amareferensi == {{Reflist}}{{authority control}} c3x9h7mllk8x6hcpbh7spbwn3l9gvrz 0 21703 139935 128467 2026-09-24T10:50:29Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139935 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Tour_du_Rwanda_2020.png|right|thumb|Irushanwa rya Tour du Rwanda rya 2020 Icyiciro cya 3]]'''Ishyirahamwe ry’amagare mu Rwanda''' ni urwego ruyobora umukino wa magare mu [[Rwanda]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About FERWACY - Rwanda Cycling Federation |url=http://www.ferwacy.rw/?-about-ferwacy- |access-date=23 April 2021 |publisher=Rwanda Cycling Federation}}</ref> ni umunyamuryango w’ishyirahamwe ry’umukino wo gusiganwa ku magare muri Afurika ndetse n’ubumwe bwamagare ku isi. == Ubuyobozi == Perezida wa federatiyo mu Rwanda yari Murenzi Abdallah, wahoze ari umuyobozi w'Akarere [[Akarere ka Nyanza|ka Nyanza]], watowe ku ya 22 Ukuboza 2019. Murenzi yasimbuye Aimable Bayingana, weguye mu ntangiriro z'uku kwezi kubera ibirego bya ruswa n'ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, <ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2019 |title=Rwanda cycling boss resigns after abuse accusations |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50701549 |access-date=24 April 2021 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2020 |title=FERWACY President: Murenzi Abdallah |url=http://www.ferwacy.rw/?ferwacy-president-murenzi-abdallah |access-date=23 April 2021 |publisher=Rwanda Cycling Federation}}</ref> === Ikigo === Komite ishinzwe imiyoborere ya federatiyo igizwe na perezida, ba visi perezida babiri, umunyamabanga mukuru, umubitsi n'abajyanama batatu, bose bakaba ari imyanya yatowe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Management Committee - Rwanda Cycling Federation |url=http://www.ferwacy.rw/?-management-committee- |access-date=23 April 2021 |publisher=Rwanda Cycling Federation}}</ref> * Perezida: [[Ndayishimiye Samson]] * Visi-Perezida wa mbere: Marie Agnes Mukazibera * Visi-Perezida wa kabiri: Alphonse Nkuranga * Umunyamabanga mukuru: Jean Leonard Sekanyange * Umubitsi: Assia Ingabire * Abajyanama: Irenee Bayisabe, Rabin Hamim Karambizi, Geoffrey Karama * Umuyobozi wa tekinike: Emmanuel Murenzi == Ibirori na Gahunda == === Abanyamwuga === == Amashakiro == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Ikiciro:Amagare mu Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Amagare]] tdeuww0illjb7xgv2aikxl0y0febixg 0 21790 139736 128680 2026-09-23T18:40:24Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139736 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Seraphin Mugabo''' (wavutse kuya 8 Gashyantare 1968) numukinnyi w’Umunyarwanda wiruka interandende. Yitabiriye isiganwa rya metero 5000 mu bagabo mumikino Olempike yomu mpeshyi yomu 1992. == Amareferensi == {{Reflist}} myk1e6clf8n8brzydsminakcu1ofjja 0 21921 139669 137837 2026-09-23T18:29:33Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139669 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benediction Club''' ni ikipe y’amagare y'abigize umwuga ibarizwa mu [[Akarere ka Rubavu|karere ka Rubavu]] mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|intara y'iburengerazuba]] i [[Rubavu|Gisenyi]] ikaba iabarizwa mu makipe yemewe n'ishyirahamwe ry’Umukino w’Amagare mu Rwanda, Afurika ndetse no ku isi. ikaba ikina nk’akipe iri mu cyiciro cya gatatu ku mugabane wa afurika.<ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/imikino/amagare/article/amagare-abakinnyi-23-bazahagararira-u-rwanda-muri-shampiyona-nyafurika-ya-2025</ref><ref>https://kigalitoday.com/imikino/amagare/article/benediction-ibaye-ikipe-ya-mbere-mu-rwanda-yemewe-na-uci</ref> == Abakinnyi == '''Benediction Club''' yakinnyemo abakinnyi batandukanye harimo nka : Mugihsa Moise Masengesho Vainqueur == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Amagare]] [[Ikiciro:Amagare mu Rwanda]] 15fan41p0pjxmphv62pquz42wmmwqw1 0 21934 139635 138282 2026-09-23T18:23:27Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139635 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Byusa pacifique''' ni umukinnyi w'abigize umwuga ukina umukin w'igare, akaba akinira ikipe ya [[Les Amis Sportif|Les Amis Sportifs]] yi rwamagana, akaba yarabaye uwa mbere mu gusiganwa ku giti cye mu cyiciro cy'ingimbi muri Shampiyona y'Isi ya 2025 yabereye i [[Kigali|Kigal]]<nowiki/>i.<ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/imikino/amagare/article/amagare-abakinnyi-23-bazahagararira-u-rwanda-muri-shampiyona-nyafurika-ya-2025</ref><ref>https://kigalitoday.com/imikino/amagare/article/benediction-ibaye-ikipe-ya-mbere-mu-rwanda-yemewe-na-uci</ref> == Amarushanwa == Pacifique yitabirye amarushwa hari : * Shampiyona y'Isi 2025 yabereye i [[Kigali]] muri 2025 * Rwanda Youth Racing Cup muri 2025 * Tour du Rwanda muri 2025 == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Amakipe]] [[Ikiciro:Amakipe y'amagare]] dtj6qp55r71kcz4phexy67q0n12lnws 0 22104 139790 129247 2026-09-24T10:02:36Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club||clubname=Bitumastic FC|image=|fullname=Bitumastic Football Club|nickname=|short name=|founded=|ground=[[Muteesa II Stadium]],<br>[[Kampala]]|capacity=20,200|chairman=|team manager=|league=|season=|position=}}'''Bitumastic Football Club''', mu'''magambo make''', nikipe [[Umupira w’amaguru|y'umupira w'amaguru]] [[Ubugande|yomuri Uganda]] ikomoka i Kampala. Bakina mucyiciro cya kabiri cy'umupira w'amaguru muri Uganda, shampiyona nini ya Uganda. Mu 1967 ikipeyatsinze irushanwa rya kabiri arinaryo ryanyuma ry’irushanwa ritazwi rya Ugandan Super League. <ref name="rsssf">{{Cite web |title=Uganda&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/oegchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214113054/http://www.rsssf.com/tableso/oegchamp.html |archive-date=2014-02-14 |access-date=2014-03-16 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> Irushanwa ryemewe ryatangiye mu 1968. == Sitade == Ubikipe ikinakuri sitade ya Muteesa II ifite ubushobozi bwogukiniraho mu 2020. == Ibyubahiro == * '''Ugandan Super League''' (irushanwa ritemewe) : Uwatsinze (1): 1967 == Imikinire mu marushanwa ya CAF == * '''Amakipe y'igikombe cya Afurika cy'amakipe yatwaye ibikombe bya shampiyona : yagaragayemo umukinnyi umwe''' :: 1967&nbsp;– Icyiciro cy'ibanze == Amareferensi == {{Reflist}} == Amasano yo hanze == * {{Cite web |title=Club Bitumastic FC, Uganda |url=http://wildstat.com/p/1/club/UGA_Bitumastic_FC |access-date=2014-03-16 |publisher=wildstat.com}} * {{Cite web |title=CalcioPedia&nbsp;– Uganda |url=http://www.calciopedia.org/statistiche/africa/512-statistiche-uganda |access-date=2014-03-16 |publisher=calciopedia.org}} 3wtod76lt4a66q84dwzpg0mkq6s1ho9 0 22231 139720 138545 2026-09-23T18:38:24Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139720 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nkungu''' iherereye mu karere kahoze ari u Buganza bw’epfo. Ubu ni mu Mudugudu wa Kiryango, Akagari ka Nkungu, Umurenge wa Munyaga, mu [[Akarere ka Rwamagana|Karere ka Rwamagana]], mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Ntara y’Iburasirazuba]], akaba ariho hari ibigabiro bya Nkungu, rero niho mu kinyejana cya 15 ku ngoma ya Ruganzu I Bwimba, yagiye kuhabera umucengeri mu Gisaka.<ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-mateka/article/menya-amateka-y-ibigabiro-bya-rwamagana#:~:text=I%20Rwamagana%20ahitwa%20mu%20Bigabiro%20hari%20urugo,Gisaka%20mbere%20y'uko%20cyigarurirwa%20n'u%20Rwanda%20mu</ref> == Ibigabiro == Ibigabiro bya Nkungu aho niho Ruganzu I Bwimba yatangiye maze hamera igiti cy’umuguruka kirakura kiba inganzamarumbo, kandi abantu bakagitinya kuko cyameze aho umwami yatangiye Nyuma y’igihe kirekire, icyo giti kirasaza kigwa hasi kirahaborera gusa hari n’ikindi giti cy’umuguruka kinini kandi kirekire, bivugwa ko cyashibutse ku muzi w’icyo cyahoze aho umwami yatangiye.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Rite]] [[Ikiciro:Umuco wacu]] [[Ikiciro:Amadini gakondo]] klk90i15of8wxisfcr1vf13s5hbs756 0 22233 139815 137542 2026-09-24T10:31:44Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139815 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ubukannyi mu Rwanda''', wari umwuga wari utunze benshi bakuragamo [[Imyenda y’imbere|imyenda]] yo kwambara mu impu zitandukanye ndetse Uyu mwuga wari ufitiye [[Abanyarwanda]] akamaro gakomeye kuko wari ubaatunze kandi wari umwe mu mirimo gakondo ya ba kurambere, ababukoraga bitwaga abakannyi.<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/umuco/ubugeni/article/imyuga-yacwekereye-kandi-yarafashaga-abanyarwanda-ba-kera-kwirwanaho</ref> == Ibikoresho == Ubukannyi bwari uburyo bwo kuboha cyangwa gutunganya impu z’inyamaswa nk'inka, ihene, intama cyangwa izindi nyamaswa z'ishyamba) kugira ngo zivemo imyenda yoroshye kandi ikwiriye kwambarwa.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Rite]] [[Ikiciro:Umuco wacu]] [[Ikiciro:Amadini gakondo]] mop3hahh022r6b3txgoz0z0y86zycj6 0 22305 139558 137717 2026-09-23T14:19:41Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139558 wikitext text/x-wiki Nyirarunyonga yari umugore w'umusingakazi w'igishegabo mumateka y'u Rwanda yari atuye ku Rugarika rwa Kigese na Mbirizi muri Rukoma, ahahoze hitwa i Gitarama ubu ni mumajyepfo. ubu ni mukarere ka Kamonyi, ku ngoma ya Yuhi Gahindiro mu mwaka w'i 1700. Yari umupfakazi ariko afite abakwe n'abakazana. Nyirarunyonga ntiyigeze abura igisubizo ku kibazo cyose yabazwaga, kandi yasaga n'udasanzwe ugereranije n'abandi bagore bo mugihe cye.<ref>https://umuco.centreforelites.com/nyirarunyonga-yari-muntu-ki/</ref> Nyirarunyonga ubwo abahigi bari babyukije imbogo i KIgese mu nkuka ya Nyabarongo igeze mu kadasaya ka Ngoma, abagore baje kuyireba batangarira ukuntu ari inyamanswa nini, banatangira kugira impungenge z'abagabo babo bari bayikurikiye.<ref>https://ingenzinyayo.com/2016/02/18/menya-amateka-ya-shuga-mami-wa-mbere-witwa-nyirarunyonga/</ref><ref>https://imigani.rw/agakurikiwe-nabagabo-ntikabasiga/</ref> ariko Nyirarunyonga ntiyaterwa ubwoba n'imbogo, we yabonaga inyama kubera ko yari yarukanywe n'abagabo b'ibigwi. Niko kubwira abo bagore ati "Nimujyende Mwanike amasaka musye, mu bone icyo muri burishe inyama. Burya mubana n'abagabo mutazi!" Aha ninaho havuye wa mugani ugira uti " agakurikiwe n'abagabo,........".<ref>https://ingenzinyayo.com/2016/02/18/menya-amateka-ya-shuga-mami-wa-mbere-witwa-nyirarunyonga/</ref> === Ibikorwa bya Nyirarunyonga === Nyirarunyonga azwi ho ibikorwa byinshi bitandukanye byatumye yitwa uwo kurubu (shuga mami wa mbere). Yakundaga gusamabana n'abana babasore bakiri bato, maze ubwo abagore bagenzi be baje kumunegura impamvu asambana n'abana abyaye, arabasubiza ati:" Ntamupfakazi ugaya imboro." Nyirarunyonga kandi yaje kwudukana ingeso yo gusamabana n'abakwe be. Aha naho abagore bagenzi be baje kumubaza impamvu ashaka gusenyera abakobwa be, na none arabasubiza ati " Ntago arigusamba ahubwo mba mbatinyura".<ref>https://umuco.centreforelites.com/nyirarunyonga-yari-muntu-ki/</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} oocryk6jnwywcj1s5noyaw91jumcton 0 22310 139909 138710 2026-09-24T10:47:20Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139909 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Niyomungeri Peace Olga''' ni umukinyi w’u[[Umupira w’amaguru|mupira w’amaguru]] w'abigize umwuga, kuri ubu ukina mu [[Rwanda]] mu ikipe ya '''[[Rayon Sports Women Football Club|Rayon Sports Women FC]]''', akaba akina nka rutahizamu kuri numero 10.<ref name=":0">https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/peace-olga-niyomwungere/531735//</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Umwuga == Niyomungeri Peace Olga Kuri ubu akina muri Rayon Sports WFC, aho yinjiye muri Mutarama 2025 avuye mu ikipe y'abagore mu ikipe y' '''AS Kigali,''' Azwi ku kabyiniriro ka Pogba kubera imikinire ye,yakiniye ikipe nka La Colombe FC yo mu [[Uburundi|Burundi]] n'andi makipe yo muri [[Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Umuco wacu]] [[Ikiciro:Femme]] 5dlskvwd4apnsqh15mm80xipwl7r109 0 22366 139559 129844 2026-09-23T14:19:44Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139559 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marie claire Mukanga''' umwe mu bagize itsinda ry'abakobwa batatu(3) bagize amabonekerwa i Kibeho, yavutse mu 1961 muri paruwase ya Mushubi, aha hoze ari Rusekera muri diyosezi ya Gikongoro, ubu ni muntara y'amajyepfo. se umubyara yitwa Baseka, nyina akitwa Velonika Nyirantuza, witwbyebye imana mu 2009 gusa se yaje kwitaba Imana akiri muto cyane. Yvukiye mu muryango wabana barindwi yabatijwe taliki ya 12 Kamena 1966 afite imyaka itanu, yahawe isakaramentu ry'ukarisitiya taliki ya 15 Kamena 1969 akamezwa mu 1975.<ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/imyemerere/article/yabanye-n-ababonekewe-ubuhamya-bwa-mukarusagara-ku-mabonekerwa-y-i-kibeho</ref> === Imibereho yamuranze === Mukangango Marie claire yari umwana usanzwe uturuka mu mumuryango utishoboye bituruka kubibazo yahuye nabyo byokubura umubyeyi akiri muto, amashuri abanza yayize mu kigo cya Bishyiga ku Gikongoro ubu ni muri paruwasi ya Bishyiga. Yaje gutsinda ikizamini cya leta kumanota yambere yoherezwa gutangira ayisumbuye muri Gisenyi naho ahava akomereza kwiga muri Rwunge(College) yabakobwa i Kibeho mu mwaka wa mashuri wa 1977-19778.<ref>https://www.caritasjpkigali.org/2022/08/16/ubutumwa-bwamabonekerwa-ya-bikira-mariya-bugomba-guhindura-abantu-bakagarukira-imana/</ref> Aha ninabwo hahise hazamo amabonekerwa yagiriye ikibeho nkayabaye 15/8/1985 aho yahawe ubutumwa bwo kwigisha aba kirisitu ishapule y'ububare burindwi. yaje kuva i Kibeho amaze kwiga ntiyabasha gukomeza kuba yakwiha Imana ahubwo yaje Gushyingirwa mu mwaka 1987, nyuama azakwitaba Imana we n'umutware we muri Jenocide yo 1994 batarabyara umwana.<ref>https://www.nyaruguru.gov.rw/amakuru/news-details?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=25821&cHash=94f64b96e9ddb3b70e39a5ce38c23028</ref> === Imyitwarire yamuranze === Yari umwana usanzwe ucisha make kandi witonda cyane, bitewe n'ubuzima yaciyemo ntiyakunda gusahinda cyangwa kugira amanyanga ahubwo yarangwaga n'ukuri kandi kuboneye. Ikindi yakundaga gutebya, gutera urwenya nabandi gusabana, kubyina akananga akarengane kabagenzi. Muri rusange yabaniraga neza abantu bose kandi agakunda gusenga cyane <ref>https://www.caritasjpkigali.org/2022/08/16/ubutumwa-bwamabonekerwa-ya-bikira-mariya-bugomba-guhindura-abantu-bakagarukira-imana/</ref> == Amashakiro. == o4hgfkpa85e3ng6bdu5zm93h5yyywfo 0 22486 139560 138901 2026-09-23T14:19:48Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139560 wikitext text/x-wiki == Dr Alice NIRAGIRE == Alice Niragire ni umuganga w'umunyarwandakazi w'inzobere mu kubaga(general surgeon),uzwi cyane kuba ariwe mugore wa mbere mu Rwanda muri ako kazi. Yavukiye mu Karere ka Ruhango, [[intara]] y'amajyepfo mu mwaka 1982.<ref name=":0">https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/5110/news/women/rwandas-top-5-female-surgeons</ref> == Amashuri == Amashuri abanza yayize Ecole Primaire de Nyarurama, ayisumbuye ayiga muri Ecole des sciences Byimana ahiga Biology and Chemistry. Mu mwaka 2004 nibwo yagiye kwiga muri Kaminuza Nkuru y'u Rwanda, yiga mu ishami ry'ubuvuzi bw'abantu (General medecine and surgery) Imyaka 6. Mu mwaka wa 2015 nibwo yaje gusoza amasomo y'ikirenga(masters) mu kubaga(MMed Surgery). Aba abaye umugore wa mbere wabonye iyo mpamyabumenyi mu Rwanda kuva iyi gahunda yatangira mu mwaka wa 2006.<ref name=":0" /> == Umwuga == Dr Niragire yakoze mu bitaro bitandukanye mu Rwanda, aho yatangiriye gukora hari mu bitari bya [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|Rwamagana]], aho yakoraga mu bikorwa byo kubaga no kuvura abarwayi, akaba yarahakoze umwaka umwe<ref name=":0" />.Nyuma yaho yaje kwimukira muri Kigali University Teaching Hospital (CHUK), bimwe mu bitaro bikuru byigisha mu Rwanda, aho akorera nka General Surgeon.<ref>https://www.chuk.rw/clinical-services/surgery</ref> Kamwe mu kazi akorayo nuri munsi harimo: * Kubaga ibyihutirwa( Emergency Surgery) * Kubaga ibisanzwe(Elective Surgery) * Kwigisha abanyeshuri b'ubuvuzi n'abari mu mahugurwa( residents).<ref name=":0" /> == Ishakiro == ---- ---- * h4jwonx8imt3sdst5nw7jqu9je08h8s 0 22487 139774 137036 2026-09-24T10:00:43Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139774 wikitext text/x-wiki == Dr Francoise MUKAGAJU == Dr Francoise Mukagaju ni umuganga w'umunyarwanda w'inzobere mu kubaga no gusana imyanya y'umubiri (plastic and reconstructive surgery). Azwi nko kuba ari we mugore wa mbere wabaye umu plastic surgeon mu Rwanda, akaba ari umwe mu bagize uruhare rukomeye mu guteza imbere ubu buvuzi mu gihugu.<ref name=":0">https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/5110/news/women/rwandas-top-5-female-surgeons</ref> == Amashuri == Dr Mukagaju yatangiye yiga ubuvuzi rusange (general medecine) muri Kaminuza y'u Rwanda. Nyuma yaje gukomeza mu mahugurwa yihariye ya Plastic surgery, binyuze mu bufatanye bwa University of Rwanda na Operation Smile.<ref name=":1">[https://www.operationsmile.org/where-we-work/africa/?utm_source=chatgpt.com https://www.operationsmile.org/where-we-work/africa/]</ref> Icyo gihe yahakuye ubumenyi n'ubunararibonye bwo ku rwego mpuzamahanga, bituma aba umwe mu baganga ba mbere batojwe neza muru uru rwego mu Rwanda.<ref name=":0" /> == Umwuga == Dr Mukagaju akora nka Plastic Surgeon mu Rwanda, akorera cyane cyane mu bitaro bikomeye byitiriwe umwami Fayisari (King Faisal Hospital Rwanda).<ref name=":0" /> Bimwe mubyo akora harimo: Kubaga no gusana imyanya yangiritse (reconstructive surgery), Kuvura abana bafite ibibazo by'ibibari( Cleft Lip and Palate), ndetse kandi akanagaragara mu bushakashatsi mpuzamahanga ku bijyanye no kubaga no gusana imyanya y'umubiri.<ref name=":1" /> == Uruhare mpuzamahanga == Dr Mukagaju akorana n'imiryango mpuzamahanga mu bikorwa byo gutoza abaganga bashya, guteza imbere ubuvuzi mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, gutanga ubuvuzi ku bantu badafite ubushobozi. Akaba afite uruhare mu ishingwa nrya Operation Smile, ifasha abana bafite ibibazo byo mu maso.<ref>[https://journals.lww.com/prsgo/fulltext/2023/10000/building_sustainable_reconstructive_microsurgery.28.aspx?utm_source=chatgpt.com https://journals.lww.com/prsgo/fulltext/2023/10000/building_sustainable_reconstructive_microsurgery.28.aspx]</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} ff09rcg5qygn5npsl7qcjbc305adtxm 0 22494 139670 138886 2026-09-23T18:29:41Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139670 wikitext text/x-wiki == Gahamanyi Bibiane Mbaye == Honorable Gahamanyi Bibiane Mbaye ni umunyarwandakazi wavutse 02/12/1957. Ni umusenateri mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko y'u Rwanda, kuva muri Nzeri 2024, aho ari muba senateri bane(4) bashyizweho na Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika Paul KAGAME.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gov.rw/senate-2/senators-profiles/senators-profile-1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-04-15 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111084408/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/senate-2/senators-profiles/senators-profile-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>Honorable Bibiane akaba afite ubwenegihugu bburi ubw'u Rwanda n'ubwa Senegal.<ref name=":0">[https://www.ktpress.rw/2024/09/president-kagame-appoints-four-senators/?utm_source=chatgpt.com https://www.ktpress.rw/2024/09/president-kagame-appoints-four-senators/]</ref> == Akazi == Honorable Gahamanyi Bibiane Mbaye azwi mu guharanira burenganzira bwa muntu( human rights advocates). Akaba yarakoze mu bijyanye n'uburenganzira bwa muntu mpuzamahanga, Uburinganire, ubuzima bw'imyororokere n'uburenganzira bwabwo,ubufatanye mpuzamahanga n'iterambere.<ref name=":1">[https://southfeministfutures.org/staff-members/bibiane-mbaye-gahamanyi/?utm_source=chatgpt.com https://southfeministfutures.org/staff-members/bibiane-mbaye-gahamanyi/]</ref> Hon. Gahamanyi Bibibane Mbaye yakoze mu myanya ikomeye mu miryango mpuzamahanga itandukanye irimo:"International Planned Parenthood Federation( IPPF), Oxfam GB, Action Aid International, African Centre for Democaracy and Human Rights Studies," Yanakoranye n'imiryango ya Afurika nka:"ENDA( Environment and Developmant Africa), UAPS( Union for African Population Studies)."<ref name=":1" /> == Ibihugu yakoreyemo == Hon. Gahamanyi Bibiane Mbaye yakoze mu bihugu bitandukanye harimo Gambia( Banjul), Kenya( Nairobi), na Senegal( Dakar).<ref name=":1" /> == Indimi == Hon. Gahamanyi Bibiane Mbaye azi neza indimi 4: Ikinyarwanda, icyongereza, igifaransa,n'igiswahili.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} ---- 02jj860egzewgwnuo5hhxe8dqj7ratw 0 22508 139775 137069 2026-09-24T10:00:50Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|excludeProperties=Q139490568}}'''[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside|URWIBUTSO]] RWA [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|JENOSIDE]] YAKOREWE ABATUTSI MU 1994 MUSANGE''' Uru ni [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside|urwibutso]] ruherereye mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|ntara y'amajyepfo]] mu karere ka Nyamagabe,umurenge wa Musange,akagari ka Jenda mucyahoze ari komine Musange<ref>https://www.nyamagabe.gov.rw/default-title-9/musange-hatangirijwe-ku-rwego-rwintara-kwibuka-ku-nshuro-ya-30-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi-mu-1994</ref>. '''AMATEKA YARANZE MUSANGE MBERE YA [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|JENOSIDE]]''' Mbere abaturage bari bunze ubumwe bahahirana, ndetse bagashyingirana.Nyuma yuko [[Grégoire Kayibanda|Gregoire KAYIBANDA]] agiriye k'ubutegetsi nka perezida waranzwe n'amacakubiri nironda bwoko, karere mu butegetsi bwe akaza guhirikwa kubutegetsi na [[Juvénal Habyarimana|Juvenil HABYARIMANA]] ariko utaragize icyo ahindura mu miyoborere ye. Kimwe n'ahandi mu gihugu hakomeje gutozwa [[interahamwe]] ndetse no kubiba amacakubiri agamije kwangisha Abahutu [[Abatutsi|Abatutsi.]] Aha ni hamwe mu gihugu hageragerejwe Jenoside mu myaka 1959-1963<ref>https://www.minubumwe.gov.rw/news-detail/kwibuka30-min-dr-bizimana-yagaragaje-ibyaranzwe-itegurwa-rya-jenoside-ku-gikongoro</ref> '''MUGIHE CYA JENOSIDE''' Bitewe nuko Musange ari ahantu hagizwe n'imisozi miremire,[[amashyamba]] nibihuru. Ibi byatumaga Interahamwe zitwika ibihuru n'amazu ngo hatagira nuwihisha,bamwe bahungiraga mu mashuri abanza nka Masagara na MUSANGE tutibagiwe no munsengero nka [[ADEPR Rwanda|ADEPR]] Masizi na Centarali gatorika[[Catholic Relief Services|(catholic)]] ya Masagara, gusa interahamwe nabasirikare ba egisi fari(Ex-FAR) barahabasangaga bakabica. Gusa nyuma y'ibizazane no guhigwa amanywa n'ijoro,hari bamwe baharokokeye bahishwe n'abahutu bari bafite umutima wa kimuntu ndetse nabakomeje kugerageza guhunga mpaka barokotse Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994 mu Rwanda. '''NYUMA YA JENOSIDE''' Abarokotse muri ako gace, ntibasigajwe inyuma n'amateka ubu bafatanya n'abandi mu kubaka u Rwanda. Nyuma ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside]], abayikoze bakemera ibyaha bagasaba n'imbabazi bakatiwe n'nkiko gacaca<ref>https://www.minijust.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Minijust/Official_gazettes_2/______________________2008_Official_Gazettes/Official_Gazette_no_11_of_01.06.2008.pdf</ref> ndetse bamwe baranafunguwe bagaruka mu buzima busanzwe mu rwego rwo gusigasira ayo mateka no kurwanya ingengabitekerezo ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside]] cyane cyane m'urubyiruko rwavutse nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994. Urwibatso rwa Jenoside rwa Musange muri 2004 rwashyinguwemo imibiri y'Abatutsi mucyubahiro yagiye iboneka nyuma.Nyuma uru rwibutso rwaje kuvugururwa mu mwaka wa 2018 kugeza 2019.<ref>https://www.nyamagabe.gov.rw/default-title-9/musange-hatangirijwe-ku-rwego-rwintara-kwibuka-ku-nshuro-ya-30-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi-mu-1994</ref>. Kuri ubu ni urwibutso ruruhukiyemo imibiri yabarenga 26,000.Buri mwaka, hamwe n'igihugu cyose abatuye musange bifatanya n'abandi mukwibuka inzirakarengane z'Abatutsi zazize Jenoside mu 1994 mu Rwanda. == Amashakiro == <references /> {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} mkyjtate9gbdbabjra69wq97sw70n08 0 22780 139791 138458 2026-09-24T10:02:44Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139791 wikitext text/x-wiki umurimo ni igikorwa gikoreshejwe imbaraga z’umubiri cyangwa z’ubwonko kugira ngo umuntu agere ku ntego cyangwa ibisubizo. Umurimo rero ni inkingi ya mwamba, ituma umuntu agera ku ntego yihaye zose akoresheje ubwenge cyangwa imbaraga z’amaboko ye.<ref>https://www.rwandaheritage.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/RCHA/Publications/Published_Books/UMURAGE_NOMERO_YA_KANE__ONLINE.pdf</ref> Ni na yo mpamvu Leta y’u Rwanda yawushyize mu bigomba kuranga Abanyarwanda kugira ngo bazagere ku ntego bihaye, biteze imbere, bashobore kwihaza mu ngo ndetse banasagurire amasoko. Ikindi kandi iyo wakoze bigutera kugira ubuzima bwiza, umubiri wawe ukubakika kandi ibyo ukura mu murimo ukora bikagufasha kubaho neza. Dushishikarizwa kudasuzugura akazi kuko burya ngo Nta kazi k’umunyagara kabaho” ikindi ngo Udakora ntakarye.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/articles/cg4kl4r4p9do</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika yacu]] 3zv65higp9qu5hk6iv8z53sqcwads1i 0 22799 139737 131803 2026-09-23T18:40:31Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139737 wikitext text/x-wiki Umugezi wa Ruvu uturuka mu majyepfo [[Uluguru|y'imisozi ya Uluguru]], ukamanuka werekeza iburasirazuba ukagera mu Nyanja y'Ubuhinde hafi ya Bagamoyo. Umugezi wawo munini wisuka mo ni [[umugezi wa Ngerengere]], uturuka mu majyaruguru ya Uluguru, ugatemba mu mujyi wa Morogoro mbere yo kwinjira muri Ruvu. Ruvu yambukanya ahantu hafite ubuso bwa11.789.&nbsp;km², harimo ibice by'akarere ka Morogoro na Pwani. Agace [[Umugezi wa Wami|k'umugezi wa Wami]] kari mu majyaruguru no mu burengerazuba, naho agace [[Umugezi wa Rufiji|k'umugezi wa Rufiji]] kari mu majyepfo. Umugezi wa Ruvu ni isoko y'amazi y'ingenzi ku ngo, imirima ivomererwa, n'inganda zo mu duce turi ku nkengero z'uruzi. Ni nawo soko y'ingenzi y'amazi ya Dar es Salaam, umujyi munini muri Tanzaniya, uherereye ku nkombe z'iburasirazuba bw'umugezi wa Ruvu. Uhura n'ikibazo cy'umwanda ukabije uterwa no kurekura amazi y'ingo adasukuwe n'amazi mabi y'inganda mu ruzi. == Indangasoko == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Tanzania}} t5ri386wi2cjusikzvqtiu9avzolw5s 0 22857 139925 136807 2026-09-24T10:49:16Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Ribeira Grande de Santiago|image=Ribeira Grande de Santiago-Vallée (1).jpg|image_size=|image_caption=The valley of Ribeira Grande de Santiago|source1_location=near [[Monte Tchota]]<br>[[Santiago, Cape Verde|Santiago Island]], Cape Verde|source1_elevation={{convert|750|m|abbr=on}}|subdivision_type1=Country|subdivision_name1=[[Cape Verde]]|length_km=16|basin_size=|mouth_location=[[Cidade Velha]]|mouth_coordinates={{coord|14.9142|-23.6054|format=dms|display=it}}}} '''Ribeira Grande de Santiago''' ni umugezi uri mumajyepfo y'ikirwa cya santiago muri cape verde. Mu gice cyo hejuru cyitwa ''Ribeira Cadacina''. Inkomoko yawo iri mu misozi yo hagati y'ikirwa, hafi ya Monte Tchota, mu burengerazuba bwa Rui Vaz, mu karere ka São Domingos. Utemba werekeza mu majyepfo, ugahurira n'inyanja ya Atalantika muri Cidade Velha. Imidugudu iri ku nkengero zacyo ni Achada Loura, Salineiro na Calabaceira. Ikigega cyo kuhira cyubatswe hafi ya Salineiro mu 2013. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-08-24 |title=Barragem de Salineiro recebe as suas primeiras águas dois anos depois da sua inauguração |url=https://noticias.sapo.cv/actualidade/artigos/barragem-de-salineiro-recebe-as-suas-primeiras-aguas-dois-anos-depois-da-sua-inauguracao |work=SAPO Notícias}}</ref> == Reba kandi == * Urutonde rw'imigezi yo muri Cape Verde == Indangasoko == {{Reflist}}{{Santiago}} [[Ikiciro:Short description is different from Wikidata]] 92h9y1dv8uephq99016bdmywauhtgrf 0 22858 139738 131884 2026-09-23T18:40:39Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139738 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umugezi wa Borkana''' ni umugezi wo muri [[Etiyopiya]] rwagati. Numugezi wibumoso wa Awash. Johann Ludwig Krapf yanditse ko witwaga "Tshaffa" n'abaturage ba Oromo baho. == Reba kandi == * Imigezi ya Etiyopiya == Indangasoko == {{Reflist}} f7g5kaia770cxgsqdcggqazah9xgep6 0 22917 139936 138161 2026-09-24T10:50:37Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139936 wikitext text/x-wiki == Amateka kw'irushanwa ry'igikombe cy'isi == [[Dosiye:2026 FIFA World Cup ensign (PD version).png|thumb|IGIKOMBE CY'ISI 2026]] Mu 1930 nibwo irushanwa ry'igikombe cy'isi ryatangiye rikaba ryarabereye mu ku mugabane w' America y' amagepfo mu gihugu cya Uruguay, muri iki gihe iki guhugu cyatoranyijwe kuko cyari kimwe mu makipe akomeye ariko bya akarusho iki gihugu kikaba cyarizihizaga imyaka 100 ishize kibonye ubwigenge. Irushanwa ry'igikombe k'isi kunshuro yambere ryitabiriwe nibihugu cumi nabitatu(13) byo mu migabane itatu gusa. Umugabane w'America y' Amagepfo wari uhagarariwe n'ibihugu birindwi(7) aribyo Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, ndetse na Bolivia. Umugabane w'Uburayi wari uhagarariwe n'ibihugu bine(4) aribyo France, Belgium, Romania na Yugoslavia, naho America ya Ruguru yar ihagarariwe n' ibihugu bibiri(2) aribyo Leta zunze ubumwe z' America(USA) ndetse na Mexico.<ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino/basketball/article/fifa-irashaka-ko-umukino-ufungura-igikombe-cy-isi-cy-abatarengeje-imyaka-15-uzahuza-palestine-na-israel</ref> Igikombe cy'isi kiri kuba kunshuro yacyo ya 23 kikaba cyimaze kubera mu migabane itanu(5) y'isi ,ibihugu bimaze kucyakira inshuro nyinshi ni<ref>wordcap</ref> * Mexico ( inshuro ebyiri mu 1970, 1986) * Italy (inshuro ebyiri mu 1934, 1990) * France (inshuro ebyiri mu 1938, 1998) * Brazil(inshuro ebyiri mu 1950, 2014 * Germany (inshuro ebyiri ,1974 yacyakiriye nka West Germany na 2006 nka Germany) == Udushya twabaye mu gikombe cy' isi == Kuva iri rushanwa ryatangira gukinwa ibihugu byagitwaye inshuro nyinshi ni Brazil yagitwaye inshuro eshanu(5) , Germany yagitwaye inshuro (4) ahinganya na Italy ,Argentina igifite inshuro eshatu ,France na Uruguay ninshuro ebyiri(2) naho England na Spain bigifite inshuro imwe(1). Muri iri rushanwa igitego kihuse kurusha ibindi cyatsinzwe na HAKAN SUKUR ukomoka muri Turkey yagitsinze nyuma y'amasegonda 11 muri 2002. Umukinnyi JOSE FONTAINE w'Ubufaransa(France) niwe watsinze ibitego byinshi mu gikombe cy'isi kimwe aho yatsinze ibitego 13 mu gikombe cya 1958. Mu 1954, Austaria yatsinze Switzerland ibitego 7-5.Uyu niwe mukino wabonetsemo ibitego byinshi kurusha indi ibitego 12. Ikarita itukura yihuse kurusha izindi ni iyahawe JOSE BATISTA aho yahawe ikarita itukura nyuma yamasegonda 56 mu gikombe cya 1986. Edson Arantes Donascimento wataziriwe izina rya Pele niwe mukinnyi rukumbi wegukanye igikombe cy'isi inshuro nyinshi ahpo yacyegukanye inshuro eshatu (1958,1962,1970). Abakinnyi bitabiriye irir rushanwa inshuro nyinshi ni LIONEL MESSI ,CHRISTIANO RONALDO na GUILLERMO OCHOA bose bamaze kukitabira inshuro 6(2006-2026)<ref name=":0" /> == Ibyo wamenya byihariye kw'irushanwa ry'igikombe cy'isi 2026 == Igikombe cy'isi 2026 kiri kwakirwa nibihugu bitatu (3) aribyo USA(Leta zunze ubumwe z'America), Canada ndetse na Mexico. Iri rushanwa riri gukinwa namakipe 48 aho yangerewe avuye kuri 32, imikino 104 aho yiyongereye ivuye kuri 64 ikaba ariyo mikino myinshi igiye kuba kuva iri rushanwa ryatangira gukinwa. Ibihugu bigiye gukina igikombe cy'isi bwa mbere, birimo Uzbekistan, Jordan, Cape Verde,ndetse na Curacao.<ref>https://kigalitoday.com/imikino/basketball/article/fifa-irashaka-ko-umukino-ufungura-igikombe-cy-isi-cy-abatarengeje-imyaka-15-uzahuza-palestine-na-israel</ref> Bwa mbere mu mateka hagiye kubaho kimwe cya 32 kirangiza (round 32) aho amakipe 32 azava mu matsinda ajye muri iki kiciro mbere yo kujya m,uri kim,we cya 16 kirangiza. Estadio Azteca igiye kuba stade ya mbere yakiriye imikino y'igikombe cy'isi inshuro 3(1970,1986,2026.kubera ubushyuhe bukabije mu mijyi imwe yo muri Leta zunze ubumwe z' America hashyizweho akaruhuko ko kunywa mazi kubera ikigero cy'ubushyuhe kiri hejuru.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} ptdq15tcvtzr8bhjrwi5urb0oium236 0 22945 139751 138304 2026-09-23T18:42:38Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139751 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Perefegitura z’u Rwanda''' zari inzego z’ubutegetsi bwite bwa Leta zakoreshwaga mu Rwanda mbere y’ivugurura ry’imitegekere ryabaye mu mwaka wa 2006<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kiny.taarifa.rw/perefegitura-zu-rwanda-hagati-ya-1992-na-1996-2/ |title=Page not found - Taarifa Rwanda Kinyarwanda Version {{!}} |access-date=2026-06-21 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813220503/https://kiny.taarifa.rw/perefegitura-zu-rwanda-hagati-ya-1992-na-1996-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Perefegitura 10 z’u Rwanda (1962-1992)<ref>[https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=perefegitura+10+z%27u+rwanda+1962-1992&qpvt=Perefegitura+10+z%e2%80%99u+Rwanda+(1962-1992)&form=IGRE&first=1 perefegitura 10 z'u rwanda 1962-1992 - Search Images]</ref> == 1.'''[[Perefegitura ya Butare|Butare]]''' 2.'''Byumba''' 3.'''Cyangugu''' 4.'''Gikongoro''' 5.'''[[Gasenyi|Gisenyi]]''' 6.'''Gitarama''' 7.'''Kibungo''' 8.'''Kibuye''' 9'''.Kigali''' 10.'''Ruhengeri''' Izi perefegitura zari zigizwe na za komini 143, buri imwe yose ikayoborwa na Burugumesitiri washyirwagaho na perezida wa '''Repubulika ya II.''' === Perefegitura 11 z’u Rwanda (1992-1996)<ref>[https://prof-maurice.com/rw/2023/11/19/menya-za-perefegitura-na-za-komini-zo-mu-rwanda-rwo-ha-mbere-ya-2002/ Menya za perefegitura,za Komini, na za Segiteri zo mu Rwanda rwo ha mbere(1962-2002) – Prof Maurice Hakizimana]</ref> === Bigeze muri 1992, hakaswe indi perefegitura nshya muri Kigali: haba kigali ebyiri ari zo '''Kigali-ville (Umugi wa Kigali) na Kigali-rural (Kigali-Ngari).''' == 1.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya Gisenyi == '''Gaseke''' : Mwendo, Kabuye, Magaba, Rwili, Bukonde, Rwankeke, Bukende, Gisebeya, Muhanda, Rurambo '''Giciye''': Birembo, Rubare, Gihira, Rubona, Murambi, Nyamugeyo, Gasasa, Kintarure, Shyira, Jomba, Shaki, Mutanda, Cyarwa '''Kanama''': Bisizi, Kayove, Kanama, Karambo, Nkuli, Kigarama, Kanombe, Rugomero, Mukondo, Nyundo, Nyabirasi '''Karago''': Nanga, Bumba, Mwiyanike, Rurembo, Ndorwa, Muhungwe, Rambura, Gakarara '''Kayove''' : Kayove, Mushonyi, Gishwati, Ngabo, Kigeyo, Vumbi, Gihumba, Rugamba, Kinunu, Busanza, Syiki, Musasa, Murama, Gihinga, Boneza '''Kibilira''' : Karehe, Kirengo, Rubona, Ntobwe, Ngurugunzu, Gitarama, Rugarama, Ntaganzwa, Rongi, Nyamisa, Gatumba, Mikingo '''Mutura''' : Mutovu, Rusiza, Tamira, Mugongo, Mudende, Nyaruteme, Nyamirango, Cyambara, Kora, Kabatwa, Butaka, Kanzenze, Gihorwe '''Nyamyumba''' : Bushoko, Gashashi, Mwufe, Kivumu, Budaha, Busoro, Kiraga, Kinigi, Munanira, Rubona, Rushubi, Kabilizi '''Ramba''' : Bayi, Kavumu, Kimanu, Sovu, Nyampili, Kageyo, Mabuye, Suti '''Rubavu''' : Gisenyi, Byahi, Gisa, Murara, Rugerero, Basa, Murambi, Bulinda, Muhira '''Rwerere''' : Mukingo, Gabiro, Mubona, Kantwali, Busumba, Rwanzekuma, Nyarushyamba, Kinyanzovu, Muhanda, Gacurabwenge '''Satinsyi''': Mpara, Murambi, Ruhunga, Ngororero, Mbuye, Kiziguro, Gitwa, Munini, Gitega, Matyazo, Rucano, Musagara, Gashonyi, Matyazo == 2.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri == '''Nkuli''': Gatovu, Gitwa, Jenda, Kareba, Kintobo, Mukamira, Musumba, Rukoma, Runigi, Ryinyo [Lyinyo] '''Nyamutera''' : Cyanika, Kageri, Marangara, Mukirangwe, Murama, Nyarutembe, Rugera, Tubungo '''Gatonde''' : Busengo, Cyibumba, Gahanga, Gakenke, Kivune, Mugandu, Munanira, Nyakagezi, Rusasa '''Ndusu''' : Buhunga, Janja, Kabingo, Kiriba, Kiringa, Mataba, Mugunga, Muzo, Mwumba, Rusoro, Tandagura. '''Nyarutovu''' : Bwisha, Gakenke, Gashenyi, Gihinga, Gitovu, Kajwi, Karambo, Kiriba, Kinyoma, Ruhangari/Ruhangali, Ruhinga I, Ruhinga II. '''Cyeru''': Butare, Gacundura, Kabona, Kalingorera, Kamubuga, Kiboga (Kibogu ?), Kinihira, Mugamba, Ndago, Rugendabare, Ruhanga, Ruhombo (Ruhondo ?), Rusarabuge, Ruyange, Rwerere '''Cyabingo''': Bushoka, Bugaragara, Cyabingo, Gitwa, Kavumu, Kiganda, Muhaza, Muhororo, Muramba, Ngege, Nyundo, Rugimbu, Rukore, Rurembo, Rutare '''Nyamugali/Nyamugari''' : Kabingo, Mushubi, Gaseke, Rushara, Kidomo, Nemba, Rubona, Gicuba, Mushongi, Muvumo, Rukore, Kivumu, Gaseke, Gicuba, Kabingo, Kidomo, Kivumu, Mushongi, Muvumo, Mushubi, Nemba, Rubona, Rushara, Rukore '''Butaro''' : Buhita, Bukaragata, Burandi, Kayange, Kindoyi, Kinyababa, Musama, Rugendabare (Rugendabari ?), Ruliba, Rutovu '''Kidaho''' : Burambi, Burera, Butenga, Butete, Cyanika, Gitaraga, Gitare, Kagogo, Kidaho, Rugarama '''Nkumba''' : Gahunga, Gatete, Gihera (Giheta ?), Gitinda, Kabaya, Kinoni, Maya, Musanzu (Musanze ?), Mwiko, Nyanga, Ruhondo, Rutamba '''Kigombe''' : Kabaya, Musanze, Gahondogo, Gashangiro, Cyuve, Muhoza, Gasanze, Mubona, Gacaca, Cyuve, Gacaca, Gahondogo, Gasanze, Gashangiro, Kabaya, Mubona, Muhoza, Musanze, Rubange… '''Kinigi''' : Bisate, Gasiza, Gihora, Kabwende, Kagano, Kanyamiheto, Musanze, Nyabisinde, Nyange, Nyarugina, Rwankuba, Tero) (nouveau district : Musanze '''Mukingo''': Busogo, Nyabirehe, Gataraga, Gikoro, Muhingo, Rwinzovu, Shingiro, Kimonyi, Gatagara '''Nyakinama''': Gisoro, Kabere I, Kabere II, Kabere III, Kanza, Kitabura, Muguli, Muko, Nkotsi, Rubona, Rugalika/Rugarika, Rusanze, Rutoyi) (nouveau district : Musanze) '''Ruhondo''' : Rwaza, Ruhinga, Ntarama, Remera, Kinari cyangwa Kinazi, Ryandizi, Gashaki, Kigarama, Gashake, Kirarama, Kiruri, Mukono, Ntarama, Remera, Ruhinga, Rusayo, Rwaza, Ryandinzi == 3.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya Kibungo == '''Rutonde''' : Rutonde, Rweru, Kaduha, Nkungu, Rwikubo, Kigabiro, Nyarusange, Nsinda na Sovu. '''Muhazi''' : Kitazigurwa, Nyagatovu, Kabare, Murambi, Mukarange, Nyarugali, Ruhunda, Gati, Munyiginya, Gishali/Gishari, Nkomangwa na Nyarubuye. '''Kabarondo''': Kabarondo, Cyinzovu, Rundu, Rubira, Rukira, Nkamaba, Muramira, Ruyonza, Rusera, Shyanda, Bisena na Murama. '''Kayonza''': Kayonza, Murabuturo, Gasogi, Shyogo, Nyamirama, Musumba, Rutare na Rwinkwavu) '''Birenga''' : Kibungo, Ngoma, Birenga, Kibaya, Ndamira, Gahulire cyangwa Gahurire, Sakara, Kibara, Kibimba, Bare, Matongo, Gahara na Gashongora. '''Kigarama''' : Rubona, Vumwe, Kansana, Fukwe, Remera, Gahima, Gasetsa… Kabare I, Kabare II, Rurenge, Kaberangwe, Gashanda '''Mugesera''' : Kukabuye, Shywa, Cyizihira, Kirambo, Ngara, Kibare, Matongo, Karembo, Kabilizi I, Kabilizi II, Nyange, Gatare, Zaza, Sangaza na Kagashi. '''Sake''' : Rukumberi, Nsholi, Ntovi I, Ntovi II, Gituza, Rubago, Mabuga I, Mabuga II, Nshili I, Nshili II, Ruyema, Mbuye na Jarama. '''Rukira''' : Rurenge, Mubago, Murama, Rurama, Gitwe, Gituku, Rugarama, Gashiru, Ntaruka na Mushikiri. '''Rusumo''' : Kirehe, Kigina, Gatore, Musuza, Kigarama, Nyamugali, Gisenyi, Nyabitare, Kankobwa na Nyarubuye. '''Rukara''': Rukara, Gahini, Kawangire, Kiyenzi, Nyakabunyo, Nyawera, Rwimishinya, Ramanyoni == 4.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura y’umugi wa Kigali [PVK] == '''Kacyiru''' : Remera, Kimihurura, Kacyiru, Gisozi… '''Kicukiro''' : Kicukiro, Kagarama, Gatenga, [[Gikondo]]… '''Nyarugenge''': Gatsata, Nyarugenge, Rugenge, Gitega, Biryogo, Nyamirambo, Kimisagara… == 5.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya  Kigali Ngari  [Kigali-Rural]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kiny.taarifa.rw/gatandara-ya-rusizi-aho-interahamwe-zaririye-inyama-zabatutsi/ |title=Gatandara Ya Rusizi Aho Interahamwe Zaririye Inyama Z’Abatutsi - Taarifa Rwanda Kinyarwanda Version {{!}} |access-date=2026-06-21 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813225027/https://kiny.taarifa.rw/gatandara-ya-rusizi-aho-interahamwe-zaririye-inyama-zabatutsi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == '''Mbogo''' : Mbogo, Ruhanda, Binaga, Nyabuko, Rusagara, Ngoma, Musake ou Museke, Cyinzuzi… '''Mugambazi''' : Butangampundu, Kiyanza, Kirwa, Kanyoni, Murambi, Niyaba, Rusasa… '''Musasa'''  : Mbilima, Coko, Nyange, Nkara, Huro, Musagara, Ruli, Gatagara, Gihande, Gakingo… '''Rushashi''' : Buheta, Minazi, Kiruku, Rushashi, Gihinga, Raba, Gatare, Joma, Shyombwe, Kiruku '''Shyorongi''' : Muhondo cyangwa Ruhondo, Bwenda, Gitanda, Rwahi, Rusiga, Shyorongi, Rutonde, Nzove, Kanyinya, Gitanda '''Tare''' : Bumba, Ruganda, Nganze, Marabana, Tare, Busahane, Rutandali, Remera… '''Rutongo''' : Kabuye, ..dabane, Ngiryi, Masoro, Muhororo, Cyuga, Rubingo, Jali… '''Butamwa''' : Butamwa, Nyarubande… '''Bicumbi''' : Bicumbi, Murehe, Nyakaliro, Murama, Karenge, Nyamatete, Rubona, Nawe, Gahengeri, Muyumbu, Mwulire, Nzige, Karenge, Bihembe… '''Gikomero''' : Bumbogo, Gasabo, Gicaca, Gikomero, Gishaka, Kayanga, Nduba, Rutunga, Sha na Shango '''Gikoro'''  : Runyinya, Fumbwe, Mununu, Rutoma, Duha, Gicaca, Musha… '''Kanombe''' : Gahanga, Kamashashi(?) Rwabutenge, Busanza, Masaka, Kanombe, Nyarugunga, Masaka, Rushashe, Samuduha.. '''Rubungo''': Jurwe, Rusororo, Gasogi, Rubungo, Karama, Ndera, Gasogi '''Gashora''' : Gashora, Juru, Musovu, Rwinume, Karera, Rilima, Mwendo, Mbyo, Nkanga, Rweru '''Kanzenze''' : Ntarama, Kibungo, Kanzenze, Rulindo, Musenyi, Gicaca, Nyagihunika, Mayange, Muyenzi, Maranyundo, Mwogo, kayumba '''Ngenda''': Ruhuha, Kindama, Kavumu, Nyakayaga, Burenge, Rutonde, Nyarugenge, Shyara, Nziranziza, Gakomeye, mareba, Gakamba == 6.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya Gitarama == '''Mukingi''' : Nyagasozi, Muhororo, Mukingi, Kimegeri, Mahembe, Rugogwe, Ntenyo, Mpanda, Kamusenyi, Nyakabuye, Rugogwe, Gitega, Dusego, Rutagara '''Nyamabuye'''  : Gitarama, Gahogo, Gihuma, Ruli, Shyogwe, Munyinya, Kivumu, Takwe, Mpushi, Musumba, Rukaza, Mbuye, Rwamaraba, Gatenzi '''Mushubati''': Kaduha, Mwaka, Cukiro, Gatikabisi, Gifumba, Remera, Kanyinya, Mata, Kagarama, Gikomero, Muhanga, Karama '''Buringa'''  : Nyabitare, Musange, Bulinga, Buranga, Musenyi, Gasave, Nyarutovu, Buramba, Remera, Rugendabare '''Tambwe'''  : Nyamagana, Gitisi, Munini, Bunyogombe, Tambwe, Ntenyo, Buhoro, Mayunzwe '''Kigoma''': Butare, Gahombo, Kigoma, Ngwa, Gasoro, Mukingo, Mpanga, Remera, Kiruri, Rwoga, Kavumu, Rubona '''Rutobwe''' : Gatovu, Cyeza, Ntonde, Mara, Cyubi, Shyanda, Mala, Giko, Rutongo '''Nyakabanda''' : Ngaru, Nyabinoni, Gitumba, Shaki, Kivumo, Kibangu, Kibimba, Kagogwe, Gasovu, Rusuli, Kirwa '''Nyabikenke''': Kigina, Gitovu, Mugunga, Kavumu, Mahembe, Kiyumba, Kigwaguro, Rukaragata, Kabuye, Ngoma '''Murama''': Bweramana, Nkomero, Joma, Runyengando, Gaco, Nyabinyenga, Cyabakamyi, Mucubira, Rubona '''Ntongwe''' : Kinazi, Rutabo, Rubona, Gisali, Musamo, Gikoma, Kareba, Ntongwe, Nyabitare, Nyarurama, Nyakabungo, Shyira, Gitovu '''Mugina''': Kiyonza, Mbati, Bibungo, Cyeru, Mugina, Mukinga, Ngoma, Nteko '''Masango''': Kadaho, Rwesero, Rwankuba, Munanira, Rwoga, Karambi, Nyakogo, Rukina, Kirwa, Gitinda, Muremure '''Musambira''' : Nkomane, Gatizo, Nyamiyaga, Birambo, Musambira, Gihembe, Nyarubaka, Kambyeyi, Bimomwe '''Runda''' : Gihara, Ruyenzi, Runda, Sheri, Kinyambi, Rugarika, Kigese '''Taba''': Ngamba, Karangara, Gisheshe, Bugoba, Kamonyi, Musenyi, Taba, Buguli '''Kayenzi''' : Gihira, Bitare, Bunyonga, Muganza, Nyamirembe, Marenga, Cubi, Kirwa, Kayenzi, Bugarama == 7.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya Gikongoro == '''Karama''' : Muganza, Kiraro, Kibingo, Cyanika, Gitega, Ngoma, Nyanzoga, Kiyumba, Kibingo '''Karambo''' : Gasiza, Rugazi, Nyakiza, Kibumwe, Nkurubuye, Rugarama, Mukongoro, Kavumu '''Kinyamakara''' : Gikomeye, Murera, Kiyaga, Rwamweru, Karama, Bitare, Muhanga, Kamweru '''Kivu''' : Shaba, Cyanyirankora, Gahurizo, Rwishywa, Tangabo, Nyabimata, Kivu, Muganza… '''Mubuga''' : Nyarushishi, [[Kibeho]], Nyarusovu, Ruseke… '''Mudasomwa''': Kitabi, Tare I, Tare II, Mujuga, Nkumbure, Buhoro, Nyamigina, Uwinkingi, Kibyagira, Munini, Mukungu, Uwingugu, Mujuga '''Muko''' : Kanyege, Musaraba, Bitandana, Kabavu, Jimbu, Cyobe, Muke, Yonde, Sovu, Musenyi, Kabavu, Gitondorero… '''Musange''': Kigoma, Kibaga, Cyabute, Cyabasana, Ruhinga, Mugote, Jenda, Nkore… '''Musebeya''' : Nyarwungo, Murambi, Gikungu, Rusekera, Rugano, Gatovu, Gakangaga, Bushigishigi '''Nshili''': Masunzu, Gisanze, Rutiti, Remera, Busanze, Shororo, Runyombyi, Gisoro, Ruheru, Gitita… '''Nyamagabe''' : Kibirizi, Remera, Gikongoro… '''Rukondo''': Gahunga, Remera, Gikoni, Mbazi, Ngara, Kabinzi, Kirambi, Nyagisozi '''Rwamiko''' : Mata, Ruramba, Rwamiko, Gorwe, Runyinya, Bukoro ou Rukoro, Matyazo, Gisorora… == 8.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya Butare == '''Gishamvu''' : Mukuge, Nyakibanda, Sheke, Gikunzi, Gishamvu, Musange,Mubumbano, Liba, Sholi '''[[Huye]]''': Mpungwe, Sovu, Nyanza, Rukira, Mpare, Musange… '''Kibayi''': Runyinya, Mukindo, Shyombo, Mukomacara, Nyagaburu, Kibayi, Saga, Rwamiko, Joma '''Kigembe''': Ngera, Kigembe, Karama, Ruhona ou Rubona, Fugi, Murama, Nyanza… '''Maraba''' : Maraba, Kibanda, Tare, Rusagara, Kabusan.a, .unzazi, Gisakura, Nyangazi, Simbi, Cyarumbo, Shanga, Kabuye, Buremera '''Mbazi''' : Mbazi, Kabuga, Mwulire, Mutunda, Karama, Muhororo, Mbogo, Gihindamuyaga '''Muganza''' : Cyumba, Remera, Kivomu ou Kivumu, Mugombwa, Baziro, Muganza, Nyagahuru, Nyabitare, Gishubi… '''Mugusa''' : Mugusa, Cyayi, Jurwe, Nyarugenge, Kibilizi, Mugogwe, Nyarubuye, Kimuna, Gafumba, Sanzu, Curusi, Gikonko '''Muyaga''' : Muyaga, Muduha, Nyeranzi, Musha, Ramba, Mbogo, Mamba, Kabumbwe, Gakoma '''Muyira''' : Muyira, Mutara, Munyinya, Busoro, Nyakibungo, Nyamiyaga… '''Nyabisindu''' : Mushyirarungu, Rwabicuma, Nyarusange, Gacu, Rwesera, [[Busasamana]], Gahondo, Nyanza, Runga, Kibinja… '''Rusatira''' : Kinazi, Buremera, Kato, Kabona, Rusabizi cyangwa rusatira; Nyagisenyi, Kigarama, Gahana, Maza '''Ndora''' : Gisagara, Karama, Kinazi, Muzenga, Ndora, Cyamukuza, Mukande… '''Ngoma''' : Sahera, Ngoma, Tumba, Cyarwa, Cyarwa-Cyimana, Butare '''Ntyazo''' : Kagunga, Ruyenzi, Karama, Gisasa, Kibilizi (ou Kibirizi), Mbuye, Ntyazo, Cyanvuzo, Gatonde, Nyamure, Kayanza… '''Nyakizu''' : Cyahinda, Muhambara, Nyagisozi, Mwoya, Kibangu, Naramba, Gihango, Cyuna, Gasasa, Maraba… '''Nyaruhengeri''' : Bimba, Nyaruhengeri, Ngange, Kibilizi, Cyiva, Kansi… '''Ruhashya''' : Ruhashya, Mara, Gatovu, Busheshi, Sheke, Kibika, Gashoba… '''Runyinya''' : Buhoro, Karama, Mpanda, Maliba, Mbasa, Pamba, Kibingo, Rukara, Gikombe, Raranzige, Kaburemera… '''Shyanda''' : Kayenzi, Zivu, Buhoro, Munyegera, Buremera, Kiziguro… == 9.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya Cyangugu == '''Bugarama''' : Gikundamvura, Bunyereri, Nyabintare, Muganza, Bugarama, Muhehwe, Nzahaha na Kibangira '''Busozo''' : Muhehwe, Mukimbagiro… '''Cyimbogo''' : Mururu, Mutongo, Cyete, Nyakarenzo, Winteko, Nyakanyinya, Cyato, Mibirizi, Gihundwe, Murehe, Nyamagana '''Gafunzo''' : Remera, Gabiro, Nyito, Bushenge, Gashirabwoba, Bumazi, Ruharambuga, Rwabidege, Nyamugali ou Nyamugari, Shangi, Gabiro, Mugera, Mukoma, Nyabitekeri, Bugeza, Bunyangurube, Bunyenga, Nyabitekeri '''Gatare''' : Karambi, Mugomba, Ngange, Cyiya, Kagunga, Buhoro, Macuba, Rukanu, Birembo, Muraza, Rumamfu, Rugano, Mwasa '''Gishoma''' : Gashonga, Gisagara, Rwimbogo, Ntenyi, Nyenji, Kiranga, Rukunguri, Kimbagiro, Butambamo, Ruhoko '''Gisuma''' : Shagasha, Munyove, Isha, Ntura, Biguzi, Mwito, Remera, Bugungu, Bushenge, Rusambu, Bumazi, Gashirabwoba, Giheke '''Kagano''' :Rambira, Mukingi, Bushekeri, Nyakabingo, Nyamasheke, Mubumbano, Kagano, Butambara, Ngoma, Kagarama '''Kamembe''' : Kamembe, Gihundwe, Muhari, Rwahi, Nkanka, Cyibumba, Mparwe, Bugumira, Rusunyu '''Karengera''' : Ruharambuga, Rwabidege, Nyamuhunga, Rwintare, Karambo, Karengera, Nyanunda, Kanyinya, Butare, Rurama, Gasumo, Bweyeye '''Kirambo''' : Gahisi, Mpabe, Rangiro, Rwumba, Yove, Kanjongo, Ruheru, Gitongo, Cyato, Tyazo '''Nyakabuye''' : Kigurwe, Matare, Muhanga, Runyanzovu, Nkungu, Nyamubembe, Nyamaronko, Nyakabuye, Gitambi, Kaboza. == 10. Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya Kibuye == '''Bwakira'''  :Cyantare,Cyanyanza,Mugunda,Murambi,Murundi,Musasa,Ngoma,Nyabinombe,Nyabiranga,Rusengesi,Shyembye '''Gishyita''' : Bisesero,Gishyita,Mara,Mpembe,Mubuga,Murangara,Musenyi,Ngoma '''Gisovu''' : Gikaranka,Giko,Gisovu,Gitabura,Kavumu,Muramba,Rugaraga,Rwankuba,Twumba '''Gitesi''' : Bubazi, Burunga, Buye, Bwishyura, Gasura, Gitarama, Gitesi, Kagabiro, Kayenzi, Mbogo, Rubazo, Ruragwe '''Kivumu''' : Bwira,Gasave,Kibanda,Kigali,Kivumu,Mwendo,Ndaro,Ngobagoba,Nyange,Rukoko,Sanza '''Mabanza''' :Buhinga,Gacaca,Gihara,Gitwa,Kibirizi,Kibingo,Kigeyo,Mukura,Mushubati,Ngoma,Nyagatovu,Nyarugenge,Rubengera,Rukaragata '''Mwendo''' : Biguhu, Rucura, Gisayura, Shoba, Ruganda, Mutuntu, Mugano, Kigoma, Gahengeri, Gashali,Kagunga '''Rutsiro''' : Birambo, Bwiza, Gasovu,Gatoki,Gihango, Gitebe,Kagano,Manihira,Muhira, Nyarucundura, Rugarambiro, Rugote,Rusebeya '''Rwamatamu''':Butembo,Cyiza,Gihombo,Gitsimbwe,Kilimbi,Mahembe,Mugozi,Nyabinaga,Nyagahima,Nyagahinga,Ruvumbu,Rwabisindu. == 11.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura y’Umutara (yavutse kuva tariki 19 Mata 1996 [ikaswe kuri Byumba na Kibungo] == Komini:'''Bugaragara''','''Gabiro''', '''Kagitumba''','''Kahi''','''Karangazi''','''Murambi''','''Muvumba''','''Nyagatare''';'''Rwisirabo''' == 12.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya Byumba == '''BuyogaBwisige''' '''Cyumba''' '''Cyungo''' '''Giti''' '''Gituza''' '''Kibali''' '''Kinyami''' '''Kivuye''' '''Kiyombe''' '''Mukarange''' '''Muhura''' '''Ngarama''' '''Rutare''' '''Tumba''' == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} aavq4x60m046mana3b1dijhtwbj2s4n 0 23002 139561 133536 2026-09-23T14:19:52Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139561 wikitext text/x-wiki Inzego zitandukanye zifite aho zihuriye bo kwita ku bantu ubumuga mu Rwanda,zivuga ubushakashatsi bwakozwe,bwerekanye ko umubare nyawo w'abanyeshuri bafite ubumuga utanzwi, ariko kandi n'abazwi ko biga ngo ugasanga batiga neza uko bikwiye.<ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/uburezi/amashuri/article/bifuza-ko-imibare-nyayo-y-abanyeshuri-bafite-ubumuga-yamenyekana</ref>[[Dosiye:Munyangeyo Augustin.jpg]] Vice perezida w'impuzamiryango y'abantu bafite ubumuga mu Rwanda (NUDOR),munyangeyo Augustin, yagaragaje ko ubu bushakashatsi bwamuritswe hagamijwe kwerekana imbogamizi abana bafite ubumuga bahura na yo, mu myigire yabo ,kandi bikaba byari bikozwe ku nshuro ya mbere<ref name=":0" /> bimwe mu byagaragajwe muri ubu bushakashatsi ,ni uko abana bafite ubumuga batabasha kwiga neza nk'abandi, kubera impamvu zitandukanye.<ref name=":0" /> g60v7p61fw6eh6rol5q18ygcfx7tlg8 0 23043 139671 138226 2026-09-23T18:29:48Z Score Beethoven 11559 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 139671 wikitext text/x-wiki == Amabwiriza mashya ya Rwanda FDA agenga ibinyobwa bisindisha, yasize amoko 52 y'inzoga afatiwe ibyemezo byo guhagarikwa ndetse no kutemererwa gucuruzwa ku isoko ry' u Rwanda bitewe n'ibipimo by'umutekano n'ubuziranenge. == Ku wa 20 Nyakanga 2026 , Polisi y' u Rwanda yatangije gahunda ya "SI ZO ZAWE, ZANGE" yo kurwanya inzoga zitemewe cyangwa zahinduwemo ibintu bishobora guteza uburwayi. Ibi bije nyuma y' amakuru mashya y'ihagarikwa ry'agateganyo itumizwa mu Rwanda ry' amoko 52 y'ibinyobwa bisembuye.<ref>https://umuseke.rw/hashingiwe-kuki-hafatwa-umwanzuro-wo-guca-inzoga-zirimo-izizwi-nkibyuma/</ref> Itangazo rya Rwanda FDA ryasabye guhagarika itumizwa ,ikwirakwiza ry'inzoga zitemewe zirimo izizwi cyane arizo Kiwingu Spirit, Konyagi, Diamonda Rock Gin zikorerwa muri Tanzania, Gilbey's Flavored Gin ikorerwa muri Uganda ndetse n'izindi. Si izo gusa kuko mu moko menshi yahagaritswe harimo izituruka muri Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, India na Polanda.<ref>https://umuseke.rw/inganda-nyinshi-zikora-inzoga-zizwi-nkibyuma-zafunzwe/</ref> == Kuki zahagaritswe? == Iki cyemezo cyashyizweho mu rwego rwo kurengera ubuzima bw'abaturage no kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'ibinyobwa bisembuye, Rwanda FDA ikigo gifite inshingano zo kugenzura ibicuruzwa bishobora kugira ingaruka kubuzima rusange<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bwiza.com/izindi-nganda-zirenga-100-zibyuma-ninzoga-zinkorano-zafunzwe/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-08-11 |archive-date=2026-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260811131738/https://bwiza.com/izindi-nganda-zirenga-100-zibyuma-ninzoga-zinkorano-zafunzwe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} 8117l3w4nfjqvh22n17inrn3zejdhl4 0 23112 139583 2026-09-23T14:42:09Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{| class="infobox" style="width:25em; font-size:90%; float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" | Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Photo Institut Facultaire de Yangambi.jpg|250px|Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi]] |- ! Yashinzwe | [[1971]] |- ! Ubwoko | Ikigo cya Leta cy'[[amashuri makuru]] |- ! Ururimi | [[Igifaransa]] |..." 139583 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:25em; font-size:90%; float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" | Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Photo Institut Facultaire de Yangambi.jpg|250px|Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi]] |- ! Yashinzwe | [[1971]] |- ! Ubwoko | Ikigo cya Leta cy'[[amashuri makuru]] |- ! Ururimi | [[Igifaransa]] |- ! Umujyi | [[Kisangani]] |- ! Intara | [[Tshopo]] |- ! Igihugu | [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] |- ! Umuyobozi | Michel Baudouin |- ! Abanyeshuri | hafi 5.300 <small>(2022–2023)</small> |- ! Urubuga | [https://ifa-yangambi.org/ ifa-yangambi.org] |} '''Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi''' ('''IFA-Yangambi''') ni ikigo cya Leta cy'[[amashuri makuru]] cyo muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], cyibanda ku bumenyi bw'[[ubuhinzi]], amashyamba n'ubuvuzi bw'amatungo. Gifitanye amateka n'ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi cya [[Yangambi]] mu ntara ya [[Tshopo]], naho ibikorwa byacyo by'amasomo bikorerwa i [[Kisangani]]. == Amateka == Inkomoko ya IFA-Yangambi ishyirwa mu 1971, ubwo amashami yigishaga ubuhinzi ya [[Université Lovanium]] i [[Kinshasa]], Université officielle du Congo i [[Lubumbashi]] na Université libre du Congo i [[Kisangani]] yahurizwaga hamwe.<ref name="WHED">{{Cite web |url=https://whed.net/institutions/IAU-007982 |title=Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi |website=World Higher Education Database |publisher=International Association of Universities |language=en |access-date=2026-09-23 }}</ref><ref name="Infocongo">{{Cite web |url=https://infocongo.net/2024/06/28/tshopo-lifa-yangambi-sollicite-lappui-de-lue-pour-rehabiliter-ses-infrastructures/ |title=Tshopo : L’IFA Yangambi sollicite l’appui de l’UE pour réhabiliter ses infrastructures |author=Infocongo |website=Infocongo |date=2024-06-28 |language=fr |access-date=2026-09-23 }}</ref> Hari amasoko atanga amatariki atandukanye yerekeye ishingwa ry'ikigo. ''World Higher Education Database'' na Infocongo bivuga 1971, mu gihe [[Agence universitaire de la Francophonie]] (AUF) ivuga ko IFA-Yangambi yashinzwe mu 1976.<ref name="AUF">{{Cite web |url=https://www.auf.org/membre/institut-facultaire-des-sciences-agronomiques-de-yangambi-2/ |title=Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi |website=Agence universitaire de la Francophonie |language=fr |access-date=2026-09-23 }}</ref> IFA-Yangambi iri mu murage w'ubushakashatsi bwa Yangambi, ahahoze icyicaro cya ''Institut national pour l'étude agronomique du Congo belge'' (INEAC), nyuma yabaye ''Institut national pour l'étude et la recherche agronomiques'' (INERA). Ibikorwa by'amasomo byaje kwimurirwa i Kisangani, mu gihe Yangambi yakomeje kuba ahantu hakorerwa ubushakashatsi n'igerageza mu buhinzi.<ref name="WHED" /><ref name="Infocongo" /> == Imiterere n'ubuyobozi == IFA-Yangambi ni ikigo cya Leta kiri mu rwego rw'amashuri makuru ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo. PRISM-RDC ya Minisiteri y'Amashuri Makuru igishyira mu bigo bya Leta byo mu ntara ya Tshopo, mu mujyi wa Kisangani.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.re.minesursi.gouv.cd/etablissement.php?id=81 |title=Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi |website=PRISM-RDC |publisher=Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et universitaire |language=fr |access-date=2026-09-23 }}</ref> Michel Baudouin ni umuyobozi mukuru w'ikigo.<ref name="WHED" /> == Amasomo == IFA-Yangambi itanga amasomo mu mashami atandukanye y'ubumenyi bw'ubuhinzi.<ref name="AUF" /> Arimo: * ubuhinzi rusange, harimo ubuhinzi bw'ibihingwa, [[iyobora-miterere|genetiki]], kurwanya udukoko, ubutabire, ubworozi n'ubukungu bw'ubuhinzi; * amazi n'[[amashyamba]]; * ubumenyi bw'ubutaka n'amazi; * [[ubuvuzi bw'amatungo]]. Ikigo gitanga impamyabumenyi kuva ku cyiciro cya mbere kugeza kuri doktora, harimo ''graduat'', ''licence'', ''Diplôme d'études supérieures'' (DES) na doktora.<ref name="AUF" /><ref name="WHED" /> Mu mwaka w'amashuri wa 2022–2023, cyari gifite abanyeshuri bagera ku 5.300.<ref name="WHED" /> == Ubushakashatsi n'ubufatanye == Ubushakashatsi bwa IFA-Yangambi bwibanda ku buhinzi, amashyamba, urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima no gucunga umutungo kamere. Ikigo gifatanya n'imishinga mpuzamahanga y'ubushakashatsi n'amahugurwa. Mu 2024, IFA-Yangambi yabaye kimwe mu bigo bifatanya mu mushinga ''INTERACT-Africa'', ugamije guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ritangiza ibidukikije, kugabanya ingaruka z'[[imihindagurikire y'ikirere]] no guteza imbere ikoreshwa rirambye ry'umutungo kamere.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://interactafrica.mu.ac.ke/interact-africa-launchifa-yangambi-drc/ |title=INTERACT-Africa Launch @IFA Yangambi (DRC) |website=INTERACT-Africa |date=2024-05-17 |language=en |access-date=2026-09-23 }}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == * [https://ifa-yangambi.org/ Urubuga rwemewe rwa IFA-Yangambi] * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Institut_Facultaire_des_Sciences_Agronomique_de_Yangambi IFA-Yangambi kuri Wikimedia Commons] [[Ikiciro:Kaminuza zo muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] mwa2gkylldfy9pswccxixj90b6vcegg 139584 139583 2026-09-23T14:44:21Z Score Beethoven 11559 139584 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:25em; font-size:90%; float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" | Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Photo Institut Facultaire de Yangambi.jpg|250px|Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi]] |- ! Yashinzwe | [[1971]] |- ! Ubwoko | Ikigo cya Leta cy'[[amashuri makuru]] |- ! Ururimi | [[Igifaransa]] |- ! Umujyi | [[Kisangani]] |- ! Intara | [[Tshopo]] |- ! Igihugu | [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] |- ! Umuyobozi | Michel Baudouin |- ! Abanyeshuri | hafi 5.300 <small>(2022–2023)</small> |- ! Urubuga | [https://ifa-yangambi.org/ ifa-yangambi.org] |} '''Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi''' ('''IFA-Yangambi''') ni ikigo cya Leta cy'[[amashuri makuru]] cyo muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], cyibanda ku bumenyi bw'[[ubuhinzi]], amashyamba n'ubuvuzi bw'amatungo. Gifitanye amateka n'ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi cya [[Yangambi]] mu ntara ya [[Tshopo]], naho ibikorwa byacyo by'amasomo bikorerwa i [[Kisangani]]. == Amateka == Inkomoko ya IFA-Yangambi ishyirwa mu 1971, ubwo amashami yigishaga ubuhinzi ya [[Université Lovanium]] i [[Kinshasa]], Université officielle du Congo i [[Lubumbashi]] na Université libre du Congo i [[Kisangani]] yahurizwaga hamwe.<ref name="WHED">{{Cite web |url=https://whed.net/institutions/IAU-007982 |title=Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi |website=World Higher Education Database |publisher=International Association of Universities |language=en |access-date=2026-09-23 }}</ref><ref name="Infocongo">{{Cite web |url=https://infocongo.net/2024/06/28/tshopo-lifa-yangambi-sollicite-lappui-de-lue-pour-rehabiliter-ses-infrastructures/ |title=Tshopo : L’IFA Yangambi sollicite l’appui de l’UE pour réhabiliter ses infrastructures |author=Infocongo |website=Infocongo |date=2024-06-28 |language=fr |access-date=2026-09-23 }}</ref> Hari amasoko atanga amatariki atandukanye yerekeye ishingwa ry'ikigo. ''World Higher Education Database'' na Infocongo bivuga 1971, mu gihe [[Agence universitaire de la Francophonie]] (AUF) ivuga ko IFA-Yangambi yashinzwe mu 1976.<ref name="AUF">{{Cite web |url=https://www.auf.org/membre/institut-facultaire-des-sciences-agronomiques-de-yangambi-2/ |title=Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi |website=Agence universitaire de la Francophonie |language=fr |access-date=2026-09-23 }}</ref> IFA-Yangambi iri mu murage w'ubushakashatsi bwa Yangambi, ahahoze icyicaro cya ''Institut national pour l'étude agronomique du Congo belge'' (INEAC), nyuma yabaye ''Institut national pour l'étude et la recherche agronomiques'' (INERA). Ibikorwa by'amasomo byaje kwimurirwa i Kisangani, mu gihe Yangambi yakomeje kuba ahantu hakorerwa ubushakashatsi n'igerageza mu buhinzi.<ref name="WHED" /><ref name="Infocongo" /> == Imiterere n'ubuyobozi == IFA-Yangambi ni ikigo cya Leta kiri mu rwego rw'amashuri makuru ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo. PRISM-RDC ya Minisiteri y'Amashuri Makuru igishyira mu bigo bya Leta byo mu ntara ya Tshopo, mu mujyi wa Kisangani.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.re.minesursi.gouv.cd/etablissement.php?id=81 |title=Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi |website=PRISM-RDC |publisher=Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et universitaire |language=fr |access-date=2026-09-23 }}</ref> Michel Baudouin ni umuyobozi mukuru w'ikigo.<ref name="WHED" /> == Amasomo == IFA-Yangambi itanga amasomo mu mashami atandukanye y'ubumenyi bw'ubuhinzi.<ref name="AUF" /> Arimo: * ubuhinzi rusange, harimo ubuhinzi bw'ibihingwa, [[iyobora-miterere|genetiki]], kurwanya udukoko, ubutabire, ubworozi n'ubukungu bw'ubuhinzi; * amazi n'[[amashyamba]]; * ubumenyi bw'ubutaka n'amazi; * [[ubuvuzi bw'amatungo]]. Ikigo gitanga impamyabumenyi kuva ku cyiciro cya mbere kugeza kuri doktora, harimo ''graduat'', ''licence'', ''Diplôme d'études supérieures'' (DES) na doktora.<ref name="AUF" /><ref name="WHED" /> Mu mwaka w'amashuri wa 2022–2023, cyari gifite abanyeshuri bagera ku 5.300.<ref name="WHED" /> == Ubushakashatsi n'ubufatanye == Ubushakashatsi bwa IFA-Yangambi bwibanda ku buhinzi, amashyamba, urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima no gucunga umutungo kamere. Ikigo gifatanya n'imishinga mpuzamahanga y'ubushakashatsi n'amahugurwa. Mu 2024, IFA-Yangambi yabaye kimwe mu bigo bifatanya mu mushinga ''INTERACT-Africa'', ugamije guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ritangiza ibidukikije, kugabanya ingaruka z'[[imihindagurikire y'ikirere]] no guteza imbere ikoreshwa rirambye ry'umutungo kamere.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://interactafrica.mu.ac.ke/interact-africa-launchifa-yangambi-drc/ |title=INTERACT-Africa Launch @IFA Yangambi (DRC) |website=INTERACT-Africa |date=2024-05-17 |language=en |access-date=2026-09-23 }}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == * [https://ifa-yangambi.org/ Urubuga rwemewe rwa IFA-Yangambi] * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Institut_Facultaire_des_Sciences_Agronomique_de_Yangambi IFA-Yangambi kuri Wikimedia Commons] ijcnhmgryreivn6krjq7yq7icy6gd96 0 23113 139588 2026-09-23T15:56:33Z Ndahiro derrick 8075 Ndahiro derrick moved page [[AMAHUGURWA Y'UBUMWE N'UBUDAHERANWA]] to [[Amahugurwa y'Ubumwe n'Ubudaheranwa]] 139588 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amahugurwa y'Ubumwe n'Ubudaheranwa]] 38mczs1kkfcquzmzbvxaofyifftfpsd 0 23114 139590 2026-09-23T15:59:34Z Ndahiro derrick 8075 Ndahiro derrick moved page [[AMAREBE]] to [[Amarebe]] 139590 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amarebe]] p88d7hp2tulgu3eh4zxzmbk53hlu8he 0 23115 139592 2026-09-23T17:19:51Z Ndahiro derrick 8075 Ndahiro derrick moved page [[AMAKORO]] to [[Amakoro]] 139592 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amakoro]] 8qrys2j0cs49kmjjgh5myvccd5titcf 1 23116 139754 2026-09-23T18:53:25Z ~2026-51346-33 18980 /* insigamugani 10 */ new section 139754 wikitext text/x-wiki == insigamugani 10 == [[Ibidasanzwe:Contributions/~2026-51346-33|~2026-51346-33]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:~2026-51346-33|talk]]) 18:53, 23 Nzeri 2026 (UTC) ocp9sn0in0446iq072l2tu55znm6pud