Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2024 140671 140470 2026-10-03T18:47:39Z PAUL THE GREATS 13833 /* */ 140671 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:My city kigali.jpg|thumb|Kigali city umurwa mukuru w' u rwanda]] [[Dosiye:Kigali city Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Uyu ni umujyi wa Kigali mu masaha yumugoroba izuba riri kurenga. ]] [[Dosiye:Kigali2018Cropped.jpg|thumb|Umujyi wa Kigali]] [[Dosiye:Kigali_city_rwanda.jpg|thumb|Kigali - Rwanda]] Kigali ni umurwa mukuru w’u [[Rwanda]]. Uyu mujyi uherereye rwagati mu gihugu, ukaba ufite abaturage bagera kuri 1.095.000 (mu mwaka wa 2019). Kigali igizwe n’uturere dutatu ari two [[Gasabo]], [[Kicukiro]] na [[Nyarugenge]].Aho Nyarugenge ariyo nkingi nkuru ya kigali kuko niyo iyoboye mu byubucuruzi yaba imyenda ,ibiryo,ndetse n'ibikoresho bigiye bitandukanye yaba ibyikoranabuhanga ndetse nibindi bisanzwe byo mu rugo,wagera kuri gasabo Niko karere gacumbikiye ibigo bikomeye cyane cyane ibyinzego zumutekano ndetse mama ambasade yibihugu bitandukanye. Niwo mujyi nkingi y’ubukungu n’umuco by’igihugu. Imihanda yose minini y’u Rwanda itangirira i Kigali niyikomeza yambucyuranya intare, akaba ari ho nkingi y’ubwikorezi mu gihugu. Ibiro bya za Ministeri zitandukanye n’ibya Perezida wa Repubulika biri muri uyu mujyi. Kigali kandi igizwe ahanini n’uduce tw’icyaro kuko 70% byawo ari uturere tw’icyaro. == Amateka ya Kigali == Kigali yashinzwe mu 1907 mu gihe cy'ubukoloni bw' [[Abadage]] ([[Ubudage]]) ushinzwe na Richard Kandt, ariko ntiwigeze uhinduka kapitali y'u [[Rwanda]] kugeza igihe ubukoloni bwarangiriye (indépendance) muri 1962 [[https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/rwanda/rwanda-independence-day]]. [[Umurwa]] mukuru, akaba ari naho [[umwami]] yabaga muri icyo gihe wari Nyanza, ariko umugi mukuru w'abakoloni wari [[Butare]], icyo gihe yitwaga Astrida. Butare yabonwaga nk'aho ari wo mujyi wahinduka kapitali y' u Rwanda rwigenga ariko Kigali iza guhitwamo kubera ukuntu iherereye hagati mu gihugu. Guhera taliki ya 7 Mata, 1994, Kigali yabaye isibaniro rya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Genocide]] cyangwa '''Ethnic Cleasing''', aho abatutsi barenga miliyoni bishwe bazira ubwoko bwabo. N'ubwo umugi washenywe mu gihe cya kera, ubu urimo kwiyubaka ku ntambwe ishimishije. [[Dosiye:Kigali_title.jpg|thumb|ikirango(status) y umujyi wa kigali iherereye akarere ka nyarugenge]][[Kigali (umurenge)|Kigal]]<nowiki/>i ni umurwa mukuru w'u Rwanda kandi ni wo mujyi munini mu [[Rwanda]] washinzwe mu mwaka wa 1907 mu gihe cy'ubukoroni bw'abadage;hanyuma uza kuba umurwa mukuru igihe u Rwanda rwabonaga ubwigenge mu 1962. Kigali iri mu Burasirazuba bwo hagati bw'igihugu.Uyu mujyi ni wo mutima w'ubukungu, ubuyobozi n'umuco Nyarwanda. Kigali ikomeje gutera imbere mu bijyanye n'imyubakire igezweho ikoranabuhanga ndetse n'imiturire iteguwe neza bikayigira umwe mu mijyi igezweho kurusha indi muri Afurika yo hagati. == Amashakiro == *[[https://populationstat.com/rwanda/kigali]] * [[commons:Category:Kigali|Media Kigali]] * [http://www.livinginkigali.com/ Living in Kigali] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220121504/http://www.eatinginkigali.com/ Eating in Kigali] * [http://www.kigalicity.gov.rw Official Website of Kigali City] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221219083632/https://discover.rw/kigali-city/ Kigali – The Bustling And Vibrant City] * [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=kigali&sourceid=ie7&rls=com.microsoft:en-US&oe=utf8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&split=0&ei=TGq9SYnNCtaNsAakxLDoDg&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&resnum=1&ct=title Kigali Map] * [http://www.buyrwcom Most popular Rwanda Ads website] [[Category:Kigali| ]] [[Ikiciro:Umujyi wa Kigali]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda geography]] 3z8kfz8yxdu5w8nxmcfbpq2bht0sfyz 0 7847 140683 124809 2026-10-03T20:58:43Z Score Beethoven 11559 Kwagura inyandiko hakoreshejwe en:Kibeho, en:Our Lady of Kibeho, fr:Kibeho na fr:Notre-Dame de Kibeho (CC BY-SA); amafoto mashya 140683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kibeho | settlement_type = Umurenge | image_skyline = Sanctuaire-marial.jpg | image_caption = Ingoro ya Bikira Mariya y'i Kibeho | image_map = Rwanda adm location map.svg | map_caption = Aho Kibeho iherereye mu Rwanda | subdivision_type = Igihugu | subdivision_name = {{flag|Rwanda}} | subdivision_type1 = Intara | subdivision_name1 = [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Amajyepfo]] | subdivision_type2 = Akarere | subdivision_name2 = [[Nyaruguru]] | population_total = 25885 | population_footnotes = | blank_name = Ubuso | blank_info = km² 78,54 | blank1_name = Aho iherereye | blank1_info = 2°38′S 29°33′E | blank2_name = Isaha | blank2_info = CAT (UTC+2) | population_as_of = 2022 | website = [http://www.kibeho-sanctuary.com kibeho-sanctuary.com] }} '''Kibeho''' ni umwe mu mirenge y'akarere ka [[Nyaruguru]], mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Ntara y'Amajyepfo]] y'u [[Rwanda]]. Ufite ubuso bwa km² 78,54 n'abaturage 25 885 (ibarura rya 2022). Kibeho izwi ku isi yose kubera amabonekerwa ya Bikira Mariya yahabaye kuva mu 1981 kugeza mu 1989, akaba ari yo mabonekerwa ya mbere yo muri Afurika yemewe ku mugaragaro na [[Kiliziya Gatolika]]. == Amabonekerwa ya Bikira Mariya == ''Inyandiko nyamukuru: [[Bikira Mariya w'Ikibeho]]'' [[Dosiye:Ishusho ya Bikira Mariya Nyina wa Jambo.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Ishusho ya Bikira Mariya "Nyina wa Jambo"]] === Ababonekewe === Ku wa 28 Ugushyingo 1981, Alphonsine Mumureke (imyaka 17), wigaga mu ishuri ryisumbuye ry'abakobwa rya Kibeho, yavuze ko yabonekewe n'umubyeyi mwiza cyane wiyise "Nyina wa Jambo". Yamuvuzeho ko yari umugore mwiza utari umwirabura cyangwa umuzungu, wari uhagaze hejuru y'ubutaka yambaye ikanzu itagira umurongo. Nyuma y'aho, abandi banyeshuri babiri na bo bavuze ko babonekewe: * Nathalie Mukamazimpaka (imyaka 20), guhera muri Mutarama 1982; * Marie-Claire Mukangango (imyaka 21), guhera muri Werurwe 1982. Mu ntangiriro, abayobozi b'ishuri n'abandi bantu benshi ntibabyemeye, ariko buhoro buhoro imbaga y'abantu itangira kuza i Kibeho. Ku wa 31 Gicurasi no ku wa 1 Kamena 1982, abantu bagera ku bihumbi 10 bari bateraniye aho kugira ngo bakurikire amabonekerwa. Amabonekerwa ya Alphonsine yakomeje kugeza ku wa 28 Ugushyingo 1989. === Ubutumwa === [[Dosiye:Mother of Word Cavern.jpg|thumb|left|Ubuvumo bwa Nyina wa Jambo i Kibeho]] Ubutumwa abo bakobwa bavuze ko bahawe bwibanze cyane kuri ibi: * '''Kwisubiraho no guhinduka k'umutima nta buryarya; * Gusenga ubudahwema, cyane cyane Rozari; * Ishapure y'ububabare burindwi''' bwa Bikira Mariya; * Gusabira Kiliziya no kwemera ko kubabara bifitiye agakiza akamaro; * Kubaka chapelle i Kibeho mu cyubahiro cya Bikira Mariya. {{clear}} === Iyerekwa ryo muri Kanama 1982 === Muri Kanama 1982 (cyane cyane ku wa 15 no ku wa 19), imbere y'imbaga y'abantu bagera ku bihumbi 10, abo babonekewe bavuze ko beretswe amashusho ateye ubwoba: imigezi y'amaraso, abantu bicana, imitwe yaciwe n'imirambo itagira uyishyingura. Nyuma, benshi babifashe nk'umuburo wa [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]], yahitanye abantu basaga ibihumbi 800 mu minsi 100. == Kwemerwa na Kiliziya == * 15 Kanama 1988: Musenyeri Augustin Misago, Umwepiskopi wa [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Gikongoro]], yemeye ko abakirisitu basengera i Kibeho ku mugaragaro. * 29 Kamena 2001: Musenyeri Misago yemeje ku mugaragaro amabonekerwa ya Alphonsine, Nathalie na Marie-Claire. * Umunsi mukuru wa Bikira Mariya w'i Kibeho wizihizwa buri mwaka ku wa 28 Ugushyingo. == Ingoro ya Bikira Mariya == {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:90%;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" | Ingoro ya Bikira Mariya y'i Kibeho |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Dosiye:Kiriziya ya Kibeho.jpg|260px]]<br/>Kiliziya ya Kibeho |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | Aho iherereye | Kibeho, [[Nyaruguru]], u [[Rwanda]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | Idini | [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | Diyosezi | [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Gikongoro|Gikongoro]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | Yeguriwe | Bikira Mariya w'Ububabare |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | Amabonekerwa | 1981–1989 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | Kwemerwa | 29 Kamena 2001 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | Ibuye ry'ifatizo | 1992 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | Bazilika | 2021 (abantu 10 000 imbere) |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | Abayobozi | Abapadiri b'Abapalotini (kuva 2003) |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | Umunsi mukuru | 28 Ugushyingo |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | Abagenzi | 500 000+ ku mwaka |} Ingoro ya Bikira Mariya y'i Kibeho yeguriwe '''Bikira Mariya w'Ububabare''' (Notre-Dame des Douleurs). Ibuye ry'ifatizo ryashyizweho mu 1992. Kuva mu 2003 iyoborwa n'Abapadiri b'Abapalotini. Nyuma ya Jenoside yo mu 1994 ingoro yaraguwe cyane: bazilika nshya ishobora kwakira abantu ibihumbi 10 imbere n'ibihumbi 100 ku mbuga yayo yuzuye mu Ugushyingo 2021. I Kibeho habera amasengesho menshi atandukanye; azwi cyane ni aba ku itariki ya 15 Kanama buri mwaka, ku munsi w'Ijyanwa mu ijuru rya Bikira Mariya, n'aya 28 Ugushyingo. Hari kandi ubutaka butagatifu n'amazi abakirisitu Gatolika bizera ko akiza indwara, bituma bayita amazi y'umugisha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kibeho-sanctuary.com/en/apparitions/message.html#:~:text=%E2%80%9CPray%20always%20and%20single%2Dheartedly,zeal%20and%20purity%20of%20heart. |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-21 |archive-date=2025-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523121152/http://www.kibeho-sanctuary.com/en/apparitions/message.html#:~:text=%E2%80%9CPray%20always%20and%20single%2Dheartedly,zeal%20and%20purity%20of%20heart. |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ubu Kibeho yakira abagenzi barenga ibihumbi 500 buri mwaka. [[Dosiye:Yesu kumusaraba wa Kibeho.jpg|thumb|left|Yesu ku musaraba i Kibeho]] {{clear}} == Jenoside n'ubwicanyi bwo mu 1995 == [[Dosiye:KibehoGenocideMemorial01.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibeho]] Muri Mata 1994, mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], ibihumbi by'Abatutsi bari bahungiye muri kiliziya ya Kibeho barahiciwe. Marie-Claire Mukangango, umwe mu babonekewe, yaburiwe irengero muri icyo gihe. Nyuma ya Jenoside, i Kibeho hashyizwe inkambi y'abavanywe mu byabo yari nini kurusha izindi mu Rwanda, ikaba yari ku buso bwa km² 9 kandi icumbikiye abantu bari hagati y'ibihumbi 80 n'ibihumbi 100. Muri Mata 1995, igihe inkambi yafungwaga, abantu benshi bahiciwe, ibyo bikaba byarabonywe n'abasirikare ba UNAMIR n'abakozi b'imiryango mpuzamahanga. {{clear}} == Amafoto == <gallery mode="packed" heights="160"> Dosiye:KIBEHO.jpg|Ishusho rusange ya Kibeho Dosiye:KIBEHO NATURES.jpg|Imisozi ikikije Kibeho Dosiye:Kibeho Holy land, Rwanda, Southern Province, Nyaruguru District.jpg|Ubutaka butagatifu bwa Kibeho Dosiye:KIBEHO Yezu nyirimpuhwe.jpg|Ishusho ya Yezu Nyirimpuhwe Dosiye:Kibeho Forest at Nyaruguru District.jpg|Ishyamba rya Kibeho </gallery> == Reba kandi == * [[Bikira Mariya w'Ikibeho]] * [[Nyaruguru]] * [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Gikongoro]] == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Nyaruguru]] pc21mf7hiqrreajn3uvvwdvk0r5pweq 140685 140683 2026-10-03T21:03:11Z Score Beethoven 11559 Gukuraho inyuguti zibyibushye (gras) 140685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kibeho | settlement_type = Umurenge | image_skyline = Sanctuaire-marial.jpg | image_caption = Ingoro ya Bikira Mariya y'i Kibeho | image_map = Rwanda adm location map.svg | map_caption = Aho Kibeho iherereye mu Rwanda | subdivision_type = Igihugu | subdivision_name = {{flag|Rwanda}} | subdivision_type1 = Intara | subdivision_name1 = [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Amajyepfo]] | subdivision_type2 = Akarere | subdivision_name2 = [[Nyaruguru]] | population_total = 25885 | population_footnotes = | blank_name = Ubuso | blank_info = km² 78,54 | blank1_name = Aho iherereye | blank1_info = 2°38′S 29°33′E | blank2_name = Isaha | blank2_info = CAT (UTC+2) | population_as_of = 2022 | website = [http://www.kibeho-sanctuary.com kibeho-sanctuary.com] }} Kibeho ni umwe mu mirenge y'akarere ka [[Nyaruguru]], mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Ntara y'Amajyepfo]] y'u [[Rwanda]]. Ufite ubuso bwa km² 78,54 n'abaturage 25 885 (ibarura rya 2022). Kibeho izwi ku isi yose kubera amabonekerwa ya Bikira Mariya yahabaye kuva mu 1981 kugeza mu 1989, akaba ari yo mabonekerwa ya mbere yo muri Afurika yemewe ku mugaragaro na [[Kiliziya Gatolika]]. == Amabonekerwa ya Bikira Mariya == ''Inyandiko nyamukuru: [[Bikira Mariya w'Ikibeho]]'' [[Dosiye:Ishusho ya Bikira Mariya Nyina wa Jambo.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Ishusho ya Bikira Mariya "Nyina wa Jambo"]] === Ababonekewe === Ku wa 28 Ugushyingo 1981, Alphonsine Mumureke (imyaka 17), wigaga mu ishuri ryisumbuye ry'abakobwa rya Kibeho, yavuze ko yabonekewe n'umubyeyi mwiza cyane wiyise "Nyina wa Jambo". Yamuvuzeho ko yari umugore mwiza utari umwirabura cyangwa umuzungu, wari uhagaze hejuru y'ubutaka yambaye ikanzu itagira umurongo. Nyuma y'aho, abandi banyeshuri babiri na bo bavuze ko babonekewe: * Nathalie Mukamazimpaka (imyaka 20), guhera muri Mutarama 1982; * Marie-Claire Mukangango (imyaka 21), guhera muri Werurwe 1982. Mu ntangiriro, abayobozi b'ishuri n'abandi bantu benshi ntibabyemeye, ariko buhoro buhoro imbaga y'abantu itangira kuza i Kibeho. Ku wa 31 Gicurasi no ku wa 1 Kamena 1982, abantu bagera ku bihumbi 10 bari bateraniye aho kugira ngo bakurikire amabonekerwa. Amabonekerwa ya Alphonsine yakomeje kugeza ku wa 28 Ugushyingo 1989. === Ubutumwa === [[Dosiye:Mother of Word Cavern.jpg|thumb|left|Ubuvumo bwa Nyina wa Jambo i Kibeho]] Ubutumwa abo bakobwa bavuze ko bahawe bwibanze cyane kuri ibi: * Kwisubiraho no guhinduka k'umutima nta buryarya; * Gusenga ubudahwema, cyane cyane Rozari; * Ishapure y'ububabare burindwi bwa Bikira Mariya; * Gusabira Kiliziya no kwemera ko kubabara bifitiye agakiza akamaro; * Kubaka chapelle i Kibeho mu cyubahiro cya Bikira Mariya. {{clear}} === Iyerekwa ryo muri Kanama 1982 === Muri Kanama 1982 (cyane cyane ku wa 15 no ku wa 19), imbere y'imbaga y'abantu bagera ku bihumbi 10, abo babonekewe bavuze ko beretswe amashusho ateye ubwoba: imigezi y'amaraso, abantu bicana, imitwe yaciwe n'imirambo itagira uyishyingura. Nyuma, benshi babifashe nk'umuburo wa [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]], yahitanye abantu basaga ibihumbi 800 mu minsi 100. == Kwemerwa na Kiliziya == * 15 Kanama 1988: Musenyeri Augustin Misago, Umwepiskopi wa [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Gikongoro]], yemeye ko abakirisitu basengera i Kibeho ku mugaragaro. * 29 Kamena 2001: Musenyeri Misago yemeje ku mugaragaro amabonekerwa ya Alphonsine, Nathalie na Marie-Claire. * Umunsi mukuru wa Bikira Mariya w'i Kibeho wizihizwa buri mwaka ku wa 28 Ugushyingo. == Ingoro ya Bikira Mariya == {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:90%;" |+ style="font-size:125%;" | Ingoro ya Bikira Mariya y'i Kibeho |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Dosiye:Kiriziya ya Kibeho.jpg|260px]]<br/>Kiliziya ya Kibeho |- | style="text-align:left;" | Aho iherereye | Kibeho, [[Nyaruguru]], u [[Rwanda]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | Idini | [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | Diyosezi | [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Gikongoro|Gikongoro]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | Yeguriwe | Bikira Mariya w'Ububabare |- | style="text-align:left;" | Amabonekerwa | 1981–1989 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Kwemerwa | 29 Kamena 2001 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Ibuye ry'ifatizo | 1992 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Bazilika | 2021 (abantu 10 000 imbere) |- | style="text-align:left;" | Abayobozi | Abapadiri b'Abapalotini (kuva 2003) |- | style="text-align:left;" | Umunsi mukuru | 28 Ugushyingo |- | style="text-align:left;" | Abagenzi | 500 000+ ku mwaka |} Ingoro ya Bikira Mariya y'i Kibeho yeguriwe Bikira Mariya w'Ububabare (Notre-Dame des Douleurs). Ibuye ry'ifatizo ryashyizweho mu 1992. Kuva mu 2003 iyoborwa n'Abapadiri b'Abapalotini. Nyuma ya Jenoside yo mu 1994 ingoro yaraguwe cyane: bazilika nshya ishobora kwakira abantu ibihumbi 10 imbere n'ibihumbi 100 ku mbuga yayo yuzuye mu Ugushyingo 2021. I Kibeho habera amasengesho menshi atandukanye; azwi cyane ni aba ku itariki ya 15 Kanama buri mwaka, ku munsi w'Ijyanwa mu ijuru rya Bikira Mariya, n'aya 28 Ugushyingo. Hari kandi ubutaka butagatifu n'amazi abakirisitu Gatolika bizera ko akiza indwara, bituma bayita amazi y'umugisha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kibeho-sanctuary.com/en/apparitions/message.html#:~:text=%E2%80%9CPray%20always%20and%20single%2Dheartedly,zeal%20and%20purity%20of%20heart. |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-21 |archive-date=2025-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523121152/http://www.kibeho-sanctuary.com/en/apparitions/message.html#:~:text=%E2%80%9CPray%20always%20and%20single%2Dheartedly,zeal%20and%20purity%20of%20heart. |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ubu Kibeho yakira abagenzi barenga ibihumbi 500 buri mwaka. [[Dosiye:Yesu kumusaraba wa Kibeho.jpg|thumb|left|Yesu ku musaraba i Kibeho]] {{clear}} == Jenoside n'ubwicanyi bwo mu 1995 == [[Dosiye:KibehoGenocideMemorial01.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibeho]] Muri Mata 1994, mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], ibihumbi by'Abatutsi bari bahungiye muri kiliziya ya Kibeho barahiciwe. Marie-Claire Mukangango, umwe mu babonekewe, yaburiwe irengero muri icyo gihe. Nyuma ya Jenoside, i Kibeho hashyizwe inkambi y'abavanywe mu byabo yari nini kurusha izindi mu Rwanda, ikaba yari ku buso bwa km² 9 kandi icumbikiye abantu bari hagati y'ibihumbi 80 n'ibihumbi 100. Muri Mata 1995, igihe inkambi yafungwaga, abantu benshi bahiciwe, ibyo bikaba byarabonywe n'abasirikare ba UNAMIR n'abakozi b'imiryango mpuzamahanga. {{clear}} == Amafoto == <gallery mode="packed" heights="160"> Dosiye:KIBEHO.jpg|Ishusho rusange ya Kibeho Dosiye:KIBEHO NATURES.jpg|Imisozi ikikije Kibeho Dosiye:Kibeho Holy land, Rwanda, Southern Province, Nyaruguru District.jpg|Ubutaka butagatifu bwa Kibeho Dosiye:KIBEHO Yezu nyirimpuhwe.jpg|Ishusho ya Yezu Nyirimpuhwe Dosiye:Kibeho Forest at Nyaruguru District.jpg|Ishyamba rya Kibeho </gallery> == Reba kandi == * [[Bikira Mariya w'Ikibeho]] * [[Nyaruguru]] * [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Gikongoro]] == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Nyaruguru]] 0dlw6t0c0qe99bzu2wmdba316osvlp1 140686 140685 2026-10-03T21:03:27Z Score Beethoven 11559 140686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kibeho | settlement_type = Umurenge | image_skyline = Sanctuaire-marial.jpg | image_caption = Ingoro ya Bikira Mariya y'i Kibeho | image_map = Rwanda adm location map.svg | map_caption = Aho Kibeho iherereye mu Rwanda | subdivision_type = Igihugu | subdivision_name = {{flag|Rwanda}} | subdivision_type1 = Intara | subdivision_name1 = [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Amajyepfo]] | subdivision_type2 = Akarere | subdivision_name2 = [[Nyaruguru]] | population_total = 25885 | population_footnotes = | blank_name = Ubuso | blank_info = km² 78,54 | blank1_name = Aho iherereye | blank1_info = 2°38′S 29°33′E | blank2_name = Isaha | blank2_info = CAT (UTC+2) | population_as_of = 2022 | website = [http://www.kibeho-sanctuary.com kibeho-sanctuary.com] }} '''Kibeho''' ni umwe mu mirenge y'akarere ka [[Nyaruguru]], mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Ntara y'Amajyepfo]] y'u [[Rwanda]]. Ufite ubuso bwa km² 78,54 n'abaturage 25 885 (ibarura rya 2022). Kibeho izwi ku isi yose kubera amabonekerwa ya Bikira Mariya yahabaye kuva mu 1981 kugeza mu 1989, akaba ari yo mabonekerwa ya mbere yo muri Afurika yemewe ku mugaragaro na [[Kiliziya Gatolika]]. == Amabonekerwa ya Bikira Mariya == ''Inyandiko nyamukuru: [[Bikira Mariya w'Ikibeho]]'' [[Dosiye:Ishusho ya Bikira Mariya Nyina wa Jambo.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Ishusho ya Bikira Mariya "Nyina wa Jambo"]] === Ababonekewe === Ku wa 28 Ugushyingo 1981, Alphonsine Mumureke (imyaka 17), wigaga mu ishuri ryisumbuye ry'abakobwa rya Kibeho, yavuze ko yabonekewe n'umubyeyi mwiza cyane wiyise "Nyina wa Jambo". Yamuvuzeho ko yari umugore mwiza utari umwirabura cyangwa umuzungu, wari uhagaze hejuru y'ubutaka yambaye ikanzu itagira umurongo. Nyuma y'aho, abandi banyeshuri babiri na bo bavuze ko babonekewe: * Nathalie Mukamazimpaka (imyaka 20), guhera muri Mutarama 1982; * Marie-Claire Mukangango (imyaka 21), guhera muri Werurwe 1982. Mu ntangiriro, abayobozi b'ishuri n'abandi bantu benshi ntibabyemeye, ariko buhoro buhoro imbaga y'abantu itangira kuza i Kibeho. Ku wa 31 Gicurasi no ku wa 1 Kamena 1982, abantu bagera ku bihumbi 10 bari bateraniye aho kugira ngo bakurikire amabonekerwa. Amabonekerwa ya Alphonsine yakomeje kugeza ku wa 28 Ugushyingo 1989. === Ubutumwa === [[Dosiye:Mother of Word Cavern.jpg|thumb|left|Ubuvumo bwa Nyina wa Jambo i Kibeho]] Ubutumwa abo bakobwa bavuze ko bahawe bwibanze cyane kuri ibi: * Kwisubiraho no guhinduka k'umutima nta buryarya; * Gusenga ubudahwema, cyane cyane Rozari; * Ishapure y'ububabare burindwi bwa Bikira Mariya; * Gusabira Kiliziya no kwemera ko kubabara bifitiye agakiza akamaro; * Kubaka chapelle i Kibeho mu cyubahiro cya Bikira Mariya. {{clear}} === Iyerekwa ryo muri Kanama 1982 === Muri Kanama 1982 (cyane cyane ku wa 15 no ku wa 19), imbere y'imbaga y'abantu bagera ku bihumbi 10, abo babonekewe bavuze ko beretswe amashusho ateye ubwoba: imigezi y'amaraso, abantu bicana, imitwe yaciwe n'imirambo itagira uyishyingura. Nyuma, benshi babifashe nk'umuburo wa [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]], yahitanye abantu basaga ibihumbi 800 mu minsi 100. == Kwemerwa na Kiliziya == * 15 Kanama 1988: Musenyeri Augustin Misago, Umwepiskopi wa [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Gikongoro]], yemeye ko abakirisitu basengera i Kibeho ku mugaragaro. * 29 Kamena 2001: Musenyeri Misago yemeje ku mugaragaro amabonekerwa ya Alphonsine, Nathalie na Marie-Claire. * Umunsi mukuru wa Bikira Mariya w'i Kibeho wizihizwa buri mwaka ku wa 28 Ugushyingo. == Ingoro ya Bikira Mariya == {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:90%;" |+ style="font-size:125%;" | Ingoro ya Bikira Mariya y'i Kibeho |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Dosiye:Kiriziya ya Kibeho.jpg|260px]]<br/>Kiliziya ya Kibeho |- | style="text-align:left;" | Aho iherereye | Kibeho, [[Nyaruguru]], u [[Rwanda]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | Idini | [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | Diyosezi | [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Gikongoro|Gikongoro]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | Yeguriwe | Bikira Mariya w'Ububabare |- | style="text-align:left;" | Amabonekerwa | 1981–1989 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Kwemerwa | 29 Kamena 2001 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Ibuye ry'ifatizo | 1992 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Bazilika | 2021 (abantu 10 000 imbere) |- | style="text-align:left;" | Abayobozi | Abapadiri b'Abapalotini (kuva 2003) |- | style="text-align:left;" | Umunsi mukuru | 28 Ugushyingo |- | style="text-align:left;" | Abagenzi | 500 000+ ku mwaka |} Ingoro ya Bikira Mariya y'i Kibeho yeguriwe Bikira Mariya w'Ububabare (Notre-Dame des Douleurs). Ibuye ry'ifatizo ryashyizweho mu 1992. Kuva mu 2003 iyoborwa n'Abapadiri b'Abapalotini. Nyuma ya Jenoside yo mu 1994 ingoro yaraguwe cyane: bazilika nshya ishobora kwakira abantu ibihumbi 10 imbere n'ibihumbi 100 ku mbuga yayo yuzuye mu Ugushyingo 2021. I Kibeho habera amasengesho menshi atandukanye; azwi cyane ni aba ku itariki ya 15 Kanama buri mwaka, ku munsi w'Ijyanwa mu ijuru rya Bikira Mariya, n'aya 28 Ugushyingo. Hari kandi ubutaka butagatifu n'amazi abakirisitu Gatolika bizera ko akiza indwara, bituma bayita amazi y'umugisha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kibeho-sanctuary.com/en/apparitions/message.html#:~:text=%E2%80%9CPray%20always%20and%20single%2Dheartedly,zeal%20and%20purity%20of%20heart. |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-21 |archive-date=2025-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523121152/http://www.kibeho-sanctuary.com/en/apparitions/message.html#:~:text=%E2%80%9CPray%20always%20and%20single%2Dheartedly,zeal%20and%20purity%20of%20heart. |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ubu Kibeho yakira abagenzi barenga ibihumbi 500 buri mwaka. [[Dosiye:Yesu kumusaraba wa Kibeho.jpg|thumb|left|Yesu ku musaraba i Kibeho]] {{clear}} == Jenoside n'ubwicanyi bwo mu 1995 == [[Dosiye:KibehoGenocideMemorial01.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibeho]] Muri Mata 1994, mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], ibihumbi by'Abatutsi bari bahungiye muri kiliziya ya Kibeho barahiciwe. Marie-Claire Mukangango, umwe mu babonekewe, yaburiwe irengero muri icyo gihe. Nyuma ya Jenoside, i Kibeho hashyizwe inkambi y'abavanywe mu byabo yari nini kurusha izindi mu Rwanda, ikaba yari ku buso bwa km² 9 kandi icumbikiye abantu bari hagati y'ibihumbi 80 n'ibihumbi 100. Muri Mata 1995, igihe inkambi yafungwaga, abantu benshi bahiciwe, ibyo bikaba byarabonywe n'abasirikare ba UNAMIR n'abakozi b'imiryango mpuzamahanga. {{clear}} == Amafoto == <gallery mode="packed" heights="160"> Dosiye:KIBEHO.jpg|Ishusho rusange ya Kibeho Dosiye:KIBEHO NATURES.jpg|Imisozi ikikije Kibeho Dosiye:Kibeho Holy land, Rwanda, Southern Province, Nyaruguru District.jpg|Ubutaka butagatifu bwa Kibeho Dosiye:KIBEHO Yezu nyirimpuhwe.jpg|Ishusho ya Yezu Nyirimpuhwe Dosiye:Kibeho Forest at Nyaruguru District.jpg|Ishyamba rya Kibeho </gallery> == Reba kandi == * [[Bikira Mariya w'Ikibeho]] * [[Nyaruguru]] * [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Gikongoro]] == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Nyaruguru]] mfjsri1h7k0durphlddxrq1jbysonel 0 12840 140706 100770 2026-10-04T11:49:10Z Ndahiro derrick 8075 Ndahiro derrick moved page [[Infection sexuellement transmissible]] to [[Indwara zandurira mu mibonanompuzabitsina]]: izina rya nyaryo 100770 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Sexually transmitted infection.jpg|thumb|Ishusho igaragaza virus yandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye.]] Indwara '''yandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina''' ( '''STI''' ) cyangwa '''indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina''' ( '''STI''' ) muri [[Kanada]] ni [[:fr:Infection|indwara]] yandura hagati y’abafatanyabikorwa mu buryo butandukanye bwo [[:fr:Rapport_sexuel|gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina]] . Iyi ndwara irashobora kubyara [[:fr:Rapport_sexuel|indwara yanduye]], yahoze yitwa '''indwara ziterwa''' na virusi <ref>https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_B%C3%A9thencourt</ref>, izina rikomoka kuri [[:fr:Vénus_(mythologie)|Venusi]], imana y'urukundo.Imibonano mpuzabitsina yose irimo guhuza igitsina cyangwa umunwa-guhuza igitsina nundi muntu, cyangwa amazi yimyanya ndangagitsina, bifatwa nkibyago byo kwandura indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina. Buri STI ifite ibyago bitandukanye nurwego rwuburemere. Urebye kwandura buco-faecal, guhuza umunwa-anal byoroheje bitera ibyago byo kwandura parasitike<ref>https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/infections/infections-parasitaires-pr%C3%A9sentation/pr%C3%A9sentation-des-infections-parasitaires</ref> <ref>http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/145/8/564</ref>Indwara irashobora kuba myinshi (ibintu byinshi byanduza icyarimwe). Bikunze kugaruka mugihe gitoBitewe n'ubwoko bw'ubwandu, ibyago byo kwandura birashobora kugabanuka no gukingirwa, bikagabanya umubare w'abafatanyabikorwa no gukoresha uburinzi bukwiye harimo, cyane cyane [http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/145/8/564 agakingirizo k'abagabo n'abagore] ku ndwara zandurira mu myanya ndangagitsina no mu gitsina ndetse [[:fr:Préservatif|n'intanga ngabo]] . == Amagambo == Kugeza mu ntangiriro ya za 1980, imvugo y'Igifaransa " indwara zifata imyanya ndangagitsina ibyo bisigo byerekanaga imana ya kera ya migani ya Venusi [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologie_grecque]. Kuva mu myaka ya za 90, izina MST (kuri " indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ”) Cyangwa MTS (kuri“ indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ”) Bakoreshwa. Kuva mu 1999, ijambo MST ryagiye risimburwa buhoro buhoro n'iri IST na ITS <ref>[http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/fr/mngt_stis/guidelines.fr.pdf Guide pour la prise en charge des infections sexuellement transmissibles], {{p.|6}}, Remarque sur la terminologie : L’[[Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku buzima|Organisation mondiale de la santé]] recommande de remplacer l’expression « maladies sexuellement transmissibles » (MST) par celle d’« infections sexuellement transmissibles » (IST). L’expression « infections sexuellement transmissibles » a été adoptée en 1999, car elle tient mieux compte des infections asymptomatiques. En outre, l’expression est maintenant utilisée par de très nombreuses sociétés et publications scientifiques.</ref> , <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130318153700/http://www.chu-rouen.fr/ssf/pathol/maladiessexuellementtransmissibles.html Maladies sexuellement transmissibles], http://www.chu-rouen.fr</ref> (“ indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina » <ref>https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1990</ref> na« indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina "), kubera ko ijambo" kwandura "aho kuba" indwara »Ifata neza neza ko indwara zimwe na zimwe zidafite ibimenyetso (nta bimenyetso bigaragara, zishobora kutamenyekana, ntizitabe ibisobanuro byijambo ryindwara mururimi rwa buri munsi). Indwara zimwe zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina zishobora kwandura binyuze mu maraso (hepatite B) cyangwa amata yonsa (SIDA). <ref>https://gdt.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ficheOqlf.aspx?Id_Fiche=8350945</ref>Noneho, muri Kanada, turavuga cyane cyane kuri STBBIs : “ kwandura mu mibonano mpuzabitsina no kwandura amaraso » <ref>https://gdt.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ficheOqlf.aspx?Id_Fiche=8350945</ref> == Kwirinda == Amahirwe yo kwandura indwara binyuze mubikorwa byimibonano mpuzabitsina aratandukanye cyane na patologi yandi kandi biterwa nubusambanyi. Imikorere imwe n'imwe itarimo guhuza igitsina cyangwa umunwa (urugero, kwikinisha, gutunga urutoki cyangwa gukubita), hamwe no gukoresha agakingirizo, ingomero z'amenyo cyangwa gants, bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura. Iyi myitozo ivugwa nkimibonano mpuzabitsina itekanye .<ref>https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9curisexe</ref> == Agakingirizo == [[Dosiye:Kondom.jpg|thumb|Agakingirizo k'abagabo.]] Bitewe n'indwara ireba, inzobere mu buzima ziragira inama imibonano mpuzabitsina ikingiwe [[Agakingirizo|n'udukingirizo]] mu gihe cyo kuryamana n'abantu bashobora kwandura. Agakingirizo kagaragaza ko ari ingirakamaro cyane mu gukumira kwanduza indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina no mu gitsina ndetse n'amasohoro, ariko ntizirinda indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina zigaragara ku ruhu rw'igitsina. Agakingirizo rero gakoreshwa neza mugihe cyimibonano mpuzabitsina no kwinjira, niyo yonyine yo kuboneza urubyaro irinda kwandura [[Virusi itera SIDA/SIDA|virusi itera sida]] na hepatite B. <ref>https://www.carenity.com/infos-maladie/herpes-genital/sentiment-de-honte-manque-dinformations-903</ref>Icyakora, ntabwo irinda neza izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina itera abantu benshi bapfa, nka sifilis <ref>[https://www.has-sante.fr/plugins/ModuleXitiKLEE/types/FileDocument/doXiti.jsp?id=c_2877544 Haute autorité de santé - ''COMMISSION NATIONALE D’EVALUATION DES DISPOSITIFS MEDICAUX ET DES TECHNOLOGIES DE SANTE'' - Préservatif masculin lubrifié] : « ''Efficacité sur la syphilis : 30 %'' »</ref> cyangwa papillomavirus ya muntu <ref>[https://www.stophpv.fr/papillomavirus-hpv Stop HPV - ''Les papillomavirus humains''] - « ''Le préservatif ne protège pas efficacement des HPV, mais reste nécessaire contre les autres Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles (IST).'' »</ref>, ishinzwe ubwoko butandukanye bwa kanseri harimo na kanseri y'inkondo y'umura kandi ikingira gusa . Hanyuma, ntirinda kandi imyanya ndangagitsina <ref name="preservatif">{{en}} Martin ET, Krantz E, Gottlieb SL. {{Et al.}} [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/169/13/1233 « {{Lang|en|A pooled analysis of the effect of condoms in preventing HSV-2 acquisition}} »] ''Arch Intern Med''. 2009;169:1233-1240.</ref> ishinzwe ingaruka zikomeye zo mumitekerereze n’imibereho y’umuntu wanduye <ref>[https://www.carenity.com/infos-maladie/herpes-genital/sentiment-de-honte-manque-dinformations-903 Carenity - ''Herpès génital, entre sentiment de honte et manque d'informations''] : « ''Le sentiment de honte est caractéristique de cette pathologie… L’herpès génital est encore perçu comme une maladie honteuse. Il est donc difficile pour une personne atteinte d’en parler à ses proches et même aux professionnels de santé. Aborder le sujet avec son partenaire peut aussi être compliqué du fait de l’épidémiologie complexe de la maladie qui laisse libre cours à toutes les interprétations.'' »</ref> kandi kwanduza akayoya mu gihe cyo kubyara, bita neonatal herpes, bitera impfu zikomeye hamwe n’urukurikirane rukomeye <ref name="RCOG2014">RCOG (2014) ''Management of Genital Herpes in Pregnancy''| Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. London</ref> . === Referances === {{DEFAULTSORT:indwara zandurira Mumibonano cg Infection_sexuellement_transmissible}} [[Ikiciro:Health]] iif05s4jv9wsh2bu5pnozpti7iq8rop 0 23200 140669 2026-10-03T12:09:00Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Horta Inta-A Na Man | image = Le Tchad célèbre ce mardi 11 août 2026 le 66ᵉ anniversaire 101 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Horta Inta-A Na Man i N'Djamena muri Kanama 2026 | birth_date = Hafi ya 1960 | nationality = Umunyagineya-Biso | occupation = Umusirikare | known_for = Umugaba mukuru w'ingabo zirwanira ku butaka (2023–2025) | title = Perezida w'inzibacyuho wa Gineya-Biso..." 140669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Horta Inta-A Na Man | image = Le Tchad célèbre ce mardi 11 août 2026 le 66ᵉ anniversaire 101 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Horta Inta-A Na Man i N'Djamena muri Kanama 2026 | birth_date = Hafi ya 1960 | nationality = Umunyagineya-Biso | occupation = Umusirikare | known_for = Umugaba mukuru w'ingabo zirwanira ku butaka (2023–2025) | title = Perezida w'inzibacyuho wa Gineya-Biso | term = Kuva ku wa 27 Ugushyingo 2025 | predecessor = Umaro Sissoco Embaló }} '''Horta Inta-A Na Man''' (uzwi kandi nka '''Horta N'Tam''' cyangwa '''N'Ta''') ni umujenerali w'Umunyagineya-Biso, akaba Perezida w'inzibacyuho wa [[Gineya-Biso]] n'Umuyobozi w'Ubuyobozi Bukuru bwa Gisirikare bushinzwe kugarura umutekano w'igihugu n'ituze rusange kuva kudeta yo mu Ugushyingo 2025 yahirika Perezida Umaro Sissoco Embaló<ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=General Horta Inta-A empossado Presidente de transição |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/mundo/general-horta-inta-a-empossado-presidente-de-transicao_n1701068 |website=RTP |date=2025-11-27}}</ref>. == Ubuzima == Horta Inta-A Na Man yavutse mu myaka ya 1960, mu muryango wo mu bwoko bw'Ababalanta<ref name="E7">{{cite web |title=Horta N'Tam - Guinea-Bissau |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/africa/gnb-ntam.htm |website=www.globalsecurity.org |access-date=2025-12-03}}</ref>. Yize mu ishuri rya gisirikare ryo mu Bumwe bw'Abasoviyeti, kandi yambara ku mpuzankano ye ikirango cyo muri icyo gihe<ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Golpe na Guiné-Bissau: Empossado presidente de transição |url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/golpe-na-guin%C3%A9-bissau-empossado-presidente-de-transi%C3%A7%C3%A3o/live-74922279 |website=DW |date=2025-11-27}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Presidente guineense exonera chefe do Exército e nomeia para cargo chefe particular |url=https://visao.pt/atualidade/mundo/2023-09-29-presidente-guineense-exonera-chefe-do-exercito-e-nomeia-para-cargo-chefe-particular/ |website=Visão |date=2023-09-29}}</ref>. == Urugendo mu gisirikare == Yabaye umuyobozi wa batayo y'ingabo zirinda Perezida, maze afasha kurinda Perezida Umaro Sissoco Embaló mu mugambi wa kudeta wo muri Gashyantare 2022<ref name="E7" />. Nyuma yaho, yazamuwe ku ipeti rya Jenerali wa burigade, agirwa umuyobozi w'Ingabo z'igihugu (''Guarda Nacional''), umwanya yamazeho kugeza muri Kamena 2023 ubwo yazamurwaga ku ipeti rya Jenerali majoro<ref name="E7" />. Ku wa 1 Nzeri 2023, yagizwe umugaba mukuru w'ingabo zirwanira ku butaka, asimbura Jenerali Steve Lassana Massaly<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=pt |author=Lusa |title=Presidente guineense exonera chefe do Exército e nomeia para cargo chefe particular |url=https://visao.pt/atualidade/mundo/2023-09-29-presidente-guineense-exonera-chefe-do-exercito-e-nomeia-para-cargo-chefe-particular/ |website=Visão |date=2023-09-29 |access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref>. == Kudeta ya 2025 n'inzibacyuho == Ku wa 26 Ugushyingo 2025, Inta-A yagize uruhare muri kudeta yahiritse Perezida Umaro Sissoco Embaló, yari iyobowe na Jenerali wa burigade Dinis Incanha; hashyizweho Ubuyobozi Bukuru bwa Gisirikare bushinzwe kugarura umutekano w'igihugu n'ituze rusange, buyobowe na Incanha<ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Soldiers seize power in Guinea-Bissau and detain the president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0edww3qgq2o |website=BBC |date=2025-11-26}}</ref><ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau military deposes President Embalo after vote |url=https://www.dw.com/en/guinea-bissau-military-deposes-president-embalo-after-vote/a-74909428 |website=DW |date=2025-11-26}}</ref>. Bukeye bwaho, ku wa 27 Ugushyingo 2025, Incanha yeguye, maze Inta-A agirwa Perezida w'inzibacyuho, ararahira ku cyicaro gikuru cy'ingabo i [[Biso]]<ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau soldiers announce Gen. Horta N'Ta as junta leader |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/11/27/guinea-bissau-soldiers-announce-gen-horta-nta-as-junta-leader/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-11-27}}</ref><ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=General Horta N'Tam sworn in as Guinea-Bissau transitional leader following coup |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20251127-general-horta-nta-sworn-in-as-guinea-bissau-transitional-leader-following-coup |website=France 24 |date=2025-11-27}}</ref><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Guinée-Bissau : un général investi « président de la transition » après un coup d’Etat militaire |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/11/27/guinee-bissau-un-general-investi-president-de-la-transition-apres-un-coup-d-etat-militaire_6655081_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-11-27 |access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref>. Ingabo zatangaje ko azayobora mu gihe cy'inzibacyuho cy'umwaka umwe<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée-Bissau: le général Horta N'Tam investi «président de la transition» pour un an |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20251127-guin%C3%A9e-bissau-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-horta-n-tam-investi-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-transition-pour-un-an |website=RFI |date=2025-11-27 |access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref>. Iyo kudeta yamaganywe n'umuryango mpuzamahanga, cyane cyane CEDEAO<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coup d'Etat en Guinée-Bissau : Le général Horta N'Tam est investi par l'armée comme «président de la transition» pour un an |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/czxg55e5z29o |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2025-11-26 |access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref><ref name="F2" />. Nk'igikorwa cye cya mbere, yagize Ilídio Vieira Té, wari Minisitiri w'Imari ku butegetsi bwa Embaló, Minisitiri w'Intebe, ashyiraho guverinoma y'abantu 27<ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau soldiers appoint ally of deposed president as prime minister |url=https://apnews.com/article/guinea-bissau-military-takeover-ecowas-0d06bcc9cf7eaf29243a1fcf6d7b307a |website=AP News |date=2025-11-28}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |language=en |author=Ecofin Agency |title=Guinea-Bissau Transition Leader Installs New 27-Member Government |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news/0112-51006-guinea-bissau-transition-leader-installs-new-27-member-government |website=Ecofin Agency |access-date=2025-12-05}}</ref>. Ku wa 5 Ukuboza 2025, yatangaje ko hatazihanganirwa na gato abacuruza ibiyobyabwenge<ref name="E18">{{cite web |language=de |title=Bleibt Guinea-Bissau im Würgegriff der Narco-Kartelle? |url=https://www.dw.com/de/nach-dem-militaerputsch-bleibt-drogen-transitland-guinea-bissau-im-wuergegriff-der-narco-kartelle/a-75024479 |website=dw.com |access-date=2026-05-20}}</ref>. Ku wa 22 Mutarama 2026, yasinye iteka rigena ko amatora y'abadepite n'aya perezida azaba ku wa 6 Ukuboza 2026<ref name="E19">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guinea-Bissau set to hold general elections on December 6 |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/21/guinea-bissau-set-to-hold-general-elections-on-december-6/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-01-22 |access-date=2026-01-22}}</ref>. Ku wa 11 Werurwe 2026, guverinoma y'inzibacyuho yashyizeho ibiciro ntarengwa by'imbuto za ''cajou'', igicuruzwa cy'ingenzi cy'igihugu<ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |author=Martim Silva |title=Guinea-Bissau's transitional government sets cashew nut price |url=https://www.plataformamedia.com/en/2026/03/11/guinea-bissau-transitional-government-cashew-price-2026-campaign/ |website=Plataforma Media |date=2026-03-10 |access-date=2026-05-20}}</ref>. Mu mpera za Werurwe 2026, umurambo w'umurwanashyaka urwanya agatsiko k'abasirikare, Vigario Luis Balanta, wabonetse mu murima w'umuceri, bitera imyigaragambyo; abigaragambyaga bashinja agatsiko k'abasirikare urwo rupfu<ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guinea-Bissau on edge after activist's killing |url=https://www.dw.com/en/guinea-bissau-on-edge-after-activists-killing/a-76704388 |website=dw.com |access-date=2026-05-20}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau: Increased Tension Threatens Military Junta's Plans - Africa Monitor Intelligence - África Monitor |url=https://www.africamonitor.net/en/opiniao/am1545gb/ |website=www.africamonitor.net |access-date=2026-05-20}}</ref>. Ku wa 10 Kanama 2026, yakoreye urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga muri [[Cade]]<ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau junta leader makes first foreign trip to Chad |url=https://punchng.com/guinea-bissau-junta-leader-makes-first-foreign-trip-to-chad/ |website=The Punch |date=2026-08-10}}</ref>, maze ku wa 30 Kanama 2026 atora muri kamarampaka ku Itegeko Nshinga<ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=Vote count starts in Guinea-Bissau referendum on strengthening presidency |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/30/vote-count-starts-in-guinea-bissau-referendum-on-strengthening-presidency |website=Al Jazeera |date=2026-08-30}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] 4u9fxzli79xnlyrpssqr19g3oh8pl0b 0 23201 140670 2026-10-03T12:27:10Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Alassane Ouattara | image = Alassane Ouattara - 2024 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Alassane Ouattara mu 2024 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|1|1|df=y}} | birth_place = Dimbokro, [[Kote Divuwari]] | nationality = Umunyakote Divuwari | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Pennsylvania (Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika) | occupation = Impuguke mu bukungu, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Minisitiri w'..." 140670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Alassane Ouattara | image = Alassane Ouattara - 2024 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Alassane Ouattara mu 2024 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|1|1|df=y}} | birth_place = Dimbokro, [[Kote Divuwari]] | nationality = Umunyakote Divuwari | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Pennsylvania (Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika) | occupation = Impuguke mu bukungu, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Minisitiri w'Intebe (1990–1993); Umuyobozi mukuru wungirije wa FMI (1994–1999) | title = Perezida wa Kote Divuwari | term = Kuva ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2011 (yatowe mu Ukuboza 2010) | predecessor = Laurent Gbagbo | party = RHDP (mbere RDR) | spouse = Dominique Ouattara (kuva 1991) }} '''Alassane Dramane Ouattara''' (akunze kwitwa '''ADO'''; wavutse ku wa 1 Mutarama 1942 i Dimbokro, muri [[Kote Divuwari]]) ni impuguke mu bukungu n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyakote Divuwari, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Kote Divuwari kuva ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2011. Yakoreye Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari (FMI) na Banki Nkuru y'Ibihugu by'Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (BCEAO), maze aba Minisitiri w'Intebe wa mbere wa Kote Divuwari kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu 1993. Mu 1999, yatorewe kuyobora ishyaka ''Rassemblement des républicains'' (RDR), ariko ntiyemererwa kwiyamamaza mu matora ya perezida yo mu 1995 no mu 2000 kubera ingingo y'"ubunyakote Divuwari" (''ivoirité'') yashyizwe mu mategeko y'amatora. Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2010, yatsinze ku majwi 54 % nk'uko komisiyo y'amatora n'umuryango mpuzamahanga hafi ya wose babyemeje, ariko Perezida Laurent Gbagbo yanga kuva ku butegetsi, bitera intambara yahitanye abantu bagera ku 3 000. Yatangiye imirimo nyuma y'ifatwa rya Gbagbo muri Mata 2011. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2015, 2020 na 2025. == Ubuzima == === Inkomoko n'umuryango === Alassane Ouattara ni Umuyisilamu wo mu bwoko bw'Abamandingue<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Chikouna Cissé |title=Quand les commerçants dioula faisaient rayonner l’Afrique de l’Ouest |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/07/06/quand-les-commercants-dioula-faisaient-rayonner-l-afrique-de-l-ouest_5327148_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2018-07-06 |access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>. Ni umuhungu wa Dramane Ouattara, umwarimu akaba n'umucuruzi ukize, na Hadja Nabintou Cissé<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle : les deux mondes de Gbagbo et Ouattara |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Articles/Dossier/ARTJAJA2602p022-029.xml0/fmi-laurent-gbagbo-islam-cacaopresidentielle-les-deux-mondes-de-gbagbo-et-ouattara.html}}</ref>. Afite abana babiri yabyaranye n'umugore we wa mbere, Umunyamerikakazi Barbara Jean Davis. Ku wa 24 Kanama 1991, yashakanye i Paris na Dominique Nouvian, umushoramari wacungaga imitungo itimukanwa ya Perezida Félix Houphouët-Boigny<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Quand Paris boudait Ouattara à cause de sa femme française |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-politique/20110406.RUE1704/quand-paris-boudait-ouattara-a-cause-de-sa-femme-francaise.html}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Philippe Bernard |title=Entre et , une amitié de 20 ans |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/04/12/entre-m-sarkozy-et-m-ouattara-une-amitie-de-20-ans_1506408_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2011-04-12}}</ref>. Murumuna we, Téné Birahima Ouattara, yabaye Minisitiri w'Ingabo kuva muri Werurwe 2021<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin Roger |title=Côte d’Ivoire : Hamed Bakayoko absent, Patrick Achi est nommé Premier ministre par intérim |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1133320/politique/cote-divoire-patrick-achi-nomme-premier-ministre-interimaire/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-03-08}}</ref>. === Umwuga mu bukungu === Abikesheje buruse, yize muri ''Drexel Institute of Technology'' no muri Kaminuza ya Pennsylvania muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], ahakura impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu mu bukungu mu 1967, hanyuma impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (doctorat) mu 1972. Mu 1968, yinjiye muri FMI nk'impuguke mu bukungu. Yakoreye kandi BCEAO, aba visi-guverineri wayo (1983–1984), umuyobozi w'ishami ry'Afurika muri FMI kuva mu 1984, hanyuma guverineri wa BCEAO kuva mu 1988. == Urugendo muri politiki == === Minisitiri w'Intebe (1990–1993) === Ku wa 7 Ugushyingo 1990, Perezida Félix Houphouët-Boigny yamugize Minisitiri w'Intebe, umwanya wari umaze gushyirwaho n'ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga. Yakurikije politiki yo kugabanya amafaranga ya Leta yakomereye abaturage, ariko itunganya imari ya Leta. Ku wa 7 Ukuboza 1993, yatangaje kuri radio-televiziyo y'igihugu urupfu rwa Houphouët-Boigny, avuga ko "Kote Divuwari ibaye impfubyi"; nyuma y'iminsi ibiri yeguye, Henri Konan Bédié aba Perezida. === Ivoirité n'ubuhungiro === Muri Nyakanga 1994, yabaye Umuyobozi mukuru wungirije wa FMI, Umunyafurika wa mbere wageze kuri uwo mwanya. Mu Ukuboza 1994, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeje ivugurura ry'amategeko y'amatora rivuga ko nta muntu ushobora gutorerwa kuba Perezida atari Umunyakote Divuwari kavukire ufite ababyeyi bombi b'Abanyakote Divuwari kavukire<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: le code électoral de l'exclusion |url=http://www.liberation.fr/tribune/0101153794-cote-d-ivoire-le-code-electoral-de-l-exclusion}}</ref>. Iyo ngingo y'"ubunyakote Divuwari" yari igamije kubuza Ouattara kwiyamamaza, kuko abamurwanyaga bavugaga ko se akomoka muri [[Burukina Faso]]; yateje urwango rushingiye ku moko n'urugomo rwa politiki<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara, du FMI à la présidence ivoirienne |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/monde/20110411.FAP7588/alassane-ouattara-du-fmi-a-la-presidence-ivoirienne.html}}</ref>. Ku wa 31 Nyakanga 1999, yavuye muri FMI, maze bukeye bwaho atorerwa kuyobora RDR<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=ADO est élu président du RDR, le août 1999 |url=http://www.ado.ci/article.php?np=1&ns=59&na=2618}}</ref>. Mu 2000, Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwanze kandidatire ye mu matora ya perezida, ruvuga ko ari "uw'ubwenegihugu bushidikanywaho"<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La constitution ivoirienne vue par 7 juristes français |url=http://www.abidjantalk.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=983}}</ref>; uwo mwaka, imirambo 57 y'abakekwagaho kumushyigikira yabonetse mu cyobo rusange cya Yopougon<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Nouveau Racisme, La manipulation politique de l'ethnicité en Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.hrw.org/fr/reports/2001/08/28/le-nouveau-racisme |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2001-08-28}}</ref><ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Rapport : enquête sur le charnier de Yopougon du 26 octobre 2000 |url=http://www.fidh.org/Rapport-Enquete-sur-le-charnier-de-Yopougon-du-26}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Nzeri 2002, nyuma y'umugambi wa kudeta w'inyeshyamba zo mu majyaruguru, yarokotse ku buryo bwa hafi igitero cy'abashyigikiye Gbagbo cyatwitse inzu ye, ahungira muri ambasade y'u Budage, hanyuma ajya mu buhungiro muri Gabon no mu Bufaransa<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gbagbo, la fuite en avant |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/gbagbo-la-fuite-en-avant-09-12-2010-1276184_24.php}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2005, ubuhuza bwa Perezida wa Afurika y'Epfo Thabo Mbeki bwatumye Gbagbo yemera kandidatire ye<ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara, visage de la crise identitaire en Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/alassane-ouattara-visage-de-la-crise-identitaire-en-cote-d-ivoire-28-11-2010-1267847_24.php}}</ref>; ku wa 26 Mutarama 2006, yagarutse muri Kote Divuwari<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Opposition Opposition Leader Returns, Calls for Peace, as UN Mulls Sanctions |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200601260670.html}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2010 n'intambara === Mu cyiciro cya mbere cy'amatora yo mu 2010, yabaye uwa kabiri ku majwi 32,1 %, inyuma ya Laurent Gbagbo (38 %), ariko mu cyiciro cya kabiri ashyigikirwa na Henri Konan Bédié. Komisiyo y'amatora yigenga yatangaje ko yatsinze ku majwi 54,1 %, ariko Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga, rwiganjemo abashyigikiye Gbagbo, rwatangaje Gbagbo nk'uwatsinze ku majwi 51,5 % nyuma yo guhagarika amajwi yo mu turere turindwi two mu majyaruguru<ref name="F12" /><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La proclamation de la victoire de Laurent Gbagbo conduit le pays dans l'impasse |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20101203-proclamation-victoire-gbagbo-plonge-pays-incertitude-ouattara-presidentielle-resultat}}</ref>. Umuryango mpuzamahanga hafi ya wose wasabye Gbagbo kuva ku butegetsi<ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'ONU, l'UE, Obama et Sarkozy félicitent Ouattara |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2010/12/03/01003-20101203ARTFIG00516-en-cote-d-ivoire-le-conseil-proclame-gbagbo-vainqueur.php}}</ref>. Ku wa 4 Ukuboza 2010, bombi bararahiye, Ouattara akorera mu ihoteli ya Golf i [[Abidjan]]<ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire : Gbagbo prête serment...Ouattara aussi |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/cote-d-ivoire-gbagbo-prete-serment-ouattara-aussi-04-12-2010-1177878.php}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Werurwe 2011, ingabo zimushyigikiye, zitwaga ''Forces républicaines de Côte d'Ivoire'' (FRCI), zatangiye igitero gikomeye<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Alassane Ouattara conquiert Yamoussoukro et San Pedro |url=https://www.rtbf.be/info/monde/detail_cote-d-ivoire-alassane-ouattara-conquiert-yamoussoukro-et-san-pedro?id=5867553}}</ref>, maze ku wa 11 Mata 2011 Gbagbo n'umugore we Simone barafatwa<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Laurent Gbagbo est à Korhogo |url=http://www.europe1.fr/International/Laurent-Gbagbo-est-a-Korhogo-E1-498569/}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Kote Divuwari == === Manda ya mbere (2011–2015) === Ku wa 4 Gicurasi 2011, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwamwemeje nka Perezida wa Repubulika, ararahira ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2011<ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Voici la décision qui déclara Ouattara Président élu |url=http://www.lepatriote.net/lire/2d84eb6c-752d-41d6-91f3-7496aa2338ae.aspx}}</ref><ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ouattara a prêté serment, l'audition de Gbagbo reportée |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20110506-cote-ivoire-alassane-ouattara-prete-serment-audition-gbagbo-reportee}}</ref>. Yatangaje ko ashaka kugarura umutekano no kunga Abanyakote Divuwari, nyuma y'intambara yahitanye abantu bagera ku 3 000<ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: réconciliation et sécurité, vaste programme pour Ouattara |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/04/11/1057587-Cote-d-Ivoire-reconciliation-et-securite-vaste-programme-pour-Ouattara.html}}</ref>; ku wa 20 Nyakanga 2011, yashyizeho Komisiyo y'ibiganiro, ukuri n'ubwiyunge iyobowe na Charles Konan Banny<ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d’Ivoire : une commission d’enquête pour faire la lumière sur les exactions commises après les élections |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20110721-cote-ivoire-une-commission-enquete-faire-lumiere-exactions-commises-apres-elections}}</ref>. Yasabye kandi Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga gukora iperereza ku bwicanyi bwakozwe<ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara a pris contact avec la Cour pénale internationale |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20110414-alassane-ouattara-pris-contact-cour-penale-internationale}}</ref>. Nyamara, Amnesty International yamushinje kwihanganira ibikorwa byo kwihimura ku bakekwaho gushyigikira Gbagbo, mu raporo yise "Itegeko ry'abatsinze" mu 2013, ivuga ko nta n'umwe mu bamushyigikiye wakurikiranywe n'ubutabera ku byaha byakozwe mu ntambara<ref name="F73">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Amnesty International |url=http://www.amnesty.fr/AI-en-action/Violences/Justice-internationale/Actualites/La-Cote-d-Ivoire-doit-briser-le-cycle-des-abus-et-de-l-impunite-7936}}</ref>. Ku wa 31 Ukuboza 2015, yahaye imbabazi imfungwa 3 100 zo mu ntambara yakurikiye amatora, maze muri Kanama 2018 aha imbabazi abantu 800, barimo Simone Gbagbo<ref name="F47">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Côte d'Ivoire : Le président Ouattara gracie 3100 prisonniers |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2015/12/31/97001-20151231FILWWW00201-cote-d-ivoire-le-president-ouattara-gracie-3100-prisonniers.php |website=Le Figaro}}</ref><ref name="F45">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d’Ivoire : le président Ouattara annonce l’amnistie de Simone Gbagbo |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180807-cote-ivoire-simone-gbagbo-amnistiee-president-alassane-ouattara |website=rfi.fr}}</ref>. Akigera ku butegetsi, yatangije gahunda yihutirwa yo kuzahura ubukungu bwari bwasubiye inyuma ho 8 %<ref name="F77">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: “Le développement économique est un moyen de régler le conflit” |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/International/Afrique/Actualite/Cote-d-Ivoire-en-redressant-l-economie-du-pays-Ouattara-pourra-appaiser-les-tensions-interview-298957/}}</ref>, n'ivugurura ry'urwego rwa kawa na kakawo mu 2012<ref name="F78">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Mandat sur Abidjan.net |url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/436632.html}}</ref>. Ingendo ze nyinshi mu mahanga zatumye Banki y'Isi na FMI bagabanya umwenda w'igihugu wo hanze ho miliyari 4,4 z'amadolari<ref name="F112">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les Échos |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/economie-politique/monde/actu/0202142727606-cote-d-ivoire-un-bol-d-air-de-4-milliards-de-dollars-338284.php}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri n'iya gatatu (2015–2025) === Ku wa 25 Ukwakira 2015, yongeye gutorwa mu cyiciro cya mbere ku majwi 83,7 %<ref name="F123">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d’Ivoire : Ouattara réélu au premier tour |url=http://mobile.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/10/28/cote-d-ivoire-ouattara-reelu-au-premier-tour_4798088_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |access-date=2015-11-10}}</ref>. Mu 2017, abahoze ari inyeshyamba zo mu majyaruguru zamufashije gufata ubutegetsi mu 2011 bigometse inshuro nyinshi, basaba ibihembo<ref name="F125">{{cite web |language=fr |title="Les Jeux de la Francophonie ne cachent pas l'échec de Ouattara en matière de réconciliation nationale" |url=https://www.marianne.net/monde/michel-gbagbo-les-jeux-de-la-francophonie-ne-cachent-pas-l-echec-de-ouattara-en-matiere-de |website=Marianne |date=2017-07-27}}</ref>. Ku wa 5 Werurwe 2020, yatangaje ko atazongera kwiyamamaza, maze atoranya Minisitiri w'Intebe Amadou Gon Coulibaly kuba umukandida w'ishyaka RHDP<ref name="F130">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Ouattara annonce qu'il ne sera pas candidat à la présidentielle d'octobre |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/cote-d-ivoire-ouattara-annonce-qu-il-ne-sera-pas-candidat-a-la-presidentielle-d-octobre-20200305 |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2020-09-05}}</ref><ref name="F134">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara choisit Amadou Gon Coulibaly comme successeur en Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-51870966 |website=bbc.com |date=2020-03-13}}</ref>. Gon Coulibaly amaze gupfa muri Nyakanga 2020, Ouattara yisubiyeho, atangaza ku wa 6 Kanama 2020 ko aziyamamariza manda ya gatatu<ref name="F141">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Disparition d'Amadou Coulibaly: quelles conséquences pour la présidentielle ivoirienne? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200709-disparition-amadou-gon-coulibaly-quelles-cons%C3%A9quences-presidentielle |website=RFI |date=2020-07-09 |access-date=2020-07-13}}</ref><ref name="F143">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire : Alassane Ouattara candidat à la présidentielle d'octobre |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/cote-d-ivoire-alassane-ouattara-candidat-a-la-presidentielle-du-31-octobre-06-08-2020-2386962_3826.php |website=lepoint.fr |date=2020-08-06 |access-date=2020-08-06}}</ref>. Iyo kandidatire yateje impaka kuko Itegeko Nshinga ryemeraga manda ebyiri gusa; Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwemeje ko manda ye ya mbere, yatangiye ku Itegeko Nshinga rya kera, itabarwa<ref name="E42">{{cite web |title=Ivory Coast court clears President Ouattara's contentious third-term bid. |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ivory-coast-court-clears-president-ouattaras-contentious-third-term-bid/a-54928804}}</ref>. Abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi banze kwitabira amatora, kandi abantu bagera kuri 30 bapfiriye mu mvururu<ref name="F147">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Côte d'Ivoire : ce qu'il faut savoir du boycott actif de l'opposition |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/presidentielle-en-cote-d-ivoire-ce-qu-il-faut-savoir-du-boycott-actif-de-l-opposition-16-10-2020-2396680_3826.php |website=Le Point |date=2020-10-16 |access-date=2020-10-28}}</ref><ref name="F148">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Violences et boycott de l'opposition : pourquoi la Côte d'Ivoire s'enfonce dans la crise |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/violences-et-boycott-de-l-opposition-pourquoi-la-cote-d-ivoire-s-enfonce-dans-la-crise_2137102.html |website=LExpress.fr |date=2020-10-23 |access-date=2020-10-28}}</ref>. Yatsinze ku majwi 95,3 %, abitabiriye amatora bakaba 53,9 %, ararahira ku wa 14 Ukuboza 2020<ref name="F151">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Décision CI-2020-EP-010/09-11/CC/SG du portant proclamation des résultats définitifs de l'élection du Président de la République du |url=http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.ci/archives-et-decisions/decision-ndeg-ci-2020-ep-01009-11ccsg-du-09-novembre-2020-portant-proclamation |website=Conseil constitutionnel |date=2020-11-09}}</ref><ref name="F155">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara prête serment et invite l’opposition au dialogue |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1091179/politique/alassane-ouattara-prete-serment-et-invite-lopposition-au-dialogue/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2020-12-14 |access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref>. === Manda ya kane (kuva 2025) === Ku wa 29 Nyakanga 2025, yatangaje ko aziyamamariza manda ya kane mu matora yo ku wa 25 Ukwakira 2025<ref name="F157">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Côte d’Ivoire: le chef de l’État sortant Alassane Ouattara annonce sa candidature |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250729-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-en-c%C3%B4te-d-ivoire-le-chef-de-l-%C3%A9tat-sortant-alassane-ouattara-annonce-sa-candidature |website=RFI |date=2025-07-29 |access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref><ref name="E44">{{cite web |title=Ivory Coast President Ouattara to run for fourth term in October election |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250729-ivory-coast-president-ouattara-to-run-for-fourth-term-in-october-election |website=France 24 |date=2025-07-29 |access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref>. Kandidatire z'abayobozi b'amashyaka akomeye atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, Laurent Gbagbo (PPA-CI) na Tidjane Thiam (PDCI-RDA), zanzwe n'Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga; bombi bamaganye "ikinamico ry'amatora" na "kudeta ya gisivili"<ref name="F160">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Côte d’Ivoire: Alassane Ouattara largement vainqueur, selon les résultats provisoires |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20251027-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-en-c%C3%B4te-d-ivoire-alassane-ouattara-tr%C3%A8s-large-vainqueur-selon-les-r%C3%A9sultats-provisoires |website=RFI |date=2025-10-27 |access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref>. Yatsinze ku majwi agera kuri 90 %, abitabiriye amatora bakaba 50,09 %, ararahira ku wa 8 Ukuboza 2025<ref name="F158">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle ivoirienne 2025 : "J'adresse mes félicitations à Alassane Ouattara pour sa réélection" (Jean-Louis Billon) |url=https://afriksoir.net/presidentielle-ivoirienne-2025-alassane-ouattara-reelection-jean-louis-billon/ |website=Afrik Soir |date=2025-10-26 |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref><ref name="F160" /><ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=Incumbent President Ouattara declared winner of Ivory Coast election |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/27/incumbent-president-ouattara-declared-winner-of-ivory-coast-election |website=Al Jazeera |date=2025-10-27 |access-date=2025-11-03}}</ref><ref name="E46">{{cite web |title=Ivory Coast's incumbent leader Ouattara is sworn in for a fourth term |url=https://apnews.com/article/ouattara-election-ivory-coast-president-inauguration-15e4bed53f8688a834b0997361797dba |website=AP News |date=2025-12-08 |access-date=2025-12-08}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Alassane Ouattara}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Kote Divuwari]] j8alktyrflmxa03wse43wymd8treuqq 0 23202 140672 2026-10-03T20:15:45Z IGANZE 11347 Kwandika 140672 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dafroza Gauthier''', wavutse Dafroza Mukarumongi ku ya 4 Kanama 1954, avukira i Astrida, mu [[Rwanda]], apfa ku ya 3 Ukwakira 2026, azize uburwayi i Reims mu Bufaransa,yari injeniyeri w’imiti y’aba Franco-Rwanda akaba n'umurwanashyaka azwiho gukurikirana abagize uruhare muri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda ku butaka bw’[[Ubufaransa]] kugira ngo babashyikirize ubutabera. Yashakanye na Alain Gauthier, bafatanya gushinga Ihuriro ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR), umukwe we yari umuririmbyi n’umwanditsi Gaël Faye. == Amateka ye == Dafroza Mukarumongi yavutse ku ya 4 Kanama 1954 i Butare akomoka mu majyepfo y'u Rwanda. Yize amshuri abanza mu ntara y'amajyepfo ahitwaga i Butare mbere yo kwiga amashuri yisumbuye i Kigali, umurwa mukuru w'u Rwanda.<ref name=":1">https://igihe.com/amakuru/article/ibuka-yihanganishije-umuryango-wa-dafroza-gauthier-witabye-imana</ref> Dafroza yaje guhungira mu [[Uburundi|Burundi]] hafi y'umujyi wa Kirundo mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, hanyuma mu cyahoze ari umurwa mukuru, [[Bujumbura]]. Muri Nzeri 1973,nyuma yagiye mu [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]] aho yakiriwe na musaza we, akomeza amasomo ye.<ref>https://kigalitoday.com/Inkuru-Zicukumbuye/article/dafroza-gauthier-izina-abahekuye-u-rwanda-bumva-bagakangarana</ref> Mu 1975, yahuye na Alain Gauthier, icyo gihe wari umunyeshuri wa tewolojiya akaba n'umwarimu w’igifaransa mu butumwa gatolika i Butare. Yashatse mu1977 abona ubwenegihugu bw'Ubufaransa. Bombi, Alain, umwarimu w’igifaransa n’umuyobozi w’ishuri, na Dafroza, injeniyeri mu butabire, batuye i Reims, aho babaga kuva mu ntangiriro ya za 1980 Kugeza mu 1989, Gauthiers yahoraga mu Rwanda mu biruhuko hamwe n'abana babo batatu bagiye gusura umubyeyi wa Dafroza.<ref>https://www.liberation.fr/portraits/dafroza-et-alain-gauthier-on-narrete-pas-le-proces-20231112_HJJLAQQZXFG5NNP5CKIB7AMYXQ/</ref> === NYUMA YA Jenocide === Mu 1996, Dafroza yagiye mu Rwanda ari kumwe n'umugabo we Alain. Agezeyo, yahuye na mubyara we warokotse jenoside, umugabo we n'abana babiri bakaba barapfuye. Igihe yari akiri, yateze amatwi ubwoba bw'abacitse ku icumu. Yahise afata icyemezo cyo guha ubuhamya bw'abahohotewe umunyamategeko i Paris. Mu 2001, yitabiriye iburanisha ry’urubanza rwa mbere rwa jenoside, ruzwi ku izina rya Butare Four2. Ibi byabereye i Buruseli aho urukiko rwemeza ko rwahamagariwe gufata icyemezo ku birego Abanyarwanda bane bakekwaho kuba baragize uruhare muri jenoside . Kuva icyo gihe, yiyambazaga ubutabera cyane, hamwe n'umugabo we, kugira ngo barenganurwe. === Ishyirwaho ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR) === Mu Gushyingo 2001, Dafroza n'umugabo we, Alain Gauthier, bashinze ihuriro ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR) [13]. Kuva icyo gihe, yakoranye umwete kugira ngo abone abantu bagize uruhare runini muri jenoside kandi bahungiye mu Bufaransa no kubashyikiriza inkiko.<ref>https://kigalitoday.com/Inkuru-Zicukumbuye/article/dafroza-gauthier-izina-abahekuye-u-rwanda-bumva-bagakangarana</ref> Bazaga mu Rwanda inshuro eshatu cyangwa enye mu mwaka bashaka ubuhamya bw'abacitse ku icumu, abahoze ari abicanyi, imfungwa. Bakusanya amakuru kurubuga kandi bakusanya dosiye zohereza mubutabera bwubufaransa.<ref name=":1" /> c852k0lnu741jh2z2tv49zacprq6dkp 140673 140672 2026-10-03T20:19:11Z IGANZE 11347 ifoto 140673 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Dafrosa gautier 1401327.jpg|thumb|Dafrosa gautier]] '''Dafroza Gauthier''', wavutse Dafroza Mukarumongi ku ya 4 Kanama 1954, avukira i Astrida, mu [[Rwanda]], apfa ku ya 3 Ukwakira 2026, azize uburwayi i Reims mu Bufaransa,yari injeniyeri w’imiti y’aba Franco-Rwanda akaba n'umurwanashyaka azwiho gukurikirana abagize uruhare muri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda ku butaka bw’[[Ubufaransa]] kugira ngo babashyikirize ubutabera. Yashakanye na Alain Gauthier, bafatanya gushinga Ihuriro ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR), umukwe we yari umuririmbyi n’umwanditsi Gaël Faye. == Amateka ye == Dafroza Mukarumongi yavutse ku ya 4 Kanama 1954 i Butare akomoka mu majyepfo y'u Rwanda. Yize amshuri abanza mu ntara y'amajyepfo ahitwaga i Butare mbere yo kwiga amashuri yisumbuye i Kigali, umurwa mukuru w'u Rwanda.<ref name=":1">https://igihe.com/amakuru/article/ibuka-yihanganishije-umuryango-wa-dafroza-gauthier-witabye-imana</ref> Dafroza yaje guhungira mu [[Uburundi|Burundi]] hafi y'umujyi wa Kirundo mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, hanyuma mu cyahoze ari umurwa mukuru, [[Bujumbura]]. Muri Nzeri 1973,nyuma yagiye mu [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]] aho yakiriwe na musaza we, akomeza amasomo ye.<ref>https://kigalitoday.com/Inkuru-Zicukumbuye/article/dafroza-gauthier-izina-abahekuye-u-rwanda-bumva-bagakangarana</ref> Mu 1975, yahuye na Alain Gauthier, icyo gihe wari umunyeshuri wa tewolojiya akaba n'umwarimu w’igifaransa mu butumwa gatolika i Butare. Yashatse mu1977 abona ubwenegihugu bw'Ubufaransa. Bombi, Alain, umwarimu w’igifaransa n’umuyobozi w’ishuri, na Dafroza, injeniyeri mu butabire, batuye i Reims, aho babaga kuva mu ntangiriro ya za 1980 Kugeza mu 1989, Gauthiers yahoraga mu Rwanda mu biruhuko hamwe n'abana babo batatu bagiye gusura umubyeyi wa Dafroza.<ref>https://www.liberation.fr/portraits/dafroza-et-alain-gauthier-on-narrete-pas-le-proces-20231112_HJJLAQQZXFG5NNP5CKIB7AMYXQ/</ref> === NYUMA YA Jenocide === Mu 1996, Dafroza yagiye mu Rwanda ari kumwe n'umugabo we Alain. Agezeyo, yahuye na mubyara we warokotse jenoside, umugabo we n'abana babiri bakaba barapfuye. Igihe yari akiri, yateze amatwi ubwoba bw'abacitse ku icumu. Yahise afata icyemezo cyo guha ubuhamya bw'abahohotewe umunyamategeko i Paris. Mu 2001, yitabiriye iburanisha ry’urubanza rwa mbere rwa jenoside, ruzwi ku izina rya Butare Four2. Ibi byabereye i Buruseli aho urukiko rwemeza ko rwahamagariwe gufata icyemezo ku birego Abanyarwanda bane bakekwaho kuba baragize uruhare muri jenoside . Kuva icyo gihe, yiyambazaga ubutabera cyane, hamwe n'umugabo we, kugira ngo barenganurwe. === Ishyirwaho ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR) === Mu Gushyingo 2001, Dafroza n'umugabo we, Alain Gauthier, bashinze ihuriro ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR) [13]. Kuva icyo gihe, yakoranye umwete kugira ngo abone abantu bagize uruhare runini muri jenoside kandi bahungiye mu Bufaransa no kubashyikiriza inkiko.<ref>https://kigalitoday.com/Inkuru-Zicukumbuye/article/dafroza-gauthier-izina-abahekuye-u-rwanda-bumva-bagakangarana</ref> Bazaga mu Rwanda inshuro eshatu cyangwa enye mu mwaka bashaka ubuhamya bw'abacitse ku icumu, abahoze ari abicanyi, imfungwa. Bakusanya amakuru kurubuga kandi bakusanya dosiye zohereza mubutabera bwubufaransa.<ref name=":1" /> 0edyysg4nvtugpklss1aifbiipkv3mi 140675 140673 2026-10-03T20:28:05Z IGANZE 11347 140675 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Dafrosa gautier 1401327.jpg|thumb|Dafrosa gautier]] '''Dafroza Gauthier''', wavutse Dafroza Mukarumongi ku ya 4 Kanama 1954, avukira i Astrida, mu [[Rwanda]], apfa ku ya 3 Ukwakira 2026, azize uburwayi i Reims mu Bufaransa,yari injeniyeri w’imiti y’aba Franco-Rwanda akaba n'umurwanashyaka azwiho gukurikirana abagize uruhare muri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda ku butaka bw’[[Ubufaransa]] kugira ngo babashyikirize ubutabera. Yashakanye na Alain Gauthier, bafatanya gushinga Ihuriro ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR), umukwe we yari umuririmbyi n’umwanditsi Gaël Faye. == Amateka ye == Dafroza Mukarumongi yavutse ku ya 4 Kanama 1954 i Butare akomoka mu majyepfo y'u Rwanda. Yize amshuri abanza mu ntara y'amajyepfo ahitwaga i Butare mbere yo kwiga amashuri yisumbuye i Kigali, umurwa mukuru w'u Rwanda.<ref name=":1">https://igihe.com/amakuru/article/ibuka-yihanganishije-umuryango-wa-dafroza-gauthier-witabye-imana</ref> Dafroza yaje guhungira mu [[Uburundi|Burundi]] hafi y'umujyi wa Kirundo mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, mu cyahoze ari umurwa mukuru, [[Bujumbura]]. Muri Nzeri 1973,nyuma yagiye mu [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]] aho yakiriwe na musaza we, akomeza amasomo ye.<ref name=":2">https://kigalitoday.com/Inkuru-Zicukumbuye/article/dafroza-gauthier-izina-abahekuye-u-rwanda-bumva-bagakangarana</ref> Mu 1975, yahuye na Alain Gauthier, icyo gihe wari umunyeshuri wa tewolojiya akaba n'umwarimu w’igifaransa mu butumwa gatolika i Butare. Yashatse mu1977 abona ubwenegihugu bw'Ubufaransa. Bombi, Alain, umwarimu w’igifaransa n’umuyobozi w’ishuri, na Dafroza, injeniyeri mu butabire, batuye i Reims, aho babaga kuva mu ntangiriro ya za 1980 Kugeza mu 1989, Gauthiers yahoraga mu Rwanda mu biruhuko hamwe n'abana babo batatu bagiye gusura umubyeyi wa Dafroza.<ref>https://www.liberation.fr/portraits/dafroza-et-alain-gauthier-on-narrete-pas-le-proces-20231112_HJJLAQQZXFG5NNP5CKIB7AMYXQ/</ref> === NYUMA YA Jenocide === Mukarumongi ni umukirisitu warokotse Jenoside, akaba yarabuze abarenga 80 bo mu muryango we. Uyu mugore yagize rugendo rwo guharanira ko abateguye bakanashyira mu bikorwa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, bagezwa imbere y’ubutabera.<ref name=":2" /> Mu 1996, Dafroza yagiye mu Rwanda ari kumwe n'umugabo we Alain. Agezeyo, yahuye na mubyara we warokotse jenoside, umugabo we n'abana babiri bakaba barapfuye. Igihe yari akiri, yateze amatwi ubwoba bw'abacitse ku icumu. Yahise afata icyemezo cyo guha ubuhamya bw'abahohotewe umunyamategeko i Paris. Mu 2001, yitabiriye iburanisha ry’urubanza rwa mbere rwa jenoside, ruzwi ku izina rya Butare Four2. Ibi byabereye i Buruseli aho urukiko rwemeza ko rwahamagariwe gufata icyemezo ku birego Abanyarwanda bane bakekwaho kuba baragize uruhare muri jenoside . Kuva icyo gihe, yiyambazaga ubutabera cyane, hamwe n'umugabo we, kugira ngo barenganurwe. === Ishyirwaho ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR) === Mu Gushyingo 2001, Dafroza n'umugabo we, Alain Gauthier, bashinze ihuriro ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR) [13]. Kuva icyo gihe, yakoranye umwete kugira ngo abone abantu bagize uruhare runini muri jenoside kandi bahungiye mu Bufaransa no kubashyikiriza inkiko.<ref>https://kigalitoday.com/Inkuru-Zicukumbuye/article/dafroza-gauthier-izina-abahekuye-u-rwanda-bumva-bagakangarana</ref> Bazaga mu Rwanda inshuro eshatu cyangwa enye mu mwaka bashaka ubuhamya bw'abacitse ku icumu, abahoze ari abicanyi, imfungwa. Bakusanya amakuru kurubuga kandi bakusanya dosiye zohereza mubutabera bwubufaransa.<ref name=":1" /> == Amashakiro == ot6p9jf4jrhzxa33dqg60xo7r208l5i 140677 140675 2026-10-03T20:32:45Z IGANZE 11347 140677 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Dafrosa gautier 1401327.jpg|thumb|Dafrosa gautier]] '''Dafroza Gauthier''', wavutse ku ya 4 Kanama 1954, avukira i Butare, mu [[Rwanda]], apfa ku ya 3 Ukwakira 2026, azize uburwayi i Reims mu Bufaransa.Yari injeniyeri mu butabire y’abafaransa mu Rwanda akaba n'umurwanashyaka azwiho gukurikirana abagize uruhare muri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda ku butaka bw’[[Ubufaransa]] kugira ngo babashyikirize ubutabera. Yashakanye na Alain Gauthier, bafatanya gushinga Ihuriro ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR). == Amateka ye == Dafroza Mukarumongi yavutse ku ya 4 Kanama 1954 i Butare akomoka mu majyepfo y'u Rwanda. Yize amshuri abanza mu ntara y'amajyepfo ahitwaga i Butare mbere yo kwiga amashuri yisumbuye i Kigali, umurwa mukuru w'u Rwanda.<ref name=":1">https://igihe.com/amakuru/article/ibuka-yihanganishije-umuryango-wa-dafroza-gauthier-witabye-imana</ref> Dafroza yaje guhungira mu [[Uburundi|Burundi]] hafi y'umujyi wa Kirundo mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, mu cyahoze ari umurwa mukuru, [[Bujumbura]]. Muri Nzeri 1973,nyuma yagiye mu [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]] aho yakiriwe na musaza we, akomeza amasomo ye.<ref name=":2">https://kigalitoday.com/Inkuru-Zicukumbuye/article/dafroza-gauthier-izina-abahekuye-u-rwanda-bumva-bagakangarana</ref> Mu 1975, yahuye na Alain Gauthier, icyo gihe wari umunyeshuri wa tewolojiya akaba n'umwarimu w’igifaransa mu butumwa gatolika i Butare. Yashatse mu1977 abona ubwenegihugu bw'Ubufaransa. Bombi, Alain, umwarimu w’igifaransa n’umuyobozi w’ishuri, na Dafroza, injeniyeri mu butabire, batuye i Reims, aho babaga kuva mu ntangiriro ya za 1980 Kugeza mu 1989, Gauthiers yahoraga mu Rwanda mu biruhuko hamwe n'abana babo batatu bagiye gusura umubyeyi wa Dafroza.<ref>https://www.liberation.fr/portraits/dafroza-et-alain-gauthier-on-narrete-pas-le-proces-20231112_HJJLAQQZXFG5NNP5CKIB7AMYXQ/</ref> === NYUMA YA Jenocide === Mukarumongi ni umukirisitu warokotse Jenoside, akaba yarabuze abarenga 80 bo mu muryango we. Uyu mugore yagize rugendo rwo guharanira ko abateguye bakanashyira mu bikorwa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, bagezwa imbere y’ubutabera.<ref name=":2" /> Mu 1996, Dafroza yagiye mu Rwanda ari kumwe n'umugabo we Alain. Agezeyo, yahuye na mubyara we warokotse jenoside, umugabo we n'abana babiri bakaba barapfuye. Igihe yari akiri, yateze amatwi ubwoba bw'abacitse ku icumu. Yahise afata icyemezo cyo guha ubuhamya bw'abahohotewe umunyamategeko i Paris. Mu 2001, yitabiriye iburanisha ry’urubanza rwa mbere rwa jenoside, ruzwi ku izina rya Butare Four2. Ibi byabereye i Buruseli aho urukiko rwemeza ko rwahamagariwe gufata icyemezo ku birego Abanyarwanda bane bakekwaho kuba baragize uruhare muri jenoside . Kuva icyo gihe, yiyambazaga ubutabera cyane, hamwe n'umugabo we, kugira ngo barenganurwe. === Ishyirwaho ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR) === Mu Gushyingo 2001, Dafroza n'umugabo we, Alain Gauthier, bashinze ihuriro ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR) [13]. Kuva icyo gihe, yakoranye umwete kugira ngo abone abantu bagize uruhare runini muri jenoside kandi bahungiye mu Bufaransa no kubashyikiriza inkiko.<ref>https://kigalitoday.com/Inkuru-Zicukumbuye/article/dafroza-gauthier-izina-abahekuye-u-rwanda-bumva-bagakangarana</ref> Bazaga mu Rwanda inshuro eshatu cyangwa enye mu mwaka bashaka ubuhamya bw'abacitse ku icumu, abahoze ari abicanyi, imfungwa. Bakusanya amakuru kurubuga kandi bakusanya dosiye zohereza mubutabera bwubufaransa.<ref name=":1" /> == Amashakiro == rekqmvwcgz7wvc0559j3r86xke9o6rl 140678 140677 2026-10-03T20:35:36Z IGANZE 11347 140678 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Dafrosa gautier 1401327.jpg|thumb|Dafrosa gautier]] '''Dafroza Gauthier''', wavutse ku ya 4 Kanama 1954, avukira i Butare, mu [[Rwanda]], apfa ku ya 3 Ukwakira 2026, azize uburwayi i Reims mu Bufaransa.Yari injeniyeri mu butabire y’abafaransa mu Rwanda akaba n'umurwanashyaka azwiho gukurikirana abagize uruhare muri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda ku butaka bw’[[Ubufaransa]] kugira ngo babashyikirize ubutabera. Yashakanye na Alain Gauthier, bafatanya gushinga Ihuriro ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR). == Amateka ye == Dafroza Mukarumongi yavutse ku ya 4 Kanama 1954 i Butare akomoka mu majyepfo y'u Rwanda. Yize amshuri abanza mu ntara y'amajyepfo ahitwaga i Butare mbere yo kwiga amashuri yisumbuye i Kigali, umurwa mukuru w'u Rwanda.<ref name=":1">https://igihe.com/amakuru/article/ibuka-yihanganishije-umuryango-wa-dafroza-gauthier-witabye-imana</ref> Dafroza yaje guhungira mu [[Uburundi|Burundi]] hafi y'umujyi wa Kirundo mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, mu cyahoze ari umurwa mukuru, [[Bujumbura]]. Muri Nzeri 1973,nyuma yagiye mu [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]] aho yakiriwe na musaza we, akomeza amasomo ye.<ref name=":2">https://kigalitoday.com/Inkuru-Zicukumbuye/article/dafroza-gauthier-izina-abahekuye-u-rwanda-bumva-bagakangarana</ref> Mu 1975, yahuye na Alain Gauthier, icyo gihe wari umunyeshuri wa tewolojiya akaba n'umwarimu w’igifaransa mu butumwa gatolika i Butare. Yashatse mu1977 abona ubwenegihugu bw'Ubufaransa. Bombi, Alain, umwarimu w’igifaransa n’umuyobozi w’ishuri, na Dafroza, injeniyeri mu butabire, batuye i Reims, aho babaga kuva mu ntangiriro ya za 1980 Kugeza mu 1989, Gauthiers yahoraga mu Rwanda mu biruhuko hamwe n'abana babo batatu bagiye gusura umubyeyi wa Dafroza.<ref>https://www.liberation.fr/portraits/dafroza-et-alain-gauthier-on-narrete-pas-le-proces-20231112_HJJLAQQZXFG5NNP5CKIB7AMYXQ/</ref> === NYUMA YA Jenocide === Mukarumongi ni umukirisitu warokotse Jenoside, akaba yarabuze abarenga 80 bo mu muryango we. Uyu mugore yagize rugendo rwo guharanira ko abateguye bakanashyira mu bikorwa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, bagezwa imbere y’ubutabera.<ref name=":2" /> Mu 1996, Dafroza yagiye mu Rwanda ari kumwe n'umugabo we Alain. Agezeyo, yahuye na mubyara we warokotse jenoside, umugabo we n'abana babiri bakaba barapfuye. Igihe yari akiri, yateze amatwi ubwoba bw'abacitse ku icumu. Yahise afata icyemezo cyo guha ubuhamya bw'abahohotewe umunyamategeko i Paris. Mu 2001, yitabiriye iburanisha ry’urubanza rwa mbere rwa jenoside, ruzwi ku izina rya Butare Four2. Ibi byabereye i Buruseli aho urukiko rwemeza ko rwahamagariwe gufata icyemezo ku birego Abanyarwanda bane bakekwaho kuba baragize uruhare muri jenoside . Kuva icyo gihe, yiyambazaga ubutabera cyane, hamwe n'umugabo we, kugira ngo barenganurwe. === Ishyirwaho ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR) === Mu Gushyingo 2001, Dafroza n'umugabo we, Alain Gauthier, bashinze ihuriro ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR) [13]. Kuva icyo gihe, yakoranye umwete kugira ngo abone abantu bagize uruhare runini muri jenoside kandi bahungiye mu Bufaransa no kubashyikiriza inkiko.<ref>https://kigalitoday.com/Inkuru-Zicukumbuye/article/dafroza-gauthier-izina-abahekuye-u-rwanda-bumva-bagakangarana</ref>Bazaga mu Rwanda inshuro eshatu cyangwa enye mu mwaka bashaka ubuhamya bw'abacitse ku icumu, abahoze ari abicanyi, imfungwa. Bakusanya amakuru kurubuga kandi bakusanya dosiye zohereza mubutabera bwubufaransa.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/39422/lifestyle/people/dafroza-gauthier-campaigner-for-justice-for-genocide-victims-dies-at-72/amp</ref> == Amashakiro == dk5pnrpy8a3051886vesof6ynragmcd 140679 140678 2026-10-03T20:44:01Z IGANZE 11347 140679 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Dafrosa gautier 1401327.jpg|thumb|Dafrosa gautier]] '''Dafroza Gauthier''', wavutse ku ya 4 Kanama 1954, avukira i Butare, mu [[Rwanda]], apfa ku ya 3 Ukwakira 2026, azize uburwayi i Reims mu Bufaransa.Yari injeniyeri mu butabire y’abafaransa mu Rwanda akaba n'umurwanashyaka azwiho gukurikirana abagize uruhare muri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda ku butaka bw’[[Ubufaransa]] kugira ngo babashyikirize ubutabera. Yashakanye na Alain Gauthier, bafatanya gushinga Itsinda ry’amashyaka y'abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR). == Amateka ye == Dafroza Mukarumongi yavutse ku ya 4 Kanama 1954 i Butare akomoka mu majyepfo y'u Rwanda. Yize amshuri abanza mu ntara y'amajyepfo ahitwaga i Butare mbere yo kwiga amashuri yisumbuye i Kigali, umurwa mukuru w'u Rwanda.<ref name=":1">https://igihe.com/amakuru/article/ibuka-yihanganishije-umuryango-wa-dafroza-gauthier-witabye-imana</ref> Dafroza yaje guhungira mu [[Uburundi|Burundi]] hafi y'umujyi wa Kirundo mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, mu cyahoze ari umurwa mukuru, [[Bujumbura]]. Muri Nzeri 1973,nyuma yagiye mu [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]] aho yakiriwe na musaza we, akomeza amasomo ye.<ref name=":2">https://kigalitoday.com/Inkuru-Zicukumbuye/article/dafroza-gauthier-izina-abahekuye-u-rwanda-bumva-bagakangarana</ref> Mu 1975, yahuye na Alain Gauthier, icyo gihe wari umunyeshuri wa tewolojiya akaba n'umwarimu w’igifaransa mu butumwa gatolika i Butare. Yashatse mu1977 abona ubwenegihugu bw'Ubufaransa. Bombi, Alain, umwarimu w’igifaransa n’umuyobozi w’ishuri, na Dafroza, injeniyeri mu butabire, batuye i Reims, aho babaga kuva mu ntangiriro ya za 1980 Kugeza mu 1989, Gauthiers yahoraga mu Rwanda mu biruhuko hamwe n'abana babo batatu bagiye gusura umubyeyi wa Dafroza.<ref>https://www.liberation.fr/portraits/dafroza-et-alain-gauthier-on-narrete-pas-le-proces-20231112_HJJLAQQZXFG5NNP5CKIB7AMYXQ/</ref> === NYUMA YA Jenocide === Mukarumongi ni umukirisitu warokotse Jenoside, akaba yarabuze abarenga 80 bo mu muryango we. Uyu mugore yagize rugendo rwo guharanira ko abateguye bakanashyira mu bikorwa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, bagezwa imbere y’ubutabera.<ref name=":2" /> Mu 1996, Dafroza yagiye mu Rwanda ari kumwe n'umugabo we Alain. Agezeyo, yahuye na mubyara we warokotse jenoside, umugabo we n'abana babiri bakaba barapfuye. Igihe yari akiri, yateze amatwi ubwoba bw'abacitse ku icumu. Yahise afata icyemezo cyo guha ubuhamya bw'abahohotewe umunyamategeko i Paris. Mu 2001, yitabiriye iburanisha ry’urubanza rwa mbere rwa jenoside, ruzwi ku izina rya Butare Four2. Ibi byabereye i Buruseli aho urukiko rwemeza ko rwahamagariwe gufata icyemezo ku birego Abanyarwanda bane bakekwaho kuba baragize uruhare muri jenoside . Kuva icyo gihe, yiyambazaga ubutabera cyane, hamwe n'umugabo we, kugira ngo barenganurwe. === Ishyirwaho ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR) === Mu Gushyingo 2001, Dafroza n'umugabo we, Alain Gauthier, bashinze ihuriro ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR) [13]. Kuva icyo gihe, yakoranye umwete kugira ngo abone abantu bagize uruhare runini muri jenoside kandi bahungiye mu Bufaransa no kubashyikiriza inkiko.<ref>https://kigalitoday.com/Inkuru-Zicukumbuye/article/dafroza-gauthier-izina-abahekuye-u-rwanda-bumva-bagakangarana</ref>Bazaga mu Rwanda inshuro eshatu cyangwa enye mu mwaka bashaka ubuhamya bw'abacitse ku icumu, abahoze ari abicanyi, imfungwa. Bakusanya amakuru kurubuga kandi bakusanya dosiye zohereza mubutabera bwubufaransa.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/39422/lifestyle/people/dafroza-gauthier-campaigner-for-justice-for-genocide-victims-dies-at-72/amp</ref> == Amashakiro == 8z6qc2y2e0aztms77g1rp5zxiiow0u4 140687 140679 2026-10-03T21:03:51Z IGANZE 11347 140687 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Dafrosa gautier 1401327.jpg|thumb|Dafrosa gautier]] '''Dafroza Gauthier''', wavutse ku ya 4 Kanama 1954, avukira i Butare, mu [[Rwanda]], apfa ku ya 3 Ukwakira 2026, azize uburwayi i Reims mu Bufaransa.Yari injeniyeri mu butabire y’abafaransa mu Rwanda akaba n'umurwanashyaka azwiho gukurikirana abagize uruhare muri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda ku butaka bw’[[Ubufaransa]] kugira ngo babashyikirize ubutabera. Yashakanye na Alain Gauthier, bafatanya gushinga Itsinda ry’amashyaka y'abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR). == Amateka ye == Dafroza Mukarumongi yavutse ku ya 4 Kanama 1954 i Butare akomoka mu majyepfo y'u Rwanda. Yize amshuri abanza mu ntara y'amajyepfo ahitwaga i Butare mbere yo kwiga amashuri yisumbuye i Kigali, umurwa mukuru w'u Rwanda.<ref name=":1">https://igihe.com/amakuru/article/ibuka-yihanganishije-umuryango-wa-dafroza-gauthier-witabye-imana</ref> Dafroza yaje guhungira mu [[Uburundi|Burundi]] hafi y'umujyi wa Kirundo mu majyaruguru y'igihugu mumurwa mukuru, [[Bujumbura]]. Muri Nzeri 1973,nyuma yagiye mu [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]] aho yakiriwe na musaza we, akomeza amasomo ye.<ref name=":2">https://kigalitoday.com/Inkuru-Zicukumbuye/article/dafroza-gauthier-izina-abahekuye-u-rwanda-bumva-bagakangarana</ref> Mu 1975, yahuye na Alain Gauthier, icyo gihe wari umunyeshuri wa tewolojiya akaba n'umwarimu w’igifaransa mu butumwa gatolika i Butare. Yashatse mu1977 abona ubwenegihugu bw'Ubufaransa. Bombi, Alain, umwarimu w’igifaransa n’umuyobozi w’ishuri, na Dafroza, injeniyeri mu butabire, batuye i Reims, aho babaga kuva mu ntangiriro ya za 1980 Kugeza mu 1989, Gauthiers yahoraga mu Rwanda mu biruhuko hamwe n'abana babo batatu bagiye gusura umubyeyi wa Dafroza.<ref>https://www.liberation.fr/portraits/dafroza-et-alain-gauthier-on-narrete-pas-le-proces-20231112_HJJLAQQZXFG5NNP5CKIB7AMYXQ/</ref> === NYUMA YA Jenocide === Mukarumongi ni umukirisitu warokotse Jenoside, akaba yarabuze abarenga 80 bo mu muryango we. Uyu mugore yagize rugendo rwo guharanira ko abateguye bakanashyira mu bikorwa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, bagezwa imbere y’ubutabera.<ref name=":2" /> Mu 1996, Dafroza yagiye mu Rwanda ari kumwe n'umugabo we Alain. Agezeyo, yahuye na mubyara we warokotse jenoside, umugabo we n'abana babiri bakaba barapfuye. Igihe yari akiri, yateze amatwi ubwoba bw'abacitse ku icumu. Yahise afata icyemezo cyo guha ubuhamya bw'abahohotewe umunyamategeko i Paris. Mu 2001, yitabiriye iburanisha ry’urubanza rwa mbere rwa jenoside, ruzwi ku izina rya Butare Four2. Ibi byabereye i Buruseli aho urukiko rwemeza ko rwahamagariwe gufata icyemezo ku birego Abanyarwanda bane bakekwaho kuba baragize uruhare muri jenoside . Kuva icyo gihe, yiyambazaga ubutabera cyane, hamwe n'umugabo we, kugira ngo barenganurwe. === Ishyirwaho ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR) === Mu Gushyingo 2001, Dafroza n'umugabo we, Alain Gauthier, bashinze ihuriro ry’amashyaka y’abaturage mu Rwanda (CPCR) [13]. Kuva icyo gihe, yakoranye umwete kugira ngo abone abantu bagize uruhare runini muri jenoside kandi bahungiye mu Bufaransa no kubashyikiriza inkiko.<ref>https://kigalitoday.com/Inkuru-Zicukumbuye/article/dafroza-gauthier-izina-abahekuye-u-rwanda-bumva-bagakangarana</ref>Bazaga mu Rwanda inshuro eshatu cyangwa enye mu mwaka bashaka ubuhamya bw'abacitse ku icumu, abahoze ari abicanyi, imfungwa. Bakusanya amakuru kurubuga kandi bakusanya dosiye zohereza mubutabera bwubufaransa.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/39422/lifestyle/people/dafroza-gauthier-campaigner-for-justice-for-genocide-victims-dies-at-72/amp</ref> == Amashakiro == 50ywtcoldz2qpkg2ufit9s75v5evyzb 0 23203 140674 2026-10-03T20:25:06Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Joseph Boakai | image = President Joseph Boakai 2025.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Joseph Boakai mu 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|11|30|df=y}} | birth_place = Worsonga, Lofa, [[Liberiya]] | nationality = Umunyaliberiya | alma_mater = College of West Africa<br />Kaminuza ya Liberiya<br />Kaminuza ya Kansas | occupation = Umunyapolitiki | known_for = Visi-perezida wa Liberiya (2006..." 140674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Joseph Boakai | image = President Joseph Boakai 2025.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Joseph Boakai mu 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|11|30|df=y}} | birth_place = Worsonga, Lofa, [[Liberiya]] | nationality = Umunyaliberiya | alma_mater = College of West Africa<br />Kaminuza ya Liberiya<br />Kaminuza ya Kansas | occupation = Umunyapolitiki | known_for = Visi-perezida wa Liberiya (2006–2018) | title = Perezida wa Liberiya | term = Kuva ku wa 22 Mutarama 2024 | predecessor = George Weah | party = Unity Party | spouse = Katumu Boakai | children = 4 }} '''Joseph Nyuma Boakai''' (wavutse ku wa 30 Ugushyingo 1944 i Worsonga, mu ntara ya Lofa, muri [[Liberiya]]) ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyaliberiya, akaba Perezida wa 26 wa Liberiya kuva mu 2024. Yabaye Minisitiri w'Ubuhinzi kuva mu 1983 kugeza mu 1985, hanyuma aba Visi-perezida wa Liberiya kuva mu 2006 kugeza mu 2018 ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2017, yatsinzwe na George Weah, ariko mu matora yo mu 2023 aramutsinda. == Ubuzima == Joseph Boakai yavukiye mu mudugudu wa Worsonga uri kure, mu karere ka Foya mu ntara ya Lofa, mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'igihugu hafi y'umupaka na [[Gineya]]<ref name="E4">{{cite web |title=The Executive Mansion |url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/2content.php?sub=25&related=20&third=25&pg=sp |website=The Executive Mansion |access-date=2017-12-29}}</ref>. Ni uwo mu bwoko bw'Abakissi<ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Things Fall Apart – Two Boakai's Loyalists in Lofa Senatorial Faceoff |url=https://independentprobe.com/2023/02/21/things-fall-apart-two-boakais-loyalists-in-lofa-senatorial-faceoff/ |website=Independent Probe Newspaper |date=2023-02-21 |access-date=2023-11-20}}</ref>. Akomoka mu muryango w'abahinzi bakennye, ababyeyi be bombi batazi gusoma no kwandika<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liberia: Joseph Boakai, vieux routier de la politique, revient au pouvoir pour «sauver le pays» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20231119-liberia-joseph-boakai-vieux-routier-de-la-politique-revient-au-pouvoir-pour-sauver-le-pays |website=RFI |date=2023-11-19 |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liberia : Joseph Boakai contre George Weah, deux hommes que tout oppose – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/505395/politique/liberia-joseph-boakai-contre-george-weah-deux-hommes-que-tout-oppose/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref>. Ni umwe mu "basangwabutaka", si uwo mu bakomoka ku bacakara b'Abanyamerika babohowe bayoboye igihugu igihe kirekire<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liberia : qui est Joseph Boakai, l'opposant qui a pris sa revanche sur Weah ? |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/liberia-qui-est-joseph-boakai-lopposant-qui-pris-sa-revanche-sur-weah-2676254 |website=information.tv5monde.com |date=2023-11-18 |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye muri [[Siyera Lewone]] no muri Liberiya, hanyuma arangiza muri ''College of West Africa'' i Monrovia<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Joseph Boakai: Who is Liberia's next president, set to replace George Weah |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41837299 |website=BBC News |date=2017-12-22 |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Liberia Vice President Boakai |url=http://www.usaid.gov/press/frontlines/fl_apr06/development.htm |website=Frontlines – Inside Development |date=April 2006 |access-date=2006-10-13}}</ref>. Mu 1972, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri mu bucungamutungo muri Kaminuza ya Liberiya<ref name="E13" />, akomereza muri Kaminuza ya Kansas muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]]<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liberia : Joseph Boakai dribble George Weah et décroche la présidence |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/11/18/liberia-joseph-boakai-dribble-george-weah-et-decroche-la-presidence_6200916_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2023-11-18 |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref>. Yashakanye na Katumu Boakai, bafitanye abana bane<ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Biography of Vice President Joseph N. Boakai |url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/2content.php?sub=25&related=20&third=25&pg=sp |website=eMansion.gov |access-date=2017-10-08}}</ref><ref name="F3" />. Ni Umubatisita, akaba umudiyakoni w'itorero Effort Baptist Church i Paynesville<ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=en |title=Liberia Mineral & Mining Sector Investment and Business Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5zaeeopwIQC&q=Boakai+is+a+religious+Baptist+and+a+Deacon+of+the+Effort+Baptist+Church.&pg=PA27 |website=Int'l Business Publications |date=2007-02-07}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=‘Remain Resilient’ |url=https://www.liberianobserver.com/remain-resilient}}</ref>. == Urugendo muri politiki == Yakoreye ikigo cya Leta gishinzwe kugurisha ibikomoka ku buhinzi (LPMC) kuva mu 1973 kugeza mu 1982<ref name="E6" />. Kuva mu 1983 kugeza mu 1985, yabaye Minisitiri w'Ubuhinzi ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Samuel Doe, anayobora Ishyirahamwe ry'ibihugu 15 byo muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba ry'iterambere ry'umuceri<ref name="E13" />. Mu 1992, yabaye umuyobozi mukuru w'ikigo gitunganya peteroli (LPRC), hanyuma aba umujyanama wa Banki y'Isi i Washington<ref name="E13" /><ref name="F2" />. Mu 2005, nyuma y'intambara z'abenegihugu zamaze igihe kirekire, yatorewe kuba Visi-perezida, afatanyije na Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, umugore wa mbere watorewe kuyobora igihugu cy'Afurika. Nka Visi-perezida, yayoboraga Sena, kandi yagenzuraga inzego zitandukanye, harimo n'akanama k'igihugu gashinzwe kwambura intwaro, gusezerera no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe abahoze ari abarwanyi. Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2017, nk'umukandida wa ''Unity Party'', yageze mu cyiciro cya kabiri, ariko atsindwa n'uwahoze ari icyamamare mu mupira w'amaguru, George Weah, ku majwi 38,46 %<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liberia : Joseph Boakai veut reporter le second tour face à George Weah |url=https://afrique.latribune.fr/politique/2017-12-15/liberia-joseph-boakai-veut-reporter-le-second-tour-face-a-george-weah-761937.html |website=La Tribune |date=2017 |access-date=2018-01-25}}</ref><ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=NEC Liberia – 2017 Election Results Website |url=http://www.necliberia.org/results2017/ |website=www.necliberia.org |access-date=2018-01-10}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Liberiya == Mu cyiciro cya kabiri cy'amatora ya perezida cyo ku wa 14 Ugushyingo 2023, yatsinze George Weah ku majwi 50,64 %<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Liberia, George Weah et Joseph Boakai se préparent à un second tour serré |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/10/20/au-liberia-george-weah-et-joseph-boakai-se-preparent-a-un-second-tour-serre_6195664_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-10-20 |access-date=2023-10-22}}</ref><ref name="E3">{{cite web |language=en |author=Tina S. Mehnpaine |title=Liberia Election: Joseph Boakai Emerges as President-Elect |url=https://www.liberianobserver.com/liberia-election-joseph-boakai-emerges-president-elect |website=www.liberianobserver.com |access-date=2023-11-17}}</ref>. Ku wa 22 Mutarama 2024, afite imyaka 79, yarahiriye kuba Perezida, aba Perezida ukuze kurusha abandi mu mateka ya Liberiya<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liberia : le président Joseph Boakai, vainqueur de George Weah, prête serment lundi à Monrovia |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/01/22/liberia-le-president-joseph-boakai-vainqueur-de-george-weah-prete-serment-lundi-a-monrovia_6212255_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-01-22}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |title=Liberia's new president takes office with a promise to 'rescue' Africa's oldest republic |url=https://apnews.com/article/liberia-president-joseph-boakai-inauguration-weah-d8c1122bf1262054b9fd27c34e620dd1 |website=AP News |date=2024-01-22}}</ref>. Mu muhango wo kurahira, ntiyabashije kurangiza ijambo rye, maze bamukura ku ruhimbi, bivugwa ko yari yagizweho ingaruka n'ubushyuhe<ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Joseph Boakai: Liberia's new president fails to end inauguration speech |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68054411 |website=BBC |date=2024-01-22 |access-date=2024-01-23}}</ref>. Yashyize imbere kurwanya ruswa: yategetse igenzura ry'inzego zikomeye nka Banki Nkuru ya Liberiya, ahagarika abayobozi barenga 450, barimo n'abaminisitiri, kubera kutagaragaza imitungo yabo, kandi agabanya umushahara we ho 40 %<ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |author=apofeed |title=Liberia: President Boakai mandates General Auditing Commission (GAC) to Audit Central Bank of Liberia (CBL), Executive Protection Service (EPS) and National Security Agency (NSA) |url=https://african.business/2024/02/apo-newsfeed/liberia-president-boakai-mandates-general-auditing-commission-gac-to-audit-central-bank-of-liberia-cbl-executive-protection-service-eps-and-national-security-agency-nsa |website=African Business |date=2024-02-08 |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |title=Liberia anti-corruption: President Boakai suspends top officials for non-declaration of assets |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3d5jx0vzr4o |website=www.bbc.com |date=2025-02-14 |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=en |title=Liberian president slashes salary by 40% |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/07/09/liberian-president-slashes-salary-by-40/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-07-09 |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref>. Mu mwaka we wa mbere, amanota ya Liberiya mu cyegeranyo cya Transparency International ku myumvire ya ruswa yazamutseho amanota abiri<ref name="E26">{{cite web |language=en |title=Liberians report rising confidence in government's anti-corruption efforts and improved trust in some institutions |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/articles/liberians-report-rising-confidence-in-governments-anti-corruption-efforts-and-improved-trust-in-some-institutions/ |website=www.afrobarometer.org |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref>. Ku wa 5 Nyakanga 2025, yasabye imbabazi ku mugaragaro abahohotewe mu ntambara ya mbere n'iya kabiri z'abenegihugu muri Liberiya<ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Liberian president issues official apology to civil war victims |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/07/07/liberian-president-issues-official-apology-to-civil-war-victims/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-07-07}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Politiki ye y'ububanyi n'amahanga yibanda kuri dipolomasi y'ubukungu, ishaka ko Liberiya iva ku kwishingikiriza ku nkunga ikajya ku bufatanye bushingiye ku bucuruzi n'ishoramari<ref name="E29">{{cite web |language=en |author=Chiraag |title=“Such Good English?” Why Trump's Comment on Liberia's President Got People Talking |url=https://www.joburgetc.com/news/joseph-boakai-white-house-visit-2025/ |website=Joburg ETC |date=2025-07-10 |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref>. Ku wa 9 Nyakanga 2025, yahuriye i Washington na Perezida Donald Trump, amusaba ko Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zashora imari muri Liberiya<ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=en |title=Trump meets five West African leaders, hails pivot from aid to trade |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20250709-trump-meets-five-west-african-leaders-hails-pivot-from-aid-to-trade |website=France 24 |date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2025, Liberiya yatorewe kuba umunyamuryango udahoraho w'Akanama gashinzwe umutekano ku isi ka Loni mu gihe cya 2026–2027. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Joseph Boakai}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Liberiya]] ogee35vqun70yd4dq55usxash4lrsnr 0 23204 140676 2026-10-03T20:30:28Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Mohamed el-Menfi | image = Mohamed al-Menfi (2023-07-23) (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Mohamed el-Menfi mu 2023 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|3|3|df=y}} | nationality = Umunyalibiya | occupation = Umudipolomate, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Ambasaderi wa Libiya mu Bugereki (2018–2019) | title = Perezida w'Inama ya Perezidansi ya Libiya | term = Kuva ku wa 15 Wer..." 140676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mohamed el-Menfi | image = Mohamed al-Menfi (2023-07-23) (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Mohamed el-Menfi mu 2023 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|3|3|df=y}} | nationality = Umunyalibiya | occupation = Umudipolomate, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Ambasaderi wa Libiya mu Bugereki (2018–2019) | title = Perezida w'Inama ya Perezidansi ya Libiya | term = Kuva ku wa 15 Werurwe 2021 | predecessor = Fayez el-Sarraj }} '''Mohamed Yunus el-Menfi''' (mu Cyarabu: محمد يونس المنفي; wavutse ku wa 3 Werurwe 1976)<ref name="E1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Libye: début d'une nouvelle phase de transition |url=https://afrique.le360.ma/autres-pays/politique/2021/02/06/33431-libye-debut-dune-nouvelle-phase-de-transition-33431 |website=Le360 Afrique |date=2021-02-06 |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> ni umudipolomate n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyalibiya, akaba Perezida w'Inama ya Perezidansi ya [[Libiya]] (''Presidential Council''), urwego ruhuriweho rukora nk'ubuyobozi bukuru bw'igihugu, kuva mu 2021. Ku wa 5 Gashyantare 2021, yatorewe kuyobora iyo Nama mu Ihuriro ry'Ibiganiro bya Politiki rya Libiya (''Libyan Political Dialogue Forum'') ryateguwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye<ref name="E2">{{cite web |author=Sami Zaptia |title=BREAKING: New unified Libyan government selected by LPDF in Geneva |url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2021/02/05/breaking-new-libya-government-selected-by-lpdf-in-geneva |website=Libya Herald |date=2021-02-05 |access-date=2021-02-05}}</ref>. Asimbura Fayez el-Sarraj ku wa 15 Werurwe 2021. Mbere yaho, yari ambasaderi wa Libiya mu [[Ubugereki]]<ref name="E3">{{cite web |title=Greece Expels the GNA-Affiliated Libyan Ambassador Over Illegal Deal with Turkey |url=https://almarsad.co/en/2019/12/06/greece-expels-the-gna-affiliated-libyan-ambassador-over-illegal-deal-with-turkey/ |website=Al-Marsad |date=2019-12-06 |access-date=2021-02-05}}</ref>. == Ambasaderi mu Bugereki == Mu 2018, yagizwe ambasaderi wa Libiya mu Bugereki<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=en |title=Greece Expels the GNA-Affiliated Libyan Ambassador Over Illegal Deal with Turkey |url=https://almarsad.co/en/2019/12/06/greece-expels-the-gna-affiliated-libyan-ambassador-over-illegal-deal-with-turkey/ |website=Al Marsad |date=2019-12-06 |access-date=2021-02-09}}</ref>. Igihe yari i Atene cyaranzwe n'umubano mubi hagati ya guverinoma y'ubumwe bw'igihugu ya Libiya (GNA) na guverinoma y'u Bugereki, kubera amasezerano yasinywe hagati ya Libiya na [[Turukiya]] ku mipaka yo mu nyanja, ari na yo ntandaro y'amakimbirane amaze igihe kirekire hagati ya Turukiya n'u Bugereki ku burenganzira bwo gucukura mu Nyanja ya Mediterane. Mu Ukuboza 2019, yirukanywe mu Bugereki<ref name="E3" /><ref name="F1" />. == Perezida w'Inama ya Perezidansi == Mu buryo bwo guhitamo ubuyobozi bukuru buhuriweho bwagombaga kuyobora igihugu kugeza ku matora rusange yari ateganyijwe ku wa 24 Ukuboza 2021, el-Menfi yiyamamaje ku rutonde rumwe na Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh ku mwanya wa Minisitiri w'Intebe, hamwe na Musa Al-Koni na Abdullah al-Lafi nk'abagize Inama ya Perezidansi. Urutonde rwabo rwabonye amajwi 39, atanu arenga ay'urutonde rwa Aguila Saleh Issa na Fathi Bashagha<ref name="E2" />. Ambasaderi wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika yahakanye ko hari ibikorwa byo kugira icyo bihindura ku matora yo kurwanya el-Menfi<ref name="E4">{{cite web |author=Sami Zaptia |title=U.S denies attempting to influence LPDF process |url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2021/02/04/u-s-denies-attempting-to-influence-lpdf-process |website=Libya Herald |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2021-02-05}}</ref>. Ayo matora rusange ntiyigeze aba, kandi igihugu gikomeza gucikamo ibice hagati y'ubutegetsi bwa Tripoli mu burengerazuba n'ubwa Khalifa Haftar mu burasirazuba. === Ikibazo cya Banki Nkuru yo mu 2024 === Muri Kanama 2024, el-Menfi yakuye ku mwanya guverineri wa Banki Nkuru ya Libiya, Sadiq Al-Kabir, icyemezo cyateje impaka<ref name="E5">{{cite web |author=Patrick Wintour |title=Egypt and Turkey's nascent alliance tested by new crisis in Libya |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/sep/10/egypt-turkey-alliance-tested-crisis-libya |website=The Guardian |date=2024-09-10 |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ukwezi, mu kiganiro cye cya mbere n'abanyamakuru bo mu Burengerazuba, yavuze ko Al-Kabir yacungaga nabi imari ya banki "nta buryo bwo kubazwa inshingano", kandi ko "yakoreshaga amacakubiri" hagati y'uburasirazuba n'uburengerazuba bwa Libiya<ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=Mihir Melwani |title=Libya central bank deal could resolve 'all political issues', says head of state |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/27/libya-central-bank-deal-resolve-political-issues |website=The Guardian |date=2024-09-27 |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 25 Nzeri 2024, ubutegetsi bwa Tripoli n'ubwa Tobruk bushyigikiwe na Haftar bumvikanye ku guverineri w'agateganyo n'akanama gashinzwe imari ka banki, amasezerano yafashijwemo n'ubutumwa bw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye muri Libiya; el-Menfi yavuze ko ayo masezerano yarinze umurwa mukuru Tripoli "intambara yari kwibasira banki nkuru mu buryo butaziguye"<ref name="E6" />. Muri uwo mwaka, mu nama rusange y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye i New York, yasinyanye n'Urugaga rw'Ubucuruzi rw'Abanyamerika muri Libiya amasezerano yo gushyigikira iterambere rirambye ry'ubukungu n'uruhare rw'amasosiyete y'Abanyamerika ku isoko rya Libiya<ref name="E7">{{cite web |title=#Libya's Presidential Council and the American Chamber of Commerce sign agreement to support sustainable economic development and enhance the participation of American companies in the Libyan market. #ليبيا |url=https://x.com/alwasatengnews/status/1839702235980378300}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Libiya]] m3svk05rxqumufr20z83fvu071x0ju6 0 23205 140680 2026-10-03T20:45:42Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Michaël Randrianirina | image = Michael Randrianirina (2026-02-19).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Michaël Randrianirina muri Gashyantare 2026 | birth_date = 1973 cyangwa 1974 | birth_place = Sevohipoty, Ambovombe, Androy, [[Madagasikari]] | nationality = Umunyamadagasikari | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Antsirabe (ACMIL) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = U..." 140680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Michaël Randrianirina | image = Michael Randrianirina (2026-02-19).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Michaël Randrianirina muri Gashyantare 2026 | birth_date = 1973 cyangwa 1974 | birth_place = Sevohipoty, Ambovombe, Androy, [[Madagasikari]] | nationality = Umunyamadagasikari | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Antsirabe (ACMIL) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Umuyobozi w'umutwe w'ingabo CAPSAT | title = Perezida wa Madagasikari | term = Kuva ku wa 17 Ukwakira 2025 | predecessor = Andry Rajoelina | spouse = Elisa Randrianirina }} '''Michaël Randrianirina''' (yavukiye i Sevohipoty, hafi ya Ambovombe, mu karere ka Androy mu majyepfo ya [[Madagasikari]]) ni umusirikare mukuru n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyamadagasikari, akaba Perezida wa Madagasikari kuva mu Ukwakira 2025 n'umuyobozi w'Inama ya Perezidansi ishinzwe kongera kubaka Repubulika ya Madagasikari (''Refondation''). Itariki ye y'amavuko ntivugwaho rumwe: bimwe mu bitangazamakuru bivuga ku wa 23 Kanama 1973, abandi bakavuga mu 1974<ref name="E2">{{cite web |title=Who is Madagascar's new military ruler Michael Randrianirina? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/who-is-madagascars-new-military-ruler-michael-randrianirina-2025-10-15/ |website=Reuters |date=2025-10-15}}</ref>. Yabaye guverineri w'akarere ka Androy kuva mu 2016 kugeza mu 2018, hanyuma aba umuyobozi w'umutwe w'intore z'ingabo CAPSAT. Nk'umuyobozi wa CAPSAT, yabaye umuntu w'ingenzi mu myigaragambyo y'urubyiruko ("Generation Z") yo mu Ukwakira 2025, yatumye Perezida Andry Rajoelina ahunga igihugu kandi Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ikamukura ku butegetsi. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida imbere y'Urukiko Rukuru rurinda Itegeko Nshinga ku wa 17 Ukwakira 2025, nubwo ahakana ko habayeho kudeta. == Ubuzima n'urugendo mu gisirikare == Michaël Randrianirina yahawe amahugurwa ya gisirikare mu Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Antsirabe (ACMIL)<ref name="E1">{{cite web |title=Military colonel announces that the armed forces are taking control in Madagascar |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/2025/10/military-colonel-announces-that-the-armed-forces-are-taking-control-in-madagascar/ |website=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Military has taken control of Madagascar, colonel who led mutiny says |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/11477140/military-coup-madagascar-colonel/ |website=Global News |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2016 kugeza mu 2018, ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Hery Rajaonarimampianina, yabaye guverineri w'akarere ka Androy. Nyuma yaho, yabaye umuyobozi wa batayo y'ingabo zirwanira ku butaka i Toliara kugeza muri Nyakanga 2022, hanyuma ayobora umutwe w'intore CAPSAT (''Corps d'armée des personnels et des services administratifs et techniques'')<ref name="E2" />. Buhoro buhoro, yabaye umwe mu banenga Perezida Andry Rajoelina. Ku wa 27 Ugushyingo 2023, yafashwe ashinjwa "gushishikariza abasirikare kwigomeka no kugerageza gukora kudeta", ajyanwa muri gereza ya Tsiafahy<ref name="E3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Affaire D'Incarcération– Des Antandroy élèvent la voix sur le cas Randrianirina |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2023/12/affaire-dincarceration-des-antandroy.html |website=L'Express de Madagascar |date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Colonel Michael Randrianirina : l’ascension du nouvel homme fort de Madagascar après la chute de Rajoelina |url=https://www.afrik.com/colonel-michael-randrianirina-l-ascension-du-nouvel-homme-fort-de-madagascar-apres-la-chute-de-rajoelina/ |website=afrik.com |access-date=2025-10-15}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2024, yararekuwe nyuma yo gukatirwa igihano gisubitse azira guhungabanya umutekano w'igihugu, maze asubira muri CAPSAT<ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Michael Randrianirina, the colonel who toppled Madagascar's president? |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20251015-who-is-colonel-michael-randrianirina-officer-toppled-madagascar-president-rajoelina |website=France 24 |date=2025-10-15 |access-date=2025-10-15}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar : « Pas de coup d'État » (Officier) |url=https://fr.apanews.net/news/madagascar-pas-de-coup-detat-officier/ |website=APAnews |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref>. == Ikibazo cya politiki cyo mu 2025 == Kuva ku wa 25 Nzeri 2025, imyigaragambyo y'urubyiruko yiswe iya "Generation Z" yatangiriye i [[Antananarivo]], ibanza kwamagana ibura rya hato na hato ry'amashanyarazi n'amazi, hanyuma yamagana ruswa, ubuzima buhenze n'ubukene, isaba ko Perezida Rajoelina yegura<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Colonel Randrianirina du Capsat : “Il n'y a pas eu de coup d'État, l'armée a simplement répondu à l'appel du peuple malagasy” |url=https://neemamedia.com/ |website=neemamedia.com |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Military colonel announces that the armed forces are taking control in Madagascar |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/2025/10/military-colonel-announces-that-the-armed-forces-are-taking-control-in-madagascar/ |website=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |author=Volana Razafimanantsoa |title=Madagascar's capital launches cable cars to ease traffic jam |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/06/23/madagascars-capital-launches-cable-cars-to-ease-traffic-jam/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-06-23 |access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref>. Mu mpera z'icyumweru cyo ku wa 11–12 Ukwakira 2025, Koloneli Randrianirina n'abasirikare ba CAPSAT bavuye mu bigo byabo bajya kwifatanya n'abigaragambya, batangaza ko banze kurasa abaturage<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'armée prend le pouvoir à Madagascar |url=https://www.watson.ch/fr/international/afrique/530332869-l-armee-prend-le-pouvoir-a-madagascar |website=watson.ch |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref><ref name="F2" />. Uwo mutwe wari warigeze no kugira uruhare rukomeye muri kudeta yo mu 2009 yazanye Rajoelina ku butegetsi<ref name="F11" />. Ku wa 13 Ukwakira, CAPSAT yatangaje ko ifashe ubuyobozi bw'ingabo zose<ref name="E15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar : le président Andry Rajoelina a quitté le pays |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20251013-madagascar-le-pr%C3%A9sident-andry-rajoelina-a-quitt%C3%A9-le-pays |website=France 24 |date=2025-10-13 |access-date=2025-10-13}}</ref>. Rajoelina yahunze igihugu ku wa 12 Ukwakira, bivugwa ko yatwawe n'indege ya gisirikare y'Abafaransa<ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=President of Madagascar flees to 'safe location' amid deadly protests |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/13/president-of-madagascar-flees-to-safe-location-amid-deadly-protests |website=Al Jazeera |date=2025-10-13 |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref>, maze ku wa 14 Ukwakira Inteko Ishinga Amategeko imukura ku butegetsi ku majwi 130<ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Madagascar's National Assembly votes to impeach president |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/madagascar-president-andry-rajoelina-impeached-protests-5401501 |website=Channel News Asia |date=2025-10-14 |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref><ref name="F11" />. Randrianirina yahakanye ko habayeho kudeta, avuga ko ingabo "zasubije gusa ku guhamagarwa n'abaturage b'Abanyamadagasikari"<ref name="F3" /><ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Madagascar army installs new chief, president denounces power grab |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20251012-madagascar-army-unit-claims-control-president-says-power-grab-underway |website=France 24 |date=2025-10-13 |access-date=2025-10-13}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Madagasikari == === Gufata ubutegetsi === Ku wa 14 Ukwakira 2025, yatangaje ko ingabo zifashe ubutegetsi, zishyiraho Inama ya Perezidansi igizwe n'abasirikare n'abajandarume, zihagarika Itegeko Nshinga, Sena n'Urukiko Rukuru rurinda Itegeko Nshinga, ariko Inteko Ishinga Amategeko igakomeza imirimo<ref name="F11" /><ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Photos of a colonel announcing military takeover in Madagascar after president flees |url=https://apnews.com/photo-gallery/photos-madagascar-military-coup-8b6d5e995abccd49af1028b148d09812 |website=AP News |date=2025-10-15 |access-date=2025-10-15}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Madagascar military says it has seized power as president moves to 'safe place' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn8xjjdgl8vo |website=BBC News |date=2025-10-15 |access-date=2025-10-15}}</ref>. Uwo munsi, Urukiko Rukuru rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwamusabye gukora imirimo y'umukuru w'igihugu<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar : la Haute Cour Constitutionnelle valide la destitution d'Andry Rajoelina |url=https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/reunion/madagascar-les-militaires-de-la-capsat-s-emparent-du-pouvoir-1632974.html |website=Réunion la 1ère |access-date=2025-10-15}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Décision n°10-HCC/D3 du 14 octobre 2025 concernant une requête aux fins de résolution sur une sortie de crise politique. |url=http://www.hcc.gov.mg/?p=9647 |date=2025-10-14 |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref>. Ku wa 16 Ukwakira, yisubiyeho ku iseswa rya Sena n'urwo Rukiko<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar: à la veille de son investiture, le colonel Michael Randrianirina clarifie sa position sur les institutions [Info RFI] |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20251016-madagascar-%C3%A0-la-veille-de-son-investiture-le-colonel-michael-randrianirina-clarifie-sa-position-sur-les-institutions}}</ref>, maze ku wa 17 Ukwakira 2025 ararahira nka "Perezida w'Ivugurura rya Repubulika ya Madagasikari"<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Décision n°10-HCC/D3 du 14 octobre 2025 concernant une requête aux fins de résolution sur une sortie de crise politique. |url=http://www.hcc.gov.mg/?p=9647 |date=2025-10-14 |access-date=2025-10-18}}</ref><ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Communiqué officiel |url=https://www.presidence.gov.mg/fic/communique_15oct25.jpeg |date=2025-10-15 |access-date=2025-10-20}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=Military leader sworn in as Madagascar's new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2025/10/17/military-leader-sworn-in-as-madagascars-new-president |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref>. Mu ijambo rye, yavuze ko ari "ihinduka ry'amateka" kandi yiyemeje "gutandukana n'ibya kera"<ref name="E31">{{cite web |title=Michael Randrianirina sworn in as Madagascar's president |url=http://www.china.org.cn/2025-10/18/content_118130237.shtml |website=China.org |access-date=2025-10-18}}</ref>. Kubera umwanya we w'umukuru w'igihugu, yagombaga no kuyobora Umuryango w'Iterambere wa Afurika y'Amajyepfo (SADC), ariko ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 2025 guverinoma ye yatangaje ko iretse uwo mwanya; ku wa 7 Ugushyingo, Perezida wa [[Afurika y’Epfo]] Cyril Ramaphosa yawuhawe by'agateganyo<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar: les autorités de transition annoncent leur retrait de la présidence de la SADC |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20251101-madagascar-les-autorit%C3%A9s-de-transition-annoncent-leur-retrait-de-la-pr%C3%A9sidence-de-la-sadc |website=RFI |date=2025-11-01 |access-date=2025-11-07}}</ref><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=COMMUNIQUÉ DE LA RÉUNION EXTRAORDINAIRE DU SOMMET DES CHEFS D’ÉTAT ET DE GOUVERNEMENT DE LA SADC - SADC |url=https://www.sadc.int/fr/node/6252 |website=www.sadc.int |date=2025-11-07 |access-date=2025-11-07}}</ref>. === Ubuyobozi === Ku wa 20 Ukwakira 2025, yagize umucuruzi Herintsalama Rajaonarivelo Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="E32">{{cite web |title=Madagascar coup leader names businessman as new prime minister |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/madagascar-names-new-prime-minister-2025-10-20/ |website=Reuters |date=2025-10-20 |access-date=2025-10-20}}</ref>. Mu kiganiro na ''Sky News'' ku wa 10 Ugushyingo, yasezeranyije amatora mu mezi 18 kugeza kuri 24 nyuma y'igihe cy'"ivugurura n'isanamitima", avuga ko azegura niba abaturage batakimushyigikiye<ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascar's new president Michael Randrianirina denies coup after taking office following Gen Z uprising |url=https://news.sky.com/story/madagascars-new-president-michael-randrianirina-denies-coup-after-taking-office-following-gen-z-uprising-13467553 |website=Sky News |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref><ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascar's new president Michael Randrianirina denies coup after taking office following Gen Z uprising |url=https://news.sky.com/story/madagascars-new-president-michael-randrianirina-denies-coup-after-taking-office-following-gen-z-uprising-13467553 |website=Sky News |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref>. Ku wa 17 Ugushyingo 2025, yatangaje ibiganiro by'igihugu byose biyobowe n'Inama y'Amatorero ya Gikirisitu muri Madagasikari, kugira ngo hashyirweho uburyo bushya bw'imiyoborere, bikurikirwe na kamarampaka n'amatora ya perezida mu myaka ibiri; yasezeranyije kandi ishyirwaho ry'Inteko y'Urubyiruko<ref name="E34">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascar's New Leader Randrianirina outlines bold Roadmap in first national address |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/11/17/madagascars-new-leader-randrianirina-outlines-bold-roadmap-in-first-national-address/ |website=Africanews |access-date=2026-03-05}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Gashyantare 2026, yasuye Toamasina kureba ibyangijwe na serwakira Gezani<ref name="E35">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascan President Randrianirina visits city devastated by Cyclone Gezani |url=https://qiraatafrican.com/en/19787/madagascan-president-randrianirina-visits-city-devastated-by-cyclone-gezani/ |website=Qiraat Africa |date=2026-02-12 |access-date=2026-02-21}}</ref><ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascan President Randrianirina visits city devastated by Cyclone Gezani |url=https://qiraatafrican.com/en/19787/madagascan-president-randrianirina-visits-city-devastated-by-cyclone-gezani/ |website=Qiraat Africa |date=2026-02-12 |access-date=2026-02-21}}</ref>. Ku wa 9 Werurwe 2026, yasheshe guverinoma ya Rajaonarivelo, nyuma y'imyigaragambyo y'imiryango y'urubyiruko yasabaga ko Minisitiri w'Intebe agenda, maze ku wa 15 Werurwe agira Mamitiana Rajaonarison Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar : la Présidence annonce la dissolution du gouvernement |url=https://2424.mg/madagascar-la-presidence-annonce-la-dissolution-du-gouvernement/ |website=2424.mg - L'actualité à Madagascar en temps réel |date=2026-03-09 |access-date=2026-03-09}}</ref><ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar : les générations Y et Z exigent la démission du chef du gouvernement |url=https://www.linfo.re/ocean-indien/madagascar/madagascar-les-generations-y-et-z-exigent-la-demission-du-chef-du-gouvernement |website=www.linfo.re |access-date=2026-03-09}}</ref><ref name="E36">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascar anti-corruption chief Rajaonarison named prime minister |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/madagascar-president-names-mamitiana-rajaonarison-173216757.html |website=Yahoo News |date=2026-03-15 |access-date=2026-03-16}}</ref>. Yatangaje ko abifuza kuba abaminisitiri bazajya babanza gupimwa n'imashini isuzuma ibinyoma kugira ngo harwanywe ruswa<ref name="E38">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascar's president orders lie detector tests for candidates applying to be government ministers |url=https://apnews.com/article/madagascar-lie-detector-tests-coup-politics-ac27f0fac3c812b56e6e233aaa173e0e |website=AP News |date=2026-03-19 |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Muri Mutarama 2026, yatangaje ko Madagasikari ishaka kuba umufatanyabikorwa w'ihuriro BRICS<ref name="E39">{{cite web |language=en |author=Chinedu Okafor |title=Africa's newest military leader intends to join BRICS |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/africas-newest-military-leader-intends-to-join-brics/d178ks6 |website=Business Insider Africa |date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-24}}</ref>. Ku wa 19 Gashyantare 2026, yahuriye i Kremlin na Perezida w'Uburusiya Vladimir Putin, rukaba rwari urugendo rwe rwa mbere hanze y'Afurika<ref name="E41">{{cite web |language=en |title=Russian-Malagasy talks |url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/79182 |website=Kremlin |date=2026-02-19 |access-date=2026-02-21}}</ref>. Ku wa 24 Gashyantare 2026, yakiriwe na Perezida Emmanuel Macron mu ngoro y'Élysée i Paris<ref name="E43">{{cite web |language=en |title=President of Madagascar visits his French counterpart in Paris |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/02/24/president-of-madagascar-visits-his-french-counterpart-in-paris/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-02-24 |access-date=2026-02-25}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Ni umuyoboke ukomeye w'Itorero ry'Abaluteri rya Madagasikari, aho afite icyiciro cya "Mpiandry", umulayiki uhabwa inshingano z'ubudiyakoni<ref name="F6" /><ref name="E45">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar : qui est Michael Randrianirina, le nouvel homme fort de la Grande Île ? |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20251015-madagascar-qui-est-michael-randrianirina-nouvel-homme-fort-de-la-grande-%C3%AEle-capsat-militaire |website=France 24 |date=2025-10-15 |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>. Yashakanye na Elisa Randrianirina<ref name="E46">{{cite web |title=An army colonel who led a lightning-fast coup takes over as Madagascar's president |url=https://apnews.com/article/madagascar-coup-president-oath-randrianirina-a484f9233876ef559af0c2e3029f1f7a |website=AP News |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Michael Randrianirina}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Madagasikari]] oycrkbshjfr1a4f7aoy96dr78cwiqqb 0 23206 140681 2026-10-03T20:50:32Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Peter Mutharika | image = Malawian President Peter Mutharika in 2020.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Peter Mutharika mu 2020 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|7|18|df=y}} | birth_place = Thyolo, [[Malawi]] | nationality = Umunyamalawi | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Londres<br />Kaminuza ya Yale | occupation = Umunyamategeko, umwarimu wa kaminuza, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida wa Malawi (..." 140681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Peter Mutharika | image = Malawian President Peter Mutharika in 2020.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Peter Mutharika mu 2020 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|7|18|df=y}} | birth_place = Thyolo, [[Malawi]] | nationality = Umunyamalawi | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Londres<br />Kaminuza ya Yale | occupation = Umunyamategeko, umwarimu wa kaminuza, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida wa Malawi (2014–2020) | title = Perezida wa Malawi | term = 2014–2020; kuva ku wa 4 Ukwakira 2025 | predecessor = Lazarus Chakwera | party = Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) | spouse = Christophine Mutharika († 1990)<br />Gertrude Maseko (kuva 2014) | children = 3 }} '''Arthur Peter Mutharika''' (wavutse ku wa 18 Nyakanga 1940) ni umunyamategeko n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyamalawi, akaba Perezida wa [[Malawi]] kuva mu 2025. Yari yarabaye Perezida wa gatanu wa Malawi kuva mu 2014 kugeza mu 2020. Ni murumuna wa Perezida wa gatatu wa Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika, kandi ayobora ishyaka ''Democratic Progressive Party'' (DPP) kuva mu 2012. Ni umwarimu w'amategeko, inzobere mu mategeko mpuzamahanga y'ubukungu, amategeko mpuzamahanga n'amategeko nshinga agereranywa; yamaze imyaka igera kuri 30 aba muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]]. Yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo mu 2014, ariko mu 2020 atsindwa na Lazarus Chakwera nyuma y'iseswa ry'amatora yo mu 2019 kubera amakosa. Mu 2025, afite imyaka 85, yongeye gutsinda Chakwera, aba Perezida wa Malawi ukuze kurusha abandi wagiye ku butegetsi akaba n'uwa mbere wayoboye manda ebyiri zidakurikiranye. == Ubuzima n'amashuri == Peter Mutharika yavukiye mu karere ka Thyolo; ababyeyi be bari abarimu<ref name="E1">{{cite web |title=Index Mp-Mz |url=https://www.rulers.org/indexm6.html |website=www.rulers.org |access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref>. Ibindi bitangazamakuru bivuga ko yavukiye i Zomba. Yize mu ishuri ribanza rya Mulanje Mission no mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Dedza<ref name="E1" />. Mu 1965, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri mu mategeko muri Kaminuza ya Londres, hanyuma muri Kaminuza ya Yale abona iy'icyiciro cya gatatu mu 1966 n'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu 1969<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Washington University in St. Louis: Law School<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.wulaw.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/index.asp?id=301 |access-date=2010-11-04}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Washington University in St. Louis: Law School<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.wulaw.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/index.asp?id=301 |access-date=2010-11-04}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1971, yemerewe gukora umwuga w'ubwunganizi muri [[Tanzaniya]]. == Umwuga mu mategeko == Yigishije muri Kaminuza ya Dar es Salaam (Tanzaniya), Kaminuza ya Haile Selassie (Etiyopiya), Kaminuza ya Rutgers (Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika), muri Kaminuza ya Makerere (Uganda), ndetse amara imyaka 37 yigisha muri Kaminuza ya Washington i Saint-Louis<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Lussenhop |title=A. Peter Mutharika, Former Wash. U. Law Professor, Charged with Treason in Malawi |url=http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2013/03/a_peter_mutharika_former_wash.php |website=Riverfront Times |date=2013-03-28 |access-date=2014-06-01}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=Jessica Lussenhop |title=A. Peter Mutharika, Former Wash. U. Law Professor, Charged with Treason in Malawi |url=http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2013/03/a_peter_mutharika_former_wash.php |website=Riverfront Times |date=2013-03-28 |access-date=2014-06-01}}</ref>. Yabaye kandi umushakashatsi watumiwe muri ''London School of Economics'' n'umujyanama mu gikorwa cy'Urugaga rw'Abavoka b'Abanyamerika ku butegetsi bugendera ku mategeko muri Afurika<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Succession crisis looms in DPP |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/succession-crisis-looms-in-dpp.html |access-date=2010-11-04}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://law.wustl.edu/magazine/Spring2005/05mutharika.pdf |access-date=2011-08-21}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2011, yeguye ku mwanya w'umukemurampaka mu manza ebyiri z'Ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane ajyanye n'ishoramari (ICSID) zerekeye Zimbabwe, kubera impungenge ku kutabogama kwe zatewe n'umubano wa hafi wa murumuna we Bingu na guverinoma ya Robert Mugabe<ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Bhebhe |title=Mutharika forced to quit Zim land trial |url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/human-rights/51960/mutharika-forced-to-quit-zim.html |website=The Zimbabwean |date=2010-07-08 |access-date=2011-08-21}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |author=Vusimusi Bhebhe |title=Mutharika forced to quit Zim land trial |url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/human-rights/51960/mutharika-forced-to-quit-zim.html |website=The Zimbabwean |date=2010-07-08 |access-date=2011-08-21}}</ref>. == Urugendo muri politiki == Kuva mu 2004, yabaye umujyanama wa mukuru we Perezida Bingu wa Mutharika ku bibazo by'ububanyi n'amahanga n'iby'imbere mu gihugu, kugeza apfuye ku wa 5 Mata 2012<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=en |title=Building up Malawi |url=http://law.wustl.edu/magazine/Spring2005/05mutharika.pdf |website=Mutharika}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2009, yatorewe kuba umudepite, maze aba Minisitiri w'Ubutabera, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Uburezi, Ubumenyi n'Ikoranabuhanga, naho kuva muri Nzeri 2011 aba Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga<ref name="F8" /><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Clémence Njanjo |title=Malawi : l'alternance fonctionne finalement, Peter Mutharika succède à Joyce Banda |url=http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/malawi-l-alternance-fonctionne-finalement-peter-mutharika-succede-a-joyce-banda-19-08-2014-1858055_2365.php |website=Le Point |date=2014-08-19}}</ref><ref name="E9" />. Muri Kanama 2011, inama nkuru y'ishyaka DPP yamutoranyije kuba umukandida waryo mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2014<ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=DPP fires Secretary General and endorses Peter Mutharika for 2014 |url=http://www.malawitoday.com/news/1708-dpp-fires-secretary-general-and-endorses-peter-mutharika-2014 |website=www.malawitoday.com |date=2011-08-01}}</ref>. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Bingu mu 2012, yashinjwe kugerageza guhisha urwo rupfu no kubuza Visi-perezida Joyce Banda kumusimbura nk'uko Itegeko Nshinga ribiteganya; Banda yabaye Perezida ashyigikiwe n'ingabo<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Malawi : Peter Mutharika, le président anticorruption, pris la main dans le sac |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/05/28/malawi-peter-mutharika-le-president-anticorruption-pris-la-main-dans-le-sac_5468476_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-05-28}}</ref>. Habayeho kandi impaka ku bwenegihugu bwe, kuko Malawi itemera ubwenegihugu bubiri; ambasade ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika yemeje ko atari umwenegihugu w'Amerika, ahubwo afite gusa uruhushya rwo kuhatura (''Green card'')<ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Peter Mutharika is not an American citizen: US Embassy |url=http://mwnation.com/peter-mutharika-american-citizen-us-embassy/ |website=The Nation (Malawi)}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Malawi == === Manda ya mbere (2014–2020) === Ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2014, Perezida Joyce Banda yashatse guhagarika amatora yo ku wa 20 Gicurasi, avuga ko habayemo uburiganya, ariko Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rumusaba kutivanga mu matora; ku wa 31 Gicurasi 2014, yemeye ko yatsinzwe, maze Mutharika ararahira uwo munsi i Blantyre<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction Le Monde |title=Peter Mutharika remporte la présidentielle au Malawi |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2014/05/31/peter-mutharika-remporte-la-presidentielle-au-malawi-selon-la-commission-electorale_4429563_3212.html#wh4Yjdv3W8jS09IL.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2014-05-31}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La présidente du Malawi, au bord de la défaite, annule les élections |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/DEPAFP20140524160822/politique-joyce-banda-peter-mutharika-presidentielle-malawi-2014-malawi-la-presidente-du-malawi-au-bord-de-la-defaite-annule-les-elections.html |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2014-05-24}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Élections au Malawi : la présidente Joyce Banda reconnaît sa défaite |url=http://www.lesoir.be/559429/article/actualite/fil-info/fil-info-monde/2014-05-31/elections-au-malawi-presidente-joyce-banda-reconnait-sa-defaite |website=Le Soir |date=2014-05-31}}</ref>. Manda ye yaranzwe n'izamuka ry'ubukungu, aho izamuka ry'ibiciro ryavuye kuri 24 % mu 2014 rikagera munsi ya 10 % mu 2019, ariko kandi n'uburakari bw'abaturage kubera ruswa, ibura ry'ibiribwa n'ibura ry'amashanyarazi; mu 2018, abantu ibihumbi bigaragambije bamagana ruswa<ref name="F9" />. Ubwe yashinjwe kwakira amadolari arenga 200 000 y'umucuruzi wari watsindiye isoko rya polisi<ref name="F9" />. Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2019, yatangajwe ko yatsinze ku majwi 38,6 %, imbere ya Lazarus Chakwera (35,4 %), wavuze ko habayeho uburiganya<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Malawi : l’opposition rejette la victoire de Peter Mutharika |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/782414/politique/presidentielle-au-malawi-lopposition-rejette-la-victoire-de-peter-mutharika/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-05-31}}</ref>. Ku wa 3 Gashyantare 2020, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwasheshe ayo matora, rutegeka ko asubirwamo; abamurwanyaga bamwita "Perezida Tipp-Ex"<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Malawi: la Cour constitutionnelle annule la présidentielle de 2019 |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/malawi-la-cour-constitutionnelle-annule-la-presidentielle-de-2019--03-02-2020-2361056_24.php |website=Le Point |date=2020-02-03}}</ref><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Malawi, une décision historique fait chuter « le président Tipp-Ex » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/02/04/au-malawi-une-decision-historique-fait-chuter-le-president-tipp-ex_6028401_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2020-02-04 |access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref>. Mu matora yasubiwemo ku wa 23 Kamena 2020, yatsinzwe na Chakwera washyigikiwe n'ihuriro ry'amashyaka icyenda (Tonse Alliance), wabonye 59,3 % kuri 39,9 %<ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=en |title=Elections May 19 – The Nation Online |url=https://mwnation.com/elections-may-19/ |website=mwnation.com |access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref>. === Hagati ya manda zombi === Muri Kanama 2020, Komisiyo yo kurwanya ruswa ya Malawi yafatiriye konti z'amabanki ze n'iz'umugore we, mu iperereza ku itumizwa rya sima ifite agaciro ka miliyari 5 za kwacha nta misoro<ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=Malawi freezes bank accounts of ex-president Mutharika, wife Gertrude |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-freezes-bank-accounts-of-ex-president-mutharika-wife-gertrude/ |website=Nyasa Times |date=2020-08-15}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2021, Urukiko Rukuru rwanze icyifuzo cye cyo gukuraho iryo fatira<ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=en |author=Wanga Gwede |title=Malawi: Court Says Mutharika Still Can't Access His Bank Accounts - Ex-Malawi Leader Slapped With Costs |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202101230038.html |website=allAfrica.com |date=2021-01-23 |access-date=2021-01-25}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri (kuva 2025) === Muri Kanama 2024, DPP yamutoranyije kuba umukandida mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2025<ref name="E29">{{cite web |language=en |title=Malawi's main opposition party endorses Peter Mutharika as its flag-bearer |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/08/19/malawis-main-opposition-party-endorses-peter-mutharika-as-its-flag-bearer/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-08-19 |access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 16 Nzeri 2025, yatsinze ku majwi 56,8 %, imbere ya Perezida wari uriho Lazarus Chakwera (33 %)<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |author=bbc |title=Mutharika wins Malawi election, as it happened |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cp3wdzdwzlkt |website=bbc.com |access-date=2025-09-24}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |author=Gregory Gondwe |title=Former President Mutharika wins Malawi election to oust longtime rival Chakwera |url=https://apnews.com/article/malawi-election-chakwera-07706188fde0f0314348e74919ee3e10 |website=AP News |date=2025-09-25 |access-date=2025-09-26}}</ref>. Ku wa 4 Ukwakira 2025, afite imyaka 85, yarahiriye manda ya kabiri muri sitade Kamuzu i Blantyre<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=courrierinternational.com |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/elections-au-malawi-le-spectaculaire-come-back-de-l-ancien-president-peter-mutharika_235534}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |title=Peter Mutharika is sworn in as Malawi president in political comeback at the age of 85 |url=https://apnews.com/article/malawi-peter-mutharika-president-inauguration-23ca3ea49c9fce6f3564af5e2a86bb16 |website=AP News |access-date=2025-10-04}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Ukwakira 2025, yatangaje ko amafaranga y'ishuri mu mashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye azakurwaho guhera muri Mutarama 2026, uretse ku mashuri y'abacumbikirwa<ref name="E33">{{cite web |title=Mutharika pledges to end hunger, abolish school fees: Calls for unity, patriotism at Mulhakho wa Alhomwe Festival |url=https://malawi24.com/2025/10/20/mutharika-pledges-to-end-hunger-abolish-school-fees-calls-for-unity-patriotism-at-mulhakho-wa-alhomwe-festival/ |website=Malawi 24 |date=2025-10-21}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |title=DPP's free secondary education excludes boarding fees |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/dpps-free-secondary-education-excludes-boarding-fees |website=Malawi Nyasa Times |date=2025-10-21}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye yaguze toni 200 000 z'ibigori muri [[Zambiya]] kugira ngo igaburire abantu barenga miliyoni enye bafite ikibazo cy'inzara<ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=Malawian president abolishes school fees, pledges to end hunger |url=https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202510/21/WS68f6e609a310f735438b6135.html |website=China Daily - Global Edition |date=2025-10-21}}</ref>, kandi ku wa 23 Ukwakira itangaza ko izabuza kohereza mu mahanga amabuye y'agaciro atatunganyijwe<ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Malawi bans raw mineral exports to save $500m in wealth annually |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/malawi-bans-raw-mineral-exports-to-save-dollar500m-in-wealth-annually/0psmpd7 |website=Business Insider Africa |date=2025-10-23}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Afite abakobwa babiri, Moyenda na Monique, n'umuhungu umwe, Mahopela, yabyaranye n'umugore we wa mbere, Christophine, wapfuye azize kanseri ku wa 1 Mutarama 1990<ref name="E38">{{cite web |author=Green Muheya |title=Peter Mutharika touted cultured character as widower for 30-years |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/04/04/peter-mutharika-touted-cultured-character-as-widower-for-30-years/ |website=Nyasa Times |date=2014-04-04}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Kamena 2014, yashakanye na Gertrude Maseko, umudepite<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=en |title=’Til death do us part!’…Malawi President weds |url=http://timesmediamw.com/til-death-do-us-partmalawi-president-weds/ |website=Bnl Times |date=2014-06-22}}</ref><ref name="E40">{{cite web |title=Mutharika weds partner in colourful ceremony |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/mutharika-weds-partner-in-colourful-ceremony-1.1706988#.U6WYm_RDuSo |website=Independent Online (South Africa) |date=2014-06-21 |access-date=2014-06-21}}</ref>. Ni umuyoboke w'Itorero rya Presbytériens<ref name="E41">{{cite web |title=Mutharika Shuns National Prayers, Opts For Labourers |url=http://www.faceofmalawi.com/2014/05/mutharika-shuns-national-prayers-opts-for-labourers/#sthash.cjApCTc1.dpbs |website=faceofmalawi.com |date=2014-05-01}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Peter Mutharika}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Malawi]] bqfn6k90jbq7d9lua0x77t1xt45h5ob 0 23207 140682 2026-10-03T20:55:22Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Mohamed Ould Ghazouani | image = Mohamed Ould Ghazouani 2025 (alt crop).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Mohamed Ould Ghazouani mu 2025 | birth_date = 31 Ukuboza 1956 | birth_place = Boumdeid, Assaba, [[Moritaniya]] | nationality = Umunyamoritaniya | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Moritaniya]] | term = Kuva ku ya 1 Kanama 2019 | predecessor = Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz | party = Union pour la République (UPR),..." 140682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mohamed Ould Ghazouani | image = Mohamed Ould Ghazouani 2025 (alt crop).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Mohamed Ould Ghazouani mu 2025 | birth_date = 31 Ukuboza 1956 | birth_place = Boumdeid, Assaba, [[Moritaniya]] | nationality = Umunyamoritaniya | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Moritaniya]] | term = Kuva ku ya 1 Kanama 2019 | predecessor = Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz | party = Union pour la République (UPR), nyuma El Insaf | spouse = Mariem Mint Mohamed Fadel Ould Dah | children = 6 }} '''Mohamed Ould Ghazouani''' (izina ryuzuye: ''Mohamed Ould Cheikh Mohamed Ahmed Ould Ghazouani''; yavutse ku ya 31 Ukuboza 1956 i Boumdeid, mu ntara ya Assaba) ni umusirikare mukuru akaba n'umunyapolitiki w'[[Moritaniya]], Perezida wa cyenda w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 1 Kanama 2019. Mbere yo kuba perezida, yabaye umugaba mukuru w'ingabo (2008–2018) na Minisitiri w'Ingabo (2018–2019). Itorwa rye mu 2019 ryabaye ihererekanyabubasha rya mbere mu mahoro hagati y'abaperezida batowe muri Moritaniya kuva yabona ubwigenge. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2024, kandi yayoboye Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe kuva muri Gashyantare 2024 kugeza muri Gashyantare 2025. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Ghazouani yavukiye i Boumdeid, mu ntara ya Assaba, mu muryango w'Abasufi <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=ar |author=أحمد ولد سيدي |title=من هو الرئيس الموريتاني الجديد؟ |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/politics/2019/6/24/من-هو-الرئيس-الموريتاني-الجديد- |website=alaraby}}</ref>. Ni umuhungu w'umuyobozi w'iyobokamana w'ubwoko bw'Ideiboussat <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mauritanie : Mohamed Ould Ghazouani, l’homme de l’ombre |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/139295/politique/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre/ |date=2012-11-20}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Président Aziz ne fera pas de 3e mandat, mais ne laissera pas la Mauritanie à la portée des « vautours |url=http://taqadoum.mr/fr/2017/08/23/le-president-aziz-ne-fera-pas-de-3e-mandat-mais-ne-laissera-pas-la-mauritanie-a-la-portee-des-vautours/ |website=Taqadoum |date=September 2017 |access-date=2017-09-08}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La Mauritanie de Ghazouani : l’illusion de l’alternance |url=https://journals.openedition.org/anneemaghreb/10394 |website=L’Année du Maghreb |date=2022-01-06 |access-date=2024-02-26}}</ref>. Amakuru amwe avuga ko yavutse ku ya 4 Ukuboza 1956 <ref name="E13">{{cite web |author=أحمد ولد سيدي |title=من هو الرئيس الموريتاني الجديد؟ |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/politics/2019/6/24/من-هو-الرئيس-الموريتاني-الجديد- |website=alaraby |access-date=2021-08-25}}</ref>. Bivugwa ko yafashe mu mutwe Korowani yose <ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=رئيس موريتانيا الجديد.. حفظ القرآن مبكرا وهو أول &quot;فريق&quot; في الجيش |url=https://alakhbar.info/?q=node/19371 |website=الأخبار |date=2019-08-03 |access-date=2021-08-25}}</ref>. Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'amashuri yisumbuye (''baccalauréat'') mu 1977 i Rosso, maze yinjira mu gisirikare mu 1978. Yize mu ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Meknès muri Maroke <ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, militaire de carrière, soufi et président de la Mauritanie |url=https://afrique.lalibre.be/39585/mohamed-ould-cheikh-el-ghazouani-militaire-de-carriere-soufi-et-president-de-la-mauritanie/ |website=lalibre.be |date=2019-08-02 |access-date=2022-07-15}}</ref>, nyuma abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu bumenyi bw'ubuyobozi n'ubwa gisirikare <ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=ar |title=محمد ولد الشيخ الغزواني.. من هو رئيس موريتانيا الجديد؟ |url=https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1261742-محمد-ولد-الشيخ-الغزواني-هو-رئيس-موريتانيا-الجديد؟ |website=سكاي نيوز عربية}}</ref><ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mauritania: Former General Mohamed Ould Ghazouani wins presidential election |url=https://www.dw.com/en/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election/a-49305828 |website=DW.COM |date=2019-06-23}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Kuva mu 1987 kugeza mu 1991, yabaye umusirikare wungirije (''aide de camp'') wa Perezida Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Presidence de la Republique |title=Biographie du President |url=https://www.presidence.mr/fr/node/458 |website=presidence.mr |date=2020 |access-date=2021-09-15}}</ref>. Yahawe amahugurwa y'ingabo zigendera ku modoka z'intambara muri Iraki, ayobora batayo y'ibifaru, nyuma ayobora ishami ry'ubutasi bwa gisirikare (''Deuxième bureau'') <ref name="F26" />. Ghazouani yari umwe mu basirikare bakuru bagize akanama ka gisirikare kahiritse Taya ku butegetsi mu 2005, ndetse n'abahiritse Perezida Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi mu 2008, bayobowe na mugenzi we Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz <ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=ولد الغزواني، جنرال "يخلف" جنرالاً في حكم موريتانيا |url=http://www.bbc.com/arabic/world-48744327 |website=BBC News عربي |date=2019-06-24 |access-date=2019-06-25}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Mohamed Ould Ghazouani, Mauritania's new president |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/mohamed-ould-ghazouani-mauritanias-new-president-/1514174 |website=www.aa.com.tr |access-date=2019-06-25}}</ref>. Ku ya 6 Kanama 2008, yagizwe umugaba mukuru w'ingabo, nyuma aba n'umuyobozi mukuru w'urwego rw'umutekano w'igihugu (''Sûreté nationale'') <ref name="F26" />. Azwiho uruhare rukomeye mu guhangana n'umutwe w'iterabwoba wa Al-Qaïda mu Majyaruguru ya Afurika (AQMI) <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Mauritania is a beacon of stability in the coup-prone Sahel |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2024/06/27/mauritania-is-a-beacon-of-stability-in-the-coup-prone-sahel |website=The Economist |access-date=2024-08-10}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2018, Perezida Abdel Aziz yamugize Minisitiri w'Ingabo <ref name="E9" /><ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Mauritania appointments reflect jockeying for succession &#124; Lamine Ghanmi |url=https://thearabweekly.com/mauritania-appointments-reflect-jockeying-succession |website=AW |access-date=2019-06-27}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Moritaniya == === Amatora ya 2019 === Ku ya 1 Werurwe 2019, Ghazouani yatangaje ko aziyamamariza umwanya wa perezida, ashyigikiwe n'ishyaka riri ku butegetsi <ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=وزير الدفاع الموريتاني يخلع بزته العسكرية لخلافة رفيقه في القصر |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/politics/2019/3/2/موريتانيا-ولد-الغزواني-ولد-عبد-العزيز |website=www.aljazeera.net |access-date=2021-08-25}}</ref>; ku ya 15 Werurwe yeguye ku mwanya wa Minisitiri w'Ingabo <ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=Mauritania's electoral commission confirms Ghazouani win &#124; The Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/africa/2019/06/24/mauritanias-electoral-commission-confirms-ghazouani-win.html |website=thestar.com |date=2019-06-24 |access-date=2019-06-27}}</ref>. Mu matora yo ku ya 22 Kamena 2019, yatsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 52,01%, akurikirwa na Biram Dah Abeid wagize 18,59% <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Mauritanie, Mohamed Ould Ghazouani élu président |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/06/23/en-mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-elu-president_5480467_3210.html |website=Le Monde.fr |access-date=2019-06-24}}</ref><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mauritanie: défis et promesses du nouveau président Mohamed Ould Ghazouani - RFI |url=https://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190801-mauritanie-defis-promesses-nouveau-president-mohamed-ould-ghazouani |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref><ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=محمد ولد الشيخ الغزواني.. من هو رئيس موريتانيا الجديد؟ |url=https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1261742-محمد-ولد-الشيخ-الغزواني-هو-رئيس-موريتانيا-الجديد؟ |website=سكاي نيوز عربية |access-date=2021-08-25}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuyobora igihugu ku ya 1 Kanama 2019 <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mauritania opposition challenges ruling party win |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48740556 |website=www.bbc.com |date=2019-06-24}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=New government formed in Mauritania |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/new-government-formed-in-mauritania/1553284 |website=www.aa.com.tr |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. Iryo hererekanyabubasha ryafashwe nk'iry'amateka, kuko ryari irya mbere mu mahoro hagati y'abaperezida babiri batowe kuva Moritaniya yabona ubwigenge mu 1960 <ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=en |title=First peaceful transfer of power in Mauritania's presidential polls |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20190622-first-peaceful-transfer-power-mauritanias-presidential-polls |website=RFI |date=2019-06-22 |access-date=2021-08-23}}</ref>. Abakuru b'ibihugu cumi n'umwe bitabiriye umuhango w'irahira rye <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=11 présidents africains à l’investiture de O. Ghazouani |url=https://www.chezvlane.com/11-presidents-africains-a-l-investiture-de-O-Ghazouani_a14733.html |website=chezvlane.com |access-date=2022-07-17}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Première transition démocratique en Mauritanie: qui est Mohamed Ghazouani ? |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/fr/monde/news/2019-08/mauritanie-nouveau-president-mohamed-ghazouani.html |website=vaticannews.va |date=2019-08-02 |access-date=2022-07-17}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mauritanie: succession à l’amiable au pouvoir |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/presidentielle-succession-a-l-amiable-en-mauritanie-20190621 |website=lefigaro.fr |access-date=2022-07-17}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cérémonie d'investiture du Président élu de Mauritanie, Mohamed Ould Cheikh El GHAZOUANI, ce jeudi 1er août 2019, à Nouakchott. |url=https://twitter.com/AOuattara_PRCI/status/1157246282173419521?s=20&t=1aOrSh6gomrtqolHZrYs9w |website=twitter.com |date=2019-08-02 |access-date=2022-07-17}}</ref>. === Manda ya mbere === Ghazouani yavuguruye urwego rw'ubutasi (GSI) kandi afata ubuyobozi bw'ishyaka riri ku butegetsi <ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Laurent de Saint Périer |title=Mauritanie : passe d'armes entre frères présidents |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/mauritanie-passe-d-armes-entre-freres-presidents-08-12-2019-2351962_3826.php# |website=Le Point |date=2019-12-08 |access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref>. Yatandukanye n'imiyoborere ya mbere ye, atangiza ibiganiro n'imiryango itegamiye kuri leta ndetse n'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi <ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Justine Spiegel |title=Mohamed Ould Bouamatou de retour à Nouakchott après dix ans d’exil |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/908803/politique/mohamed-ould-bouamatou-de-retour-a-nouakchott-apres-dix-ans-dexil/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2020-03-11}}</ref>; ndetse Biram Dah Abeid ubwe yashimye iyo nzira <ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mauritanie : le gouvernement se dit prêt à ouvrir une grande concertation nationale, entre autres sur l’esclavage |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/politique/1002-85055-mauritanie-le-gouvernement-se-dit-pret-a-ouvrir-une-grande-concertation-nationale-entre-autres-sur-l-esclavage |website=agenceecofin.com |date=2021-02-10 |access-date=2022-07-17}}</ref>. Yashyize imbere ubumwe bw'Abanyamoritaniya <ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mauritanie : vers un dialogue narional traitant tous les maux du pays |url=https://afrique.le360.ma/mauritanie/politique/2021/02/25/33663-mauritanie-vers-un-dialogue-national-traitant-tous-les-maux-du-pays-33663 |website=afrique.le360.ma |access-date=2022-07-17}}</ref>. Umubano we na Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz warazambye: mu 2020, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yatangije iperereza ku micungire y'umutungo wa leta ku butegetsi bwa Abdel Aziz, maze uwo wahoze ari perezida akatirwa n'urukiko mu Ukuboza 2023 <ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Mauritania ex-president Aziz sentenced to 5 years for corruption |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231204-mauritania-ex-president-aziz-sentenced-to-5-years-for-corruption |website=France 24 |date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2023-12-14}}</ref>. Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, Moritaniya iyobowe na Ghazouani ifatwa nk'umufatanyabikorwa w'ingenzi w'ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba mu kurwanya iterabwoba mu karere ka Sahel; kuva mu 2011, nta gitero cy'iterabwoba cyabaye ku butaka bwayo <ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Avec les méharistes, sentinelles du Sahel à dos de dromadaire |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/avec-les-meharistes-sentinelles-du-sahel-a-dos-de-dromadaire-20210902 |website=lefigaro.fr |access-date=2022-07-17}}</ref><ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mohamed Ould Ghazouani, président de la Mauritanie: «Nous avons créé un équilibre de la peur avec les terroristes» |url=https://www.lopinion.fr/international/mohamed-ould-ghazouani-president-de-la-mauritanie-nous-avons-cree-un-equilibre-de-la-peur-avec-les-terroristes |website=lopinion.fr |date=2021-10-03 |access-date=2022-07-17}}</ref>. Imbere mu gihugu, ubutegetsi bwe bwatangije gahunda y'ubwishingizi bw'indwara kuri bose <ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le ministre de la Santé : La Mauritanie a fait d'importants progrès dans le domaine de l'assurance maladie et poursuit ses efforts pour aller plus loin |url=https://fr.ami.mr/Depeche-64557.html |website=fr.ami.mr |access-date=2022-07-17}}</ref>. Yanishyuye ikiguzi cyo kuvuza umuhanzikazi Salka Mint Sneid <ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soirée d'hommage à feue Mme Salka Mint Sneid |url=https://ami.mr/fr/archives/81801 |website=Agence Mauritanienne d'infomation |date=2020-02-24 |access-date=2025-01-15}}</ref>. Kuva muri Gashyantare 2024 kugeza muri Gashyantare 2025, Ghazouani yabaye umuyobozi w'Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe <ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=President of Mauritania Elected As New Chairperson of AU |url=https://www.ena.et/web/eng/w/eng_4033947 |website=ENA English |access-date=2024-02-19}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri === Muri Mata 2024, yatangaje ko aziyamamariza manda ya kabiri <ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |author=RFI |title=Afrique Le président Ghazouani candidat pour un deuxième mandat à la tête de la Mauritanie |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20240424-le-pr%C3%A9sident-ghazouani-candidat-pour-un-deuxi%C3%A8me-mandat-%C3%A0-la-t%C3%AAte-de-la-mauritanie |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref><ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Mauritanie, le président Mohamed Ould Ghazouani largement favori à sa réélection |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/06/28/en-mauritanie-le-president-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-largement-favori-a-sa-reelection_6245094_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2024-06-28 |access-date=2024-07-01}}</ref>. Mu matora yo ku ya 29 Kamena 2024, yatsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 56,1%, nk'uko byatangajwe ku ya 1 Nyakanga 2024 <ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Mauritanie, Mohamed Ould Ghazouani réélu président au premier tour |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/01/en-mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-reelu-president-au-premier-tour_6245858_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2024-07-01 |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref>, maze yongera kurahira ku ya 1 Kanama 2024 <ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président réélu Ghazouani promet de lutter contre la corruption en Mauritanie |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/mauritanie-le-pr%C3%A9sident-r%C3%A9%C3%A9lu-ghazouani-promet-de-lutter-contre-la-corruption/7726143.html |website=voaafrique.com |date=2024-08-01 |access-date=2024-08-02}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2024, yitabiriye inama y'ibihugu bya BRICS yabereye i Kazan mu [[Uburusiya]], ahahurira na Perezida Vladimir Putin <ref name="E31">{{cite web |title=RUSSIA-MAURITANIA-BRICS-DIPLOMACY |url=https://www.eunews.it/en/2024/10/25/eu-russia-north-korean-troops-ukraine/russia-mauritania-brics-diplomacy-2/ |website=Eunews.it |date=2025-10-25}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2025, yakiriwe muri White House mu nama yahuje Perezida Donald Trump n'abakuru b'ibihugu bimwe bya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba <ref name="E32">{{cite web |title=Why Trump invited five African leaders to the White House |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5ygqenwx78o |website=BBC News |date=2025-07-10}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Ghazouani akomoka mu muryango w'Abasufi kandi akurikira umurongo wa Maliki mu idini rya Isilamu <ref name="F26" /><ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président mauritanien Mohamed Ould Ghazouani, un général pétri de culture religieuse |url=https://www.lopinion.fr/international/le-president-mauritanien-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-un-general-petri-de-culture-religieuse |website=lopinion.fr |date=2021-10-03 |access-date=2022-07-15}}</ref>. Yashakanye na Mariem Mint Mohamed Fadel Ould Dah, umuganga w'amenyo mu gisirikare <ref name="F2" /><ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=ar |title=في أول ظهور إعلامي لها زوجة وزير الدفاع ومرشح الرئاسيات ولد الغزواني تتحدث في مقابلة &#124; الحقيقة |url=https://www.alhakika.info/node/10900 |website=www.alhakika.info}}</ref>; bafitanye abana batandatu <ref name="F29" />. Umugore we azwiho guharanira uburenganzira bw'abana bafite indwara ya ''autisme'', cyane cyane binyuze mu kigo Centre Zayed <ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Pose de la première pierre d’un centre pour les enfants autistes |url=https://fr.saharamedias.net/pose-de-la-premiere-pierre-dun-centre-pour-les-enfants-autistes/ |website=saharamedias.net |access-date=2022-07-15}}</ref><ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ce qu’il faut savoir sur la très discrète madame Ghazouani, Première dame de Mauritanie |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1176164/politique/ce-quil-faut-savoir-sur-la-tres-discrete-madame-ghazouani-premiere-dame-de-mauritanie/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2021-05-22 |access-date=2022-07-15}}</ref><ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mauritanie : qui est Mariem Mint Mohamed Fadel Ould Dah, la Première dame qui bouleverse la perception de l’autisme en Afrique ? |url=https://www.billetdefrance.fr/monde/mauritanie-qui-est-mariem-mint-mohamed-fadel-ould-dah-la-premiere-dame-qui-bouleverse-la-perception-de-lautisme-en-afrique/13/05/2022/ |website=billetdefrance.fr |access-date=2022-07-15}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Moritaniya]] 2l5xkghxphpwnpv5lwyl0g1es783lb1 0 23208 140684 2026-10-03T21:02:17Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Dharam Gokhool | image = Dharam Gokhool on March 11, 2025 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Dharam Gokhool ku ya 11 Werurwe 2025 | birth_date = 25 Ukwakira 1949 | birth_place = Plaine des Roches, [[Morise]] | nationality = Umunyamorise | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Delhi | occupation = Umwarimu wa kaminuza, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Morise]] | term = Kuva ku ya 7 Ukuboza 2024 | predecessor = Prithvirajsing Roopun | party =..." 140684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Dharam Gokhool | image = Dharam Gokhool on March 11, 2025 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Dharam Gokhool ku ya 11 Werurwe 2025 | birth_date = 25 Ukwakira 1949 | birth_place = Plaine des Roches, [[Morise]] | nationality = Umunyamorise | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Delhi | occupation = Umwarimu wa kaminuza, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Morise]] | term = Kuva ku ya 7 Ukuboza 2024 | predecessor = Prithvirajsing Roopun | party = Mouvement militant mauricien (1980–1994), Ishyaka ry'Abakozi (''Parti travailliste'', kuva mu 1994) | spouse = Brinda Gokhool }} '''Dharambeer Gokhool''', uzwi cyane nka '''Dharam Gokhool''' (yavutse ku ya 25 Ukwakira 1949 i Plaine des Roches), ni umwarimu wa kaminuza akaba n'umunyapolitiki w'[[Morise]], Perezida wa munani wa Repubulika ya Morise kuva mu Ukuboza 2024. Umwe mu bayoboke b'Ishyaka ry'Abakozi (''Parti travailliste''), yabaye umudepite, umuyobozi w'umujyi wa Vacoas-Phœnix, Minisitiri w'Uburezi (2005–2008) na Minisitiri w'Inganda, Ubumenyi n'Ubushakashatsi (2008–2010). Yatowe n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ku bwumvikane bwa bose ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2024. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Gokhool yavutse ku ya 25 Ukwakira 1949 mu mudugudu wa Plaine des Roches, muri Morise <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=en |title=President of the Republic of Mauritius |url=https://mauritiusassembly.govmu.org/mauritiusassembly/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Debate-No-02-of-2024-UNREVISED-Friday-06-December-2024.pdf |website=National Assembly}}</ref>, mu muryango w'Abahindu <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gokhool President? But Gurib-Fakim challenges reports |url=https://www.worldfuturetv.com/gokhool-president/ |website=World Future TV |date=2018-03-02}}</ref>. Se, Manilall Gokhool, yari umukozi usanzwe, naho nyina, Koshila Gokhool, yitaga ku rugo. Yakuriye mu muryango w'abakozi bo mu cyaro, ariko umuryango we umutera inkunga yo kwiga <ref name="E2">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mathieu Claveyrolas |title=The 'Land of the Vaish'? Caste Structure and Ideology in Mauritius |url=https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/3886 |website=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal |date=2015-05-27 |access-date=2025-09-13}}</ref><ref name="E3">{{cite web |title=President of the Republic of Mauritius |url=https://mauritiusassembly.govmu.org/mauritiusassembly/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Debate-No-02-of-2024-UNREVISED-Friday-06-December-2024.pdf |website=National Assembly |date=2024-12-06}}</ref>. Yize mu ishuri rya leta rya Roches Noires, aho yafatwaga nk'umunyeshuri w'indashyikirwa, hanyuma mu ishuri rya leta rya Mapou. Mu 1975, yarangije amasomo muri Kaminuza ya Delhi mu [[Ubuhinde]], maze agaruka muri Morise <ref name="E3" />. Yabaye umwarimu muri Kaminuza ya Morise, ahabwa imyanya itandukanye irimo iy'umwarimu wungirije (''associate professor'') n'umuyobozi (''dean'') w'ishami ry'amategeko n'imiyoborere. Leta y'Ubufaransa yamugize ''officier'' mu Rutonde rw'icyubahiro witwa ''Palmes académiques''. == Umwuga wa politiki == Gokhool yatangiye umwuga wa politiki mu 1976 <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Dharam Gokhool élu président de la République |url=https://defimedia.info/dharam-gokhool-elu-president-de-la-republique |website=Le Défi Media Group |date=2024-12-06}}</ref><ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Dharam Gokhool élu président de la République |url=http://defimedia.info/dharam-gokhool-elu-president-de-la-republique |website=Le Défi Media Group |date=2024-12-06}}</ref>. Mu 1980, yinjiye mu ishyaka rya Mouvement militant mauricien (MMM). Mu 1982, yatorewe kuba umudepite mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko ku rutonde rw'ihuriro rya MMM n'Ishyaka rya Gisosiyalisiti rya Morise (PSM), ryatsinze amatora uwo mwaka ku bwiganze busesuye. Nyuma y'icikamo ry'ihuriro rya MMM na PSM, Gokhool yagumye muri MMM, ariko atsindwa mu matora ya 1983 mu ntara y'itora ya Piton-Rivière-du-Rempart. Mu 1991, yagarutse mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko ku rutonde rw'ihuriro rya MMM na Mouvement socialiste militant (MSM); ariko muri iyo manda, yimukiye mu Ishyaka ry'Abakozi <ref name="E4" />. Kuva mu 1991 kugeza mu 1993, yabaye umuyobozi (''maire'') w'umujyi wa Vacoas-Phœnix. Kuva mu 1993 kugeza mu 1994, yabaye umunyamabanga wihariye w'inteko (''parliamentary private secretary''). Mu Ishyaka ry'Abakozi, yabaye umunyamabanga ushinzwe ubuyobozi mu 2003, hanyuma umunyamabanga mukuru kuva mu 2004 kugeza mu 2005 <ref name="E3" />. Muri guverinoma ya kabiri ya Minisitiri w'Intebe Navin Ramgoolam, Gokhool yabaye Minisitiri w'Uburezi kuva mu 2005 kugeza mu 2008 <ref name="E5">{{cite web |author=Mahmood, Kazi |title=Gokhool President? But Gurib-Fakim challenges reports |url=https://www.worldfuturetv.com/gokhool-president/ |website=World Future TV |date=2018-03-02}}</ref><ref name="E4" />, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Inganda, Ubumenyi n'Ubushakashatsi kuva mu 2008 kugeza mu 2010 <ref name="E3" />. Nyuma y'amatora ya 2014, yiyamamarije kuba visi-perezida, ariko ntiyatorwa <ref name="E5" />. == Perezida wa Morise == Ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2024, nyuma y'irangira rya manda ya Prithvirajsing Roopun, Gokhool yatowe n'abagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ku bwumvikane bwa bose ngo abe Perezida wa munani wa Repubulika ya Morise, kuri manda y'imyaka itanu <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Dharam Gokhool elected Mauritian president |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20241207/55bb5b26f5fc45b9becfce0be4c76664/c.html |website=Xinhua News Agency |date=2024-12-06}}</ref>. Iryo tora ryaturutse ku bwumvikane hagati y'imitwe ya politiki ikomeye mu Nteko, kandi ryagaragaje isura ye nk'umuntu uhuza bose, wemerwa n'impande zose za politiki <ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Dharam Gokhool elected Mauritian president |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20241207/55bb5b26f5fc45b9becfce0be4c76664/c.html |website=Xinhua News Agency |date=2024-12-06}}</ref>. Muri Morise, umwanya wa perezida ahanini ni uw'icyubahiro n'uwo kurinda Itegeko Nshinga, kuko ububasha nyubahirizategeko buri mu maboko ya Minisitiri w'Intebe n'Inama y'Abaminisitiri. Gokhool yashyize imbere uburezi, ubumwe n'uburinganire, yiyemeza kuba umurinzi w'Itegeko Nshinga n'ikimenyetso cy'ubumwe bw'Abanyamorise bose <ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=en |title=Will The Ravived Play King Makers Again? |url=https://www.worldfuturetv.com/will-the-ravived-play-king-makers-again/ |website=World Future |date=2021-03-08 |access-date=2025-09-17}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuyobora igihugu ku ya 7 Ukuboza 2024 mu ngoro ya State House i Réduit, mu muhango witabiriwe na Minisitiri w'Intebe, abagize guverinoma, abayobozi b'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi n'abahagarariye imiryango itandukanye; yahawe kandi impeta y'icyubahiro ya ''Grand Commander of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean'' (GCSK). Muri iyo nama imwe y'Inteko, Robert Hungley yatorewe kuba visi-perezida we <ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Mr Dharambeer Gokhool and Mr J.Y. Robert Hungley sworn in as President and Vice-President of Republic of Mauritius |url=https://govmu.org/EN/newsgov/SitePages/Mr-Dharambeer-Gokhool-and-Mr-J.Y.-Robert-Hungley-sworn-in-as-President-and-Vice-President-of-Republic-of-Mauri.aspx |website=govmu.org |access-date=2025-09-17}}</ref>. Ku ya 11 Werurwe 2025, Gokhool yakiriye Minisitiri w'Intebe w'[[Ubuhinde]], Narendra Modi, mu rugendo rw'akazi muri Morise. Mu muhango wabereye i Port-Louis, yahaye Modi impeta y'icyubahiro ya GCSK, icyubahiro gisumba ibindi gihabwa abasivili muri Morise, amushimira uruhare rwe mu gushimangira umubano w'ibihugu byombi <ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi receives the highest Civilian Award of Mauritius at the National Day Celebrations (March 12, 2025) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/39162/Prime_Minister_Shri_Narendra_Modi_receives_the_highest_Civilian_Award_of_Mauritius_at_the_National_Day_Celebrations_March_12_2025 |website=Ministry of External affairs, Government of India |access-date=2025-09-17}}</ref>. Muri urwo ruzinduko, Modi yasuye State House, aho Gokhool yamweretse ubusitani bw'ibimera bivura bya ''Ayurveda'' <ref name="E10">{{cite web |language=en |title=PM Modi becomes first Indian leader to receive Mauritius' highest award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-receives-mauritius-highest-award/article69321371.ece |website=The Hindu |date=2025-03-12 |access-date=2025-09-17}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Morise]] ifkbnagbwtlxquihvhj75a6cf1f7wzg 0 23209 140688 2026-10-03T21:09:06Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Daniel Chapo | image = Daniel Chapo, November 2025.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Daniel Chapo mu Ugushyingo 2025 | birth_date = 6 Mutarama 1977 | birth_place = Inhaminga, intara ya Sofala, [[Mozambike]] | nationality = Umunyamozambike | alma_mater = Kaminuza Eduardo Mondlane, Kaminuza Gatolika ya Mozambike | occupation = Umunyamategeko, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Mozambike]] | term = Kuva ku ya 15 Mutarama 2025 | predecessor =..." 140688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Daniel Chapo | image = Daniel Chapo, November 2025.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Daniel Chapo mu Ugushyingo 2025 | birth_date = 6 Mutarama 1977 | birth_place = Inhaminga, intara ya Sofala, [[Mozambike]] | nationality = Umunyamozambike | alma_mater = Kaminuza Eduardo Mondlane, Kaminuza Gatolika ya Mozambike | occupation = Umunyamategeko, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Mozambike]] | term = Kuva ku ya 15 Mutarama 2025 | predecessor = Filipe Nyusi | party = FRELIMO | spouse = Gueta Selemane Chapo | children = 4 }} '''Daniel Francisco Chapo''' (yavutse ku ya 6 Mutarama 1977 i Inhaminga) ni umunyamategeko akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa [[Mozambike]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 15 Mutarama 2025. Umuyoboke w'ishyaka riri ku butegetsi rya FRELIMO, yabaye guverineri w'intara ya Inhambane kuva mu 2016 kugeza mu 2024, hanyuma aba umunyamabanga mukuru w'iryo shyaka n'umukandida waryo mu matora ya perezida ya 2024. Ni we mukandida wa mbere wa FRELIMO ku mwanya wa perezida wavutse nyuma y'ubwigenge bwa Mozambike mu 1975. Itsinzi ye mu matora ya 2024 yanenzwe cyane n'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, kandi yakurikiwe n'imyigaragambyo yahitanye abantu benshi. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Chapo yavutse ku ya 6 Mutarama 1977 i Inhaminga, mu ntara ya Sofala <ref name="E2">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Quem é Quem: Secretários de Estado nas Províncias e Governadores de Províncias (2020-2024) |url=https://issuu.com/bureauinfopub/docs/quem_quem_prov_ncias_digital_2022 |website=Public Information Bureau |date=June 2022 |access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza i Inhaminga (1982–1985) no mu karere ka Dondo (1986–1987), amashuri yisumbuye mu karere ka Dondo (1988–1996), hanyuma mu ishuri ryisumbuye Samora Machel i Beira (1997–1998) <ref name="E2" />. Yize amategeko muri Kaminuza Eduardo Mondlane i [[Maputo]], ayirangiza mu 2000 <ref name="E3">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Quem é Daniel Chapo? Um breve perfil do candidato presidencial da Frelimo |url=https://www.tvm.co.mz/index.php/noticias/politica/item/12519-quem-e-daniel-chapo-um-breve-perfil-do-candidato-presidencial-da-frelimo |website=Televisão de Moçambique |date=2024-05-06}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=en |title=Deadlock Ends: Daniel Chapo is Frelimo’s Candidate to Succeed Nyusi |url=https://360mozambique.com/economy/deadlock-ends-daniel-chapo-is-frelimos-candidate-to-succeed-nyusi/ |website=360 Mozambique}}</ref>. Mu 2004, yabaye noteri <ref name="E3" />. Mu 2014, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu micungire y'iterambere muri Kaminuza Gatolika ya Mozambike <ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=pt |author=Lusa |title=Daniel Chapo é o candidato da Frelimo a Presidente de Moçambique |url=https://www.publico.pt/2024/05/06/mundo/noticia/daniel-chapo-candidato-frelimo-presidente-mocambique-2089399 |website=Público |date=2024-05-06}}</ref><ref name="F3" />. Kuva mu 1997 kugeza mu 1998, yari umunyamakuru kuri Radiyo Miramar i Beira, hanyuma kuva mu 2003 kugeza mu 2004 asoma amakuru kuri Televiziyo Miramar mu murwa mukuru <ref name="E2" /><ref name="E5">{{cite web |author=Hill, Matthew; Nhamirre, Borges |title=Chapo is Mozambique Ruling Party's Surprise Pick as New Leader |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-05/chapo-is-mozambique-ruling-party-s-surprise-pick-as-new-leader |website=Bloomberg News |date=2024-05-05}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mozambique: Daniel Chapo, élu candidat du Frelimo, le parti au pouvoir, pour la présidentielle d'octobre |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240507-mozambique-daniel-chapo-%C3%A9lu-candidat-du-frelimo-le-parti-au-pouvoir-pour-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-d-octobre |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Mu 2005, yagizwe umubitsi w'impapuro z'ubutaka (''conservateur'') i Nacala-Porto <ref name="E2" />. Yimenyereje umwuga mu rugaga rw'abavoka (2007–2008), kandi mu 2009 yigishije ubumenyi bwa politiki n'amategeko nshinga muri Kaminuza Nderabarezi ya Maputo <ref name="E2" /><ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Daniel Chapo, 47, Announced As Ruling Party's Candidate in October Presidential Election |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202405080386.html |website=The New Times |date=2024-05-08}}</ref><ref name="F4" />. == Umwuga wa politiki == Chapo yinjiye muri politiki mu ishyaka rya FRELIMO mu 2009, ubwo yagirwaga umuyobozi w'akarere ka Nacala-a-Velha <ref name="E2" />. Mu 2015, yabaye umuyobozi w'akarere ka Palma <ref name="E2" />. === Guverineri wa Inhambane === Ku ya 4 Werurwe 2016, Chapo yagizwe guverineri w'intara ya Inhambane, mu majyepfo y'igihugu <ref name="E2" /><ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mozambique, le parti au pouvoir a choisi son prochain dirigeant |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/mozambique-le-parti-au-pouvoir-a-choisi-son-prochain-dirigeant/7599396.html |website=AFP et Voice of America}}</ref><ref name="F3" />. Nyuma y'ivugurura ry'uburyo abaguverineri bashyirwaho, yatorewe uwo mwanya mu matora rusange yo ku ya 15 Ukwakira 2019 <ref name="E2" /><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Governadores provinciais apresentados à população |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221211357/https://jornalnoticias.co.mz/politica/governadores-provinciais-apresentados-a-populacao/ |website=jornalnoticias.co.mz}}</ref>. === Umukandida ku mwanya wa perezida === Ku ya 5 Gicurasi 2024, komite nkuru ya FRELIMO yamutoye ku majwi 225 (94%) ngo abe umukandida w'ishyaka mu matora ya perezida ya 2024, asimbura Filipe Nyusi wari urangije manda ze zemewe n'Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="E7">{{cite web |author=Mangwiro, Charles |title=Mozambique's ruling party nominates presidential candidate |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/mozambique-s-ruling-party-nominates-presidential-candidate/7601729.html |website=Voice of America |date=2024-05-07}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Mozambique's ruling party announces Chapo as presidential candidate |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mozambiques-ruling-party-announces-chapo-presidential-candidate-2024-05-06/ |website=Reuters |date=2024-05-06}}</ref>. Yatsinze cyane cyane Roque Silva Samuel, wari umunyamabanga mukuru wa FRELIMO <ref name="F4" /><ref name="F5" />. Kubera ko atari azwi cyane, gutorwa kwe kwatunguye benshi <ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Daniel Chapo: the choice that surprised everyone |url=https://www.zitamar.com/daniel-chapo-the-choice-that-surprised-everyone/ |website=Zitamar News |date=2024-05-06}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Mozambique's ruling party names new leader ahead of elections |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/05/06/mozambiques-ruling-party-names-new-leader-ahead-of-elections// |website=Africanews |date=2024-05-06}}</ref>. Ku ya 13 Gicurasi, yagizwe umunyamabanga mukuru w'agateganyo w'ishyaka <ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=pt |author=Chavo, Afonso |title=Daniel Chapo é secretário-geral interino da Frelimo |url=https://opais.co.mz/daniel-chapo-e-secretario-geral-interino-da-frelimo/ |website=OPAÍS |date=2024-05-13}}</ref>. Yeguye ku mwanya wa guverineri, maze ubwegure bwe bwemezwa n'inteko y'intara ku ya 23 Gicurasi, kugira ngo yitegure amatora yo ku ya 9 Ukwakira <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Assembleia Provincial de Inhambane aprova renúncia de Daniel Chapo, ao cargo do governador da província |url=https://www.rm.co.mz/assembleia-provincial-de-inhambane-aprova-renuncia-de-daniel-chapo-ao-cargo-do-governador-da-provincia/ |website=Rádio Moçambique |date=2024-05-23}}</ref>; yasimbuwe na Eduardo Mussanhane, perezida w'inteko y'intara ya Inhambane <ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Mozambique: President swears in new governor of Inhambane province |url=https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-president-swears-in-new-governor-of-inhambane-province-259363/ |website=clubofmozambique |access-date=2024-10-14}}</ref>. Chapo ni we mukandida wa mbere wa FRELIMO ku mwanya wa perezida wavutse nyuma y'ubwigenge bwa Mozambike, bwabonetse mu 1975 nyuma y'ubukoloni bwa [[Porutigali]] <ref name="E8" />. Kubera ubwiganze bwa FRELIMO muri politiki y'igihugu, yafatwaga nk'uzatsinda amatora <ref name="E5" /><ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=Q&A: How Mozambique got a (nearly) born-free future president in Daniel Chapo |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/qa-how-mozambique-got-a-nearly-born-free-future-president-in-daniel-chapo-20240508 |website=News24 |date=2024-05-08}}</ref><ref name="E15">{{cite web |author=Avendaño, Victor |title=Mozambique: 10 things to know about Daniel Chapo, likely future president |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/350304/mozambique-10-things-to-know-about-daniel-chapo-the-likely-future-president/ |website=The Africa Report |date=2024-06-01}}</ref>. === Amatora ya 2024 n'impaka === Ku ya 24 Ukwakira 2024, komisiyo y'amatora ya Mozambike yatangaje ko Chapo yatsinze amatora n'amajwi 71% <ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Mozambique's ruling party wins landslide in disputed poll |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c14lzy75355o |website=BBC News |date=2024-10-24 |access-date=2024-10-24}}</ref><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=en |author=Danai Nesta Kupemba, Shingai Nyoka |title=Mozambique's ruling party wins landslide in disputed poll |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c14lzy75355o |website=bbc.com |date=2024-10-24 |access-date=2024-10-25}}</ref>. Ariko ayo matora yaranzwe n'ibirego by'uburiganya n'ibitagenze neza byinshi <ref name="E17">{{cite web |author=Charles Mangwiro |title=Mozambique counts votes in its presidential election as opposition alleges fraud |url=https://apnews.com/article/mozambique-election-president-frelimo-chapo-bdcef382aa0462bfdbe8d89ca284b241 |website=Associated Press |date=2024-10-10 |access-date=2024-10-10}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |author=Nellie Peyton |title=Mozambique counts votes amid allegations of irregularities |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mozambique-early-vote-counting-under-way-after-peaceful-election-2024-10-10/ |website=Reuters |access-date=2024-10-14}}</ref>. Ishyaka PODEMOS ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi ryanze ibyavuye mu matora, ritangaza ibarura ryaryo bwite ryerekanaga ko Venâncio Mondlane yatsinze n'amajwi 53% <ref name="E19">{{cite web |author=Matthew Hill |title=Mozambican Opposition Leader Warns of New Election Protests |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-28/mozambique-eelctions-opposition-leader-warns-of-renewed-protests |website=Bloomberg news |access-date=2024-10-28}}</ref>. Ibyavuye mu matora byanashidikanyijweho n'Inama y'Abepiskopi Gatolika ya Mozambike n'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'Uburayi, mu gihe imyigaragambyo yo kubyamagana yahitanye nibura abantu 250, abenshi muri bo bakaba abigaragambyaga barashwe na polisi n'ingabo <ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Mozambique top court confirms ruling party's win in disputed election |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/23/mozambique-top-court-confirms-ruling-partys-win-in-disputed-election |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2024-12-23}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Mozambique post-election violence kills 125 in three days: NGO |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241226-mozambique-post-election-violence-kills-125-in-three-days-ngo |website=France 24 |access-date=2024-12-27}}</ref>. Ku ya 23 Ukuboza 2024, Inama y'Itegeko Nshinga yemeje itsinzi ye, ariko imugenera amajwi 65,17% <ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mozambique: Daniel Chapo, l'inconnu président rejeté par la rue |url=https://www.boursedirect.fr/fr/actualites/categorie/politique/mozambique-daniel-chapo-l-inconnu-president-rejete-par-la-rue-afp-16261dc423fd8826adac4d8d7a5d5a094f267b34 |website=Bourse Direct}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Mozambike == Nubwo imyigaragambyo yakomeje, Chapo yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Mozambike ku ya 15 Mutarama 2025 <ref name="E22">{{cite web |title=Chapo sworn in following Mozambique's disputed presidential election |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/15/chapo-sworn-in-following-mozambiques-disputed-presidential-election |website=Al Jazeera |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-01-15}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mozambique: Daniel Chapo investi président à Maputo sous haute tension |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250115-mozambique-daniel-chapo-investi-pr%C3%A9sident-%C3%A0-maputo-sous-haute-tension |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Mutarama 2025, yagize Maria Benvinda Levy Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Mozambique's new president names Cabinet with female prime minister |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/mozambique-s-new-president-names-cabinet-with-female-prime-minister/3454251 |website=www.aa.com.tr |access-date=2025-02-03}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Chapo yashakanye na Gueta Selemane Chapo <ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Mozambique's new president sworn in despite opposition boycott |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr7en1452xjo |website=BBC |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-01-15}}</ref>, bafitanye abana bane <ref name="E2" />. Ni Umukristo <ref name="E2" />. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Mozambike]] 25lm30qgletuv4rbfnnwe0xk60pyjwf 0 23210 140689 2026-10-03T21:09:57Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah | image = Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah 2025.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah mu 2025 | birth_date = 29 Ukwakira 1952 | birth_place = Onamutai, Afurika y'Amajyepfo-Uburengerazuba (ubu ni [[Namibiya]]) | nationality = Umunyanamibiya | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Keele, Glasgow College of Technology | occupation = Umunyapolitiki, umudipolomate | title = Perezida wa [[Namibiya]] | term = Kuva ku ya 21 Werurwe..." 140689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah | image = Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah 2025.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah mu 2025 | birth_date = 29 Ukwakira 1952 | birth_place = Onamutai, Afurika y'Amajyepfo-Uburengerazuba (ubu ni [[Namibiya]]) | nationality = Umunyanamibiya | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Keele, Glasgow College of Technology | occupation = Umunyapolitiki, umudipolomate | title = Perezida wa [[Namibiya]] | term = Kuva ku ya 21 Werurwe 2025 | predecessor = Nangolo Mbumba | party = SWAPO | spouse = Epaphras Denga Ndaitwah | children = 3 }} '''Ndemupelila Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah''' (yavutse ku ya 29 Ukwakira 1952 i Onamutai), uzwi cyane ku izina rya '''NNN''', ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Namibiya]], Perezida wa gatanu w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 21 Werurwe 2025. Ni we mugore wa mbere wabaye Perezida wa Namibiya. Umuyoboke w'ishyaka rya SWAPO kuva afite imyaka 14, yamaze imyaka myinshi mu buhungiro mbere y'ubwigenge, hanyuma aba umudepite kuva mu 1990. Yabaye minisitiri mu nzego zitandukanye, Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga (2012–2024), Visi-Minisitiri w'Intebe (2015–2024), na Visi-Perezida wa Repubulika (2024–2025). Mu 2017, yabaye umugore wa mbere watorewe kuba visi-perezida wa SWAPO, kandi ni we mugore wa mbere iryo shyaka ryatanze nk'umukandida ku mwanya wa perezida. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Netumbo Nandi yavutse ku ya 29 Ukwakira 1952 <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=en |author=Ministère des relations internationales et de la coopération |title=Biographies de Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/opencms/grnnet/MFAv2/The_Ministry/Minister/ |date=2016 |access-date=2016-01-26}}</ref> i Onamutai, muri Afurika y'Amajyepfo-Uburengerazuba (ubu ni Namibiya), hafi y'urubibe rw'intara za Ohangwena na Oshana. Ababyeyi be ni Justina Nekoto Shaduka-Nandi na Petrus Nandi <ref name="E6">{{cite web |language=en |title=Nandi-Ndaitwah's moment of truth |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/nandi-ndaitwahs-moment-of-truth/ |website=The Namibian |date=2022-04-14 |access-date=2024-11-30}}</ref>. Se yari umupasiteri w'Itorero ry'Abangilikani <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=en |author=Tileni Mongudhi |title=Nandi-Ndaitwah’s moment of truth |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/nandi-ndaitwahs-moment-of-truth-3/ |website=The Namibian |date=2023-04-21 |access-date=2025-04-03}}</ref>. Ni uwa cyenda mu bana 13 <ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=en |author=Tileni Mongudhi |title=Nandi-Ndaitwah's moment of truth |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/nandi-ndaitwahs-moment-of-truth-3/ |website=The Namibian |date=2023-04-21 |access-date=2024-11-25}}</ref>. Yize mu ishuri ry'Abangilikani rya St. Mary's Mission i Odibo <ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=Klaus Dierks |title=Biographies of Namibian Personalities, N |url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_N.htm |website=klausdierks.com |access-date=2022-06-11}}</ref>. Yatangiye ibikorwa bya politiki akiri ingimbi, yinjira muri SWAPO mu 1966, afite imyaka 14 <ref name="F1" />. Bidatinze, yabaye umuyobozi w'urugaga rw'urubyiruko rwa SWAPO, rwarwanyaga ubukoloni bwa [[Afurika y’Epfo]]; ibyo byatumye ahigwa, bimuhatira kwihisha <ref name="E9">{{cite web |language=en |author=Wedaeli Chibelushi |title=Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah: From freedom fighter to Namibia's first female president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjr23pp3nv9o |website=www.bbc.com |date=2024-12-04 |access-date=2024-12-13}}</ref>. Mu 1973, yagiye mu buhungiro muri [[Zambiya]], aho yakoze ku cyicaro gikuru cya SWAPO i Lusaka kugeza mu 1975. Kuva mu 1975 kugeza mu 1976, yize mu ishuri rikuru ry'urubyiruko rw'Abakomunisiti (Komsomol) mu Bumwe bw'Abasoviyeti <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Top 10 des femmes qui ont marqué l'année 2025 en Afrique |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/c4gee4jggp2o |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2025-12-16 |access-date=2025-12-26}}</ref>. Mu 1987, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya nyuma ya kaminuza mu buyobozi n'imicungire ya leta muri Glasgow College of Technology, mu Bwongereza; mu 1988, abona indi mu mibanire mpuzamahanga muri Kaminuza ya Keele, hanyuma mu 1989 abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu bumenyi bwa dipolomasi muri iyo kaminuza <ref name="E10">{{cite web |author=Graham Hopwood |title=Who's Who, entry for Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah |url=http://www.nid.org.na/view_book_entry.php?book_id=128 |website=Namibia Institute for Democracy |access-date=2014-01-08}}</ref><ref name="F1" />. == Umwuga wa politiki == === Mbere y'ubwigenge === Kuva mu 1976 kugeza mu 1978, yari intumwa yungirije ya SWAPO muri Zambiya, hanyuma intumwa nkuru yayo muri icyo gihugu kugeza mu 1980. Kuva mu 1980 kugeza mu 1986, yari intumwa nkuru ya SWAPO muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, ifite icyicaro i Dar es Salaam, muri [[Tanzaniya]]. Yabaye umwe mu bagize komite nkuru ya SWAPO kuva mu 1976 kugeza mu 1986 <ref name="E10" />. === Mu butegetsi bwa Namibiya yigenga === Ni umudepite mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko ya Namibiya kuva mu 1990. Yabaye Visi-Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu 1996, na perezida w'urugaga rw'abagore rwa Namibiya (NANAWO) kuva mu 1991 kugeza mu 1994 <ref name="E10" />. Kuva mu 1996 kugeza mu 2000, ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Sam Nujoma, yabaye umuyobozi mukuru w'ishami rishinzwe iby'abagore mu biro bya Perezida, ahuza ibikorwa bya leta n'iby'abikorera mu guteza imbere gahunda zifasha abagore n'abana <ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah, Minister of Women Affairs and Child Welfare, on gender equality in Namibia |url=https://ippr.org.na/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Int6.pdf}}</ref>. Muri icyo gihe, Namibiya yashyizeho politiki y'igihugu y'uburinganire (1997) <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Statement by honourable Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah minister of women affairs and child welfare of the Republic of Namibia |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/csw2005/statements/050302namibia-e.pdf}}</ref>, itegeko ry'uburinganire bw'abashakanye (1996) <ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Married Persons Equality Act - Gender Justice - US Law - LII / Legal Information Institute |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/gender-justice/resource/married_persons_equality_act |website=www.law.cornell.edu |access-date=2025-08-01}}</ref> n'itegeko rirwanya gufata ku ngufu (2000), ryemera ko gufata ku ngufu bishobora no kubaho hagati y'abashakanye <ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=NATLEX - Namibia - Combating of Rape Act, 2000 (No. 8 of 2000). |url=https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/r/natlex/fe/details?p3_isn=82559 |website=natlex.ilo.org |access-date=2025-08-01}}</ref>. Mu 2000, yagizwe Minisitiri ushinzwe iby'Abagore n'Imibereho myiza y'Abana <ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=Nandi-Ndaitwah Netumbo |url=https://www.parliament.na/dt_team/nandi-ndaitwah-netumbo-2/ |website=Parliament of Namibia |access-date=2022-06-11}}</ref>. Muri uwo mwanya, yashyigikiye itegeko rirwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo ryo mu 2003 <ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=PolicyVault.Africa - Combating of Domestic Violence Act, 2003 |url=https://www.policyvault.africa/policy/combating-of-domestic-violence-act-2003/ |website=www.policyvault.africa |access-date=2025-08-01}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2005 kugeza mu 2010, yabaye Minisitiri w'Itangazamakuru, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Ibidukikije n'Ubukerarugendo kugeza mu Ukuboza 2012, ubwo yagirwaga Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga <ref name="E18">{{cite web |author=Selma Shipanga |title=Transition team picked |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=103168&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=525 |website=The Namibian |date=2012-12-05 |access-date=2013-12-27}}</ref> (minisiteri yaje kwitwa iy'Imibanire Mpuzamahanga n'Ubufatanye). Mu Werurwe 2015, Perezida Hage Geingob yamugize Visi-Minisitiri w'Intebe, akomeza no kuba Minisitiri w'Imibanire Mpuzamahanga n'Ubufatanye <ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Geingob announces Cabinet |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=134889&page=archive-read |website=The Namibian |date=2015-03-20}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique - Namibie : une femme nommée Premier ministre |url=http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/afrique-namibie-une-femme-nommee-premier-ministre-20-03-2015-1914528_2365.php |website=Le Point |date=2015-03-20 |access-date=2016-01-26}}</ref>. Muri SWAPO, ari muri komite nkuru no mu biro bya politiki, kandi ni umunyamabanga ushinzwe itangazamakuru n'ubukangurambaga, bigatuma aba umwe mu bavugizi b'ingenzi b'iryo shyaka <ref name="E10" /><ref name="E20">{{cite web |language=en |title=Nandi-Ndaitwah Netumbo |url=https://www.parliament.na/dt_team/nandi-ndaitwah-netumbo-2/ |website=Namibian Parliament |access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref>. === Visi-Perezida n'amatora ya 2024 === Mu Ugushyingo 2022, yongeye gutorerwa kuba visi-perezida wa SWAPO, bigatuma aba umukandida ushoboka cyane w'ishyaka mu matora ya perezida ya 2024 <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Namibie, le parti au pouvoir désigne la première femme pour succéder au président Geingob |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/11/29/en-namibie-le-parti-au-pouvoir-designe-la-premiere-femme-pour-succeder-au-president-geingob_6152122_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref>. Mu Werurwe 2023, yatangajwe ku mugaragaro nk'umukandida wa SWAPO <ref name="E21">{{cite web |author=John Ikani |title=Namibia: President Geingob Names Nandi-Ndaitwah Woman Successor |url=https://www.theheritagetimes.com/namibia-president-geingob-names-nandi-ndaitwah-woman-successor/ |website=The Heritage Times |date=2023-03-13}}</ref><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=en |author=John Ikani |title=Namibia: President Geingob Names Nandi-Ndaitwah Woman Successor |url=https://www.theheritagetimes.com/namibia-president-geingob-names-nandi-ndaitwah-woman-successor/ |website=The Heritage Times}}</ref>. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Perezida Geingob muri Gashyantare 2024, Nangolo Mbumba wamusimbuye yamugize Visi-Perezida wa Repubulika ku ya 4 Gashyantare 2024; ni we mugore wa mbere wabaye kuri uwo mwanya <ref name="E22">{{cite web |title=Nangolo Mbumba Sworn In as Namibia's Interim President |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/nangolao-mbumba-is-namibia-s-interim-president/7471038.html |website=Voice of America |date=2024-02-05}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Nangolo Mbumba sworn in as Namibia's fourth President |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2024-02-04-nangolo-mbumba-sworn-in-as-namibias-fourth-president/ |website=The Star Kenya |date=2024-02-04 |access-date=2024-02-04}}</ref><ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=en |author=Maureen Kinyanjui |title=Nangolo Mbumba sworn in as Namibia's fourth President |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2024-02-04-nangolo-mbumba-sworn-in-as-namibias-fourth-president/ |website=the-star.co.ke |date=2024-02-04 |access-date=2024-02-22}}</ref>. Ku ya 3 Ukuboza 2024, komisiyo y'amatora yamutangaje nk'uwatsinze amatora ya perezida, aba umugore wa mbere watorewe kuyobora Namibiya <ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Namibia will have its first female leader after VP wins presidential election for the ruling party |url=https://apnews.com/article/namibia-election-female-leader-president-8ea8783e1aa56ea20d65970e87adc313 |website=Associated Press |date=2024-12-04}}</ref><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |author=RFI |title=Namibie: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah élue première femme présidente du pays |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241203-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-en-namibie-la-commission-%C3%A9lectorale-annonce-la-victoire-de-netumbo-nandi-ndaitwah |website=rfi.fr |date=2024-12-04 |access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref>. Yagize amajwi 683 560 (58,7%), atsinda Panduleni Itula na McHenry Venaani <ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=2024 Presidential elections |url=https://elections.my.na |website=elections.my.na}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Namibiya == Yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Namibiya ku ya 21 Werurwe 2025, asimbura Nangolo Mbumba <ref name="E26">{{cite web |language=en |title=Namibia inaugurates its first woman president |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250321-namibia-inaugurates-its-first-woman-president |website=France 24 |date=2025-03-21 |access-date=2025-03-21}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Namibie: prestation de serment pour Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah, la première présidente du pays |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250321-namibie-prestation-de-serment-pour-netumbo-nandi-ndaitwah-la-premi%C3%A8re-pr%C3%A9sidente-du-pays |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Mu ijambo yavuze arahira, yiyemeje gushyira imbere guhanga imirimo, agamije imirimo mishya 500 000, cyane cyane mu buhinzi, uburobyi, ubuhanzi na siporo <ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=Historic Moment: Namibia Swears in Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah as First Woman President |url=https://diplomaticwatch.com/historic-moment-namibia-swears-in-netumbo-nandi-ndaitwah-as-first-woman-president/ |access-date=2025-08-01}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2025, yatangaje ko guhera mu 2026 leta izatanga amashuri makuru na kaminuza ku buntu mu bigo bya leta <ref name="E28">{{cite web |language=en |title=Namibia’s new president announces free university education starting in 2026 |url=https://apnews.com/article/namibia-president-education-free-netumbo-nandindaitwah-e2ba928f6deb9f69553a82d6a9150a96 |website=AP News |date=2025-04-24 |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref>. Ku ya 27 Mata 2025, yirukanye Minisitiri w'Ubuhinzi, Uburobyi, Amazi n'Ivugurura ry'Ubutaka, Mac-Albert Hengari, nyuma y'uko afatwa akekwaho ruswa, ashinjwa kugerageza gucecekesha umugore wavugaga ko yamufashe ku ngufu <ref name="E29">{{cite web |author=Tracy Tafirenyika |title=Mac Hengari's fall from power |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/mac-hengaris-fall-from-power/ |website=The Namibian |date=2025-04-28}}</ref>. == Ibitekerezo bye == Nandi-Ndaitwah aharanira uburenganzira bw'abagore n'uburinganire bw'ibitsina muri Namibiya. Ariko bamwe mu bamunenga bavuga ko afite ibitekerezo gakondo; mu kiganiro cyo mu 2022, umusesenguzi wa politiki Henning Melber yavuze ko atigeze ashyigikira uburenganzira bw'imyororokere cyangwa kurengera abaryamana bahuje ibitsina <ref name="E31">{{cite web |title=Nandi-Ndaitwah Likely To Disappoint Feminists: Analyst – Eagle FM |url=https://www.eaglefm.com.na/news/nandi-ndaitwah-likely-to-disappoint-feminists-analyst/ |website=www.eaglefm.com.na |access-date=2025-08-01}}</ref>. Arwanya gukuramo inda, uretse mu bihe bidasanzwe cyane <ref name="E26" /><ref name="F3" />. == Ubuzima bwite == Yashakanye na Jenerali Liyetona (wavuye mu kazi) Epaphras Denga Ndaitwah, wahoze ari umugaba mukuru w'Ingabo za Namibiya <ref name="E10" /><ref name="F1" />; bafitanye abana batatu <ref name="F1" />. Akunda ibikorwa by'abana mu baturage no gusoma <ref name="E20" />. Izina rya NNN akunze kwitwa rikoreshwa cyane na bagenzi be bo muri politiki <ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=NNN to launch Trust – New Era |url=https://neweralive.na/nnn-to-launch-trust-2/ |access-date=2025-08-01}}</ref>. == Ibihembo == Yahawe igihembo cy'Umuyobozi wa Politiki w'Umwaka muri Afurika n'icy'Umuyobozi w'Umugore w'Umwaka muri Afurika n'ikinyamakuru ''African Leadership Magazine'' <ref name="E32">{{cite web |language=en |title=BREAKING: NETUMBO NANDI-NDAITWAH, MANDISA MAYA, OTHER LEADERS NAMED AFRICAN LEADERSHIP MAGAZINE PERSONS OF THE YEAR 2025 - African Leadership Magazine |url=https://www.africanleadershipmagazine.co.uk/breaking-netumbo-nandi-ndaitwah-mandisa-maya-other-leaders-named-african-leadership-magazine-persons-of-the-year-2025/ |date=2025-12-02 |access-date=2025-12-03}}</ref>, ndetse n'igihembo cy'ubuyobozi bw'ibitekerezo (''thought leadership'') mu bihembo by'iterambere rirambye bya Namibiya <ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |author=Pricilla Mukokobi |title=Namibia: VP Recognised for Environmental Contribution |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202406210399.html |website=New Era |date=2024-06-21 |access-date=2024-09-03}}</ref>. Mu 2024, yahawe igihembo cy'ubuyobozi buhuza ibisekuru mu nama ya Nala Feminist <ref name="E34">{{cite web |title=VP Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah receives inter-generational leadership award |url=https://nbcnews.na/index.php/node/106178 |website=nbcnews.na |access-date=2024-11-23}}</ref>. Yahawe kandi impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga y'icyubahiro na Kaminuza ya Dar es Salaam, muri Tanzaniya <ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=Nandi-Ndaitwah awarded honorary doctorate by University of Dar es Salaam |url=https://nbcnews.na/news/nandi-ndaitwah-awarded-honorary-doctorate-university-dar-es-salaam.38635 |website=nbcnews.na |access-date=2024-11-23}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagore]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Namibiya]] rzl2uiej0f6076cw0v517kab3f15to2 0 23211 140690 2026-10-03T21:13:07Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Bola Tinubu | image = Bola Tinubu portrait.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Bola Tinubu | birth_date = 29 Werurwe 1952 | birth_place = Lagos, [[Nijeriya]] | nationality = Umunyanijeriya | alma_mater = Chicago State University | occupation = Umucungamari, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Guverineri wa Leta ya Lagos (1999–2007) | title = Perezida wa [[Nijeriya]] | term = Kuva ku ya 29 Gicurasi 2023 | predecessor = Muhammadu Buhari | party = All..." 140690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Bola Tinubu | image = Bola Tinubu portrait.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Bola Tinubu | birth_date = 29 Werurwe 1952 | birth_place = Lagos, [[Nijeriya]] | nationality = Umunyanijeriya | alma_mater = Chicago State University | occupation = Umucungamari, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Guverineri wa Leta ya Lagos (1999–2007) | title = Perezida wa [[Nijeriya]] | term = Kuva ku ya 29 Gicurasi 2023 | predecessor = Muhammadu Buhari | party = All Progressives Congress (APC) | spouse = Oluremi Tinubu | children = 6 }} '''Bola Ahmed Adekunle Tinubu''' (yavutse ku ya 29 Werurwe 1952 i Lagos) ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Nijeriya]], Perezida wa 16 w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 29 Gicurasi 2023. Mbere yaho, yabaye senateri wa Lagos y'Iburengerazuba mu gihe cya Repubulika ya Gatatu (1992–1993), hanyuma aba Guverineri wa Leta ya Lagos kuva mu 1999 kugeza mu 2007. Nyuma y'amashuri y'icungamari muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], yakoreye ibigo bikomeye birimo Mobil, mbere yo kwinjira muri politiki. Yahungiye mu mahanga ku butegetsi bwa gisirikare bwa Sani Abacha, aharanira kugaruka kwa demokarasi. Nyuma yo kuva ku mwanya wa guverineri, yagize uruhare rukomeye mu ishingwa ry'ishyaka rya All Progressives Congress (APC) mu 2013, maze atsinda amatora ya perezida ya 2023. Ku butegetsi bwe, yakuyeho inkunga leta yatangaga ku bikomoka kuri peteroli kandi avugurura cyane politiki y'ubukungu, ariko ahura n'ibirego byinshi bya ruswa n'impaka ku byavuye mu matora. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Tinubu yavukiye i Lagos mu muryango w'Abayisilamu b'ubwoko bw'Abayoruba <ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=Okeri Ngutjinazo |title=Who is Bola Tinubu, Nigeria's new president? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-nigerias-new-president-bola-tinubu/a-64851330 |website=Deutsche Welt |date=2023-05-29}}</ref><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Nigeria : l’ancien gouverneur de Lagos, Bola Tinubu, remporte la primaire du parti au pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/06/08/presidentielle-au-nigeria-l-ex-gouverneur-de-lagos-bola-tinubu-remporte-la-primaire-du-parti-au-pouvoir_6129404_3212.html |website=AFP et Le Monde}}</ref>. Ni umuhungu wa Abibatu Mogaji, wari ''Ìyál'ọ́jà'' (umuyobozi w'abacuruzikazi) wa Lagos. Amasoko yizewe yemeza ko yavutse mu 1952 <ref name="E9">{{cite web |author=Jason Burke |title='Godfather of Lagos' is the man to beat in pivotal Nigerian election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/24/godfather-of-lagos-is-the-man-to-beat-in-pivotal-nigerian-election |website=The Guardian |date=2023-02-24}}</ref>, nubwo abatavuga rumwe na we bavuga ko akuze kurushaho, kandi amasoko amwe akagaragaza ko imyaka ye itigeze yemezwa neza <ref name="E10">{{cite web |author=Richard Assheton |title=Nigerian presidential candidate 'proves he's fit for office' — on exercise bike |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/africa/article/nigerian-presidential-candidate-proves-hes-fit-for-office-on-exercise-bike-fhq7z7l7p}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |author=Ikechukwu Amaechi |title=Tinubu and the certificate scandal that refuses to die |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/tinubu-and-the-certificate-scandal-that-refuses-to-die/ |website=Vanguard |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2022-07-08}}</ref>. Yize mu ishuri ribanza rya St. John's i Aroloya, muri Lagos, hanyuma muri Children Home School i Ibadan <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Bola Tinubu Biography: Life Story and Age Accomplishments of Asiwaju |url=https://buzznigeria.com/bola-tinubu/ |website=buzznigeria.com |date=2022-07-27 |access-date=2023-05-29}}</ref>. Mu 1975, yagiye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, yiga muri Richard J. Daley College i Chicago hanyuma muri Chicago State University, aho yize icungamari n'imicungire. Yakoze imirimo itandukanye, nko koza amasahani, kurinda nijoro no gutwara tagisi, kugira ngo abone amafaranga y'ishuri <ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Asiwaju Bola Tinubu - Profile |url=http://www.asiwajubolatinubu.net/about/index.html |date=2011-07-23 |access-date=2024-12-23}}</ref>. Mu 1979, yarangije amasomo ahabwa impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza mu bucuruzi n'imiyoborere, afite amanota y'icyubahiro (''summa cum laude'') <ref name="E14">{{cite web |author=Vincent Ufuoma |title=Chicago University replies ICIR on Tinubu's controversial certificate |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/chicago-university-replies-icir-on-tinubus-controversial-certificate/ |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting |date=2022-06-27 |access-date=2022-07-08}}</ref><ref name="E15">{{cite web |author=Adesomoju Ade |title=Chicago varsity confirms Tinubu's graduation, identity, inconsistent on certificate submitted to INEC |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/630920-chicago-varsity-confirms-tinubus-graduation-identity-inconsistent-on-certificate-submitted-to-inec.html |website=Premium Times |date=2023-10-05 |access-date=2025-02-17}}</ref>. == Umwuga mbere ya politiki == Nyuma yo kurangiza amashuri, Tinubu yabaye umucungamari mu bigo by'Abanyamerika Arthur Andersen, Deloitte na GTE Services Corporation <ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=My Profile |url=http://www.asiwajubolatinubu.net/about/index.html |website=Asiwaju Bola Tinubu |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref><ref name="E17">{{cite web |language=en |title=How I made my first million dollars in America - Bola Tinubu reveals |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/africa/How-I-made-my-first-million-dollars-in-America-Bola-Tinubu-reveals-1573562 |website=GhanaWeb |date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2023-07-08}}</ref>. Yimukiye i Londres, aho yakoreye Mobil Oil UK, hanyuma mu myaka ya 1980 aba umuyobozi mukuru akaba n'umubitsi muri Mobil Producing Nigeria <ref name="E20">{{cite web |author=Barnaby Phillips |title=Lagos hopes for change |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/281895.stm |website=BBC News |date=1999-02-20 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |language=en |title=My education, career at Deloitte, Mobil, others - Tinubu |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2022/06/30/my-education-career-at-deloitte-mobil-others-tinubu/ |website=P.M. News |access-date=2024-12-23}}</ref>. Yaje kureka ako kazi kugira ngo yinjire muri politiki byuzuye <ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |author=Olatunji Ololade |title=Tinubu: President-elect against all odds |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/tinubu-president-elect-against-all-odds/ |website=The Nation |date=2023-03-03 |access-date=2024-12-23}}</ref>. == Intangiriro y'umwuga wa politiki == Tinubu yatangiye politiki mu 1991, yinjira mu Ishyaka rya Demokarasi Gisosiyalisiti (SDP), anashyigikira kandidatire ya Moshood Abiola <ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tinubu's house of war |url=https://www.thecable.ng/tinubus-house-of-war |website=TheCable |date=2022-01-26 |access-date=2022-02-24}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |author=The Nation |title=Tinubu, June 12 and NADECO |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/tinubu-june-12-and-nadeco/ |website=The Nation |date=2023-06-12 |access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>. Mu 1992, yatorewe kuba senateri uhagarariye Lagos y'Iburengerazuba; muri Sena, yayoboye komisiyo ishinzwe amabanki, imari n'ingengo y'imari <ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=YORUBA LEADERSHIP: THE CAP AND THE SHOES FIT ASIWAJU BOLA TINUBU |url=http://nigeriaworld.com/feature/publication/ajiboye/050408.html |website=NigeriaWorld |date=2008-05-04 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref>. Nyuma y'iseswa ry'ibyavuye mu matora ya perezida yo ku ya 12 Kamena 1993, yabaye umwe mu bashinze ihuriro riharanira demokarasi rya National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), ryasabaga ko demokarasi igaruka kandi Abiola akemerwa nk'uwatsinze ayo matora <ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=en |author=247ureports |title=From NADECO To 2027: How Rejection Rewrote The Histories Of Tinubu, Reno Omokri, Fani-Kayode, And Bwala |url=https://247ureports.com/2026/04/from-nadeco-to-2027-how-rejection-rewrote-the-histories-of-tinubu-reno-omokri-fani-kayode-and-bwala/ |website=247 Ureports |date=2026-04-05 |access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ifatwa ry'ubutegetsi na Jenerali Sani Abacha <ref name="E26">{{cite web |author=Olagunju B. B. |title=Most Comprehensive Tinubu interview about his early life, struggles abroad, against military, governorship, others - |url=https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2021/10/17/most-comprehensive-tinubu-interview-about-his-early-life-struggles-abroad-against-military-governorship-others/ |website=The NEWS |date=2021-10-17 |access-date=2023-05-30}}</ref>, Tinubu yafashwe kenshi, arafungwa, aterwa ubwoba, bimuhatira guhunga igihugu. Yamaze mu buhungiro kuva mu 1994 kugeza mu 1998, akomeza guharanira demokarasi ari muri NADECO, agaruka nyuma y'urupfu rwa Abacha <ref name="E27">{{cite web |author=Jide Ajani |title=They labelled me military mole in NADECO for nothing – Bucknor Akerele |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/10/10/they-labelled-me-military-mole-in-nadeco-for-nothing-%E2%80%94-bucknor-akerele/ |website=Vanguard |date=2009-10-10 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref>. == Guverineri wa Leta ya Lagos (1999–2007) == Mu matora ya 1999, yatsinze amatora y'ibanze y'ishyaka Alliance for Democracy (AD) <ref name="E29">{{cite web |author=DURO ADESEKO |title=Why the military toppled Shagari |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/news/national/2008/dec/20/national-20-12-2008-02.htm |website=The Sun |date=2008-12-20 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref>, maze muri Mutarama 1999 atorerwa kuba Guverineri wa Leta ya Lagos <ref name="E30">{{cite web |author=Olusola Balogun |title=PDP's insatiable thirst |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/oct/25/powergame-25-10-2009-001.html |website=The Sun |date=2009-10-25 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref>; yatangiye imirimo ku ya 29 Gicurasi 1999. Mu 2003, yongeye gutorwa, aba guverineri wenyine wa AD wongeye gutorwa mu majyepfo y'iburengerazuba bw'igihugu, mu gihe izindi ntara zose zo muri ako karere zegukanywe n'ishyaka riri ku butegetsi rya PDP <ref name="E33">{{cite web |author=Olusola Balogun |title=One-party state: Who will stop PDP? |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/sept/06/powergame-06-09-2009-001.htm |website=The Sun |date=2009-09-06 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref>. Ku butegetsi bwe, yashimiwe guhangana n'umubyigano w'imodoka mu mihanda, kunoza ikusanywa ry'imyanda no kurwanya ibyaha by'ubugizi bwa nabi bukoranye ubuhanga, kandi yatangije imishinga minini y'ibikorwa remezo <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=en |author=Jason Burke |title=‘Godfather of Lagos’ is the man to beat in pivotal Nigerian election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/24/godfather-of-lagos-is-the-man-to-beat-in-pivotal-nigerian-election |website=The Guardian}}</ref>. Yahawe ibihembo byinshi, birimo icya guverineri mwiza muri Nijeriya mu 2000 <ref name="E32">{{cite web |author=FEMI BABAFEMI |title=New road opens up Ijegun community |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/citysun/2005/june/29/citysun-29-06-2005-002.htm |website=The Sun |date=2005-06-29 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref>. Yagiranye amakimbirane akomeye na guverinoma nkuru ya Olusegun Obasanjo, ku bijyanye n'ishyirwaho ry'inzego 37 nshya z'ibanze muri Lagos; ayo makimbirane yatumye guverinoma nkuru ifatira amafaranga yagenewe izo nzego, ariko Urukiko rw'Ikirenga ruza gutegeka ko asubizwa <ref name="E31">{{cite web |language=en |title=21 years after, Lagos Assembly to scrap 37 LCDAs created by Tinubu in major overhaul |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/10/17/21-years-after-lagos-assembly-to-scrap-37-lcdas-created-by-tinubu-in-major-overhaul/ |website=P.M. News |access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |title=Tinubu and His Lifelong Ambition |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/02/25/tinubu-and-his-lifelong-ambition/ |website=This Day |access-date=2023-05-18}}</ref>. Manda ye yarangiye ku ya 29 Gicurasi 2007, asimburwa na Babatunde Fashola, wari umuyobozi w'ibiro bye <ref name="E38">{{cite web |author=OLUSOLA BALOGUN |title=2011: South West politicians to watch |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/june/14/powergame-14-06-2009-001.htm |website=The Sun |date=2009-06-14 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref><ref name="E39">{{cite web |author=RAZAQ BAMIDELE |title=The making of Lagos AC |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/politics/2006/oct/13/politics-13-10-2006-001.htm |website=The Sun |date=2006-10-13 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref>. Nubwo atari akiri guverineri, Tinubu yakomeje kugira ijambo rikomeye muri politiki ya Lagos, cyane cyane mu guhitamo abamusimbura <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nigeria : qui sera le prochain gouverneur de Lagos ? |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/481380/politique/nigeria-qui-sera-le-prochain-gouverneur-de-lagos/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2017-10-11 |access-date=2018-07-13}}</ref>. Ni yo mpamvu akunze kwitwa « Umubyeyi wa batisimu wa Lagos » (''Godfather of Lagos'') <ref name="E158">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tinubu: The Flawed Progressive |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/0201/03/05/tinubu-the-flawed-progressive/ |website=This Day |access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref>. == Hagati ya 2007 na 2023 == Nyuma y'itsinzi ya PDP mu matora ya 2007, Tinubu yagize uruhare mu biganiro byo guhuza amashyaka atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi <ref name="E40">{{cite web |author=GOBERT EMERSON Jr., TAIWO AMODU and DURO ADESEKO |title=Mega party, mega confusion |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/politics/2009/apr/11/politics-11-04-2009-001.htm |website=The Sun |date=2009-04-11 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2013, yari umwe mu bashinze ishyaka rya All Progressives Congress (APC), ryavutse ku ihuzwa ry'amashyaka akomeye atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi <ref name="E48">{{cite web |language=en |title=Amaechi, 4 other PDP govs, nPDP join APC |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/11/amaechi-4-other-pdp-govs-npdp-join-apc/ |website=Vanguard |date=2013-11-26 |access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref><ref name="E49">{{cite web |language=en |title=Update: ACN, ANPP, APGA, CPC merge into new party, APC – Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/119162-update-acn-anpp-apga-cpc-merge-into-new-party-apc.html |website=Premium Times |date=2013-02-07 |access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref>. Mu 2014, yashyigikiye kandidatire ya Muhammadu Buhari <ref name="E50">{{cite web |language=en |title=Buhari wins APC presidential primaries |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/buhari-wins-apc-presidential-primaries/ |website=Vanguard |date=2014-12-11 |access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref>; yifuzaga kuba umukandida we ku mwanya wa visi-perezida, ariko uwo mwanya uhabwa Yemi Osinbajo, inshuti ye <ref name="E51">{{cite web |language=en |title=Buhari formally presents Osinbajo as APC presidential running mate |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/173435-breaking-buhari-formally-presents-osibanjo-apc-presidential-running-mate.html |website=Premium Times |date=2014-12-17 |access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref>. Mu 2015, Buhari yatsinze amatora, bwa mbere perezida uri ku butegetsi muri Nijeriya atsindwa n'umukandida w'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi <ref name="E52">{{cite web |language=en |title=Muhammadu Buhari's Presidential Victory in Nigeria |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/muhammadu-buharis-presidential-victory-nigeria |website=Council on Foreign Relations |access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref>. Tinubu yafatwaga nk'umuyobozi utemewe ku mugaragaro wa APC <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=en |title=Governors, Tinubu, Akande back Oshiomhole for APC chairmanship seat |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/governors-tinubu-akande-back-oshiomhole-for-apc-chairmanship-seat/ |website=The Guardian |date=2018-06-13 |access-date=2018-07-15}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tinubu reveals who made him Lagos Governor in 1999, says he's not a bastard |url=http://dailypost.ng/2018/04/04/tinubu-reveals-made-lagos-governor-1999-says-hes-not-bastard/ |website=Daily Post Nigeria |date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref>; muri Gashyantare 2018, Buhari yamushinze kuyobora komite y'ubwiyunge y'iryo shyaka, kugira ngo akemure amakimbirane yari arimo <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=en |title=The Tinubu test |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12257/The_Tinubu_test |website=Africa Confidential |date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2018-07-15}}</ref><ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=en |title=Cracks spread in APC alliance |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12337/Cracks_spread_in_APC_alliance |website=Africa Confidential |date=2018-06-01 |access-date=2018-07-15}}</ref>. === Amatora ya 2023 === Ku ya 10 Mutarama 2022, Tinubu yatangaje ko aziyamamariza umwanya wa perezida <ref name="E55">{{cite web |author=Olufemi Atoyebi |title=Tinubu: Why I believe I'll win presidency in 2023 |url=https://www.thecable.ng/tinubu-why-i-believe-ill-win-presidency-in-2023 |website=TheCable |date=2022-01-16 |access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref>. Ku ya 8 Kamena 2022, yatsinze amatora y'ibanze ya APC n'amajwi 1 271, atsinda Visi-Perezida Yemi Osinbajo na Rotimi Amaechi <ref name="E58">{{cite web |author=Hillary Essein |title=BREAKING: Bola Tinubu, Jagaban of Borgu, clinches APC presidential ticket |url=https://gazettengr.com/breaking-bola-tinubu-jagaban-of-borgu-clinches-apc-presidential-ticket/ |website=Peoples Gazette |date=2022-06-08 |access-date=2022-06-08}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Nigeria : l’ancien gouverneur de Lagos, Bola Tinubu, remporte la primaire du parti au pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/06/08/presidentielle-au-nigeria-l-ex-gouverneur-de-lagos-bola-tinubu-remporte-la-primaire-du-parti-au-pouvoir_6129404_3212.html |website=Le Monde et AFP}}</ref>. Yahisemo Kashim Shettima nk'umukandida we ku mwanya wa visi-perezida. Ku ya 1 Werurwe 2023, komisiyo y'amatora (INEC) yatangaje ko Tinubu yatsinze amatora ya perezida ku cyiciro cya mbere, n'amajwi 8 794 726 (36,6%), arusha Atiku Abubakar wa PDP (6 984 520) na Peter Obi w'Ishyaka ry'Abakozi (6 101 533) <ref name="E59">{{cite web |title=BREAKING: INEC declares Tinubu winner of presidential election |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-inec-declares-tinubu-winner-of-presidential-election/ |website=The Punch |date=March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-01}}</ref><ref name="E60">{{cite web |title=BREAKING: I'll be your servant, Tinubu promises Nigerians |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-ill-be-your-servant-tinubu-promises-nigerians/ |website=The Punch |date=March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-01}}</ref><ref name="E61">{{cite web |title=INEC declares Bola Tinubu winner of 2023 presidential election |url=https://guardian.ng/news/inec-declares-bola-tinubu-winner-of-2023-presidential-election/ |date=March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-01}}</ref><ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nigeria : Bola Tinubu succède à Buhari à la tête de la première économie d’Afrique |url=https://afrique.latribune.fr/politique/leadership/2023-03-01/nigeria-bola-tinubu-succede-a-buhari-a-la-tete-de-la-premiere-economie-d-afrique-953663.html |website=La Tribune |access-date=2023-03-05}}</ref>. Ayo matora yaranzwe n'ibirego byo kugura amajwi, gutera ubwoba abatora, ibitero ku biro by'itora n'uburiganya <ref name="E62">{{cite web |title=CDD releases preliminary report on polls, alleges voter suppression |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/cdd-releases-preliminary-report-on-polls-alleges-voter-suppression/ |website=The Nation |date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-02-28}}</ref><ref name="E63">{{cite web |author=Esther Blankson |title=#NigeriaElections2023: NHRC releases malpractices, vote-buying statistics |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-nhrc-releases-malpractices-vote-buying-statistics/ |website=The Punch |date=2023-02-28 |access-date=2023-02-28}}</ref>. Abakandida batatu bakomeye batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi banze ibyavuye mu matora, basaba ko asubirwamo <ref name="E69">{{cite web |title=2023 elections: EU faults INEC, says process distorted, lacks transparency |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/2023-elections-eu-faults-inec-says-process-distorted-lacks-transparency/ |website=Vanguard |date=2023-02-27 |access-date=2023-02-28}}</ref><ref name="E73">{{cite web |author=Ishola Oludare |title=Full text of Obasanjo's message on 2023 presidential election |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/27/full-text-of-obasanjos-message-on-2023-presidential-election/ |website=Daily Post |date=2023-02-27 |access-date=2023-02-28}}</ref><ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Liza Fabbian, Moïse Gomis et Amélie Tulet |title=Présidentielle au Nigeria: Bola Tinubu déclaré vainqueur par la Commission électorale |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230301-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-au-nigeria-bola-tinubu-obtient-le-plus-grand-nombre-de-voix |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Nijeriya == Tinubu yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Nijeriya ku ya 29 Gicurasi 2023 ku kibuga cya Eagle Square i Abuja, mu muhango witabiriwe n'abakuru b'ibihugu benshi <ref name="E83">{{cite web |language=en |author=Tope Alabi |title=FULL LIST: FG releases timetable for Tinubu, Shettima swearing-in |url=https://punchng.com/full-list-fg-releases-timetable-for-tinubu-shettima-swearing-in/ |website=The Punch |date=2023-05-19 |access-date=2023-05-29}}</ref><ref name="E85">{{cite web |title=World leaders, others attend Tinubu's inauguration today |url=https://dailytrust.com/world-leaders-others-attend-tinubus-inauguration-today/ |website=Daily Trust |date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-05-29}}</ref>. Ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2023, yatorewe kuyobora Umuryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO) <ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique Nigéria Le président nigérian, Bola Tinubu, choisi pour diriger la Cedeao |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/07/10/le-president-nigerian-bola-tinubu-choisi-pour-diriger-la-cedeao_6181246_3212.html |website=Le Monde avec AFP}}</ref>. === Amavugurura y'ubukungu === Mu ijambo yavuze arahira, Tinubu yatangaje ivanwaho ry'inkunga leta yatangaga ku bikomoka kuri peteroli <ref name="E87">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bakare Majeed |title=Fuel Subsidy is gone — Tinubu declares |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/601239-fuel-subsidy-is-gone-tinubu-declares.html |website=Premium Times |date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>. Ibyo byateje izamuka rikabije ry'ibiciro bya lisansi, maze ihuriro ry'abakozi (NLC) rihamagarira imyigaragambyo, nyuma iza guhagarikwa kubera ibiganiro na guverinoma <ref name="E88">{{cite web |language=en |author=Dennis Erezi |title=Nigeria's petrol subsidy removal takes effect as fuel price jumps over N500 |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigerias-petrol-subsidy-removal-takes-effect-as-fuel-price-jumps-over-n500/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |date=2023-05-31 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref><ref name="E89">{{cite web |language=en |author=Felix Onuah |title=Nigeria's main union to suspend strike over petrol subsidy |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigeria-court-stops-labour-unions-strike-over-petrol-subsidy-2023-06-05/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-06-05 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>. Iyo nkunga yatwaraga leta hafi miliyari 10 z'amadolari ku mwaka, kandi ivanwaho ryayo ryashimwe na Banki y'Isi <ref name="E90">{{cite web |language=en |title=World Bank affirms that Tinubu's economic reforms could save Nigeria N3.9 trillion ($5.10 billion) this year |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/world-bank-affirms-that-tinubus-economic-reforms-could-save-nigeria-n39-trillion/8tm2q82 |website=Business Insider Africa |date=2023-06-27 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref><ref name="E91">{{cite web |language=en |title=Nigerian petrol prices reach record high after subsidy removal |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/18/nigerian-petrol-prices-reach-record-high-after-subsidy-removal |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref>. Ku ya 9 Kamena 2023, yahagaritse ku mirimo Godwin Emefiele, guverineri wa Banki Nkuru ya Nijeriya, wahise afatwa na polisi y'ubutasi <ref name="E92">{{cite web |language=en |author=Ayodeji Adegboyega |title=UPDATED: Tinubu suspends Emefiele as CBN Governor |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/business-news/603540-updated-tinubu-suspends-emefiele-as-cbn-governor.html |website=Premium Times |date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref><ref name="E94">{{cite web |language=en |author=Macdonald Dzirutwe |title=Nigeria's security agency detains suspended central bank governor |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerias-security-agency-detains-suspended-central-bank-governor-statement-2023-06-10/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-06-10 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>. Nyuma y'iminsi itanu, banki nkuru yakuyeho imbogamizi ku ivunjisha, bituma ifaranga rya ''naira'' rigera ku gaciro karyo kari hasi kurusha ibindi byose <ref name="E101">{{cite web |language=en |author=Chijioke Ohuocha |title=Nigeria allows naira to drop more than 36% on official market |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/nigeria-allows-naira-drop-more-than-36-official-market-2023-06-14/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-06-14 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>. Amavugurura ye y'ubukungu, akunze kwitwa ''Tinubunomics'', afatwa nk'akomeye kurusha ayabayeho kuva demokarasi yagaruka <ref name="E103">{{cite web |language=en |title=The return of SAP |url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-return-of-sap |website=TheCable |date=2023-06-21 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref><ref name="E152">{{cite web |language=en |title=A Comparative Analysis Of Tinubunomics Reforms And IMF Conditionalities For Loan (1) |url=https://independent.ng/a-comparative-analysis-of-tinubunomics-reforms-and-imf-conditionalities-for-loan-1/ |website=Independent |date=2023-06-27 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>. === Umutekano n'ubuyobozi === Ku ya 19 Kamena 2023, yagize Nuhu Ribadu Umujyanama mu by'Umutekano w'Igihugu, maze asimbuza abayobozi bakuru b'ingabo zose n'inzego z'umutekano <ref name="E113">{{cite web |language=en |title=Nuhu Ribadu: Profile of new National Security Adviser |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/605501-nuhu-ribadu-profile-of-new-national-security-adviser.html |website=Premium Times |date=2023-06-19 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref><ref name="E115">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tinubu sacks military chiefs, IGP, Customs boss, names replacements with Ribadu as NSA |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/605484-breaking-tinubu-sacks-military-chiefs-igp-customs-boss-names-replacements-with-ribadu-as-nsa.html |website=Premium Times |date=2023-06-19 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>. Uwo munsi kandi, yasheshe inama z'ubuyobozi z'ibigo byose bya leta <ref name="E120">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tinubu dissolves boards of all MDAs |url=https://dailytrust.com/breaking-tinubu-dissolves-boards-of-all-mdas/ |website=Daily Trust |date=2023-06-19 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>. Mu mpera za Nzeri 2025, ubutasi bwa gisirikare bwavumbuye umugambi wo guhirika ubutegetsi bwe; abasirikare 16 barafashwe, kandi umutambagiro wa gisirikare w'umunsi w'ubwigenge wo ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2025 urasubikwa <ref name="E124">{{cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Nigerian Defence Intelligence Detains Brigadier-General, Other Officers Over Alleged Coup Plot To Overthrow President Tinubu - Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/18/exclusive-nigerian-defence-intelligence-detains-brigadier-general-other-officers-over |website=saharareporters.com |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref><ref name="E127">{{cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Nigerian Defence Intelligence Detains Brigadier-General, Other Officers Over Alleged Coup Plot To Overthrow President Tinubu - Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/18/exclusive-nigerian-defence-intelligence-detains-brigadier-general-other-officers-over |website=saharareporters.com |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref><ref name="E128">{{cite web |language=en |author=Yakubu Mohammed |title=Nigerian military begins probe of officers detained for alleged coup plot |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/828881-nigerian-military-begins-probe-of-officers-detained-for-alleged-coup-plot.html |website=Premium Times |date=2025-10-18 |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref>. Igisirikare cyabanje guhakana ayo makuru, kivuga ko ifatwa ryabo ryari irya disipulini <ref name="E129">{{cite web |language=en |title=Nigeria denies officers arrested over coup plot |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20251018-nigeria-denies-officers-arrested-over-coup-plot |website=France 24 |date=2025-10-18 |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Ukwakira 2025, Tinubu yasimbuje abayobozi bakuru b'ingabo <ref name="E136">{{cite web |language=en |author=Yakubu Mohammed |title=UPDATED: Weeks after alleged coup plot, Tinubu changes military chiefs |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/830467-updated-weeks-after-alleged-coup-plot-tinubu-changes-military-chiefs.html |website=Premium Times |date=2025-10-24 |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref>. Mu Ugushyingo 2025, Perezida Donald Trump wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika yashinje Nijeriya kunanirwa kurinda Abakristo ihohoterwa, ategeka ingabo z'Amerika kwitegura ibikorwa bya gisirikare muri icyo gihugu <ref name="E137">{{cite web |language=en |title=Trump threatens to go into Nigeria 'guns-a-blazing' over attacks on Christians |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/nov/01/trump-nigeria-christian-persecution |website=The Guardian |date=2025-11-01 |access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref><ref name="E138">{{cite web |language=en |title=Trump threatens military action in Nigeria over Christian persecution claims |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/11/01/g-s1-96215/trump-nigeria-christian-persecution-claims |website=NPR |date=2025-11-01 |access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref>. Tinubu yahakanye ibyo birego, avuga ko guverinoma ye irinda abaturage bose hatitawe ku idini <ref name="E141">{{cite web |title=Trump threatens US military action in Nigeria over treatment of Christians |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/trump-says-christians-face-existential-threat-nigeria-adds-country-watch-list-2025-10-31/ |website=Reuters}}</ref>. Ku ya 25 Ukuboza 2025, ku busabe bwa guverinoma ya Nijeriya, Amerika yagabye igitero ku mutwe wa Leta ya Kisilamu (''État islamique'') mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'igihugu <ref name="E142">{{cite web |title=US launches strike against Islamic State militants in northwest Nigeria |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-launches-strikes-against-islamic-state-militants-northwest-nigeria-trump-says-2025-12-25/ |date=2025-12-25}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga nka perezida rwabaye i Paris, mu [[Ubufaransa]], muri Kamena 2023, yitabiriye inama mpuzamahanga ku bijyanye n'imari <ref name="E143">{{cite web |language=en |title=The Paris visit and President Tinubu's new allies |url=https://dailytrust.com/the-paris-visit-and-president-tinubus-new-allies/ |website=Daily Trust |date=2023-06-26 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2023, nyuma ya kudeta yabereye muri [[Nigeri]], yashyigikiye igitekerezo cy'ubutabazi bwa gisirikare, maze abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi barabinenga <ref name="E145">{{cite web |language=en |title=Nigeria's President Tinubu faces backlash over military intervention in Niger |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66430113 |website=BBC News |date=2023-08-07 |access-date=2023-08-17}}</ref><ref name="E146">{{cite web |author=Aanu Adeoye |title=Nigerian threats to Niger junta undone by fierce domestic opposition |url=https://www.ft.com/content/45737ce5-1adb-4c57-bba1-e63713265e6a |website=Financial Times |date=2023-08-10 |access-date=2023-08-17}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2025, yemereye ingabo za Nijeriya gutabara [[Bene]], nyuma y'igerageza rya kudeta ryibasiye Perezida Patrice Talon <ref name="E147">{{cite web |title=Benin's foiled coup: How it unfolded and what we know |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/8/benins-foiled-coup-how-it-unfolded-and-what-we-know |website=Al Jazeera |date=2025-12-08}}</ref>. === Amatora ya 2027 === Ku ya 22 Gicurasi 2025, ishyaka rya APC ryamutanze nk'umukandida waryo mu matora ya perezida ya 2027 <ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nigeria : Tinubu obtient le soutien de son parti pour la présidentielle 2027 |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2025/05/23/nigeria-tinubu-obtient-le-soutien-de-son-parti-pour-la-presidentielle-2027/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-05-23}}</ref>. Komisiyo y'amatora (INEC) yemeje kandidatire ye, hamwe na Kashim Shettima nk'umukandida ku mwanya wa visi-perezida <ref name="E149">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nosakhale Akhimien |title=INEC Publishes Final List Of Presidential Candidates For 2027 Election [FULL LIST] |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/09/12/inec-publishes-final-list-of-presidential-candidates-for-2027-election/ |website=Channels Television |date=2026-09-12 |access-date=2026-09-17}}</ref>. == Ibirego bya ruswa == Mu 1993, leta y'Amerika yafatiriye amafaranga yari kuri konti ze muri Amerika, ivuga ko hari impamvu zifatika zo gukeka ko akomoka ku icuruzwa rya heroyine; Tinubu yumvikanye na leta y'Amerika, yemera gutakaza amadolari agera ku 460 000 <ref name="E164">{{cite web |author=William Clowes |title=Graft Allegations Dog Nigeria's Main Presidential Hopefuls |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-22/presidential-hopefuls-in-nigeria-can-t-shake-graft-allegations |website=Bloomberg News |date=2022-06-22 |access-date=2022-06-23}}</ref><ref name="E165">{{cite web |author=Nduka Orjinmo |title=Bola Tinubu - the 'godfather' who is Nigeria's president-elect |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61732548 |website=BBC News |date=2022-06-08 |access-date=2023-03-29}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2007, guverinoma nkuru yamujyanye imbere y'urukiko rushinzwe imyitwarire y'abayobozi (''Code of Conduct Tribunal''), imushinja gukoresha konti 16 zo mu mahanga mu buryo butemewe <ref name="E167">{{cite web |author=Ise-Oluwa Ige |title=FG Drags Tinubu to Conduct Tribunal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200704250041.html |website=Vanguard |date=2007-04-25 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref><ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=en |title=Bola Tinubu's Looting Of Lagos exposed |url=http://www.newsofthepeople-ng.com/bola-tinubus-looting-of-lagos-exposed/ |website=News of the People |date=2012-12-18 |access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref>; urubanza rwaje guteshwa agaciro ku mpamvu za tekiniki <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=en |author=Ise-Oluwa Ige |title=FG Drags Tinubu to Conduct Tribunal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200704250041.html |website=Vanguard}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2009, komisiyo ishinzwe kurwanya ibyaha by'ubukungu (EFCC) yamuhanaguyeho ibyaha byo kunyereza umutungo no kwezwa kw'amafaranga <ref name="E168">{{cite web |author=Atika Balal |title=Vmobile Sale – Ibori, Tinubu, Attah Cleared of Money Laundering |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200909110535.html |website=Daily Trust |date=2009-09-11 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Nigeria: Vmobile Sale - Ibori, Tinubu, Attah Cleared of Money Laundering |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200909110535.html}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Tinubu ni Umuyisilamu <ref name="E177">{{cite web |title=Would-be successors to the ailing Nigerian president are circling |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21725289-muhammadu-buhari-has-been-absent-london-clinic-months-would-be-successors |website=The Economist |date=2017-07-20 |access-date=2017-07-21}}</ref>. Mu 1987, yashakanye na Oluremi Tinubu, wahoze ari senateri uhagarariye Lagos yo Hagati <ref name="E172">{{cite web |title=Senator Oluremi Tinubu: The Change that was Expected is not the Change that is being Experienced Now – BellaNaija |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2016/01/senator-oluremi-tinubu-the-change-that-was-expected-is-not-the-change-that-is-being-experienced-now/ |website=www.bellanaija.com |date=2016-01-26 |access-date=2017-09-24}}</ref><ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Kareemot Salami |title=Oluremi Tinubu: Nigeria first lady biography |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c729w8e921go |date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2023-06-04}}</ref>; bafitanye abana batatu. Afite kandi abandi bana batatu yabyaye mbere <ref name="E174">{{cite web |author=Golden Madu |title=Full details of Bola Tinubu's marriage, wife and children |url=https://dnbstories.com/2022/05/full-details-of-bola-tinubus-marriage-wife-children.html |website=DNB Africa |date=2022-05-25 |access-date=2023-03-05}}</ref>; umwe muri bo, Jide Tinubu, yapfiriye i Londres ku ya 31 Ukwakira 2017 <ref name="E176">{{cite web |title=My son, Jide died of cardiac arrest – Bola Tinubu |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/11/son-died-cardiac-arrest-bola-tinubu/ |website=Vanguard |date=2017-11-03 |access-date=2018-02-02}}</ref>. Afite amazina abiri y'icyubahiro gakondo: ''Asiwaju'' wa Lagos na ''Jagaba'' wa Borgu <ref name="E177" />. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Nijeriya]] puh3t6s7gyrbzsnpesm5lo4dv13eeyc 0 23212 140691 2026-10-03T21:16:22Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Carlos Vila Nova | image = WSIS FORUM 2015 Day 2 - Carlos Vila Nova (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Carlos Vila Nova mu 2015 | birth_date = 27 Nyakanga 1959 | birth_place = Neves, [[Sawo Tome na Purensipe]] | nationality = Umunyasawotome | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Oran | occupation = Injeniyeri, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Sawo Tome na Purensipe]] | term = Kuva ku ya 2 Ukwakira 2021 | predecessor = Evaristo Carvalho | p..." 140691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Carlos Vila Nova | image = WSIS FORUM 2015 Day 2 - Carlos Vila Nova (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Carlos Vila Nova mu 2015 | birth_date = 27 Nyakanga 1959 | birth_place = Neves, [[Sawo Tome na Purensipe]] | nationality = Umunyasawotome | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Oran | occupation = Injeniyeri, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Sawo Tome na Purensipe]] | term = Kuva ku ya 2 Ukwakira 2021 | predecessor = Evaristo Carvalho | party = Action démocratique indépendante (ADI) | spouse = Maria de Fátima Afonso Vila Nova | children = 2 }} '''Carlos Manuel Vila Nova''' (yavutse ku ya 27 Nyakanga 1959 i Neves) ni injeniyeri akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa [[Sawo Tome na Purensipe]], Perezida wa gatanu w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 2 Ukwakira 2021. Mbere yo kwinjira muri politiki, yamaze imyaka myinshi mu rwego rw'amahoteli n'ubukerarugendo. Yabaye Minisitiri w'Imirimo ya Leta (2010–2012) na Minisitiri w'Ibikorwa Remezo, Umutungo Kamere n'Ibidukikije (2014–2018) muri guverinoma za Minisitiri w'Intebe Patrice Trovoada. Yatowe ari umukandida w'ishyaka rya Action démocratique indépendante (ADI) mu 2021, maze yongera gutorwa mu 2026. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Carlos Manuel Vila Nova yavutse ku ya 27 Nyakanga 1959 <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Carlos Manuel Vila Nova |url=https://presidencia.st/biografia.html |website=Presidência da República |access-date=2022-04-03}}</ref><ref name="E1">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Biografia Carlos Manuel Vila Nova |url=https://presidencia.st/biografia.html |website=presidencia.st |access-date=2022-06-17}}</ref> i Neves, umujyi uri mu karere ka Lembá, ku nkombe y'amajyaruguru y'ikirwa cya São Tomé <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=pt |author=Abel Veiga |title="Eu Garanto" - Mas, quem é Carlos Vila Nova? |url=https://www.telanon.info/politica/eleicoes-presidenciais/2021/08/26/35041/eu-garanto-mas-quem-e-carlos-vila-nova/ |website=Téla Nón |date=2021-08-26 |access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref>. Mu 1985, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ubunyeniyeri mu itumanaho muri Kaminuza ya Oran, muri [[Aligeriya]]. Agarutse mu gihugu, yayoboye ishami ry'ikoranabuhanga mu kigo cya leta gishinzwe ibarurishamibare <ref name="F2" />. == Umwuga mu bukerarugendo == Mu 1988, yavuye mu kazi ka leta, aba umuyobozi ushinzwe ubucuruzi muri Hotel Miramar, yari hoteli yonyine mu gihugu icyo gihe. Mu 1992, yagizwe umuyobozi w'iyo hoteli, hanyuma mu 1997 aba umuyobozi wa Hotel Pousada Boa Vista. Yashinze kandi ikigo cy'ingendo cyitwa Mistral Voyages. Yakomeje gukora mu bukerarugendo kugeza yinjiye muri politiki mu 2010 <ref name="F2" /><ref name="E2">{{cite web |language=pt |author=Abel Veiga |title="Eu Garanto" – Mas, quem é Carlos Vila Nova? |url=https://www.telanon.info/politica/eleicoes-presidenciais/2021/08/26/35041/eu-garanto-mas-quem-e-carlos-vila-nova/ |website=Téla Nón |date=2021-08-26 |access-date=2021-09-04}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa politiki == Nyuma y'itsinzi ya ADI mu matora y'abadepite yo mu 2010, Minisitiri w'Intebe Patrice Trovoada yamugize Minisitiri w'Imirimo ya Leta n'Umutungo Kamere muri guverinoma ya 14 ishingiye ku Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="F2" /><ref name="E3">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Novo Governo tomou posse em São Tomé |url=http://www.dn.pt/inicio/globo/interior.aspx?content_id=1641505&seccao=CPLP |website=Diário de Notícias |date=2010-08-10}}</ref>. Guverinoma yatakaje icyizere cy'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko mu 2012 <ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Novo Governo de STP já foi empossado |url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/novo-governo-de-stp-j%C3%A1-foi-empossado/a-16446610 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2021-09-04}}</ref>. Ubwo ADI yongeraga kubona ubwiganze busesuye mu matora ya 2014, Vila Nova yagizwe Minisitiri w'Ibikorwa Remezo, Umutungo Kamere n'Ibidukikije <ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Sao Tome prepares legislation to regulate distribution and marketing of fuels |url=http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2016/12/07/sao-tome-prepares-legislation-to-regulate-distribution-and-marketing-of-fuels |website=Macauhub English |date=2016-12-07 |access-date=2016-12-07}}</ref>, umwanya yagumyeho kugeza ADI itsinzwe amatora ya 2018. Muri ayo matora, yatorewe kuba umudepite mu karere ka Água Grande <ref name="F2" /><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=pt |author=Ricardo Neto |title=Os 55 novos deputados são-tomenses serão empossados no dia 22 de Novembro |url=http://www.stp-press.st/2018/10/24/os-55-novos-deputados-sao-tomenses-serao-empossados-no-dia-22-novembro/ |website=STP-Press |date=2018-10-24 |access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name="E2" />. == Perezida wa Sawo Tome na Purensipe == === Amatora ya 2021 === Mu matora ya perezida ya 2021, Perezida Evaristo Carvalho wari ku butegetsi, na we wo muri ADI, ntiyongeye kwiyamamaza, maze iryo shyaka ritanga Vila Nova nk'umukandida waryo <ref name="E6">{{cite web |language=pt |author=Abel Veiga |title=Carlos Vila Nova é o candidato da ADI às eleições presidenciais |url=https://www.telanon.info/politica/2021/04/09/34006/carlos-vila-nova-e-o-candidato-da-adi-as-eleicoes-presidenciais/ |website=Téla Nón |date=2021-04-09 |access-date=2021-04-15}}</ref>. Yagize amajwi 39% ku cyiciro cya mbere <ref name="F2" />, hanyuma atsinda icyiciro cya kabiri n'amajwi agera kuri 57–58%, imbere ya Guilherme Posser da Costa w'ishyaka MLSTP-PSD <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Carlos Vila Nova élu président de Sao Tomé-et-Principe |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/carlos-vila-nova-%C3%A9lu-pr%C3%A9sident-de-sao-tom%C3%A9-et-principe/6214128.html |website=VOA Afrique |date=2021-09-06 |access-date=2021-09-08}}</ref><ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Tribunal Constitucional confirma Carlos Vila Nova como Presidente de São Tomé e Príncipe |url=https://africa21digital.com/2021/09/14/tribunal-constitucional-confirma-carlos-vila-nova-como-presidente-de-sao-tome-e-principe/ |website=África 21 Digital |date=2021-09-14 |access-date=2021-09-16}}</ref>. Ku ya 14 Nzeri 2021, urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwemeje ko ari we perezida watowe <ref name="E7" />, maze arahira ku ya 2 Ukwakira 2021 <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Quem é Carlos Vila Nova o novo Presidente de São Tomé e Príncipe? |url=https://www.telanon.info/politica/2021/10/02/35312/quem-e-carlos-vila-nova-o-novo-presidente-de-sao-tome-e-principe/ |website=Téla Nón |date=2021-10-02 |access-date=2021-10-02}}</ref>. === Amakimbirane na Trovoada === Ku ya 6 Mutarama 2025, Vila Nova yirukanye Minisitiri w'Intebe Patrice Trovoada na guverinoma ye, avuga ko Trovoada yamaraga igihe kirekire adahari kandi guverinoma ye ikananirwa gukemura ibibazo byinshi <ref name="E8">{{cite web |language=en |title=São Tomé and Príncipe: President fires Prime Minister and government |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/01/06/sao-tome-and-principe-president-dismisses-government-by-decree/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-01-07 |access-date=2025-01-07}}</ref>. Trovoada yavuze ko iryo yirukanwa ritemewe n'amategeko kandi rinyuranyije n'Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="E9">{{cite web |language=en |title=São Tomé and Príncipe : Ousted Prime Minister Takes Legal Action [Interview] |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/01/09/sao-tome-and-principe-ousted-prime-minister-takes-legal-action-interview/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-01-09 |access-date=2025-01-09}}</ref>. Vila Nova yabanje gushyiraho Minisitiri w'Ubutabera, Ilza Amado Vaz, nka Minisitiri w'Intebe, ariko ahita yegura. Hanyuma yashyizeho Américo Ramos, utaremejwe na ADI, bituma anengwa kwirengagiza ubwiganze bw'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko <ref name="E10">{{cite web |language=en |title=São Tomé and Príncipe gets its third prime minister in a week |url=https://macaonews.org/news/lusofonia/sao-tome-and-principe-new-prime-minister-ramos/ |website=Macao News |date=2025-01-13 |access-date=2025-04-12}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri === Mu matora ya perezida yo ku ya 19 Nyakanga 2026, Vila Nova yongeye gutorwa ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 55,94%, yiyamamaje nk'umukandida wigenga ashyigikiwe na MLSTP-PSD, atsinda Nito Abreu washyigikiwe na ADI, wagize amajwi 41,42% <ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Carlos Vila Nova reeleito Presidente de São Tomé e Príncipe |url=https://www.rfi.fr/pt/áfrica-lusófona/20260720-carlos-vila-nova-reeleito-presidente-de-são-tomé-e-príncipe |website=RFI |date=2026-07-20 |access-date=2026-07-20}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2026, hamwe na Minisitiri w'Intebe Américo Ramos n'itsinda ry'abashoramari mpuzamahanga Aequatoris, yatangaje umushinga wo gushinga ikigo cy'imari cya São Tomé (''São Tomé Financial Centre''), agace k'ubucuruzi kadasoreshwa kagamije gukurura ibigo mpuzamahanga bitanga serivisi <ref name="E12">{{cite web |author=José Bouças |title=Grupo internacional quer instalar zona franca em São Tomé e Príncipe |url=https://www.telanon.info/politica/2026/03/26/52343/grupo-internacional-quer-instalar-zona-franca-em-sao-tome-e-principe/ |website=Téla Nón |date=2026-03-26 |access-date=2026-04-04}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=São Tomé Financial Centre |url=https://www.saotomefinancialcentre.com/ |access-date=2026-04-04}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Vila Nova yashakanye na Maria de Fátima Afonso Vila Nova, bafitanye abakobwa babiri <ref name="E2" />. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] 3soyakw30tjejyurh91161n67vt1a69 0 23213 140692 2026-10-03T21:19:23Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Bassirou Diomaye Faye | image = Bassirou Diomaye Faye 9 juillet 2025 Washington DC (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Bassirou Diomaye Faye i Washington, muri Nyakanga 2025 | birth_date = 25 Werurwe 1980 | birth_place = Ndiaganiao, M'bour, [[Senegali]] | nationality = Umunyasenegali | alma_mater = Kaminuza Cheikh-Anta-Diop, École nationale d'administration (ENA) ya Senegali | occupation = Umugenzuzi w'imari ya leta, umunyapolitiki |..." 140692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Bassirou Diomaye Faye | image = Bassirou Diomaye Faye 9 juillet 2025 Washington DC (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Bassirou Diomaye Faye i Washington, muri Nyakanga 2025 | birth_date = 25 Werurwe 1980 | birth_place = Ndiaganiao, M'bour, [[Senegali]] | nationality = Umunyasenegali | alma_mater = Kaminuza Cheikh-Anta-Diop, École nationale d'administration (ENA) ya Senegali | occupation = Umugenzuzi w'imari ya leta, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Senegali]] | term = Kuva ku ya 2 Mata 2024 | predecessor = Macky Sall | party = PASTEF (kugeza mu 2026), Kiiraay – Les Patriotes républicains (kuva mu 2026) | spouse = Marie Khone Faye, Absa Faye | children = 5 }} '''Bassirou Diomaye Diakhar Faye''' (yavutse ku ya 25 Werurwe 1980 i Ndiaganiao), uzwi cyane ku izina rya '''Diomaye''', ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Senegali]], Perezida wa gatanu w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 2 Mata 2024. Yahoze ari umugenzuzi w'imari ya leta n'umuyobozi w'ihuriro ry'abakozi, hanyuma aba umunyamabanga mukuru w'ishyaka rya PASTEF. Yafunzwe amezi agera kuri cumi n'umwe, afungurwa iminsi mike mbere y'amatora ya perezida ya 2024, aho yasimbuye Ousmane Sonko wari wangiwe kwiyamamaza. Yatsinze ayo matora ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 54,28%, aba perezida muto kurusha abandi bose mu mateka ya Senegali, n'umukandida wa mbere utavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi utsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere. Manda ye yaranzwe n'ikibazo gikomeye cy'imyenda ya leta n'amakimbirane na Minisitiri w'Intebe Sonko, uwo yaje kwirukana mu 2026. Kuva muri Nyakanga 2026, ayobora Umuryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO). == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Bassirou Diomaye Diakhar Faye <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Son Excellence Monsieur Bassirou Diomaye Diakhar Faye, nouveau Président de la République, a prêté serment |url=https://www.sec.gouv.sn/publications/actualites/son-excellence-monsieur-bassirou-diomaye-diakhar-faye-nouveau-president-de |website=sec.gouv.sn |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref> yavutse ku ya 25 Werurwe 1980 <ref name="E1">{{cite web |author=Ruth Maclean |title=Young Opposition Candidate Set to Become Senegal's President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/25/world/africa/senegal-presidential-election-results.html |website=The New York Times |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-27}}</ref> i Ndiaganiao, mu karere ka M'bour, mu ntara ya Thiès <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=De Ndiaganiao à Pastef : Qui est Bassirou Diomaye Faye ? (Portrait) |url=https://senego.com/de-ndiaganiao-a-pastef-qui-est-bassirou-diomaye-faye-portrait_1625655.html |website=Senego}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Sénégal : cinq candidats félicitent Diomaye Faye pour sa victoire, en attendant les résultats officiels |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/presidentielle-au-senegal-quatre-candidats-felicitent-diomaye-faye-pour-sa-victoire-en-attendant-les-resultats-officiels-25-03-2024-3UKGYESGKBHBPFGFI7WYFUTUBM.php |website=Le Parisien |date=2024-03-24 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>. Akomoka mu bwoko bw'Abaserere. Yakuriye mu cyaro kandi akunze kugaragaza ko yishimira inkomoko ye <ref name="E2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye : qui est le 5e président élu du Sénégal ? |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/cd18gegg961o |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2024-03-18 |access-date=2024-06-20}}</ref>. Se, Samba Faye, yari umuyoboke w'igihe kirekire w'Ishyaka rya Gisosiyalisiti rya Senegali. Sekuru yarwanye ku ruhande rw'[[Ubufaransa]] mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, nyuma afungwa n'abakoloni b'Abafaransa kubera ko yaharaniraga ishingwa ry'ishuri ryisumbuye i Ndiaganiao, ari na ryo Faye yaje kwigamo <ref name="E3">{{cite web |author=Ruth Maclean |title=From Village to Prison to Africa's Youngest Elected President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/28/world/africa/senegal-faye-president-home.html |website=The New York Times |date=2024-04-12 |access-date=2024-04-12}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza mu mudugudu w'iwabo, ayisumbuye i M'Bour <ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mouhamed Abdallah Ly |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye: from prison runner-up to president of Senegal |url=http://theconversation.com/bassirou-diomaye-faye-from-prison-runner-up-to-president-of-senegal-226757 |website=The Conversation |date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2024-03-30}}</ref>, abona impamyabumenyi y'amashuri yisumbuye mu 2000. Yize amategeko muri Kaminuza Cheikh-Anta-Diop i Dakar, abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master''), hanyuma mu 2004 yinjira mu ishuri rikuru ry'ubuyobozi (ENA) rya Senegali <ref name="F3" /><ref name="E36">{{cite web |language=en |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye: what's Senegal opposition contender about? |url=https://apanews.net/bassirou-diomaye-faye-what-is-senegals-opposition-contender-about/ |website=African Press Agency |date=2024-03-11 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Yabaye umugenzuzi w'imari ya leta mu ishami ry'imisoro n'ubutaka <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=en |author=Babacar Dionne |title=Senegal opposition party sponsoring new candidate Faye after court blocks jailed leader Sonko’s bid |url=https://apnews.com/article/senegal-presidential-election-sonko-macky-sall-69b534899c50768ced749c48c215e517 |website=Associated Press}}</ref>, aho yamenyaniye na Ousmane Sonko. Yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru w'ihuriro ry'abakozi b'imisoro n'ubutaka <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : Bassirou Diomaye Faye – Portrait d'un pur produit du pays a un pas de la magistrature suprême |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/202403250584.html |website=allafrica.com}}</ref><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye élu Président par un peuple qui a soif du véritable changement ! |url=https://afriquemidi.com/bassirou-diomaye-faye-elu-president-du-senegal/ |website=Afrique Midi |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |author=Coumba Kane |title=Senegal's presidential election: Bassirou Diomaye Faye, Ousmane Sonko's Plan B |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2024/03/23/senegal-presidential-election-bassirou-diomaye-faye-ousmane-sonko-s-plan-b_6647601_124.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa politiki == Faye yinjiye mu ishyaka rya Patriotes africains du Sénégal pour le travail, l'éthique et la fraternité (PASTEF) kuva ryashingwa mu 2014 <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Laurent Larcher |title=Sénégal : de l’ombre à la lumière, Bassirou Diomaye Faye vainqueur de la présidentielle |url=https://www.la-croix.com/international/senegal-de-l-ombre-a-la-lumiere-bassirou-diomaye-faye-a-la-porte-du-pouvoir-20240325 |website=La Croix |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>. Mu gihe Ousmane Sonko yari umuyobozi n'isura nyamukuru y'iryo shyaka, Faye we yari umwubatsi waryo, ashinzwe ibitekerezo by'ishyaka n'imitunganyirize yaryo y'imbere <ref name="F10" />. Yagize uruhare mu gutegura gahunda ya Sonko mu matora ya perezida ya 2019, aho Sonko yabaye uwa gatatu n'amajwi hafi 16% <ref name="E5" />. Mu 2021, ubwo Sonko yafungwaga, Faye yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru wa PASTEF <ref name="E5" />. Mu matora y'inzego z'ibanze ya 2022, yiyamamarije kuyobora komine ya Ndiaganiao, ariko atsindwa na Tening Sène wo mu ishyaka rya Perezida Macky Sall <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Locales 2022 : Investi candidat à la mairie de Ndiaganiao, Bassirou Diomaye Faye sort du silence |url=https://www.senenews.com/actualites/locales-2022-investi-candidat-a-la-mairie-de-ndiaganiao-bassirou-diomaye-faye-sort-du-silence_370175.html |website=senenews.com |date=2021-05-10 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=[Profil] Maire élue de Ndiaganiao : Dr Tening Sène, la Lionne" qui a cassé l'argument machiste "djiguène dou fi djité’’ |url=https://www.seneweb.com/news/Politique/maire-elue-de-ndiaganiao-dr-tening-sene-_n_370759.html |website=senenews.com |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>. === Ifungwa n'irekurwa === Ku ya 14 Mata 2023, Faye yafatiwe i Dakar, akurikiranyweho « gukwirakwiza amakuru y'ibihuha, gusuzugura abacamanza no gusebya urwego rwa leta », nyuma y'ubutumwa yanditse ku mbuga nkoranyambaga anenga abacamanza bari bihutiye kuburanisha Sonko mu bujurire <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Théa Ollivier |title=Sénégal : le bras droit de l’opposant Ousmane Sonko arrêté et placé en garde à vue |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230415-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-bras-droit-d-ousmane-sonko-arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9-et-plac%C3%A9-en-garde-%C3%A0-vue |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref><ref name="E5" />. Nyuma yaho, yongerewe ibindi byaha birimo « gushishikariza abantu kwigomeka », bituma afungwa igihe kitazwi <ref name="E5" />. Muri Gashyantare 2024, Perezida Macky Sall yagerageje gusubika amatora, ariko ibyo byateje imyigaragambyo ikomeye, maze Inama y'Itegeko Nshinga iburizamo iryo subikwa <ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=en |author=James Gregory |title=Senegal election: Opposition supporters march in Dakar calling for swift vote |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68326782 |website=BBC |date=2024-02-17 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Guverinoma yashyikirije Inteko itegeko ry'imbabazi rusange, ryatumye abantu babarirwa mu magana bafunzwe kubera politiki barekurwa <ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, Ousmane Sonko vers une amnistie partielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/05/au-senegal-ousmane-sonko-vers-une-amnistie-partielle_6220177_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-03-05 |access-date=2024-03-06}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |language=en |title=Senegal's Macky Sall proposes amnesty bill to calm election-linked turmoil |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240227-senegal-leader-macky-sall-announces-amnesty-bill-to-end-election-linked-turmoil |website=France 24 |date=2024-02-27 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=en |author=Clarisse Fortuné |title=Eye on Africa – Senegal justice ministry says over 300 prisoners released in a week |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/eye-on-africa/20240222-senegal-justice-ministry-says-over-300-prisoners-released-in-a-week |website=France 24 |date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Iryo tegeko ryanenzwe na bamwe kuko ryahaga imbabazi n'abagize uruhare mu guhohotera abigaragambyaga hagati ya 2021 na 2024 <ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Léa-Lisa Westerhoff |title=Sénégal : l'Assemblée nationale adopte une loi d'amnistie en pleine crise politique |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240306-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-l-assembl%C3%A9e-nationale-adopte-une-loi-d-amnistie-en-pleine-crise-politique |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Faye na Sonko barekuwe muri Werurwe 2024, iminsi mike mbere y'amatora <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Aminata Sarr |title=Justice Ousmane Sonko et Bassirou Diomaye Faye sont libres |url=https://www.seneweb.com/news/Justice/ousmane-sonko-et-bassirou-diomaye-faye-s_n_435524.html |website=seneweb.com}}</ref><ref name="E12">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nicolas Négoce |title=Ousmane Sonko and Bassirou Diomaye Faye: Senegal opposition leaders freed days before election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68562465 |website=BBC News |date=2024-03-15 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. === Amatora ya perezida ya 2024 === Mu Ugushyingo 2023, kubera ko bitari bizwi niba Sonko azemererwa kwiyamamaza, PASTEF yatanze Faye nk'umukandida waryo nubwo yari afunzwe <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : le Pastef désigne Diomaye Faye candidat à la présidentielle à la place d'Ousmane Sonko |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20231119-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-le-pastef-d%C3%A9signe-diomaye-faye-candidat-%C3%A0-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-%C3%A0-la-place-d-ousmane-sonko |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Ku ya 20 Mutarama 2024, Inama y'Itegeko Nshinga yasohoye urutonde rwa nyuma rw'abakandida, Sonko atarimo; ariko kandidatire ya Faye yemejwe kuko atari yarigeze akatirwa <ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Laureline Savoye |title=Vidéo. Sénégal : quel candidat représentera Ousmane Sonko à la présidentielle ? |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/video/2024/01/24/senegal-quel-candidat-representera-ousmane-sonko-a-la-presidentielle_6212765_3212.html |website=Le Monde |access-date=2024-01-25}}</ref><ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ousmane Sonko chooses Bassirou Diomaye Faye as replacement in Senegal's presidential race |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/01/30/ousmane-sonko-chooses-bassirou-diomaye-faye-as-replacement-in-senegals-presidential-race/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-01-30 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Sonko yahise atangaza ko amushyigikiye <ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : une vidéo attribuée à Ousmane Sonko confirme son choix pour la présidentielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/01/29/senegal-une-video-attribuee-a-ousmane-sonko-confirme-son-choix-pour-la-presidentielle_6213648_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref>, ndetse n'uwahoze ari Perezida Abdoulaye Wade n'ishyaka rye PDS baramushyigikira <ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Senegal's ex-President Wade and party back opposition candidate Faye |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegals-ex-president-wade-party-back-opposition-candidate-faye-2024-03-22/ |website=Reuters |date=2024-03-22}}</ref>; umukandida Cheikh Tidiane Dieye na we yamuvaniyeho kandidatire ye <ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle : Cheikh Tidiane Dièye renonce à sa candidature pour se rallier à Diomaye Faye |url=https://senego.com/presidentielle-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-renonce-a-sa-candidature-pour-se-rallier-a-diomaye-faye_1654474.html |website=Senego}}</ref><ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=Presidential election in Senegal: Cheikh Tidiane Dieye calls to vote for Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1550130/politique/presidentielle-au-senegal-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-appelle-a-voter-bassirou-diomaye-faye/ |website=Jeuneafrique |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Gahunda ye yiswe « Umushinga wa Senegali yigenga, iboneye kandi itera imbere » <ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Programme de Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://diomayepresident.org/programme/ |website=diomayeprésident.org |access-date=2024-03-10}}</ref>. Yiyamamaje ari kumwe na Sonko, munsi y'intero « ''Diomaye mooy Sonko'' » (« Diomaye ni Sonko ») <ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |author=lopinion |title=Sénégal : Bassirou Diomaye Faye nomme Ousmane Sonko comme Premier ministre |url=https://www.lopinion.fr/international/senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-nomme-ousmane-sonko-comme-premier-ministre |website=l'Opinion |date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2024-04-06}}</ref><ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Senegal Elections 2024: Faye and his change mantra |url=http://www.trtafrika.com/africa/senegal-elections-2024-faye-and-his-change-mantra-17449142 |website=TRT Africa |date=2024-03-21 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>, yiyemeza guhanga imirimo, kurwanya ruswa no gusuzuma bundi bushya amasezerano yo mu rwego rw'ingufu <ref name="E18">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nimi Princewill |title=Senegal goes to the polls as country's once sturdy democracy looks shaky |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/23/africa/senegal-holds-crucial-presidential-vote-in-major-test-for-democracy-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Yanatangaje umutungo we, asaba abandi bakandida kubigenza batyo <ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Diomaye Faye: Senegal's tax inspector and former inmate headed for the presidential palace |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/03/27/diomaye-faye-senegals-tax-inspector-and-former-inmate-headed-for-the-presidential-palace/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-03-27 |access-date=2024-03-30}}</ref>. Mu matora yo ku ya 24 Werurwe 2024, Faye yatsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 54,28%. Umukandida w'ishyaka riri ku butegetsi, Amadou Ba, na Perezida Macky Sall bemeye gutsindwa bamushimira <ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mawunyo Hermann Boko |title=Présidentielle au Sénégal : Amadou Ba reconnaît sa défaite face à Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1551420/politique/presidentielle-au-senegal-amadou-ba-reconnait-sa-defaite-face-a-bassirou-diomaye-faye/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref><ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Sokhna Faty Isseu Samb |title=Macky Sall félicite Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://www.seneweb.com/news/Politique/macky-sall-felicite-bassirou-diomaye-fay_n_436660.html |website=Seneweb.com |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>. Ku myaka 44, yabaye perezida muto kurusha abandi bose watorewe kuyobora Senegali, umukandida wa mbere utavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi utsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere kuva igihugu cyabona ubwigenge mu 1960, akaba na perezida wa mbere ufite abagore barenze umwe ku mugaragaro <ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, l’opposant Bassirou Diomaye Faye proclamé président élu avec 54,28 % des voix |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/29/au-senegal-l-opposant-bassirou-diomaye-faye-proclame-president-elu-avec-54-28-des-voix_6224960_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2024-11-21}}</ref><ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=en |author=Ruth Maclean |title=Young Opposition Candidate Wins Senegal’s Presidential Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/25/world/africa/senegal-presidential-election-results.html}}</ref><ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : l’élection de Bassirou Diomaye Faye, qui a deux épouses, consacre la « tradition de la polygamie » |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/senegal-lelection-de-bassirou-diomaye-faye-qui-a-deux-epouses-consacre-la-tradition-de-la-polygamie-01-04-2024-XPKOOQCWPBC7NG345OKQ5EL4TM.php |website=leparisien.fr |date=2024-04-01 |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Senegal top court confirms Bassirou Diomaye Faye's election victory |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240329-%F0%9F%94%B4-senegal-top-court-confirms-bassirou-diomaye-faye-s-election-victory |website=France 24 |date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2024-03-30}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Senegali == === Intangiriro ya manda === Faye yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Senegali ku ya 2 Mata 2024, asimbura Macky Sall <ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye, L'ascension fulgurante d'un inspecteur des finances à la présidence du Sénégal |url=https://www.lebaobab.net/2024/03/28/bassirou-diomaye-faye-lascension-fulgurante-dun-inspecteur-des-finances-a-la-presidence-du-senegal/ |website=lebaobab.net}}</ref>, yiyemeza kurwanya ruswa no kuvugurura ubukungu <ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye sworn in as Senegal's new president after dramatic ascent |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240402-senegal-s-youngest-president-faye-to-take-office-pledging-reforms |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-04-02}}</ref>. Uwo munsi, yagize Ousmane Sonko Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, Bassirou Diomaye Faye fait son entrée au palais présidentiel et nomme Ousmane Sonko premier ministre |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/04/02/au-senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-fait-son-entree-au-palais-presidentiel_6225638_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-04-03}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Senegal president names opposition leader Ousmane Sonko as PM |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240403-senegal-president-names-opposition-leader-ousmane-sonko-as-pm |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2024-04-03}}</ref>, maze guverinoma nshya ishyirwaho ku ya 5 Mata <ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : le président Faye nomme un gouvernement "de rupture" avec de nouveaux visages |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20240406-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-le-pr%C3%A9sident-faye-nomme-un-gouvernement-de-rupture-avec-de-nouveaux-visages |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-06 |access-date=2024-04-06}}</ref>. Ku ya 3 Mata, yategetse igenzura ry'urwego rw'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, peteroli na gaze <ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=Senegal's newly elected president announces audit of oil, gas and mining sectors |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240403-senegal-s-newly-elected-president-announces-audit-of-oil-gas-and-mining-sectors |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref>. Urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga yarukoreye muri [[Moritaniya]], aho yahuriye na Perezida [[Mohamed Ould Ghazouani]] <ref name="F39">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Mauritanie, le président sénégalais effectue sa première visite à l’étranger |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/04/18/le-president-senegalais-en-mauritanie-sa-premiere-visite-a-l-etranger_6228527_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-04-18 |access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Senegal's Faye makes first foreign visit as president to Mauritania |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240418-senegal-s-faye-makes-first-foreign-visit-as-president-to-mauritania |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-25 |access-date=2024-04-25}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2024, yasuye [[Gineya]] na [[Mali]], ahura na [[Mamadi Doumbouya]] na [[Assimi Goïta]], agaragaza ubushake bwo kugarura Mali, [[Burukina Faso]] na [[Nigeri]] muri CEDEAO <ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Senegal's Faye makes first visit to military-ruled Mali and Burkina Faso |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240530-senegal-s-faye-makes-first-visit-to-military-ruled-mali-and-burkina-faso |website=France 24 |date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Ukwezi kwe kwa mbere ku butegetsi kwaranzwe no koroshya imihango ya leta, guca icyuho cyo gufata imyanya myinshi icyarimwe, no gutangaza raporo za kera ku buriganya na ruswa <ref name="F40">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Théa Ollivier |title=Au Sénégal, Bassirou Diomaye Faye impose un nouveau style présidentiel |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/05/13/au-senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-impose-un-nouveau-style-presidentiel_6232988_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-05-13 |access-date=2024-05-13}}</ref>. Ku ya 12 Nzeri 2024, mu gihe yari afitanye amakimbirane n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yari yiganjemo abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, Faye yasheshe Inteko, ategeka amatora y'abadepite yo ku ya 17 Ugushyingo 2024 <ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : le président Faye annonce la dissolution de l'Assemblée nationale, élections législatives le 17 novembre |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/senegal-le-president-faye-annonce-la-dissolution-de-l-assemblee-nationale-elections-legislatives-le-17-novembre-20240912 |website=Le Figaro |date=2024-09-12 |access-date=2024-09-13}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=en |title=Senegal's president dissolves parliament to call a snap legislative election |url=https://apnews.com/article/senegal-president-dissolves-parliament-faye-581a6f55ead32310f792c30758e40ced |website=Associated Press |date=2024-09-12 |access-date=2024-09-13}}</ref>. PASTEF yatsinze ayo matora ku bwiganze busesuye <ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, le parti au pouvoir assuré d’une large majorité à l’Assemblée nationale |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/11/18/au-senegal-le-parti-au-pouvoir-assure-d-une-large-majorite-a-l-assemblee-nationale_6401154_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-11-18 |access-date=2024-11-21}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |author=Katarina Hoije |title=Senegal's Faye Wins Parliamentary Landslide to Usher in Reforms |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-11-21/senegal-s-faye-wins-parliamentary-landslide-to-usher-in-reforms |website=Bloomberg |date=2024-11-21 |access-date=2024-11-23}}</ref>. Ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi Carnegie Endowment cyagaragaje ko ubutegetsi bwe bwasubije agaciro uburenganzira bw'ibanze bwari bwarahungabanyijwe ku butegetsi bwamubanjirije, ariko kinavuga ko itangazamakuru ryakomeje gukorerwa igitutu, harimo no gukumira bimwe mu bitangazwa (''censure'') <ref name="E26">{{cite web |author=Thomas Carothers |title=Democratic Recovery After Significant Backsliding: Emergent Lessons |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/04/democratic-recovery-after-significant-backsliding-emergent-lessons |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=2025-04-01 |access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2025, yitabiriye inama yahuje Perezida Donald Trump n'abakuru b'ibihugu bimwe bya Afurika muri White House <ref name="E32">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bart Jansen |title=Senegal's leader flatters Trump with comments about his golf skills |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/07/09/senegal-trump-golf-flattery-trade-talks/84521993007/ |website=USA TODAY |access-date=2025-07-09}}</ref>. === Ikibazo cy'imyenda ya leta === Mu mpera za 2024, guverinoma ye yashyize ahagaragara amakosa yo mu icungamari yakozwe na guverinoma yabanje, n'umwenda munini igihugu cyari gifite utari waratangajwe. Amanota y'ubushobozi bwo kwishyura ya Senegali yaramanuwe, kandi Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari (FMI) gihagarika inguzanyo yacyo <ref name="F43">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Abbas Asamaan |title=Au Sénégal, la Cour des comptes pointe les dérives financières de la présidence de Macky Sall |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/02/14/au-senegal-la-cour-des-comptes-pointe-les-derives-financieres-de-la-presidence-de-macky-sall_6546381_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref><ref name="F44">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, la Cour des comptes remet en cause des indicateurs économiques de l’ancien pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/02/13/au-senegal-la-cour-des-comptes-remet-en-cause-des-indicateurs-economiques-de-l-ancien-pouvoir_6544834_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref><ref name="F45">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Léa-Lisa Westerhoff |title=Sénégal: le FMI évoque une dette «cachée» d'environ 7 milliards de dollars entre 2019 et 2024 |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/%C3%A9conomie/20250325-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-le-fmi-%C3%A9voque-une-dette-cach%C3%A9e-d-environ-7-milliards-de-dollars-entre-2019-et-2024 |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Umwenda wa leta wongeye kubarwa, uva kuri 65% ugera kuri 111% by'umusaruro mbumbe w'igihugu, bituma Senegali iba kimwe mu bihugu bifite umwenda munini kurusha ibindi muri Afurika <ref name="F46">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Célia Cuordifede |title=Au Sénégal, le gouvernement annonce un « plan de redressement » de l’économie, sur fonds d’explosion de la dette |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/07/04/au-senegal-le-gouvernement-annonce-un-plan-de-redressement-de-l-economie-sur-fonds-d-explosion-de-la-dette_6618172_3212.html |website=www.lemonde.fr |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref><ref name="F47">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Léa-Lisa Westerhoff |title=Le Sénégal devient le pays le plus endetté d'Afrique |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250702-avec-une-dette-r%C3%A9%C3%A9valu%C3%A9e-%C3%A0-119-du-pib-pour-2024-le-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-devient-le-pays-le-plus-endett%C3%A9-d-afrique |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2025, perezida na minisitiri w'intebe batangaje gahunda yo kuzahura ubukungu n'imibereho, igamije kubona miliyari 6 000 z'amafaranga ya CFA mu myaka itatu, ahanini binyuze mu kongera imisoro no kugabanya amafaranga leta isohora <ref name="F50">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal: le gouvernement dévoile son plan national censé redresser l’économie |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250801-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-gouvernement-ousmane-sonko-bassirou-diomaye-faye-d%C3%A9voile-plan-national-redresser-%C3%A9conomie |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. === Gutandukana na Sonko === Guhera mu 2025, havutse amakimbirane hagati ya Faye na Minisitiri w'Intebe Ousmane Sonko, cyane cyane ku bijyanye n'ishyirwaho ry'abayobozi bamwe n'uburyo bwo kwishyura umwenda wa leta <ref name="F51">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, le premier ministre, Ousmane Sonko, critique ouvertement le président, Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/07/14/au-senegal-le-premier-ministre-ousmane-sonko-critique-ouvertement-le-president-bassirou-diomaye-faye_6621143_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-07-14 |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref><ref name="F52">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Des «facteurs de division» : nouvelle crise au Sénégal entre le président Faye et son premier ministre Sonko |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/des-facteurs-de-division-nouvelle-crise-au-senegal-entre-le-president-faye-et-son-premier-ministre-sonko-20251112 |website=Le Figaro |date=2025-11-12 |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref><ref name="F53">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ousmane Sonko - Bassirou Diomaye Faye : Divergences au sommet sur l'avenir de la coalition qui les a portés au pouvoir |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/c8jrn708gmro |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2025-11-13 |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref>. Ayo makimbirane yarushijeho gukara mu 2026, mu gihe cy'ikibazo cy'imari no guhangana kw'aba bombi ku matora ya perezida ataha <ref name="F54">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, l’heure de la rupture entre Bassirou Diomaye Faye et Ousmane Sonko |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/05/08/au-senegal-l-heure-de-la-rupture-entre-bassirou-diomaye-faye-et-ousmane-sonko_6687062_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-05-08 |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref><ref name="F55">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bicéphalisme au Sénégal : Bassirou Diomaye Faye et Ousmane Sonko, du duo au duel |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/politique-bicephalisme-au-senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-et-ousmane-sonko-du-duo-au-duel_237381 |website=Courrier international |date=2025-11-13 |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref>. Ku ya 22 Gicurasi 2026, Faye yirukanye Sonko ku mwanya wa Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="F56">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : le président Bassirou Diomaye Faye met fin aux fonctions du premier ministre Ousmane Sonko |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/senegal-le-president-bassirou-diomaye-faye-met-fin-aux-fonctions-du-premier-ministre-ousmane-sonko-20260523 |website=Le Figaro.fr |date=2026-05-23 |access-date=2026-05-23}}</ref><ref name="F57">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal: le président Bassirou Diomaye Faye met fin aux fonctions du Premier ministre Ousmane Sonko |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260522-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-le-pr%C3%A9sident-bassirou-diomaye-faye-met-fin-aux-fonctions-du-premier-ministre-ousmane-sonko |website=RFI |date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-23}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |author=Anait Miridzhanian |title=Senegal's ousted prime minister Sonko elected parliament speaker |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegal-parliament-elects-ousted-prime-minister-sonko-speaker-2026-05-26/ |website=Reuters |date=2026-05-26 |access-date=2026-05-27}}</ref>, amusimbuza impuguke mu by'ubukungu Ahmadou Al Aminou Lô <ref name="F58">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : l'économiste Ahmadou ‌Al Aminou Lô nommé Premier ministre |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20260525-senegal-ahmadou-al-aminou-lo-nouveau-premier-ministre-apres-le-limogeage-de-sonko-president-faye |website=France 24 |date=2026-05-25 |access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |author=Diadie Ba |title=Senegal's Faye names economist Lo as new prime minister |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegal-president-names-economist-lo-prime-minister-2026-05-25/ |website=Reuters |date=2026-05-25 |access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref>. Guverinoma nshya, yashyizweho ku ya 1 Kamena 2026, yagizwe ahanini n'abantu batari mu mashyaka n'abo mu miryango itegamiye kuri leta, nta ruhare rwa PASTEF <ref name="F59">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : même sans Sonko, le président Diomaye Faye a des chances de gouverner sans blocages |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20260602-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-m%C3%AAme-sans-sonko-le-pr%C3%A9sident-diomaye-faye-a-des-chances-de-gouverner-sans-blocages |website=France 24 |date=2026-06-02 |access-date=2026-06-03}}</ref>. Ku ya 25 Nyakanga 2026, Faye yashinze ishyaka rishya ryitwa Kiiraay – Les Patriotes républicains <ref name="F60">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : Bassirou Diomaye Faye lance Kiiraay – Les Patriotes républicains, son nouveau parti |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1827058/politique/senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-lance-kiiraay-son-nouveau-parti/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2026-07-27}}</ref>. === Umuyobozi wa CEDEAO === Ku ya 19 Nyakanga 2026, mu nama ya 69 y'abakuru b'ibihugu n'aba guverinoma yabereye i Freetown, Faye yagizwe umuyobozi wa CEDEAO, asimbura Julius Maada Bio <ref name="F61">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Abdou Kogne SALL |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye, nouveau président en exercice de la CEDEAO (officiel) |url=https://aps.sn/bassirou-diomaye-faye-nouveau-president-en-exercice-de-la-cedeao-officiel/ |date=2026-07-19 |access-date=2026-07-19}}</ref>. == Ibitekerezo bya politiki == Faye avuga ko aharanira impinduka mu miyoborere no gukunda Afurika (''panafricanisme'') bishingiye ku bitekerezo by'ibumoso, agamije gusubiza Senegali ubusugire bwayo; bamwe mu basesenguzi babona ko ibyo bigaragaza ubushake bwo kwitandukanya n'ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba, cyane cyane Ubufaransa <ref name="E19" /><ref name="E5" />. Yiyemeje kugabanya ububasha bwa perezida no kugarura umwanya wa visi-perezida <ref name="E35">{{cite web |language=en |author=Virginia Pietromarchi |title=Tax inspectors to poultry boss: Senegal's presidential candidates |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/13/tax-inspectors-to-poultry-boss-senegals-presidential-candidates |website=Al Jazeera |date=2024-03-13 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Yifuza kandi ivugurura ry'ifaranga rya CFA ku rwego rw'akarere, bitashoboka igihugu kigashyiraho ifaranga ryacyo bwite <ref name="E36" /><ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Senegal opposition leader backs off promise to create national currency |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegal-opposition-leader-backs-off-promise-create-national-currency-2024-03-15/ |website=Reuters |date=2024-03-15 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Ashyigikiye gusubiramo amasezerano ya leta n'ibigo by'ubucuruzi mu rwego rw'ingufu, ubucukuzi n'uburobyi <ref name="E35" />. == Ubuzima bwite == Faye afite abagore babiri <ref name="F62">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal: Diomaye Faye, candidat de la "rupture", va devenir président après des années de crise » |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/senegal-diomaye-faye-candidat-de-la-rupture-va-devenir-president-apres-des-annees-de-crise |website=TV5 Monde avec l'AFP |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2014-04-03}}</ref>. Umugore we wa mbere, Marie Khone Faye, ukomoka i Ndiaganiao, ni Umukristo <ref name="F63">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, le président élu Bassirou Diomaye Faye affiche sa polygamie |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/info-en-continu/20240401-situation-in%C3%A9dite-au-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-deux-premi%C3%A8res-dames-au-palais-pr%C3%A9sidentiel |website=france24.com |date=2024-04-01 |access-date=2024-04-02}}</ref><ref name="F64">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Prince Beganssou |title=Sénégal : Marie Khone et Absa, les deux épouses chrétienne et musulmane de Diomaye Faye |url=https://afriksoir.net/senegal-marie-khone-et-absa-deux-epouses-chretienne-musulmane-diomaye-faye/ |website=AFRIK SOIR |date=2024-03-26 |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref>; bafitanye umukobwa umwe n'abahungu batatu, umwe muri bo akaba yaritiriwe Ousmane Sonko <ref name="F65">{{cite web |language=en |title=Senegal's presidential election: Bassirou Diomaye Faye, Ousmane Sonko's Plan B |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2024/03/23/senegal-presidential-election-bassirou-diomaye-faye-ousmane-sonko-s-plan-b_6647601_124.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-03-28}}</ref>. Umugore we wa kabiri, Absa Faye, bashakanye mu 2023 i Keur Massar, ni Umuyisilamu; bafitanye umukobwa umwe <ref name="F66">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mohamed Cisse |title=Absa Faye : comment Diomaye est tombé sous le charme de son ancienne étudiante - Avenirguinee.org |url=https://www.avenirguinee.org/absa-faye-comment-diomaye-est-tombe-sous-le-charme-de-son-ancienne-etudiante/,%20https://www.avenirguinee.org/absa-faye-comment-diomaye-est-tombe-sous-le-charme-de-son-ancienne-etudiante/ |date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2024-04-04}}</ref><ref name="F67">{{cite web |language=fr |title=« Exclusif : Nom du bébé de Bassirou Diomaye Faye et Absa Faye, le couple présidentiel rend hommage à la maman de Ousmane Sonko » |url=https://www.maliweb.net/societe/exclusif-nom-du-bebe-de-bassirou-diomaye-faye-et-absa-faye-le-couple-presidentiel-rend-hommage-a-la-maman-de-ousmane-sonko-3092562.html |website=maliweb.net |date=2025-01-26}}</ref><ref name="F68">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye : ses deux épouses Marie Khone et Absa Faye |url=https://www.pressafrik.com/Bassirou-Diomaye-Faye-ses-deux-epouses-Marie-Khone-et-Absa-Faye_a270717.html |website=pressafrik.com |access-date=2024-03-26}}</ref>. Mu gihe cy'akaruhuko, akunda ubuhinzi mu mirima y'iwabo, kandi yandika imivugo <ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Bassirou Diomaye Diakhar Faye ? |url=https://diomayepresident.org/biographie-bassirou-diomaye-diakhar-faye/ |website=diomayepresident.org |access-date=2024-03-29}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye remporte l'élection présidentielle |url=https://www.au-senegal.com/bassirou-diomaye-faye-remporte-l-election-presidentielle,2359.html |website=au-senegal.com |date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2024-03-29}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Senegali]] mindmpj50l36dm5rbyeq2264c1ml78h 0 23214 140693 2026-10-03T21:25:08Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Patrick Herminie | image = Patrick Herminie - President of Seychelles (cropped2).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Patrick Herminie | birth_date = 22 Nzeri 1963 | birth_place = Baie Sainte-Anne, Praslin, [[Seyishele]] | nationality = Umunyaseyishele | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Charles (Prague), Kaminuza ya Leeds | occupation = Umuganga, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Seyishele]] | term = Kuva ku ya 26 Ukwakira 2025 | predecessor = Wave..." 140693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Patrick Herminie | image = Patrick Herminie - President of Seychelles (cropped2).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Patrick Herminie | birth_date = 22 Nzeri 1963 | birth_place = Baie Sainte-Anne, Praslin, [[Seyishele]] | nationality = Umunyaseyishele | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Charles (Prague), Kaminuza ya Leeds | occupation = Umuganga, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Seyishele]] | term = Kuva ku ya 26 Ukwakira 2025 | predecessor = Wavel Ramkalawan | party = United Seychelles (US) | spouse = Veronique Herminie | children = 2 }} '''Patrick Herminie''' (yavutse ku ya 22 Nzeri 1963 i Baie Sainte-Anne, ku kirwa cya Praslin) ni umuganga akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa [[Seyishele]], Perezida wa gatandatu w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 26 Ukwakira 2025. Mbere yo kwinjira muri politiki byuzuye, yakoze imyaka myinshi muri Minisiteri y'Ubuzima. Yabaye umudepite kuva mu 1993, aba Perezida w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ya Seyishele kuva mu 2007 kugeza mu 2016, hanyuma ayobora ishyaka rya United Seychelles (US), ishyaka rikomeye ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, kuva mu 2021. Mu matora ya perezida ya 2025, yatsinze Perezida Wavel Ramkalawan wari ku butegetsi ku cyiciro cya kabiri. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Patrick Herminie yavutse ku ya 22 Nzeri 1963 mu bitaro bya Baie Sainte-Anne, ku kirwa cya Praslin, ikirwa cya kabiri mu bunini muri Seyishele. Ni uwa kane mu bana batanu. Nyina, Christa Herminie, yitaga ku rugo, naho se, Louis Herminie, yari umupolisi <ref name="E1">{{cite web |title=Member page on Assembly website |url=http://68.169.37.149/NAS/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=364:hon-dr-patrick-herminie-the-speaker&catid=72:proportionately-elected-members&Itemid=27 |access-date=2015-12-06}}</ref>. Nyuma y'imyaka mike, umuryango we wimukiye ku kirwa cya Mahé. Yize mu ishuri ry'abahungu rya Seychelles College, aho yanabaye kapiteni w'ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru y'abato <ref name="E1" /><ref name="E3">{{cite web |author=S Marivel |title=Big Interview with Dr. Herminie, Secretary of State Responsible for the Prevention of Drug and Rehabilitation |url=https://m.facebook.com/todayinsey/posts/1271951886175952 |website=Today in Seychelles |access-date=2017-03-06}}</ref>. Nyuma yaho, yize ubuvuzi muri Kaminuza ya Charles i Prague, muri Cekosolovakiya, abona impamyabumenyi y'ubuganga mu 1990 <ref name="E1" />. == Umwuga mu buvuzi == Agarutse muri Seyishele, Herminie yabaye umuganga mu bitaro bya Victoria mu 1990, hanyuma umuganga mukuru mu 1992. Mu 1995, yagizwe umuyobozi w'ishami ry'isuku y'ibidukikije muri Minisiteri y'Ubuzima; muri uwo mwaka, yahawe buruse ya Chevening na leta y'Ubwongereza, abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu buzima rusange muri Kaminuza ya Leeds. Mu 1996, yabaye umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe gukumira no kurwanya indwara, hanyuma mu 1998 umuyobozi mukuru w'ishami ry'ubuvuzi bw'ibanze muri Minisiteri y'Ubuzima, umwanya yagumyeho kugeza mu 2003 <ref name="E1" />. == Umwuga wa politiki == Herminie yatangiye politiki mu 1992, ubwo yagirwaga umwe mu bagize komisiyo yateguye Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika ya Gatatu. Mu 1993, yatorewe kuba umudepite uhagarariye agace ka English River, yongera gutorwa mu 1998, 2002 na 2003 <ref name="E1" /><ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=en |title=THE SPEAKER Hon. Dr. Patrick Herminie |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015621/http://68.169.37.149/NAS/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=364:hon-dr-patrick-herminie-the-speaker&catid=72:proportionately-elected-members&Itemid=27 |date=2015-11-17}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1998, yabaye umuyobozi w'ibikorwa bya guverinoma mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko (umuyobozi w'abadepite b'ishyaka ryiganje), kandi yari mu bagize komite nkuru y'ishyaka ryari ku butegetsi, Seychelles People's Progressive Front <ref name="E1" />. Kuva mu 2007 kugeza mu 2016, Herminie yabaye Perezida w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ya Seyishele. Mu 2012, yatorewe kuyobora inama y'abaperezida b'inteko zishinga amategeko z'ibihugu bya Commonwealth (CSPOC) mu karere ka Afurika, hanyuma hagati ya 2015 na 2016 ayobora iyo nama ku rwego mpuzamahanga <ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=Else Pointe |title=Dr Patrick Herminie, president of United Seychelles political party |url=https://www.nation.sc/articles/9556/dr-patrick-herminie-president-of-united-seychelles-political-party |website=Nation |date=2021-06-28 |access-date=2021-09-09}}</ref>. Nyuma y'itsinzi y'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi mu matora y'abadepite yo muri Nzeri 2016, yasimbuwe na Patrick Pillay ku ya 27 Nzeri 2016 <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=en |title=A new legislative look: Seychelles’ sixth National Assembly sworn in |url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/5983/A+new+legislative+look+Seychelles+sixth+National+Assembly+sworn+in |website=Seychelles News Agency |date=2016-09-27}}</ref><ref name="E2">{{cite web |title=A new legislative look: Seychelles’ sixth National Assembly sworn in |url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/5983/A+new+legislative+look+Seychelles+sixth+National+Assembly+sworn+in}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2017 kugeza mu 2020, Herminie yayoboye inama y'ubuyobozi y'ikigo gishya cyo gukumira ikoreshwa ry'ibiyobyabwenge no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe ababaswe na byo (APDAR), cyashyizweho na Perezida Danny Faure, mu gihe Seyishele yari ihanganye n'icyorezo gikomeye cy'ikoreshwa rya heroyine <ref name="E6" /><ref name="E1" />. Ku ya 31 Mutarama 2021, yatorewe kuyobora ishyaka rya United Seychelles <ref name="E1" />. === Ibirego by'uburozi === Mu Ukwakira 2023, ubushinjacyaha bwa Seyishele bwashinje Herminie icyaha cy'uburozi (''sorcellerie''), nyuma y'uko imirambo ibiri itabuwe ivumburwa ku kirwa cya Mahé muri Kanama 2023, maze izina rye rikaboneka muri telefone y'ukekwaho icyaha w'ibanze. Herminie yahakanye ibyo birego, avuga ko ari « uguhiga abarozi kwa politiki » kwa Perezida Ramkalawan, kugamije kumubuza kwiyamamaza <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Kevin Dufrêche |title=Aux Seychelles, le chef du principal parti d'opposition mis en examen pour "sorcellerie" |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/sous-les-radars/sous-les-radars-du-mardi-03-octobre-2023-8832744 |website=radiofrance.fr |date=2023-10-03 |access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref><ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Seychelles opposition leader Patrick Herminie charged with witchcraft |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66992504 |website=BBC News |date=2023-10-03 |access-date=2023-10-03}}</ref>. Ku ya 15 Gashyantare 2024, ibyo birego byose byarateshejwe agaciro <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rita Joubert |title=Les accusations de sorcellerie abandonnées contre le chef du parti United Seychelles |url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/20095/Les+accusations+de+sorcellerie+abandonnes+contre+le+chef+du+parti+United+Seychelles |website=seychellesnewsagency.com |date=2024-02-15 |access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=SEYCHELLES Abandon des charges contre l'opposant seychellois, accusé de "sorcellerie" |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/seychelles-abandon-des-charges-contre-le-principal-opposant-accus%C3%A9-de-sorcellerie-/7489033.html |website=Voa Afrique |date=2024-02-16 |access-date=2024-02-17}}</ref>. == Amatora ya perezida ya 2025 == Ku ya 4 Kamena 2024, ishyaka rye ryamutanze nk'umukandida waryo mu matora ya perezida ya 2025 <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Bruno Minas |title=Seychelles : L'opposition a désigné son candidat à la présidentielle |url=https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/mayotte/seychelles-l-opposition-a-designe-son-candidat-a-la-presidentielle-1493843.html |website=la1ere.franceinfo.fr |date=2024-06-04 |access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=en |author=Rassin Vannier |title=United Seychelles party nominates Patrick Herminie as 2025 presidential candidate |url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/20660/United+Seychelles+party+nominates+Patrick+Herminie+as++presidential+candidate |website=seychellesnewsagency.com |date=2024-06-04 |access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref>. Yibanze ku bibazo by'imibereho, yitirira umurage w'uwahoze ari Perezida France-Albert René, maze yiyemeza kumanura imyaka y'izabukuru ikagera kuri 63, kugabanya ibiciro by'ingendo rusange ku kigero cya 40% no kongera inyunganizi z'ubwiteganyirize <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Christina Okello |title=Présidentielle aux Seychelles: Wavel Ramkalawan en quête d’un second mandat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250927-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-aux-seychelles-wavel-ramkalawan-en-qu%C3%AAte-d-un-second-mandat |website=Radio France internationale |date=2025-09-27 |access-date=2025-09-28}}</ref><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=en |author=Patrick Muirhead |title=Why a tiny island's fate could decide Seychelles' next president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yvqrvjrw7o |website=BBC |date=2025-09-26 |access-date=2025-09-28}}</ref>. Yashyigikiye kandi kugenzura cyane imishinga y'ubukerarugendo, yiyemeza guhagarika amasezerano yahaye umushoramari wo muri Qatar ikirwa cya Assomption <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Christina Okello |title=Seychelles : la présidentielle rattrapée par la controverse écologique de l'île d'Assomption |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20251008-seychelles-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-rattrap%C3%A9e-par-la-controverse-%C3%A9cologique-de-l-%C3%AEle-d-assomption |website=Radio France internationale |date=2025-10-08 |access-date=2025-10-09}}</ref>. Mu cyiciro cya kabiri cy'amatora cyabaye kuva ku ya 9 kugeza ku ya 11 Ukwakira 2025, yatsinze Perezida Wavel Ramkalawan n'amajwi 52,7% <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle aux Seychelles : Patrick Herminie l’emporte |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1730095/politique/presidentielle-aux-seychelles-patrick-herminie-lemporte/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref><ref name="E7">{{cite web |title=Opposition leader Patrick Herminie wins presidential runoff election in Seychelles |url=https://apnews.com/article/seychelles-election-runoff-vote-presidential-election-80912a4871d777a64b9a62db59fe4411 |website=AP News |access-date=2025-10-12}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Seyishele == Ku ya 26 Ukwakira 2025, Herminie yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa gatandatu wa Repubulika ya Seyishele, mu muhango wabereye kuri sitade Linité i Victoria <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Fabrice Floch |title=Seychelles : Patrick Herminie est, depuis dimanche, le sixième président de l'archipel |url=https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/reunion/seychelles-l-investiture-du-nouveau-president-patrick-herminie-est-prevue-ce-dimanche-26-octobre-2025-1635299.html |website=Martinique La Première |date=2025-10-27 |access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Patrick Herminie sworn in as Seychelles sixth president |url=https://www.reuters.com/video/watch/idRW693627102025RP1/ |access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref>. Uwo muhango witabiriwe n'abayobozi b'ibihugu byinshi, barimo Visi-Perezida w'[[Ubuhinde]], Minisitiri w'Intebe wa [[Morise]] na Minisitiri w'Intebe wa [[Tanzaniya]] <ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=source needed-reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS |url=https://mfa.gov.sc/]{{Better}}</ref>. Mu ijambo rye, yasubiyemo intero ye yo kwiyamamaza, « ku bw'abenshi, si ku bw'abake », yiyemeza kurwanya ubusumbane, guteza imbere ubuvuzi n'uburezi, no gutuma iterambere rigera ku Banyaseyishele bose <ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=source needed-reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS |url=https://www.reutersconnect.com/video-collection/patrick-herminie-sworn-in-as-seychelles-sixth-president-after-run-off-win/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjU6bmV3c21sX1ZBNjg5NjI2MTAyMDI1UlAx]{{Better}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye nshya, irimo abaminisitiri benshi bashya n'umubare w'abagore utarigeze ubaho, yitezwe kuba iya mbere mu mateka y'igihugu ifite uburinganire bw'abagabo n'abagore <ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=crs |title=Lasanble Nasyonal in fini aprouv tou nominasyon Minis dan Gouvernman Prezidan Patrick Herminie. |url=https://www.sbc.sc/sbc-news/lasanble-nasyonal-in-fini-aprouv-tou-nominasyon-minis-dan-gouvernman-prezidan-patrick-herminie/ |website=Seychelles Broadcasting Corporation |date=2025-11-06 |access-date=2026-09-28}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mu 1991, Herminie yahuye na Veronique Sinon, baje gushyingiranwa. Bafitanye abana babiri: Venessa, umuganga, na Martin, injeniyeri <ref name="E1" />. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] oq129j6xxxnn6fwd3muvmytzymn3e0a 0 23215 140694 2026-10-03T21:27:56Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Julius Maada Bio | image = Julius Maada Bio - 2023 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Julius Maada Bio mu 2023 | birth_date = 12 Gicurasi 1964 | birth_place = Tihun, akarere ka Bonthe, [[Siyera Lewone]] | nationality = Umunyasiyeralewone | alma_mater = American University | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Siyera Lewone]] | term = Kuva ku ya 4 Mata 2018 | predecessor = Ernest Bai Koroma | party = Sierr..." 140694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Julius Maada Bio | image = Julius Maada Bio - 2023 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Julius Maada Bio mu 2023 | birth_date = 12 Gicurasi 1964 | birth_place = Tihun, akarere ka Bonthe, [[Siyera Lewone]] | nationality = Umunyasiyeralewone | alma_mater = American University | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Siyera Lewone]] | term = Kuva ku ya 4 Mata 2018 | predecessor = Ernest Bai Koroma | party = Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) | spouse = Fatima Bio (2013) | children = 4 }} '''Julius Maada Wonie Bio''' (yavutse ku ya 12 Gicurasi 1964 i Tihun) ni umusirikare mukuru wavuye mu ngabo akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa [[Siyera Lewone]], Perezida wa gatanu w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 4 Mata 2018. Afite ipeti rya burigadiye jenerali. Mu 1992, yari umwe mu basirikare bato bahiritse ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Joseph Momoh, maze mu 1996 ahirika mugenzi we Valentine Strasser, ayobora igihugu kuva ku ya 16 Mutarama kugeza ku ya 29 Werurwe 1996, afite imyaka 32 gusa, mbere yo gushyikiriza ubutegetsi Perezida watowe, Ahmad Tejan Kabbah. Nyuma yo kuva mu gisirikare, yabaye muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], hanyuma agaruka muri politiki mu ishyaka rya Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP). Yatsinzwe amatora ya perezida ya 2012, atsinda aya 2018, yongera gutorwa mu 2023. Ku butegetsi bwe, yashyizeho uburezi bw'ibanze n'ayisumbuye ku buntu kandi akuraho igihano cy'urupfu. Kuva muri Kamena 2025 kugeza muri Nyakanga 2026, yayoboye Umuryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO). == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Julius Maada Wonie Bio yavutse ku ya 12 Gicurasi 1964 mu mudugudu wa Tihun, mu karere ka Bonthe, mu ntara y'Amajyepfo ya Siyera Lewone. Ni umwana wa 33 mu bana 35 b'umutware gakondo Charlie Bio II <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Sierra Leone : Julius Maada Bio, l'atout de l'opposition pour l'alternance |url=http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/sierra-leone-election-qui-est-julius-maada-bio-le-candidat-de-l-opposition-30-03-2018-2206822_2365.php}}</ref>. Ni Umusherboro (''Sherbro'') <ref name="E2">{{cite web |title=Global African History |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/julius-maada-wonie-bio-1964/ |website=Black Past}}</ref>, kandi ni Umukristo Gatolika <ref name="E3">{{cite web |author=Lansana Gberie |title=Maada Bio: A Profile Interview |url=http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/maada-bio-a-profile-interview |website=The Patriotic Vanguard |date=2011-01-07 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>. Yatangiye amashuri abanza mu ishuri Gatolika rya Tihun, ayarangiriza i Pujehun, aho yabanaga na mukuru we Agnes wari umwarimu. Hanyuma yize imyaka irindwi mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya leta rya Bo (''Bo School''), ariharangiza mu 1984 <ref name="E3" /><ref name="F1" />. == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Mu 1985, Bio yinjiye mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya Benguema, hafi ya Freetown, arirangiza mu Ukwakira 1987 afite ipeti rya su-liyetona <ref name="E3" /><ref name="F1" />. Yakoreye mu birindiro bya Lungi no mu karere ka Kambia, mu mutwe wari ushinzwe kurwanya magendu ku mupaka na [[Gineya]] <ref name="E3" />. Mu 1990, yoherejwe muri [[Liberiya]] mu ngabo za CEDEAO zishinzwe kugarura amahoro (ECOMOG), mu gihe cy'intambara y'abenegihugu yari imaze kuduka muri icyo gihugu <ref name="F1" /><ref name="E3" />. Nyuma y'umwaka umwe, yagaruwe muri Siyera Lewone kurwanya inyeshyamba za Revolutionary United Front (RUF), zari zatangiye gutera imidugudu yo ku mupaka na Liberiya muri Werurwe 1991 <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sierra Leone: Julius Maada Bio, l'ex-putschiste de retour au pouvoir |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/sierra-leone-julius-maada-bio-l-ex-putschiste-de-retour-au-pouvoir-229922}}</ref><ref name="E3" />. == Kudeta n'ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare == Ku ya 29 Mata 1992, Bio yari umwe mu basirikare bato bayobowe na Kapiteni Valentine Strasser bahiritse ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Joseph Momoh, washinjwaga kuba yarateje intambara y'abenegihugu (1991–2002) <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Julius Maada Bio, l'ex-putschiste qui a rendu le pouvoir aux civils en Sierra Leone |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/sierra-leone-julius-maada-bio-l-ex-putschiste-qui-a-rendu-le-pouvoir-aux-civils/4323711.html}}</ref><ref name="E3" />. Abo basirikare bashinze akanama ka gisirikare kayoboraga igihugu, National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC), kayobowe na Strasser. Bio yabanje kuba umunyamabanga wa leta ushinzwe Amajyepfo i Bo, hanyuma ushinzwe itangazamakuru, nyuma aba visi-perezida wa NPRC <ref name="E3" />. Nyuma yaho, yasabye imbabazi ku iyicwa ry'abantu bagera kuri makumyabiri ryabaye muri iyo kudeta <ref name="F1" />. Ku ya 16 Mutarama 1996, Bio yayoboye kudeta yahiritse Strasser, nyuma y'amakimbirane mu buyobozi bwa NPRC ku bijyanye no kumvikana n'inyeshyamba za RUF mbere y'amatora y'amashyaka menshi yari ateganyijwe muri Werurwe 1996 <ref name="E4">{{cite web |author=Ambrose Ganda |title=Captain Strasser Is Ousted From Office |url=http://freespace.virgin.net/ambrose.ganda/Vol2_1.htm |website=Virgin.net |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>. Strasser yahise yoherezwa mu buhungiro i Conakry, muri Gineya <ref name="E4" />. Bio yagaruye amatora y'amashyaka menshi, maze muri Werurwe 1996 ashyikiriza ubutegetsi Ahmad Tejan Kabbah wari umaze gutorwa <ref name="F1" />. == Nyuma y'igisirikare == Nyuma yo kuva mu gisirikare mu 1996, Bio yimukiye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, aho yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu bibazo mpuzamahanga muri American University i Washington <ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=After Sierra Leone's President Took Office, His Wife and Her Family Went Real Estate Shopping |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/investigation/after-sierra-leones-president-took-office-his-wife-and-her-family-went-real-estate-shopping |website=OCCRP |date=2025}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sierra Leone : Julius Maada Bio élu président 22 ans après son coup d’État |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/548406/politique/sierra-leone-julius-maada-bio-elu-president-22-ans-apres-son-coup-detat/}}</ref>. Yayoboye kandi ikigo cy'ubujyanama n'ishoramari cyitwa International Systems Science Corporation <ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=Times Reporter |title=Bio, is new Sierra Leone president |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/africa/bio-new-sierra-leone-president |website=The New Times (Rwanda) |date=2018-04-05 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>. == Kugaruka muri politiki == Mu 2005, Bio yinjiye mu ishyaka rya SLPP, ariyamamariza kuriyobora mu nama yaryo yabereye i Makeni, aba uwa gatatu <ref name="E7">{{cite web |author=Sierra Leone State House |title=Vice President Berewa Leads SLPP |url=http://statehouse-sl.org/archives/september2005.html |website=The Republic of Sierra Leone, State House Online |date=2005-09-05 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref><ref name="F1" />. Mu 2011, yatowe nk'umukandida wa SLPP mu matora ya perezida ya 2012; yatsinzwe na Perezida Ernest Bai Koroma wari ku butegetsi, abona amajwi 37,4% kuri 58,7% ya Koroma, ariko ashimangira SLPP nk'ishyaka rikomeye ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi <ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=APA-Freetown (Sierra Leone) |title=Sierra Leone: Opposition names ex junta head as standard bearer |url=http://apanews.net/index.php/en/news/sierra-leone-main-opposition-names-bio-as-flag-bearer |website=APANews.net |date=2017-10-16 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>. Nyuma yaho, yatangiye amasomo y'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu bumenyi bw'amahoro muri Kaminuza ya Bradford, mu Bwongereza <ref name="E5" />. == Perezida wa Siyera Lewone == === Amatora ya 2018 === Mu cyiciro cya kabiri cy'amatora ya perezida cyabaye ku ya 31 Werurwe 2018, Bio yatsinze Samura Kamara wo mu ishyaka ryari ku butegetsi, All People's Congress (APC), n'amajwi 51,8% <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sierra Leone : le candidat de l’opposition remporte la présidentielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/04/05/sierra-leone-le-candidat-de-l-opposition-remporte-la-presidentielle_5280766_3212.html}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |author=Jaime Yaya Barry |title=Sierra Leone's Opposition Leader Is Sworn In as President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/04/world/africa/sierra-leone-president.html |website=The New York Times |date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuba perezida ku ya 4 Mata 2018, nubwo uwo bari bahanganye yamaganaga ibyavuye mu matora <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sierra Leone : l'opposant Julius Maada Bio remporte la présidentielle, son rival conteste le résultat - France 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20180405-sierra-leone-julius-maada-bio-remporte-presidentielle-kamara-opposant-consteste-resultat |website=France 24 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>. === Politiki y'imbere mu gihugu === Mu kwezi kwe kwa mbere ku butegetsi, Bio yashyizeho uburezi bw'ibanze n'ayisumbuye ku buntu mu mashuri ya leta. Yahagaritse amasezerano y'inguzanyo ya miliyoni 400 z'amadolari yari yarasinywe na Koroma n'u[[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]] yo kubaka ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga gishya, kandi atangiza igenzura ry'amasezerano y'ubucukuzi n'ibigo bya leta byo ku butegetsi bwabanje. Guverinoma ye yashinje Koroma na guverinoma ye ruswa ikabije. Muri Gashyantare 2019, Bio yatangaje ibihe bidasanzwe kubera ubwiyongere bw'ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, yongera ibihano ku cyaha cyo gufata ku ngufu; ibyo bihe bidasanzwe byavanyweho muri Kamena uwo mwaka <ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=en |author=Laura S. Martin |title=Taking stock one year after Sierra Leone's gender violence 'emergency' |url=http://theconversation.com/taking-stock-one-year-after-sierra-leones-gender-violence-emergency-130487 |website=The Conversation |date=2020-01-30 |access-date=2021-03-14}}</ref><ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Sierra Leone's President Julius Maada Bio Shares Aspirations with Vietnamese Counterpart, Addresses Official State Dinner Marking His Visit |url=https://statehouse.gov.sl/sierra-leones-president-julius-maada-bio-shares-aspirations-with-vietnamese-counterpart-addresses-official-state-dinner-marking-his-visit/ |website=The State House |date=2022-03-15 |access-date=2022-03-21}}</ref>. Mu 2022, yatangaje ko guverinoma ye ishyigikiye umushinga w'itegeko wagura uburenganzira bwo gukuramo inda <ref name="E13">{{cite web |author=Emmanuel Akinwotu |title=Sierra Leone backs bill to legalise abortion and end colonial-era law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/jul/06/sierra-leone-backs-bill-to-legalise-abortion-and-end-colonial-era-law |website=The Guardian |date=2022-07-06 |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2023, yasinye itegeko ry'uburinganire n'iterambere ry'abagore, risaba ko nibura 30% by'abakandida mu matora y'abadepite n'ay'inzego z'ibanze baba abagore <ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=President Bio signs landmark gender equality law – opening doors for more women in parliament – Welcome to the Sierra Leone Telegraph |url=https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/president-bio-signs-landmark-gender-equality-law-opening-doors-for-more-women-in-parliament/ |date=2023-01-22 |access-date=2023-02-23}}</ref>. Abatavuga rumwe na we bamunenga kubera ubukungu bw'igihugu bwifashe nabi <ref name="E15">{{cite web |author=Kemo Cham |title=Sierra Leone gears up for presidential election amid economic crisis, looming protests |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/sierra-leone-ap-julius-maada-bio-freetown-african-b2359660.html |website=The Independent |date=2023-06-18 |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2022, imyigaragambyo yatewe n'izamuka ry'ibiciro yasabaga ko yegura, ihitana abantu benshi <ref name="E16">{{cite web |author=Clarence Roy-Macaulay |title=Deadly anti-government protests erupt in Sierra Leone |url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-west-sierra-leone-julius-maada-bio-freetown-fb3b62ec79c0d7517850092b02e4edb8 |website=Associated Press |date=2022-08-10 |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>; Bio yayifashe nk'igerageza ryo guhirika ubutegetsi <ref name="E17">{{cite web |author=Umaru Fofana |title=Sierra Leone president says protests aimed to overthrow the government |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sierra-leone-president-says-protests-aimed-overthrow-government-2022-08-12/ |website=Reuters |date=2022-08-13 |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Muri Nyakanga 2021, Bio yatumiwe mu nama mpuzamahanga ku burezi i Londres, kubera ibikorwa bye byo kwagura uburezi no guteza imbere ishuri ry'abakobwa <ref name="E19">{{cite web |author=Abdul Rashid Thomas |title=President Bio in London for Global Education Summit |url=https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/president-bio-in-london-for-global-education-summit/ |website=The Sierra Leone Telegraph |date=2021-07-26}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2022, yasuye Viyetinamu <ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Sierra Leone's President Julius Maada Bio and Delegation Sign Agreement With Vietnam Academy of Agriculture Sciences |url=https://statehouse.gov.sl/sierra-leones-president-julius-maada-bio-and-delegation-sign-agreement-with-vietnam-academy-of-agriculture-sciences/ |website=The State House |date=2022-03-20 |access-date=2022-03-21}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2023, yasabye ko intambara y'Uburusiya muri Ukraine ihagarara « ku bw'inyungu z'ikiremwamuntu » <ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sierra Leone: President Julius Bio urges end to Ukraine war for 'sake of humanity' |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/05/18/sierra-leone-president-julius-bio-urges-end-to-ukraine-war-for-sake-of-humanity/ |website=Africa News |date=2023-05-18 |access-date=2023-06-11}}</ref>, avuga ko yizeye ko dipolomasi iyobowe n'abayobozi b'Afurika yafasha kuyirangiza <ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |author=Katarina Hoije |title=Sierra Leone's Bio Hopes African Mission Can End Ukraine War |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-10/sierra-leone-s-bio-hopes-african-mission-can-end-ukraine-war |website=Bloomberg |date=2023-06-10 |access-date=2023-06-11}}</ref>. === Amatora ya 2023 === Mu matora rusange yo muri Kamena 2023, Bio yongeye gutorwa ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 56,17%, imbere ya Samura Kamara <ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=Sierra Leone president wins re-election, says electoral commission. |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sierra-leone-president-wins-re-elecion-says-electoral-commission-2023-06-27/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-06-28}}</ref>. Ariko indorerezi z'imbere mu gihugu n'izo mu mahanga zanenze kudakorera mu mucyo mu ibarura ry'amajwi, kandi Kamara yanze kwemera ibyavuye mu matora <ref name="E25" />. Iminsi mike mbere y'amatora, ku ya 21 Kamena 2023, imyigaragambyo yabereye imbere y'icyicaro cya APC yahitanye nibura umuntu umwe <ref name="E18">{{cite web |author=Umaru Fofana |title=Violence flares in Sierra Leone ahead of presidential vote |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sierra-leone-president-maada-bio-seeks-re-election-amid-economic-woes-2023-06-21/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-06-21 |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>. === Jos Leijdekkers === Mu ntangiriro za 2025, ibinyamakuru byinshi byatangaje ko Jos Leijdekkers, umucuruzi w'ikiyobyabwenge cya kokayine ukomoka mu Buholandi wakatiwe adahari igifungo cy'imyaka 24, yari amaze igihe aba muri Siyera Lewone <ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=Sierra Leone says investigating reports that Dutch drug kingpin took refuge |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sierra-leone-says-investigating-reports-that-dutch-drug-kingpin-took-refuge-2025-01-26 |website=Reuters |date=2025-01-26 |access-date=2025-10-10}}</ref>. Hagaragaye amashusho amwerekana mu misa yabereye i Freetown ku ya 1 Mutarama 2025, yicaye inyuma ya Perezida Bio, ari kumwe n'umwe mu bakobwa ba Bio, bivugwa ko yashakanye na we <ref name="E26" /><ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=EU most wanted list |url=https://eumostwanted.eu/ |website=EU Most Wanted |access-date=2024-12-29}}</ref>. Leta y'Ubuholandi yagaragaje impungenge ku kuba abayobozi ba Siyera Lewone nta cyo bakoze ku bijyanye na we <ref name="E29">{{cite web |author=Africa Confidential |title=Freetown falls out with The Hague over cocaine |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article/id/15356/freetown-falls-out-with-the-hague-over-cocaine |website=Africa Confidential |access-date=2025-10-10}}</ref>. === Umuyobozi wa CEDEAO === Ku ya 22 Kamena 2025, mu nama y'abakuru b'ibihugu yabereye i Abuja, muri [[Nijeriya]], Bio yatorewe kuyobora CEDEAO <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Julius Maada Bio, président de la Sierra Leone, élu président de la Cédéao - Radio France International |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250622-julius-maada-bio-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-sierra-leone-%C3%A9lu-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-c%C3%A9d%C3%A9ao |website=RFI |access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=Julius Maada Bio, president of Sierra Leone, elected president of ECOWAS |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250622-julius-maada-bio-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-sierra-leone-%C3%A9lu-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-c%C3%A9d%C3%A9ao |website=Radio France International |date=2025-06-22 |access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref>. Yasimbuwe kuri uwo mwanya na [[Bassirou Diomaye Faye]] muri Nyakanga 2026. == Ubuzima bwite == Bio ni Umukristo Gatolika <ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |title=Catholic church clears Maada Bio for tomorrow's state wedding, but more questions and cynicism provoked |url=https://cocorioko.net/catholic-church-clears-maada-bio-for-tomorrows-state-wedding-but-more-questions-and-cynicism-provoked/ |website=Cocorioko |date=2020-02-20 |access-date=2021-01-14}}</ref>. Umugore we, Fatima Bio, ni umukinnyi wa filime w'Umuyisilamu, ufite inkomoko muri [[Gambiya]] no muri Siyera Lewone. Bashyingiranwe mu 2013 i Londres, mu muhango wahuje amadini yombi; bafitanye umwana umwe. Bio afite abandi bana batatu yabyaye mu bushyingiranwe bwa mbere <ref name="E34">{{cite web |author=Abdul Rashid Thomas |title=Sierra Leone's presidential hopeful-weds in London |url=http://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/sierra-leones-presidential-hopeful-maada-bio-weds-in-london/ |website=Sierra Leone Telegraph |date=2013-11-08 |access-date=2022-01-18}}</ref>. Bamenyaniye mu 2012 i Londres <ref name="E5" />. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] h7837noz13k3cxz43fpggvt0rbtjlfe 0 23216 140695 2026-10-03T21:33:15Z Score Beethoven 11559 Inyandiko nshya, yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr:Université de l'Assomption au Congo na en:University of the Assumption in Congo (CC BY-SA) 140695 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:90%;" |+ style="font-size:125%;" | Université de l'Assomption au Congo |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Dosiye:Universite Assomption Congo campus Butembo 02.png|260px]]<br/>Ikigo cya kaminuza i Bulengera, Butembo |- | Izina rigufi || UAC |- | Yashinzwe || 1982 |- | Ubwoko || Kaminuza yigenga ya Kiliziya Gatolika |- | Abayishinze || Abasomusiyonisiti (Augustins de l'Assomption) |- | Intego || ''Noverim me, noverim Te'' |- | Igihugu || [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] |- | Intara || Kivu y'Amajyaruguru |- | Umujyi || Butembo |- | Abanyeshuri || ~900 (2023) |- | Amashami || 5 |- | Urubuga || [https://www.uaconline.edu.cd uaconline.edu.cd] |} Université de l'Assomption au Congo (UAC), mu Kinyarwanda Kaminuza y'Asomusiyo muri Kongo, ni ishuri rikuru ryigenga ry'amashuri makuru na kaminuza riherereye mu mujyi wa Butembo, mu ntara ya Kivu y'Amajyaruguru, muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. Yashinzwe kandi iyoborwa n'Abasomusiyonisiti, umuryango w'abihayimana wa [[Kiliziya Gatolika]].<ref name="okapi">[https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/10/actualite/education/butembo-luac-une-universite-des-pretres-assomptionnistes-ouverte-la « Butembo : l'UAC, une université des prêtres Assomptionnistes, ouverte à la formation des laïcs »], Radio Okapi, 10 Mata 2023.</ref> == Amateka == [[Dosiye:Universite Assomption Congo campus Butembo 01.png|thumb|left|Inyubako za kaminuza i Butembo]] Mu 1982, Abasomusiyonisiti bakoreraga ubutumwa muri Diyosezi ya Butembo-Beni bashinze ishuri rya filozofiya ryitwa Philosophat Saint-Augustin de Bulengera, kugira ngo ritegure abihayimana bazakomeza kwiga tewolojiya. Kuva mu 1993 kugeza mu 2002, iryo shuri ryari ishami rya Butembo rya Philosophat Saint-Augustin y'i Kinshasa.<ref name="assumptio">[https://www.assumptio.org/en/what-do-we-do/our-mobilizing-works/ « Our mobilizing works »], Assumptio.</ref> Mu 2002, bisabwe na Minisiteri y'Amashuri Makuru, ryahinduye izina riba Institut supérieur Emmanuel d'Alzon de Butembo (ISEAB). Kubera intambara z'inyeshyamba, abanyeshuri ntibari bagishobora kujya i Kinshasa, maze Minisiteri yemera ko ishuri ryakira n'abalayiki.<ref name="okapi" /> Ku wa 18 Mata 2003, iteka rya minisitiri ryemereye ishuri gutanga impamyabumenyi (graduat) muri filozofiya, mu bumenyi n'ubuhanga bw'iterambere, no mu itumanaho.<ref name="assumptio" /> Ku wa 22 Ugushyingo 2018, ISEAB yahindutse kaminuza yuzuye yitwa Université de l'Assomption au Congo.<ref name="wiki-fr">Inyandiko ya [[:fr:Université de l'Assomption au Congo|Wikipedia y'igifaransa]] n'iy'[[:en:University of the Assumption in Congo|icyongereza]].</ref> {{clear}} == Imiyoborere == UAC iri munsi y'ubuyobozi bw'Abasomusiyonisiti. Yiyita kaminuza ya tekiniki yigenga ya Gatolika, ariko inyigisho zayo ntizishingiye ku idini. Mu 2023, umunyamabanga mukuru ushinzwe amasomo, Padiri Omer Kamate, yavuze ko ikibazo gikomeye ari ukubona abarimu bahoraho, kuko kaminuza ikoresha abarimu baturutse mu tundi turere.<ref name="okapi" /> Ikorana n'andi mashuri makuru, nka IFASIC mu itumanaho na Kaminuza ya Kinshasa (UNIKIN) mu yandi masomo.<ref name="whed">[https://whed.net/institutions/IAU-028440 « Université de l'Assomption au Congo »], World Higher Education Database (IAU).</ref> == Amashami == Kuva mu 2023, UAC ifite amashami (facultés) atanu:<ref name="okapi" /><ref name="whed" /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ishami !! Amasomo |- | Indimi n'ubumenyi bw'abantu || Filozofiya, itumanaho |- | Ubukungu n'imicungire || Ikoranabuhanga mu micungire, management, imicungire y'ibigo |- | Iterambere ry'imijyi n'icyaro || Iterambere ry'icyaro, iterambere ry'abaturage |- | Isomo ry'imitekerereze n'uburezi || Imitekerereze mu mashuri, imitekerereze mu buvuzi |- | Ubumenyi ngiro (Polytechnique) || Ubwubatsi, amashanyarazi, ubukanishi, ikoranabuhanga, ubugeni bw'inyubako |} Kaminuza ifite kandi ishuri ry'ikirenga (école doctorale) n'ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi. == Ibikorwaremezo == [[Dosiye:Butembo main street.JPG|thumb|right|Umujyi wa Butembo]] Ikigo gikuru cya UAC kiri ku musozi wa Bulengera, ugerwaho n'umuhanda w'ibumba; ikindi kigo kiri i Kambali, hafi ya Radio Moto Butembo-Beni. Abanyeshuri biga itumanaho bimenyerereza kuri Radio na Televiziyo Moto. Kaminuza ifite kandi laboratwari y'ikoranabuhanga, laboratwari y'ibinyabuzima (biotechnologie), umurima wo gutubura insina, na gahunda yo gucunga imyanda, harimo gukora amapave mu masashe.<ref name="okapi" /> === Abanyeshuri n'amafaranga y'ishuri === Mu 2023, UAC yari ifite abanyeshuri bagera kuri 900. Amafaranga yo kwiyandikisha ari hagati ya 340 na 500 by'amadolari y'Amerika, yishyurwa mu byiciro.<ref name="okapi" /> {{clear}} == Amafoto == <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> Dosiye:Butembo 2014.JPG|Butembo mu 2014 Dosiye:Sunset in Butembo (15145873881).jpg|Izuba rirenga i Butembo </gallery> == Reba kandi == * [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] * [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Kaminuza]] [[Ikiciro:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] 9onp2vh9ni64wmpnqo4nxqr3jz1oc4g 0 23217 140696 2026-10-03T21:35:44Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Hassan Sheikh Mohamud | image = His Excellency President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Hassan Sheikh Mohamud | birth_date = 29 Ugushyingo 1955 | birth_place = Jalalaqsi, intara ya Hiiraan, [[Somaliya]] | nationality = Umunyasomaliya | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Bhopal (Barkatullah University), University for Peace | occupation = Umwarimu wa kaminuza, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Somaliya]] | term = 2012–201..." 140696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Hassan Sheikh Mohamud | image = His Excellency President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Hassan Sheikh Mohamud | birth_date = 29 Ugushyingo 1955 | birth_place = Jalalaqsi, intara ya Hiiraan, [[Somaliya]] | nationality = Umunyasomaliya | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Bhopal (Barkatullah University), University for Peace | occupation = Umwarimu wa kaminuza, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Somaliya]] | term = 2012–2017; kuva ku ya 23 Gicurasi 2022 | predecessor = Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed « Farmaajo » | party = Union for Peace and Development Party | spouse = Qamar Ali Omar | children = 7 }} '''Hassan Sheikh Mohamud''' (mu Gisomali: ''Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud''; yavutse ku ya 29 Ugushyingo 1955 i Jalalaqsi, mu ntara ya Hiiraan) ni umunyapolitiki akaba n'umwarimu wa kaminuza wa [[Somaliya]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva mu 2022, nyuma yo kuba yarakiyoboye bwa mbere kuva mu 2012 kugeza mu 2017. Mbere yo kwinjira muri politiki, yari umwarimu akaba n'umuyobozi muri SIMAD University, kaminuza yafatanyije gushinga i [[Mogadishu]]. Mu 2012, yatorewe n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kuba perezida, maze ikinyamakuru ''Time'' kimushyira mu bantu 100 bavuga rikijyana ku isi mu 2013. Manda ye ya mbere yaranzwe n'ibitero by'umutwe wa al-Shabaab no kunengwa kubera ruswa n'ikoreshwa nabi ry'ububasha. Yatsinzwe mu 2017, ashinga ishyaka rya Union for Peace and Development, maze yongera gutorwa mu 2022. Mu 2026, kongererwa igihe kwa manda ye byateje impaka zikomeye. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Hassan Sheikh Mohamud yavukiye mu ntara ya Hiiraan <ref name="E11">{{cite web |author=Moulid Hujale |title=Hassan Mohamud: The second coming of Somalia's new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/5/18/somalias-new-president |website=Al Jazeera |date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2023-12-09}}</ref>. Se akomoka mu muryango w'Abagaal, umwe mu miryango migari y'Abahawiye, naho nyina akomoka mu muryango wa Hawadle <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=The New President of Somaliland, who is Hassan Sheikh Mahmoud? |url=http://english.alshahid.net/archives/31546 |website=Al Shahid |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2013-02-21}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye iwabo <ref name="E12" /><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Hassan Sheikh Mohamud: Somalia's new president profiled |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19556383 |website=BBC |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-17}}</ref>. Mu 1978, yimukiye i Mogadishu, aho yize imyaka itatu mu ishuri rikuru ry'ubumenyingiro, abona impamyabumenyi mu ikoranabuhanga mu 1981 <ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=Profile of Somalia's Newly Elected President |url=http://dissidentnation.com/profile-of-somalias-newly-elected-president/ |website=Dissident Nation |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-13}}</ref><ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=Hassan Sheikh Mohamud - Resume |url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2012/09/profile-somalia-president-hassan-sheikh-mohamud/ |website=Raxanreeb |access-date=2012-09-15}}</ref>. Mu 1986, yagiye mu [[Ubuhinde]], yiga muri Kaminuza ya Bhopal (ubu yitwa Barkatullah University), aharangiriza impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu burezi bw'ubumenyingiro mu 1988 <ref name="E15" />. Mu 2001, yakurikiye amasomo y'ubuhuza n'ubwiyunge muri Eastern Mennonite University, muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] <ref name="E16">{{cite web |author=Bonnie Price Lofton |title=President of Somalia Welcomed Home as Alumnus of EMUs Summer Peacebuilding Institute |url=http://emu.edu/now/news/2014/08/president-of-somalia-welcomed-home-as-alumnus-of-emus-summer-peacebuilding-institute/ |website=EMU |date=2014-08-08 |access-date=2014-08-12}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2022, yamuritse igitabo cy'ubushakashatsi bw'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (PhD) mu mahoro, imiyoborere n'iterambere muri University for Peace, aba perezida wa mbere wa Somaliya ubikoze ari ku butegetsi <ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=UPEACE Doctoral Candidate Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Wins Somalia's Presidential Election |url=https://www.upeace.org/noticias/upeace-doctoral-candidate-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-wins-somalias-presidential-election |website=University for Peace |date=2022-05-15 |access-date=2022-11-08}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Hassan Mohamud becomes Somalia's first sitting president to earn PhD |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2022/Oct/188400/hassan_mohamud_becomes_somalia_s_first_sitting_president_to_earn_phd.aspx |website=Hiiraan Online |date=2022-10-25 |access-date=2022-11-08}}</ref>. == Umwuga mbere ya politiki == Hassan yabanje kuba umwarimu mu ishuri ry'ubumenyingiro rya Lafole, hanyuma mu 1984 yinjira mu ishuri rikuru ryigisha abarimu b'ubumenyingiro rishamikiye kuri Kaminuza y'Igihugu ya Somaliya, aba umuyobozi w'ishami mu 1986 <ref name="E12" /><ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Somali election of Hassan Sheikh a 'great step' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19557884 |website=BBC |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-11}}</ref>. Ubwo intambara y'abenegihugu yadukaga mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1990, yagumye muri Somaliya, aba umujyanama w'imiryango itegamiye kuri leta n'ibigo by'Umuryango w'Abibumbye <ref name="E19" />. Kuva mu 1993 kugeza mu 1995, yari umukozi ushinzwe uburezi muri UNICEF mu majyepfo no hagati mu gihugu. Mu 1999, yafatanyije gushinga ikigo cy'imicungire n'ubuyobozi (SIMAD) i Mogadishu, cyaje kuba SIMAD University, akibera umuyobozi kugeza mu 2010 <ref name="E20">{{cite web |author=Mahmoud Mohamed |title=Profiles of Somalia's top presidential candidates |url=http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/08/17/feature-02 |website=Sabahi |date=2012-08-17 |access-date=2012-08-21}}</ref>. Yigishije kandi ikoranabuhanga muri Kaminuza ya Mogadishu <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalia: Profile of President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209110514.html}}</ref>. Mu 2011, yashinze ishyaka rya Peace and Development Party (PDP), maze muri Mata 2011 aritorerwa kuriyobora <ref name="E20" /><ref name="E21">{{cite web |author=Nasongo Willy |title=Somalia: new independent political party leader |url=http://english.alshahid.net/archives/20024 |website=Alshahid |date=2011-04-20 |access-date=2012-09-10}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2012, yabaye umudepite mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko nshya ya Leta Yunze Ubumwe ya Somaliya <ref name="E19" />. == Manda ya mbere (2012–2017) == === Itorwa === Ku ya 10 Nzeri 2012, abadepite bamutoreye kuba Perezida wa Somaliya <ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Somali lawmakers elect Mohamud as next president |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/somalia-politics-idUSL5E8KAIUR20120910 |website=Reuters |date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2012-09-10}}</ref>. Mu cyiciro cya mbere cy'amatora, Perezida Sharif Sheikh Ahmed wari ku butegetsi yabaye uwa mbere n'amajwi 64, Hassan akurikiraho n'amajwi 60 <ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Somalia: Sheikh Sharif vs Newcomer Sheikh Mahamoud in Final Round of Presidential Elections |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209101222.html |website=Garowe Online |date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2012-09-10}}</ref>; mu cyiciro cya kabiri, Hassan yatsinze Sharif ku majwi 190 kuri 79 <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalie : Hassan Cheikh Mohamoud élu |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2012/09/10/97001-20120910FILWWW00718-somalie-hassan-cheikh-mohamoud-elu.php}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalie : élection surprise d'un universitaire peu connu à la présidence |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/somalie-election-surprise-d-un-universitaire-peu-connu-a-la-presidence-10-09-2012-1504725_24.php}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=Somalia Federal Parliament elects Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as President |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Federal_Parliament_elects_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_as_President.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2012-09-10}}</ref>. Nubwo habayeho ibirego bya ruswa n'igurwa ry'amajwi, Sharif yemeye ibyavuye mu matora <ref name="E26">{{cite web |language=en |author=IISS |title=Strategic Survey 2013: The Annual Review of World Affairs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vau7EAAAQBAJ |website=Taylor & Francis |date=2023-04-28}}</ref>. Itorwa rye ryashimwe n'umuryango mpuzamahanga, harimo Umuryango w'Abibumbye n'Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe <ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=Somalia's President-elect widely hailed |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-09/11/c_131843573.htm |website=Xinhua |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-11}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuba perezida ku ya 16 Nzeri 2012 <ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=President's inauguration marks 'new era' for Somalia, says UN envoy |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42900&Cr=Somali&Cr1= |website=UN News Centre |date=2012-09-16 |access-date=2012-09-17}}</ref>, maze ku ya 6 Ukwakira 2012 agira Abdi Farah Shirdon Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Somali president names political newcomer as PM -diplomats |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL6E8L60GZ20121006 |website=Reuters |date=2012-10-06 |access-date=2012-10-06}}</ref>. === Ibitero byamwibasiye === Ku ya 12 Nzeri 2012, iminsi ibiri nyuma yo gutorwa, abiyahuzi n'abantu bitwaje intwaro bagabye igitero kuri hoteli Jazeera i Mogadishu, aho yari ari mu nama n'intumwa z'amahanga; Hassan ntiyakomeretse, akomeza ijambo rye imbere y'abanyamakuru <ref name="E32">{{cite web |title=Somalia: Newly elected President Hassan and foreign dignitaries survive multiple bomb blasts |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Newly_elected_President_Hassan_and_foreign_dignitaries_survive_multiple_bomb_blasts.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2012-09-12 |access-date=2012-09-13}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |author=Bill Roggio |title=Shabaab suicide bombers attack new Somali president, Kenyan foreign minister |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2012/09/shabaab_suicide_bombers_attack.php |website=Long War Journal |date=2012-09-12 |access-date=2012-09-14}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |author=Gabe Joselow |title=Suicide Bombers Target New Somali President |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/new-somali-president-safe-after-explosion/1506278.html |website=Voice of America |date=2012-09-12 |access-date=2012-09-13}}</ref>. Umutwe wa al-Shabaab wigambye icyo gitero <ref name="E32" />. Ku ya 3 Nzeri 2013, igisasu cyaturikiye hafi y'imodoka zari ziherekeje perezida i Merca <ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=Somali President Unhurt in Bomb Attack |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/somali-president-unhurt-in-bomb-attack/1742168.html |website=VOA News |date=2013-09-03 |access-date=2013-09-11}}</ref>. Ku ya 7 Ukwakira 2015, abarwanyi ba al-Shabaab bishe mwishywa we, Dr Liban Osman, i Mogadishu <ref name="E36">{{cite web |title=Somali president's nephew killed in al-Shabab attack |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34465949 |website=BBC News |date=2015-10-07 |access-date=2015-11-21}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Werurwe 2025, al-Shabaab yongeye kugerageza kumwica ikoresheje ibisasu byatezwe ku muhanda hafi y'ingoro ya Villa Somalia <ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Somali militants target presidential convoy in bomb attack, president safe |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/somali-militants-target-presidential-convoy-bomb-attack-president-safe-2025-03-18/}}</ref>. === Politiki y'imbere mu gihugu === Ubutegetsi bwe bwashyize imbere guteza imbere serivisi z'ibanze nk'ubuzima n'uburezi, no kongera kubaka ibikorwa remezo birimo icyambu n'ikibuga cy'indege cya Mogadishu, imihanda, amashuri n'ibitaro <ref name="E38">{{cite web |title=2013-2015 - Somalia - Addendum to Country Brief |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/document/2013-2015-somalia-addendum-to-country-brief-34904 |website=AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK |date=2013-12-23 |access-date=2013-12-23}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye yasabye ko hakurwaho igihano cyo kubuza Somaliya kugura intwaro, cyari cyarashyizweho n'Akanama gashinzwe Umutekano ka Loni mu 1992, kugira ngo ingabo z'igihugu zibashe guhangana n'inyeshyamba z'abiyitirira Isilamu <ref name="E39">{{cite web |title=UN set to ease Somalia arms embargo |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/un-set-to-ease-somalia-arms-embargo/story-fn3dxix6-1226587316101 |website=The Australian |date=2013-02-28 |access-date=2013-03-06}}</ref><ref name="E42">{{cite web |author=Majid Ahmed |title=Somalia: Continuance of Arms Embargo Threatens Security Gains in Somalia |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201302210071.html |website=Sabahi |date=2013-02-20 |access-date=2013-03-06}}</ref>. Icyo gihano cyaroroshejwe by'agateganyo mu 2013, maze ku ya 5 Werurwe 2014 Akanama gashinzwe Umutekano kemeza ko iryo yoroshya rikomeza <ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=UN to lift Somalia arms embargo |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-1-163309-UN-to-lift-Somalia-arms-embargo |website=The News |date=2013-03-05 |access-date=2013-03-06}}</ref><ref name="E47">{{cite web |title=UN Security Council Extends Arms Embargo lift on Somalia to eight months |url=http://horseedmedia.net/2014/03/06/un-security-council-extends-arms-embargo-somalia-eight-months/ |website=Horseed Media |date=2014-03-06 |access-date=2014-03-06}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2013, yasubukuye ibiganiro by'ubwiyunge na Somaliland, intara yiyomoye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, abisinyira i Ankara, muri Turukiya, na Perezida wa Somaliland Ahmed Mahamoud Silanyo <ref name="E48">{{cite web |title=Somalia: Hassan and President Silanyo meet in Turkey |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_President_Hassan_and_President_Silanyo_meet_in_Turkey_printer.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2013-04-13 |access-date=2013-04-22}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2013, guverinoma ye yasinye amasezerano y'ubwiyunge n'ubuyobozi bwigenga bwa Jubaland i Addis Abeba, muri [[Etiyopiya]]. Manda ye ya mbere yaranzwe n'amakimbirane n'abaminisitiri b'intebe be: mu Ugushyingo 2013, yasabye Abdi Farah Shirdon kwegura, maze abadepite batangiza icyifuzo cyo kumweguza <ref name="E55">{{cite web |title=Somalia: Prime Minister asked to step down |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Prime_Minister_asked_to_step_down_printer.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2013-11-12 |access-date=2013-12-02}}</ref><ref name="E58">{{cite web |title=Somali PM to face vote this week |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somali-PM-to-face-vote-this-week_printer.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2013-11-26 |access-date=2013-12-02}}</ref>; mu 2014, yagiranye andi makimbirane na Minisitiri w'Intebe Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed ku bijyanye n'ivugurura rya guverinoma <ref name="E68">{{cite web |title=Breaking: Somali PM reshuffles his cabinet |url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=5280 |website=Goobjoog |date=2014-10-25 |access-date=2014-11-07}}</ref><ref name="E70">{{cite web |title=SOMALIA: President Hassan says PM's cabinet reshuffle is "null and void" |url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/10/somalia-president-hassan-says-pms-cabinet-reshuffle-is-null-and-void/ |website=Raxanreeb |date=2014-10-25 |access-date=2014-11-07}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro za 2016, ubutegetsi bwe bwagenzuraga igice gito cyane cy'igihugu, kandi ntiyabashije gukemura ikibazo cya Somaliland. Mu 2017, yatsinzwe amatora na Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed « Farmaajo » <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Hassan Cheikh Mohamoud élu président |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1299684/somalie-hassan-cheikh-mohamoud-elu-president-officiel.html}}</ref>. == Manda ya kabiri (kuva mu 2022) == Ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2022, Hassan yongeye gutorwa kuba perezida, atsinda ku cyiciro cya gatatu Perezida Farmaajo wari ku butegetsi, wari waramutsinze mu 2017 <ref name="F5" /><ref name="E110">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nimi Princewill |title=Former Somali president returns to power, vows to return Somalia to stability |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/16/africa/somalia-elects-new-president-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2022-05-16 |access-date=2022-05-20}}</ref>. Yiyemeje kugarura umutekano muri Somaliya <ref name="E111">{{cite web |author=Nimi Princewill |title=Former Somali president returns to power, vows to return Somalia to stability |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/16/africa/somalia-elects-new-president-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2022-05-16 |access-date=2022-05-16}}</ref>, maze arahira ku ya 23 Gicurasi 2022. Ku ya 15 Kamena 2022, yagize Hamza Abdi Barre Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="E112">{{cite web |author=Abdi Sheikh |title=Somali president nominates Barre as prime minister after delayed elections |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/somali-president-nominates-barre-prime-minister-after-delayed-elections-2022-06-15/ |website=Reuters |date=2022-06-15 |access-date=2022-08-22}}</ref>. Ku ya 28 Ugushyingo 2024, mu makimbirane ku matora y'intara ya Jubaland, umucamanza wo muri iyo ntara yasohoye impapuro zo kumuta muri yombi, amushinja ubugambanyi no gushaka guteza intambara; guverinoma nkuru na yo yasohoye impapuro zo guta muri yombi Perezida wa Jubaland, Ahmed Madobe <ref name="E115">{{cite web |language=en |title=Somalia and Jubaland issue warrants of arrest for their respective leaders |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/11/28/somalia-and-jubaland-issue-warrants-of-arrest-for-their-respective-leaders/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-11-28 |access-date=2024-11-28}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2026, mu kiganiro na Al Jazeera, yamaganye iyemezwa rya Somaliland nk'igihugu kigenga ryakozwe na Isirayeli, avuga ko ari ukwivanga mu bibazo by'igihugu cye kandi ko Somaliya itazemera ko Isirayeli ishyira ikigo cya gisirikare muri Somaliland <ref name="E113">{{cite web |title=Somalia's Mohamud slams Israel's interference, rejects base on Somaliland |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/8/somalias-mohamud-slams-israels-interference-rejects-base-on-somaliland |website=Aljazeera |access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref><ref name="E114">{{cite web |title=Somalia's Mohamud slams Israel's 'interference', rejects base on Somaliland |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/somalia-mohamud-slams-israel-interference-050457571.html |website=Yahoo News |access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref>. Ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2026, nubwo abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bavugaga ko manda ye irangiye uwo munsi, yatangaje ko Itegeko Nshinga ryavuguruwe ryongereye manda ya perezida kuva ku myaka ine ikagera ku myaka itanu, bityo manda ye ikazarangira ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2027 <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalie : le gouvernement annonce une période de transition à la fin d’un mandat présidentiel sans élections à l’horizon |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/05/15/somalie-le-gouvernement-annonce-une-periode-de-transition-a-la-fin-d-un-mandat-presidentiel-sans-elections-a-l-horizon_6689489_3212.html?search-type=classic&ise_click_rank=1}}</ref>. == Impaka == Manda ye ya mbere yanenzwe cyane kubera ruswa ikabije, kubuza itangazamakuru ubwisanzure no gukoresha nabi ububasha. Itsinda ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye rishinzwe kugenzura Somaliya ryashinje ubutegetsi bwe guha intwaro al-Shabaab, kandi raporo yo mu 2013 yavuze ko hari umugambi wo kunyereza umutungo wa leta <ref name="E9">{{cite web |language=en |author=Moulid Hujale |title=Hassan Mohamud: The second coming of Somalia's new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/5/18/somalias-new-president |website=Al Jazeera |date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2024-11-05}}</ref><ref name="E116">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mohamud Ali |title=Hassan Sheikh Mohamud: Who is Somalia's new leader? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-19556383 |website=BBC News |date=2022-05-16 |access-date=2024-11-05}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2023, yagize umukobwa we, Jehan Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, umujyanama we mu bibazo mpuzamahanga, ibyo bikaba byarateje impaka, ndetse ambasaderi wa Somaliya muri Arabiya Sawudite yegura avuga ko yasuzuguwe n'abo hafi ya perezida <ref name="E117">{{cite web |language=en |author=Najib Ahmed |title=Somalia: State-building as the elite's perverse incentive |url=https://africanarguments.org/2023/09/somalia-state-building-as-the-elites-perverse-incentive/ |website=African Arguments |date=2023-09-04 |access-date=2024-04-10}}</ref><ref name="E118">{{cite web |language=en |title=Somalia's president appoints daughter as foreign affairs advisor |url=https://somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalias-president-appoints-daughter-as-foreign-affairs-advisor/ |website=Somali Guardian |date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2024-04-10}}</ref>. Ku ya 30 Ugushyingo 2023, umuhungu we, Mohammed Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, yagonze umumotari w'Umunyaturukiya i Istanbul, ari mu modoka y'ambasade ya Somaliya; uwo mumotari yapfuye ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2023 <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Turquie: le fils du président somalien s'enfuit après un accident mortel |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2023/12/09/turquie-le-fils-du-president-somalien-senfuit-apres-un-accident-mortel/}}</ref><ref name="E119">{{cite web |title=İstanbul'da motokuryenin ölümüne neden olan Somali Cumhurbaşkanı'nın oğlu ifadesi alınmadan Türkiye'yi terketti |url=https://www.voaturkce.com/a/istanbul-da-motokuryenin-olumune-neden-somali-cumhurbaskaninin-oglu-ifadesi-alinmadan-turkiye-yi-terk-etti-/7390477.html |website=voaturkce.com |date=2023-12-09 |access-date=2023-12-13}}</ref><ref name="E121">{{cite web |language=tr |title=Somali Cumhurbaşkanı'nın oğlu hakkında soruşturma |url=https://www.anadolugazete.com.tr/genel/somali-cumhurbaskaninin-oglu-hakkinda-sorusturma-1276g.htm |website=Anadolu Gazete |date=2023-12-10 |access-date=2023-12-13}}</ref>. Urukiko rwabanje kumukatira igifungo cy'imyaka ibiri n'igice, nyuma gihindurwa ihazabu <ref name="E123">{{cite web |language=en |title=Turkey fines Somali president's son after courier's death in crash |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67998448 |date=2024-01-16 |access-date=2024-04-10}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Hassan Sheikh Mohamud yashakanye na Qamar Ali Omar, bafitanye abana barindwi <ref name="E15" />. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Somaliya]] 32a9ojqe8bfdk4ygl8e8ja5y88hrvn0 0 23218 140697 2026-10-03T21:36:57Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Cyril Ramaphosa | image = Cyril Ramaphosa in 2026.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Cyril Ramaphosa mu 2026 | birth_date = 17 Ugushyingo 1952 | birth_place = Soweto, Johannesburg, [[Afurika y’Epfo]] | nationality = Umunyafurika y'Epfo | alma_mater = Kaminuza y'Amajyaruguru (Turfloop), Kaminuza ya Afurika y'Epfo (UNISA) | occupation = Umunyamategeko, umuyobozi w'ihuriro ry'abakozi, umucuruzi, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa Afurika y..." 140697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Cyril Ramaphosa | image = Cyril Ramaphosa in 2026.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Cyril Ramaphosa mu 2026 | birth_date = 17 Ugushyingo 1952 | birth_place = Soweto, Johannesburg, [[Afurika y’Epfo]] | nationality = Umunyafurika y'Epfo | alma_mater = Kaminuza y'Amajyaruguru (Turfloop), Kaminuza ya Afurika y'Epfo (UNISA) | occupation = Umunyamategeko, umuyobozi w'ihuriro ry'abakozi, umucuruzi, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Afurika y’Epfo]] | term = Kuva ku ya 15 Gashyantare 2018 | predecessor = Jacob Zuma | party = African National Congress (ANC) | spouse = Tshepo Motsepe | children = 4 }} '''Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa''' (yavutse ku ya 17 Ugushyingo 1952 i Soweto) ni umunyapolitiki akaba n'umucuruzi wa [[Afurika y’Epfo]], Perezida wa gatanu w'icyo gihugu kuva muri Gashyantare 2018, akaba na perezida w'ishyaka rya African National Congress (ANC) kuva mu 2017. Yahoze ari impirimbanyi irwanya ivanguraruhu (''apartheid'') n'umuyobozi w'ihuriro ry'abakozi bo mu birombe (NUM). Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1990, yari intumwa nkuru ya ANC mu mishyikirano yashyize iherezo kuri ''apartheid'', hanyuma ayobora Inteko Ishinga Itegeko Nshinga yateguye Itegeko Nshinga rya 1996. Nyuma yo kuva muri politiki mu 1996, yabaye umwe mu bacuruzi bakize kurusha abandi mu gihugu. Yagarutse muri politiki mu 2012, aba Visi-Perezida wa Repubulika kuva mu 2014 kugeza mu 2018, maze asimbura Jacob Zuma weguye. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2019 no mu 2024, ubwo ANC yatakazaga ubwiganze busesuye, bituma ashyiraho guverinoma y'ubumwe bw'igihugu. Yayoboye Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe kuva mu 2020 kugeza mu 2021. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Ramaphosa yavutse ku ya 17 Ugushyingo 1952 i Johannesburg, mu muryango woroheje ukomoka mu bwoko bw'Abavenda <ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=Ngwako Modjadji |title=Ramaphosa 'not born in Limpopo' |url=http://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/981959/ramaphosa-not-born-in-limpopo/ |website=The Citizen |access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud : cinq choses à savoir sur Cyril Ramaphosa, le nouveau chef de l’ANC |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/12/18/afrique-du-sud-cinq-choses-a-savoir-sur-cyril-ramaphosa-le-nouveau-chef-de-l-anc_5231548_3212.html}}</ref>. Ni uwa kabiri mu bana batatu ba Erdmuth na Samuel Ramaphosa, wari umupolisi <ref name="E7">{{cite web |title=25 Things you don't know about Cyril Ramaphosa |url=http://www.youthvillage.co.za/2013/10/25-things-dont-know-cyril-ramaphosa/ |website=Youth Village |date=2013-10-25 |access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref>. Akiri umwana, agace k'iwabo karasenywe, umuryango we wimurirwa i Soweto <ref name="F3" />. Yize mu mashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye i Soweto <ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Cyril Matamela Ramaphosa |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/cyril-matamela-ramaphosa |website=South African History Online |date=2011-02-17 |access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref>, hanyuma mu 1971 arangiriza amashuri yisumbuye i Sibasa, muri Venda <ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Who is Cyril Ramaphosa? |url=https://www.moneyweb.co.za/moneyweb-opinion/soapbox/who-is-cyril-ramaphosa/ |website=Moneyweb |date=2017-12-21 |access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref>. Ku myaka 20, yatangiye kwiga amategeko muri Kaminuza y'Amajyaruguru (Turfloop). Yinjiye mu muryango w'abanyeshuri b'Abirabura (SASO), maze afungwa amezi cumi n'umwe mu 1974, yongera gufungwa mu 1976 nyuma y'imyivumbagatanyo ya Soweto. Yarangije amasomo y'amategeko muri Kaminuza ya Afurika y'Epfo (UNISA) mu 1981. == Ihuriro ry'abakozi no kurwanya ''apartheid'' == Mu 1981, Ramaphosa yabaye umujyanama mu by'amategeko w'ihuriro ry'amashyirahamwe y'abakozi (CUSA). Mu 1982, yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru w'ihuriro ry'abakozi bo mu birombe (National Union of Mineworkers, NUM) ryari rimaze gushingwa, aho yayoboye imyigaragambyo ikomeye yo mu 1987, yabaye nini kurusha izindi mu mateka y'igihugu. Mu 1991, yatorewe kuba umunyamabanga mukuru wa ANC, iyobowe na Nelson Mandela, maze aba intumwa nkuru ya ANC mu mishyikirano yashyize iherezo kuri ''apartheid'' <ref name="E1">{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa has what it takes to fix South Africa's ailing ANC. But ... |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017-01-07-ramaphosa-has-what-it-takes-to-fix-south-africas-ailing-anc-but-/ |website=TimesLIVE |access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref><ref name="E2">{{cite web |author=tinashe |title=Negotiations and the transition |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/negotiations-and-transition |website=South African History Online |date=2011-06-30 |access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref>. Nyuma y'amatora ya mbere ya demokarasi yo muri Mata 1994, ku ya 24 Gicurasi 1994 yatorewe kuyobora Inteko Ishinga Itegeko Nshinga, ayobora itegurwa ry'Itegeko Nshinga ryemejwe mu 1996 <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=[Portrait] Afrique du Sud: la «longue marche» de Cyril Ramaphosa |url=http://www.rfi.fr/hebdo/20171222-election-anc-longue-marche-cyril-ramaphosa-conference-parti-zuma-corruption |website=RFI |date=2017-12-22 |access-date=2018-10-09}}</ref>. Bamwe bamufataga nk'uwo Mandela yifuzaga ko azamusimbura <ref name="E48">{{cite web |author=Ranjeni Munusamy |title=Cyril Ramaphosa: the return of Nelson Mandela's chosen one |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/20/cyril-ramaphosa-return-nelson-mandela |website=The Guardian |date=2012-12-20 |access-date=2022-01-15}}</ref>, ariko mu 1997 Thabo Mbeki ni we wamusimbuye ku buyobozi bwa ANC <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cyril Ramaphosa : l’homme que Nelson Mandela aurait voulu pour successeur |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/qui-est-ce/2212-53105-cyril-ramaphosa-l-homme-que-nelson-mandela-aurait-voulu-pour-successeur |website=Agence Ecofin |date=2017 |access-date=2018-10-09}}</ref>. == Umwuga mu bucuruzi == Nyuma yo kuva muri politiki mu 1996, Ramaphosa yabaye umucuruzi ukomeye, abifashijwemo na politiki yo guteza imbere Abirabura mu bukungu <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liste des sociétés liées à Cyril Ramaphosa |url=http://www.companydirectorcheck.com/matamela-cyril-ramaphosa-2}}</ref>. Yashinze ikigo cy'ishoramari cya Shanduka, cyashoye imari mu birombe, mu mitungo itimukanwa no mu masosiyete nka McDonald's na Coca-Cola muri Afurika y'Epfo <ref name="F3" />. Yabaye kandi umuyobozi w'inama y'ubutegetsi ya MTN n'umwe mu bagize iy'ikigo cy'ubucukuzi Lonmin. Mu 2018, umutungo we wagereranywaga n'amadolari arenga miliyoni 450 <ref name="E3">{{cite web |title=Here are the 20 richest people in South Africa |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/wealth/185007/here-are-the-20-richest-people-in-south-africa/ |website=BusinessTech |access-date=2018-02-17}}</ref>. Mu Kanama 2012, ubwo yari mu buyobozi bwa Lonmin, abakozi b'ikirombe cya Marikana bakoze imyigaragambyo, maze polisi irasa abacukuzi 34. Ramaphosa yanenzwe kuba yarashyigikiye ko polisi itabara; nubwo komisiyo y'iperereza yamugize umwere, mu 2017 yasabye imbabazi ku ruhare rwe muri ayo makuba <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud: les excuses de Ramaphosa sur le drame de Marikana |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170508-afrique-sud-excuses-cyril-ramaphosa-drame-marikana}}</ref>. == Kugaruka muri politiki == Mu Ukuboza 2012, Ramaphosa yagarutse muri politiki, atorerwa kuba visi-perezida wa ANC <ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cyril Ramaphosa : qui est le nouveau président d'Afrique du Sud ? - Les Echos |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328191859/https://www.lesechos.fr/13/02/2018/lesechos.fr/0301286242737_cyril-ramaphosa---qui-est-le-nouveau-president-d-afrique-du-sud--.htm |website=lesechos.fr via Internet Archive |access-date=2018-10-09}}</ref>. Ku ya 3 Kamena 2014, yabaye Visi-Perezida wa Repubulika ku butegetsi bwa Jacob Zuma <ref name="F3" />, anayobora komisiyo y'igihugu ishinzwe igenamigambi. Ku ya 18 Ukuboza 2017, yatorewe kuyobora ANC n'amajwi 2 440, atsinda Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma wagize amajwi 2 261 <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le pari de Jacob Zuma pour sauver l'ANC |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2017/07/07/01003-20170707ARTFIG00288-le-pari-de-jacob-zuma-pour-sauver-l-anc.php}}</ref>. Icyo gihe, ANC yari mu bihe bikomeye: Perezida Zuma yari yugarijwe n'ibirego bya ruswa, ubushomeri bwari bugeze kuri 30%, kandi ubusumbane bwari bukabije. == Perezida wa Afurika y'Epfo == === Manda ya mbere (2018–2024) === Muri Gashyantare 2018, nyuma y'imishyikirano hagati ya ANC na Zuma <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Jacob Zuma a accepté de démissionner à certaines conditions, selon la presse |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1098768/jacob-zuma-a-accepte-de-demissionner-a-certaines-conditions-selon-la-presse.html |website=www.lorientlejour.com |date=2018-02-06 |access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref>, Zuma yeguye ku ya 14 Gashyantare 2018, amaze gukangishwa kweguzwa <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud : le président Jacob Zuma démissionne avec « effet immédiat » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/02/14/afrique-du-sud-le-president-jacob-zuma-demissionne-avec-effet-immediat_5257073_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2018-02-14 |access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cyril Ramaphosa, le nouvel homme fort de l'Afrique du Sud - France 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20180214-afrique-sud-cyril-ramaphosa-president-demission-jacod-zuma-dauphin-nelson-mandela |website=France 24 |date=2018-02-14 |access-date=2018-02-14}}</ref>. Ku ya 15 Gashyantare 2018, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yatoreye Ramaphosa kuba Perezida wa Repubulika nta wundi bahatanye <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cyril Ramaphosa élu président de l'Afrique du Sud |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1100114/cyril-ramaphosa-elu-president-de-lafrique-du-sud.html |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref><ref name="E86">{{cite web |title=Cyril Ramaphosa has been elected president of South Africa |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-02-15-cyril-ramaphosa-has-been-elected-president-of-south-africa/ |access-date=2018-06-08}}</ref>. Amasoko y'imari yahise yakira neza itorwa rye <ref name="E90">{{cite web |title=Rand rallies over 4% as Ramaphosa takes ANC top job in close contest |url=https://www.fin24.com/Markets/Currencies/rand-rallies-over-4-as-ramaphosa-takes-anc-top-job-in-close-contest-20171218? |website=Fin24 |date=2017-12-18 |access-date=2018-12-25}}</ref>. Ku ya 26 Gashyantare 2018, yavuguruye guverinoma, akuramo abaminisitiri benshi bavugwagaho ibibazo ku butegetsi bwa Zuma, kandi agira David Mabuza Visi-Perezida <ref name="E96">{{cite web |author=Justina Crabtee |title=Ramaphosa cabinet reshuffle sees investor favorites return to run South Africa's economy |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/27/ramaphosa-cabinet-reshuffle-sees-investor-favorites-return-to-run-south-africa-economy.html |website=CNBC |date=2018-02-27 |access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref><ref name="E97">{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa's Cabinet reshuffle leaves some happy, others not, as it happened |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-ramaphosa-postpones-cabinet-reshuffle-with-hour-20180226 |website=News24 |date=2018-02-26 |access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>. Yashyigikiye ivugurura ry'ubutaka « rikomeye », maze mu mpera za Gashyantare 2018 Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeza umushinga wo kwambura ubutaka nta ngurane, hagamijwe gukosora ubusumbane bwasizwe na ''apartheid'' <ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Parlement sud-africain ouvre la voie à l’expropriation sans compensation des terres |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/02/28/le-parlement-sud-africain-ouvre-la-voie-a-l-expropriation-sans-compensation-des-terres_5263536_3212.html}}</ref><ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rachel O'Donoghue |title=South Africa becoming ZIMBABWE 2.0 amid plans to seize white farmers’ land, experts warn |url=https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/world-news/713457/south-africa-farmer-attacks-white-farms-anc-zimbabwe |website=Daily Star}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2018, yahagaritse umushinga wo kongera inganda z'ingufu za kirimbuzi, ashyira imbere ingufu zisubira <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'Afrique du Sud suspend son projet de développement du nucléaire civil |url=https://www.rtbf.be/info/monde/detail_l-afrique-du-sud-suspend-son-projet-de-developpement-du-nucleaire-civil?id=10004116 |website=RTBF Info |date=2018-08-27 |access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref>. Mu matora rusange yo muri Gicurasi 2019, ANC iyobowe na we yabonye amajwi 57,50%, amanota yo hasi kurusha ayo yari yarigeze kubona kugeza icyo gihe <ref name="E98">{{cite web |author=Brakkton Booker |title=South Africa's President Ramaphosa, ANC Hold On To Power In National Elections |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/05/11/722416428/south-africas-president-ramaphosa-anc-hold-on-to-power-in-national-elections |website=NPR.org |date=2019-05-11 |access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |author=M.-L.W. avec AFP |title=Afrique du Sud : Cyril Ramaphosa réélu président |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/afrique-du-sud-cyril-ramaphosa-reelu-president-22-05-2019-8077371.php |website=Le Parisien}}</ref>; ku ya 22 Gicurasi 2019, Inteko yongeye kumutora kuba perezida <ref name="E100">{{cite web |title=#6thParliament: Ramaphosa elected as president |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/6thparliament-ramaphosa-elected-as-president-23774422 |website=www.iol.co.za |access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Adrien Barbier |title=En Afrique du Sud, l’ANC favori des élections malgré les scandales de l’ère Zuma |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/30/en-afrique-du-sud-l-anc-favori-des-elections-malgre-les-scandales-de-l-ere-zuma_5456817_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-04-30}}</ref>. Ku ya 10 Gashyantare 2020, yafashe ubuyobozi bw'Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe, asimbuye Abdel Fattah al-Sissi <ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pierre Boisselet |title=L’Égypte prend la présidence de l’Union africaine, l’Afrique du Sud lui succédera |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/732898/politique/legypte-prend-la-presidence-de-lunion-africaine-lafrique-du-sud-lui-succedera/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-02-10}}</ref><ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique : Cyril Ramaphosa élu président de l’Union africaine |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2020/02/09/afrique-cyril-ramaphosa-elu-president-de-lunion-africaine |website=Actualite.cd |date=2020-02-09 |access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref><ref name="E102">{{cite web |author=Simon Ateba |title=South African President Cyril Ramaphosa elected African Union Chairperson as continent vows to "silence the guns," boost trade and close gender gap |url=https://todaynewsafrica.com/south-african-president-cyril-ramaphosa-elected-african-union-chairperson-as-continent-vows-to-silence-the-guns-boost-trade-and-close-gender-gap/ |website=Today News Africa |date=2020-02-10 |access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>. Yayoboye kandi uburyo igihugu cyahanganye n'icyorezo cya COVID-19, ndetse n'imyivumbagatanyo ya 2021, yabaye mibi kurusha izindi kuva ''apartheid'' irangiye <ref name="E103">{{cite web |title=South Africa links 12 suspected instigators to riots |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMd6qIT8hTQ |website=YouTube |date=2021-07-21 |access-date=2021-12-11}}</ref>. Ku ya 11 Kanama 2021, imbere ya komisiyo yakoraga iperereza kuri ruswa yo ku butegetsi bwa Zuma, yemeye ko icyo gihe ruswa yari yarashinze imizi mu nzego za leta <ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Afrique du Sud, Cyril Ramaphosa reconnaît une corruption endémique sous Jacob Zuma |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/08/12/en-afrique-du-sud-cyril-ramaphosa-reconnait-une-corruption-endemique-sous-jacob-zuma_6091246_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2021-12-08 |access-date=2021-12-08}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri (kuva mu 2024) === Mu matora rusange ya 2024, ANC yabonye amajwi 40,18% gusa, itakaza ubwiganze busesuye bwa mbere kuva ''apartheid'' irangiye; ishyaka rishya Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) rya Jacob Zuma ryabaye irya gatatu <ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Figaro avec AFP |title=Législatives en Afrique du Sud : l'ANC a perdu sa majorité absolue |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/afrique-du-sud-l-anc-en-tete-des-legislatives-avec-42-des-suffrages-20240530 |website=Le Figaro |date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2024-06-04}}</ref>. Ku ya 14 Kamena 2024, Inteko yongeye gutorera Ramaphosa kuba perezida, ashyigikiwe n'ishyaka rya Democratic Alliance n'andi mashyaka, maze ashyiraho guverinoma y'ubumwe bw'igihugu <ref name="E104">{{cite web |language=en |title=Cyril Ramaphosa re-elected South African president after ANC, DA reach deal |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/14/south-africas-parliament-choosing-president-amidst-uncertainty |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2024-06-20}}</ref><ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud : le président Cyril Ramaphosa investi pour un second mandat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240619-afrique-du-sud-le-pr%C3%A9sident-cyril-ramaphosa-investi-pour-un-second-mandat |website=rfi.fr |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref>. Yarahiriye ku ya 19 Kamena 2024 i Pretoria <ref name="E105">{{cite web |language=en |title=Cyril Ramaphosa vows 'new era' for South Africa at presidential inauguration |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3gge414vk9o |website=www.bbc.com |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-20}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2025, yasinye itegeko ryemerera leta kwambura ubutaka nta ngurane mu bihe bimwe, risimbura itegeko rya 1975 ryasabaga ko ba nyir'ubutaka bahabwa ingurane; iryo tegeko ryateje impaka ndetse no muri guverinoma ye <ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=South African president signs controversial land seizure law |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg9w4n6gp5o}}</ref>. Muri uko kwezi, imiryango 25 y'abakorewe ibyaha mu gihe cya ''apartheid'' yareze guverinoma ye, iyishinja kudakora iperereza rihagije kuri ibyo byaha <ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les familles de victimes de l'apartheid poursuivent le gouvernement sud-africain en justice |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250124-les-familles-des-victimes-de-l-apartheid-poursuivent-le-gouvernement-sud-africain-en-justice |website=rfi.fr |date=2025-01-24 |access-date=2025-01-26}}</ref>. Ku ya 7 Ugushyingo 2025, nyuma y'uko [[Madagasikari]] yeguye ku buyobozi bw'Umuryango w'Iterambere ry'Afurika y'Amajyepfo (SADC), Ramaphosa yahawe kuwuyobora by'agateganyo <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar: les autorités de transition annoncent leur retrait de la présidence de la SADC |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20251101-madagascar-les-autorit%C3%A9s-de-transition-annoncent-leur-retrait-de-la-pr%C3%A9sidence-de-la-sadc |website=RFI |date=2025-11-01 |access-date=2025-11-07}}</ref><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=COMMUNIQUÉ DE LA RÉUNION EXTRAORDINAIRE DU SOMMET DES CHEFS D’ÉTAT ET DE GOUVERNEMENT DE LA SADC - SADC |url=https://www.sadc.int/fr/node/6252 |website=www.sadc.int |date=2025-11-07 |access-date=2025-11-07}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga nka perezida yarukoreye muri [[Angola]] muri Werurwe 2018 <ref name="E122">{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa on first official visit to Angola on Friday |url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/ramaphosa-first-official-visit-angola-friday/ |website=SABC NEWS |date=2018-03-01 |access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>. Ku ya 20 Werurwe 2018, yasuye Kigali, mu [[Rwanda]], ahura na Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] baganira ku kuzahura umubano w'ibihugu byombi, maze ku munsi ukurikiyeho asinya amasezerano ya Kigali ashyiraho isoko rusange ry'Afurika (ZLECAf) <ref name="E123">{{cite web |author=Carien Du Plessis |title=Diplomatic relations between SA, Rwanda to return to normal |url=https://ewn.co.za/2018/03/21/diplomatic-relations-between-sa-rwanda-to-return-to-normal |website=EWN |date=2018-03-21 |access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2018, yakiriye inama y'ibihugu bya BRICS i Johannesburg <ref name="E124">{{cite web |title=President Ramaphosa to lead South Africa's hosting of the 10th BRICS Summit |url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/president-ramaphosa-lead-south-africa%27s-hosting-10th-brics-summit |website=The Presidency |date=2018-07-25 |access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>. Nyuma y'igitero cy'[[Uburusiya]] muri Ukraine mu 2022, Ramaphosa yanze kwamagana Uburusiya cyangwa kubufatira ibihano, avuga ko kutagira aho abogamira ari ngombwa ngo abashe guhuza impande zombi <ref name="E126">{{cite web |title=History may explain South Africa's refusal to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://theconversation.com/history-may-explain-south-africas-refusal-to-condemn-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-178657 |website=The Conservation |date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2022-05-29}}</ref><ref name="E128">{{cite web |title=S Africa's Ramaphosa: NATO to blame for Russia's war in Ukraine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/18/update-1-s-africas-ramaphosa-blames-nato-for-russias-war-in-ukraine |website=Al-Jazeera |date=2022-03-18 |access-date=2022-05-12}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2023, yayoboye intumwa z'abakuru b'ibihugu by'Afurika zasuye Kyiv na Saint-Pétersbourg zitwaje umugambi w'amahoro <ref name="E134">{{cite web |title=African Leaders Head to Ukraine, Russia on Peace Mission |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/african-leaders-head-to-ukraine-russia-on-peace-mission-/7136695.html |website=VOA News |date=2023-06-14 |access-date=2023-06-15}}</ref><ref name="E138">{{cite web |title=South Africa's Ramaphosa tells Vladimir Putin to stop war in Ukraine as African delegation arrives in Moscow to plead for peace |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/world-news/global-affairs/south-africas-ramaphosa-tells-vladimir-putin-to-stop-war-in-ukraine-as-african-delegation-arrives-in-moscow-to-plead-for-peace/news-story/014977d9b22d6a70e4727a999c6964ec |website=Sky News |date=2023-06-18 |access-date=2023-06-19}}</ref>, ariko Perezida Vladimir Putin awanga <ref name="E139">{{cite web |title=Putin rebuts key elements of African peace plan for Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/african-leaders-arrive-ukraine-talks-with-russias-putin-2023-06-17/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-06-18 |access-date=2023-06-19}}</ref>. Ramaphosa yasabye ko intambara ya Gaza ihagarara <ref name="E143">{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa urges leaders to 'stand on side of peace' in Gaza conflict |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/africa/ramaphosa-urges-leaders-to-stand-on-side-of-peace-in-gaza-conflict-15491085 |website=TRT Afrika |date=2023-10-21 |access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref>, anenga ikumira ry'ibiribwa n'ibindi bikenerwa muri Gaza <ref name="E144">{{cite web |author=Cyril Ramaphosa |title=Peace will not be possible until Palestinians are free |url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/from-the-desk-of-the-president/desk-president-monday%2C-16-october-2023 |website=The Presidency of the Republic of South Africa |access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref>. Ku ya 29 Ukuboza 2023, Afurika y'Epfo yareze Isirayeli mu Rukiko Mpuzamahanga rw'Ubutabera (CIJ), iyishinja jenoside <ref name="E147">{{cite web |language=en |title=South Africa delivers evidence of Israel genocide to ICJ |url=https://dirco.gov.za/south-africa-delivers-evidence-of-israel-genocide-to-icj/ |website=DIRCO |date=2024-10-28 |access-date=2025-12-20}}</ref><ref name="E148">{{cite web |language=en |title=Report of the International Court of Justice (1 August 2024–31 July 2025) - (A/80/4) |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/icj-report-2024-25-01aug25/ |website=Question of Palestine |access-date=2025-12-20}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2025, nyuma y'urupfu rw'abasirikare 13 b'Afurika y'Epfo bari mu butumwa bw'amahoro mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], Minisitiri w'Ingabo wa Afurika y'Epfo yavuze ko Ramaphosa yari yaburiye Leta y'u Rwanda ko ibitero bikomeje byafatwa nk'« itangazwa ry'intambara » <ref name="E155">{{cite web |author=LIZEKA TANDWA |title=Ramaphosa tells Rwanda 'firing at SA troops is a declaration of war' |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-01-29-ramaphosa-tells-rwanda-firing-at-sa-troops-is-a-declaration-of-war/ |website=Sunday Times |date=2025-01-29 |access-date=2025-01-29}}</ref>. Ramaphosa yanditse ku rubuga rwa X ashinja ingabo z'u Rwanda kuba ari zo zabishe <ref name="E156">{{cite web |author=Khanyisile Ncobo |title=South Africa and Rwanda go head-to-head over DR Congo War |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78w1ze7v25o |website=BBC |date=2025-01-30 |access-date=2025-01-30}}</ref>; Leta y'u Rwanda yarabihakanye. Ku ya 21 Gicurasi 2025, Ramaphosa yakiriwe muri White House na Perezida Donald Trump, mu gihe umubano w'ibihugu byombi wari warajemo agatotsi nyuma y'uko [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] zihaye ubuhungiro Abanyafurika y'Epfo b'Abazungu (Abafurikaneri) 59, zivuga ko batotezwa, ndetse no kubera itegeko ryo kwambura ubutaka <ref name="E157">{{cite web |language=en |title=President Ramaphosa arrives in the United States of America for his Working Visit |url=https://dirco.gov.za/president-ramaphosa-arrives-in-the-united-states-of-america-for-his-working-visit/ |website=DIRCO |date=2025-05-19 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="E158">{{cite web |language=en |title=Trump-Ramaphosa meeting: US president confronts South African leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce9vvljen0xo |website=www.bbc.com |date=2025-05-22 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="E159">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nimi Princewill |title=South Africa's Ramaphosa visits Trump amid fears he could face Zelensky-style onslaught in White House |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/21/africa/south-africas-ramaphosa-visits-trump-latam-intl |website=CNN |date=2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>. == Impaka == Muri Kamena 2019, hatangijwe iperereza ku nkunga yahawe n'ikigo cy'ubucuruzi mu gihe cyo kwiyamamariza kuyobora ANC mu 2017 <ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud: Ramaphosa à son tour visé par une enquête |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/afrique-du-sud-ramaphosa-a-son-tour-vise-par-une-enquete-20190612 |website=Le Figaro |date=2019-06-12}}</ref>. Yahuye kandi n'abamurwanya muri ANC, bari bagishyigikiye Jacob Zuma <ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jean-Philippe Rémy |title=En Afrique du Sud, le vide s’installe à la tête de l’Etat |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/09/14/en-afrique-du-sud-le-vide-s-installe-a-la-tete-de-l-etat_5510400_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-09-14}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2022, uwahoze ari umuyobozi mukuru w'ubutasi yatanze ikirego amushinja ko muri Gashyantare 2020 yahishe ubujura bwabereye mu murima we wa Phala Phala, aho abajura bari bibye amadolari menshi yari ahishwe mu ntebe <ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=429 Too Many Requests |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voaafrique.com%2Fa%2Fle-pr%25C3%25A9sident-sud-africain-vis%25C3%25A9-par-une-plainte-pour-enl%25C3%25A8vement-et-corruption-%2F6599278.html. |website=voaafrique.com via Wikiwix}}</ref>. Mu Ugushyingo 2022, komisiyo y'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yavuze ko hari impamvu zihagije zo kuganira ku kumweguza <ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud : Cyril Ramaphosa sous la menace d’une procédure de destitution |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20221201-afrique-du-sud-cyril-ramaphosa-sous-la-menace-d-une-proc%C3%A9dure-de-destitution |website=france24.com}}</ref>, ariko muri Werurwe 2023 umuvunyi (''Public Protector'') yavuze ko nta mategeko yishe <ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud : le président Ramaphosa partiellement dédouané dans l’affaire Phala Phala |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230311-afrique-du-sud-le-pr%C3%A9sident-ramaphosa-partiellement-d%C3%A9douan%C3%A9-dans-l-affaire-phala-phala |website=rfi.fr}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2024, amashyaka abiri atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi yitabaje Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga asaba ko iyo dosiye isubukurwa <ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=en |title=South Africa's top court to rule on reviving President Ramaphosa's impeachment |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/10/04/south-africas-top-court-to-rule-on-reviving-president-ramaphosas-impeachment/ |website=africanews.com |date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2024-10-04}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2026, urukiko rwahagaritse by'agateganyo inzira yo kumweguza yari yatangijwe n'Inteko, mu gihe ategereje igisubizo ku cyifuzo cye cyo kujuririra raporo ivuga ko yaba yarishe Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=South African president gets court order halting inquiry into 'Farmgate' scandal |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africas-ramaphosa-wins-court-challenge-halt-farmgate-impeachment-process-2026-07-24/}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Ramaphosa yashakanye na Tshepo Motsepe, mushiki w'umuherwe Patrice Motsepe; afite abana bane. Ikinyamakuru ''Forbes'' cyamushyize mu bacuruzi bakize kurusha abandi mu gihugu, kandi ni we Munyafurika y'Epfo w'Umwirabura wa mbere wabaye umuherwe ufite miliyari <ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'ANC se réunit pour choisir le futur président d'Afrique du Sud |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2017/12/15/01003-20171215ARTFIG00232-l-anc-se-reunit-pour-choisir-le-futur-president-d-afrique-du-sud.php}}</ref><ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L’ANC, aux origines d’un parti-État |url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2018/03/CESSOU/58425 |website=Le Monde diplomatique |date=2018-03-01 |access-date=2018-04-11}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Afurika y’Epfo]] 5lusx9f64ww49qx8ztoqra836u2k504 0 23219 140698 2026-10-03T22:33:00Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Salva Kiir Mayardit | image = Salva Kiir Mayardit South Sudan 2015 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Salva Kiir mu 2015 | birth_date = 13 Nzeri 1951 | birth_place = Akon, Gogrial, Bahr el-Ghazal ([[Sudani y’Amajyepfo]]) | nationality = Umunyasudani y'Amajyepfo | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida wa mbere wa Sudani y'Amajyepfo | title = Perezida wa [[Sudani y’Amajyepfo]] | term = Kuva ku ya 9 Nyakang..." 140698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Salva Kiir Mayardit | image = Salva Kiir Mayardit South Sudan 2015 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Salva Kiir mu 2015 | birth_date = 13 Nzeri 1951 | birth_place = Akon, Gogrial, Bahr el-Ghazal ([[Sudani y’Amajyepfo]]) | nationality = Umunyasudani y'Amajyepfo | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida wa mbere wa Sudani y'Amajyepfo | title = Perezida wa [[Sudani y’Amajyepfo]] | term = Kuva ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2011 | party = Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) }} '''Salva Kiir Mayardit''' (yavutse ku ya 13 Nzeri 1951 i Akon, mu karere ka Gogrial) ni umusirikare akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa [[Sudani y’Amajyepfo]], Perezida wa mbere w'icyo gihugu kuva cyabona ubwigenge ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2011. Akomoka mu bwoko bw'Abadinka. Yinjiye mu nyeshyamba za Anyanya mu ntambara ya mbere y'abenegihugu ya [[Sudani]], hanyuma aba umwungirije wa John Garang mu mutwe wa Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) mu ntambara ya kabiri. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Garang mu 2005, yamusimbuye ku buyobozi bwa SPLA, aba Perezida w'akarere kigenga ka Sudani y'Amajyepfo na Visi-Perezida wa mbere wa Sudani kugeza mu 2011. Ubutegetsi bwe bwaranzwe n'intambara y'abenegihugu yatangiye mu 2013 hagati y'abamushyigikiye n'aba Riek Machar wahoze ari visi-perezida we, yahitanye abantu bagera ku 400 000, ndetse n'ibirego bikomeye byo guhohotera uburenganzira bwa muntu. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere == Salva Kiir yavukiye mu mudugudu wa Akon, mu muryango w'aborozi b'Abadinka bo mu gace ka Awan-Chan, mu karere ka Gogrial, muri leta ya Warrap; icyo gihe ako gace kari mu Sudani yategekwaga n'Abongereza n'Abanyamisiri <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=H.E President Salva Kiir Mayardit |url=https://www.eahealth.org/he-president-salva-kiir-mayardit |website=eahealth.org |access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=Wël, PaanLuel |title=Salva Kiir Mayardit: The Joshua of South Sudan |url=https://paanluelwel.com/2016/02/14/salva-kiir-mayaardit-the-joshua-of-south-sudan/ |date=2016-02-24}}</ref>. Ni uwa munani mu bana icyenda ba nyina (abahungu batandatu n'abakobwa batatu) <ref name="E6" />. Se, Kuethpiny Thiik Atem (wapfuye mu 2007), yari umworozi w'inka wo mu muryango wa Payum, akagira abagore batatu n'abana 16; nyina, Awiei Rou Wol, yari umuhinzi wo mu muryango wa Payii <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=en |title=Salva Kiir Mayardit: The Joshua of South Sudan |url=https://paanluelwel.com/2016/02/14/salva-kiir-mayaardit-the-joshua-of-south-sudan/ |website=paanluelwel.com |date=2016-02-14 |access-date=2022-03-18}}</ref><ref name="E6" />. == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Mu 1967, Kiir yinjiye mu nyeshyamba za Anyanya zarwaniraga ubwigenge bw'amajyepfo ya Sudani mu ntambara ya mbere y'abenegihugu. Ubwo amasezerano ya Addis Abeba yasinywaga mu 1972, yari umusirikare mukuru wo ku rwego rwo hasi, maze yinjizwa mu ngabo za Sudani nk'uko ayo masezerano yabiteganyaga <ref name="E7">{{cite web |title=Profile: Salva Kiir |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4738295.stm |website=BBC News |date=2005-08-02 |access-date=2010-01-26}}</ref>. Mu 1983, ubwo intambara ya kabiri y'abenegihugu yadukaga, yinjiye mu mutwe wa Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) washinzwe na John Garang n'ingabo zawo, SPLA, aba umwungirije wa Garang <ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=Douglas H. Johnson |title=The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-PuCbRr4tcC&q=The+Root+Causes+of+Sudan%27s+Civil+Wars |website=Indiana University Press}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coopération : Félix Tshisekedi attendu ce dimanche à Juba pour un tête-à-tête avec son homologue Salva Kir |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/cooperation-felix-tshisekedi-attendu-ce-dimanche-juba-pour-un-tete-tete-avec-son-homologue |website=adiac-congo.com |access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref>. Mu 1997, yayoboye ingabo za SPLA mu gitero cyiswe ''Operation Thunderbolt'', cyatumye SPLA yigarurira igice kinini cy'intara ya Equatoria y'Iburengerazuba <ref name="F3" />. Mu 2004, ibihuha by'uko yaba agiye kuvanwa ku mwanya w'umugaba mukuru wa SPLA byenda gucamo uwo mutwe ibice <ref name="E7" />. == Mbere y'ubwigenge == Nyuma y'amasezerano y'amahoro rusange (''Comprehensive Peace Agreement'') yo muri Mutarama 2005, Garang yabaye Visi-Perezida wa Sudani, ariko apfa azize impanuka y'indege ya kajugujugu ku ya 30 Nyakanga 2005. Ku ya 11 Kanama 2005, Kiir yamusimbuye, aba Perezida w'akarere kigenga ka Sudani y'Amajyepfo na Visi-Perezida wa mbere wa Repubulika ya Sudani <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du sud: le président Kiir nomme son rival Machar vice-président |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/soudan-du-sud-le-president-kiir-nomme-son-rival-machar-vice-president-9211346 |website=rtbf.be |access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref><ref name="E7" />. Yafatwaga nk'uharanira ubwigenge kurusha Garang <ref name="F4" />. Mu Ukwakira 2009, yavuze ko kamarampaka yari iteganyijwe izaba ari uguhitamo hagati yo kuba « umuturage wo ku rwego rwa kabiri mu gihugu cyawe » cyangwa « umuntu wigenga mu gihugu cyawe kigenga » <ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=S. Sudan president makes first call for independence |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE59U1FT20091031 |website=Reuters |date=2009-10-31 |access-date=2010-01-26}}</ref>. Mu matora ya Mata 2010, yongeye gutorerwa kuyobora Sudani y'Amajyepfo n'amajwi 93%; nubwo ayo matora yanenzwe n'indorerezi mpuzamahanga, iyo tsinzi yafashwe nk'intambwe ya mbere iganisha ku kwigenga <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le premier président élu du Sud-Soudan prête serment |url=https://fr.news.yahoo.com/4/20100521/twl-soudan-sud-president-bd5ae06.html |website=yahoo.fr}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |author=Jeffrey Gettleman |title=Bashir Wins Election as Sudan Edges Toward Split |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/27/world/africa/27sudan.html?hp |website=The New York Times |date=2010-04-26}}</ref>. Perezida [[Omar El Bechir]] yongeye kumugira Visi-Perezida wa mbere wa Sudani <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Salva Kiir and Ali Osman appointed deputies of Sudan's President |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article35230 |website=Sudan Tribune |date=2010-05-29}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Sudani y'Amajyepfo == === Ubwigenge === Muri kamarampaka yabaye kuva ku ya 9 kugeza ku ya 15 Mutarama 2011, 98,83% by'abatoye bahisemo ubwigenge <ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=Over 99 Percent in Southern Sudan Vote for Secession |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/over-99-percent-in-southern-sudan-vote-for-secession/ |website=FOX News |date=2011-01-30 |access-date=2011-08-25}}</ref>. Ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2011, Sudani y'Amajyepfo yabaye igihugu cyigenga, Kiir aba Perezida wacyo wa mbere. Mu ijambo rye ry'irahira, yasabye abaturage « kubabarira nubwo tutazibagirwa » akarengane bakorewe na Sudani y'amajyaruguru <ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=South Sudan: Salva Kiir Calls for Forgiveness As South now South Sudan Gains Independence |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201107090061.html |date=2011-07-09 |access-date=2011-08-25}}</ref>, anatangaza imbabazi rusange ku mitwe yari yararwanyije SPLM <ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Salva Kiir takes oath, grants amnesty to rebels |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Salva-Kiir-takes-oath-grants,39479 |website=Sudan Tribune |date=2011-07-09 |access-date=2011-08-25}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ibyumweru bike, yaburiye abasirikare n'abapolisi ko gufata ku ngufu, iyicarubozo n'ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu bizakurikiranwa n'inkiko <ref name="E17">{{cite web |author=Waakhe Simon Wadu |title=Salva Kiir Warns Armed South Sudan Forces Over Human Rights Abuse |url=http://www.oyetimes.com/news/africa/12875-salva-kiir-warns-armed-south-sudan-forces-over-human-rights-abuse |website=Oye! Times |date=2011-08-01 |access-date=2011-08-18}}</ref>. === Politiki y'imbere mu gihugu === Muri Kamena 2013, yahagaritse ku mirimo abaminisitiri babiri bakekwagaho ruswa <ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=South Sudan gripped by power struggles – Africa |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2013/07/20137287019670555.html |website=Al Jazeera English |access-date=2014-01-21}}</ref>. Kuva mu mpera za 2012, nyuma y'ibihuha by'umugambi wo guhirika ubutegetsi, yavuguruye mu buryo butigeze bubaho ubuyobozi bwa guverinoma, ishyaka n'ingabo, yirukana abajenerali benshi <ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=South Sudan president sacks cabinet in power struggle |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/24/south-sudan-salva-kiir-sacks-cabinet |website=the Guardian |date=2013-07-24 |access-date=2023-01-19}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2013, yasheshe guverinoma yose, yirukana na Visi-Perezida Riek Machar, wari watangaje ko azahatanira umwanya wa perezida mu matora ya 2015 <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=South Soudan's Riek Machar eyes Salva Kiir's job, BBC News. Consulté le 31 juillet 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23470960}}</ref><ref name="E18" />. Machar yavuze ko iyo ari intambwe igana ku gitugu <ref name="E18" />. Hagati y'Ukuboza 2011 na Gashyantare 2012, imirwano hagati y'Abanuweri ba Lou n'Abamurle yahitanye abantu bagera kuri 800; kubura ubutabera kuri ubwo bwicanyi byanenzwe cyane <ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=World Report 2013: South Sudan |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/south-sudan |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2013-01-10 |access-date=2016-07-16}}</ref>. Ku butegetsi bwe kandi, abanyamakuru benshi barishwe: mu 2015, umunyamakuru Moi Peter Julius yarashwe i Juba, iminsi itatu nyuma y'uko Kiir avuga mu ruhame amagambo yafashwe nk'iterabwoba ku banyamakuru <ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |author=Zivile Raskauskite |title=South Sudan reporter killed in apparent targeted attack – Global Journalist |url=http://globaljournalist.org/2015/08/south-sudan-reporter-killed-in-apparent-targeted-attack/ |website=Global Journalist |date=2015-08-26 |access-date=2016-07-23}}</ref>, kandi abanyamakuru batanu ba radiyo Raja FM bishwe mu gitero cyagabwe ku modoka bari barimo <ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=Five journalists killed when gunmen ambush convoy in South Sudan – Committee to Protect Journalists |url=https://cpj.org/2015/01/five-journalists-killed-when-gunmen-ambush-convoy-.php |website=cpj.org |date=2015-01-27 |access-date=2016-07-23}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2023, abakozi batandatu b'ikigo cy'igihugu cy'itangazamakuru batawe muri yombi nyuma y'ikwirakwizwa ry'amashusho yerekana perezida mu muhango wo gutaha umuhanda, amashusho yateje impungenge ku buzima bwe; barekuwe nta cyaha baregwa <ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Six journalistes arrêtés après la diffusion d’une vidéo du président du Soudan du Sud s’urinant dessus |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/international/afrique/six-journalistes-arretes-apres-la-diffusion-d-une-video-du-president-du-soudan-du-sud-s-urinant-sur-lui-13592663.php |website=SudOuest.fr |access-date=2023-12-15}}</ref><ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=South Sudan journalists detained over video of President Salva Kiir 'wetting himself' |url=https://news.sky.com/story/south-sudan-journalists-detained-over-video-of-president-salva-kiir-wetting-himself-12781731 |website=Sky News |access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref><ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=Two journalists held over Kiir video freed |url=https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/two-journalists-held-over-viral-kiir-video-freed |website=Radio Tamazuj |access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref>. === Intambara y'abenegihugu === Ku ya 15 Ukuboza 2013, nyuma y'inama y'ishyaka SPLM, imirwano yadukiye i Juba mu ngabo zirinda perezida. Bukeye, Kiir yashinje Machar n'abandi bayobozi gutegura kudeta, ibyo Machar yahakanye. Ibyo byabaye intangiriro y'intambara y'abenegihugu, yarimo n'amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko hagati y'Abadinka (ubwoko bwa Kiir) n'Abanuweri (ubwoko bwa Machar) <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud : les vieux démons resurgissent |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/soudan-du-sud-les-vieux-demons-resurgissent-17-12-2013-1771276_24.php}}</ref><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud: dans les affrontements à Juba |url=http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2013/12/17/soudan-du-sud-reprise-des-combats-a-juba_967127}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |title=Final report of the African Union Commission of Inquiry on South Sudan – South Sudan - ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/final-report-african-union-commission-inquiry-south-sudan |website=reliefweb.int |date=2015-10-28 |access-date=2023-01-19}}</ref>. Kugeza muri Mata 2018, iyo ntambara yari imaze guhitana abantu bagera ku 400 000 <ref name="E36">{{cite web |title=Study estimates 190,000 people killed in South Sudan's civil war |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-unrest-toll/study-estimates-190000-people-killed-in-south-sudans-civil-war-idUSKCN1M626R |website=Reuters |date=2018-09-26 |access-date=2018-09-26}}</ref>. Mu 2017, ibice bimwe by'igihugu byibasiwe n'inzara, imiryango mpuzamahanga ivuga ko yatewe n'abantu kubera intambara <ref name="E40">{{cite web |author=George & John Clooney & Prendergast |title=South Sudan's government-made famine |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2017/03/09/south-sudans-government-made-famine/ |website=The Washington Post |date=2017-03-09 |access-date=2018-11-17}}</ref><ref name="E41">{{cite web |author=Dominic MacSorley |title=South Sudan famine results from failure of political will |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/south-sudan-famine-results-from-failure-of-political-will-1.3022458 |website=The Irish Times |date=2017-03-24 |access-date=2018-11-17}}</ref>; abayobozi ba Loni bashinje guverinoma ya Kiir kubuza ko ibiribwa bigera mu duce tumwe <ref name="E44">{{cite web |title=Famine declared in part of South Sudan by government and UN |url=http://www.whio.com/news/world/famine-declared-part-south-sudan-government-and/ZT9UT22sGQUWxH1w5rIjYJ/ |website=WHIO |date=2017-02-20 |access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref>. Nyuma y'amasezerano y'agahenge yasinywe i Khartoum muri Kamena 2018, byemejwe ko Machar asubira ku mwanya wa Visi-Perezida wa mbere <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud: le chef rebelle Riek Machar va retrouver son poste de vice-président |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1124537/sud-soudan-le-chef-rebelle-riek-machar-va-retrouver-son-poste-de-vice-president.html |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2018, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yongereye manda ya Kiir imyaka itatu, kugeza mu 2021 <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud: le mandat du gouvernement prolongé de trois ans |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180713-soudan-sud-mandat-gouvernement-prolonge-trois-anssalva-kiir}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud : prolongation du mandat du président Salva Kiir |url=http://fr.africanews.com/2018/07/12/soudan-du-sud-prolongation-du-mandat-du-president-salva-kiir//}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2018, andi masezerano yasinyiwe i Khartoum yashyizeho guverinoma y'inzibacyuho <ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Point, magazine |title=Soudan du Sud: les belligérants signent un accord sur le partage du pouvoir |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/soudan-du-sud-les-belligerants-signent-un-accord-sur-le-partage-du-pouvoir-05-08-2018-2241622_24.php |website=Le Point |access-date=2018-08-05}}</ref>, Kiir aha imbabazi Machar n'indi mitwe yitwaje intwaro <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=en |title=Amnistie accordée aux rebelles du Soudan du Sud |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/afrique/region-45127574 |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2018-08-09 |access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>, maze ku ya 12 Nzeri 2018 amasezerano y'amahoro asinyirwa i Addis Abeba <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Soudan du Sud: les belligérants signent un nouvel accord de paix |url=http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2018/09/12/soudan-du-sud-les-belligerants-signent-un-nouvel-accord-de-paix_1678345 |website=Libération |date=2018-09-12 |access-date=2018-09-12}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ibiganiro byinshi <ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Florence Miettaux |title=Au Soudan du Sud, la mise en œuvre laborieuse de l’accord de paix |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/09/16/au-soudan-du-sud-la-mise-en-uvre-laborieuse-de-l-accord-de-paix_5510988_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-09-16}}</ref><ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Salva Kiir et Riek Machar s'engagent à former un gouvernement |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-50832135 |website=bbc.com |date=2019-12-18}}</ref>, guverinoma y'ubumwe bw'igihugu yashyizweho ku ya 12 Werurwe 2020 <ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud: le président Kiir dévoile le nouveau gouvernement |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/soudan-du-sud-le-president-kiir-devoile-le-nouveau-gouvernement-20200312site=lefigaro.fr |date=2020-03-12 |access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Mu Ukwakira 2011, Kiir yatangaje ko Sudani y'Amajyepfo isabye kwinjira mu Muryango w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (EAC) <ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=South Sudan readies for EAC membership which was later rejected |url=http://www.busiweek.com/11/the-eac-issues/eac-news/1891-south-sudan-readies-for-eac-membership |website=Busiweek.com |date=2011-10-17 |access-date=2011-12-06}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2011, yasuye Isirayeli ayishimira inkunga yahaye inyeshyamba mu ntambara ya mbere y'abenegihugu <ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Al Arabiya, 12/20/2011 |url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/12/20/183573.html |website=Alarabiya.net |date=2011-12-20 |access-date=2014-01-21}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |author=Daniel Pipes |title=South Sudan, Israel's New Ally |url=http://www.danielpipes.org/10486/south-sudan-israel-allies |website=danielpipes.org |date=2012-01-03 |access-date=2014-01-21}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2012, ingabo za Sudani y'Amajyepfo zateye ikigo cy'ubucukuzi bwa peteroli cya Heglig, ku mupaka na Sudani, bituma habaho intambara ngufi ku mupaka. Ku ya 27 Nzeri 2012, Kiir na Perezida Omar El Bechir basinyiye i Addis Abeba amasezerano umunani yatumye ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bya peteroli bisubukurwa, hashyirwaho n'agace katarimo ingabo ku mupaka <ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mireille Affa'a-Mindzie |title=Negotiating Peace in the Sudans: The Addis Ababa Agreement |url=https://theglobalobservatory.org/2012/10/negotiating-peace-in-the-sudans-the-addis-ababa-cooperation-agreement/ |website=IPI Global Observatory |date=2012-10-09 |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>. Nyuma y'itangira ry'intambara y'abenegihugu, Kiir yashinje Umuryango w'Abibumbye n'imiryango y'ubutabazi gushyigikira Machar <ref name="E31">{{cite web |author=Mugume Davis Rwakaringi |title=South Sudan Peace Protesters Rail Against UN |url=https://www.voaafrica.com/a/south-sudan-peace-protesters-against-un/1868885.html |website=Voice of America |date=2014-03-14 |access-date=2015-10-15}}</ref>. Ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 2023, yatorewe kuyobora Umuryango w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba mu gihe cy'umwaka umwe. Ku ya 5 Nyakanga 2023, yari yatangaje ko aziyamamariza amatora ya perezida <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud : Salva Kiir candidat aux élections de 2024 |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2023/07/05/soudan-du-sud-salva-kiir-candidat-aux-elections-de-2024/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-07-05 |access-date=2023-07-05}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Kiir ni Umukristo Gatolika <ref name="E48">{{cite web |language=en |title=South Sudan |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/south-sudan#:~:text=President%20Salva%20Kiir%20Mayardit,%20a,Abdelbagi,%20was%20also%20a%20Muslim. |website=United States Department of State |access-date=2024-10-19}}</ref>. Mu 2006, ubwo yasuraga White House, Perezida George W. Bush yamuhaye ingofero y'umukara yo mu bwoko bwa ''stetson''; kuva icyo gihe, ntajya agaragara mu ruhame atayambaye <ref name="E45">{{cite web |author=Colum Lynch |title=Where did Kiir get his ten-gallon hat? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/09/26/where-did-kiir-get-his-ten-gallon-hat/ |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] kq6vp7yl5pejfx9dgsiiso5qjr0a9zc 0 23220 140699 2026-10-04T05:25:04Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Abdel Fattah al-Burhan | image = Abdel Fattah al-Burhan in April 2025 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Abdel Fattah al-Burhan muri Mata 2025 | birth_date = 11 Nyakanga 1960 | birth_place = Gandatu, [[Sudani]] | nationality = Umunyasudani | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Sudani | occupation = Umusirikare | title = Perezida w'Inama y'Ubusugire y'Inzibacyuho ya [[Sudani]] | term = Kuva ku ya 21 Kanama 2019 (Perezida w'A..." 140699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Abdel Fattah al-Burhan | image = Abdel Fattah al-Burhan in April 2025 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Abdel Fattah al-Burhan muri Mata 2025 | birth_date = 11 Nyakanga 1960 | birth_place = Gandatu, [[Sudani]] | nationality = Umunyasudani | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Sudani | occupation = Umusirikare | title = Perezida w'Inama y'Ubusugire y'Inzibacyuho ya [[Sudani]] | term = Kuva ku ya 21 Kanama 2019 (Perezida w'Akanama ka Gisirikare k'Inzibacyuho kuva ku ya 12 Mata 2019) | predecessor = Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf | children = 3 }} '''Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Abdelrahman al-Burhan''' (yavutse ku ya 11 Nyakanga 1960 i Gandatu) ni umusirikare mukuru wa [[Sudani]], uyoboye icyo gihugu kuva mu 2019. Nyuma y'impinduramatwara yo muri Mata 2019 yahiritse Perezida [[Omar El Bechir]], yagizwe umuyobozi w'akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho, hanyuma ayobora Inama y'Ubusugire y'Inzibacyuho yari ihuriweho n'abasirikare n'abasivili. Mu Ukwakira 2021, yakoze kudeta ihirika guverinoma ya gisivili ya Minisitiri w'Intebe Abdallah Hamdok, maze yongera gushyiraho Inama y'Ubusugire ayobora. Kuva muri Mata 2023, ayoboye ingabo za Sudani mu ntambara y'abenegihugu zihanganyemo n'umutwe wa Rapid Support Forces (RSF). Mu Mutarama 2025, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zamufatiye ibihano. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Abdel Fattah al-Burhan yavutse mu 1960 mu mudugudu wa Gandatu, mu majyaruguru ya Khartoum <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Stéphanie Trouillard |title=Qui est Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, le nouvel homme à la tête du Soudan ? |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20190413-soudan-abdel-fattah-al-burhan-abdelrahmane-nouvel-homme-tete-portrait |website=france24.com |date=2019-04-13}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Sudan transition: Lt-Gen Burhan sworn in as Sovereign Council chief |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49414216 |website=BBC News |date=2019-08-21 |access-date=2021-04-29}}</ref><ref name="E12">{{cite web |language=en |title=Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, the general who leads Sudan |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211025-abdel-fattah-al-burhan-the-general-who-leads-sudan |website=France 24 |date=2021-10-25 |access-date=2021-10-28}}</ref>, mu muryango w'Abasufi wo mu bwoko bw'Abajaalin. Yize amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye iwabo n'i Shendi, hanyuma yinjira mu ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Sudani. Yakurikiye amahugurwa ya gisirikare mu [[Misiri]] no muri Yorudaniya <ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=Who is new head of Sudan's transitional council |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/who-is-new-head-of-sudans-transitional-council/1451074 |website=Anadolu Agency |date=2019-04-13 |access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Al-Burhan yatangiye ari umusirikare mu ngabo zirinda imipaka, aza kuziyobora; yarwanye mu ntambara ya Darfur no mu ntambara ya kabiri y'abenegihugu ya Sudani, anaba umuyobozi w'ingabo mu karere ka Darfur <ref name="E13">{{cite web |language=en |author=Declan Walsh |title=What Happened on the Second Day of Fighting in Sudan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/04/16/world/sudan-military-rsf |website=The New York Times |date=2023-04-16 |access-date=2023-05-01}}</ref><ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=Who is Abdel Fattah al-Burhan |url=https://www.alhurra.com/choice-alhurra/2019/04/12/هو-عبد-الفتاح-البرهان؟ |website=Alhurra |access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref>. Yabaye umugaba wungirije w'ibikorwa by'ingabo zirwanira ku butaka, hanyuma mu 2018 aba umugaba w'ingabo zirwanira ku butaka <ref name="E14" /><ref name="E15" />. Yateguye kohereza ingabo za Sudani muri Yemeni mu ntambara y'abenegihugu yaho, akaba ari na we wahuzaga Sudani na Arabiya Sawudite na [[Nyarabu Zunze Ubumwe]] <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=en |author=Magdi el Gizouli |title=Sudan’s Season of Revolution |url=http://roape.net/2019/07/05/sudans-season-of-revolution/ |website=African Review of Political Economy |date=2019-07-05}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2019, mu gihe cy'imyigaragambyo yamaganaga ubutegetsi bwa Omar El Bechir, yagizwe umugenzuzi mukuru w'ingabo, ahabwa ipeti rya jenerali liyetona <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Militaire respecté mais inconnu du public, Abdel Fattah al-Burhane nouveau dirigeant du Soudan |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/info/militaire-respecte-mais-inconnu-du-public-abdel-fattah-al-burhane-nouveau-dirigeant-du-soudan |website=TV5 Monde}}</ref><ref name="E15" />. == Ubuyobozi bw'inzibacyuho == === Akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho === Ku ya 12 Mata 2019, al-Burhan yasimbuye Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf ku buyobozi bw'akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho kari kamaze gushyirwaho nyuma yo guhirika Omar El Bechir <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Soudan : joie des manifestants après la démission du chef du conseil militaire |url=https://www.lalibre.be/actu/international/soudan-le-chef-du-conseil-militaire-de-transition-annonce-sa-demission-et-designe-un-successeur-5cb0eec4d8ad5874779206cd |website=La Libre Belgique}}</ref>. Bitandukanye n'uwo yasimbuye, ntiyafatwaga nk'inkingi y'ubutegetsi bwa kera <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan : Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman, un chef du Conseil militaire plus consensuel |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190413-abdel-fattah-abdelrahman-soudan-chef-conseil-militaire-consensuel |website=RFI Afrique}}</ref>. Yategetse ko abari bafunzwe na El Bechir barekurwa, kandi yizeza ko inzibacyuho itazarenza imyaka ibiri <ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Civilian government to be established in Sudan: new head of military council |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics-burhan/civilian-government-to-be-established-in-sudan-new-head-of-military-council-idUSKCN1RP0BT |website=Reuters |date=2019-04-13 |access-date=2019-06-08}}</ref>. Urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga yarukoreye mu Misiri, ahura na Perezida [[Abdel Fattah al-Sissi]], hanyuma muri Nyarabu Zunze Ubumwe <ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=Sudan interim military council chief Al-Burhan meets with Egypt's President El-Sisi |url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1501981/middle-east |website=Arab News |date=2019-05-25 |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Sudan military council chief to visit UAE |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2019/05/26/Sudan-military-council-chief-to-visit-UAE.html |website=Al Arabiya |date=2019-05-26 |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref>. Ku ya 3 Kamena 2019, inzego z'umutekano, zirimo umutwe wa RSF, zatatanyije ku ngufu abigaragambyaga bari bakambitse imbere y'icyicaro gikuru cy'ingabo i Khartoum. Abantu benshi bararashwe, imirambo imwe iterwa mu ruzi rwa Nili, kandi imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu yavuze ko abantu amagana bakorewe iyicarubozo n'ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Soudan, Khartoum livrée aux miliciens du Darfour |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/06/06/soudan-khartoum-livree-aux-miliciens-du-darfour_5472239_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan : au moins 30 morts dans des manifestations violemment réprimées par l’armée |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/783910/politique/soudan-au-moins-30-morts-dans-des-manifestations-violemment-reprimees-par-larmee/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref><ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan : des manifestants violés par des militaires |url=https://www.cnews.fr/monde/2019-06-11/soudan-des-manifestants-violes-par-des-militaires-849419 |website=www.cnews.fr |access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref><ref name="E17">{{cite web |language=en |title='Bodies pulled from Nile' after Sudan crackdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48512413 |date=2019-06-05 |access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref><ref name="E19">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan military offers talks after allegedly killing 100 protesters |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sudan-military-offers-talks-60-protesters-killed-crackdown-khartoum-sit-in-2019-06-05/ |website=CBS News |date=2019-06-05 |access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ubwo bwicanyi, ibiganiro n'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi byarahagaze, kandi interineti irahagarikwa, ibyo Human Rights Watch yise « ihohoterwa rikomeye ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu » <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=À Khartoum, l'armée tente de briser le mouvement de contestation |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20190603-soudan-manifestations-armee-tentative-dispersion-force |website=france24.com}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan crisis: Internet restored – but only for lawyer |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48744853 |website=BBC News |date=2019-06-24 |access-date=2021-10-28}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan: End Network Shutdown Immediately |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/06/12/sudan-end-network-shutdown-immediately |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2019-06-12 |access-date=2019-06-16}}</ref>. === Inama y'Ubusugire y'Inzibacyuho === Ku ya 20 Kanama 2019, nyuma y'amasezerano hagati y'abasirikare n'ihuriro ry'abasivili, hashyizweho Inama y'Ubusugire y'Inzibacyuho igizwe n'abantu cumi n'umwe, iyobowe na al-Burhan; yarahiye bukeye bwaho <ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan : chargé de diriger la transition, le Conseil souverain a été formé - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190820-soudan-diriger-transition-conseil-souverain-forme |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref><ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Point, magazine |title=Soudan: la nouvelle instance de transition intronisée |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/la-nouvelle-instance-de-transition-intronisee-au-soudan-21-08-2019-2330817_24.php |website=Le Point |date=2019-08-21 |access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan: Civilian-majority ruling council sworn in – DW – 08/21/2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/sudan-civilian-majority-ruling-council-sworn-in/a-50116205 |website=dw.com |access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref>. Amasezerano y'amahoro ya Juba yo mu Ukwakira 2020 yongereye igihe cy'inzibacyuho, bituma al-Burhan akomeza kuyobora iyo nama aho kuyivaho muri 2021 nk'uko byari biteganyijwe <ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sudan: A transition under pressure |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/659413/EPRS_BRI(2020)659413_EN.pdf |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudanese-Egyptian Military Relations and Geopolitics: Implications for Powering the GERD |url=https://africanarguments.org/2020/12/sudanese-egyptian-military-relations-and-geopolitics-implications-for-powering-the-gerd/ |website=African Arguments |date=2020-12-17 |access-date=2021-10-25}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2020, al-Burhan yahuriye i Entebbe, muri [[Ubugande]], na Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Isirayeli Benjamin Netanyahu <ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan said willing to consider normalizing ties with Israel |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/sudan-said-willing-to-consider-normalizing-ties-with-israel/ |website=www.timesofisrael.com |access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref>. Yagize uruhare rukomeye mu isubukurwa ry'umubano hagati ya Sudani na Isirayeli, ryemejwe ku ya 23 Ukwakira 2020, nubwo ritavugwagaho rumwe muri guverinoma no mu baturage; yarisobanuraga avuga inyungu z'ubukungu, cyane cyane kuvanwa kwa Sudani ku rutonde rw'Amerika rw'ibihugu bishyigikira iterabwoba <ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Pourquoi le Soudan normalise ses relations avec Israël |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1238027/pourquoi-le-soudan-normalise-ses-relations-avec-israel.html |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |date=2020-10-24 |access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref><ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le général Burhane récuse tout chantage américain |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1238293/le-general-burhane-recuse-tout-chantage-americain.html |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |date=2020-10-26 |access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref>. == Kudeta ya 2021 == Ku ya 25 Ukwakira 2021, al-Burhan yayoboye kudeta yahiritse guverinoma ya gisivili: Minisitiri w'Intebe Abdallah Hamdok n'abaminisitiri benshi barafashwe, hatangazwa ibihe bidasanzwe, interineti irahagarikwa, kandi imyigaragambyo ishyigikira ubutegetsi bwa gisivili iramagurwa <ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan/coup d'Etat: deux manifestants tués et 80 blessés par l'armée (médecins) |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1279189/soudan-coup-detat-deux-manifestants-tues-et-80-blesses-par-larmee-medecins.html |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |date=2021-10-25 |access-date=2021-10-25}}</ref><ref name="E29">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan's Burhan declares state of emergency, dissolves government |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics-burhan-idAFKBN2HF0UV |website=Reuters |date=2021-10-25 |access-date=2021-10-25}}</ref>. Ku ya 11 Ugushyingo 2021, yashyizeho Inama y'Ubusugire nshya ayobora <ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan : préoccupation internationale face au nouveau Conseil de souveraineté |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/soudan-pr%C3%A9occupation-internationale-face-au-nouveau-conseil-de-souverainet%C3%A9-/2419450 |website=AA}}</ref><ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=en |author=Declan Walsh |title=Sudan's Military Seizes Power, Casting Democratic Transition Into Chaos |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/25/world/africa/sudan-military-coup.html |website=The New York Times |date=2021-10-25 |access-date=2023-05-01}}</ref>. Ku ya 21 Ugushyingo 2021, Hamdok yasubijwe ku mwanya we ku bw'amasezerano n'amashyaka y'abasivili <ref name="E31">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan's Hamdok reinstated as PM after political agreement signed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/21/sudans-hamdok-reinstated-as-pm-after-political-agreement-signed |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref>, ariko yegura muri Mutarama 2022. Mu mwaka wakurikiye kudeta, abigaragambyaga 117 barishwe <ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan : la présence du général al-Burhan aux funérailles d'Elizabeth II passe mal |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220920-soudan-la-pr%C3%A9sence-du-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-al-burhan-aux-fun%C3%A9railles-d-elizabeth-ii-passe-mal |website=RFI |date=2022-09-20 |access-date=2022-09-23}}</ref><ref name="E41">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan's General al-Burhan says army stepping back from government |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/4/sudans-burhan-says-army-stepping-back-for-civilian-govt |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2022-07-10}}</ref>. Nyuma ya kudeta, al-Burhan yashyize abayoboke b'imitwe ya Kisilamu bari bakomeye ku butegetsi bwa El Bechir mu nzego z'ubutegetsi, cyane cyane mu ngabo <ref name="E32">{{cite web |author=Mohammad Tawhidi |title=The Muslim Brotherhood’s Influence on Sudan’s Military Leadership and Its Impact on Regional Stability |url=https://trendsresearch.org/insight/the-muslim-brotherhoods-influence-on-sudans-military-leadership-and-its-impact-on-regional-stability/?srsltid=AfmBOorvjjoKcmlCfBlJOtFyu3GiHHUZXrRFlqXJUR34IBMW80eemCmH |website=Trends Research & Advisory |date=2025-11-24}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |author=Fernando Carvajal |title=The US Sanctions Sudan’s Muslim Brotherhood |url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/africa/the-us-sanctions-sudans-muslim-brotherhood/#:~:text=Remnants%20of%20the%20MB%20from,when%20the%20armed%20forces%20split. |website=Fair Observer |date=2026-04-07}}</ref><ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan : pourquoi la junte réhabilite les islamistes |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220423-soudan-pourquoi-la-junte-r%C3%A9habilite-les-islamistes |website=RFI |date=2022-04-23 |access-date=2022-09-26}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2023, yahuye na Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga w'[[Uburusiya]], Sergey Lavrov <ref name="E40">{{cite web |title=Lavrov pledges support for Sudan's efforts to lift UN sanctions |url=https://sudantribune.com/article/270671/ |website=Sudan Tribune |date=2023-02-09 |access-date=2023-04-29}}</ref>. == Intambara y'abenegihugu == Ku ya 15 Mata 2023, umutwe wa Rapid Support Forces (RSF) uyobowe na Jenerali Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo « Hemedti », wari umwungirije, wagabye ibitero ku birindiro by'ingabo mu gihugu hose, uvuga ko wigaruriye ingoro ya perezida n'ikibuga cy'indege cya Khartoum <ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Monde avec AFP |title=Au Soudan, la rivalité entre deux généraux a explosé, des forces paramilitaires disent contrôler l’aéroport international de Khartoum |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/04/15/au-soudan-les-paramilitaires-affirment-controler-le-palais-presidentiel-de-khartoum_6169666_3212.html#xtor=AL-32280270-%5Bdefault%5D-%5Bios%5D |website=Le Monde |date=2023-04-15 |access-date=2023-04-15}}</ref><ref name="E46">{{cite web |title=At least 25 killed, 183 injured in ongoing clashes across Sudan as paramilitary group claims control of presidential palace |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/15/africa/sudan-presidential-palace-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2023-04-15 |access-date=2023-04-15}}</ref>. Al-Burhan yamaze amezi menshi agotewe ku cyicaro gikuru cy'ingabo i Khartoum, kugeza muri Kanama 2023 ubwo yavanwagayo akajya i Port-Soudan, aho guverinoma ye ikorera kuva icyo gihe <ref name="E48">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan's Al-Burhan heads first cabinet meeting since conflict erupted |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/08/29/sudans-al-burhan-heads-first-cabinet-meeting-since-conflict-erupted/ |website=africanews |date=2023-08-29 |access-date=2023-08-29}}</ref><ref name="E49">{{cite web |language=en |title=Al-Burhan inspects Sudanese troops in Omdurman following repelled RSF attack |url=https://sudantribune.com/article276466/ |website=Sudan Tribune |date=2023-08-24 |access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref>. Bivugwa ko RSF yahawe inkunga na [[Libiya]], Nyarabu Zunze Ubumwe n'umutwe w'Abarusiya wa Wagner <ref name="E50">{{cite web |language=en |title=Russian mercenaries in Sudan: What is the Wagner Group's role? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/17/what-is-the-wagner-groups-role-in-sudan |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2024-08-24}}</ref><ref name="E51">{{cite web |language=en |title=Wagner in Sudan: What have Russian mercenaries been up to? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65328165 |date=2023-04-23 |access-date=2024-08-24}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2024, al-Burhan yarokotse igitero cy'indege itagira umupilote cyagabwe ku kigo cya gisirikare cya Gebeit, aho yari yitabiriye umuhango wo gusoza amasomo y'abasirikare; abantu batanu barapfuye <ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=en |author=Middle East Monitor |title=Sudan: Army chief Burhan survives assassination attempt |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240731-sudan-army-chief-burhan-survives-assassination-attempt/ |website=Middle East Monitor |date=2024-07-31 |access-date=2024-07-31}}</ref><ref name="E54">{{cite web |title=Sudan's military leader survives drone strikes - army |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cxe28n6ydr7o |website=BBC News |date=2024-07-31}}</ref>. Ku ya 16 Mutarama 2025, Minisiteri y'Imari ya [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] yamufatiye ibihano, imushinja kwibasira abasivili n'ibikorwa remezo byabo, kubuza ubutabazi kugera ku baturage, kwanga kwitabira ibiganiro by'amahoro no guhungabanya inzira igana ku butegetsi bwa gisivili <ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=en |author=Damian Zane |title=US sanctions Sudan army chief Burhan over civilian deaths attempt |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn8x5nkj8pyo |website=BBC |date=2025-01-16 |access-date=2025-01-16}}</ref><ref name="E44">{{cite web |title=Exclusive-U.S. to Impose Sanctions on Sudanese Leader Burhan |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2025-01-16/exclusive-u-s-to-impose-sanctions-on-sudanese-leader-burhan |website=U.S. News |date=2025-01-16}}</ref><ref name="E45">{{cite web |author=Damian Zane |title=US sanctions Sudan army chief Burhan over civilian deaths |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn8x5nkj8pyo |website=BBC News |date=2025-01-16}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2025, intumwa ye yasuye Isirayeli igamije kwihutisha ivugururwa ry'umubano w'ibihugu byombi <ref name="E55">{{cite web |author=Lior Ben Ari |title=Sudanese envoy secretly visits Israel to push normalization for military support |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sjvbwufckg |website=Ynet |date=2025-08-04 |access-date=2025-11-06}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Al-Burhan afite umugore n'abana batatu. Ku ya 6 Werurwe 2024, umuhungu we, Mohammed, yakomeretse bikomeye mu mpanuka y'ipikipiki i Ankara, muri Turukiya, apfa ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2024 <ref name="E56">{{cite web |title=Sudanese military leader's son dies of injuries following a motorcycle crash in Turkey |url=https://apnews.com/article/sudan-turkey-army-chief-son-dies-96137ace1338b02016a9beb6c774dc7c |website=Associated Press |date=2024-05-03 |access-date=2024-05-04}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Sudani]] hye8l8b7zrsvaj9kxnkuscf1jeof96r 0 23221 140700 2026-10-04T05:59:53Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Samia Suluhu Hassan | image = Samia Suluhu at the XXIX St Petersburg International Economic Forum - 2026 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Samia Suluhu Hassan mu 2026 | birth_date = 27 Mutarama 1960 | birth_place = [[Zanzibar]] | nationality = Umunyatanzaniya | alma_mater = Mzumbe University, Kaminuza ya Manchester, Open University of Tanzania | occupation = Umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Tanzaniya]] | term = Kuva ku ya 19 W..." 140700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Samia Suluhu Hassan | image = Samia Suluhu at the XXIX St Petersburg International Economic Forum - 2026 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Samia Suluhu Hassan mu 2026 | birth_date = 27 Mutarama 1960 | birth_place = [[Zanzibar]] | nationality = Umunyatanzaniya | alma_mater = Mzumbe University, Kaminuza ya Manchester, Open University of Tanzania | occupation = Umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Tanzaniya]] | term = Kuva ku ya 19 Werurwe 2021 | predecessor = John Magufuli | party = Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) | spouse = Hafidh Ameir Hassan (1978–2026) | children = 4 }} '''Samia Suluhu Hassan''' (yavutse ku ya 27 Mutarama 1960 muri [[Zanzibar]]) ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Tanzaniya]], Perezida wa gatandatu w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 19 Werurwe 2021. Ni we mugore wa mbere wabaye Perezida wa Tanzaniya. Umuyoboke w'ishyaka riri ku butegetsi rya Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), yabanje kuba minisitiri muri guverinoma ya Zanzibar (2000–2010), hanyuma aba umudepite na Minisitiri wa Leta ushinzwe ibibazo by'Ubumwe (2010–2015). Mu 2015, yabaye umugore wa mbere wabaye Visi-Perezida wa Tanzaniya, iruhande rwa John Magufuli, maze amusimbura nyuma y'urupfu rwe muri Werurwe 2021. Mu ntangiriro ya manda ye, yafatwaga nk'umuntu uharanira impinduka n'ubwisanzure, ariko amatora ya 2025, yatsinze n'amajwi 97,66% nyuma y'uko ishyaka rikomeye ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi ribujijwe kwitabira, yakurikiwe n'imyigaragambyo yahosheshejwe ku ngufu, bituma ubutegetsi bwe bufatwa n'abasesenguzi benshi nk'ubw'igitugu. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Samia Suluhu yavutse ku ya 27 Mutarama 1960 muri Sultani ya Zanzibar, ku mwarimu n'umugore we; nyuma y'imyaka ine, Zanzibar yihuje na Tanganyika bibyara Tanzaniya <ref name="E12">{{cite web |language=en |title=Samia Hassan: Tanzania's new president who rose through the ranks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/19/tanzanias-hassan-quiet-achiever-who-wants-to-get-things-done |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>. Yarangije amashuri yisumbuye mu 1977 <ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Member of Parliament CV |url=http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/members/mpcvs/1668/2010-2015 |website=Parliament of Tanzania |access-date=2013-02-19}}</ref>, atangira gukora nk'umwanditsi mu biro, muri Minisiteri y'Igenamigambi n'Iterambere <ref name="E12" /><ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Meet Samia Suluhu Hassan, Tanzania’s first ever female vice president |url=http://mshale.com/2015/11/13/meet-samia-suluhu-hassan-tanzanias-female-vice-president/ |website=Mshale |date=2015-11-13}}</ref>. Yakomeje amasomo igihe gito: mu 1986, yabonye impamyabumenyi mu buyobozi bwa leta mu ishuri rikuru ry'imicungire y'iterambere (ubu ni Mzumbe University) <ref name="E16" /><ref name="F1" />. Kuva mu 1992 kugeza mu 1994, yize muri Kaminuza ya Manchester, mu Bwongereza, abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya nyuma ya kaminuza mu bukungu <ref name="E19">{{cite web |author=Alvar Mwakyusa |title=Tanzania: Samia Suluhu Hassan – a Tough Journey From Activism to Politics |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201409181187.html |website=AllAfrica |date=2014-09-18 |access-date=2016-11-16}}</ref><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=en |author=Alvar Mwakyusa |title=Samia Suluhu Hassan : A tough journey from activism to politics |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201409181187.html |website=Tanzania Daily News |date=2014-09-18}}</ref>. Mu 2015, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'abaturage, binyuze muri gahunda ihuriweho na Open University of Tanzania na Southern New Hampshire University <ref name="E16" /><ref name="F1" />. Mu 1988, yabaye umukozi ushinzwe iterambere muri guverinoma ya Zanzibar, hanyuma ayobora umushinga w'Ishami rya Loni ryita ku biribwa (PAM). Mu myaka ya 1990, yayoboye urwego rugenzura imiryango itegamiye kuri leta muri Zanzibar <ref name="E12" />. == Umwuga wa politiki == Mu 2000, Samia Suluhu yinjiye mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko ya Zanzibar ku rutonde rwa CCM, maze Perezida Amani Abeid Karume amugira Minisitiri w'Umurimo w'Urubyiruko, Abagore n'Abana <ref name="E12" /><ref name="F2" />. Muri uwo mwanya, yakuyeho itegeko ryabuzaga abakobwa babyaye gusubira mu ishuri <ref name="E18">{{cite web |language=en |title=Samia Suluhu Hassan - Tanzania's new president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56444575 |website=BBC News |date=2021-03-18 |access-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>. Ni we mugore wenyine wari minisitiri ukomeye muri guverinoma, kandi bagenzi be b'abagabo bakunze kutamuha agaciro kubera ko ari umugore <ref name="E19" /><ref name="F2" />. Mu 2005, yongeye gutorwa, agirwa Minisitiri w'Ubukerarugendo, Ubucuruzi n'Ishoramari <ref name="E12" /><ref name="E19" />. Mu 2010, yatorewe kuba umudepite mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko y'igihugu, uhagarariye Makunduchi, n'amajwi arenga 80% <ref name="E19" /><ref name="F2" />. Perezida [[Jakaya Kikwete]] yamugize Minisitiri wa Leta ushinzwe ibibazo by'Ubumwe <ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Tanzania: History Made as Samia Picked Running Mate |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201507130201.html |website=AllAfrica |date=2015-07-13 |access-date=2016-11-16}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tanzania: History Made as Samia Picked Running Mate |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201507130201.html |website=Tanzania Daily News |date=2015-07-13}}</ref>. Mu 2014, yatorewe kuba visi-perezida w'Inteko Ishinga Itegeko Nshinga yari ishinzwe gutegura Itegeko Nshinga rishya <ref name="E21">{{cite web |author=Alvar Mwakyusa |title=Tanzania: Union 'Stalwart' Samia Is CA Vice-Chairperson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201403140029.html |website=AllAfrica |date=2014-03-14 |access-date=2016-11-16}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=en |author=Alvar Mwakyusa |title=Tanzania: Union 'Stalwart' Samia Is CA Vice-Chairperson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201403140029.html |website=Tanzania Daily News |date=2014-03-14}}</ref>. === Visi-Perezida === Muri Nyakanga 2015, umukandida wa CCM ku mwanya wa perezida, John Magufuli, yamuhisemo nk'umukandida ku mwanya wa visi-perezida, bitunguranye kuko hari abanyapolitiki bakomeye kurusha we <ref name="E18" /><ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |author=Ineke Mules |title=Samia Suluhu Hassan: Who Is Tanzania's New President? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/samia-suluhu-hassan-who-is-tanzanias-new-president/a-56932264 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2021-03-19 |access-date=2023-10-01}}</ref>; ni we mugore wa mbere wahawe uwo mwanya mu mateka y'ishyaka <ref name="E23">{{cite web |author=Omar Mohammed |title=Tanzania's ruling party nominates John Magufuli as presidential candidate |url=http://qz.com/451460/tanzanias-ruling-party-nominates-a-former-chemistry-teacher-as-its-candidate-for-president/ |website=Quartz |date=2015-07-12 |access-date=2015-08-12}}</ref><ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=en |author=Omar Mohammed |title=Tanzania’s ruling party nominates John Magufuli as presidential candidate |url=http://qz.com/451460/tanzanias-ruling-party-nominates-a-former-chemistry-teacher-as-its-candidate-for-president/ |website=Quartz |date=2015-07-12}}</ref>. Batsinze amatora, maze ku ya 5 Ugushyingo 2015 arahirira kuba umugore wa mbere ubaye Visi-Perezida wa Tanzaniya <ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |author=Esther Takwa |title='Govt will continue Magufuli's work' - Daily News |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/govt-will-continue-magufulis-work/,%20https://dailynews.co.tz/govt-will-continue-magufulis-work/ |date=2023-03-17 |access-date=2023-10-01}}</ref><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=en |author=K. Daniel Kalinaki |title=CCM's John Magufuli declared Tanzania fifth president |url=http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/John-Magufuli-declared-Tanzania-s-fifth-president/-/2558/2934778/-/11h61lfz/-/index.html |website=The East African |date=2015-10-30}}</ref>. Mu 2020, bongeye gutorwa, nubwo indorerezi zigenga zavuze ko habayeho uburiganya <ref name="E12" /><ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=en |title=Samia Suluhu Hassan sworn in as Tanzania's first female president |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210319-samia-suluhu-hassan-sworn-in-as-tanzania-s-first-female-president |website=France 24 |date=2021-03-19 |access-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Tanzaniya == === Kujya ku butegetsi === Ku ya 17 Werurwe 2021, Samia Suluhu yatangaje kuri televiziyo urupfu rwa Perezida Magufuli, wari umaze igihe atagaragara mu ruhame <ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président tanzanien John Magufuli est décédé |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/le-president-tanzanien-john-magufuli-est-decede-20210317 |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2021-03-17}}</ref><ref name="E26">{{cite web |author=Ebby Shaban |title=Tanzania swears in Samia Suluhu Hassan as first female president |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/19/africa/tanzania-samia-suluhu-hassan-president-intl/ |website=CNN |date=2021-03-19}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuba perezida ku ya 19 Werurwe 2021, kugira ngo arangize manda ya kabiri ya Magufuli <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Samia Suluhu Hassan succède à Magufuli et devient la première femme à diriger la Tanzanie |url=https://www.msn.com/fr-fr/actualite/monde/samia-suluhu-hassan-succ%C3%A8de-%C3%A0-magufuli-et-devient-la-premi%C3%A8re-femme-%C3%A0-diriger-la-tanzanie/ar-BB1eKydU |website=Le Point}}</ref><ref name="E26" />. Bivugwa ko hari ibice by'ishyaka byagerageje kumubuza kuba perezida <ref name="E28">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nicodemus Minde |title=Tanzanians go to the polls in 2025: President Samia has changed the landscape, but Magufuli's legacy persists |url=http://theconversation.com/tanzanians-go-to-the-polls-in-2025-president-samia-has-changed-the-landscape-but-magufulis-legacy-persists-225896 |website=The Conversation |date=2024-04-15 |access-date=2024-06-14}}</ref>. Yabaye umugore wa mbere uyoboye Tanzaniya, n'umuntu wa kabiri ukomoka muri Zanzibar ubaye perezida, nyuma ya Ali Hassan Mwinyi <ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=Tanzania's Samia Suluhu takes presidential oath |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/news/east-africa/tanzania/tanzania-samia-suluhu-presidential-oath-3328214 |website=Business Daily |date=2021-03-19}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |author=Morris Kiruga |title=Tanzania: The legacy of Magufuli and the beginning for Suluhu |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/73137/tanzania-the-legacy-of-magufuli-and-the-beginning-for-suluhu/ |website=The Africa Report |date=2021-03-18 |access-date=2021-03-19}}</ref>. Yagize Philip Mpango Visi-Perezida <ref name="E29">{{cite web |language=en |author=Michael Odour |title=Dr. Philip Mpango named Tanzania's Vice President |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/04/01/dr-philip-mpango-named-tanzania-s-vice-president/ |website=Africanews |date=2021-04-01 |access-date=2023-10-01}}</ref>, yirukana abari inkoramutima za Magufuli, kandi yegera uwahoze ari Perezida Jakaya Kikwete <ref name="E28" />. === Manda ya mbere === Bitandukanye n'uwo yasimbuye wahakanaga uburemere bw'icyorezo cya COVID-19, Samia Suluhu yafashe ingamba zo kukirwanya: yategetse akato k'iminsi 14 ku bagenzi baturuka mu bihugu byagaragayemo ubwoko bushya bwa virusi, maze muri Nyakanga 2021 Tanzaniya yinjira muri gahunda ya COVAX yo gukingira <ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=en |author=Reuters |title=Tanzania, once sceptical of COVID-19, announces measures to curb new variants |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/tanzania-once-sceptical-covid-19-announces-measures-curb-new-variants-2021-05-03/ |website=Reuters |date=2021-05-03 |access-date=2022-07-22}}</ref><ref name="E32">{{cite web |title=Can Tanzania's New President Repair Her Country's Image? |url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/can-tanzanias-new-president-repair-her-countrys-image |website=Stratfor |date=2022-03-08}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |title=Tanzania, once sceptical of COVID-19, announces measures to curb new variants |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/tanzania-once-sceptical-covid-19-announces-measures-curb-new-variants-2021-05-03/ |website=Reuters |date=2021-05-03 |access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>. Yiyemeje kurangiza imishinga minini yatangijwe na Magufuli, irimo umuhanda wa gari ya moshi n'urugomero rw'amashanyarazi, no kugeza amashanyarazi n'amazi meza mu byaro <ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=Tanzanian President Commits to Complete John Magufuli's Projects |url=https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00081535.html |website=All Africa |date=2022-03-18 |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref><ref name="E37">{{cite web |language=en |author=Abdi Latif Dahir |title=Tanzania's First Female President Wants to Bring Her Nation in From the Cold |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/15/world/africa/tanzania-female-president.html |website=The New York Times |date=2022-04-15 |access-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>. Yashyize imbere ubukerarugendo n'ishoramari ry'abanyamahanga, ndetse mu 2021 akina muri filime ''The Royal Tour'' igamije kumenyekanisha Tanzaniya <ref name="E37" /><ref name="E38">{{cite web |title=Seeing Tanzania with top tour guide President Samia Suluhu Hassan |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/seeing-tanzania-with-top-tour-guide-president-samia-suluhu-hassan/PY2TFY75CCKS3BCOUVPT2KTPLA/ |website=Nz Herald |date=2022-05-22}}</ref>. Mu 2022, ikinyamakuru ''Time'' cyamushyize mu bantu 100 bavuga rikijyana ku isi <ref name="E42">{{cite web |title=President Samia among 100 influential people in 2022 |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/president-samia-among-100-influential-people-in-2022-3826488 |website=The Citizen |date=2022-05-24}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro ya manda ye, yafatwaga nk'umuntu uharanira demokarasi kurusha Magufuli <ref name="E25" /><ref name="E45">{{cite web |language=en |author=Sammy Awami |title=Tanzania viewpoint: What President Samia has achieved in her first year |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60765848 |website=BBC News |date=2022-03-19 |access-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>. Yarekuye imfungwa za politiki, ahura n'abayobozi b'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, kandi yemerera ibinyamakuru byari byarafunzwe kongera gukora <ref name="E32" /><ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=en |author=Kelsey Carolan |title=Tanzania’s lifting of ban on four newspapers is step in right direction for press freedom |url=https://ipi.media/tanzanias-lifting-of-ban-on-four-newspapers-is-step-in-right-direction-for-press-freedom/ |website=ipi.media |date=2022-02-16 |access-date=2022-07-24}}</ref>. Umuyobozi w'ishyaka rya Chadema, Freeman Mbowe, wari wafashwe muri 2021 ashinjwa iterabwoba, yararekuwe ibyaha bivanwaho, maze muri Werurwe 2022 ahura na perezida <ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=en |author=Charles Kombe |title=Tanzania's Main Opposition Leader Freeman Mbowe Arrested |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_tanzanias-main-opposition-leader-freeman-mbowe-arrested/6208519.html |website=voanews.com |date=2021-07-21 |access-date=2022-07-23}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=en |author=Charles Kombe |title=Tanzania Drops Terrorism Case Against Main Opposition Leader Freeman Mbowe |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/tanzania-drops-terrorism-case-against-main-opposition-leader-freeman-mbowe/6470285.html |website=voanews.com |date=2022-03-04 |access-date=2022-07-23}}</ref><ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=rw |author=BBC News Gahuza |title=Tanzania: Ukuriye abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi arashima perezida |url=https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-60673134 |website=BBC News Gahuza |date=2022-03-09 |access-date=2022-07-23}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2022, i Buruseli, yahuye na Tundu Lissu, umukandida wa Chadema mu matora ya 2020 wari mu buhungiro <ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bethsheba Wambura |title=Samia holds face-to-face talks with opposition leader Tundu Lissu in Brussels |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/samia-holds-face-to-face-talks-with-opposition-leader-tundu-lissu-in-brussels-3719462 |website=The Citizen |date=2022-02-17 |access-date=2022-07-23}}</ref><ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=en |author=Charles Kombe |title=Applause in Tanzania After President Meets Exiled Opposition Leader in Belgium |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/applause-in-tanzania-after-president-meets-exiled-opposition-leader-in-belgium/6446281.html |website=voanews.com |date=2022-02-17 |access-date=2022-07-23}}</ref>. Mu 2023, yakuyeho itegeko ryabuzaga amashyaka gukora inama rusange <ref name="E47">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nicodemus Minde |title=Samia Suluhu Hassan is reforming Tanzania – it's winning her fans but boosting the opposition |url=http://theconversation.com/samia-suluhu-hassan-is-reforming-tanzania-its-winning-her-fans-but-boosting-the-opposition-198793 |website=The Conversation |date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2023-10-01}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2021, amagambo yavuze ku isura y'abakinnyi b'umupira w'amaguru b'abagore yateje impaka <ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tanzanie : la présidente évoque «la poitrine plate» des footballeuses, tollé sur les réseaux sociaux |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/monde/tanzanie/tanzanie-la-presidente-evoque-la-poitrine-plate-des-footballeuses-tolle-sur-les-reseaux-sociaux-ff4c87c2-ee24-11eb-aea8-186d7d8ec172 |website=ouest-france.fr |date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2021-08-23}}</ref>. === Amatora ya 2025 n'igitugu === Muri Mutarama 2025, CCM yamutanze nk'umukandida wayo mu matora rusange yo mu Ukwakira 2025 <ref name="E57">{{cite web |title=Tanzania's ruling party nominates President Hassan as candidate for president |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/01/20/tanzanias-ruling-party-nominates-president-hassan-as-candidate-for-president/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-01-20}}</ref><ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=en |author=RFI |title=Tanzanie: la présidente Samia Suluhu Hassan désignée candidate à sa succession par son parti |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250119-tanzanie-la-pr%C3%A9sidente-samia-suluhu-hassan-d%C3%A9sign%C3%A9e-candidate-%C3%A0-sa-succession-par-son-parti |website=www.rfi.fr |date=2025-01-19 |access-date=2025-01-20}}</ref>. Ishyaka rikomeye ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, Chadema, ryabujijwe kwitabira amatora, kandi umuyobozi waryo, Tundu Lissu, arafatwa ashinjwa ubugambanyi <ref name="E2">{{cite web |title=Two flawed elections show the dangers of one-party rule |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2025/10/23/two-flawed-elections-show-the-dangers-of-one-party-rule |website=The Economist |access-date=2025-10-24}}</ref><ref name="E58">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tanzania president cleared to run in October election, key rivals barred |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/tanzania-president-cleared-run-october-election-key-rivals-barred-2025-08-27/ |website=Reuters |date=2025-08-27 |access-date=2025-08-29}}</ref>. Yatangajwe nk'uwatsinze amatora n'amajwi agera kuri 97% <ref name="E60">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tanzanian president wins disputed election with more than 97% of the vote |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/11/01/nx-s1-5594080/tanzania-hassan-wins-presidential-election-landslide |website=NPR |date=2025-11-01 |access-date=2025-11-02}}</ref>, maze ku ya 3 Ugushyingo 2025 arahira mu muhango utarimo abaturage <ref name="E61">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tanzania: President sworn in after disputed election |url=https://www.dw.com/en/tanzania-president-sworn-in-after-disputed-election/a-74593102 |website=DW |date=2025-11-03 |access-date=2025-11-03}}</ref><ref name="E62">{{cite web |author=Basillioh Rukanga |title=Tanzania elections: Samia Suluhu Hassan sworn in as president after unrest |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpv1ddevk9go |website=BBC News |date=2025-11-03 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref>. Indorerezi z'Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe zavuze ko ayo matora atubahirije amahame y'akarere n'ay'isi. Ibyavuye mu matora byakurikiwe n'imyigaragambyo n'imvururu zahosheshejwe ku ngufu, interineti irahagarikwa <ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tanzanie, des manifestations violemment réprimées après une élection présidentielle sans opposition |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/10/31/en-tanzanie-des-manifestations-violemment-reprimees-apres-une-election-presidentielle-sans-opposition_6650649_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-10-31 |access-date=2025-11-06}}</ref><ref name="E59">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mange Kimambi: Tanzanian activist blocked from Instagram after mobilising election protests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwyv7ggqpjpo |website=www.bbc.com |date=2025-12-04 |access-date=2026-09-20}}</ref>. Imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu yashinje guverinoma ye gutegeka ko abasivili baraswa amasasu nyayo; Chadema yavuze ko yabaruye abantu bagera ku 1 000 bishwe, yita ibyo byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu <ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tanzanie : Samia Suluhu Hassan, une présidente élue dans le sang |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/11/05/tanzanie-samia-suluhu-hassan-une-presidente-elue-dans-le-sang_6652288_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-11-05 |access-date=2025-11-06}}</ref><ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Violences post-électorales en Tanzanie: le pays compte ses victimes, un lourd bilan humain se dessine |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20251105-violences-post-%C3%A9lectorales-en-tanzanie-le-pays-compte-ses-victimes-un-lourd-bilan-humain-se-dessine |website=RFI |date=2025-11-05 |access-date=2025-11-06}}</ref>. Raporo za Loni zavuze ko abantu amagana bapfuye <ref name="E50">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tanzania: Election-related killings and other violations must be investigated - Türk |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/11/tanzania-election-related-killings-and-other-violations-must-be-investigated |website=OHCHR |access-date=2025-11-13}}</ref><ref name="E51">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tanzania: Reports of hundreds killed and detained following deadly election violence |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/11/1166334 |website=UN News |date=2025-11-11 |access-date=2025-11-13}}</ref>. Guverinoma yemeye ko hari abapfuye, ariko ivuga ko imibare y'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi « ikabije cyane ». Abasesenguzi benshi babona ko ubutegetsi bwe bwahindutse ubw'igitugu <ref name="E48">{{cite web |language=en |title=Has Tanzania Reached Its Breaking Point? |url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/online-exclusive/has-tanzania-reached-its-breaking-point/ |website=Journal of Democracy |access-date=2025-11-13}}</ref><ref name="E49">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tanzania: Killings, Crackdown Follow Disputed Elections |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/11/04/tanzania-killings-crackdown-follow-disputed-elections |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2025-11-04 |access-date=2025-11-13}}</ref><ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Maria Malagardis |title=Activistes arrêtés, torturés et violés : en Tanzanie, l’enfer politique derrière le paradis touristique |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/activistes-arretes-tortures-et-violes-en-tanzanie-lenfer-politique-derriere-le-paradis-touristique-20250526_DSEAED5XFBDBPD65I4T6ISCQX4/ |website=Libération |access-date=2025-11-06}}</ref><ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Maria Malagardis |title=Tanzanie : avec Samia Suluhu Hassan, le nouveau dictateur du pays est une femme |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/tanzanie-avec-samia-suluhu-hassan-le-nouveau-dictateur-du-pays-est-une-femme-20251102_D6XI6UKYSJEEBK226AQWPYY6PA/ |website=Libération |access-date=2025-11-03}}</ref>; ''The Economist'' yavuze mu 2025 ko abantu benshi batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi baburiwe irengero <ref name="E2" /><ref name="E52">{{cite web |language=en |author=Carlos Mureithi |title=Tanzania opposition leaders arrested amid crackdown on dissent |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/23/tanzania-opposition-leaders-arrested-amid-crackdown-on-dissent |website=The Guardian |date=2024-09-23 |access-date=2024-09-24}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2026, umuryango Index on Censorship wamwise « Umunyagitugu w'umwaka wa 2025 » kubera ihonyorwa ry'ubwisanzure bwo kuvuga <ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Laure de Matos |title=Samia Suluhu Hassan, surnommée "la bouchère de Tanzanie", élue "tyran de l'année 2025" |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/samia-suluhu-hassan-surnommee-la-bouchere-de-tanzanie-elue-tyran-de-lannee-2025-2805056 |website=TV5 Monde}}</ref><ref name="E54">{{cite web |title=Tanzania’s Samia Suluhu Hassan named Tyrant of the Year 2025 |url=https://www.indexoncensorship.org/2026/01/tanzanias-samia-suluhu-hassan-named-tyrant-of-the-year/ |website=Index on Censorship |date=2026-01-08 |access-date=2026-01-12}}</ref><ref name="E55">{{cite web |title=Tanzania: Digital darkness and state violence |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jan/05/tanzania-digital-shutdown-violence |website=The Guardian |date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-12}}</ref>. Itegeko Nshinga rya Tanzaniya ntirimwemerera kongera kwiyamamaza mu 2030, kuko yabaye perezida asimbuye uwari ku butegetsi hasigaye imyaka irenga itatu ngo manda irangire <ref name="E63">{{cite web |title=Constitution of Tanzania |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Tanzania_2005?lang=#399}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mu 1978, Samia Suluhu yashakanye na Hafidh Ameir Hassan, impuguke mu buhinzi; bafitanye abahungu batatu n'umukobwa umwe <ref name="E13">{{cite web |language=en |title=President Samia Suluhu Hassan Husband Who Lives A Low-Key Life - Times Digital |url=https://timesdigital.co.ke/samia-suluhu-hassan-husband/ |date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2024-01-21}}</ref><ref name="F2" />. Umukobwa wabo, Mwanu Hafidh Ameir, ni umudepite mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko ya Zanzibar <ref name="E15">{{cite web |language=en |title=Samia Suluhu Hassan – the woman set to become Tanzania's next president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56444575 |website=BBC News |date=2021-03-18 |access-date=2021-03-18}}</ref><ref name="F1" />. Umugabo we yapfuye azize indwara y'umutima ku ya 7 Nzeri 2026, ashyingurwa i Kizimkazi, muri Zanzibar <ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=Tanzania First Gentleman Hafidh Ameir Hassan buried |url=https://observer.ug/news/tanzania-first-gentleman-hafidh-ameir-hassan-buried/ |website=The Observer (Uganda) |date=2026-09-08 |access-date=2026-09-09}}</ref><ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tanzania’s First Gentleman Hafidh Ameir laid to rest at burial attended by Joho, Sudi |url=https://capitalfm.africa/tanzanias-first-gentleman-hafidh-ameir-laid-to-rest-at-burial-attended-by-joho-sudi/ |website=Capital FM Kenya |date=2026-09-07 |access-date=2026-09-07}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagore]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Tanzaniya]] 3yli3wt5jl2d8dhqt9scrxca501l77v 0 23222 140701 2026-10-04T06:01:36Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové | image = Amtseinführung Konsul von Togo (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové | birth_date = 7 Gicurasi 1939 | birth_place = Lomé, [[Togo]] | nationality = Umunyatogo | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Bordeaux, Sorbonne, Kaminuza ya Naples | occupation = Umunyapolitiki, umukozi wa leta | title = Perezida wa [[Togo]] | term = Kuva ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2025 | predecessor = Faure Gnassingbé | pa..." 140701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové | image = Amtseinführung Konsul von Togo (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové | birth_date = 7 Gicurasi 1939 | birth_place = Lomé, [[Togo]] | nationality = Umunyatogo | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Bordeaux, Sorbonne, Kaminuza ya Naples | occupation = Umunyapolitiki, umukozi wa leta | title = Perezida wa [[Togo]] | term = Kuva ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2025 | predecessor = Faure Gnassingbé | party = Convergence patriotique panafricaine (CPP) }} '''Jean-Lucien Kwassi Lanyo Savi de Tové''' (yavutse ku ya 7 Gicurasi 1939 i Lomé) ni umunyapolitiki akaba n'umukozi wa leta wa [[Togo]], Perezida wa gatanu w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2025. Yahoze ari umwe mu batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, afungwa ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Gnassingbé Eyadéma, hanyuma aza kwinjira muri guverinoma nka Minisitiri w'Ubucuruzi, Inganda n'Ubukorikori kuva mu 2005 kugeza mu 2007. Yabaye visi-perezida w'ishyaka rya Convergence patriotique panafricaine (CPP). Mu Gicurasi 2025, nyuma y'ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga ryahinduye Togo igihugu kiyoborwa n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, yatowe n'Inteko ku bwumvikane bwa bose ku mwanya wa perezida, ubu wabaye uw'icyubahiro, mu gihe ububasha bwinshi bwahawe Perezida w'Inama y'Abaminisitiri, Faure Gnassingbé. Afite imyaka 86, ni we muntu ukuze kurusha abandi wabaye Perezida wa Togo. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Savi de Tové yavukiye i Lomé, mu muryango w'Abewe <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Togo : Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové, ancien opposant, élu président de la République |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/actualites/0305-128055-togo-jean-lucien-savi-de-tove-ancien-opposant-elu-president-de-la-republique |website=agenceecofin.com |date=2025-05-03 |access-date=2026-07-30}}</ref><ref name="E1">{{cite web |title=Circonscription électorale de Zio |url=http://www.cenitogo.tg/listecandidats/ZIO.pdf |website=cenitogo.tg |access-date=2009-01-27}}</ref><ref name="E2">{{cite web |title=Profil des membres du gouvernement togolais |url=http://www.etiame.com/etiame296.htm |website=etiame.com |access-date=2009-01-27}}</ref>. Yize amategeko muri Kaminuza ya Bordeaux, mu [[Ubufaransa]], hanyuma abona impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu bumenyi bwa politiki muri Sorbonne, n'impamyabumenyi mu bushakashatsi ku iterambere ry'ubukungu muri Kaminuza ya Naples, mu Butaliyani. == Umwuga wa politiki == Nyuma ya kudeta ya gisirikare yo muri Mutarama 1967, ku ya 6 Gashyantare 1967 yagizwe umunyamabanga mukuru wa Minisiteri y'Ububanyi n'Amahanga, afite imyaka 28. Mu 1969, ubwo Perezida Gnassingbé Eyadéma yashingaga ishyaka rimwe ryonyine ryemewe, Rassemblement du peuple togolais (RPT), Savi de Tové yararyinjiyemo. Mu 1974 no mu 1975, yasimbuwe ku mwanya w'umunyamabanga mukuru. Ashinjwa kugira uruhare mu mugambi wo guhirika ubutegetsi hamwe n'abandi banyapolitiki barimo Gilchrist Olympio, ku ya 12 Nyakanga 1979 yasohorewe impapuro zo kumuta muri yombi, arafungwa. Muri Kanama 1979, we n'abandi bantu bane bahamwe n'icyaha, akatirwa igifungo cy'imyaka icumi <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=en |title=The Amnesty International Report |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=42HkAAAAMAAJ&q=%22commuted+to+life+imprisonment.+Kwassi%22&redir_esc=y |date=1984}}</ref><ref name="E4">{{cite web |title=The Amnesty International Report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=42HkAAAAMAAJ&q=%22commuted+to+life+imprisonment.+Kwassi%22 |website=Amnesty International Publications}}</ref>. Mu 1986, yavuye muri RPT, maze yitabira imyigaragambyo ya 1990–1991 yasabaga ko amashyaka menshi yemerwa. Amashyaka menshi amaze kwemerwa mu 1991, yashinze ishyaka rya Parti des démocrates pour l'unité (PDU), kandi agira uruhare rukomeye mu Nama y'Igihugu yo muri Nyakanga–Kanama 1991 yashyizeho guverinoma y'inzibacyuho. Ku ya 22 Werurwe 1993, mu nama yabereye i Cotonou, muri [[Bene]], ihuriro ry'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi ryamutanze nka Minisitiri w'Intebe mu mwanya wa Joseph Kokou Koffigoh, ryashinjaga gukorana cyane na Perezida Eyadéma <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=TOGO : l'opposition propose M. Savi de Tové comme premier ministre |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1993/03/24/togo-l-opposition-propose-m-savi-de-tove-comme-premier-ministre_3923151_1819218.html |website=Le Monde |date=1993-03-24 |access-date=2023-06-17}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Africa Report |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=7wJvAAAAMAAJ&q=savi+de+tove&redir_esc=y |date=1993}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Togo: l'opposition propose M. Savi de Tové comme premier ministre |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1993/03/24/togo-l-opposition-propose-m-savi-de-tove-comme-premier-ministre_3923151_1819218.html |website=Le Monde |date=1993-03-24}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Africa New Highlights |url=http://70.84.171.10/~etools/newsbrief/1993/news9303.23 |website=Reuters |access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref>; ariko guverinoma yanze iryo shyirwaho. Mu 1994, yiyamamarije kuba umudepite nk'umukandida wigenga, ariko ntiyatorwa <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Godwin Tété |title=L'élection présidentielle de 2015 au Togo - Clarifions et simplifions la problématique |url=https://cvu-togo-diaspora.org/2015/02/14/lelection-presidentielle-de-2015-au-togo-clarifions-et-simplifions-la-problematique/10624 |website=cvu-togo-diaspora.org |date=2015-02-14 |access-date=2026-08-31}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=Godwin Tété |title=L'élection présidentielle de 2015 au Togo - Clarifions et simplifions la problématique |url=https://cvu-togo-diaspora.org/2015/02/14/lelection-presidentielle-de-2015-au-togo-clarifions-et-simplifions-la-problematique/10624 |website=cvu-togo-diaspora.org |date=2015-02-14}}</ref>. Mu 1999, PDU yihuje n'andi mashyaka abiri, UTD na UTS, bibyara ishyaka rya Convergence patriotique panafricaine (CPP) riyobowe na Edem Kodjo, maze Savi de Tové aba visi-perezida wa mbere waryo <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mme Gaba en détention arbitraire et illégale de 48 heures au camp du régiment para-commando de Kara, sur ordre du Lieutenant-colonel Ernest Gnassingbe |url=http://www.togo-confidentiel.com/texte/DroitsHumains&Libert%E9s/Gaba_au_Camp_Landja.htm |website=togo-confidentiel.com |access-date=2026-08-31}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Togo/dialogue: les divergences refont surface avec la reprise des travaux |url=https://icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=6961&f= |date=2006-06-02 |access-date=2025-05-03}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Mme Gaba en détention arbitraire et illégale de 48 heures au camp du régiment para-commando de Kara, sur ordre du Lieutenant-colonel Ernest Gnassingbé |url=http://www.togo-confidentiel.com/texte/DroitsHumains&Libert%E9s/Gaba_au_Camp_Landja.htm}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2005, yagizwe Minisitiri w'Ubucuruzi, Inganda n'Ubukorikori <ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Togo: Liste des membres du nouveau gouvernement |url=http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2005-06/21/content_130208.htm |date=2005-06-21 |access-date=2008-12-23}}</ref>, akomeza kuri uwo mwanya muri guverinoma ya Yawovi Agboyibo <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Répartition des portefeuilles du nouveau gouvernement togolais |url=https://www.afrik.com/repartition-des-portefeuilles-du-nouveau-gouvernement-togolais |website=afrik.com |date=2006-09-21 |access-date=2023-06-17}}</ref><ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Répartition des portefeuilles du nouveau gouvernement togolais |url=https://www.afrik.com/repartition-des-portefeuilles-du-nouveau-gouvernement-togolais |date=2006-09-21}}</ref>. Mu izina rya CPP, yasinye amasezerano ya politiki yasoje ibiganiro hagati y'Abanyatogo byo mu 2006 <ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Texte de l'accord politique global |url=https://www.cenitogo.tg/telechargement/apg.pdf |access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref>. Mu matora y'abadepite yo mu Ukwakira 2007, yari uwa mbere ku rutonde rwa CPP mu karere ka Zio, ariko ishyaka ntiryabona umwanya n'umwe <ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=Text of Constitutional Court decision (final election results) |url=https://www.cenitogo.tg/resultats/Resultats_definitifs_des_elections_legislatives_du_14_octobre_2007_%20proclames_par_la_Cour_Constitutionnelle.do.pdf |date=2007-10-30 |access-date=2025-05-03}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2007, yavanywe muri guverinoma. Ku ya 27 Gicurasi 2009, yagizwe perezida w'urwego ruhoraho rw'ibiganiro n'ubwumvikane (CPDC) <ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Jean-Lucien Savi De Tové confiant et serein |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/politique/jean-lucien-sanvi-de-tove-confiant-et-serein |website=republicoftogo.com}}</ref><ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=Jean-Lucien Sanvi De Tové confiant et serein |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/politique/jean-lucien-sanvi-de-tove-confiant-et-serein |date=2009-05-29}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Togo == Muri Gicurasi 2024, Togo yemeje Itegeko Nshinga rishya ryahinduye igihugu kiyoborwa na perezida kikaba kiyoborwa n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko. Ububasha bwinshi bwa perezida bwahawe umwanya mushya wa Perezida w'Inama y'Abaminisitiri, naho umwanya wa Perezida wa Repubulika uba uw'icyubahiro, utorwa n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kuri manda y'imyaka ine ishobora kongerwa rimwe <ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Togo has adopted major constitutional changes to give parliament more power: how it will work |url=https://theconversation.com/togo-has-adopted-major-constitutional-changes-to-give-parliament-more-power-how-it-will-work-228944 |website=The Conversation |date=2024-05-01}}</ref><ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=Togo Revises Constitution to Eliminate Term Limits: An Explainer |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/togo-revises-constitution-to-eliminate-term-limits-an-explainer/ |website=Africa Center |date=2024-04-23}}</ref>. Ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2025, Savi de Tové yatowe ku bwumvikane bwa bose n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko n'Inteko Nshingamategeko (Sena) bahuriye hamwe <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Togo : Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové, l’opposant historique, élu président dans un geste d’ouverture inédit |url=https://lejournalinfo.com/politique/savi-de-tove-president-togo/ |website=lejournalinfo.com |date=2025-03-05 |access-date=2026-08-31}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Togo Elects Former Opposition Leader Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové as President |url=https://www.togofirst.com/en/politics/0605-16273-togo-elects-former-opposition-leader-jean-lucien-savi-de-tove-as-president |website=Togo First |date=2025-05-06}}</ref>. Yarahiye uwo munsi, aba perezida wa mbere wa Repubulika ya Gatanu ya Togo, asimbura Faure Gnassingbé wabaye Perezida w'Inama y'Abaminisitiri, akaba ari we ufite ububasha bwinshi bw'ubuyobozi <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Togo : Faure Gnassingbé devient président du Conseil des ministres |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1685228/politique/togo-faure-gnassingbe-devient-president-du-conseil-des-ministres/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2026-08-31}}</ref><ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Faure Gnassingbé becomes first Chairman of Council of Ministers of Togo after shift to parliamentary system |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/faure-gnassingbe-becomes-first-chairman-of-council-of-minister-of-togo-after-shift-to-parliamentary-system/ |website=MyJoyOnline |date=2025-05-03}}</ref>. Kubera ko yarahiye habura iminsi ine ngo yuzuze imyaka 86, ni we perezida ukuze kurusha abandi mu mateka ya Togo <ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Togo elects new president |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/togo-elects-new-president/ |website=The Independent Uganda |date=2025-05-04}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Togo]] eqlq17jyumz73sztwaykzb03ugxpl8c 0 23223 140702 2026-10-04T06:16:27Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Kaïs Saïed | image = President Kais Saïed.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Kaïs Saïed | birth_date = 22 Gashyantare 1958 | birth_place = Tunis, [[Tunisiya]] | nationality = Umunyatunisiya | occupation = Umwarimu wa kaminuza mu mategeko nshinga, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Tunisiya]] | term = Kuva ku ya 23 Ukwakira 2019 | predecessor = Mohamed Ennaceur (w'agateganyo) | party = Nta shyaka (umukandida wigenga) | spouse = Ichraf..." 140702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Kaïs Saïed | image = President Kais Saïed.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Kaïs Saïed | birth_date = 22 Gashyantare 1958 | birth_place = Tunis, [[Tunisiya]] | nationality = Umunyatunisiya | occupation = Umwarimu wa kaminuza mu mategeko nshinga, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Tunisiya]] | term = Kuva ku ya 23 Ukwakira 2019 | predecessor = Mohamed Ennaceur (w'agateganyo) | party = Nta shyaka (umukandida wigenga) | spouse = Ichraf Chebil | children = 3 }} '''Kaïs Saïed''' (mu Cyarabu: قيس سعيد; yavutse ku ya 22 Gashyantare 1958 i Tunis) ni umunyapolitiki akaba n'impuguke mu mategeko nshinga wa [[Tunisiya]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 23 Ukwakira 2019. Yamaze imyaka myinshi ari umwarimu w'amategeko muri kaminuza, ndetse n'umwe mu bayobozi b'ishyirahamwe ry'Abanyatunisiya b'impuguke mu mategeko nshinga. Mu 2019, yiyamamaje nk'umukandida wigenga, azwiho kuba inyangamugayo, maze atsinda icyiciro cya kabiri cy'amatora n'amajwi 72,7%. Mu Nyakanga 2021, mu bihe by'ihagarara rya politiki n'icyorezo cya COVID-19, yiyambuye ububasha bwose, yirukana guverinoma kandi ahagarika Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, nyuma arayisesa, ibyo abamurwanya n'abasesenguzi benshi bise kudeta. Mu 2022, yakuyeho Itegeko Nshinga rya 2014, ashyiraho irindi ryemejwe na kamarampaka, riha ububasha bwinshi umukuru w'igihugu. Afatwa n'abenshi nk'umunyagitugu, yongeye gutorwa mu 2024 mu matora yaranzwe n'ubwitabire buke cyane. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere == Kaïs Saïed ni umuhungu wa Moncef Saïed, wari umukozi muri Minisiteri y'Imari, na Zakia Bellagha, wo mu muryango w'abakire b'i Tunis wari umugore wita ku rugo; umuryango we wari uwo mu cyiciro cyo hagati <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Débat du second tour entre Kais Saïed et Nabil Karoui : revivez le direct |url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/debat-du-second-tour-entre-kais-saied-et-nabil-karoui-suivez-le-direct |website=HuffPost Maghreb |date=2019-10-11 |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Monia Ben Hamadi |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed, de la promesse de probité au régime verrouillé |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/10/05/presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-de-la-promesse-de-probite-au-regime-verrouille_6344705_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-10-05 |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title="Robocop", "M. Propre"... qui est Kaïs Saïed, le nouveau président tunisien ? |url=https://www.ledauphine.com/france-monde/2019/10/14/robocop-m-propre-qui-est-kais-saied-le-nouveau-president-de-la-tunisie |website=Le Dauphiné libéré |date=2019-10-14 |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref><ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : Kais Saïed, la révolution austère |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-la-revolution-austere-09-10-2019-2340351_24.php |website=Le Point |date=2019-10-09 |access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref>. Se wabo, Hicham Saïed, yabaye umuganga wa mbere ubaga abana muri Tunisiya <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Kais Saïed, l'infatigable marcheur, qui a emporté le premier tour de la présidentielle en Tunisie |url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/27968-qui-est-kais-saied-l-infatigable-marcheur-qui-a-emporte-le-premier-tour-de-la-presidentielle-en-tunisie-album-photos |website=Leaders |date=2019-09-15 |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref>. Yize amashuri yisumbuye mu ishuri rizwi rya Sadiki <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le nouveau président Kaïs Saïed appelle les Tunisiens à "s'unir contre le terrorisme" |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20191023-tunisie-direct-live-nouveau-president-kais-saied-prestation-serment |website=France 24 |date=2019-10-23 |access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa kaminuza == Saïed yize amategeko, akaba impuguke mu mategeko nshinga, nubwo atigeze abona impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga <ref name="F5" /><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : qui est Kais Saied, le nouveau président élu ? |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/presidentielle-en-tunisie-qui-est-kais-saied-le-nouveau-president-elu-326712 |website=information.tv5monde.com |date=2019-10-14 |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie de Kaïs Saïed |url=https://www.businessnews.com.tn/Biographie-de-Kais-Sa%C3%AFed,520,91020,3 |website=businessnews.com.tn |date=2019-09-15 |access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref>. Yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru w'ishyirahamwe ry'Abanyatunisiya b'impuguke mu mategeko nshinga kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu 1995, hanyuma visi-perezida waryo <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Kaïs Saïed, la vigie |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/135717/politique/kaes-saeed-la-vigie/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2013-11-04 |access-date=2017-05-09}}</ref>. Yayoboye ishami ry'amategeko ya leta muri Kaminuza ya Sousse kuva mu 1994 kugeza mu 1999, hanyuma yigisha mu ishami ry'ubumenyi bw'amategeko na politiki rya Tunis kuva mu 1999 kugeza agiye mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru mu 2018 <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie de Kais Saïed, candidat à la présidentielle anticipée du 15 septembre 2019 |url=http://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2019/09/03/biographie-de-kais-saied-candidat-aux-presidentielles-anticipees-du-15-septembre/ |website=Kapitalis |date=2019-09-03 |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref><ref name="F5" />. Yanabaye impuguke mu bunyamabanga bukuru bw'Umuryango w'Ibihugu by'Abarabu (1989–1990) n'umwe mu bagize itsinda ry'impuguke ryasuzumye umushinga w'Itegeko Nshinga rya Tunisiya mu 2014 <ref name="F12" />. == Kwinjira muri politiki == Saïed yagize uruhare mu mpinduramatwara ya Tunisiya yo mu 2010–2011 <ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Avec l'austère Kaïs Saïed, la Tunisie sur la corde raide |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/09/16/avec-l-austere-kais-saied-la-tunisie-sur-la-corde-raide_1751698 |website=Libération |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref>. Ku ya 15 Mutarama 2011, umunsi umwe nyuma y'ihunga rya Perezida Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, yasabye ko hashyirwaho inteko ishinga itegeko nshinga <ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Laurent Ribadeau Dumas |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed est "conservateur sur le plan des convictions personnelles. Mais pour le reste, c'est un révolutionnaire !" |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/tunisie/tunisie-kais-saied-est-conservateur-sur-le-plan-des-convictions-personnelles-mais-pour-le-reste-c-est-un-revolutionnaire_3661675.html |website=France Info |date=2019-10-17 |access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>. Yashyigikiye ko Inteko Ishinga Amategeko isimburwa n'inteko igizwe n'abatowe mu buryo butaziguye, bashingiye ku turere, kandi bashobora kwamburwa manda yabo <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie – Kaïs Saïed : "Je ne serai candidat d'aucun parti" |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/654112/politique/presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-je-ne-serai-candidat-daucun-parti/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2018-10-26 |access-date=2019-06-24}}</ref><ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed : "Je me présenterai aux présidentielles en tant qu'indépendant" |url=http://www.webdo.tn/2019/03/23/kais-saied-je-me-presenterai-aux-presidentielles-en-tant-quindependant/ |website=webdo.tn |date=2019-03-23 |access-date=2019-06-24}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2013, yitabiriye inama nyinshi z'urubyiruko, maze mu 2016 hashingwa umutwe wa Mouassissoun wo gushyigikira imishinga ye <ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Lilia Blaise |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : « Kaïs Saïed a un discours qui répond à la jeunesse » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/10/16/presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-a-un-discours-qui-repond-a-la-jeunesse_6015731_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-10-16 |access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref><ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, des jeunes épris de changement font campagne pour Kais Saïed |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/En-Tunisie-jeunes-epris-changement-font-campagne-Kais-Saied-2019-10-09-1301053170 |website=La Croix |date=2019-10-09 |access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref>. === Amatora ya 2019 === Mu matora ya perezida ya 2019, Saïed yiyamamaje nk'umukandida wigenga, akoresha amafaranga make cyane, ashingira ku isura y'umuntu woroheje kandi uvuga Icyarabu cy'ubuvanganzo <ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kais Saïd, candidat à la présidentielle de 2019 |url=https://directinfo.webmanagercenter.com/2018/12/03/tunisie-kais-said-candidat-aux-elections-presidentielles-de-2019/ |website=webmanagercenter.com |date=2018-12-03 |access-date=2019-06-24}}</ref><ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle : Kaïs Saïed affirme qu'il ne votera même pas pour lui même ! |url=http://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2019/06/11/presidentielle-kais-saied-affirme-quil-ne-votera-meme-pas-pour-lui-meme/ |website=Kapitalis |date=2019-06-11 |access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>. Gahunda ye yibanze ku kurwanya ruswa no kubahiriza Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benoît Delmas |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed, un Robespierre en campagne |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/tunisie-kais-saied-un-robespierre-en-campagne-11-09-2019-2335234_3826.php |website=Le Point |date=2019-09-11 |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref><ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed : une campagne électorale atypique |url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/27926-kais-saied-une-campagne-electorale-atypique-album-photos |website=Leaders |date=2019-09-10 |access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref>. Kubera imvugo ye itajegajega, bamwita « Robocop » <ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Céline Lussato |title=Présidentielle tunisienne : "Robocop", ultraconservateur… 10 choses à savoir sur Kaïs Saïed |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20190917.OBS18538/robocop-ultra-conservateur-10-choses-a-savoir-sur-kais-saied.html |website=L'Obs |date=2019-09-17 |access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref>. Abenshi mu bamutoye bari urubyiruko rwize <ref name="F29" />. Yabaye uwa mbere mu cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 18,40%, akurikirwa n'umucuruzi Nabil Karoui (15,58%), wari ufunzwe <ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Kais Saïed en tête, selon des résultats portant sur 27 % des votes |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/tunisie-kais-saied-en-tete-selon-des-resultats-portant-sur-27-des-votes-20190916 |website=Le Figaro |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref><ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Élection présidentielle en Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed et Nabil Karoui assurent être au second tour |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/09/15/election-presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-et-nabil-karoui-en-tete-au-premier-tour_5510773_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref>. Mu cyiciro cya kabiri, yatsinze n'amajwi 72,71% kuri 27,29% ya Karoui <ref name="F43">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kais Saïed président de la République avec 72,71 % des voix annonce l'ISIE |url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/kais-saied-president-de-la-republique-avec-72-71-des-voix-annonce-lisie |website=HuffPost Maghreb |date=2019-10-14 |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref>. Nk'uko umusesenguzi Michaël Ayari abivuga, Saïed yagaragazaga ubunyangamugayo n'urugamba rwo kurwanya ruswa, n'ibyiringiro byatakaye byo mu 2011 <ref name="F44">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Agnès Gruda |title=Kaïs Saïed, le président tunisien inattendu |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/international/afrique/201910/16/01-5245671-kais-saied-le-president-tunisien-inattendu.php |website=La Presse |date=2019-10-16 |access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Tunisiya == === Intangiriro ya manda === Ku ya 23 Ukwakira 2019, Saïed yarahiriye imbere y'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, yiyemeza kurwanya iterabwoba no kurinda uburenganzira bw'abagore, maze yakira ububasha bwa perezida ahawe na Mohamed Ennaceur wari perezida w'agateganyo <ref name="F10" /><ref name="F52">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La passation entre Mohamed Ennaceur et Kais Saïed |url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/la-passation-entre-mohamed-ennaceur-et-kais-saied-video |website=HuffPost Maghreb |date=2019-10-23 |access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>. Yanze gutura mu ngoro ya perezida ya Carthage, ahitamo kuguma mu nzu ye bwite <ref name="F53">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed refuse toujours de s'installer au palais de Carthage |url=https://www.businessnews.com.tn/kais-saied-refuse-toujours-de-sinstaller-au-palais-de-carthage,520,92201,3 |website=businessnews.com.tn |date=2019-10-24 |access-date=2019-10-27}}</ref>. Yashinze Habib Jemli, umukandida w'ishyaka rya Kisilamu Ennahdha, gushyiraho guverinoma, ariko Inteko yanga guverinoma ye muri Mutarama 2020 <ref name="F56">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Habib Jemli devient le nouveau chef du gouvernement |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/857258/politique/tunisie-habib-jemli-devient-le-nouveau-chef-du-gouvernement/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-11-15 |access-date=2019-11-15}}</ref><ref name="F57">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La Tunisie dans l'incertitude après le rejet du gouvernement par le Parlement |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/01/11/sans-gouvernement-la-tunisie-plonge-dans-l-incertitude_6025532_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2020-01-11 |access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref>. Hanyuma yashyizeho Elyes Fakhfakh, wahawe icyizere n'Inteko ku ya 27 Gashyantare 2020 <ref name="F58">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Officiel : Elyes Fakhfakh, nouveau chef du gouvernement désigné |url=https://www.mosaiquefm.net/fr/actualite-politique-tunisie/674137/officiel-elyes-fakhfakh-nouveau-chef-du-gouvernement-designe |website=Mosaïque FM |date=2020-01-20 |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref><ref name="F61">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le gouvernement Fakhfakh obtient la confiance de l'ARP |url=https://www.mosaiquefm.net/fr/actualite-national-tunisie/694607/le-gouvernement-fakhfakh-obtient-la-confiance-de-l-arp |website=Mosaïque FM |date=2020-02-27 |access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref>, ariko yegura muri Nyakanga 2020 <ref name="F62">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, la démission du chef du gouvernement renforce la crise politique |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/07/16/tunisie-la-demission-du-chef-du-gouvernement-renforce-la-crise-politique_6046309_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2020-07-16 |access-date=2020-07-16}}</ref>. Ku ya 25 Nyakanga 2020, yashinze Minisitiri w'Umutekano w'Imbere mu Gihugu, Hichem Mechichi, gushyiraho guverinoma, yemejwe ku ya 2 Nzeri 2020 <ref name="F70">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : le ministre de l'Intérieur Hichem Mechichi désigné chef du gouvernement |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20200725-tunisie-le-ministre-de-l-intérieur-hichem-mechichi-désigné-chef-du-gouvernement |website=France 24 |date=2020-07-25 |access-date=2020-07-26}}</ref><ref name="F76">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : l'Assemblée vote la confiance au gouvernement Mechichi à 134 voix |url=https://news.gnet.tn/tunisie-lassemblee-vote-la-confiance-au-gouvernement-mechichi-a-134-voix-favorables/ |website=GlobalNet |date=2020-09-02 |access-date=2020-09-02}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2021, yanze kwakira indahiro y'abaminisitiri bashya Mechichi yari yashyizeho, avuga ko bamwe bakekwagaho ruswa <ref name="F79">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kais Saied s'oppose à la prise de fonction de nouveaux ministres |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2021/02/04/tunisie-kais-saied-s-oppose-a-la-prise-de-fonction-de-nouveaux-ministres/ |website=Africanews |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2021-02-05}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2021, yanze gushyira umukono ku itegeko ryashyiragaho Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="F80">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Tunisie : requiem pour la Cour constitutionnelle |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1150320/politique/tunisie-requiem-pour-la-cour-constitutionnelle/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-04-07 |access-date=2021-05-22}}</ref>. === Iyigarurira ry'ububasha mu 2021 === Ku ya 25 Nyakanga 2021, umunsi w'Ibirori bya Repubulika, ibihumbi by'abigaragambyaga basabye iseswa ry'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, mu gihe icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyari gikomeje gukaza umurego <ref name="F82">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, des milliers de manifestants défilent contre leurs dirigeants |url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/tunisie-milliers-manifestants-defilent-contre-leurs-dirigeants |website=Le Temps |date=2021-07-25 |access-date=2021-08-02}}</ref>. Muri iryo joro, yitwaje ingingo ya 80 y'Itegeko Nshinga, Saïed yirukanye guverinoma ya Mechichi, ahagarika imirimo y'Inteko, akuraho ubudahangarwa bw'abadepite, kandi atangaza ko azayobora igihugu akoresheje amateka <ref name="F83">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kais Saied prend tous les pouvoirs en main, suspend le parlement, limoge Mechichi et s'érige en chef de l'exécutif et du parquet |url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/32197-kais-saied-prend-tous-les-pouvoirs-en-main-suspend-le-parlement-limoge-mechichi-et-s-erige-en-chef-de-l-executif-et-du-parquet |website=Leaders |date=2021-07-25 |access-date=2021-07-25}}</ref>. Ennahdha yahise ibyita « kudeta », kandi abasesenguzi benshi n'impuguke mu mategeko babyemeranyaho <ref name="F84">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : le président s'arroge le pouvoir exécutif, Ennahdha condamne un « coup d'État contre la révolution » |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/tunisie-le-president-sarroge-le-pouvoir-executif-ennahdha-condamne-un-coup-detat-contre-la-revolution-26-07-2021-5QRDP25NJJA5NHFEYDXZJ6TTK4.php |website=Le Parisien |date=2021-07-26 |access-date=2021-07-26}}</ref><ref name="F85">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, la crise politique débouche sur une crise constitutionnelle |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/monde/afrique-moyen-orient/en-tunisie-la-crise-politique-debouche-sur-une-crise-constitutionnelle-1334809 |website=Les Échos |date=2021-07-26 |access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref>. Ku ya 22 Nzeri 2021, yemeje mu iteka ko yiyambitse ububasha bwo gushyiraho amategeko <ref name="F90">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président de la République publie des dispositions exceptionnelles |url=https://www.mosaiquefm.net/fr/actualite-national-tunisie/962219/le-president-de-la-republique-publie-des-dispositions-exceptionnelles |website=Mosaïque FM |date=2021-09-22 |access-date=2021-09-22}}</ref><ref name="F91">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed renforce les pouvoirs de la présidence |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/tunisie-kais-saied-renforce-les-pouvoirs-de-la-presidence-20210922 |website=Le Figaro |date=2021-09-22 |access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref>. Ku ya 29 Nzeri 2021, yashinze Najla Bouden gushyiraho guverinoma, aba umugore wa mbere ubaye Minisitiri w'Intebe muri Tunisiya no mu bihugu by'Abarabu <ref name="F96">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Najla Bouden Romdhane chargée de former un nouveau gouvernement |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/info-en-continu/20210929-tunisie-najla-bouden-romdhane-charg%C3%A9e-de-former-un-nouveau-gouvernement-officiel |website=France 24 |date=2021-09-29 |access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>. Ku ya 30 Werurwe 2022, abadepite 120 bateraniye mu nama y'ikoranabuhanga batora ko ingamba zidasanzwe zihagarara; uwo munsi, Saïed yasheshe Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, anakangisha abadepite gukurikiranwa n'inkiko <ref name="F100">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ftiti : leur but était de pousser le chef de l'État à organiser un dialogue national ou à dissoudre le Parlement |url=https://www.tunisienumerique.com/ftiti-leur-but-etait-de-pousser-le-chef-de-letat-a-organiser-un-dialogue-national-ou-a-dissoudre-le-parlement-audio/ |website=tunisienumerique.com |date=2022-03-31 |access-date=2022-03-31}}</ref><ref name="F101">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : la crise institutionnelle s'aggrave |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/monde/afrique-moyen-orient/tunisie-le-president-dissout-le-parlement-1397321 |website=Les Échos |date=2022-03-30 |access-date=2022-03-31}}</ref><ref name="F102">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Tunisie : poussé dans ses derniers retranchements, Kaïs Saïed dissout l'Assemblée |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1334874/politique/tunisie-pousse-dans-ses-derniers-retranchements-kais-saied-dissout-lasssemblee/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2022-03-31 |access-date=2022-03-31}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro za 2023, polisi yafashe abantu benshi bo mu ihuriro rikomeye ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, Front de salut national <ref name="F103">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les arrestations d'opposants au président Kaïs Saïed continuent en Tunisie |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20230222-les-arrestations-d-opposants-au-président-kaïs-saïed-continuent-en-tunisie |website=France 24 |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref>. Kubera ibyo, abenshi bamwita « perezida ufite ububasha bukabije » cyangwa umunyagitugu <ref name="F104">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : cinq ans après l'élection de Kaïs Saïed, les observateurs dénoncent un retour à la dictature |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinfo/podcasts/comprendre-le-monde/tunisie-cinq-ans-apres-l-election-de-kais-saied-les-observateurs-denoncent-un-retour-a-la-dictature-8915309 |website=Radio France |date=2024-09-10 |access-date=2024-10-09}}</ref><ref name="F105">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : le président Kaïs Saïed réélu à une majorité écrasante de 90,7% |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241007-présidentielle-en-tunisie-le-président-kaïs-saïed-donné-vainqueur-avec-90-7-des-voix |website=RFI |access-date=2024-10-09}}</ref>. === Itegeko Nshinga rya 2022 === Ku ya 30 Kamena 2022, Saïed yatangaje umushinga w'Itegeko Nshinga rishya riha ububasha bwinshi umukuru w'igihugu, kandi rivuga ko Isilamu ari intego ya leta n'isoko y'amategeko <ref name="F107">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Tunisie : islam, libertés, régime présidentiel… Ce qu'il faut retenir du projet de nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1358307/politique/tunisie-islam-libertes-regime-presidentiel-ce-quil-faut-retenir-du-projet-de-nouvelle-constitution/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2022-07-04}}</ref>. Komisiyo Mpuzamahanga y'Abanyamategeko yavuze ko iyo nzira inyuranyije n'amategeko kandi itarimo ubunyangamugayo <ref name="F108">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mehdi Chebil |title=Tunisie : la réforme constitutionnelle de Kaïs Saïed sous le feu des critiques |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20220630-tunisie-la-r%C3%A9forme-constitutionnelle-de-ka%C3%AFs-sa%C3%AFed-sous-le-feu-des-critiques |website=France 24 |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2022-07-04}}</ref>. Muri kamarampaka yo ku ya 25 Nyakanga 2022, abagera kuri 92–93% by'abatoye bemeje iryo Tegeko Nshinga, ariko ubwitabire bwari buke cyane <ref name="F109">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : 92 à 93% pour le oui à la nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/tunisie-92-a-93-pour-le-oui-a-la-nouvelle-constitution-20220725 |website=Le Figaro |date=2022-07-25 |access-date=2022-07-26}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Saïed afitanye umubano mwiza na [[Aligeriya]] ya [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]], yegera ibihugu by'Ikigobe nka [[Nyarabu Zunze Ubumwe]], kandi ari hafi ya Perezida wa Misiri, [[Abdel Fattah al-Sissi]] <ref name="F115">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed à Alger pour renforcer les liens entre la Tunisie et l'Algérie |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1543619/politique/kais-saied-a-alger-pour-renforcer-les-liens/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2024-03-04 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref><ref name="F117">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Hajer Cherni |title=Les Émirats arabes unis affirment leur soutien à la Tunisie |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/les-%C3%A9mirats-arabes-unis-affirment-leur-soutien-%C3%A0-la-tunisie-/2614823 |website=Agence Anadolu |date=2022-06-15 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref><ref name="F118">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Ahlem Khattab |title=Tunisie–Égypte : Sissi et Saïed, de quoi leur relation est-elle le nom ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1251944/politique/tunisie-egypte-sissi-et-saied-de-quoi-leur-relation-est-elle-le-nom/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-10-16 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2022, yakiriye nk'umukuru w'igihugu Brahim Ghali, umuyobozi w'umutwe wa Polisario, bituma Maroke na Tunisiya bihamagaza ba ambasaderi babyo <ref name="F111">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Khadija Mohsen-Finan |title=Sahara : la Tunisie coincée entre l'Algérie et le Maroc |url=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/sahara-la-tunisie-coincee-entre-l-algerie-et-le-maroc,5836 |website=Orient XXI |date=2022-09-05 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Hagati ya 2023 na 2024, yakiriye kenshi Minisitiri w'Intebe w'Ubutaliyani, Giorgia Meloni, wageragezaga kumvikana na we ku bijyanye no kurwanya abimukira binjira mu Burayi mu buryo butemewe <ref name="F119">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bras de fer à distance entre Kaïs Saïed et Giorgia Meloni à quelques jours de sa visite à Tunis |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240413-bras-de-fer-%C3%A0-distance-entre-ka%C3%AFs-sa%C3%AFed-et-giorgia-meloni-%C3%A0-quelques-jours-de-sa-visite-%C3%A0-tunis |website=RFI |date=2024-04-13 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Ku ya 12 Mata 2023, yasubukuye umubano wa dipolomasi na Siriya <ref name="F123">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La Tunisie et la Syrie vont rétablir leurs relations diplomatiques |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/les-relations-diplomatiques-entre-la-tunis-et-damas-vont-etre-retablies-20230412 |website=Le Figaro |date=2023-04-12 |access-date=2023-05-21}}</ref>. Arwanya yivuye inyuma kugirana umubano na Isirayeli, avuga ko byaba ari « ubugambanyi bukomeye » <ref name="F122">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed estime que le nom de la tempête Daniel traduit une influence 'sioniste' |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/tunisie-kais-saied-estime-que-le-nom-de-la-tempete-daniel-traduit-une-influence-sioniste |website=information.tv5monde.com |date=2023-09-19 |access-date=2023-09-20}}</ref><ref name="F132">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La victoire du conservateur Kaïs Saïed à la présidence tunisienne est lourde d'interrogations |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/10/14/la-victoire-du-conservateur-kais-saied-a-la-presidence-tunisienne-est-lourde-d-interrogations_6015417_3232.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-10-14 |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri === Mu matora ya perezida yo ku ya 6 Ukwakira 2024, Saïed yongeye gutorwa n'amajwi 90,69% <ref name="F124">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tunisian President Saied says he will seek re-election in October |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/20/tunisian-president-saied-says-he-will-seek-re-election-in-october |website=Al Jazeera |date=2024-07-20 |access-date=2024-10-08}}</ref><ref name="F125">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, le président Kaïs Saïed réélu avec 90,7 % des suffrages |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/10/07/en-tunisie-le-president-kais-saied-reelu-avec-90-7-des-suffrages_6346202_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2024-10-08}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2025, ibihano bikomeye by'igifungo byahawe abantu bagera kuri mirongo ine, barimo abanyapolitiki, abavoka n'abanyamakuru, mu rubanza rw'« umugambi wo guhungabanya umutekano wa leta », byanenzwe n'Ibiro bya Komiseri Mukuru wa Loni ushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, kimwe n'Ubufaransa n'Ubudage; Saïed yabyise « ukwivanga gukabije » <ref name="F126">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin König |title=Des condamnations allant jusqu'à 66 ans de prison contre les opposants : en Tunisie, Kaïs Saïed a détruit tous les fondements de l'État de droit |url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/kais-saied/des-condamnations-allant-jusqua-66-ans-de-prison-contre-les-opposants-en-tunisie-kais-saied-a-detruit-tous-les-fondements-de-letat-de-droit |website=L'Humanité |date=2025-04-21 |access-date=2025-05-03}}</ref><ref name="F127">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : le président, Kaïs Saïed, dénonce une « ingérence flagrante » concernant les critiques venues de l'étranger |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/04/29/tunisie-le-president-kais-saied-denonce-une-ingerence-flagrante-apres-des-critiques-a-l-international_6601445_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-04-29 |access-date=2025-05-03}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2026, ikinyamakuru cyo mu Butaliyani ''Il Foglio'' cyatangaje ko yaba yajyanywe mu bitaro, ariko perezidansi ntiyabyemeza <ref name="E84">{{cite web |author=Luca Gambardella |title=Saied Hospitalized as Kamel Ghribi Sends a Trojan Horse to Tunis |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/esteri/2026/07/17/news/saied-hospitalized-as-kamel-ghribi-sends-a-trojan-horse-to-tunis--402446 |website=Il Foglio |date=2026-07-17 |access-date=2026-07-27}}</ref>. == Ibitekerezo n'imyanya afata == Ibitekerezo bye bya gakondo ntibishingiye ku idini, ariko ''Le Monde'' imushyira mu murongo w'abaharanira ubumwe bw'Abarabu <ref name="F5" /><ref name="F132" />. Arwanya ko abagore bazungura kimwe n'abagabo <ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mohamed Haddad |title=Présidentielle tunisienne : Kaïs Saïed, juriste conservateur, est en tête du premier tour |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/09/16/presidentielle-tunisienne-kais-saied-juriste-hyper-conservateur-est-en-tete-du-premier-tour_5510991_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref><ref name="F133">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Célian Macé |title=Avec l'austère Kaïs Saïed, la Tunisie sur la corde raide |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/09/16/avec-l-austere-kais-saied-la-tunisie-sur-la-corde-raide_1751698 |website=Libération |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref>, kandi ashyigikiye igihano cy'urupfu <ref name="F137">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed : j'éliminerai les élections législatives et je suis pour la peine de mort |url=http://www.businessnews.com.tn/Kaïs-Saïed--j'éliminerai-les-élections-législatives-et-je-suis-pour-la-peine-de-mort,520,88453,3 |website=businessnews.com.tn |date=2019-06-11 |access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref>. Avuga ko ubutinganyi ari ikibazo cy'umuntu ku giti cye, ariko ko budakwiriye kugaragara mu ruhame <ref name="F137" />. Itegeko Nshinga rya 2022 rivuga ko Tunisiya ari kimwe mu bihugu bigize umuryango w'Abayisilamu (''oumma'') <ref name="F138">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Tunisie : islam, libertés, régime présidentiel… Ce qu'il faut retenir du projet de nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1358307/politique/tunisie-islam-libertes-regime-presidentiel-ce-quil-faut-retenir-du-projet-de-nouvelle-constitution/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref>. Ku ya 21 Gashyantare 2023, Saïed yavuze ko abimukira baturuka muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara ari « umugambi w'ubugizi bwa nabi » ugamije guhindura imiterere y'abaturage ba Tunisiya <ref name="F139">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : le président Saied veut des « mesures urgentes » contre l'immigration subsaharienne |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/tunisie-le-president-saied-veut-des-mesures-urgentes-contre-l-immigration-subsaharienne-20230221 |website=Le Figaro |date=2023-02-21 |access-date=2023-02-23}}</ref><ref name="F142">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : polémique après un discours « raciste et haineux » du président Saied contre les migrants |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/tunisie-polemique-apres-un-discours-raciste-et-haineux-du-president-saied-contre-les-migrants-22-02-2023-KHCDKG57PNFMJGHQB5TN5C3TXE.php |website=Le Parisien |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-11-06}}</ref>; ''Le Monde'' na ''Le Point'' byavuze ko ayo magambo ashingiye ku gitekerezo cya « ugusimbuzwa gukomeye » (''grand remplacement'') <ref name="F140">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Lila Blaise |title=En Tunisie, le président Kaïs Saïed s'en prend aux migrants subsahariens |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/02/22/en-tunisie-le-president-kais-saied-s-en-prend-aux-migrants-subsahariens_6162908_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-02-22}}</ref><ref name="F141">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed s'en prend violemment aux migrants subsahariens |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/tunisie-kais-saied-la-porte-ouverte-au-racisme-22-02-2023-2509661_3826.php |website=Le Point |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-02-22}}</ref>. Nyuma y'iryo jambo, abimukira benshi bo muri Afurika yo munsi ya Sahara batakaje akazi n'aho kuba, kandi nibura 1 300 muri bo bajyanywe na polisi ku mipaka na Libiya na Aligeriya, basigwa mu butayu <ref name="F144">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : vingt-sept morts et disparus après deux nouveaux naufrages |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/04/08/tunisie-vingt-sept-morts-et-disparus-apres-deux-nouveaux-naufrages_6168815_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-04-08 |access-date=2023-04-11}}</ref><ref name="F145">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, « le discours de Kaïs Saïed a donné carte blanche à la violence contre les migrants » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/video/2023/08/09/en-tunisie-le-discours-de-kais-saied-a-donne-carte-blanche-a-la-violence-contre-les-migrants_6184896_3210.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-08-09 |access-date=2023-08-12}}</ref>. Mu 2023, ibura ry'amazi ritewe n'imihindagurikire y'ibihe ryatumye guverinoma ishyiraho igabanywa ry'amazi mu turere tumwe <ref name="E85">{{cite web |author=Sarah Yerkes |title=What Tunisia's Municipalities Can Contribute to Climate Adaptation |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/06/tunisia-climate-adaptation-regions-local-communities?lang=en |website=CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE |access-date=2024-07-25}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Saïed yashakanye n'umucamanza Ichraf Chebil, bamenyaniye muri kaminuza ya Sousse aho yari umunyeshuri we; bafitanye abana batatu <ref name="F3" /><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle 2019 : biographie de Kais Saïed, vainqueur du premier tour |url=http://www.webdo.tn/2019/09/16/presidentielle-2019-biographie-de-kais-saied-vainqueur-du-premier-tour/ |website=webdo.tn |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref><ref name="E86">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle 2019 : Biographie de Kais Saied, vainqueur du premier tour |url=http://www.webdo.tn/2019/09/16/presidentielle-2019-biographie-de-kais-saied-vainqueur-du-premier-tour/ |website=Webdo |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref>. Umuvandimwe we, Naoufel Saïed, na we ari muri politiki kandi aramushyigikira <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=En Tunisie, l'influence grandissante de Naoufel, le frère de Kaïs Saïed |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/998512/politique/en-tunisie-linfluence-grandissante-de-naoufel-le-frere-de-kais-saied/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2020-06-24 |access-date=2020-06-26}}</ref>. Akunda umuziki wa kera w'Abarabu n'ubugeni bwo kwandika Icyarabu; amabaruwa ye yandikishije intoki mu nyandiko nziza ya Maghreb yaravuzwe cyane <ref name="E87">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tunisia's Kais Saied: president on a 'divine mission' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241004-tunisia-s-kais-saied-president-on-a-divine-mission |website=France 24 |date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2024-10-04}}</ref><ref name="E88">{{cite web |language=ar |title=كتبها بخط يده.. رسالة سعيّد للجملي تثير مواقع التواصل (شاهد) |url=https://arabi21.com/story/1223125/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B7-%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF |website=عربي21 |date=2019-11-16 |access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Tunisiya]] b12c56rswbyrpei51kiglopfrx5ni3e 0 23224 140703 2026-10-04T06:22:01Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Hakainde Hichilema | image = Hakainde Hichilema 2022 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Hakainde Hichilema mu 2022 | birth_date = 4 Kamena 1962 | birth_place = Akarere ka Monze, [[Zambiya]] | nationality = Umunyazambiya | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Zambiya, Kaminuza ya Birmingham | occupation = Umucuruzi, umworozi, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Zambiya]] | term = Kuva ku ya 24 Kanama 2021 | predecessor = Edgar Lungu | party =..." 140703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Hakainde Hichilema | image = Hakainde Hichilema 2022 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Hakainde Hichilema mu 2022 | birth_date = 4 Kamena 1962 | birth_place = Akarere ka Monze, [[Zambiya]] | nationality = Umunyazambiya | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Zambiya, Kaminuza ya Birmingham | occupation = Umucuruzi, umworozi, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Zambiya]] | term = Kuva ku ya 24 Kanama 2021 | predecessor = Edgar Lungu | party = United Party for National Development (UPND) | spouse = Mutinta Hichilema | children = 3 }} '''Hakainde Hichilema''' (yavutse ku ya 4 Kamena 1962), uzwi cyane ku nyuguti « '''HH''' » no ku izina rya « '''Bally''' », ni umucuruzi, umworozi akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa [[Zambiya]], Perezida wa karindwi w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 24 Kanama 2021. Ayobora ishyaka rya United Party for National Development (UPND) kuva mu 2006. Yabaye umuyobozi w'ibigo by'ubugenzuzi bw'imari Coopers and Lybrand na Grant Thornton muri Zambiya, mbere yo kwinjira muri politiki. Yatsinzwe amatora ya perezida inshuro eshanu, harimo aya 2015 n'aya 2016 yatsinzwe na Edgar Lungu ku kinyuranyo gito. Mu 2017, yafunzwe amezi ane ashinjwa ubugambanyi, ifungwa ryamaganywe cyane mu gihugu no mu mahanga. Yatsinze amatora ya 2021 ku cyiciro cya mbere, yongera gutorwa mu 2026. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'umwuga == Hichilema yavukiye mu mudugudu wo mu karere ka Monze, ku ya 4 Kamena 1962. Yahawe buruse yo kwiga muri Kaminuza ya Zambiya, ayirangiza mu 1986 afite impamyabumenyi mu bukungu n'imicungire y'ubucuruzi, hanyuma abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (MBA) mu mari n'ingamba z'ubucuruzi muri Kaminuza ya Birmingham, mu Bwongereza <ref name="E3">{{cite web |title=Biography: Hakainde Hichilema |url=http://hh-zambia.com/about/ |website=HH Zambia |access-date=2015-01-23}}</ref>. Yabaye umuyobozi mukuru wa Coopers and Lybrand Zambia kuva mu 1994 kugeza mu 1998, hanyuma uwa Grant Thornton Zambia kuva mu 1998 kugeza mu 2006 <ref name="E4">{{cite web |title=HH's curriculum vitae |url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2008/09/19/hhs-curriculum-vitae/ |website=Lusaka Times |date=2008-09-19 |access-date=2015-01-23}}</ref>. Ni umwe mu bantu bakize muri Zambiya, kandi ni uwa kabiri mu borozi b'inka benshi mu gihugu <ref name="E68">{{cite web |author=Aislinn Laing |title=Africa needs leaders to run countries like CEOs, Zambia's opposition leader says |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zambia/11354142/Africa-needs-leaders-to-run-countries-like-CEOs-Zambias-opposition-leader-says.html |website=The Daily Telegraph |date=2015-01-19 |access-date=2015-01-23}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa politiki == Mu 2006, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Anderson Mazoka, Hichilema yatorewe kuyobora ishyaka rya UPND, ndetse n'ihuriro ry'amashyaka atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, United Democratic Alliance (UDA). Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2006, ashyigikiwe n'uwahoze ari Perezida Kenneth Kaunda, yabaye uwa gatatu n'amajwi agera kuri 25%. Mu matora yo mu 2008, yakurikiye urupfu rwa Perezida Levy Mwanawasa, yongeye kuba uwa gatatu n'amajwi 19,7% <ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Zambia to hold presidential by-election on Oct.30 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913023915/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/10/content_9890454.htm}}</ref>. Mu 2009, UPND yagiranye amasezerano n'ishyaka rya Patriotic Front rya Michael Sata, ariko asenyuka mu 2011 <ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Zambia opposition alliance splits ahead of poll |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/zambia-politics-idAFLDE72A13H20110311/ |website=Reuters |date=2011-03-11 |access-date=2024-03-18}}</ref>. Mu matora ya perezida yo muri Mutarama 2015, yatsinzwe na Edgar Lungu ku kinyuranyo gito cy'amajwi 27 757 (1,66%), maze avuga ko ayo matora yaranzwe n'uburiganya <ref name="E7">{{cite web |title=Zambia opposition cries foul as Edgar Lungu wins presidential election |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zambia/11367373/Zambia-opposition-cries-foul-as-Lungu-wins-presidential-election.html |website=The Daily Telegraph |date=2015-01-24 |access-date=2015-01-25}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=Hakainde Hichilema |title=Edgar Lungu steals election |url=http://hh-zambia.com/blog/edgar-lungu-steals-election/ |website=hh-zambia.com |date=2015-01-24 |access-date=2015-01-25}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2016, yongeye gutsindwa na Lungu ku kinyuranyo gito (47,6% kuri 50,4%) <ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365 |website=BBC News |date=2016-08-15 |access-date=2016-09-29}}</ref>. === Ifungwa ryo mu 2017 === Ku ya 11 Mata 2017, abapolisi binjiye ku ngufu iwe, baramufata, ashinjwa ubugambanyi no gushaka guhirika ubutegetsi, nyuma y'uko imodoka zari zimuherekeje zivugwaho kwanga guha inzira iz'umukuru w'igihugu <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=en |author=Chris Mfula |title=Zambian opposition leader charged with trying to overthrow government |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-politics-idUSKBN17K22J?il=0 |website=reuters.com |date=2017-04-18 |access-date=2021-08-25}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |author=Chris Mfula |title=Zambian opposition leader charged with trying to overthrow government |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-politics-idUSKBN17K22J?il=0 |website=Reuters |date=2017-04-18 |access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema released |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-40945825 |website=BBC News |date=2017-08-16 |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref>. Abenshi babonaga ko icyo cyari ikosa ryo mu muhanda gusa, kidashobora gufatwa nk'ubugambanyi <ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Hakainde Hichilema's treason trial puts Zambia at crossroads |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40020950 |website=BBC News |date=2017-05-24 |access-date=2021-08-18}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=The day road rage led to a treason charge in Zambia, as democracy falters in Africa |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-zambia-opposition-treason-2017-htmlstory.html |website=Los Angeles Times |date=2017-05-30 |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref>. Abapolisi bakoresheje imbaraga z'umurengera, bangiza inzu ye kandi bakubita abakozi be <ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Zambia : Police used excessive force to arrest HH and five others-Amnesty International |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2018/02/27/police-used-excessive-force-arrest-hh-five-others-amnesty-international/ |date=2018-02-27 |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Cops Rob Millions Of Kwacha From Hichilema's Residence In Midnight Raid |url=https://zambiareports.com/2017/04/12/cops-rob-millions-kwacha-hichilemas-residence-midnight-raid/ |website=Zambia Reports |date=2017-04-12 |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref>. Nyuma, Hichilema yavuze ko yafunzwe wenyine iminsi umunani nta biryo, nta mazi kandi akorerwa iyicarubozo <ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=BBC World News - HARDtalk, Hakainde Hichilema |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/n3ct2km6 |website=BBC |access-date=2021-08-18}}</ref>. Ifungwa rye ryamaganywe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'Uburayi, abepiskopi Gatolika ba Zambiya ndetse n'abanyapolitiki bo muri Afurika y'Epfo <ref name="E18">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia : Catholic Bishops condemn HH arrest, say Zambia is now a dictatorship |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/04/23/catholic-bishops-condemn-hh-arrest-say-zambia-is-now-a-dictatorship/ |date=2017-04-23 |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |title=USA denounces brutal arrest of Hichilema |url=https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/usa-denounces-brutal-arrest-of-hichilema/ |website=Zambian Watchdog |date=2017-04-13 |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |title=US, EU Condemn Hichilema Arrest, Treason Charge |url=https://zambiareports.com/2017/04/14/us-eu-condemn-hichilema-arrest-treason-charge/ |website=Zambia Reports |date=2017-04-14 |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref><ref name="E19">{{cite web |language=en |title=Malema compares Zambia leader to apartheid rulers |url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/malema-compares-zambia-leader-to-apartheid-rulers-20170730 |website=News24 |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref>. Uwahoze ari Perezida wa Nijeriya, Olusegun Obasanjo, n'Umunyamabanga Mukuru wa Commonwealth, Patricia Scotland, bamusuye muri gereza <ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Former Nigerian President Obasanjo goes to visit HH in prison – Mwebantu |url=https://mwebantu.com/2017/08/05/former-nigerian-president-obasanjo-goes-to-visit-hh-in-prison/comment-page-1/ |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=Secretary-General meets Zambian president and opposition leader |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/secretary-general-meets-zambian-president-and-opposition-leader |website=The Commonwealth |date=2017-08-07 |access-date=2021-08-18}}</ref>, mu gihe Perezida Lungu yatangaje ibihe bidasanzwe <ref name="E32">{{cite web |author=Abdi Latif Dahir |title=One of Africa's most stable democracies just declared a state of emergency |url=https://qz.com/africa/1022493/zambias-president-declares-state-of-emergency-and-sparked-authoritarian-rule-concerns/ |website=Quartz |date=2017-07-06 |access-date=2021-08-18}}</ref>. Ku ya 16 Kanama 2017, ibyaha yashinjwaga byavanyweho, maze ararekurwa, ibyo byakiranwa ibyishimo mu gihugu hose <ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Zambia: HH walks to freedom as the state enters nolle prosequi in the treason case |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/08/16/hh-walks-freedom-state-enters-nolle-prosequi-treason-case/ |date=2017-08-16 |access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref><ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=DPP drops HH case – Zambia Daily Mail |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/dpp-drops-hh-case/ |access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref><ref name="E40">{{cite web |language=en |author=Kristen Van Schie |title=Zambia: Hakainde Hichilema released from jail to jubilant reception, more popular than ever |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-08-17-zambia-hakainde-hichilema-released-from-jail-to-jubilant-reception-more-popular-than-ever/ |website=Daily Maverick |date=2017-08-16 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref>. Muri Ukwakira 2017, umuryango Friedrich Naumann wamuhaye igihembo cy'ubwisanzure muri Afurika (''Africa Freedom Award'') <ref name="E61">{{cite web |language=en |title=HH conferred with Africa Freedom Award |url=http://zambia24.com/news/2017/10/29/hh-conferred-with-africa-freedom-award/ |website=zambia24.com |access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref>. Mu Ugushyingo 2017, inyandiko zizwi nka ''Paradise Papers'' zagaragaje ko yari umuyobozi w'ikigo cy'ubucukuzi AfNat Resources, cyanditswe muri Bermuda, igihugu kizwiho kudasoresha cyane <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=en |title=Hakainde Sammy Hichilema |url=https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/stories/hakainde-sammy-hichilema |website=offshoreleaks.icij.org |access-date=2021-10-04}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia : UPND Leader Hakainde Hichilema named in Paradise Papers |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/11/07/upnd-leader-hakainde-hichilema-named-paradise-papers/ |access-date=2021-10-04}}</ref>; amakuru nk'ayo yari yaragaragaye no mu nyandiko za ''Panama Papers''<ref name="E71">{{cite web |title=Hakainde Sammy Hichilema: ICIJ Offshore Leaks Database |url=https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/stories/hakainde-sammy-hichilema |website=Offshore Leaks Database |access-date=2021-08-17}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Zambiya == Mu matora yo ku ya 12 Kanama 2021, Hichilema yatsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 59%, arusha Perezida Lungu wari ku butegetsi amanota arenga makumyabiri <ref name="E1">{{cite web |title=Zambian opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema wins presidential election |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210816005527-u600i/ |website=news.trust.org |access-date=2021-08-16}}</ref><ref name="E46">{{cite web |language=en |author=Chris Mfula |title=Zambian opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema wins landslide in presidential election |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/zambian-opposition-leader-hichilema-heads-closer-victory-presidential-vote-2021-08-15/ |website=Reuters |date=2021-08-16 |access-date=2021-08-16}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Zambiya ku ya 24 Kanama 2021, kuri sitade ya National Heroes i [[Lusaka]], afite Mutale Nalumango nka visi-perezida <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Hakainde Hichilema, opposant historique, prend les rênes de la Zambie |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/zambie-l-opposant-historique-hakainde-hichilema-investi-president-24-08-2021-2439894_24.php |website=lepoint.fr |date=2021-08-24 |access-date=2021-08-25}}</ref><ref name="E47">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia : Hakainde Hichilema is president of the Republic of Zambia |url=https://www.freiheit.org/sub-saharan-africa/hakainde-hichilema-president-republic-zambia |website=Freiheit |date=2021-08-26 |access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>. Avuga ko ari « umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe kwamamaza » igihugu, akora ingendo nyinshi zo kumenyekanisha ubukungu bwa Zambiya mu mahanga <ref name="E56">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia's developing international relations |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/03/zambias-developing-international-relations/introduction |website=Chatham House |access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2022, yashimiye ishoramari rinini mu bucukuzi bw'umuringa n'ubwa nikeli <ref name="E54">{{cite web |language=en |title=President Hichilema delivers keynote at Mining Indaba - African Mining Market |url=https://africanminingmarket.com/president-hichilema-delivers-keynote-at-mining-indaba/13152/ |date=2022-05-09 |access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>, kandi Zambiya isinyana na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] amasezerano yo guteza imbere inganda za batiri z'amashanyarazi <ref name="E52">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia: The first year of a Hichilema foreign policy |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/08/zambia-first-year-hichilema-foreign-policy |website=Chatham House |date=2023-05-16 |access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>. Mu 2022, we na Perezida wa Tanzaniya, [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]], bemeranyije kuvugurura umuhanda wa gari ya moshi wa TAZARA <ref name="E55">{{cite web |title=Tanzania, Zambia agree to upgrade Tazara to SGR level |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/tanzania-zambia-agree-to-upgrade-tazara-to-sgr-level-3901174 |website=The Citizen |date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>. Muri uwo mwaka, Zambiya yatoye yamagana igitero cy'Uburusiya muri Ukraine mu Muryango w'Abibumbye <ref name="E52" />. Mu 2022, yitabiriye inama y'abakuru b'ibihugu bya Commonwealth i Kigali, mu [[Rwanda]] <ref name="E56" />. Mu Ukwakira 2024, yirukanye abacamanza batatu b'Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="E57">{{cite web |language=en |author=Kathy Short |title=Zambian president fires 3 constitutional court judges |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/zambian-president-fires-3-constitutional-court-judges/7837785.html |website=Voice of America |date=2024-10-24 |access-date=2026-07-30}}</ref><ref name="E58">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambian President Hakainde Hichilema warns sleepy ministers against 'indulgence' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c39jlpnk7pvo |website=BBC |date=2025-04-01 |access-date=2026-07-30}}</ref>. Ku ya 4 Kamena 2026, yasinye itegeko rituma uburezi bw'ubuntu buba uburenganzira buhoraho <ref name="E60">{{cite web |title=The Education Amendment Bill, 2026 |url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/12930 |website=Parliament of Zambia |date=2026-06-04 |access-date=2026-08-03}}</ref>. Mu matora rusange ya 2026, yongeye gutorwa ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 60,5%, imbere ya Brian Mundubile wagize 37,9% <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zambie: le président Hakainde Hichilema a prêté serment pour un second mandat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20260901-zambie-le-pr%C3%A9sident-hakainde-hichilema-a-pr%C3%AAt%C3%A9-serment-pour-un-second-mandat |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref><ref name="E50">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia's president Hichilema wins re-election with big economic promises |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20260818-zambia-president-hichilema-wins-re-election-with-big-economic-promises |website=France24 |date=2026-08-18 |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref><ref name="E51">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia’s Hichilema wins second term as president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/18/zambias-hichilema-wins-second-term-as-president |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref>. Nyuma y'amatora, abanyapolitiki benshi batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, barimo Mundubile, barafunzwe bashinjwa ubugambanyi, naho umunyapolitiki Mutotwe Kafwaya yicirwa mu gikorwa cya polisi <ref name="F6" />. == Ubuzima bwite == Hichilema yashakanye na Mutinta, bafitanye abana batatu <ref name="E4" />. Ni umuyoboke w'Itorero ry'Abadiventisiti b'Umunsi wa Karindwi <ref name="E66">{{cite web |title=HH: I am not a Masonist, I am Christian and a church elder at SDA |url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/12/24/not-masonist-christian-church-elder-sda-hh/ |website=Lusaka Times |date=2014-12-24 |access-date=2015-01-23}}</ref><ref name="E67">{{cite web |language=en |author=Noel Sibanda |title=Adventist Master Guide Hakainde Hichilema Is the New President of Zambia |url=https://adventist.news/news/adventist-master-guide-hakainde-hichilema-is-the-new-president-of-zambia |website=Adventist News Network |date=2021-08-16 |access-date=2021-08-18}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Zambiya]] nafbbykcyfo9mdx827sc1pga4dxkzkz 0 23225 140704 2026-10-04T06:49:08Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Emmerson Mnangagwa | image = Emmerson Mnangagwa at US-Africa Business Summit, 2023 (3x4).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Emmerson Mnangagwa mu 2023 | birth_date = 15 Nzeri 1942 | birth_place = Shabani (ubu ni Zvishavane), Rodeziya y'Amajyepfo ([[Zimbabwe]]) | nationality = Umunyazimbabwe | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Zambiya | occupation = Umunyamategeko, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Zimbabwe]] | term = Kuva ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 2017..." 140704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Emmerson Mnangagwa | image = Emmerson Mnangagwa at US-Africa Business Summit, 2023 (3x4).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Emmerson Mnangagwa mu 2023 | birth_date = 15 Nzeri 1942 | birth_place = Shabani (ubu ni Zvishavane), Rodeziya y'Amajyepfo ([[Zimbabwe]]) | nationality = Umunyazimbabwe | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Zambiya | occupation = Umunyamategeko, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Zimbabwe]] | term = Kuva ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 2017 | predecessor = Robert Mugabe | party = ZANU–PF | spouse = Jayne Matarise (1973–2002), Auxillia Mnangagwa | children = 18 }} '''Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa''' (yavutse ku ya 15 Nzeri 1942 i Shabani, ubu ni Zvishavane) ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Zimbabwe]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 2017. Akunze kwitwa « ''Ngwena'' » cyangwa « ''Garwe'' » (« Ingona » mu Gishona). Yabaye impirimbanyi y'ubwigenge, afungwa imyaka icumi n'ubutegetsi bw'abakoloni ba Rodeziya. Nyuma y'ubwigenge mu 1980, yabaye umufatanyabikorwa wa hafi wa Robert Mugabe, ahabwa imyanya myinshi ikomeye muri guverinoma, harimo Minisitiri ushinzwe Umutekano w'Igihugu mu gihe cy'ubwicanyi bwa ''Gukurahundi'', bukaba bukimuvugwaho. Yabaye Visi-Perezida wa mbere kuva mu 2014 kugeza mu 2017, ubwo Mugabe yamwirukanaga; nyuma y'iminsi mike, kudeta y'igisirikare yatumye Mugabe yegura, Mnangagwa amusimbura. Yatsinze amatora yateje impaka yo mu 2018 n'ayo mu 2023, kandi ubutegetsi bwe bufatwa na benshi nk'ubw'igitugu. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere == Dambudzo Mnangagwa yavutse ku ya 15 Nzeri 1942 i Shabani, umujyi w'ubucukuzi muri Rodeziya y'Amajyepfo, ubukoloni bw'Abongereza. Ababyeyi be, Mafidhi na Mhurai Mnangagwa, bari abahinzi bo mu bwoko bw'Abakalanga, bufitanye isano n'Abashona <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Emmerson Mnangagwa: The 'crocodile' who snapped back |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41995876}}</ref>. Sekuru yari mu rukiko rw'umwami w'Abandebele Lobengula, akarwanya Abongereza. Mu 1952, se yagiranye amakimbirane n'umukozi w'ubukoloni wari wafatiriye amatungo y'abaturage, bituma umuryango wimukira muri Rodeziya y'Amajyaruguru (ubu ni [[Zambiya]]). Mnangagwa yakomereje amashuri i Mumbwa, hanyuma yiga imyuga y'ubwubatsi i Kafue no muri Hodgson Technical College, aho yirukanywe mu 1960 azira ibikorwa bya politiki. == Urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu == Mu 1962, Mnangagwa yinjiye mu ishyaka rya Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), maze ajya muri Tanganyika (ubu ni [[Tanzaniya]]), hanyuma mu Misiri guhabwa imyitozo ya gisirikare. Muri Kanama 1963, yinjiye mu ishyaka rishya rya Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU). Yoherejwe mu [[Ubushinwa]] mu ngabo za ZANLA, aho yize ibitekerezo bya Marx muri Kaminuza ya Pekin, ahabwa imyitozo y'urugamba n'iy'ubutasi <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jean-Philippe Rémy |title=Zimbabwe : Emmerson Mnangagwa, le successeur invisible |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/11/21/zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-le-successeur-invisible_5217975_3212.html#x3Hk2iGkKySEsfDK.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2017-11-21}}</ref>; umubano yagiranye n'Ubushinwa wakomeje kwiyongera <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Zimbabwe, Mugabe se cramponne à la présidence |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2017/11/17/01003-20171117ARTFIG00267-au-zimbabwe-mugabe-se-cramponne-a-sa-presidence.php}}</ref>. Mu 1964, agarutse muri Tanganyika, yashinze itsinda ryitwa « Itsinda ry'Ingona » (''Crocodile Group''). Muri Mutarama 1965, iryo tsinda ryagabye ibitero mu burasirazuba bwa Rodeziya, rinangiza ibikoresho bya gari ya moshi hafi ya Fort Victoria (ubu ni Masvingo). Mnangagwa yarafashwe, yemera icyaha nyuma yo gukorerwa iyicarubozo <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=en |author=John Conroy |title=Unspeakable Acts, Ordinary People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NM_y3jOKzx8C&pg=PA176 |website=Knopf |date=2000}}</ref>, ahamwa n'icyaha <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zimbabwe: Status of the Law and Order (Maintenance) Act and the draft Public Order Act |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ad3254.html |website=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB)/UNHCR}}</ref>. Abavoka be bavuze ko yari akiri muto, bityo ntiyakatirwa urwo gupfa, ahubwo akatirwa igifungo cy'imyaka icumi <ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Vinciane Joly |title=Faute de bourreaux, le Zimbabwe abolit la peine de mort |url=https://www.la-croix.com/international/faute-de-bourreaux-le-zimbabwe-abolit-la-peine-de-mort-20250102 |website=La Croix |date=2025-01-02 |access-date=2025-01-03}}</ref>. Yafungiwe muri gereza zitandukanye, harimo iya Khami, aho yamaze imyaka irenga itandatu ari kumwe n'abandi bayobozi b'ubwigenge, barimo Robert Mugabe, maze baba inshuti magara <ref name="F4" />. Amaze kurekurwa, yirukanwe muri Zambiya, yiga amategeko muri Kaminuza ya Zambiya, ayakora imyaka ibiri, hanyuma ajya muri Mozambike kwifatanya na ZANU, aho yabaye umwungirije akaba n'umurinzi wa Mugabe <ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Mnangagwa's 'fake' law degree exposed? |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-183128.html |website=Bulawayo24 News |access-date=2020-11-13}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa politiki nyuma y'ubwigenge == Kuva ubwigenge bwa Zimbabwe mu 1980 kugeza mu 1988, Mnangagwa yabaye Minisitiri ushinzwe Umutekano w'Igihugu, ayobora n'urwego rw'ubutasi (CIO). Muri icyo gihe, kuva mu 1983 kugeza mu 1987, burigade ya gatanu y'ingabo za Zimbabwe, yari yaratojwe na Koreya ya Ruguru, yishe abasivili b'Abandebele bari hagati ya 20 000 na 30 000 mu ntara ya Matabeleland, mu bwicanyi buzwi nka ''Gukurahundi'' <ref name="E43">{{cite web |title=Breaking the Silence, Building True Peace: Report on the 1980s Disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands |url=https://archive.org/details/BreakingTheSilenceBuildingTruePeace |website=Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe and the Legal Resources Foundation (Zimbabwe) |access-date=2017-11-20}}</ref><ref name="F4" />. Mnangagwa ahakana uruhare urwo ari rwo rwose muri ubwo bwicanyi <ref name="E44">{{cite web |title=US cables link Mnangagwa, Mugabe to Gukurahundi |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-125093.html |website=Bulawayo24 News |date=2017-12-31 |access-date=2018-04-16}}</ref><ref name="E45">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gukurahundi ghosts haunt Mnangagwa |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-11-24-00-gukurahundi-ghosts-haunt-mnangagwa/ |website=The Mail & Guardian |date=2017-11-24 |access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref>, ariko benshi, barimo ibihugu by'amahanga, abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi n'imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu, bamushinja kuba yarabugizemo uruhare rukomeye <ref name="E7">{{cite web |author=Max Bearak |title=Who is Emmerson Mnangagwa, Mugabe's successor in Zimbabwe? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/11/22/who-is-emmerson-the-crocodile-mnangagwa-mugabes-successor-in-zimbabwe/ |website=The Washington Post |date=2017-11-22 |access-date=2023-01-08}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |author=Martin Fletcher |title=The last days of Robert Mugabe |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/2017/01/last-days-robert-mugabe |website=New Statesman |date=2017-01-01 |access-date=2017-11-25}}</ref>. Mu ijambo yavuze muri Werurwe 1983, yagereranyije abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi n'udukoko (''cockroaches'' na ''bugs'') dukeneye kwicishwa umuti wica udukoko <ref name="E45" /><ref name="E47">{{cite web |author=Sabelo Ndlangisa |title=Zim expats remember Mnangagwa's role in Gukurahundi massacres |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2017-11-23-zim-expats-remember-mnangagwas-role-in-gukurahundi-massacres/ |website=TimesLIVE |date=2017-11-23 |access-date=2017-04-16}}</ref>. Muri icyo gihe, yashimangiye umubano n'ingabo n'inzego z'ubutasi, zikomeje kumubera inkingi <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Emmerson Mnangagwa : sera-t-il différent de Mugabe ? |url=http://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-42109729 |website=BBC News Afrique |access-date=2026-09-03}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1988 kugeza mu 2000, yabaye Minisitiri w'Ubutabera, anaba Minisitiri w'Imari w'agateganyo kuva mu Ugushyingo 1995 kugeza muri Mata 1996 <ref name="F9" />. Kuva mu 2000 kugeza mu 2005, yabaye Perezida w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Imiturire yo mu Byaro kuva mu 2005 kugeza mu 2009, n'uw'Ingabo kuva mu 2009 kugeza mu 2013. Yagize uruhare rukomeye mu bikorwa by'urugomo byaranze amatora ya perezida yo mu 2008, ubwo yayoboraga ubukangurambaga bwa Mugabe <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les cinq acteurs majeurs de la crise au Zimbabwe |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/11/15/zimbabwe-les-cinq-acteurs-majeurs-de-la-crise_5215157_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2017-11-15}}</ref>, kandi abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bamushinje kugira uruhare mu rugomo rw'amatora ya 2013 <ref name="F9" />. Mu 2007, guverinoma yavuze ko yavumbuye umugambi w'abasirikare wo guhirika Mugabe no gushinga Mnangagwa gushyiraho guverinoma, ariko Mnangagwa avuga ko ntacyo yari abiziho <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe: Alleged coup plotters deny treason charges |url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/world/zimbabwe-alleged-coup-plotters-deny-treason-charges-315240.html |website=Irish Examiner |date=2007-06-16 |access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=en |title=Coup 'plot' feeds Zimbabwe political tension |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523141610/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article1940402.ece |website=timesonline.co.uk via Internet Archive |date=2007-06-16 |access-date=2026-09-03}}</ref>. === Visi-Perezida no kwirukanwa === Mu Ukuboza 2014, Mnangagwa yasimbuye Joice Mujuru ku mwanya wa Visi-Perezida wa mbere wa Zimbabwe <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zimbabwe Leader Picks Hard-Liner as Vice President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/11/world/africa/robert-mugabe-names-emmerson-mnangagwa-vice-president.html |website=The New York Times |date=2014-12-10 |access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref>, afatwa nk'ushobora gusimbura Mugabe wari ugeze mu zabukuru. Ariko Mugabe yifuzaga ko umugore we, Grace Mugabe, ari we umusimbura. Ku ya 6 Ugushyingo 2017, Mugabe yirukanye Mnangagwa ku mwanya wa visi-perezida amushinja « kutaba indahemuka », ibyo bitashimishije ingabo <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Grace Mugabe prend l’avantage dans la guerre de succession au Zimbabwe |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/11/06/grace-mugabe-tente-un-coup-de-force-pour-prendre-la-tete-de-la-succession-au-zimbabwe_5210784_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2017-11-06 |access-date=2017-12-06}}</ref><ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : Robert Mugabe limoge son vice-président pour « manque de loyauté» |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/490207/politique/zimbabwe-robert-mugabe-limoge-son-vice-president-pour-manque-de-loyaute/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2017-11-06}}</ref>; Mnangagwa ahungira muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]]. == Kudeta ya 2017 == Ku ya 15 Ugushyingo 2017, Jenerali Sibusiso Moyo yatangarije kuri televiziyo y'igihugu ko ingabo zifashe imihanda kugira ngo « zivane mu nzira abagizi ba nabi bari hafi ya Perezida Mugabe » <ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : l'armée intervient contre des «criminels» proches de Mugabe |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2017/11/15/97001-20171115FILWWW00014-zimbabwe-l-armee-intervientcontre-des-criminels-proches-de-mugabe.php |website=Le Figaro |date=2017-11-15}}</ref>; Mugabe n'umugore we bafungiwe iwabo n'ingabo <ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Zimbabwe se réveille dirigé par des militaires |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/11/15/le-zimbabwe-se-reveille-dirige-par-des-militaires-son-president-mugabe-en-detention_5215103_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2017-11-15}}</ref>. Ku ya 19 Ugushyingo, komite nkuru ya ZANU–PF yakuye Mugabe ku buyobozi bw'ishyaka, imusimbuza Mnangagwa, inamutanga nk'umukandida wayo mu matora ya 2018 <ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : le président Robert Mugabe a été exclu de la direction du parti au pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/11/19/au-zimbabwe-les-pressions-s-intensifient-sur-mugabe-pour-qu-il-quitte-le-pouvoir_5217172_3212.html#fAI2fTE6pVw3paCj.99 |website=lemonde.fr |date=2017-11-19 |access-date=2017-11-19}}</ref><ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : la Zanu-PF destituera Mugabe s'il ne démissionne pas d'ici lundi |url=http://www.europe1.fr/international/zimbabwe-la-zanu-pf-destituera-mugabe-sil-ne-demissionne-pas-dici-lundi-3496775 |website=Europe 1 |access-date=2017-11-19}}</ref>. Ku ya 21 Ugushyingo 2017, Mugabe yeguye kugira ngo yirinde kweguzwa n'Inteko <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : le président Mugabe démissionne après 37 ans de pouvoir |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2017/11/21/01003-20171121ARTFIG00187-zimbabwe-le-parlement-reuni-pour-destituer-le-president-mugabe.php |website=Le Figaro |date=2017-11-21 |access-date=2017-11-21}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Zimbabwe == === Manda ya mbere === Mnangagwa yagarutse muri Zimbabwe ku ya 22 Ugushyingo 2017, maze arahirira kuba Perezida ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 2017 <ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=De retour au Zimbabwe, Emmerson Mnangagwa appelle au rassemblement - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20171122-retour-zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-appelle-rassemblement |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2026-09-03}}</ref><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Zimbabwe, Emmerson Mnangagwa investi président |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/video/2017/11/24/au-zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-investi-president_5219987_3212.html}}</ref>. Bukeye, urukiko rwemeje ko kudeta yari ihuje n'Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Figaro.fr avec AFP |title=Zimbabwe : un ex-ministre mis en examen |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2017/11/25/97001-20171125FILWWW00123-zimbabwe-un-ex-ministre-mis-en-examen.php |website=Le Figaro |access-date=2026-09-03}}</ref>. Ku ya 30 Ugushyingo 2017, yashyizeho guverinoma igizwe n'abayoboke ba ZANU–PF n'abasirikare babiri, barimo Sibusiso Moyo, wagizwe Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga <ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : Mnangagwa nomme deux hauts gradés au gouvernement, l'opposition écartée - France 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20171201-zimbabwe-Emmerson-Mnangagwa-nouveaux-ministres-gouvernement-robert-mugabe |website=France 24 |access-date=2026-09-03}}</ref>. Ku ya 27 Ukuboza 2017, yagize Constantino Chiwenga na Kembo Mohadi ba visi-perezida <ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : l'auteur du coup de force anti-Mugabe devient vice-président |url=http://information.tv5monde.com/en-continu/zimbabwe-l-auteur-du-coup-de-force-anti-mugabe-devient-vice-president-211568 |website=TV5MONDE |access-date=2017-12-29}}</ref>. Yahaye amezi atatu abari barahishe amafaranga mu mahanga mu buryo butemewe kuyagarura mu gihugu <ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Zimbabwe donne un délai de trois mois pour rapatrier les capitaux avant de lancer des poursuites - France 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20171128-zimbabwe-delai-trois-mois-rapatrier-capitaux-ultimatum-mnangagwa-mugabe-crise |website=France 24 |access-date=2026-09-03}}</ref>, kandi yiyemeza kuvugurura politiki y'ubutaka kugira ngo bamwe mu bahinzi b'Abazungu bambuwe ubutaka bawusubizwe <ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=White farmer gets land back under Zimbabwe's new leader |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/22/white-farmer-gets-land-back-under-zimbabwes-new-leader/}}</ref>. Yagaragaje ubushake bwo kongera kubana neza n'ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba no kugaruka muri Commonwealth <ref name="E139">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zimbabwe's president seeks to build bridges with west |url=https://www.ft.com/content/05ad2492-fc38-11e7-9b32-d7d59aace167 |access-date=2018-01-19}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2018, mu gihe cy'ubukangurambaga bw'amatora i Bulawayo, igisasu cyatewe aho yari ari, ariko arokoka nta kibazo, mu gihe abandi bayobozi, barimo ba visi-perezida be bombi, bakomeretse <ref name="E155">{{cite web |title=Zimbabwe President Mnangagwa says he was 'inches' from Bulawayo explosion |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-44586218 |website=BBC News |date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2018-06-23}}</ref>. Ku ya 30 Nyakanga 2018, yatsinze amatora ya perezida ku kinyuranyo gito ku cyiciro cya mbere <ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : Emmerson Mnangagwa élu président, l'opposition pas d'accord |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311202236/http://afrique.lepoint.fr:80/actualites/zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-elu-president-l-opposition-pas-d-accord-03-08-2018-2241104_2365.php |website=lepoint.fr via Internet Archive |access-date=2026-09-03}}</ref>. Nelson Chamisa, umukandida w'ihuriro MDC, yanze ibyavuye mu matora, maze imyigaragambyo ikurikiraho ihitana abantu batandatu barashwe n'ingabo <ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=ZIMBABWE |url=https://www.leprogres.fr/france-monde/2018/08/03/mnangagwa-officiellement-elu-president-l-opposition-rejette-le-scrutin |website=Le Progrès}}</ref><ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : Mnangagwa confirmé, les opposants chassés |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2018/08/24/01003-20180824ARTFIG00247-zimbabwe-mnangagwa-confirme-les-opposants-chasses.php}}</ref>. Ku ya 24 Kanama 2018, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwemeje ibyavuye mu matora, maze arahira ku ya 26 Kanama <ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe court upholds President Mnangagwa's election win |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45299176}}</ref><ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : la Cour constitutionnelle valide l’élection d’Emmerson Mnangagwa - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180824-zimbabwe-cour-constitutionnelle-valide-election-emmerson-mnangagwa |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2026-09-03}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2019, izamuka ry'ibiciro bya lisansi rya 130% ryateje imyigaragambyo mu gihugu hose; inzego z'umutekano zayihoshesheje ku ngufu, abantu 12 barapfa kandi amagana arafatwa <ref name="E156">{{cite web |language=en |title=Reality Check: Why has Zimbabwe hiked petrol prices? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46878267 |date=2019-01-19 |access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref><ref name="E157">{{cite web |language=en |title=Death toll from Zimbabwe protests rises to 12, rights body says |url=https://www.moneyweb.co.za/news-fast-news/death-toll-from-zimbabwe-protests-rises-to-12-rights-body-says/ |website=MoneyWeb |date=2019-01-20 |access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2021, Perezida Joe Biden wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika yanenze ubutegetsi bwe kubera guhohotera abaturage no kudakora amavugurura ya demokarasi, yongera ibihano Amerika yari yarafatiye Zimbabwe <ref name="E140">{{cite web |language=en |title=A Letter on the Continuation of the National Emergency with Respect to Zimbabwe |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/03/a-letter-on-the-continuation-of-the-national-emergency-with-respect-to-zimbabwe/ |website=The White House |date=2021-03-03 |access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref>. Mu 2023, iperereza ry'itangazamakuru ryagaragaje urusobe rw'icuruzwa rya zahabu mu buryo bwa magendu rifitanye isano n'abantu ba hafi ye <ref name="E159">{{cite web |language=en |title=How a 'Gold Mafia' is looting Southern Africa, washing dirty cash |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/23/gold-mafia-looting-southern-africa |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref><ref name="E160">{{cite web |language=en |author=Karim Zidan |title=The IOC’s new leader brings dictatorship experience to the job |url=https://www.sportspolitika.news/p/the-iocs-new-leader-brings-dictatorship |website=www.sportspolitika.news |access-date=2026-05-22}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri === Muri Kanama 2023, Mnangagwa yongeye gutorwa n'amajwi 52,6%, ariko abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bavuga ko ayo matora atagenze neza <ref name="F40">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Élections. Zimbabwe : le président Mnangagwa réélu |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/elections-zimbabwe-le-president-mnangagwa-reelu |website=Courrier international |date=2023-08-27 |access-date=2026-09-03}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zimbabwe's President Mnangagwa wins second term |url=https://www.dw.com/en/zimbabwes-president-mnangagwa-wins-second-term/video-66642155 |website=dw.com |date=2023-08-27 |access-date=2023-08-28}}</ref><ref name="E166">{{cite web |author=Farai Mutsaka |title=Zimbabwean President Emmerson Mnangagwa wins re-election after troubled vote, officials say |url=https://apnews.com/article/zimbabwe-election-emmerson-mnangagwa-4aaeb10b7bf49f54fd10af141d18ced2 |website=AP News |date=2023-08-27 |access-date=2024-07-15}}</ref>. Ku ya 4 Werurwe 2024, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zamufatiye ibihano, we n'umugore we Auxillia, Visi-Perezida Chiwenga n'abandi, kubera ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu, ruswa n'icuruzwa ry'amabuye y'agaciro mu buryo bwa magendu <ref name="E167">{{cite web |title=US sanctions Zimbabwe President Emmerson Mnangagwa over alleged abuses |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/5/us-sanctions-zimbabwe-president-emmerson-mnangagwa-over-alleged-abuses |website=Al Jazeera |date=2024-03-05 |access-date=2025-04-03}}</ref>. Ku ya 31 Ukuboza 2024, yasinye itegeko rikuraho igihano cy'urupfu ku byaha byinshi, maze ibihano by'urupfu by'imfungwa zose bihindurwa igifungo <ref name="F8" />. Ku ya 2 Nzeri 2024, yatangaje ko atazashaka manda ya gatatu mu 2028 <ref name="E168">{{cite web |title=Zimbabwe's President Plans to Step Down When Tenure Ends in 2028 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-09-02/zimbabwe-s-president-plans-to-step-down-when-tenure-ends-in-2028?embedded-checkout=true |website=Bloomberg |date=2024-09-02}}</ref>. Ariko mu 2025, abahoze barwana urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu basabye ko yegura, mu gihe ibihuha byavugaga ko ashaka kongera igihe cye ku butegetsi <ref name="E169">{{cite web |language=en |title=Emmanuel Matatu: Zimbabwe's President Emmerson Mnangagwa names new army chief |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn0j01jgqk9o |website=BBC |date=2025-03-28 |access-date=2025-03-31}}</ref><ref name="E170">{{cite web |language=en |author=Calvin Manika |title=Amid Zimbabwe's political crisis, hope and frustration brew |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/4/16/amid-zimbabwes-political-crisis-hope-and-frustration-brew |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Ukwakira 2025, inama ya ZANU–PF i Mutare yemeje icyifuzo cyo kongera manda ye kugeza mu 2030 binyuze mu ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="E171">{{cite web |language=en |author=Farai Mutsaka |title=Zimbabwe's ruling party moves to extend President Mnangagwa's term until 2030 |url=https://apnews.com/article/zimbabwe-president-mnangagwa-term-extension-ab22f485fe2c6e12ba256e459d7be3db |website=AP News |date=2025-10-18 |access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref>, maze muri Kamena 2026 imitwe yombi y'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeza ivugurura ryongera manda ya perezida kuva ku myaka itanu ikagera ku myaka irindwi <ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : le Sénat adopte la réforme constitutionnelle prolongeant le mandat du président |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260625-zimbabwe-le-s%C3%A9nat-adopte-la-r%C3%A9forme-constitutionnelle-prolongeant-le-mandat-du-pr%C3%A9sident |website=RFI |access-date=2026-09-03}}</ref>. == Ibitekerezo bya politiki == Mnangagwa arwanya yivuye inyuma igihano cy'urupfu, acyita « igitutsi ku cyubahiro cya muntu »; ''La Croix'' ihuza uwo murongo n'uko na we ubwe yari yarigeze kugikatirwa akiri muto <ref name="F8" />. == Ubuzima bwite == Mnangagwa ni Umukristo w'Umuvanjeliste, akaba umuyoboke w'Itorero rya United Family International Church <ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Herald |title=President pledges US$2m towards UFIC project |url=https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/president-pledges-us2m-towards-ufic-project/ |website=heraldonline.co.zw |date=2026-09-07}}</ref><ref name="E175">{{cite web |author=Herald |title=President pledges US$2m towards UFIC project |url=https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/president-pledges-us2m-towards-ufic-project/ |website=heraldonline.co.zw |date=2026-09-07}}</ref>. Yashatse kabiri, kandi afite abana cumi n'umunani n'abuzukuru barenga icumi <ref name="E10" /><ref name="E176">{{cite web |language=en |author=Gift Phiri |title=Mnangagwa family disclosures raise eyebrows |url=https://nehandaradio.com/2018/03/23/mnangagwa-family-disclosures-raise-eyebrows/ |website=Nehanda Radio |date=2018-03-23 |access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref>. Umugore we wa mbere, Jayne Matarise, bashakanye mu 1973, bakabyarana abana batandatu, yapfuye ku ya 31 Mutarama 2002 azize kanseri <ref name="E176" />. Ikinyamakuru ''Time'' cyamushyize mu bantu 100 bavuga rikijyana ku isi mu 2018 <ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=en |author=Evan Mawarire |title=Emmerson Mnangagwa: The World's 100 Most Influential People |url=https://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5217559/emmerson-mnangagwa/ |website=Time |access-date=2020-09-22}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Zimbabwe]] 50spb936j24d3ftby2sp95j379virhy 1 23226 140705 2026-10-04T07:43:29Z ~2026-53402-99 19063 /* mwiriwe */ new section 140705 wikitext text/x-wiki == mwiriwe == nshaka kumenya iki kigo cyanyu [[Ibidasanzwe:Contributions/~2026-53402-99|~2026-53402-99]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:~2026-53402-99|talk]]) 07:43, 4 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC) rvpkrgdyed9kvtj9skqv9n8l3hzzunc 0 23227 140707 2026-10-04T11:49:10Z Ndahiro derrick 8075 Ndahiro derrick moved page [[Infection sexuellement transmissible]] to [[Indwara zandurira mu mibonanompuzabitsina]]: izina rya nyaryo 140707 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Indwara zandurira mu mibonanompuzabitsina]] k8mwq1nfdnrk429rkzkfs5szx7p3egm