Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3230 140651 111633 2026-10-02T23:24:19Z Raippa-Valli 19043 140651 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Empfang Joseph E. Stiglitz im Rathaus Köln-1473.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Joseph Stiglitz (2012)</span>]] [[Dosiye:Joseph_E._Stiglitz_-_cropped.jpg|thumb|Joseph E. Stiglitz ]] [[Dosiye:World Bank building at Washington.jpg|thumb|Inyubako banki y'Isi Joseph Stiglitz yabereye Visi Perezida (2009)]] '''Joseph Stiglitz''' ([[9 Gashyantare]] [[1943]]) yize iby’ubukungu, yigisha muri Kaminuza akaba n’umwanditsi. Niwe washinze kandi ayobora ''The Initiative and Policy Dialogue'' akaba yarabaye na Visi Perezida wa [[Banki y’Isi]]. Akangurira ibihugu bikennye gushyiraho amategeko arengera umucuruzi n’umuguzi akaba abona ko amategeko mashya agenga iby’ubucuruzi ku [[Isi]] nta nyungu ibihugu bikennye biyafitemo nta nubwo yatuma bitera imbere. [[Dosiye:Professor Joseph Stiglitz นายกรัฐมนตรี กล่าวสุนทรพจน - Flickr - Abhisit Vejjajiva.jpg|center|thumb|Joseph Stiglitz ari kwigisha ]] [[Category:Ikomatanyabukungu]] [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Ubukungu]] el8bx7w3n45s52tr9632wzjjp2ji13e 140652 140651 2026-10-02T23:25:13Z Raippa-Valli 19043 140652 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Empfang Joseph E. Stiglitz im Rathaus Köln-1473.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Joseph Stiglitz (2012)</span>]] [[Dosiye:Joseph_E._Stiglitz_-_cropped.jpg|thumb|Joseph E. Stiglitz (2012)]] [[Dosiye:World Bank building at Washington.jpg|thumb|Inyubako banki y'Isi Joseph Stiglitz yabereye Visi Perezida (2009)]] '''Joseph Stiglitz''' ([[9 Gashyantare]] [[1943]]) yize iby’ubukungu, yigisha muri Kaminuza akaba n’umwanditsi. Niwe washinze kandi ayobora ''The Initiative and Policy Dialogue'' akaba yarabaye na Visi Perezida wa [[Banki y’Isi]]. Akangurira ibihugu bikennye gushyiraho amategeko arengera umucuruzi n’umuguzi akaba abona ko amategeko mashya agenga iby’ubucuruzi ku [[Isi]] nta nyungu ibihugu bikennye biyafitemo nta nubwo yatuma bitera imbere. [[Dosiye:Professor Joseph Stiglitz นายกรัฐมนตรี กล่าวสุนทรพจน - Flickr - Abhisit Vejjajiva.jpg|center|thumb|Joseph Stiglitz ari kwigisha ]] [[Category:Ikomatanyabukungu]] [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Ubukungu]] euhw1sfn3jqwbbwdd9wn0tw0487cjrf 0 3667 140637 134068 2026-10-02T13:42:32Z Score Beethoven 11559 Wikification : liens internes, correction de liens erronés, suppression du gras superflu, restructuration des sections, ajout de 64 références reprises de en:South Africa 140637 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Afurika y’Epfo'''</big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" |- | align="center" width="140px" | [[File:Flag of South Africa.svg|125px]] | align="center" width="140px" | [[File:Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg|125px]] |- | align="center" width="140px" | <span style="color:grey">Ibendera ry’Afurika y’Epfo</span> | align="center" width="140px" | [[Ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko za Leta y’u Afurika y’Epfo|<span style="color:grey">Ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko za Leta y’u Afurika y’Epfo</span>]] |} |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[File:South Africa (orthographic projection).svg|300px]] |} {{Databox|excludeProperties=Q258}} '''Afurika y'Epfo''', ku izina ryayo ryemewe n'amategeko ni '''Repubulika y'Afurika y'Epfo (Republic of South Africa – RSA)''', ni igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y'umugabane wa [[Afurika]]. Kigizwe n'intara icyenda. Mu majyepfo gihana imbibi n'inyanja ku nkombe zifite uburebure bwa kilometero 2,798 zogerwa n'Inyanja ya Atalantika y'Amajyepfo n'Inyanja y'u Buhinde. Mu majyaruguru gihana imbibi na [[Namibiya]], [[Botswana]] na [[Zimbabwe]], mu burasirazuba no mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba kigahana imbibi na [[Mozambike]] na [[Eswatini]], kandi kizengurutse igihugu cya [[Lesoto|Lesotho]]. Gifite ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 1,221,037, kikaba gituwe n'abaturage barenga miliyoni 63, bityo kikaba ari igihugu cya gatandatu gituwe n'abaturage benshi ku mugabane wa Afurika. [[Dosiye:Cape-town-port-boats.jpg|center|thumb|320x320px|cape town]] == Izina == === Inkomoko y'izina === Izina "Afurika y'Epfo" rikomoka ku mwanya w'iki gihugu ku mugabane wa Afurika, kuko giherereye ku mpera y'amajyepfo yawo. Igihe cyashingwaga, cyiswe Ubumwe bw'Afurika y'Epfo (Union of South Africa) mu [[Icyongereza|Cyongereza]] na Unie van Zuid-Afrika mu Kidage (Dutch), bigaragaza ko cyaturutse ku ihuzwa ry'ubukoloni bune bwari buyobowe n'u [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]]. Kuva mu mwaka wa 1961, izina ryemewe n'amategeko mu Cyongereza ryabaye Repubulika y'Afurika y'Epfo (Republic of South Africa), naho mu rurimi rw'[[Ikinyafurikansi]] (Afrikaans) ryitwa Republiek van Suid-Afrika. Kugeza ubu, iki gihugu gifite amazina yemewe mu ndimi zacyo 12 zemewe n'amategeko.<ref name="en42">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/na-approves-south-african-sign-language-12th-official-language|title=The NA Approves South African Sign Language as the 12th Official Language |website=Parliament of South Africa |date=3 May 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222131030/https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/na-approves-south-african-sign-language-12th-official-language |archive-date= 22 December 2023 }}</ref> Ijambo Mzansi, rikomoka ku izina uMzantsi ryo mu rurimi rw'[[Ikigisosa|Ikixhosa]] risobanura "Amajyepfo", ni izina rikunze gukoreshwa mu mvugo ya buri munsi bavuga Afurika y'Epfo.<ref name="en43">{{cite book|editor1-first=Sarah|editor2-first=Achille|last=Livermon|first=Xavier|title=Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis|chapter=Sounds in the City|year=2008|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham|isbn=978-0-8223-8121-1|page=283|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C|quote=''Mzansi'' is another black urban vernacular term popular with the youth and standing for South Africa.|editor-last=Nuttall|editor2-last=Mbembé|access-date=5 January 2016|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502074447/https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C|url-status=live}}</ref> Hari kandi amashyaka amwe n'amwe ashyigikira ihame rya Pan-Afurikanisime akoresha izina Azania, nubwo iri jambo rikomoka mu [[Ikigereki|Kigereki]] aho kidakomoka mu ndimi nyafurika.<ref name="en44">{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|title=South African Party Says Call Their Country 'Azania'|last=Taylor|first=Darren|newspaper=VOA|access-date=18 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624200956/http://www.voanews.com/content/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|url-status=live}}</ref> === Amazina mu ndimi zemewe === :izina mu [[cyongereza]] : Republic of South Africa :izina mu [[kinyafurikansi]] : Republiek van Suid-Afrika :izina mu [[kindebele]] (amajyepfo) : IRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika :izina mu [[kigisosa]] : IRiphabliki yaseMzantsi Afrika :izina mu [[kizulu]] : IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika :izina mu [[gisotho]] (amajyaruguru) : Rephaboliki ya Afrika-Borwa :izina mu [[gisotho]] (amajyepfo) : Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa :izina mu [[gitswana]] : Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa :izina mu [[giswati]] : IRiphabhulikhi yeNingizimu Afrika :izina mu [[kivenda]] : Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe[[File:Boulders_Beach,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|Boulders Beach, South Africa]]izina mu [[gitsonga]] : Riphabliki ra Afrika Dzon == Amateka == === Amateka ya kera (Prehistory) === Afurika y'Epfo ibarizwamo hamwe mu hantu ha kera cyane ku isi habonetse ibisigazwa by'ibimenyetso by'amateka (archaeology) n'ibisigazwa by'abakurambere b'abantu (hominin fossils).<ref name="en1">{{cite book|last= Wymer|first= John|author2= Singer, R|year= 1982|title= The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa|location= Chicago|publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-76103-9}}</ref> Abashakashatsi mu by'amateka ya kera bavumbuye ibisigazwa byinshi mu buvumo butandukanye bwo mu ntara ya Gauteng, buzwi ku izina rya Cradle of Humankind ("Igicumbi cy'Ikiremwamuntu"), ahantu hemewe na UNESCO nk'Umurage w'Isi. Muri ibyo bibanza harimo Sterkfontein, imwe mu hantu habonetse ibisigazwa byinshi by'abakurambere b'abantu kurusha ahandi ku isi, ndetse na Swartkrans, Gondolin Cave, Kromdraai, Cooper's Cave na Malapa. Igisigazwa cya mbere cy'umukurambere w'umuntu cyavumbuwe muri Afurika, kizwi nka Taung Child, cyabonetse hafi ya Taung mu mwaka wa 1924. Ibindi bisigazwa byabonetse ahitwa Makapansgat muri Limpopo, Cornelia na Florisbad muri Free State, Border Cave muri KwaZulu-Natal, Klasies River Caves muri Eastern Cape, ndetse na Pinnacle Point, Elandsfontein na Die Kelders Cave muri Western Cape.<ref name="en2">{{cite journal |last1=Marean |first1=Curtis W. |title=Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (Western Cape Province, South Africa) in context: The Cape Floral kingdom, shellfish, and modern human origins |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=September 2010 |volume=59 |issue=3–4 |pages=425–443 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.011 |pmid=20934095 |bibcode=2010JHumE..59..425M }}</ref> Ibi byavumbuwe bigaragaza ko amoko atandukanye y'abakurambere b'abantu yabaye muri Afurika y'Epfo guhera hafi ku myaka miliyoni eshatu ishize.<ref name="en3">{{cite web|url= http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/6/79.06.02.x.html|title= Hominid Evolution|publisher= Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute|first= Stephen P.|last= Broker|access-date= 19 June 2008|archive-date= 7 April 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080407181350/http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/6/79.06.02.x.html|url-status= live}}</ref> Muri ayo moko harimo Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus sediba, Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, Homo rhodesiensis, Homo helmei, Homo naledi, ndetse n'abantu b'iki gihe (Homo sapiens). Abantu b'iki gihe bamaze nibura imyaka 170,000 batuye mu majyepfo ya Afurika.<ref name="en4">{{cite book| title = An Encyclopedia of World History| editor-last = Langer| editor-first = William L.| edition = 5th| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| location = Boston| year = 1972| isbn = 978-0-395-13592-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9 9]| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9 }}</ref> Nanone, abashakashatsi bavumbuye ibikoresho bya kera byakozwe mu mabuye (pebble tools) mu kibaya cy'uruzi rwa Vaal, bikaba ari ibimenyetso by'ibikorwa by'abantu ba kera muri ako karere. === Igihe cyabanjirije ubukoloni === Abaturage ba mbere bari batuye mu majyepfo ya Afurika ni Abasan (San) n'Abakhoikhoi (Khoikhoi). Abasan ahanini batungwaga no guhiga no kwegeranya imyaka yimeza, mu gihe Abakhoikhoi bo, uretse guhiga no kwegeranya, banororaga amatungo.<ref name="en5">{{Cite journal|title=Khoisan hunter-gatherers have been the largest population throughout most of modern-human demographic history|first1=Hie Lim|last1=Kim|first2=Aakrosh|last2=Ratan|first3=George H.|last3=Perry|first4=Alvaro|last4=Montenegro|first5=Webb|last5=Miller|first6=Stephan C.|last6=Schuster|date=4 December 2014|journal=Nature Communications|volume=5|issue=1|pages=5692|doi=10.1038/ncomms6692|doi-access=free|pmid=25471224 |pmc=4268704 |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.5692K |hdl=11449/130054|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Abantu b'Abakhoisan bashobora kuba bakomoka ku bantu ba mbere bafite imiterere y'umuntu w'iki gihe bageze mu majyepfo ya Afurika mbere y'imyaka 150,000 ishize. Nyuma yaho, benshi muri bo basimbuwe cyangwa bashyirwa mu yandi moko bitewe n'ikwirakwira ry'Ababantu (Bantu Expansion) ryabaye hagati y'imyaka 2,000 na 1,500 ishize. Abantu bavuga indimi z'Ababantu batangiye kwimukira mu majyepfo baturutse mu burengerazuba bwa Afurika ahagana mu mwaka wa 3000 Mbere ya Yezu (BCE).<ref name="en6">{{Cite journal|title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals|first1=Rebecca|last1=Grollemund|first2=Simon|last2=Branford|first3=Koen|last3=Bostoen|first4=Andrew|last4=Meade|first5=Chris|last5=Venditti|first6=Mark|last6=Pagel|date=27 October 2015|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=112|issue=43|pages=13296–13301|doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112|doi-access=free |pmid=26371302|pmc=4629331 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G }}</ref> Mu kinyejana cya kane n'icya gatanu, abaturage bavuga indimi z'Ababantu bari bamaze gutura mu majyepfo y'u[[Umugezi wa Limpopo|ruzi rwa Limpopo]], ubu rukaba rugize umupaka wa Afurika y'Epfo na Botswana na Zimbabwe. Bari abahinzi, aborozi kandi bazi gukoresha ibyuma. Ahantu ha mbere hazwi hakorerwaga ibyuma muri KwaZulu-Natal hateganywa ko hashinzwe ahagana mu mwaka wa 1050. Itsinda ryageze kure mu majyepfo ni iry'Abaxhosa (Xhosa), ururimi rwabo rukaba rwarafashe bimwe mu biranga indimi z'Abakhoisan. Mu rugendo rwabo rwo kwimuka, abo baturage bo mu Gihe cy'Ibyuma basimbuye cyangwa binjiza mu muryango wabo abaturage bari bahatuye mbere. Mu ntara ya Mpumalanga habonetse uruziga rw'amabuye n'ibindi bimenyetso bya kera birimo ahazwi nka Adam's Calendar, bikekwa ko byubatswe n'Ababakone, ishami ry'Abasotho bo mu Majyaruguru. Ahagana mu mwaka wa 1220, abayobozi b'umuryango wa K2 bimukiye ku musozi wa Mapungubwe, aho bashinze [[umurwa]] mukuru w'Ubwami bwa Mapungubwe, abaturage basanzwe batura munsi yawo. Imihango yo gusaba imvura yari ifite uruhare rukomeye mu butegetsi bwabo, kandi ahantu henshi hakorerwaga iyo mihango haracyagaragara muri ako karere. Mu mwaka wa 1250, umurwa mukuru wa Mapungubwe wari utuwe n'abaturage bagera ku 5,000, ubwami bukaba bwarafite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 30,000 kandi bukungukira cyane ku bucuruzi bwakorwaga n'ibihugu byo ku Nyanja y'u Buhinde. Impamvu zatumye ubwo bwami busenyuka ahagana mu mwaka wa 1300 ntizizwi neza, ariko guhinduka kw'inzira z'ubucuruzi zerekeza ku ruzi rwa [[Umugezi wa Zambezi|Zambezi]] byagize uruhare mu kuzamuka kw'Ubwami bwa Great Zimbabwe. Nyuma y'ibyo, umusozi wa Mapungubwe waratereranywe, abaturage baho baratatana.<ref name="en7">{{Cite book |last1=Chirikure |first1=Shadreck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&pg=PT6 |title=Mapungubwe Reconsidered: A Living Legacy: Exploring Beyond the Rise and Decline of the Mapungubwe State |last2=Delius |first2=Peter |last3=Esterhuysen |first3=Amanda |last4=Hall |first4=Simon |last5=Lekgoathi |first5=Sekibakiba |last6=Maulaudzi |first6=Maanda |last7=Neluvhalani |first7=Vele |last8=Ntsoane |first8=Otsile |last9=Pearce |first9=David |date=2015-10-01 |publisher=Real African Publishers Pty Ltd. |isbn=978-1-920655-06-8 |language=en}}</ref> Hagati y'ikinyejana cya 15 n'icya 17, imikoranire hagati y'Abashona ba mbere, abandi Bashona bimukiye nyuma ndetse n'abavuga Ikinyasotho mu karere ka Soutpansberg yatumye havuka ururimi n'ubwoko bw'Abavenda (Venda).<ref name="en8">{{Cite journal |last=Huffman|first=Thomas|date=2022|title=The origins of Tshivenda: an archaeological challenge to historical linguistics|url=https://journals.co.za/doi/full/10.10520/ejc-nmsa_sah_v35_n1_a1|journal=Southern African Humanities|volume=35|issue=1|pages=|doi=}}</ref> Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 17, itsinda ry'Abasingo (Singo) rikomoka ku Bwami bwa Rozvi ryimukiye mu majyepfo, rishinga icyicaro cyarwo i Dzata, cyabaye umurwa mukuru w'Ubwami bwa Venda. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 18, ubwami bwatangiye gusenyuka bitewe n'ihinduka ry'inzira z'ubucuruzi. Mu miryango yakomeje kugira imbaraga harimo Ramabulana Singo mu burengerazuba bwa Soutpansberg, na Tshivhase Singo hamwe na Mphaphuli Singo mu burasirazuba bwaho. === Ubushakashatsi bw'Abanyaporutigari === Mu mwaka wa 1487, umushakashatsi w'Umunyaportigali Bartolomeu Dias yayoboye urugendo rwa mbere rw'Abanyaburayi rwageze ku nkombe z'amajyepfo ya Afurika.<ref name="en9">{{cite book|last=Domville-Fife|first=C.W.|title=The encyclopedia of the British Empire the first encyclopedic record of the greatest empire in the history of the world ed|year=1900|publisher=Rankin|location=London|page=25|url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopediaofbr01domvuoft#page/24/mode/2up}}</ref> Ku wa 4 Ukuboza 1487, yageze ku cyambu cya Walfisch Bay (ubu cyitwa Walvis Bay muri Namibiya). Yakomeje akurikiye inkombe z'iburengerazuba bwa Afurika y'Epfo, ariko nyuma y'itariki ya 8 Mutarama 1488 inkubi z'umuyaga zamubujije gukomeza akurikira inkombe, bituma arenga agace k'amajyepfo ya Afurika atakabonye. Mu kwezi kwa Gicurasi 1488 yageze ku ruzi yise Rio do Infante, bikekwa ko ari uruzi rwa Groot River rw'ubu. Agarutse yabonye ikinyura yise Cabo das Tormentas ("Umutwe w'Inkubi z'Umuyaga"), ariko Umwami John II wa [[Porutigali]] aza kukihindurira izina akita Cabo da Boa Esperança (Cape of Good Hope), kubera ko cyafunguraga inzira y'ubucuruzi bugana mu Burasirazuba bw'u Buhinde. Uru rugendo rwa Dias rwaje kwamamara cyane binyuze mu gisigo Os Lusíadas, cyanditswe na Luís de Camões mu mwaka wa 1572.<ref name="en10">{{Cite news |title=The Lusiads {{!}} Portuguese epic, 16th century, epic poem {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Lusiads |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910060626/https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Lusiads |archive-date=2025-09-10 |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka wa 1497, Vasco da Gama yahagurutse i Lisbon yerekeza mu rugendo rwamugejeje mu Buhinde mu 1498 anyuze ku Cape of Good Hope, bityo afungura inzira y'ubucuruzi bwo mu nyanja hagati y'u [[Burayi]] na [[Aziya]]. Mu rugendo rwe yanyuze ku nkombe z'igice ubu kigize Afurika y'Epfo, ariko ahagarara ku butaka bwa Mozambike y'ubu. === Ubukoloni bw'Abaholandi n'Abongereza muri Cape === Abaholandi bageze bwa mbere ku nkombe z'amajyepfo ya Afurika mu mwaka wa 1595. Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 17, ubwo ububasha bwa Porutigali mu bwikorezi bwo mu nyanja bwagendaga bugabanuka, abacuruzi b'Abongereza n'Abaholandi batangiye guhatanira kwigarurira ubucuruzi bw'ibirungo bwari bwariganjemo na Porutigali. Guhera mu mwaka wa 1601, sosiyete y'Abongereza y'Ubucuruzi n'u Buhinde (British East India Company) yajyaga ihagarara ku Cape ishaka ibiribwa n'amazi yo guha amato, ariko nyuma ihitamo gukoresha ibirwa bya Ascension na Saint Helena nk'ibyambu byo kuruhukiraho. Mu mwaka wa 1647, abakozi babiri ba Sosiyete y'Abaholandi y'Ubucuruzi n'u Buhinde (Dutch East India Company) bakoze impanuka y'ubwato kuri Cape maze bahamara amezi menshi. Babashije kubaho babikesha amazi meza, inyama bahawe n'abaturage bahasangaga ndetse no guhinga ku butaka bwera. Basubiye mu [[Ubuholandi|Buholandi]] batangaza ko Cape yari ahantu heza ho kubaka ikigo cyo kubikamo ibiribwa no gutegurira amato akora ingendo ndende. Mu mwaka wa 1652, nyuma y'imyaka hafi 150 inzira ya Cape imenyekanye, Jan van Riebeeck yashinze ikigo cyo gutanga ibiribwa n'ibikoresho ku mato ku Cape of Good Hope, ahaje kuvamo umujyi wa Cape Town, abihagarariye Sosiyete y'Abaholandi y'Ubucuruzi n'u Buhinde.<ref name="en11">{{cite web|url=http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/timeline/t-19saf.htm|title=African History Timeline|publisher=West Chester University of Pennsylvania|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=7 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107070748/http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/timeline/t-19saf.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nyuma y'aho Cape yabaye ubuturo bw'abaturage benshi b'Abaholandi bigenzuraga, bazwi nka Free Burghers. Abacuruzi b'Abaholandi banazanye [[imbata]] ibihumbi baturutse muri [[Indonesiya]], [[Madagasikari]] no mu burasirazuba bwa Afurika. Uku kuvanga abaturage kwatumye havuka itsinda rishya rizwi nka Cape Coloureds, benshi muri bo bakaba barakoresheje ururimi rw'Ikidage cy'Abaholandi (Dutch) kandi bakemera Ubukristo. Guhera mu kinyejana cya 17, havutse amakimbirane hagati y'Abakhoisan n'Abaholandi bapfaga ubutaka n'indi mitungo, ayo makimbirane akomeza imyaka myinshi. Kwaguka kw'Abaholandi berekeza iburasirazuba kwatumye barwana n'Abaxhosa, kuko impande zombi zashakaga kugenzura urwuri rwo hafi y'uruzi rwa Great Fish River. Abahinzi b'Abaholandi bigenga bari batuye ku mipaka bitwaga Boers, naho bamwe muri bo bitwaga Trekboers kubera imibereho yabo yo kwimuka bimwe na bimwe. Boers bashyizeho imitwe yitwaje intwaro yitwaga commandos, ndetse bagirana ubufatanye n'Abakhoisan mu guhangana n'ibitero by'Abaxhosa. Impande zombi zagabye ibitero byinshi byamennye amaraso, ariko nta ruhande rwabashije gutsinda burundu urundi, bityo urugomo no kwiba amatungo bikomeza kuba ikibazo mu gihe kirekire. Mu myaka ya 1795–1803, u Bwongereza bwigaruriye Cape Town kugira ngo butayirekera u [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]]. Mu 1803, Cape yasubiye mu maboko y'Abaholandi igihe gito, ariko mu 1806 yongera kwigarurirwa n'u Bwongereza.<ref name="en12">{{cite book| last = Keegan| first = Timothy| title = Colonial South Africa and the Origins of the Racial Order| year = 1996| url = https://archive.org/details/colonialsouthafr0000keeg| url-access = registration|edition= 1996|pages= [https://archive.org/details/colonialsouthafr0000keeg/page/85 85–86]| publisher = David Philip Publishers (Pty) Ltd| isbn = 978-0-8139-1735-1}}</ref> Nyuma y'Intambara za Napoleon, Cape yemerewe ku mugaragaro kuba igice cy'Ubwami bw'u Bwongereza. Guhera mu 1818, Abongereza benshi batangiye kwimukira muri Afurika y'Epfo, maze mu 1820 hagera itsinda rinini ry'abimukira ryari rigamije kongera umubare w'abakozi b'Abanyaburayi no gukomeza kurinda imipaka y'ubukoloni ibitero by'Abaxhosa. === Mfecane n'ikwaguka ry'ubukoloni === Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 19 habaye igihe cy'imvururu n'imihindagurikire gikomeye kizwi nka Mfecane ("gusenyuka" cyangwa "gutatanywa"), cyaranzwe n'intambara, kwimuka kw'abaturage no kuvuka kw'ubwami bushya. Ibi byatewe n'ihurirana ry'ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, imihindagurikire y'ibidukikije ndetse n'ikwaguka ry'ubukoloni bw'Abanyaburayi. Ubwami butandukanye bwahanganiye kugenzura inzira z'ubucuruzi n'urwuri, bituma havuka ubwami bwa Ndwandwe na Mthethwa. Ndwandwe yatsinze Mthethwa, ariko nyuma ubwami bwayo burasenyuka, maze umwe mu bayobozi ba Mthethwa ari we Shaka ashinga kandi akomeza Ubwami bw'Abazulu (Zulu Kingdom). Muri icyo gihe kandi havutse Ubwami bwa Gaza, bwahanganye n'Abazulu. Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 19, Abaholandi benshi bavuye muri Cape Colony bahunga ubutegetsi bw'Abongereza. Abo bimukira, bazwi nka Voortrekkers, bimukiye mu turere twaje kuba Natal, Free State na Transvaal. Nyuma yo gutsinda Abazulu mu Ntambara ya Blood River yabaye ku wa 16 Ukuboza 1838, bashinze za repubulika z'Ababuru zirimo Natalia Republic, South African Republic na Orange Free State. Hagati mu gihugu, Cape Colony yakomeje kwaguka yigarurira ubutaka bw'Ababatswana n'Abagriqua, mu gihe Ubwami bwa Matabele bwariyongereye bukagaba ibitero ku Bwami bwa Venda. Ivumburwa rya diamant mu mwaka wa 1867 n'irya zahabu mu 1884 ryatangije igihe cyiswe Mineral Revolution, cyihutishije iterambere ry'ubukungu, kwiyongera kw'abimukira no gukaza ubukoloni bw'Abongereza ku baturage kavukire. Kurwanira kugenzura ayo mabuye y'agaciro byagize uruhare rukomeye mu mibanire hagati y'Abanyaburayi n'Abanyafurika, ndetse no hagati y'Ababuru n'Abongereza.<ref name="en13">{{cite book|author=Williams, Garner F|title=The Diamond Mines of South Africa, Vol II|year=1905|publisher=B. F Buck & Co.|location=New York|pages=Chapter XX|url=http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/williams_diamond_mines_2/page_285|access-date=27 November 2008}}</ref> Ku wa 16 Gicurasi 1876, Perezida Thomas François Burgers wa Repubulika y'Afurika y'Epfo yatangaje intambara ku bwoko bw'Abapedi. Umwami Sekhukhune yatsinze ingabo za Boers inshuro nyinshi, ariko nyuma y'uko Abongereza bagabye ibitero bikurikirana, bamutsinze mu Ugushyingo 1879 bifashishije ingabo z'Abongereza, Ababuru n'Abaswazi.<ref name="en14">{{Cite web|title=South African Military History Society – Journal- THE SEKUKUNI WARS|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol025hk.html|access-date=15 August 2020|website=samilitaryhistory.org|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723053419/http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol025hk.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Muri uwo mwaka wa 1879, habaye Intambara y'Abongereza n'Abazulu (Anglo-Zulu War). U Bwongereza bwifuzaga gushyiraho ihuriro ry'ibihugu muri Afurika y'Epfo nk'iryari rimaze kugerwaho muri [[Kanada]]. Mu 1874, Henry Bartle Frere yoherejwe muri Afurika y'Epfo nk'Intumwa Nkuru y'u Bwongereza kugira ngo ashyire mu bikorwa uwo mugambi. Nubwo Abazulu batsinze Abongereza mu Ntambara ya Isandlwana, nyuma batsinzwe burundu, bituma Ubwami bw'Abazulu butakaza ubwigenge bwabwo.<ref name="en15">{{cite book | last = Knight | first = Ian | title = Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s2mbl5xPOcUC&q=Zulu+Victory:+The+Epic+of+Isandlwana+and+the+cover-up | isbn = 9781447202233 | publisher = Pan Macmillan | date = 6 May 2011 | access-date = 26 December 2023 | archive-date = 28 June 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240628010915/https://books.google.com/books?id=s2mbl5xPOcUC&q=Zulu+Victory:+The+Epic+of+Isandlwana+and+the+cover-up | url-status = live }}</ref> === Intambara z'Ababuru n'ubwigenge === Repubulika z'Ababuru zashoboye guhangana n'igerageza ry'u Bwongereza ryo kuzigarurira mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Ababuru (1880–1881), zikoresheje uburyo bwo kurwana bw'udutsiko (guerrilla warfare) bwari bubereye imiterere y'ako karere. Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Ababuru (1899–1902), Abongereza bagarutse bafite ingabo nyinshi, uburambe n'ingamba nshya. Nubwo bahuye n'igihombo gikomeye, amaherezo batsinze biturutse ku gukoresha amayeri yo gutwika imitungo no gushyira abaturage mu nkambi z'ifungwa (concentration camps), aho abaturage b'Ababuru bagera ku 27,000 bapfiriye bazize indwara n'imibereho mibi.<ref name="en16">{{cite news|title=5 of the worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html|work=The Independent|date=19 January 2016|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=27 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927142647/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html|url-status=live }}</ref> Nyuma y'izo ntambara, abaturage bo mu mijyi ya Afurika y'Epfo bariyongereye cyane, kandi abahinzi benshi b'Ababuru bahungiye mu mijyi yo muri Transvaal na Orange Free State, aho bamwe baje kwitwa "Abazungu bakennye" (poor whites). Muri icyo gihe, politiki y'Abazungu bo muri Afurika y'Epfo yarwanyaga ubutegetsi bw'u Bwongereza, igamije kugera ku bwigenge. Mu gihe cy'ubukoloni bw'Abaholandi n'Abongereza, ivangura rishingiye ku moko ryakorwaga ahanini mu buryo butanditse, ariko hashyizweho amategeko agenga aho abaturage kavukire bagombaga gutura n'uko bagendaga, harimo Native Location Act yo mu 1879 n'amategeko yabasabaga gutwara impushya z'inzira (pass laws). Nyuma y'imyaka umunani Intambara ya Kabiri y'Ababuru irangiye, ndetse n'imyaka ine y'imishyikirano, Itegeko rya Afurika y'Epfo ryo mu 1909 (South Africa Act 1909) ryashinzwe Ubumwe bw'Afurika y'Epfo (Union of South Africa) ku wa 31 Gicurasi 1910, riha igihugu ubwigenge bugarukira ku rwego runaka. Ubu bumwe bwari bugizwe n'ubukoloni bwa Cape, Transvaal, Natal, hamwe na Orange Free State. Mu 1913, hashyizweho Itegeko ry'Ubutaka bw'Abasangwabutaka (Natives Land Act), ryagabanyije cyane uburenganzira bw'Abirabura bwo gutunga ubutaka, kuko icyo gihe bemerewe kugenzura hafi 7% gusa by'ubutaka bw'igihugu.<ref name="en17">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm|title=Native Land Act|publisher=South African Institute of Race Relations|date=19 June 1913|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014095049/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm|archive-date=14 October 2010 }}</ref> Nyuma, ubuso bwagenewe abaturage kavukire bwaje kongerwaho gato. Mu 1931, Ubumwe bw'Afurika y'Epfo bwabonye ubwigenge busesuye ku Bwami bw'u Bwongereza binyuze mu Statute of Westminster, yakuyeho ububasha bw'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'u Bwongereza bwo gushyiraho amategeko muri Afurika y'Epfo. Mu 1934, South African Party na National Party byishyize hamwe bishinga United Party, mu rwego rwo kunga Abafurikana n'Abazungu bavuga Icyongereza. Icyakora, mu 1939 iryo shyaka ryaracitse kubera kutumvikana ku kwinjira kw'Afurika y'Epfo mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose ku ruhande rw'u Bwongereza.<ref name="en18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/national-party-np|title=National Party (NP) &#124; South African History Online|website=www.sahistory.org.za|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=8 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508083820/https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/national-party-np|url-status=live}}</ref> === Igihe cya Apartheid === Mu 1948, National Party yatsinze amatora maze ifata ubutegetsi. Yakomeje kandi ishimangira politiki y'ivanguramoko yari yaratangiye mu gihe cy'ubukoloni bw'Abaholandi n'Abongereza. Hashingiwe ku mategeko ya Indian Act yo muri Kanada, abaturage bashyizwe mu byiciro bitatu: Abazungu, Abirabura, n'Abahinde n'Abavangavanze (Coloureds), buri tsinda rigenerwa uburenganzira n'imbogamizi zitandukanye. Guverinoma yari iyobowe n'Abazungu bake yashyizeho ku mugaragaro politiki y'ivanguramoko yiswe Apartheid. Mu gihe Abazungu babagaho ubuzima bwiza bugereranywa n'ubwo mu bihugu byateye imbere byo mu Burengerazuba, Abirabura bo bakomeje guhezwa mu bijyanye n'uburezi, amafaranga binjizaga, amazu ndetse n'icyizere cyo kubaho igihe kirekire. Mu 1955, Freedom Charter yemejwe n'ihuriro rya Congress Alliance, isaba ko habaho igihugu kitagira ivangura rishingiye ku moko. Ku wa 31 Gicurasi 1961, Afurika y'Epfo yabaye repubulika nyuma ya referandumu yemerewe gusa Abazungu.<ref name="en19">{{cite web|title=Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/hendrik-frensch-verwoerd|publisher=South African History Online|quote=On 5 October 1960 a referendum was held in which White voters were asked: "Do you support a republic for the Union?" – 52 percent voted 'Yes'.|access-date=9 March 2013|archive-date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129002322/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/hendrik-frensch-verwoerd|url-status=live}}</ref> Intara ya Natal yiganjemo abayobokaga u Bwongereza yarwanyije uwo mwanzuro. Elizabeth II yambuwe izina ry'Umwamikazi wa Afurika y'Epfo, maze Charles Robberts Swart aba Perezida wa mbere wa Repubulika. Mu 1983, itegekonshinga rya P. W. Botha ryakuyeho umwanya wa Minisitiri w'Intebe, rishyiraho Perezida ufite ububasha bukomeye. Muri uwo mwaka wa 1961, Afurika y'Epfo yanikuye mu muryango wa Commonwealth of Nations kubera igitutu cy'ibihugu biwugize. Nubwo Apartheid yarwanywaga n'abaturage bo mu gihugu no ku rwego mpuzamahanga, guverinoma yakomeje kuyishyigikira. Inzego z'umutekano zakandamizaga abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, mu gihe imitwe nka African National Congress (ANC), Azanian People's Organisation na Pan-Africanist Congress yakoraga ibikorwa byo kurwanya ubutegetsi birimo intambara y'udutsiko no gusenya ibikorwa remezo. Kubera politiki y'ivanguramoko, ibihugu byinshi byahagaritse ubucuruzi n'Afurika y'Epfo, biza no kuyifatira ibihano mpuzamahanga no gukuramo ishoramari ryabyo. === Nyuma ya Apartheid === Mu 1974, Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith, yashyizweho umukono na Mangosuthu Buthelezi na Harry Schwarz, yashyize imbere amahame yo guhererekanya ubutegetsi mu mahoro no guha abaturage bose uburenganzira bungana.<ref name="en20">{{Cite web |title=Russia, China And Palestine – Part III |url=https://crescent.icit-digital.org/articles/russia-china-and-palestine-part-iii |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=Crescent International}}</ref> Mu 1993, Perezida F.W. de Klerk yatangiye ibiganiro na [[Nelson Mandela]] bigamije kurangiza Apartheid no gushyiraho ubutegetsi bushingiye kuri demokarasi. Mu 1990, guverinoma ya National Party yatangiye gukuraho Apartheid ikuraho ibihano byari byarafatiwe ANC n'indi mitwe ya politiki. Nelson Mandela yafunguwe nyuma yo kumara imyaka 27 muri gereza. Nyuma y'ibiganiro n'amatora ya referandumu yo mu 1992, Afurika y'Epfo yakoze [[amatora]] rusange ya mbere mu 1994, atsindwa ku bwiganze na ANC. Nyuma y'ayo matora, igihugu cyongeye kwinjira muri Commonwealth of Nations ndetse kiba umunyamuryango wa [[Umuryango Ugamije Iterambere ry’Afurika y’amajyepfo|Southern African Development Community]] (SADC). Nyuma ya Apartheid, Afurika y'Epfo yakomeje kugira ituze rya politiki nubwo yahuye n'ibibazo birimo ubushomeri n'ubusumbane bukabije mu bukungu. Igihugu cyagize kandi ibihe by'urugomo, birimo imyigaragambyo yo mu 2008 yibasiraga abanyamahanga, yahitanye abantu barenga 60 ikanahungisha abarenga 100,000.<ref name="en21">{{cite journal|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2193949/|title=Broke-on-Broke Violence|journal=Slate |date=20 June 2008 |access-date=6 July 2011|archive-date=8 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908002524/http://www.slate.com/id/2193949/|url-status=live|last1=Chance |first1=Kerry }}</ref> Mu 2012, habaye [[ubwicanyi]] bwa Marikana, bwabaye bwo bwicanyi bukomeye bwakozwe n'inzego z'umutekano ku baturage kuva imyigaragambyo ya Soweto.<ref name="en22">{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/south-african-police-open-fire-on-striking-mine-workers-several-injured/2012/08/16/c9c99e3c-e7ad-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120817062827/http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/south-african-police-open-fire-on-striking-mine-workers-several-injured/2012/08/16/c9c99e3c-e7ad-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html|archive-date=17 August 2012|title=South African police open fire as striking miners charge, killing and wounding workers|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=16 August 2012|access-date=16 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu gihe cya Perezida Jacob Zuma, ruswa n'iyigarurirwa ry'inzego za Leta byabaye ikibazo gikomeye. Ifungwa rye by'agateganyo mu 2021 ryateje imvururu zahitanye abantu 354.<ref name="en23">{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=John |date=2021-07-15 |title=South Africa Sees the Best of Times and the Worst of Times |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/south-africa-sees-best-times-and-worst-times |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604133942/https://www.cfr.org/blog/south-africa-sees-best-times-and-worst-times |url-status=live }}</ref> Kuva mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21, ishyaka ANC ryagiye ritakaza imbaraga mu matora. Mu matora rusange yo mu 2024, ku nshuro ya mbere ryananiwe kubona ubwiganze busesuye mu [[Inteko ishinga amategeko|Nteko Ishinga Amategeko]].<ref name="en24">{{Cite web |last1=Chothia |first1=Farouk |last2=Byaruhanga |first2=Catherine |date=2024-05-31 |title=South Africa election result: Will ANC share power with MK party or DA? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyeek2xlgzzo |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601124426/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyeek2xlgzzo |url-status=live }}</ref> Nyuma y'ayo matora, Perezida Cyril Ramaphosa yashyizeho Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Igihugu (Government of National Unity) ifatanyije n'andi mashyaka, harimo Democratic Alliance.<ref name="en25">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=South Africa's ANC moves closer to forming coalition government |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240614-south-africa-s-anc-reaches-last-minute-deal-for-coalition-government |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615221341/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240614-south-africa-s-anc-reaches-last-minute-deal-for-coalition-government |url-status=live }}</ref> == Imiterere y'igihugu == Afurika y'Epfo iherereye mu majyepfo y'umugabane wa Afurika, ikagira inkombe z'inyanja zifite uburebure burenga kilometero 2,500, zihana imbibi n'Inyanja ya Atalantika y'Amajyepfo ndetse n'Inyanja y'u Buhinde. Ifite ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 1,219,912, bikayigira igihugu cya 24 kinini ku isi.<ref name="en26">{{Cite web|title=Demographic Yearbook – 2015 |date=2016 |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2015.htm|access-date=12 December 2017|website=United Nations Statistics Division |archive-date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708191849/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2015.htm|url-status=live }}</ref> Uretse ibirwa bya Prince Edward, igihugu kiri hagati ya dogere 22° na 35° z'amajyepfo (S) na dogere 16° na 33° z'iburasirazuba (E). Igice kinini cy'imbere mu gihugu kigizwe n'ikibaya kinini kiri ku butumburuke buri hagati ya metero 1,000 na 2,100 hejuru y'inyanja. Iki kibaya kiri hejuru cyane mu burasirazuba, kikagenda kigabanuka buhoro buhoro werekeza iburengerazuba, amajyaruguru n'amajyepfo y'iburengerazuba. Gikikijwe n'umusozi muremure uzwi nka Great Escarpment, aho igice cyawo cyo mu burasirazuba kandi kiri hejuru cyane cyitwa [[Drakensberg]].<ref name="en27">Encyclopædia Britannica (1975); Micropaedia Vol. III, p. 655. Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers, Chicago.</ref> Umusozi wa Mafadi, uherereye muri Drakensberg, ni wo muremure kurusha indi muri Afurika y'Epfo, ufite ubuhagarike bwa metero 3,450 hejuru y'inyanja.<ref name="en28">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 151. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> Umupaka uhuza intara ya KwaZulu-Natal na Lesotho unyura ku gice kiri hejuru cyane cya Great Escarpment, kigera ku butumburuke burenga metero 3,000. Igice cy'amajyepfo n'icy'amajyepfo y'iburengerazuba cy'iki kibaya, hamwe n'ikibaya kiri munsi yacyo, kizwi nka Great Karoo, akarere kagizwe ahanini n'ibihuru byo mu butayu kandi gatuwe n'abaturage bake. Mu majyaruguru, Great Karoo ikomeza ihinduka Bushmanland, na yo ikaza kugana mu Butayu bwa Kalahari buri mu majyaruguru y'iburengerazuba bw'igihugu. Igice cyo hagati no mu burasirazuba cy'ikibaya kizwi nka Highveld, kikaba gifite imvura ihagije, ubutaka bwera ndetse kikaba ari cyo gice gikorwamo [[ubuhinzi]] bw'ubucuruzi ku rugero runini. Aha ni na ho hari intara ya Gauteng, ifite abaturage benshi kurusha izindi. Mu majyaruguru ya Highveld hari Bushveld, igenda imanuka ikagera mu kibaya cya Limpopo Lowveld. Agace k'inkombe kari munsi ya Great Escarpment, guhera mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, kagizwe na Limpopo Lowveld, gakomeza muri Mpumalanga Lowveld, munsi ya Mpumalanga Drakensberg. Aka gace karangwa n'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'imvura nke ugereranyije na Highveld, kandi ubuhinzi ntibuhakorwa cyane. Muri aka karere ni ho haherereye Pariki y'Igihugu ya Kruger (Kruger National Park), imwe mu z'ingenzi muri Afurika, ifite ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 19,633.<ref name="en29">{{Cite web|title=Kruger National Park|url=http://www.africa.com/south-africa/travel/what-to-do/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218164142/http://www.africa.com/south-africa/travel/what-to-do/|archive-date=18 December 2014|access-date=16 December 2014|publisher=Africa.com}}</ref> Mu majyepfo n'amajyepfo y'iburengerazuba, munsi ya Great Escarpment, hari imisozi ya Cape Fold Mountains, irambuye ibangikanye n'inkombe z'inyanja. Hagati y'imisozi ya Outeniqua na Langeberg mu majyepfo n'umusozi wa Swartberg mu majyaruguru hari akarere kitwa Little Karoo, kagizwe n'ibihuru byo mu butayu busa n'ubwa Great Karoo, nubwo igice cyegereye Swartberg kibona imvura nyinshi bityo kikaba gikorwamo ubuhinzi kurushaho. Little Karoo izwi cyane kubera ubworozi bw'imbuni (ostriches), cyane cyane hafi y'umujyi wa Oudtshoorn. Agace k'inkombe kari hagati y'imisozi ya Outeniqua na Langeberg n'Inyanja yitiriwe Atalantika kazwi nka Garden Route. Aka karere kagwa imvura ihagije umwaka wose kandi karimo amashyamba manini kurusha ahandi muri Afurika y'Epfo. Mu majyepfo y'iburengerazuba bw'igihugu hari Cape Peninsula, igice kigize amaherezo y'amajyepfo y'inkombe z'igihugu. Iki gice gifite [[ikirere cya Mediterane]], kikaba ari cyo gice rukumbi cyo munsi y'[[Ubutayu bwa sahara|Ubutayu bwa Sahara]] cyakira imvura nyinshi mu gihe cy'itumba. Mu burengerazuba bw'inkombe, uhereye mu majyaruguru ya Cape Peninsula, hari akarere ka Swartland na Malmesbury Plain, kazwi cyane mu buhinzi bw'[[ingano]] bushingiye ku mvura y'itumba.<ref name="en30">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 113. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> Mu majyaruguru yaho hari Namaqualand, igenda irushaho gukama yegereye Uruzi rwa Orange.<ref name="en31">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 19. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> Nubwo aka karere kagwa imvura nke, iyo imvura yaguye mu gihe cy'itumba, mu mpeshyi (Kanama–Nzeri) huzura indabo z'amoko menshi zigakwira mu bibaya, bikaba kimwe mu bintu bikurura ba mukerarugendo benshi ku isi. Afurika y'Epfo ifite kandi ibirwa byo mu Nyanja y'Amajyepfo bizwi nka Prince Edward Islands, bigizwe na Marion Island ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 290 na Prince Edward Island ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 45. == Ikirere == Afurika y'Epfo ifite ikirere giciriritse muri rusange, bitewe n'uko ikikijwe n'Inyanja ya Atalantika n'Inyanja y'u Buhinde ku mpande eshatu, ikaba iri mu gice cy'amajyepfo y'Isi gifite ikirere kidakabije, ndetse n'uko ubutumburuke bw'igihugu bugenda bwiyongera werekeza mu majyaruguru no hagati mu gihugu. Imiterere y'ubutaka n'ingaruka z'inyanja bituma igihugu kigira ubwoko butandukanye bw'ikirere. Mu majyaruguru y'iburengerazuba hari ubutayu bwa Namib bufite ubushyuhe n'ubukame bukabije, mu gihe mu burasirazuba, ku mupaka wa [[Mozambike]] n'Inyanja y'u Buhinde, hari ikirere cy'ubushyuhe n'imvura nyinshi (subtropical). Igihe cy'itumba muri Afurika y'Epfo kiba hagati ya Kamena na Kanama. Mu majyepfo y'iburengerazuba, ikirere gisa n'icya Mediterane, kirangwa n'imvura mu itumba n'impeshyi ishyushye kandi yumye. Aka karere kazwi cyane kubera urusobe rw'ibimera rwa fynbos, kandi ni na ko gakorerwamo divayi nyinshi z'Afurika y'Epfo. Karangwa kandi n'[[umuyaga]] uhuha hafi umwaka wose, ibintu byatumye kera amato menshi akora impanuka igihe yanyuraga ku Cape of Good Hope. Mu burasirazuba bw'inkombe z'amajyepfo, imvura igwa neza mu mezi yose y'umwaka, bigatuma hahora hari ibimera byinshi n'ubutaka butoshye. Intara ya Free State irangwa n'ubutaka buringaniye kuko iherereye ku kibaya kinini cyo hagati mu gihugu. Mu majyaruguru y'uruzi rwa Vaal, akarere ka Highveld kagira imvura ihagije kandi ubushyuhe ntibukabije nk'ubwo mu bice byo ku nkombe. Umujyi wa Johannesburg, uherereye hagati ya Highveld ku butumburuke bwa metero 1,740 hejuru y'inyanja, ugwa imvura igera kuri milimetero 760 ku mwaka. Igihe cy'itumba muri aka karere kirakonja, nubwo urubura rugwa gake. Ahantu hakonja kurusha ahandi ku mugabane wa Afurika y'Epfo ni Buffelsfontein mu ntara ya Eastern Cape, aho mu mwaka wa 2013 handitswe ubushyuhe bwa −20.1 °C.<ref name="en32">{{Cite web|date=1 July 2018|title=These are the lowest ever temperatures recorded in South Africa|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/lowest-temperature-recorded-south-africa/|access-date=11 September 2020|website=The South African|language=en-US|archive-date=11 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911142956/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/lowest-temperature-recorded-south-africa/|url-status=live }}</ref> Nubwo ibirwa bya Prince Edward Islands bikonja kurushaho muri rusange, Buffelsfontein ni ho hamaze gupimwa ubushyuhe bwo hasi cyane ku mugabane w'igihugu. Ku rundi ruhande, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwemewe n'amategeko bwapimwe muri Vioolsdrif muri Mutarama 1993, bugera kuri 48.8 °C, nubwo hari inyandiko zivuga ko mu 1948 higeze gupimwa 51.7 °C hafi ya Upington, ariko ibyo ntibyemewe ku mugaragaro kuko ibikoresho byakoreshejwe bitari bisanzwe.<ref name="en33">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMdzAAAAMAAJ|title=South Africa yearbook|publisher=South African Communication Service|year=1997|isbn=9780797035447|page=3|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-date=24 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124000311/https://books.google.com/books?id=SMdzAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live }}</ref> [[Imihindagurikire y' ikirere|Imihindagurikire y'ikirere]] ikomeje kugira ingaruka zikomeye muri Afurika y'Epfo, zirimo izamuka ry'ubushyuhe n'ihindagurika ry'imvura. Ibiza biterwa n'ikirere, nk'amapfa n'inkongi z'umuriro, biragenda byiyongera kandi bikarushaho gukaza ubukana. Ibi bishyira mu kaga umutungo kamere, amazi, umusaruro w'ubuhinzi, ubuzima bw'abaturage n'[[urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima]]. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) bugaragaza ko bitarenze 2050, ubushyuhe bushobora kwiyongera hafi ya 1 °C ku nkombe z'inyanja, naho mu bice by'imbere mu gihugu nk'Northern Cape bukiyongera kurenga 4 °C. Akarere ka Cape Floral Region, kazwi cyane kubera ibimera byihariye, gashobora kuzibasirwa cyane n'iyi mihindagurikire, bikaba byanashyira amoko menshi y'ibimera n'inyamaswa mu kaga ko kuzimira. Afurika y'Epfo yasohoye raporo z'igihugu ku mihindagurikire y'ikirere mu 2011 no mu 2016. Ni kimwe mu bihugu bisohora imyuka myinshi ya carbone dioxyde (CO₂) ku isi, cyane cyane kubera gukoresha [[amakara]] na peteroli nk'isoko rikuru ry'ingufu. Mu rwego rwo kubahiriza amasezerano mpuzamahanga yo kurengera ibidukikije, igihugu cyiyemeje ko imyuka ihumanya ikirere kizayigeza ku rwego rwo hejuru hagati ya 2020 na 2025, hanyuma igatangira kugabanuka. == Politiki == === Ubutegetsi n'umukuru w'igihugu === Afurika y’Epfo igendera ku mfashanyigisho y'inteko ishinga amategeko (parliamentary republic), ariko ifite umwihariko: * Perezida: Ni umukuru w’igihugu akaba n'umukuru w’guverinoma. Agomba kuba afite icyizere cy’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kugira ngo agume ku gutegeka. * Gutora Perezida: Nyuma y'amatora y'inteko, Abadepite (National Assembly) batora umwe mu bagize inteko akaba Perezida. * Manda: Perezida amara imyaka 5 ku ntebe, kandi ashobora kuyobora manda ebyiri gusa.<ref name="en34">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2006/04/06/when-enough-is-enough|title=Term Limits in Africa|newspaper=The Economist|date=6 April 2006|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019194644/http://www.economist.com/node/6772433|url-status=live }}</ref> * Cabinet: Perezida ashyiraho Icyegera cye (Deputy President) na ba Minisitiri. Inteko iramutse imukupye icyizere (''motion of no confidence''), Perezida na guverinoma ye bashobora gukurvaho. * Uburenganzira bw'Itegeko Nshinga: Inzego zose (Itafata ibyemezo, Ishinga amategeko, n'Ubutabera) zitwarwa n'Itegeko Nshinga. Inkiko nkuru zifite ububasha bwo kuburizamo ibyemezo cyangwa amategeko anyuranyije naryo. === Inteko ishinga amategeko === Inteko ifite inzu ebyiri: # National Assembly (Inzu yo Pasi): Igizwe n'abadepite 400 batorwa ku mfashanyigisho y'ijanisha ry'amajwi amashyaka yaboneye (''party-list proportional representation'') buri myaka 5. # National Council of Provinces (Inzu yo Mu hisi): Igizwe n'abajyanama 90 (buri ntara mu ziri 9 itora abantu 10). === Amatora yo ku wa 29 Gicurasi 2024 === Aya matora yabaye amateka kuko ishyaka rya ANC yatakaje ubwiganze mu nteko ku buryo bw'umwihariko kuva Apartheid yagera ku musozo:<ref name="en35">{{Cite news |last=Akinwotu |first=Emmanuel |date=1 June 2024 |title=In a historic election, South Africa's ANC loses majority for the first time |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/06/01/nx-s1-4987616/south-africa-election-results |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=NPR}}</ref> * ANC: Yabonye 40% (imyanya 159). * DA (Democratic Alliance): Yabonye 22% (imyanya 87) - Ishyaka rikuru rirwanya ubutegetsi. * uMkhonto weSizwe (MK): Yabonye 14.6% (imyanya 58) - Ryashinzwe na Jacob Zuma. * EFF (Economic Freedom Fighters): Yabonye 9.5% (imyanya 39) - Ryashinzwe na Julius Malema.<ref name="en36">{{Cite news |last=Usher |first=Barbara Plett |date=14 June 2024 |title=A landmark moment in South Africa for a humbled ANC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cw55w4z3gqeo |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=BBC}}</ref> <blockquote>Nyuma y'amatora, ANC yafatanyije na DA n'ayandi mashyaka mato gukora Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Igihugu (Government of National Unity).</blockquote> === Imirwa mikuru === Afurika y’Epfo ntabwo ifite umurwa mukuru umwe utenganwa mu buryo bw'itegeko. Ubutegetsi bugabanyije mu mijyi itatu:<ref name="en37">{{cite web |title=South Africa's Three Capital Cities |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africas-three-capital-cities |publisher=Government of South Africa |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref> * Cape Town (Umurwa mukuru w'amategeko): Ibyicaro by'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko. * Pretoria (Umurwa mukuru w'ubutegetsi): Ibyicaro vya Perezida, Cabinet, n'ambasade z'amahanga. * Bloemfontein (Umurwa mukuru w'ubutabera): Ibyicaro by'Urukiko Rusange rwayo (''Supreme Court of Appeal''). ''(Nyamara, Urukiko Rurembereye rw'Itegeko Nshinga ruherereye i Johannesburg kuva mu 1994).'' === Amategeko n'inkiko === Amategeko ya Afurika y'Epfo ashingiye ku mbata y'imvange y'amateka babayemo: # Roman-Dutch law: Amategeko yazanywe n'Abaholandi mu bihe bya Koni.<ref name="en38">{{cite web|url=http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm|title=Researching South African Law|access-date=23 June 2008|first1=Pamela|last1=Snyman|first2=Amanda|last2=Barratt|name-list-style=amp|date=2 October 2002|publisher=w/ Library Resource Xchange|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617154356/http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm|archive-date=17 June 2008 }}</ref> # English Common law: Amategeko y'Abongereza yazanywe mu kinyejana cya 19. Urutonde rw'inkiko, uhereye ku rwego rwo hejuru: * Constitutional Court: Urukiko rurembereye (i Johannesburg). * Supreme Court of Appeal: Urukiko rugenewe ibindi bibazo bitari ibyo mu Itegeko Nshinga (i Bloemfontein). * High Court: Inkiko zisumbuye mu turere dutandukanye. * Magistrates' Courts: Inkiko z'ibanze ziburanisha ibyaha bito n'imbatshwa z'ubucuruzi ziciriritse. === Imyigaragambyo, imiyoborere n'uburenganzira bwa muntu === * Imyigaragambyo: Kuva mu 2004, iki gihugu cyagize imyigaragambyo myinshi mu baturage (harimo n'iy'urugomo), ku buryo gushaka kuvugwa ko ari cyo gihugu gihura n'imyigaragambyo myinshi mu isi.<ref name="en39">{{cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=Peter |title=Protests and Police Statistics: Some Commentary |url=https://www.amandla.org.za/protests-and-police-statistics-some-commentary-by-prof-peter-alexander/ |work=Amandla |date=27 March 2012 |access-date=8 April 2024 |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128234908/https://www.amandla.org.za/protests-and-police-statistics-some-commentary-by-prof-peter-alexander/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * Icyerekezo cy'Ibrahim Index (2022): Afurika y’Epfo yaje ku mwanya wa 6 mu bihugu 48 bya Afurika yo munsi ya Sahara.<ref name="en40">{{cite web|title=South Africa's recent performance in the Ibrahim Index of African Governance|url=http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/south-africa/|publisher=Mo Ibrahim Foundation|access-date=16 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218132708/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/south-africa/|archive-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref> Yagize amanota meza mu Gutegekesha Itegeko, Mu Bweranda, n'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, ariko igira amanota make mu Mutekano. * Uburenganzira bw'Abahuje Igitsina: Mu 2006, yabaye imwe mu nshingano za mbere mu isi yemereye gushyingiranwa ku bahuje igitsina (''same-sex marriage'').<ref name="en41">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6159991.stm|title=SA marriage law signed|work=BBC News|date=30 November 2006|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120235651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6159991.stm|url-status=live }}</ref> == Ubukungu == Afurika y'Epfo ifite ubukungu buvanze (mixed economy) burangwa n'urwego rw'imari rwateye imbere, inganda zitandukanye, ndetse n'umutungo kamere mwinshi. Ni cyo gihugu gifite ubukungu bunini muri Afurika, kandi kizwi nk'igihugu cyateye imbere cyane mu rwego rw'inganda, ikoranabuhanga n'ubukungu butandukanye ku mugabane wa Afurika. Mu mwaka wa 2026, umusaruro mbumbe w'igihugu (GDP) warengeje miliyari 450 z'amadolari ya Amerika, kandi gifite umwe mu musaruro mbumbe ku muturage (GDP per capita) uri hejuru cyane muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara. [[Ifaranga]] ry'Afurika y'Epfo, Rand (ZAR), ni ryo rikoreshwa cyane mu bucuruzi bw'ivunjisha muri Afurika. Isoko ry'imari ry'i Johannesburg (Johannesburg Stock Exchange – JSE) ni ryo rinini ku mugabane wa Afurika, kandi mu mwaka wa 2026 ryari ku mwanya wa 16 ku isi mu gaciro k'amasosiyete aribarizwaho, gafite agaciro kagera kuri tiriyoni 1.53 z'amadolari ya Amerika.<ref name="en46">{{Cite web |title=JSE Trading Hours & Market Holidays [2023]|url=https://www.tradinghours.com/markets/jse|access-date=2023-03-26|website=www.tradinghours.com|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195115/https://www.tradinghours.com/markets/jse|url-status=live}}</ref> Afurika y'Epfo ni na yo gihugu rukumbi cyo muri Afurika kiri mu muryango wa G20, kandi ni umunyamuryango wa BRICS, ibintu bigaragaza uruhare rukomeye gifite mu bukungu bw'isi.<ref name="en45">{{Cite web |title=South Africa's membership of BRICS has tangible benefits for South Africans|url=https://www.thedtic.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/BRICS-Benefits-to-South-Africa.pdf|website=The Department of Trade Industry and Competition}}</ref> Afurika y'Epfo ni kimwe mu bihugu bikomeye mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga, aho ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bifite uruhare runini mu bukungu bwacyo. Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa hanze cyane birimo amabuye y'agaciro, ibinyabiziga, imashini, umusaruro w'ubuhinzi ndetse n'ibicuruzwa by'inganda.<ref name="en47">{{cite web |title=South Africa|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042951/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa|archive-date=10 January 2021|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA}}</ref> Abafatanyabikorwa bayo bakomeye mu bucuruzi barimo [[Ubushinwa]], Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi (EU), [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]], [[Ubudage]], [[Ubuyapani]], u [[Ubuhinde|Buhinde]] n'Ubwami bw'Abongereza. Iki gihugu kandi cyungukira ku masezerano y'ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga arimo Isoko Rusange ry'Ubucuruzi muri Afurika (AfCFTA) n'itegeko rya African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), bikomeza kugiha umwanya ukomeye nk'igicumbi cy'ubucuruzi n'ishoramari muri Afurika. Nubwo nyuma y'iherezo rya politiki y'ivanguramoko (Apartheid) mu 1994 hashyizweho amavugurura menshi mu bukungu, Afurika y'Epfo iracyahanganye n'ibibazo bikomeye by'imibereho n'ubukungu. Muri byo harimo ubushomeri buri ku rwego rwo hejuru, ubukene bukabije, ndetse n'ubusumbane bukabije mu kwinjiza amafaranga, aho igihugu kiri mu bifite ikinyuranyo kinini hagati y'abakire n'abakene ku isi. Abaturage barenga kimwe cya kabiri babaho munsi y'umurongo w'ubukene, kandi igipimo cya Gini coefficient, gipima ubusumbane mu kwinjiza amafaranga, kiri mu biri hejuru cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga.<ref name="en48">{{Cite web|url=https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|publisher=World Bank |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: South Africa |date=April 2020 |access-date=7 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420193850/https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en49">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-ZA&most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=World Bank Open Data |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404210056/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-ZA&most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live }}</ref> Guverinoma yakomeje gushyiraho ingamba zigamije guhagarariza ubukungu, gukurura ishoramari, no kugabanya ubusumbane, zirimo gutanga inkunga z'imibereho (social grants) no gushyiraho umushahara fatizo ku rwego rw'igihugu (national minimum wage). Nubwo izo ngamba zatanze umusaruro mu bice bimwe, iterambere rikomeje kugenda buhoro kandi ntiryagera ku baturage bose ku buryo bungana. === Inganda na serivisi === Urwego rwa serivisi ni rwo rugira uruhare runini mu bukungu bwa Afurika y'Epfo, rutanga hafi 70% by'Umusaruro Mbumbe w'Igihugu (GDP) kandi rukaba rwanatanga akazi ku mubare munini w'abaturage. Umujyi wa Johannesburg ni wo kigo gikomeye cy'imari muri Afurika, ukaba ubarizwamo amabanki manini ku mugabane, ibigo mpuzamahanga byinshi, ndetse n'Isoko ry'Imigabane rya Johannesburg (Johannesburg Stock Exchange), rifite agaciro k'isoko kageraga kuri tiriyoni 1.36 z'amadolari ya Amerika mu mwaka wa 2023. Iryo soko ryihariye hafi 90% by'agaciro k'amasoko y'imigabane yose muri Afurika. Urwego rw'imari rwa Afurika y'Epfo ni rwo rwateye imbere cyane muri Afurika. Amabanki akomeye nka Standard Bank, First National Bank (FNB), Absa, na Nedbank akorera muri Afurika no mu bindi bihugu byo ku isi. Politiki y'ifaranga n'umutekano w'urwego rw'imari bicungwa na Banki Nkuru ya Afurika y'Epfo (South African Reserve Bank), ari na yo banki nkuru ya mbere yashinzwe muri Afurika. Ubucuruzi nabwo bufite uruhare runini mu bukungu bw'igihugu. Afurika y'Epfo ifite isoko rinini ry'ubucuruzi muri Afurika kandi iza ku mwanya wa gatandatu ku isi mu kugira umubare munini w'amaduka manini acururizwamo (shopping centres). Ni na ho havuye urunigi rwa resitora Nando's, rumaze gukwira mu bihugu birenga 20 ku isi.<ref name="en52">{{cite web |last=Seth Thorne|date=25 July 2024|title=The men behind Nando's – South Africa's global Peri-Peri chicken empire|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/784074/the-men-behind-nandos-south-africas-global-peri-peri-chicken-empire/|website=BusinessTech|access-date=April 5, 2026}}</ref> [[Inganda]] zikora ibintu (manufacturing) zikomeza kuba inkingi ikomeye y'ubukungu, zitanga hafi 13% bya GDP kandi zigaha akazi abantu barenga miliyoni 1.7.<ref name="en50">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2010/06/05/jobless-growth|title=South Africa, Jobless growth – The Economist|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> Afurika y'Epfo ifite urwego rw'inganda ruteye imbere kandi rutandukanye kurusha urw'ibindi bihugu bya Afurika. Inganda zikora imodoka ni zo ziza ku isonga, aho ibigo nka Toyota, Volkswagen, BMW, Ford, Mercedes-Benz, na Nissan bifite inganda nini ziteranyirizwamo imodoka. Igihugu gikora imodoka zirenga 600,000 buri mwaka, kikaba ari cyo cya mbere muri Afurika mu gukora imodoka, kandi nyinshi zoherezwa ku masoko yo mu Burayi, Aziya no mu bindi bihugu bya Afurika.<ref name="en51">{{Cite web |title=Automotive - BDO|url=https://www.bdo.co.za/en-za/industries/consumer-markets/automotive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718132112/https://www.bdo.co.za/en-za/industries/consumer-markets/automotive|archive-date=2025-07-18|access-date=2025-11-05|website=www.bdo.co.za|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Izindi nganda zikomeye zirimo izitunganya imiti n'ibinyabutabire, ibyuma, ibikoresho by'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, imashini, gutunganya ibiribwa n'ibinyobwa, imyenda, ndetse n'ibikoresho bya gisirikare. Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro bukomeje kuba imwe mu nkingi z'ubukungu bw'igihugu. Bugira uruhare rwa 7–8% bya GDP, kandi bwinjiza amafaranga arenga kimwe cya kabiri cy'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Afurika y'Epfo ni kimwe mu bihugu bikomeye ku isi mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro. Ni cyo gihugu cya mbere ku isi mu gutunganya platine, chrome, manganese, na vanadium, kandi kiri mu bihugu bikomeye mu gucukura amakara, ubutare bw'icyuma (iron ore), diyama, uranium, titanium, na zahabu. Afurika y'Epfo ifite umutungo munini cyane w'amabuye y'agaciro ufite agaciro karenga tiriyoni 2.5 z'amadolari ya Amerika, kandi iri mu bihugu icumi bya mbere ku isi bifite amabuye y'agaciro menshi atandukanye.<ref name="en53">{{Cite web |title=Critical Minerals and Metals Strategy South Africa 2025|url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202505/critical-minerals-and-metals-strategy-south-africa-2025.pdf|website=www.gov.za}}</ref> Ifite kandi hafi 88% by'ububiko bwa platine ku isi, 80% bya manganese, na 72% bya chromite.<ref name="en53" /> Nubwo ubuhinzi butanga gusa hagati ya 2–3% bya GDP, bufite uruhare rukomeye mu gutanga akazi, kubungabunga umutekano w'ibiribwa, guteza imbere icyaro no kongera ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Afurika y'Epfo ni kimwe mu bihugu bya mbere ku isi mu guhinga no kohereza mu mahanga imbuto za citrus (nk'[[amacunga]] n'[[indimu]]), inzabibu, divayi, [[Ikigori|ibigori]], ubwoya bw'[[intama]], mohair, n'ibikomoka ku nguni. Ni cyo gihugu cya mbere ku isi mu gukora mohair n'inyama z'inguni, kandi kiri mu bihugu bya mbere mu gutunganya amapera, amacunga n'[[isukari]]. Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'umusaruro w'ubuhinzi woherezwa mu mahanga, bigatuma Afurika y'Epfo iba kimwe mu bihugu bikomeye mu kohereza ibikomoka ku buhinzi mu gice cy'Isi cy'Amajyepfo. === Ubukerarugendo === [[Ubukerarugendo]] ni imwe mu nkingi z'ingenzi z'ubukungu bwa Afurika y'Epfo. Bugira uruhare rwa hafi 3.3% by'Umusaruro Mbumbe w'Igihugu (GDP) kandi butanga akazi ku bantu bagera kuri miliyoni 1.8, bingana n'ibice birenga 10% by'abakozi bose mu gihugu. Mu mwaka wa 2024, Afurika y'Epfo yakiriye abakerarugendo mpuzamahanga bagera kuri miliyoni 8.9 binjiye banyuze ku mipaka n'ibyambu bitandukanye. Mu 2025, ikinyamakuru ''The Daily Telegraph'' cyayishyize mu bihugu bikunzwe cyane ku isi mu bukerarugendo ndetse kiba igihugu cya mbere muri Afurika no mu karere k'Inyanja y'u Buhinde mu gukundwa n'abagenzi.<ref name="en54">{{cite web |author=Sibuliso Duba|date=25 July 2025|title=SA ranked fourth-best country in the world as tourism flourishes|url=https://www.capetownetc.com/news/sa-ranked-fourth-best-country-in-the-world-as-tourism-flourishes/|access-date=27 July 2025|publisher=CapeTown ETC}}</ref> Afurika y'Epfo izwi cyane kubera imiterere y'ubutaka butandukanye, [[inyamaswa]] nyinshi zo mu gasozi, n'umurage ukungahaye w'umuco n'amateka. Iki gihugu gifite bimwe mu byiza nyaburanga bizwi cyane muri Afurika, birimo Pariki y'Igihugu ya Kruger, imwe mu pariki nini kandi zisurwa cyane ku mugabane; Umusozi wa Table Mountain, umwe mu Bitangaza Birindwi by'Isi by'Ibinyabuzima (New7Wonders of Nature); umuhanda nyaburanga wa Garden Route; imisozi ya Drakensberg; ikibaya cya Blyde River Canyon; ndetse n'inyanja nziza zo mu Ntara za Western Cape na KwaZulu-Natal. Gusura inyamaswa zo mu gasozi (Safari) ni kimwe mu bikurura ba mukerarugendo benshi, bikaba bishyigikiwe n'urusobe rwa pariki z'igihugu, za pariki z'abikorera ndetse n'ahantu harinzwe h'ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja. Imijyi minini na yo yakira miliyoni z'abashyitsi buri mwaka. Cape Town, ikunze gushyirwa ku rutonde rw'imijyi myiza cyane ku isi, ni yo soko rikuru ry'ubukerarugendo muri Afurika y'Epfo. Irazwi cyane kubera V&A Waterfront, Table Mountain, Cape Point, n'uturere twegereye dukorerwamo divayi twa Cape Winelands. Johannesburg, umurwa mukuru w'ubucuruzi n'imari, ifite ahantu hakurura ba mukerarugendo harimo Ingoro Ndangamurage ya Apartheid (Apartheid Museum), Constitution Hill, na Gold Reef City. Umujyi wa Durban uzwi cyane kubera ikirere gishyushye, inyanja nziza n'umuhanda wa Golden Mile ukora ku nkengero z'inyanja. Ubukerarugendo bushingiye kuri divayi (Wine Tourism) nabwo bwateye imbere cyane, aho imizabibu n'inganda za divayi zo mu turere twa Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, na Paarl biri mu hantu hasurwa cyane mu gice cy'Amajyepfo y'Isi. Afurika y'Epfo ifite Ahantu 12 ndangamurage z'Isi za UNESCO (UNESCO World Heritage Sites), zigaragaza akamaro k'iki gihugu mu kubungabunga ibidukikije, amateka n'umuco.<ref name="en55">{{Cite web |title=Tourism |url=https://www.gcis.gov.za/sites/default/files/docs/Tourism.pdf |website=www.statssa.gov.za}}</ref> Muri zo harimo Robben Island, Cradle of Humankind, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Cape Floral Region Protected Areas, Mapungubwe National Park, Maloti-Drakensberg Park, na Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape. Izi ndangamurage zikomeza gukurura ba mukerarugendo baturutse impande zose z'isi kandi zigira uruhare rukomeye mu iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'igihugu.[[Dosiye:Ciudad_del_Cabo_desde_Cabeza_de_León,_Sudáfrica,_2018-07-22,_DD_34.jpg|thumb|Ciudad del Cabo desde Cabeza de León, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-22, DD 34]] == Ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga == Afurika y'Epfo ni kimwe mu bihugu bya Afurika byatanze umusanzu ukomeye mu iterambere ry'ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga. Mu 2025, cyashyizwe ku mwanya wa 61 ku Isi mu rutonde rw'Ibihugu Bigaragaza Udushya n'Ubushakashatsi (''Global Innovation Index'').<ref name="en56">{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Mu Ukuboza 1967, umuganga ubaga umutima Christiaan Barnard yakoze ku nshuro ya mbere ku isi igikorwa cyo gusimbuza umutima w'umuntu n'uw'undi muntu (human-to-human heart transplant) mu Bitaro bya Groote Schuur. Iki gikorwa cyabaye intambwe ikomeye mu [[Ubuvuzi|buvuzi]] bw'isi. Abandi banyasiyansi bakomoka muri Afurika y'Epfo bagize uruhare rukomeye mu iterambere ry'ubumenyi harimo: * Max Theiler, wakoze urukingo rw'indwara ya Yellow Fever (umuriro w'umuhondo). * Allan MacLeod Cormack, wagize uruhare rukomeye mu guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rya CT Scan (Computed Tomography) rikoreshwa mu gusuzuma indwara imbere mu mubiri. * Aaron Klug, yateje imbere uburyo bwo gukoresha electron microscopy mu bushakashatsi ku miterere y'utunyangingo. Kubera ibyo bikorwa by'indashyikirwa, Allan MacLeod Cormack na Aaron Klug bahawe Igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel. Mu mwaka wa 2002, Sydney Brenner na we yahawe Igihembo cya Nobel kubera ubushakashatsi bwe bw'ingenzi mu molekulari biyoloji (Molecular Biology). Mu rwego rw'ikoranabuhanga, Mark Shuttleworth yashinze Thawte, kimwe mu bigo bya mbere byatanze serivisi z'umutekano wa interineti (Internet Security).<ref name="en57">{{Cite web |title=About Thawte - SSL and Code Signing Certificates from Thawte, Inc. |url=https://www.thawte.com/about/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=www.thawte.com}}</ref> Nyuma yaje no kuba umwe mu Banyafurika ba mbere bakoze urugendo rwo mu isanzure (space). Afurika y'Epfo ifite kandi urwego rw'ubushakashatsi mu by'inyenyeri n'isanzure (Astronomy) ruteye imbere. Ni ho hari Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), ari yo telesikopi nini cyane ikoresha urumuri (optical telescope) mu gice cy'Amajyepfo y'Isi.<ref name="en58">{{cite web |date=2 April 2011 |title=SKA announces Founding Board and selects Jodrell Bank Observatory to host Project Office |url=http://www.skatelescope.org/news/2nd-april-news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029041532/http://www.skatelescope.org/news/2nd-april-news/ |archive-date=29 October 2012 |access-date=14 April 2011 |publisher=SKA 2011}}</ref> Iki gihugu kandi kirimo kubaka Karoo Array Telescope, igice cy'umushinga mpuzamahanga wa Square Kilometre Array (SKA), uzaba umwe mu mishinga minini cyane ku isi mu bushakashatsi bw'isanzure. Mu rwego rw'ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare, Afurika y'Epfo yatanze umusanzu ukomeye mu gukora imodoka za gisirikare zirinda abasirikare ibisasu bishyingurwa mu butaka (landmines) n'ibindi bisasu byaturikirizwa kure (MRAP – Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected vehicles).<ref name="en59">{{Cite web |last=FinGlobal |date=2020-06-11 |title=South African inventions: What is South Africa famous for? |url=https://www.finglobal.com/2020/06/11/south-african-inventions/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=FinGlobal |language=en-US}}</ref> Izi modoka zaje kuba urugero rwakurikijwe n'ibihugu byinshi byo ku isi. Iki gihugu kandi cyateje imbere ikoranabuhanga ryerekana amakuru y'indege n'intwaro ku kirahure cy'ingofero y'umupilote (Helmet-Mounted Display Technology), rifasha umupilote kubona amakuru y'ingenzi atarebye ku bipimo byo mu ndege. Byongeye kandi, kajugujugu y'intambara Denel Rooivalk, yakozwe muri Afurika y'Epfo, yabaye kajugujugu ya mbere y'intambara ku isi yakoze neza ikizunguruka cya dogere 360° (360-degree loop), bikagaragaza urwego rwo hejuru rw'ubushobozi bw'igihugu mu ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare. == Ubwikorezi == Afurika y'Epfo ni cyo gihugu gifite ibikorwaremezo by'ubwikorezi binini kandi biteye imbere kurusha ibindi muri Afurika. Ifite urusobe ruhujwe rw'imihanda, gari ya moshi, ibibuga by'indege, ibyambu n'imiyoboro itwara ibikomoka kuri peteroli na gaz. Igihugu gifite ibilometero bisaga 750,000 by'imihanda, bikaba ari urusobe rw'imihanda runini muri Afurika ndetse rukaba ruri ku mwanya wa 12 ku isi.<ref name="en60">{{Cite web |title=SANRAL |url=https://www.nra.co.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=96 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915122331/https://www.nra.co.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=96 |archive-date=2018-09-15 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.nra.co.za}}</ref> Ikigo cya Leta cyitwa South African National Roads Agency (SANRAL) ni cyo gishinzwe kubungabunga no guteza imbere imihanda y'igihugu. Mu mihanda y'ingenzi harimo N1, N2, N3 na N4, ihuza imijyi minini y'igihugu kandi ikaba iri mu mihanda mpuzamahanga nka Cape to Cairo Highway, ihuza Amajyepfo n'Amajyaruguru ya Afurika. Urusobe rwa gari ya moshi rureshya n'ibilometero 36,000, rukaba ari rwo runini muri Afurika ndetse rukaza ku mwanya wa karindwi ku isi. Gutwara imizigo bikorwa cyane n'ikigo Transnet Freight Rail, naho gutwara abagenzi bikorwa n'ikigo Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA). Hari kandi Gautrain, gari ya moshi yihuta ihuza Johannesburg na Pretoria, ikaba ari yo serivisi ya gari ya moshi yihuta yonyine muri Afurika y'Epfo.<ref name="en61">{{Cite web |title=High-speed trains for South Africa are coming: Ramaphosa |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/797467/high-speed-trains-for-south-africa-are-coming-ramaphosa/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Afurika y'Epfo ifite ibibuga by'indege birenga 1,500, bikaba biri mu mubare munini cyane ku isi kandi ari byo byinshi kurusha ibindi bihugu bya Afurika.<ref name="en62">{{Cite web |title=Department of Transport: National Airports Development Plan: NADP March 2024 |url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202604/54520gen3893.pdf |website=www.gov.za}}</ref> Ikibuga cy'Indege Mpuzamahanga cya O.R. Tambo giherereye i Johannesburg ni cyo kinini kandi gikoreshwa cyane muri Afurika, kikaba ari na cyo cyinjirirwamo n'abagenzi benshi baturuka cyangwa bajya mu mahanga.<ref name="en63">{{Cite web |author1=Theafricalogistics |date=2019-07-08 |title=Top 10 largest airports in Africa |url=https://theafricalogistics.com/2019/07/08/top-10-largest-airports-in-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402230217/https://theafricalogistics.com/2019/07/08/top-10-largest-airports-in-africa/ |archive-date=2 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Africa Logistics |language=en-US}}</ref> Ibindi bibuga bikomeye ni Cape Town International Airport, King Shaka International Airport, na Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport. Urwego rw'indege rwa Afurika y'Epfo ni rwo rwateye imbere cyane ku mugabane wa Afurika. Rukorerwamo n'amasosiyete y'indege arimo South African Airways, Airlink, FlySafair, CemAir, na LIFT, atanga serivisi z'imbere mu gihugu ndetse n'izihuza Afurika y'Epfo n'ibindi bihugu. Mu rwego rw'ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi, Afurika y'Epfo ifite ibyambu bikomeye birimo Durban, Cape Town, Gqeberha, Richards Bay, Saldanha Bay, na East London.<ref name="en64">{{Cite news |title=The bottleneck |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2016/03/19/the-bottleneck |access-date=2025-07-24 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Icyambu cya Durban ni cyo cyambu gikomeye kurusha ibindi byo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara mu kwakira no kohereza kontineri, kandi kiri ku mwanya wa kane mu gice cy'Amajyepfo y'Isi. Icyambu cya Richards Bay na cyo kiri mu byambu binini ku isi byoherezamo ibicuruzwa byinshi, cyane cyane amabuye y'agaciro n'ibindi bicuruzwa byinshi. Ibikorwa by'ibyambu byose bicungwa n'ikigo Transnet National Ports Authority, gifite uruhare rukomeye mu koroshya ubwikorezi bw'ibicuruzwa imbere mu gihugu no guteza imbere ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. == Indanganturo == {{Reflist}} {{Afurika}} [[Category:Afurika y’Epfo]] [[Category:Afurika]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] m1lxvql3qoev20edb0jf36m2zgxuc1z 0 3668 140639 120410 2026-10-02T13:45:57Z Score Beethoven 11559 Wikification : gras superflu retiré, population mise à jour (2025), ajout de références (reprises de en:Algeria), section Indanganturo 140639 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ibendera ry’Aligeriya</span>]] [[File:Algeria (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita y’Aligeriya</span>]] '''Aligeriya''' (izina mu [[cyarabu]] : الجزائر‎ , izina mu [[tamazight]]: ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ) n’[[igihugu]] muri [[Afurika]]. Igihugu gituwe n’abaturage bagera kuri 47,400,000 (2025),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elwatan-dz.com/demographie-plus-de-47-millions-dalgeriens-dici-2025|title=Démographie: Plus de 47 millions d'Algériens d'ici 2025 |date=16 July 2024 }}</ref> batuye ku buso bwa km² 2,381,741.<ref>{{cite web |title=Algeria |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Annaba,_algeria04.jpg|thumb|Annaba, algeria04]] [[File:The_Aguelmim_Lake,_Tikjda,_Algeria.jpg|thumb|The Aguelmim Lake, Tikjda, Algeria]] == Indanganturo == {{Reflist}} {{Afurika}} [[Category:Aligeriya]] [[Category:Afurika]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] cfhndyri146rvv8ucghmbhqeiasd4be 0 3671 140642 133584 2026-10-02T13:54:54Z Score Beethoven 11559 Retrait d’une image hors sujet (Angola, Indiana), ajout population (recensement 2024) et superficie avec références (reprises de en:Angola), section Indanganturo 140642 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''República de Angola<br />Repebulika y’Angola'''</big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" |- | align="center" width="140px" | [[Dosiye:Flag of Angola.svg|125px]] | align="center" width="140px" | [[Dosiye:Emblem of Angola.svg|125px]] |- | align="center" width="140px" | <span style="color:grey;">Ibendera ry’Angola</span> | align="center" width="140px" | |} |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[Dosiye:Location Angola AU Africa.svg|300px]]<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita y’Angola</span> |} '''Angola''' cyangwa '''Repebulika y’Angola''' (izina mu [[giporutigali]] : ''República de Angola'' na izina mu [[kinyakongo]] : ''Repubilika ya Ngola'' ) n’[[igihugu]] muri [[Afurika]]. Igihugu gituwe n’abaturage 36,604,681 (ibarura rusange ryo mu 2024),<ref>{{cite web | title=Resultados Definitivos do Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação – 2024 | url=https://www.ine.gov.ao/Arquivos/arquivosCarregados//Carregados/Publicacao_638992698392586291.pdf | date=2025-11-20 | language=pt}}</ref> batuye ku buso bwa km² 1,246,700.<ref>{{cite web |title=Angola |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/angola/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref> [[Dosiye:2019 Book Biodiversity of Angola.pdf|thumb|2019 Book Biodiversity of Angola]] [[Dosiye:Morro do Moco, Huambo, Angola.jpg|thumb|Morro do Moco, Huambo, Angola]] == Indanganturo == {{Reflist}} {{Afurika}} [[Category:Angola| ]] [[Category:Afurika]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] 40vew8h99bjz8exqi285cquyoqy5giz 0 3697 140650 133618 2026-10-02T22:12:50Z Score Beethoven 11559 Wikification : liens internes, paragraphes, ajout de références (reprises de en:Benin), section Indanganturo, bandeau {{Afurika}} 140650 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Coat of arms of Benin.svg|right|150px]] [[File:Flag of Benin.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ibendera rya Bene</span>]] [[File:LocationBenin.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita ya Bene</span>]] '''Bene''' (izina mu [[gifaransa]] : ''Bénin'' ) ni [[igihugu]] muri [[Afurika]] y'Iburengerazuba. [[File:Nez_d'un_Lockheed_TriStar,_d'un_avion-restaurant_immobilisé_sur_la_plage_de_Cotonou_au_Bénin.jpg|thumb|Nez d&#x27;un Lockheed TriStar, d&#x27;un avion-restaurant immobilisé sur la plage de Cotonou au Bénin]] [[File:Des_barques_au_port_de_pêche_de_Cotonou_au_Bénin.jpg|thumb|Des barques au port de pêche de Cotonou au Bénin]] Benin, ku izina ryayo ryemewe rya Repubulika ya Benin, yahoze yitwa Dahomey, ni igihugu giherereye mu Burengerazuba bwa Afurika.<ref name="dahomey">{{Cite news |date=1 December 1975 |title=Dahomey Announces Its Name Will Be Benin |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/01/archives/dahomey-announces-its-name-will-be-benin.html |access-date=16 September 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916200353/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/01/archives/dahomey-announces-its-name-will-be-benin.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Gihana imbibi na [[Togo]] mu burengerazuba, [[Nijeriya|Nigeria]] mu burasirazuba, [[Burukina Faso|Burkina Faso]] mu majyaruguru y’iburengerazuba, na [[Nigeri|Niger]] mu majyaruguru y’iburasirazuba. Abaturage benshi batuye ku nkombe z’amajyepfo z’Inyanja ya Bight of Benin, igice cy’Ikigobe cya Guinea kiri mu gice cyo mu majyaruguru cy’Inyanja ya Atlantika.<ref name="wetlands">{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=R. H. |last2=Hughes |first2=J. S. |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC |year=1992 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |page=301 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508163425/https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC |archive-date=8 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Umurwa mukuru ni Porto-Novo, mu gihe icyicaro cya guverinoma kiri i Cotonou, umujyi munini kandi ufite uruhare rukomeye mu bukungu bw’igihugu.<ref name="cotonou">{{cite journal |last1=Dossou |first1=Krystel M.R. |last2=Gléhouenou-Dossou |first2=Bernadette |date=2007 |title=The vulnerability to climate change of Cotonou (Benin): the rise in sea level |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=65–79 |doi=10.1177/0956247807077149 |bibcode=2007EnUrb..19...65D |doi-access=free}}; {{cite journal |title=Mapping a slum: learning from participatory mapping and digital innovation in Cotonou (Benin) |translator=Alvin Harberts |doi=10.4000/cybergeo.32949 |date=2019 |journal=Cybergeo |first1=Armelle |last1=Choplin |first2=Martin |last2=Lozivit |trans-title=Mettre un quartier sur la carte: Cartographie participative et innovation numérique à Cotonou (Bénin) |doi-access=free}} </ref> Benin ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 112,622 kandi abaturage bayo mu mwaka wa 2021 bageraga kuri miliyoni 13.<ref name="cia">{{cite web |title=Benin |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/benin/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref> Ni igihugu gifite ikirere gishyushye cyo mu turere dushyuha, kandi ubukungu bwacyo bushingiye cyane ku [[ubuhinzi]] no kohereza mu mahanga amavuta y’imitende n’ipamba.<ref name="fao">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/isfp/country-information/benin/en/ |title=FAO Initiative on Soaring Food Prices |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024021730/http://www.fao.org/isfp/country-information/benin/en/ |archive-date=24 October 2012 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=29 June 2010 }}</ref><ref name="industries">{{Cite web |title=Major Industries in Benin |url=https://www.ariseiip.com/homepage/major-industries-in-benin/ |access-date=23 June 2024 |website=Arise IIP }}</ref> Kuva mu kinyejana cya 17 kugeza mu cya 19, muri ako karere habayeho ibihugu n’ubwami butandukanye birimo Ubwami bwa Dahomey, umujyi wigenga wa Porto-Novo n’ibindi bice byo mu majyaruguru. Mu mwaka wa 1894, [[Ubufaransa]] bwafashe aka karere bukinjiza muri Afurika y’Uburengerazuba yagenzurwaga n’Ubufaransa ku izina rya French Dahomey. Mu 1960, Dahomey yabonye ubwigenge busesuye ivuye ku Bufaransa. Nk’igihugu cyigenga, Benin yagiye inyura mu bihe bitandukanye birimo ubutegetsi bwa demokarasi, kudeta za gisirikare n’ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare. Hagati ya 1975 na 1990, yabaye Repubulika y’Abaturage ya Benin yashingiye ku mahame ya Marxism-Leninism, mbere yo gusimburwa na Repubulika ya Benin ishingiye kuri demokarasi y’amashyaka menshi mu 1991.<ref name="multiparty">{{cite book |title=Global Logistics Assessments Reports Handbook |volume=1: Strategic Transportation and Customs Information for Selected Countries |publisher=International Business Publications USA |date=2008 |orig-date=2015 |isbn=978-0-7397-6603-3 |page=85 }}</ref> Ururimi rwemewe ni [[Igifaransa]], ariko hanavugwa indimi z’iwabo zirimo Fon, Bariba, Yoruba na Dendi. Nk’uko imibare ya Pew Research Group ibigaragaza, [[Ubukirisitu]] ni bwo [[idini]] rikurikizwa n’abaturage benshi, bugakurikirwa n’[[Islamu|Ubuyisilamu]] n’amadini gakondo ya Afurika.<ref name="pew1">{{Cite web |last=Tong|first=Yunping|date=12 February 2026|title=Religious Diversity Around the World|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2026/02/12/religious-diversity-around-the-world/|access-date=16 July 2026|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="pew2">{{Cite web |last=Hackett|first=Conrad|last2=Stonawski|first2=Marcin|last3=Tong|first3=Yunping|last4=Kramer|first4=Stephanie|last5=Shi|first5=Anne|last6=Fahmy|first6=Dalia|date=9 June 2025|title=14. Religion in sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/religion-in-sub-saharan-africa/|access-date=16 July 2026|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref> Benin kandi ni umunyamuryango w’imiryango mpuzamahanga myinshi irimo [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Umuryango w’Abibumbye]], Umuryango wa Afurika Yunze Ubumwe, ECOWAS, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Francophonie n’indi miryango y’akarere n’isi. == Indanganturo == {{Reflist}} {{Afurika}} [[Category:Bene| ]] [[Category:Afurika]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] hqciwvrcvk39o2o4o1pvkqg92l7vm1d 0 4454 140647 81692 2026-10-02T20:33:41Z Amherst99 1713 /* */ 140647 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Votskij bukvar.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Inkoranyamagambo mu Cyudimuriti na Kirusiya</span>]] [[Dosiye:Russian Imperial Family 1913.jpg|center|thumb|320x320px|umuryango]] '''Icyudimuriti''' (izina mu cyudimuriti: ''удмурт кыл'' ) ni [[Ururimi (kuvuga)|ururimi]] rw’[[Udimuritiya]] mu [[Burusiya]]. Itegekongenga [[ISO 639-3]] '''udm'''. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Alfabeti y’icyudimuriti == Icyudimuriti kigizwe n’inyuguti 38 : а б в г д е ё ж ӝ з ӟ и ӥ й к л м н о ӧ п р с т у ф х ц ч ӵ ш щ ъ ы ьэ ю я <center> {|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- |bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="38" | |- |width=3% align="center"|[[А]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Б]]||width=3% align="center"|[[В]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Г]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Д]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Е]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ё]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ж]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ӝ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[З]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ӟ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[И]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ӥ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Й]]||width=3% align="center"|[[К]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Л]]||width=3% align="center"|[[М]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Н]]||width=3% align="center"|[[О]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ӧ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[П]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Р]]||width=3% align="center"|[[С]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Т]]||width=3% align="center"|[[У]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ф]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Х]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ц]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ч]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ӵ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ш]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Щ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ъ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ы]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ь]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Э]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ю]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Я]] |- |bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="38" | |- |align="center"|а||align="center"|б||align="center"|в||align="center"|г||align="center"|д||align="center"|е||align="center"|ё||align="center"|ж||align="center"|ӝ||align="center"|з||align="center"|ӟ||align="center"|и||align="center"|ӥ||align="center"|й||align="center"|к||align="center"|л||align="center"|м||align="center"|н||align="center"|о||align="center"|ӧ||align="center"|п||align="center"|р||align="center"|с||align="center"|т||align="center"|у||align="center"|ф||align="center"|х||align="center"|ц||align="center"|ч||align="center"|ӵ||align="center"|ш||align="center"|щ||align="center"|ъ||align="center"|ы||align="center"|ь||align="center"|э||align="center"|ю||align="center"|я |} </center> == umugereka – ubuke == -'''ос''' (cyangwa -['''ъ''']'''ёс''') : * '''сяська''' – '''сяськаос''' ururabyo – indabyo * '''нылкышно''' – '''нылкышноос''' umugore – abagore * '''корка''' – '''коркаос''' inzu – amazu * '''пыд''' – '''пыдъёс''' ikirenge – ibirenge * '''чорыг''' – '''чорыгъёс''' ifi – amafi * '''пу''' – '''пуъёс''' igiti – ibiti * '''из''' – '''изъёс''' ibuye – amabuye * '''пиосмурт''' – '''пиосмуртъёс''' umugabo – abagabo * '''пинал''' – '''пиналъёс''' umwana – abwana * '''пинь''' – '''пиньёс''' iryinyo – amenyo == Amagambo n'interuro mu cyudimuriti == [[File:Otiskom.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;"></span>]] * '''но''' – na * '''яке''' – cyangwa * '''тылобурдо''' – inyoni * '''ыж''' – intama * '''кофе''' – ikawa * '''чай''' – icyayi * '''ву''' – amazi == Amabara == * '''тӧдьы''' – umweru * '''сьӧд''' – umukara * '''горд''' – umutuku * '''ӵуж''' – umuhondo * '''лыз''' – ubururu * '''вож''' – icatsi * '''курень''' – ikigina == Imibare == * '''одӥг''' – rimwe * '''кык''' – kabiri * '''куинь''' – gatatu * '''ньыль''' – kane * '''вить''' – gatanu * '''куать''' – gatandatu * '''сизьым''' – karindwi * '''тямыс''' – umunani * '''укмыс''' – icyenda * '''дас''' – icumi == Wikipediya mu cyudimuriti == * http://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кутскон_бам [[Category:Indimi z’ikinyafino-ugiriya]] [[Category:Udimuritiya]] a42uwaiq0oww4g9sjobs3z3aojhp5bw 140648 140647 2026-10-02T20:33:58Z Amherst99 1713 /* */ 140648 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Votskij bukvar.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Inkoranyamagambo mu Cyudimuriti na Kirusiya</span>]] [[Dosiye:Russian Imperial Family 1913.jpg|center|thumb|320x320px|umuryango]] '''Icyudimuriti''' (izina mu cyudimuriti: ''удмурт кыл'') ni [[Ururimi (kuvuga)|ururimi]] rw’[[Udimuritiya]] mu [[Burusiya]]. Itegekongenga [[ISO 639-3]] '''udm'''. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Alfabeti y’icyudimuriti == Icyudimuriti kigizwe n’inyuguti 38 : а б в г д е ё ж ӝ з ӟ и ӥ й к л м н о ӧ п р с т у ф х ц ч ӵ ш щ ъ ы ьэ ю я <center> {|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- |bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="38" | |- |width=3% align="center"|[[А]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Б]]||width=3% align="center"|[[В]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Г]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Д]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Е]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ё]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ж]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ӝ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[З]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ӟ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[И]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ӥ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Й]]||width=3% align="center"|[[К]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Л]]||width=3% align="center"|[[М]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Н]]||width=3% align="center"|[[О]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ӧ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[П]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Р]]||width=3% align="center"|[[С]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Т]]||width=3% align="center"|[[У]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ф]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Х]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ц]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ч]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ӵ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ш]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Щ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ъ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ы]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ь]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Э]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ю]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Я]] |- |bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="38" | |- |align="center"|а||align="center"|б||align="center"|в||align="center"|г||align="center"|д||align="center"|е||align="center"|ё||align="center"|ж||align="center"|ӝ||align="center"|з||align="center"|ӟ||align="center"|и||align="center"|ӥ||align="center"|й||align="center"|к||align="center"|л||align="center"|м||align="center"|н||align="center"|о||align="center"|ӧ||align="center"|п||align="center"|р||align="center"|с||align="center"|т||align="center"|у||align="center"|ф||align="center"|х||align="center"|ц||align="center"|ч||align="center"|ӵ||align="center"|ш||align="center"|щ||align="center"|ъ||align="center"|ы||align="center"|ь||align="center"|э||align="center"|ю||align="center"|я |} </center> == umugereka – ubuke == -'''ос''' (cyangwa -['''ъ''']'''ёс''') : * '''сяська''' – '''сяськаос''' ururabyo – indabyo * '''нылкышно''' – '''нылкышноос''' umugore – abagore * '''корка''' – '''коркаос''' inzu – amazu * '''пыд''' – '''пыдъёс''' ikirenge – ibirenge * '''чорыг''' – '''чорыгъёс''' ifi – amafi * '''пу''' – '''пуъёс''' igiti – ibiti * '''из''' – '''изъёс''' ibuye – amabuye * '''пиосмурт''' – '''пиосмуртъёс''' umugabo – abagabo * '''пинал''' – '''пиналъёс''' umwana – abwana * '''пинь''' – '''пиньёс''' iryinyo – amenyo == Amagambo n'interuro mu cyudimuriti == [[File:Otiskom.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;"></span>]] * '''но''' – na * '''яке''' – cyangwa * '''тылобурдо''' – inyoni * '''ыж''' – intama * '''кофе''' – ikawa * '''чай''' – icyayi * '''ву''' – amazi == Amabara == * '''тӧдьы''' – umweru * '''сьӧд''' – umukara * '''горд''' – umutuku * '''ӵуж''' – umuhondo * '''лыз''' – ubururu * '''вож''' – icatsi * '''курень''' – ikigina == Imibare == * '''одӥг''' – rimwe * '''кык''' – kabiri * '''куинь''' – gatatu * '''ньыль''' – kane * '''вить''' – gatanu * '''куать''' – gatandatu * '''сизьым''' – karindwi * '''тямыс''' – umunani * '''укмыс''' – icyenda * '''дас''' – icumi == Wikipediya mu cyudimuriti == * http://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кутскон_бам [[Category:Indimi z’ikinyafino-ugiriya]] [[Category:Udimuritiya]] fycif2xb45ubednq11s4zfu1ehn9ug4 0 8458 140649 140477 2026-10-02T21:51:55Z ~2026-53386-12 19051 more description 140649 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ecole des Science Byimana''' ni ishuri gatolika ryinjira mu [[Rwanda]]. rifite abanyeshuri barenga 700 mu myaka itandatu. Intego y'ishuri ni "Ubumenyi, umutimanama, n'indashyikirwa". rishishikariza abanyeshuri baryo kugira iterambere ryumwuka, ubwenge na iryumubiri babaha amahirwe yo gusenga, gukina siporo no gusabana hagati yabo binyuze mumikino. == Aho riherereye == '''Ecole des Science Byimana''' iherereye mu [[Akarere ka Ruhango|Karere ka Ruhango]], Intara y'Amajyepfo, u Rwanda. Umurenge wa Byimana, neza cyane ku musozi wa Bukomero, niho ari ishuri ryacumbikira abanyeshuri kandi rimwe mu matorero y'abavandimwe ba Maristi mu [[Rwanda]]. Ishuri riri muri metero nkeya uvuye ku muhanda munini wa Muhanga-Butare. [[Dosiye:RuhangoDist.png|center|thumb|320x320px|Ruhango]] == Amateka == Ecole des Science Byimana yashinzwe muri 1952 na abafurere baba Marist. Yakinguye amarembo nkishuri ribanza rya Bukomero ryakiraga abahungu gusa, nyuma iba Ecole des Moniteurs. Kuva rishingwa, umufurere Alvarus, Leon Jozef Backx <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.presence-mariste.fr/spip.php?article17 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-09-27 |archive-date=2012-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301203936/http://www.presence-mariste.fr/spip.php?article17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> yari umuyobozi w'ishuri mu myaka hafi mirongo itanu. Mu 1978, Ngombwa Stanislas, umuyobozi mukuru w'iryo shuri, yari mu cyiciro cya gatandatu cya siyansi. Mu 1987, ishuri ryatangiye kwakira abakobwa. Muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo]] mu 1994, iryo shuri ryatakaje abakozi benshi ndetse n’abanyeshuri. Ishuri ryagize amazina menshi ariko azwi cyane ni Ecole des Science Byimana. Mu 2002, iryo shuri ryijihije isabukuru yimyaka 50 hamwe n’abanyeshuri 800, abahungu, n’abakobwa. Muri 2008, usibye Tronc Commun (urwego rusanzwe / ishuri ryisumbuye), iryo shuri ryari rifite amahitamo abiri: Bio-Chimie (Biology-Chemistry) na Math-Physique (Imibare-Ubugenge), aho ikura izina ryishuri ryubumenyi rya Byimana. Ururimi rw’amasomo kuri iryo shuri rwabaye [[igifaransa]], ariko guhera mu ntangiriro za 2009 guverinoma y’u Rwanda yahinduye gahunda y’uburezi mu [[Icyongereza|cyongereza]] mu gihe u Rwanda rwinjiye mu [[Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika|muryango w’Afurika y’iburasirazuba]] (2007) na Commonwealth (2009). Kuva muri uwo mwaka (2009) izina "amahitamo" ryahinduwe 'amahuza' muri sisitemu y’amasomo yo mu Rwanda kandi ishuri ryagumye hamwe hamwe: PCM (Physique, Chimie, na Mathematics), PCB (Physics, Chemistry, na Biology), na MCB (Imibare, Ubutabire, na Biologiya), hamwe nurwego rusanzwe. Muri 2014 habaye ishyirwaho rya MPC (Imibare, [[Umugenge|Ubugenge]], na Mudasobwa) muri bo abanyeshuri ba mbere barangije muri 2016. == Abayobozi == Frère Rugereka 'irihimbano) niwe wabanjirije Kigori * Umufurere Alvarus (1952–1995) * Umufurere Ngombwa Stanislas (1996–2002) * Umufurere Malisaba Straton (2002–2009) [https://web.archive.org/web/20121102221940/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-11979475.html] * Umufurere Ngombwa Stanislas (2009–2013) * Umufurere Alphonse Gahima (2013–2015) * Umufurere Malisaba Straton (2015–2017) * Umufurere crescent Karerangabo (2018 - 2022) * Umufurere INGABIRE Jean Marie Vianney (2022 - ubungubu) == Indangagaciro n'intego == Marcellin Champagnat, washinze Marist Brothers yavuze ''ati "kurera abana tugomba kubakunda no kubakunda kimwe"'' Ishuri ritanga ubumenyi kimwe na disipuline ikurikiza inzira ya Champagnat ikunda kandi yitaho. Amasomo nyamukuru yishuri ari mubumenyi: imibare, fiziki, ibinyabuzima na chimie. Usibye siyanse, abanyeshuri bafashwa muburyo bwumwuka: abanyeshuri baterana buri munsi kugirango kuvuga amasengesho kandi basenge. Nubwo ishuri ari Umugatolika, umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kwitabira idini iryo ariryo ryose. Ishuri ryakira abantu bose batitaye ku idini ryabo, inkomoko yabo, nibindi. Nyamara, abanyeshuri bamwe ntibabona amahirwe yo kwiga aho ngaho kuko ishuri rifite ibibazo bitoroshye byo kwinjira hashingiwe ku kizamini gisanzwe cyigihugu. Ishuri rishobora kugera ku ntego zaryo kubera ubufatanye no kudasobanuka neza kw'abanyeshuri n'abakozi bayo. Umwanya w'ishuri nawo urafasha: ifite inyubako zihagije (dortoir, ibyumba byo kuriramo, ibyumba by'ishuri na laboratoire). Ariko, inyubako zimwe zirashaje. Nyamara ishuri rikomeje kwaguka kugirango rihuze ibipimo kandi ritange uburezi bwiza bushoboka. Abanyeshuri ba Byimana bitezeho kuba abantu bafite ubuhanga bagamije kugira uruhare mu kwiyubaka kwu Rwanda. It's peak innit == Reba == <references /> == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200118030451/http://www.byimana-school.com/Byimanaschool/Home.html Urubuga rwishuri] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191027161705/http://www.sanz.biz/byimana Byimana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100829182657/http://www.ysnews.com/stories/2008/12/120408_rwanda.html Abanyarwanda bafungura isi kuri YS] [[Category:Amashuri mu Rwanda]] mjy9ou2k98fi2m47ac3k3ybiqko44ri 0 15286 140646 93090 2026-10-02T15:04:44Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140646 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Neizer Laing''' (3 Mutarama 1929 &#x2013; 19 Mutarama 1997) <ref>{{Cite web |title=William Laing |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/70655 |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> yari umukinnyi wa bigize umwuga ukomoka muri Gana. Yitabiriye imikino itatu yo gusimbuka mu bagabo mu mikino Olempike yo mu 1952 . <ref>https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/curling/canada-curling-changes-1.6780383</ref><ref>https://www.britishathletics.org.uk/news-and-features/preview-2023-british-athletics-cross-challenge-final-inter-counties-champs/</ref><ref>https://dailyhive.com/edmonton/oilers-fans-germany</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/southern/southern-is-looking-to-upgrade-its-pass-rush-this-slu-transfer-might-be-who-they/article_19bde584-c35c-11ed-bd6c-cb7ab06a2e61.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316100139/https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/southern/southern-is-looking-to-upgrade-its-pass-rush-this-slu-transfer-might-be-who-they/article_19bde584-c35c-11ed-bd6c-cb7ab06a2e61.html |archive-date=2023-03-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/2023-nfl-scouting-combine-preview-offensive-line</ref><ref>https://www.smh.com.au/sport/the-most-influential-women-in-australian-sport-20-to-11-20230306-p5cps1.html</ref><ref>https://theathletic.com/4241450/2023/02/27/nfl-scouting-combine-offense-prospects/</ref><ref>https://gomarquette.com/news/2023/3/10/womens-lacrosse-wlax-travels-to-face-uc-davis-on-sunday</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana]] g8kqxmzxirt43ph6wq8r95ruabu1voa 0 20941 140632 139343 2026-10-02T12:15:50Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140632 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Tazti''' ni porogaramu yo kumenyekanisha imvugo yatunganijwe kandi igurishwa nikigo cya Voice Tech Group, Inc. kuri mudasobwa bwite ya Windows. Porogaramu iheruka ni verisiyo 3.2, <ref>{{Cite web |last=voicetechgroup.com |date=2007-06-20 |title=Voice Recognition Software &#124; Speech Recognition Software |url=https://www.tazti.com/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |publisher=Tazti |archive-date=2012-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213161257/http://www.tazti.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ishyigikira Windows 10, Windows 8.1, Windows 8 na Windows 7 <ref>{{Cite web |last=voicetechgroup.com |date=2007-06-20 |title=Downloads &#124; Tazti &#124; Voice Recognition Software &#124; Speech Recognition Software |url=https://www.tazti.com/downloads.php |access-date=2013-12-31 |publisher=tazti |archive-date=2014-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101062937/http://www.tazti.com/downloads.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> 64-bit. Ubusanzwe verisiyo ya Tazti yashyigikiraga Windows Vista na Windows XP. Ibintu by'ibanze bya Tazti ni ugukina imikino ya videwo ya PC mu majwi, kugenzura porogaramu za PC mu majwi, no gushyiraho amategeko yo kuvuga kugira ngo ushakishe mugufungura urubuga, cyangwa gukurura sisitemu y'imikorere ya Windows kugira ngo ufungure dosiye, ububiko cyangwa porogaramu. Ubusanzwe verisiyo ya Tazti yarimo uburyo bwa Dictation bwakuweho muri verisiyo iheruka. == Ibiranga == ikoranabuhanga rya Tazti Speech Recognition ifite ibice bine byibanze byimikorere: # Kina imikino ya PC ukoresheje ijwi, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Events |date=2010-09-04 |title=Tazti Brings Voice Recognition to PC Games |url=http://thegamefanatics.com/2010/09/04/tazti-brings-voice-recognition-to-pc-games |access-date=2011-11-04 |publisher=The Game Fanatics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122044732/http://thegamefanatics.com/2010/09/04/tazti-brings-voice-recognition-to-pc-games/ |archive-date=2013-01-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> # Kugenzura porogaramu ishingiye kuri PC na porogaramu ukoresheje ijwi, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Events |date=2013-11-06 |title=Control your PC with these 5 speech recognition programs |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2055599/control-your-pc-with-these-5-speech-recognition-programs.html |access-date=2013-12-30 |publisher=PC World}}</ref> # Fungura amadosiye, ububiko hamwe nurubuga mugukora amategeko yihariye yo kuvuga no kuyahuza na dosiye, ububiko cyangwa URL y'urubuga. # Koresha porogaramu zirimo ibipimo byumurongo bishobora kuba birimo isazi zicyiciro kugirango ushire Tazti kuri robo, robotike, porogaramu zurubuga, cyangwa desktop cyangwa izindi gahunda zitari igice cya Tazti. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2009-12-15 |title=Lego Mindstorm NXT 2 Robot controlled by Tazti speech recognition |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sviNw4GUk6E |access-date=2011-11-04 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2009-04-23 |title=Lost in Space robot, voice recognition |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqyH7eiMJIA |access-date=2011-11-04 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Possible voice recognition software for RS Media |url=http://www.robocommunity.com/forum/thread/16820/Possible-voice-recognition-software-for-RS-Media/ |access-date=2011-11-04 |publisher=RoboCommunity |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929203020/http://www.robocommunity.com/forum/thread/16820/Possible-voice-recognition-software-for-RS-Media/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tazti ikoresha interineti ntyeya. kurugero, umukoresha avuga imvugo yamagambo agaragara muri kumurongo wumukoresha wa interineti nkuko byavuzwe byemerera umukoresha kwemeza nukureba ubuziranenge bwo kuvuga. {| class="wikitable" !Inyandiko ! Itariki yo gusohora ! Sisitemu y'imikorere ishyigikiwe |- | 1.0 | Gicurasi 2007 | XP / XP Pro, Vista |- | 1.1.1 | Kamena 2008 | XP / XP Pro, Vista |- | 1.1.2 | Werurwe 2009 | XP / XP Pro, Vista |- | 2.0.0 | Gicurasi 2010 | XP / XP Pro, Vista, Windows 7 |- | 2.0.2 | Mutarama 2011 | XP / XP Pro, Vista, Windows 7 |- | 2.4 | Ugushyingo 2011 | XP / XP Pro, Vista, Windows 7 |- | 2.4.1 | Gashyantare 2012 | XP / XP Pro, Vista, Windows 7 |- | 3.0 | Nyakanga 2013 | Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1 |- | 3.2 | Mutarama 2016 | Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10 |} == Reba kandi == * Urutonde rwa software imenyekanisha == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} mv2i1by5j5mbf3gwe6u8b4i8s60gxa3 0 21724 140653 128513 2026-10-03T05:31:43Z EmausBot 1282 Correction d’une double redirection depuis [[AMAHUGURWA Y'UBUMWE N'UBUDAHERANWA]] vers [[Amahugurwa y'Ubumwe n'Ubudaheranwa]] 140653 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amahugurwa y'Ubumwe n'Ubudaheranwa]] 38mczs1kkfcquzmzbvxaofyifftfpsd 0 23135 140645 140436 2026-10-02T14:36:36Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gisenyi | image = [[Dosiye:Vue du mémorial du génocide à Gisenyi.png|280px]] | caption = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gisenyi, rurebewe inyuma y'urugo rwarwo (Ugushyingo 2022) | label1 = Igihugu | data1 = [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] | label2 = Intara | data2 = [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|Iburengerazuba]] | label3 = Akarere | data3 = [[Akarere ka Rubavu|Rubavu]] | label4 = Umujyi | data4 = [[Umujyi wa Rubavu|Gisenyi]] | label5 = Ubwoko | data5 = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside | label6 = Rwibuka | data6 = [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] (1994) | label7 = Aho ruherereye | data7 = {{Coord|-1.673485|29.265346|type:landmark_region:RW|display=inline}} }} '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gisenyi''' ruherereye mu gice cyo hejuru cy'umujyi wa [[Umujyi wa Rubavu|Gisenyi]], hafi y'aho usohokera werekeza mu majyaruguru. Rwibuka [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] yo mu 1994. Harashyinguye abantu bagera ku 12&nbsp;000. == Aho ruherereye == [[Dosiye:Mémorial du génocide à Gisenyi au Rwanda.png|left|thumb|259px|Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gisenyi, rurebewe inyuma y'urugo rwarwo (Ugushyingo 2022)]] Uru rwibutso ni rumwe mu zitubatswe ahahoze kiliziya.<!-- Nta nkomoko mu ngingo y'Igifaransa. --> Ni rumwe mu [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|nzibutso z'igihugu]] zo mu Rwanda zibuka Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Izindi ni [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ntarama]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali]] n'[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyarubuye]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sites mémoriaux du génocide : Nyamata, Murambi, Gisozi et Bisesero |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5753/ |website=UNESCO |language=fr |access-date=2015-03-04}}</ref><!-- Mu ngingo y'Igifaransa umutwe w'iyi nkomoko wanditswe nabi (« Gisenyi » aho kuba « Nyamata »); hano wakosowe. --> Mu Rwanda hari inzibutso zisaga 250 zanditse zibuka Jenoside.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gisenyi Genocide Memorial Site - Rwanda |url=https://www.gorillaugandasafaris.com/gisenyi-genocide-memorial-site/ |website=Gorilla Trekking Uganda |language=en |access-date=2022-12-16}}</ref> {{clear}} == Amateka == Urwibutso ni ho hashyinguye abantu bagera ku 12&nbsp;000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda Genocide Memorial Sites |url=https://visitrwandatour.com/destinations/rwanda-genocide-memorial-sites/ |website=Visit Rwanda Tour |language=en |access-date=2022-12-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Genocide Memorial Park |url=https://barefootartists.org/the-rwanda-healing-project/genocide-memorial-park/ |website=Barefoot Artists |language=en |access-date=2023-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331100749/https://barefootartists.org/the-rwanda-healing-project/genocide-memorial-park/ |archive-date=2023-03-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gisenyi Genocide memorial center Rwanda |url=https://www.rwandagorillatrekking.com/genocide/gisenyi-memorial-site.html |website=Rwanda Gorilla Trekking |date=2014-02-01 |language=en |access-date=2022-12-16}}</ref> Ni rwo rwa mbere rwubatswe na Ibuka.<ref name="maasai">{{Cite web |title=Rwanda Genocide Memorial Sites |url=https://www.maasaimarakenyapark.com/information/rwanda-genocide-memorial-sites/ |website=Maasai Mara National Reserve |date=2021-07-21 |language=en |access-date=2022-12-16}}</ref> Harimo imva y'Umunyamerikakazi washinze ikigo cyita ku mfubyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memorial Sites in Rwanda - Rwanda Genocide tour |url=https://www.habariugandatours.com/memorial-sites-rwanda/ |website=Habari Uganda Tours |date=2019-12-29 |language=en |access-date=2023-05-01}}</ref><ref name="maasai" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Identification des sites du génocide et des massacres (février 1996) |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/MemorialGenocideIdentificationSitesGenocideFevrier1996.pdf |format=PDF |website=France Génocide Tutsi |language=fr}}</ref><!-- Inkomoko nyinshi z'iki gika ni imbuga z'ibigo by'ubukerarugendo. Ibivugwa ku mva y'Umunyamerikakazi (izina rye ntirivugwa) bikeneye inkomoko yizewe. --> Ku wa 22 Ugushyingo 1992, [[León Mugesera|Léon Mugesera]], icyo gihe wari mu biro bya politiki bya [[Ihuriro ry’igihugu riharanira demokarasi n’iterambere|MRND]], yavugiye i Gisenyi ati:<ref>{{Cite web |title=25e Commémoration du Génocide perpétré contre les Tutsis |url=http://kwibuka.rw/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Kwibuka25_Booklet_French_Web.pdf |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20230430065746/http://kwibuka.rw/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Kwibuka25_Booklet_French_Web.pdf?_t=1555320707 |archive-date=2023-04-30 |url-status=dead |website=kwibuka.rw |language=fr}}</ref> {{Blockquote|Ubu ndabwira mwebwe Batutsi, mwa nyenzi mwe. Mbamenyesha ko igihugu cyanyu ari Etiyopiya, kandi vuba aha tugiye kubasubizayo tubanyujije muri Nyabarongo. Kuri iyi nshuro, tuzica n'abana.}} == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == * [[Umujyi wa Rubavu|Gisenyi]] * Ubwicanyi bwo muri Mutarama 1998 i Gisenyi == Ihuza ryo hanze == {{Commonscat|Gisenyi Genocide Memorial}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200720072109/http://www.genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/ Ububiko bw'amateka ya Jenoside mu Rwanda] === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author=Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le Génocide (CNLG) |title=Identification des sites du génocide d’avril à juillet 1994 |publisher=CNLG |location=Kigali |year=2019 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/IdentificationSitesGenocideAvrilJuillet1994.pdf |format=PDF |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gisenyi, Urwibutso rwa Jenoside}} [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Rubavu]] [[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]] d9r5rkf33yo72dzxs7nzonlr5jr3aw8 0 23177 140633 2026-10-02T12:30:36Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox | title = Raffinor-BF | label1 = Izina ryuzuye | data1 = Uruganda rw'Igihugu rutunganya Zahabu rwa Burkina Faso | label2 = Ubwoko | data2 = Uruganda rutunganya zahabu | label3 = Aho ruherereye | data3 = [[Wagadugu]], [[Burukina Faso]] | label4 = Iyubakwa | data4 = 2023–2026 | label5 = Itahwa | data5 = 28 Nzeri 2026 | label6 = Ubushobozi | data6 = toni 164 ku mwaka (icyiciro cya 1)<br />toni 515 ku mwaka (icyiciro cya 2) | labe..." 140633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Raffinor-BF | label1 = Izina ryuzuye | data1 = Uruganda rw'Igihugu rutunganya Zahabu rwa Burkina Faso | label2 = Ubwoko | data2 = Uruganda rutunganya zahabu | label3 = Aho ruherereye | data3 = [[Wagadugu]], [[Burukina Faso]] | label4 = Iyubakwa | data4 = 2023–2026 | label5 = Itahwa | data5 = 28 Nzeri 2026 | label6 = Ubushobozi | data6 = toni 164 ku mwaka (icyiciro cya 1)<br />toni 515 ku mwaka (icyiciro cya 2) | label7 = Nyirarwo | data7 = Leta ya Burkina Faso (SONASP) }} '''Uruganda rw'Igihugu rutunganya Zahabu rwa Burkina Faso''' ('''Raffinor-BF''', mu Gifaransa: ''Raffinerie nationale d'or du Burkina Faso'') ni ikigo gitunganya [[zahabu]] giherereye i [[Wagadugu]], muri [[Burukina Faso]]. Cyashyiriweho guhindura doré (uruvange rw'ibyuma rugizwe ahanini na zahabu) ikomoka ku musaruro wa zahabu, ikabyazwamo utubari twa zahabu iyunguruye neza. Uru ruganda rwatashywe ku wa 28 Nzeri 2026 na Perezida wa Burkina Faso, [[Ibrahim Traoré]], ari kumwe n'abagize [[guverinoma]] ye. Rufatwa nk'uruganda rwa mbere rutunganya zahabu muri Burkina Faso. == Amateka == Iyubakwa ry'uru ruganda ryatangiye mu Ugushyingo 2023<ref name=":5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Souverainisme minier : le Burkina Faso inaugure sa première raffinerie d’or |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1847177/economie-entreprises/souverainisme-minier-le-burkina-faso-inaugure-sa-premiere-raffinerie-dor/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2026-09-30}}</ref>. Rwubatswe hagamijwe kongera ubushobozi bw'igihugu bwo gutunganya zahabu icukurwa muri Burkina Faso<ref name=":3">{{cite web |language=fr |first=JK |last=Sidwaya |title=Souveraineté minière: le Président du Faso inaugure la première raffinerie d’or |url=https://www.sidwaya.info/souverainete-miniere-le-president-du-faso-inaugure-la-premiere-raffinerie-dor/ |website=Quotidien Sidwaya |date=2026-09-28 |access-date=2026-09-30}}</ref>. Uru ruganda ruherereye mu karere ka 12 k'umujyi wa Wagadugu, rwubatswe ku butaka bungana na hegitari 5. Rugizwe by'umwihariko n'aho bashongeshereza ibyuma, laboratwari isuzuma, ububiko bwa zahabu, iduka ry'imitako n'inyubako y'ubuyobozi<ref name=":7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Raffinerie d’or au Burkina : La société civile dort tranquille mais reste éveillée - leFaso.net |url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article149621 |website=lefaso.net |access-date=2026-09-30}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Souveraineté minière : le Burkina Faso ouvre sa 1re raffinerie d’or |url=https://www.energie-mines.gov.bf/accueil/details?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=1226&cHash=2e15e058e6c3df08f512351db6f60a98 |website=Ministère de l'Energie, des Mines et des Carrières |date=2026-09-29 |access-date=2026-09-30}}</ref>. Rwatwaye amafaranga arenga miliyari 11 z'amafaranga ya CFA<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |last=KOACI |title=Burkina Faso : La première raffinerie d'or du pays inaugurée |url=https://www.koaci.com/article/2026/09/28/afrique/economie/burkina-faso-la-premiere-raffinerie-dor-du-pays-inauguree_201059.html |website=KOACI |access-date=2026-09-30}}</ref>. Rwatewe inkunga ahanini na Leta binyuze mu Kigo cy'Igihugu gishinzwe Amabuye y'Agaciro (SONASP)<ref name=":4">{{cite web |language=fr |first=Drissa |last=Traoré |title=Mines {{!}} Secteur extractif : le Burkina Faso lance sa première raffinerie d'or |url=https://afrimag.net/mines-secteur-extractif-le-burkina-faso-lance-sa-premiere-raffinerie-dor/ |website=Afrimag |date=2026-09-30 |access-date=2026-09-30}}</ref>, hamwe n'uruhare rw'abafatanyabikorwa b'abikorera bo mu gihugu<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=SOUVERAINETÉ ÉCONOMIQUE : Le Président du Faso inaugure la première raffinerie d’or du Burkina |url=https://gouvernement.gov.bf/actualites/souverainete-economique-le-president-du-faso-inaugure-la-premiere-raffinerie-dor-du-burkina/ |website=Service d'Information du Gouvernement du Burkina Faso |access-date=2026-09-30}}</ref><ref name=":1" />. == Ibikoresho n'ubushobozi == RAFFINOR-BF ikoresha ibikoresho bikora ubwabyo kandi ikora mu buryo bufunze (''circuit fermé''). Yubatswe hakurikijwe amahame agamije kugabanya imyanda isohoka mu gihe cyo gutunganya zahabu. Uruganda rufite imiterere igizwe n'ibice (''modulaire'') ituma hashobora kongerwaho indi mirongo mishya yo gutunganya. Mu cyiciro cya mbere, ubushobozi bwarwo bubarwa ni toni 164 za zahabu ku mwaka. Icyiciro cya kabiri kigomba kuzamura ubu bushobozi bukagera kuri toni 515 ku mwaka<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />. Uru ruganda rugomba kandi guhindura doré mo utubari twa zahabu iyunguruye ifite isuku ya 99,99 %<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Burkina Faso inaugure sa première raffinerie d'or, RAFFINOR-BF |url=https://www.sikafinance.com/marches/le-burkina-faso-inaugure-sa-premiere-raffinerie-d-or-raffinor-bf_64564 |website=sikafinance.com |access-date=2026-09-30}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />. == Intego == Gutangiza RAFFINOR-BF biri muri politiki ya guverinoma ya Burkina Faso igamije kongera itunganyirizwa mu gihugu ry'umutungo kamere wayo w'amabuye y'agaciro. Abayobozi bifuza ko igice kinini cy'agaciro kiyongera gikomoka ku bucukuzi bwa zahabu cyaguma ku butaka bwa Burkina Faso<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ibrahim Traoré, du Burkina Faso, inaugure la première raffinerie d'or à Ouagadougou |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/c574e2myg2rvo |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2026-09-29 |access-date=2026-09-30}}</ref><ref name=":2" />. Uru ruganda rugomba kandi gufasha kongera ikurikiranwa ry'inkomoko ya zahabu icukurwa muri Burkina Faso no kunoza igenzura ry'amafaranga ajyanye n'ubucuruzi bwayo. Rwashyizweho kandi kugira ngo rufashe kurwanya uburiganya<ref name=":7" />, ubucuruzi bwa magendu n'iyezandonke mu gihugu<ref name=":3" />. Perezida Ibrahim Traoré avuga ko uru ruganda ari intambwe ya mbere ya politiki yagutse yo gutunganyiriza mu gihugu umutungo w'amabuye y'agaciro. Yatangaje ko guverinoma ye yifuza no guteza imbere itunganywa ry'ibindi byuma bicukurwa mu gihugu: {{Quote|Byaba zahabu, manganèse, umuringa, zinc, cyangwa ibindi byuma ibyo ari byo byose, intego yacu ntikiri iyo kuba igihugu gicukura gusa kikohereza ibikoresho fatizo byacyo hanze. Turashaka gutunganyiriza ibyuma byacu byose hano iwacu.}}<ref name=":6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Burkina Faso inaugure sa première raffinerie d'or pour affirmer sa souveraineté économique |url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/le-burkina-faso-inaugure-sa-premiere-raffinerie-dor-pour-affirmer-sa-souverainete-economique/ |website=Alwihda Info |date=2026-09-28 |access-date=2026-09-30}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Akazi n'amahugurwa == RAFFINOR-BF igomba gutanga imirimo igera ku 100 itaziguye n'imirimo 5 000 iziguye<ref name=":5" />. Uru ruganda rugomba kandi kugira uruhare mu guhugura abakozi<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mines : Le Burkina Faso inaugure sa première raffinerie d'or, un « acte de souveraineté assumée » |url=https://malijet.com/actualite_economique_du_mali/312078-mines-le-burkina-faso-inaugure-sa-premiere-raffinerie-dor.html |website=Malijet |date=2026-09-29 |access-date=2026-09-30}}</ref> b'inzobere mu mirimo ijyanye no gutunganya no guhindura ibyuma<ref name=":4" />. Muri urwo rwego, guverinoma ifata iterambere ry'ubumenyi bw'abenegihugu nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi kugira ngo uru ruganda rukore kandi rubungabungwe n'abo mu gihugu<ref name=":3" />. == Akamaro == Burkina Faso ni kimwe mu bihugu bicukura zahabu muri [[Afurika]] yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara. Umusaruro wa zahabu w'igihugu warenze toni 94 mu 2025. Gushyiraho ubu bushobozi bw'igihugu bwo gutunganya zahabu bigamije kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku gutunganyirizwa kwa zahabu mu mahanga no gushimangira ubugenzuzi bw'igihugu ku ruhererekane nyongeragaciro rw'uyu mutungo. Abayobozi ba Burkina Faso bifuza kandi ko RAFFINOR-BF yaba igikoresho gishobora gufasha guteza imbere ibikorwa byo gutunganya zahabu ku rwego rw'akarere muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Burukina Faso]] [[Ikiciro:Amabuye y'agaciro]] [[Ikiciro:Ubucukuzi]] [[Ikiciro:Ubukungu]] 4u7il0ekmo4d9nqdavkr7h2p3zh4ehd 0 23178 140634 2026-10-02T12:55:55Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Ibrahim Traoré | image = Capitaine Ibrahim Traoré.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Ibrahim Traoré mu 2026 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|3|14|df=y}} | birth_place = Kéra, Bondokuy, [[Burukina Faso]] | nationality = Umunyaburukinafaso | title = Perezida wa Burkina Faso | term = Kuva ku wa 30 Nzeri 2022 | predecessor = [[Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba]] | party = Nta shyaka..." 140634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ibrahim Traoré | image = Capitaine Ibrahim Traoré.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Ibrahim Traoré mu 2026 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|3|14|df=y}} | birth_place = Kéra, Bondokuy, [[Burukina Faso]] | nationality = Umunyaburukinafaso | title = Perezida wa Burkina Faso | term = Kuva ku wa 30 Nzeri 2022 | predecessor = [[Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba]] | party = Nta shyaka (yigenga) | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Wagadugu<br />Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare Georges Namoano | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel (kuva ku wa 23 Ukuboza 2025) | relatives = Kassoum Coulibaly (nyirarume)<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : La galaxie Traoré |url=https://graphics.rfi.fr/traore-burkina-entourage/ |website=RFI |date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref> }} '''Ibrahim Traoré''' (wavutse ku wa 14 Werurwe 1988 i Kéra, muri komine ya Bondokuy, muri [[Burukina Faso]]) ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyaburukinafaso, akaba ari Umukuru w'Igihugu cya Burkina Faso kuva ku wa 30 Nzeri 2022. Yahiritse ku butegetsi Lieutenant-colonel [[Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba]] binyuze muri kudeta, afata ubuyobozi bw'Umutwe wo Gukunda Igihugu ugamije Kurinda no Kugarura Ituze (''Mouvement patriotique pour la sauvegarde et la restauration'', MPSR) ku wa 30 Nzeri 2022. Mu ngabo za Burkina Faso, afite ipeti rya Kapiteni. Igihe yageraga ku butegetsi afite imyaka 34, ni we wari umukuru w'igihugu ukiri muto kurusha abandi ku isi. == Ubuzima == === Ubwana n'amashuri === Ibrahim Traoré yavukiye i Kéra, muri komine ya Bondokuy, ku wa 14 Werurwe 1988<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ibrahim Traoré, président de la Transition : parcours d’un artilleur |url=https://www.sidwaya.info/blog/ibrahim-traore-president-de-la-transition-parcours-dun-artilleur/ |website=Sidwaya |access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref><ref name="wakatsera">{{cite web |language=fr |last=Morin |title=Burkina: exit Damiba, le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, nouveau président du Faso |url=https://www.wakatsera.com/burkina-exit-damiba-le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-nouveau-president-du-faso/ |website=Wakat Séra |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |author=Radiodiffusion Télévision du Burkina |title=Portrait du nouveau Président du MPSR, le capitaine Ibrahim TRAORE |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8vtSEppJbc |website=YouTube |date=2022-10-02 |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza mu ishuri rya Leta rya Bondokuy. Amashuri yisumbuye yayigiye muri ''lycée mixte d'Accart-ville'' i Bobo-Dioulasso, ahakura impamyabumenyi y'amashuri yisumbuye (''baccalauréat série D'') mu 2006<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, nouvel homme fort du Burkina Faso |work=La Croix |date=2022-10-03 |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Le-capitaine-Ibrahim-Traore-nouvel-homme-fort-Burkina-Faso-2022-10-03-1201236047 |access-date=2022-10-09}}</ref>. Mu 2006, yinjiye muri Kaminuza ya Wagadugu (ubu yitwa Kaminuza Joseph Ki-Zerbo), mu ishami ry'ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga, mu gice cy'ubutabire, ibinyabuzima n'ubumenyi bw'isi (géologie)<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie du président |url=https://www.presidencedufaso.bf/biographie-du-president/ |website=Présidence du Faso |access-date=2024-10-03}}</ref>. Mu 2010, yarangije afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri (''maîtrise'') mu bumenyi bw'isi, ayibonana amanota meza<ref>{{cite web |language=rw |title=Burkina Faso: Menya Capt Ibrahim Traoré wafashe ubutegetsi i Ouagadougou |url=https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/articles/c6pkpqrnwwro |website=BBC Gahuza |date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref>. Igihe yari mu masomo, yari umurwanashyaka w'Ishyirahamwe ry'Igihugu ry'Abanyeshuri ba Burkina (ANEB), umuryango w'abanyeshuri ugendera ku bitekerezo bya Marx<ref name="lemonde-enigmatique">{{cite news |language=fr |last=Douce |first=Sophie |title=Au Burkina Faso, le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, le président énigmatique qui défie la France |work=Le Monde Afrique |date=2023-05-30}}</ref>. Yari kandi hafi y'amashyirahamwe y'Abayisilamu<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |author=Bakary Sambe |title=Au Sahel, après le militaro-populisme, l'islamo-nationalisme ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1514798/politique/au-sahel-apres-le-militaro-populisme-lislamo-nationalisme/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2023-12-30 |access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref>, akaba n'umunyamuryango w'Ishyirahamwe ry'Abanyeshuri b'Abayisilamu. === Urugendo mu gisirikare === Traoré ntiyanyuze mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya ''Prytanée militaire de Kadiogo'' (PMK), bitandukanye n'uwo yasimbuye, Damiba, ndetse n'abandi basirikare bakuru benshi bo muri Burkina Faso. Amaze kubona impamyabumenyi ya kaminuza, yinjiye mu gisirikare mu 2010. Yatorejwe mu Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare Georges Namoano, ishuri rihugura abofisiye riri i Pô, ahasoza ari uwa kabiri mu bo bari bigana<ref name="bur">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Ibrahim Traoré, jeune putschiste à la tête du pays des hommes intègres |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/burkina-faso/burkina-faso-ibrahim-traore-jeune-putschiste-a-la-tete-du-pays-des-hommes-integres_5400979.html |website=Franceinfo |date=2022-10-06 |access-date=2022-10-09}}</ref><ref name="qui">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, le plus jeune chef d'État au monde ? |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/burkina-ibrahim-traoré-nouveau-putschiste-et-plus-jeune-chef-d-etat-au-monde/6778263.html |website=VOA Afrique |access-date=2022-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coup d'État au Burkina Faso : qui est le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré ? |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/ce7y7x2gdn8o |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2022-10-09}}</ref>. Nyuma yaho yazamutse vuba mu mapeti ya gisirikare. Mu 2012 yabaye Sous-lieutenant, nyuma y'imyaka ibiri ahabwa ipeti rya Lieutenant, maze mu 2020 azamurwa ku ipeti rya Kapiteni. Muri Werurwe 2022, Perezida Paul-Henri Damiba yamugize umukuru w'imbunda nini (artillerie) muri Batayo ya 10 ishinzwe ubuyobozi, ubufasha n'ingoboka (10^e RCAS) ifite icyicaro i Kaya<ref name="wakatsera" /><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Emmanuel |last=Gautier |title=Burkina Faso : Le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré annonce un coup d'État à la RTB, fin de règne pour Damiba |url=https://afriksoir.net/burkina-faso-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-coup-detat-rtb-fin-regne-damiba/ |website=Afrik Soir |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=ALERTE - Le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, 34 ans, « plutôt timide » et « réglo » |url=https://www.omegamedias.info/blog/2022/10/01/-alerte-le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-34-ans-plutot-timide-et-reglo/ |website=Omega Médias |date=2022-10-01 |access-date=2022-10-02}}</ref>. Kapiteni Traoré yagize uruhare mu bikorwa byinshi bya gisirikare byo [[Iterabwoba|kurwanya iterabwoba]], cyane cyane i Djibo, aho yari ayobowe na Lieutenant-colonel Damiba, icyo gihe wari umuyobozi w'itsinda ry'ingabo zirwanya iterabwoba mu 2017. Yanagize uruhare mu gikorwa cya gisirikare cyiswe ''Otapuanu'' mu 2019<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Lutte anti-terroriste au Burkina : L'armée lance l'opération « Otapuanu » ou pluie de tonnerre dans les régions du Centre Est et de l'Est |url=https://netafrique.net/lutte-anti-terroriste-le-burkina-annonce-une-operation-denommee-otapuanu-dans-les-regions-du-centre-est-et-de-lest/ |website=NetAfrique.net |access-date=2023-11-11}}</ref>, kandi yakoreye mu itsinda ry'ingabo ryari i Markoye, mu ntara ya Sahel<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ibrahim Traoré, le nouvel homme fort du Burkina (Portrait) |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/-ibrahim-traoré-le-nouvel-homme-fort-du-burkina-portrait/2699900 |website=Anadolu Ajansı |access-date=2022-10-02}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Burkina Faso == === Kudeta zo muri Mutarama na Nzeri 2022 n'ifatwa ry'ubutegetsi === [[File:2025 Ibrahim Traore (cropped).jpg|thumb|Kapiteni Ibrahim Traoré mu 2025]] Ibrahim Traoré yafashe ubutegetsi binyuze muri kudeta ku wa 30 Nzeri 2022, amaze gutangaza ko Damiba akuwe ku butegetsi<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina : Ibrahim Traoré proclamé président, Damiba destitué |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1381642/politique/burkina-ibrahim-traore-proclame-president-damiba-destitue/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: des militaires annoncent la dissolution du gouvernement et la fermeture des frontières |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20220930-burkina-faso-des-militaires-annoncent-la-dissolution-du-gouvernement-et-la-fermeture-des-fronti%C3%A8res |website=RFI |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : le chef de la junte démis de ses fonctions, annoncent des militaires à la télévision |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/09/30/burkina-faso-le-chef-de-la-junte-demis-de-ses-fonctions-annoncent-des-militaires-a-la-television_6143908_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref>. Iyo yari kudeta ya kabiri igihugu cyari kibonye muri uwo mwaka. Kapiteni Traoré yari umwe mu basirikare bakuru bagize uruhare muri kudeta yahiritse Perezida [[Roch Marc Christian Kaboré]], igashyira ku butegetsi Lieutenant-colonel Damiba, perezida wa MPSR, ku wa 24 Mutarama 2022<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina: Ibrahim Traoré, nouveau putschiste et plus jeune chef d'Etat au monde |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/monde/burkina-ibrahim-traore-nouveau-putschiste-et-plus-jeune-chef-d-etat-au-monde_2181424.html |website=L'Express |date=2022-10-06 |access-date=2022-10-18}}</ref>. Bitewe n'umutekano wari ukomeje kuzamba no kuba ibyemezo byafashwe mu gihe cya kudeta ya mbere bitarubahirijwe, abo basirikare bahisemo gukura ku butegetsi Perezida Damiba ku wa 30 Nzeri 2022, maze Ibrahim Traoré afata ubuyobozi bwa MPSR. Iyi kudeta yakurikiye ibitero byinshi by'iterabwoba byahitanye abantu benshi, cyane cyane icyabereye i Gaskindé, mu majyaruguru ya Burkina Faso, aho imodoka zari zitwaye ibiribwa zaguye mu gico cy'abaterabwoba. Imibare yatangajwe na Leta yavugaga abasirikare 11 bishwe n'abasivili benshi baburiwe irengero, mu gihe andi makuru yavugaga abasivili bagera ku ijana bishwe<ref>{{cite news |language=en |first1=Thiam |last1=Ndiaga |first2=Anne |last2=Mimault |title=Burkina Faso soldiers announce overthrow of military government |work=Reuters |date=2022-09-30 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/heavy-gunfire-heard-burkina-faso-capital-reuters-witnesses-2022-09-30/ |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref><ref name="f24-coup">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nouveau coup d'État au Burkina Faso : le chef de la junte démis de ses fonctions |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/info-en-continu/20220930-%F0%9F%94%B4-burkina-faso-un-officier-annonce-la-destitution-du-chef-de-la-junte-%C3%A0-la-t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision |website=France 24 |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : le colonel Damiba déposé par le capitaine Ibrahima Traoré |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2022/09/30/burkina-faso-le-colonel-damiba-depose-par-le-capitaine-ibrahima-traore/ |website=Financial Afrik |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Agnès |last=Faivre |title=Au Burkina Faso, une nouvelle attaque meurtrière contre un convoi d'aide humanitaire |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/au-burkina-faso-une-nouvelle-attaque-meurtriere-contre-un-convoi-daide-humanitaire-20220928_GBC2RIXZFNABXAOISK74BLYAGE/ |website=Libération |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref>. Damiba yaje kwegura ku wa 2 Ukwakira 2022<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=DIRECT Burkina Faso : le chef de la junte destitué, le lieutenant-colonel Paul-Henri Damiba, a accepté de démissionner |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/burkina-faso/coup-d-etat-au-burkina-faso/burkina-faso-des-gaz-lacrymogenes-tires-devant-l-ambassade-de-france-pour-disperser-des-manifestants-favorables-aux-putschistes_5393296.html |website=Franceinfo |date=2022-10-02 |access-date=2022-10-02}}</ref>. === Imiyoborere === Amaze gufata ubutegetsi ku wa 30 Nzeri, Ibrahim Traoré yatangaje ati: {{Quote|Ntituri hano ku bw'ubutegetsi. Dufite gahunda y'amezi cumi n'abiri, muri yo tuzakemura udukibazo duto tw'ibikoresho twubahiriza indangagaciro za muntu.}}<ref name="afxxi-terreur">{{cite web |language=fr |first=Rachid Zaïd |last=Combary |title=« La junte militaire a instauré la terreur partout » - Série (3) |url=https://afriquexxi.info/La-junte-militaire-a-instaure-la-terreur-partout |website=Afrique XXI |date=2024-08-28 |access-date=2024-09-08}}</ref> Ku wa 6 Ukwakira, itegeko shingiro ryagaruye Itegeko Nshinga maze ritangaza ko Traoré ari Umukuru w'Igihugu<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Traoré devient officiellement chef de l'État |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/burkina-faso-traor%C3%A9-devient-officiellement-chef-de-letat/2703866 |website=Anadolu Ajansı |access-date=2022-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré officiellement désigné président du Burkina Faso |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-officiellement-designe-president-du-burkina-faso-20221005 |website=Le Figaro |date=2022-10-05 |access-date=2022-10-09}}</ref>. Yabaye atyo Umuyisilamu wa mbere ugeze kuri uwo mwanya kuva Saye Zerbo yahirikwa ku butegetsi mu 1982<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Ibrahim Traoré, le visage d’un souverainisme "made in Sahel" |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/monde/afrique/burkina-faso-ibrahim-traore-le-visage-dun-souverainisme-made-in-sahel-GZNPL4T4MRDXHCGY7YCKKRU3ZI/ |website=L'Express |date=2023-01-28 |access-date=2023-10-20}}</ref>. Avuga ko ari gukemura gusa ibibazo by'ibanze by'igihugu, Traoré yatangaje ko perezida w'inzibacyuho, yaba umusivili cyangwa umusirikare, azatoranywa n'inama nkuru y'igihugu (''assises'') ku wa 14 Ukwakira 2022<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, un président de transition doit être désigné en fin de semaine |work=Le Monde |date=2022-10-10 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/10/10/au-burkina-faso-un-president-de-transition-doit-etre-designe-en-fin-de-semaine_6145137_3212.html |access-date=2022-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Capitaine Ibrahim Traoré: «Les assises vont désigner un président de la transition» au Burkina Faso |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/invit%C3%A9-afrique/20221003-capitaine-ibrahim-traor%C3%A9-les-assises-vont-d%C3%A9signer-un-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-transition-au-burkina-faso |website=RFI |date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2022-10-05}}</ref>. Abamushyigikiye bakoze imyigaragambyo basaba ko ari we wahabwa kuyobora igihugu<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : les partisans d'Ibrahim Traoré font monter la tension |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1385101/politique/burkina-les-partisans-dibrahim-traore-font-monter-la-tension/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2022-10-15}}</ref>, maze ahabwa kuyobora inzibacyuho nk'umuyobozi wa MPSR<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina: le putschiste Ibrahim Traoré président de la transition jusqu'en 2024 |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/burkina-le-putschiste-ibrahim-traore-president-de-la-transition-jusqu-en-2024-474904 |website=TV5Monde |date=2022-10-14 |access-date=2022-10-15}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Ukwakira, yarahiriye kuba Perezida w'inzibacyuho imbere y'Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : le putschiste Ibrahim Traoré a été investi président de transition |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20221021-burkina-faso-le-putschiste-ibrahim-traor%C3%A9-a-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-investi-pr%C3%A9sident-de-transition |website=France 24 |date=2022-10-21 |access-date=2022-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : après son putsch, le capitaine Traoré se rêve en nouveau Sankara |work=Le Monde |date=2022-10-21 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/10/21/burkina-faso-apres-son-putsch-le-capitaine-traore-se-reve-en-nouveau-sankara_6146842_3212.html |access-date=2022-10-21}}</ref>. Mu Ugushyingo, yanze guhembwa umushahara wa perezida, ahitamo kuguma ahembwa uwa kapiteni<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Gabon, Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema « renonce à son traitement de président » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1494965/politique/au-gabon-brice-clotaire-oligui-nguema-renonce-a-son-traitement-de-president/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2023-10-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 3 Gashyantare 2023, Ibrahim Traoré yatangaje ibitero bikomeye byari bigiye kugabwa ku barwanyi b'intagondwa z'abajihadi, asaba abaturage kumushyigikira<ref name="afxxi-ib" />. Muri Mata 2023, yatangaje ko igihugu cyose kigomba kwitegura urugamba (''mobilisation générale'')<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, Ibrahim Traoré décrète la mobilisation générale |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1436057/politique/au-burkina-faso-ibrahim-traore-decrete-la-mobilisation-generale/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2023-04-14}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi, yavuze ku bihugu "by'inshuti" bafatanya cyangwa bongera ubufatanye mu bya gisirikare: [[Uburusiya]], aho abacancuro b'itsinda rya Wagner bashobora kuba bari muri Burkina Faso<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Les mercenaires Wagner présents au Burkina Faso, affirme le président ghanéen |work=Le Monde |date=2022-12-16 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/12/16/les-mercenaires-wagner-presents-au-burkina-faso-affirme-le-president-ghaneen_6154693_3212.html |access-date=2023-07-15}}</ref>, [[Turukiya]] imuha indege zitagira abapilote (drones) zo mu bwoko bwa Bayraktar TB2, ndetse na [[Koreya y’Amajyaruguru]] yatekerezaga ko yamuha intwaro<ref name="afxxi-ib" />. Icyo gihe, guverinoma yahisemo kwifashisha ingabo zayo bwite mu kurwanya abajihadi, kandi ntibyagaragaraga ko yasabye ubufasha bw'Abarusiya ba Wagner<ref name="lemonde-enigmatique" />. Mu rwego rwo gukaza [[Iterabwoba|urugamba rwo kurwanya iterabwoba]], guverinoma ye yateguye igikorwa kidasanzwe cyo kwinjiza abasirikare 3 000, ndetse no kwinjiza abafasha b'ingabo 50 000 bitwa "Abakorerabushake bo kurinda Igihugu" (''Volontaires pour la défense de la patrie'', VDP)<ref name="afxxi-ib">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, la guerre selon « IB » |url=https://afriquexxi.info/Au-Burkina-Faso-la-guerre-selon-IB |website=Afrique XXI |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-07-15}}</ref>. Kubera ko ingengo y'imari ya Leta, yari yazahajwe n'ibihano by'ubukungu, itabashaga gutera inkunga urugamba rwo kurwanya abajihadi, guverinoma yongereye imisoro<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ibrahim Traoré : au Burkina, la guerre taxe après taxe |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1466721/politique/ibrahim-traore-au-burkina-la-guerre-taxe-apres-taxe/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2024-10-18}}</ref>. Bitewe n'imyaka ye, uburambe afite ku rugamba n'imivugire ye, Ibrahim Traoré akundwa n'urubyiruko, rugize abarenga 70 % by'abaturage ariko rukaba rudahagarariwe bihagije mu nzego za politiki. Mu ijambo rye akunze kwifashisha ibitekerezo bya [[Thomas Sankara]], nko guharanira ubusugire bw'igihugu no kwamagana ubukoloni bushya (''impérialisme'')<ref name="lemonde-enigmatique" />. Akurikiza politiki irwanya [[Ubufaransa]]<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, la France en sursis après le départ de Sabre |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/au-burkina-faso-la-france-en-sursis-apr%C3%A8s-le-d%C3%A9part-de-sabre/6973676.html |website=VOA Afrique |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2024-03-22}}</ref>, bimuhesha gushyigikirwa n'abaharanira ubumwe bwa Afurika (''panafricanistes'') ndetse n'Abayisilamu b'Abawahabi<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : quand Russes, wahhabites et panafricanistes font cause commune autour de la junte |work=Le Monde |date=2023-02-16 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/02/16/burkina-faso-quand-russes-wahhabites-et-panafricanistes-font-cause-commune-autour-de-la-junte_6162118_3212.html |access-date=2023-10-20}}</ref>. Nyamara, uretse uko gukundwa, sosiyete sivile, abanyamakuru, abacamanza n'abayobozi b'amashyaka bibasirwa n'igitugu cy'ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare, rimwe na rimwe bakajyanwa ku ngufu mu gisirikare ku rugamba. Abasivili na bo bahuye n'ibyo, ndetse bamwe baburirwa irengero ku gahato<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Capitaine Ibrahim Traore : pourquoi est-il si populaire auprès de la jeunesse africaine ? |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/c2kvykyy9g3o |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2025-05-02 |access-date=2025-05-03}}</ref>. Ku wa 16 Nzeri 2023, Ibrahim Traoré, ari kumwe na Colonel [[Assimi Goïta]] na Jenerali [[Abdourahamane Tiani]], bashinze Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel (''Alliance des États du Sahel'', AES), amasezerano yo gutabarana hagati ya [[Mali]], [[Nigeri]] na [[Burukina Faso]]. Ku wa 28 Mutarama 2024, yakuye Burkina Faso mu Muryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu by'Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO). Amaze kurokoka umugambi wa kudeta muri Nzeri 2023, yitabaje abasirikare b'Abarusiya ngo bamurinde<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, des militaires russes pour protéger Ibrahim Traoré ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1503219/politique/au-burkina-faso-des-militaires-russes-pour-proteger-ibrahim-traore/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza, Minisitiri w'Intebe mushya, Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla, yatangaje ko [[Uburusiya]] buzafasha mu ivugurura ry'ingabo za Burkina Faso, cyane cyane mu gushyiraho batayo nshya zo gutabara byihuse, mu gihe [[Ubushinwa]] na [[Turukiya]] na byo byari kuzatanga ubufasha<ref name="afxxi-terreur" />. Muri icyo gihe kandi, guverinoma ya Burkina Faso yasinye amasezerano n'Uburusiya yo kubaka uruganda rutanga amashanyarazi akomoka ku ngufu za nikleyeri<ref name="afxxi-terreur" />. Ku wa 25 Gicurasi 2024, nyuma y'indi nama nkuru y'inzibacyuho itaritabiriwe n'amatsinda ya sosiyete sivile n'amashyaka atavuga rumwe na Ibrahim Traoré, inzibacyuho yongerewe imyaka itanu (guhera ku wa 2 Nyakanga 2024) hemejwe itegeko rishya (''charte'') rimuha izina rya Perezida wa Burkina Faso, rikanamwemerera kuzaziyamamaza mu matora azakurikira. Iyi nama yabaye hashize iminsi mike habaye indi isa na yo muri Mali, igihugu bafatanyije, na yo yongereye inzibacyuho imyaka itanu<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: la durée de la transition prolongée pour cinq ans |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240525-burkina-faso-la-dur%C3%A9e-de-la-transition-prolong%C3%A9e-pour-cinq-ans |website=RFI |date=2024-05-25 |access-date=2024-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, des assises sous haute surveillance pour prolonger une transition sans paix |work=Le Monde |date=2024-05-24 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/05/24/au-burkina-faso-des-assises-sous-haute-surveillance-pour-prolonger-une-transition-sans-paix_6235312_3212.html |access-date=2024-05-26}}</ref>. Uwo munsi nyine, Traoré yashyize umukono kuri iryo tegeko rishya, bituma ritangira gukurikizwa<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, le capitaine putschiste Ibrahim Traoré se ressert cinq ans de mandat |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/au-burkina-faso-le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-reprend-cinq-ans-20240527_P4LWF5QNI5H27INN5Y6ZRSS7X4/ |website=Libération |access-date=2024-05-28}}</ref>. Ku wa 11 Kamena 2024, abajihadi b'Itsinda rishyigikira Isilamu n'Abayisilamu (JNIM) bagabye igitero ku kigo cya gisirikare no muri komine ya Mansila<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: des survivants racontent l'attaque de Mansila revendiquée par le JNIM |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240618-burkina-faso-des-survivants-racontent-l-attaque-de-mansila-revendiqu%C3%A9e-par-le-jnim |website=RFI |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref>. Bukeye bwaho, igisasu cyarashwe ku cyicaro cya Televiziyo y'igihugu (RTB), hafi y'ingoro ya perezida i [[Wagadugu]], abakirashe ntibamenyekana<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: des questions toujours en suspens après des détonations à la télé publique et une attaque dans le Nord-Est |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240617-burkina-des-questions-toujours-en-suspens-apr%C3%A8s-des-d%C3%A9tonations-%C3%A0-la-t%C3%A9l%C3%A9-publique-et-une-attaque-dans-le-nord-est |website=RFI |date=2024-06-17 |access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref>. Mu minsi yakurikiyeho, kuba Ibrahim Traoré atagaragaraga cyane mu ruhame byateje ibibazo mu Banyaburukinafaso. Abasirikare ba Mali n'abacancuro b'Abarusiya ba Wagner bageze i Wagadugu muri iyo minsi, ariko inshingano zabo ntizasobanuwe<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Des « instructeurs » russes envoyés à Ouagadougou |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1579057/politique/des-instructeurs-russes-envoyes-a-ouagadougou/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: des soldats maliens et des mercenaires russes de Wagner sont arrivés à Ouagadougou |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240618-burkina-faso-des-soldats-maliens-et-des-mercenaires-russes-de-wagner-sont-arriv%C3%A9s-%C3%A0-ouagadougou |website=RFI |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref>. Inama y'Abaminisitiri yagombaga kuyobora ku wa 19 Kamena 2024<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: report du Conseil des ministres, Ibrahim Traoré serait «caché» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240619-burkina-faso-report-du-conseil-des-ministres-ibrahim-traor%C3%A9-serait-cach%C3%A9 |website=RFI |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref> yimuriwe bukeye bwaho, maze Traoré yongera kugaragara icyo gihe<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: le chef de l'État préside un Conseil des ministres mais soulève toujours des questions |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240620-burkina-faso-le-chef-de-l-%C3%A9tat-pr%C3%A9side-un-conseil-des-ministres-mais-soul%C3%A8ve-toujours-des-questions |website=RFI |date=2024-06-20}}</ref>. Muri Kanama, igihugu cyagabweho igitero cy'iterabwoba cy'abajihadi cyahitanye abantu benshi kurusha ibindi byose mu mateka yacyo, mu mudugudu wa Barsalogho mu majyaruguru rwagati y'igihugu, aho abaturage bari hagati ya 300 na 400 bishwe n'Itsinda rishyigikira Isilamu n'Abayisilamu (JNIM)<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |last=Le Cam |first=Morgane |title=Le Burkina Faso a subi l’attaque terroriste la plus meurtrière de son histoire |work=Le Monde |date=2024-08-28 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/08/28/le-burkina-faso-face-a-l-attaque-terroriste-la-plus-meurtriere-de-son-histoire_6297561_3212.html}}</ref>. Amashusho n'amafoto by'impimbano byakozwe hifashishijwe ubwenge buhangano (AI), birata Ibrahim Traoré, byuzuye ku mbuga nkoranyambaga. Muri ayo mashusho, akozwe neza cyangwa nabi, kapiteni agaragazwa nk'umuyobozi w'intwari urinda abaturage be, kandi akwirakwizwa na konti z'impimbano. Ayo mashusho, atagenewe abaturage ba Burkina Faso, rimwe na rimwe arebwa n'abantu babarirwa muri za miliyoni, kandi akenshi akurura ibitekerezo by'abamushima, haba muri Afurika ivuga Igifaransa aho Ibrahim Traoré asanzwe azwi, haba muri Afurika ivuga Icyongereza, cyane cyane muri [[Gana]], [[Nijeriya]] na [[Kenya]], ndetse no muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] no mu birwa bya Karayibe<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |last=Roger |first=Benjamin |title=Burkina Faso : Ibrahim Traoré, superstar de la désinformation |work=Le Monde |date=2025-06-30 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/06/30/burkina-faso-ibrahim-traore-superstar-de-l-anti-imperialisme-online_6617007_3212.html}}</ref>. Ayo mashusho amwerekana ari kumwe n'ibyamamare by'isi nka Beyoncé, Rihanna cyangwa Justin Bieber<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |last=Marotte |first=Adrien |title=Beyoncé, Rihanna, Justin Bieber… Comment l’IA crée un mythe autour d’Ibrahim Traoré, chef de la junte du Burkina Faso |work=Le Figaro |date=2025-07-22 |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/beyonce-rihanna-justin-bieber-comment-l-ia-cree-un-mythe-autour-d-ibrahim-traore-chef-de-la-junte-du-burkina-faso-20250722}}</ref>. Andi mashusho menshi y'impimbano agaragaza "ubukungu bwa Burkina Faso butera imbere, bubasha gukora telefoni zigezweho, ibinyabiziga n'imashini z'ubuhinzi"<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |last=Pham |first=Quang |title=Le Burkina Faso, champion industriel ? Une campagne de propagande générée par IA |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20250717-burkina-faso-champion-industriel-smartphones-tracteurs-campagne-propagande-ia |website=France 24 |date=2025-07-17}}</ref>. Ku wa 23 Ukuboza 2025, yasimbuye Assimi Goïta ku mwanya wa Perezida w'Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel. Ku wa 29 Mutarama 2026, nyuma y'inama y'Abaminisitiri, guverinoma ya gisirikare yasheshe amashyaka ya politiki yose<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso-Le gouvernement militaire dissout tous les partis politiques |url=https://www.boursorama.com/actualite-economique/actualites/burkina-faso-le-gouvernement-militaire-dissout-tous-les-partis-politiques-6a43758d03db1480873970789daf2e11 |website=Boursorama |date=2026-01-29 |access-date=2026-01-30}}</ref>. Ku wa 3 Mata 2026, mu kiganiro yagiriye kuri Televiziyo y'igihugu (RTB), Kapiteni Ibrahim Traoré yatangaje ko Burkina Faso igomba kwibagirwa igitekerezo cya demokarasi, avuga ko muri iki gihe gikoreshwa n'abakoloni bashya (''impérialistes'')<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |last=Sidwaya |title=Le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, Président du Faso: « La reconquête, la refondation et la Révolution, c’est la seule voie pour se développer » |url=https://www.sidwaya.info/le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-president-du-faso-la-reconquete-la-refondation-et-la-revolution-cest-la-seule-voie-pour-se-developper/ |website=Sidwaya |date=2026-04-06 |access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |author=Radiodiffusion Télévision du Burkina |title=An I de la proclamation de la RPP : Le Capitaine Ibrahim TRAORE face à la presse |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/Z0xroLNltHk?t=7654 |website=YouTube |format=video}}</ref>: {{Quote|Za demokarasi zishe abana, za demokarasi zateye ibisasu, zica abagore, zisenya ibitaro, zica abaturage b'abasivili. Ese iyo ni yo demokarasi? Bakora nk'aho batabibona (abanyabwenge), aho ngaho bahumiriza. Urubyiruko rw'Afurika rugomba kumva ko ibyo ari ibinyoma. Iki gitekerezo cya demokarasi ni ikinyoma, ni inkoni gusa abantu bafata bakayikoresha bahana Abanyafurika n'abandi baturage bamwe. Ni yo mpamvu tugomba kwibagirwa igitekerezo cya demokarasi. Tugomba kugira umutima w'impinduramatwara. Guhindura ubuzima bwacu mu buryo bw'impinduramatwara…}}<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ibrahim Traoré estime que le Burkina Faso doit « oublier » la démocratie |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/c4gvdrl5xyko |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2026-04-03 |access-date=2026-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : « La démocratie, c’est pas pour nous », martèle le chef de la junte |work=Le Monde |date=2026-04-03 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/04/03/burkina-faso-la-democratie-c-est-pas-pour-nous-martele-le-chef-de-la-junte_6676235_3212.html |access-date=2026-09-16}}</ref> == Ibihembo n'ishimwe == === Ibihembo === * '''2023''': Igihembo cy'"Umukunzi w'Igihugu w'Indashyikirwa w'umwaka" (''Prix Yoro''), cyatanzwe mu nshuro ya mbere y'ibirori byiswe ''Grande Nuit du patriotisme'', byateguwe n'ishyirahamwe ''Léeré Sarré'' mu Kigo cy'Igihugu cy'Ubuhanzi, Imyidagaduro n'Itangazamakuru (CENASA) i [[Wagadugu]]<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Abdoul Gani |last=Barry |title=Première édition de la « Grande nuit du patriotisme » : Le Capitaine Ibrahim Traoré reçoit le prix du super patriote de l’année |url=https://burkina24.com/2023/06/24/premiere-edition-de-la-grande-nuit-du-patriotisme-le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-recoit-le-prix-du-super-patriote-de-lannee/ |website=Burkina24 |date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2025''': Igihembo cy'icyubahiro cyatanzwe mu birori bya gatatu byo guhemba abantu bavuga rikijyana kurusha abandi mu mwaka, byateguwe n'ishyirahamwe ''Intelligence burkinabè pour le développement'' i Wagadugu<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Promotion du leadership au Burkina: 10 personnalités dont le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré distinguées |url=https://la-plume.bf/2025/03/28/promotion-du-leadership-au-burkina-10-personnalites-dont-le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-distinguees/ |website=La Plume |date=2025-03-28 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2025''': Igihembo cyihariye kubera uruhare rwe mu guteza imbere ubushakashatsi, udushya n'ibihangano muri Burkina Faso, cyatanzwe mu nshuro ya 15 y'Ihuriro ry'Igihugu ry'Ubushakashatsi n'Udushya mu Ikoranabuhanga (FRSIT) i Wagadugu<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : l'innovation encouragée par le président Ibrahim Traoré |url=https://africa24tv.com/burkina-faso-linnovation-encouragee-par-le-president-ibrahim-traore/ |website=Africa24 TV |date=2025-10-23 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=15e édition du FRSIT : Boubacar ZONGO sacré lauréat du Bangré d’or |url=https://www.mesrsi.gov.bf/informations/actualites/details?cHash=c5c9c5f9e6c9c986f964bb0e2ce4f8da&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=1427 |website=Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche scientifique et de l'Innovation |date=2025-10-27 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. === Ishimwe === * '''2023''': Umudari wa BRICS, wamuhawe na Larisa Zelentsova, perezida w'ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry'imishinga y'ingenzi ya BRICS, i Wagadugu, mu rwego rwo gushimira ibikorwa bye biharanira ubusugire bw'igihugu<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Vers un remodelage des Brics |url=https://www.dw.com/fr/brics-afrique-burkina-cooperation-russie/a-65905812 |website=DW |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Diplomatie : le Président de la Transition décoré de la Médaille des BRICS |url=https://www.presidencedufaso.bf/diplomatie-le-president-de-la-transition-decore-de-la-medaille-des-brics/ |website=Présidence du Faso |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2024''': Yagizwe "Umuyobozi Mukuru w'Abafatanyabikorwa b'Ikiragano Gishya" (''ANGe en chef'') wa Burkina Faso n'umuryango wa sosiyete sivile Fasokooz, mu birori byawo byo gutangira umwaka wa 2024-2025 i Wagadugu<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Le président Traoré fait « ANGe en chef » du Burkina |work=Agence d'Information du Burkina |date=2024-07-06 |url=https://www.aib.media/le-president-traore-fait-ange-en-chef-du-burkina/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250125063619/https://www.aib.media/le-president-traore-fait-ange-en-chef-du-burkina/ |archive-date=2025-01-25 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2025''': [[File:Mali Ordre national du Mali GC ribbon.svg|50px]] Grand-croix y'Urwego rw'Igihugu (''Ordre national'') rwa Repubulika ya [[Mali]]<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=2e session du collège des chefs d’État de l’AES |url=https://www.presidencedufaso.bf/2e-session-du-college-des-chefs-detat-de-laes/ |website=Présidence du Faso |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. == Mu muco rusange == === Indirimbo === * '''2024''': ''Cet homme m'enjaille'' ya Jah Lee<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |last=Sidwaya |title=Musique: L’artiste burkinabé JAH LEE lance un vibrant hommage au capitaine Ibrahim Traoré |url=https://www.sidwaya.info/musique-lartiste-burkinabe-jah-lee-lance-un-vibrant-hommage-au-capitaine-ibrahim-traore/ |website=Sidwaya |date=2025-01-21 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2025''': ''IB Kouma'' ya Elie Kamano<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=IB KOUMA - Single by Elie Kamano |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/ib-kouma-single/1818169402 |website=Apple Music |date=2025-05-29 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Élie Kamano demande la nationalité burkinabè ! |url=https://mediaguinee.com/2025/06/elie-kamano-demande-la-nationalite-burkinabe/ |website=Mediaguinee.com |date=2025-06-09 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2025''': ''Dî Tiu-Wan-Nï'', alubumu ya Alice Aditoua igizwe n'indirimbo esheshatu, aho yunamira Ibrahim Traoré n'Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alice Aditoua, artiste burkinabè : « je vous donne rendez-vous ce 6 décembre, pour la sortie officielle de mon 5e album » |url=https://actuburkina.net/alice-aditoua-artiste-burkinabe-je-vous-donne-rendez-vous-ce-6-decembre-pour-la-sortie-officielle-de-mon-5e-album/ |website=ActuBurkina |date=2025-12-04 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2025''': ''Naaba Nii Toumdé'' ya David Le Combattant<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Naaba Nii Toumdé - Single par David le combattant |url=https://music.apple.com/ci/album/naaba-nii-toumd%C3%A9-single/1860678097 |website=Apple Music |date=2025-12-12 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2026''': ''Yédimpo'', alubumu ya Marie Gayéri, irimo indirimbo yitwa ''Traoré''<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Marie Gayéri rend hommage au Capitaine Ibrahim Traoré dans son 5ᵉ album, « Yédimpo » |url=https://faso7.com/2026/02/02/burkina-faso-marie-gayeri-rend-hommage-au-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-dans-son-5%e1%b5%89-album-yedimpo/ |website=Faso7 |date=2026-02-02 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. === Ibitabo === * '''2024''': ''Le Capitaine Ibrahim ou le Guerrier révolté'', cyanditswe na Yaya Ouédraogo<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Littérature : Yaya Ouédraogo rend hommage au capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, « un guerrier révolté » |work=Agence d'Information du Burkina |date=2024-11-18 |url=https://www.aib.media/litterature-yaya-ouedraogo-rend-hommage-au-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-un-guerrier-revolte/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250713195032/https://www.aib.media/litterature-yaya-ouedraogo-rend-hommage-au-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-un-guerrier-revolte/ |archive-date=2025-07-13 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2024''': ''Le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré : l'espoir retrouvé ou la renaissance d'un peuple déboussolé'', cyanditswe n'umwanditsi w'Umunyaburukinafaso Abdoul Moumouni Ouédraogo<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Burkina : Un auteur présente la vision du capitaine Traoré dans un livre de 117 pages |work=Agence d'Information du Burkina |date=2024-10-26 |url=https://www.aib.media/burkina-un-auteur-presente-la-vision-du-capitaine-traore-dans-un-livre-de-117-pages/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241104075250/https://www.aib.media/burkina-un-auteur-presente-la-vision-du-capitaine-traore-dans-un-livre-de-117-pages/ |archive-date=2024-11-04 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2025''': ''La Vision du Capitaine Ibrahim Traoré'', igitabo cya Kiswendsida Jules César Kaboré, gikusanyirizwamo amagambo Ibrahim Traoré yavuze hagati y'Ukwakira 2022 na Mutarama 2025<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Littérature : « La vision du Capitaine Ibrahim TRAORÉ » écrite par Kiswendsida Jules César Kaboré |url=https://burkina24.com/2025/06/13/litterature-la-vision-du-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-ecrite-par-kiswendsida-jules-cesar-kabore-redacteur-en-chef-adjoint-de-burkina-24/ |website=Burkina24 |date=2025-06-13 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2025''': ''Cet homme ne doit pas mourir : Ibrahim Traoré, le cauchemar des puissances étrangères'', cyanditswe na Pierre K. Rugero<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cet homme ne doit pas mourir : Ibrahim Traoré, le cauchemar des puissances étrangères |url=https://www.cultura.com/p-cet-homme-ne-doit-pas-mourir-ibrahim-traore-le-cauchemar-des-puissances-etrangeres-9782312080482.html |website=Cultura |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. == Reba kandi == * [[RAFFINOR-BF]] == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Ibrahim Traore}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Traoré, Ibrahim}} [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] [[Ikiciro:Abaperezida]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Ikiciro:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Burukina Faso]] enm3gjygsc3fsi7zh20q1iaymro7omq 0 23179 140635 2026-10-02T13:17:43Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Assimi Goïta | image = Assimi Goïta in July 2023.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Assimi Goïta mu 2023 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|11|9|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Bamako]], [[Mali]] | nationality = Umunyamali | alma_mater = Prytanée militaire de Kati<br />Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Koulikoro (EMIA) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ihuriro ry'Ib..." 140635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Assimi Goïta | image = Assimi Goïta in July 2023.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Assimi Goïta mu 2023 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|11|9|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Bamako]], [[Mali]] | nationality = Umunyamali | alma_mater = Prytanée militaire de Kati<br />Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Koulikoro (EMIA) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel (2024–2025)<br />Minisitiri w'Ingabo (kuva ku wa 4 Gicurasi 2026) | title = Perezida wa Mali | term = Kuva ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2021 | predecessor = Bah N'Daw | party = Nta shyaka (yigenga) | spouse = Lala Diallo }} '''Assimi Goïta''' (wavutse ku wa 9 Ugushyingo 1983 i [[Bamako]], muri [[Mali]]) ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyamali, akaba ayoboye Mali kuva mu 2021. Afite ipeti rya Jenerali w'ingabo (''général d'armée''), ari ryo peti risumba ayandi mu gihugu. Yabaye perezida w'Akanama k'Igihugu gashinzwe Gukiza Abaturage (''Comité national pour le salut du peuple'', CNSP), agatsiko k'abasirikare kahiritse ku butegetsi Perezida Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta muri kudeta yo muri Kanama 2020. Nyuma yaho yabaye visi-perezida w'inzibacyuho iyobowe na Bah N'Daw, ariko akomeza kuba we nyir'ububasha nyakuri mu gihugu. Muri Gicurasi 2021, yakoze indi kudeta, maze aba Perezida w'inzibacyuho. Ku butegetsi bwe, Mali yacanye umubano mu bya gisirikare n'[[Ubufaransa]], yegera [[Uburusiya]] n'itsinda ry'abacancuro rya Wagner, ndetse ivana mu Muryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu by'Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO). Hamwe n'abayobozi ba gisirikare ba [[Burukina Faso]] na [[Nigeri]], yashinze Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel (AES), aba perezida waryo wa mbere kuva mu 2024 kugeza mu 2025. Ubutegetsi bwe burangwa n'igitugu: amatora yasubitswe igihe kitazwi, amashyaka ya politiki yose yasheshwe mu 2025, maze ahabwa manda y'imyaka itanu ishobora kongerwa nta matora. == Ubuzima == === Ubwana n'amashuri === Assimi Goïta ni uwo mu bwoko bw'Abaminyanka (''Minianka'')<ref name="maliweb">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nomination dans les postes stratégiques : Mon " ethnie d'abord " |url=https://www.maliweb.net/societe/nomination-dans-les-postes-strategiques-mon-ethnie-dabord-2900357.html |website=maliweb.net |date=2020-10-19 |access-date=2021-06-02}}</ref>. Yavukiye i Bamako ku wa 9 Ugushyingo 1983<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Assimi Goïta, président de transition au Mali depuis mai 2021 : suivez son actualité |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/personnalites/assimi-goita/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Assimi Goïta, le chef de la junte au Mali |url=https://www.malicanal.com/qui-est-assimi-goita/ |website=Mali Canal |access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref>, akaba umwana w'umusirikare mukuru wo mu ngabo za Mali<ref name="rfi-qui">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est le colonel Assimi Goïta, à la tête de la junte militaire au Mali? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200821-colonel-assimi-go%C3%AF-t%C3%AAte-junte-militaire-mali |website=RFI |date=2020-08-21 |access-date=2020-08-22}}</ref>. Yize mu mashuri ya gisirikare ya Mali, by'umwihariko muri Prytanée militaire de Kati no mu Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Koulikoro (''École militaire interarmes'', EMIA)<ref name="lexpress">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est le colonel Assimi Goita, nouvel homme fort du Mali après le putsch militaire? |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/qui-est-le-colonel-assimi-goita-nouvel-homme-fort-du-mali-apres-le-putsch-militaire_2133173.html |website=L'Express |date=2020-08-20 |access-date=2020-08-20}}</ref>. === Urugendo mu gisirikare === [[File:Assimi Goita, August 2021 (cropped).png|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Assimi Goïta mu 2021]] Goïta yabaye Koloneli muri Batayo yigenga y'ingabo zidasanzwe (''Bataillon autonome des forces spéciales''), ayobora ingabo zidasanzwe za Mali mu gice cyo hagati cy'igihugu. Yagize uruhare mu rugamba rwo kurwanya inyeshyamba z'abajihadi mu [[Mali]]<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coup d'Etat au Mali: l'Afrique de l'Ouest se penche sur une situation "grave" |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/coup-d-etat-au-mali-l-afrique-de-l-ouest-se-penche-sur-une-situation-grave-20-08-2020-2388418_24.php |website=Le Point |date=2020-08-20 |access-date=2020-08-20}}</ref>. Yahawe andi mahugurwa ya gisirikare na [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], [[Ubufaransa]] n'[[Ubudage]], kandi yakoranye n'ingabo zidasanzwe z'Amerika (''Green Berets'')<ref>{{cite web |language=en |last=Paquette |first=Danielle |title=Mali coup leader was trained by U.S. military, officers say |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/mali-coup-leader-was-trained-by-us-military-officers-say/ar-BB18dXcN |website=The Washington Post |date=2020-08-21 |access-date=2020-08-22}}</ref>. Mu 2018, yahuye na Mamady Doumbouya, waje nyuma gukora kudeta muri Gineya akaba perezida waho<ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Mamady Doumbouya: Guinea coup leader sworn in as president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58761621 |work=BBC News |date=2021-10-01 |access-date=2026-06-15}}</ref>. == Ku butegetsi == === Kudeta ya 2020 n'umwanya wa visi-perezida === [[File:Comité national pour le salut du Peuple - 2020 Malian coup d'Etat.jpg|thumb|Koloneli Assimi Goïta (wambaye impuzankano y'ibara ryerurutse) ku wa 19 Kanama 2020]] Assimi Goïta ni umwe mu bateguye kudeta yo mu 2020 yahiritse Perezida Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, ari kumwe na Ismaël Wagué, Malick Diaw, Sadio Camara na Modibo Koné. Abo basirikare biyemeje gutegura amatora mashya<ref>{{cite news |language=en |last1=Maclean |first1=Ruth |last2=Peltier |first2=Elian |title=Mali Coup Leaders Pledge Democracy After Deposing President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/19/world/africa/mali-military-coup.html |work=The New York Times |date=2020-08-19 |access-date=2020-08-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 19 Kanama 2020, yagizwe perezida w'Akanama k'Igihugu gashinzwe Gukiza Abaturage (CNSP)<ref>{{cite web |language=es |title=El coronel Assimi Goita, designado nuevo hombre fuerte de Mali tras el golpe |url=https://www.efe.com/efe/espana/mundo/el-coronel-assimi-goita-designado-nuevo-hombre-fuerte-de-mali-tras-golpe/10001-4322436 |website=EFE |access-date=2020-08-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 24 Kanama 2020, itegeko shingiro ryemejwe na CNSP ryamugize Umukuru w'Igihugu wa Mali mu buryo bufatika (''de facto'')<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : Assimi Goïta devient « chef de l'État », la Cedeao exige une « transition civile immédiate » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1035884/politique/mali-assimi-goita-devient-chef-de-letat-la-cedeao-exige-une-transition-civile-immediate/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2020-08-28 |access-date=2020-08-30}}</ref>. CEDEAO yashyize igitutu ku gatsiko k'abasirikare kugira ngo igihugu kiyoborwe n'umusivili<ref name="france24vp">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ex-defence minister appointed Mali interim president, junta leader named VP |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200921-ex-defence-minister-appointed-mali-interim-president-junta-leader-named-vp |website=France 24 |date=2020-09-21 |access-date=2021-05-09}}</ref>. Umuryango mpuzamahanga wanze ko ari we wayobora inzibacyuho, cyangwa ko yasimbura perezida w'inzibacyuho, n'iyo yava mu gisirikare<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : Assimi Goïta, colonel aux deux coups d'Etat |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/05/28/mali-assimi-goita-colonel-aux-deux-coups-d-etat_6081936_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-05-28 |access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Nzeri 2020, itsinda ry'abatora 17 ryamugize visi-perezida w'inzibacyuho, naho Bah N'Daw wahoze ari Minisitiri w'Ingabo agirwa Perezida w'inzibacyuho; bari bagenewe kumara amezi 18 kugeza habaye amatora<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Bah Ndaw named Mali's interim president, colonel named VP |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/ba-named-mali-interim-president-colonel-named-vp-200921145418103.html |website=Al Jazeera |date=2020-09-21}}</ref><ref name="france24vp" /><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: l'ex-ministre de la Défense Bah N'Daw désigné président de transition |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200921-l-ex-ministre-la-d%C3%A9fense-Bah-N-Daw-d%C3%A9sign%C3%A9-pr%C3%A9sident-transition-mali |website=RFI |date=2020-09-21 |access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref>. Barahiye ku wa 25 Nzeri 2020<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: un ancien ministre de la Défense désigné président de transition du Mali |url=http://french.china.org.cn/foreign/txt/2020-09/22/content_76726638.htm |website=french.china.org.cn |date=2020-09-22 |access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: le président de la transition, Bah N'Daw, a prêté serment |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200925-mali-le-pr%C3%A9sident-la-transition-bah-n-daw-a-pr%C3%AAt%C3%A9-serment |website=RFI |date=2020-09-25 |access-date=2020-09-25}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Ukwakira 2020, hasohotse itegeko ry'inzibacyuho (''charte de la transition'') ryavugaga, bisabwe na CEDEAO, ko visi-perezida "ushinzwe ibibazo by'ingabo n'umutekano" adashobora gusimbura Perezida Bah N'Daw<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, des militaires aux postes-clés du gouvernement de transition |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/10/06/au-mali-des-militaires-aux-postes-cles-du-gouvernement-de-transition_6054909_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2020-10-06 |access-date=2021-05-09}}</ref>. Nyamara, Assimi Goïta yakomeje kuba we nyir'ububasha nyakuri mu gihugu<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: le colonel Goïta devrait être investi président sous peu |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/mali-le-colonel-goita-devrait-etre-investi-president-sous-peu-20210602 |website=Le Figaro |access-date=2021-06-05}}</ref>. Goïta ashima cyane uwahoze ari Perezida wa Burkina Faso, Thomas Sankara. Mu 2020, mu nama ya CEDEAO yabereye i Peduase muri Gana, yahuye n'uwahoze ari Perezida wa Gana, Jerry Rawlings, baganira ku itangizwa ry'inzibacyuho muri Mali<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : Assimi Goïta a-t-il pris goût au pouvoir ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/1048505/politique/mali-assimi-goita-a-t-il-pris-gout-au-pouvoir/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2020-10-02 |access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>. === Kudeta ya 2021 === [[File:Linda Thomas-Greenfield met with Malian Transition President Goïta - 2021.jpg|thumb|Goïta ari kumwe n'umudipolomate w'Umunyamerika Linda Thomas-Greenfield mu 2021]] Ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2021, nyuma gato y'itangazwa rya guverinoma ya kabiri iyobowe na Moctar Ouane, itarimo abakoloneli babiri bahoze muri CNSP (Modibo Koné na Sadio Camara), Perezida Bah N'Daw, Minisitiri w'Intebe na Minisitiri w'Ingabo bafashwe, bajyanwa i Kati barinzwe n'abasirikare<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |last=Le Cam |first=Morgane |title=Au Mali, la junte tente un coup de force pour maintenir son emprise sur le gouvernement |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/05/25/au-mali-la-junte-tente-un-coup-de-force-pour-maintenir-son-emprise-sur-le-gouvernement_6081354_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2021-05-25 |access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref><ref name="coup2021">{{cite web |language=fr |last=Labeyrie |first=Isabelle |title=Nouveau coup d'État au Mali : le vice-président prend le pouvoir |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-monde-est-a-nous/nouveau-coup-d-etat-au-mali-le-vice-president-prend-le-pouvoir_4619451.html |website=Franceinfo |date=2021-05-25 |access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref>. Bukeye bwaho, Koloneli Assimi Goïta yatangaje ko yambuye Perezida na Minisitiri w'Intebe ububasha bwabo, abashinja "kudindiza" inzibacyuho no gushyiraho guverinoma nshya batabanje kumugisha inama<ref name="coup2021" /><ref>{{cite news |language=en |last=Ogunkeye |first=Erin |title=Mali junta leader says transitional president, PM have been stripped of duties |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210525-mali-junta-leader-says-transitional-president-pm-have-been-stripped-of-duties |work=France 24 |date=2021-05-25 |access-date=2021-05-26}}</ref>. Koko, itegeko ry'inzibacyuho ryamuhaga uburenganzira bwo kugira icyo avuga ku ihitamo rya Minisitiri w'Ingabo n'uw'Umutekano, imyanya yari isanzwe ifitwe n'inshuti ze Camara na Koné<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bah N'Daw et Assimi Goïta : comment la transition malienne a basculé |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1177719/politique/bah-ndaw-et-assimi-goita-comment-la-transition-malienne-a-bascule/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-05-25 |access-date=2021-05-26}}</ref>. Amaze gufata ubutegetsi, yasubije Sadio Camara ku mwanya wa Minisitiri w'Ingabo<ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Mali transitional government restores ousted Camara as defence minister |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-uk-mali-politics-idAFKCN2DO04C-OZATP |work=Reuters |date=2021-06-12 |access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>. Iyo kudeta yatumye Assimi Goïta aba Perezida w'inzibacyuho w'agateganyo<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: les militaires libèrent les dirigeants arrêtés et reprennent les commandes |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/mali-les-militaires-liberent-les-dirigeants-arretes-mais-restent-loin-d-une-transition-civile-27-05-2021-2428398_24.php |website=Le Point |date=2021-05-27 |access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Gicurasi 2021, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwemeje ko umwanya wa perezida utagira nyirawo, maze rumutangaza nka Perezida w'inzibacyuho, Umukuru w'Igihugu, kugeza inzibacyuho irangiye<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : la Cour constitutionnelle déclare le colonel Goïta président de la transition |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/mali-la-cour-constitutionnelle-declare-le-colonel-goita-president-de-la-transition-20210528 |website=Le Figaro |date=2021-05-28 |access-date=2021-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Mali's top court declares coup leader Goita as interim president |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/malis-top-court-declares-coup-leader-goita-interim-president-2021-05-28/ |work=Reuters |date=2021-05-29 |access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>. Bidatinze, yegereye Ihuriro ry'Igihugu ry'Abakozi ba Mali (UNTM), ryari ryateguye imyigaragambyo y'abakozi<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : Assimi Goïta, pas de droit à l'erreur |url=https://www.dw.com/fr/mali-assimi-go%C3%AFta-pas-de-droit-%C3%A0-lerreur/a-57709030 |website=DW |access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>. Uwo munsi nyine, yatangaje ko umwanya wa Minisitiri w'Intebe uzahabwa ihuriro ry'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, Mouvement du 5 Juin – Rassemblement des forces patriotiques (M5-RFP). Iryo huriro ryatoranyije umuyobozi waryo, Choguel Kokalla Maïga, wagiye ku buyobozi bwa guverinoma ku wa 7 Kamena 2021, nyuma y'aho Goïta arahiriye imbere y'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali – Le colonel Goïta déclaré président après deux coups d'État |url=https://www.tdg.ch/le-colonel-goita-declare-president-apres-deux-coups-detat-590133640461 |website=Tribune de Genève |date=2021-05-29 |access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=New prime minister appointed in Mali |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/new-prime-minister-appointed-in-mali/2260971 |website=Anadolu Agency |date=2021-06-01 |access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Nyakanga 2021, mu birori by'Ilayidi (''Aïd al-Adha''), umugabo witwaje icyuma yagerageje kumutera icyuma ari mu isengesho mu Musigiti Mukuru wa Bamako, ariko ntiyakomereka<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : Assimi Goïta visé par une tentative d'assassinat |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1205920/politique/mali-assimi-goita-vise-par-une-tentative-dassassinat/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-07-20 |access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Mali says President Assimi Goita survives assassination attempt |url=https://www.dw.com/en/mali-says-president-assimi-goita-survives-assassination-attempt/a-58376438 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=2021-07-20 |access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>. Abantu babiri bafashwe n'inzego z'umutekano, ariko umwe muri bo yaje kugaragara ko ari umusirikare wo mu ngabo zidasanzwe wakekwagaho ubufatanyacyaha atari byo<ref>{{cite news |language=en |last1=Diallo |first1=Fatoumata |last2=Laplace |first2=Manon |title=Mali: An investigation into head of state Assimi Goïta's attempted assassination |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/111458/mali-an-investigation-has-been-opened-into-assimi-goitas-attempted-assassination/ |work=The Africa Report |date=2021-07-23 |access-date=2021-09-09}}</ref>. Uwamuteye, wari umwarimu, yapfiriye muri gereza nyuma y'iminsi itanu, icyamwishe ntikimenyekana<ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Man accused of trying to kill Mali president dies in custody |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/26/man-accused-of-trying-to-kill-mali-president-dies-in-custody |work=Al Jazeera |date=2021-07-26}}</ref>. === Kongera igihe cy'inzibacyuho === Mu Ukuboza 2021, nyuma y'inama nkuru y'igihugu yiswe ''Assises nationales pour la refondation'', yasabye ko inzibacyuho yongerwa kuva ku mezi atandatu kugeza ku myaka itanu kugira ngo hakorwe amavugurura ya politiki, Assimi Goïta yatangaje ko yifuza kongera inzibacyuho imyaka itanu<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Au Mali, les Assises nationales recommandent de prolonger la transition jusqu'à cinq ans |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/12/31/au-mali-les-assises-nationales-recommandent-de-prolonger-la-transition-jusqu-a-cinq-ans_6107785_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2021-12-31 |access-date=2025-02-13}}</ref>. Yateganyaga kamarampaka ku Itegeko Nshinga muri Mutarama 2024, amatora y'abadepite n'ay'abasenateri mu Ugushyingo 2025, n'amatora ya perezida mu Ukuboza 2026<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: le détail de la transition proposé à la Cédéao par les autorités |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220103-mali-le-d%C3%A9tail-de-la-transition-propos%C3%A9-%C3%A0-la-c%C3%A9d%C3%A9ao-par-les-autorit%C3%A9s |website=RFI |date=2022-01-03 |access-date=2022-01-07}}</ref>. Iyo gahunda yaganiriweho mu nama idasanzwe ya CEDEAO yo ku wa 9 Mutarama 2022<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cédéao : un sommet extraordinaire sur le Mali le 9 janvier après l'annonce d'une transition prolongée de 5 ans |url=https://afrique.tv5monde.com/information/cedeao-un-sommet-extraordinaire-sur-le-mali-le-9-janvier-apres-lannonce-dune-transition |website=TV5Monde Afrique |access-date=2022-01-02}}</ref>. Iyo nama yanze iyo gahunda, ifunga imipaka yayo na Mali, ihamagaza abambasaderi kandi ishyiraho ibihano by'ubukungu<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Les dirigeants de la Cédéao placent le Mali sous embargo pour sanctionner le maintien de la junte au pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/01/10/les-dirigeants-de-la-cedeao-placent-le-mali-sous-embargo-pour-sanctionner-le-maintien-de-la-junte-au-pouvoir_6108802_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2022-01-10 |access-date=2022-01-10}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Gashyantare 2022, itegeko ry'inzibacyuho ryarahinduwe, inzibacyuho yongerwa igihe kitarenze imyaka itanu. Iryo tegeko ryavugaga kandi ko Assimi Goïta atemerewe kwiyamamaza mu matora ya perezida keretse yeguye, kandi ko perezida w'Inama y'Igihugu y'Inzibacyuho (CNT) ari we wasimbura Perezida w'inzibacyuho<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : la junte maintient le flou sur la question de la date des élections |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/mali-la-junte-maintient-le-flou-sur-la-question-de-la-date-des-elections-445776 |website=TV5Monde |date=2022-02-21 |access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: les autorités de transition adoptent une nouvelle charte |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220221-mali-les-autorit%C3%A9s-de-transition-adoptent-une-nouvelle-charte |website=RFI |date=2022-02-21 |access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Kanama 2022, Goïta yagize Abdoulaye Maïga Minisitiri w'Intebe w'agateganyo, asimbura Choguel Kokalla Maïga wari mu bitaro kuva ku wa 10 Kanama<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : le Premier ministre Choguel Maïga en « repos forcé » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1369557/politique/mali-le-premier-ministre-choguel-maiga-hospitalise/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2022-09-11}}</ref>. Mu Kamena 2023, habaye kamarampaka ku Itegeko Nshinga rishya; ku wa 23 Kamena hatangajwe ko ryemejwe ku majwi 97 %, abitabiriye bakaba 39,4 % by'abiyandikishije<ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Mali approves constitutional amendments in a referendum |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mali-approves-constitutional-amendments-referendum-2023-06-23/ |work=Reuters |date=2023-06-23 |access-date=2023-08-02}}</ref>. Abanenga iryo tegeko bavuze ko kamarampaka itanyuze mu mucyo, kandi ko ryongereye ububasha bwa perezida, bigatuma amavugurura ya demokarasi arushaho kugorana<ref>{{cite web |language=en |last1=Booty |first1=Natasha |last2=Pivac |first2=Mark |title=President's powers beefed up in new Mali constitution |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66282417 |website=BBC News |date=2023-07-23 |access-date=2023-08-02}}</ref>. Igihe cy'inzibacyuho, cyari cyarashyizweho n'iteka rya perezida, cyarangiye ku wa 26 Werurwe 2024 nta matora abaye<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: la période de transition se termine officiellement mais les autorités restent en place |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240326-mali-la-p%C3%A9riode-de-transition-se-termine-officiellement-mais-les-autorit%C3%A9s-restent-en-place |website=RFI |date=2024-03-26 |access-date=2024-03-27}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2024, Minisitiri w'Intebe Maïga yatangaje ko amatora azaba nyuma y'ibiganiro hagati y'Abanyamali n'igihe igihugu kizaba gifite ituze<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: des élections quand le pays sera définitivement stabilisé (Premier ministre) |url=https://afrique.tv5monde.com/information/mali-des-elections-quand-le-pays-sera-definitivement-stabilise-premier-ministre |website=TV5Monde Afrique |access-date=2024-04-15}}</ref>. Muri icyo gihe, ibikorwa by'amashyaka byarahagaritswe, kandi itangazamakuru ryose ribuzwa kubivugaho<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, les médias doivent faire face aux restrictions imposées par le pouvoir en place |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/video/au-mali-les-medias-doivent-faire-face-aux-restrictions-imposees-par-le-pouvoir-en |website=TV5Monde |date=2024-04-12 |access-date=2024-04-15}}</ref>. Ku wa 10 Gicurasi 2024, ibiganiro hagati y'Abanyamali byasabye ko inzibacyuho yongerwa indi myaka iri hagati y'ibiri n'itanu, ko umubare w'amashyaka ugabanywa kandi ntahabwe inkunga ya Leta, ndetse ko Goïta yiyamamaza mu matora ya perezida<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le dialogue inter-Maliens préconise plusieurs années supplémentaires de régime militaire |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240510-le-dialogue-inter-maliens-pr%C3%A9conise-plusieurs-ann%C3%A9es-suppl%C3%A9mentaires-de-r%C3%A9gime-militaire |website=RFI |date=2024-05-10}}</ref>, akanazamurwa ku ipeti rya Jenerali hamwe n'abandi bayobozi bane b'agatsiko k'abasirikare<ref name="i208">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, le dialogue national recommande de « proroger la transition » militaire de plusieurs années |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1566991/politique/au-mali-le-dialogue-national-recommande-de-proroger-la-transition-militaire-de-plusieurs-annees/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2024-05-11 |access-date=2024-05-14}}</ref>. Amashyaka menshi yamaganye ibyo byemezo, avuga ko ibyo biganiro byateguwe n'agatsiko k'abasirikare kugira ngo kagume ku butegetsi, kandi ko ababyitabiriye batatowe<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Que vont devenir les recommandations du dialogue inter-Maliens? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240514-que-vont-devenir-les-recommandations-du-dialogue-inter-maliens |website=RFI |date=2024-05-14}}</ref>. Ku wa 16 Ukwakira 2024, inama y'abaminisitiri yamugize Jenerali w'ingabo (''général d'armée'') "ku buryo budasanzwe"<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Le colonel Assimi Goïta, chef de la junte au Mali, promu général « à titre exceptionnel » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/10/17/le-colonel-assimi-goita-chef-de-la-junte-au-mali-promu-general-a-titre-exceptionnel_6354237_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2024-10-17 |access-date=2024-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Mali's Junta Chief elevates himself to top Army rank |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/10/17/malis-junta-chief-elevates-himself-to-top-army-rank/ |work=Africanews |date=2024-10-17 |access-date=2024-10-17}}</ref>. Afite inyenyeri eshanu, akaba ari we musirikare ufite ipeti risumba ayandi muri Mali<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, Assimi Goïta devient le plus haut gradé du pays |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1623091/politique/au-mali-assimi-goita-devient-le-plus-haut-grade-du-pays/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2024-10-31}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Ugushyingo 2024, yirukanye Minisitiri w'Intebe Choguel Kokalla Maïga, wari washinje agatsiko k'abasirikare kutamureka ngo ayobore no kwanga gushyiraho itariki y'amatora, maze asesa guverinoma ye<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : le Premier Ministre Choguel Maïga limogé après un discours incendiaire |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2024/11/20/mali-le-premier-ministre-choguel-maiga-limoge-apres-un-discours-incendiaire/ |website=Financial Afrik |date=2024-11-20 |access-date=2024-11-20}}</ref>. Bukeye bwaho, yashyizeho Jenerali Abdoulaye Maïga ngo amusimbure<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: le Général Abdoulaye Maïga remplace Choguel Kokalla Maïga au poste de Premier ministre |url=https://laguinee.info/2024/11/21/mali-le-general-abdoulaye-maiga-remplace-choguel-kokalla-maiga/ |website=La Guinée info |date=2024-11-21 |access-date=2024-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : Général Abdoulaye Maïga remplace Choguel Maïga |url=https://ledjely.com/2024/11/21/mali-general-abdoulaye-maiga-remplace-choguel-maiga/ |website=Ledjely |date=2024-11-21 |access-date=2024-11-21}}</ref>. === Iseswa ry'amashyaka na manda itagira iherezo === Ku wa 28 na 29 Mata 2025, habaye indi nama nkuru y'igihugu, amashyaka menshi ya politiki atitabiriye. Yasabye ko Assimi Goïta agirwa Perezida wa Repubulika mu gihe cy'imyaka itanu ishobora kongerwa, kandi ko amashyaka ya politiki aseswa<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, Assimi Goïta pourra être nommé président pour cinq ans, propose la concertation organisée par la junte |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1684203/politique/au-mali-assimi-goita-pourra-etre-nomme-president-pour-cinq-ans-propose-la-concertation-organisee-par-la-junte/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref>. Ku wa 3 Gicurasi, amagana y'abayoboke b'ayo mashyaka bakoze imyigaragambyo imbere y'Ingoro y'Umuco i Bamako, basaba ko inzibacyuho irangira bitarenze ku wa 31 Ukuboza 2025<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, des partis manifestent contre leur possible dissolution et défient Assimi Goïta |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1685272/politique/au-mali-des-partis-manifestent-contre-leur-possible-dissolution-et-defient-assimi-goita/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2025-05-04}}</ref>. Indi nama yari iteganyijwe kubera ku Nzu y'Itangazamakuru yaburijwemo n'abantu boherejwe n'agatsiko k'abasirikare<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: les partis politiques appellent à un nouveau rassemblement le 9 mai contre la transition |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250506-mali-les-partis-politiques-appellent-%C3%A0-un-nouveau-rassemblement-le-9-mai-contre-la-transition |website=RFI |date=2025-05-06}}</ref>. Mu gihe hari hateganyijwe imyigaragambyo ku wa 9 Gicurasi, ubutegetsi bwahagaritse ibikorwa by'amashyaka ku wa 7 Gicurasi<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: face à la contestation, la Transition suspend les activités politiques sine die |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250507-mali-face-%C3%A0-la-contestation-la-transition-suspend-les-activit%C3%A9s-politiques-sine-die |website=RFI |date=2025-05-07}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Gicurasi 2025, Inama y'Igihugu y'Inzibacyuho yatoye ivanwaho ry'itegeko rigenga amashyaka<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, le CNT vote l'abrogation de la charte des partis |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1687385/politique/au-mali-le-cnt-vote-labrogation-de-la-charte-des-partis/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref>, maze Goïta arishyiraho umukono bukeye bwaho, ku wa 13 Gicurasi<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, le général Assimi Goïta promulgue l'abrogation de la charte des partis |url=https://afrique.tv5monde.com/information/au-mali-le-general-assimi-goita-promulgue-labrogation-de-la-charte-des-partis |website=TV5Monde Afrique |date=2025-05-12}}</ref>. Uwo munsi nyine, nyuma y'inama y'abaminisitiri, yasheshe amashyaka yose ya politiki, anabuza abayoboke bayo guhurira hamwe<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : Assimi Goïta dissout les partis politiques |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1687765/politique/mali-assimi-goita-dissout-les-partis-politiques/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |last=Njie |first=Paul |title=Mali junta dissolves all political parties in latest opposition crackdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqj7z92xw9no |website=BBC News |date=2025-05-14 |access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref>. Icyo cyemezo cyajyanye no guhagarika itangazwa rya televiziyo TV5 Monde muri Mali<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Mali : la junte dissout les partis politiques et suspend la chaîne TV5 Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/05/13/mali-la-junte-dissout-les-partis-politiques-et-suspend-la-chaine-tv5-monde_6605840_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2025-05-13 |access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref>. Ku wa 11 Kamena 2025, inama y'abaminisitiri yemeje ko manda ye yongerwa imyaka itanu nta matora abaye<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Au Mali, le conseil des ministres favorable à un mandat présidentiel sans élection pour le chef de la junte |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/06/12/au-mali-le-conseil-des-ministres-favorable-a-un-mandat-presidentiel-sans-election-pour-le-chef-de-la-junte_6612487_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2025-06-12 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref>. Ku wa 3 Nyakanga 2025, Inama y'Igihugu y'Inzibacyuho yemeje ivugurura ry'itegeko ry'inzibacyuho rimuha manda y'imyaka itanu ishobora kongerwa "inshuro zose bizaba ngombwa" nta matora, kandi rikamwemerera kuziyamamaza mu matora ya perezida azakurikira<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, le Parlement accorde à Assimi Goïta un mandat de cinq ans renouvelable |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1703349/politique/au-mali-assimi-goita-se-voit-accorder-un-mandat-de-cinq-ans-renouvelable-par-le-parlement/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Mali military chief granted renewable five-year presidential term |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/4/mali-military-chief-granted-renewable-five-year-presidential-term |website=Al Jazeera |date=2025-07-04}}</ref>. Iryo tegeko ryashyizweho umukono ku wa 8 Nyakanga 2025<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Au Mali, le général Assimi Goïta promulgue une loi lui accordant un mandat illimité de président |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/07/11/au-mali-le-general-assimi-goita-promulgue-une-loi-lui-accordant-un-mandat-illimite-de-president_6620633_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2025-07-11 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === [[File:Assimi Goïta with Russian president Vladimir Putin July 2023.jpg|thumb|Goïta ari kumwe na Perezida w'Uburusiya [[Vladimir Putin]] muri Nyakanga 2023]] Muri Mutarama 2023, Goïta yababariye abasirikare 46 ba Côte d'Ivoire bari barakatiwe n'inkiko za Mali mu Ukuboza 2022<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=46 Ivorian soldiers pardoned by junta depart Mali |url=https://www.france24.com/en/video/20230107-the-pardon-comes-a-week-after-an-official-visit-to-bamako-by-an-ivorian-delegation |website=France 24 |date=2023-01-07 |access-date=2023-08-02}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2023, yitabiriye Inama y'Uburusiya n'Afurika yabereye i Saint-Pétersbourg, rukaba rwari urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga kuva kudeta yo mu 2021<ref>{{cite news |language=en |last=Monteau |first=Flore |title=Russia-Africa summit: Goïta and Traoré show support for Putin |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/317101/russia-africa-summit-assimi-goita-and-ibrahim-traore-show-support-for-vladimir-putin/ |work=The Africa Report |date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2024-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=African leaders tell Putin: 'We have a right to call for peace' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-tells-african-leaders-moscow-is-studying-their-ukraine-proposal-2023-07-28/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2023-07-29}}</ref>. Nyuma y'iyo nama, yahuye na Perezida [[Vladimir Putin]] baganira ku nkunga y'ubukungu n'ubutabazi Uburusiya buha Mali. Muri iyo nama, Goïta yashinje ibihugu byafatiye Mali ibihano "gukoresha uburyo bw'ubukoloni bushya"<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Meeting with Interim President of Mali Assimi Goïta |url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/71842 |website=President of Russia |date=2023-07-29 |access-date=2023-08-02}}</ref>. Nyuma ya kudeta yo muri Nyakanga 2023 muri [[Nigeri]], Goïta yashyigikiye agatsiko k'abasirikare kafashe ubutegetsi muri icyo gihugu (CNSP), maze na ko kemerera ingabo za Mali kwinjira muri Nigeri<ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Niger allows Mali, Burkina Faso troops to enter its territory in case of attack |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/niger-allows-mali-burkina-faso-troops-enter-its-territory-case-attack-2023-08-24/ |work=Reuters |date=2023-08-24 |access-date=2023-09-03}}</ref>. Ku wa 16 Nzeri 2023, ari kumwe na Kapiteni [[Ibrahim Traoré]] wa Burkina Faso na Jenerali Abdourahamane Tiani wa Nigeri, yashinze Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel (AES). Muri Mutarama 2024, Mali yatangaje ko ivuye muri CEDEAO. Goïta yabaye perezida wa mbere w'Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel kuva ku wa 6 Nyakanga 2024 kugeza mu Ukuboza 2025, asimburwa na Ibrahim Traoré. Muri Ukwakira 2023, yagiranye ikiganiro kuri telefoni na Putin, kikaba cyari icya gatatu mu mezi atageze kuri abiri, baganira ku bucuruzi n'umutekano. Nyuma yaho, yashimiye ku mugaragaro "inkunga yose Uburusiya buha Mali"<ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Putin talks security with Malian leader in third phone call in two months |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-talks-security-with-malian-leader-third-phone-call-two-months-2023-10-10/ |work=Reuters |date=2023-10-10 |access-date=2024-01-04}}</ref>. Muri Ukwakira 2024, yakiriye intumwa z'inteko ishinga amategeko ya Turukiya mu rwego rwo gutandukanya abafatanyabikorwa ba Mali mu bukungu no mu by'umutekano. Turukiya yagaragaje ko ishyigikiye ingabo za Mali (FAMa) mu rugamba rwo kurwanya iterabwoba; muri Nyakanga 2024, Perezida wa Turukiya Recep Tayyip Erdoğan yari yamwijeje inkunga ye mu kiganiro kuri telefoni<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=La Turquie : un nouveau partenaire sécuritaire privilégié pour le Mali ? |url=https://www.afrique-sur7.fr/la-turquie-un-nouveau-partenaire-securitaire-privilegie-pour-le-mali |website=Afrique-sur7 |date=2024-12-11 |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : Le colonel Assimi Goita reçoit une délégation turque à Bamako |url=https://www.koaci.com/article/2024/10/10/afrique/politique/mali-le-colonel-assimi-goita-recoit-une-delegation-turque-a-bamako_181522.html |website=KOACI |date=2024-10-10 |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref>. === Ibitero byo muri Mata 2026 === Ku wa 25 Mata 2026, Umutwe wo Kubohora Azawad (FLA) n'Itsinda rishyigikira Isilamu n'Abayisilamu (JNIM) bagabye hamwe ibitero mu bice byinshi bya Mali<ref name="aj2026">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mali military leader Goita emerges as Russia declares it halted coup |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/28/malis-military-leader-goita-emerges-as-russia-declares-it-halted-coup |website=Al Jazeera |date=2026-04-28 |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. Nk'uko ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare bubivuga, abarwanyi bagerageje kwica Goïta bakoresheje imodoka yuzuyemo ibisasu bari bagenewe kohereza ku nzu ye<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Junta leader Assimi Goita target of April attacks, Malian army says |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/05/07/junta-leader-assimi-goita-target-of-april-attacks-malian-army-says/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-05-07}}</ref>. Yamaze iminsi atagaragara mu ruhame, yongera kugaragara ku wa 29 Mata ubwo yakiraga ambasaderi w'Uburusiya<ref name="aj2026" />. Ku wa 4 Gicurasi 2026, yigize Minisitiri w'Ingabo, asimbura Sadio Camara wiciwe muri ibyo bitero, naho umugaba mukuru w'ingabo Oumar Diarra agirwa Minisitiri wungirije<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Assimi Goïta: Mali junta leader names himself defence minister after predecessor killed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8r8jr7x8mlo |website=BBC |date=2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Mali leader Goita takes defence post after minister killed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/5/4/mali-leader-goita-takes-defence-post-after-minister-killed |website=Al Jazeera |date=2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-08-25}}</ref>. === Politiki y'ubukungu === Ku butegetsi bwa Goïta, umugabane wa Leta mu mishinga y'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro wavuye kuri 20 % ugera kuri 35 %, Leta ikagira n'uburenganzira bwo kongeraho andi 10 %. Ibigo by'ubucukuzi bisabwa kwishyura imisoro mishya no kwishyura imisoro byari birimo, bitabikora bigahanwa bikomeye. Ashyigikira ko ibigo bihinduka ibya Leta, nk'uko byagenze ku birombe bibiri bya zahabu, Morila na Yatela, ubu biri mu maboko ya Leta yose. Igenzura ryategetswe na Goïta ryagaragaje ko hari "amakosa" mu masezerano y'ubucukuzi<ref>{{cite web |language=en |last=Sow |first=Mapathé |title=Mali: President Assimi Goïta asserts his mining sovereignty with a crack team |url=https://ornoirafrica.com/en/mali-president-assimi-goita-asserts-his-mining-sovereignty-with-a-crack-team/ |website=Or Noir Africa |date=2025-07-08 |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref>. == Isura ye mu ruhame == Assimi Goïta yiyerekana nk'"Umurinzi n'Umubohozi wa Mali" kandi nk'"umuntu udasanzwe mu bihe bidasanzwe", isura ijyanye n'imigani n'imigenzo ya Mali<ref>{{cite web |language=en |last1=Bøås |first1=Morten |last2=Haavik |first2=Viljar |title=Winning hearts and power: how Mali's military regime gained popular support |url=https://theconversation.com/winning-hearts-and-power-how-malis-military-regime-gained-popular-support-254518 |website=The Conversation |date=2025-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Winning hearts and power: how Mali's military regime gained popular support |url=https://www.nupi.no/nyheter/winning-hearts-and-power-how-mali-s-military-regime-gained-popular-support |website=NUPI |date=2025-04-30}}</ref>. Imvugo ye yo kubohora igihugu ifatwa nk'iy'abaharanira kubungabunga imigenzo bashingiye ku rubanda (''populisme conservateur''), aho kuba iy'impinduramatwara y'ibumoso<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Perpetuating Populist Transition: The New Model of Ruling Military Regimes in West Africa |url=https://epc.ae/en/details/brief/perpetuating-populist-transition-the-new-model-of-ruling-military-regimes-in-west-africa |website=Emirates Policy Center |date=2025-05-07}}</ref>. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2023 n'umuryango w'Abadage Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung bwagaragaje ko Abanyamali benshi cyane bishimiye ubutegetsi bw'inzibacyuho buyobowe na Assimi Goïta<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, un sondage souligne la confiance populaire envers Assimi Goïta et la Russie |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1442035/politique/au-mali-un-sondage-souligne-la-confiance-populaire-envers-assimi-goita-et-la-russie/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Assimi Goïta yashakanye na Lala Diallo<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |last=Coulibaly |first=Justin |title=Epouse du colonel Assimi Goïta, Lala Diallo enflamme la Toile |url=https://www.afrik.com/epouse-du-colonel-assimi-goita-lala-diallo-enflamme-la-toile |work=Afrik.com |date=2021-08-06 |access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref>. Ni Umuyisilamu<ref>{{cite web |language=en |last=Finnan |first=Daniel |title=Mali's 'Black Panther': who is military junta leader Assimi Goita? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20200902-mali-s-black-panther-who-is-military-junta-leader-assimi-goita |website=RFI |date=2020-09-02 |access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref>. == Reba kandi == * [[Ibrahim Traoré]] == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Assimi Goïta}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Mali]] kgsfdh7cpw0il1bszjidlj8c7gzu6a3 0 23180 140636 2026-10-02T13:31:58Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Abdourahamane Tiani | image = Abdourahamane Tiani in 2024 (cropped).png | image_size = 220px | caption = Abdourahamane Tiani mu 2024 | birth_date = 1964 | birth_place = Toukounous, Filingué, [[Nigeri]] | nationality = Umunyanijeri | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru ry'abofisiye rya Thiès ([[Senegali]]) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Akanama k'Igihugu gashinzwe Kurengera..." 140636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Abdourahamane Tiani | image = Abdourahamane Tiani in 2024 (cropped).png | image_size = 220px | caption = Abdourahamane Tiani mu 2024 | birth_date = 1964 | birth_place = Toukounous, Filingué, [[Nigeri]] | nationality = Umunyanijeri | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru ry'abofisiye rya Thiès ([[Senegali]]) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Akanama k'Igihugu gashinzwe Kurengera Igihugu (CNSP, kuva 2023) | title = Perezida wa Nigeri | term = Kuva ku wa 26 Werurwe 2025 (umukuru w'igihugu kuva ku wa 28 Nyakanga 2023) | predecessor = Mohamed Bazoum | party = Nta shyaka (yigenga) }} '''Abdourahamane Tiani''' (rimwe na rimwe yandikwa '''Tchiani''' mu binyamakuru byo mu Burengerazuba; yavutse mu 1964 i Toukounous, mu karere ka Filingué, muri [[Nigeri]]) ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyanijeri, akaba Perezida wa Nigeri kuva mu 2025. Afite ipeti rya Jenerali w'ingabo (''général d'armée''). Kuva mu 2011 kugeza mu 2023, yayoboye ingabo zirinda Perezida wa Repubulika. Muri Nyakanga 2023, yahiritse ku butegetsi Perezida Mohamed Bazoum, ayobora Akanama k'Igihugu gashinzwe Kurengera Igihugu (''Conseil national pour la sauvegarde de la patrie'', CNSP), agatsiko k'abasirikare kafashe ubutegetsi. Ku wa 26 Werurwe 2025, yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Repubulika mu gihe cy'imyaka itanu. Ku butegetsi bwe, Nigeri yavuye mu Muryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu by'Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO), ishinga Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel (AES) hamwe na [[Mali]] na [[Burukina Faso]], yirukana ingabo z'[[Ubufaransa]] n'iza [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], kandi yegera [[Uburusiya]]. Akunzwe na benshi mu gihugu kubera imvugo ye irwanya ubukoloni bushya kandi iharanira ubumwe bw'Afurika, ariko ubutegetsi bwe bufatwa nk'ubw'igitugu. == Ubuzima == === Ubwana n'amashuri === Abdourahamane Tiani yavutse mu 1964<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Dix choses à savoir sur le général Tiani, le putschiste qui tient Mohamed Bazoum en otage |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1470284/politique/dix-choses-a-savoir-sur-le-general-tiani-le-putschiste-qui-tient-mohamed-bazoum-en-otage/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le général Abdourahamane Tiani est le nouveau président du Niger |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/monde-66339288 |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref><ref name="reuters-ousted">{{cite news |language=en |last1=Aksar |first1=Moussa |last2=Balima |first2=Boureima |title=The Niger general who ousted a president he was meant to protect |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/niger-general-who-ousted-president-he-was-meant-protect-2023-07-31/ |work=Reuters |date=2023-07-31 |access-date=2025-05-17}}</ref> mu muryango w'Abahawusa<ref name="bbc2">{{cite web |language=en |title=Niger's coup leader General Tchiani: The ex-UN peacekeeper who seized power |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66430115 |website=BBC |date=2023-08-10 |access-date=2023-08-10}}</ref>. Akomoka i Toukounous, mu Ntara ya Tillabéri<ref name="kalangou">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie du Général de Brigade TIANI Abdourahamane |url=https://www.studiokalangou.org/99224-biographie-general-brigade-tiani-abdourahamane |website=Studio Kalangou |date=2023-07-29 |access-date=2025-05-17}}</ref>, akarere k'iburengerazuba bw'igihugu gakunze kuvamo abasirikare benshi b'ingabo za Nigeri<ref name="ajwho">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Omar Tchiani, the suspected brain behind Niger coup? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/who-is-omar-tchiani-the-suspected-brain-behind-niger-coup |website=Al Jazeera |date=2023-07-27 |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza iwabo i Toukounous, akomereza muri ''Collège d'enseignement général'' (CEG) ya Filingué<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bio express : Le général de brigade Tiani Abdourahamane, officier patriote et souverainiste |url=https://anp.ne/bio-express-le-general-de-brigade-tiani-abdourahamane-officier-patriote-et-souverainiste/ |website=Agence Nigérienne de Presse |date=2024-07-05 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>, arangiriza amashuri yisumbuye i [[Niamey]], ahakura impamyabumenyi y'amashuri yisumbuye (baccalauréat série D) mu 1984. Uwo mwaka, yinjiye mu gisirikare, yiga mu Ishuri rikuru ry'abofisiye rya Thiès, muri [[Senegali]]<ref name="rfi-bio">{{cite web |language=fr |last=Daniel |first=Serge |title=Le général Tchiani, nouvel homme fort du Niger à l'épreuve du pouvoir |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230728-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-tchiani-nouvel-homme-fort-du-niger-%C3%A0-l-%C3%A9preuve-du-pouvoir |website=RFI |date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref>. === Urugendo mu gisirikare === Mbere yo kuyobora ingabo zirinda Perezida, yayoboye ingabo mu ntara za Zinder, Agadez na Diffa, aho yarwanyaga icuruzwa ry'ibiyobyabwenge<ref name="rfi-bio" />. Yahawe amahugurwa y'ingabo zirwanira ku butaka i Montpellier mu [[Ubufaransa]], i Benguerir muri Maroke n'i Koulikoro muri [[Mali]], ndetse no muri ''College of International Security Affairs'' (CISA) i Washington, muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]]<ref name="kalangou" /><ref name="rfi-nomin">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Niger: le général Tchiani, chef de la junte, procède à de nouvelles nominations au sein de l'armée |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230805-niger-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-tchiani-chef-de-la-junte-proc%C3%A8de-%C3%A0-de-nouvelles-nominations-au-sein-de-l-arm%C3%A9e |website=RFI |date=2023-08-05 |access-date=2023-08-06}}</ref>. Mu 1989, ni we musirikare mukuru wa mbere wageze ahaguye indege ya UTA Flight 772 mu butayu bwa Ténéré, abiherwa umudari<ref name="reuters-who">{{cite news |language=en |last1=Aksar |first1=Moussa |last2=Sithole-Matarise |first2=Emelia |title=Who is Niger's new leader, Abdourahamane Tiani? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/who-is-nigers-new-leader-abdourahamane-tiani-2023-07-28/ |work=Reuters |date=2023-07-29 |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref>. Yakoze kandi mu butumwa bwo kubungabunga amahoro bw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye muri Côte d'Ivoire, muri Sudani no muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo<ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Five Things We Know About Niger's New Military Leader |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-29/niger-coup-who-is-abdourahamane-tiani-general-says-he-s-replacing-bazoum |work=Bloomberg |date=2023-07-29 |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref>, ndetse no mu Ngabo zihuriweho n'ibihugu byinshi (''Force multinationale mixte'') zashyizweho na Nigeri, Cadi, [[Nijeriya]] na Kameruni kurwanya Boko Haram<ref name="bbc2" />. Mu 2011, Perezida Mahamadou Issoufou yamugize umuyobozi w'ingabo zirinda Perezida, maze aba umwe mu bamwizeraga cyane<ref name="rfi-bio" /><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Abdourahamane Tiani, le général qui a pris le pouvoir au Niger ? |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20230729-qui-est-abdourahamane-tiani-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-qui-a-pris-le-pouvoir-au-niger |website=France 24 |date=2023-07-29 |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref>; mu 2018, Issoufou yamuzamuye ku ipeti rya Jenerali wa burigade<ref name="kalangou" />. Mu 2015, yashinjwe kugira uruhare mu mugambi wo guhirika Issoufou, ariko ahakana ibyo aregwa imbere y'urukiko<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |language=en |title=Niger coup: Abdourahmane Tchiani declares himself leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66337767 |work=BBC |date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref>. Mu 2021, ni we wayoboye umutwe waburijemo umugambi wa kudeta, ubwo itsinda ry'abasirikare ryageragezaga gufata ingoro ya perezida, habura iminsi ibiri ngo Issoufou ahererekanye ubutegetsi n'uwamusimbuye watowe mu buryo bwa demokarasi, Mohamed Bazoum<ref name="ajwho" />. Muri Mata 2021, Bazoum yamugumishije ku mwanya we<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Niger : le général Abdourahamane Tiani se déclare à la tête du groupe à l'origine du coup d'Etat en cours |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/07/28/niger-le-general-abdourahamane-tchiani-se-declare-a-la-tete-du-groupe-a-l-origine-du-coup-d-etat-en-cours_6183718_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-07-28}}</ref>. Tiani yagize uruhare mu kuburizamo imigambi ibiri ya kudeta yari igamije Bazoum<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Niger : qui est le général Tchiani, l'homme de l'ombre qui a pris la tête du pays ? |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/monde/niger/niger-qui-est-le-general-tchiani-lhomme-de-lombre-qui-a-pris-la-tete-du-pays-777db3d8-2d52-11ee-9ed4-23979a02fab5 |website=Ouest-France |date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref>, mbere y'uko na we amuhirika. == Ku butegetsi == === Kudeta ya 2023 === Ku wa 26 Nyakanga 2023, Tiani yategetse abasirikare barinda Perezida gufunga Bazoum mu nzu ye y'i Niamey<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-07-27}}</ref>. Bazoum yari ateganya kumukura ku mwanya we: nk'uko abamwegereye babivuga, yari yarabyemeje mu nama y'abaminisitiri yo ku wa 24 Nyakanga, kuko umubano wabo wari warazambye<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819 |website=AP News |date=2023-07-27 |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Niger army general declares himself country's new leader |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/niger-army-general-declares-himself-countrys-new-leader-1.1690598862297 |website=Gulf News |date=2023-07-29 |access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref>. Iyirukanwa rye n'ivugurura ry'ingabo zirinda Perezida byari biteganyijwe ku wa 27 Nyakanga 2023<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le général Tchiani, un "homme à poigne" à la tête du Niger |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/le-general-tchiani-un-homme-poigne-la-tete-du-niger-2661531 |website=TV5Monde |date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref>. Kuva icyo gihe, Bazoum n'umugore we Hadiza bafungiwe mu gice kimwe cy'inzu ya perezida. Ku wa 28 Nyakanga 2023, nyuma y'iminsi ibiri y'imishyikirano mu ngabo<ref name="rfi-bio" />, Tiani yagaragaye kuri televiziyo y'igihugu nka perezida wa CNSP<ref>{{cite news |language=en |last1=Peltier |first1=Elian |last2=Saley |first2=Omar Hama |title=Head of Presidential Guard Claims Power in Niger Coup |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/28/world/africa/niger-coup-general-omar-tchiani.html |work=The New York Times |date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2026-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coup d'État au Niger: première apparition du général Tiani en tant que «président du CNSP» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20230728-niger-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-abdourahamane-tchiani-a-pris-la-parole-en-tant-que-pr%C3%A9sident-du-conseil-national-pour-la-sauvegarde-de-la-patrie-un-cnsp-%C3%A0-l-origine-d-un-coup-d-%C3%A9tat |website=RFI |date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref>. Yavuze ko kudeta yakozwe kugira ngo hirindwe "irimbuka rigenda buhoro buhoro kandi ridashobora kwirindwa" ry'igihugu, ashinja Bazoum guhisha "ukuri gukomeye" kw'igihugu, yise "ikirundo cy'abapfuye, abavuye mu byabo, ugusuzugurwa n'agahinda". Yanenze kandi ko ingamba z'umutekano za guverinoma nta musaruro zatanze<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Niger's General Abdourahamane Tchiani declared new leader following coup (state TV) |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230728-niger-s-general-abdourahamane-tchiani-declared-new-leader-following-coup-state-tv |website=France 24 |date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref><ref name="bbc" />. Ku wa 4 Kanama 2023, yakoze impinduka za mbere mu ngabo: hafi abagaba bakuru bose b'ingabo basimbuwe, abamwegereye n'inshuti ze bazamurwa mu ntera<ref name="rfi-nomin" />. Ku wa 7 Kanama 2023, yagize Ali Lamine Zeine, wahoze ari Minisitiri w'Imari, Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Niger : Ali Lamine Zeine nommé premier ministre par les putschistes, une émissaire américaine reconnaît des discussions « difficiles » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/08/07/coup-d-etat-au-niger-une-delegation-officielle-du-mali-et-du-burkina-a-niamey-en-solidarite_6184710_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2023-08-07 |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Niger: les putschistes nomment un premier ministre |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/niger-les-putschistes-nomment-un-premier-ministre-20230808 |website=Le Figaro |date=2023-08-08 |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref>. Mu ijoro ryo ku wa 9 Kanama 2023, mbere gato y'inama idasanzwe ya CEDEAO yerekeye Nigeri, CNSP yashyizeho guverinoma y'inzibacyuho<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Officiel : voici la liste des membres du gouvernement de Transition |url=https://actuniger.com/politique/19415-officiel-voici-la-liste-des-membres-du-gouvernement-de-transition.html |website=ActuNiger |access-date=2023-09-08}}</ref>, maze ku wa 11 Kanama ayobora inama ya mbere y'abaminisitiri<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Niger : le Chef de l'Etat Abdourahamane Tchiani préside le premier conseil des ministres élargi aux membres du CNSP |url=https://actuniger.com/politique/19420-niger-le-chef-de-l-etat-abdourahamane-tchiani-preside-le-premier-conseil-des-ministres-elargi-aux-membres-du-cnsp.html |website=ActuNiger |access-date=2023-09-08}}</ref>. === Umubano na CEDEAO === CEDEAO yasubije kuri iyo kudeta ishyiraho ibihano bikaze kurusha ibindi byose yigeze gufatira igihugu kinyamuryango: gufunga imipaka yose na Nigeri, guhagarika ihererekanya ry'amafaranga no gufatira umutungo w'igihugu mu mabanki yo hanze, isaba ko Bazoum asubizwa ku butegetsi<ref>{{cite web |language=en |last=Obasi |first=Nnamdi |title=ECOWAS, Nigeria and the Niger Coup Sanctions: Time to Recalibrate |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/cmt/africa/sahel/niger/ecowas-nigeria-and-niger-coup-sanctions-time-recalibrate |website=International Crisis Group |date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref>. Ku wa 19 Kanama 2023, mu ijambo yagejeje ku baturage, Tiani yatangaje ibiganiro by'igihugu bihuriweho na bose n'inzibacyuho y'imyaka itatu<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Message à la nation du Président du CNSP : le général Tiani annonce la convocation d'un dialogue inclusif pour décider des grandes orientations de la transition |url=https://actuniger.com/politique/19446-message-a-la-nation-du-president-du-cnsp-le-general-tiani-annonce-la-convocation-d-un-dialogue-inclusif-pour-decider-des-grandes-orientations-de-la-transition.html |website=ActuNiger |access-date=2023-09-08}}</ref>. Yamaganye ibihano bya CEDEAO, avuga ko "binyuranyije n'amategeko kandi bitarimo ubumuntu"; CEDEAO yo yanze iyo nzibacyuho y'imyaka itatu, isaba ko ubutegetsi buhita bushyikirizwa abasivili<ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Niger coup leader Gen Tchiani promises to handover power in three years |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66562765 |work=BBC News |date=2023-08-20 |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref>. Uwo munsi, intumwa za CEDEAO zari i Niamey zahuye n'agatsiko k'abasirikare ndetse na Bazoum wahiritswe<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Situation politique au Niger : les émissaires de la CEDEAO se sont entretenus avec le général Tiani et l'ancien Président Bazoum |url=https://actuniger.com/politique/19447-situation-politique-au-niger-les-emissaires-de-la-cedeao-se-sont-entretenus-avec-le-general-tiani-et-l-ancien-president-bazoum.html |website=ActuNiger}}</ref>. Ni bwo bwa nyuma bahuye na we. Nigeri imaze kuva muri CEDEAO hamwe na Mali na Burkina Faso mu 2024<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Juntas and Moscow reshaping Sahel alliances |url=https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/reshaping-sahel-alliances/ |website=GIS Reports |date=2026-04-08 |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref>, uwo muryango wakuyeho ibihano kubera impamvu z'ubutabazi<ref>{{cite web |language=en |last=Asadu |first=Chinedu |title=West Africa bloc lifts coup sanctions on Niger in a new push for dialogue to resolve tensions |url=https://apnews.com/article/west-africa-ecowas-niger-mali-burkina-faso-abuja-ae53abf8464dce5487cd7a3d73e0a9c0 |website=AP News |date=2024-02-24 |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref>. === Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel n'ububanyi n'amahanga === Tiani yahuye n'abayobozi ba Mali na Burkina Faso, biyemeza gufatanya mu by'umutekano no muri politiki mu rwego rw'Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel (AES)<ref>{{cite web |language=en |last=Asadu |first=Chinedu |title=A newly formed alliance between coup-hit countries in Africa's Sahel is seen as tool for legitimacy |url=https://apnews.com/article/sahel-coups-niger-tchiani-mali-burkina-faso-insecurity-e96627c700aa4fcf8d060dd9d2d16667 |website=AP News |date=2023-11-24 |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref>, ryabaye Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu (''Confédération'') muri Nyakanga 2024. Ingabo za Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika n'iz'Ubumwe bw'Uburayi zavuye mu gihugu, maze Nigeri yegera Uburusiya; abacancuro b'itsinda rya Wagner boherejwe gufasha Nigeri kurwanya inyeshyamba z'abajihadi<ref>{{cite web |language=en |last=Elidad |first=Addo |title=Shifting Sands: The Sahel's Pivot from Paris to Moscow |url=https://euroculturer.eu/2024/02/19/shifting-sands-the-sahels-pivot-from-paris-to-moscow |website=The Euroculturer |date=2024-02-19 |access-date=2025-02-10}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2024, Tiani yashinje Ubufaransa na [[Nijeriya]] gufatanya n'imitwe y'inyeshyamba kugira ngo bahungabanye ubutegetsi bwa Nigeri, ashinja kandi Nijeriya kwangiza umuyoboro wa peteroli ugana muri [[Bene]]; Nijeriya yahakanye ibyo birego<ref>{{cite web |language=en |last=Akinpelu |first=Yusuf |title=Nigeria denies colluding with France to destabilise Niger |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpq9x94gj2no |website=BBC |date=2024-12-27 |access-date=2025-02-10}}</ref>. === Kuba Perezida wa Repubulika === [[File:Abdourahamane Tiani at the 2025 National Assembly opening ceremony.png|thumb|Tiani mu muhango wo gutangiza Inteko Ishinga Amategeko mu 2025]] Kuva ku wa 15 kugeza ku wa 18 Gashyantare 2025, habaye inama nkuru y'ivugurura ry'igihugu (''assises de la refondation''). Yasabye ko Tiani agirwa Perezida wa Repubulika mu gihe cy'imyaka itanu ishobora kongerwa, ahabwa ipeti rya Jenerali w'ingabo, yemeza itegeko ry'ivugurura (''charte de la refondation'') kandi isaba ko amashyaka ya politiki aseswa<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Niger, le putschiste Tchiani se voit offrir un "mandat" de cinq ans renouvelable |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/politique-au-niger-le-putschiste-tchiani-se-voit-offrir-un-mandat-de-cinq-ans-renouvelable_228089 |website=Courrier international |date=2025-02-24 |access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref>. Ku wa 26 Werurwe 2025, yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Repubulika mu gihe cy'imyaka itanu, imbere y'uwahoze ari Perezida Mahamadou Issoufou n'intumwa z'Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel. Uwo munsi, yazamuwe ku ipeti rya Jenerali w'ingabo, ashyira umukono ku itegeko nshinga ry'inzibacyuho, maze asesa amashyaka yose ya politiki<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Niger : le général Tiani au pouvoir au moins pour les cinq prochaines années |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1672307/politique/niger-le-general-tiani-au-pouvoir-au-moins-pour-les-cinq-prochaines-annees/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2025-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Niger's junta leader cements his grip on power as he is sworn in as president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-president-e7763dca5a85e790eeaca43f39237c04 |website=AP News |date=2025-03-26 |access-date=2025-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Niger coup leader Abdourahamane Tchiani sworn in as president for five years |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c241e115161o |website=BBC |date=2025-03-26 |access-date=2025-03-31}}</ref>. Abasesenguzi bavuga ko politiki ye y'imbere mu gihugu ifite intego eshatu z'ingenzi: kuvugurura igisirikare, guteza imbere ubukungu (harimo kugabanya kwishingikiriza kuri uraniyumu binyuze mu gushora imari mu buhinzi, ibikorwa remezo n'ingufu zisubira), no kurwanya ruswa<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |last=Powelton |first=Frédéric |title=Portrait d'un président : Abdourahamane Tchiani du Niger |url=https://sahel-intelligence.com/34404-portrait-dun-president-abdourahamane-tchiani-du-niger.html |website=Sahel Intelligence |date=2024-06-13 |access-date=2025-02-10}}</ref>. === Politiki y'imibereho myiza === Tiani akurikiza politiki ishyigikira imigenzo gakondo. Yakuyeho itegeko No 2015-36 rirwanya icuruzwa ry'abimukira, ryabuzaga ivangura rishingiye ku mpamvu zitandukanye harimo n'icyerekezo cy'imibonano mpuzabitsina<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Niger : Le CNSP abroge la loi sur le trafic illicite de migrants |url=https://anp.ne/niger-le-cnsp-abroge-la-loi-sur-le-trafic-illicite-de-migrants/ |website=Agence Nigérienne de Presse |date=2023-11-27 |access-date=2026-09-09}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2026, igitabo gishya cy'amategeko ahana cyashyizeho igifungo cy'imyaka 5 kugeza ku 10 ku bakora ubutinganyi<ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Niger military junta introduces new penal code criminalizing homosexuality with 5-10 years in prison |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-homosexuality-criminalized-penal-code-junta-459e5bf803c32a0bc1c709d14aa3b070 |work=AP News |date=2026-06-12 |access-date=2026-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |last=Adamou |first=Hamza Harouna |title=Le Niger criminalise la Pratique LGBTQIA+ dans le pays |url=https://anp.ne/le-niger-criminalise-la-pratique-lgbtqia-dans-le-pays/ |website=Agence Nigérienne de Presse |date=2026-06-12 |access-date=2026-09-09}}</ref>. Itegeko nshinga ry'inzibacyuho ryo mu 2025 ryagize Igihawusa ururimi rw'igihugu, Igifaransa kigabanyirizwa agaciro<ref>{{cite web |language=en |last=Okafor |first=Chinedu |title=Niger downgrades French as it distances from its colonial past with a new official language |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/niger-downgrades-french-as-it-distances-from-its-colonial-past-with-a-new-official/xl6ldbr |website=Business Insider Africa |date=2025-04-08 |access-date=2026-09-09}}</ref>. === Politiki y'ubukungu === Muri Ukwakira 2023, ibihano n'ihagarikwa ry'inkunga mpuzamahanga byatumye Nigeri iba kimwe mu bihugu bikennye cyane ku isi. Agatsiko k'abasirikare kagabanyije ingengo y'imari ya 2023 ho 40 %. Nijeriya, yahaga Nigeri 71 % by'amashanyarazi yayo mbere ya kudeta, yahagaritse kuyaha, ku buryo muri Ukwakira 2023 ikigo cya Leta Nigelec cyabashaga gutanga hagati ya kimwe cya kane na kimwe cya kabiri cy'amashanyarazi akenewe mu gihugu<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=World Bank, WFP Study: Niger's Coup Left Economy in Tatters |url=https://www.voaafrica.com/a/niger-coup-hits-economy-/7332733.html |website=Voice of America |date=2023-10-30}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2024, hashyizweho itegeko rishya ryatumye amafaranga akoreshwa mu gisirikare atagengwa n'amategeko y'amasoko ya Leta, bigatuma kugura intwaro no gukoresha abacancuro byihuta<ref>{{cite web |language=en |last=Tschörner |first=Lisa |title=Came to Stay: Niger's Military Junta Consolidates its Power |url=https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publication/mta-spotlight-36-came-to-stay-nigers-military-junta-consolidates-its-power |website=Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP)}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2024, ubutegetsi bwambuye ikigo cy'Abafaransa Orano uruhushya rwo gucukura uraniyumu mu kirombe cya Imouraren, kimwe mu binini ku isi, maze nyuma y'iminsi mike gitangaza ko icyo kirombe gisubijwe mu mutungo rusange wa Leta<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Niger putsch: How security and economic perceptions changed in a year |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/insight/niger-putsch-how-security-and-economic-perceptions-changed-in-a-year-18201667 |website=TRT Afrika}}</ref>. === Umugambi wa kudeta wo mu 2026 === Muri Kanama 2026, abasirikare bigometse bagerageje guhirika Tiani i Niamey. Visi-perezida wa CNSP, Salifou Modi, yatangaje kuri televiziyo y'igihugu ko uwo mugambi waburijwemo<ref>{{cite web |language=en |last=Sanou |first=Oumarou |title=Mutiny in Niger: Russia, AES and the Limits of Propaganda |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1525290/mutiny-in-niger-russia-aes-and-the-limits-of.html |website=Modern Ghana |access-date=2026-09-15}}</ref>. == Isura ye mu ruhame == Mu gihugu, hakwirakwijwe poropaganda n'indirimbo zimushyigikira<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Niger, le coup d'État inspire les musiciens |url=https://www.africaradio.com/actualite-102047-au-niger-le-coup-d-etat-inspire-les-musiciens |website=Africa Radio |date=2023-08-25 |access-date=2026-09-15}}</ref>. Umushakashatsi Taiwo Adeagbo avuga ko Abahawusa, ari bo benshi muri Nigeri, batashyigikiraga Bazoum kubera inkomoko ye y'Abarabu ba Ouled Slimane, maze bakaba abayoboke ba Tiani kubera imvugo ye ishingiye ku bwoko no ku rubanda<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=The Politics of Populism, Ethnic Polarization, and the recent Military coups in West African countries: A focus on Niger and Mali |url=https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/the-politics-of-populism-ethnic-polarization-and-the-recent-military-coups-in-west-african-countries-a-focus-on-niger-and-mali/ |website=International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science |access-date=2026-09-15}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Tiani arubatse, akaba afite abana batanu<ref name="kalangou" />. Avuga Igifaransa, Igihawusa, Ikizarma n'Icyongereza<ref name="cv">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Abdourahamane Tchiani CV |url=https://www.studiokalangou.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Adobe-Scan-28-juil.-2023-3.pdf |website=Studio Kalangou |date=2023 |access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref>. == Imidari n'ibihembo == * Grand officier w'Urwego rw'Igihugu (''Ordre national'') rwa Nigeri (2021)<ref name="cv" /> * Commandeur w'Urwego rw'Igihugu rwa Nigeri (2018) * Officier w'Urwego rw'Igihugu rwa Nigeri (2010) * Chevalier w'Urwego rw'Igihugu rwa Nigeri (2004) * Officier w'Urwego rw'Ishimwe (''Ordre du Mérite'') rwa Nigeri (2001) * Grand-croix y'Urwego rw'Igihugu rwa [[Mali]] (2025)<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Distinction du Président de la République au Mali : Le Général d'Armée Abdourahamane Tiani élevé à la dignité de Grand-Croix de l'Ordre National du Mali |url=https://www.lesahel.org/distinction-du-president-de-la-republique-au-mali-le-general-darmee-abdourahamane-tiani-eleve-a-la-dignite-de-grand-croix-de-lordre-national-du-mali/ |website=Le Sahel |date=2025-12-24 |access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref> == Reba kandi == * [[Ibrahim Traoré]] * [[Assimi Goïta]] == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Abdourahamane Tiani}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Nigeri]] rpbbgdk79vupxv6s5w500nril7ilg0d 0 23181 140638 2026-10-02T13:43:39Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Abdelmadjid Tebboune | image = Premier dr. Golob na uradnem in prijateljskem obisku v Ljudski demokratični republiki Alžiriji (53750002104) portrait.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Abdelmadjid Tebboune mu 2024 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|11|17|df=y}} | birth_place = Mécheria, [[Aligeriya]] | nationality = Umunyaligeriya | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru ry'Igihugu ry'Ubuyobozi (ENA) rya Alger |..." 140638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Abdelmadjid Tebboune | image = Premier dr. Golob na uradnem in prijateljskem obisku v Ljudski demokratični republiki Alžiriji (53750002104) portrait.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Abdelmadjid Tebboune mu 2024 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|11|17|df=y}} | birth_place = Mécheria, [[Aligeriya]] | nationality = Umunyaligeriya | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru ry'Igihugu ry'Ubuyobozi (ENA) rya Alger | occupation = Umunyapolitiki, umuyobozi | known_for = Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Aligeriya (2017) | title = Perezida wa Aligeriya | term = Kuva ku wa 19 Ukuboza 2019 | predecessor = Abdelaziz Bouteflika (Abdelkader Bensalah, w'agateganyo) | party = Yigenga (yahoze muri FLN) | spouse = Fatima Zohra Bella | children = 5 }} '''Abdelmadjid Tebboune''' (mu Cyarabu: عبد المجيد تبون; wavutse ku wa 17 Ugushyingo 1945 i Mécheria, muri [[Aligeriya]]) ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyaligeriya, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Aligeriya akaba na Minisitiri w'Ingabo z'Igihugu kuva mu 2019. Yabaye guverineri (''wali'') w'intara nyinshi, aba minisitiri inshuro nyinshi ku butegetsi bwa Chadli Bendjedid na Abdelaziz Bouteflika, cyane cyane Minisitiri w'Imiturire. Yabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe kuva muri Gicurasi kugeza muri Kanama 2017, ari we Minisitiri w'Intebe wamaze igihe gito kurusha abandi mu mateka y'igihugu. Mu Ukuboza 2019, nyuma y'imyigaragambyo ya ''Hirak'' yatumye Bouteflika yegura, yatorewe kuba Perezida wa Repubulika mu matora yitabiriwe na bake. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2024 ku majwi 84,3 %. Ku butegetsi bwe, Itegeko Nshinga ryavuguruwe mu 2020 no mu 2026, ariko abanenga ubutegetsi bwe bavuga ko ubwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru n'ubw'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bwagabanutse. Mu bubanyi n'amahanga, umubano wa Aligeriya na [[Maroke]] n'Ubufaransa warazambye, mu gihe yegereye [[Uburusiya]], [[Ubushinwa]] n'Ubutaliyani. == Ubuzima == === Umuryango n'amashuri === Abdelmadjid Tebboune yavutse ku wa 17 Ugushyingo 1945 i Mécheria<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Président Abdelmadjid Tebboune |url=http://www.election-politique.com/pays.php?valeur=DZ&key=dir&dir=Président Abdelmadjid Tebboune |website=election-politique.com}}</ref>, mu ntara ya Naâma y'ubu, icyo gihe yari mu karere ka Aïn Sefra. Akomoka mu muryango wo muri komine ya Boussemghoun, mu ntara ya El-Bayadh y'ubu, mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Aligeriya<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : Abdelmadjid Tebboune, un président entre les mains de l’armée |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/Algerie-Abdelmadjid-Tebboune-president-entre-mains-larmee-2019-12-15-1201066605 |website=La Croix |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Se, Ahmed Tebboune, yari ''cheikh'' wo mu Ishyirahamwe ry'Abamenyi b'Abayisilamu ba Aligeriya (''Association des oulémas musulmans algériens''), akaba n'umusirikare<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Adam Arroudj |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune, à peine élu, déjà contesté à la présidence de l’Algérie |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/abdelmadjid-tebboune-a-peine-elu-deja-consteste-a-la-presidence-de-l-algerie-20191213 |website=lefigaro.fr |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Yarangije amashuri mu Ishuri rikuru ry'Igihugu ry'Ubuyobozi (''École nationale d'administration'', ENA) mu 1969, mu gice cy'ubukungu n'imari<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 29 juillet 1969 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1969/064/FP603.pdf}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne |url=https://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1969/064/FP603.pdf |website=Official Journal of the Algerian Republic |date=1969-07-29 |access-date=2021-06-08}}</ref>. === Umwuga mu buyobozi === Yatangiye akazi mu 1969 nk'umuyobozi w'imenyereza mu ntara ya Saoura; icyo gihe yinjiye mu ishyaka rya ''Front de libération nationale'' (FLN)<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tebboune ne serait-il donc plus un militant du FLN ? |url=https://www.lematindalgerie.com/tebboune-ne-serait-il-donc-plus-un-militant-du-fln |website=Le Matin d'Algérie |date=2020-06-01 |access-date=2020-06-12}}</ref>. Yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru w'intara za Djelfa (1975–1976), Adrar (1977–1979), Blida (1979–1982) na M'Sila (1982–1983)<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 25 avril 1975 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1975/033/FP378.pdf}}</ref>. Nyuma yaho yabaye guverineri (''wali'') w'intara ya Adrar (1983–1984)<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 15 février 1983 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1983/007/FP297.pdf}}</ref>, iya Tiaret (1984–1989)<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 19 juin 1984 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/025/FP642.pdf}}</ref> n'iya Tizi Ouzou (1989–1991)<ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 30 août 1989 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1989/036/FP869.pdf}}</ref>. == Urugendo muri politiki == === Minisitiri === Muri Kamena 1991, yagizwe Minisitiri wungirije ushinzwe inzego z'ibanze muri guverinoma ya Sid Ahmed Ghozali, ava muri guverinoma mu 1992<ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 18 juin 1991 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/030/FP921.pdf}}</ref>. Mu 1999, Perezida Abdelaziz Bouteflika yamugize Minisitiri w'Itumanaho n'Umuco<ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 26 décembre 1999 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1999/093/FP6.pdf}}</ref>, nyuma y'amezi atandatu asubizwa ku mwanya wa Minisitiri wungirije ushinzwe inzego z'ibanze. Mu 2001, yagizwe Minisitiri w'Imiturire n'Imigi, umwanya yamazeho kugeza mu 2002<ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 6 juin 2001 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO2000/2001/031/FP6.pdf}}</ref>. Muri icyo gihe, izina rye ryavuzwe mu rubanza rwa ''Khalifa'', rwerekeye isenyuka ry'itsinda ry'ibigo by'umucuruzi Rafik Khalifa<ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Assiya HAMZA |title=Ahmed Ouyahia, l’homme du sérail qui ne fait pas d’ombre à Bouteflika - France 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20170816-algerie-ahmed-ouyahia-homme-serail-bouteflika-premier-ministre |website=France 24 |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 3 Nzeri 2012, yongeye kugirwa Minisitiri w'Imiturire n'Imigi muri guverinoma ya Abdelmalek Sellal<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 9 septembre 2012 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/FTP/JO-FRANCAIS/2012/F2012049.pdf}}</ref>, umwanya yagumyeho kugeza mu 2017. Ku wa 19 Mutarama 2017, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Bakhti Belaïb, yahawe n'umwanya wa Minisitiri w'Ubucuruzi w'agateganyo<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune prend ses fonctions de ministre du Commerce par intérim - Algérie Éco |url=http://www.algerie-eco.com/index.php/2017/01/19/abdelmadjid-tebboune-prend-fonctions-de-ministre-commerce-interim/ |website=Algérie Eco |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. === Minisitiri w'Intebe (2017) === Ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2017, nyuma y'amatora y'abadepite, Bouteflika yamugize Minisitiri w'Intebe asimbura Abdelmalek Sellal; icyo gihe yafatwaga nk'inshuti y'umugaba mukuru w'ingabo, Ahmed Gaïd Salah<ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Nicolas Beau |title=Alger, Abdelmajid Tebboune probable candidat aux Présidentielles |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406173348/https://mondafrique.com/alger-tebboune-probable-candidat-aux-presidentielles/ |website=mondafrique.com via Internet Archive |date=2019-09-24 |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref><ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=en |title=Le président Bouteflika nomme Abdelmadjid Tebboune Premier ministre |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/58116-le-president-bouteflika-nomme-abdelmadjid-tebboune-premier-ministre |website=www.aps.dz |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye yashyizweho ku wa 25 Gicurasi<ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Algerian energy, finance ministers replaced in reshuffle – APS |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-algeria-politics-idUKKBN18K1OZ |website=Reuters |date=2017-05-24 |access-date=2017-05-28}}</ref>. Ku wa 15 Kanama 2017, nyuma y'amezi atageze kuri atatu, Bouteflika yaramwirukanye amusimbuza Ahmed Ouyahia<ref name="E11">{{cite web |author=Lamin chikhi |title=Algeria recalls veteran crisis manager Ouyahia as Prime Minister |url=http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1AV24Z |website=Reuters |date=2017-08-15}}</ref>. Impamvu zavuzwe ni ubushake bwe bwo kugabanya ibitumizwa mu mahanga no kurwanya ruswa, ndetse n'icyo ibiro bya perezida byise "gutoteza abacuruzi"<ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : le Premier ministre limogé trois mois à peine après sa nomination - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170815-algerie-premier-ministre-tebboune-limoge-trois-mois-peine-apres-nomination |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga, guverinoma ye yari yihanangirije ibigo binini byari byatsindiye amasoko ya Leta, harimo ikigo ETRHB cy'umucuruzi Ali Haddad, wari inshuti ya Saïd Bouteflika, murumuna wa Perezida<ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : le Premier ministre déjà limogé au bout de trois mois |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2017/08/15/01003-20170815ARTFIG00160-algerie-le-premier-ministre-deja-limoge-au-bout-de-trois-mois.php}}</ref>. Yabaye atyo Minisitiri w'Intebe wamaze igihe gito kurusha abandi mu mateka ya Aligeriya<ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Algérie, cinq candidats briguent la succession d’Abdelaziz Bouteflika |url=https://www.24heures.ch/en-algerie-cinq-candidats-briguent-la-succession-dabdelaziz-bouteflika-133744536956 |website=24 heures |access-date=2024-04-20}}</ref>. Izo ngamba zatumye akundwa n'abaturage, avugwa nk'ushobora gusimbura Bouteflika<ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Point, magazine |title=Algérie - Limogeage de Tebboune : « Chronique d'une chute annoncée » |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/algerie-limogeage-de-tebboune-chronique-d-une-chute-annoncee-16-08-2017-2150330_24.php |website=Le Point |access-date=2017-08-16}}</ref>. === Amatora ya perezida yo mu 2019 === Muri Nzeri 2019, mu gihe cy'imyigaragambyo ya ''Hirak'' yari yatumye Bouteflika yegura, yatangaje ko aziyamamaza mu matora ya perezida yo mu Ukuboza. Yiyita "umukandida w'abaturage", yasezeranyije kuvugurura Itegeko Nshinga n'itegeko ry'amatora no gushyiraho "demokarasi nyayo"<ref name="F40">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Arezki Benali |title=Tebboune : « Je suis le candidat du peuple » |url=https://www.algerie-eco.com/2019/10/09/tebboune-je-suis-le-candidat-du-peuple/ |website=Algerie Eco |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Abigaragambyaga baramwamaganye, abamunenga bakamwita "umukandida w'igisirikare"<ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : le retour d’Abdelmadjid Tebboune, cauchemar des oligarques |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/fr/reportages/algerie-le-retour-dabdelmadjid-tebboune-cauchemar-des-oligarques |website=Middle East Eye édition française |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Ukuboza 2019, yatowe ku majwi 58 % mu cyiciro cya mbere, mu matora abantu batageze kuri 40 % bitabiriye, atsinze abakandida b'amashyaka abiri makuru, FLN na RND<ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Algeria election: Ex-PM to replace Bouteflika after boycotted poll |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50782676 |website=BBC |date=2019-12-13 |access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref><ref name="F46">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Conseil Constitutionnel annonce les résultats définitifs de la présidentielle |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/99035-le-conseil-constitutionnel-annonce-les-resultats-definitifs-de-la-presidentielle |website=aps.dz |date=2019-12-16 |access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref>. Abasesenguzi bamwe bavuze ko imibare yatangajwe "iteye amakenga"<ref name="F47">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : contesté par la rue, le président Tebboune entre en fonction |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/algerie-conteste-par-la-rue-le-president-tebboune-entre-en-fonction-19-12-2019-2354059_3826.php |website=lepoint.fr |date=2019-12-19 |access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref>. Mu kiganiro cye cya mbere n'abanyamakuru nyuma yo gutorwa, yavuze ko arambuye ukuboko kuri ''Hirak'' kandi ashyigikiye ibiganiro<ref name="F51">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Nabil Semyane |title=Première conférence de presse de Tebboune : « Je tends ma main au Hirak » |url=https://www.algerie1.com/actualite/premiere-conference-de-presse-de-tebboune-laquo-je-tends-ma-main-au-hirak-raquo |website=Algerie1.com |date=2019-12-13 |access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Repubulika == === Irahira n'ingamba za mbere === Ku wa 19 Ukuboza 2019, yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Rubanda ya Aligeriya<ref name="F52">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le nouveau président Abdelmadjid Tebboune prête serment (Actualisé) |url=https://www.algerie1.com/actualite/le-nouveau-president-abdelmadjid-tebboune-prete-serment-actualise}}</ref>. Ni we Perezida wa mbere wa Aligeriya utarabaye umurwanyi (''moudjahid'') mu ntambara y'ubwigenge, akaba kandi ari we wari ukuze kurusha abandi atangiye manda<ref name="F54">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : qui est Abdelmadjid Tebboune, le nouveau président déjà contesté? |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/algerie-qui-est-abdelmadjid-tebboune-le-nouveau-president-deja-conteste_2111100.html |website=lexpress.fr |date=2019-12-13 |access-date=2021-09-08}}</ref>. Yasabye ko atazongera kwitwa "Nyakubahwa" (''Excellence''), izina ryari ryarakoreshejwe cyane ku butegetsi bwa Bouteflika<ref name="F56">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le nouveau Président demande à être dispensé du prédicat ‘’Excellence’’ |url=https://www.algerie1.com/actualite/le-nouveau-president-demande-a-etre-dispense-du-predicat-lsquo-excellence}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Ukuboza 2019, yagize Abdelaziz Djerad Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="F64">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Zineddine Bouhaddadoua |title=Sur décision du président Tebboune: Abdelaziz Djerrad nouveau premier ministre |url=https://www.alg24.net/abdelaziz-djerrad-nouveau-premier-ministre/ |website=alg24.net |date=2019-12-28}}</ref>. === Ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga === Ku wa 8 Mutarama 2020, yashyizeho akanama k'impuguke 17, abenshi bakaba ari abarimu b'amategeko nshinga, kayobowe na Ahmed Laraba, gashinzwe gutegura ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga<ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie: le président Tebboune nomme une commission pour réviser la Constitution |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20200109-algerie-composition-comission-revision-constitution |date=2020-01-09 |access-date=2020-09-22}}</ref><ref name="F75">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Révision de la Constitution : Tebboune nomme un comité d’experts |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/revision-de-la-constitution-tebboune-nomme-un-comite-dexperts/}}</ref>. Yagasabye kwibanda ku ngingo zirindwi, harimo kongera uburenganzira bw'abaturage, kurwanya ruswa, kuringaniza ububasha, kwigenga kw'ubucamanza, no gushyiraho manda ebyiri gusa ku mukuru w'igihugu, "zidashobora guhinduka"<ref name="E25" />. Umushinga watangajwe ku wa 7 Gicurasi 2020 wanenzwe kuko utahinduraga ubutegetsi bushingiye cyane kuri perezida<ref name="F78">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Algérie, le projet de Constitution de Tebboune fait pschitt |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2020/05/14/en-algerie-le-projet-de-constitution-de-tebboune-fait-pschitt_1788266 |website=Libération.fr |date=2020-05-14 |access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref>. Kamarampaka yo ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 2020 yemeje iryo vugurura ku majwi 66,8 %, ariko abitabiriye bari 23 % gusa; Tebboune yashyize umukono ku iteka ririshyira mu bikorwa ku wa 30 Ukuboza 2020<ref name="F89">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président Tebboune a signé le décret amendant la constitution |url=https://www.algerie-eco.com/2020/12/31/le-president-tebboune-signe-le-decret-amendant-la-constitution/ |website=algerie-eco.com |date=2021-12-31 |access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref>. Ku wa 18 Gashyantare 2021, yasheshe Inteko Ishinga Amategeko (APN), ategeka amatora y'abadepite mbere y'igihe<ref name="F90">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : vers une dissolution du Parlement ? |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2021/02/18/algerie-vers-une-dissolution-du-parlement/ |website=africanews.com |date=2021-02-18 |access-date=2021-02-19}}</ref><ref name="E40">{{cite web |title=Algerian President Reshuffles Government Without Major Cabinet Changes |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/02/22/algerian-president-reshuffles-government-without-major-cabinet-changes/ |website=AfricaNews |date=2021-02-22 |access-date=2021-03-04}}</ref>. Mu 2026, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeje ku bwiganze busesuye irindi vugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga. Abahanga mu mategeko barimo Massensen Cherbi na Mouloud Boumghar bavuga ko iryo vugurura ryongereye ububasha bwa Perezida<ref name="F96">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frédéric Bobin |title=En Algérie, Abdelmadjid Tebboune renforce ses pouvoirs et verrouille le régime |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/03/25/en-algerie-abdelmadjid-tebboune-renforce-la-presidentialisation-du-regime_6674157_3210.html?search-type=classic&ise_click_rank=2 |website=Le Monde |date=2026-03-25 |access-date=2026-03-26}}</ref>. Nyuma y'inkongi z'amashyamba zo mu 2026, Tebboune yasabye ko igitabo cy'amategeko ahana kivugururwa kugira ngo abatwika amashyamba bahanishwe igihano cy'urupfu<ref name="F98">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Incendies meurtriers en Algérie : Abdelmadjid Tebboune ordonne l’application de la peine capitale |url=https://elwatan.dz/incendies-meurtriers-en-algerie-abdelmadjid-tebboune-ordonne-lapplication-de-la-peine-capitale/ |website=El Watan |date=2026-08-30 |access-date=2026-08-30}}</ref>. Umuhanga mu mateka Jean-Pierre Filiu avuga ko umugaba mukuru w'ingabo, Saïd Chengriha, ari we ufite ububasha bukomeye kurusha Perezida<ref name="F92">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les généraux algériens relancent la guerre des mémoires avec la France |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/filiu/2021/04/04/les-generaux-algeriens-relancent-la-guerre-des-memoires-avec-la-france/}}</ref>; ikinyamakuru ''Jeune Afrique'' cyo kivuga ko bombi ari bo bagabo babiri bakomeye kurusha abandi mu gihugu<ref name="F93">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Saïd Chengriha, l’homme qui veut en découdre avec le Maroc - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1453898/politique/said-chengriha-lhomme-qui-veut-en-decoudre-avec-le-maroc/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2024-06-24}}</ref><ref name="E1">{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria: Tensions mount as Tebboune and Chengriha butt heads |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/46604/algeria-tensions-mount-as-tebboune-and-chengriha-butt-heads/ |website=The Africa Report.com |date=2020-10-19 |access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref>. === ''Hirak'' n'ubwisanzure === Muri Gashyantare 2020, Tebboune yavuze ko ''Hirak'' ari "ikintu cyiza cyakijije igihugu", maze ashyiraho ku wa 22 Gashyantare "Umunsi w'igihugu w'ubuvandimwe n'ubumwe hagati y'abaturage n'ingabo zabo kubera demokarasi"<ref name="F99">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Président Tebboune assure que le Hirak est un phénomène salutaire et met en garde contre toute tentative d'infiltration |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/101975-le-president-de-la-republique-assure-que-le-hirak-est-un-phenomene-salutaire-et-met-en-garde-contre-toute-tentative-d-infiltration}}</ref><ref name="E17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Président Tebboune assure que le Hirak est un phénomène salutaire et met en garde contre toute tentative d'infiltration |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/101975-le-president-de-la-republique-assure-que-le-hirak-est-un-phenomene-salutaire-et-met-en-garde-contre-toute-tentative-d-infiltration |date=2020-02-20 |access-date=2020-09-22}}</ref>. Ku wa 17 Werurwe 2020, mu rwego rwo kurwanya icyorezo cya COVID-19, yabujije imyigaragambyo yose<ref name="E20">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Madjid Makedhi |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune assure que l'état a pris ses dispositions pour lutter contre le coronavirus: "Des moyens supplémentaires seront engagés" |url=https://www.elwatan.com/a-la-une/abdelmadjid-tebboune-assure-que-letat-a-pris-ses-dispositions-pour-lutter-contre-le-coronavirus-des-moyens-supplementaires-seront-engages-18-03-2020 |date=2020-03-18 |access-date=2020-09-22}}</ref>. Amnesty International yamaganye ko, mu gihe amaso yose yari ku cyorezo, ubutegetsi bwihutishaga ikurikiranwa n'imanza z'abarwanashyaka, abanyamakuru n'abashyigikiye ''Hirak''<ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Defend the right to protest in Algeria |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/get-involved/take-action/defend-the-right-to-protest-in-algeria/ |website=amnesty.org |access-date=2020-10-17}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Werurwe 2020, avuga ku ifungwa ry'abanyamakuru barimo Khaled Drareni, yavuze ko bamwe muri bo bakorera itangazamakuru ry'amahanga "ritewe inkunga n'amahanga" kugira ngo risenye inzego z'igihugu<ref name="F105">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La liberté de la presse se dégrade en Algérie |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/la-liberte-de-la-presse-se-degrade-en-algerie-02-05-2020-2373844_24.php# |website=lepoint.fr |date=2020-05-02 |access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref>. Ku wa 15 Nzeri 2020, Drareni yakatiwe mu bujurire igifungo cy'imyaka ibiri<ref name="F107">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Khaled Drareni condamné à deux ans de prison ferme |url=https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/khaled-drareni-condamne-a-deux-ans-de-prison-ferme-15-09-2020 |website=El Watan |access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>. Ku wa 18 Gashyantare 2021, Tebboune yahaye imbabazi abantu bagera kuri 60 bari bafunzwe kubera ''Hirak''<ref name="F111">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président algérien dissout le Parlement et appelle à des élections anticipées |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/le-president-algerien-dissout-le-parlement-et-appelle-a-des-elections-anticipees-20210218 |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2021-02-18 |access-date=2021-02-18}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 2024, ku isabukuru y'imyaka 70 y'itangazo ryo ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 1954, yahaye imbabazi imfungwa zirenga 4 000, barimo umunyamakuru Ihsane El Kadi<ref name="F114">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction AE |title=Le Président Tebboune signe deux décrets présidentiels portant mesures de grâce pour plus de 4000 détenus |url=https://www.algerie-eco.com/2024/11/01/le-president-tebboune-signe-deux-decrets-presidentiels-portant-mesures-de-grace-pour-plus-de-4000-detenus/ |website=Algerie Eco |date=2024-10-31 |access-date=2024-11-03}}</ref><ref name="F115">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Algérie, le journaliste Ihsane El Kadi et plusieurs détenus d’opinion libérés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/en-algerie-le-journaliste-ihsane-el-kadi-et-plusieurs-detenus-dopinion-liberes-20241101_CB5F4KLE35DE3K646YDE6M5OKA/ |website=Libération |access-date=2024-11-03}}</ref>. === Indwara ya COVID-19 === Muri Ukwakira 2020, byatangajwe ko Tebboune yanduye COVID-19; ku wa 28 Ukwakira yajyanywe mu Budage kuvurwa, Minisitiri w'Intebe Abdelaziz Djerad amusimbura mu mirimo ye<ref name="F142">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La Présidence donne des nouvelles de l'état de santé de Tebboune |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/alerte-la-presidence-donne-des-nouvelles-de-letat-de-sante-de-tebboune/ |website=tsa-algerie.com |date=2020-10-29 |access-date=2020-10-31}}</ref><ref name="E36">{{cite web |language=en |author=Tara Rippin |title=Algerian President 'disappears' after flying to Germany for Covid treatment |url=https://www.euroweeklynews.com/2020/12/12/algerian-president-disappears-after-flying-to-germany-for-covid-treatment/ |website=Euro Weekly News |date=2020-12-12 |access-date=2021-03-15}}</ref>. Yagarutse muri Aligeriya ku wa 29 Ukuboza 2020, asubira i Berlin ku wa 10 Mutarama 2021 kubagwa ikirenge kubera ingaruka za COVID-19, agaruka ku wa 12 Gashyantare 2021<ref name="F146">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président Tebboune de retour en Algérie après deux mois d'absence |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/le-president-tebboune-de-retour-en-algerie-apres-deux-mois-d-absence-20201229 |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2020-12-29 |access-date=2020-12-29}}</ref><ref name="E38">{{cite web |author=Hamid Ould Ahmed |title=Algerian president returns to Germany to be treated for COVID-19 complications |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/algerian-president-returns-germany-treated-152045560.html |website=Yahoo News |date=2021-01-10 |access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref><ref name="E39">{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria's Tebboune returns home after hospitalisation in Germany |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/12/algerias-tebboune-returns-home-after-hospitalization-in-germany |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2021-03-20}}</ref>. === Ubukungu === Ku wa 15 Gashyantare 2022, yatangaje ko urubyiruko rufite hagati y'imyaka 19 na 40 rudafite akazi ruzajya ruhabwa amafaranga y'ingoboka, mu gihe ubushomeri bwari burenze 15 %<ref name="E50">{{cite web |title=Unemployed youth in Algeria to receive monthly pay |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/02/16/unemployed-youth-in-algeria-to-receive-monthly-pay/ |website=Africanews |date=2022-02-16 |access-date=2022-02-20}}</ref>. Nyuma y'igitero cy'Uburusiya kuri Ukraine, yemereye Ubutaliyani n'Uburayi kongererwa gaze; ku wa 18 Nyakanga 2022, yasinyanye na Minisitiri w'Intebe w'Ubutaliyani Mario Draghi amasezerano y'agaciro ka miliyari 4 z'amayero, bituma Aligeriya iba igihugu cya mbere gihaye Ubutaliyani gaze nyinshi<ref name="E51">{{cite web |language=en |title=Italian energy giant Eni signs deal to boost Algerian gas supply |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/5/26/italys-power-giant-eni-inks-deal-to-boost-algerian-gas-imports |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref><ref name="E53">{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria becomes Italy's biggest gas supplier in new €4bn deal |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/07/18/italys-draghi-visits-algeria-for-gas-talks-while-political-crisis-continues-at-home |website=euronews |date=2022-07-18 |access-date=2022-07-19}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2022, yatangaje ko ashaka gutandukanya ubukungu bw'igihugu no kongera ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bitari peteroli na gaze<ref name="E55">{{cite web |title=Non-hydrocarbon exports: Algeria targets US$7 billion by end of 2022 |url=https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/45062-non-hydrocarbon-exports-algeria-targets-us-7-billion-by-end-of-2022 |website=Algeria Press Service |date=2022-09-24 |access-date=2022-10-08}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Mu gihe cy'intambara yo muri [[Libiya]], Aligeriya yongeye kugira uruhare muri icyo kibazo; Tebboune yitabiriye inama ya Berlin yerekeye Libiya ku wa 19 Mutarama 2020<ref name="F123">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tebboune se rend à Berlin pour prendre part à la conférence internationale sur la Libye |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/tebboune-se-rend-a-berlin-pour-prendre-part-a-la-conference-internationale-sur-la-libye/}}</ref>, kandi muri Nyakanga 2021 yemereye Libiya "ubufasha bwuzuye" ubwo yakiraga Mohamed el-Menfi<ref name="E43">{{cite web |title=Tebboune meets Menfi, offers Algeria's support to Libya |url=https://thearabweekly.com/tebboune-meets-menfi-offers-algerias-support-libya |website=The Arab Weekly |date=2021-07-29 |access-date=2022-02-20}}</ref>. Ku wa 24 Mutarama 2022, yasuye Perezida wa [[Misiri]] Abdel Fattah al-Sissi i Kayiro, akaba ari bwo bwa mbere Perezida wa Aligeriya yari asuye Misiri kuva mu 2008<ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=Egypt: President Abdel Fattah El Sisi Receives Algerian President |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202201260144.html |website=allAfrica.com |date=2022-01-26 |access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref><ref name="E49">{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria's Tebboune arrives in Egypt for official visit |url=https://turkishpress.com/algerias-tebboune-arrives-in-egypt-for-official-visit/ |website=TurkishPress |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref>. Ku wa 27 Gicurasi 2020, nyuma y'ishyirwa ahagaragara rya filime mbarankuru ebyiri ku ''Hirak'' kuri televiziyo z'Abafaransa, Aligeriya yahamagaje ambasaderi wayo i Paris<ref name="F124">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L’Algérie rappelle son ambassadeur à Paris après la diffusion en France de documentaires sur le «Hirak» |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/l-algerie-rappelle-son-ambassadeur-a-paris-apres-la-diffusion-en-france-de-documentaires-sur-le-hirak-27-05-2020-8325123.php |website=leparisien.fr |date=2020-05-27 |access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref>. Ku wa 7 Gicurasi 2020, yagize ku wa 8 Gicurasi "umunsi wo kwibuka" ubwicanyi bwabereye i Sétif, Guelma na Kherrata mu 1945<ref name="F138">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : une « Journée de la mémoire » pour les massacres du 8 mai 1945 |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/algerie-une-journee-de-la-memoire-pour-les-massacres-du-8-mai-1945--08-05-2020-2374720_3826.php |website=lepoint.fr |date=2020-05-08 |access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref>, kandi yashimye icyemezo cy'Ubufaransa cyo gusubiza Aligeriya ibihanga by'abarwanyi 24 bishwe mu gihe cy'ubukoloni<ref name="F139">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La France remet à l’Algérie vingt-quatre crânes de résistants décapités au XIXe siècle et entreposés à Paris |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/07/03/la-france-remet-a-l-algerie-24-cranes-de-resistants-decapites-au-xixe-siecle-et-entreposes-a-paris_6045108_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2020-07-03 |access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2022, yakiriye Minisitiri w'Umutekano w'Ubufaransa Gérald Darmanin, bakemura ikibazo cya viza zari zaragabanyijwe kuva muri Nzeri 2021<ref name="E59">{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria summons French envoy over visa restriction plan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/29/algeria-summons-french-envoy-over-visa-restriction-plan |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2022-12-21}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2021, Aligeriya na Maroke bafitanye amakimbirane ya dipolomasi nyuma y'aho Maroke isubukuriye umubano na Isiraheli<ref name="F125">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La rupture des relations diplomatiques entre l’Algérie et le Maroc, nouvelle étape d’une longue escalade |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/08/25/rupture-des-relations-diplomatiques-entre-alger-et-rabat-un-impact-surtout-politique_6092297_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2021-08-25 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>; ibihugu byombi bihanganye ku kibazo cya Sahara y'Iburengerazuba, aho Aligeriya ishyigikira ubwigenge bwayo<ref name="F126">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Une « nouvelle intensification » entre l’Algérie et le Maroc |url=https://adf-magazine.com/fr/2024/04/une-nouvelle-intensification-entre-lalgerie-et-le-maroc/ |website=Africa Defense Forum |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Aligeriya ifitanye umubano wihariye na [[Tuniziya]] ya Kaïs Saïed<ref name="F129">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed: la visite du président Tebboune en Tunisie est "historique" |url=http://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/2459 |website=Radio Algérienne |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Ku wa 13 Kamena 2023, yatangiye uruzinduko rw'iminsi itatu mu Burusiya, aho we na Vladimir Putin biyemeje gukomeza "ubufatanye bw'ingenzi" hagati y'ibihugu byombi<ref name="E61">{{cite web |title=Algeria's president starting state visit to Russia at invitation of Putin |url=https://apnews.com/article/algeria-president-state-visit-russia-19c4805db1e9d4b74756f66536d396d7 |website=AP News |date=2023-06-13 |access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref><ref name="E62">{{cite web |title=Russia, Algeria tighten 'strategic' ties |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/06/16/russia-algeria-tighten-strategic-ties/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-06-19 |access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref>; kuva ku wa 17 kugeza ku wa 21 Nyakanga 2023, yasuye Ubushinwa<ref name="F135">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune à Pékin pour relancer le partenariat algéro-chinois – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1464292/economie-entreprises/abdelmadjid-tebboune-en-chine-pour-relancer-les-partenariats/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2023-07-20 |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref>. Mu 2024, yanenze intambara ya Isiraheli muri Gaza, ayishinja jenoside ku Banyapalestina<ref name="E63">{{cite web |title=El-Sisi and Tebboune agree on necessity of Gaza ceasefire, reject foreign interference in Libya and Sudan |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/534221.aspx |website=Ahram Online |date=2024-10-27}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2024, yamaganye "ibikorwa by'ubwanzi" bya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu, azishinja gushaka guhungabanya Aligeriya n'umubano wayo n'abaturanyi bayo, nka Mali, Nigeri na Libiya, kugira ngo zishyigikire Maroke<ref name="F136">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie – Émirats arabes unis : Tebboune clarifie les choses |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/relations-de-lalgerie-avec-les-emirats-et-le-maroc-tebboune-clarifie-les-choses/ |website=TSA |date=2024-03-31 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref><ref name="F137">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune coincé entre l’Algérie et les Emirats Arabes Unis |url=https://mondafrique.com/international/les-reticences-dabdelmadjid-tebboune-dans-la-crise-entre-lalgerie-et-les-emirats-arabes-unis/ |website=Mondafrique |date=2024-02-07 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Ku wa 10 Nzeri 2026, Aligeriya yacanye umubano wa dipolomasi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu, yirukana ambasaderi wazo. === Amatora ya perezida yo mu 2024 === Muri Gicurasi 2024, ishyaka El Bina rya Abdelkader Bengrina ryatangaje ko rishyigikiye Perezida uriho<ref name="F150">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Algérie : Bengrina choisit Tebboune comme candidat |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/presidentielle-en-algerie-bengrina-choisit-tebboune-comme-candidat/}}</ref>, maze Tebboune yemeza kandidatire ye ku wa 11 Nyakanga. Mu kwiyamamaza, yakoreshaga cyane urubuga rwa TikTok, bimuhesha akazina ka "Tonton Tebboune" (Nyirarume Tebboune) ku mbuga nkoranyambaga<ref name="F152">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'Algérie élit son président, victoire attendue d'Abdelmadjid Tebboune |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1426350/lalgerie-elit-son-president-victoire-attendue-dabdelmadjid-tebboune-papier-general.html |website=www.lorientlejour.com |date=2024-09-07 |access-date=2024-09-07}}</ref><ref name="F153">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Election présidentielle en Algérie : comment Abdelmadjid Tebboune a éteint la contestation pour s’assurer une nouvelle victoire |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/algerie/election-presidentielle-en-algerie-comment-abdelmadjid-tebboune-a-eteint-la-contestation-pour-s-assurer-une-nouvelle-victoire_6766426.html |website=Franceinfo |date=2024-09-07 |access-date=2024-09-07}}</ref>. Ku wa 7 Nzeri 2024, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 84,3 %<ref name="F158">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Algérie, le président sortant Abdelmadjid Tebboune réélu avec 84,3 % des voix |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20240914-en-alg%C3%A9rie-le-pr%C3%A9sident-sortant-abdelmadjid-tebboune-r%C3%A9%C3%A9lu-avec-84-3-des-voix}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Algeria court confirms Tebboune re-elected president with 84.30% of vote |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/algeria-court-confirms-tebboune-re-elected-president-with-8430-vote-2024-09-14/ |website=reuters.com |date=2024-09-14}}</ref>. Imibare y'abitabiriye amatora, yavuye kuri 26,46 % igera kuri 48,03 % mu masaha atatu, yateje impaka mu bakurikiranira hafi amatora n'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi<ref name="F161">{{cite web |language=fr |author=La-Croix.com |title=Présidentielle algérienne : la Kabylie a repris le chemin des bureaux de vote |url=https://www.la-croix.com/international/presidentielle-algerienne-la-kabylie-a-repris-le-chemin-des-bureaux-de-vote-20240908 |website=La Croix |date=2024-09-08 |access-date=2024-09-08}}</ref>. Ibyavuye mu matora bya nyuma, byatangajwe ku wa 14 Nzeri, byari bitandukanye cyane n'iby'agateganyo: amajwi ya Tebboune yavuye kuri 94,65 % agera kuri 84,30 %<ref name="F164">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Melissa NAIT ALI |title=Présidentielle du 7 septembre : la Cour Constitutionnelle proclame les résultats définitifs |url=https://inter-lignes.com/presidentielle-du-7-septembre-la-cour-constitutionnelle-proclame-les-resultats-definitifs/ |website=INTERLIGNES |date=2024-09-14 |access-date=2024-09-14}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Tebboune yashakanye na Fatima Zohra Bella<ref name="E77">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Nicolas Beau |title=Le pouvoir algérien, un bateau sans capitaine |url=https://mondafrique.com/le-pouvoir-algerien-un-bateau-sans-capitaine/ |website=Mondafrique |date=2020-11-15 |access-date=2021-06-08}}</ref>, bafitanye abana batanu: Saloua, Maha, Salaheddine Ilyes, Mohamed na Khaled<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Tarik Qattab |title=Comment Abdelmadjid Tebboune met la fonction de chef de l'état au service de ses enfants |url=https://fr.le360.ma/monde/algerie-comment-abdelmadjid-tebboune-met-la-fonction-de-chef-de-letat-au-service-de-ses-enfants-219900 |website=fr.le360.ma |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Umuhungu we Khaled yafunzwe muri Kamena 2018 mu rubanza rwa ruswa, agirwa umwere muri Gashyantare 2020<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Khaled Tebboune acquitté, 8 ans de prison pour «El-Bouchi» |url=https://maghrebemergent.net/khaled-tebboune-acquitte-8-ans-de-prison-pour-el-bouchi/ |website=Maghreb Emergent |date=2020-02-26 |access-date=2021-10-11}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tribunal Sidi M'hamed : Kamel Chikhi dit "El-bouchi" condamné à 8 ans de prison ferme |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/102264-tribunal-sidi-m-hamed-kamel-chikhi-dit-el-bouchi-condamne-a-8-ans-de-prison-ferme |website=aps.dz |date=2020-02-27 |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Tebboune azwiho kunywa itabi cyane<ref name="E76">{{cite web |language=en |title=Algerian President Tebboune continues hospital treatment for Covid-19 in Germany |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20201103-algerian-president-tebboune-continues-hospital-treatment-for-covid-19-in-germany |website=France 24 |date=2020-11-03 |access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Kuva Liamine Zéroual yapfa mu 2026, ni we Perezida wa Aligeriya wenyine ukiriho<ref name="E2">{{cite web |author=Sami B. |title=El-Yamine Zeroual Dies at 85 in Algeria |url=https://algerianewsgate.com/politics/zeroual-death-algeria/ |website=Algeria News Gate |date=2026-03-28 |access-date=2026-03-29}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Abdelmadjid Tebboune}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Aligeriya]] 6sswij3734xvvrnkr63ltlrjj5yt6p2 140641 140638 2026-10-02T13:54:45Z Score Beethoven 11559 Gukosora URL y'isoko (F3) 140641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Abdelmadjid Tebboune | image = Premier dr. Golob na uradnem in prijateljskem obisku v Ljudski demokratični republiki Alžiriji (53750002104) portrait.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Abdelmadjid Tebboune mu 2024 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|11|17|df=y}} | birth_place = Mécheria, [[Aligeriya]] | nationality = Umunyaligeriya | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru ry'Igihugu ry'Ubuyobozi (ENA) rya Alger | occupation = Umunyapolitiki, umuyobozi | known_for = Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Aligeriya (2017) | title = Perezida wa Aligeriya | term = Kuva ku wa 19 Ukuboza 2019 | predecessor = Abdelaziz Bouteflika (Abdelkader Bensalah, w'agateganyo) | party = Yigenga (yahoze muri FLN) | spouse = Fatima Zohra Bella | children = 5 }} '''Abdelmadjid Tebboune''' (mu Cyarabu: عبد المجيد تبون; wavutse ku wa 17 Ugushyingo 1945 i Mécheria, muri [[Aligeriya]]) ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyaligeriya, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Aligeriya akaba na Minisitiri w'Ingabo z'Igihugu kuva mu 2019. Yabaye guverineri (''wali'') w'intara nyinshi, aba minisitiri inshuro nyinshi ku butegetsi bwa Chadli Bendjedid na Abdelaziz Bouteflika, cyane cyane Minisitiri w'Imiturire. Yabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe kuva muri Gicurasi kugeza muri Kanama 2017, ari we Minisitiri w'Intebe wamaze igihe gito kurusha abandi mu mateka y'igihugu. Mu Ukuboza 2019, nyuma y'imyigaragambyo ya ''Hirak'' yatumye Bouteflika yegura, yatorewe kuba Perezida wa Repubulika mu matora yitabiriwe na bake. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2024 ku majwi 84,3 %. Ku butegetsi bwe, Itegeko Nshinga ryavuguruwe mu 2020 no mu 2026, ariko abanenga ubutegetsi bwe bavuga ko ubwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru n'ubw'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bwagabanutse. Mu bubanyi n'amahanga, umubano wa Aligeriya na [[Maroke]] n'Ubufaransa warazambye, mu gihe yegereye [[Uburusiya]], [[Ubushinwa]] n'Ubutaliyani. == Ubuzima == === Umuryango n'amashuri === Abdelmadjid Tebboune yavutse ku wa 17 Ugushyingo 1945 i Mécheria<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Président Abdelmadjid Tebboune |url=http://www.election-politique.com/pays.php?valeur=DZ&key=dir&dir=Président%20Abdelmadjid%20Tebboune |website=election-politique.com}}</ref>, mu ntara ya Naâma y'ubu, icyo gihe yari mu karere ka Aïn Sefra. Akomoka mu muryango wo muri komine ya Boussemghoun, mu ntara ya El-Bayadh y'ubu, mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Aligeriya<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : Abdelmadjid Tebboune, un président entre les mains de l’armée |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/Algerie-Abdelmadjid-Tebboune-president-entre-mains-larmee-2019-12-15-1201066605 |website=La Croix |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Se, Ahmed Tebboune, yari ''cheikh'' wo mu Ishyirahamwe ry'Abamenyi b'Abayisilamu ba Aligeriya (''Association des oulémas musulmans algériens''), akaba n'umusirikare<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Adam Arroudj |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune, à peine élu, déjà contesté à la présidence de l’Algérie |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/abdelmadjid-tebboune-a-peine-elu-deja-consteste-a-la-presidence-de-l-algerie-20191213 |website=lefigaro.fr |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Yarangije amashuri mu Ishuri rikuru ry'Igihugu ry'Ubuyobozi (''École nationale d'administration'', ENA) mu 1969, mu gice cy'ubukungu n'imari<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 29 juillet 1969 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1969/064/FP603.pdf}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne |url=https://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1969/064/FP603.pdf |website=Official Journal of the Algerian Republic |date=1969-07-29 |access-date=2021-06-08}}</ref>. === Umwuga mu buyobozi === Yatangiye akazi mu 1969 nk'umuyobozi w'imenyereza mu ntara ya Saoura; icyo gihe yinjiye mu ishyaka rya ''Front de libération nationale'' (FLN)<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tebboune ne serait-il donc plus un militant du FLN ? |url=https://www.lematindalgerie.com/tebboune-ne-serait-il-donc-plus-un-militant-du-fln |website=Le Matin d'Algérie |date=2020-06-01 |access-date=2020-06-12}}</ref>. Yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru w'intara za Djelfa (1975–1976), Adrar (1977–1979), Blida (1979–1982) na M'Sila (1982–1983)<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 25 avril 1975 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1975/033/FP378.pdf}}</ref>. Nyuma yaho yabaye guverineri (''wali'') w'intara ya Adrar (1983–1984)<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 15 février 1983 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1983/007/FP297.pdf}}</ref>, iya Tiaret (1984–1989)<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 19 juin 1984 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/025/FP642.pdf}}</ref> n'iya Tizi Ouzou (1989–1991)<ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 30 août 1989 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1989/036/FP869.pdf}}</ref>. == Urugendo muri politiki == === Minisitiri === Muri Kamena 1991, yagizwe Minisitiri wungirije ushinzwe inzego z'ibanze muri guverinoma ya Sid Ahmed Ghozali, ava muri guverinoma mu 1992<ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 18 juin 1991 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/030/FP921.pdf}}</ref>. Mu 1999, Perezida Abdelaziz Bouteflika yamugize Minisitiri w'Itumanaho n'Umuco<ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 26 décembre 1999 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1999/093/FP6.pdf}}</ref>, nyuma y'amezi atandatu asubizwa ku mwanya wa Minisitiri wungirije ushinzwe inzego z'ibanze. Mu 2001, yagizwe Minisitiri w'Imiturire n'Imigi, umwanya yamazeho kugeza mu 2002<ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 6 juin 2001 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO2000/2001/031/FP6.pdf}}</ref>. Muri icyo gihe, izina rye ryavuzwe mu rubanza rwa ''Khalifa'', rwerekeye isenyuka ry'itsinda ry'ibigo by'umucuruzi Rafik Khalifa<ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Assiya HAMZA |title=Ahmed Ouyahia, l’homme du sérail qui ne fait pas d’ombre à Bouteflika - France 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20170816-algerie-ahmed-ouyahia-homme-serail-bouteflika-premier-ministre |website=France 24 |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 3 Nzeri 2012, yongeye kugirwa Minisitiri w'Imiturire n'Imigi muri guverinoma ya Abdelmalek Sellal<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 9 septembre 2012 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/FTP/JO-FRANCAIS/2012/F2012049.pdf}}</ref>, umwanya yagumyeho kugeza mu 2017. Ku wa 19 Mutarama 2017, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Bakhti Belaïb, yahawe n'umwanya wa Minisitiri w'Ubucuruzi w'agateganyo<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune prend ses fonctions de ministre du Commerce par intérim - Algérie Éco |url=http://www.algerie-eco.com/index.php/2017/01/19/abdelmadjid-tebboune-prend-fonctions-de-ministre-commerce-interim/ |website=Algérie Eco |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. === Minisitiri w'Intebe (2017) === Ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2017, nyuma y'amatora y'abadepite, Bouteflika yamugize Minisitiri w'Intebe asimbura Abdelmalek Sellal; icyo gihe yafatwaga nk'inshuti y'umugaba mukuru w'ingabo, Ahmed Gaïd Salah<ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Nicolas Beau |title=Alger, Abdelmajid Tebboune probable candidat aux Présidentielles |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406173348/https://mondafrique.com/alger-tebboune-probable-candidat-aux-presidentielles/ |website=mondafrique.com via Internet Archive |date=2019-09-24 |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref><ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=en |title=Le président Bouteflika nomme Abdelmadjid Tebboune Premier ministre |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/58116-le-president-bouteflika-nomme-abdelmadjid-tebboune-premier-ministre |website=www.aps.dz |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye yashyizweho ku wa 25 Gicurasi<ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Algerian energy, finance ministers replaced in reshuffle – APS |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-algeria-politics-idUKKBN18K1OZ |website=Reuters |date=2017-05-24 |access-date=2017-05-28}}</ref>. Ku wa 15 Kanama 2017, nyuma y'amezi atageze kuri atatu, Bouteflika yaramwirukanye amusimbuza Ahmed Ouyahia<ref name="E11">{{cite web |author=Lamin chikhi |title=Algeria recalls veteran crisis manager Ouyahia as Prime Minister |url=http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1AV24Z |website=Reuters |date=2017-08-15}}</ref>. Impamvu zavuzwe ni ubushake bwe bwo kugabanya ibitumizwa mu mahanga no kurwanya ruswa, ndetse n'icyo ibiro bya perezida byise "gutoteza abacuruzi"<ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : le Premier ministre limogé trois mois à peine après sa nomination - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170815-algerie-premier-ministre-tebboune-limoge-trois-mois-peine-apres-nomination |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga, guverinoma ye yari yihanangirije ibigo binini byari byatsindiye amasoko ya Leta, harimo ikigo ETRHB cy'umucuruzi Ali Haddad, wari inshuti ya Saïd Bouteflika, murumuna wa Perezida<ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : le Premier ministre déjà limogé au bout de trois mois |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2017/08/15/01003-20170815ARTFIG00160-algerie-le-premier-ministre-deja-limoge-au-bout-de-trois-mois.php}}</ref>. Yabaye atyo Minisitiri w'Intebe wamaze igihe gito kurusha abandi mu mateka ya Aligeriya<ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Algérie, cinq candidats briguent la succession d’Abdelaziz Bouteflika |url=https://www.24heures.ch/en-algerie-cinq-candidats-briguent-la-succession-dabdelaziz-bouteflika-133744536956 |website=24 heures |access-date=2024-04-20}}</ref>. Izo ngamba zatumye akundwa n'abaturage, avugwa nk'ushobora gusimbura Bouteflika<ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Point, magazine |title=Algérie - Limogeage de Tebboune : « Chronique d'une chute annoncée » |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/algerie-limogeage-de-tebboune-chronique-d-une-chute-annoncee-16-08-2017-2150330_24.php |website=Le Point |access-date=2017-08-16}}</ref>. === Amatora ya perezida yo mu 2019 === Muri Nzeri 2019, mu gihe cy'imyigaragambyo ya ''Hirak'' yari yatumye Bouteflika yegura, yatangaje ko aziyamamaza mu matora ya perezida yo mu Ukuboza. Yiyita "umukandida w'abaturage", yasezeranyije kuvugurura Itegeko Nshinga n'itegeko ry'amatora no gushyiraho "demokarasi nyayo"<ref name="F40">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Arezki Benali |title=Tebboune : « Je suis le candidat du peuple » |url=https://www.algerie-eco.com/2019/10/09/tebboune-je-suis-le-candidat-du-peuple/ |website=Algerie Eco |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Abigaragambyaga baramwamaganye, abamunenga bakamwita "umukandida w'igisirikare"<ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : le retour d’Abdelmadjid Tebboune, cauchemar des oligarques |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/fr/reportages/algerie-le-retour-dabdelmadjid-tebboune-cauchemar-des-oligarques |website=Middle East Eye édition française |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Ukuboza 2019, yatowe ku majwi 58 % mu cyiciro cya mbere, mu matora abantu batageze kuri 40 % bitabiriye, atsinze abakandida b'amashyaka abiri makuru, FLN na RND<ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Algeria election: Ex-PM to replace Bouteflika after boycotted poll |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50782676 |website=BBC |date=2019-12-13 |access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref><ref name="F46">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Conseil Constitutionnel annonce les résultats définitifs de la présidentielle |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/99035-le-conseil-constitutionnel-annonce-les-resultats-definitifs-de-la-presidentielle |website=aps.dz |date=2019-12-16 |access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref>. Abasesenguzi bamwe bavuze ko imibare yatangajwe "iteye amakenga"<ref name="F47">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : contesté par la rue, le président Tebboune entre en fonction |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/algerie-conteste-par-la-rue-le-president-tebboune-entre-en-fonction-19-12-2019-2354059_3826.php |website=lepoint.fr |date=2019-12-19 |access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref>. Mu kiganiro cye cya mbere n'abanyamakuru nyuma yo gutorwa, yavuze ko arambuye ukuboko kuri ''Hirak'' kandi ashyigikiye ibiganiro<ref name="F51">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Nabil Semyane |title=Première conférence de presse de Tebboune : « Je tends ma main au Hirak » |url=https://www.algerie1.com/actualite/premiere-conference-de-presse-de-tebboune-laquo-je-tends-ma-main-au-hirak-raquo |website=Algerie1.com |date=2019-12-13 |access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Repubulika == === Irahira n'ingamba za mbere === Ku wa 19 Ukuboza 2019, yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Rubanda ya Aligeriya<ref name="F52">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le nouveau président Abdelmadjid Tebboune prête serment (Actualisé) |url=https://www.algerie1.com/actualite/le-nouveau-president-abdelmadjid-tebboune-prete-serment-actualise}}</ref>. Ni we Perezida wa mbere wa Aligeriya utarabaye umurwanyi (''moudjahid'') mu ntambara y'ubwigenge, akaba kandi ari we wari ukuze kurusha abandi atangiye manda<ref name="F54">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : qui est Abdelmadjid Tebboune, le nouveau président déjà contesté? |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/algerie-qui-est-abdelmadjid-tebboune-le-nouveau-president-deja-conteste_2111100.html |website=lexpress.fr |date=2019-12-13 |access-date=2021-09-08}}</ref>. Yasabye ko atazongera kwitwa "Nyakubahwa" (''Excellence''), izina ryari ryarakoreshejwe cyane ku butegetsi bwa Bouteflika<ref name="F56">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le nouveau Président demande à être dispensé du prédicat ‘’Excellence’’ |url=https://www.algerie1.com/actualite/le-nouveau-president-demande-a-etre-dispense-du-predicat-lsquo-excellence}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Ukuboza 2019, yagize Abdelaziz Djerad Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="F64">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Zineddine Bouhaddadoua |title=Sur décision du président Tebboune: Abdelaziz Djerrad nouveau premier ministre |url=https://www.alg24.net/abdelaziz-djerrad-nouveau-premier-ministre/ |website=alg24.net |date=2019-12-28}}</ref>. === Ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga === Ku wa 8 Mutarama 2020, yashyizeho akanama k'impuguke 17, abenshi bakaba ari abarimu b'amategeko nshinga, kayobowe na Ahmed Laraba, gashinzwe gutegura ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga<ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie: le président Tebboune nomme une commission pour réviser la Constitution |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20200109-algerie-composition-comission-revision-constitution |date=2020-01-09 |access-date=2020-09-22}}</ref><ref name="F75">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Révision de la Constitution : Tebboune nomme un comité d’experts |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/revision-de-la-constitution-tebboune-nomme-un-comite-dexperts/}}</ref>. Yagasabye kwibanda ku ngingo zirindwi, harimo kongera uburenganzira bw'abaturage, kurwanya ruswa, kuringaniza ububasha, kwigenga kw'ubucamanza, no gushyiraho manda ebyiri gusa ku mukuru w'igihugu, "zidashobora guhinduka"<ref name="E25" />. Umushinga watangajwe ku wa 7 Gicurasi 2020 wanenzwe kuko utahinduraga ubutegetsi bushingiye cyane kuri perezida<ref name="F78">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Algérie, le projet de Constitution de Tebboune fait pschitt |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2020/05/14/en-algerie-le-projet-de-constitution-de-tebboune-fait-pschitt_1788266 |website=Libération.fr |date=2020-05-14 |access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref>. Kamarampaka yo ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 2020 yemeje iryo vugurura ku majwi 66,8 %, ariko abitabiriye bari 23 % gusa; Tebboune yashyize umukono ku iteka ririshyira mu bikorwa ku wa 30 Ukuboza 2020<ref name="F89">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président Tebboune a signé le décret amendant la constitution |url=https://www.algerie-eco.com/2020/12/31/le-president-tebboune-signe-le-decret-amendant-la-constitution/ |website=algerie-eco.com |date=2021-12-31 |access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref>. Ku wa 18 Gashyantare 2021, yasheshe Inteko Ishinga Amategeko (APN), ategeka amatora y'abadepite mbere y'igihe<ref name="F90">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : vers une dissolution du Parlement ? |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2021/02/18/algerie-vers-une-dissolution-du-parlement/ |website=africanews.com |date=2021-02-18 |access-date=2021-02-19}}</ref><ref name="E40">{{cite web |title=Algerian President Reshuffles Government Without Major Cabinet Changes |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/02/22/algerian-president-reshuffles-government-without-major-cabinet-changes/ |website=AfricaNews |date=2021-02-22 |access-date=2021-03-04}}</ref>. Mu 2026, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeje ku bwiganze busesuye irindi vugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga. Abahanga mu mategeko barimo Massensen Cherbi na Mouloud Boumghar bavuga ko iryo vugurura ryongereye ububasha bwa Perezida<ref name="F96">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frédéric Bobin |title=En Algérie, Abdelmadjid Tebboune renforce ses pouvoirs et verrouille le régime |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/03/25/en-algerie-abdelmadjid-tebboune-renforce-la-presidentialisation-du-regime_6674157_3210.html?search-type=classic&ise_click_rank=2 |website=Le Monde |date=2026-03-25 |access-date=2026-03-26}}</ref>. Nyuma y'inkongi z'amashyamba zo mu 2026, Tebboune yasabye ko igitabo cy'amategeko ahana kivugururwa kugira ngo abatwika amashyamba bahanishwe igihano cy'urupfu<ref name="F98">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Incendies meurtriers en Algérie : Abdelmadjid Tebboune ordonne l’application de la peine capitale |url=https://elwatan.dz/incendies-meurtriers-en-algerie-abdelmadjid-tebboune-ordonne-lapplication-de-la-peine-capitale/ |website=El Watan |date=2026-08-30 |access-date=2026-08-30}}</ref>. Umuhanga mu mateka Jean-Pierre Filiu avuga ko umugaba mukuru w'ingabo, Saïd Chengriha, ari we ufite ububasha bukomeye kurusha Perezida<ref name="F92">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les généraux algériens relancent la guerre des mémoires avec la France |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/filiu/2021/04/04/les-generaux-algeriens-relancent-la-guerre-des-memoires-avec-la-france/}}</ref>; ikinyamakuru ''Jeune Afrique'' cyo kivuga ko bombi ari bo bagabo babiri bakomeye kurusha abandi mu gihugu<ref name="F93">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Saïd Chengriha, l’homme qui veut en découdre avec le Maroc - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1453898/politique/said-chengriha-lhomme-qui-veut-en-decoudre-avec-le-maroc/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2024-06-24}}</ref><ref name="E1">{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria: Tensions mount as Tebboune and Chengriha butt heads |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/46604/algeria-tensions-mount-as-tebboune-and-chengriha-butt-heads/ |website=The Africa Report.com |date=2020-10-19 |access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref>. === ''Hirak'' n'ubwisanzure === Muri Gashyantare 2020, Tebboune yavuze ko ''Hirak'' ari "ikintu cyiza cyakijije igihugu", maze ashyiraho ku wa 22 Gashyantare "Umunsi w'igihugu w'ubuvandimwe n'ubumwe hagati y'abaturage n'ingabo zabo kubera demokarasi"<ref name="F99">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Président Tebboune assure que le Hirak est un phénomène salutaire et met en garde contre toute tentative d'infiltration |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/101975-le-president-de-la-republique-assure-que-le-hirak-est-un-phenomene-salutaire-et-met-en-garde-contre-toute-tentative-d-infiltration}}</ref><ref name="E17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Président Tebboune assure que le Hirak est un phénomène salutaire et met en garde contre toute tentative d'infiltration |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/101975-le-president-de-la-republique-assure-que-le-hirak-est-un-phenomene-salutaire-et-met-en-garde-contre-toute-tentative-d-infiltration |date=2020-02-20 |access-date=2020-09-22}}</ref>. Ku wa 17 Werurwe 2020, mu rwego rwo kurwanya icyorezo cya COVID-19, yabujije imyigaragambyo yose<ref name="E20">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Madjid Makedhi |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune assure que l'état a pris ses dispositions pour lutter contre le coronavirus: "Des moyens supplémentaires seront engagés" |url=https://www.elwatan.com/a-la-une/abdelmadjid-tebboune-assure-que-letat-a-pris-ses-dispositions-pour-lutter-contre-le-coronavirus-des-moyens-supplementaires-seront-engages-18-03-2020 |date=2020-03-18 |access-date=2020-09-22}}</ref>. Amnesty International yamaganye ko, mu gihe amaso yose yari ku cyorezo, ubutegetsi bwihutishaga ikurikiranwa n'imanza z'abarwanashyaka, abanyamakuru n'abashyigikiye ''Hirak''<ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Defend the right to protest in Algeria |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/get-involved/take-action/defend-the-right-to-protest-in-algeria/ |website=amnesty.org |access-date=2020-10-17}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Werurwe 2020, avuga ku ifungwa ry'abanyamakuru barimo Khaled Drareni, yavuze ko bamwe muri bo bakorera itangazamakuru ry'amahanga "ritewe inkunga n'amahanga" kugira ngo risenye inzego z'igihugu<ref name="F105">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La liberté de la presse se dégrade en Algérie |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/la-liberte-de-la-presse-se-degrade-en-algerie-02-05-2020-2373844_24.php# |website=lepoint.fr |date=2020-05-02 |access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref>. Ku wa 15 Nzeri 2020, Drareni yakatiwe mu bujurire igifungo cy'imyaka ibiri<ref name="F107">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Khaled Drareni condamné à deux ans de prison ferme |url=https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/khaled-drareni-condamne-a-deux-ans-de-prison-ferme-15-09-2020 |website=El Watan |access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>. Ku wa 18 Gashyantare 2021, Tebboune yahaye imbabazi abantu bagera kuri 60 bari bafunzwe kubera ''Hirak''<ref name="F111">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président algérien dissout le Parlement et appelle à des élections anticipées |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/le-president-algerien-dissout-le-parlement-et-appelle-a-des-elections-anticipees-20210218 |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2021-02-18 |access-date=2021-02-18}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 2024, ku isabukuru y'imyaka 70 y'itangazo ryo ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 1954, yahaye imbabazi imfungwa zirenga 4 000, barimo umunyamakuru Ihsane El Kadi<ref name="F114">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction AE |title=Le Président Tebboune signe deux décrets présidentiels portant mesures de grâce pour plus de 4000 détenus |url=https://www.algerie-eco.com/2024/11/01/le-president-tebboune-signe-deux-decrets-presidentiels-portant-mesures-de-grace-pour-plus-de-4000-detenus/ |website=Algerie Eco |date=2024-10-31 |access-date=2024-11-03}}</ref><ref name="F115">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Algérie, le journaliste Ihsane El Kadi et plusieurs détenus d’opinion libérés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/en-algerie-le-journaliste-ihsane-el-kadi-et-plusieurs-detenus-dopinion-liberes-20241101_CB5F4KLE35DE3K646YDE6M5OKA/ |website=Libération |access-date=2024-11-03}}</ref>. === Indwara ya COVID-19 === Muri Ukwakira 2020, byatangajwe ko Tebboune yanduye COVID-19; ku wa 28 Ukwakira yajyanywe mu Budage kuvurwa, Minisitiri w'Intebe Abdelaziz Djerad amusimbura mu mirimo ye<ref name="F142">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La Présidence donne des nouvelles de l'état de santé de Tebboune |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/alerte-la-presidence-donne-des-nouvelles-de-letat-de-sante-de-tebboune/ |website=tsa-algerie.com |date=2020-10-29 |access-date=2020-10-31}}</ref><ref name="E36">{{cite web |language=en |author=Tara Rippin |title=Algerian President 'disappears' after flying to Germany for Covid treatment |url=https://www.euroweeklynews.com/2020/12/12/algerian-president-disappears-after-flying-to-germany-for-covid-treatment/ |website=Euro Weekly News |date=2020-12-12 |access-date=2021-03-15}}</ref>. Yagarutse muri Aligeriya ku wa 29 Ukuboza 2020, asubira i Berlin ku wa 10 Mutarama 2021 kubagwa ikirenge kubera ingaruka za COVID-19, agaruka ku wa 12 Gashyantare 2021<ref name="F146">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président Tebboune de retour en Algérie après deux mois d'absence |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/le-president-tebboune-de-retour-en-algerie-apres-deux-mois-d-absence-20201229 |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2020-12-29 |access-date=2020-12-29}}</ref><ref name="E38">{{cite web |author=Hamid Ould Ahmed |title=Algerian president returns to Germany to be treated for COVID-19 complications |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/algerian-president-returns-germany-treated-152045560.html |website=Yahoo News |date=2021-01-10 |access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref><ref name="E39">{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria's Tebboune returns home after hospitalisation in Germany |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/12/algerias-tebboune-returns-home-after-hospitalization-in-germany |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2021-03-20}}</ref>. === Ubukungu === Ku wa 15 Gashyantare 2022, yatangaje ko urubyiruko rufite hagati y'imyaka 19 na 40 rudafite akazi ruzajya ruhabwa amafaranga y'ingoboka, mu gihe ubushomeri bwari burenze 15 %<ref name="E50">{{cite web |title=Unemployed youth in Algeria to receive monthly pay |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/02/16/unemployed-youth-in-algeria-to-receive-monthly-pay/ |website=Africanews |date=2022-02-16 |access-date=2022-02-20}}</ref>. Nyuma y'igitero cy'Uburusiya kuri Ukraine, yemereye Ubutaliyani n'Uburayi kongererwa gaze; ku wa 18 Nyakanga 2022, yasinyanye na Minisitiri w'Intebe w'Ubutaliyani Mario Draghi amasezerano y'agaciro ka miliyari 4 z'amayero, bituma Aligeriya iba igihugu cya mbere gihaye Ubutaliyani gaze nyinshi<ref name="E51">{{cite web |language=en |title=Italian energy giant Eni signs deal to boost Algerian gas supply |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/5/26/italys-power-giant-eni-inks-deal-to-boost-algerian-gas-imports |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref><ref name="E53">{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria becomes Italy's biggest gas supplier in new €4bn deal |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/07/18/italys-draghi-visits-algeria-for-gas-talks-while-political-crisis-continues-at-home |website=euronews |date=2022-07-18 |access-date=2022-07-19}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2022, yatangaje ko ashaka gutandukanya ubukungu bw'igihugu no kongera ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bitari peteroli na gaze<ref name="E55">{{cite web |title=Non-hydrocarbon exports: Algeria targets US$7 billion by end of 2022 |url=https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/45062-non-hydrocarbon-exports-algeria-targets-us-7-billion-by-end-of-2022 |website=Algeria Press Service |date=2022-09-24 |access-date=2022-10-08}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Mu gihe cy'intambara yo muri [[Libiya]], Aligeriya yongeye kugira uruhare muri icyo kibazo; Tebboune yitabiriye inama ya Berlin yerekeye Libiya ku wa 19 Mutarama 2020<ref name="F123">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tebboune se rend à Berlin pour prendre part à la conférence internationale sur la Libye |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/tebboune-se-rend-a-berlin-pour-prendre-part-a-la-conference-internationale-sur-la-libye/}}</ref>, kandi muri Nyakanga 2021 yemereye Libiya "ubufasha bwuzuye" ubwo yakiraga Mohamed el-Menfi<ref name="E43">{{cite web |title=Tebboune meets Menfi, offers Algeria's support to Libya |url=https://thearabweekly.com/tebboune-meets-menfi-offers-algerias-support-libya |website=The Arab Weekly |date=2021-07-29 |access-date=2022-02-20}}</ref>. Ku wa 24 Mutarama 2022, yasuye Perezida wa [[Misiri]] Abdel Fattah al-Sissi i Kayiro, akaba ari bwo bwa mbere Perezida wa Aligeriya yari asuye Misiri kuva mu 2008<ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=Egypt: President Abdel Fattah El Sisi Receives Algerian President |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202201260144.html |website=allAfrica.com |date=2022-01-26 |access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref><ref name="E49">{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria's Tebboune arrives in Egypt for official visit |url=https://turkishpress.com/algerias-tebboune-arrives-in-egypt-for-official-visit/ |website=TurkishPress |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref>. Ku wa 27 Gicurasi 2020, nyuma y'ishyirwa ahagaragara rya filime mbarankuru ebyiri ku ''Hirak'' kuri televiziyo z'Abafaransa, Aligeriya yahamagaje ambasaderi wayo i Paris<ref name="F124">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L’Algérie rappelle son ambassadeur à Paris après la diffusion en France de documentaires sur le «Hirak» |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/l-algerie-rappelle-son-ambassadeur-a-paris-apres-la-diffusion-en-france-de-documentaires-sur-le-hirak-27-05-2020-8325123.php |website=leparisien.fr |date=2020-05-27 |access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref>. Ku wa 7 Gicurasi 2020, yagize ku wa 8 Gicurasi "umunsi wo kwibuka" ubwicanyi bwabereye i Sétif, Guelma na Kherrata mu 1945<ref name="F138">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : une « Journée de la mémoire » pour les massacres du 8 mai 1945 |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/algerie-une-journee-de-la-memoire-pour-les-massacres-du-8-mai-1945--08-05-2020-2374720_3826.php |website=lepoint.fr |date=2020-05-08 |access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref>, kandi yashimye icyemezo cy'Ubufaransa cyo gusubiza Aligeriya ibihanga by'abarwanyi 24 bishwe mu gihe cy'ubukoloni<ref name="F139">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La France remet à l’Algérie vingt-quatre crânes de résistants décapités au XIXe siècle et entreposés à Paris |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/07/03/la-france-remet-a-l-algerie-24-cranes-de-resistants-decapites-au-xixe-siecle-et-entreposes-a-paris_6045108_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2020-07-03 |access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2022, yakiriye Minisitiri w'Umutekano w'Ubufaransa Gérald Darmanin, bakemura ikibazo cya viza zari zaragabanyijwe kuva muri Nzeri 2021<ref name="E59">{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria summons French envoy over visa restriction plan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/29/algeria-summons-french-envoy-over-visa-restriction-plan |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2022-12-21}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2021, Aligeriya na Maroke bafitanye amakimbirane ya dipolomasi nyuma y'aho Maroke isubukuriye umubano na Isiraheli<ref name="F125">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La rupture des relations diplomatiques entre l’Algérie et le Maroc, nouvelle étape d’une longue escalade |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/08/25/rupture-des-relations-diplomatiques-entre-alger-et-rabat-un-impact-surtout-politique_6092297_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2021-08-25 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>; ibihugu byombi bihanganye ku kibazo cya Sahara y'Iburengerazuba, aho Aligeriya ishyigikira ubwigenge bwayo<ref name="F126">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Une « nouvelle intensification » entre l’Algérie et le Maroc |url=https://adf-magazine.com/fr/2024/04/une-nouvelle-intensification-entre-lalgerie-et-le-maroc/ |website=Africa Defense Forum |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Aligeriya ifitanye umubano wihariye na [[Tuniziya]] ya Kaïs Saïed<ref name="F129">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed: la visite du président Tebboune en Tunisie est "historique" |url=http://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/2459 |website=Radio Algérienne |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Ku wa 13 Kamena 2023, yatangiye uruzinduko rw'iminsi itatu mu Burusiya, aho we na Vladimir Putin biyemeje gukomeza "ubufatanye bw'ingenzi" hagati y'ibihugu byombi<ref name="E61">{{cite web |title=Algeria's president starting state visit to Russia at invitation of Putin |url=https://apnews.com/article/algeria-president-state-visit-russia-19c4805db1e9d4b74756f66536d396d7 |website=AP News |date=2023-06-13 |access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref><ref name="E62">{{cite web |title=Russia, Algeria tighten 'strategic' ties |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/06/16/russia-algeria-tighten-strategic-ties/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-06-19 |access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref>; kuva ku wa 17 kugeza ku wa 21 Nyakanga 2023, yasuye Ubushinwa<ref name="F135">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune à Pékin pour relancer le partenariat algéro-chinois – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1464292/economie-entreprises/abdelmadjid-tebboune-en-chine-pour-relancer-les-partenariats/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2023-07-20 |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref>. Mu 2024, yanenze intambara ya Isiraheli muri Gaza, ayishinja jenoside ku Banyapalestina<ref name="E63">{{cite web |title=El-Sisi and Tebboune agree on necessity of Gaza ceasefire, reject foreign interference in Libya and Sudan |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/534221.aspx |website=Ahram Online |date=2024-10-27}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2024, yamaganye "ibikorwa by'ubwanzi" bya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu, azishinja gushaka guhungabanya Aligeriya n'umubano wayo n'abaturanyi bayo, nka Mali, Nigeri na Libiya, kugira ngo zishyigikire Maroke<ref name="F136">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie – Émirats arabes unis : Tebboune clarifie les choses |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/relations-de-lalgerie-avec-les-emirats-et-le-maroc-tebboune-clarifie-les-choses/ |website=TSA |date=2024-03-31 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref><ref name="F137">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune coincé entre l’Algérie et les Emirats Arabes Unis |url=https://mondafrique.com/international/les-reticences-dabdelmadjid-tebboune-dans-la-crise-entre-lalgerie-et-les-emirats-arabes-unis/ |website=Mondafrique |date=2024-02-07 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Ku wa 10 Nzeri 2026, Aligeriya yacanye umubano wa dipolomasi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu, yirukana ambasaderi wazo. === Amatora ya perezida yo mu 2024 === Muri Gicurasi 2024, ishyaka El Bina rya Abdelkader Bengrina ryatangaje ko rishyigikiye Perezida uriho<ref name="F150">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Algérie : Bengrina choisit Tebboune comme candidat |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/presidentielle-en-algerie-bengrina-choisit-tebboune-comme-candidat/}}</ref>, maze Tebboune yemeza kandidatire ye ku wa 11 Nyakanga. Mu kwiyamamaza, yakoreshaga cyane urubuga rwa TikTok, bimuhesha akazina ka "Tonton Tebboune" (Nyirarume Tebboune) ku mbuga nkoranyambaga<ref name="F152">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'Algérie élit son président, victoire attendue d'Abdelmadjid Tebboune |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1426350/lalgerie-elit-son-president-victoire-attendue-dabdelmadjid-tebboune-papier-general.html |website=www.lorientlejour.com |date=2024-09-07 |access-date=2024-09-07}}</ref><ref name="F153">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Election présidentielle en Algérie : comment Abdelmadjid Tebboune a éteint la contestation pour s’assurer une nouvelle victoire |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/algerie/election-presidentielle-en-algerie-comment-abdelmadjid-tebboune-a-eteint-la-contestation-pour-s-assurer-une-nouvelle-victoire_6766426.html |website=Franceinfo |date=2024-09-07 |access-date=2024-09-07}}</ref>. Ku wa 7 Nzeri 2024, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 84,3 %<ref name="F158">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Algérie, le président sortant Abdelmadjid Tebboune réélu avec 84,3 % des voix |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20240914-en-alg%C3%A9rie-le-pr%C3%A9sident-sortant-abdelmadjid-tebboune-r%C3%A9%C3%A9lu-avec-84-3-des-voix}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Algeria court confirms Tebboune re-elected president with 84.30% of vote |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/algeria-court-confirms-tebboune-re-elected-president-with-8430-vote-2024-09-14/ |website=reuters.com |date=2024-09-14}}</ref>. Imibare y'abitabiriye amatora, yavuye kuri 26,46 % igera kuri 48,03 % mu masaha atatu, yateje impaka mu bakurikiranira hafi amatora n'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi<ref name="F161">{{cite web |language=fr |author=La-Croix.com |title=Présidentielle algérienne : la Kabylie a repris le chemin des bureaux de vote |url=https://www.la-croix.com/international/presidentielle-algerienne-la-kabylie-a-repris-le-chemin-des-bureaux-de-vote-20240908 |website=La Croix |date=2024-09-08 |access-date=2024-09-08}}</ref>. Ibyavuye mu matora bya nyuma, byatangajwe ku wa 14 Nzeri, byari bitandukanye cyane n'iby'agateganyo: amajwi ya Tebboune yavuye kuri 94,65 % agera kuri 84,30 %<ref name="F164">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Melissa NAIT ALI |title=Présidentielle du 7 septembre : la Cour Constitutionnelle proclame les résultats définitifs |url=https://inter-lignes.com/presidentielle-du-7-septembre-la-cour-constitutionnelle-proclame-les-resultats-definitifs/ |website=INTERLIGNES |date=2024-09-14 |access-date=2024-09-14}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Tebboune yashakanye na Fatima Zohra Bella<ref name="E77">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Nicolas Beau |title=Le pouvoir algérien, un bateau sans capitaine |url=https://mondafrique.com/le-pouvoir-algerien-un-bateau-sans-capitaine/ |website=Mondafrique |date=2020-11-15 |access-date=2021-06-08}}</ref>, bafitanye abana batanu: Saloua, Maha, Salaheddine Ilyes, Mohamed na Khaled<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Tarik Qattab |title=Comment Abdelmadjid Tebboune met la fonction de chef de l'état au service de ses enfants |url=https://fr.le360.ma/monde/algerie-comment-abdelmadjid-tebboune-met-la-fonction-de-chef-de-letat-au-service-de-ses-enfants-219900 |website=fr.le360.ma |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Umuhungu we Khaled yafunzwe muri Kamena 2018 mu rubanza rwa ruswa, agirwa umwere muri Gashyantare 2020<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Khaled Tebboune acquitté, 8 ans de prison pour «El-Bouchi» |url=https://maghrebemergent.net/khaled-tebboune-acquitte-8-ans-de-prison-pour-el-bouchi/ |website=Maghreb Emergent |date=2020-02-26 |access-date=2021-10-11}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tribunal Sidi M'hamed : Kamel Chikhi dit "El-bouchi" condamné à 8 ans de prison ferme |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/102264-tribunal-sidi-m-hamed-kamel-chikhi-dit-el-bouchi-condamne-a-8-ans-de-prison-ferme |website=aps.dz |date=2020-02-27 |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Tebboune azwiho kunywa itabi cyane<ref name="E76">{{cite web |language=en |title=Algerian President Tebboune continues hospital treatment for Covid-19 in Germany |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20201103-algerian-president-tebboune-continues-hospital-treatment-for-covid-19-in-germany |website=France 24 |date=2020-11-03 |access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Kuva Liamine Zéroual yapfa mu 2026, ni we Perezida wa Aligeriya wenyine ukiriho<ref name="E2">{{cite web |author=Sami B. |title=El-Yamine Zeroual Dies at 85 in Algeria |url=https://algerianewsgate.com/politics/zeroual-death-algeria/ |website=Algeria News Gate |date=2026-03-28 |access-date=2026-03-29}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Abdelmadjid Tebboune}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Aligeriya]] en23r9sowggzvi6ep7snjw6pvb1ok85 0 23182 140640 2026-10-02T13:54:15Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = João Lourenço | image = João Lourenço 2023.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = João Lourenço mu 2023 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|3|5|df=y}} | birth_place = Lobito, [[Angola]] | nationality = Umunyangola | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare n'irya politiki rya Lenin (Moscou) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika (2025–2026) | t..." 140640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = João Lourenço | image = João Lourenço 2023.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = João Lourenço mu 2023 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|3|5|df=y}} | birth_place = Lobito, [[Angola]] | nationality = Umunyangola | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare n'irya politiki rya Lenin (Moscou) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika (2025–2026) | title = Perezida wa Angola | term = Kuva ku wa 26 Nzeri 2017 | predecessor = José Eduardo dos Santos | party = MPLA | spouse = Ana Dias Lourenço }} '''João Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço''' (wavutse ku wa 5 Werurwe 1954 i Lobito, muri [[Angola]]) ni umujenerali n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyangola, akaba Perezida wa gatatu wa Repubulika ya Angola kuva ku wa 26 Nzeri 2017. Kuva muri Nzeri 2018, ni na we Perezida w'ishyaka riri ku butegetsi, ''Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola'' (MPLA). Yarwanye intambara y'ubwigenge bwa Angola, yiga amateka mu Ubumwe bw'Abasoviyeti, nyuma aba guverineri w'intara, umunyamabanga mukuru wa MPLA (1998–2003), visi-perezida wa mbere w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko (2003–2014) na Minisitiri w'Ingabo (2014–2017). Yasimbuye José Eduardo dos Santos wari umaze imyaka 38 ku butegetsi. Ku butegetsi bwe, yarwanyije ruswa n'ikimenyane by'umuryango wa dos Santos, ndetse yegereza Angola ibihugu by'Uburengerazuba. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2022. Kuva muri Gashyantare 2025 kugeza muri Gashyantare 2026, yabaye Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika, kandi yabaye umuhuza mu makimbirane yo mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. == Ubuzima == === Ubwana === Lourenço yakuriye mu muryango w'abana icumi wari ufite ibitekerezo bya politiki. Se, Sequeira João Lourenço (1923–1999), wakomokaga i Malanje, yari umuganga akaba n'uharanira ubwigenge, wafunzwe imyaka itatu n'ubutegetsi bw'abakoloni b'Abanyaporutigali azira ibikorwa bya politiki<ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Sequeira João Lourenço, 1923 – 1999 |url=https://www.myheritage.com/names/sequeira_louren%C3%A7o |website=My Heritage |access-date=2017-08-24}}</ref><ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Angola : qui est Joao Lourenço, l'ancien général désigné comme successeur de Dos Santos ? |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/400097/politique/angola-joao-lourenco-lancien-general-designe-successeur-de-santos/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2017-02-04 |access-date=2017-08-23}}</ref>. Nyina, Josefa Gonçalves Cipriano Lourenço (1928–1997), wakomokaga i Namibe, yari umudozi<ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Josefa Gonçalves Cipriano Lourenço (born Cipriano), 1928 – 1998 |url=https://www.myheritage.com/names/josefa_louren%C3%A7o |website=My Heritage |access-date=2017-08-24}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Huíla: João Lourenço entre en pré-campagne |url=http://m.portalangop.co.ao/angola/fr_fr/mobile/noticias/politica/2017/1/7/Huila-Joao-Lourenco-entre-pre-campagne,12c74683-3fd3-45d1-a33f-ef93b38c098f.html |website=Agência Angola Press |date=2017-02-18 |access-date=2017-08-23}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye mu ntara ya Bié n'i Luanda<ref name="E10">{{cite web |language=pt |title=JOÃO LOURENÇO COMANDA CAMPANHA DO "M" |url=http://opais.co.ao/joao-lourenco-comanda-campanha-do-m/ |website=OPAÍS |date=2017-02-10}}</ref>. === Amashuri n'urugendo mu gisirikare === Yize mu Ishuri ry'Inganda rya Luanda. Muri Kanama 1974, nyuma y'isenyuka ry'ubutegetsi bw'abakoloni b'Abanyaporutigali, yari mu itsinda rya mbere ry'abasirikare ba MPLA binjiye mu gihugu banyuze i Miconge, berekeza mu mujyi wa Cabinda<ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=pt |author=Steven Mufson |title=Quem é João Lourenço, o homem que irá suceder a José Eduardo dos Santos? |url=http://observador.pt/2017/02/18/quem-e-joao-lourenco-o-homem-que-ira-suceder-a-jose-eduardo-dos-santos/ |website=OBS |date=2017-02-18 |access-date=2017-08-23}}</ref>. Yarwanye intambara y'ubwigenge bwa Angola, nyuma arwana ku ruhande rwa MPLA mu ntambara y'abenegihugu<ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Lourenco: Ex-general poised to be Angola's next leader |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/lourenco-ex-general-poised-to-be-angolas-next-leader-20170203}}</ref><ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Aymeric Janier |title=Les Angolais aux urnes pour préparer l’après-dos Santos |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/08/23/les-angolais-aux-urnes-pour-preparer-l-apres-dos-santos_5175383_3212.html#7be6dEjjMgh03qA8.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2017-08-23}}</ref>. Yahuguwe mu by'imbunda nini (''artillerie''), aba umusirikare ushinzwe politiki muri MPLA. Kuva mu 1978 kugeza mu 1982, yize mu Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare n'irya politiki rya Lenin mu Bumwe bw'Abasoviyeti, ahakura impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu mu mateka<ref name="E14" /><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=en |author=Herculano Coroado |title=Angola's dos Santos calls end to 38 years in power |url=https://reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN15I12Q |website=Reuters |date=2017-02-03}}</ref>. Yabaye komiseri w'intara, hanyuma umuyobozi w'ishami rikuru rya politiki ry'Ingabo za rubanda zo kubohora Angola (FAPLA)<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=pt |title=O (provável) Presidente tampão |url=https://www.publico.pt/2017/08/23/mundo/noticia/o-provavel-presidente-tampao-1783020 |website=Público |access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>. == Urugendo muri politiki == Mu 1984, yagizwe guverineri w'intara ya Moxico<ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Angola's new 'president in waiting' |url=http://www.dw.com/en/angolas-new-president-in-waiting/a-36705629 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2017-02-03 |access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref>, maze muri Mata 1986, Perezida José Eduardo dos Santos amugira guverineri w'intara ya Benguela<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=M. Paulo Jorge est nommé gouverneur de province |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1986/04/10/m-paulo-jorge-est-nomme-gouverneur-de-province_2918221_1819218.html |website=Le Monde |date=1986-04-10}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1992 kugeza mu 1997, yari umunyamabanga ushinzwe itangazamakuru muri MPLA, naho kuva mu 1993 kugeza mu 1998 ayobora itsinda ry'abadepite ba MPLA mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko<ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=João Lourenço é o candidato escolhido pelo MPLA |url=http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/politica/joao_lourenco_e_o_candidato_escolhido_pelo_mpla}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Ukuboza 1998, yatorewe kuba umunyamabanga mukuru wa MPLA, bavuga ko ari ku bw'ubushake bwa dos Santos, ndetse abantu bakeka ko ashobora kuzamusimbura<ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=MPLA chooses new Secretary General |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/apic_122898.html}}</ref>. Ariko mu 2001, ubwo dos Santos yavugaga ko atazongera kwiyamamaza, Lourenço yagaragaje ku mugaragaro ko yifuza kuba umukandida wa MPLA; ibyo byamuteranyije na dos Santos, utari afite umugambi nyakuri wo kuva ku butegetsi, ahubwo washakaga kumenya abo bahanganye<ref name="E11" /><ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Dos Santos at the helm |url=http://www.irinnews.org/feature/2003/12/17/dos-santos-helm}}</ref><ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Ricardo Soares de Oliveira |title=Angola : Le bilan de José Eduardo dos Santos est un grand gaspillage |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/08/18/angola-le-bilan-de-jose-eduardo-dos-santos-est-un-grand-gaspillage_5173791_3212.html#2Kd0UhVyQUJsvimw.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2017-08-18}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2003, yasimbuwe ku mwanya w'umunyamabanga mukuru wa MPLA<ref name="E18" />. Kuva mu 2003 kugeza mu 2014, yabaye visi-perezida wa mbere w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko<ref name="E15" />. Muri Mata 2014, yagizwe Minisitiri w'Ingabo<ref name="E20">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Angola: Presidente nomeia João Lourenço para ministro da Defesa Nacional |url=http://m.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/mobile/noticias/politica/2014/3/17/Angola-Presidente-nomeia-Joao-Lourenco-para-ministro-Defesa-Nacional,cfd146b4-721c-4810-bc08-431943e8d2dc.html |website=Agência Angola Press |date=2014-04-22 |access-date=2017-08-23}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=en |title=April 2014 |url=http://www.rulers.org/2014-04.html |website=Rulers.org}}</ref>, maze muri Kanama 2016 agirwa visi-perezida wa MPLA<ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Nova liderança no MPLA, João Lourenço é o novo vice-presidente |url=https://www.voaportugues.com/a/nova-lideranca-mpla-joao-lourenco-novo-presidente/3476366.html}}</ref><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Dos Santos quittera le pouvoir en août |url=http://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-38854895 |website=BBC News |date=2017-02-03}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Angola == === Manda ya mbere (2017–2022) === [[File:23.05.2025 - Chegada do Presidente da República de Angola, João Lourenço e da senhora Ana Dias Lourenço (54539887154) (cropped).jpg|thumb|João Lourenço n'umugore we Ana Dias Lourenço mu 2025]] Mu Ukuboza 2016, MPLA yamutoranyije kuba umukandida wayo wa mbere ku rutonde rw'amatora y'abadepite yo muri Kanama 2017<ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=Angola's Dos Santos not up for re-election in 2017 – party document |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207160403/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN13S06T?sp=true}}</ref>. Yafatwaga nk'umuntu w'inararibonye wo mu ishyaka, ushyira mu gaciro<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction du Monde |title=José Eduardo dos Santos confirme sa retraite après trente-sept ans de pouvoir en Angola |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/02/03/jose-eduardo-dos-santos-confirme-sa-retraite-apres-trente-sept-ans-de-pouvoir-en-angola_5074314_3212.html#9HS6m8eKuoBQ52WG.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2017-02-03}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2017, dos Santos yatangaje ku mugaragaro ko atazongera kwiyamamaza, kandi ko Lourenço ari we mukandida wa MPLA<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=en |author=Herculano Coroado |title=Angola's Dos Santos not up for re-election in 2017 -party document |url=https://reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN13S06T |website=Reuters |date=2016-12-03}}</ref>. Nk'uko Itegeko Nshinga ryo mu 2010 ribiteganya, umuntu uri ku isonga ry'urutonde rw'ishyaka ribonye amajwi menshi mu matora rusange ahita aba Perezida wa Repubulika<ref name="E3">{{cite web |language=en |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Angola's Constitution of 2010 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Angola_2010.pdf?lang=en |website=Oxford Constitutional Law (Oxford University Press) |date=2017-06-06 |access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref>. MPLA imaze gutsinda amatora ibona imyanya 150, Lourenço yabaye Perezida, ararahira ku wa 26 Nzeri 2017<ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |title=Angola swears in Lourenco, first new president for 38 years |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Africa/News/angola-swears-in-lourenco-first-new-president-for-38-years-20170926 |website=News24 |access-date=2021-07-27}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Angola: le nouveau président João Lourenço a prêté serment |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170926-angola-nouveau-president-joao-lourenco-prete-serment}}</ref>. Lourenço yarwanyije ikimenyane cyari cyarashyizweho n'uwo yasimbuye: mu Ugushyingo 2017, yirukanye Isabel dos Santos, umukobwa wa dos Santos, ku buyobozi bw'ikigo cya peteroli cya Leta Sonangol; muri Mutarama 2018, yirukana José Filomeno dos Santos, umuhungu we, ku buyobozi bw'ikigega cy'igihugu cy'ishoramari. Nyamara, umuryango wa dos Santos wakomeje kugenzura ibice byinshi by'ubukungu bwa Angola<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Angola: le président Lourenço limoge Isabel dos Santos de la présidence de la compagnie pétrolière nationale |url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/ticker/angola-le-president-lourenco-limoge-isabel-dos-santos-presidence-compagnie-petroliere |website=Radio France internationale |date=2017-11-15}}</ref><ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Angola: le fils de l’ex-président dos Santos évincé de la tête du fonds souverain |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180111-angola-le-fils-ex-president-dos-santos-evince-tete-fonds-souverain |website=RFI |date=2018-01-11}}</ref>. Mu 2018, yasimbuje umuyobozi w'inzego z'iperereza (SINSE), hanyuma n'umugaba mukuru w'ingabo, nyuma y'uko aregwa mu rubanza rwa ruswa<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Angola: le président limoge le chef d’état-major de l’armée, le général Nunda |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180424-angola-limogeage-chef-etat-major-geraldo-sachipengo-nunda-corruption |website=RFI |date=2018-04-24}}</ref>. Ku wa 8 Nzeri 2018, mu nama nkuru ya MPLA, yatorewe kuyobora iryo shyaka ku majwi 98,59 %, asimbura dos Santos<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=en |author=Stephen Eisenhammer |title=Angola's Lourenço appointed leader of ruling MPLA party |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-angola-politics-mpla-leadership/angolas-loureno-appointed-leader-of-ruling-mpla-party-idUSKCN1LO0Q7 |website=Reuters |date=2018-09-08}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ex-Angola president dos Santos quits last political post |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/09/07/ex-angola-president-dos-santos-quits-last-political-post/ |website=Africanews |access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref>. Nyamara, igihugu cyakomeje guhura n'ibibazo by'ubukungu: ubukungu bwasubiye inyuma mu 2018, ubushomeri bugera hafi kuri 20 %, n'izamuka ry'ibiciro rikomeza kuba hejuru<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=principaux Indicateurs économiques |url=https://www.coface.com/fr/Etudes-economiques-et-risque-pays/Angola |website=Coface |date=February 2019}}</ref><ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Perspectives économiques de l'Angola |url=https://www.afdb.org/fr/countries/southern-africa/angola/angola-economic-outlook/ |website=Banque africaine de développement}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2018, Lourenço yemeye ishyirahamwe rya mbere ry'abaryamana bahuje ibitsina muri Angola. Muri Mutarama 2019, yakuyeho itegeko ry'abakoloni ryo mu 1886 ryahanaga ubutinganyi, abuza ivangura ribakorerwa, kandi yemera gukuramo inda iyo umugore yafashwe ku ngufu cyangwa ubuzima bwe cyangwa ubw'umwana buri mu kaga<ref name="E26">{{cite web |language=pt |author=Cristina Soares |title=Angola despenaliza homossexualidade |url=https://www.rfi.fr/pt/angola/20190125-angola-despenaliza-homossexualidade |website=Radio France Internationale |date=2019-01-25 |access-date=2022-07-12}}</ref><ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Angola despenaliza homossexualidade |url=https://www.dn.pt/mundo/novo-codigo-penal-angolano-despenaliza-homossexualidade-10484193.html |website=Diário de Notícias |date=2019-01-24 |access-date=2022-07-12}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Nyakanga 2019, mu ruzinduko muri [[Kiba]], yahawe umudari wa José Martí, ari wo mudari usumba iyindi muri icyo gihugu<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Chef de l'Etat angolais décore des personnalités cubaines - Politique - Angola Press - ANGOP |url=http://www.angop.ao/angola/fr_fr/noticias/politica/2019/6/27/Chef-Etat-angolais-decore-des-personnalites-cubaines,52875409-61ad-4f5e-947a-e43fef082829.html |website=angop.ao |access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref>. Mu 2021, yasabye imbabazi ku mugaragaro ku bw'ubwicanyi bwakozwe mu guhashya umugambi wa kudeta wo ku wa 27 Gicurasi 1977, wahitanye abantu ibihumbi<ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Angola pide perdón por masacre en la que participó el ejército cubano. |url=https://adncuba.com/noticias-de-cuba/derechos-humanos/cuba-participo-en-masacre-del-77-en-angola}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2020, umuyobozi w'ibiro bye, Edeltrudes Costa, yashinjwe n'iperereza ry'abanyamakuru kunyereza umutungo wa Leta, bituma abigaragambya i Luanda basaba ko yirukanwa<ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Angola : un site d'information et un journaliste victimes de cyberattaques |url=https://rsf.org/fr/actualites/angola-un-site-dinformation-et-un-journaliste-victimes-de-cyberattaques |website=Reporters sans frontières |date=2020-10-09}}</ref><ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Manifestation en Angola après des accusations contre un proche du président |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/manifestation-en-angola-apr%C3%A8s-des-accusations-contre-un-proche-du-pr%C3%A9sident/5607710.html |website=Voice of America |date=2020-10-04}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri (kuva 2022) === Manda ye ya mbere yaranzwe cyane no kurwanya ruswa, ariko politiki ye y'ubukungu (gutandukanya inkomoko y'amafaranga y'igihugu no kwegurira abikorera ibigo bya Leta) ntiyagabanyije ubukene, bituma akundwa na bake<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Angola : le président sortant João Lourenço veut convaincre à nouveau |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/presidentielle-en-angola-le-president-sortant-joao-lourenco-veut-convaincre-nouveau-468774 |website=TV5MONDE |date=2022-08-22}}</ref>. Mu matora rusange yo muri Kanama 2022, MPLA yabonye 51,17 % by'amajwi, ishyaka rikomeye ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, UNITA, ribona 43,95 %. UNITA yanze ibyavuye mu matora, ariko Lourenço yongera kuba Perezida<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Angola, le parti historique remporte les élections législatives et conserve ainsi le pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/08/29/en-angola-le-parti-historique-remporte-les-elections-legislatives-et-conserve-ainsi-le-pouvoir_6139425_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref>. Ku butegetsi bwe, Angola, yari ifitanye umubano wihariye n'Ubumwe bw'Abasoviyeti hanyuma n'[[Uburusiya]], yegereye ibihugu by'Uburengerazuba; mu 2024, Joe Biden yabaye Perezida wa mbere wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika usuye Angola<ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Angola, l’affaire des « espions russes », reflet du tournant pro-occidental du pays |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/07/24/en-angola-l-affaire-des-espions-russes-reflet-du-tournant-pro-occidental-du-pays_6731526_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-07-24}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2025, imyigaragambyo yamagana izamuka ry'igiciro cya lisansi yahitanye abantu 22 mu minsi itatu, mu gihugu aho 40 % by'abaturage bari munsi y'umurongo w'ubukene<ref name="F24" />. Mbere y'uko manda ye irangira, yihutishije kwegurira abikorera ibigo bya Leta<ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Agence Ecofin |title=Angola : João Lourenço accélère les privatisations avant son départ du pouvoir |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/actualites-finance/1607-140240-angola-jo-o-lourenco-accelere-les-privatisations-avant-son-depart-du-pouvoir |website=Agence Ecofin |access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>; Itegeko Nshinga ntirimwemerera kwiyamamaza mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2027<ref name="F24" />. === Ubumwe bwa Afurika n'ubuhuza === Kuva ku wa 15 Gashyantare 2025 kugeza ku wa 14 Gashyantare 2026, yabaye Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika<ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=opening gambit João Lourenço: 'Dialogue is the only solution to peace in the DRC – including with M23' |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/376762/joao-lourenco-dialogue-is-the-only-solution-to-peace-in-the-drc-including-with-m23/ |website=Africa report |date=2025-02-13}}</ref><ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Union africaine La crise congolaise, priorité de l’Angolais Joao Lourenço pour son mandat à la tête de l’Union africaine |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/02/15/la-crise-congolaise-priorite-de-l-angolais-joao-lourenco-pour-son-mandat-a-la-tete-de-l-union-africaine_6547464_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref>. Yafashije kandi mu biganiro na Perezida wa [[Gabon]] Brice Oligui Nguema, byatumye uwo yahiritse ku butegetsi mu 2023, Ali Bongo, n'umuryango we barekurwa bajya kuba i Luanda<ref name="E32">{{cite web |title=Overthrown Gabon President Bongo and his family arrive in Angola, officials say |url=https://apnews.com/article/gabon-bongo-angola-coup-81c83ec2a8c04d5766121b413d9b5a7a |website=AP News |date=2025-05-16 |access-date=2025-05-16}}</ref><ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gabon: le président déchu Ali Bongo Ondimba et sa famille libérés et arrivés à Luanda |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250516-gabon-l-ex-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-ali-bongo-ondimba-et-sa-famille-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-lib%C3%A9r%C3%A9s-et-arriv%C3%A9s-%C3%A0-luanda |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Mu 2025, yatanzwe nk'umukandida w'Igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel cy'Amahoro<ref name="E33">{{cite web |title=Angolan president earns Nobel Peace Prize nod for diplomacy in Africa |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/09/angolan-president-earns-nobel-peace-prize-nod-for-diplomacy-in-africa/ |website=Vanguard |date=2025-09-23 |access-date=2025-09-23}}</ref>. Kuva muri Nyakanga 2022 kugeza muri Werurwe 2025, yari umuhuza washyizweho n'Ubumwe bwa Afurika mu nzira y'amahoro yiswe "Processus de Luanda", igamije kugarura amahoro mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo<ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Conflit à l’est de la RDC: en quoi consiste le document adopté par Kinshasa et Kigali? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241202-conflit-est-rdc-document-adopt%C3%A9-par-kinshasa-et-kigali-conops-chronogramme |website=Radio France Internationale |date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref>. Yateguye inama nyinshi i Luanda zahuje abayobozi ba Kongo, u [[Rwanda]] n'abandi, zivamo amasezerano yo guhagarika imirwano<ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Crise dans l’est de la RDC: à Luanda, des organisations régionales s’accordent sur une concertation renforcée |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230629-crise-dans-l-est-de-la-rdc-%C3%A0-luanda-des-organisations-r%C3%A9gionales-s-accordent-sur-une-concertation-renforc%C3%A9e |website=Radio France Internationale |date=2023-06-29 |access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref><ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : un accord de cessez-le-feu conclu au mini-sommet de Luanda |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20221123-rdc-un-accord-de-cessez-le-feu-conclu-au-mini-sommet-de-luanda |website=Radio France Internationale |date=2022-11-23 |access-date=2025-05-05}}</ref>, nubwo akenshi yarenzwagaho n'umutwe wa M23<ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC/Rwanda : le M23 déclare ne pas 'être engagé' sur un cessez-le-feu |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/rdcrwanda-le-m23-declare-ne-pas-etre-engage-sur-un-cessez-le-feu-835642 |website=TV5 Monde |date=2022-07-07 |access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2024, yasubukuye ibiganiro, bivamo andi masezerano yo guhagarika imirwano muri Nyakanga 2024<ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Agence France-Presse |title=La France « salue le cessez-le-feu » entre Kinshasa et Kigali dans l’est de la RDC |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/fil-dactualites/310724/la-france-salue-le-cessez-le-feu-entre-kinshasa-et-kigali-dans-l-est-de-la-rdc |website=Médiapart |date=2024-07-31 |access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref>. Nyuma y'inama yo ku wa 15 Ukuboza 2024 yari igamije guhuza Félix Tshisekedi na [[Paul Kagame]] ariko ntiyabe, n'ukwanga kw'abarwanyi ba M23 kwitabira ibiganiro byo ku wa 18 Werurwe 2025, Angola yatangaje ko ihagaritse ubuhuza bwayo<ref name="F39">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RD Congo : le M23 indique qu'il ne participera pas aux pourparlers de paix à Luanda |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/rd-congo-le-m23-indique-quil-ne-participera-pas-aux-pourparlers-de-paix-luanda-2766640 |website=TV5 Monde |date=2025-03-17 |access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref><ref name="F40">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Est de la RDC: l’Angola annonce abandonner sa médiation entre Kinshasa et Kigali |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250324-est-de-la-rdc-l-angola-annonce-abandonner-sa-m%C3%A9diation-entre-kinshasa-et-kigali |website=Radio France Internationale |date=2025-03-26 |access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Yashakanye na Ana Afonso Dias Lourenço, umudepite wa MPLA wahoze ari Minisitiri w'Igenamigambi (1997–2012) akaba yarakoreye Banki y'Isi<ref name="E35">{{cite web |author=de Angola no Brazil. Embaixada |title=«Biografia do Presidente da República» |url=https://embaixadadeangola.com.br/?page_id=5074 |website=«Biografia do Presidente da República» |date=2017}}</ref><ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Michael Pauron |title=João Lourenço, ou le renouveau diplomatique angolais |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/559327/politique/joao-lourenco-ou-le-renouveau-diplomatique-angolais/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2018-05-23}}</ref>. Bafitanye abakobwa batatu; afite kandi umuhungu w'imfura, Henrique Manuel Pires Lourenço, yabyaranye n'undi mugore, n'abandi bana babiri<ref name="E36">{{cite web |author=Club K. |title=Exclusivo: João Lourenço com direito a nacionalidade portuguesa |url=https://www.club-k.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48562:joao-lourenco-com-direito-a-nacionalidade-portuguesa&catid=23:politica&lang=pt&Itemid=641 |website=Exclusivo: João Lourenço com direito a nacionalidade portuguesa}}</ref>. Uretse Igiporutigali, avuga Ikirusiya, Icyesipanyolo n'Icyongereza<ref name="E37">{{cite web |language=en |title=Angola's President Dos Santos anoints deputy Lourenco |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38856597 |website=BBC News |date=2017-02-03 |access-date=2021-07-27}}</ref>. Akiri muto, yakinaga karate (afite umukandara w'umukara) n'umupira w'amaguru; akunda gusoma, gukina échecs no kugendera ku mafarashi<ref name="E35" />. == Reba kandi == * [[Paul Kagame]] == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|João Lourenço}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Angola]] h2oegv694f36lx6rju522qkxt2u1vd1 0 23183 140643 2026-10-02T13:57:46Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Romuald Wadagni | image = Romuald Wadagni March 2026 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Romuald Wadagni muri Werurwe 2026 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|6|20|df=y}} | birth_place = Lokossa, [[Bene]] | nationality = Umunyabene | alma_mater = École supérieure des affaires de Grenoble<br />Harvard Business School | occupation = Umuhanga mu ibaruramari, umunyapolitiki | known_for = M..." 140643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Romuald Wadagni | image = Romuald Wadagni March 2026 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Romuald Wadagni muri Werurwe 2026 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|6|20|df=y}} | birth_place = Lokossa, [[Bene]] | nationality = Umunyabene | alma_mater = École supérieure des affaires de Grenoble<br />Harvard Business School | occupation = Umuhanga mu ibaruramari, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Minisitiri w'Ubukungu n'Imari wa Bene (2016–2026) | title = Perezida wa Bene | term = Kuva ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2026 | predecessor = Patrice Talon | party = Nta shyaka (yashyigikiwe na UPR na BR) }} '''Kossi Mbueke Romuald Wadagni''' (wavutse ku wa 20 Kamena 1976 i Lokossa, muri [[Bene]]) ni umuhanga mu ibaruramari n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyabene, akaba Perezida wa cyenda wa Repubulika ya Bene kuva ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2026. Yamaze imyaka 17 akorera ikigo mpuzamahanga cy'igenzura n'ubujyanama Deloitte mu [[Ubufaransa]], muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] no muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. Mu 2016, Perezida Patrice Talon yamugize Minisitiri w'Ubukungu n'Imari, umwanya yamazeho imyaka icumi, avugurura cyane ubukungu bw'igihugu no gucunga imyenda ya Leta. Mu matora ya perezida yo muri Mata 2026, ashyigikiwe na Talon n'amashyaka ari ku butegetsi, yatsinze ku majwi agera kuri 94 %. == Ubuzima == === Ubwana n'amashuri === Romuald Wadagni yavukiye i Lokossa ku wa 20 Kamena 1976, akaba ari imfura mu bana batanu<ref name="E4">{{cite web |title=Romuald Wadagni: Ministre des Finances - Présidentielle 2016 |url=http://presidentielles-2016.com/romuald-wadagni-ministre-des-finances/ |access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref>. Se, Nestor Wadagni, wari impuguke mu ibarurishamibare n'ubukungu wize muri ENSAE, yakoze imirimo ikomeye mu butegetsi bwa Bene, maze amaze kujya mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru yandika igitabo cy'ubushakashatsi (thèse) mu mibare; nyina ni umushoramari<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Romuald Wadagni, le ministre de l'économie du Bénin ? |url=https://afrique.latribune.fr/decideurs/2022-06-03/romuald-wadagni-qui-est-l-homme-fort-du-gouvernement-beninois-920024.html |website=afrique.latribune.fr |date=2022-06-03 |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref><ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pierre Donadieu |title=Romuald Wadagni, un technocrate discret à la présidence du Bénin |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/romuald-wadagni-un-technocrate-discret-la-presidence-du-benin-2817549 |website=TV5 Monde |date=2026-04-14}}</ref>. Akiri muto, yakundaga imirimo y'amaboko, yiga ubwubatsi n'ubukanishi<ref name="F3" />. Amaze kubona impamyabumenyi y'amashuri yisumbuye mu bumenyi muri Bene, yakomereje amashuri mu Bufaransa. Kuva mu 1995 kugeza mu 1999, yize muri ''École supérieure des affaires'' (ESA) ya Grenoble, ahakura impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu mu by'imari ari uwa mbere mu ishuri rye. Ari i Grenoble, yahuye n'umufatanyabikorwa wa Deloitte wamushyize muri icyo kigo mu 1998<ref name="E6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Romuald Wadagni, la pépite béninoise du groupe Deloitte |url=https://forbesafrique.com/romuald-wadagni-la-pepite-beninoise-du-groupe-deloitte/ |website=forbesafrique.com |date=2016-07-01 |access-date=2022-04-19}}</ref><ref name="F3" />. == Umwuga muri Deloitte == Arangije amashuri, yakoreye ibiro bya Deloitte i Lyon imyaka ine<ref name="E6" />. Mu 2003, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'umuhanga mu ibaruramari wo muri Amerika (''Certified Public Accountant''), ajya i Boston aho yabaye umuyobozi w'igenzura (''Audit Manager'') kugeza mu 2006, akorana n'ibigo binini nka Orange. Mu 2007, yahuguriwe muri ''Harvard Business School'' mu by'ishoramari<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ce qu’il faut savoir du nouveau ministre béninois de l’économie et des finances |url=http://www.financialafrik.com/2016/04/07/ce-quil-faut-savoir-du-nouveau-ministre-beninois-de-leconomie-et-des-finances/#.VwkX1nomGZY |website=Financial Afrik |access-date=2016-04-10}}</ref><ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bénin : Romuald Wadagni, ce jeune loup qui veut redresser le pays |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/392946/economie/benin-romuald-wadagni-jeune-loup-veut-redresser-pays/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2017-01-27 |access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref>. Mu 2012, afite imyaka 36, yabaye umufatanyabikorwa (''associé'') wa Deloitte, akaba ari we wari ukiri muto kurusha abandi mu mateka y'icyo kigo<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Romuald Wadagni Ministre de l'Economie et des Finances, Bénin |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019113601/https://www.theafricaceoforum.com/finance-summit/fr/intervenant/romuald-wadagni/ |website=theafricaceoforum.com via Internet Archive |date=2021-03-10 |access-date=2022-04-19}}</ref><ref name="F3" />. Uwo mwaka, yafunguye ibiro bya Deloitte i Kinshasa n'i Lubumbashi<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Deloitte ouvre deux bureaux en RD Congo |url=http://www.agenceecofin.com/consulting/0311-7396-deloitte-ouvre-deux-bureaux-en-rd-congo}}</ref>. Muri Ugushyingo 2015, yagizwe umuyobozi w'igenzura muri Afurika ivuga Igifaransa<ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nominations au sein de l'activité audit chez Deloitte |url=https://www.focusrh.com/strategie-rh/organisation-et-conseil/nominations-au-sein-de-l-activite-audit-chez-deloitte-25915.html |website=Focus RH}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nominations au sein de l'activité audit chez Deloitte |url=https://www.focusrh.com/strategie-rh/organisation-et-conseil/nominations-au-sein-de-l-activite-audit-chez-deloitte-25915.html |website=Focus RH |date=2012-06-25 |access-date=2025-03-19}}</ref>. Mu 2016, yari amaze imyaka 17 akorera Deloitte i Paris, Lyon, Boston, New York na Lubumbashi, azwiho ubuhanga mu mahame mpuzamahanga y'ibaruramari (IFRS)<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nominations au sein de l'activité audit chez Deloitte |url=http://www.focusrh.com/strategie-rh/organisation-et-conseil/nominations-au-sein-de-l-activite-audit-chez-deloitte-25915.html |website=Focus RH |date=2012-06-25 |access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref><ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=Nominations au sein de l'activité audit chez Deloitte |url=http://www.focusrh.com/strategie-rh/organisation-et-conseil/nominations-au-sein-de-l-activite-audit-chez-deloitte-25915.html |date=2012-06-25 |access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref>. == Minisitiri w'Ubukungu n'Imari (2016–2026) == Ku wa 7 Mata 2016, yagizwe Minisitiri w'Ubukungu n'Imari muri guverinoma ya mbere ya Patrice Talon<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Vincent Duhem |title=Bénin : Patrice Talon nomme un gouvernement sans Premier ministre |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/316256/politique/benin-patrice-talon-nomme-gouvernement-premier-ministre/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2016-04-07 |access-date=2016-04-09}}</ref>. Mu gihugu cyari kiremerewe n'imyenda, yashyize imbere gutunganya imari ya Leta kugira ngo Bene yizerwe n'abaterankunga, ashyiraho politiki yo gucunga imyenda hakiri kare. Ibyo byatumye igihugu kibasha kuguza igihe kirekire no ku nyungu ziri hasi ugereranyije n'ibindi bihugu byo mu karere nka Côte d'Ivoire na Senegali<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Supposée mauvaise gouvernance sous Boni Yayi : le ministre Romuald Wadagni persiste et signe devant les députés – BENIN TO |url=http://www.beninto.info/2016/06/23/supposee-mauvaise-gouvernance-sous-boni-yayi-le-ministre-romuald-wadagni-persiste-et-signe-devant-les-deputes/ |access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Supposée mauvaise gouvernance sous Boni Yayi : le ministre Romuald Wadagni persiste et signe devant les députés – BENIN TO |url=http://www.beninto.info/2016/06/23/supposee-mauvaise-gouvernance-sous-boni-yayi-le-ministre-romuald-wadagni-persiste-et-signe-devant-les-deputes/ |access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref>. Muri Ukwakira 2018, yashakiye Bene inguzanyo ya miliyoni 260 z'amayero ku masoko mpuzamahanga, ubwa mbere mu mateka y'igihugu<ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Finances : le Bénin obtient son premier prêt commercial international – JeuneAfrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/648796/economie/finances-le-benin-obtient-son-premier-pret-commercial-international/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2019, yayoboye isohorwa rya mbere ry'impapuro mpeshamwenda mpuzamahanga (''eurobond'') za Bene, zifite agaciro ka miliyoni 500 z'amayero<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=en |title=The bond beginnings of Benin |url=https://wholesale.banking.societegenerale.com/en/news-insights/all-news-insights/news-details/news/the-bond-beginnings-benin-1/ |website=Société Générale |access-date=2025-09-05}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Mutarama 2021, Bene yasohoye ''eurobonds'' ebyiri, harimo imwe y'imyaka 31, bituma iba mu bihugu bike bikizamuka bifite impapuro nk'izo zirengeje imyaka 30<ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Bénin, un nouveau modèle économique ouest-africain ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1292600/economie/le-benin-un-nouveau-modele-economique-ouest-africain/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2022-02-22 |access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2021, Bene yabaye igihugu cya mbere cya Afurika gisohoye ''eurobond'' igenewe gutera inkunga imishinga y'Intego z'Iterambere Rirambye z'Umuryango w'Abibumbye, ifite agaciro ka miliyoni 500 z'amayero<ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Bénin réussit sa première émission d’un Eurobond ODD |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2021/07/15/le-benin-reussit-sa-premiere-emission-dun-eurobond-odd/ |website=financialafrik.com |date=2021-07-15 |access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref>. Ku wa 29 Ugushyingo 2021, Bene yishyuye mbere y'igihe igice cy'umwenda wayo, bituma izigama miliyoni 55 z'amayero z'inyungu<ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bénin : comment Romuald Wadagni a fait économiser 55 millions d’euros à Cotonou |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1275095/economie/benin-comment-romuald-wadagni-a-fait-economiser-55-millions-deuros-a-cotonou/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2021-12-03 |access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref>. Mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya COVID-19, ubukungu bwa Bene bwakomeje guhagarara neza: mu 2021 bwazamutseho 7,2 %<ref name="F22" />. Muri Werurwe 2021, ikigo Moody's cyazamuye amanota y'igihugu kuva kuri B2 kugera kuri B1<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Bénin lève 500 millions € pour la réalisation de ses ODD grâce à un nouvel eurobond sursouscrit près de 3 fois |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/finances-publiques/1707-90193-le-benin-leve-500-millions-pour-la-realisation-de-ses-odd-grace-a-un-nouvel-eurobond-sursouscrit-pres-de-3-fois |website=agenceecofin.com |date=2021-07-17 |access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref>. Mu 2020, nk'uko UNCTAD ibivuga, Bene yabaye igihugu cya mbere ku isi aho gushinga ikigo byoroshye kandi byihuta kurusha ahandi<ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Conférence des Nations unies sur le commerce et le développement (CNUCED) : Le Bénin devient N° 1 mondial dans la création d’entreprises |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510215622/https://www.gouv.bj/actualite/1034/conference-nations-unis-commerce-developpement--cnuced-benin-devient-1-mondial-dans-creation-entreprises/ |website=gouv.bj via Internet Archive |date=2020-12-03 |access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2018 kugeza mu 2020, yayoboye Inama y'Abaminisitiri ya UEMOA, ayobora amavugurura arimo n'irya ''franc CFA'', Banki Nyafurika Itsura Amajyambere yise "ay'amateka"<ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président béninois Patrice Talon prend la tête de l’Uemoa « dans un esprit de réforme » |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220327-le-pr%C3%A9sident-b%C3%A9ninois-patrice-talon-prend-la-t%C3%AAte-de-l-uemoa-dans-un-esprit-de-r%C3%A9forme |website=rfi.fr |access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président béninois Patrice Talon prend la tête de l'Uemoa "dans un esprit de réforme" |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220327-le-pr%C3%A9sident-b%C3%A9ninois-patrice-talon-prend-la-t%C3%AAte-de-l-uemoa-dans-un-esprit-de-r%C3%A9forme |website=rfi.fr |date=2022-03-27 |access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2021, Talon yamugumishije ku mwanya we. Mu 2022, mu gihe cy'ingaruka za COVID-19 n'intambara yo muri Ukraine, guverinoma yashoye miliyari 41 z'amafaranga CFA mu kugabanya ibiciro by'ibicuruzwa by'ibanze<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cherté de la vie au Bénin : Romuald Wadagni entre pédagogie et mesures fortes |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2022/04/07/cherte-de-la-vie-au-benin-romuald-wadagni-entre-pedagogie-et-mesures-fortes/ |website=financialafrik.com |date=2022-04-07 |access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2022, yayoboye intumwa za Bene i Washington, bagirana na FMI amasezerano y'inkunga ya miliyoni 700 z'amadolari<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bénin : conclusion d’un nouvel accord de 700 millions de dollars avec le FMI |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2022/04/23/benin-conclusion-dun-nouvel-accord-de-700-millions-de-dollars-avec-le-fmi/ |website=financialafrik.com |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref><ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Albert Savana |title=Bénin : conclusion d'un nouvel accord de 700 millions de dollars avec le FMI |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2022/04/23/benin-conclusion-dun-nouvel-accord-de-700-millions-de-dollars-avec-le-fmi/ |website=Financial Afrik |date=2022-04-23 |access-date=2025-03-19}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro za 2023, Talon yamwongereye inshingano z'ubufatanye mpuzamahanga n'iz'umutekano, cyane cyane kurinda amajyaruguru y'igihugu no kugura ibikoresho bya gisirikare<ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Maxime Paszkowiak |title=BÉNIN : Le ministre de l'économie Romuald Wadagni étend son influence aux affaires militaires - 26/05/2023 |url=https://www.africaintelligence.fr/afrique-ouest/2023/05/26/le-ministre-de-l-economie-romuald-wadagni-etend-son-influence-aux-affaires-militaires,109977520-eve |website=Africa Intelligence |date=2024-06-17 |access-date=2024-06-17}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2024, Bene yasohoye impapuro mpeshamwenda za mbere mu madolari y'Amerika, ibona miliyoni 750 z'amadolari<ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=en |author=Baudelaire Mieu et Moses Mozart Dzawu |title=Benin’s Debut Dollar Bond Oversubscribed More Than Six Times |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-06/benin-s-debut-dollar-bonds-oversubscribed-by-more-than-six-times?embedded-checkout=true |website=bloomberg.com |date=2024-02-06 |access-date=2024-06-17}}</ref><ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Anne Cheyvialle |title=«C’est un succès historique» : le vertueux Bénin s’illustre sur les marchés internationaux |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/conjoncture/c-est-un-succes-historique-le-vertueux-benin-s-illustre-sur-les-marches-internationaux-20240207 |website=Le Figaro |date=2024-02-07 |access-date=2024-06-17}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2024, ikigo Standard & Poor's cyazamuye amanota y'inguzanyo ya Bene kuva kuri "B+" kugera kuri "BB−", rikaba rimwe mu manota meza muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara nyuma ya Botswana, Maurice na Côte d'Ivoire<ref name="F39">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Bénin obtient la notation de crédit « BB- » de l’agence S&P avec perspective « stable » |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/economie/2204-118072-le-benin-obtient-la-notation-de-credit-bb-de-l-agence-s-p-avec-perspective-stable |website=Agence Ecofin |access-date=2024-06-21}}</ref><ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La Côte d’Ivoire, 3ème pays d’Afrique subsaharienne le mieux noté par Standard & Poor's |url=https://www.sikafinance.com/marches/erratum-la-cote-divoire-3eme-pays-dafrique-subsaharienne-le-mieux-note-par-standard-poor-s_46365 |website=sikafinance.com |access-date=2024-06-21}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2024, ubushakashatsi bwa ''Open Budget Survey'' bwashyize Bene ku mwanya wa mbere mu bihugu bivuga Igifaransa mu bijyanye no gukorera mu mucyo mu ngengo y'imari<ref name="F44">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Bénin, meilleur élève en matière de transparence budgétaire des pays francophones |url=https://www.sikafinance.com/marches/le-benin-meilleur-eleve-en-matiere-de-transparence-budgetaire-des-pays-francophones_46518 |website=sikafinance.com |access-date=2024-06-21}}</ref>. Muri Ugushyingo 2024, muri COP 29 i Bakou, yatanze gahunda yo gutera inkunga urugamba rwo kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ibihe<ref name="F45">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Nanythe Talani |title=Le Bénin veut mobiliser des financements innovants pour sa transition climatique |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/le-b%C3%A9nin-veut-mobiliser-des-financements-innovants-pour-sa-transition-climatique/7869665.html |website=Voice of America |date=2024-11-19 |access-date=2025-01-27}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro za 2025, abantu benshi bifuzaga ko yiyamamariza kuyobora Banki Nyafurika Itsura Amajyambere, ariko ntiyabikora<ref name="F48">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Pourquoi Romuald Wadagni renonce à la présidence de la Banque africaine de développement - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1653743/economie-entreprises/pourquoi-romuald-wadagni-renonce-a-la-presidence-de-la-banque-africaine-de-developpement/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2025-02-05}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Bene == === Amatora yo mu 2026 === Ku wa 31 Kanama 2025, amashyaka abiri ashyigikiye Perezida, UPR na BR, yamutoranyije kuba umukandida wayo mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2026, nyuma y'inama yabereye kwa Patrice Talon<ref name="F51">{{cite web |language=fr |author=APA- Cotonou (Bénin) |title=Bénin : Romuald Wadagni, dauphin de Talon pour 2026 |url=https://fr.apanews.net/news/benin-romuald-wadagni-dauphin-de-talon-pour-2026/ |website=APAnews - Agence de Presse Africaine |date=2025-08-31 |access-date=2025-08-31}}</ref><ref name="F54">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Bénin, le ministre de l’économie, Romuald Wadagni, est le candidat de la majorité pour la présidentielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/09/01/au-benin-le-ministre-de-l-economie-romuald-wadagni-est-candidat-de-la-majorite-pour-la-presidentielle_6638011_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-09-01 |access-date=2025-09-05}}</ref>. Wadagni ntabarizwa mu ishyaka na rimwe<ref name="F52">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Écrit par Cochimau HOUNGBADJI |title=Bénin : coulisses de la désignation de Romuald Wadagni |url=https://www.afrique-sur7.fr/benin-coulisses-de-la-designation-de-romuald-wadagni |website=www.afrique-sur7.fr |date=2025-09-03 |access-date=2025-09-05}}</ref>. Talon ntiyari yemerewe kwiyamamaza manda ya gatatu. Uwo bafatanyije kwiyamamaza ku mwanya wa visi-perezida yari Mariam Chabi Talata, visi-perezida wari usanzweho. Mu matora yo ku wa 12 Mata 2026, yatsinze ku majwi 94,05 %. Umukandida w'ishyaka ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi ''Les Démocrates'' ntiyabashije kwiyamamaza kubera kutabona abamushyigikira (''parrainages'') bahagije<ref name="F56">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Fiacre Vidjingninou |title=Au Bénin, la succession très encadrée de Patrice Talon |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/04/12/au-benin-la-succession-tres-encadree-de-patrice-talon_6679528_3212.html?search-type=classic&ise_click_rank=1 |website=Lemonde.fr |date=2026-04-12 |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref><ref name="F57">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Bénin : Romuald Wadagni succède à Patrice Talon |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/vid%C3%A9o/20260415-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-au-b%C3%A9nin-romuald-wadagni-succ%C3%A8de-%C3%A0-patrice-talon |website=France 24 |date=2026-04-15 |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref>. Abitabiriye amatora bari 58,75 %, kandi CEDEAO yashimye uko amatora yagenze<ref name="F58">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin Roger |title=Au Bénin, le candidat de la majorité, Romuald Wadagni, élu président avec plus de 94 % des voix |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/04/14/au-benin-le-candidat-de-la-majorite-romuald-wadagni-elu-president-avec-plus-de-94-des-voix_6679830_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-04-14}}</ref>. Nk'uko TV5 Monde ibivuga, intsinzi ye yashingiye ku cyizere yari yaragiriwe kubera amavugurura y'ubukungu yakoze ari Minisitiri w'Imari<ref name="F1" />. === Ku butegetsi === Ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2026, yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Bene mu gihe cy'imyaka irindwi, asimbura Patrice Talon, kandi uwo munsi ashyiraho guverinoma ye<ref name="F61">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Kossi LAMBA |title=A peine investi, Romuald Wadagni annonce son équipe : Voici la composition du nouveau gouvernement du Bénin |url=https://lalternative.info/2026/05/24/a-peine-investi-romuald-wadagni-annonce-son-equipe-voici-la-composition-du-nouveau-gouvernement-du-benin/ |website=L'alternative |date=2026-05-24 |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref><ref name="E48">{{cite web |language=en |title=Former finance minister Romuald Wadagni sworn is as Benin's new president |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/05/24/former-finance-minister-romuald-wadagni-sworn-is-as-benins-new-president/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-05-24 |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Kamena 2026, yakoreye urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga ari Perezida muri [[Nijeriya]]<ref name="E49">{{cite web |language=en |title=Benin's new president flies to Nigeria on first foreign trip |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/06/02/benins-new-president-flies-to-nigeria-on-first-foreign-trip/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-06-02 |access-date=2026-06-03}}</ref>. == Ibihembo == * 2021: ikinyamakuru ''Financial Afrik'' cyamwise "Minisitiri mwiza w'Ubukungu n'Imari muri Afurika"<ref name="F62">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les 5 meilleurs ministres africains de l’Économie et des Finances |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2021/12/31/les-5-meilleurs-ministres-africains-de-leconomie-et-des-finances/ |website=financialafrik.com |date=2021-12-31 |access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref>. * 2024: ''Financial Afrik'' cyamwise ku nshuro ya kane "Minisitiri w'Imari w'umwaka"<ref name="F63">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction |title=Les 100 qui transforment l’Afrique |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2024/12/16/les-100-qui-transforment-lafrique-2/ |website=Financial Afrik |date=2024-12-16 |access-date=2025-01-27}}</ref>. * 2025: ikinyamakuru ''The Banker'' cyamwise "Minisitiri w'Imari w'umwaka muri Afurika"<ref name="F64">{{cite web |language=en |title=Finance Minister of the Year 2025 |url=https://www.thebanker.com/content/7d95fa84-f5ca-5438-b50d-238f6a4bb112 |website=www.thebanker.com |access-date=2025-09-05}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Romuald Wadagni afite abana babiri<ref name="F3" />. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Romuald Wadagni}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Bene]] n0po64s4mqysfb2i851vyy7w98lwdv9 0 23184 140644 2026-10-02T14:00:42Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Duma Boko | image = Duma Boko 2025 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Duma Boko mu 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|12|31|df=y}} | birth_place = Mahalapye, [[Botswana]] | nationality = Umunyabotswana | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Botswana<br />Harvard Law School | occupation = Umunyamategeko, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida wa Umbrella for Democratic Change (kuva 2012) | titl..." 140644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Duma Boko | image = Duma Boko 2025 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Duma Boko mu 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|12|31|df=y}} | birth_place = Mahalapye, [[Botswana]] | nationality = Umunyabotswana | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Botswana<br />Harvard Law School | occupation = Umunyamategeko, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida wa Umbrella for Democratic Change (kuva 2012) | title = Perezida wa Botswana | term = Kuva ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 2024 | predecessor = Mokgweetsi Masisi | party = Botswana National Front / Umbrella for Democratic Change }} '''Duma Gideon Boko''' (wavutse ku wa 31 Ukuboza 1969 i Mahalapye, muri [[Botswana]]) ni umunyamategeko n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyabotswana, akaba Perezida wa gatandatu wa Repubulika ya Botswana kuva ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 2024. Yayoboye ishyaka ''Botswana National Front'' (BNF) kuva mu 2010, ashinga ihuriro ry'amashyaka atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi ''Umbrella for Democratic Change'' (UDC), aba Umuyobozi w'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko kuva mu 2014 kugeza mu 2019. Mu matora rusange yo mu 2024, yatsinze ishyaka ''Botswana Democratic Party'' (BDP) ryari ku butegetsi kuva igihugu kibona ubwigenge mu 1966: ni bwo bwa mbere mu mateka ya Botswana ubutegetsi bwahererekanyijwe hagati y'amashyaka. Afatwa nk'uharanira demokarasi ishingiye ku mibereho myiza y'abaturage (''social-démocrate''). == Ubuzima == === Ubwana n'amashuri === Duma Boko yavukiye i Mahalapye, umudugudu wo mu Ntara yo Hagati, uri ku birometero 200 mu majyaruguru y'umurwa mukuru [[Gaborone]]<ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=en |title=Botswana election: Duma Boko - the politician who did the unthinkable |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2yx5nk1l0o |website=www.bbc.com |access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref><ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Elections au Botswana : le président annonce reconnaître la défaite et « facilitera la transition » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/11/01/elections-au-botswana-le-president-annonce-reconnaitre-la-defaite-et-facilitera-la-transition_6370074_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-11-01 |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref>. Se, witabye Imana mu 2004, yari umwarimu muri Madiba Brigades<ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Meet Your Hero. President Duma Gideon Boko. UDC Presidential Candidate Botswana |url=https://democracyheroesaward.com/2023/08/31/meet-your-hero-president-duma-gideon-boko-udc-presidential-candidate-botswana/ |website=Democracy Heroes Award |access-date=2024-03-05}}</ref>. Mu 1987, yatangiye kwiga amategeko muri Kaminuza ya Botswana, aho yatorewe kujya mu nama ihagarariye abanyeshuri; arangiza mu 1993, akomereza muri ''Harvard Law School'' muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], ahakura impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu mu mategeko (LLM) mu 1995<ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=Sharon Mathala |title=The loo flushes away BMD'S woes |url=https://thevoicebw.com/loo-flushes-away-bmds-woes/ |website=The Voice |date=2017-09-08 |access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Botswana : un avocat des droits humains, Duma Boko, devient président |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/botswana-un-avocat-des-droits-humains-duma-boko-devient-president-2746747 |website=TV5 Monde |date=2024-11-01 |access-date=2024-11-02}}</ref>. === Umwuga === Kuva mu 1993 kugeza mu 2003, yigishije amategeko muri Kaminuza ya Botswana, anayobora ikigo cy'abavoka<ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=President Duma Boko |url=http://www.udc.org.bw/dumaboko.html |website=Umbrella for Democratic change |access-date=2017-10-06}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 2000, yandikaga inkuru mu kinyamakuru ''The Monitor'', anenga abacamanza n'abashakashatsi kudakora ubushakashatsi buhagije<ref name="E10" />. == Urugendo muri politiki == Boko yinjiye mu ishyaka rya ''Botswana National Front'' afite imyaka 21<ref name="F2" />, aryobora kuva mu 2010<ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Mmegi Online :: Boko victorious; elected BNF president |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=3658&dir=2010/July/Thursday22/ |website=Mmegi Online |date=2010-07-22 |access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>. Abatavuga rumwe na we bamureze mu nkiko bavuga ko ubwo BNF yacikagamo ibice mu 2000 yari yabaye umwe mu bashinze ''National Democratic Front'', ariko atsinda urwo rubanza<ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=BNF backs Boko's membership claim |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/bnf-backs-bokoocos-membership-claim/ |website=Sunday Standard |date=2010-07-11 |access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref><ref name="E10" />. BNF yifatanyije n'amashyaka ''Botswana Movement for Democracy'' na ''Botswana Peoples Party'' bashinga ihuriro ''Umbrella for Democratic Change'' (UDC)<ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Brief History - UDC |url=http://www.udc.org.bw/history.html |website=www.udc.org.bw |access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>; abayoboke bamwe ba BNF baramureze, ariko atsinda imanza zose<ref name="E14">{{cite web |author=Goitsemodimo Kaelo |title=Boko Wins 'Principal Residence' Objection Case |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/boko-wins-principal-residence-objection-case/news |website=Mmegi Online |date=2019-07-29 |access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref>. Mu matora rusange yo mu 2014, UDC iyobowe na Boko yabaye iya kabiri, ibona imyanya 17 ku 37 ya BDP, maze aba Umuyobozi w'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi<ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=Elections Botswana |url=http://www.electionsbotswana.org/ |website=Elections Botswana |access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>. Mu matora yo mu 2019, yatsinzwe na Anna Mokgethi wa BDP mu ntara y'itora ya Gaborone Bonnington North, atakaza uwo mwanya<ref name="E16">{{cite web |author=Tsaone Basimanebotlhe |title=Duma Boko Petitions Constituency Election Outcome |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/duma-boko-petitions-constituency-election-outcome/news |website=Mmegi Online |date=2019-11-18 |access-date=2024-05-04}}</ref>. Yavuze ko habayeho uburiganya bukomeye mu matora bugamije gufasha Perezida Mokgweetsi Masisi<ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=Massive vote rigging uncovered in Botswana elections, claims opposition leader Duma Boko |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/massive-vote-rigging-uncovered-in-botswana-elections-claims-opposition-leader-duma-boko-20191205 |website=News24 |date=2019-12-05 |access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2024 === Mu matora rusange yo mu 2024, yongeye kuba umukandida wa UDC ku nshuro ya gatatu, afatanyije na Ndaba Gaolathe ku mwanya wa visi-perezida. Yiyamamaje avuga ko azatandukanya ubukungu bw'igihugu kugira ngo budashingira gusa ku bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, kandi azazamura imishahara, amafaranga ahabwa abanyeshuri n'izabukuru<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=en |author=David Sebudubudu |title=Botswana’s new president: who is Duma Boko and what does he stand for? |url=http://theconversation.com/botswanas-new-president-who-is-duma-boko-and-what-does-he-stand-for-242963 |website=The Conversation |date=2024-11-06 |access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |language=en |author=David Sebudubudu |title=Botswana's new president: who is Duma Boko and what does he stand for? |url=http://theconversation.com/botswanas-new-president-who-is-duma-boko-and-what-does-he-stand-for-242963 |website=The Conversation |date=2024-11-06 |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref>. Yasezeranyije kandi guha impushya z'akazi no gutura Abanyazimbabwe benshi badafite ibyangombwa bari mu gihugu, no kongera kuganira ku masezerano y'ubufatanye na sosiyete ya De Beers mu bijyanye na diyama<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mpho Lakaje |title=Botswana's President Duma Boko: I want to legalise undocumented Zimbabweans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c7v3l3zr63vo |website=www.bbc.com |date=2024-11-07 |access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mpho Lakaje |title=Botswana to legalise undocumented Zimbabweans - president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c7v3l3zr63vo |website=BBC |date=2024-11-08 |access-date=2024-11-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 30 Ukwakira 2024, ihuriro rye ryabonye imyanya 36 kuri 69 mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko, mu gihe BDP isigarana imyanya ine gusa<ref name="F1" /><ref name="E18">{{cite web |author=Brian Benza |title=Botswana voters kick out ruling party of nearly six decades |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/botswanas-ruling-party-loses-its-majority-this-weeks-election-mmegi-newspaper-2024-11-01/ |website=Reuters |date=2024-11-01 |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref>. Perezida Masisi yemeye ko yatsinzwe, aba Perezida wa mbere wa Botswana utongeye gutorwa<ref name="F1" />. == Perezida wa Botswana == Duma Boko yarahiriye kuba Perezida ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 2024, habaho n'undi muhango rusange ku wa 8 Ugushyingo<ref name="E19">{{cite web |author=Brownwen Roberts |title=Botswana's new president sworn in after historic election upset |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/botswana-leader-concedes-defeat-party-063549619.html |website=Yahoo News |date=2024-11-01 |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |author=Sello Motseta |title=Thousands turn out for inauguration of Botswana's new president, who calls for unity |url=https://apnews.com/article/botswana-inauguration-elections-unity-e21290c170bac9bf766d808c940cb0b4 |website=Associated Press |date=2024-11-09 |access-date=2024-11-09}}</ref>. Ni we Perezida wa mbere utaravuye muri BDP, n'uwa mbere wavutse nyuma y'ubwigenge<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=en |author=Radio France International |title=Afrique Botswana: le nouveau président Duma Boko a prêté serment au cours d’une cérémonie très symbolique |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241108-botswana-le-nouveau-pr%C3%A9sident-duma-boko-a-pr%C3%AAt%C3%A9-serment-au-cours-d-une-c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie-tr%C3%A8s-symbolique |website=rfi.fr |date=2024-11-08 |access-date=2024-11-08}}</ref><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Célian Macé |title=Au Botswana, une alternance historique, inattendue et exemplaire |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/au-botswana-une-alternance-historique-inattendue-et-exemplaire-20241104_NA5MVX6TDRFMVCVS5SEDEGV6GM/ |website=Libération |access-date=2024-11-09}}</ref>. Ni bwo bwa mbere kuva mu 1966 ishyaka ryahoze ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi ritsinze amatora<ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |author=David Sebudubudu |title=Botswana's new president: who is Duma Boko and what does he stand for? |url=https://theconversation.com/botswanas-new-president-who-is-duma-boko-and-what-does-he-stand-for-242963 |website=The Conversation |date=2024-11-06 |access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref>. Mu ijambo rye rya mbere ku miterere y'igihugu, mu Ugushyingo 2024, yavuze ko guverinoma ye izateza imbere ingufu z'izuba, urumogi rukoreshwa mu buvuzi n'ikivuguto cy'inganda (''chanvre''), kandi ko yaganiriye na Elon Musk ku kugeza interineti ku gihugu cyose binyuze kuri Starlink<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=en |title=New Botswana leader eyes cannabis, sunshine to lift economy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241119-new-botswana-leader-eyes-cannabis-sunshine-to-lift-economy |website=France 24 |date=2024-11-19 |access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |title=New Botswana leader eyes cannabis, sunshine to lift economy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241119-new-botswana-leader-eyes-cannabis-sunshine-to-lift-economy |website=France 24 |date=2024-11-20 |access-date=2024-11-20}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2025, Botswana yohereje mu kirere icyogajuru cyayo cya mbere, BOTSAT-1, kivuye ku bibuga bya SpaceX muri Kaliforuniya<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=en |author=AFP |title=New Botswana leader eyes cannabis, sunshine to lift economy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241119-new-botswana-leader-eyes-cannabis-sunshine-to-lift-economy |website=France 24 |date=2024-11-19 |access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |author=Kevin Namunwa |title=Botswana Launches Its First Satellite |url=https://cioafrica.co/botswana-launches-its-first-satellite/ |website=CIO Africa |date=2025-03-10 |access-date=2025-03-12}}</ref>. Ku wa 25 Kanama 2025, yatangaje ibihe bidasanzwe by'ubuzima mu gihugu cyose, kubera ibura ry'imiti n'ibikoresho byo kwa muganga ryatewe n'ingengo y'imari idahagije n'igabanuka ry'inkunga ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika (USAID)<ref name="E26">{{cite web |language=en |title=Botswana declares public health emergency over medicine shortage |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/26/botswana-declares-public-health-emergency-over-medicine-shortage |website=Al Jazeera |date=2025-08-26 |access-date=2025-05-29}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=en |author=News Agencies |title=Botswana declares public health emergency over medicine shortage |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/26/botswana-declares-public-health-emergency-over-medicine-shortage |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref>. Nyuma y'iyo ngorane, yatangaje amavugurura mu rwego rw'ubuzima, harimo kuvugurura ikigo gishinzwe kugura imiti no gushyiraho ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe amakuru y'ubuzima<ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=en |author=Duma Boko |title=Botswana's diamond-funded healthcare failed: it needs to be reformed and rebuilt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2026/feb/21/botswana-diamond-funded-healthcare-failed-reformed-rebuilt |website=The Guardian |date=2026-02-21 |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Amaze gutorwa, yavuze ko ashyigikiye politiki y'ububanyi n'amahanga idafite aho ibogamiye, nk'iy'u Busuwisi<ref name="E29">{{cite web |language=en |title=Historic power shift in Botswana means change is coming, new President Duma Boko says |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2024/nov/3/historic-power-shift-botswana-means-change-coming-/ |website=The Washington Times |date=2024-11-03 |access-date=2026-09-19}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2025, we na Perezida w'u [[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]] Xi Jinping bohererezanye ubutumwa bwo kwizihiza isabukuru y'imyaka 50 y'umubano w'ibihugu byombi<ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=en |title=Xi Jinping Exchanges Congratulatory Messages with Botswanan President Duma Boko on the 50th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between China and Botswana |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xw/zyxw/202501/t20250107_11528274.html |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China |date=2025-01-07 |access-date=2026-09-19}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2025, yagiye i Washington ahura n'Umunyamabanga wa Leta w'Amerika, Marco Rubio<ref name="E31">{{cite web |language=en |title=Secretary Rubio's Meeting with Botswana President Duma Boko |url=https://www.state.gov/secretary-rubios-meeting-with-botswana-president-duma-boko/ |website=United States Department of State |date=2025-03-07 |access-date=2026-09-19}}</ref>. Umubano n'Amerika waje kurangwa n'ibibazo by'ubucuruzi: ku wa 1 Kanama 2025, Amerika yashyize umusoro wa 37 % ku bicuruzwa bya Botswana, bibangamira ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bya diyama; Botswana yatanze icyifuzo cyo guha Amerika uburenganzira bwa mbere bwo gushakisha amabuye y'agaciro y'ingenzi mu turere dutatu<ref name="E32">{{cite web |language=en |title=Botswana Trades Mineral Access for US Tariff Relief |url=https://www.africa-press.net/botswana/all-news/botswana-trades-mineral-access-for-us-tariff-relief |website=Africa-Press |date=2025-09-08 |access-date=2026-09-19}}</ref>. Muri Ukwakira 2025, uwo musoro wari wageze kuri 15 %<ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |title=Botswana on Verge of Zero-Tariff Diamond Deal, President Says |url=https://www.jckonline.com/editorial-article/botswana-zero-tariff-diamond-deal/ |website=JCK |date=2025-10-03 |access-date=2026-09-19}}</ref>. Mu 2026, Boko yagize ati: "Perezida Trump ashyira imbere Amerika, nanjye nshyira imbere Botswana"<ref name="E34">{{cite web |language=en |title=Exclusive: This African Leader Has a Diamond-Rich Deal for Trump |url=https://www.newsweek.com/botswana-leader-has-diamond-rich-deal-for-trump-11993660 |website=Newsweek |date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-09-19}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2026, yakiriye mu ruzinduko rwa Leta Sultani wa Omani, Haitham bin Tariq<ref name="E28">{{cite web |language=en |author=Adekunle Owolabi |title=Oman Sultan arrives in Botswana |url=https://theafricandaily.com/320076/diplomacy/oman-sultan-arrives-in-botswana/ |website=The Africa Daily |date=2026-09-16 |access-date=2026-09-16}}</ref>. == Inyandiko ze == * Boko, D. G. (1998). "Towards a compensatory approach to redressing constitutional violations in Botswana". ''The Zimbabwe Law Review'' 15: 120–133. * Boko, Duma Gideon (2000). "Fair Trial and the Customary Courts in Botswana: Questions on Legal Representation". ''Criminal Law Forum'' 11 (4): 445–460. * Boko, Duma Gideon (2002). "Integrating the Basarwa under Botswana's Remote Area Development Programme: Empowerment or marginalisation?". ''Australian Journal of Human Rights'' 8 (2): 153–171. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Duma Boko}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Botswana]] pfm76z68ktsioejchzsnerm5or68enh 0 23185 140654 2026-10-03T05:39:01Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Évariste Ndayishimiye | image = Évariste Ndayishimiye (3x4 cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Évariste Ndayishimiye | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|6|17|df=y}} | birth_place = Musama, Giheta, Intara ya Gitega, [[Uburundi]] | nationality = Umurundi | alma_mater = Kaminuza y'u Burundi<br />Wisdom University of Africa | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida..." 140654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Évariste Ndayishimiye | image = Évariste Ndayishimiye (3x4 cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Évariste Ndayishimiye | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|6|17|df=y}} | birth_place = Musama, Giheta, Intara ya Gitega, [[Uburundi]] | nationality = Umurundi | alma_mater = Kaminuza y'u Burundi<br />Wisdom University of Africa | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika (kuva muri Gashyantare 2026) | title = Perezida w'u Burundi | term = Kuva ku wa 18 Kamena 2020 | predecessor = [[Petero Nkurunziza|Pierre Nkurunziza]] | party = CNDD-FDD }} '''Évariste Ndayishimiye''' (wavutse ku wa 17 Kamena 1968 i Giheta, mu Ntara ya Gitega, mu [[Uburundi|Burundi]]) ni umujenerali n'umunyapolitiki w'Umurundi, akaba Perezida wa cumi wa Repubulika y'u Burundi kuva ku wa 18 Kamena 2020. Kuva muri Gashyantare 2026, ni na we Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika. Mu gihe cy'intambara y'abenegihugu yo mu Burundi, yinjiye mu mutwe w'inyeshyamba ''Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie – Forces pour la défense de la démocratie'' (CNDD-FDD), azamuka mu ntera mu ngabo zawo. Intambara irangiye, yinjiye mu ngabo z'igihugu, aba Minisitiri w'Umutekano w'Imbere mu Gihugu, hanyuma akora mu biro bya Perezida [[Petero Nkurunziza|Pierre Nkurunziza]]. Kuva mu 2016 kugeza mu 2020, yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru wa CNDD-FDD, ishyaka riri ku butegetsi. Nkurunziza yamushyigikiye kugira ngo amusimbure mu matora yo mu 2020, maze atsinda ku majwi agera kuri 69 %. Ubutegetsi bwe bwanenzwe n'imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu. == Ubuzima == Évariste Ndayishimiye yavutse ku wa 17 Kamena 1968 i Musama, muri zone ya Kabanga, muri komine ya Giheta, mu Ntara ya Gitega<ref name="E3">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Ursula Marcelle |title=Qui est Évariste Ndayishimiye, l’homme politique ? |url=https://www.lechodusud.com/qui-est-evariste-ndayishimiye-lhomme-politique/ |website=L'Écho du Sud |date=2025-12-17 |access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref><ref name="E4">{{cite web |title=Backgrounder: Burundi's president-elect Evariste Ndayishimiye |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-06/06/c_139117463.htm |website=Xinhua |date=2020-06-06 |access-date=2020-06-11}}</ref><ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Evariste Ndayishimiye candidat du pouvoir au scrutin de mai au Burundi |url=https://www.dw.com/fr/evariste-ndayishimiye-candidat-du-pouvoir-au-scrutin-de-mai-au-burundi/a-52159661 |website=DW.COM |access-date=2020-06-20}}</ref>. Ni umukirisitu Gatolika<ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burundi: l'hommage biblique du président élu Évariste Ndayishimiye à son prédécesseur |url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200614-burundi-hommage-biblique-pr%C3%A9sident-%C3%A9lu-evariste-ndayishimiye-nkurunziza |website=RFI |date=2020-06-14 |access-date=2020-06-20}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Qui est le général Evariste Ndayishimiye, le nouveau visage du régime burundais ? |url=https://www.rtbf.be/info/monde/detail_qui-est-le-general-evariste-ndayishimiye-le-nouveau-visage-du-regime-burundais?id=10418320 |website=RTBF |date=2020-01-28 |access-date=2020-06-11}}</ref>. Yatangiye kwiga amategeko muri Kaminuza y'u Burundi; mu 1995, ubwo abanyeshuri b'Abahutu bicwaga muri iyo kaminuza mu gihe cy'urugomo rushingiye ku moko rwajyanye n'intambara y'abenegihugu (1993–2005), yari umwe mu banyeshuri b'Abahutu bake bari bakiri muri iyo kaminuza, arokoka ku buryo bwa hafi<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Armel Gilbert Bukeyeneza |title=Burundi : cinq choses à savoir sur Evariste Ndayishimiye, le nouveau patron du CNDD-FDD |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/355699/politique/burundi-cinq-choses-a-savoir-evariste-ndayishimiye-nouveau-patron-cndd-fdd/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2016-09-08}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jean-Philippe Rémy |title=La prestation de serment du chef de l'Etat burundais devrait marquer la fin de douze années de guerre |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2005/08/26/burundi-l-espoir-de-la-paix-apres-douze-ans-de-sale-guerre_682785_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2005-08-26}}</ref><ref name="E4" />. === Intambara y'abenegihugu === Yahunze igihugu, aba umwe mu ba mbere binjiye mu mutwe w'inyeshyamba ''Forces de défense de la démocratie'' (FDD), washinzwe nyuma y'iyicwa rya Perezida w'Umuhutu Melchior Ndadaye; bamwe mu bagize umuryango we barishwe<ref name="F5" /><ref name="F3" />. Mu gihe cy'imyaka icumi, mu birindiro bya FDD mu ishyamba rya Kibira no mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], yabaye umuyobozi w'ingabo mu turere dutandukanye, azamuka mu ntera zose za gisirikare<ref name="F3" />. Yahimbwe izina rya "Neva"<ref name="E4" /><ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Evariste Ndayishimiye candidat du pouvoir au scrutin de mai au Burundi |url=https://p.dw.com/p/3Wr6r |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2020-01-27 |access-date=2020-06-11}}</ref>. Intambara irangiye, yari ayoboye ibiro bishinzwe gutegura politiki y'urugamba<ref name="F5" />. === Urugendo mu gisirikare no muri politiki === Amasezerano ya Arusha yo mu 2000 yagiye arangiza intambara buhoro buhoro: FDD yayasinye mu mpera za 2002, ireka urugamba rw'intwaro. Mu 2005, Ndayishimiye yagizwe umugaba mukuru wungirije w'Ingabo nshya z'igihugu (FDN) afite ipeti rya Jenerali<ref name="F5" /><ref name="F3" />. Kuva mu 2006 kugeza mu 2007, yabaye Minisitiri w'Umutekano w'Imbere mu Gihugu<ref name="F5" /><ref name="E6" />. Nyuma yaho, yabaye umukuru w'ibiro bya gisirikare bya Perezida Nkurunziza kugeza mu 2014, hanyuma mu 2015 ayobora ibiro bye bya gisivili<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burundi, un gouvernement de fidèles et de « durs » autour de Pierre Nkurunziza |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/08/25/burundi-nkurunziza-forme-un-nouveau-gouvernement-autour-de-fideles-au-regime_4736356_3212.html |website=AFP et Le Monde |date=2015-08-25}}</ref><ref name="E6" />. Muri icyo gihe, yize muri ''Wisdom University of Africa'', ahabona impamyabumenyi mu 2014, kandi ayobora Komite y'Igihugu y'Imikino Olempike igihe kirekire<ref name="E4" />. Muri Kanama 2016, yatorewe kuba umunyamabanga mukuru wa CNDD-FDD, asimbura Pascal Nyabenda; bitandukanye n'uwo yasimbuye wakundaga kwibasira umuryango mpuzamahanga n'ibihugu by'Uburengerazuba, we yagaragaje ubushake bwo kuganira<ref name="F5" />. == Perezida w'u Burundi == === Amatora yo mu 2020 === Mu 2018, nyuma y'aho abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi biyongereye, Nkurunziza yatangaje ko atazongera kwiyamamaza mu 2020<ref name="E7">{{cite web |title=Ndayishimiye: Burundi government's presidential hopeful |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-51255840 |website=BBC |date=2020-01-26 |access-date=2020-06-11}}</ref>. Ku wa 26 Mutarama 2020, mu nama nkuru ya CNDD-FDD yabereye i Gitega, Ndayishimiye yatoranyijwe kuba umukandida w'ishyaka mu matora ya perezida yo ku wa 20 Gicurasi 2020<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burundi : Évariste Ndayishimiye désigné candidat à la présidentielle par le CNDD-FDD |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/886704/politique/burundi-evariste-ndayishimiye-candidat-du-parti-au-pouvoir-a-la-presidentielle/ |website=AFP et Jeune Afrique |date=2020-01-26}}</ref>. Byavugwaga ko Nkurunziza yashakaga gukomeza kuyobora igihugu yihishe inyuma ye<ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Burundi's outgoing president dies, possibly of covid-19 |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2020/06/11/burundis-outgoing-president-dies-possibly-of-covid-19 |website=The Economist |date=2020-06-11 |access-date=2020-06-12}}</ref>, ariko kandi ko yari umukandida wumvikanyweho na Nkurunziza n'abajenerali ba CNDD-FDD; Ndayishimiye ntiyari ahujwe n'ihohoterwa rikomeye ryabaye ku butegetsi bwa Nkurunziza, kandi yafatwaga nk'utari umunyagitugu kurusha abandi<ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Evariste Ndayishimiye: Who is Burundi's new president? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/evariste-ndayishimiye-burundi-president-200618160027299.html |website=Al Jazeera |date=2020-06-18 |access-date=2020-06-19}}</ref><ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burundi: rumeurs sur la disparition de Pierre Nkurunziza — La Libre Afrique |url=https://afrique.lalibre.be/51266/burundi-rumeurs-sur-la-disparition-de-pierre-nkurunziza/ |website=La Libre Afrique |date=2020-06-09 |access-date=2020-06-19}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burundi: Ndayishimiye, un homme du sérail plus ouvert que son mentor |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/burundi-ndayishimiye-un-homme-du-serail-plus-ouvert-que-son-mentor-361961 |website=TV5MONDE |date=2020-06-04 |access-date=2020-06-11}}</ref>. Yatsinze amatora ku majwi 68,72 %, atsinda umukandida ukomeye w'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, Agathon Rwasa wa CNL, wabonye 24,19 %<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Évariste Ndayishimiye élu président du Burundi (officiel) |url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/ticker/%C3%A9variste-ndayishimiye-%C3%A9lu-pr%C3%A9sident-burundi-officiel |website=RFI |date=2020-05-25}}</ref>. Ubunyangamugayo bw'ayo matora bwashidikanyijweho cyane, kandi yabaye mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya COVID-19<ref name="E10">{{cite web |author=Frederic Nkundikije |title=Burundi Politicians Broadly Accept Ruling Party's Win in Presidential Vote |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_burundi-politicians-broadly-accept-ruling-partys-win-presidential-vote/6190784.html |website=Voice of America |date=2020-06-09 |access-date=2020-06-11}}</ref>. === Urupfu rwa Nkurunziza n'irahira === Ihererekanyabubasha ryari riteganyijwe ku wa 20 Kanama 2020, ariko Nkurunziza yapfuye mu buryo butunguranye ku wa 8 Kamena 2020; guverinoma yavuze ko yazize "guhagarara k'umutima", mu gihe abenshi bakekaga ko yazize COVID-19<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burundi: décès du président Pierre Nkurunziza |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200609-burundi-d%C3%A9c%C3%A8s-pr%C3%A9sident-pierre-nkurunziza}}</ref><ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burundi : après la mort du président Nkurunziza, les Burundais entre stupeur et inquiétude |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20200610-burundi-mort-nkurunziza-reactions-stupeur-inquietudes-deuil-national |website=france24.com |date=2020-06-10 |access-date=2020-06-10}}</ref><ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Maria Malagardis |title=Burundi : mort de Pierre Nkurunziza, chef rebelle devenu despote |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2020/06/09/burundi-mort-de-pierre-nkurunziza-chef-rebelle-devenu-despote_1790778 |website=liberation.fr |date=2020-06-09 |access-date=2020-06-10}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Kamena, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwemeje ko nta gihe cy'inzibacyuho gikenewe, rutegeka ko Ndayishimiye arahira "vuba bishoboka"<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burundi : la Cour constitutionnelle ordonne l'investiture d'Évariste Ndayishimiye au plus vite |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20200612-la-cour-constitutionnelle-burundaise-ordonne-l-investiture-d-%C3%A9variste-ndayishimiye-au-plus-vite |website=france24.com |date=2020-06-12 |access-date=2020-06-12}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Burundi Court Orders New President Sworn In Soon as Possible |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_burundi-court-orders-new-president-sworn-soon-possible/6191010.html |website=VOA News |access-date=2020-06-14}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida ku wa 18 Kamena 2020 muri sitade Ingoma y'i Gitega, amezi abiri mbere y'igihe cyari giteganyijwe, asezeranya gukomeza ibikorwa by'uwo yasimbuye<ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président Ndayishimiye prend la tête d'un Burundi fragilisé - Le Point |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/le-president-ndayishimiye-prend-la-tete-d-un-burundi-fragilise-18-06-2020-2380601_24.php |website=Le Point |date=2020-06-18 |access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref><ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burundi: le président Ndayishimiye dans la ligne de Nkurunziza pour son investiture |url=https://www.boursorama.com/actualite-economique/actualites/burundi-le-president-ndayishimiye-dans-la-ligne-de-nkurunziza-pour-son-investiture-15bf9e925645863a7285649b9c3d74fa |website=Boursorama |date=2020-06-18 |access-date=2020-06-19}}</ref><ref name="E9" />. === Ku butegetsi === Ku wa 28 Kamena 2020, yashyizeho guverinoma ye ya mbere, agabanya umubare w'abaminisitiri uva kuri 21 ujya kuri 15; Alain-Guillaume Bunyoni yagizwe Minisitiri w'Intebe, Prosper Bazombanza aba Visi-Perezida<ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burundi: le Premier ministre et le vice-président approuvés tambour battant |url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200623-burundi-le-premier-ministre-et-le-vice-président-approuvés-tambour-battant |website=RFI |date=2020-06-23 |access-date=2020-06-24}}</ref><ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Burundi's President Ndayishimiye: new cabinet, new COVID strategy |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/31940/burundis-president-ndayishimiye-new-cabinet-new-covid-strategy/ |website=The Africa Report.com |date=2020-07-02 |access-date=2020-07-18}}</ref>. Yagaragaje ko adashaka kwitarura amahanga nk'uwo yasimbuye, akorera ingendo nyinshi mu mahanga<ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=After five years of quiet, Burundi is on a diplomatic offensive |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/04/06/after-five-years-of-quiet-burundi-is-on-a-diplomatic-offensive/ |website=Africanews |date=2021-04-06 |access-date=2021-04-10}}</ref>. Atangira manda, yafashe COVID-19 nk'"umwanzi ukomeye kurusha abandi" w'igihugu, agabanya igiciro cy'isabune n'amazi kandi ategeka ko abantu bapimwa<ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coronavirus: le Burundi change de stratégie |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-53243771 |website=BBC News Afrique |access-date=2020-07-10}}</ref><ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=Burundi closes borders again as COVID-19 cases on the rise |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/burundi-closes-borders-covid-19-cases-rise-75132749 |website=ABC News |access-date=2021-06-14}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2021, yafunze imipaka y'igihugu<ref name="E15" />. Nyamara muri Gashyantare 2021, u Burundi bwanze inkingo z'ikigega COVAX<ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Three Vaccine Holdouts Imperil the World |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2021-05-27/three-vaccine-holdouts-imperil-the-world |website=Bloomberg |date=2021-05-27 |access-date=2021-06-14}}</ref>, mbere y'uko muri Ukwakira 2021 bwakira doze 500 000 z'urukingo rw'Abashinwa Sinopharm<ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=In about-face, Burundi receives first Covid vaccines |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211014-in-about-face-burundi-receives-first-covid-vaccines |website=France 24 |date=2021-10-14 |access-date=2021-10-15}}</ref>. Ku wa 4 Nzeri 2022, mu ijambo rye, yanenze Minisitiri w'Intebe Bunyoni atamuvuze izina, avuga ko ashaka kumuhirika. Ku wa 7 Nzeri, guverinoma ya Bunyoni yakuweho, Gervais Ndirakobuca agirwa Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burundi: le président met en garde ceux qui auraient des velléités de coup d'État |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220903-burundi-le-pr%C3%A9sident-met-en-garde-ceux-qui-auraient-des-vell%C3%A9it%C3%A9s-de-coup-d-%C3%A9tat |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref><ref name="F39">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burundi: un nouveau Premier ministre après des accusations de tentative de «coup d'État» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20220907-burundi-un-nouveau-premier-ministre-apr%C3%A8s-des-accusations-de-tentative-de-coup-d-%C3%A9tat |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2022, yitabiriye inama ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika n'Afurika i Washington<ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Africa: Heads of Delegation for U.S–Africa Leaders Summit – White House |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202212130597.html |website=AllAfrica |date=2022-12-13 |access-date=2022-12-16}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2023, yitabiriye inama y'Uburusiya n'Afurika i Saint-Pétersbourg ahura na Vladimir Putin, hanyuma ahura na Xi Jinping mu [[Ubushinwa]]<ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Meeting with President of the Republic of Burundi Evariste Ndayishimiye |url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/71817 |website=Kremlin Presidential Office |date=2023-07-27 |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |author=Xinhua |title=Xi meets Burundian president |url=http://english.scio.gov.cn/m/topnews/2023-07/29/content_96232657.htm |website=The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China |date=2023-07-29 |access-date=2024-05-13}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2024, ashishikariza abikorera n'abanyamahanga gushora imari mu bukerarugendo<ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Burundi president urges private investment in tourism |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20240229/9974c749c65a4c0a9b07b21ad066efd2/c.html |website=english.news.cn |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref>. === Uburenganzira bwa muntu === Mu Burundi, ubutinganyi bwahanwaga n'amategeko kuva mu 2009<ref name="F40">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président Nkurunziza promulgue une loi criminalisant l’homosexualité – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/160448/societe/le-pr-sident-nkurunziza-promulgue-une-loi-criminalisant-l-homosexualit/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2023-12-30}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2023, abantu 24 bashinjwe "imibonano mpuzabitsina y'abahuje ibitsina", maze Ndayishimiye asaba ko abaryamana bahuje ibitsina "bacibwa". Ku wa 29 Ukuboza 2023, abajijwe ku ishyingiranwa ry'abahuje ibitsina, yavuze ko bakwiye "gushyirwa muri sitade bagaterwa amabuye", ashinja ibihugu by'Uburengerazuba guhatira ibihugu bito kwemera ibyo bikorwa bikoresheje inkunga<ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burundi, Évariste Ndayishimiye appelle à « lapider » les homosexuels |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1520412/politique/au-burundi-le-president-appelle-a-lapider-les-homosexuels/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2023-12-29}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Burundi's President Ndayishimiye hits out over gay rights and aid |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-67840417 |website=BBC News |date=2023-12-29 |access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |title=Burundi's president says gay people should be stoned |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/burundis-president-says-gay-people-should-be-stoned-2023-12-30/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-12-31 |access-date=2024-01-31}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2024, raporo ya Amnesty International yamaganye "iterabwoba, itotezwa, ifatwa n'ifungwa binyuranyije n'amategeko" by'abarwanashyaka n'abanyamakuru ku butegetsi bwe<ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burundi: le président Ndayishimiye continue de mener une «implacable répression», pointe Amnesty |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240821-burundi-le-pr%C3%A9sident-ndayishimiye-continue-de-mener-une-implacable-r%C3%A9pression-pointe-amnesty |website=RFI |date=2024-08-21 |access-date=2024-08-21}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Afrique Burundi: le président Ndayishimiye continue de mener une «implacable répression», pointe Amnesty |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240821-burundi-le-pr%C3%A9sident-ndayishimiye-continue-de-mener-une-implacable-r%C3%A9pression-pointe-amnesty |website=Radio France International |date=2024-08-21 |access-date=2024-08-21}}</ref>. === Ubumwe bwa Afurika === Ku wa 17 Nyakanga 2025, Ubumwe bwa Afurika bwamugize intumwa yihariye mu karere ka Sahel<ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=AU names Burundian president special envoy for Sahel region |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/07/18/au-names-burundian-president-special-envoy-for-sahel-region/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-07-19 |access-date=2025-07-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 14 Gashyantare 2026, mu nama ya 39 isanzwe y'abakuru b'ibihugu by'Ubumwe bwa Afurika yabereye Addis-Abeba, yatorewe kuba Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika mu gihe cy'umwaka umwe<ref name="F43">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sommet de l’Union africaine: inquiétude sur les périls qui menacent le multilatéralisme et la paix |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260214-sommet-de-l-union-africaine-inqui%C3%A9tude-sur-les-p%C3%A9rils-qui-menacent-le-multilat%C3%A9ralisme-et-la-paix |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref><ref name="E1">{{cite web |language=en |title=African Union • Évariste Ndayishimiye's first priorities as head of the AU |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/eastern-africa-and-the-horn/2026/02/18/evariste-ndayishimiye-s-first-priorities-as-head-of-the-au,110661367-art |website=Africa Intelligence |date=2026-02-18 |access-date=2026-02-19}}</ref>. == Reba kandi == * [[Petero Nkurunziza]] * [[João Lourenço]] == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Evariste Ndayishimiye}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Burundi]] [[Category:Abarundi]] bf4641dit869m6gkk7m3mvwtelilokm 0 23186 140655 2026-10-03T05:45:08Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Paul Biya | image = Paul Biya in December 14th, 2022.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Paul Biya mu 2022 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1933|2|13|df=y}} | birth_place = Mvomeka'a, Dja-et-Lobo, [[Kameruni]] | nationality = Umunyakameruni | alma_mater = Lycée Louis-le-Grand<br />Sciences Po Paris<br />Institut des hautes études d'outre-mer | occupation = Umunyapolitiki | known_for = Minisitiri w..." 140655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Paul Biya | image = Paul Biya in December 14th, 2022.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Paul Biya mu 2022 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1933|2|13|df=y}} | birth_place = Mvomeka'a, Dja-et-Lobo, [[Kameruni]] | nationality = Umunyakameruni | alma_mater = Lycée Louis-le-Grand<br />Sciences Po Paris<br />Institut des hautes études d'outre-mer | occupation = Umunyapolitiki | known_for = Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Kameruni (1975–1982); umukuru w'igihugu ukuze kurusha abandi ku isi | title = Perezida wa Kameruni | term = Kuva ku wa 6 Ugushyingo 1982 | predecessor = Ahmadou Ahidjo | party = RDPC (mbere UNC) | spouse = Jeanne-Irène Biya (1961–1992)<br />Chantal Biya (kuva 1994) }} '''Paul Biya''' (amazina ye y'amavuko: '''Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo'''; wavutse ku wa 13 Gashyantare 1933 i Mvomeka'a, mu karere ka Dja-et-Lobo, muri [[Kameruni]]) ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyakameruni, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Kameruni kuva ku wa 6 Ugushyingo 1982. Mbere yaho, yabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe kuva mu 1975 kugeza mu 1982. Yazamutse mu nzego z'ubutegetsi ku gihe cya Perezida Ahmadou Ahidjo, amusimbura amaze kwegura mu buryo butunguranye mu 1982. Yakomeje ububasha bwe nyuma y'umugambi wa kudeta waburijwemo mu 1984. Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1990, ashyizweho igitutu, yemeye amashyaka menshi. Yongeye gutorwa mu 1992, 1997, 2004, 2011, 2018 na 2025, ariko abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi n'ibihugu by'Uburengerazuba bakavuga ko buri matora yarangwaga n'uburiganya. Afite imyaka irenga 90, ni we mukuru w'igihugu ukuze kurusha abandi ku isi, akaba n'uwa kabiri mu baperezida bamaze igihe kirekire ku butegetsi, nyuma ya Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo wa Gineya Ekwatoriyale. Ubutegetsi bwe bufatwa nk'ubw'igitugu. == Ubuzima == === Umuryango n'amashuri === Paul Biya yavukiye mu mudugudu wo mu majyepfo ya Kameruni, hagati mu ishyamba rya ekwateri, ahantu hari hayobowe n'Ubufaransa. Ni umuhungu wa Anastasie Eyenga Ellé na Étienne Mvondo Assam, umukateshiste wifuzaga ko azaba padiri, bituma amujyana mu ishuri gatolika rya Nden, hanyuma mu iseminari za Édéa na Akono<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Georges Dougueli |title=Le jour où Paul Biya a renoncé à devenir prêtre |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/446569/politique/jour-paul-biya-a-renonce-a-devenir-pretre/ |website=jeuneafrique.com}}</ref>. Ni Umugatolika ukomeye ku idini<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Une Afrique homophobe ? |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-raisons-politiques-2013-1-page-95.htm}}</ref>. Amaze kwiga amashuri yisumbuye muri lycée Général-Leclerc i Yaoundé, yakomereje i Paris muri lycée Louis-le-Grand<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Paul Biya, la gouvernance par l'absence |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2018/10/05/01003-20181005ARTFIG00244-cameroun-paul-biya-le-president-aux-35-annees-de-gouvernance-par-l-absence.php}}</ref>, muri Kaminuza ya Sorbonne, muri ''Institut d'études politiques'' (aho yakuye impamyabumenyi y'amategeko rusange mu 1961) no muri ''Institut des hautes études d'outre-mer''<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Shuimo Trust Dohyee |title=Paul Biya, “propriétaire absent” du Cameroun depuis 1982 |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/long-format/portrait-paul-biya-proprietaire-absent-du-cameroun-depuis-1982_231101_1 |website=Courrier international}}</ref>. Akiri umunyeshuri, yabaye umwenegihugu w'Ubufaransa, ariko nyuma arabureka asubiye muri Kameruni gukora mu butegetsi. === Ubuzima bwite === Mu 1961, yashakanye na Jeanne-Irène Biya, witabye Imana ku wa 29 Nyakanga 1992; barera umuhungu we Franck Biya, wavutse mu 1971<ref name="E93">{{cite web |title=Africa's Media, Democracy and the Politics of Belonging |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Tr6EUTxQWYC&dq=%22Jeanne+Ir%C3%A8ne+Biya%22+son&pg=PA213}}</ref>. Franck Biya avugwa nk'ushobora kuzamusimbura<ref name="E94">{{cite web |title=Cameroon: Is Franck Biya the president's son and successor? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/cameroon-is-franck-biya-the-presidents-son-and-successor/a-57052023 |date=2021-03-31 |access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref>. Ku wa 23 Mata 1994, yashakanye na Chantal Vigouroux, amurusha imyaka 36, babyarana Paul Junior na Brenda Biya<ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Candidate's biography :Paul Biya – 2004 Presidential Election |url=http://www.presidential2004.gov.cm/candidats.php?id_cand=10&module=bio&lang=en |website=www.presidential2004.gov.cm |access-date=2025-05-25}}</ref>. == Urugendo muri politiki == Mu Ukwakira 1962, yashyizwe mu biro bya Perezida Ahmadou Ahidjo nk'ushinzwe ubutumwa (''chargé de mission''). Mu 1965, yabaye umuyobozi w'ibiro bya Minisitiri w'Uburezi, Urubyiruko n'Umuco, hanyuma umunyamabanga mukuru w'iyo minisiteri. Mu 1967–1968, yabaye umuyobozi w'ibiro bya gisivili bya Perezida, hanyuma umunyamabanga mukuru w'ibiro bya Perezida afite ipeti rya minisitiri; mu Kamena 1970, agirwa Minisitiri wa Leta<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les figures du politique en Afrique |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAywnB3pQI0C&pg=PA72&dq=Paul+Biya+ministre+secr%C3%A9taire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+%C3%A0+la+pr%C3%A9sidence+en+1968 |website=Karthala Éditions |date=1999-01-01 |access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref>. Ku wa 30 Kamena 1975, Ahidjo yamugize Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Parcours de S.E. Paul BIYA |url=https://www.prc.cm/fr/le-president/parcours-paul-biya |website=www.prc.cm |access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref>. Itegeko ryo ku wa 29 Kamena 1979 ryamugize uzasimbura Perezida igihe habayeho icyuho. == Perezida wa Kameruni == === Gufata ubutegetsi n'umugambi wa kudeta wo mu 1984 === Ku wa 4 Ugushyingo 1982, Ahidjo yeguye mu buryo butunguranye, maze Paul Biya aba Perezida wa Repubulika ku wa 6 Ugushyingo 1982. Ahidjo n'uwamusimbuye ntibatinze guhangana. Ku wa 14 Nzeri 1984, Biya yatorewe kuyobora ishyaka rimwe rukumbi rya UNC, maze ku wa 24 Werurwe 1985 arihindura ''Rassemblement démocratique du peuple camerounais'' (RDPC). Ku wa 6 Mata 1984, yarokotse umugambi wa kudeta wakozwe n'abasirikare b'ingabo zirinda Repubulika<ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cameroun: le jour où Paul Biya a failli être renversé |url=https://www.slateafrique.com/85111/cameroun-retour-sur-le-putsch-manque-du-6-avril-1984 |website=Slate Afrique |access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref>. Bamwe mu bagerageje kumuhirika barafashwe, abandi baricwa. Ahidjo, washinjwe kugira uruhare muri uwo mugambi, yakatiwe igihano cy'urupfu adahari, nyuma Biya amuha imbabazi. Ihashywa ryibasiye cyane cyane uturere two mu majyaruguru, aho abantu amagana bishwe. === Ubukungu n'amashyaka menshi === Yatowe ari umukandida umwe rukumbi mu 1984 no mu 1988. Yemeye gahunda y'ivugurura ry'ubukungu yatanzwe n'Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari (FMI) na Banki y'Isi: kwegurira abikorera ibigo bya Leta, kugabanya amafaranga akoreshwa mu mibereho myiza; imishahara y'abakozi ba Leta yagabanyijweho 60 %<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Thomas Deltombe |title=Interminable fin de règne à Yaoundé |url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2011/10/DELTOMBE/21071 |website=Le Monde diplomatique |date=2011-10-01 |access-date=2018-11-02}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1990, nyuma y'ibikorwa byo kwanga kumvira ubutegetsi byiswe "Imigi yapfuye" (''Villes mortes'') n'imyigaragambyo, yihutishije ishyirwaho ry'amashyaka menshi, akuraho amategeko "arwanya ubugambanyi" yari yarashyizweho n'uwo yasimbuye, yemerera itangazamakuru ryigenga<ref name="F8" />. Mu matora ya mbere y'amashyaka menshi yo mu 1992, yatangajwe ko yatsinze John Fru Ndi ku majwi 40 % kuri 36 %, ibyavuye mu matora abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi banze<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Vivien Tonfack |title=Présidentielle de 1992 : Le Sdf se remémore de sa frustration |url=https://www.camer.be/46088/6:1/cameroun-presidentielle-de-1992-le-sdf-se-rememore-de-sa-frustration-cameroon.html |website=camer.be}}</ref>. Yongeye gutorwa mu 1997 (92,6 %) no mu 2004 (70,9 %). Kuva mu 1992, yagerageje gucamo ibice abamurwanya; mu 2025, Kameruni yari ifite amashyaka agera kuri 300, amwe aterwa inkunga na guverinoma<ref name="F4" />. === Ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga ryo mu 2008 === Mu Ukuboza 2007, yatangaje ko ashaka guhindura Itegeko Nshinga ryagabanyaga manda ya perezida kuri ebyiri. Uwo mushinga wanamuhaga ubudahangarwa imbere y'ubucamanza ku bikorwa yakoze ari ku butegetsi. Muri Gashyantare 2008, habaye imyigaragambyo yasabaga igabanuka ry'ibiciro n'iyegura rya Biya; yahashywe bikomeye, ihitana abantu bagera ku ijana, abandi ibihumbi barafungwa<ref name="F8" />. Ivugurura ryemejwe n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko mu 2008. Ku wa 21 Ukwakira 2011, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 78 %; ambasaderi wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, Robert Jackson, yamaganye "amakosa ku nzego zose"<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Paul Biya officiellement réélu président du Cameroun |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/10/21/paul-biya-reelu-president-du-cameroun_1592182_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2011-10-21 |access-date=2011-10-22}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Dépêche |title=Les États-Unis notent des « irrégularités » lors du scrutin présidentiel du 9 octobre |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20111020-cameroun-presidentielle-etats-unis-usa-irregularites-scrutin-presidentielle-9-octobre-election-paul-biya |website=France24.com |date=2011-10-20}}</ref>. === Ibibazo by'umutekano === Mu 2014, inyeshyamba za Boko Haram zaturutse muri [[Nijeriya]] zinjira muri Kameruni. Muri Gicurasi 2014, Biya na mugenzi we wa Cadi Idriss Déby batangaje intambara kuri Boko Haram, bohereza ingabo ku mupaka<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=en |author=Moki Edwin Kindzeka |title=Cameroon, Chad Deploy Troops to Fight Boko Haram |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/cameroon-chad-deploy-troops-to-fight-boko-haram/1922622.html |website=Voice of America |date=2014-05-26 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2018, Kameruni yatangaje ko Boko Haram yasubijwe inyuma, nubwo imirwano yakomeje mu turere tw'umupaka<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=en |title=Boko Haram has been repelled, Cameroon's leader declares |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-5294593e5c034405a225efc2fcbe6281 |website=AP News |date=2018-09-30 |access-date=2025-01-12}}</ref>. Mu Ugushyingo 2016, mu turere tuvuga Icyongereza two mu Majyaruguru y'Uburengerazuba n'Amajyepfo y'Uburengerazuba, abarimu n'abanyamategeko bigaragambije bamagana ishyirwa ry'abavuga Igifaransa muri utwo turere n'iyimikwa ry'amategeko y'Abaromani aho kuba ''common law''. Benshi basabaga gusubira ku butegetsi bwa federasiyo, abandi bake basaba ubwigenge bw'igihugu gishya bise "Ambazonia"; Biya yanze ibyo bisabwa byombi<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |author=VOA |title=Cinq choses à savoir sur la crise anglophone au Cameroun |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/cinq-choses-%C3%A0-savoir-sur-la-crise-anglophone-au-cameroun-/4593591.html |website=Voice of America |date=2018-09-30}}</ref>. Mu mpera za 2017, igice cy'abashaka kwitandukanya cyafashe intwaro. Ku wa 30 Ugushyingo 2017, nyuma y'iyicwa ry'abasirikare n'abapolisi, Biya yavuze ko Kameruni yibasiwe n'"agatsiko k'abaterabwoba", ijambo radio ya Leta yafashe nk'itangazwa ry'intambara<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Crise anglophone au Cameroun : Paul Biya dénonce une « bande de terroristes » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/498486/politique/crise-anglophone-au-cameroun-paul-biya-denonce-une-bande-de-terroristes/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2017-12-01 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Figaro.fr avec AFP |title=Cameroun : l'armée "sans état d'âme" avec les séparatistes |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2017/12/02/97001-20171202FILWWW00152-cameroun-l-armee-sans-etat-d-ame-avec-les-separatistes.php |website=Le Figaro |date=2017-12-02 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2018 no mu 2025 === Ku wa 7 Ukwakira 2018, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 71,3 %<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cameroun: Paul Biya réélu à la présidence avec 71,28 % |url=https://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20181022-cameroun-election-presidentielle-victoire-ecrasante-paul-biya |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref>, mu matora yaranzwe n'urugomo n'ubwitabire buke<ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=Cameroon's President Paul Biya wins seventh term |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45940414 |website=BBC News |date=2018-10-22 |access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref>. Mu 2020, guceceka kwe mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya COVID-19 kwaranenzwe<ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Cameroun, où le coronavirus progresse vite, le silence du président Biya pose question |url=https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2020/04/04/au-cameroun-ou-le-coronavirus-progresse-vite-le-silence-du-president-biya-pose-question |website=journaldemontreal.com |date=2020-04-04 |access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref>. Ku wa 13 Nyakanga 2025, afite imyaka 92, yatangaje ko aziyamamariza manda ya munani mu matora yo ku wa 12 Ukwakira 2025<ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |author=RFI |title=Cameroun : Paul Biya annonce sa candidature à la présidentielle pour un huitième mandat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250713-cameroun-paul-biya-annonce-sa-candidature-%C3%A0-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-pour-un-huiti%C3%A8me-mandat |website=rfi.fr |date=2025-07-13 |access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref><ref name="E36">{{cite web |language=en |title=Cameroon's presidential election gathers momentum as candidates file for the October vote |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/07/18/cameroons-presidential-election-gathers-momemtum-as-candidates-file-for-the-october-vote/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-07-18 |access-date=2025-07-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 27 Ukwakira, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwatangaje ko yatsinze ku majwi 53,66 %, imbere ya Issa Tchiroma Bakary, na we wavugaga ko ari we watsinze<ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Figaro avec AFP |title=Cameroun : Paul Biya, 92 ans et au pouvoir depuis 1982, réélu président pour la huitième fois |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/cameroun-paul-biya-92-ans-et-au-pouvoir-depuis-1982-reelu-president-pour-la-huitieme-fois-20251027 |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2025-10-27}}</ref><ref name="E37">{{cite web |language=en |title=Cameroon re-elects world's oldest president |url=https://news.sky.com/story/cameroon-re-elects-world8217s-oldest-president-13458733 |website=Sky News |date=2025-11-27 |access-date=2025-11-03}}</ref>. Nyuma y'amatora, habaye imyigaragambyo yamagana uburiganya<ref name="E38">{{cite web |author=Robbie Corey-Boulet |title=Cameroon security forces killed 48 in election protests, UN sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/cameroon-security-forces-killed-48-election-protests-un-sources-say-2025-11-04/ |website=Reuters |date=2025-11-04 |access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref>. Yarahiriye manda ya munani ku wa 6 Ugushyingo 2025, imyigaragambyo ikomeje<ref name="E39">{{cite web |title=Cameroon's 92-year-old president Paul Biya sworn in again as opposition cries foul |url=https://apnews.com/article/cameroon-president-biya-inauguration-09e4d8b9e722b1ef7309a8b978ed5d22 |website=AP News |date=2025-11-06 |access-date=2025-11-09}}</ref>; Issa Tchiroma yahise ahungira muri Gambiya<ref name="E40">{{cite web |language=en |title=Cameroon opposition leader flees to Gambia for 'safety' after disputed vote |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/23/cameroon-opposition-leader-flees-to-gambia-for-safety-after-disputed-vote |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2025-11-24}}</ref>. === Ubuzima bwe n'uzamusimbura === Kuva mu myaka ya 2010, kujya kenshi mu mahanga mu "ngendo bwite" byateje impungenge ku buzima bwe; inshuro nyinshi havuzwe ko yapfuye<ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Elisabeth Asen |title=Paul Biya, un président nonagénaire à la santé chancelante |url=https://www.dw.com/fr/cameroun-paul-biya-malade/a-70384394 |website=dw.com}}</ref>. Mu Nzeri n'Ukwakira 2024, yamaze iminsi 50 atagaragara mu ruhame<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Henri Fotso |title=Paul Biya est de retour au Cameroun – DW – 21/10/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/fr/paul-biya-est-de-retour-au-cameroun/a-70561504 |website=dw.com |access-date=2024-11-02}}</ref>; ku wa 9 Ukwakira, Minisitiri w'Ubutegetsi bw'Igihugu Paul Atanga Nji yabujije itangazamakuru kuvuga ku buzima bwa Perezida<ref name="E107">{{cite web |language=en |title=Cameroon bans media talk of president's health amid rumours |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241010-cameroon-bans-media-talk-of-president-s-health-amid-rumours |website=France 24 |date=2024-10-10 |access-date=2024-10-20}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2026, nyuma y'itora ry'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, Biya yasinye iteka risubizaho umwanya wa visi-perezida, uwo azishyiriraho ubwe, kugira ngo "hizerwe ukomeza kw'imirimo ya Leta" igihe habayeho icyuho; abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi babyise "kudeta ishingiye ku nzego"<ref name="F43">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Vice-président de Paul Biya : un silence qui dure et une liste de prétendants qui s’allonge |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1794956/politique/vice-president-de-paul-biya-un-silence-qui-dure-et-une-liste-de-pretendants-qui-sallonge/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Kanama 2026, afite imyaka 93, yagarutse i Yaoundé nyuma y'iminsi 74 ari mu mahanga, nta bisobanuro bitanzwe; ikinyamakuru ''Jeune Afrique'' cyavuze ko yabagiwe ivi i Genève<ref name="F44">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Après 74 jours d'absence, Paul Biya est de retour au Cameroun |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260820-apr%C3%A8s-74-jours-d-absence-paul-biya-est-de-retour-au-cameroun |website=rfi.fr |date=2026-08-23}}</ref><ref name="F45">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frédéric Couteau |title=Le genou tout neuf de Paul Biya |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/revue-de-presse-afrique/20260827-à-la-une-le-genou-tout-neuf-de-paul-biya |website=rfi.fr}}</ref>. == Isesengura n'inenge == Ubutegetsi bwe bukunze kwitwa ubw'igitugu<ref name="F49">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Thomas Vampouille |title=Cameroun : Biya réélu président pour un mandat |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2011/10/21/01003-20111021ARTFIG00611-cameroun-tensions-autour-de-la-reelection-attendue-de-biya.php |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2011-10-22}}</ref>. Imiryango nka Amnesty International yanenze ubutegetsi bwe kubuza abaturage uburenganzira bw'ibanze no guhohotera uburenganzira bwa muntu<ref name="F50">{{cite web |language=en |title=Cameroon : Blatant disregard for human rights |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGAFR170251997 |website=amnesty.org}}</ref>. Ifungwa ry'abanyamakuru, abanditsi, abayobozi b'amasendika n'abarwanashyaka ni kenshi<ref name="F8" />. Human Rights Watch yamaganye "ihashywa rikomeye" ry'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi<ref name="F56">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Monde avec AFP |title=Human Rights Watch accuse à nouveau le Cameroun de Paul Biya de réprimer toute opposition |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/22/human-rights-watch-accuse-a-nouveau-le-cameroun-de-paul-biya-de-reprimer-toute-opposition_6223519_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2024-03-22}}</ref>. Abamushyigikiye bo bavuga ko ku butegetsi bwe habayeho iterambere, nka demokarasi, irekurwa ry'imfungwa za politiki n'ubwinshi bw'abakandida<ref name="F53">{{cite web |language=fr |author=François Soudan |title=Cameroun : 1982-2012, de Biya à Biya |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/139428/politique/cameroun-1982-2012-de-biya-biya/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2012-11-12}}</ref>. Mu 2006, hatangijwe ibikorwa byo kurwanya ruswa byiswe ''Épervier'', byatumye abayobozi bakuru benshi bafungwa, nubwo bikekwa ko byakoreshejwe mu gukuraho abo bahanganye<ref name="F58">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Georges Dougueli |title=Fortunes diverses |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/200907/politique/fortunes-diverses/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2009-09-28}}</ref>. Transparency International yashyize Kameruni ku mwanya w'igihugu cyamunzwe na ruswa kurusha ibindi ku isi mu 1998 no mu 1999<ref name="F4" />, no ku mwanya wa 145 kuri 176 mu 2018<ref name="F3" />. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Ubutegetsi bwe bushyigikiwe n'Ubufaransa, buhereza Kameruni intwaro, butoza ingabo zayo kandi akaba ari bwo bushora imari nyinshi muri icyo gihugu<ref name="E41">{{cite web |title=France's Secret War in Cameroon Is Still Choking Its People |url=https://jacobin.com/2025/07/france-cameroon-colonialism-war-biya |website=Jacobin |date=2025-07-23}}</ref>. Mu 1986, yasubukuye umubano na Isiraheli, wari warahagaze kuva mu 1973<ref name="E46">{{cite web |title=Israel, Cameroon Restore Ties After 13-Year Break |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-08-27-mn-14197-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |date=1986-08-27 |access-date=2024-08-15}}</ref>; umutwe w'ingabo zihuta (BIR) uhabwa ibikoresho kandi utozwa na Isiraheli<ref name="E50">{{cite web |author=Lindsey Hilsum |title=On the border and in the crossfire: Cameroon's war with Boko Haram |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/13/on-the-border-and-in-the-crossfire-cameroons-war-with-boko-haram |website=The Guardian |date=2015-05-13 |access-date=2023-06-04}}</ref>. Ku wa 10 Ukwakira 2002, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga rw'Ubutabera rwemeje ko igice cya Bakassi cyari mu makimbirane na Nijeriya ari icya Kameruni; ihererekanya ry'icyo gice ryakozwe mu mahoro hakurikijwe amasezerano ya Greentree yo mu 2006<ref name="E57">{{cite web |title=A Success in the Resolution of Boundary Dispute |url=https://unowas.unmissions.org/cameroon-nigeria-mixed-commission-success-resolution-boundary-dispute |website=The Cameroon–Nigeria Mixed Commission |date=2019-07-09 |access-date=2024-04-23}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Paul Biya}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Kameruni]] pdm85ixz39pio6yln0rhiltiztau4rn 0 23187 140656 2026-10-03T06:45:29Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = José Maria Neves | image = José Maria Neves, 2023.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = José Maria Neves mu 2023 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|3|28|df=y}} | birth_place = Santa Catarina, ikirwa cya Santiago, [[Kapu Veri]] | nationality = Umunyakapuveri | alma_mater = Fundação Getúlio Vargas (São Paulo, Burezili) | occupation = Umunyapolitiki, umwanditsi | known_for = Minisitiri w'Intebe..." 140656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = José Maria Neves | image = José Maria Neves, 2023.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = José Maria Neves mu 2023 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|3|28|df=y}} | birth_place = Santa Catarina, ikirwa cya Santiago, [[Kapu Veri]] | nationality = Umunyakapuveri | alma_mater = Fundação Getúlio Vargas (São Paulo, Burezili) | occupation = Umunyapolitiki, umwanditsi | known_for = Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Kapu Veri (2001–2016) | title = Perezida wa Kapu Veri | term = Kuva ku wa 9 Ugushyingo 2021 | predecessor = Jorge Carlos Fonseca | party = PAICV }} '''José Maria Pereira Neves''' (wavutse ku wa 28 Werurwe 1960 i Santa Catarina, ku kirwa cya Santiago, muri [[Kapu Veri]]) ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyakapuveri wo mu ishyaka ''Partido Africano da Independência de Cabo Verde'' (PAICV), akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Kapu Veri kuva ku wa 9 Ugushyingo 2021. Yabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe imyaka 15, kuva mu 2001 kugeza mu 2016. Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2021, yatsinze mu cyiciro cya mbere ku majwi 51,7 %. == Ubuzima == José Maria Neves yavukiye ku kirwa cya Santiago mu 1960<ref name="E3">{{cite web |title=03-029 (José Maria Neves) |url=https://brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/2003-04/03-029.html}}</ref>. Akiri ingimbi, yatangiye gushishikazwa na politiki, ayobora umuryango w'urubyiruko uharanira ubwigenge mu gihe Kapu Veri yavaga mu bukoloni bw'Abanyaporutigali mu 1975<ref name="E3" />. Yize muri ''Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo'' ya Fundação Getúlio Vargas, muri Burezili<ref name="lobban">{{cite book |language=en |last1=Lobban Jr |first1=Richard A. |last2=Saucier |first2=Paul Khalil |title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cape Verde |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2007 |page=167 |isbn=978-0-8108-4906-8}}</ref>. Mu myaka ya 1980, yagarutse muri Kapu Veri akora mu nzego zitandukanye za Leta. Kuva mu 1987 kugeza mu 1989, yari umuhuzabikorwa w'umushinga w'ivugurura no kuvugurura ubutegetsi; yanayoboye Ikigo cy'Igihugu cy'Amahugurwa mu Butegetsi bwa Leta, hanyuma kuva mu 1989 kugeza mu 1998 aba umujyanama mu bijyanye n'amahugurwa n'iterambere ry'abakozi. == Urugendo muri politiki == Mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1980, yinjiye mu ishami ry'urubyiruko rya PAICV, icyo gihe ryari ishyaka rimwe rukumbi<ref name="lobban" />. Mu 1996, yiyamamaje ku rutonde rwa PAICV, ryari ryabaye ishyaka ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, mu ntara y'itora ya Santa Catarina. Mu nama nkuru ya PAICV yo muri Nzeri 1997, yiyamamarije kuyobora ishyaka ariko atsindwa na Pedro Pires. Mu Kamena 2000, ubwo yari perezida w'inama njyanama ya Santa Catarina, yatorewe kuyobora PAICV<ref name="lobban" />. === Minisitiri w'Intebe (2001–2016) === Yayoboye PAICV itsinda amatora y'abadepite yo ku wa 14 Mutarama 2001, aba Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="lobban" />. Yashyizeho umubano wa dipolomasi n'[[Ubushinwa]]. Mu 2002, yasinyanye n'Ubumwe bw'Uburayi amasezerano yihariye, yatangajwe ku wa 15 Ugushyingo 2005<ref name="E4">{{cite web |title=Cape Verde PM Discusses Special Partnership with EU |url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/17267 |website=Afrol |date=2005-11-15}}</ref>; mu 2007, yasabye ko Kapu Veri igirana umubano wihariye n'Ubumwe bw'Uburayi kubera ko yegereye ibirwa bya Macaronésie biri muri Esipanye na Porutigali<ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=pt |author=José Vicente Lopes |title=PM de Cabo Verde em ofensiva europeia |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/portugueseafrica/news/story/2007/08/070820_cvperipheralmeetinglc.shtml |website=BBC News |date=2007-08-16 |access-date=2021-10-20}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2003 kugeza mu 2004, yari na Minisitiri w'Imari<ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Antigos Ministros - Ministério das Finanças |url=https://www.mf.gov.cv/web/mf/antigos-ministros |website=www.mf.gov.cv}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2005, yasuye Burezili, ahura na Perezida Lula da Silva, baganira ku ishoramari muri Kapu Veri, harimo na Kaminuza ya Kapu Veri, kaminuza ya mbere ya Leta muri icyo gihugu<ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Criação de universidade pública em destaque na visita do PM cabo-verdiano ao Brasil |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/mundo/criacao-de-universidade-publica-em-destaque-na-visita-do-pm-cabo-verdiano-ao-brasil_n114331 |website=RTP |date=2005-08-21 |access-date=2021-10-20}}</ref>. Ku wa 22 Mutarama 2006, ishyaka rye ryongeye gutsinda amatora y'abadepite ku majwi 52,28 %, maze ku wa 7 Werurwe atangira manda ye ya kabiri<ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Cape Verde's New Government Sworn |url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/18379 |website=Afrol |date=2006-03-08}}</ref>. Banki y'Isi n'Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari bashimye politiki ye y'ubukungu n'imari. Mu Ukuboza 2006, yavuze ko nubwo ubucakara n'ubukoloni byagize ingaruka mbi kuri Afurika, abayobozi b'Afurika ari bo ba mbere bafite inshingano ku bibazo by'umugabane muri iki gihe<ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Africa 'stop blaming colonialism' |url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_2047882,00.html}}</ref>. Ku wa 2 Mutarama 2007, yatangaje ko ashaka ko Kapu Veri igira umwanya wihariye muri CEDEAO<ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Cape Verde wants special status at ECOWAS |url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/23522 |website=afrol News |date=2007-01-02}}</ref>. Ku wa 27 Kamena 2008, yashyizeho guverinoma nshya yari irimo abagore umunani ku baminisitiri 15, iba guverinoma ya mbere muri Kapu Veri ifite abagore benshi kurusha abagabo<ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Profunda remodelação governamental em Cabo Verde |url=http://www.panapress.com/freenewspor.asp?code=por015329&dte=27/06/2008}}</ref>. Ku wa 6 Gashyantare 2011, yongeye gutorwa ku nshuro ya gatatu, ishyaka rye ribona 52,68 % n'imyanya 38 kuri 72<ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Atlântico Weekly |url=http://atlantico-weekly.com/ |date=2011-02-07 |access-date=2017-05-07}}</ref>. Mu matora y'abadepite yo muri Werurwe 2016, ishyaka ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, ''Movimento para a Democracia'' (MpD), ryatsinze ku majwi arenga 53 %<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'opposition remporte les législatives au Cap-Vert |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/03/21/l-opposition-remporte-les-legislatives-au-cap-vert_4886914_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2016-03-21}}</ref>, maze ku wa 22 Mata 2016 asimburwa na Ulisses Correia e Silva ku mwanya wa Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="E13">{{cite web |language=pt |title=José Maria Neves passa testemunho ao novo Primeiro-ministro Ulisses Correia e Silva |url=http://anacao.cv/2016/04/21/jose-maria-neves-passa-testemunho-ao-novo-primeiro-ministro-ulisses-correia-e-silva/ |website=A Nação |date=2016-04-21 |access-date=2017-05-07}}</ref>. === Perezida wa Kapu Veri === Mu matora ya perezida yo ku wa 17 Ukwakira 2021, yatsinze mu cyiciro cya mbere ku majwi 51,7 %, imbere ya Carlos Veiga wa MpD wabonye 42,4 %; Veiga yahise yemera ko yatsinzwe<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cap-Vert: le candidat de la gauche, José Maria Neves, élu président dès le premier tour |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20211017-cap-vert-le-candidat-de-la-gauche-%C3%A9lu-d%C3%A8s-le-1er-tour-r%C3%A9sultats-provisoires |website=Radio France internationale |date=2021-10-17 |access-date=2021-10-20}}</ref><ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=LeMonde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/10/18/cap-vert-le-candidat-de-la-gauche-elu-des-le-premier-tour-de-la-presidentielle_6098763_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2021-10-18}}</ref>. Iyo ntsinzi yatumye habaho ubufatanye bw'ubutegetsi (''cohabitation'') na Minisitiri w'Intebe Ulisses Correia e Silva wo muri MpD. Yatangiye imirimo ku wa 9 Ugushyingo 2021<ref name="F1" />. == Umwanditsi == Neves yanditse ibitabo n'inyandiko byinshi, bimwe byasohotse mu bindi bihugu bya Afurika, mu Burayi no muri Burezili, birimo: * ''A Teoria da Administração Pública em Cabo Verde'' * ''O Estado e a Administração Pública em Cabo Verde'' * ''Uma Agenda de Transformação para Cabo Verde'' * ''Cabo Verde – Gestão das Impossibilidades'' * ''Um Futuro a Construir'' (yafatanyije na Francisco Pinto Balsemão) == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|José Maria Neves}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] s2fjzb01bprr4ckvil3qw794imoydsp 0 23188 140657 2026-10-03T06:48:20Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Faustin-Archange Touadéra | image = Visit of Faustin-Archange Touadéra, President of the Central African Republic, to the European Commission (P067074-430913, cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Faustin-Archange Touadéra | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|4|21|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Bangui]], [[Repubulika ya Santara Afurika]] | nationality = Umunyasantarafurika | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya L..." 140657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Faustin-Archange Touadéra | image = Visit of Faustin-Archange Touadéra, President of the Central African Republic, to the European Commission (P067074-430913, cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Faustin-Archange Touadéra | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|4|21|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Bangui]], [[Repubulika ya Santara Afurika]] | nationality = Umunyasantarafurika | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Lille I (Ubufaransa)<br />Kaminuza ya Yaoundé (Kameruni) | occupation = Umwarimu w'imibare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Minisitiri w'Intebe (2008–2013) | title = Perezida wa Repubulika ya Santara Afurika | term = Kuva ku wa 30 Werurwe 2016 | predecessor = Catherine Samba-Panza (w'inzibacyuho) | party = Mouvement Cœurs unis (MCU) }} '''Faustin-Archange Touadéra''' (wavutse ku wa 21 Mata 1957 i [[Bangui]]) ni umwarimu w'imibare n'umunyapolitiki wo muri [[Repubulika ya Santara Afurika]], akaba Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva muri Werurwe 2016. Mbere yaho, yabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe kuva mu 2008 kugeza mu 2013 ku butegetsi bwa François Bozizé. Yatorewe kuba Perezida mu 2016, yongera gutorwa mu 2020–2021 no mu 2025, mu matora yitabiriwe na bake kandi arangwa n'urugomo. Kuva yagera ku butegetsi, yegereye [[Uburusiya]]: itsinda ry'abacancuro b'Abarusiya rya Wagner rimurinda kandi rimufasha guhashya inyeshyamba. Ku butegetsi bwe, Itegeko Nshinga ryavanyeho umubare ntarengwa wa manda mu 2023, kandi abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi barahohoterwa. == Ubuzima == Faustin-Archange Touadéra yavukiye i Bangui ku wa 21 Mata 1957, mu muryango w'abana icumi wo mu gace ka rubanda rugufi ka Boy-Rabe; se yari umushoferi, nyina ari umuhinzi<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Centrafrique : cinq choses à savoir sur Faustin-Archange Touadéra |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/304420/politique/centrafrique-5-choses-a-savoir-sur-faustin-arcange-touadera/}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Duhem, Vincent |title=Centrafrique : cinq choses à savoir sur Faustin-Archange Touadéra |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/304420/politique/centrafrique-5-choses-a-savoir-sur-faustin-arcange-touadera/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2016-02-22 |access-date=2026-01-07}}</ref>. Yize amashuri yisumbuye muri Collège Barthélemy Boganda i Bangui, abona impamyabumenyi y'amashuri yisumbuye mu 1976, hanyuma yiga muri Kaminuza ya Bangui no muri Kaminuza ya Abidjan<ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Ngoulou, Fridolin |title=Qui est le nouveau président centrafricain Faustin Archange Touadera ? |url=http://rjdh.org/qui-est-le-nouveau-president-centrafricain-faustin-archange-touadera/ |website=RJDH |date=2016-02-22 |access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref>. Mu 1986, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (doctorat) mu mibare muri Kaminuza ya Lille I mu [[Ubufaransa]]<ref name="E9">{{cite web |author=Faustin Touadera |title=Problème de Cauchy matriciels C∞ et dans les espaces de Sobolev à caractéristiques multiples |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=8211537}}</ref>, maze mu 2004 abona iya kabiri muri Kaminuza ya Yaoundé muri [[Kameruni]]<ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Central African Republic swears in new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/3/30/central-african-republic-swears-in-new-president |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2021-01-22}}</ref>. === Umwuga wa kaminuza === Mu 1987, yabaye umwarimu wungirije w'imibare muri Kaminuza ya Bangui, aba visi-dekani w'ishami ry'ubumenyi kuva mu 1989 kugeza mu 1992<ref name="E12" />. Mu 1999, yinjiye muri Komite ihuriweho n'ibihugu ishinzwe guhuza integanyanyigisho z'imibare mu bihugu bivuga Igifaransa n'ibyo mu Nyanja y'Abahinde (CIEHPM), ayiyobora kuva mu 2001 kugeza mu 2003. Muri Gicurasi 2004, yabaye visi-chanseliye wa Kaminuza ya Bangui<ref name="E8" />, hanyuma ayibera umuyobozi mukuru (recteur) kuva mu 2005 kugeza mu 2008, atangiza gahunda yo kwigisha kwihangira imirimo n'ihuriro rya kaminuza ''Euclid''<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie officielle |url=http://www.touadera2015.net/pdf/BiographiePrFAT.pdf}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |author=Al Erisman |title=Update: Return to the Central African Republic |url=https://ethix.org/2007/10/01/return-to-the-central-african-republic |website=Ethix.org |date=2007-10-01 |access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref>. == Minisitiri w'Intebe (2008–2013) == Ku wa 22 Mutarama 2008, Perezida François Bozizé yamugize Minisitiri w'Intebe, nyuma y'iyegura rya Élie Doté<ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=Centrafrique: le recteur de l'université de Bangui nommé Premier ministre |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/fluxafp/fil_info.asp?reg_id=0&art_cle=42184}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ibiganiro by'igihugu byo mu Ukuboza 2008, Bozizé yasheshe guverinoma ye ku wa 18 Mutarama 2009, ariko bukeye bwaho amugira Minisitiri w'Intebe ku nshuro ya kabiri<ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=Central African Republic president dissolves government |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-01-19/central-african-republic-president-dissolves/270016 |website=ABC News |date=2009-01-18 |access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Mutarama 2013, nyuma y'amasezerano y'amahoro ya Libreville hagati ya guverinoma n'ihuriro ry'inyeshyamba rya Séléka, yategekaga ko Minisitiri w'Intebe mushya ava mu batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, Bozizé yaramwirukanye<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Centrafrique : le Premier ministre démis avant le gouvernement d'Union nationale |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/centrafrique-le-premier-ministre-demis-avant-le-gouvernement-d-union-nationale-12-01-2013-1612934_24.php}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Central African opposition names Tiangaye as new PM |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/439339/central-african-opposition-names-tiangaye-as-new.html |website=Modern Ghana |access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref>. Mu 2014, yahungiye ku kigo cy'Umuryango w'Abibumbye i Bangui amezi atandatu, hanyuma ajya i Villeneuve-d'Ascq mu Bufaransa hamwe n'umugore we n'abana be batatu<ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Villeneuve-d’Ascq : les attaches villeneuvoises du nouveau président de la Centrafrique |url=http://www.lavoixdunord.fr/archive/recup%3A%252Fregion%252Fvilleneuve-d-ascq-les-attaches-villeneuvoises-du-ia28b50417n3346911 |website=lavoixdunord.fr}}</ref><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Centrafrique : Faustin-Archange Touadéra, nouveau président surprise |url=http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2016/02/21/centrafrique-faustin-archange-touadera-nouveau-president-surprise_1434855}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Repubulika == === Amatora yo mu 2016 === Yagarutse mu gihugu mu 2015, yiyamamaza nk'umukandida wigenga mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2015–2016<ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=Exiled Central African leader Bozize to stand at election |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-uk-centralafrica-election-idAFKCN0QG0KA20150811 |website=Reuters |date=2015-08-11 |access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref>. Mu cyiciro cya mbere, yabaye uwa kabiri ku majwi 19 %, inyuma ya Anicet-Georges Dologuélé (23,7 %), ariko mu cyiciro cya kabiri atsinda ku majwi 62,7 %<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Centrafrique : Touadéra élu président |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2016/02/20/97001-20160220FILWWW00137-centrafrique-touadera-elu-president.php |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2016-02-20 |access-date=2016-02-20}}</ref>. Yarahiye ku wa 30 Werurwe 2016, asimbura Perezida w'inzibacyuho Catherine Samba-Panza<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Centrafrique : Faustin Archange Touadéra met en place un secrétariat politique pour la gestion des 100 premiers jours |url=https://adiac-congo.com/content/centrafrique-faustin-archange-touadera-met-en-place-un-secretariat-politique-pour-la-gestion |access-date=2016-03-12}}</ref>, asezeranya gushyira intwaro hasi no kugira igihugu "kimwe, cy'amahoro, cyerekeje ku iterambere"<ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Central African Republic's president vows peace, reforms at inauguration |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-centralafrica-president-idUSKCN0WW1ZG}}</ref>. Ku wa 2 Mata 2016, yagize Simplice Sarandji Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Central African president names PM in decree: radio |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-centralafrica-president-idUSKCN0WZ0Q3 |website=Reuters |date=2016-04-02 |access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref>. === Manda ya mbere === Amaze kurahira, Ubufaransa bwatangaje ko burangije igikorwa cya gisirikare cya Sangaris, bwari bufitemo abasirikare bagera ku 2 500 bafashaga ingabo z'Umuryango w'Abibumbye zigera ku 10 000<ref name="E22">{{cite web |author=Morgan Winsor |title=Central African Republic's New President Touadera In Uphill Battle Against Warring Muslim, Christian Militias |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/central-african-republics-new-president-touadera-uphill-battle-against-warring-muslim-2345672 |website=International Business Times |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref>. Touadéra yitabaje itsinda ry'abacancuro b'Abarusiya rya Wagner kugira ngo rifashe kugarura umutekano; ibyo byatumye umubano n'Ubufaransa uzamba, Perezida Emmanuel Macron ahagarika inkunga y'ubukungu. Abarinda Touadéra bavugwa ko ari abo muri Wagner<ref name="E27">{{cite web |author=Neil Hauer |title=Russia's Favorite Mercenaries |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/08/russian-mercenaries-wagner-africa/568435/ |website=The Atlantic |date=2018-08-27}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2022, yari umwe mu bakuru b'ibihugu bake bashyigikiye icyemezo cya Vladimir Putin cyo kwemera ubwigenge bwa Donetsk na Louhansk<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Ilya Barabanov |title=Conflit en Ukraine : comment la Russie a tissé des liens plus étroits avec l'Afrique |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/monde-60546110 |website=BBC.com}}</ref>. Ku wa 18 Mutarama 2021, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwemeje ko yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 53,16 %<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pacôme Pabandji |title=Centrafrique : la réélection de Faustin-Archange Touadéra validée par la Cour constitutionnelle |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1106586/politique/centrafrique-la-reelection-de-faustin-archange-touadera-validee-par-la-cour-constitutionnelle/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-01-18}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri === Muri Mata 2022, Repubulika ya Santara Afurika yemeje ko Bitcoin iba ifaranga ryemewe mu gihugu, iba igihugu cya kabiri ku isi kibikoze nyuma ya El Salvador; iyo gahunda yaretswe mu 2023<ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Bitcoin becomes official currency in Central African Republic |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61248809 |date=2022-04-27 |access-date=2025-02-15}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |author=Jonathan Buck |title=The Fall Of Bitcoin In The Central African Republic: Why This Legal Tender Experiment Failed |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/the-fall-of-bitcoin-in-the-central-african-republic:-why-this-legal-tender-experiment |website=Nasdaq |date=2023-04-30 |access-date=2025-02-14}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |author=Sabrina Toppa |title=Why did the Central African Republic toss out bitcoin? |url=https://www.thestreet.com/crypto/policy/central-african-republic-bitcoin |website=TheStreet |date=2023-09-30 |access-date=2025-02-15}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2023, yafashe ubuyobozi bw'Umuryango w'Ubukungu n'Ifaranga wa Afurika yo Hagati (CEMAC)<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Franc CFA, présidence, mandats… Ce que Paul Biya et ses pairs vont aborder lors du sommet de la Cemac |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1424402/economie/les-dessous-du-sommet-de-la-cemac-convoque-par-paul-biya/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2023, yitabiriye inama y'Uburusiya n'Afurika i Saint-Pétersbourg, avuga ko Uburusiya "bwafashije kurokora demokarasi no gukumira intambara y'abenegihugu"<ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=African leaders tell Putin: 'We have a right to call for peace' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-tells-african-leaders-moscow-is-studying-their-ukraine-proposal-2023-07-28/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-07-29}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2023, kamarampaka yo kuvugurura Itegeko Nshinga yongereye manda ya perezida kuva ku myaka itanu ikagera ku irindwi, ivanaho umubare ntarengwa wa manda; mu Ukwakira 2022, Touadéra yari yirukanye perezida w'Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga, rwari rwemeje ko iyo kamarampaka inyuranyije n'Itegeko Nshinga<ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=In Central African Republic, government removes two constitutional court judges after judgment seen as blocking president's plans to bypass term limits |url=https://constitutionnet.org/news/central-african-republic-government-removes-two-constitutional-court-judges-after-judgment |website=Reuters |date=2022-10-31 |access-date=2023-06-01}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=République centrafricaine : Le référendum présente des risques |url=https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2023/06/05/republique-centrafricaine-le-referendum-presente-des-risques |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2023-06-05 |access-date=2023-08-02}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2024, yakiriwe ku nshuro ya kabiri mu ngoro y'Élysée i Paris, asinya gahunda yo kugarura umubano hagati y'ibihugu byombi<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Centrafrique : Faustin-Archange Touadéra de nouveau reçu par Emmanuel Macron |url=https://www.africaintelligence.fr/afrique-centrale/2024/04/05/faustin-archange-touadera-de-nouveau-recu-par-emmanuel-macron,110201327-art |website=Africa Intelligence |date=2024-04-05 |access-date=2024-04-07}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Centrafrique Faustin-Archange Touadéra de nouveau reçu par Emmanuel Macron |url=https://www.africaintelligence.fr/afrique-centrale/2024/04/05/faustin-archange-touadera-de-nouveau-recu-par-emmanuel-macron,110201327-art |website=Africa Intelligence |date=2024-04-05 |access-date=2024-11-22}}</ref>. Ku wa 10 Gashyantare 2025, yatangije ifaranga ry'ikoranabuhanga "$CAR", ryamaze igihe gito rifite agaciro ka miliyoni 900 z'amadolari mbere yo guta agaciro karenga 90 %<ref name="E33">{{cite web |author=Prashant Jha |title=Central African Republic's National Memecoin Hits $900M Market Cap—But Is It Real? |url=https://www.ccn.com/news/crypto/central-african-republic-national-car-memecoin-real/ |website=CCN |date=2025-02-10 |access-date=2025-02-23}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |author=Basillioh Rukanga |title=CAR leader launches meme-coin 'experiment' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly5x0vpen8o |website=BBC News |date=2025-02-11 |access-date=2025-02-23}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2025 === Muri Nyakanga 2025, ishyaka rye ''Mouvement Cœurs unis'' ryamutoranyije kuba umukandida mu matora ya perezida yo mu Ukuboza 2025<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rolf Steve Domia-Leu |title=Centrafrique: le parti au pouvoir désigne Faustin-Archange Touadéra pour briguer un nouveau mandat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250726-centrafrique-le-parti-au-pouvoir-d%C3%A9signe-faustin-archange-touad%C3%A9ra-pour-briguer-nouveau-mandat |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref><ref name="E32">{{cite web |title=Central African Republic's President Touadera confirms third-term bid |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/07/27/central-african-republics-president-touadera-confirms-third-term-bid/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-07-27 |access-date=2025-07-27}}</ref>. Mu Ugushyingo 2025, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwamwemereye kongera kwiyamamaza, nubwo abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bavugaga ko atujuje ibisabwa<ref name="E35">{{cite web |author=Jean Fernand Koena |title=Central African Republic leader cleared for third term in key vote followed closely by Russia |url=https://apnews.com/article/central-african-republic-touadera-russia-wagner-41891691b35cb17fac75159b78aa0d3e |website=AP NEWS |date=2025-11-14 |access-date=2025-11-14}}</ref>. Mbere y'amatora, yakoresheje ububasha bwa Leta kugira ngo abuze abakandida batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi kwiyamamaza<ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Central African Republic: Concerns Over Crucial Election |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/11/28/central-african-republic-concerns-over-crucial-election |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2025-11-28 |access-date=2026-01-07}}</ref><ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Central African Republic President Touadéra wins third term: provisional results |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/06/central-african-republic-president-touadera-wins-third-term-provisional-results/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06}}</ref>. Ku wa 19 Mutarama 2026, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwatangaje ko yatsinze mu cyiciro cya mbere ku majwi 77,9 %, imbere ya Anicet-Georges Dologuélé (13,1 %); abitabiriye amatora bari 52,4 %<ref name="E41">{{cite web |title=Central African Republic confirms Touadéra's election win despite fraud claims |url=https://apnews.com/article/central-african-republic-election-results-touadera-dologuele-66860f354854b90b1194f509746f190c |website=AP News |date=2026-01-19}}</ref><ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Centrafrique: Faustin-Archange Touadéra déclaré vainqueur par l'ANE |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260105-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-en-centrafrique-faustin-archange-touad%C3%A9ra-d%C3%A9clar%C3%A9-vainqueur-par-l-ane |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Abo bahanganye bamaganye uburiganya, basaba ko amatora aseswa<ref name="E40">{{cite web |author=Wycliffe Muia |title=Central African Republic president wins third term by landslide |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0q40xg3j0jo |website=BBC News |date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06}}</ref><ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Centrafrique : la Cour constitutionnelle proclame la victoire de Faustin-Archange Touadéra et rejette le recours de son opposant pour fraudes |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/01/19/centrafrique-la-cour-constitutionnelle-proclame-la-victoire-de-faustin-archange-touadera-et-rejette-le-recours-de-son-opposant-pour-fraudes_6663213_3212.html |website=AFP et Le Monde}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Touadéra yabaye umudiyakoni mu itorero ry'Ababatisita (''Union fraternelle des Églises baptistes''), kandi aracyari umunyamuryango waryo<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Faustin-Archange Touadéra: Réconcilier les Centrafricains |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/faustin-archange-touadera-reconcilier-les-centrafricains_1795475.html}}</ref><ref name="E42">{{cite web |title=Faustin-Archange Touadéra: Réconcilier les Centrafricains |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/faustin-archange-touadera-reconcilier-les-centrafricains_1795475.html}}</ref>. Afite abagore babiri, Brigitte Touadéra na Tina Marguerite Touadéra<ref name="E44">{{cite web |title=Centrafrique: Brigitte et Tina Touadéra, la bataille de l'ombre pour la place de première dame |url=http://koaci.com/centrafrique-brigitte-tina-touadera-bataille-lombre-pour-place-premiere-dame-107495.html |website=Koaci.com |date=2017-03-20 |access-date=2017-10-29}}</ref>, n'abana batatu<ref name="E7" />. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Faustin Touadera}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Repubulika ya Santara Afurika]] 423yxar40crt7wbwrhr3jrrpxms33ps 0 23189 140658 2026-10-03T06:50:37Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno | image = Mahamat Déby.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Mahamat Idriss Déby | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|4|4|df=y}} | birth_place = N'Djamena, [[Cade]] | nationality = Umunyacade | alma_mater = Lycée militaire d'Aix-en-Provence (Ubufaransa)<br />Ishuri rya gisirikare rya Gémia (Cade) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Maréchal wa Cade..." 140658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno | image = Mahamat Déby.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Mahamat Idriss Déby | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|4|4|df=y}} | birth_place = N'Djamena, [[Cade]] | nationality = Umunyacade | alma_mater = Lycée militaire d'Aix-en-Provence (Ubufaransa)<br />Ishuri rya gisirikare rya Gémia (Cade) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Maréchal wa Cade (kuva 2024) | title = Perezida wa Cade | term = Kuva ku wa 21 Mata 2021 (w'inzibacyuho kugeza ku wa 23 Gicurasi 2024) | predecessor = Idriss Déby Itno | party = Mouvement patriotique du salut (MPS) }} '''Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno''' (mu Cyarabu: محمد إدريس ديبي إتنو; wavutse ku wa 4 Mata 1984 i N'Djamena, muri [[Cade]]), uzwi kandi ku izina rya '''Kaka''', ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyacade, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Cade kuva ku wa 21 Mata 2021. Nyuma y'urupfu rutunguranye rwa se, Perezida Idriss Déby, wiciwe ku rugamba muri Mata 2021, yayoboye Akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho, aba umukuru w'igihugu mu buryo bwateje impaka, kuko Itegeko Nshinga ritubahirijwe. Yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo mu 2024, kandi mu Ukuboza 2024 ahabwa ipeti rya Maréchal wa Cade. Ubutegetsi bwe bufatwa nk'ubw'igitugu, burangwa n'ihashywa rikaze ry'imyigaragambyo, harimo iryo ku wa 20 Ukwakira 2022, no kubuza abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi kwisanzura<ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Chad’s election outcome already seems set: 4 things Mahamat Déby has done to stay in power |url=https://theconversation.com/chads-election-outcome-already-seems-set-4-things-mahamat-deby-has-done-to-stay-in-power-228242 |website=The Conversation |date=2024-04-23 |access-date=2026-09-02}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Chad: dictatorship continues by other means |url=https://lens.civicus.org/chad-dictatorship-continues-by-other-rmeans/ |website=CIVICUS Lens |date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2026-09-02}}</ref>. == Ubuzima == === Inkomoko n'amashuri === Mahamat Idriss Déby ni umuhungu wa Idriss Déby, icyo gihe wari umugaba mukuru w'ingabo zirwanira ku butaka, n'umubyeyi w'Umugorane<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Passé en France, appelé "grand-mère"... Le CV de Mahamat Idriss Déby, nouvel homme fort du Tchad |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/passe-en-france-appele-grand-mere-le-cv-de-mahamat-idriss-deby-nouvel-homme-fort-du-tchad_2149263.html |website=lexpress.fr |date=2021-04-21 |access-date=2021-04-24}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=David Lewis |title=Chad's new President Deby: Son inherits crisis as well as leadership &#124; Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chads-new-president-deby-son-inherits-crisis-well-leadership-2021-04-23/ |website=Reuters |date=2021-04-23}}</ref>. Yarezwe na nyirakuru, nyina wa Idriss Déby, ari na yo mpamvu bamwita "Mahamat Kaka" (''kaka'' bisobanura "nyirakuru" mu Cyarabu cya Cade)<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Christophe Boisbouvier |title=Armée tchadienne : Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno, un monsieur très discret |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/138336/politique/arm-e-tchadienne-mahamat-idriss-d-by-itno-un-monsieur-tr-s-discret/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2013-02-14 |access-date=2018-05-08}}</ref>. Yize amashuri yisumbuye muri Cade no mu [[Ubufaransa]], aho yamaze umwaka n'igice muri lycée militaire d'Aix-en-Provence. Agarutse, yize mu ishuri ry'abofisiye ry'ingabo za Cade (Gémia), arisohokamo ari sous-lieutenant<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jean-Louis Tremblais |title=Tchad, l'homme clé du Sahel |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/rencontre-avec-le-president-tchadien-mahamat-idriss-deby-l-homme-cle-du-sahel-20211001 |website=Le Figaro Magazine |date=2021-10-01}}</ref>. === Urugendo mu gisirikare === Se yamushyize mu Buyobozi bukuru bushinzwe umutekano w'inzego za Leta (DGSSIE), ingabo zirinda ubutegetsi, ari umuyobozi wungirije w'itsinda ry'abasirikare barwanira ku butaka<ref name="F3" />. Yarwanye bwa mbere muri Mata 2006, ubwo inyeshyamba zateraga umurwa mukuru, azamurwa ku ipeti rya komanda<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno |title=De Bédouin à Président |url=https://www.va-editions.fr |website=Va-editions.fr |date=2024 |access-date=2024-12-24}}</ref><ref name="F4" />. Muri Gicurasi 2009, yagizwe Jenerali wa burigade, ayobora hamwe n'abandi ingabo za Cade mu ntambara ya Am-Dam, aho inyeshyamba za Timan Erdimi zatsinzwe mu burasirazuba bwa Cade<ref name="F3" /><ref name="F4" /><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Chad: Slain Deby's son Mahamat Deby Itno heads military council |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/04/20/chad-slain-debys-son-mahamat-deby-itno-heads-military-council/ |website=P.M. News |date=2021-04-20 |access-date=2021-04-20}}</ref>. Mu 2013, yabaye umuyobozi wungirije w'ingabo za Cade zoherejwe muri [[Mali]] (FATIM), arwana mu misozi ya Adrar des Ifoghas; nyuma afata ubuyobozi bwuzuye bw'izo ngabo<ref name="F4" /><ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le général Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno, 29 ans et fils d'Idriss Deby, commande la force tchadienne au Mali |url=http://bamada.net/le-general-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-29-ans-et-fils-didriss-deby-commande-la-force-tchadienne-au-mali |website=bamada.net |date=2013-02-16 |access-date=2013-06-20}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Nzeri 2014, yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru wa DGSSIE<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : Le général Mahamat Idriss Déby prend la tête de la DGSSIE |url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-Le-General-Mahamat-Idriss-Deby-prend-la-tete-de-la-DGSSIE_a12694.html |website=alwihdainfo.com |date=2014-09-22 |access-date=2021-04-21}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |author=Daniel Eizenga |title=Chad's Ongoing Instability, the Legacy of Idriss Déby |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/chads-ongoing-instability-the-legacy-of-idriss-deby/ |website=Africa Center for Strategic Studies |date=2021-05-03}}</ref>. Yagizwe Jenerali w'ingabo (''général de corps d'armée'') mu Ukwakira 2018, Jenerali w'ingabo usumba abandi (''général d'armée'') ku wa 2 Ukuboza 2021<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : Idriss Déby, un général qui banalise le grade de général dans l’armée |url=https://www.tchadpages.com/tchad-idriss-deby-un-general-qui-banalise-le-grade-de-general-dans-larmee/ |website=tchadpages.com |date=2018-10-09 |access-date=2021-04-21}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, le général Mahamat Idriss Deby Itno s'octroie une étoile supplémentaire |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20211203-au-tchad-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-s-octroie-une-%C3%A9toile-suppl%C3%A9mentaire |website=rfi.fr |date=2021-12-03 |access-date=2021-12-03}}</ref>, maze ku wa 9 Ukuboza 2024 Inama y'Igihugu y'Inzibacyuho imuha icyubahiro cya Maréchal<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno élevé à son tour au grade de maréchal |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1639114/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-eleve-a-son-tour-au-grade-de-marechal/ |access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref><ref name="E63">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno élevé à son tour au grade de maréchal |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1639114/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-eleve-a-son-tour-au-grade-de-marechal/ |website=www.jeuneafrique.com |date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref>. == Umukuru w'igihugu == === Akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho === Ku wa 21 Mata 2021, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Idriss Déby wiciwe mu ntambara n'inyeshyamba za FACT mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, yafashe ubuyobozi bw'Akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho, aba Perezida wa Repubulika<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Deby, maître du Tchad et allié stratégique de l’Occident dans la lutte contre les jihadistes |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1259354/deby-maitre-du-tchad-et-allie-strategique-de-loccident-dans-la-lutte-contre-les-jihadistes.html |website=lorientlejour.com |date=2021-04-21 |access-date=2021-04-21}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Chad's President Idriss Déby dies 'in clashes with rebels' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56815708 |website=BBC News |date=2021-04-20 |access-date=2021-04-20}}</ref>. Itegeko Nshinga, ryavugaga ko Perezida w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ari we usimbura Perezida mu gihe cy'iminsi 45 kugeza kuri 90 kugeza habaye amatora, ryarahagaritswe; bamwe mu banyapolitiki babyise kudeta<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Constitution du 4 mai 2018, révisée le 14 décembre 2020 |url=https://www.letchadanthropus-tribune.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Constitution-du-Tchad-revise%CC%81e.pdf |website=letchadanthropus-tribune.com |access-date=2021-04-22}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Chad president's death: Rivals condemn 'dynastic coup' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56830510 |website=BBC News |date=2021-04-21 |access-date=2021-04-22}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad's Constitution of 2018 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2018.pdf?lang=en |website=constituteproject.org}}</ref>. Igisirikare cyasheshe Inteko Ishinga Amategeko na guverinoma, gifunga imipaka, gitangaza inzibacyuho y'amezi 18<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : tout juste réélu, le président Idriss Déby tué au combat |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/mort-du-president-tchadien-deby-tout-juste-reelu-20210420_NHY4XKDNL5DNPG5HJY346O3UYE/ |website=liberation.fr |date=2021-04-20 |access-date=2021-04-20}}</ref>. Ubufaransa bwashyigikiye iyo nzibacyuho, buvuga ko "ibihe bidasanzwe" byatewe n'inyeshyamba<ref name="E22">{{cite web |author=John Irish |title=With eye on Islamist fight, France backs Chad military takeover |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/france-defends-chad-military-takeover-needed-ensure-stability-2021-04-22/ |website=Reuters |date=2021-04-22 |access-date=2021-04-22}}</ref>; Perezida Emmanuel Macron yitabiriye umuhango wo gushyingura Idriss Déby, yiyemeza gushyigikira Mahamat Déby<ref name="E39">{{cite web |author=Daniel Pelz |title=Why France is backing Chad's new leader, Mahamat Idriss Deby |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-france-is-backing-chads-new-leader-mahamat-idriss-deby/a-57316728 |website=DW.com |date=2021-04-23 |access-date=2023-08-10}}</ref>. Ku wa 25 Nzeri 2021, yashyizeho abagize Inama y'Igihugu y'Inzibacyuho 93<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: Mahamat Idriss Déby nomme le parlement de transition, le CNT |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210924-tchad-mahamat-idriss-d%C3%A9by-nomme-le-parlement-de-transition-le-cnt |website=RFI |date=2021-09-24 |access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>. Ku wa 8 Kanama 2022, i Doha, guverinoma yasinyanye n'imitwe myinshi y'inyeshyamba amasezerano y'amahoro, ariko FACT n'indi mitwe itavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi barayanze<ref name="E27">{{cite web |author=Andrew Mills |title=Chad signs peace pact with rebels, but main insurgents stay out |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chad-rebels-sign-peace-deal-2022-08-08/ |website=Reuters |date=2022-08-08 |access-date=2023-05-04}}</ref><ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Eight Priorities for the African Union in 2023 |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/african-union-regional-bodies/b186-eight-priorities-african-union-2023 |website=International Crisis Group |date=2023-02-14 |access-date=2023-05-04}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Kanama 2022, yatangije ibiganiro by'igihugu bihuriweho na bose (DNIS), byitabiriwe n'intumwa 1 400, ariko bimwe mu bice bya sosiyete sivile birabyamagana byita "monologue"<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, la laborieuse mise en place du « dialogue national » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/08/29/au-tchad-la-laborieuse-mise-en-place-du-dialogue-national_6139365_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2022-08-29 |access-date=2022-09-06}}</ref>. === Perezida w'inzibacyuho === Ku wa 3 Ukwakira 2022, ibiganiro by'igihugu byongereye igihe cy'inzibacyuho, binemerera abayobozi b'inzibacyuho kuziyamamaza mu matora, bitandukanye n'ibyo Ubumwe bwa Afurika bwasabaga<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno obtient une périlleuse carte blanche |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1381844/politique/tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-obtient-une-perilleuse-carte-blanche/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2023-02-10}}</ref>. Akanama ka gisirikare kamaze guseswa ku wa 8 Ukwakira 2022, yabaye Perezida w'inzibacyuho<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Malick Mahamat |title=Tchad : le Conseil militaire de transition est officiellement dissous |url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-le-Conseil-militaire-de-transition-est-officiellement-dissous_a117913.html |website=Alwihda |access-date=2022-10-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Ukwakira 2022, itariki yari yarateganyirijwe amatora, habaye imyigaragambyo ikomeye yaharaniraga demokarasi i N'Djamena n'i Moundou, yateguwe na Wakit Tamma n'ishyaka ''Les Transformateurs'' rya Succès Masra. Inzego z'umutekano zayihashye bikomeye: abantu bari hagati ya 50 na 200 barapfuye, abarenga 600 barafungwa; uwo munsi wiswe "Ku wa Kane w'umukara"<ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=Chad's Transition: Easing Tensions Online |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/chad/b183-chads-transition-easing-tensions-online |website=International Crisis Group |date=2022-12-13 |access-date=2023-05-01}}</ref><ref name="E35">{{cite web |author=Katie Nodjimbadem |title=Chad's Coup Leader Stops Democracy in Its Tracks |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/12/06/chad-deby-coup-leader-democracy/ |website=Foreign Policy |date=2022-12-06 |access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2023, yahaye imbabazi 259 mu bari bakatiwe kubera iyo myigaragambyo, n'inyeshyamba 380 za FACT zari zarakatiwe gufungwa burundu<ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Manifestation réprimée au Tchad en octobre : 259 condamnés graciés par le président |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/03/28/manifestation-reprimee-au-tchad-en-octobre-259-condamnes-gracies-par-le-president_6167262_3212.html |website=LeMonde Afrique |access-date=2023-03-27}}</ref><ref name="E32">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pierre Tahingam |title=Tchad : au moins 400 rebelles impliqués dans la mort d'Idriss Deby condamnés à vie |url=https://www.journaldutchad.com/tchad-au-moins-400-rebelles-impliques-dans-la-mort-didriss-deby-condamnes-a-vie/ |website=Journal du Tchad |date=2023-03-22 |access-date=2023-05-04}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2024 === Ku wa 13 Mutarama 2024, ishyaka rye ''Mouvement patriotique du salut'' (MPS) ryamutoranyije kuba umukandida mu matora ya perezida yo ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2024<ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno désigné candidat à la présidentielle |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1525218/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-designe-candidat-a-la-presidentielle/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2024-01-13}}</ref><ref name="E51">{{cite web |title=Opposition condemns designation of Chad's military ruler as presidential candidate |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/africa/article/2001489044/opposition-condemns-designation-of-chads-military-ruler-as-presidential-candidate |website=Voice of America |date=2024-01-16 |access-date=2024-01-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Gashyantare 2024, umukandida ukomeye bari bahanganye, Yaya Dillo Djérou, yishwe n'inzego z'umutekano<ref name="E55">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chadian opposition leader dies in gun exchange, state prosecutor says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/29/chadian-opposition-leader-dies-in-gun-exchange-state-prosecutor-says |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2024-03-03}}</ref>. Mu matora, yatsinze ku majwi 61 %, imbere ya Minisitiri w'Intebe Succès Masra (18,53 %), wari wavuze ko ari we watsinze<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: Mahamat Idriss Déby donné vainqueur de l'élection présidentielle dès le premier tour |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240509-tchad-mahamat-idriss-d%C3%A9by-donn%C3%A9-vainqueur-de-l-%C3%A9lection-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-d%C3%A8s-le-premier-tour |website=RFI |date=2024-05-09 |access-date=2024-05-10}}</ref><ref name="E58">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad's interim leader Déby wins presidential vote, says election body |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240509-chad-interim-leader-d%C3%A9by-wins-presidential-vote-says-election-body |website=France 24 |date=2024-05-09 |access-date=2024-05-10}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida watowe ku wa 23 Gicurasi 2024, maze agira Allamaye Halina Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Investiture de Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno : la France envoie un ministre, la Russie aussi |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1570341/politique/investiture-de-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-la-france-envoie-un-ministre-la-russie-aussi/ |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref><ref name="E60">{{cite web |language=en |author=Jessica Donati |title=Chad swears in president after disputed election, ending years of military rule |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-chad-dispute-terrorism-inauguration-8ecde546c90ea4e74a6fc43b8dbfebb6 |website=Associated Press |date=2024-05-23 |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref><ref name="E61">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad's Deby sworn in as president as Allamaye Halina named new PM |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/24/chads-deby-sworn-in-as-president-as-allamaye-halina-named-new-pm |website=Al Jazeera |date=2024-05-24 |access-date=2024-05-24}}</ref>. Ku wa 29 Mutarama 2025, yatorewe kuyobora MPS<ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: Mahamat Idriss Déby devient président national du parti au pouvoir |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250130-tchad-mahamat-idriss-d%C3%A9by-devient-pr%C3%A9sident-national-du-parti-au-pouvoir |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Ku wa 5 Kamena 2025, yahagaritse gutanga viza ku Banyamerika, mu rwego rwo kwihimura ku cyemezo cya Perezida Donald Trump cyo kubuza Abanyacade kwinjira muri Amerika<ref name="E65">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad announces suspension of visas to US citizens in response to Trump travel ban |url=https://apnews.com/article/chad-visa-ban-trump-travel-d9e57a9a8a150be07cfee866d1a0a900 |website=AP News |date=2025-06-06 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref>. Nk'uko ''Le Monde'' ibivuga, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu ni zo zimutera inkunga ikomeye, maze na we akemerera intwaro zigenewe umutwe wa ''Forces de soutien rapide'' (RSF) wo muri [[Sudani]] kunyura ku butaka bwa Cade. Muri Nyakanga 2026, Cade yatangaje ko ivuye mu Rukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha (CPI), aho we n'abandi bayobozi bakuru bari bararezwe kuva mu Ukuboza 2025 kubera "ubufatanyacyaha mu byaha mpuzamahanga byakorewe muri Sudani"<ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Tchad annonce quitter la CPI à la demande des Etats-Unis |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/07/27/le-tchad-annonce-quitter-la-cpi-a-la-demande-des-etats-unis_6734224_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-07-28}}</ref>. == Impaka == Muri Mutarama 2024, ubushinjacyaha bw'Ubufaransa bushinzwe ibyaha by'imari (PNF) bwatangije iperereza ku kunyereza umutungo wa Leta, nyuma y'aho ikinyamakuru ''Mediapart'' gitangaje ko hagati ya 2021 na 2023 yakoresheje hafi miliyoni imwe y'amayero ku mudozi uzwi w'i Paris, mu gihugu aho 35 % by'abaturage bari mu bukene bukabije<ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno visé par une enquête de la justice française |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1583908/politique/mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-vise-par-une-enquete-de-la-justice-francaise/ |access-date=2024-07-02}}</ref><ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Fabrice Arfi, Antton Rouget |title=Un million d’euros de costumes : les folles emplettes du président du Tchad à Paris |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/151223/un-million-d-euros-de-costumes-les-folles-emplettes-du-president-du-tchad-paris |website=Mediapart |date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref>. Iryo perereza rireba n'imitungo itimukanwa y'umuryango we mu Bufaransa, ifite agaciro nibura ka miliyoni 30 z'amayero<ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: la justice française enquête sur le patrimoine immobilier de la famille Déby, révèle Mediapart - rfi.fr |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240823-tchad-la-justice-fran%C3%A7aise-enqu%C3%AAte-sur-le-patrimoine-immobilier-de-la-famille-d%C3%A9by-r%C3%A9v%C3%A8le-mediapart |access-date=2024-08-24}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2026, ''Mediapart'' yatangaje ko we n'abamuherekeza bakoresheje hafi 860 000 by'amayero muri hoteli Royal Monceau i Paris, hafi ya yose yishyuwe mu mafaranga y'intoki<ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Fabrice Arfi, Antton Rouget |title=Les folles dépenses du président du Tchad à Paris : la justice sur la piste du cash du Royal Monceau |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/100326/les-folles-depenses-du-president-du-tchad-paris-la-justice-sur-la-piste-du-cash-du-royal-monceau |website=Mediapart |date=2026-03-10 |access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Mutarama 2025, murumuna we Adam Idriss Déby Itno yamwandikiye ibaruwa amusaba kwegura<ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno et son frère Adam se déchirent en public |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1651205/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-et-son-frere-adam-secharpent-en-public/ |access-date=2025-01-25}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Ni Umuyisilamu ukomeye ku idini, akaba afite abana icyenda<ref name="F4" />. Afite abagore batatu; uwa gatatu, umunyamakuru Dahabaya Oumar Souni, afatwa nka Madamu wa Perezida, akaba n'umujyanama mu itumanaho mu biro bya Perezida<ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Tchad: voici qui est la nouvelle première dame du pays |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-qui-est-la-nouvelle-premi-re-dame-du-pays-593080 |website=CamerounWeb |date=2021-04-26 |access-date=2022-06-09}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Tchad: voici Dahabay oumar Souni, la communicante et 3è épouse du président du CMT |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-Dahabay-oumar-Souni-la-communicante-et-3-pouse-du-pr-sident-du-CMT-596158 |website=CamerounWeb |date=2021-05-08 |access-date=2022-06-09}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2024, yasohoye igitabo kivuga ku buzima bwe, ''De bédouin à président''<ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : "De Bédouin à Président", le livre autobiographique de Mahamat Idriss Deby |url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-De-Bedouin-a-President--le-livre-autobiographique-de-Mahamat-Idriss-Deby_a131267.html |website=Alwihda |access-date=2024-04-07}}</ref>. Ku wa 15 Mutarama 2026, yahawe Igihembo nyafurika cy'amahoro<ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mahamat Déby Itno reçoit le Prix Africain pour la Paix 2026 |url=https://fr.apanews.net/news/le-president-mahamat-deby-recoit-le-prix-africain-pour-la-paix-2026/ |website=apanews.net |date=2026-01-15 |access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref><ref name="E67">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad’s Déby wins 2026 African Peace Prize for role in Sudan refugee crisis |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/16/chads-deby-wins-2026-african-peace-prize-for-role-in-sudan-refugee-crisis/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-01-16 |access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Mahamat Déby}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Cade]] 88zzzv32dw43bsi38z9fo80u61lt2vf 0 23190 140659 2026-10-03T06:56:21Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Azali Assoumani | image = Azali Assoumani in New York City on September 19, 2023 - 53199606411 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Azali Assoumani mu 2023 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|1|1|df=y}} | birth_place = Mitsoudjé, Grande Comore, [[Komore]] | nationality = Umunyakomore | alma_mater = Académie royale militaire de Meknès (Maroke)<br />École de guerre (Paris) | occupation = Um..." 140659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Azali Assoumani | image = Azali Assoumani in New York City on September 19, 2023 - 53199606411 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Azali Assoumani mu 2023 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|1|1|df=y}} | birth_place = Mitsoudjé, Grande Comore, [[Komore]] | nationality = Umunyakomore | alma_mater = Académie royale militaire de Meknès (Maroke)<br />École de guerre (Paris) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika (2023–2024) | title = Perezida wa Komore | term = 1999–2006; kuva ku wa 26 Gicurasi 2016 | predecessor = Ikililou Dhoinine | party = Convention pour le renouveau des Comores (CRC) }} '''Azali Assoumani''' (mu Cyarabu: غزالي عثماني; wavutse ku wa 1 Mutarama 1959 i Mitsoudjé, muri [[Komore]]) ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyakomore, akaba Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Komore kuva mu 2016, nyuma yo kuba umukuru w'igihugu kuva mu 1999 kugeza mu 2006. Yafashe ubutegetsi binyuze muri kudeta ku wa 30 Mata 1999, nyuma atorerwa kuba Perezida mu 2002, 2016, 2019 na 2024. Kuva muri Gashyantare 2023 kugeza muri Gashyantare 2024, yabaye Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika. Ubutegetsi bwe bwa vuba aha bufatwa nk'ubugenda burushaho kuba ubw'igitugu. == Ubuzima == Azali Assoumani yavukiye mu muryango w'abahinzi i Mitsoudjé, mu majyepfo y'ikirwa cya Grande Comore, maze yinjira mu gisirikare<ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Azali Assoumani |url=https://www.comores-online.com/mwezinet/histoire/azali.htm |date=2022-08-08}}</ref>. Mu 1995, ubwo umucancuro w'Umufaransa Bob Denard yakoraga kudeta, Azali yari komanda, akaba umwe mu bofisiye bake batayigizemo uruhare. Nyuma yaho, yize mu ''École de guerre'' mu [[Ubufaransa]] no mu ''Académie royale militaire'' ya Meknès muri [[Maroke]]<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Noé Hochet-Bodin |title=Aux Comores, Azali Assoumani, ancien putschiste et président en quête de réélection |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/01/12/aux-comores-azali-assoumani-ancien-putschiste-et-president-en-quete-de-reelection_6210516_3212.html |website=le Monde |date=2024-01-12}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |language=en |title=New African Union chair brings controversial record to top post |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230218-new-african-union-chair-brings-controversial-record-to-top-post |website=France 24 |date=2023-02-18 |access-date=2023-10-07}}</ref>. Agarutse muri Komore, yahise azamurwa ku ipeti rya koloneli. == Ku butegetsi (1999–2006) == === Kudeta ya 1999 === Ku wa 30 Mata 1999, Koloneli Azali yafashe ubutegetsi, ahirika Perezida w'agateganyo Tadjidine Ben Saïd Massounde. Abasirikare bavuze ko babikoze kugira ngo barinde ubusugire bw'igihugu, kuko Massounde yaganiraga n'abahagarariye ikirwa cya Anjouan ku bwigenge cyangwa ubwisanzure bwisumbuyeho bw'icyo kirwa. Ku wa 23 Ukuboza 2001, yemeje binyuze muri kamarampaka Itegeko Nshinga rishya<ref name="E8">{{cite web |language=en |author=Manos Karousos |title=Azali Assoumani (1959- ) • |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/azali-assoumani-1959/ |date=2022-06-01 |access-date=2024-01-23}}</ref>. Iryo tegeko ryashyizeho ubuperezida busimburanwa hagati y'ibirwa, riha ibirwa ubwisanzure bwagutse, buri kirwa gifite itegeko shingiro ryacyo, ibendera n'ubuyobozi bwacyo. Igihugu cyavuye ku izina rya Repubulika ya Kisilamu ya Federasiyo ya Komore, cyitwa Ubumwe bwa Komore. Mu gihe cy'amatora yo mu 2002, habayeho imirwano hagati y'inzego z'umutekano n'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, n'ifatwa ry'abantu binyuranyije n'amategeko<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comores, Couvre la période allant de janvier à décembre 2002 |url=http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/com-summary-fra |website=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=COMORES |url=http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/com-summary-fra |website=Amnesty International |access-date=2022-05-05}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Mutarama 2002, yeguye kugira ngo yiyamamaze, asimburwa by'agateganyo na Hamadi Madi Boléro. Yatsinze amatora ya perezida y'amashyaka menshi yo ku wa 14 Mata 2002 ku majwi 75 %, atangira imirimo ku wa 26 Gicurasi 2002. Manda ye yaranzwe n'amakimbirane ku bubasha, kuko yanze kwegurira ibirwa ububasha nk'uko Itegeko Nshinga ryabiteganyaga. === Kuva ku butegetsi === Itegeko Nshinga ryavugaga ko Perezida agomba guturuka ku kirwa gitandukanye n'icyo uwamubanjirije yaturukagaho; ku wa 26 Gicurasi 2006, yasimbuwe na Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi wo ku kirwa cya Anjouan. Mu 2009, yasohoye igitabo yise ''Quand j'étais président'', yirata ko yavuye ku butegetsi manda ye irangiye, bitandukanye n'abandi bakuru b'ibihugu benshi b'Afurika<ref name="F2" />. == Gusubira ku butegetsi (kuva 2016) == === Amatora yo mu 2016 === Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2016, yabaye uwa gatatu mu cyiciro cya mbere ku majwi 14,96 %, hanyuma atsinda icyiciro cya kabiri ku wa 10 Mata 2016 ku majwi 40,98 %<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle aux comores: les qualifiés au second tour connus |url=https://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160224-presidentielle-comores-qualifies-le-second-tour-connus-tierce-ceni |website=RFI |date=2016-02-24}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comores : L'ex putschiste Azali Assoumani élu président |url=https://www.bfmtv.com/international/comores-l-ex-putschiste-azali-assoumani-elu-president-967221.html |website=bfmtv.com |date=2016-04-15}}</ref>. We na Mohamed Ali Soilihi bamaganye ibyavuye mu matora kubera uburiganya, bituma habaho icyiciro cya gatatu ku kirwa cya Anjouan ku wa 11 Gicurasi<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comores: Mohamed Ali Soilihi et Azali Assoumani ont déposé des recours |url=https://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160421-election-comores-candidats-presidentielle-gouverneurs-recours-sohili-azali-assouman |website=RFI |date=2016-05-15}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comores: Mohamed Ali Soilihi et Azali Assoumani ont déposé des recours |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20160421-election-comores-candidats-presidentielle-gouverneurs-recours-sohili-azali-assouman |website=RFI |date=2016-04-21 |access-date=2022-05-11}}</ref>. Ku wa 15 Gicurasi 2016, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwatangaje ko yatsinze ku majwi 41,43 %<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comores : Azali Assoumani élu nouveau président |url=https://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160515-comores-azali-assoumani-president-election |website=RFI |date=2016-05-15}}</ref>. Yasimbuye Ikililou Dhoinine ku wa 26 Gicurasi 2016, manda y'imyaka itanu<ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comores: Azali Assoumani élu nouveau président |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20160515-comores-azali-assoumani-president-election |website=RFI |date=2016-05-15 |access-date=2022-05-11}}</ref>. === Ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga n'amatora yo mu 2019 === Abatavuga rumwe na we bamushinje guhindura Itegeko Nshinga kugira ngo agume ku butegetsi kugeza mu 2029. Ifungwa ry'Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga n'Urukiko rurwanya ruswa ryatumye Ubumwe bw'Uburayi buhagarika ubufatanye bwose na Komore<ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Azali Assoumani : Les Comoriens ne seront jamais illégaux à Mayotte ! |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2018/11/16/01003-20181116ARTFIG00257-azali-assoumani-les-comoriens-ne-seront-jamais-illegaux-a-mayotte.php}}</ref><ref name="E15">{{cite web |author=Tanguy Berthemet |title=Azali Assoumani: " Les Comoriens ne seront jamais illégaux à Mayotte! " |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2018/11/16/01003-20181116ARTFIG00257-azali-assoumani-les-comoriens-ne-seront-jamais-illegaux-a-mayotte.php |website=Le Figaro |date=2018-11-16 |access-date=2022-05-11}}</ref>; Umunyamabanga mukuru wa Loni, António Guterres, na we yagaragaje impungenge ku "kubuza kenshi ubwisanzure bw'abaturage n'uburenganzira bwa demokarasi". Yafungishije kandi umuntu ukomeye mu bamurwanya, Perezida wahozeho Ahmed Abdallah Sambi, waje gukatirwa gufungwa burundu nyuma y'imyaka ine azira kunyereza umutungo<ref name="F2" />. Ku wa 13 Gashyantare 2019, yeguye kugira ngo yiyamamaze mu matora yo ku wa 24 Werurwe 2019, atsinda mu cyiciro cya mbere<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'actualité régionale 14 Février - Mayotte la 1ère |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/mayotte/actualite-regionale-14-fevrier-679813.html |website=Mayotte la 1ère |access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Elections aux Comores : Azali Assoumani est élu dès le premier tour avec 60,7% - Mayotte la 1ère |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/mayotte/elections-aux-comores-azali-assoumani-est-elu-premier-tour-607-693918.html |website=Mayotte la 1ère |access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref>. Itsinda ry'indorerezi z'Ubumwe bwa Afurika ryagaragaje "imvururu no kwangiza udusanduku tw'amatora"<ref name="F2" />. Yongeye gutangira imirimo ku wa 3 Mata 2019<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comores: sitôt réélu, le président reprend ses fonctions sans attendre son investiture |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/comores-sitot-reelu-le-president-reprend-ses-fonctions-sans-attendre-son-investiture-293481 |website=TV5 Monde |access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref><ref name="E17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Elections aux Comores : Azali Assoumani est élu dès le premier tour avec 60,7% |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/mayotte/elections-aux-comores-azali-assoumani-est-elu-premier-tour-607-693918.html |website=Mayotte la 1ère |date=2019-03-26 |access-date=2022-05-11}}</ref>. === Ubumwe bwa Afurika === Ku wa 18 Gashyantare 2023, yasimbuye Perezida wa Senegali Macky Sall ku buyobozi bw'Ubumwe bwa Afurika, manda y'umwaka umwe<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Esdras Ndikumana |title=Les défis qui attendent Azali Assoumani, le nouveau président comorien de l'Union africaine |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230219-les-d%C3%A9fis-qui-attendent-azali-assoumani-le-nouveau-pr%C3%A9sident-comorien-de-l-union-africaine |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Ubuyobozi bwe bwaranzwe n'umubano mwiza n'ibindi bihugu, ariko bunengwa intege nke ku bibazo bikomeye nk'umutekano<ref name="F2" />. Muri Nyakanga 2023, yitabiriye inama y'Uburusiya n'Afurika i Saint-Pétersbourg<ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=African leaders leave Russia summit without grain deal or a path to end the war in Ukraine |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-africa-summit-ukraine-grain-war-125d5a6d5052f4221c46be52c1618cf7 |website=AP News |date=2023-07-30 |access-date=2023-09-03}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2024 === Mu Ugushyingo 2023, yatangaje ko aziyamamariza manda ya kane mu matora yo ku wa 14 Mutarama 2024<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comores: trois poids lourds se déclarent candidats pour la présidentielle, dont le président Azali |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20231105-comores-trois-poids-lourds-se-d%C3%A9clarent-candidats-pour-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-dont-le-pr%C3%A9sident-azali |website=Le Monde |date=2023-11-06 |access-date=2023-11-06}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2023, yakuye ku mwanya umucamanza mukuru wari ushinzwe gukurikirana amatora, Harimia Ahmed<ref name="F2" />. Ku wa 16 Mutarama 2024, komisiyo y'amatora yatangaje ko yatsinze mu cyiciro cya mbere ku majwi 62,97 %<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique / Présidentielle aux Comores: Azali Assoumani déclaré vainqueur au premier tour |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240116-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-aux-comores-azali-assoumani-d%C3%A9clar%C3%A9-vainqueur-au-premier-tour |website=RFI |date=2024-01-16 |access-date=2024-01-16}}</ref>; abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi banze ibyavuye mu matora byose, bavuga ko habayeho uburiganya bukabije, habaho n'urugomo i [[Moroni]]<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comores : la Cour suprême valide l’élection d’Azali Assoumani, l’opposition rejette les résultats « en bloc » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/01/24/comores-la-cour-supreme-valide-l-election-d-azali-assoumani-l-opposition-rejette-les-resultats-en-bloc_6212750_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2024-01-24 |access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Comoros: 1 dead in post-electoral protests, nighttime curfew in force |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/01/19/comoros-1-dead-in-post-electoral-protests-nighttime-curfew-in-force/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-01-19 |access-date=2023-01-19}}</ref>. Yarahiriye manda ya kane ku wa 26 Gicurasi 2024<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comoros President sworn in for fourth term after disputed poll |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/comoros-president-sworn-fourth-term-after-disputed-poll-2024-05-26/ |website=Reuters.com |date=2024-05-26 |access-date=2024-05-27}}</ref>. Ku wa 7 Kanama 2024, yagize umuhungu we Nour El Fath, ufatwa nk'uzamusimbura, umunyamabanga mukuru wa guverinoma afite ububasha bwagutse, bituma abantu benshi bavuga ko ubutegetsi bwe buhinduka nk'ubwami<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comoros president grants sweeping new powers to his son |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/comoros-president-grants-sweeping-new-powers-his-son-2024-08-07/ |website=Reuters.com |date=2024-08-07 |access-date=2024-08-07}}</ref><ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Le président des Comores accorde de nouveaux pouvoirs à son fils |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/le-pr%C3%A9sident-des-comores-accorde-de-nouveaux-pouvoirs-%C3%A0-son-fils/7733430.html |website=voaafrique.com |date=2024-08-07}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Comoros president grants sweeping new powers to his son |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/comoros-president-grants-sweeping-new-powers-his-son-2024-08-07/ |website=Reuters |access-date=2024-08-07}}</ref>. Ku wa 13 Nzeri 2024, yakomerekejwe gato ku mutwe n'umusirikare w'imyaka 24 wamuteye icyuma mu muhango wo gushyingura i Salimani; uwo musirikare yafashwe, ariko bukeye bwaho asangwa yapfiriye muri kasho<ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Afrique Comores: le président Azali Assoumani blessé lors d'une attaque à l'arme blanche |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240913-comores-le-pr%C3%A9sident-azali-assoumani-bless%C3%A9-lors-d-une-attaque-%C3%A0-l-arme-blanche |website=rfi.fr |date=2024-09-13 |access-date=2024-09-13}}</ref><ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Aux Comores, le président, Azali Assoumani, légèrement blessé dans une attaque au couteau ; son agresseur est mort |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/09/14/aux-comores-le-president-azali-assoumani-legerement-blesse-dans-une-attaque-au-couteau-son-agresseur-est-mort_6316682_3213.html |website=Le Monde Afrique |date=2024-09-14 |access-date=2024-09-14}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |title=Comoros president is 'slightly injured' in knife attack. The suspect is found dead in police cell |url=https://apnews.com/article/comoros-president-attack-4e46a5799b1430ababf98c474e7c37b5 |website=Associated Press |access-date=2024-09-15}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2025, ishyaka rye ryatsinze amatora y'abadepite, ribona imyanya 28 kuri 33; abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi banze ibyavuye mu matora<ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Comoros ruling party wins parliamentary elections.The opposition parties rejected the results. |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/comoros-ruling-party-wins-parliamentary-elections-opposition-rejects-results-2025-01-15/ |website=Reuters |access-date=2025-02-20}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Azali Assoumani}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Komore]] 239683ql0uoivpqr9u93hqe7mr8u9hx 0 23191 140660 2026-10-03T07:02:13Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Félix Tshisekedi | image = Felix Tshisekedi, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (55078564106) (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Félix Tshisekedi | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|6|13|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kinshasa]] (icyo gihe Léopoldville), [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] | nationality = Umunyekongo | occupation = Umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida..." 140660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Félix Tshisekedi | image = Felix Tshisekedi, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (55078564106) (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Félix Tshisekedi | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|6|13|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kinshasa]] (icyo gihe Léopoldville), [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] | nationality = Umunyekongo | occupation = Umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika (2021–2022) | title = Perezida wa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo | term = Kuva ku wa 24 Mutarama 2019 | predecessor = Joseph Kabila | party = Union pour la démocratie et le progrès social (UDPS) | spouse = Denise Nyakeru | children = 5 }} '''Félix Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo''' (wavutse ku wa 13 Kamena 1963 i [[Kinshasa]]) ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyekongo, akaba Perezida wa gatanu wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] kuva mu 2019. Abamushyigikiye bamwita "Fatshi". Ni umuhungu wa Étienne Tshisekedi, wabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Zayire inshuro eshatu akaba n'umuntu ukomeye mu batavugaga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bwa Mobutu Sese Seko. Yamusimbuye ku buyobozi bw'ishyaka ''Union pour la démocratie et le progrès social'' (UDPS), ishyaka rya kera kandi rinini muri icyo gihugu. Yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo mu Ukuboza 2018, nubwo indorerezi n'abandi batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bavuze ko habayeho uburiganya; ayo matora yatumye, ku nshuro ya mbere kuva igihugu kibona ubwigenge mu 1960, ubutegetsi buhererekanywa mu mahoro. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2023. Kuva mu 2021 kugeza mu 2022, yabaye Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika. Manda ze zaranzwe n'intambara yo mu burasirazuba bw'igihugu, cyane cyane imirwano n'umutwe wa M23. == Ubuzima == Félix Tshisekedi ni Umuluba, akaba umwana wa gatatu mu bana batanu ba Étienne Tshisekedi na Marthe<ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Félix Tshisekedi, le nouveau président de la RDC? |url=https://www.rtbf.be/info/monde/detail_qui-est-felix-tshisekedi-le-nouveau-president-de-la-rdc?id=10114351 |website=RTBF et AFP}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1980, ubwo se yashingaga UDPS akarwanya ku mugaragaro Mobutu, umuryango we woherejwe mu buhungiro mu Kasaï, bituma amasomo ye ahagarara; mu 1985, Mobutu yemereye we, nyina n'abavandimwe be kuva mu Kasaï, se ajya mu Bubiligi<ref name="F7" />. == Urugendo muri politiki == Yinjiye muri UDPS, ishyaka ryayoborwaga na se, aba umwe mu bayobozi baryo; mu mpera za 2008, yagizwe umunyamabanga w'igihugu ushinzwe ububanyi n'amahanga muri UDPS<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Félix Tshisekedi Premier ministre à la place de Samy Badibanga? |url=http://www.politico.cd/actualite/la-une/2016/12/23/felix-tshisekedi-premier-ministre-a-place-de-samy-badibanga.html |website=Politico.cd |date=2016-12-23}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Félix Tshisekedi Premier ministre à la place de Samy Badibanga? |url=http://www.politico.cd/actualite/la-une/2016/12/23/felix-tshisekedi-premier-ministre-a-place-de-samy-badibanga.html |website=Politico.cd |date=2016-12-23 |access-date=2018-05-25}}</ref>. Mu Ugushyingo 2011, yatorewe kuba umudepite i Mbuji-Mayi, ariko yanga kujya mu Nteko akurikije amabwiriza ya se wavugaga ko amatora yabayemo uburiganya; mandat ye yakuweho ku wa 18 Kamena 2013<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : L'Assemblée nationale invalide cinq députés pour absentéisme |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20130618-rdc-assemblee-nationale-invalidation-5-deputes-absenteisme |website=rfi.fr |date=2013-06-18 |access-date=2019-01-12}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2016, yagizwe umunyamabanga mukuru wungirije wa UDPS<ref name="F1" />. Mu gihe cy'ikibazo cya politiki cyo mu 2016, cyatewe n'ubushake bwa Joseph Kabila bwo gusubika amatora, yari mu ntumwa z'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi zaganiraga na Kabila, ibiganiro byavuyemo amasezerano ya Saint-Sylvestre yo ku wa 31 Ukuboza 2016<ref name="F7" />. Mu Werurwe 2017, yabaye umuyobozi wungirije w'ihuriro ry'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi (''Rassemblement'') hamwe na Pierre Lumbi<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: le Rassemblement de l'opposition choisit ses leaders |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170303-rdc-le-rassemblement-opposition-choisit-leaders-udps-tshisekedi |website=RFI |date=2017-03-03}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2018 === Nyuma y'urupfu rwa se ku wa 1 Gashyantare 2017, ku wa 31 Werurwe 2018 yatorewe kuyobora UDPS, kandi uwo munsi ishyaka rimutoranya kuba umukandida mu matora ya perezida yo mu Ukuboza 2018<ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Tshisekedi's son leads DRC's main opposition party |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/tshisekedis-son-leads-drcs-main-opposition-party/ |website=The Herald |date=2018-04-02 |access-date=2018-05-25}}</ref><ref name="E1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Félix Tshisekedi investi candidat du parti historique d'opposition UDPS en RDC |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/felix-tshisekedi-ivesti-candiadt-du-parti-historique-d-opposition-en-rdc/4325220.html |website=Voice of America |date=2018-03-31 |access-date=2018-05-25}}</ref>. Ku wa 10 Mutarama 2019, byatangajwe ko yatsinze, imbere ya Martin Fayulu na Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary washyigikirwaga na Kabila<ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Opposition named winner in DR Congo poll |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46819303 |website=BBC News |date=2019-01-10 |access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref>. Fayulu yavuze ko habayeho uburiganya, ariko ku wa 19 Mutarama 2019 Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwanga ikirego cye<ref name="E12">{{cite web |author=Richard Gonzales |title=Surprise Winner of Congolese Election Is An Opposition Leader |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/01/09/683830171/surprise-winner-of-congolese-election-is-an-opposition-leader |website=NPR |date=2019-01-09 |access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |author=Stanys Bujakera |title=Congo top court declares Tshisekedi winner of presidential poll |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-election/congo-top-court-declares-tshisekedi-winner-of-presidential-poll-idUSKCN1PE007?il=0 |website=Reuters |date=2019-01-19 |access-date=2019-01-20}}</ref>. Yarahiye ku wa 24 Mutarama 2019<ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=REFILE-Opposition leader Felix Tshisekedi sworn in as Congo president |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/drcNews/idAFL8N1ZN4X9 |date=2019-01-24}}</ref>; ni bwo bwa mbere kuva mu 1960 Perezida uriho ahererekanyije ubutegetsi n'uwo mu batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi mu mahoro<ref name="E15">{{cite web |language=en |title=First peaceful transfer of power in DR Congo 'an extraordinary opportunity' for advancing rights |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/03/1034971 |website=UN News |date=2019-03-19 |access-date=2023-02-08}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Kongo == === Manda ya mbere (2019–2023) === Ihuriro ''Front commun pour le Congo'' (FCC) rishyigikiye Kabila ryari rifite ubwiganze mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko no mu buyobozi bw'intara, bituma mu mezi atandatu ya mbere ubushobozi bwe bwo kuyobora no gushyiraho Minisitiri w'Intebe bugabanuka. Ku wa 13 Werurwe 2019, yahaye imbabazi imfungwa zigera kuri 700, harimo n'abatavugaga rumwe na Kabila<ref name="E19">{{cite web |author=Richard Gonzales |title=New Congolese President Pardons About 700 Political Prisoners |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/03/13/703255306/new-congolese-president-pardons-about-700-political-prisoners |website=NPR.org |date=2019-03-13 |access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Gicurasi 2019, yumvikanye na FCC, agira Sylvestre Ilunga Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=New DRC Prime Minister Sylvestre Ilunga is a political and professor |url=http://en.rfi.fr/africa/20190521-new-drc-prime-minister-sylvestre-ilunga-professor-and-politician}}</ref>, maze muri Nyakanga 2019 hashyirwaho guverinoma y'abaminisitiri 65 basaranganyijwe hagati ya FCC n'ihuriro rye CACH<ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Congo president and predecessor agree on division of cabinet posts |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-politics/congo-president-and-predecessor-agree-on-division-of-cabinet-posts-idUSKCN1UL1UD}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2020, umuyobozi w'ibiro bye akaba n'inshuti ye ikomeye muri politiki, Vital Kamerhe, yafunzwe ashinjwa kunyereza amafaranga ya gahunda y'iminsi 100; ku wa 20 Kamena 2020, yakatiwe imyaka 20 y'imirimo y'agahato, ariko mu Kamena 2022 urukiko rw'ubujurire ruramugira umwere<ref name="F48">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Vital Kamerhe en prison : ce qu’il faut retenir de l’affaire |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/924907/politique/vital-kamerhe-en-prison-ce-quil-faut-retenir-de-laffaire/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref><ref name="F50">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Procès anticorruption en RDC: Vital Kamerhe condamné à «20 ans de travaux forcés» |url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/ticker/proc%C3%A8s-anticorruption-en-rdc-vital-kamerhe-condamn%C3%A9-%C3%A0-20-ans-travaux-forc%C3%A9s |website=RFI |access-date=2020-06-20}}</ref><ref name="F53">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Romain Gras |title=RDC : Vital Kamerhe acquitté en appel |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1354460/politique/rdc-vital-kamerhe-acquitte-en-appel/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2023, Kamerhe yagizwe Minisitiri w'Intebe wungirije ushinzwe Ubukungu<ref name="F54">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Dieubon Mughenze |title=RDC : après la prison, Vital Kamerhe nommé Ministre de l'économie nationale |url=https://election-net.com/article/rdc-apres-la-prison-vital-kamerhe-nomme-ministre-de-leconomie-nationale |website=election-net.com |date=2023-03-24}}</ref>. Nyuma y'uko ubufatanye na Kabila busenyutse kandi abadepite benshi bakamuyoboka, ku wa 15 Gashyantare 2021 yagize Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde Minisitiri w'Intebe; ku wa 12 Mata 2021, guverinoma nshya yashyizweho, irangiza ku mugaragaro ubufatanye bw'imyaka ibiri na Kabila<ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=en |title=DR Congo names Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde new prime minister after power struggle |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/dr-congo-names-jean-michel-sama-lukonde-new-prime-minister-after-power-struggle-20210215 |website=News24 |access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |language=en |author=Michael J. Kavanagh |title=Two Years After Vote, Congo's President Gets His Own Government |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-12/new-government-shifts-congo-s-power-balance-to-tshisekedi |website=Bloomberg.com |date=2021-04-12 |access-date=2021-04-28}}</ref>. === Umutekano n'ububanyi n'amahanga === Ku wa 30 Mata 2021, yatangaje ibihe bidasanzwe (''état de siège'') mu ntara za Ituri na Kivu y'Amajyaruguru, kubera ubwiyongere bw'urugomo rw'imitwe yitwaje intwaro<ref name="F68">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RD Congo : le président proclame "l'état de siège" dans deux provinces touchées par la violence |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20210501-rd-congo-le-pr%C3%A9sident-proclame-l-%C3%A9tat-de-si%C3%A8ge-dans-deux-provinces-touch%C3%A9es-par-la-violence |website=France 24 |date=2021-05-01 |access-date=2021-05-01}}</ref>. Ku wa 6 Gashyantare 2021, yabaye Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika, asimburwa na Macky Sall muri Gashyantare 2022<ref name="F72">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Félix Tshisekedi prend la tête de l'UA au terme d'un sommet sans vagues mais riche en défis |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210208-félix-tshisekedi-prend-la-tête-de-l-ua-au-terme-d-un-sommet-sans-vague-mais-riche-en-défis |website=RFI |date=2021-02-08 |access-date=2021-02-09}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2022, yafashe ubuyobozi bw'umuryango SADC mu gihe cy'umwaka umwe<ref name="F80">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : à Kinshasa, la SADC s’engage à accélérer l’industrialisation de ses économies |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1370288/economie/rdc-a-kinshasa-la-sadc-sengage-a-accelerer-lindustrialisation-de-ses-economies/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2022, nyuma y'uko umutwe wa M23 wongeye kugaba ibitero, Tshisekedi yashinje [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] gushyigikira uwo mutwe; u Rwanda rwahakanye ibyo birego. Mu Ukwakira 2022, Kongo yirukanye ambasaderi w'u Rwanda, maze mu Ugushyingo Tshisekedi asaba urubyiruko kwinjira mu gisirikare<ref name="F75">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Pour Félix Tshisekedi, «le Rwanda a soutenu le M23 pour venir agresser la RDC» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220606-pour-f%C3%A9lix-tshisekedi-le-rwanda-a-soutenu-le-m23-pour-venir-agresser-la-rdc |website=RFI |date=2022-06-06 |access-date=2022-06-10}}</ref><ref name="F76">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : Félix Tshisekedi appelle la jeunesse à la mobilisation face au M23 |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1390389/politique/rdc-felix-tshisekedi-appelle-la-jeunesse-a-la-mobilisation-face-au-m23/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. Yanze kuzana abacancuro b'Abarusiya, ahubwo akoresha ibigo byigenga bya gisirikare by'Abanyarumaniya, n'ingabo za EAC na SADC muri Kivu<ref name="E42">{{cite web |title=DR Congo leader rules out deploying Russian mercenaries to quell rebels |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8e720aa2-1cb3-474c-b4eb-805c03504f8f |website=Financial Times |date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref><ref name="E44">{{cite web |author=Antonio Cascais |title=DR Congo: 'Diplomacy has failed' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/dr-congo-diplomacy-has-failed/a-71449574 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2025-01-29 |access-date=2025-01-29}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2023, yasuye [[Ubushinwa]] ahura na Xi Jinping, ashaka kongera kuganira ku masezerano y'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro yari yarasinywe ku butegetsi bwa Kabila<ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=Felix Tshisekedi visits China to renegotiate mining contracts |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/05/26/felix-tshisekedi-visits-china-to-renegotiate-mining-contracts/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-05-26}}</ref><ref name="E38">{{cite web |author=Reuben Loffman |title=DRC's Tshisekedi has secured his power base: now it's time to deliver |url=https://theconversation.com/drcs-tshisekedi-has-secured-his-power-base-now-its-time-to-deliver-170282 |website=The Conversation |date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2021-12-07}}</ref>. Ku wa 18 Mutarama 2025, yongeye kuvuga ko Kinshasa itazagirana ibiganiro na M23<ref name="E47">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Clement Muamba |title=Félix Tshisekedi réitère le refus de Kinshasa de dialoguer avec le M23: "Légitimer ces criminels serait une insulte aux victimes et au droit international" |url=https://actualite.cd/2025/01/18/felix-tshisekedi-reitere-le-refus-de-kinshasa-de-dialoguer-avec-le-m23-legitimer-ces |website=Actualite.cd |date=2025-01-18 |access-date=2025-01-26}}</ref>. Nyuma y'igitero cya M23 cyafashe umujyi wa Goma, Kongo yacanye umubano wa dipolomasi n'u Rwanda ku wa 26 Mutarama 2025, Tshisekedi ahamagarira abaturage gushyigikira ingabo za FARDC<ref name="E48">{{cite web |title=The Democratic Republic of the Congo cut off diplomatic ties with Rwanda on Sunday as the rebel group M23, believed to be backed by Kigali, closed in on the eastern city of Goma. |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20250126-dr-congo-severs-ties-with-rwanda-as-m23-rebel-group-closes-in-on-goma |website=France24 |date=2025-01-26 |access-date=2025-01-29}}</ref><ref name="E49">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jonathan Mesa |title=Agression rwandaise: Félix Tshisekedi lance une mobilisation générale et appelle à un enrôlement massif dans les rangs des FARDC |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/01/30/agression-rwandaise-felix-tshisekedi-lance-une-mobilisation-generale-et-appelle-un |website=Actualite.cd |date=2025-01-30 |access-date=2025-01-30}}</ref>. Ku wa 8 Ukuboza 2025, yashinje u Rwanda kurenga ku masezerano y'amahoro yari aherutse gusinywa<ref name="E50">{{cite web |title=Congo President Felix Tshisekedi accuses Rwanda of violating peace deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/congo-president-tshisekedi-accuses-rwanda-violating-peace-deal-2025-12-08/ |website=Reuters |date=2025-12-08 |access-date=2025-12-09}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2024, yari yigaragambije ava mu nama y'ibihugu bivuga Igifaransa i Paris, kubera ko Perezida Emmanuel Macron atavuze ku ntambara yo mu burasirazuba bwa Kongo<ref name="E46">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tshisekedi walk-out overshadows summit of Francophone countries |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/10/07/tshisekedi-walk-out-overshadows-summit-of-francophone-countries/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2024-10-07}}</ref>. Afatwa nk'umwe mu bakuru b'ibihugu by'Afurika bashyigikira cyane Isiraheli; muri Nzeri 2026, nyuma y'uruzinduko muri Isiraheli, yatangaje ko ashaka kwimurira ambasade ya Kongo i Yeruzalemu<ref name="F83">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le grand invité Afrique - RDC: Félix «Tshisekedi est parmi les seuls dirigeants africains qui soient aussi proches d'Israël» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/le-grand-invit%C3%A9-afrique/20260904-rdc-f%C3%A9lix-tshisekedi-est-parmi-les-seuls-dirigeants-africains-qui-soit-aussi-proche-d-isra%C3%ABl |website=RFI |date=2026-09-04}}</ref><ref name="F84">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La RDC va déplacer son ambassade de Tel-Aviv à Jérusalem |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1546524/la-rdc-va-deplacer-son-ambassade-de-tel-aviv-a-jerusalem.html |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |date=2026-09-03}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri (kuva 2024) === Mu matora ya perezida yo mu Ukuboza 2023, yashyigikiwe na Vital Kamerhe na Jean-Pierre Bemba<ref name="F86">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pascal Mulegwa |title=Présidentielle en RDC: Vital Kamerhe, de l’UNC, décide de soutenir le président Félix Tshisekedi |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230820-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-en-rdc-vital-kamerhe-de-l-unc-d%C3%A9cide-de-soutenir-le-pr%C3%A9sident-f%C3%A9lix-tshisekedi |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref><ref name="F87">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Patient Ligodi |title=Présidentielle en RDC: Félix Tshisekedi officiellement désigné candidat de l'Union sacrée |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20231001-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-en-rdc-f%C3%A9lix-tshisekedi-officiellement-d%C3%A9sign%C3%A9-candidat-de-l-union-sacr%C3%A9e |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Ku wa 31 Ukuboza 2023, byatangajwe ko yatsinze ku majwi 73,34 %; abakandida icyenda batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi banze ibyavuye mu matora, basaba ko asubirwamo<ref name="F88">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en République démocratique du Congo : Félix Tshisekedi réélu avec 73,34% des voix |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/presidentielle-en-republique-democratique-du-congo-felix-tshisekedi-reelu-avec-73-34-des-voix-20231231}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |language=en |title=DRC president declared election winner as opposition cries foul |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/31/drc-president-felix-tshisekedi-declared-election-winner-as-opposition-cries-foul |website=The Guardian |date=2023-12-31 |access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref>. Yarahiriye manda ya kabiri ku wa 20 Mutarama 2024<ref name="F89">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: le président Félix Tshisekedi a prêté serment |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240120-rdc-le-pr%C3%A9sident-f%C3%A9lix-tshisekedi-a-pr%C3%AAt%C3%A9-serment}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Mata 2024, yagize Judith Suminwa Tuluka Minisitiri w'Intebe, akaba ari we mugore wa mbere wabaye kuri uwo mwanya<ref name="F90">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : Judith Suminwa Tuluka nommée Première ministre |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/rdc-judith-suminwa-tuluka-nommee-premiere-ministre-11352720 |website=RTBF |access-date=2024-05-26}}</ref>. Ku wa 19 Gicurasi 2024, yarokotse umugambi wa kudeta wayobowe na Christian Malanga, warasiwe mu ngoro y'igihugu n'abasirikare barinda Repubulika; uwo mugambi wahitanye abantu batandatu<ref name="F81">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Et revoici Christian Malanga ! |url=https://www.congoindependant.com/et-revoici-christian-malanga/ |website=Congo Indépendant |date=2024-05-19 |access-date=2024-05-20}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |language=en |title=Six killed in a 'foiled coup' in Congo, the army says |url=https://apnews.com/article/congo-coup-attempt-death-toll-malanga-tshisekedi-968b2726546f90a8bfbd5d222d513708 |website=Associated Press |date=2024-05-20 |access-date=2024-05-20}}</ref>. Ku wa 24 Gashyantare 2025, raporo y'imiryango irwanya ruswa yanenze ubuzima buhenze bw'inzego za Leta, harimo izamuka rya 19 % ry'ingengo y'imari y'ibiro bya Perezida hagati ya 2023 na 2024<ref name="F92">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pascal Mulegwa |title=RDC: un rapport dénonce le train de vie des élites politiques |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250227-rdc-un-rapport-d%C3%A9nonce-le-train-de-vie-des-%C3%A9lites-politiques |website=Radio France Internationale}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2024, Tshisekedi yifuza guhindura Itegeko Nshinga ryo mu 2006, rigena manda ebyiri gusa, kugira ngo abashe kwiyamamariza manda ya gatatu mu 2028; muri Kamena 2026, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko na Sena byemeje itegeko rigenga kamarampaka, ariko abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi n'Inama y'Abepiskopi Gatolika (Cenco) barabyamagana<ref name="F91">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: à Lubumbashi, le président Tshisekedi revient sur la question d'une révision constitutionnelle |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241117-rdc-%C3%A0-lubumbashi-le-pr%C3%A9sident-tshisekedi-revient-sur-la-question-d-une-r%C3%A9vision-constitutionnelle |website=RFI |date=2024-11-17 |access-date=2024-11-22}}</ref><ref name="F97">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Christophe Châtelot |title=En RDC, Félix Tshisekedi lorgne un troisième mandat, au risque d’une confrontation avec la rue |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/06/16/en-rdc-felix-tshisekedi-lorgne-un-troisieme-mandat-au-risque-d-une-confrontation-avec-la-rue_6703876_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref><ref name="F98">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : « Plus personne ne doute que Tshisekedi a envie d’un troisième mandat » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1836890/politique/rdc-plus-personne-ne-doute-que-tshisekedi-a-envie-dun-troisieme-mandat/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. === Umuco n'ibidukikije === Ku wa 25 Werurwe 2021, yatangije igihembo nyafurika cy'ubuvanganzo gihabwa abanditsi b'Abanyafurika<ref name="F101">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: le premier prix littéraire panafricain lancé à Kinshasa |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210326-rdc-le-premier-prix-litt%C3%A9raire-panafricain-lanc%C3%A9-%C3%A0-kinshasa |website=RFI |date=2021-03-26 |access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2021, yashyizeho ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe impinduka mu bidukikije n'iterambere rirambye (ACTEDD)<ref name="F102">{{cite web |language=fr |title=ACTEDD : Une nouvelle Agence Congolaise de transition écologique et développement durable. |url=https://www.gtcrr-rdc.org/actedd-une-nouvelle-agence-congolaise-de-transition-ecologique-et-developpement-durable/ |website=GTCRR |date=2020-04-21 |access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>, kandi muri COP26 yiyemeje guhagarika no gusubiza inyuma itemwa ry'amashyamba bitarenze 2030<ref name="E41">{{cite web |title=COP26 summit: DRC president pledges to fight deforestation of the Congo basin |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/11/02/cop26-summit-drc-president-pledges-to-fight-deforestation-of-the-congo-basin/ |website=Africanews |date=2021-11-02 |access-date=2021-11-11}}</ref><ref name="F103">{{cite web |language=fr |title=COP26 : Félix Tshisekedi pour un soutien accru en faveur des Etats africains vulnérables - adiac-congo.com : toute l'actualité du Bassin du Congo |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/cop26-felix-tshisekedi-pour-un-soutien-accru-en-faveur-des-etats-africains-vulnerables |website=www.adiac-congo.com |access-date=2021-11-15}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Félix Tshisekedi yashakanye na Denise Nyakeru, bafitanye abana batanu<ref name="F7" />. Mu 2015, yabaye umupantekoti, yinjira mu itorero ry'Assemblées de Dieu<ref name="F107">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Félix Tshisekedi et Martin Fayulu présents ce matin à l'église Philadelphie |url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-47097_felix_tshisekedi_et_martin_fayulu_presents_ce_matin_a_l_eglise_philadelphie.html |website=mediacongo.net |date=2019-02-03 |access-date=2021-01-08}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Félix Tshisekedi}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] obx2s0bt5ntnllvh8oierjw1cetc5jw 0 23192 140661 2026-10-03T07:04:19Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Ismaïl Omar Guelleh | image = Ismail Omar Guelleh 2018.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Ismaïl Omar Guelleh mu 2018 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1947|11|27|df=y}} | birth_place = Dire Dawa, [[Etiyopiya]] | nationality = Umunyajibuti | occupation = Umunyapolitiki | known_for = Umuyobozi w'ibiro bya Perezida Hassan Gouled Aptidon (1977–1999) | title = Perezida wa Jibuti | term..." 140661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ismaïl Omar Guelleh | image = Ismail Omar Guelleh 2018.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Ismaïl Omar Guelleh mu 2018 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1947|11|27|df=y}} | birth_place = Dire Dawa, [[Etiyopiya]] | nationality = Umunyajibuti | occupation = Umunyapolitiki | known_for = Umuyobozi w'ibiro bya Perezida Hassan Gouled Aptidon (1977–1999) | title = Perezida wa Jibuti | term = Kuva ku wa 8 Gicurasi 1999 | predecessor = Hassan Gouled Aptidon | party = Rassemblement populaire pour le progrès (RPP) | spouse = Kadra Mahamoud Haid | children = 4 }} '''Ismaïl Omar Guelleh''' (mu Gisomali: ''Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle''; mu Cyarabu: إسماعيل عمر جيله; wavutse ku wa 27 Ugushyingo 1947 i Dire Dawa, muri [[Etiyopiya]]), akunze kwitwa '''IOG''', ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyajibuti, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya [[Jibuti]] kuva mu 1999. Yatorewe bwa mbere mu 1999 nk'uwatoranyijwe ngo asimbure nyirarume Hassan Gouled Aptidon, wari uyoboye Jibuti kuva igihugu kibona ubwigenge mu 1977. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2005, 2011, 2016, 2021 na 2026, mu matora abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bakunze kwanga kwitabira bavuga ko arimo uburiganya bukabije. Afatwa n'imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu n'ibihugu bimwe by'amahanga nk'umunyagitugu. == Ubuzima == Ismaïl Omar Guelleh yavukiye i Dire Dawa, muri Etiyopiya, mu muryango wo mu bwoko bw'Abamamassan bo mu Bisa (''Issas''), igice cy'Abasomali gikomeye muri politiki<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie de son Excellence, Monsieur Ismaël Omar Guelleh - Le blog de Soutien au President Ismael Omar Guelleh |url=http://aveciog.canalblog.com/archives/2007/12/11/7200282.html |website=aveciog.canalblog.com |date=2007-12-11 |access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5rs8UkMj64C&dq=guelleh%2C+Issa+Mamassan&pg=PA182 |website=United States Department of State |date=August 2008}}</ref>. Se, Omar Guelleh, yari umwe mu barimu ba mbere b'abenegihugu mu myaka ya 1930, nyuma akorera ikigo cy'inzira ya gari ya moshi ihuza Jibuti na Addis-Abeba, cyari gifite icyicaro i Dire Dawa<ref name="F3" />. Yize mu ishuri rya Korowani i Dire Dawa, hanyuma mu ishuri ry'Abafaransa Charles-de-Foucauld i Jibuti<ref name="F3" />. Mu 1965, afite imyaka 18, yatangiye gukora mu nzego z'iperereza z'ubutegetsi bw'Abafaransa, kuko yavugaga Icyamuhariki, Igisomali, Icyarabu, Igifaransa, Igitaliyani n'Icyongereza<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Tirthankar Chanda |title=Djibouti : le président Ismaïl Omar Guelleh en 12 dates |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160407-djibouti-ismail-omar-guelleh-iog-presidentielle-terrorisme-defense-usn-balbala |website=Rfi.fr}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti: le président Ismaïl Omar Guelleh en 12 dates |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20160407-djibouti-ismail-omar-guelleh-iog-presidentielle-terrorisme-defense-usn-balbala |website=RFI |date=2016-04-07 |access-date=2020-10-19}}</ref>. Mu 1974, yahagaritswe ku kazi kuko yakekwagaho guha amakuru abaharaniraga ubwigenge<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Quand Ismaïl Omar Guelleh est entré dans la police française – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/446439/politique/ismail-omar-guelleh-entre-police-francaise/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2017-06-21 |access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>. Yinjiye mu ishyaka ''Ligue populaire africaine pour l'indépendance'' (LPAI) ryayoborwaga na Hassan Gouled Aptidon<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti: le président Ismaïl Omar Guelleh en 12 dates |url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20160407-djibouti-ismail-omar-guelleh-iog-presidentielle-terrorisme-defense-usn-balbala |website=RFI |date=2016-04-07 |access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>. == Urugendo muri politiki == Mu 1977, yari mu ntumwa zaganiriye n'Ubufaransa ku bwigenge bw'igihugu, bwatangajwe ku wa 27 Kamena 1977. Perezida mushya, Hassan Gouled Aptidon, yamugize umuyobozi w'ibiro bye, umwanya yamazeho imyaka irenga 20<ref name="F6" /><ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=en |author=Roger East |title=Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VO4AwAAQBAJ&dq=ismail+guelleh&pg=PA141 |website=Routledge |date=2014-06-03}}</ref>. Yayoboye kandi inzego z'umutekano n'iperereza, bimuhesha izina ry'"umugabo ukomeye"<ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti : Ismaïl Omar Guelleh réélu président avec 98,58 % des voix |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20210410-djibouti-isma%C3%AFl-omar-guelleh-r%C3%A9%C3%A9lu-avec-98-58-des-voix-%C3%A0-la-pr%C3%A9sidence |website=france24.com}}</ref>. Yari umunyamuryango w'ishyaka riri ku butegetsi, ''Rassemblement populaire pour le progrès'' (RPP), kuva ryashingwa mu 1979. Mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1980, umutwe w'inyeshyamba ''Front pour la restauration de l'unité et de la démocratie'' (FRUD) wagaragaye mu majyaruguru y'igihugu. Guelleh, wagize uruhare mu biganiro byo gushyiraho amashyaka menshi, yabashije gucamo ibice FRUD, ariko kongera umubare w'abasirikare kuva ku 3 000 ukagera ku 15 000 byashyize igihugu mu bibazo by'imari, bituma gisaba ubufasha Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari (FMI). == Perezida wa Jibuti == === Manda ya mbere n'iya kabiri (1999–2011) === Ku wa 4 Gashyantare 1999, Gouled Aptidon yatangaje ko azava ku butegetsi, maze RPP itoranya Guelleh kuba umukandida wayo<ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |title=Veteran ruler Guelleh re-elected Djibouti leader for fifth term |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/10/veteran-ruler-guelleh-re-elected-djibouti-leader-for-fifth-term |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 9 Mata 1999, yatsinze amatora ku majwi 74,02 %, atsinda Moussa Ahmed Idriss<ref name="E13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Proclamation du Président de la République de Djibouti par le Conseil Constitutionnel |url=http://www.presidence.dj/page274.html |website=Journal Officiel de la République de Djibouti}}</ref><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/djibouti/gouvernement/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>; atangira imirimo ku wa 8 Gicurasi 1999<ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=Sudan: President holds weekend talks with Ethiopia |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=6536 |website=IRIN News |date=1999-05-11}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 1999, Moussa Ahmed Idriss yarafashwe ashinjwa "guca intege ingabo"<ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Horn of Africa: Monthly Review |url=http://www.ocha-eth.org/Archive/DownloadableReports/hoa1099.pdf |website=United Nations Development Programme |date=1999 |access-date=2009-02-23}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2000, yirukanye umuyobozi wa polisi y'igihugu, Yacin Yabeh, bituma abapolisi bamushyigikiye bigomeka ariko ntibabigereho<ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=Witnesses describe 'coup attempt' |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=949 |website=IRIN News |date=2000-12-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Gicurasi 2001, igice cya FRUD cyari gisigaye kirwana cyasinye amasezerano y'amahoro, bisoza amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko yari amaze igihe kirekire<ref name="E11" />. Kuva mu 2000, yakurikije politiki yo guteza imbere ubukungu, harimo kwegurira abikorera imicungire y'icyambu cya Jibuti, cyahawe ikigo DP World cyo muri Dubai ku wa 1 Kamena 2000<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Olivier Caslin |title=Présidentielle à Djibouti : Ismaïl Omar Guelleh face à lui-même |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1139264/politique/presidentielle-a-djibouti-iog-face-a-lui-meme/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2021-04-02}}</ref><ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti, une nouvelle porte de l'Afrique ? |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2010-2-page-73.htm |website=Www.cairn.info |date=2010-02-01 |access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>. Kaminuza ya mbere ya Jibuti yafunguwe mu 2000. Mu matora yo ku wa 8 Mata 2005, ni we mukandida wenyine wiyamamaje, maze atsinda; yarahiriye manda ya kabiri ku wa 7 Gicurasi 2005, avuga ko ari yo ya nyuma<ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=No challengers for Guelleh as presidential campaign kicks off |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=53628 |website=IRIN News |date=2005-03-29}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Guelleh sworn in for second presidential term |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=54298 |website=IRIN News |date=2005-05-09}}</ref>. Nyamara mu Mata 2010, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yahinduye Itegeko Nshinga kugira ngo abashe kwiyamamariza manda ya gatatu<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Depuis 2000, onze chefs d’Etat africains ont changé leur Constitution pour rester au pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/12/24/depuis-2000-onze-chefs-d-etat-africains-ont-change-leur-constitution-pour-rester-au-pouvoir_6023936_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2019-12-24 |access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |title=Djibouti lawmakers remove term limits |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/djibouti-lawmakers-remove-term-limits-1.480653 |website=Reuters |date=2010-04-11}}</ref>, bitera imyigaragambyo yahashywe, abayobozi b'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi barafungwa<ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |title="The Notion of Spring Does Not Exist in the Arab world": Djibouti's President Ismail Guelleh Wards off the Arab Spring |url=https://jamestown.org/program/the-notion-of-spring-does-not-exist-in-the-arab-world-djiboutis-president-ismail-guelleh-wards-off-the-arab-spring/ |website=Jamestown |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |author=William Davison |title=Djibouti Forces Arrest Opposition Leaders, Scuppering Protests |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-03-11/djibouti-forces-arrest-opposition-leaders-scuppering-protests |website=Bloomberg |date=2011-03-11}}</ref>. === Manda ya gatatu kugeza ku ya gatandatu (kuva 2011) === Ku wa 8 Mata 2011, yongeye gutorwa mu cyiciro cya mbere ku majwi 80,6 %; Human Rights Watch yashidikanyije ku bunyangamugayo bw'ayo matora, kuko abayobozi b'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bari barafunzwe kabiri mbere y'amatora<ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Djibouti: President Ismael Omar Guelleh wins third term |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13024117 |website=BBC News |date=2011-04-09}}</ref><ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Djibouti: Allow Peaceful Protests |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/04/04/djibouti-allow-peaceful-protests |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2011-04-04}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2014, bivugwa ko umwe mu barinzi be yamurasheho mu muhango wabereye ku kibuga cy'indege, ariko ntiyamufata<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti President Unharmed After Shooting Leaves Three Injured |url=http://www.ethiopiaobserver.com/djibouti-president-unharmed-after-shooting-leaves-three-injured/}}</ref>. Mu matora yo ku wa 8 Mata 2016, yatsinze ku majwi 86,28 %; mbere y'amatora, itsinda ry'abanyamakuru ba BBC ryarafashwe rirukanwa mu gihugu<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti : face à une opposition muselée, le président Ismaïl Omar Guelleh réélu haut la main |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20160409-djibouti-president-ismael-omar-guelleh-reelu-mandat-cinq-ans |website=France 24 |date=2016-04-09 |access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |title=Djibouti President Ismail Omar Guelleh wins fourth term |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35995628 |website=BBC News |date=2016-04-09}}</ref><ref name="E32">{{cite web |language=en |title=Djibouti's Guelleh clinches fourth term with landslide win |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20160409-djibouti-president-guelleh-clinches-fourth-term-with-landslide-win |website=France 24 |date=2016-04-09 |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 9 Mata 2021, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 98,58 %, atangira manda ya gatanu ku wa 15 Gicurasi 2021<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président sortant de Djibouti, Ismaël Omar Guelleh, réélu |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/04/10/le-president-sortant-de-djibouti-ismael-omar-guelleh-reelu_6076262_3212.html |website=www.lemonde.fr |date=2021-04-10 |access-date=2021-04-10}}</ref><ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti : inauguration du cinquième mandat d’Ismaïl Omar Guelleh |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1173056/politique/djibouti-inauguration-du-cinquieme-mandat-dismail-omar-guelleh/ |website=www.jeuneafrique.com |date=2021-05-16 |access-date=2021-05-16}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2021, yategetse ko abaturage n'abanyamahanga baba muri Jibuti bakingirwa COVID-19 ku gahato<ref name="E38">{{cite web |title=Djibouti makes COVID-19 vaccination compulsory |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/djibouti-makes-covid-19-vaccination-compulsory/2281266 |website=www.aa.com.tr |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 10 Mata 2026, yatorewe manda ya gatandatu ku majwi 97,81 %, ararahira ku wa 9 Gicurasi 2026<ref name="E40">{{cite web |language=en |title=Djibouti President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh is reelected for a sixth term |url=https://apnews.com/article/djibouti-election-guelleh-56800757f1108c104adb4bdc5ae880fa |website=AP |date=2026-04-11 |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref><ref name="E41">{{cite web |language=en |title=Djibouti President Ismaïl Guelleh sworn in as region pushes for economic integration |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/africa/2026-05-09-djibouti-president-sworn-in-as-region-pushes-for-economic-integration |website=The Star |date=2026-05-09 |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref>. == Isesengura ry'ubutegetsi bwe == === Imiyoborere === Ku butegetsi bwe, yashyize abo mu muryango we mu myanya ikomeye ya politiki n'ubukungu: umugore we, Kadra Mahamoud Haid, afatwa nka visi-perezida mu buryo bufatika, abakobwa be bombi bafite uruhare runini mu bujyanama no mu bucuruzi, naho murumuna we Saad Omar Guelleh ayobora icyambu cya Jibuti<ref name="E43">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comment Ismaïl Omar Guelleh gouverne en famille avec Kadra, Naguib, Saad et les autres |url=https://www.africaintelligence.fr/insiders/djibouti/2015/06/19/comment-ismail-omar-guelleh-gouverne-en-famille-avec-kadra-naguib-saad-et-les-autres/108078582-be1 |website=Africa Intelligence |date=2015-06-19 |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>. Ubutumwa bwa ambasade ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika bwo mu 2004 bwavuze ko Jibuti ari "umujyi-gihugu w'ubucuruzi ugenzurwa n'umuntu umwe, Ismaïl Omar Guelleh"<ref name="E47">{{cite web |language=en |title=In Djibouti, A Dictator Clings to Power and Extends Suffering |url=http://www.vanguardafrica.com/africawatch/2021/4/19/in-djibouti-a-dictator-clings-to-power-and-extends-suffering |website=Vanguard Africa |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>. Mu 2020, Reporters sans frontières yashyize Jibuti ku mwanya wa 176 kuri 179 mu bwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru, ivuga ko hari "iterabwoba ku itangazamakuru". Raporo ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika yo mu 2020 ku burenganzira bwa muntu yavuze ku bwicanyi bunyuranyije n'amategeko, iyicarubozo n'ikumirwa rikomeye ry'ubwisanzure bwo kuvuga<ref name="E48">{{cite web |language=en |title=Djibouti |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/djibouti/ |website=United States Department of State |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>. === Umubano n'Ubushinwa n'ubukungu === Guelleh yakoresheje aho igihugu cye giherereye mu buryo bw'ingenzi, ashora imari myinshi mu byambu n'ibikorwa remezo by'ubwikorezi<ref name="E5" />. Kuva mu 2013, yegereye [[Ubushinwa]], bwashinze ikigo cya gisirikare cyo mu mazi muri Jibuti mu 2017<ref name="E50">{{cite web |language=en |title=China Consolidates Its Commercial Foothold in Djibouti |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/china-consolidates-its-commercial-foothold-in-djibouti/ |website=thediplomat.com |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref><ref name="E51">{{cite web |language=en |title=China's Djibouti naval base increasing its power |url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2020/05/16/chinas-djibouti-naval-base-increasing-its-power/ |website=East Asia Forum |date=2020-05-16 |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>. Yifuza kugira Jibuti "Singapuru ya Afurika"<ref name="E54">{{cite web |language=en |author=Edmund Blair |title=China to start work soon on naval base in Djibouti - Guelleh |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-djibouti-china-idUKKCN0VB1Z6 |website=Reuters |date=2016-02-02 |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2018, yambuye ku iteka rya perezida ikigo DP World uburenganzira bwo gucunga ikigo cy'ibikoresho bya Doraleh, akabuha ikigo cya Leta<ref name="E58">{{cite web |title=DP World accuses Djibouti of illegally seizing container terminal |url=https://www.ft.com/content/de2d4d88-1867-11e8-9376-4a6390addb44 |website=Financial Times |date=2018-02-23}}</ref>; mu 2020, Urukiko mpuzamahanga rw'ubukemurampaka rwa Londres rwemeje ko icyo cyemezo kinyuranyije n'amategeko, ariko Jibuti iranga<ref name="E60">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ruling by London Tribunal Says Djibouti Acted Illegally |url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/ruling-by-london-tribunal-says-djibouti-acted-illegally |website=The Maritime Executive |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref><ref name="E61">{{cite web |language=en |author=Costas Paris |title=Djibouti Rejects Court Ruling to Hand Back Container Terminal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/djibouti-rejects-court-ruling-to-hand-back-container-terminal-11579296713 |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=2020-01-17 |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>. Nubwo ubukungu bwazamutse, ubushomeri bukomeje kuba bwinshi, cyane cyane mu rubyiruko: mu 2015, bwari 39 %<ref name="E62">{{cite web |title=Economic Transformation in Djibouti |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/437351549918326165/pdf/djibouti-scd-english-version-final-approved-vlogo-02062019-636852600790519539.pdf |website=World Bank Group |date=October 2018}}</ref>. === Urubanza rwa Borrel === Kuva mu 2004, urubanza rw'umucamanza w'Umufaransa Bernard Borrel, wapfiriye muri Jibuti mu 1995, rwazambije umubano n'Ubufaransa, kuko umupfakazi we, Élisabeth Borrel, yashinjaga Perezida Guelleh kuba umwe mu bategetse iyicwa rye. Muri Gashyantare 2007, umucamanza w'Umufaransa yasabye kumwumva nk'umutangabuhamya, ariko Minisiteri y'Ubutabera y'Ubufaransa ivuga ko adashobora guhatirwa gutanga ubuhamya kubera ubudahangarwa bwe. == Ubuzima bwite == Yashakanye na Kadra Mahamoud Haid, bafitanye abana bane<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L’enquête sur les "biens mal acquis" de Djibouti s'accélère |url=https://www.challenges.fr/monde/l-enquete-sur-les-biens-mal-acquis-de-djibouti-accelere_811120 |website=www.challenges.fr |date=2022-04-29}}</ref>. Ku wa 25 Mutarama 2019, Ubuhinde bwamuhaye umudari wa Padma Vibhushan, kubera uruhare rwe mu guhungisha Abahinde muri Yemeni<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Why awarding Padma Vibhushan to Djibouti President matters to India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-awarding-padma-vibhushan-to-djibouti-president-matters-to-india/articleshow/67702436.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |date=2019-01-26 |access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Ismail Omar Guelleh}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Jibuti]] bq6fma9i39euto6yqe9677ru54xqq5d 0 23193 140662 2026-10-03T07:08:10Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Abdel Fattah al-Sissi | image = AbdelFattah Elsisi (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Abdel Fattah al-Sissi | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|11|19|df=y}} | birth_place = Gamaleya, Kayiro, [[Misiri]] | nationality = Umunyamisiri | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Misiri<br />Joint Services Command and Staff College (Ubwongereza)<br />United States Army War College | occupation..." 140662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Abdel Fattah al-Sissi | image = AbdelFattah Elsisi (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Abdel Fattah al-Sissi | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|11|19|df=y}} | birth_place = Gamaleya, Kayiro, [[Misiri]] | nationality = Umunyamisiri | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Misiri<br />Joint Services Command and Staff College (Ubwongereza)<br />United States Army War College | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika (2019–2020) | title = Perezida wa Misiri | term = Kuva ku wa 8 Kamena 2014 | predecessor = Adli Mansour (w'agateganyo) | party = Nta shyaka (yigenga) | spouse = Entissar Amer | children = 4 }} '''Abdel Fattah al-Sissi''' (mu Cyarabu: عبد الفتاح السيسي; wavutse ku wa 19 Ugushyingo 1954 i Kayiro, muri [[Misiri]]) ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyamisiri ufite ipeti rya Maréchal, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika y'Abarabu ya Misiri kuva ku wa 8 Kamena 2014. Yize mu mashuri ya gisirikare yo muri Misiri, mu Bwongereza no muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika. Perezida Hosni Moubarak yamugize umuyobozi w'iperereza rya gisirikare. Nyuma y'impinduramatwara yo muri Misiri yo mu 2011 n'itorwa rya Mohamed Morsi mu 2012, Morsi yamugize Minisitiri w'Ingabo. Ku wa 3 Nyakanga 2013, yahiritse Morsi binyuze muri kudeta ya gisirikare, maze mu 2014 atorerwa kuba Perezida ku majwi 96,9 %, mu matora yateje impaka. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2018 (97,1 %) no mu 2023 (89,6 %). Kuva mu 2019 kugeza mu 2020, yabaye Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika. Yiyerekana nk'uharanira impinduka n'umutekano, ateza imbere imishinga minini (kwagura umuyoboro wa Suez, kubaka umurwa mukuru mushya w'ubutegetsi, ingoro ndangamurage nkuru ya Misiri), ariko ubutegetsi bwe bufatwa nk'ubw'igitugu, burangwa n'ihashywa rikaze ry'abamunenga, iyicarubozo n'ibura ry'abantu ku gahato<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tapis rouge sans épines pour le maréchal Sissi à Paris |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/12/08/egypte-tapis-rouge-sans-epines-pour-le-marechal-sissi-a-paris_6062608_3212.html}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte 2024 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/fr/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/north-africa/egypt/report-egypt/}}</ref><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=World Report 2023 - Egypt sur hrw.org |url=https://www.hrw.org/fr/world-report/2023/country-chapters/383399}}</ref>. == Ubuzima == Abdel Fattah al-Sissi akomoka mu muryango w'abacuruzi bato b'i Kayiro, akaba umwe mu bahungu batatu mu bana umunani<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Abdel Al Sissi |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/opinions/envue/0203286945179-abdel-al-sissi-647297.php |website=www.lesechos.fr}}</ref>. Yavukiye i Gamaleya, mu gice cya Kayiro ya kera. Yize mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya gisirikare, maze mu 1973 yinjira mu Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare, ahitamo ingabo zirwanira ku butaka zigendera ku modoka z'intambara. Yize kandi muri ''Command & Staff College'' yo muri Misiri, mu 1992 ajya mu ishuri rya gisirikare ryo mu Bwongereza i Watchfield, naho mu 2006 yiga muri ''United States Army War College'', aho yanditse inyandiko yise "Demokarasi mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati"<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=وسم "ثلاجة السيسي" على تويتر الثالث عالميا |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7AXBzDraOM |date=2016-10-26 |access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref>. Yashakanye na Entissar Amer mu 1977; bafitanye abana bane: abahungu batatu (Moustafa, Mahmoud na Hassan) n'umukobwa umwe (Aya)<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Georges Malbrunot |title=À la tête de l'armée, le général al-Sissi plus que jamais garant de la stabilité en Égypte |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2013/07/03/01003-20130703ARTFIG00608--la-tete-de-l-armee-le-general-al-sissi-plus-que-jamais-garant-de-la-stabilite-en-egypte.php |website=FIGARO |date=2013-07-03 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte : l'énigme al-Sissi |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/actualites/egypte-l-enigme-al-sissi-27-03-2014-1806226_2031.php |website=Le Point |date=2014-03-27 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. Azwiho kuba umunyedini, uzi Korowani mu mutwe<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=ÉGYPTE. Sissi sera-t-il toujours aussi populaire s'il devient président ? |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2014/02/12/sissi-sabre-et-goupillon |website=Courrier international |date=2014-02-12 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. == Urugendo mu gisirikare == Yatangiye umwuga we mu ngabo zirwanira ku butaka, aba umwe mu bahagarariye ingabo muri ambasade ya Misiri muri Arabiya Sawudite, hanyuma umuyobozi w'ingabo zo mu karere k'amajyaruguru ka Alegisandiriya. Mu Kamena 2011, ubwo yari umuyobozi w'iperereza rya gisirikare akaba n'umwe mu bagize Inama nkuru y'ingabo (CSFA) yayoboraga igihugu nyuma y'iyegura rya Moubarak, yashyigikiye ko abagore bigaragambyaga bapimwa ubusugi "kugira ngo ingabo zirindwe ibirego by'ifatwa ku ngufu"<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Un général égyptien justifie les « tests de virginité » sur des manifestantes |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/un-general-egyptien-justifie-les-tests-de-virginite-sur-des-manifestantes-26-06-2011-1346233_24.php |website=Le Point |date=2011-06-26}}</ref>. == Urugendo muri politiki == === Minisitiri w'Ingabo na kudeta ya 2013 === Muri Kanama 2012, Perezida Mohamed Morsi wo mu muryango w'Abavandimwe b'Abayisilamu (''Frères musulmans'') yamugize Minisitiri w'Ingabo, asimbura Mohamed Hussein Tantawi. Kuri uwo mwanya, yongereye imishahara y'abasirikare n'abofisiye<ref name="F11" />. Mu gihe cy'imyigaragambyo ikomeye yo muri Kamena na Nyakanga 2013 yasabaga ko Morsi yegura, yavuze ko ingabo zifite inshingano "zo kwinjira mu kibazo kugira ngo Misiri itinjira mu mwobo w'amakimbirane"; ku wa 3 Nyakanga 2013, yahiritse Morsi binyuze muri kudeta ya gisirikare<ref name="F13" />. Uwo munsi, yashyizeho umucamanza Adli Mansour, perezida w'Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga, nka Perezida w'agateganyo. Yayoboye ihashywa rikaze ry'Abavandimwe b'Abayisilamu, aho abantu barenga 1 600 bishwe mu bwicanyi bwo ku bibuga bya Rabaa na Nahda; Human Rights Watch yabwise "bumwe mu bwicanyi bukomeye bw'abigaragambya mu mateka ya vuba"<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=en |title=All According to Plan - The Rab’a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/08/12/all-according-plan/raba-massacre-and-mass-killings-protesters-egypt |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2014-08-12 |access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref><ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sinaï, une sale guerre qui ne dit pas son nom |url=http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2014/09/ALEXANDRANI/50786}}</ref>. Nyuma yaho, yibasiye n'abafatanyabikorwa be b'abasekuleri, abakura muri guverinoma no gufunga abarwanashyaka babo<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte. Le coup d’État permanent |url=https://orientxxi.info/spip.php?action=ia_nojs&retour=%2Fmagazine%2Fegypte-le-coup-d-etat-permanent%2C3027 |website=Orientxxi.info |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2014 === Ku wa 27 Mutarama 2014, yazamuwe ku ipeti rya Maréchal<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Egypte: l'armée désigne son chef, Abdel Fattah al-Sissi, comme candidat à la présidentielle |url=http://www.rfi.fr/moyen-orient/20140127-egypte-armee-designe-son-chef-abdel-fattah-al-sissi-comme-candidat-presidentielle-morsi |website=RFI |date=2014-01-28 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. Ku wa 26 Werurwe 2014, yeguye ku mwanya wa Minisitiri w'Ingabo kugira ngo yiyamamarize kuba Perezida<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La démission de Sissi remise au président |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2014/03/26/97001-20140326FILWWW00337-la-demission-de-sissi-remise-au-president.php |website=Le Figaro |date=2014-03-26 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Gicurasi 2014, yatsinze amatora ku majwi 96 %, mu gihe hakekwaga uburiganya<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte : une écrasante et prévisible victoire du maréchal Sissi |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2014/05/28/presidentielle-en-egypte-sissi-credite-par-son-camp-de-93-des-voix_4428332_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2014-05-29}}</ref><ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Egypte, le premier échec du « maréchal » Sissi |url=https://blog.mondediplo.net/2014-05-29-Egypte-le-premier-echec-du-marechal-Sissi |website=Le Monde diplomatique |date=2014-05-29 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. Yarahiye ku wa 8 Kamena 2014, aba Perezida wa gatandatu wa Repubulika y'Abarabu ya Misiri<ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=en |author=Shadia Nasralla, Maggie Fick |title=Sisi sworn in as Egypt's president, cool reception from West |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-sisi-inauguration-idINKBN0EJ07D20140608 |website=Reuters |date=2014-06-08 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Misiri == === Imishinga minini === Muri Kanama 2014, yatangije umushinga w'umuyoboro mushya wa Suez, wikubye kabiri ubushobozi bw'uwari usanzweho, utwara miliyari 8,4 z'amadolari yose yaturutse mu Misiri; wafunguwe ku wa 6 Kanama 2015<ref name="E141">{{cite web |author=David D. Kirkpatrick |title=Suez Canal Upgrade May Not Ease Egypt's Economic Journey |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/07/world/middleeast/suez-canal-channel-egypt.html |website=The New York Times |date=2015-08-06 |access-date=2018-01-27}}</ref><ref name="E142">{{cite web |title=Al-Sisi kicks off new Suez Canal project, lays down tightened completion deadline |url=https://ww.dailynewssegypt.com/2014/08/05/al-sisi-kicks-new-suez-canal-project-lays-tightened-completion-deadline/ |website=Daily News Egypt |date=2014-08-05 |access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref><ref name="E143">{{cite web |author=Mesrop Najarian |title=Egypt Inaugurates Suez Canal Expansion |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/08/06/world/new-suez-canal-opens/ |website=CNN |date=2015-08-07 |access-date=2025-06-11}}</ref>. Yatangije kandi umushinga w'imihanda y'igihugu ireshya n'ibirometero birenga 4 400, n'uw'umurwa mukuru mushya w'ubutegetsi uri mu burasirazuba bwa Kayiro<ref name="E146">{{cite web |title=Sisi says austerity measures 'a must' |url=http://thecairopost.com/news/117711/news/sisi-says-austerity-measures-a-must |website=Cairo Post |date=2014-07-07 |access-date=2016-04-26}}</ref><ref name="E147">{{cite web |title=The Capital Cairo |url=http://thecapitalcairo.com/ |access-date=2016-11-29}}</ref>. Mu 2016, yiyemeje gukuraho utujagari twose dushobora guteza akaga mu myaka ibiri<ref name="E148">{{cite web |title=Sisi calls on minister to conclude slum development projects in two years – Egypt Independent |url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/news/sisi-calls-minister-conclude-slum-development-projects-two-years |date=2016-05-12 |access-date=2016-11-29}}</ref>. === Politiki y'ubukungu === Yashyizeho amavugurura y'ubukungu yo gukuraho ibyari bisigaye bya politiki y'imibereho myiza yo ku gihe cya Nasser<ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |title=« L’Egypte est un marché bien trop grand pour que l’économie soit dominée par l’Etat » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/03/08/l-egypte-est-un-marche-bien-trop-grand-pour-que-l-economie-soit-dominee-par-l-etat_5267625_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |access-date=2018-03-08}}</ref>: kugabanya inkunga ya Leta ku ngufu n'amashanyarazi, gushyiraho umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA), kuzamura ibiciro by'itike ya metero ya Kayiro no guhagarika izamuka ry'imishahara y'abakozi ba Leta<ref name="F43">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte. Le gouffre d’une dette alimentée par l’armée |url=https://orientxxi.info/spip.php?action=ia_nojs&retour=%2Fmagazine%2Fla-crise-de-la-dette-de-sissi%2C2813 |website=orientxxi.info |access-date=2018-12-18}}</ref>. Raporo ya Banki y'Isi yo muri Mata 2019 yagaragaje ko 60 % by'Abanyamisiri bari mu bukene cyangwa mu buzima bugoye<ref name="F46">{{cite web |language=en |title=Egypt’s Economy Isn’t Booming. It’s Collapsing. |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/06/07/egypts-economy-isnt-booming-its-collapsing-imf-abdel-fattah-sisi-poverty/ |website=Foreign Policy |date=2019-06-07}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2018, umwenda w'igihugu wageze ku rwego rutigeze rubaho (miliyari 92,6 z'amadolari), bitewe ahanini n'ingengo y'imari ya gisirikare n'inyungu z'umwenda<ref name="F47">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le monde achète de plus en plus d'armes, la France en profite |url=https://www.franceinter.fr/monde/le-monde-achete-de-plus-en-plus-d-armes-la-france-en-profite |website=franceinter.fr |access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2018 n'ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga === Muri Mutarama 2018, yatangaje ko aziyamamariza manda ya kabiri<ref name="F49">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président égyptien Sissi candidat à sa propre succession |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/actualite/le-president-egyptien-sissi-candidat-a-sa-propre-succession_1977799.html |website=lexpress.fr |access-date=2018-01-19}}</ref>. Abantu benshi bari batangaje ko baziyamamaza, barimo Ahmed Chafik na Sami Anan, baratewe ubwoba cyangwa barafungwa<ref name="F51">{{cite web |language=en |title=Egypt arrests ex-general who stood for election against Sisi |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/23/former-egyptian-general-arrested-by-military-after-announcing-presidential-bid-sami-anan |website=the Guardian |date=2018-01-23 |access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref><ref name="F52">{{cite web |language=en |title=Shafiq confirms exit from Egypt election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42597803 |website=BBC News |date=2018 |access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref>. Ku wa 2 Mata 2018, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 97,08 %, mu matora aho uwo bari bahanganye wenyine na we yari amushyigikiye<ref name="F55">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte : les résultats officiels donnent la victoire d’Abdel Fattah Al-Sissi, réélu président avec 97,08 % des voix |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/04/02/egypte-les-resultats-officiels-confirment-la-victoire-d-abdel-fattah-al-sissi-reelu-president-avec-97-08-des-voix_5279645_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2018-04-02}}</ref>. Ku wa 16 Mata 2019, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeje ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga ryongereye manda ye imyaka ibiri kandi rimwemerera kwiyamamariza manda ya gatatu y'imyaka itandatu; kamarampaka yo kuva ku wa 20 kugeza ku wa 22 Mata 2019 yaryemeje ku majwi 88,8 %<ref name="F58">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Egypte: vers une prolongation de la présidence de Sissi |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/egypte-le-parlement-vote-pour-permettre-a-sissi-de-prolonger-sa-presidence-16-04-2019-2307859_24.php# |website=Le Point |access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref><ref name="F60">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Egypte : la réforme prolongeant la présidence Sissi approuvée à 88,83 % |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/23/egypte-la-reforme-prolongeant-la-presidence-sissi-approuvee-a-88-83-par-referendum_5453940_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2019, nyuma y'aho umucuruzi uri mu buhungiro Mohamed Ali amushinje ruswa, habaye imyigaragambyo mu migi myinshi; abantu bagera ku 2 000 barafashwe<ref name="F64">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Égypte, des vidéos en ligne accusent le président Sissi de corruption et indignent la population |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/en-direct-du-monde/en-egypte-des-videos-en-ligne-accusent-le-president-sissi-de-corruption-et-indignent-la-population_3593247.html |website=Franceinfo |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref><ref name="F69">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Egypte : comprendre en cinq minutes la crise politique et les manifestations |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/egypte-comprendre-en-cinq-minutes-la-crise-politique-et-les-manifestations-25-09-2019-8159580.php |website=Le Parisien |date=2019-09-25 |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>. === Uburenganzira bwa muntu === Kuva yagera ku butegetsi muri Nyakanga 2013, ibihumbi by'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bishwe cyangwa barafungwa, abandi amagana baburirwa irengero<ref name="F78">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Najma Kousri Labidi |title=Égypte : l'assassinat de Shaïmaa al-Sabbagh révèle les méthodes de répression du régime Al Sissi |url=http://m.huffpost.com/mg/entry/6595352 |website=HuffPost Tunisie}}</ref><ref name="F79">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Rethinking the U.S.-Egypt relationship: How repression is undermining Egyptian stability and what the United States can do |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2015/11/03-us-egypt-relationship-hamid}}</ref>. Nk'uko Human Rights Watch ibivuga, abantu 60 000 bafashwe kuva mu 2013, kandi polisi n'inzego z'umutekano bakoresha iyicarubozo kenshi<ref name="F88">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Hélène Sallon |title=L’Egypte pratique la torture « à la chaîne » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2017/09/07/l-egypte-pratique-la-torture-a-la-chaine_5182438_3210.html |website=Le Monde |date=2017-09-07 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2016, umurambo w'umunyeshuri w'Umutaliyani Giulio Regeni, wishwe akorewe iyicarubozo, wabonetse i Kayiro, bitera ikibazo cya dipolomasi hagati ya Misiri n'Ubutaliyani<ref name="F82">{{cite web |language=fr |author=avec AFP |title=Enquête sur l’étudiant supplicié : l’Italie rappelle son ambassadeur en Égypte |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2016/04/08/enquete-sur-l-etudiant-supplicie-l-italie-rappelle-son-ambassadeur-en-egypte_4898946_3214.html |website=lemonde.fr}}</ref>. Ku wa 17 Kamena 2019, Mohamed Morsi wari ufunzwe yapfiriye mu rukiko<ref name="F91">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte : l’ancien président Mohamed Morsi meurt en plein procès |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/789960/politique/egypte-lancien-president-mohamed-morsi-meurt-en-plein-proces/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2019-06-17}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2020, Perezida w'Ubufaransa Emmanuel Macron yamuhaye umudari usumba iyindi wa ''Légion d'honneur'', bituma bamwe mu Bataliyani bawuhawe bawusubiza mu rwego rwo kwamagana<ref name="F95">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Une légion d’honneur au maréchal Sissi en catimini… qui finit par faire du bruit |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20201215-une-l%C3%A9gion-d-honneur-au-mar%C3%A9chal-sissi-en-catimini-qui-finit-par-faire-du-bruit |website=france24.com |date=2020-12-15 |access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref><ref name="F98">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Olivier Tosseri |title=Sissi : une Légion d'honneur qui fâche, jusqu'en Italie |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/idees-debats/editos-analyses/sissi-une-legion-dhonneur-qui-fache-jusquen-italie-1273879 |website=Les Échos |date=2020-12-14 |access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2023 === Ku wa 18 Ukuboza 2023, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 89,6 %, atangira manda ya gatatu, igomba kuba iya nyuma nk'uko Itegeko Nshinga ribiteganya; yarahiye ku wa 2 Mata 2024<ref name="F101">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Egypte : Abdel Fattah Al-Sissi remporte sa troisième élection présidentielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/12/18/egypte-abdel-fattah-al-sissi-remporte-sa-troisieme-election-presidentielle_6206485_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2023-12-18 |access-date=2023-12-18}}</ref><ref name="F102">{{cite web |language=fr |author=FRANCE24 |title=En Égypte, le président Abdel Fattah al-Sissi prête serment pour un troisième mandat |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20240402-en-%C3%A9gypte-le-pr%C3%A9sident-abdel-fattah-al-sissi-pr%C3%AAte-serment-pour-un-troisi%C3%A8me-mandat |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-04-02}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga ari Perezida, ku wa 25 Kamena 2014, rwabaye muri [[Aligeriya]]<ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président égyptien Sissi en Algérie pour parler de sécurité |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/monde/20140625.REU5922/le-president-egyptien-sissi-en-algerie-pour-parler-de-securite.html |website=Le Nouvel Obs |date=2014-06-25}}</ref><ref name="E155">{{cite web |title=Egypt's Sisi make Algeria his first foreign trip, security tops agenda |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-algeria-egypt-idUSKBN0F01PK20140625 |website=Reuters |date=2014-06-25 |access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref>. Umubano na Isiraheli waratejwe imbere nyuma y'ikurwaho rya Morsi; ikinyamakuru ''The Economist'' cyamwise "umuyobozi wa Misiri ushyigikiye Isiraheli kurusha abandi bose"<ref name="E160">{{cite web |title=Egypt's decision to side with Israel has cost Gaza dear |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/30/egypt-siding-israel-cost-gaza-dear}}</ref><ref name="E163">{{cite web |title=Israel and Palestine |url=https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21698439-israels-foes-have-weakened-palestinians-are-winning-battle-womb-israels |website=The Economist |date=2016-05-14 |access-date=2016-05-14}}</ref>. Ubutegetsi bwe bushyigikira igisubizo cy'ibihugu bibiri, Palestine ifite umurwa mukuru i Yeruzalemu y'Iburasirazuba<ref name="E164">{{cite web |title=Sisi reiterates support for Palestinian statehood, slams media campaign |url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/news/sisi-reiterates-support-palestinian-statehood-slams-brotherhood-media-campaign}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2023, mu gihe cy'intambara yo muri Gaza, yavuze ko ibisasu Isiraheli yateraga muri Gaza "byarenze uburenganzira bwo kwirwanaho, bihinduka igihano rusange ku bantu miliyoni 2,3"<ref name="E183">{{cite web |title=US says Egypt border crossing to Gaza to reopen |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/egypts-president-sisi-talks-get-aid-gaza-presidency-says-2023-10-15/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-10-15 |access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2025, yahagaritse urugendo mpuzamahanga rwerekezaga muri Gaza<ref name="F40">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Egypte, la marche internationale en direction de Gaza bloquée par les autorités |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2025/06/16/en-egypte-la-marche-internationale-en-direction-de-gaza-bloquee-par-les-autorites_6613507_3210.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-06-13}}</ref>. Amakimbirane hagati ya Misiri na [[Etiyopiya]] ku rugomero rwa Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam yarakomeje mu 2021; Sissi yagize ati: "Ndabwira abavandimwe bacu bo muri Etiyopiya, ntitukagere aho mukora ku gitonyanga na kimwe cy'amazi ya Misiri, kuko inzira zose zirafunguye"<ref name="E158">{{cite web |title=Egypt reiterates 'red line' in Nile dam row with Ethiopia |url=https://thearabweekly.com/egypt-reiterates-red-line-nile-dam-row-ethiopia |website=The Arab Weekly |date=2021-04-12 |access-date=2021-06-12}}</ref><ref name="E159">{{cite web |title=Egypt's el-Sisi warns 'all options open' after dam talks fail |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/7/egypt-warns-ethiopia-of-potential-for-conflict-over-blue-nile-dam |website=Al-Jazeera |date=2021-04-07 |access-date=2021-06-12}}</ref>. Mu 2019, Emmanuel Macron yamutumiye mu nama ya G7 i Biarritz<ref name="F39">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Hala Kodmani |title=G7 : des ONG dénoncent la venue d'Al-Sissi |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/08/23/g7-des-ong-denoncent-la-venue-d-al-sissi_1746658 |website=Libération}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Abdel Fattah el-Sisi}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Misiri]] g5ppopcnbv0wcuyolzaswweyhzv8ol4 0 23194 140663 2026-10-03T07:10:42Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo | image = 2026 Teodoro Obiang (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Teodoro Obiang mu 2026 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|6|5|df=y}} | birth_place = Acoacán, Mongomo, [[Gineya Ekwatoriyale]] | nationality = Umunyagineya Ekwatoriyale | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Zaragoza (Esipanye) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for..." 140663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo | image = 2026 Teodoro Obiang (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Teodoro Obiang mu 2026 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|6|5|df=y}} | birth_place = Acoacán, Mongomo, [[Gineya Ekwatoriyale]] | nationality = Umunyagineya Ekwatoriyale | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Zaragoza (Esipanye) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika (2011–2012) | title = Perezida wa Gineya Ekwatoriyale | term = Kuva ku wa 3 Kanama 1979 | predecessor = Francisco Macías Nguema | party = Parti démocratique de Guinée équatoriale (PDGE) | spouse = Constancia Mangue (n'abandi) }} '''Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo''' (wavutse ku wa 5 Kamena 1942 i Acoacán, mu karere ka Mongomo, muri [[Gineya Ekwatoriyale]]) ni umunyapolitiki akaba n'uwahoze ari umusirikare wo muri Gineya Ekwatoriyale, uyoboye icyo gihugu kuva mu 1979, akaba ari Perezida wacyo wa kabiri kuva mu 1982. Amaze kwiga mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya Zaragoza muri Esipanye, yabaye mu myanya myinshi ku butegetsi bwa nyirarume Francisco Macías Nguema, harimo n'uw'umuyobozi wa gereza ya Playa Negra (''Black Beach''), izwiho guhohotera uburenganzira bwa muntu. Mu 1979, yahiritse Macías binyuze muri kudeta ya gisirikare. Mu 1987, yashinze ishyaka ''Parti démocratique de Guinée équatoriale'' (PDGE), ryabaye ishyaka rimwe rukumbi ryemewe kugeza mu 1992. Ku butegetsi bwe, Gineya Ekwatoriyale yabaye igihugu gikomeye mu gucukura peteroli kuva mu myaka ya 1990. Kuva mu 2011 kugeza mu 2012, yabaye Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika. Afatwa nk'umunyagitugu uyoboye ubutegetsi burangwa na ruswa ikabije, ikoreshwa nabi ry'ububasha, ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu n'ikimenyane<ref name="E2">{{cite web |language=en |title=Clan Obiang: The Eastern European Network of an African Dictator |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/investigation/clan-obiang-the-eastern-european-network-of-an-african-dictator |website=OCCRP |access-date=2025-11-23}}</ref><ref name="E4">{{cite web |author=Ana Lúcia Sá |title=The politics of autocratic survival in Equatorial Guinea: Co-optation, restrictive institutional rules, repression, and international projection |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adaa030 |website=African Affairs |date=2021}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |author=Austin S. Matthews |title=Elite strategy in resilient authoritarianism: Equatorial Guinea, 1979–2023 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2024.2343105 |website=Democratization |date=2024 |access-date=2024-04-30}}</ref>. Ni we mukuru w'igihugu utari umwami umaze igihe kirekire ku butegetsi ku isi, nyuma ya [[Paul Biya]] wa Kameruni. == Ubuzima == === Umuryango === Teodoro Obiang yavukiye mu muryango wo mu bwoko bw'Abesangui, ku wa 5 Kamena 1942, mu gace kari mu bukoloni bwa Esipanye, ku mupaka n'[[Gabon]] y'ubu<ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2007: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzQUDgAAQBAJ |website=Palgrave Macmillan UK |date=2006}}</ref>. Ni umwana wa gatatu mu bana icumi ba Santiago Nguema Eneme Obama na María Mbasogo Ngui, bombi b'Abanyagabon bari barimukiye muri Gineya ya Esipanye kugira ngo birinde umusoro w'umubiri no kungukira mu bukungu bwari bwifashe neza. Nyina amaze gupfa, we n'abavandimwe be barezwe na se n'umugore we mushya, Carmen Mikue Mbira<ref name="E7">{{cite web |author=GUINEA ECUATORIAL |title=La pareja presidencial asiste a la misa de réquiem de Doña Carmen Mikue - Página Oficial del Gobierno de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial |url=https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=5825 |website=www.guineaecuatorialpress.com |access-date=2026-01-21}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Ukuboza 1968, yashakanye na Constancia Mangue Nsue; umuhungu wabo, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue ("Teodorín"), ni Visi-perezida w'igihugu. Afite abandi bagore, kandi abana be benshi bari mu myanya ikomeye muri guverinoma<ref name="E4" />. === Amashuri === Yize amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye mu kigo cya Cardenal Cisneros cya Ebibeyin no mu kigo cya La Salle cya Bata. Kuva mu 1963 kugeza mu 1965, yize mu Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Zaragoza muri Esipanye, ahavana ipeti rya sous-lieutenant. == Urugendo mu gisirikare ku butegetsi bwa Macías == Mu 1969, nyirarume Perezida Francisco Macías Nguema yamugize lieutenant mu ngabo z'igihugu. Mu 1971, yazamuwe ku ipeti rya kapiteni kubera uruhare rwe mu kuvumbura umugambi wa kudeta, hanyuma aba komanda mu 1975. Mu 1979, yabaye Minisitiri wungirije w'Ingabo afite ipeti rya lieutenant-colonel. Mu myaka myinshi, yayoboye gereza ya Playa Negra n'urwego rwose rw'amagereza mu gihugu, aba na guverineri w'ikirwa cya Bioko n'umuyobozi w'ingabo z'igihugu. == Perezida wa Gineya Ekwatoriyale == === Kudeta ya 1979 === Nyuma y'aho Macías ategetse ko abantu benshi bo mu muryango wabo bicwa, barimo na murumuna wa Obiang, Obiang n'abandi bari hafi ya Macías bakeka ko yasaze. Ku wa 3 Kanama 1979, Obiang yamuhiritse muri kudeta yamenekeyemo amaraso, maze amushyikiriza urukiko ku byaha yakoze, harimo jenoside y'Ababubi; Macías yakatiwe urwo gupfa, aricwa arashwe ku wa 29 Nzeri 1979<ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=Dan Gardner |title=The Pariah President: Teodoro Obiang is a brutal dictator responsible for thousands of deaths. So why is he treated like an elder statesman on the world stage? |url=http://www.dangardner.ca/Featnov605.html |website=The Ottawa Citizen |date=2005-11-06}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |author=Steve Bloomfield |title=Teodoro Obiang Nguema: A brutal, bizarre jailer |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/teodoro-obiang-nguema-a-brutal-bizarre-jailer-448575.html |website=The Independent |date=2007-05-13 |access-date=2010-10-21}}</ref>. Obiang yatangaje ko ubutegetsi bushya buzatangira bundi bushya: yahaye imbabazi imfungwa za politiki, akuraho imirimo y'agahato, kandi yongera kwemera ubukirisitu bwari bwarabujijwe, ariko ntiyavuze ku ruhare rwe mu byaha by'ubutegetsi bwa Macías<ref name="E8" />. === Itegeko Nshinga rishya n'amatora === Mu 1982, igihugu cyasubiye ku butegetsi bwa gisivili mu izina, gishyiraho Itegeko Nshinga rishya; Obiang yatorewe kuba Perezida nta wundi bahanganye, ararahira ku wa 12 Ukwakira 1982. Yongeye gutorwa mu 1989 ari wenyine. Nyuma y'aho amashyaka menshi yemerewe mu 1992, yongeye gutorwa mu 1996 no mu 2002 ku majwi 98 %, mu matora indorerezi mpuzamahanga zavuze ko arimo uburiganya<ref name="E10">{{cite web |author=Steve Bloomfield |title=Teodoro Obiang Nguema: A brutal, bizarre jailer |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/teodoro-obiang-nguema-a-brutal-bizarre-jailer-448575.html |website=The Independent |date=2007-05-13 |access-date=2010-10-21}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |author=United States Central Intelligence Agency |title=The CIA World Factbook 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqanFyF6nI0C&pg=PA214 |website=Skyhorse Publishing Inc.}}</ref>; mu 2002, mu ntara imwe y'itora, yabonye 103 % by'amajwi<ref name="E24">{{cite web |author=Alexander Smoltczyk |title=Rich in Oil, Poor in Human Rights: Torture and Poverty in Equatorial Guinea |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,434691,00.html |website=Der Spiegel |date=2006-08-28 |access-date=2007-04-01}}</ref>. Mu 2009, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 97 %, nanone havugwa uburiganya n'iterabwoba<ref name="E12">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mark Tran |title=President Nguema of Equatorial Guinea on course to extend three-decade rule |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/30/president-equatorial-guinea-extends-rule |website=The Guardian |date=2009-11-30 |access-date=2010-10-21}}</ref>. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2016 no mu 2022. PDGE ifite ububasha hafi bwose, kandi Itegeko Nshinga riha Perezida ububasha bwagutse, harimo n'ubwo kuyobora binyuze mu mateka. Ubwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru bugarukira cyane: ibinyamakuru hafi ya byose ni ibya Leta cyangwa iby'umuhungu we Teodorín<ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=Equatorial Guinea media guide |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13317177 |website=BBC News |date=2011-05-06 |access-date=2026-02-28}}</ref>. Mu 2004, habaye umugambi wa kudeta wateguwe n'abacancuro b'abanyamahanga, uyobowe n'Umwongereza Simon Mann, waje gukatirwa gufungwa imyaka 34. Muri Nzeri 2022, Obiang yashyize umukono ku itegeko rikuraho igihano cy'urupfu, icyemezo cyashimwe ku rwego mpuzamahanga<ref name="E46">{{cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea Becomes 25th Africian Country to Abolish Death Penalty |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/equatorial-guinea-becomes-25th-african-country-to-abolish-death-penalty |website=Death Penalty Information Center |date=2022-09-20 |access-date=2024-10-03}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Umubano na [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] warazambye mu 1993, ambasade y'Amerika ifungwa mu 1996<ref name="E17">{{cite web |author=Peter Maass |title=A Touch of Crude |url=https://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2005/01/12_400.html |website=Mother Jones |access-date=2014-12-01}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ibitero byo ku wa 11 Nzeri 2001, Amerika yongeye kwita ku bihugu by'Afurika bicukura peteroli; mu ruzinduko rwe rwo mu 2006, Umunyamabanga wa Leta Condoleezza Rice yamwise "inshuti nziza"<ref name="E20">{{cite web |author=Larry Luxner |title=Equatorial Guinea Goes from Rags to Riches With Oil Boom |url=http://www.washdiplomat.com/01-08/a2_08_01.html |website=Washington Diplomat |date=August 2001 |access-date=2007-11-01}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Remarks with Equatorial Guinean President Obiang Before Their Meeting |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2006/64434.htm |date=2006-04-12 |access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref>. Ambasade nshya y'Amerika yafunguwe mu 2013<ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=United States Dedicates New U.S. Embassy in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/218626.htm |website=U.S. Department of State |access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref>. Ku wa 26 Nzeri 2024, yasuye Moscou ahura na Perezida Vladimir Putin<ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea's president visits Russia for diplomatic talks |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/09/26/equatorial-guineas-president-visits-russia-for-diplomatic-talks/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-09-26}}</ref>. === Ubukungu n'umurwa mukuru mushya === Mu 1995, sosiyete ExxonMobil yavumbuye peteroli mu gihugu, maze Gineya Ekwatoriyale iba igihugu cya gatatu mu bihugu byo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara bicukura peteroli nyinshi, nyuma ya Nijeriya na Angola. Nubwo igihugu gifite umusaruro mbumbe ku muturage uri hejuru muri Afurika, ubukire bwacyo bugabanywa nabi cyane, ahanini buri mu maboko y'umuryango uri ku butegetsi<ref name="E34">{{cite web |author=Osmund Agbo |title=Teodoro Obiang Mbasogo: Resource curse and an African despot |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/503442-teodoro-obiang-mbasogo-resource-curse-and-african-despot-by-osmund-agbo.html |website=Premium Times |date=2021-12-31 |access-date=2023-08-01}}</ref>. Nk'uko ''Forbes'' ibivuga, Obiang afite umutungo wa miliyoni 600 z'amadolari<ref name="E58">{{cite web |title=Fortunes of Kings, Queens And Dictators |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029180012/https://www.forbes.com/2006/05/03/cz_forbes_0522_royals_slide_8.html |website=Forbes}}</ref>. Mu 2012, yategetse kubaka umujyi mushya, Ciudad de la Paz (wahoze witwa Oyala), ku mugabane, kugira ngo usimbure Malabo ku mwanya w'umurwa mukuru<ref name="E35">{{cite web |language=en |author=Jacey Fortin |title=A Dazzling Capital City Rises Amid Poverty In Equatorial Guinea |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/poverty-stricken-equatorial-guinea-builds-expensive-capital-city-middle-nowhere-949224 |website=International Business Times |date=2012-12-19 |access-date=2024-10-24}}</ref>. Ku wa 2 Mutarama 2026, yasinye iteka rigira Ciudad de la Paz umurwa mukuru ku mugaragaro<ref name="E41">{{cite web |language=es |title=Decreto Ley por el que se declara la Ciudad de la Paz, Djibloho, capital de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial |url=https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticias/decreto_ley_por_el_que_se_declara_la_ciudad_de_la_paz_djibloho_capital_de_la_republica_de_guinea_ecuatorial |website=Guinea Ecuatorial |access-date=2026-01-22}}</ref>. == Impaka == === Uburenganzira bwa muntu === Mu 2006, yasinye iteka ribuza iyicarubozo, ariko imiryango nka Human Rights Watch na Amnesty International ikomeza kugaragaza iyicarubozo, gukubitwa, impfu zidasobanuwe n'ifungwa rinyuranyije n'amategeko mu magereza<ref name="E42">{{cite web |title=Organizational Reform & Institutional Capacity-Building |url=http://www.mpri.com/esite/index.php/content/services/organizational_reform_amp_institutional_capacity_building/ |website=MPRI |access-date=2013-05-05}}</ref><ref name="E43">{{cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/equatorial-guinea/report-2009 |website=Amnesty International |access-date=2013-05-05}}</ref>. Freedom House yamwise umwe mu banyagitugu "biba umutungo w'igihugu kurusha abandi" bakiriho<ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea: Ignorance worth fistfuls of dollars. |url=https://freedomhouse.org/blog/equatorial-guinea-ignorance-worth-fistfuls-dollars |website=Freedom House |date=2012-06-13 |access-date=2017-01-19}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2003, radiyo ya Leta yamwise "Imana y'igihugu" ifite "ububasha bwose ku bantu n'ibintu"<ref name="E49">{{cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea's 'God' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3098007.stm |website=BBC |date=2003-07-26 |access-date=2007-11-01}}</ref>. Mu 2024, ubutegetsi bwe bwahashye imyigaragambyo ku kirwa cya Annobón, buhagarika itumanaho na interineti kuri icyo kirwa. === Ruswa n'imitungo y'inyerezo === Ikinyamakuru ''Los Angeles Times'' cyagaragaje ko amasosiyete akomeye y'Abanyamerika acukura peteroli yishyuraga amafaranga kuri konti igenzurwa na Perezida muri banki ya Riggs i Washington. Mu Bufaransa, mu rubanza ruzwi nka "biens mal acquis", ubucamanza bwafatiriye ibintu mu nzu y'umuryango we iri ku muhanda wa Avenue Foch i Paris, ifite agaciro ka miliyoni 100 z'amayero<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biens mal acquis : saisie record chez Teodoro Obiang |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2012/02/24/biens-mal-acquis-saisie-record-chez-teodoro-obiang_798527/}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=en |author=Adam Whitnall |title=The brutal central African dictator whose playboy son faces French corruption trial |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/teodoro-obiang-nguema-mbasogo-equatorial-guinea-french-corruption-trial-a7238501.html |website=The Independent}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2021, umuhungu we Teodorín yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka itatu gisubitse n'ihazabu ya miliyoni 30 z'amayero<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Restitution des biens mal acquis : une première pour des crédits prévus dans le budget français |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/11/10/restitution-des-biens-mal-acquis-une-premiere-pour-des-credits-prevus-dans-le-budget-francais_6199333_3212.html |website=Le Monde et AFP}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2009, ubushinjacyaha bwa Esipanye bushinzwe kurwanya ruswa bwasabye iperereza ku iyezandonke ku makonti ye muri Esipanye<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mia Laporte |title=Angola Press |url=http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/fr_fr/noticias/africa/parquet-espagnol-pour-une-enquete-sur-les-comptes-president-Obiang,c658bf06-30c7-4f32-a388-aa01cadb69ad.html |website=portalangop.co.ao}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Gineya Ekwatoriyale]] 1em6mdgeuok0s4j4td1wzle2379wc3d 0 23195 140664 2026-10-03T07:12:30Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Isaias Afwerki | image = Isaias Afwerki 2024 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Isaias Afwerki mu 2024 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|2|2|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Asmara]], [[Eritereya]] | nationality = Umunyeritereya | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Haile Selassie I (Addis-Abeba) | occupation = Umunyapolitiki, uwahoze ari umurwanyi | known_for = Umuyobozi w'Ingabo za rubanda zo kubohora..." 140664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Isaias Afwerki | image = Isaias Afwerki 2024 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Isaias Afwerki mu 2024 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|2|2|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Asmara]], [[Eritereya]] | nationality = Umunyeritereya | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Haile Selassie I (Addis-Abeba) | occupation = Umunyapolitiki, uwahoze ari umurwanyi | known_for = Umuyobozi w'Ingabo za rubanda zo kubohora Eritereya (EPLF) | title = Perezida wa Eritereya | term = Kuva ku wa 24 Gicurasi 1993 | predecessor = Nta wundi (Perezida wa mbere) | party = Front populaire pour la démocratie et la justice (PFDJ) | spouse = Saba Haile | children = 3 }} '''Isaias Afwerki''' (mu Gitigrinya: ኢሳይያስ ኣፈወርቂ; wavutse ku wa 2 Gashyantare 1946 i [[Asmara]]) ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyeritereya, akaba ari we Perezida wa mbere kandi wenyine wa [[Eritereya]] kuva igihugu kibona ubwigenge mu 1993. Yarwanye mu ntambara y'ubwigenge bwa Eritereya yo kwigobotora [[Etiyopiya]], aba umuyobozi w'Ingabo za rubanda zo kubohora Eritereya (''Eritrean People's Liberation Front'', EPLF). Kuva igihugu kibonye ubwigenge, ayoboye ishyaka rimwe rukumbi, ''People's Front for Democracy and Justice'' (PFDJ), nta matora ya perezida arigera aba. Imiryango mpuzamahanga myinshi ifata ubutegetsi bwe nk'ubw'igitugu; bwagereranyijwe n'ubwa Koreya ya Ruguru, bwiswe "Koreya ya Ruguru ya Afurika"<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jean-Baptiste Jeangène Vilmer |title=Erythrée |url=https://www.puf.com/content/%C3%89rythr%C3%A9e_un_naufrage_totalitaire |website=PUF |date=2015}}</ref>. == Ubuzima == Isaias Afwerki yavukiye i Asmara ku wa 2 Gashyantare 1946, ubwo Eritereya yari mu butegetsi bw'Abongereza<ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Eritrea's President, His Excellency Isaias Afwerki |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/liveonline/00/world/afwerki_040700.htm |website=The Washington Post |date=2000-04-07 |access-date=2024-01-01}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |author=Martin Plaut |title=Who is Isaias Afwerki, Eritrea's Enigmatic Dictator? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-isaias-afwerki-eritreas-enigmatic-dictator-515761 |website=Newsweek |date=2016-11-01 |access-date=2024-01-01}}</ref>. Se, ukomoka mu mudugudu wa Tselot hafi ya Asmara, yari umukozi muto mu kigo cya Leta gishinzwe itabi; nyina yari umugore wo mu rugo. Yize mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Prince Makonnen i Asmara, aho yatangiye kuganira kuri politiki iharanira ubwigenge bwa Eritereya<ref name="E19">{{cite web |author=Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong |title=Dictionary of African Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&q=Isaias+Afwerki+born+1946&pg=RA2-PA160 |website=OUP, US |date=2012-02-02 |access-date=2020-10-02}}</ref>. Mu 1965, yatangiye kwiga ubwubatsi (''ingénierie'') muri Kaminuza ya Haile Selassie I i Addis-Abeba, ariko ntiyakomeza amasomo<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Érythrée : dix choses à savoir sur le président Issayas Afeworki |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/671044/politique/erythree-dix-choses-a-savoir-sur-le-president-issayas-afeworki/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref name="E19" />. == Intambara y'ubwigenge == Muri Nzeri 1966, yagiye i Kassala muri [[Sudani]] kwinjira mu mutwe ''Eritrean Liberation Front'' (ELF). Mu 1967, yari mu bantu batanu ba ELF bahawe amahugurwa na Leta y'[[Ubushinwa]] mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya Nankin, aho yize amahame ya Mao n'amayeri y'intambara y'inyeshyamba<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mohamed Kheir Omer |title=Érythrée. Isaias Afwerki, l’ami précieux de Beijing |url=https://www.afriquexxi.info/Erythree-Isaias-Afwerki-l-ami-precieux-de-Beijing |website=Afriquexxi.info |date=2023-10-16}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |language=en |author=Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong |title=Dictionary of African Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&q=Isaias+Afwerki+biography&pg=RA2-PA160 |website=Oxford University Press, USA |date=2012 |access-date=2020-10-02}}</ref>. Agarutse, mu 1968 yabaye komiseri wa politiki mu karere ka 5 ka ELF. We n'abandi barwanyi b'Abakirisitu banenze ivangura ryakorerwaga Abakirisitu muri ELF; mu 1970 yabaye umuyobozi w'itsinda ryitandukanyije na ELF, maze mu 1971 ryandika inyandiko ''Nihnan Elamanan'' ("Twe n'intego zacu") yanditswe na we<ref name="E20" />. Mu 1973, hashinzwe ''Eritrean People's Liberation Front'' (EPLF), wahanganye na ELF mu ntambara yiswe "intambara y'abenegihugu ebyiri". Mu 1977, yatorewe kuba umunyamabanga mukuru wungirije wa EPLF, naho mu 1987 aba umunyamabanga mukuru wawo, abona ububasha busesuye kuri uwo mutwe. Muri Mata 1991, EPLF yafashe Asmara, maze nyuma y'ihirikwa ry'ubutegetsi bwa Derg muri Etiyopiya muri Gicurasi 1991, Isaias yabonye inkunga ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika ku bwigenge bwa Eritereya<ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |author=Timothy J. Stapleton |title=Modern African Conflicts: An Encyclopedia of Civil Wars, Revolutions, and Terrorism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfdwEAAAQBAJ&dq=isaias+afwerki&pg=PA5 |website=ABC-CLIO |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2023-10-09}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Eritereya == === Ubwigenge === Muri Mata 1993, habaye kamarampaka y'ubwigenge igenzurwa n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye; ubwigenge bwatangajwe ku wa 27 Mata 1993, maze ku wa 24 Gicurasi 1993, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko imutorera kuba Perezida wa Leta ya Eritereya<ref name="E73">{{cite web |title=Eritrea President Isaias Afwerki 'both charismatic and brutal' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44824682 |website=BBC News |date=2018-07-13}}</ref>. Ku wa 16 Gashyantare 1994, EPLF yahinduye izina iba ''People's Front for Democracy and Justice'' (PFDJ), Isaias akomeza kuba umunyamabanga mukuru wayo. Muri Gicurasi 1994, yashyizeho gahunda y'umurimo w'igihugu ku gahato, yagombaga kumara amezi 18<ref name="E22" />. === Igitugu === Kuva atangira, yashyizeho ubutegetsi bw'ishyaka rimwe rukumbi, nta matora, n'ubukungu bugenzurwa na Leta, kandi abuza cyane ubwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru. Nyuma y'intambara ya kabiri na Etiyopiya (1998–2000), ubutegetsi bwe bwarushijeho kuba ubw'igitugu<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Amaury Hauchard et Agathe Charnet |title=Erythrée : « Le camp de Sawa, c’est le début de l’enfer » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/06/24/erythree-le-camp-de-sawa-c-est-le-debut-de-l-enfer_4957311_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2016-06-23}}</ref>. Mu izina ry'"intambara yo kurengera igihugu", umurimo w'igihugu ku gahato wabaye uw'igihe kitazwi, bituma urubyiruko rwinshi ruhunga igihugu. Mu 2001, abayobozi 15 ba PFDJ, bitwaga G-15, bandikiye Perezida ibaruwa ifunguye basaba amavugurura n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'Itegeko Nshinga ryo mu 1997<ref name="E26">{{cite web |language=en |title=MERON ESTEFANOS, A CONVERSATION ON ERITREA WITH THOR HALVORSSEN, 18 min |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQdeQ-9nXow |website=OFFinJOBURG |date=2018-04-11 |access-date=2023-05-18}}</ref>. Ku wa 18 Nzeri 2001, yafunze ibinyamakuru byose byigenga, abayobozi bakomeye b'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi barafungwa<ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=Isaias Afwerki |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaias-Afwerki |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref>; 11 mu bagize G-15 barafunzwe, kandi mu 2026 bari bataragera aho barekurwa<ref name="E9">{{cite web |author=Teklemariam Bekit |title=Three decades, one leader - how Eritreans had their hopes dashed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2ekjvg17xo |website=BBC News |date=2025-06-20 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Mu bafunzwe harimo umunyamakuru Dawit Isaak, umaze imyaka irenga 20 afunzwe nta rubanza<ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Affaire Dawit Isaak : RSF appelle les procureurs suédois à assumer leurs responsabilités |url=https://rsf.org/fr/actualites/affaire-dawit-isaak-rsf-appelle-les-procureurs-suedois-assumer-leurs-responsabilites |website=RSF |date=2021-09-23 |access-date=2021-10-21}}</ref>. Mu 2010, abajijwe igihe amatora azabera, yasubije ati: "Reka dutegereze imyaka mirongo itatu cyangwa ine"<ref name="E26" />. Mu 2013, Amnesty International yavuze ko hari nibura imfungwa za politiki 10 000, kandi ko iyicarubozo rikoreshwa kenshi<ref name="E16">{{cite web |language=en |title=Eritrea: Rampant repression 20 years after independence |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/05/eritrea-rampant-repression-years-after-independence/ |website=Amnesty International |date=2013-05-09 |access-date=2022-03-27}}</ref><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Près de 10 000 prisonniers politiques seraient détenus en Erythrée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/05/09/pres-de-10-000-prisonniers-politiques-seraient-detenus-en-erythree_3173959_3212.html |website=Le Monde et AFP |date=2013-05-09}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2015, akanama k'Umuryango w'Abibumbye kamushinje kuyobora ubutegetsi bw'igitugu bukabije bukora ihohoterwa rishobora kuba ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu<ref name="E15">{{cite web |author=Nick Cumming-Bruce |title=Torture and Other Rights Abuses Are Widespread in Eritrea, U.N. Panel Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/09/world/africa/eritrea-human-rights-abuses-afwerki-un-probe-crimes-against-humanity-committed.html |website=The New York Times |date=2015-06-08 |access-date=2019-03-30}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=en |title=Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIEritrea/Pages/ReportCoIEritrea.aspx |website=ohchr.org}}</ref>; mu 2016, komisiyo y'iperereza ya Loni yavuze ko habayeho "ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu" kuva mu 1991, ariko Eritereya yanze ibyo birego<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Erythrée: une commission de l'ONU dénonce 25 ans de crimes contre l’humanité |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160608-erythree-rapport-onu-accuse-regime-crimes-contre-humanite |website=rfi.fr}}</ref>. Mu 2022, Freedom House yashyize Eritereya mu bihugu "bitisanzuye", ibona inota 1 kuri 40 mu burenganzira bwa politiki<ref name="E36">{{cite web |language=en |title=Eritrea: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/eritrea/freedom-world/2022 |website=Freedom House |access-date=2022-05-30}}</ref>. === Ubukungu === Mu 1997, yatangaje gahunda yo kwegurira abikorera ibigo 37 bya Leta, kandi Leta itanga impushya zo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro hafi ya Asmara. Mu 2009, yashyigikiye ko igihugu cyishingikiriza ku nzego zacyo bwite n'umutungo gifite, harimo ibikorwa remezo by'ingufu, ubwikorezi n'itumanaho<ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=FACTBOX - Key quotes from Eritrean president |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLL474000 |website=Reuters |date=2009-10-21 |access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref><ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=TimesInterview with Eritrea's Isaias Afewerki |url=https://www.ft.com/content/35b8905c-a44b-11de-92d4-00144feabdc0 |website=Financial Times |access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref>. Nk'uko Banki y'Isi ibivuga, ubuhinzi n'ubucukuzi ni byo bifite uruhare runini mu bukungu; mu 2018, umusaruro mbumbe w'igihugu wazamutseho 12 %<ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=en |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eritrea/overview |website=World Bank |access-date=2022-05-30}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Kuva ku wa 6 Gicurasi 1998 kugeza mu 2000, Eritereya na Etiyopiya barwanye intambara ku mupaka utavugwaho rumwe wa Badme, ihitana abantu ibihumbi amagana<ref name="E38">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ethiopia-Eritrea border: Landmark summit aims to end conflict |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44756371 |website=BBC News |date=2018-07-08 |access-date=2022-05-30}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Ukuboza 2000, Eritereya yasinye amasezerano ya Alger, ariko ibihugu byombi bikomeza kuba mu bihe "bitari intambara bitari n'amahoro"<ref name="E39">{{cite web |language=en |title=Service for Life: State Repression and Indefinite Conscription in Eritrea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3zIY60yiYAC&q=isaias+afwerki+government |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2009 |access-date=2023-10-09}}</ref>. Ku wa 9 Nyakanga 2018, Isaias na Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Etiyopiya Abiy Ahmed batangaje iherezo ry'intambara hagati y'ibihugu byombi; ku wa 11 Nzeri 2018, bafunguye imipaka yari ifunzwe kuva mu 1998, maze ku wa 16 Nzeri basinya amasezerano y'amahoro i Djeddah<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sur fond de réconciliation, l'Éthiopie désigne un ambassadeur en Érythrée |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20180719-fond-reconciliation-ethiopie-ambassadeur-ethyree-issaias-afeworki-abiy-ahmed |website=france24.com |date=2018-07-19 |access-date=2018-08-08}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'Érythrée et l'Éthiopie rouvrent deux postes-frontières fermés depuis 20 ans |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20180912-erythree-ethiopie-ahmed-afeworki-reouverture-deux-postes-frontieres-fermes-guerre |website=france24.com |date=2018-09-12 |access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L’Éthiopie et l’Érythrée signent en Arabie saoudite un accord consolidant leur réconciliation |url=https://www.challenges.fr/monde/l-ethiopie-et-l-erythree-signent-en-arabie-saoudite-un-accord-consolidant-leur-reconciliation_613228 |website=Challenges |date=2018-09-16 |access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref>. Mu ntambara ya Tigray yatangiye ku wa 3 Ugushyingo 2020, ingabo za Eritereya zafatanyije n'iza Etiyopiya kurwanya ''Tigray People's Liberation Front'' (TPLF); zashinjwe gusahura no kwica abaturage, cyane cyane i Axum<ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=The massacre in Axum |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/02/ethiopia-eritrean-troops-massacre-of-hundreds-of-axum-civilians-may-amount-to-crime-against-humanity |website=Amnesty International |date=2021-02-26 |access-date=2021-02-27}}</ref>. Ku wa 26 Werurwe 2021, nyuma y'igitutu mpuzamahanga, byatangajwe ko ingabo za Eritereya zizava muri Tigray<ref name="E46">{{cite web |title=Ethiopian PM: Eritrean troops to leave Tigray |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ethiopian-pm-eritrean-troops-to-leave-tigray/a-57009807 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2021-03-26 |access-date=2021-03-26}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro z'ubutegetsi bwe, yafatwaga nk'umuyobozi ugezweho, ndetse ashimwa na Perezida Bill Clinton. Yegereye Ubushinwa, bwashoye imari mu mabuye y'agaciro y'igihugu kandi bwubaka ibitaro bya Orotta i Asmara<ref name="F2" />. Muri Nyakanga 2023, yitabiriye inama y'Uburusiya n'Afurika i Saint-Pétersbourg, ahura na Vladimir Putin, ahakana ku mugaragaro ko hari intambara hagati y'Uburusiya na Ukraine<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |author=TVP World |title=Eritrean, Burkina Faso leaders align with Russia, deny Putin’s terrorist war |url=https://tvpworld.com/71644604/eritrean-burkina-faso-leaders-align-with-russia-deny-putins-terrorist-war |website=TVP World |date=2023-07-29 |access-date=2023-09-29}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2026, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zateganyaga gukuraho ibihano kuri Eritereya, kubera agaciro k'Inyanja Itukura mu bya politiki<ref name="E48">{{cite web |author=Giulia Paravicini |title=US to lift Eritrea sanctions as Red Sea tensions reshape alliances, document says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-lift-eritrea-sanctions-red-sea-tensions-reshape-alliances-document-says-2026-05-05/ |website=www.reuters.com |date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. Umubano na Sudani, wari mubi mu ntangiriro, wongeye gusubukurwa mu Ukuboza 2005, kandi Eritereya yagize uruhare mu gutuma habaho amasezerano y'amahoro hagati ya guverinoma ya Sudani n'ihuriro ''Eastern Front''<ref name="E50">{{cite web |author=David H. Shinn |title="Ethiopia and Eritrea" |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Sudan.pdf |website=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |date=2015}}</ref><ref name="E51">{{cite web |title=Sudan, Eritrea resume severed diplomatic relations |url=http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/051210/2005121017.html |website=ArabicNews.com |date=2005-12-10}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Isaias Afwerki yashakanye na Saba Haile, bafitanye abana batatu: Abraham, Berhane na Elsa. Ururimi rwe kavukire ni Igitigrinya, ariko avuga neza Icyongereza, kandi azi Icyarabu n'Icyamuhariki. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Isaias Afwerki}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Eritereya]] 1uumwddwyii82m8mq0h6r79dn4yf82g 0 23196 140665 2026-10-03T07:13:55Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Taye Atske Selassie | image = Taye Atske Selassie MFA Portrait.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Taye Atske Selassie | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|1|13|df=y}} | birth_place = Debark, Gondar, [[Etiyopiya]] | nationality = Umunyetiyopiya | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Addis Ababa<br />Kaminuza ya Lancaster (Ubwongereza) | occupation = Umudipolomate, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Minisitiri w'Ubub..." 140665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Taye Atske Selassie | image = Taye Atske Selassie MFA Portrait.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Taye Atske Selassie | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|1|13|df=y}} | birth_place = Debark, Gondar, [[Etiyopiya]] | nationality = Umunyetiyopiya | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Addis Ababa<br />Kaminuza ya Lancaster (Ubwongereza) | occupation = Umudipolomate, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga wa Etiyopiya (2024) | title = Perezida wa Etiyopiya | term = Kuva ku wa 7 Ukwakira 2024 | predecessor = Sahle-Work Zewde | party = Prosperity Party }} '''Taye Atske Selassie Amde''' (mu Cyamuhariki: ታዬ አጽቀሥላሴ; wavutse ku wa 13 Mutarama 1956) ni umudipolomate n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyetiyopiya, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Federasiyo ya [[Etiyopiya]] kuva mu 2024. Muri Etiyopiya, umwanya wa Perezida ni uw'icyubahiro; ububasha bwo kuyobora igihugu buri mu maboko ya Minisitiri w'Intebe. Mbere yo kuba Perezida, yabaye mu myanya myinshi ya dipolomasi, harimo ambasaderi wa Etiyopiya muri [[Misiri]], uhagarariye igihugu cye burundu mu Muryango w'Abibumbye, na Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga. == Ubuzima n'amashuri == Taye Atske Selassie yavukiye i Debark, mu karere ka Gondar. Yarangije muri Kaminuza ya [[Addis Ababa]], ahabona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri mu bumenyi bwa politiki n'ububanyi n'amahanga, hanyuma mu 1989 abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu mu bubanyi n'amahanga n'ubushakashatsi ku ngamba (''strategic studies'') muri Kaminuza ya Lancaster mu Bwongereza<ref name="ceo">{{cite web |language=en |title=H.E Taye ATSKE-SELASSIE |url=https://www.theafricaceoforum.com/forum-2025/en/intervenant/h-e-taye-atske-selassie/ |website=Africa CEO Forum}}</ref><ref name="unicef">{{cite web |language=en |title=H.E. Mr. Taye Atske Selassie Amde |url=https://www.unicef.org/executiveboard/media/9391/file/2022-Amb-Taye_Atske_Selassie_Amde-bio-EN-2022.01.11.pdf |website=UNICEF}}</ref><ref name="un">{{cite web |language=en |title=New Permanent Representative of Ethiopia Presents Credentials |url=https://press.un.org/en/2018/bio5138.doc.htm |website=United Nations |date=2018-09-10}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa dipolomasi == Muri Minisiteri y'Ububanyi n'Amahanga, yabaye umujyanama mu ishami ry'Uburayi, umuyobozi w'ishami ry'Uburayi bw'Iburengerazuba, n'umuyobozi w'agateganyo ushinzwe itangazamakuru<ref name="ceo" />. Kuva mu Ukwakira 2002 kugeza mu Ugushyingo 2010, yabaye umujyanama muri ambasade ya Etiyopiya i Washington n'umukonseye mukuru i Los Angeles<ref name="un" />. Kuva mu 2017 kugeza mu 2018, yabaye ambasaderi wa Etiyopiya muri Misiri, maze mu 2018 aba uhagarariye Etiyopiya burundu mu Muryango w'Abibumbye<ref name="unicef" />. Kuri uwo mwanya, yanenze raporo ya komisiyo mpuzamahanga y'impuguke mu burenganzira bwa muntu yagaragazaga ibyaha byakozwe mu ntambara ya Tigray<ref name="voa1">{{cite news |language=en |last=Besheer |first=Margaret |title=UN Rights Experts Warn Atrocities Will Grow in Ethiopia's Tigray Without Peace |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/un-rights-experts-warn-atrocities-will-grow-in-ethiopia-s-tigray-without-peace-/6810274.html |work=Voice of America |date=2022-10-28}}</ref>. Nyuma y'iyegura rya Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga Demeke Mekonnen ku wa 26 Mutarama 2024, Taye yagizwe Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga ku wa 8 Gashyantare 2024<ref name="ceo" />. Yayoboye ibiganiro bitari ibya bugufi na Somaliya, binyuze kuri Turukiya, ku cyifuzo cya Etiyopiya cyo gukodesha ibirometero 20 by'inkombe za Somaliland mu mwanya wo kwemera ubwigenge bwayo<ref name="voa2">{{cite news |language=en |last=Maruf |first=Harun |title=Talks end without agreement about Ethiopia's coastline access via Somaliland |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/talks-end-without-agreement-about-ethiopia-s-coastline-access-via-somaliland/7741547.html |work=Voice of America |date=2024-08-13}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Etiyopiya == Perezida Sahle-Work Zewde yavanywe ku mwanya we, bivugwa ko yari yashwanye na Minisitiri w'Intebe Abiy Ahmed<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |language=en |last=Yibeltal |first=Kalkidan |title=Ethiopia president replaced after falling out with PM |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g401e086no |work=BBC |date=2024-10-07}}</ref>. Ku wa 7 Ukwakira 2024, Taye Atske Selassie yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Etiyopiya<ref name="ceo" />. Afatwa nk'inshuti ya Abiy Ahmed, kandi atangira manda ye yagaragaje ubushake bwo kuganira<ref name="dw">{{cite news |language=en |last=Schwikowski |first=Martina |title=Ethiopia: New president signals willingness to dialogue |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ethiopia-new-president-signals-willingness-to-dialogue/a-70436953 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=2024-10-09}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2025, yasuye Moscou mu birori by'isabukuru y'imyaka 80 y'intsinzi yo mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi, atumiwe na Perezida Vladimir Putin<ref name="E1">{{cite web |language=en |title=President Taye Arrives in Moscow to Attend Russia's 80th anniversary of Victory Day |url=https://www.ena.et/web/eng/w/eng_6553344 |website=ENA English |access-date=2025-05-08}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Taye Atskeselassie}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Etiyopiya]] 8j9pwysmlb448so2t92lry0b88pjdu6 0 23197 140666 2026-10-03T07:15:24Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema | image = Brice Oligui Nguema 2025.png | image_size = 220px | caption = Brice Oligui Nguema mu 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|3|3|df=y}} | birth_place = Ngouoni, Haut-Ogooué, [[Gabon]] | nationality = Umunyagabon | alma_mater = Académie royale militaire de Meknès (Maroke)<br />Kaminuza ya Omar Bongo | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = U..." 140666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema | image = Brice Oligui Nguema 2025.png | image_size = 220px | caption = Brice Oligui Nguema mu 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|3|3|df=y}} | birth_place = Ngouoni, Haut-Ogooué, [[Gabon]] | nationality = Umunyagabon | alma_mater = Académie royale militaire de Meknès (Maroke)<br />Kaminuza ya Omar Bongo | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Umuyobozi w'ingabo zirinda Repubulika (2020–2023) | title = Perezida wa Gabon | term = Kuva ku wa 30 Kanama 2023 (w'inzibacyuho kugeza ku wa 3 Gicurasi 2025) | predecessor = Ali Bongo Ondimba | party = Union démocratique des bâtisseurs (UDB) | spouse = Zita Nyangui Oligui }} '''Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema''' (wavutse ku wa 3 Werurwe 1975 i Ngouoni, mu ntara ya Haut-Ogooué, muri [[Gabon]]) ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyagabon, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Gabon. Ubwo yari umuyobozi w'ingabo zirinda Repubulika (''Garde républicaine''), yagize uruhare rukomeye muri kudeta yo ku wa 30 Kanama 2023 yahiritse Perezida Ali Bongo, maze aba Perezida w'inzibacyuho. Mu Mata 2025, yatsinze amatora ya perezida ku majwi agera kuri 95 %, ararahira ku wa 3 Gicurasi 2025 kuyobora igihugu mu gihe cy'imyaka irindwi. == Ubuzima == === Inkomoko n'amashuri === Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema yavukiye i Ngouoni, mu karere ka Lékabi-Léwolo mu ntara ya Haut-Ogooué, intara ifatwa nk'indiri y'umuryango wa Bongo<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Gabon, Brice tout-puissant, tombeur des Bongo |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1493818/politique/au-gabon-brice-tout-puissant-tombeur-des-bongo/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2023-11-23}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |language=en |title=General Brice Oligui Nguema, the man named to lead Gabon after coup |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230831-general-brice-oligui-nguema-named-gabon-s-new-leader-after-coup |website=France 24 |date=2023-08-30 |access-date=2023-08-31}}</ref>. Se yari umusirikare w'Umufang wo mu ntara ya Woleu-Ntem, naho nyina akaba Umuteke<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Steve Tenré |title=Gabon : qui est le général putschiste Brice Oligui Nguema, nouvel homme fort du pays ? |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/gabon-qui-est-le-general-putschiste-brice-oligui-nguema-nouvel-homme-fort-du-pays-20230830 |website=Le Figaro.fr |access-date=2023-08-31}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=GABON • Coup d'Etat : dans l'ombre du général Oligui, la guerre fratricide du clan Bongo - 30/08/2023 - |url=https://www.africaintelligence.fr/afrique-centrale/2023/08/30/coup-d-etat--dans-l-ombre-du-general-oligui-la-guerre-fratricide-du-clan-bongo,110037803-art |website=africaintelligence.fr |access-date=2026-08-23}}</ref><ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is General Oligui Nguema, Gabon's new strongman? |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/08/31/who-is-general-oligui-nguema-gabons-new-strongman/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-08-30 |access-date=2023-08-31}}</ref>. Ni uwo mu muryango wa Bongo, kuko nyina ari mubyara wa nyina wa Perezida Omar Bongo; ni mubyara wa Ali Bongo ku ruhande rwa nyina<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=La-Croix.com |title=Au Gabon, Brice Oligui Nguema, nouvel homme fort issu du clan Bongo |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Au-Gabon-nouvel-homme-fort-issu-clan-Bongo-2023-08-31-1201280830 |website=La Croix |access-date=2023-09-01}}</ref><ref name="E17">{{cite web |language=en |author=Sam Mednick |title=Gabon's military leader is sworn in as head of state after ousting the president last week |url=https://apnews.com/article/gabon-coup-c2b28cedfdd77242956916780595cc68 |website=AP News |date=2023-09-04 |access-date=2024-01-28}}</ref>. Yarezwe ahanini na nyina n'umuryango we i Haut-Ogooué, yiga muri Kaminuza ya Omar Bongo<ref name="E16" /><ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=21 facts to know about General Nguema, Gabon's new military leader |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/09/04/21-facts-to-know-about-general-nguema-gabons-new-military-leader/ |website=P.M. News |date=2023-09-04 |access-date=2024-05-04}}</ref>, hanyuma mu Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Meknès muri [[Maroke]]<ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Putsch au Gabon: qui est le général Brice Clotaire, formé à l'Académie de Meknès? |url=https://www.h24info.ma/putsch-au-gabon-portrait-doligui-nguema-general-forme-a-lacademie-de-meknes/ |website=H24info.ma |date=2023-08-30 |access-date=2023-08-30}}</ref>. === Urugendo mu gisirikare === Yabaye umufasha wihariye (''aide de camp'') wa Perezida Omar Bongo kugeza apfuye mu 2009<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Emma Collet et Tanguy Berthemet |title=Oligui Nguema, nouvel homme fort du Gabon |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/oligui-nguema-nouvel-homme-fort-du-gabon-20230831 |website=Le Figaro |date=2023-09-01}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Brice Oligui Nguema, alleged coup leader in Gabon? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/30/who-is-brice-oligui-nguema-alleged-coup-leader-in-gabon |website=Aljazeera |date=2023-08-30 |access-date=2023-08-30}}</ref>. Nyuma y'itorwa rya Ali Bongo mu 2009, yoherejwe kuba umusirikare uhagarariye Gabon muri ambasade zayo muri Maroke no muri [[Senegali]], ibyo ubwe yise "ubuhungiro"<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coup d'Etat au Gabon : Qui est le général Brice Oligui Nguema, nouveau président de la Transition ? |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/cjld1zk4jz8o |website=bbc.com |date=2023-08-31 |access-date=2023-09-01}}</ref><ref name="E20" />. Mu Ukwakira 2018, yagaruwe muri Gabon, asimbura Koloneli Frédéric Bongo, murumuna wa Ali Bongo, ku buyobozi bw'urwego rw'iperereza rw'ingabo zirinda Repubulika<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gabon : la mise à l'écart de Frédéric Bongo Ondimba fait grand bruit à Libreville |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20191016-gabon-mise-ecart-frederic-bongo-odimba-grand-bruit-libreville |website=RFI |date=2019-10-16 |access-date=2023-08-30}}</ref><ref name="E16" />. Muri Mata 2019, yazamuwe ku ipeti rya Jenerali wa burigade<ref name="E16" />, maze muri Mata 2020 afata ubuyobozi bw'ingabo zirinda Repubulika, asimbura Jenerali Grégoire Kouna<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gabon: Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema nommé commandant en chef de la GR |url=https://www.gabonmediatime.com/gabon-brice-clotaire-oligui-nguema-nomme-commandant-en-chef-de-la-gr/}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |title=JUST-IN: Col. Brice Nguema Is New Gabonese Leader, Replaces Ali Bongo |url=https://leadership.ng/just-in-col-brice-nguema-is-new-gabonese-leader-replaces-ali-bongo/ |website=Leadership |date=2023-08-30 |access-date=2023-08-30}}</ref>. Yongereye cyane umutwe udasanzwe ushinzwe ibikorwa byihariye (SIS), uva ku basirikare bagera kuri 30 ugera ku barenga 300<ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coup d'état Gabon, notre portrait du général Brice Oligui Nguema, patron de la Garde Républicaine |url=https://mondafrique.com/a-la-une/le-general-clothaire-oligui-nguema-lhomme-fort-du-pouvoir-gabonais/ |website=Mondafrique |date=2023-08-30 |access-date=2023-08-30}}</ref>. == Kudeta ya 2023 n'inzibacyuho == Ku wa 30 Kanama 2023, amasaha make nyuma y'uko komisiyo y'amatora itangaje ko Ali Bongo yatsinze amatora ya perezida ku majwi 64 %, Oligui Nguema n'ingabo zirinda Repubulika bafashe ubutegetsi nta guhangana<ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gabon election: Why coup leader Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema is embracing democracy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75ddzylr4xo |website=BBC |date=2025-04-10 |access-date=2025-04-13}}</ref>. Agatsiko k'abasirikare kiyise ''Comité pour la transition et la restauration des institutions'' (CTRI) kasheshe inzego zose za Repubulika, kamugira Perezida w'inzibacyuho<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jocksy Andrew Ondo-Louemba |title=La Garde Républicaine du Gabon (3/3) : la prise de pouvoir |url=https://mondafrique.com/politique/la-garde-republicaine-du-gabon-3-3-la-garde-prend-le-pouvoir/ |website=Mondafrique |date=2024-08-23 |access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref><ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |author=LIBERATION |title=Au Gabon, des militaires prennent le pouvoir quelques instants après l’annonce de la réélection d’Ali Bongo |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/au-gabon-des-militaires-prennent-le-pouvoir-quelques-heures-apres-lannonce-de-la-reelection-dali-bongo-20230830_UXJCCYCQH5CB5F4MCUW77LB5PE/ |website=Libération |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref><ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema, tombeur d’Ali Bongo Ondimba ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1477640/politique/qui-est-brice-clotaire-oligui-nguema-tombeur-dali-bongo-ondimba/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2023-08-30 |access-date=2023-08-30}}</ref>. Mu kiganiro na ''Le Monde'', yavuze ko abasirikare bakoze kudeta kubera kutishimira kwariyongereye kuva Ali Bongo yarwara indwara yo mu bwonko mu 2018, icyemezo cye cyo kwiyamamariza manda ya gatatu n'uburyo amatora yakozwe<ref name="E29">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gabon's coup-leading general says President Bongo has been 'retired' |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2023/08/30/gabon-s-coup-leading-general-says-bongo-is-retired_6115749_124.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-08-30 |access-date=2023-08-30}}</ref>. Ku wa 4 Nzeri 2023, yarahiriye kuba Perezida w'inzibacyuho mu ngoro ya Perezida i Libreville<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gabon : le général Oligui Nguema prend quartier |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/cxw4pl0pl01o |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2023-09-04 |access-date=2023-09-04}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gabon coup leader Brice Nguema sworn in as president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66705693 |website=BBC |date=2023-09-04 |access-date=2023-09-04}}</ref>. Yasezeranyije amatora "yisanzuye kandi aciye mu mucyo", Itegeko Nshinga rishya binyuze muri kamarampaka, n'irekurwa ry'imfungwa zose za politiki<ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |author=Thomas Naadi |title=Gabon coup leader Brice Nguema vows free elections – but no date |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66705693 |website=BBC |date=2023-09-04 |access-date=2023-09-05}}</ref>. Ku wa 7 Nzeri 2023, yagize Raymond Ndong Sima Minisitiri w'Intebe w'inzibacyuho<ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gabon : Raymond Ndong Sima, opposant à Ali Bongo, nommé Premier ministre de transition |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230907-gabon-raymond-ndong-sima-opposant-%C3%A0-ali-bongo-nomm%C3%A9-premier-ministre-de-transition |website=rfi.fr}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2023, yaretse umushahara wa Perezida, akomeza guhembwa nk'umuyobozi w'ingabo zirinda Repubulika<ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Gabon, Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema « renonce à son traitement de président » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1494965/politique/au-gabon-brice-clotaire-oligui-nguema-renonce-a-son-traitement-de-president/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2023-10-19}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gabon junta leader turns down presidential salary |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/10/19/gabon-junta-leader-turns-down-presidential-salary/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-10-19 |access-date=2023-10-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 10 Gashyantare 2024, ivugurura ry'itegeko ry'inzibacyuho ryamwemereye kuziyamamaza mu matora<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |author=RFI |title=Le Gabon modifie à nouveau sa charte constitutionnelle |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240210-le-gabon-modifie-%C3%A0-nouveau-sa-charte-constitutionnelle |website=RFI |access-date=2024-03-13}}</ref>. Kimwe mu byemezo bye bya mbere nyuma ya kudeta kwari ugufunga abantu bakekwagaho ruswa, barimo Noureddin Bongo Valentin, umuhungu wa Ali Bongo<ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gabon : plainte pour corruption déposée contre Noureddin Bongo |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200114-gabon-plainte-corruption-deposee-noureddin-bongo |website=RFI |date=2020-01-14 |access-date=2025-09-17}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2025, nyuma y'ubuhuza bwa Perezida wa Angola [[João Lourenço]], Ali Bongo, umugore we n'umuhungu we barekuwe bajya kuba i Luanda. == Perezida wa Repubulika == Ku wa 3 Werurwe 2025, yatangaje ko aziyamamaza mu matora ya perezida yo ku wa 12 Mata 2025<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gabon : le général Brice Oligui Nguema officialise sa candidature à la présidence |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250303-gabon-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-brice-oligui-nguema-officialise-sa-candidature-%C3%A0-la-pr%C3%A9sidence |website=RFi |access-date=2025-03-03}}</ref><ref name="E35">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gabon's military leader announces he will run in April presidential election |url=https://apnews.com/article/gabon-presidential-election-nguema-candidate-5a1d3364e6fcffa23424287d48d5a61c |website=AP News |date=2025-03-04 |access-date=2025-03-04}}</ref>. Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwemeje ko yatsinze ku majwi 94,85 %, abitabiriye amatora bakaba 70,4 %<ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pierre Lepidi |title=Brice Oligui Nguema plébiscité à la tête du Gabon |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/04/13/brice-oligui-nguema-plebiscite-a-la-tete-du-gabon_6595550_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-04-13}}</ref><ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=94,85 % pour Oligui Nguema : un raz-de-marée électoral validé par la Cour constitutionnelle |url=https://gabonmailinfos.com/9485-pour-oligui-nguema-un-raz-de-maree-electoral-valide-par-la-cour-constitutionnelle/ |website=Gabon Mail Infos |date=2025-04-25 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref>. Yarahiriye manda y'imyaka irindwi ku wa 3 Gicurasi 2025<ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Figaro avec AFP |title=Gabon : le président Brice Oligui Nguema a prêté serment, 19 mois après la destitution d’Ali Bongo |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/gabon-le-president-brice-oligui-nguema-a-prete-serment-19-mois-apres-la-destitution-d-ali-bongo-20250503 |website=Le Figaro |access-date=2025-05-03}}</ref><ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Gabon's junta chief wins presidency by landslide, provisional results show |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20250413-gabon-junta-chief-wins-presidency-by-landslide-provisional-results-show-bongo |website=France 24 |date=2025-04-13 |access-date=2025-04-13}}</ref>. Ku wa 5 Nyakanga 2025, yashinze ku mugaragaro ishyaka ''Union démocratique des bâtisseurs'' (UDB), risimbura ihuriro rye ry'amatora ''Rassemblement des bâtisseurs''<ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Yves-Laurent Goma |title=Gabon : le parti des Bâtisseurs du président Oligui Nguema voit officiellement le jour à Libreville |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250706-gabon-le-parti-des-b%C3%A2tisseurs-du-pr%C3%A9sident-oligui-nguema-voit-officiellement-le-jour-%C3%A0-libreville |website=rfi.fr |date=2025-07-06 |access-date=2025-07-10}}</ref><ref name="E39">{{cite web |title=Gabon's President Oligui launches new political party |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/07/07/gabons-president-oligui-launches-new-political-party/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-07-07 |access-date=2025-07-07}}</ref>. Mu matora y'abadepite yo mu 2025, UDB yabonye imyanya 101 kuri 140 mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko, naho ishyaka ryahoze ku butegetsi, ''Parti démocratique gabonais'', riba irya mbere mu batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi rifite imyanya 17. Muri Kanama 2025, yatangaje itegeko ry'imbabazi rusange ku bagize uruhare muri kudeta yo mu 2023 no mu mugambi wa kudeta wo mu 2019<ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Procès Kelly Obiang : 15 ans de réclusion criminelle et 31 millions de FCFA d'amende |url=https://www.union.sonapresse.com/fr/proces-kelly-obiang-15-ans-de-reclusion-criminelle-et-31-millions-de-fcfa-damende |website=www.union.sonapresse.com |access-date=2025-09-17}}</ref><ref name="E40">{{cite web |title=Gabon: amnesty granted for 2023 coup and 2019 conspiracy attempts |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/08/13/gabon-amnesty-granted-for-2023-coup-and-2019-conspiracy-attempts/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-08-13 |access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Oligui Nguema yakomeje kandi yagura umubano n'ibihugu by'Uburengerazuba, harimo n'[[Ubufaransa]] bwahoze bukolonije Gabon; mu bihugu bitanu by'Afurika y'Iburengerazuba n'iyo Hagati byabayemo kudeta kuva mu 2020, Gabon ni yo yonyine yasubiye vuba ku butegetsi bwa gisivili kandi ikomeza umubano wa hafi n'igihugu cyayikolonije<ref name="E44">{{cite web |language=de |title=BTI 2026 Gabon Länderbericht |url=https://bti-project.org/de/reports/country-report?isocode=GAB&cHash=eae9f2fc74272434ce4c6ee82124d89e |website=BTI 2026 |access-date=2026-06-21}}</ref><ref name="E45">{{cite web |language=en |title=Brice Oligui Nguema: Gabon's coup leader who stormed to election victory |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66671044 |date=2023-08-31 |access-date=2026-06-21}}</ref>. Perezida Emmanuel Macron yagiriye uruzinduko rwa Leta i Libreville ku wa 23–24 Ugushyingo 2025<ref name="E46">{{cite web |language=en |title=Macron Visits Gabon to Strengthen Post-Transition Ties – Medafrica Times |url=https://medafricatimes.com/43047-macron-visits-gabon-to-strengthen-post-transition-ties.html |access-date=2026-06-21}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2026, Gabon na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu basinyanye amasezerano yagutse y'ubufatanye mu bukungu, harimo n'umushinga w'icyambu cy'amazi maremare cya Mayumba<ref name="E50">{{cite web |language=en |author=gulftoday |title=UAE and Gabon sign CEPA to underline new era of progress |url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/business/2026/02/07/uae-and-gabon-sign-cepa-to-deliver-new-era-of-bilateral-ties |website=gulftoday |date=2026-02-07 |access-date=2026-06-21}}</ref><ref name="E53">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mayumba, guichet unique et corridors maritimes : le Gabon accélère son partenariat stratégique avec Abu Dhabi Ports - GabonLogistics |url=https://gabonlogistics.com/mayumba-guichet-unique-et-corridors-maritimes-le-gabon-accelere-son-partenariat-strategique-avec-abu-dhabi-ports/ |date=2026-06-19 |access-date=2026-06-21}}</ref>. == Inenge == Nk'uko iperereza ryo mu 2020 ry'ihuriro ry'abanyamakuru ''Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project'' (OCCRP) ribivuga, hagati ya 2015 na 2018 yaguze amafaranga mu ntoki inzu eshatu hafi ya Washington, zifite agaciro karenga miliyoni imwe y'amadolari; abajijwe kuri ibyo, yavuze ko ari "ibintu bye bwite"<ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gabon’s First Family Stashed Cash in DC Property |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/gabons-first-family-stashed-cash-in-dc-property |website=occrp.org |access-date=2023-09-04}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gabon's First Family Stashed Cash in DC Property |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/gabons-first-family-stashed-cash-in-dc-property |website=OCCRP |access-date=2023-08-30}}</ref><ref name="E20" />. == Ubuzima bwite == Yashakanye na Zita Nyangui Oligui, maze muri Werurwe 2024 ashaka undi mugore, Anouchka Avome<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jocksy Andrew Ondo-Louemba |title=Gabon, Brice Oligui Nguema a épousé sa deuxième femme |url=https://mondafrique.com/a-la-une/gabon-brice-oligui-nguema-a-epouse-sa-deuxieme-femme/ |website=Mondafrique |access-date=2025-03-26}}</ref><ref name="E54">{{cite web |language=en |title=Brice Oligui Nguema: Gabon's coup leader who stormed to election victory |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66671044 |date=2023-08-31 |access-date=2026-06-21}}</ref>. Ni umukirisitu<ref name="E55">{{cite web |title=Technical Difficulties |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/gabon/ |website=www.state.gov |access-date=2025-07-25}}</ref>. Muramu we, Régis Onanga Ndiaye, ni Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga<ref name="E56">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gabon : General Oligui Nguema's government looks to balance old and new |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/09/13/general-oligui-nguema-s-government-looks-to-balance-old-and-new,110042775-art |website=Africa Intelligence |date=2023-09-13 |access-date=2023-09-14}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Brice Oligui Nguema}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] as53isioyfy4k18z2bobpvx4gv4ufrh 0 23198 140667 2026-10-03T07:22:42Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Adama Barrow | image = Adama Barrow at the 15th OIC Summit.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Adama Barrow | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|2|16|df=y}} | birth_place = Mankamang Kunda, hafi ya Basse Santa Su, [[Gambiya]] | nationality = Umunyagambiya | occupation = Umucuruzi w'imitungo itimukanwa, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Gutsinda Yahya Jammeh mu matora yo mu 2016 | title = Perezida w..." 140667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Adama Barrow | image = Adama Barrow at the 15th OIC Summit.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Adama Barrow | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|2|16|df=y}} | birth_place = Mankamang Kunda, hafi ya Basse Santa Su, [[Gambiya]] | nationality = Umunyagambiya | occupation = Umucuruzi w'imitungo itimukanwa, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Gutsinda Yahya Jammeh mu matora yo mu 2016 | title = Perezida wa Gambiya | term = Kuva ku wa 19 Mutarama 2017 | predecessor = Yahya Jammeh | party = National People's Party (NPP; mbere UDP) | spouse = Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow<br />Sarjo Mballow }} '''Adama Barrow''' (wavutse ku wa 16 Gashyantare 1965 i Mankamang Kunda, muri [[Gambiya]]) ni umucuruzi n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyagambiya, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Gambiya kuva ku wa 19 Mutarama 2017. Ashyigikiwe n'ihuriro ry'amashyaka arindwi atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo ku wa 1 Ukuboza 2016, atsinda Yahya Jammeh wari umaze imyaka 22 ku butegetsi. Jammeh yanze kuva ku butegetsi, bituma Barrow ararahira ari muri ambasade ya Gambiya i Dakar, muri [[Senegali]], mbere y'uko igitero cya gisirikare cya CEDEAO gihatira Jammeh guhunga igihugu. Yongeye gutorwa mu Ukuboza 2021. == Ubuzima == === Amashuri n'umwuga === Adama Barrow yavukiye mu mudugudu wa Mankamang Kunda, mu nkengero z'umujyi wa Basse Santa Su, mu burasirazuba bwa Gambiya. Yize i Koba Kunda no mu [[Banjul]], hanyuma ahabwa buruse yo kwiga mu ishuri ryisumbuye ry'Abayisilamu<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Adama Barrow, le nouveau président gambien ? |url=http://www.senenews.com/2016/12/02/qui-est-adama-barrow-le-suppose-nouveau-president-gambien_173392.html |website=SeneNews.com |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>. Arangije amashuri, yakoreye ikigo cy'ingufu Alhagie Musa Njie & Sons, azamuka kugeza abaye umuyobozi ushinzwe kugurisha<ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Who Is Adama Barrow? |url=http://www.kaironews.com/who-is-adama-barrow |website=Kairo News |date=2016-09-01 |access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 2000, yagiye i Londres, aho yize ibijyanye n'imitungo itimukanwa, akanakora nk'umuzamu kugira ngo yishyure amasomo; yavuze ko ubwo buzima bwamwubatse, ati: "Gukora amasaha 15 ku munsi byubaka umugabo"<ref name="E10" /><ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=en |title=Argos guard tackles Gambia strongman |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/argos-guard-tackles-gambia-strongman-wklq7dl2t |website=The Times |date=2016-11-20 |access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref>. Agarutse muri Gambiya, mu 2006 yashinze ikigo cy'imitungo itimukanwa Majum Real Estate, akiyobora kugeza mu 2016<ref name="E10" /><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title='No drama Adama' Barrow seeks to end Gambia's erratic Jammeh era |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gambia-election-barrow-idUSKBN13R2HH |website=Reuters |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2017-01-19}}</ref>. === Intangiriro muri politiki === Yatangiye politiki mu ishyaka ''National Reconciliation Party'' (NRP), hanyuma mu 2007 yinjira mu ishyaka ''United Democratic Party'' (UDP), ariko atsindwa amatora y'abadepite<ref name="E16">{{cite web |language=en |title=KNOW YOUR CANDIDATE: President Adama Barrow – The Fatu Network |url=https://fatunetwork.net/know-your-candidate-president-adama-barrow/ |date=2021-11-09 |access-date=2025-01-02}}</ref>. Mbere yo kwiyamamariza kuba Perezida, ntiyari yarigeze atorerwa umwanya uwo ari wo wose, ariko yari umubitsi wa UDP<ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Gambia's Yahya Jammeh loses election to Adama Barrow |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/gambia-yahya-jammeh-loses-election-adama-barrow-161202130519550.html |website=Aljazeera |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>. == Amatora yo mu 2016 n'ihererekanyabubasha == Ku wa 30 Ukwakira 2016, ihuriro ry'amashyaka arindwi atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi ryamutoranyije kuba umukandida waryo, maze ava muri UDP kugira ngo yiyamamaze nk'umukandida wigenga<ref name="E17">{{cite web |author=Mowat |title=North London Argos worker takes on hardline Islamist in bid to be next president of Gambia |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/734366/Adama-barrow-security-guard-Gambia-president |access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=UDP's Adama Barrow Resigns From UDP, Party Accepts His Resignation |url=http://www.freedomnewspaper.com/breaking-news-udps-adama-barrow-resigns-from-udp-party-accepts-his-resignation/ |website=Freedom Newspaper |date=2016-11-03 |access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref>. Yasezeranyije gusubiza Gambiya mu Muryango wa Commonwealth no mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga, kuvugurura inzego z'umutekano, no kuyobora guverinoma y'inzibacyuho akava ku butegetsi nyuma y'imyaka itatu<ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Gambia's Jammeh loses presidential election to Adama Barrow in shock election result |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38183906 |website=BBC News |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2016-12-05}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |author=Carley Petesch |title=Leader promises 'a new Gambia' after upset win |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/2e6e8d43ed25441996e0357f7defb790/ap-interview-election-winner-promises-new-gambia |website=Associated Press |date=2016-12-03 |access-date=2017-02-22}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Ukuboza 2016, yatsinze amatora ku majwi 43,3 %, imbere ya Yahya Jammeh (39,6 %) na Mama Kandeh (17,1 %)<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : le nouveau président Adama Barrow organise la transition |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20161204-gambie-barrow-president-elu-transition-jammeh |website=France 24 |date=2016-12-04 |access-date=2016-12-05}}</ref><ref name="E19" />. Mu ntangiriro, Jammeh yasaga n'uwemera ibyavuye mu matora, ariko ku wa 9 Ukuboza 2016 yatangaje ko abyanze "burundu"; Akanama gashinzwe umutekano ku isi ka Loni, Ubumwe bwa Afurika, CEDEAO n'abandi baramwamaganye<ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=Gambian leader Yahya Jammeh's poll rejection condemned |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38275511 |website=BBC News |date=2016-12-10 |access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref>. Barrow yahungiye muri Senegali kubera umutekano we<ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=Gambia crisis: Adama Barrow urges Jammeh to quit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38442817 |website=BBC News |date=2016-12-27}}</ref>. Ku wa 17 Mutarama 2017, Jammeh yatangaje ibihe bidasanzwe, maze bukeye bwaho Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yongera manda ye amezi atatu<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : à la veille de la fin de son mandat, Jammeh décrète l’état d’urgence - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170117-gambie-veille-fin-mandat-jammeh-decrete-etat-urgence-barrow |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2017-01-18}}</ref><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le mandat prolongé du président Jammeh fait perdurer l'impasse politique en Gambie |url=http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1011486/le-mandat-prolonge-du-president-jammeh-fait-perdurer-limpasse-politique-en-gambie |website=Radio-Canada.ca |access-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>. Ku wa 19 Mutarama 2017, Barrow yarahiriye kuba Perezida muri ambasade ya Gambiya i Dakar<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Monde Afrique |title=Adama Barrow, le nouveau président de Gambie, a prêté serment au Sénégal |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/01/19/en-direct-de-l-ambassade-de-gambie-a-dakar-pour-la-prestation-de-serment-d-adama-barrow_5065549_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2017-01-19}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |author=Callum Patton |title=Adama Barrow inaugurated as President of Gambia amid standoff with predecessor Yahya Jammeh |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/adama-barrow-inaugurated-president-gambia-amid-standoff-predecessor-yahya-jammeh-1602051 |website=International Business Times |date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref>. Uwo munsi, ingabo za Senegali, Nijeriya na Gana zinjiye muri Gambiya mu gikorwa cya gisirikare cya CEDEAO kugira ngo zihatire Jammeh kuva ku butegetsi; ingabo za Gambiya ntizabarwanyije<ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Ex-President Yahya Jammeh leaves The Gambia after losing election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38706426 |website=BBC News |date=2016-01-21 |access-date=2016-01-22}}</ref><ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Crise en Gambie sur la prise de pouvoir. Intervention des troupes sénégalaises |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/monde/gambie/crise-en-gambie-sur-la-prise-de-pouvoir-intervention-des-troupes-senegalaises-4745749 |website=Ouest-France |date=2017-01-18 |access-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ubuhuza bwa Alpha Condé wa Gineya na Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wa Moritaniya, Jammeh yemeye kuva ku butegetsi, ahunga igihugu ku wa 21 Mutarama 2017, ajya muri Gineya hanyuma muri [[Gineya Ekwatoriyale]]<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Gambie : le président sortant Yahya Jammeh accepte de quitter le pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/01/21/gambie-le-president-sortant-yahya-jammeh-annonce-qu-il-accepte-de-quitter-le-pouvoir_5066442_3212.html#PdcRF1kuSAWwlK5m.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2017-01-21}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Cyril Bensimon |title=Gambie : sous la pression de la Cédéao, le président sortant Yahya Jammeh part en exil |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/01/22/sous-la-pression-de-la-cedeao-le-president-sortant-yahya-jammeh-part-en-exil_5066827_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2017-01-21 |access-date=2017-01-22}}</ref>. Barrow yagarutse muri Gambiya ku wa 26 Mutarama 2017<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : Adama Barrow rentre au pays ce 26 janvier - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170125-gambie-adama-barrow-rentre-pays-le-26-janvier |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2017-01-26}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |author=Carley Petesch |title=Throngs cheer new president's triumphant return to Gambia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/gambias-new-president-adama-barrow-returning-to-nation/2017/01/26/58372f50-e3b6-11e6-a419-eefe8eff0835_story.html |website=The Washington Post |date=2017-01-26 |access-date=2017-01-26}}</ref>, maze ku wa 18 Gashyantare 2017 yongera kurahira muri Gambiya, muri sitade y'Ubwigenge i Bakau<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |author=La-Croix.com |title=La Gambie s’offre une double fête |url=http://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/La-Gambie-soffre-double-fete-2017-02-18-1200825725 |website=La Croix |access-date=2017-02-18}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |title=Adama Barrow sworn in on home soil as president |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/adama-barrow-sworn-home-soil-president-170218164133783.html |website=Al Jazeera |date=2017-02-18 |access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Gambiya == === Manda ya mbere === Ku wa 23 Mutarama 2017, yagize Fatoumata Tambajang Visi-perezida<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : une femme comme nouvelle vice-présidente |url=http://journalmetro.com/monde/1080154/gambie-une-femme-comme-nouvelle-vice-presidente/ |website=Métro |access-date=2017-01-23}}</ref>. Yatangaje ko izina rirambuye ry'igihugu risubira kuba "Repubulika ya Gambiya" aho kuba "Repubulika ya Kisilamu ya Gambiya", nk'uko Jammeh yari yarabihinduye mu 2015<ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=The Gambia: President Adama Barrow pledges reforms |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-president-adama-barrow-pledges-reforms-170128194124520.html |website=Al Jazeera |date=2017-01-28 |access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref>. Mu ijambo rye ryo kurahira, yategetse ko imfungwa zose zafunzwe nta rubanza ku butegetsi bwa Jammeh zirekurwa; imfungwa 171 zo muri gereza ya Mile 2 zararekuwe<ref name="E34">{{cite web |title=President Adama Barrow orders release of 171 prisoners |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/president-adama-barrow-orders-release-171-prisoners-170220063108170.html |website=Al Jazeera |date=2017-02-20 |access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref>. Yahagaritse icyemezo cyo kuva mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga, maze Minisitiri w'Ubutabera Ba Tambadou atangaza ishyirwaho rya Komisiyo y'Ukuri, Ubwiyunge n'Indishyi ku bahohotewe ku butegetsi bwa Jammeh<ref name="E39">{{cite web |author=Jina Moore |title=Burundi Quits International Criminal Court |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/world/africa/burundi-international-criminal-court.html |website=The New York Times |date=2017-10-27 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref><ref name="E40">{{cite web |author=Pap Saine |title=Gambia to set up truth and reconciliation commission |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gambia-politics-idUSKBN16U2ZD |website=Reuters |date=2017-03-23}}</ref><ref name="E48">{{cite web |author=Yomi Kazeem |title=Gambia's new president has started fixing the country's decades-long culture of human rights abuse |url=https://qz.com/910308/gambia-will-remain-in-the-international-criminal-court-under-new-president-adama-barrow/ |website=Quartz |date=2017-02-14 |access-date=2017-06-15}}</ref>. Yahinduye kandi urwego rw'iperereza rw'igihugu (NIA) rwari ruzwiho guhohotera abantu<ref name="E35" />. Ku wa 10 Gashyantare 2017, yarokotse umugambi wo kumwica ubwo yari mu isengesho mu musigiti wa King Fahd i Banjul<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Agence congolaise de presse |url=http://acpcongo.com/acp/attentat-manque-contre-president-gambien-adama-barrow-a-banjul/}}</ref>. Ku wa 6 Mata 2017, ihuriro rye ryatsinze amatora y'abadepite<ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |author=La-Croix.com |title=Législatives en Gambie : premières élections post-Jammeh |url=http://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Legislatives-Gambie-premieres-elections-post-Jammeh-2017-04-06-1300837545 |website=La Croix |access-date=2017-04-09}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Nzeri 2017, yasinye amasezerano mpuzamahanga avanaho igihano cy'urupfu<ref name="E42">{{cite web |title=Gambia: President Barrow Signs Abolition of Death Penalty Treaty |url=https://www.jollofnews.com/2017/09/21/gambia-president-barrow-signs-abolition-of-death-penalty-treaty/ |website=Jollof News |date=2017-09-21}}</ref>. Ku wa 8 Gashyantare 2018, Gambiya yasubiye mu Muryango wa Commonwealth<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Anna Pujol Mazzini |title=La Gambie rejoint le Commonwealth après quatre ans d’absence |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/528455/politique/la-gambie-rejoint-le-commonwealth-apres-quatre-ans-dabsence/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2018-02-08 |access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref><ref name="E50">{{cite web |language=en |author=Abdur Rahman Alfa Shaban |title=The Gambia rejoins the Commonwealth after 2013 exit |url=https://www.africanews.com/2018/02/08/the-gambia-rejoins-the-commonwealth-after-2013-exit/ |website=Africanews |date=2018-02-08}}</ref>. === Imyigaragambyo ya "Three Years Jotna" === Nubwo yari yasezeranyije kuva ku butegetsi nyuma y'imyaka itatu, yaje kwisubiraho, avuga ko Itegeko Nshinga rimusaba kurangiza manda y'imyaka itanu<ref name="E51">{{cite web |author=Abdur Rahman Alfa Shaban |title=Unpacking Gambia's three-year pact: Constitution versus Coalition MoU |url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/01/28/unpacking-gambia-s-three-year-pact-constitution-vs-coalition-mou/ |website=Africanews |date=2020-01-28 |access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref><ref name="E54">{{cite web |author=Jason Burke |title=Outcry over crackdown in the Gambia as president refuses to quit |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/28/outcry-over-crackdown-in-the-gambia-as-president-adama-barrow-refuses-to-quit |website=The Guardian |date=2020-01-28 |access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref>. Mu 2019 no mu ntangiriro za 2020, habaye imyigaragambyo ikomeye yiswe "Three Years Jotna" ("Imyaka itatu irahagije"), imusaba kuva ku butegetsi; guverinoma yayibujije, abantu amagana barafungwa, abandi batatu barapfa<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tension politique en Gambie : des manifestants réclament le départ du Président Adama Barrow |url=https://www.afrik.com/tension-politique-en-gambie-des-manifestants-reclament-le-depart-du-president-adama-barrow |website=Afrik.com |date=2019-12-17 |access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref><ref name="E52">{{cite web |title=Gambia Arrests 137 in Protests Urging President to Step Down |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_gambia-arrests-137-protests-urging-president-step-down/6183255.html |website=Voice of America |date=2020-01-27 |access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref><ref name="E53">{{cite web |author=Emil Touray |title=3 dead in protest against Gambian head Barrow: hospital |url=https://news.yahoo.com/3-dead-protest-against-gambian-head-barrow-hospital-195826998.html |website=Yahoo News |date=2020-01-27 |access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref>. Ku wa 15 Gashyantare 2019, yirukanye Visi-perezida Ousainou Darboe n'abaminisitiri benshi ba UDP, maze nyuma y'amezi icumi ashinga ishyaka rye, ''National People's Party'' (NPP)<ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le vice-président de la Gambie limogé |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-47587516 |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref><ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=en |author=AfricaNews |title=Gambia president launches own party after rift with ruling coalition |url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/01/03/gambia-president-launches-own-party-after-rift-with-ruling-coalition// |website=Africanews |date=2020-01-03 |access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref>. Umushinga w'Itegeko Nshinga rishya, wagabanyaga manda ya perezida ku ebyiri, wanzwe n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ku wa 22 Nzeri 2020, maze Barrow ashinjwa kuba ari we wateguye iryo tsindwa<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Parlement gambien rejette le projet de nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200923-parlement-gambien-rejette-projet-nouvelle-constitution |website=RFI |date=2020-09-23 |access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref><ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie: l'Assemblée rejette le projet de nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.africaradio.com/news/gambie-l-assemblee-rejette-le-projet-de-nouvelle-constitution-172959 |website=www.africaradio.com |access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri === Muri Nzeri 2021, yagiranye ubufatanye n'ishyaka rya Jammeh, ''Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction'' (APRC), nubwo Jammeh ubwe yabyamaganye<ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=ro |title=Gambian President and Ex-Dictator Form Coalition Ahead of Polls |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-05/gambian-president-and-ex-dictator-form-coalition-ahead-of-polls |website=www.bloomberg.com |access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref><ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gambia: Police Detain Top Official of Jammeh's Backed 'No Alliance Movement', Others |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202110260618.html |website=allAfrica.com |date=2021-10-26 |access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2021, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 53 %, atangira manda ya kabiri ku wa 19 Mutarama 2022<ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Théa Ollivier |title=En Gambie, Adama Barrow remporte la présidentielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/12/06/en-gambie-adama-barrow-remporte-la-presidentielle_6104890_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-12-06}}</ref><ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : Adama Barrow a prêté serment pour un deuxième mandat |url=https://www.senenews.com/actualites/politique/gambie-adama-barrow-a-prete-serment-pour-un-deuxieme-mandat_383235.html |website=sene.news}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Ukuboza 2022, guverinoma yatangaje ko yaburijemo umugambi wa kudeta, abasirikare benshi barafungwa<ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Gambie, le gouvernement dit avoir déjoué une tentative de coup d’Etat |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/12/22/en-gambie-le-gouvernement-dit-avoir-dejoue-une-tentative-de-coup-d-etat_6155385_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2022-12-22 |access-date=2022-12-27}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Adama Barrow ni Umuyisilamu, akaba afite abagore babiri: Fatoumatta Bah, bashakanye mu 1997, akaba Madamu wa Perezida, na Sarjo Mballow<ref name="E61">{{cite web |author=Oluwatobi Bolashodun |title=Meet the look-alike wives of new Gambian President Adama Barrow |url=https://gossip.naij.com/1083657-meet-alike-wives-gambian-president-adama-barrow-photos.html |website=Naij.com |date=January 2017 |access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="E62">{{cite web |author=F. Mbaye |title=Barrow confirms first wife will be country's First Lady |url=http://www.whatson-gambia.com/news/headline-news/1714-barrow-confirms-first-wife-will-be-country-s-first-lady# |website=WhatsOn-Gambia |date=2017-11-30 |access-date=2022-05-15}}</ref>. Ku wa 15 Mutarama 2017, umuhungu we Habibu w'imyaka umunani yapfuye nyuma yo kurumwa n'imbwa; Barrow ntiyabashije kujya mu muhango wo kumushyingura kuko yari ari muri Senegali<ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Décès d'un fils du président élu gambien Adama Barrow |url=http://www.voaafrique.com/a/deces-d-un-fils-du-president-elu-gambien-adama-barrow/3678520.html |website=VOA |access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref><ref name="E64">{{cite web |title=Gambia President-elect Adama Barrow's son killed by dog |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38641070 |website=BBC |date=2017-01-17 |access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref>. Avuga ko avanze amoko: Abasarahule, Abamandinka n'Abafula<ref name="E60">{{cite web |title=Gambia: Adama Barrow Speaks To JollofNews, Reaches Out To Gambians |url=https://jollofnews.com/2016/12/05/gambia-adama-barrow-speaks-to-jollofnews-reaches-out-to-gambians/ |website=JollofNews |date=2016-12-05 |access-date=2016-12-07}}</ref>. Ashyigikira ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru y'Abongereza Arsenal<ref name="E66">{{cite web |author=Hugo Williams |title=Gambia elections: President-elect Adama Barrow's life story |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38185428 |website=BBC |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2016-12-27}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Adama Barrow}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Gambiya]] r754tzk5xb5j2gv5cg3q9sitycutl5l 0 23199 140668 2026-10-03T11:58:59Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Mamadi Doumbouya | image = Mamadi Doumbouya 2022.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Mamadi Doumbouya mu 2022 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|12|5|df=y}} | birth_place = Kankan, [[Gineya]] | nationality = Umunyagineya | alma_mater = École de guerre (Ubufaransa)<br />Kaminuza ya Paris-Panthéon-Assas | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Umuyobozi w'Ingabo zidasanzwe (GFS) z..." 140668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mamadi Doumbouya | image = Mamadi Doumbouya 2022.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Mamadi Doumbouya mu 2022 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|12|5|df=y}} | birth_place = Kankan, [[Gineya]] | nationality = Umunyagineya | alma_mater = École de guerre (Ubufaransa)<br />Kaminuza ya Paris-Panthéon-Assas | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Umuyobozi w'Ingabo zidasanzwe (GFS) za Gineya (2018–2024) | title = Perezida wa Gineya | term = Kuva ku wa 5 Nzeri 2021 (w'inzibacyuho kugeza ku wa 17 Mutarama 2026) | predecessor = Alpha Condé | party = Nta shyaka (yigenga) | spouse = Lauriane Doumbouya }} '''Mamadi Doumbouya''' (wavutse ku wa 5 Ukuboza 1984 i Kankan, muri [[Gineya]]) ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyagineya, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Gineya. Yagizwe umuyobozi w'Ingabo zidasanzwe za Gineya (''Groupement des forces spéciales'') mu 2018, maze ku wa 5 Nzeri 2021 ayobora kudeta yahiritse Perezida Alpha Condé. Yabaye Perezida w'Akanama k'igihugu gashinzwe ubumwe n'iterambere (''Comité national du rassemblement pour le développement'', CNRD) na Perezida w'inzibacyuho. Nubwo yari yarasezeranyije ko abagize agatsiko k'abasirikare batazemererwa kwiyamamaza, Itegeko Nshinga rishya ryo mu 2025 ryamwemereye kwiyamamaza; yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo mu Ukuboza 2025 ku majwi 86,7 %, ararahira ku wa 17 Mutarama 2026. Ubutegetsi bwe burangwa n'ihashywa ry'abatavuga rumwe na bwo, ishimutwa n'ibura ry'abantu, iseswa ry'amashyaka n'ibitangazamakuru. == Ubuzima == === Inkomoko n'amashuri === Mamadi Doumbouya ni umuhungu wa Karifala Doumbouya na Hadja Mandioula Sylla. Akomoka mu karere ka Kankan, umujyi wa kabiri munini muri Gineya, aho yize amashuri abanza<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est le colonel Mamady Doumbouya, nouvel homme fort de la Guinée ? |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/qui-est-le-colonel-mamady-doumbouya-nouvel-homme-fort-de-la-guinée-biographie/2356680 |website=aa.com.tr |date=2021-09-06 |access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Arrêt sur image à Kankan : l'état piteux de l’école où Mamadi Doumbouya a fait ses premiers pas |url=https://www.africaguinee.com/arret-sur-image-kankan-l-etat-piteux-de-l-ecole-ou-mamadi-doumbouya-fait-ses/ |website=Africa Guinee |access-date=2022-02-13}}</ref>. Itariki ye y'amavuko yagiye ivugwaho impaka: urubuga rw'ibiro bya Perezida rwabanje kuvuga ko ari ku wa 4 Werurwe 1980, mbere y'uko Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwemeza ku wa 5 Ukuboza 1984 mu 2025<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=archive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624081327/https://presidence.gov.gn/biographie/}}</ref>. Yabaye umusirikare mu mutwe w'Abanyamahanga w'ingabo z'Ubufaransa (''Légion étrangère'') i Nîmes, arangiza amasezerano ye mu 2009 afite ipeti rya caporal, hanyuma mu 2012 asubira mu ngabo za Gineya<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin König |title=Guinée : Mamadi Doumbouya, le putschiste que la France soutient |url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/afrique-france/guinee-mamadi-doumbouya-le-putschiste-que-la-france-soutient |website=L'Humanité |date=2025-09-18}}</ref>. Yize mu ''École de guerre'' mu Bufaransa, abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu mu by'ingabo muri Kaminuza ya Paris-Panthéon-Assas<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La prise en compte de l’interculturalité dans les actions militaires. Colloque organisé par l’EMSOME, sous la présidence d’honneur du chef d’état-major de l’armée de terre |url=https://www.emsome.terre.defense.gouv.fr/images/documents/bibliotheque/actes_colloque/Actes_colloque_interculturalit_2017.pdf |website=emsome.terre.defense.gouv.fr |date=2017-11-23 |access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Arrêté du 12 février 2019 portant attribution du brevet d'études militaires supérieures |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000038144219 |website=legifrance.gouv.fr |access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref>. Yahawe kandi amahugurwa ya gisirikare muri Senegali, Gabon na Isiraheli, akorera ubutumwa muri Afuganisitani, Côte d'Ivoire, Jibuti na Repubulika ya Santara Afurika<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : portrait du colonel Mamady Doumbouya, auteur du putsch du 5 septembre 2021 |url=https://africa24tv.com/guinee-portrait-du-colonel-mamady-doumbouya-auteur-du-putsch-du-5-septembre-2021/ |website=africa24tv.com |date=2021-09-05 |access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref>. === Urugendo mu gisirikare === Kuva mu 2018, yayoboye Ingabo zidasanzwe za Gineya (GFS), umutwe w'intore z'ingabo zishinzwe kurwanya iterabwoba<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : Alpha Condé arrêté par les putschistes |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1227529/politique/guinee-tentative-de-coup-detat-en-cours-a-conakry/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2021-09-05 |access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2019, yitabiriye imyitozo ya gisirikare ya Flintlock yateguwe n'ingabo za Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika i Ouagadougou, kimwe na [[Assimi Goïta]] wa Mali<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Exclusif-Opération Flintlock 2019: sur les pas des Forces Spéciales Guinéennes au Burkina Faso (Reportage) |url=https://guineenews.org/exclusif-operation-flintlock-2019-sur-les-pas-des-forces-speciales-guineennes-au-burkina-faso-reportage/ |website=guineenews.org |date=2019-02-21 |access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref><ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mamady Doumbouya, de la légion étrangère au coup d’État en Guinée |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/guinee-mamady-doumbouya-le-lieutenant-colonel-derriere-le-coup-d-etat_2157843.html |website=lexpress.fr |date=2021-09-06 |access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>. Yabaye lieutenant-colonel mu 2019, koloneli mu 2020<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=en |title=Focus on Lt Col Mamady Doumbouya in Guinea 'coup' |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/focus-on-lt-col-mamady-doumbouya-in-guinea-coup/ |website=independent.co.ug |date=2021-09-05 |access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref>. Ku wa 24 Mutarama 2024, yagizwe ''général de corps d'armée'', maze mu Ukuboza 2024 aba ''général d'armée''<ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : colonel Mamadi Doumbouya élevé au grade de Général de corps d’armée… |url=https://www.africaguinee.com/guinee-colonel-mamadi-doumbouya-eleve-au-grade-de-general-de-corps-darmee/ |access-date=2024-01-23}}</ref><ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée: Mamadi Doumbouya s'autopromeut général d'armée |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241103-guin%C3%A9e-mamadi-doumbouya-s-autopromeut-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-d-arm%C3%A9e}}</ref>. == Kudeta ya 2021 n'inzibacyuho == Ku wa 5 Nzeri 2021, yatangaje ifatwa rya Perezida Alpha Condé, iseswa rya guverinoma, ihagarikwa ry'Itegeko Nshinga, isaha ntarengwa yo kugenda (''couvre-feu'') n'ifungwa ry'imipaka<ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coup d’État en Guinée : la prévisible chute du président Alpha Condé |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20210906-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-en-guin%C3%A9e-la-pr%C3%A9visible-chute-du-pr%C3%A9sident-alpha-cond%C3%A9 |website=France 24 |date=2021-09-06 |access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref><ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : Coup d'État à Conakry, Alpha Condé arrêté par des militaires |url=https://www.koaci.com/article/2021/09/05/afrique/politique/guinee-coup-detat-a-conakry-alpha-conde-arrete-par-des-militaires_153649.html |website=koaci.com |date=2021-09-05 |access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref>. Yavuze ko ibyo byakozwe kubera "imiterere ya politiki n'ubukungu by'igihugu, imikorere mibi y'inzego za Repubulika, ikoreshwa nabi ry'ubutabera n'ihonyorwa ry'uburenganzira bw'abaturage"<ref name="F15" />. Ku wa 1 Ukwakira 2021, yarahiriye kuba Perezida w'inzibacyuho imbere y'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga<ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée-Le colonel Mamadi Doumbouya prête serment vendredi devant la Cour suprême |url=https://guinee114.com/guinee-le-colonel-mamadi-doumbouya-prete-serment-vendredi-devant-la-cour-supreme/ |date=2021-09-29 |access-date=2021-09-30}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Guinea coup leader Mamady Doumbouya sworn in as interim president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/1/guinea-coup-mamady-doumbouya-interim |website=Al Jazeera |date=2021-10-01 |access-date=2023-08-10}}</ref>. Itegeko ry'inzibacyuho ryavugaga ko we n'abandi bagize agatsiko k'abasirikare batemerewe kwiyamamaza mu matora azakurikira<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Guinée, la junte dévoile une « charte de la transition » sans en fixer la durée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/09/28/en-guinee-la-junte-devoile-une-charte-de-la-transition-sans-en-fixer-la-duree_6096311_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2021-09-28 |access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>. Ku wa 6 Ukwakira 2021, yagize Mohamed Béavogui Minisitiri w'Intebe; asimburwa na Bernard Goumou muri Kanama 2022, hanyuma na Bah Oury muri Gashyantare 2024<ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée: la junte nomme Mohamed Béavogui, un vétéran du développement, Premier ministre |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20211006-guin%C3%A9e-la-junte-nomme-mohamed-b%C3%A9avogui-un-v%C3%A9t%C3%A9ran-du-d%C3%A9veloppement-premier-ministre |website=RFI |date=2021-10-06 |access-date=2021-10-07}}</ref><ref name="F44">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Urgent-Guinée : Dr Bernard Goumou confirmé Premier ministre (décret) |url=https://guineenews.org/urgent-guinee-dr-bernard-goumou-confirme-premier-ministre-decret/ |website=Guinéenews |date=2022-08-20 |access-date=2022-08-20}}</ref><ref name="F45">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Urgent: Bah Oury nommé Premier, Chef du Gouvernement en remplacement de Dr Bernard Goumou |url=https://cieldeguinee.net/index.php/urgent-bah-oury-nomme-premier-chef-du-gouvernement-en-remplacement-de-dr-bernard-goumou/ |website=CIEL DE GUINEE |date=2024-02-27 |access-date=2024-02-27}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2022, yategetse amasosiyete acukura bauxite, Gineya ifitemo ububiko bunini ku isi, kubaka inganda zitunganya alumine mu gihugu<ref name="F40">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : les compagnies minières sommées de transformer la bauxite sur place |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1337652/economie/guinee-les-compagnies-minieres-sommees-de-transformer-la-bauxite-sur-place/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2022-04-11}}</ref><ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=en |author=AfricaNews |title=Guinea: Foreign Mining companies ordered to process bauxite on site |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/04/10/guinea-mining-companies-ordered-to-process-bauxite-on-site/ |website=Africanews |access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref>. CEDEAO yamaganye uburebure bw'inzibacyuho, maze muri Nzeri 2022 ifatira ibihano agatsiko k'abasirikare<ref name="F46">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : la Cedeao prend des « sanctions progressives » contre la junte |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/09/23/guinee-la-cedeao-prend-des-sanctions-progressives-contre-la-junte_6142800_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2022-09-23 |access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2022, Gineya na CEDEAO bumvikanye ku nzibacyuho y'imyaka ibiri itangira muri Mutarama 2023<ref name="F52">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guinea: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/guinea/freedom-world/2024 |website=Freedom House |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. Ariko ingengabihe ntiyubahirijwe: muri Nzeri 2024, guverinoma yatangaje ko amatora ya perezida yimuriwe mu 2025<ref name="F72">{{cite web |language=en |author=Emmanuel Ejiofor |title=Guinea To Hold All Elections In 2025, Foreign Minister Confirms |url=https://westafricaweekly.com/guinea-to-hold-all-elections-in-2025-foreign-minister-confirms/ |website=West Africa Weekly |date=2024-09-20 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. === Itegeko Nshinga rishya n'amatora yo mu 2025 === Ku wa 21 Nzeri 2025, habaye kamarampaka ku Itegeko Nshinga rishya, ryemejwe ku majwi 89,4 %<ref name="F75">{{cite web |language=en |author=AfricaNews |title=Guinea to hold elections after controversial referendum |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/09/26/guinea-to-hold-elections-after-controversial-referendum/ |website=Africanews |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guineans approve new constitution by wide margin, pave way for elections |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250924-guineans-approve-new-constitution-by-wide-margin-pave-way-for-elections |website=France 24 |date=2025-09-24 |access-date=2025-09-24}}</ref>. Iryo tegeko ryongereye manda ya perezida kuva ku myaka itanu kugeza ku irindwi, rishyiraho Sena, kandi ryemerera Perezida w'inzibacyuho kwiyamamaza; abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bavuze ko habayeho uburiganya bukabije<ref name="F75" /><ref name="F77">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée: l’opposition dénonce une «mascarade» après la victoire du «oui» au référendum |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250925-guin%C3%A9e-l-opposition-d%C3%A9nonce-une-mascarade-apr%C3%A8s-la-victoire-du-oui-au-r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum |website=RFI |date=2025-09-25 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. Ku wa 3 Ugushyingo 2025, yatanze kandidatire ye nk'umukandida wigenga<ref name="F82">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le général Mamadi Doumbouya candidat à l'élection présidentielle du 28 décembre en Guinée |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/cn51ldw6rvvo |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2025-11-03 |access-date=2025-11-09}}</ref><ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Guinea's junta leader decides to run for president 4 years after leading a coup |url=https://apnews.com/article/guinea-election-mamadi-doumbouya-junta-military-ca2e860d57ab049f05a9c6e0e9162574 |website=AP News |access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref>. Mu matora yo ku wa 28 Ukuboza 2025, yatsinze ku majwi 86,7 %, ararahira ku wa 17 Mutarama 2026<ref name="F83">{{cite web |language=fr |author=avenirguinee |title=Présidentielle : la Cour suprême confirme la victoire de Mamadi Doumbouya |url=https://www.avenirguinee.org/2026/01/04/presidentielle-la-cour-supreme-confirme-la-victoire-de-mamadi-doumbouya/ |website=Avenirguinee.org |date=2026-01-04 |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref><ref name="F85">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée: investiture à la présidence de Mamadi Doumbouya |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260118-guin%C3%A9e-investiture-mamadi-doumbouya-pr%C3%A9sidence}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=Junta leader is declared the winner of Guinea's presidential election |url=https://apnews.com/article/guinea-election-voting-conakry-fbf8a7b0615923740510f0286c64d67e |website=AP News |date=2025-12-31 |access-date=2025-12-31}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |title=From camouflage to tracksuits - Guinea's junta leader becomes civilian president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpv70mek448o |website=BBC |date=2026-01-17 |access-date=2026-01-18}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2026, Ubumwe bwa Afurika bwakuyeho ibihano bwari bwarafatiye Gineya nyuma ya kudeta<ref name="E32">{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |title=Guinea: African Union lifts sanctions |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/23/guinea-african-union-lifts-sanctions/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-01-23 |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref>. == Ububanyi n'amahanga == Ku wa 21 Nzeri 2021, yasuye Bamako, yakirwa na Koloneli Assimi Goïta<ref name="F87">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : Mamadi Doumbouya en visite au Mali avant un sommet de la Cedeao |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1379035/politique/guinee-mamadi-doumbouya-en-visite-au-mali-avant-un-sommet-de-la-cedeao/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2022-09-22 |access-date=2023-06-10}}</ref>. Perezida wa Siyera Lewone Julius Maada Bio ni we mukuru w'igihugu wa mbere wamusuye nyuma ya kudeta<ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Justin Morel |title=CONAKRY : Maada Bio le président sierra léonais en Guinée |url=https://guineeconakry.online/2021/10/11/conakry-maada-bio-le-president-sierra-leonais-en-guinee/ |website=GuineeConakry.online |date=2021-10-11 |access-date=2023-06-10}}</ref>. Perezida w'u [[Rwanda]] [[Paul Kagame]] yamusuye muri Gineya; Doumbouya yavuze ko yifuza kuvugurura no kunga igihugu cye nk'uko Kagame yabigenje mu Rwanda<ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guinea's junta chief says he wants to draw inspiration from Rwandan 'model |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/04/18/guineas-junta-chief-says-he-wants-to-draw-inspiration-from-rwandan-model/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-04-18 |access-date=2023-08-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 11 Kanama 2024, yitabiriye irahira rya Paul Kagame kuri manda ya kane, maze baganira ku mubano w'ibihugu byombi mu Urugwiro Village<ref name="F95">{{cite web |language=en |author=Reuters |title=Africa Rwanda's President Kagame sworn in to extend lengthy tenure |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/rwandas-president-kagame-sworn-into-office-2024-08-11/ |website=reuters.com}}</ref><ref name="F97">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kigali / Rwanda : Général Mamadi Doumbouya et Paul Kagamé passent en revue les grands axes de coopération bilatérale |url=https://www.lerenifleur224.com/2024/08/12/kigali-rwanda-general-mamadi-doumbouya-et-paul-kagame-passent-en-revue-les-grands-axes-de-cooperation-bilaterale/ |website=Lerenifleur224.com |date=2024-08-12 |access-date=2024-08-12}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Gicurasi 2025, yagiriye uruzinduko rwa Leta rwa kabiri mu Rwanda, mbere yo kwitabira irahira rya [[Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema]] muri Gabon<ref name="F103">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Joseph keurtys Mabimba |title=Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema sera investi Président le 3 mai au stade d’Angondjé |url=https://convergenceafrique.net/2025/04/23/brice-clotaire-oligui-nguema-sera-investi-president-le-3-mai-au-stade-dangondje/ |website=Convergence Afrique |date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2024, yitabiriye inama y'ubufatanye hagati y'Ubushinwa n'Afurika (FOCAC) i Beijing, ahura na Xi Jinping, amugezaho gahunda ya "Simandou 2040" yerekeye ikirombe kinini cy'icyuma cya Simandou<ref name="F98">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Renforcement des relations bilatérales entre Pékin et Conakry : Rencontre historique entre le Président Xi Jinping et le Général Mamadi Doumbouya |url=https://guinee3.net/index.php/renforcement-des-relations-bilaterales-entre-pekin-et-conakry-rencontre-historique-entre-le-president-xi-jinping-et-le-general-mamadi-doumbouya/ |access-date=2024-09-02}}</ref><ref name="F99">{{cite web |language=fr |title=FOCAC 2024 : Le couple présidentiel arrive à Pékin pour un sommet historique |url=https://guinee3.net/index.php/focac-2024-le-couple-presidentiel-arrive-a-pekin-pour-un-sommet-historique/ |access-date=2024-09-02}}</ref>. == Ihashywa ry'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi == Kuva mu 2021, agatsiko k'abasirikare kayobowe na Doumbouya kakajije ingamba zo kubuza ubwisanzure: amashyaka n'ibitangazamakuru byarahagaritswe, imyigaragambyo yabujijwe kuva muri Gicurasi 2022 irahashywa, kandi abayobozi benshi b'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi n'aba sosiyete sivile barafashwe, barakatirwa cyangwa bahungira mu mahanga<ref name="F52" />. Nk'uko Human Rights Watch ibivuga, nibura abantu 59 bishwe mu myigaragambyo hagati ya Kamena 2022 n'impera za 2024<ref name="F113">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guinea: Rights at Risk as Promised Transition Derails - Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/12/02/guinea-rights-risk-promised-transition-derails |date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Gicurasi 2024, guverinoma yafunze ibitangazamakuru bitandatu byigenga bikomeye mu gihugu<ref name="F115">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Disparition de Habib Marouane Camara en Guinée : RSF saisit le Groupe de travail de l’ONU sur les disparitions forcées - RSF |url=https://rsf.org/fr/disparition-de-habib-marouane-camara-en-guin%C3%A9e-rsf-saisit-le-groupe-de-travail-de-l-onu-sur-les |website=rsf.org |date=2025-07-14 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. Umunyamakuru Habib Marouane Camara yashimuswe ku wa 3 Ukuboza 2024 n'abajandarume i Conakry, kandi kugeza ubu ntaraboneka<ref name="F115" />. Mu Ukwakira 2024, agatsiko k'abasirikare kasheshe amashyaka arenga 50<ref name="F117">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Guinée, le régime militaire lance l’offensive contre les partis politiques |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/10/29/en-guinee-le-regime-militaire-lance-l-offensive-contre-les-partis-politiques_6365598_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-10-29 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>, maze muri Werurwe 2026 gasesa andi mashyaka 40, harimo atatu akomeye atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi: UFDG, RPG na UFR<ref name="F118">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : 40 partis politiques dissous, « une dictature désormais érigée en mode de gouvernance » |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/guinee-40-partis-politiques-dissous-une-dictature-desormais-erigee-en-mode-de-gouvernance-2812663 |website=TV5 Monde |date=2026-03-07 |access-date=2026-08-30}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |title=One 'party state': Guinea dissolves main opposition parties |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/8/one-party-state-guinea-dissolves-main-opposition-parties |website=Al Jazeera |date=2026-03-08 |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2024, abarwanashyaka Foniké Menguè na Mamadou Billo Bah baburiwe irengero; ku wa 22 Nyakanga 2024, imiryango yabo yareze Doumbouya mu Bufaransa ishinja "ishimuta n'iyicarubozo"<ref name="F120">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le grand invité Afrique - Disparition de Foniké Menguè et Billo Bah en Guinée: «Nous voulons garder l’espoir de surtout les retrouver en vie» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/le-grand-invit%C3%A9-afrique/20250709-disparition-de-fonik%C3%A9-mengu%C3%A8-et-billo-bah-en-guin%C3%A9e-nous-voulons-garder-l-espoir-de-surtout-les-retrouver-en-vie |website=RFI |date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref><ref name="F124">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Disparitions de deux opposants en Guinée : le chef de la junte visé par une plainte en France |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/23/disparitions-de-deux-opposants-en-guinee-le-chef-de-la-junte-vise-par-une-plainte-en-france_6256311_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-07-23 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Disparition de Foniké Menguè et Billo Bah : Doumbouya visé par une plainte à Paris |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1591704/politique/disparition-de-fonike-mengue-et-billo-bah-doumbouya-vise-par-une-plainte-a-paris/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2024-07-23 |access-date=2024-07-23}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2025, uwahoze ari umukuru w'urugaga rw'abavoka, Mohamed Traoré, yashimuswe arakubitwa<ref name="F109">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Sidoine |title=En Guinée, la junte étouffe les voix qui dérangent |url=https://www.afrik.com/en-guinee-la-junte-etouffe-les-voix-qui-derangent |website=Afrik |date=2025-06-25 |access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref><ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Thibaut Petit |title=En Guinée, les voix critiques au général Mamadi Doumbouya sont réduites au silence |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/06/25/en-guinee-les-voix-critiques-au-general-mamadi-doumbouya-sont-reduites-au-silence_6615847_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-06-25 |access-date=2025-10-01}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Werurwe 2025, Doumbouya yahaye imbabazi kubera impamvu z'ubuzima uwahoze ari Perezida Moussa Dadis Camara, wari warakatiwe kubera ubwicanyi bwo mu 2009 bwahitanye abantu 156<ref name="E26">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guinea's former prime minister is jailed for 5 years for corruption |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250329-guinea-ex-dictator-sentenced-for-2009-massacre-pardoned-junta |website=France 24 |date=2025-03-28 |access-date=2025-03-29}}</ref>. == Ruswa == Akigera ku butegetsi, yashyizeho Urukiko rushinzwe guhana ibyaha by'ubukungu n'imari (CRIEF)<ref name="F129">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : Le CNRD face aux scandales récurrents de corruption |url=https://guineenews.org/2025/01/20/le-cnrd-face-aux-scandales-recurrents-de-corruption/ |website=Guinéenews© |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. Nyamara, ubutegetsi bwe bwavuzwemo amahano y'imari: muri Nzeri 2023, byatangajwe ko ikigo cy'Abashinwa kiri mu mushinga wa Simandou cyari cyarahaye ubutegetsi bwa Conakry miliyoni 75 z'amadolari mu 2021 nta mucyo<ref name="F131">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : Simandou, terrain de jeu de la rivalité Chine-États-Unis ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1736326/economie-entreprises/guinee-simandou-terrain-de-jeu-de-la-rivalite-chine-etats-unis/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref><ref name="F132">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guinea's Junta Accused Of Misappropriating $75 Million From Chinese Mining Company - Sierra Leone Monitor |url=https://www.sierraleonemonitor.com/guineas-junta-accused-of-misappropriating-75-million-from-chinese-mining-company/ |date=2023-09-28 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. Mu mpera za 2024, toni zirenga enye za zahabu zabuze muri Banki Nkuru ya Gineya nyuma yo kwimurirwa i Dubai mu buryo budasobanutse<ref name="F135">{{cite web |language=en |title=‘Each of us is afraid’: Guinea’s junta leader tightens grip as opposition lies low |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/11/guinea-junta-mamady-doumbouya-opposition |website=The Guardian |date=2025-02-11 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mamadi Doumbouya arubatse, akaba afite abana batandatu<ref name="F143">{{cite web |language=fr |author=avenirguinee |title=Carnet rose au sommet de l'État : Une fille pour le couple présidentiel |url=https://www.avenirguinee.org/2026/09/02/carnet-rose-au-sommet-de-letat-une-fille-pour-le-couple-presidentiel/ |website=Avenirguinee.org |date=2026-09-02 |access-date=2026-09-02}}</ref>. Umugore we, Lauriane Doumbouya, ni Umufaransakazi akaba ari mu jandarumori y'Ubufaransa<ref name="F147">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Mamady Doumbouya, le nouvel homme fort de Conakry ? |url=https://guineenews.org/qui-est-mamady-doumbouya-le-nouvel-homme-fort-de-conakry/ |website=guineenews.org |date=2021-09-05 |access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref><ref name="E35">{{cite web |author=Abdul Rashid Thomas |title=Is dissent an act of faith in a democracy? Lessons from the Guinean military coup |url=https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/is-dissent-an-act-of-faith-in-a-democracy-lessons-from-the-guinean-military-coup/ |website=Sierra Leone Telegraph |date=2021-09-06 |access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Mamadi Doumbouya}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Gineya]] 64upgv9x0wuexggmzl5wmaw2zbwflle