Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3667 140735 140637 2026-10-05T00:27:06Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140735 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Afurika y’Epfo'''</big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" |- | align="center" width="140px" | [[File:Flag of South Africa.svg|125px]] | align="center" width="140px" | [[File:Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg|125px]] |- | align="center" width="140px" | <span style="color:grey">Ibendera ry’Afurika y’Epfo</span> | align="center" width="140px" | [[Ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko za Leta y’u Afurika y’Epfo|<span style="color:grey">Ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko za Leta y’u Afurika y’Epfo</span>]] |} |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[File:South Africa (orthographic projection).svg|300px]] |} {{Databox|excludeProperties=Q258}} '''Afurika y'Epfo''', ku izina ryayo ryemewe n'amategeko ni '''Repubulika y'Afurika y'Epfo (Republic of South Africa – RSA)''', ni igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y'umugabane wa [[Afurika]]. Kigizwe n'intara icyenda. Mu majyepfo gihana imbibi n'inyanja ku nkombe zifite uburebure bwa kilometero 2,798 zogerwa n'Inyanja ya Atalantika y'Amajyepfo n'Inyanja y'u Buhinde. Mu majyaruguru gihana imbibi na [[Namibiya]], [[Botswana]] na [[Zimbabwe]], mu burasirazuba no mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba kigahana imbibi na [[Mozambike]] na [[Eswatini]], kandi kizengurutse igihugu cya [[Lesoto|Lesotho]]. Gifite ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 1,221,037, kikaba gituwe n'abaturage barenga miliyoni 63, bityo kikaba ari igihugu cya gatandatu gituwe n'abaturage benshi ku mugabane wa Afurika. [[Dosiye:Cape-town-port-boats.jpg|center|thumb|320x320px|cape town]] == Izina == === Inkomoko y'izina === Izina "Afurika y'Epfo" rikomoka ku mwanya w'iki gihugu ku mugabane wa Afurika, kuko giherereye ku mpera y'amajyepfo yawo. Igihe cyashingwaga, cyiswe Ubumwe bw'Afurika y'Epfo (Union of South Africa) mu [[Icyongereza|Cyongereza]] na Unie van Zuid-Afrika mu Kidage (Dutch), bigaragaza ko cyaturutse ku ihuzwa ry'ubukoloni bune bwari buyobowe n'u [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]]. Kuva mu mwaka wa 1961, izina ryemewe n'amategeko mu Cyongereza ryabaye Repubulika y'Afurika y'Epfo (Republic of South Africa), naho mu rurimi rw'[[Ikinyafurikansi]] (Afrikaans) ryitwa Republiek van Suid-Afrika. Kugeza ubu, iki gihugu gifite amazina yemewe mu ndimi zacyo 12 zemewe n'amategeko.<ref name="en42">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/na-approves-south-african-sign-language-12th-official-language|title=The NA Approves South African Sign Language as the 12th Official Language |website=Parliament of South Africa |date=3 May 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222131030/https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/na-approves-south-african-sign-language-12th-official-language |archive-date= 22 December 2023 }}</ref> Ijambo Mzansi, rikomoka ku izina uMzantsi ryo mu rurimi rw'[[Ikigisosa|Ikixhosa]] risobanura "Amajyepfo", ni izina rikunze gukoreshwa mu mvugo ya buri munsi bavuga Afurika y'Epfo.<ref name="en43">{{cite book|editor1-first=Sarah|editor2-first=Achille|last=Livermon|first=Xavier|title=Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis|chapter=Sounds in the City|year=2008|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham|isbn=978-0-8223-8121-1|page=283|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C|quote=''Mzansi'' is another black urban vernacular term popular with the youth and standing for South Africa.|editor-last=Nuttall|editor2-last=Mbembé|access-date=5 January 2016|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502074447/https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C|url-status=live}}</ref> Hari kandi amashyaka amwe n'amwe ashyigikira ihame rya Pan-Afurikanisime akoresha izina Azania, nubwo iri jambo rikomoka mu [[Ikigereki|Kigereki]] aho kidakomoka mu ndimi nyafurika.<ref name="en44">{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|title=South African Party Says Call Their Country 'Azania'|last=Taylor|first=Darren|newspaper=VOA|access-date=18 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624200956/http://www.voanews.com/content/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|url-status=live}}</ref> === Amazina mu ndimi zemewe === :izina mu [[cyongereza]] : Republic of South Africa :izina mu [[kinyafurikansi]] : Republiek van Suid-Afrika :izina mu [[kindebele]] (amajyepfo) : IRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika :izina mu [[kigisosa]] : IRiphabliki yaseMzantsi Afrika :izina mu [[kizulu]] : IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika :izina mu [[gisotho]] (amajyaruguru) : Rephaboliki ya Afrika-Borwa :izina mu [[gisotho]] (amajyepfo) : Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa :izina mu [[gitswana]] : Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa :izina mu [[giswati]] : IRiphabhulikhi yeNingizimu Afrika :izina mu [[kivenda]] : Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe[[File:Boulders_Beach,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|Boulders Beach, South Africa]]izina mu [[gitsonga]] : Riphabliki ra Afrika Dzon == Amateka == === Amateka ya kera (Prehistory) === Afurika y'Epfo ibarizwamo hamwe mu hantu ha kera cyane ku isi habonetse ibisigazwa by'ibimenyetso by'amateka (archaeology) n'ibisigazwa by'abakurambere b'abantu (hominin fossils).<ref name="en1">{{cite book|last= Wymer|first= John|author2= Singer, R|year= 1982|title= The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa|location= Chicago|publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-76103-9}}</ref> Abashakashatsi mu by'amateka ya kera bavumbuye ibisigazwa byinshi mu buvumo butandukanye bwo mu ntara ya Gauteng, buzwi ku izina rya Cradle of Humankind ("Igicumbi cy'Ikiremwamuntu"), ahantu hemewe na UNESCO nk'Umurage w'Isi. Muri ibyo bibanza harimo Sterkfontein, imwe mu hantu habonetse ibisigazwa byinshi by'abakurambere b'abantu kurusha ahandi ku isi, ndetse na Swartkrans, Gondolin Cave, Kromdraai, Cooper's Cave na Malapa. Igisigazwa cya mbere cy'umukurambere w'umuntu cyavumbuwe muri Afurika, kizwi nka Taung Child, cyabonetse hafi ya Taung mu mwaka wa 1924. Ibindi bisigazwa byabonetse ahitwa Makapansgat muri Limpopo, Cornelia na Florisbad muri Free State, Border Cave muri KwaZulu-Natal, Klasies River Caves muri Eastern Cape, ndetse na Pinnacle Point, Elandsfontein na Die Kelders Cave muri Western Cape.<ref name="en2">{{cite journal |last1=Marean |first1=Curtis W. |title=Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (Western Cape Province, South Africa) in context: The Cape Floral kingdom, shellfish, and modern human origins |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=September 2010 |volume=59 |issue=3–4 |pages=425–443 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.011 |pmid=20934095 |bibcode=2010JHumE..59..425M }}</ref> Ibi byavumbuwe bigaragaza ko amoko atandukanye y'abakurambere b'abantu yabaye muri Afurika y'Epfo guhera hafi ku myaka miliyoni eshatu ishize.<ref name="en3">{{cite web|url= http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/6/79.06.02.x.html|title= Hominid Evolution|publisher= Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute|first= Stephen P.|last= Broker|access-date= 19 June 2008|archive-date= 7 April 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080407181350/http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/6/79.06.02.x.html|url-status= live}}</ref> Muri ayo moko harimo Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus sediba, Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, Homo rhodesiensis, Homo helmei, Homo naledi, ndetse n'abantu b'iki gihe (Homo sapiens). Abantu b'iki gihe bamaze nibura imyaka 170,000 batuye mu majyepfo ya Afurika.<ref name="en4">{{cite book| title = An Encyclopedia of World History| editor-last = Langer| editor-first = William L.| edition = 5th| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| location = Boston| year = 1972| isbn = 978-0-395-13592-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9 9]| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9 }}</ref> Nanone, abashakashatsi bavumbuye ibikoresho bya kera byakozwe mu mabuye (pebble tools) mu kibaya cy'uruzi rwa Vaal, bikaba ari ibimenyetso by'ibikorwa by'abantu ba kera muri ako karere. === Igihe cyabanjirije ubukoloni === Abaturage ba mbere bari batuye mu majyepfo ya Afurika ni Abasan (San) n'Abakhoikhoi (Khoikhoi). Abasan ahanini batungwaga no guhiga no kwegeranya imyaka yimeza, mu gihe Abakhoikhoi bo, uretse guhiga no kwegeranya, banororaga amatungo.<ref name="en5">{{Cite journal|title=Khoisan hunter-gatherers have been the largest population throughout most of modern-human demographic history|first1=Hie Lim|last1=Kim|first2=Aakrosh|last2=Ratan|first3=George H.|last3=Perry|first4=Alvaro|last4=Montenegro|first5=Webb|last5=Miller|first6=Stephan C.|last6=Schuster|date=4 December 2014|journal=Nature Communications|volume=5|issue=1|pages=5692|doi=10.1038/ncomms6692|doi-access=free|pmid=25471224 |pmc=4268704 |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.5692K |hdl=11449/130054|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Abantu b'Abakhoisan bashobora kuba bakomoka ku bantu ba mbere bafite imiterere y'umuntu w'iki gihe bageze mu majyepfo ya Afurika mbere y'imyaka 150,000 ishize. Nyuma yaho, benshi muri bo basimbuwe cyangwa bashyirwa mu yandi moko bitewe n'ikwirakwira ry'Ababantu (Bantu Expansion) ryabaye hagati y'imyaka 2,000 na 1,500 ishize. Abantu bavuga indimi z'Ababantu batangiye kwimukira mu majyepfo baturutse mu burengerazuba bwa Afurika ahagana mu mwaka wa 3000 Mbere ya Yezu (BCE).<ref name="en6">{{Cite journal|title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals|first1=Rebecca|last1=Grollemund|first2=Simon|last2=Branford|first3=Koen|last3=Bostoen|first4=Andrew|last4=Meade|first5=Chris|last5=Venditti|first6=Mark|last6=Pagel|date=27 October 2015|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=112|issue=43|pages=13296–13301|doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112|doi-access=free |pmid=26371302|pmc=4629331 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G }}</ref> Mu kinyejana cya kane n'icya gatanu, abaturage bavuga indimi z'Ababantu bari bamaze gutura mu majyepfo y'u[[Umugezi wa Limpopo|ruzi rwa Limpopo]], ubu rukaba rugize umupaka wa Afurika y'Epfo na Botswana na Zimbabwe. Bari abahinzi, aborozi kandi bazi gukoresha ibyuma. Ahantu ha mbere hazwi hakorerwaga ibyuma muri KwaZulu-Natal hateganywa ko hashinzwe ahagana mu mwaka wa 1050. Itsinda ryageze kure mu majyepfo ni iry'Abaxhosa (Xhosa), ururimi rwabo rukaba rwarafashe bimwe mu biranga indimi z'Abakhoisan. Mu rugendo rwabo rwo kwimuka, abo baturage bo mu Gihe cy'Ibyuma basimbuye cyangwa binjiza mu muryango wabo abaturage bari bahatuye mbere. Mu ntara ya Mpumalanga habonetse uruziga rw'amabuye n'ibindi bimenyetso bya kera birimo ahazwi nka Adam's Calendar, bikekwa ko byubatswe n'Ababakone, ishami ry'Abasotho bo mu Majyaruguru. Ahagana mu mwaka wa 1220, abayobozi b'umuryango wa K2 bimukiye ku musozi wa Mapungubwe, aho bashinze [[umurwa]] mukuru w'Ubwami bwa Mapungubwe, abaturage basanzwe batura munsi yawo. Imihango yo gusaba imvura yari ifite uruhare rukomeye mu butegetsi bwabo, kandi ahantu henshi hakorerwaga iyo mihango haracyagaragara muri ako karere. Mu mwaka wa 1250, umurwa mukuru wa Mapungubwe wari utuwe n'abaturage bagera ku 5,000, ubwami bukaba bwarafite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 30,000 kandi bukungukira cyane ku bucuruzi bwakorwaga n'ibihugu byo ku Nyanja y'u Buhinde. Impamvu zatumye ubwo bwami busenyuka ahagana mu mwaka wa 1300 ntizizwi neza, ariko guhinduka kw'inzira z'ubucuruzi zerekeza ku ruzi rwa [[Umugezi wa Zambezi|Zambezi]] byagize uruhare mu kuzamuka kw'Ubwami bwa Great Zimbabwe. Nyuma y'ibyo, umusozi wa Mapungubwe waratereranywe, abaturage baho baratatana.<ref name="en7">{{Cite book |last1=Chirikure |first1=Shadreck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&pg=PT6 |title=Mapungubwe Reconsidered: A Living Legacy: Exploring Beyond the Rise and Decline of the Mapungubwe State |last2=Delius |first2=Peter |last3=Esterhuysen |first3=Amanda |last4=Hall |first4=Simon |last5=Lekgoathi |first5=Sekibakiba |last6=Maulaudzi |first6=Maanda |last7=Neluvhalani |first7=Vele |last8=Ntsoane |first8=Otsile |last9=Pearce |first9=David |date=2015-10-01 |publisher=Real African Publishers Pty Ltd. |isbn=978-1-920655-06-8 |language=en}}</ref> Hagati y'ikinyejana cya 15 n'icya 17, imikoranire hagati y'Abashona ba mbere, abandi Bashona bimukiye nyuma ndetse n'abavuga Ikinyasotho mu karere ka Soutpansberg yatumye havuka ururimi n'ubwoko bw'Abavenda (Venda).<ref name="en8">{{Cite journal |last=Huffman|first=Thomas|date=2022|title=The origins of Tshivenda: an archaeological challenge to historical linguistics|url=https://journals.co.za/doi/full/10.10520/ejc-nmsa_sah_v35_n1_a1|journal=Southern African Humanities|volume=35|issue=1|pages=|doi=}}</ref> Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 17, itsinda ry'Abasingo (Singo) rikomoka ku Bwami bwa Rozvi ryimukiye mu majyepfo, rishinga icyicaro cyarwo i Dzata, cyabaye umurwa mukuru w'Ubwami bwa Venda. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 18, ubwami bwatangiye gusenyuka bitewe n'ihinduka ry'inzira z'ubucuruzi. Mu miryango yakomeje kugira imbaraga harimo Ramabulana Singo mu burengerazuba bwa Soutpansberg, na Tshivhase Singo hamwe na Mphaphuli Singo mu burasirazuba bwaho. === Ubushakashatsi bw'Abanyaporutigari === Mu mwaka wa 1487, umushakashatsi w'Umunyaportigali Bartolomeu Dias yayoboye urugendo rwa mbere rw'Abanyaburayi rwageze ku nkombe z'amajyepfo ya Afurika.<ref name="en9">{{cite book|last=Domville-Fife|first=C.W.|title=The encyclopedia of the British Empire the first encyclopedic record of the greatest empire in the history of the world ed|year=1900|publisher=Rankin|location=London|page=25|url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopediaofbr01domvuoft#page/24/mode/2up}}</ref> Ku wa 4 Ukuboza 1487, yageze ku cyambu cya Walfisch Bay (ubu cyitwa Walvis Bay muri Namibiya). Yakomeje akurikiye inkombe z'iburengerazuba bwa Afurika y'Epfo, ariko nyuma y'itariki ya 8 Mutarama 1488 inkubi z'umuyaga zamubujije gukomeza akurikira inkombe, bituma arenga agace k'amajyepfo ya Afurika atakabonye. Mu kwezi kwa Gicurasi 1488 yageze ku ruzi yise Rio do Infante, bikekwa ko ari uruzi rwa Groot River rw'ubu. Agarutse yabonye ikinyura yise Cabo das Tormentas ("Umutwe w'Inkubi z'Umuyaga"), ariko Umwami John II wa [[Porutigali]] aza kukihindurira izina akita Cabo da Boa Esperança (Cape of Good Hope), kubera ko cyafunguraga inzira y'ubucuruzi bugana mu Burasirazuba bw'u Buhinde. Uru rugendo rwa Dias rwaje kwamamara cyane binyuze mu gisigo Os Lusíadas, cyanditswe na Luís de Camões mu mwaka wa 1572.<ref name="en10">{{Cite news |title=The Lusiads {{!}} Portuguese epic, 16th century, epic poem {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Lusiads |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910060626/https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Lusiads |archive-date=2025-09-10 |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka wa 1497, Vasco da Gama yahagurutse i Lisbon yerekeza mu rugendo rwamugejeje mu Buhinde mu 1498 anyuze ku Cape of Good Hope, bityo afungura inzira y'ubucuruzi bwo mu nyanja hagati y'u [[Burayi]] na [[Aziya]]. Mu rugendo rwe yanyuze ku nkombe z'igice ubu kigize Afurika y'Epfo, ariko ahagarara ku butaka bwa Mozambike y'ubu. === Ubukoloni bw'Abaholandi n'Abongereza muri Cape === Abaholandi bageze bwa mbere ku nkombe z'amajyepfo ya Afurika mu mwaka wa 1595. Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 17, ubwo ububasha bwa Porutigali mu bwikorezi bwo mu nyanja bwagendaga bugabanuka, abacuruzi b'Abongereza n'Abaholandi batangiye guhatanira kwigarurira ubucuruzi bw'ibirungo bwari bwariganjemo na Porutigali. Guhera mu mwaka wa 1601, sosiyete y'Abongereza y'Ubucuruzi n'u Buhinde (British East India Company) yajyaga ihagarara ku Cape ishaka ibiribwa n'amazi yo guha amato, ariko nyuma ihitamo gukoresha ibirwa bya Ascension na Saint Helena nk'ibyambu byo kuruhukiraho. Mu mwaka wa 1647, abakozi babiri ba Sosiyete y'Abaholandi y'Ubucuruzi n'u Buhinde (Dutch East India Company) bakoze impanuka y'ubwato kuri Cape maze bahamara amezi menshi. Babashije kubaho babikesha amazi meza, inyama bahawe n'abaturage bahasangaga ndetse no guhinga ku butaka bwera. Basubiye mu [[Ubuholandi|Buholandi]] batangaza ko Cape yari ahantu heza ho kubaka ikigo cyo kubikamo ibiribwa no gutegurira amato akora ingendo ndende. Mu mwaka wa 1652, nyuma y'imyaka hafi 150 inzira ya Cape imenyekanye, Jan van Riebeeck yashinze ikigo cyo gutanga ibiribwa n'ibikoresho ku mato ku Cape of Good Hope, ahaje kuvamo umujyi wa Cape Town, abihagarariye Sosiyete y'Abaholandi y'Ubucuruzi n'u Buhinde.<ref name="en11">{{cite web|url=http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/timeline/t-19saf.htm|title=African History Timeline|publisher=West Chester University of Pennsylvania|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=7 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107070748/http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/timeline/t-19saf.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nyuma y'aho Cape yabaye ubuturo bw'abaturage benshi b'Abaholandi bigenzuraga, bazwi nka Free Burghers. Abacuruzi b'Abaholandi banazanye [[imbata]] ibihumbi baturutse muri [[Indonesiya]], [[Madagasikari]] no mu burasirazuba bwa Afurika. Uku kuvanga abaturage kwatumye havuka itsinda rishya rizwi nka Cape Coloureds, benshi muri bo bakaba barakoresheje ururimi rw'Ikidage cy'Abaholandi (Dutch) kandi bakemera Ubukristo. Guhera mu kinyejana cya 17, havutse amakimbirane hagati y'Abakhoisan n'Abaholandi bapfaga ubutaka n'indi mitungo, ayo makimbirane akomeza imyaka myinshi. Kwaguka kw'Abaholandi berekeza iburasirazuba kwatumye barwana n'Abaxhosa, kuko impande zombi zashakaga kugenzura urwuri rwo hafi y'uruzi rwa Great Fish River. Abahinzi b'Abaholandi bigenga bari batuye ku mipaka bitwaga Boers, naho bamwe muri bo bitwaga Trekboers kubera imibereho yabo yo kwimuka bimwe na bimwe. Boers bashyizeho imitwe yitwaje intwaro yitwaga commandos, ndetse bagirana ubufatanye n'Abakhoisan mu guhangana n'ibitero by'Abaxhosa. Impande zombi zagabye ibitero byinshi byamennye amaraso, ariko nta ruhande rwabashije gutsinda burundu urundi, bityo urugomo no kwiba amatungo bikomeza kuba ikibazo mu gihe kirekire. Mu myaka ya 1795–1803, u Bwongereza bwigaruriye Cape Town kugira ngo butayirekera u [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]]. Mu 1803, Cape yasubiye mu maboko y'Abaholandi igihe gito, ariko mu 1806 yongera kwigarurirwa n'u Bwongereza.<ref name="en12">{{cite book| last = Keegan| first = Timothy| title = Colonial South Africa and the Origins of the Racial Order| year = 1996| url = https://archive.org/details/colonialsouthafr0000keeg| url-access = registration|edition= 1996|pages= [https://archive.org/details/colonialsouthafr0000keeg/page/85 85–86]| publisher = David Philip Publishers (Pty) Ltd| isbn = 978-0-8139-1735-1}}</ref> Nyuma y'Intambara za Napoleon, Cape yemerewe ku mugaragaro kuba igice cy'Ubwami bw'u Bwongereza. Guhera mu 1818, Abongereza benshi batangiye kwimukira muri Afurika y'Epfo, maze mu 1820 hagera itsinda rinini ry'abimukira ryari rigamije kongera umubare w'abakozi b'Abanyaburayi no gukomeza kurinda imipaka y'ubukoloni ibitero by'Abaxhosa. === Mfecane n'ikwaguka ry'ubukoloni === Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 19 habaye igihe cy'imvururu n'imihindagurikire gikomeye kizwi nka Mfecane ("gusenyuka" cyangwa "gutatanywa"), cyaranzwe n'intambara, kwimuka kw'abaturage no kuvuka kw'ubwami bushya. Ibi byatewe n'ihurirana ry'ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, imihindagurikire y'ibidukikije ndetse n'ikwaguka ry'ubukoloni bw'Abanyaburayi. Ubwami butandukanye bwahanganiye kugenzura inzira z'ubucuruzi n'urwuri, bituma havuka ubwami bwa Ndwandwe na Mthethwa. Ndwandwe yatsinze Mthethwa, ariko nyuma ubwami bwayo burasenyuka, maze umwe mu bayobozi ba Mthethwa ari we Shaka ashinga kandi akomeza Ubwami bw'Abazulu (Zulu Kingdom). Muri icyo gihe kandi havutse Ubwami bwa Gaza, bwahanganye n'Abazulu. Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 19, Abaholandi benshi bavuye muri Cape Colony bahunga ubutegetsi bw'Abongereza. Abo bimukira, bazwi nka Voortrekkers, bimukiye mu turere twaje kuba Natal, Free State na Transvaal. Nyuma yo gutsinda Abazulu mu Ntambara ya Blood River yabaye ku wa 16 Ukuboza 1838, bashinze za repubulika z'Ababuru zirimo Natalia Republic, South African Republic na Orange Free State. Hagati mu gihugu, Cape Colony yakomeje kwaguka yigarurira ubutaka bw'Ababatswana n'Abagriqua, mu gihe Ubwami bwa Matabele bwariyongereye bukagaba ibitero ku Bwami bwa Venda. Ivumburwa rya diamant mu mwaka wa 1867 n'irya zahabu mu 1884 ryatangije igihe cyiswe Mineral Revolution, cyihutishije iterambere ry'ubukungu, kwiyongera kw'abimukira no gukaza ubukoloni bw'Abongereza ku baturage kavukire. Kurwanira kugenzura ayo mabuye y'agaciro byagize uruhare rukomeye mu mibanire hagati y'Abanyaburayi n'Abanyafurika, ndetse no hagati y'Ababuru n'Abongereza.<ref name="en13">{{cite book|author=Williams, Garner F|title=The Diamond Mines of South Africa, Vol II|year=1905|publisher=B. F Buck & Co.|location=New York|pages=Chapter XX|url=http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/williams_diamond_mines_2/page_285|access-date=27 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010200842/http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/williams_diamond_mines_2/page_285|archive-date=10 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ku wa 16 Gicurasi 1876, Perezida Thomas François Burgers wa Repubulika y'Afurika y'Epfo yatangaje intambara ku bwoko bw'Abapedi. Umwami Sekhukhune yatsinze ingabo za Boers inshuro nyinshi, ariko nyuma y'uko Abongereza bagabye ibitero bikurikirana, bamutsinze mu Ugushyingo 1879 bifashishije ingabo z'Abongereza, Ababuru n'Abaswazi.<ref name="en14">{{Cite web|title=South African Military History Society – Journal- THE SEKUKUNI WARS|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol025hk.html|access-date=15 August 2020|website=samilitaryhistory.org|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723053419/http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol025hk.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Muri uwo mwaka wa 1879, habaye Intambara y'Abongereza n'Abazulu (Anglo-Zulu War). U Bwongereza bwifuzaga gushyiraho ihuriro ry'ibihugu muri Afurika y'Epfo nk'iryari rimaze kugerwaho muri [[Kanada]]. Mu 1874, Henry Bartle Frere yoherejwe muri Afurika y'Epfo nk'Intumwa Nkuru y'u Bwongereza kugira ngo ashyire mu bikorwa uwo mugambi. Nubwo Abazulu batsinze Abongereza mu Ntambara ya Isandlwana, nyuma batsinzwe burundu, bituma Ubwami bw'Abazulu butakaza ubwigenge bwabwo.<ref name="en15">{{cite book | last = Knight | first = Ian | title = Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s2mbl5xPOcUC&q=Zulu+Victory:+The+Epic+of+Isandlwana+and+the+cover-up | isbn = 9781447202233 | publisher = Pan Macmillan | date = 6 May 2011 | access-date = 26 December 2023 | archive-date = 28 June 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240628010915/https://books.google.com/books?id=s2mbl5xPOcUC&q=Zulu+Victory:+The+Epic+of+Isandlwana+and+the+cover-up | url-status = live }}</ref> === Intambara z'Ababuru n'ubwigenge === Repubulika z'Ababuru zashoboye guhangana n'igerageza ry'u Bwongereza ryo kuzigarurira mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Ababuru (1880–1881), zikoresheje uburyo bwo kurwana bw'udutsiko (guerrilla warfare) bwari bubereye imiterere y'ako karere. Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Ababuru (1899–1902), Abongereza bagarutse bafite ingabo nyinshi, uburambe n'ingamba nshya. Nubwo bahuye n'igihombo gikomeye, amaherezo batsinze biturutse ku gukoresha amayeri yo gutwika imitungo no gushyira abaturage mu nkambi z'ifungwa (concentration camps), aho abaturage b'Ababuru bagera ku 27,000 bapfiriye bazize indwara n'imibereho mibi.<ref name="en16">{{cite news|title=5 of the worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html|work=The Independent|date=19 January 2016|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=27 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927142647/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html|url-status=live }}</ref> Nyuma y'izo ntambara, abaturage bo mu mijyi ya Afurika y'Epfo bariyongereye cyane, kandi abahinzi benshi b'Ababuru bahungiye mu mijyi yo muri Transvaal na Orange Free State, aho bamwe baje kwitwa "Abazungu bakennye" (poor whites). Muri icyo gihe, politiki y'Abazungu bo muri Afurika y'Epfo yarwanyaga ubutegetsi bw'u Bwongereza, igamije kugera ku bwigenge. Mu gihe cy'ubukoloni bw'Abaholandi n'Abongereza, ivangura rishingiye ku moko ryakorwaga ahanini mu buryo butanditse, ariko hashyizweho amategeko agenga aho abaturage kavukire bagombaga gutura n'uko bagendaga, harimo Native Location Act yo mu 1879 n'amategeko yabasabaga gutwara impushya z'inzira (pass laws). Nyuma y'imyaka umunani Intambara ya Kabiri y'Ababuru irangiye, ndetse n'imyaka ine y'imishyikirano, Itegeko rya Afurika y'Epfo ryo mu 1909 (South Africa Act 1909) ryashinzwe Ubumwe bw'Afurika y'Epfo (Union of South Africa) ku wa 31 Gicurasi 1910, riha igihugu ubwigenge bugarukira ku rwego runaka. Ubu bumwe bwari bugizwe n'ubukoloni bwa Cape, Transvaal, Natal, hamwe na Orange Free State. Mu 1913, hashyizweho Itegeko ry'Ubutaka bw'Abasangwabutaka (Natives Land Act), ryagabanyije cyane uburenganzira bw'Abirabura bwo gutunga ubutaka, kuko icyo gihe bemerewe kugenzura hafi 7% gusa by'ubutaka bw'igihugu.<ref name="en17">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm|title=Native Land Act|publisher=South African Institute of Race Relations|date=19 June 1913|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014095049/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm|archive-date=14 October 2010 }}</ref> Nyuma, ubuso bwagenewe abaturage kavukire bwaje kongerwaho gato. Mu 1931, Ubumwe bw'Afurika y'Epfo bwabonye ubwigenge busesuye ku Bwami bw'u Bwongereza binyuze mu Statute of Westminster, yakuyeho ububasha bw'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'u Bwongereza bwo gushyiraho amategeko muri Afurika y'Epfo. Mu 1934, South African Party na National Party byishyize hamwe bishinga United Party, mu rwego rwo kunga Abafurikana n'Abazungu bavuga Icyongereza. Icyakora, mu 1939 iryo shyaka ryaracitse kubera kutumvikana ku kwinjira kw'Afurika y'Epfo mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose ku ruhande rw'u Bwongereza.<ref name="en18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/national-party-np|title=National Party (NP) &#124; South African History Online|website=www.sahistory.org.za|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=8 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508083820/https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/national-party-np|url-status=live}}</ref> === Igihe cya Apartheid === Mu 1948, National Party yatsinze amatora maze ifata ubutegetsi. Yakomeje kandi ishimangira politiki y'ivanguramoko yari yaratangiye mu gihe cy'ubukoloni bw'Abaholandi n'Abongereza. Hashingiwe ku mategeko ya Indian Act yo muri Kanada, abaturage bashyizwe mu byiciro bitatu: Abazungu, Abirabura, n'Abahinde n'Abavangavanze (Coloureds), buri tsinda rigenerwa uburenganzira n'imbogamizi zitandukanye. Guverinoma yari iyobowe n'Abazungu bake yashyizeho ku mugaragaro politiki y'ivanguramoko yiswe Apartheid. Mu gihe Abazungu babagaho ubuzima bwiza bugereranywa n'ubwo mu bihugu byateye imbere byo mu Burengerazuba, Abirabura bo bakomeje guhezwa mu bijyanye n'uburezi, amafaranga binjizaga, amazu ndetse n'icyizere cyo kubaho igihe kirekire. Mu 1955, Freedom Charter yemejwe n'ihuriro rya Congress Alliance, isaba ko habaho igihugu kitagira ivangura rishingiye ku moko. Ku wa 31 Gicurasi 1961, Afurika y'Epfo yabaye repubulika nyuma ya referandumu yemerewe gusa Abazungu.<ref name="en19">{{cite web|title=Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/hendrik-frensch-verwoerd|publisher=South African History Online|quote=On 5 October 1960 a referendum was held in which White voters were asked: "Do you support a republic for the Union?" – 52 percent voted 'Yes'.|access-date=9 March 2013|archive-date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129002322/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/hendrik-frensch-verwoerd|url-status=live}}</ref> Intara ya Natal yiganjemo abayobokaga u Bwongereza yarwanyije uwo mwanzuro. Elizabeth II yambuwe izina ry'Umwamikazi wa Afurika y'Epfo, maze Charles Robberts Swart aba Perezida wa mbere wa Repubulika. Mu 1983, itegekonshinga rya P. W. Botha ryakuyeho umwanya wa Minisitiri w'Intebe, rishyiraho Perezida ufite ububasha bukomeye. Muri uwo mwaka wa 1961, Afurika y'Epfo yanikuye mu muryango wa Commonwealth of Nations kubera igitutu cy'ibihugu biwugize. Nubwo Apartheid yarwanywaga n'abaturage bo mu gihugu no ku rwego mpuzamahanga, guverinoma yakomeje kuyishyigikira. Inzego z'umutekano zakandamizaga abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, mu gihe imitwe nka African National Congress (ANC), Azanian People's Organisation na Pan-Africanist Congress yakoraga ibikorwa byo kurwanya ubutegetsi birimo intambara y'udutsiko no gusenya ibikorwa remezo. Kubera politiki y'ivanguramoko, ibihugu byinshi byahagaritse ubucuruzi n'Afurika y'Epfo, biza no kuyifatira ibihano mpuzamahanga no gukuramo ishoramari ryabyo. === Nyuma ya Apartheid === Mu 1974, Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith, yashyizweho umukono na Mangosuthu Buthelezi na Harry Schwarz, yashyize imbere amahame yo guhererekanya ubutegetsi mu mahoro no guha abaturage bose uburenganzira bungana.<ref name="en20">{{Cite web |title=Russia, China And Palestine – Part III |url=https://crescent.icit-digital.org/articles/russia-china-and-palestine-part-iii |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=Crescent International}}</ref> Mu 1993, Perezida F.W. de Klerk yatangiye ibiganiro na [[Nelson Mandela]] bigamije kurangiza Apartheid no gushyiraho ubutegetsi bushingiye kuri demokarasi. Mu 1990, guverinoma ya National Party yatangiye gukuraho Apartheid ikuraho ibihano byari byarafatiwe ANC n'indi mitwe ya politiki. Nelson Mandela yafunguwe nyuma yo kumara imyaka 27 muri gereza. Nyuma y'ibiganiro n'amatora ya referandumu yo mu 1992, Afurika y'Epfo yakoze [[amatora]] rusange ya mbere mu 1994, atsindwa ku bwiganze na ANC. Nyuma y'ayo matora, igihugu cyongeye kwinjira muri Commonwealth of Nations ndetse kiba umunyamuryango wa [[Umuryango Ugamije Iterambere ry’Afurika y’amajyepfo|Southern African Development Community]] (SADC). Nyuma ya Apartheid, Afurika y'Epfo yakomeje kugira ituze rya politiki nubwo yahuye n'ibibazo birimo ubushomeri n'ubusumbane bukabije mu bukungu. Igihugu cyagize kandi ibihe by'urugomo, birimo imyigaragambyo yo mu 2008 yibasiraga abanyamahanga, yahitanye abantu barenga 60 ikanahungisha abarenga 100,000.<ref name="en21">{{cite journal|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2193949/|title=Broke-on-Broke Violence|journal=Slate |date=20 June 2008 |access-date=6 July 2011|archive-date=8 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908002524/http://www.slate.com/id/2193949/|url-status=live|last1=Chance |first1=Kerry }}</ref> Mu 2012, habaye [[ubwicanyi]] bwa Marikana, bwabaye bwo bwicanyi bukomeye bwakozwe n'inzego z'umutekano ku baturage kuva imyigaragambyo ya Soweto.<ref name="en22">{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/south-african-police-open-fire-on-striking-mine-workers-several-injured/2012/08/16/c9c99e3c-e7ad-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120817062827/http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/south-african-police-open-fire-on-striking-mine-workers-several-injured/2012/08/16/c9c99e3c-e7ad-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html|archive-date=17 August 2012|title=South African police open fire as striking miners charge, killing and wounding workers|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=16 August 2012|access-date=16 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu gihe cya Perezida Jacob Zuma, ruswa n'iyigarurirwa ry'inzego za Leta byabaye ikibazo gikomeye. Ifungwa rye by'agateganyo mu 2021 ryateje imvururu zahitanye abantu 354.<ref name="en23">{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=John |date=2021-07-15 |title=South Africa Sees the Best of Times and the Worst of Times |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/south-africa-sees-best-times-and-worst-times |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604133942/https://www.cfr.org/blog/south-africa-sees-best-times-and-worst-times |url-status=live }}</ref> Kuva mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21, ishyaka ANC ryagiye ritakaza imbaraga mu matora. Mu matora rusange yo mu 2024, ku nshuro ya mbere ryananiwe kubona ubwiganze busesuye mu [[Inteko ishinga amategeko|Nteko Ishinga Amategeko]].<ref name="en24">{{Cite web |last1=Chothia |first1=Farouk |last2=Byaruhanga |first2=Catherine |date=2024-05-31 |title=South Africa election result: Will ANC share power with MK party or DA? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyeek2xlgzzo |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601124426/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyeek2xlgzzo |url-status=live }}</ref> Nyuma y'ayo matora, Perezida Cyril Ramaphosa yashyizeho Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Igihugu (Government of National Unity) ifatanyije n'andi mashyaka, harimo Democratic Alliance.<ref name="en25">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=South Africa's ANC moves closer to forming coalition government |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240614-south-africa-s-anc-reaches-last-minute-deal-for-coalition-government |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615221341/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240614-south-africa-s-anc-reaches-last-minute-deal-for-coalition-government |url-status=live }}</ref> == Imiterere y'igihugu == Afurika y'Epfo iherereye mu majyepfo y'umugabane wa Afurika, ikagira inkombe z'inyanja zifite uburebure burenga kilometero 2,500, zihana imbibi n'Inyanja ya Atalantika y'Amajyepfo ndetse n'Inyanja y'u Buhinde. Ifite ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 1,219,912, bikayigira igihugu cya 24 kinini ku isi.<ref name="en26">{{Cite web|title=Demographic Yearbook – 2015 |date=2016 |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2015.htm|access-date=12 December 2017|website=United Nations Statistics Division |archive-date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708191849/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2015.htm|url-status=live }}</ref> Uretse ibirwa bya Prince Edward, igihugu kiri hagati ya dogere 22° na 35° z'amajyepfo (S) na dogere 16° na 33° z'iburasirazuba (E). Igice kinini cy'imbere mu gihugu kigizwe n'ikibaya kinini kiri ku butumburuke buri hagati ya metero 1,000 na 2,100 hejuru y'inyanja. Iki kibaya kiri hejuru cyane mu burasirazuba, kikagenda kigabanuka buhoro buhoro werekeza iburengerazuba, amajyaruguru n'amajyepfo y'iburengerazuba. Gikikijwe n'umusozi muremure uzwi nka Great Escarpment, aho igice cyawo cyo mu burasirazuba kandi kiri hejuru cyane cyitwa [[Drakensberg]].<ref name="en27">Encyclopædia Britannica (1975); Micropaedia Vol. III, p. 655. Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers, Chicago.</ref> Umusozi wa Mafadi, uherereye muri Drakensberg, ni wo muremure kurusha indi muri Afurika y'Epfo, ufite ubuhagarike bwa metero 3,450 hejuru y'inyanja.<ref name="en28">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 151. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> Umupaka uhuza intara ya KwaZulu-Natal na Lesotho unyura ku gice kiri hejuru cyane cya Great Escarpment, kigera ku butumburuke burenga metero 3,000. Igice cy'amajyepfo n'icy'amajyepfo y'iburengerazuba cy'iki kibaya, hamwe n'ikibaya kiri munsi yacyo, kizwi nka Great Karoo, akarere kagizwe ahanini n'ibihuru byo mu butayu kandi gatuwe n'abaturage bake. Mu majyaruguru, Great Karoo ikomeza ihinduka Bushmanland, na yo ikaza kugana mu Butayu bwa Kalahari buri mu majyaruguru y'iburengerazuba bw'igihugu. Igice cyo hagati no mu burasirazuba cy'ikibaya kizwi nka Highveld, kikaba gifite imvura ihagije, ubutaka bwera ndetse kikaba ari cyo gice gikorwamo [[ubuhinzi]] bw'ubucuruzi ku rugero runini. Aha ni na ho hari intara ya Gauteng, ifite abaturage benshi kurusha izindi. Mu majyaruguru ya Highveld hari Bushveld, igenda imanuka ikagera mu kibaya cya Limpopo Lowveld. Agace k'inkombe kari munsi ya Great Escarpment, guhera mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, kagizwe na Limpopo Lowveld, gakomeza muri Mpumalanga Lowveld, munsi ya Mpumalanga Drakensberg. Aka gace karangwa n'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'imvura nke ugereranyije na Highveld, kandi ubuhinzi ntibuhakorwa cyane. Muri aka karere ni ho haherereye Pariki y'Igihugu ya Kruger (Kruger National Park), imwe mu z'ingenzi muri Afurika, ifite ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 19,633.<ref name="en29">{{Cite web|title=Kruger National Park|url=http://www.africa.com/south-africa/travel/what-to-do/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218164142/http://www.africa.com/south-africa/travel/what-to-do/|archive-date=18 December 2014|access-date=16 December 2014|publisher=Africa.com}}</ref> Mu majyepfo n'amajyepfo y'iburengerazuba, munsi ya Great Escarpment, hari imisozi ya Cape Fold Mountains, irambuye ibangikanye n'inkombe z'inyanja. Hagati y'imisozi ya Outeniqua na Langeberg mu majyepfo n'umusozi wa Swartberg mu majyaruguru hari akarere kitwa Little Karoo, kagizwe n'ibihuru byo mu butayu busa n'ubwa Great Karoo, nubwo igice cyegereye Swartberg kibona imvura nyinshi bityo kikaba gikorwamo ubuhinzi kurushaho. Little Karoo izwi cyane kubera ubworozi bw'imbuni (ostriches), cyane cyane hafi y'umujyi wa Oudtshoorn. Agace k'inkombe kari hagati y'imisozi ya Outeniqua na Langeberg n'Inyanja yitiriwe Atalantika kazwi nka Garden Route. Aka karere kagwa imvura ihagije umwaka wose kandi karimo amashyamba manini kurusha ahandi muri Afurika y'Epfo. Mu majyepfo y'iburengerazuba bw'igihugu hari Cape Peninsula, igice kigize amaherezo y'amajyepfo y'inkombe z'igihugu. Iki gice gifite [[ikirere cya Mediterane]], kikaba ari cyo gice rukumbi cyo munsi y'[[Ubutayu bwa sahara|Ubutayu bwa Sahara]] cyakira imvura nyinshi mu gihe cy'itumba. Mu burengerazuba bw'inkombe, uhereye mu majyaruguru ya Cape Peninsula, hari akarere ka Swartland na Malmesbury Plain, kazwi cyane mu buhinzi bw'[[ingano]] bushingiye ku mvura y'itumba.<ref name="en30">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 113. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> Mu majyaruguru yaho hari Namaqualand, igenda irushaho gukama yegereye Uruzi rwa Orange.<ref name="en31">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 19. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> Nubwo aka karere kagwa imvura nke, iyo imvura yaguye mu gihe cy'itumba, mu mpeshyi (Kanama–Nzeri) huzura indabo z'amoko menshi zigakwira mu bibaya, bikaba kimwe mu bintu bikurura ba mukerarugendo benshi ku isi. Afurika y'Epfo ifite kandi ibirwa byo mu Nyanja y'Amajyepfo bizwi nka Prince Edward Islands, bigizwe na Marion Island ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 290 na Prince Edward Island ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 45. == Ikirere == Afurika y'Epfo ifite ikirere giciriritse muri rusange, bitewe n'uko ikikijwe n'Inyanja ya Atalantika n'Inyanja y'u Buhinde ku mpande eshatu, ikaba iri mu gice cy'amajyepfo y'Isi gifite ikirere kidakabije, ndetse n'uko ubutumburuke bw'igihugu bugenda bwiyongera werekeza mu majyaruguru no hagati mu gihugu. Imiterere y'ubutaka n'ingaruka z'inyanja bituma igihugu kigira ubwoko butandukanye bw'ikirere. Mu majyaruguru y'iburengerazuba hari ubutayu bwa Namib bufite ubushyuhe n'ubukame bukabije, mu gihe mu burasirazuba, ku mupaka wa [[Mozambike]] n'Inyanja y'u Buhinde, hari ikirere cy'ubushyuhe n'imvura nyinshi (subtropical). Igihe cy'itumba muri Afurika y'Epfo kiba hagati ya Kamena na Kanama. Mu majyepfo y'iburengerazuba, ikirere gisa n'icya Mediterane, kirangwa n'imvura mu itumba n'impeshyi ishyushye kandi yumye. Aka karere kazwi cyane kubera urusobe rw'ibimera rwa fynbos, kandi ni na ko gakorerwamo divayi nyinshi z'Afurika y'Epfo. Karangwa kandi n'[[umuyaga]] uhuha hafi umwaka wose, ibintu byatumye kera amato menshi akora impanuka igihe yanyuraga ku Cape of Good Hope. Mu burasirazuba bw'inkombe z'amajyepfo, imvura igwa neza mu mezi yose y'umwaka, bigatuma hahora hari ibimera byinshi n'ubutaka butoshye. Intara ya Free State irangwa n'ubutaka buringaniye kuko iherereye ku kibaya kinini cyo hagati mu gihugu. Mu majyaruguru y'uruzi rwa Vaal, akarere ka Highveld kagira imvura ihagije kandi ubushyuhe ntibukabije nk'ubwo mu bice byo ku nkombe. Umujyi wa Johannesburg, uherereye hagati ya Highveld ku butumburuke bwa metero 1,740 hejuru y'inyanja, ugwa imvura igera kuri milimetero 760 ku mwaka. Igihe cy'itumba muri aka karere kirakonja, nubwo urubura rugwa gake. Ahantu hakonja kurusha ahandi ku mugabane wa Afurika y'Epfo ni Buffelsfontein mu ntara ya Eastern Cape, aho mu mwaka wa 2013 handitswe ubushyuhe bwa −20.1 °C.<ref name="en32">{{Cite web|date=1 July 2018|title=These are the lowest ever temperatures recorded in South Africa|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/lowest-temperature-recorded-south-africa/|access-date=11 September 2020|website=The South African|language=en-US|archive-date=11 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911142956/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/lowest-temperature-recorded-south-africa/|url-status=live }}</ref> Nubwo ibirwa bya Prince Edward Islands bikonja kurushaho muri rusange, Buffelsfontein ni ho hamaze gupimwa ubushyuhe bwo hasi cyane ku mugabane w'igihugu. Ku rundi ruhande, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwemewe n'amategeko bwapimwe muri Vioolsdrif muri Mutarama 1993, bugera kuri 48.8 °C, nubwo hari inyandiko zivuga ko mu 1948 higeze gupimwa 51.7 °C hafi ya Upington, ariko ibyo ntibyemewe ku mugaragaro kuko ibikoresho byakoreshejwe bitari bisanzwe.<ref name="en33">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMdzAAAAMAAJ|title=South Africa yearbook|publisher=South African Communication Service|year=1997|isbn=9780797035447|page=3|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-date=24 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124000311/https://books.google.com/books?id=SMdzAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live }}</ref> [[Imihindagurikire y' ikirere|Imihindagurikire y'ikirere]] ikomeje kugira ingaruka zikomeye muri Afurika y'Epfo, zirimo izamuka ry'ubushyuhe n'ihindagurika ry'imvura. Ibiza biterwa n'ikirere, nk'amapfa n'inkongi z'umuriro, biragenda byiyongera kandi bikarushaho gukaza ubukana. Ibi bishyira mu kaga umutungo kamere, amazi, umusaruro w'ubuhinzi, ubuzima bw'abaturage n'[[urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima]]. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) bugaragaza ko bitarenze 2050, ubushyuhe bushobora kwiyongera hafi ya 1 °C ku nkombe z'inyanja, naho mu bice by'imbere mu gihugu nk'Northern Cape bukiyongera kurenga 4 °C. Akarere ka Cape Floral Region, kazwi cyane kubera ibimera byihariye, gashobora kuzibasirwa cyane n'iyi mihindagurikire, bikaba byanashyira amoko menshi y'ibimera n'inyamaswa mu kaga ko kuzimira. Afurika y'Epfo yasohoye raporo z'igihugu ku mihindagurikire y'ikirere mu 2011 no mu 2016. Ni kimwe mu bihugu bisohora imyuka myinshi ya carbone dioxyde (CO₂) ku isi, cyane cyane kubera gukoresha [[amakara]] na peteroli nk'isoko rikuru ry'ingufu. Mu rwego rwo kubahiriza amasezerano mpuzamahanga yo kurengera ibidukikije, igihugu cyiyemeje ko imyuka ihumanya ikirere kizayigeza ku rwego rwo hejuru hagati ya 2020 na 2025, hanyuma igatangira kugabanuka. == Politiki == === Ubutegetsi n'umukuru w'igihugu === Afurika y’Epfo igendera ku mfashanyigisho y'inteko ishinga amategeko (parliamentary republic), ariko ifite umwihariko: * Perezida: Ni umukuru w’igihugu akaba n'umukuru w’guverinoma. Agomba kuba afite icyizere cy’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kugira ngo agume ku gutegeka. * Gutora Perezida: Nyuma y'amatora y'inteko, Abadepite (National Assembly) batora umwe mu bagize inteko akaba Perezida. * Manda: Perezida amara imyaka 5 ku ntebe, kandi ashobora kuyobora manda ebyiri gusa.<ref name="en34">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2006/04/06/when-enough-is-enough|title=Term Limits in Africa|newspaper=The Economist|date=6 April 2006|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019194644/http://www.economist.com/node/6772433|url-status=live }}</ref> * Cabinet: Perezida ashyiraho Icyegera cye (Deputy President) na ba Minisitiri. Inteko iramutse imukupye icyizere (''motion of no confidence''), Perezida na guverinoma ye bashobora gukurvaho. * Uburenganzira bw'Itegeko Nshinga: Inzego zose (Itafata ibyemezo, Ishinga amategeko, n'Ubutabera) zitwarwa n'Itegeko Nshinga. Inkiko nkuru zifite ububasha bwo kuburizamo ibyemezo cyangwa amategeko anyuranyije naryo. === Inteko ishinga amategeko === Inteko ifite inzu ebyiri: # National Assembly (Inzu yo Pasi): Igizwe n'abadepite 400 batorwa ku mfashanyigisho y'ijanisha ry'amajwi amashyaka yaboneye (''party-list proportional representation'') buri myaka 5. # National Council of Provinces (Inzu yo Mu hisi): Igizwe n'abajyanama 90 (buri ntara mu ziri 9 itora abantu 10). === Amatora yo ku wa 29 Gicurasi 2024 === Aya matora yabaye amateka kuko ishyaka rya ANC yatakaje ubwiganze mu nteko ku buryo bw'umwihariko kuva Apartheid yagera ku musozo:<ref name="en35">{{Cite news |last=Akinwotu |first=Emmanuel |date=1 June 2024 |title=In a historic election, South Africa's ANC loses majority for the first time |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/06/01/nx-s1-4987616/south-africa-election-results |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=NPR}}</ref> * ANC: Yabonye 40% (imyanya 159). * DA (Democratic Alliance): Yabonye 22% (imyanya 87) - Ishyaka rikuru rirwanya ubutegetsi. * uMkhonto weSizwe (MK): Yabonye 14.6% (imyanya 58) - Ryashinzwe na Jacob Zuma. * EFF (Economic Freedom Fighters): Yabonye 9.5% (imyanya 39) - Ryashinzwe na Julius Malema.<ref name="en36">{{Cite news |last=Usher |first=Barbara Plett |date=14 June 2024 |title=A landmark moment in South Africa for a humbled ANC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cw55w4z3gqeo |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=BBC}}</ref> <blockquote>Nyuma y'amatora, ANC yafatanyije na DA n'ayandi mashyaka mato gukora Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Igihugu (Government of National Unity).</blockquote> === Imirwa mikuru === Afurika y’Epfo ntabwo ifite umurwa mukuru umwe utenganwa mu buryo bw'itegeko. Ubutegetsi bugabanyije mu mijyi itatu:<ref name="en37">{{cite web |title=South Africa's Three Capital Cities |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africas-three-capital-cities |publisher=Government of South Africa |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref> * Cape Town (Umurwa mukuru w'amategeko): Ibyicaro by'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko. * Pretoria (Umurwa mukuru w'ubutegetsi): Ibyicaro vya Perezida, Cabinet, n'ambasade z'amahanga. * Bloemfontein (Umurwa mukuru w'ubutabera): Ibyicaro by'Urukiko Rusange rwayo (''Supreme Court of Appeal''). ''(Nyamara, Urukiko Rurembereye rw'Itegeko Nshinga ruherereye i Johannesburg kuva mu 1994).'' === Amategeko n'inkiko === Amategeko ya Afurika y'Epfo ashingiye ku mbata y'imvange y'amateka babayemo: # Roman-Dutch law: Amategeko yazanywe n'Abaholandi mu bihe bya Koni.<ref name="en38">{{cite web|url=http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm|title=Researching South African Law|access-date=23 June 2008|first1=Pamela|last1=Snyman|first2=Amanda|last2=Barratt|name-list-style=amp|date=2 October 2002|publisher=w/ Library Resource Xchange|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617154356/http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm|archive-date=17 June 2008 }}</ref> # English Common law: Amategeko y'Abongereza yazanywe mu kinyejana cya 19. Urutonde rw'inkiko, uhereye ku rwego rwo hejuru: * Constitutional Court: Urukiko rurembereye (i Johannesburg). * Supreme Court of Appeal: Urukiko rugenewe ibindi bibazo bitari ibyo mu Itegeko Nshinga (i Bloemfontein). * High Court: Inkiko zisumbuye mu turere dutandukanye. * Magistrates' Courts: Inkiko z'ibanze ziburanisha ibyaha bito n'imbatshwa z'ubucuruzi ziciriritse. === Imyigaragambyo, imiyoborere n'uburenganzira bwa muntu === * Imyigaragambyo: Kuva mu 2004, iki gihugu cyagize imyigaragambyo myinshi mu baturage (harimo n'iy'urugomo), ku buryo gushaka kuvugwa ko ari cyo gihugu gihura n'imyigaragambyo myinshi mu isi.<ref name="en39">{{cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=Peter |title=Protests and Police Statistics: Some Commentary |url=https://www.amandla.org.za/protests-and-police-statistics-some-commentary-by-prof-peter-alexander/ |work=Amandla |date=27 March 2012 |access-date=8 April 2024 |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128234908/https://www.amandla.org.za/protests-and-police-statistics-some-commentary-by-prof-peter-alexander/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * Icyerekezo cy'Ibrahim Index (2022): Afurika y’Epfo yaje ku mwanya wa 6 mu bihugu 48 bya Afurika yo munsi ya Sahara.<ref name="en40">{{cite web|title=South Africa's recent performance in the Ibrahim Index of African Governance|url=http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/south-africa/|publisher=Mo Ibrahim Foundation|access-date=16 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218132708/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/south-africa/|archive-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref> Yagize amanota meza mu Gutegekesha Itegeko, Mu Bweranda, n'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, ariko igira amanota make mu Mutekano. * Uburenganzira bw'Abahuje Igitsina: Mu 2006, yabaye imwe mu nshingano za mbere mu isi yemereye gushyingiranwa ku bahuje igitsina (''same-sex marriage'').<ref name="en41">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6159991.stm|title=SA marriage law signed|work=BBC News|date=30 November 2006|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120235651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6159991.stm|url-status=live }}</ref> == Ubukungu == Afurika y'Epfo ifite ubukungu buvanze (mixed economy) burangwa n'urwego rw'imari rwateye imbere, inganda zitandukanye, ndetse n'umutungo kamere mwinshi. Ni cyo gihugu gifite ubukungu bunini muri Afurika, kandi kizwi nk'igihugu cyateye imbere cyane mu rwego rw'inganda, ikoranabuhanga n'ubukungu butandukanye ku mugabane wa Afurika. Mu mwaka wa 2026, umusaruro mbumbe w'igihugu (GDP) warengeje miliyari 450 z'amadolari ya Amerika, kandi gifite umwe mu musaruro mbumbe ku muturage (GDP per capita) uri hejuru cyane muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara. [[Ifaranga]] ry'Afurika y'Epfo, Rand (ZAR), ni ryo rikoreshwa cyane mu bucuruzi bw'ivunjisha muri Afurika. Isoko ry'imari ry'i Johannesburg (Johannesburg Stock Exchange – JSE) ni ryo rinini ku mugabane wa Afurika, kandi mu mwaka wa 2026 ryari ku mwanya wa 16 ku isi mu gaciro k'amasosiyete aribarizwaho, gafite agaciro kagera kuri tiriyoni 1.53 z'amadolari ya Amerika.<ref name="en46">{{Cite web |title=JSE Trading Hours & Market Holidays [2023]|url=https://www.tradinghours.com/markets/jse|access-date=2023-03-26|website=www.tradinghours.com|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195115/https://www.tradinghours.com/markets/jse|url-status=live}}</ref> Afurika y'Epfo ni na yo gihugu rukumbi cyo muri Afurika kiri mu muryango wa G20, kandi ni umunyamuryango wa BRICS, ibintu bigaragaza uruhare rukomeye gifite mu bukungu bw'isi.<ref name="en45">{{Cite web |title=South Africa's membership of BRICS has tangible benefits for South Africans|url=https://www.thedtic.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/BRICS-Benefits-to-South-Africa.pdf|website=The Department of Trade Industry and Competition}}</ref> Afurika y'Epfo ni kimwe mu bihugu bikomeye mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga, aho ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bifite uruhare runini mu bukungu bwacyo. Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa hanze cyane birimo amabuye y'agaciro, ibinyabiziga, imashini, umusaruro w'ubuhinzi ndetse n'ibicuruzwa by'inganda.<ref name="en47">{{cite web |title=South Africa|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042951/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa|archive-date=10 January 2021|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA}}</ref> Abafatanyabikorwa bayo bakomeye mu bucuruzi barimo [[Ubushinwa]], Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi (EU), [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]], [[Ubudage]], [[Ubuyapani]], u [[Ubuhinde|Buhinde]] n'Ubwami bw'Abongereza. Iki gihugu kandi cyungukira ku masezerano y'ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga arimo Isoko Rusange ry'Ubucuruzi muri Afurika (AfCFTA) n'itegeko rya African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), bikomeza kugiha umwanya ukomeye nk'igicumbi cy'ubucuruzi n'ishoramari muri Afurika. Nubwo nyuma y'iherezo rya politiki y'ivanguramoko (Apartheid) mu 1994 hashyizweho amavugurura menshi mu bukungu, Afurika y'Epfo iracyahanganye n'ibibazo bikomeye by'imibereho n'ubukungu. Muri byo harimo ubushomeri buri ku rwego rwo hejuru, ubukene bukabije, ndetse n'ubusumbane bukabije mu kwinjiza amafaranga, aho igihugu kiri mu bifite ikinyuranyo kinini hagati y'abakire n'abakene ku isi. Abaturage barenga kimwe cya kabiri babaho munsi y'umurongo w'ubukene, kandi igipimo cya Gini coefficient, gipima ubusumbane mu kwinjiza amafaranga, kiri mu biri hejuru cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga.<ref name="en48">{{Cite web|url=https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|publisher=World Bank |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: South Africa |date=April 2020 |access-date=7 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420193850/https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en49">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-ZA&most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=World Bank Open Data |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404210056/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-ZA&most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live }}</ref> Guverinoma yakomeje gushyiraho ingamba zigamije guhagarariza ubukungu, gukurura ishoramari, no kugabanya ubusumbane, zirimo gutanga inkunga z'imibereho (social grants) no gushyiraho umushahara fatizo ku rwego rw'igihugu (national minimum wage). Nubwo izo ngamba zatanze umusaruro mu bice bimwe, iterambere rikomeje kugenda buhoro kandi ntiryagera ku baturage bose ku buryo bungana. === Inganda na serivisi === Urwego rwa serivisi ni rwo rugira uruhare runini mu bukungu bwa Afurika y'Epfo, rutanga hafi 70% by'Umusaruro Mbumbe w'Igihugu (GDP) kandi rukaba rwanatanga akazi ku mubare munini w'abaturage. Umujyi wa Johannesburg ni wo kigo gikomeye cy'imari muri Afurika, ukaba ubarizwamo amabanki manini ku mugabane, ibigo mpuzamahanga byinshi, ndetse n'Isoko ry'Imigabane rya Johannesburg (Johannesburg Stock Exchange), rifite agaciro k'isoko kageraga kuri tiriyoni 1.36 z'amadolari ya Amerika mu mwaka wa 2023. Iryo soko ryihariye hafi 90% by'agaciro k'amasoko y'imigabane yose muri Afurika. Urwego rw'imari rwa Afurika y'Epfo ni rwo rwateye imbere cyane muri Afurika. Amabanki akomeye nka Standard Bank, First National Bank (FNB), Absa, na Nedbank akorera muri Afurika no mu bindi bihugu byo ku isi. Politiki y'ifaranga n'umutekano w'urwego rw'imari bicungwa na Banki Nkuru ya Afurika y'Epfo (South African Reserve Bank), ari na yo banki nkuru ya mbere yashinzwe muri Afurika. Ubucuruzi nabwo bufite uruhare runini mu bukungu bw'igihugu. Afurika y'Epfo ifite isoko rinini ry'ubucuruzi muri Afurika kandi iza ku mwanya wa gatandatu ku isi mu kugira umubare munini w'amaduka manini acururizwamo (shopping centres). Ni na ho havuye urunigi rwa resitora Nando's, rumaze gukwira mu bihugu birenga 20 ku isi.<ref name="en52">{{cite web |last=Seth Thorne|date=25 July 2024|title=The men behind Nando's – South Africa's global Peri-Peri chicken empire|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/784074/the-men-behind-nandos-south-africas-global-peri-peri-chicken-empire/|website=BusinessTech|access-date=April 5, 2026}}</ref> [[Inganda]] zikora ibintu (manufacturing) zikomeza kuba inkingi ikomeye y'ubukungu, zitanga hafi 13% bya GDP kandi zigaha akazi abantu barenga miliyoni 1.7.<ref name="en50">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2010/06/05/jobless-growth|title=South Africa, Jobless growth – The Economist|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> Afurika y'Epfo ifite urwego rw'inganda ruteye imbere kandi rutandukanye kurusha urw'ibindi bihugu bya Afurika. Inganda zikora imodoka ni zo ziza ku isonga, aho ibigo nka Toyota, Volkswagen, BMW, Ford, Mercedes-Benz, na Nissan bifite inganda nini ziteranyirizwamo imodoka. Igihugu gikora imodoka zirenga 600,000 buri mwaka, kikaba ari cyo cya mbere muri Afurika mu gukora imodoka, kandi nyinshi zoherezwa ku masoko yo mu Burayi, Aziya no mu bindi bihugu bya Afurika.<ref name="en51">{{Cite web |title=Automotive - BDO|url=https://www.bdo.co.za/en-za/industries/consumer-markets/automotive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718132112/https://www.bdo.co.za/en-za/industries/consumer-markets/automotive|archive-date=2025-07-18|access-date=2025-11-05|website=www.bdo.co.za|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Izindi nganda zikomeye zirimo izitunganya imiti n'ibinyabutabire, ibyuma, ibikoresho by'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, imashini, gutunganya ibiribwa n'ibinyobwa, imyenda, ndetse n'ibikoresho bya gisirikare. Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro bukomeje kuba imwe mu nkingi z'ubukungu bw'igihugu. Bugira uruhare rwa 7–8% bya GDP, kandi bwinjiza amafaranga arenga kimwe cya kabiri cy'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Afurika y'Epfo ni kimwe mu bihugu bikomeye ku isi mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro. Ni cyo gihugu cya mbere ku isi mu gutunganya platine, chrome, manganese, na vanadium, kandi kiri mu bihugu bikomeye mu gucukura amakara, ubutare bw'icyuma (iron ore), diyama, uranium, titanium, na zahabu. Afurika y'Epfo ifite umutungo munini cyane w'amabuye y'agaciro ufite agaciro karenga tiriyoni 2.5 z'amadolari ya Amerika, kandi iri mu bihugu icumi bya mbere ku isi bifite amabuye y'agaciro menshi atandukanye.<ref name="en53">{{Cite web |title=Critical Minerals and Metals Strategy South Africa 2025|url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202505/critical-minerals-and-metals-strategy-south-africa-2025.pdf|website=www.gov.za}}</ref> Ifite kandi hafi 88% by'ububiko bwa platine ku isi, 80% bya manganese, na 72% bya chromite.<ref name="en53" /> Nubwo ubuhinzi butanga gusa hagati ya 2–3% bya GDP, bufite uruhare rukomeye mu gutanga akazi, kubungabunga umutekano w'ibiribwa, guteza imbere icyaro no kongera ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Afurika y'Epfo ni kimwe mu bihugu bya mbere ku isi mu guhinga no kohereza mu mahanga imbuto za citrus (nk'[[amacunga]] n'[[indimu]]), inzabibu, divayi, [[Ikigori|ibigori]], ubwoya bw'[[intama]], mohair, n'ibikomoka ku nguni. Ni cyo gihugu cya mbere ku isi mu gukora mohair n'inyama z'inguni, kandi kiri mu bihugu bya mbere mu gutunganya amapera, amacunga n'[[isukari]]. Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'umusaruro w'ubuhinzi woherezwa mu mahanga, bigatuma Afurika y'Epfo iba kimwe mu bihugu bikomeye mu kohereza ibikomoka ku buhinzi mu gice cy'Isi cy'Amajyepfo. === Ubukerarugendo === [[Ubukerarugendo]] ni imwe mu nkingi z'ingenzi z'ubukungu bwa Afurika y'Epfo. Bugira uruhare rwa hafi 3.3% by'Umusaruro Mbumbe w'Igihugu (GDP) kandi butanga akazi ku bantu bagera kuri miliyoni 1.8, bingana n'ibice birenga 10% by'abakozi bose mu gihugu. Mu mwaka wa 2024, Afurika y'Epfo yakiriye abakerarugendo mpuzamahanga bagera kuri miliyoni 8.9 binjiye banyuze ku mipaka n'ibyambu bitandukanye. Mu 2025, ikinyamakuru ''The Daily Telegraph'' cyayishyize mu bihugu bikunzwe cyane ku isi mu bukerarugendo ndetse kiba igihugu cya mbere muri Afurika no mu karere k'Inyanja y'u Buhinde mu gukundwa n'abagenzi.<ref name="en54">{{cite web |author=Sibuliso Duba|date=25 July 2025|title=SA ranked fourth-best country in the world as tourism flourishes|url=https://www.capetownetc.com/news/sa-ranked-fourth-best-country-in-the-world-as-tourism-flourishes/|access-date=27 July 2025|publisher=CapeTown ETC}}</ref> Afurika y'Epfo izwi cyane kubera imiterere y'ubutaka butandukanye, [[inyamaswa]] nyinshi zo mu gasozi, n'umurage ukungahaye w'umuco n'amateka. Iki gihugu gifite bimwe mu byiza nyaburanga bizwi cyane muri Afurika, birimo Pariki y'Igihugu ya Kruger, imwe mu pariki nini kandi zisurwa cyane ku mugabane; Umusozi wa Table Mountain, umwe mu Bitangaza Birindwi by'Isi by'Ibinyabuzima (New7Wonders of Nature); umuhanda nyaburanga wa Garden Route; imisozi ya Drakensberg; ikibaya cya Blyde River Canyon; ndetse n'inyanja nziza zo mu Ntara za Western Cape na KwaZulu-Natal. Gusura inyamaswa zo mu gasozi (Safari) ni kimwe mu bikurura ba mukerarugendo benshi, bikaba bishyigikiwe n'urusobe rwa pariki z'igihugu, za pariki z'abikorera ndetse n'ahantu harinzwe h'ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja. Imijyi minini na yo yakira miliyoni z'abashyitsi buri mwaka. Cape Town, ikunze gushyirwa ku rutonde rw'imijyi myiza cyane ku isi, ni yo soko rikuru ry'ubukerarugendo muri Afurika y'Epfo. Irazwi cyane kubera V&A Waterfront, Table Mountain, Cape Point, n'uturere twegereye dukorerwamo divayi twa Cape Winelands. Johannesburg, umurwa mukuru w'ubucuruzi n'imari, ifite ahantu hakurura ba mukerarugendo harimo Ingoro Ndangamurage ya Apartheid (Apartheid Museum), Constitution Hill, na Gold Reef City. Umujyi wa Durban uzwi cyane kubera ikirere gishyushye, inyanja nziza n'umuhanda wa Golden Mile ukora ku nkengero z'inyanja. Ubukerarugendo bushingiye kuri divayi (Wine Tourism) nabwo bwateye imbere cyane, aho imizabibu n'inganda za divayi zo mu turere twa Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, na Paarl biri mu hantu hasurwa cyane mu gice cy'Amajyepfo y'Isi. Afurika y'Epfo ifite Ahantu 12 ndangamurage z'Isi za UNESCO (UNESCO World Heritage Sites), zigaragaza akamaro k'iki gihugu mu kubungabunga ibidukikije, amateka n'umuco.<ref name="en55">{{Cite web |title=Tourism |url=https://www.gcis.gov.za/sites/default/files/docs/Tourism.pdf |website=www.statssa.gov.za}}</ref> Muri zo harimo Robben Island, Cradle of Humankind, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Cape Floral Region Protected Areas, Mapungubwe National Park, Maloti-Drakensberg Park, na Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape. Izi ndangamurage zikomeza gukurura ba mukerarugendo baturutse impande zose z'isi kandi zigira uruhare rukomeye mu iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'igihugu.[[Dosiye:Ciudad_del_Cabo_desde_Cabeza_de_León,_Sudáfrica,_2018-07-22,_DD_34.jpg|thumb|Ciudad del Cabo desde Cabeza de León, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-22, DD 34]] == Ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga == Afurika y'Epfo ni kimwe mu bihugu bya Afurika byatanze umusanzu ukomeye mu iterambere ry'ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga. Mu 2025, cyashyizwe ku mwanya wa 61 ku Isi mu rutonde rw'Ibihugu Bigaragaza Udushya n'Ubushakashatsi (''Global Innovation Index'').<ref name="en56">{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Mu Ukuboza 1967, umuganga ubaga umutima Christiaan Barnard yakoze ku nshuro ya mbere ku isi igikorwa cyo gusimbuza umutima w'umuntu n'uw'undi muntu (human-to-human heart transplant) mu Bitaro bya Groote Schuur. Iki gikorwa cyabaye intambwe ikomeye mu [[Ubuvuzi|buvuzi]] bw'isi. Abandi banyasiyansi bakomoka muri Afurika y'Epfo bagize uruhare rukomeye mu iterambere ry'ubumenyi harimo: * Max Theiler, wakoze urukingo rw'indwara ya Yellow Fever (umuriro w'umuhondo). * Allan MacLeod Cormack, wagize uruhare rukomeye mu guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rya CT Scan (Computed Tomography) rikoreshwa mu gusuzuma indwara imbere mu mubiri. * Aaron Klug, yateje imbere uburyo bwo gukoresha electron microscopy mu bushakashatsi ku miterere y'utunyangingo. Kubera ibyo bikorwa by'indashyikirwa, Allan MacLeod Cormack na Aaron Klug bahawe Igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel. Mu mwaka wa 2002, Sydney Brenner na we yahawe Igihembo cya Nobel kubera ubushakashatsi bwe bw'ingenzi mu molekulari biyoloji (Molecular Biology). Mu rwego rw'ikoranabuhanga, Mark Shuttleworth yashinze Thawte, kimwe mu bigo bya mbere byatanze serivisi z'umutekano wa interineti (Internet Security).<ref name="en57">{{Cite web |title=About Thawte - SSL and Code Signing Certificates from Thawte, Inc. |url=https://www.thawte.com/about/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=www.thawte.com}}</ref> Nyuma yaje no kuba umwe mu Banyafurika ba mbere bakoze urugendo rwo mu isanzure (space). Afurika y'Epfo ifite kandi urwego rw'ubushakashatsi mu by'inyenyeri n'isanzure (Astronomy) ruteye imbere. Ni ho hari Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), ari yo telesikopi nini cyane ikoresha urumuri (optical telescope) mu gice cy'Amajyepfo y'Isi.<ref name="en58">{{cite web |date=2 April 2011 |title=SKA announces Founding Board and selects Jodrell Bank Observatory to host Project Office |url=http://www.skatelescope.org/news/2nd-april-news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029041532/http://www.skatelescope.org/news/2nd-april-news/ |archive-date=29 October 2012 |access-date=14 April 2011 |publisher=SKA 2011}}</ref> Iki gihugu kandi kirimo kubaka Karoo Array Telescope, igice cy'umushinga mpuzamahanga wa Square Kilometre Array (SKA), uzaba umwe mu mishinga minini cyane ku isi mu bushakashatsi bw'isanzure. Mu rwego rw'ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare, Afurika y'Epfo yatanze umusanzu ukomeye mu gukora imodoka za gisirikare zirinda abasirikare ibisasu bishyingurwa mu butaka (landmines) n'ibindi bisasu byaturikirizwa kure (MRAP – Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected vehicles).<ref name="en59">{{Cite web |last=FinGlobal |date=2020-06-11 |title=South African inventions: What is South Africa famous for? |url=https://www.finglobal.com/2020/06/11/south-african-inventions/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=FinGlobal |language=en-US}}</ref> Izi modoka zaje kuba urugero rwakurikijwe n'ibihugu byinshi byo ku isi. Iki gihugu kandi cyateje imbere ikoranabuhanga ryerekana amakuru y'indege n'intwaro ku kirahure cy'ingofero y'umupilote (Helmet-Mounted Display Technology), rifasha umupilote kubona amakuru y'ingenzi atarebye ku bipimo byo mu ndege. Byongeye kandi, kajugujugu y'intambara Denel Rooivalk, yakozwe muri Afurika y'Epfo, yabaye kajugujugu ya mbere y'intambara ku isi yakoze neza ikizunguruka cya dogere 360° (360-degree loop), bikagaragaza urwego rwo hejuru rw'ubushobozi bw'igihugu mu ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare. == Ubwikorezi == Afurika y'Epfo ni cyo gihugu gifite ibikorwaremezo by'ubwikorezi binini kandi biteye imbere kurusha ibindi muri Afurika. Ifite urusobe ruhujwe rw'imihanda, gari ya moshi, ibibuga by'indege, ibyambu n'imiyoboro itwara ibikomoka kuri peteroli na gaz. Igihugu gifite ibilometero bisaga 750,000 by'imihanda, bikaba ari urusobe rw'imihanda runini muri Afurika ndetse rukaba ruri ku mwanya wa 12 ku isi.<ref name="en60">{{Cite web |title=SANRAL |url=https://www.nra.co.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=96 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915122331/https://www.nra.co.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=96 |archive-date=2018-09-15 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.nra.co.za}}</ref> Ikigo cya Leta cyitwa South African National Roads Agency (SANRAL) ni cyo gishinzwe kubungabunga no guteza imbere imihanda y'igihugu. Mu mihanda y'ingenzi harimo N1, N2, N3 na N4, ihuza imijyi minini y'igihugu kandi ikaba iri mu mihanda mpuzamahanga nka Cape to Cairo Highway, ihuza Amajyepfo n'Amajyaruguru ya Afurika. Urusobe rwa gari ya moshi rureshya n'ibilometero 36,000, rukaba ari rwo runini muri Afurika ndetse rukaza ku mwanya wa karindwi ku isi. Gutwara imizigo bikorwa cyane n'ikigo Transnet Freight Rail, naho gutwara abagenzi bikorwa n'ikigo Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA). Hari kandi Gautrain, gari ya moshi yihuta ihuza Johannesburg na Pretoria, ikaba ari yo serivisi ya gari ya moshi yihuta yonyine muri Afurika y'Epfo.<ref name="en61">{{Cite web |title=High-speed trains for South Africa are coming: Ramaphosa |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/797467/high-speed-trains-for-south-africa-are-coming-ramaphosa/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Afurika y'Epfo ifite ibibuga by'indege birenga 1,500, bikaba biri mu mubare munini cyane ku isi kandi ari byo byinshi kurusha ibindi bihugu bya Afurika.<ref name="en62">{{Cite web |title=Department of Transport: National Airports Development Plan: NADP March 2024 |url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202604/54520gen3893.pdf |website=www.gov.za}}</ref> Ikibuga cy'Indege Mpuzamahanga cya O.R. Tambo giherereye i Johannesburg ni cyo kinini kandi gikoreshwa cyane muri Afurika, kikaba ari na cyo cyinjirirwamo n'abagenzi benshi baturuka cyangwa bajya mu mahanga.<ref name="en63">{{Cite web |author1=Theafricalogistics |date=2019-07-08 |title=Top 10 largest airports in Africa |url=https://theafricalogistics.com/2019/07/08/top-10-largest-airports-in-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402230217/https://theafricalogistics.com/2019/07/08/top-10-largest-airports-in-africa/ |archive-date=2 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Africa Logistics |language=en-US}}</ref> Ibindi bibuga bikomeye ni Cape Town International Airport, King Shaka International Airport, na Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport. Urwego rw'indege rwa Afurika y'Epfo ni rwo rwateye imbere cyane ku mugabane wa Afurika. Rukorerwamo n'amasosiyete y'indege arimo South African Airways, Airlink, FlySafair, CemAir, na LIFT, atanga serivisi z'imbere mu gihugu ndetse n'izihuza Afurika y'Epfo n'ibindi bihugu. Mu rwego rw'ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi, Afurika y'Epfo ifite ibyambu bikomeye birimo Durban, Cape Town, Gqeberha, Richards Bay, Saldanha Bay, na East London.<ref name="en64">{{Cite news |title=The bottleneck |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2016/03/19/the-bottleneck |access-date=2025-07-24 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Icyambu cya Durban ni cyo cyambu gikomeye kurusha ibindi byo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara mu kwakira no kohereza kontineri, kandi kiri ku mwanya wa kane mu gice cy'Amajyepfo y'Isi. Icyambu cya Richards Bay na cyo kiri mu byambu binini ku isi byoherezamo ibicuruzwa byinshi, cyane cyane amabuye y'agaciro n'ibindi bicuruzwa byinshi. Ibikorwa by'ibyambu byose bicungwa n'ikigo Transnet National Ports Authority, gifite uruhare rukomeye mu koroshya ubwikorezi bw'ibicuruzwa imbere mu gihugu no guteza imbere ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. == Indanganturo == {{Reflist}} {{Afurika}} [[Category:Afurika y’Epfo]] [[Category:Afurika]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] 3z37ts0evv0pqvk2af6q7jzz14962zu 0 3668 140738 140639 2026-10-05T00:49:12Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140738 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ibendera ry’Aligeriya</span>]] [[File:Algeria (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita y’Aligeriya</span>]] '''Aligeriya''' (izina mu [[cyarabu]] : الجزائر‎ , izina mu [[tamazight]]: ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ) n’[[igihugu]] muri [[Afurika]]. Igihugu gituwe n’abaturage bagera kuri 47,400,000 (2025),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elwatan-dz.com/demographie-plus-de-47-millions-dalgeriens-dici-2025|title=Démographie: Plus de 47 millions d'Algériens d'ici 2025 |date=16 July 2024 }}</ref> batuye ku buso bwa km² 2,381,741.<ref>{{cite web |title=Algeria |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2026-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024220857/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/ |archive-date=2022-10-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Annaba,_algeria04.jpg|thumb|Annaba, algeria04]] [[File:The_Aguelmim_Lake,_Tikjda,_Algeria.jpg|thumb|The Aguelmim Lake, Tikjda, Algeria]] == Indanganturo == {{Reflist}} {{Afurika}} [[Category:Aligeriya]] [[Category:Afurika]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] in0p297ef25vvlygs1qikvuwiircvye 0 3671 140740 140642 2026-10-05T01:31:03Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140740 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''República de Angola<br />Repebulika y’Angola'''</big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" |- | align="center" width="140px" | [[Dosiye:Flag of Angola.svg|125px]] | align="center" width="140px" | [[Dosiye:Emblem of Angola.svg|125px]] |- | align="center" width="140px" | <span style="color:grey;">Ibendera ry’Angola</span> | align="center" width="140px" | |} |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[Dosiye:Location Angola AU Africa.svg|300px]]<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita y’Angola</span> |} '''Angola''' cyangwa '''Repebulika y’Angola''' (izina mu [[giporutigali]] : ''República de Angola'' na izina mu [[kinyakongo]] : ''Repubilika ya Ngola'' ) n’[[igihugu]] muri [[Afurika]]. Igihugu gituwe n’abaturage 36,604,681 (ibarura rusange ryo mu 2024),<ref>{{cite web | title=Resultados Definitivos do Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação – 2024 | url=https://www.ine.gov.ao/Arquivos/arquivosCarregados//Carregados/Publicacao_638992698392586291.pdf | date=2025-11-20 | language=pt}}</ref> batuye ku buso bwa km² 1,246,700.<ref>{{cite web |title=Angola |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/angola/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2026-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111204444/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/angola |archive-date=2021-01-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Dosiye:2019 Book Biodiversity of Angola.pdf|thumb|2019 Book Biodiversity of Angola]] [[Dosiye:Morro do Moco, Huambo, Angola.jpg|thumb|Morro do Moco, Huambo, Angola]] == Indanganturo == {{Reflist}} {{Afurika}} [[Category:Angola| ]] [[Category:Afurika]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] 7qv3ypfwv7fq1wlsxi9oma3y16fu2fc 0 3697 140745 140650 2026-10-05T02:18:27Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140745 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Coat of arms of Benin.svg|right|150px]] [[File:Flag of Benin.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ibendera rya Bene</span>]] [[File:LocationBenin.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita ya Bene</span>]] '''Bene''' (izina mu [[gifaransa]] : ''Bénin'' ) ni [[igihugu]] muri [[Afurika]] y'Iburengerazuba. [[File:Nez_d'un_Lockheed_TriStar,_d'un_avion-restaurant_immobilisé_sur_la_plage_de_Cotonou_au_Bénin.jpg|thumb|Nez d&#x27;un Lockheed TriStar, d&#x27;un avion-restaurant immobilisé sur la plage de Cotonou au Bénin]] [[File:Des_barques_au_port_de_pêche_de_Cotonou_au_Bénin.jpg|thumb|Des barques au port de pêche de Cotonou au Bénin]] Benin, ku izina ryayo ryemewe rya Repubulika ya Benin, yahoze yitwa Dahomey, ni igihugu giherereye mu Burengerazuba bwa Afurika.<ref name="dahomey">{{Cite news |date=1 December 1975 |title=Dahomey Announces Its Name Will Be Benin |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/01/archives/dahomey-announces-its-name-will-be-benin.html |access-date=16 September 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916200353/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/01/archives/dahomey-announces-its-name-will-be-benin.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Gihana imbibi na [[Togo]] mu burengerazuba, [[Nijeriya|Nigeria]] mu burasirazuba, [[Burukina Faso|Burkina Faso]] mu majyaruguru y’iburengerazuba, na [[Nigeri|Niger]] mu majyaruguru y’iburasirazuba. Abaturage benshi batuye ku nkombe z’amajyepfo z’Inyanja ya Bight of Benin, igice cy’Ikigobe cya Guinea kiri mu gice cyo mu majyaruguru cy’Inyanja ya Atlantika.<ref name="wetlands">{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=R. H. |last2=Hughes |first2=J. S. |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC |year=1992 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |page=301 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508163425/https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC |archive-date=8 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Umurwa mukuru ni Porto-Novo, mu gihe icyicaro cya guverinoma kiri i Cotonou, umujyi munini kandi ufite uruhare rukomeye mu bukungu bw’igihugu.<ref name="cotonou">{{cite journal |last1=Dossou |first1=Krystel M.R. |last2=Gléhouenou-Dossou |first2=Bernadette |date=2007 |title=The vulnerability to climate change of Cotonou (Benin): the rise in sea level |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=65–79 |doi=10.1177/0956247807077149 |bibcode=2007EnUrb..19...65D |doi-access=free}}; {{cite journal |title=Mapping a slum: learning from participatory mapping and digital innovation in Cotonou (Benin) |translator=Alvin Harberts |doi=10.4000/cybergeo.32949 |date=2019 |journal=Cybergeo |first1=Armelle |last1=Choplin |first2=Martin |last2=Lozivit |trans-title=Mettre un quartier sur la carte: Cartographie participative et innovation numérique à Cotonou (Bénin) |doi-access=free}} </ref> Benin ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 112,622 kandi abaturage bayo mu mwaka wa 2021 bageraga kuri miliyoni 13.<ref name="cia">{{cite web |title=Benin |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/benin/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2026-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915200101/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/benin/ |archive-date=2025-09-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ni igihugu gifite ikirere gishyushye cyo mu turere dushyuha, kandi ubukungu bwacyo bushingiye cyane ku [[ubuhinzi]] no kohereza mu mahanga amavuta y’imitende n’ipamba.<ref name="fao">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/isfp/country-information/benin/en/ |title=FAO Initiative on Soaring Food Prices |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024021730/http://www.fao.org/isfp/country-information/benin/en/ |archive-date=24 October 2012 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=29 June 2010 }}</ref><ref name="industries">{{Cite web |title=Major Industries in Benin |url=https://www.ariseiip.com/homepage/major-industries-in-benin/ |access-date=23 June 2024 |website=Arise IIP }}</ref> Kuva mu kinyejana cya 17 kugeza mu cya 19, muri ako karere habayeho ibihugu n’ubwami butandukanye birimo Ubwami bwa Dahomey, umujyi wigenga wa Porto-Novo n’ibindi bice byo mu majyaruguru. Mu mwaka wa 1894, [[Ubufaransa]] bwafashe aka karere bukinjiza muri Afurika y’Uburengerazuba yagenzurwaga n’Ubufaransa ku izina rya French Dahomey. Mu 1960, Dahomey yabonye ubwigenge busesuye ivuye ku Bufaransa. Nk’igihugu cyigenga, Benin yagiye inyura mu bihe bitandukanye birimo ubutegetsi bwa demokarasi, kudeta za gisirikare n’ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare. Hagati ya 1975 na 1990, yabaye Repubulika y’Abaturage ya Benin yashingiye ku mahame ya Marxism-Leninism, mbere yo gusimburwa na Repubulika ya Benin ishingiye kuri demokarasi y’amashyaka menshi mu 1991.<ref name="multiparty">{{cite book |title=Global Logistics Assessments Reports Handbook |volume=1: Strategic Transportation and Customs Information for Selected Countries |publisher=International Business Publications USA |date=2008 |orig-date=2015 |isbn=978-0-7397-6603-3 |page=85 }}</ref> Ururimi rwemewe ni [[Igifaransa]], ariko hanavugwa indimi z’iwabo zirimo Fon, Bariba, Yoruba na Dendi. Nk’uko imibare ya Pew Research Group ibigaragaza, [[Ubukirisitu]] ni bwo [[idini]] rikurikizwa n’abaturage benshi, bugakurikirwa n’[[Islamu|Ubuyisilamu]] n’amadini gakondo ya Afurika.<ref name="pew1">{{Cite web |last=Tong|first=Yunping|date=12 February 2026|title=Religious Diversity Around the World|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2026/02/12/religious-diversity-around-the-world/|access-date=16 July 2026|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="pew2">{{Cite web |last=Hackett|first=Conrad|last2=Stonawski|first2=Marcin|last3=Tong|first3=Yunping|last4=Kramer|first4=Stephanie|last5=Shi|first5=Anne|last6=Fahmy|first6=Dalia|date=9 June 2025|title=14. Religion in sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/religion-in-sub-saharan-africa/|access-date=16 July 2026|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref> Benin kandi ni umunyamuryango w’imiryango mpuzamahanga myinshi irimo [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Umuryango w’Abibumbye]], Umuryango wa Afurika Yunze Ubumwe, ECOWAS, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Francophonie n’indi miryango y’akarere n’isi. == Indanganturo == {{Reflist}} {{Afurika}} [[Category:Bene| ]] [[Category:Afurika]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] 8m34pqxnvn2au12rgq8gbr8o2p9404p 0 6169 140721 140610 2026-10-04T16:18:00Z Score Beethoven 11559 140721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Denis Sassou Nguesso | image = Denis Sassou Nguesso on April 29, 2026 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Denis Sassou Nguesso ku ya 29 Mata 2026 | birth_date = 23 Ugushyingo 1943 | birth_place = Edou, Oyo, [[Repubulika ya Kongo]] | nationality = Umunyekongo | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Repubulika ya Kongo]] | term = 1979–1992; kuva ku ya 25 Ukwakira 1997 | predecessor = Pascal Lissouba | party = Parti congolais du travail (PCT) | spouse = Antoinette Sassou Nguesso }} '''Denis Sassou Nguesso''' (yavutse ku ya 23 Ugushyingo 1943 i Edou) ni umusirikare akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa [[Repubulika ya Kongo]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva mu 1997, nyuma yo kuba yarakiyoboye bwa mbere kuva mu 1979 kugeza mu 1992. Ni umwe mu bayobozi b'ibihugu bamaze igihe kirekire ku butegetsi muri Afurika. Mu gihe cya manda ye ya mbere, yayoboye ishyaka rimwe rya gikomunisiti, Parti congolais du travail (PCT). Mu 1990, yemeye amashyaka menshi, ariko mu 1992 atsindwa amatora ya perezida. Yagarutse ku butegetsi mu 1997, inyeshyamba ze, Cobras, zifashijwe n'ingabo za [[Angola]], zimaze guhirika Perezida Pascal Lissouba mu ntambara y'abenegihugu. Kuva icyo gihe, yatsinze amatora ya 2002, 2009, 2016, 2021 na 2026, kandi mu 2015 yahinduye Itegeko Nshinga kugira ngo ashobore kongera kwiyamamaza. Ubutegetsi bwe bwakunze kuvugwamo ibirego bya ruswa no kunyereza umutungo wa leta. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere == Sassou Nguesso yavukiye i Edou, umudugudu uri hafi y'Oyo mu majyaruguru ya Kongo, mu bwoko bw'Abambochi <ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=République du Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) : information indiquant s'il existe des signes distinctifs visibles entre les membres de l'ethnie Mbochi et les autres ethnies en termes d'apparence, de pratiques et de styles de vie; information indiquant s'il est possible de déterminer par son nom l'appartenance d'une personne à l'ethnie Mbochi |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/469cda50c.html |website=refworld.org |date=2007-02-23}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Congo-Brazzaville : Denis Sassou Nguesso, le joueur de poker |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/140289/politique/congo-brazzaville-denis-sassou-nguesso-le-joueur-de-poker/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2012-08-30}}</ref>. Ni bucura bw'abana ba Julien Nguesso, wari umutware w'abahigi, na Émilienne Mouebara <ref name="E12">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Antoine Daniel Kongo |title=Congo-Brazzaville: Denis Sassou Nguesso, premier président de la Nouvelle République |url=http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201603240843.html |website=allAfrica |date=2016-03-24 |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Germaine Mapanga |title=Denis Sassou Nguesso " Lékufé ", notable à 10 ans |url=http://lesechos-congobrazza.com/politique/3163-denis-sassou-nguesso-lekufe-notable-a-10-ans |website=allAfrica |date=2017-06-26 |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Denis Sassou-Nguesso |url=https://www.parismatch.com/bio/denis-sassou-nguesso |website=parismatch.com |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza i Fort-Rousset (ubu ni Owando), hanyuma mu ishuri nderabarezi rya Dolisie kuva mu 1956 kugeza mu 1960 <ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liste des présidents de la République du Congo Brazzaville |url=http://www.consulatgeneralcongo.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31&Itemid=167 |website=Consulate General of Congo in Tunis |date=2014-08-17}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Mu 1960, mbere gato y'uko igihugu kibona ubwigenge, Sassou Nguesso yinjiye mu gisirikare <ref name="E15">{{cite web |author=Barry Turner |title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2010: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YpLlDQAAQBAJ&q=Isidore+Mvouba+1954&pg=PA352 |website=Springer |date=2009}}</ref>. Yahawe imyitozo ya gisirikare muri [[Aligeriya]], hanyuma mu ishuri ry'abasirikare barwanira ku butaka rya Saint-Maixent, mu [[Ubufaransa]] <ref name="E14" />. Yabaye umwe mu basirikare bakuru ba mbere b'umutwe w'abasirikare barwanira mu kirere wa mbere w'ingabo za Kongo, washinzwe na Marien Ngouabi mu 1965; nyuma yayoboye uwo mutwe, ingabo n'akarere ka gisirikare ka [[Brazzaville]], hanyuma ishami ry'ubutasi <ref name="E14" /><ref name="E17">{{cite web |author=Brigitte NOUAILLE-DEGORCE |title=NGOUABI MARIEN (1938–1977) |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/marien-ngouabi/ |website=Universalis |date=1999-01-19 |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Yabaye koloneli mu 1978, nyuma aba jenerali mu 1989 <ref name="E14" />. == Intangiriro y'umwuga wa politiki == Mu 1968, Sassou Nguesso yagize uruhare muri kudeta yahiritse Perezida Alphonse Massamba-Débat, ishyira Marien Ngouabi ku butegetsi, maze aba umwe mu bagize Inama y'Igihugu y'Impinduramatwara <ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=LISTE DES MEMBRES FONDATEURS DU CONSEIL NATIONAL DE LA RÉVOLUTION (21 décembre 1968) |url=http://congo-liberty.com/?p=24588 |website=congo-liberty.com |access-date=2021-08-07}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=LISTE DES MEMBRES FONDATEURS DU CONSEIL NATIONAL DE LA RÉVOLUTION (21 décembre 1968) |url=http://congo-liberty.com/?p=24588 |website=congo-liberty.com |access-date=2021-08-07}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 1969, yatorewe kuba umwe mu bagize komite nkuru ya mbere y'ishyaka rishya rya gikomunisiti, Parti congolais du travail (PCT) <ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Accession de Marien Ngouabi à la présidence de la République du Congo |url=https://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve/1052 |website=perspective.usherbrooke.ca |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Gicurasi 1973, yagizwe umuyobozi w'umutekano wa leta, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Ingabo n'Umutekano afite imyaka 32 <ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Journal officiel de la république populaire du congo |url=https://www.sgg.cg/JO/1973/congo-jo-1973-11.pdf |website=Journal officiel de la république populaire du congo}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Sabine Cessou |title=Congo-Brazzaville: Denis Sassou-Nguesso en dix dates |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20151023-congo-brazzaville-denis-sassou-nguesso-dix-dates-referendum |website=RFI |date=2015-10-23 |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Werurwe 1977, Perezida Ngouabi yarishwe <ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Michel Arseneault |title=Il y a 40 ans, la mort d'un président au marxisme 'bien tempéré' à Brazzaville |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170317-congo-il-y-40-ans-assassinat-brazzaville-president-marien-ngouabi-marxisme-bien-tem |website=RFI |date=2017-03-17 |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Komite ya gisirikare ya PCT iyobowe na Sassou Nguesso yahise ifata ubutegetsi; yayoboye igihugu by'agateganyo, mbere yo guha umwanya Jenerali Joachim Yhombi-Opango, akaguma kuba visi-perezida wa mbere wa komite na Minisitiri w'Ingabo <ref name="E33" /><ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Accession de Denis Sassou-Nguesso à la présidence de la République populaire du Congo |url=https://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve/1275 |website=perspective.usherbrooke.ca |access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref>. == Manda ya mbere (1979–1992) == Ku ya 8 Gashyantare 1979, Sassou Nguesso yagizwe perezida w'agateganyo, hanyuma ku ya 31 Werurwe 1979 yemezwa nk'umuyobozi wa komite nkuru ya PCT na Perezida wa Repubulika <ref name="E37" /><ref name="E39">{{cite web |title=Le premier congrès extraordinaire du parti congolais du travail |url=http://www.particongolaisdutravail.org/histoire-suite1.html |website=particongolaisdutravail.org |access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref>. Nubwo yafatwaga nk'uri ku ruhande rw'Ubumwe bw'Abasoviyeti, yagiranye umubano ukomeye n'Ubufaransa, kandi ikigo cy'Abafaransa cya peteroli Elf Aquitaine cyagize uruhare rukomeye mu bucukuzi bwa peteroli ya Kongo <ref name="E33" /><ref name="E43">{{cite web |title=Le pétrole congolais d'Elf, huile de la Françafrique |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/evasion-fiscale/article/2018/04/10/le-petrole-congolais-d-elf-huile-de-la-francafrique_5283337_4862750.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2018-04-10}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1986 kugeza mu 1987, yayoboye Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'Afurika (OUA). Mu 1990, yemeye amashyaka menshi, maze mu 1991 Inama y'Igihugu imwambura ububasha bwo kuyobora, akomeza kuba umukuru w'igihugu w'icyubahiro gusa <ref name="E46">{{cite web |language=en |author=Kenneth B. Noble |title=Congo Political Conference Gives Africa a Democratic Model |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/25/world/congo-political-conference-gives-africa-a-democratic-model.html |website=The New York Times |date=1991-06-25 |access-date=2021-08-24}}</ref>. Mu matora ya perezida yo muri Kanama 1992, yabaye uwa gatatu n'amajwi 17%, ashyigikira Pascal Lissouba watsinze icyiciro cya kabiri <ref name="E47">{{cite web |title=CONGO-BRAZZAVILLE |url=https://media.africaportal.org/documents/paper41.pdf |access-date=2021-08-14}}</ref><ref name="E49">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Congo Chambre parlementaire : Sénat - Élections tenues en 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-f/reports/arc/1370_92.htm |website=archive.ipu.org |access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref>. == Intambara z'abenegihugu no kugaruka ku butegetsi == Mu Ugushyingo 1993, intambara y'abenegihugu yadutse nyuma y'impaka ku byavuye mu matora y'abadepite, imitwe yitwaje intwaro ishyigikiye Lissouba irwana n'iya Bernard Kolélas (Ninjas) n'iya Sassou Nguesso (Cobras) <ref name="E50">{{cite web |title=Chambre parlementaire: Assemblée nationale |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-f/reports/arc/1071_93.htm |website=archive.ipu.org |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref><ref name="E51">{{cite web |title=Congo-Brazzaville: Bulletin spécial d'IRIN sur les milices au Congo |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/congo/congo-brazzaville-bulletin-sp%C3%A9cial-dirin-sur-les-milices-au-congo |website=reliefweb.int |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Sassou Nguesso yamaze amezi arindwi i Paris mu 1996, agaruka muri Mutarama 1997 kwitegura amatora ya perezida <ref name="E52">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Entre arbitraire et impunite: les droits de l'homme au Congo-Brazzaville |url=http://www.fidh.org/rapports/congo.htm |date=April 1998}}</ref>. Ku ya 5 Kamena 1997, ingabo za leta zagose inzu ye i Brazzaville, bituma intambara ya kabiri y'abenegihugu yaduka hagati y'ingabo za leta n'umutwe we, Cobras <ref name="E53">{{cite web |author=Patrice Yengo |title=" Chacun aura sa part " : les fondements historiques de la (re)production de la " guerre " à Brazzaville |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1998_num_38_150_1811 |website=Cahiers d'Études africaines |date=1998}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Nzeri, ingabo za Angola zinjiye mu ntambara zimushyigikiye, maze mu Ukwakira Lissouba ahunga igihugu; ku ya 25 Ukwakira 1997, Sassou Nguesso yarahiriye kuba Perezida <ref name="E52" /><ref name="E53" />. Yakuyeho Itegeko Nshinga rya 1992, arisimbuza itegeko ryamuhaye ububasha bwinshi <ref name="E56">{{cite web |title=Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, United Kingdom |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3df4aadc0.pdf |date=October 2002 |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Imirwano yakomeje kugeza ku masezerano y'amahoro yo mu Ukuboza 1999, ishyira iherezo ku ntambara yasize abantu bari hagati ya 8 000 na 10 000 bapfuye n'abagera ku 800 000 bavuye mu byabo <ref name="E57">{{cite web |author=Hanlie de Beer |title=Congo-Brazzaville: The deep end of the Pool |url=https://issafrica.org/research/papers/congo-brazzaville-the-deep-end-of-the-pool |website=Institute for Security Studies |date=1999-09-02 |access-date=2021-08-14}}</ref><ref name="E59">{{cite web |title=ACCORD DU 29 DECEMBRE 1999 A BRAZZAVILLE |url=https://www.peaceau.org/uploads/congobraz-29-12-1999.pdf |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. == Perezida kuva mu 1997 == Mu matora ya perezida yo ku ya 10 Werurwe 2002, umukandida w'ingenzi utavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi akaba yarivanyemo, Sassou Nguesso yatsinze n'amajwi 89,41% <ref name="E60">{{cite web |language=en |title=Congolese Opposition Leader Withdraws From Presidential Race – 2002-03-09 |url=https://www.voanews.com/archive/congolese-opposition-leader-withdraws-presidential-race-2002-03-09 |website=Voice of America |access-date=2021-08-14}}</ref><ref name="E61">{{cite web |title=CONGO ELECTION PRESIDENTIELLE 10 MARS 2002 |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1411900/625_tmpphpogQZdH.pdf |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2006, yatorewe kuyobora Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe <ref name="E62">{{cite web |language=fr |title=UA: Denis Sassou Nguesso au lieu d'Omar el-Béchir |url=https://www.dw.com/fr/ua-denis-sassou-nguesso-au-lieu-domar-el-b%C3%A9chir/a-2886664 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2006-01-24 |access-date=2021-08-14}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2009, yongeye gutorwa n'amajwi 78,61%, mu gihe abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bari baretse kwitabira amatora <ref name="E64">{{cite web |title=Congo leader in pardon for ex-president at start of new term |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225075845/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g_1c-B0FlV37Bpumy0UGd69KnElw}}</ref>. Mu 2015, yateguye kamarampaka ku Itegeko Nshinga rishya ryamwemereraga kongera kwiyamamaza; ryemejwe n'amajwi 92,96%, ariko abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bavuga ko ubwitabire bwari buke <ref name="E65">{{cite web |title=Congo Republic president says expects referendum over third term |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-president-idUSKBN0MN25N20150327}}</ref><ref name="E66">{{cite web |title=More than 90% vote to allow Congo leader's bid to extend rule |url=https://news.yahoo.com/more-90-vote-allow-congo-leaders-bid-extend-071858967.html}}</ref><ref name="E67">{{cite web |language=en |title=Congo referendum should be annulled due to low turnout, opposition says |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-politics-idUSKCN0SK1C120151026 |website=Reuters |date=2015-10-26 |access-date=2022-07-23}}</ref>. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2016 (60%) <ref name="E68">{{cite web |language=en |author=Christian Elion |title=Congo's Sassou Nguesso wins re-election, opposition vows protests |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-election-idUSKCN0WQ0MQ |website=Reuters |date=2016-03-24 |access-date=2021-08-15}}</ref>, mu 2021 (88,57%) <ref name="F58">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Congo : Denis Sassou Nguesso réélu président avec 88,57% des voix selon les résultats provisoires |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/presidentielle-au-congo-denis-sassou-nguesso-reelu-president-avec-8857-des-voix-selon-les |website=TV5MONDE - Informations |date=2021-03-23 |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref><ref name="F59">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Election au Congo-Brazzaville : Denis Sassou-Nguesso réélu sans surprise avec 88,57 % des voix |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/03/23/au-congo-brazzaville-denis-sassou-nguesso-reelu-sans-surprise-avec-88-57-des-voix_6074196_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-03-23 |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref> no mu Werurwe 2026 (94,82%) <ref name="E72">{{cite web |author=Louis Okamba |title=Republic of Congo's president reelected to fifth term, provisional results show |url=https://apnews.com/article/republic-of-congo-president-election-a7e32fea3127f90dabfc838eedd83d21 |website=AP |date=2026-03-17 |access-date=2026-03-17}}</ref><ref name="F70">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Congo-Brazzaville: Denis Sassou-Nguesso déclaré vainqueur de la présidentielle pour la cinquième fois consécutive |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260317-congo-brazzaville-denis-sassou-nguesso-%C3%A9lu-pr%C3%A9sident-pour-la-cinqui%C3%A8me-fois-cons%C3%A9cutive |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Mu matora ya 2021, umukandida wa kabiri, Guy-Brice Parfait Kolélas, yapfuye azize COVID-19 bukeye bw'amatora <ref name="F59" />. Nk'umuyobozi w'akanama k'Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe gashinzwe ikibazo cya [[Libiya]], yagize uruhare mu gushaka umuti w'icyo kibazo, ndetse muri Ukuboza 2024 asura Tripoli na Benghazi <ref name="E73">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frédéric Ange Touré |title=La Libye au cœur d'une rencontre entre Denis Sassou N'Guesso et le Cheikh Farhat Jaâbiri |url=https://lejournaldelafrique.com/lafrique-daujourdhui/la-libye-au-coeur-dune-rencontre-entre-denis-sassou-nguesso-et-le-cheikh-farhat-jaabiri/ |website=Le Journal de l'Afrique |date=2021-06-20 |access-date=2021-08-24}}</ref><ref name="F63">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Visite en Libye de Sassou Nguesso, président du Haut comité de l'UA: quel rôle pour l'Afrique dans la réconciliation? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241212-visite-libye-sassou-nguesso-pr%C3%A9sident-du-haut-comit%C3%A9-ua-quel-r%C3%B4le-pour-l-afrique-dans-la-r%C3%A9conciliation |website=RFI |date=2024-12-12 |access-date=2025-05-24}}</ref>. Yashishikarije guverinoma z'u [[Rwanda]] n'iya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] kuganira kugira ngo intambara yo mu burasirazuba bwa Kongo irangire <ref name="F64">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En tête-à-tête - Conflit en RD Congo : pour Denis Sassou-Nguesso, "une guerre régionale" est possible |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/%C3%A9missions/en-t%C3%AAte-%C3%A0-t%C3%AAte/20250216-conflit-en-rd-congo-pour-denis-sassou-nguesso-une-guerre-r%C3%A9gionale-est-possible |website=France 24 |date=2025-02-16 |access-date=2025-05-24}}</ref>. Yateguye kandi inama y'Ibibaya Bitatu (''Sommet des trois Bassins'') i Brazzaville mu Ukwakira 2023, igamije kurengera amashyamba y'inzitane <ref name="F65">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Quels sont les enjeux du sommet des Trois Bassins forestiers tropicaux qui s’est ouvert à Brazzaville ? |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/quels-sont-les-enjeux-du-sommet-des-trois-bassins-forestiers-tropicaux-qui-s-est-ouvert-a-brazzaville-26-10-2023-2540920_3826.php |website=Le Point |date=2023-10-26 |access-date=2025-05-24}}</ref>. Kuva muri Nzeri 2025, ayoboye inama y'abakuru b'ibihugu bya CEMAC <ref name="F68">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sommet de la Cémac: Denis Sassou-Nguesso succède à Faustin-Archange Touadéra à la tête de l'organisation |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250911-sommet-de-la-cemac-denis-sassou-nguesso-succ%C3%A8de-%C3%A0-faustin-archange-touad%C3%A9ra-%C3%A0-la-t%C3%AAte-de-l-organisation |website=RFI |date=2025-09-11 |access-date=2025-09-12}}</ref>. == Ibirego bya ruswa == Mu Mata 2007, imiryango ya Sherpa na Survie yareze mu Bufaransa abakuru b'ibihugu bitanu b'Afurika n'imiryango yabo, barimo Sassou Nguesso, ibashinja guhisha umutungo wanyerejwe muri leta, mu rubanza ruzwi nka « imitungo yabonetse mu buryo butemewe » (''biens mal acquis'') <ref name="F71">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Chronologie de l'affaire dite des "biens mal acquis" |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/chronologie-de-l-affaire-dite-des-biens-mal-acquis-176396 |website=TV5MONDE |date=2017-06-21 |access-date=2022-07-15}}</ref>. Mu 2010, Urukiko rusesa imanza rw'Ubufaransa rwemeye ko ikirego gikurikiranwa. Mu Nyakanga 2007, umuryango Global Witness wagaragaje ko umuhungu we, Denis Christel Sassou Nguesso, yaba yarakoresheje amafaranga y'ubucuruzi bwa peteroli mu kugura ibintu by'agaciro i Paris na Dubai <ref name="E78">{{cite web |title=Denis christel sassou nguesso credit card |url=http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_get.php/439/en/denis_christel_sassou_nguesso_credit_card_bill.pdf |website=www.globalwitness.org |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2021, izina rye ryagaragaye mu nyandiko zizwi nka ''Pandora Papers'', zavuze ko mu 1998, nyuma gato yo gusubira ku butegetsi, handitswe ikigo cyitwa Inter African Investment mu birwa bya Virginie by'Abongereza, ahantu hazwiho kudasoresha <ref name="F61">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal de l'Afrique - "Pandora papers" : plusieurs chefs d'État africains cités par une enquête journalistique |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/%C3%A9missions/journal-de-l-afrique/20211004-plusieurs-chefs-d-etat-africains-cit%C3%A9s-dans-les-pandora-papers |website=France 24 |date=2021-10-04 |access-date=2021-10-05}}</ref><ref name="E82">{{cite web |language=en |author=Kate Hairsine |title=Pandora Papers expose African leaders' offshore secrets |url=https://www.dw.com/en/pandora-papers-expose-african-leaders-offshore-secrets/a-59399552 |website=dw.com |date=2021-04-10 |access-date=2025-04-11}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye yahakanye uruhare urwo ari rwo rwose muri icyo kibazo <ref name="F62">{{cite web |language=fr |title=«Pandora Papers»: le gouvernement congolais dément l'implication du président Sassou-Nguesso |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20211006-pandora-papers-le-gouvernement-congolais-d%C3%A9ment-l-implication-du-pr%C3%A9sident-sassou-nguesso |website=RFI |date=2021-10-06 |access-date=2022-03-20}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2026, yavuzwe mu kibazo cya ruswa gifitanye isano n'ikigo cya peteroli cyo muri Noruveje, Petronor; guverinoma ye ibyita gusebanya <ref name="F77">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Deux Norvégiens et Petronor inculpés pour «corruption aggravée» à «grande échelle» au Congo-Brazzaville |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260126-deux-norv%C3%A9giens-inculp%C3%A9s-de-corruption-pour-le-versement-de-pots-de-vin-au-pr%C3%A9sident-congolais-sassou-nguesso |website=rfi |date=2026-01-26 |access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref>. Ku butegetsi bwe, ubukungu bwagiye buzamuka, ariko igihugu gifite umwenda munini, kandi abaturage benshi baracyabaho mu bukene nubwo igihugu gikungahaye kuri peteroli n'amabuye y'agaciro <ref name="F78">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Congo-Brazzaville n’en a pas fini avec ses dettes cachées |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/07/11/le-congo-brazzaville-n-a-pas-fini-avec-ses-dettes-cachees_5488215_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-07-11 |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref><ref name="F81">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Denis Sassou N'Guesso « Je n'ai pas pillé les richesses du Congo » |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/denis-sassou-n-guesso-je-n-ai-pas-pille-les-richesses-du-congo_773835.html |website=LExpress.fr |date=2009-07-10 |access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Sassou Nguesso yashakanye na Antoinette Tchibota <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le RDPS fait faux bond à Denis et Antoinette Sassou avec le ’NON" au changement de Constitution |url=http://www.congopage.com/Le-RDPS-fait-faux-bond-a-Denis-et-Antoinette-Sassou-avec-le-NON-au-chengement-de-Constitution |website=CongoPage |date=2015-05-27}}</ref>. Afite abana benshi; umukobwa we, Édith Lucie, yashakanye na Perezida wa [[Gabon]], Omar Bongo, mu 1989 <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=CONGO/FRANCE • Sassou lègue l'héritage d'Edith à ses petits-enfants - 06/10/2011 - La Lettre du Continent |url=https://www.africaintelligence.fr/afrique-centrale/2011/10/06/sassou-legue-l-heritage-d-edith-a-ses-petits-enfants,93372254-gra |website=Africa Intelligence |date=2011-10-04 |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Repubulika ya Kongo]] mbhjvo2n5k3bsm49ny7rl0iulueslo8 140754 140721 2026-10-05T03:57:53Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Denis Sassou Nguesso | image = Denis Sassou Nguesso on April 29, 2026 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Denis Sassou Nguesso ku ya 29 Mata 2026 | birth_date = 23 Ugushyingo 1943 | birth_place = Edou, Oyo, [[Repubulika ya Kongo]] | nationality = Umunyekongo | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Repubulika ya Kongo]] | term = 1979–1992; kuva ku ya 25 Ukwakira 1997 | predecessor = Pascal Lissouba | party = Parti congolais du travail (PCT) | spouse = Antoinette Sassou Nguesso }} '''Denis Sassou Nguesso''' (yavutse ku ya 23 Ugushyingo 1943 i Edou) ni umusirikare akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa [[Repubulika ya Kongo]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva mu 1997, nyuma yo kuba yarakiyoboye bwa mbere kuva mu 1979 kugeza mu 1992. Ni umwe mu bayobozi b'ibihugu bamaze igihe kirekire ku butegetsi muri Afurika. Mu gihe cya manda ye ya mbere, yayoboye ishyaka rimwe rya gikomunisiti, Parti congolais du travail (PCT). Mu 1990, yemeye amashyaka menshi, ariko mu 1992 atsindwa amatora ya perezida. Yagarutse ku butegetsi mu 1997, inyeshyamba ze, Cobras, zifashijwe n'ingabo za [[Angola]], zimaze guhirika Perezida Pascal Lissouba mu ntambara y'abenegihugu. Kuva icyo gihe, yatsinze amatora ya 2002, 2009, 2016, 2021 na 2026, kandi mu 2015 yahinduye Itegeko Nshinga kugira ngo ashobore kongera kwiyamamaza. Ubutegetsi bwe bwakunze kuvugwamo ibirego bya ruswa no kunyereza umutungo wa leta. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere == Sassou Nguesso yavukiye i Edou, umudugudu uri hafi y'Oyo mu majyaruguru ya Kongo, mu bwoko bw'Abambochi <ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=République du Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) : information indiquant s'il existe des signes distinctifs visibles entre les membres de l'ethnie Mbochi et les autres ethnies en termes d'apparence, de pratiques et de styles de vie; information indiquant s'il est possible de déterminer par son nom l'appartenance d'une personne à l'ethnie Mbochi |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/469cda50c.html |website=refworld.org |date=2007-02-23}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Congo-Brazzaville : Denis Sassou Nguesso, le joueur de poker |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/140289/politique/congo-brazzaville-denis-sassou-nguesso-le-joueur-de-poker/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2012-08-30}}</ref>. Ni bucura bw'abana ba Julien Nguesso, wari umutware w'abahigi, na Émilienne Mouebara <ref name="E12">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Antoine Daniel Kongo |title=Congo-Brazzaville: Denis Sassou Nguesso, premier président de la Nouvelle République |url=http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201603240843.html |website=allAfrica |date=2016-03-24 |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Germaine Mapanga |title=Denis Sassou Nguesso " Lékufé ", notable à 10 ans |url=http://lesechos-congobrazza.com/politique/3163-denis-sassou-nguesso-lekufe-notable-a-10-ans |website=allAfrica |date=2017-06-26 |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Denis Sassou-Nguesso |url=https://www.parismatch.com/bio/denis-sassou-nguesso |website=parismatch.com |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza i Fort-Rousset (ubu ni Owando), hanyuma mu ishuri nderabarezi rya Dolisie kuva mu 1956 kugeza mu 1960 <ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liste des présidents de la République du Congo Brazzaville |url=http://www.consulatgeneralcongo.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31&Itemid=167 |website=Consulate General of Congo in Tunis |date=2014-08-17}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Mu 1960, mbere gato y'uko igihugu kibona ubwigenge, Sassou Nguesso yinjiye mu gisirikare <ref name="E15">{{cite web |author=Barry Turner |title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2010: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YpLlDQAAQBAJ&q=Isidore+Mvouba+1954&pg=PA352 |website=Springer |date=2009}}</ref>. Yahawe imyitozo ya gisirikare muri [[Aligeriya]], hanyuma mu ishuri ry'abasirikare barwanira ku butaka rya Saint-Maixent, mu [[Ubufaransa]] <ref name="E14" />. Yabaye umwe mu basirikare bakuru ba mbere b'umutwe w'abasirikare barwanira mu kirere wa mbere w'ingabo za Kongo, washinzwe na Marien Ngouabi mu 1965; nyuma yayoboye uwo mutwe, ingabo n'akarere ka gisirikare ka [[Brazzaville]], hanyuma ishami ry'ubutasi <ref name="E14" /><ref name="E17">{{cite web |author=Brigitte NOUAILLE-DEGORCE |title=NGOUABI MARIEN (1938–1977) |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/marien-ngouabi/ |website=Universalis |date=1999-01-19 |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Yabaye koloneli mu 1978, nyuma aba jenerali mu 1989 <ref name="E14" />. == Intangiriro y'umwuga wa politiki == Mu 1968, Sassou Nguesso yagize uruhare muri kudeta yahiritse Perezida Alphonse Massamba-Débat, ishyira Marien Ngouabi ku butegetsi, maze aba umwe mu bagize Inama y'Igihugu y'Impinduramatwara <ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=LISTE DES MEMBRES FONDATEURS DU CONSEIL NATIONAL DE LA RÉVOLUTION (21 décembre 1968) |url=http://congo-liberty.com/?p=24588 |website=congo-liberty.com |access-date=2021-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807111149/http://congo-liberty.com/?p=24588 |archive-date=2021-08-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=LISTE DES MEMBRES FONDATEURS DU CONSEIL NATIONAL DE LA RÉVOLUTION (21 décembre 1968) |url=http://congo-liberty.com/?p=24588 |website=congo-liberty.com |access-date=2021-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807111149/http://congo-liberty.com/?p=24588 |archive-date=2021-08-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 1969, yatorewe kuba umwe mu bagize komite nkuru ya mbere y'ishyaka rishya rya gikomunisiti, Parti congolais du travail (PCT) <ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Accession de Marien Ngouabi à la présidence de la République du Congo |url=https://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve/1052 |website=perspective.usherbrooke.ca |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Gicurasi 1973, yagizwe umuyobozi w'umutekano wa leta, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Ingabo n'Umutekano afite imyaka 32 <ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Journal officiel de la république populaire du congo |url=https://www.sgg.cg/JO/1973/congo-jo-1973-11.pdf |website=Journal officiel de la république populaire du congo}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Sabine Cessou |title=Congo-Brazzaville: Denis Sassou-Nguesso en dix dates |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20151023-congo-brazzaville-denis-sassou-nguesso-dix-dates-referendum |website=RFI |date=2015-10-23 |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Werurwe 1977, Perezida Ngouabi yarishwe <ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Michel Arseneault |title=Il y a 40 ans, la mort d'un président au marxisme 'bien tempéré' à Brazzaville |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170317-congo-il-y-40-ans-assassinat-brazzaville-president-marien-ngouabi-marxisme-bien-tem |website=RFI |date=2017-03-17 |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Komite ya gisirikare ya PCT iyobowe na Sassou Nguesso yahise ifata ubutegetsi; yayoboye igihugu by'agateganyo, mbere yo guha umwanya Jenerali Joachim Yhombi-Opango, akaguma kuba visi-perezida wa mbere wa komite na Minisitiri w'Ingabo <ref name="E33" /><ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Accession de Denis Sassou-Nguesso à la présidence de la République populaire du Congo |url=https://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve/1275 |website=perspective.usherbrooke.ca |access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref>. == Manda ya mbere (1979–1992) == Ku ya 8 Gashyantare 1979, Sassou Nguesso yagizwe perezida w'agateganyo, hanyuma ku ya 31 Werurwe 1979 yemezwa nk'umuyobozi wa komite nkuru ya PCT na Perezida wa Repubulika <ref name="E37" /><ref name="E39">{{cite web |title=Le premier congrès extraordinaire du parti congolais du travail |url=http://www.particongolaisdutravail.org/histoire-suite1.html |website=particongolaisdutravail.org |access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref>. Nubwo yafatwaga nk'uri ku ruhande rw'Ubumwe bw'Abasoviyeti, yagiranye umubano ukomeye n'Ubufaransa, kandi ikigo cy'Abafaransa cya peteroli Elf Aquitaine cyagize uruhare rukomeye mu bucukuzi bwa peteroli ya Kongo <ref name="E33" /><ref name="E43">{{cite web |title=Le pétrole congolais d'Elf, huile de la Françafrique |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/evasion-fiscale/article/2018/04/10/le-petrole-congolais-d-elf-huile-de-la-francafrique_5283337_4862750.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2018-04-10}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1986 kugeza mu 1987, yayoboye Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'Afurika (OUA). Mu 1990, yemeye amashyaka menshi, maze mu 1991 Inama y'Igihugu imwambura ububasha bwo kuyobora, akomeza kuba umukuru w'igihugu w'icyubahiro gusa <ref name="E46">{{cite web |language=en |author=Kenneth B. Noble |title=Congo Political Conference Gives Africa a Democratic Model |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/25/world/congo-political-conference-gives-africa-a-democratic-model.html |website=The New York Times |date=1991-06-25 |access-date=2021-08-24}}</ref>. Mu matora ya perezida yo muri Kanama 1992, yabaye uwa gatatu n'amajwi 17%, ashyigikira Pascal Lissouba watsinze icyiciro cya kabiri <ref name="E47">{{cite web |title=CONGO-BRAZZAVILLE |url=https://media.africaportal.org/documents/paper41.pdf |access-date=2021-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814204328/https://media.africaportal.org/documents/paper41.pdf |archive-date=2021-08-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E49">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Congo Chambre parlementaire : Sénat - Élections tenues en 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-f/reports/arc/1370_92.htm |website=archive.ipu.org |access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref>. == Intambara z'abenegihugu no kugaruka ku butegetsi == Mu Ugushyingo 1993, intambara y'abenegihugu yadutse nyuma y'impaka ku byavuye mu matora y'abadepite, imitwe yitwaje intwaro ishyigikiye Lissouba irwana n'iya Bernard Kolélas (Ninjas) n'iya Sassou Nguesso (Cobras) <ref name="E50">{{cite web |title=Chambre parlementaire: Assemblée nationale |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-f/reports/arc/1071_93.htm |website=archive.ipu.org |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref><ref name="E51">{{cite web |title=Congo-Brazzaville: Bulletin spécial d'IRIN sur les milices au Congo |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/congo/congo-brazzaville-bulletin-sp%C3%A9cial-dirin-sur-les-milices-au-congo |website=reliefweb.int |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Sassou Nguesso yamaze amezi arindwi i Paris mu 1996, agaruka muri Mutarama 1997 kwitegura amatora ya perezida <ref name="E52">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Entre arbitraire et impunite: les droits de l'homme au Congo-Brazzaville |url=http://www.fidh.org/rapports/congo.htm |date=April 1998 |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114133125/http://www.fidh.org/rapports/congo.htm |archive-date=2007-11-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku ya 5 Kamena 1997, ingabo za leta zagose inzu ye i Brazzaville, bituma intambara ya kabiri y'abenegihugu yaduka hagati y'ingabo za leta n'umutwe we, Cobras <ref name="E53">{{cite web |author=Patrice Yengo |title=" Chacun aura sa part " : les fondements historiques de la (re)production de la " guerre " à Brazzaville |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1998_num_38_150_1811 |website=Cahiers d'Études africaines |date=1998}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Nzeri, ingabo za Angola zinjiye mu ntambara zimushyigikiye, maze mu Ukwakira Lissouba ahunga igihugu; ku ya 25 Ukwakira 1997, Sassou Nguesso yarahiriye kuba Perezida <ref name="E52" /><ref name="E53" />. Yakuyeho Itegeko Nshinga rya 1992, arisimbuza itegeko ryamuhaye ububasha bwinshi <ref name="E56">{{cite web |title=Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, United Kingdom |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3df4aadc0.pdf |date=October 2002 |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Imirwano yakomeje kugeza ku masezerano y'amahoro yo mu Ukuboza 1999, ishyira iherezo ku ntambara yasize abantu bari hagati ya 8 000 na 10 000 bapfuye n'abagera ku 800 000 bavuye mu byabo <ref name="E57">{{cite web |author=Hanlie de Beer |title=Congo-Brazzaville: The deep end of the Pool |url=https://issafrica.org/research/papers/congo-brazzaville-the-deep-end-of-the-pool |website=Institute for Security Studies |date=1999-09-02 |access-date=2021-08-14}}</ref><ref name="E59">{{cite web |title=ACCORD DU 29 DECEMBRE 1999 A BRAZZAVILLE |url=https://www.peaceau.org/uploads/congobraz-29-12-1999.pdf |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. == Perezida kuva mu 1997 == Mu matora ya perezida yo ku ya 10 Werurwe 2002, umukandida w'ingenzi utavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi akaba yarivanyemo, Sassou Nguesso yatsinze n'amajwi 89,41% <ref name="E60">{{cite web |language=en |title=Congolese Opposition Leader Withdraws From Presidential Race – 2002-03-09 |url=https://www.voanews.com/archive/congolese-opposition-leader-withdraws-presidential-race-2002-03-09 |website=Voice of America |access-date=2021-08-14}}</ref><ref name="E61">{{cite web |title=CONGO ELECTION PRESIDENTIELLE 10 MARS 2002 |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1411900/625_tmpphpogQZdH.pdf |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2006, yatorewe kuyobora Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe <ref name="E62">{{cite web |language=fr |title=UA: Denis Sassou Nguesso au lieu d'Omar el-Béchir |url=https://www.dw.com/fr/ua-denis-sassou-nguesso-au-lieu-domar-el-b%C3%A9chir/a-2886664 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2006-01-24 |access-date=2021-08-14}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2009, yongeye gutorwa n'amajwi 78,61%, mu gihe abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bari baretse kwitabira amatora <ref name="E64">{{cite web |title=Congo leader in pardon for ex-president at start of new term |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g_1c-B0FlV37Bpumy0UGd69KnElw |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225075845/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g_1c-B0FlV37Bpumy0UGd69KnElw |archive-date=2014-02-25 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>. Mu 2015, yateguye kamarampaka ku Itegeko Nshinga rishya ryamwemereraga kongera kwiyamamaza; ryemejwe n'amajwi 92,96%, ariko abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bavuga ko ubwitabire bwari buke <ref name="E65">{{cite web |title=Congo Republic president says expects referendum over third term |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-president-idUSKBN0MN25N20150327}}</ref><ref name="E66">{{cite web |title=More than 90% vote to allow Congo leader's bid to extend rule |url=https://news.yahoo.com/more-90-vote-allow-congo-leaders-bid-extend-071858967.html}}</ref><ref name="E67">{{cite web |language=en |title=Congo referendum should be annulled due to low turnout, opposition says |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-politics-idUSKCN0SK1C120151026 |website=Reuters |date=2015-10-26 |access-date=2022-07-23}}</ref>. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2016 (60%) <ref name="E68">{{cite web |language=en |author=Christian Elion |title=Congo's Sassou Nguesso wins re-election, opposition vows protests |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-election-idUSKCN0WQ0MQ |website=Reuters |date=2016-03-24 |access-date=2021-08-15}}</ref>, mu 2021 (88,57%) <ref name="F58">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Congo : Denis Sassou Nguesso réélu président avec 88,57% des voix selon les résultats provisoires |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/presidentielle-au-congo-denis-sassou-nguesso-reelu-president-avec-8857-des-voix-selon-les |website=TV5MONDE - Informations |date=2021-03-23 |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref><ref name="F59">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Election au Congo-Brazzaville : Denis Sassou-Nguesso réélu sans surprise avec 88,57 % des voix |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/03/23/au-congo-brazzaville-denis-sassou-nguesso-reelu-sans-surprise-avec-88-57-des-voix_6074196_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-03-23 |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref> no mu Werurwe 2026 (94,82%) <ref name="E72">{{cite web |author=Louis Okamba |title=Republic of Congo's president reelected to fifth term, provisional results show |url=https://apnews.com/article/republic-of-congo-president-election-a7e32fea3127f90dabfc838eedd83d21 |website=AP |date=2026-03-17 |access-date=2026-03-17}}</ref><ref name="F70">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Congo-Brazzaville: Denis Sassou-Nguesso déclaré vainqueur de la présidentielle pour la cinquième fois consécutive |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260317-congo-brazzaville-denis-sassou-nguesso-%C3%A9lu-pr%C3%A9sident-pour-la-cinqui%C3%A8me-fois-cons%C3%A9cutive |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Mu matora ya 2021, umukandida wa kabiri, Guy-Brice Parfait Kolélas, yapfuye azize COVID-19 bukeye bw'amatora <ref name="F59" />. Nk'umuyobozi w'akanama k'Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe gashinzwe ikibazo cya [[Libiya]], yagize uruhare mu gushaka umuti w'icyo kibazo, ndetse muri Ukuboza 2024 asura Tripoli na Benghazi <ref name="E73">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frédéric Ange Touré |title=La Libye au cœur d'une rencontre entre Denis Sassou N'Guesso et le Cheikh Farhat Jaâbiri |url=https://lejournaldelafrique.com/lafrique-daujourdhui/la-libye-au-coeur-dune-rencontre-entre-denis-sassou-nguesso-et-le-cheikh-farhat-jaabiri/ |website=Le Journal de l'Afrique |date=2021-06-20 |access-date=2021-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627222341/https://lejournaldelafrique.com/lafrique-daujourdhui/la-libye-au-coeur-dune-rencontre-entre-denis-sassou-nguesso-et-le-cheikh-farhat-jaabiri/ |archive-date=2021-06-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F63">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Visite en Libye de Sassou Nguesso, président du Haut comité de l'UA: quel rôle pour l'Afrique dans la réconciliation? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241212-visite-libye-sassou-nguesso-pr%C3%A9sident-du-haut-comit%C3%A9-ua-quel-r%C3%B4le-pour-l-afrique-dans-la-r%C3%A9conciliation |website=RFI |date=2024-12-12 |access-date=2025-05-24}}</ref>. Yashishikarije guverinoma z'u [[Rwanda]] n'iya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] kuganira kugira ngo intambara yo mu burasirazuba bwa Kongo irangire <ref name="F64">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En tête-à-tête - Conflit en RD Congo : pour Denis Sassou-Nguesso, "une guerre régionale" est possible |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/%C3%A9missions/en-t%C3%AAte-%C3%A0-t%C3%AAte/20250216-conflit-en-rd-congo-pour-denis-sassou-nguesso-une-guerre-r%C3%A9gionale-est-possible |website=France 24 |date=2025-02-16 |access-date=2025-05-24}}</ref>. Yateguye kandi inama y'Ibibaya Bitatu (''Sommet des trois Bassins'') i Brazzaville mu Ukwakira 2023, igamije kurengera amashyamba y'inzitane <ref name="F65">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Quels sont les enjeux du sommet des Trois Bassins forestiers tropicaux qui s’est ouvert à Brazzaville ? |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/quels-sont-les-enjeux-du-sommet-des-trois-bassins-forestiers-tropicaux-qui-s-est-ouvert-a-brazzaville-26-10-2023-2540920_3826.php |website=Le Point |date=2023-10-26 |access-date=2025-05-24}}</ref>. Kuva muri Nzeri 2025, ayoboye inama y'abakuru b'ibihugu bya CEMAC <ref name="F68">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sommet de la Cémac: Denis Sassou-Nguesso succède à Faustin-Archange Touadéra à la tête de l'organisation |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250911-sommet-de-la-cemac-denis-sassou-nguesso-succ%C3%A8de-%C3%A0-faustin-archange-touad%C3%A9ra-%C3%A0-la-t%C3%AAte-de-l-organisation |website=RFI |date=2025-09-11 |access-date=2025-09-12}}</ref>. == Ibirego bya ruswa == Mu Mata 2007, imiryango ya Sherpa na Survie yareze mu Bufaransa abakuru b'ibihugu bitanu b'Afurika n'imiryango yabo, barimo Sassou Nguesso, ibashinja guhisha umutungo wanyerejwe muri leta, mu rubanza ruzwi nka « imitungo yabonetse mu buryo butemewe » (''biens mal acquis'') <ref name="F71">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Chronologie de l'affaire dite des "biens mal acquis" |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/chronologie-de-l-affaire-dite-des-biens-mal-acquis-176396 |website=TV5MONDE |date=2017-06-21 |access-date=2022-07-15}}</ref>. Mu 2010, Urukiko rusesa imanza rw'Ubufaransa rwemeye ko ikirego gikurikiranwa. Mu Nyakanga 2007, umuryango Global Witness wagaragaje ko umuhungu we, Denis Christel Sassou Nguesso, yaba yarakoresheje amafaranga y'ubucuruzi bwa peteroli mu kugura ibintu by'agaciro i Paris na Dubai <ref name="E78">{{cite web |title=Denis christel sassou nguesso credit card |url=http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_get.php/439/en/denis_christel_sassou_nguesso_credit_card_bill.pdf |website=www.globalwitness.org |access-date=2025-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191741/http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_get.php/439/en/denis_christel_sassou_nguesso_credit_card_bill.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2021, izina rye ryagaragaye mu nyandiko zizwi nka ''Pandora Papers'', zavuze ko mu 1998, nyuma gato yo gusubira ku butegetsi, handitswe ikigo cyitwa Inter African Investment mu birwa bya Virginie by'Abongereza, ahantu hazwiho kudasoresha <ref name="F61">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal de l'Afrique - "Pandora papers" : plusieurs chefs d'État africains cités par une enquête journalistique |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/%C3%A9missions/journal-de-l-afrique/20211004-plusieurs-chefs-d-etat-africains-cit%C3%A9s-dans-les-pandora-papers |website=France 24 |date=2021-10-04 |access-date=2021-10-05}}</ref><ref name="E82">{{cite web |language=en |author=Kate Hairsine |title=Pandora Papers expose African leaders' offshore secrets |url=https://www.dw.com/en/pandora-papers-expose-african-leaders-offshore-secrets/a-59399552 |website=dw.com |date=2021-04-10 |access-date=2025-04-11}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye yahakanye uruhare urwo ari rwo rwose muri icyo kibazo <ref name="F62">{{cite web |language=fr |title=«Pandora Papers»: le gouvernement congolais dément l'implication du président Sassou-Nguesso |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20211006-pandora-papers-le-gouvernement-congolais-d%C3%A9ment-l-implication-du-pr%C3%A9sident-sassou-nguesso |website=RFI |date=2021-10-06 |access-date=2022-03-20}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2026, yavuzwe mu kibazo cya ruswa gifitanye isano n'ikigo cya peteroli cyo muri Noruveje, Petronor; guverinoma ye ibyita gusebanya <ref name="F77">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Deux Norvégiens et Petronor inculpés pour «corruption aggravée» à «grande échelle» au Congo-Brazzaville |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260126-deux-norv%C3%A9giens-inculp%C3%A9s-de-corruption-pour-le-versement-de-pots-de-vin-au-pr%C3%A9sident-congolais-sassou-nguesso |website=rfi |date=2026-01-26 |access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref>. Ku butegetsi bwe, ubukungu bwagiye buzamuka, ariko igihugu gifite umwenda munini, kandi abaturage benshi baracyabaho mu bukene nubwo igihugu gikungahaye kuri peteroli n'amabuye y'agaciro <ref name="F78">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Congo-Brazzaville n’en a pas fini avec ses dettes cachées |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/07/11/le-congo-brazzaville-n-a-pas-fini-avec-ses-dettes-cachees_5488215_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-07-11 |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref><ref name="F81">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Denis Sassou N'Guesso « Je n'ai pas pillé les richesses du Congo » |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/denis-sassou-n-guesso-je-n-ai-pas-pille-les-richesses-du-congo_773835.html |website=LExpress.fr |date=2009-07-10 |access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Sassou Nguesso yashakanye na Antoinette Tchibota <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le RDPS fait faux bond à Denis et Antoinette Sassou avec le ’NON" au changement de Constitution |url=http://www.congopage.com/Le-RDPS-fait-faux-bond-a-Denis-et-Antoinette-Sassou-avec-le-NON-au-chengement-de-Constitution |website=CongoPage |date=2015-05-27}}</ref>. Afite abana benshi; umukobwa we, Édith Lucie, yashakanye na Perezida wa [[Gabon]], Omar Bongo, mu 1989 <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=CONGO/FRANCE • Sassou lègue l'héritage d'Edith à ses petits-enfants - 06/10/2011 - La Lettre du Continent |url=https://www.africaintelligence.fr/afrique-centrale/2011/10/06/sassou-legue-l-heritage-d-edith-a-ses-petits-enfants,93372254-gra |website=Africa Intelligence |date=2011-10-04 |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Repubulika ya Kongo]] jzxru6x5i3fkvslb1kdrfz8usd9jn4w 0 6175 140720 123030 2026-10-04T16:06:37Z Score Beethoven 11559 140720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Yoweri Museveni | image = Museveni July 2012 (3x4 cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Yoweri Museveni mu 2012 | birth_date = 15 Nzeri 1944 | birth_place = Ntungamo, [[Ubugande]] | nationality = Umugande | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Dar es Salaam | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Ubugande]] | term = Kuva ku ya 29 Mutarama 1986 | predecessor = Tito Okello | party = National Resistance Movement (NRM) | spouse = [[Janet Museveni]] (1973) | children = 4 }} '''Yoweri Kaguta Museveni Tibuhaburwa''' (yavutse ku ya 15 Nzeri 1944 i Ntungamo) ni umusirikare akaba n'umunyapolitiki w'[[Ubugande]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva mu 1986. Nyuma yo kurwanya ubutegetsi bw'igitugu bwa Idi Amin, yayoboye umutwe w'inyeshyamba wa National Resistance Army (NRA) mu ntambara yo mu ishyamba yo kurwanya ubutegetsi bwa Milton Obote, maze mu 1986 afata Kampala, aba perezida. Ku butegetsi bwe, Ubugande bwagize iterambere ry'ubukungu, kandi bwahanganye n'inyeshyamba za Lord's Resistance Army; ingabo z'Ubugande zagize uruhare mu ntambara ya mbere n'iya kabiri za Kongo. Kubera ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga ryakuyeho imbibi za manda (2005) n'iz'imyaka (2017–2018), yakomeje kongera gutorwa, kugeza ku manda ye ya karindwi mu 2026. Kugeza mu 2026, ni umwe mu bayobozi b'ibihugu bamaze igihe kirekire ku butegetsi ku isi, akaba afatwa n'imiryango myinshi n'itangazamakuru nk'umunyagitugu. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere == Yoweri Museveni yavutse ku ya 15 Nzeri 1944 i Ntungamo, mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubugande, ku babyeyi Amos Kaguta (1916–2013), wari umworozi w'inka, na Esteri Kokundeka Nganzi (1918–2001) <ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=His Excellency Gen Yoweri Kaguta Museveni |url=https://www.defence.go.ug/dvteam/his-excellency-gen-yoweri-kaguta-museveni/ |website=Ministry of Defence and Veteran Affairs |date=2023-02-18 |access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Bruno Meyerfeld |title=Yoweri Museveni, roi d’Ouganda |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/02/16/m7-roi-d-ouganda_4866118_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2016-02-16}}</ref>. Ni Umuhima wo mu bwami bwa Mpororo (ubu ni igice cya Ankole) <ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Yoweri Museveni – Uganda's president profiled |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12421747 |website=BBC |date=2016-02-17 |access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |author=Samuel Momodu |title=Yoweri Kuaguta Museveni (1944– ) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/yoweri-kaguta-museveni-1944/ |website=Blackpast |date=2021-05-24 |access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref>. Izina rya « Museveni » rikomoka ku ijambo ry'Icyongereza « ''seven'' » (« karindwi »): se yari umusirikare wo muri batayo ya karindwi ya ''King's African Rifles'' mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose <ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |title=Yoweri Museveni |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yoweri--Museveni |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref><ref name="F3" />. == Amashuri n'ibikorwa bya mbere bya politiki == Museveni yize mu mashuri ya Kyamate na Mbarara, hanyuma mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Ntare kuva mu 1961 <ref name="E22">{{cite web |title=Museveni's father, Amos Kaguta to be buried Sunday |url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/ |website=New Vision |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |author=Chris Kato |title=When Obote Unknowingly Made Museveni: The Untold Dar-es-Salaam Backdoor Entry |url=https://ugandatoday.co.ug/when-obote-unknowingly-made-museveni-the-untold-dar-es-salaam-backdoor-entry/ |website=ugandatoday.co.ug |date=2025-08-05 |access-date=2026-03-16}}</ref><ref name="F3" />. Yize ubukungu n'ubumenyi bwa politiki muri Kaminuza ya Dar es Salaam, muri [[Tanzaniya]], kuva mu 1967 kugeza mu 1970, mu gihe icyo gihugu cyari kiyobowe na [[Julius Nyerere]] kandi cyakiraga impirimbanyi nyinshi zirwanya ubukoloni <ref name="F3" /><ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |title=Profile of Yoweri Kaguta Museveni |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/58146/uganda-profile-yoweri-kaguta-museveni |website=The New Humanitarian |date=2006-02-15 |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref>. Yanditse igitabo cy'ubushakashatsi kuri Frantz Fanon, kandi ahamenyanira na John Garang <ref name="E24" /><ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=en |title=Profile of Yoweri Kaguta Museveni |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/58146/uganda-profile-yoweri-kaguta-museveni |website=thenewhumanitarian.org |date=2006-02-15 |access-date=2026-03-16}}</ref><ref name="F3" />. Muri kaminuza, yashinze kandi ayobora urugaga rw'abanyeshuri b'impinduramatwara b'Abanyafurika (USARF), ayobora itsinda ry'abanyeshuri ryagiye mu bice byari bigenzurwa na FRELIMO muri Mozambike, aho bahawe imyitozo ya gisirikare <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, le Bismark des Grands Lacs |url=http://www.lesafriques.com/archives-d-afrique/yoweri-kaguta-museveni-le-bismark-des-grands-lacs-3.html}}</ref><ref name="E26">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) - History - Research Starters - EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |website=EBSCO |access-date=2026-09-05}}</ref><ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=en |title=Walter Rodney in Tanzania: A tribute - Pambazuka News |url=https://www.pambazuka.org/walter-rodney-tanzania-tribute |website=www.pambazuka.org |access-date=2026-08-11}}</ref>. Mu 1970, yagarutse mu Bugande, yinjira mu rwego rw'ubutasi ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Milton Obote <ref name="F4" />. == Urugamba rw'inyeshyamba == Nyuma ya kudeta ya Idi Amin yo ku ya 25 Mutarama 1971, Museveni yahungiye muri Tanzaniya, ashinga umutwe wa Front for National Salvation (FRONASA) <ref name="F3" />. Mu 1979, yagarutse mu Bugande ayoboye inyeshyamba zafashijwe n'ingabo za Tanzaniya, mu ntambara yahiritse Amin, maze aba Minisitiri w'Ingabo <ref name="F3" />. Ishyaka rye, Uganda Patriotic Movement, ryatsinzwe mu matora ya 1980 yagaruye Obote ku butegetsi, ayo matora akaba yarateje impaka nyinshi <ref name="F3" />. Avuga ko yaranzwe n'uburiganya, Museveni yashinze umutwe w'inyeshyamba wa National Resistance Army (NRA). Ku ya 6 Gashyantare 1981, ari kumwe n'abarwanyi bagera kuri mirongo itatu, barimo [[Paul Kagame]], yigaruriye ububiko bw'intwaro bw'ikigo cya gisirikare cya Kabamba <ref name="F3" />. Yubatse buhoro buhoro umutwe wa politiki wa National Resistance Movement (NRM) n'ingabo zawo, NRA, zabonye inkunga y'abaturage kubera imyitwarire myiza yazo <ref name="F3" />. Ku ya 26 Mutarama 1986, nyuma y'urugamba rwa Kampala, NRA yafashe umurwa mukuru, maze Museveni arahirira kuba perezida <ref name="E46">{{cite web |author=Sheila Rule |title=Rebel Sworn In as Uganda President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/30/world/rebel-sworn-in-as-uganda-president.html |website=The New York Times |date=1986-01-30 |access-date=2016-02-28}}</ref><ref name="F3" />. == Perezida w'Ubugande == === Ubukungu n'imibereho === Kuva yafata ubutegetsi, Museveni yashyize imbere kugarura amahoro mu gihugu cyari cyarashegeshwe n'intambara no kuzahura ubukungu <ref name="F3" />. Mu 1987, yaretse ibitekerezo bya gikomunisiti, yemera amabwiriza y'Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari (FMI) na Banki y'Isi, maze Ubugande bufatwa nk'« umunyeshuri mwiza » wa FMI <ref name="F3" />. Ubukungu bwazamutseho impuzandengo ya 6,5% ku mwaka mu myaka ya 1990, n'irenga 7% mu myaka ya 2000, kandi ubukene bwagabanutse inshuro eshatu mu myaka makumyabiri <ref name="F3" />. Yashyizeho imyanya yagenewe abagore mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko <ref name="F3" />, kandi mu 1997 atangiza amashuri abanza y'ubuntu <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Uganda's first Batwa pygmy graduate |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11601101}}</ref>. Ubugande bwagabanyije cyane ikwirakwira rya SIDA. Kuva mu 1991 kugeza mu 1992, Museveni yayoboye Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'Afurika (OUA). Mu 2006, ubutegetsi bwe bwashyize iherezo ku bikorwa by'inyeshyamba za Lord's Resistance Army mu majyaruguru y'igihugu <ref name="F3" />. === Akarere k'Ibiyaga Bigari === Museveni yashyigikiye umutwe wa FPR-Inkotanyi w'inshuti ye Paul Kagame, wafashe ubutegetsi mu [[Rwanda]] muri Nyakanga 1994, ugahagarika Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi <ref name="F3" />. Mu ntambara ya mbere ya Kongo (1996–1997), u Rwanda n'Ubugande byashyigikiye inyeshyamba za Laurent-Désiré Kabila zahiritse Mobutu Sese Seko <ref name="F3" /><ref name="E167">{{cite web |language=en |author=John F. Clark |title=Explaining Ugandan intervention in Congo: evidence and interpretations |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/abs/explaining-ugandan-intervention-in-congo-evidence-and-interpretations/5A8C8FC853C59792A22139D7829E8554 |website=The Journal of Modern African Studies |date=June 2001 |access-date=2026-01-07}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 1998, mu ntambara ya kabiri ya Kongo, ingabo z'Ubugande zinjiye muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] kurwanya Kabila, zishyigikira n'inyeshyamba za Jean-Pierre Bemba <ref name="F3" /><ref name="E167" />. Ingabo z'u Rwanda n'iz'Ubugande zashinjwe gusahura umutungo kamere wa Kongo <ref name="E169">{{cite web |language=en |title=L'Ouganda et les guerres congolaises |url=https://www.politique-africaine.com/numeros/pdf/075043.pdf |website=Politique Africaine |date=2023-07-05 |access-date=2026-01-07}}</ref><ref name="F3" />. Mu 2000, ingabo z'ibihugu byombi zarasanye inshuro eshatu i Kisangani, bituma umubano wa Kagame na Museveni uzamba <ref name="E170">{{cite web |language=en |title=Will Uganda Pay Up for Congo Occupation? |url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/will-uganda-pay-congo-occupation |website=iwpr.net |access-date=2021-08-11}}</ref>. Ingabo z'Ubugande zavuye muri Kongo mu 2003, maze mu Ukuboza 2005 Urukiko Mpuzamahanga rw'Ubutabera rutegeka Ubugande kwishyura indishyi Kongo kubera ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu ryakozwe muri iyo ntambara <ref name="E170" /><ref name="E171">{{cite web |title=Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda) |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/ipresscom/ipress2005/ipresscom2005-26_co_20051219.htm |access-date=2006-10-02}}</ref>. === Amatora n'ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga === Muri Gicurasi 1996, Museveni yatsinze amatora ya mbere ya perezida yari abaye mu myaka 16, n'amajwi 74%, maze mu 2001 yongera gutorwa n'amajwi 69,3%, atsinda Kizza Besigye. Muri Nyakanga 2005, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yavuguruye Itegeko Nshinga kugira ngo ashobore kwiyamamariza manda ya gatatu; muri uwo mwaka, kamarampaka yongeye kwemerera amashyaka gukora, nyuma y'uko yari yarabujijwe kuva mu 1986. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2006 (60%), mu 2011 (68%) <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=OUGANDA, chronologie contemporaine |url=https://www.universalis.fr/chronologie/ouganda/ |website=universalis.fr}}</ref> no mu 2016 (60,75%), buri gihe atsinda Kizza Besigye <ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ouganda : Museveni en passe d’être réélu, son opposant arrêté. |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/02/19/ouganda-museveni-en-passe-d-etre-reelu-son-opposant-arrete_4868418_3212.html#A5K1UMCYMDPOKeos.99.}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Yoweri Museveni réélu une cinquième fois président de l’Ouganda |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/02/20/yoweri-museveni-reelu-une-cinquieme-fois-president-de-l-ouganda_4869028_3212.html}}</ref>. Mu 2018, yasinye itegeko rikuraho imbibi z'imyaka 75 ku mukandida ku mwanya wa perezida <ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=en |title=Uganda: Pres. Museveni signs Age Limit Bill into law |url=https://www.africanews.com/2018/01/02/uganda-pres-museveni-signs-age-limit-bill-into-law/ |website=Africa News |date=2018-01-02 |access-date=2021-12-26}}</ref>. Mu matora yo ku ya 14 Mutarama 2021, yatsinze umuhanzi akaba n'umunyapolitiki Bobi Wine n'amajwi 58,6%, nubwo habayeho ibirego by'uburiganya n'ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Ouganda : Yoweri Museveni déclaré vainqueur par la Commission électorale |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20210116-présidentielle-en-ouganda-yoweri-museveni-déclaré-vainqueur-par-la-comission-électorale |website=France 24 |date=2021-01-16}}</ref><ref name="E133">{{cite web |title=Museveni declared winner of disputed Uganda presidential election |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/16/ugandas-museveni-declared-winner-of-presidential-election |website=Al Jazeera |date=2021-01-16 |access-date=2021-01-17}}</ref>; yarahiriye manda ya gatandatu ku ya 12 Gicurasi 2021 <ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ouganda: le président Yoweri Museveni prête serment pour son sixième mandat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210511-ouganda-le-pr%C3%A9sident-yoweri-museveni-pr%C3%AAte-serment-pour-son-sixi%C3%A8me-mandat |website=rfi.fr |date=2021-05-11 |access-date=2021-05-12}}</ref>. Mu matora ya Mutarama 2026, yongeye gutorwa n'amajwi 71,65%, imbere ya Bobi Wine (24,72%), mu bihe byaranzwe n'ifatwa n'ishimutwa ry'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, ihagarikwa rya interineti n'urugomo <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ouganda : Yoweri Museveni réélu pour un septième mandat dans un climat « marqué par une répression et une intimidation généralisées » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/01/17/ouganda-yoweri-museveni-reelu-pour-un-septieme-mandat-dans-un-climat-marque-par-une-repression-et-une-intimidation-generalisees_6662955_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-01-17}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Uganda election descends into deadly violence as President Yoweri Museveni looks to cling to power |url=https://news.sky.com/story/uganda-election-descends-into-deadly-violence-as-president-yoweri-museveni-looks-to-cling-to-power-13495081 |website=Sky News |date=2026-01-16 |access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref><ref name="E159">{{cite web |language=en |title=Uganda's Museveni wins seventh term as observers denounce intimidation |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260117-uganda-s-museveni-wins-seventh-term-as-observers-denounce-intimidation |website=France 24 |date=2026-01-17 |access-date=2026-01-17}}</ref>. Bobi Wine yamaganye ibyavuye muri ayo matora <ref name="F20" />. Museveni yarahiriye manda ya karindwi ku ya 12 Gicurasi 2026 <ref name="E160">{{cite web |author=Basillioh Rukanga |title=Uganda's president sworn in for record seventh term |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqxp23272j3o |website=BBC |date=2026-05-12 |access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref>. === Itegeko rihana ubutinganyi === Muri Gashyantare 2014, Museveni yasinye itegeko rikaza ibihano ku butinganyi; Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwaritesheje agaciro muri Kanama 2014 <ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Une Afrique homophobe ? |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-raisons-politiques-2013-1-page-95.htm}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=La Cour constitutionnelle ougandaise invalide la loi antihomosexualité |url=http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2014/08/01/la-cour-constitutionnelle-ougandaise-invalide-la-loi-antihomosexualite_1074122 |website=Libération}}</ref>. Ubutegetsi bwe bwakomeje gushyiraho ingamba zikaze zirwanya abaryamana bahuje ibitsina <ref name="E13">{{cite web |language=en |title=The Lord's Resistance Army: End Game? |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/lord-s-resistance-army-end-game |website=International Crisis Group |date=2011-11-17 |access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mu 1973, Museveni yashakanye na [[Janet Museveni]], na we wabaye umunyapolitiki; bafitanye abana bane, barimo Muhoozi Kainerugaba, jenerali mu ngabo z'Ubugande <ref name="E172">{{cite web |title=Leaders in waiting |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/3263/Leaders_in_waiting |website=africa-confidential.com |access-date=2019-01-20}}</ref><ref name="E176">{{cite web |language=en |title=Uganda's First Son Muhoozi promoted to army general |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/uganda-first-son-muhoozi-promoted-to-army-general-3973020 |website=The EastAfrican |date=2022-10-04 |access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 2000, yabaye umuyoboke w'Itorero ry'Abapentekote <ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Ouganda, la foi nouvelle du président fait des émules |url=http://www.la-croix.com/Actualite/Monde/En-Ouganda-la-foi-nouvelle-du-president-fait-des-emules-_NG_-2008-10-02-678399}}</ref>. Yanditse igitabo cy'ubuzima bwe, ''Sowing the Mustard Seed'' (1997). == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abagande]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Ubugande]] bx5q4k2d64my30v3tg7iqyhua2m3053 0 7635 140729 134445 2026-10-04T22:04:21Z ~2026-53261-10 19069 Indwara ya Ebola 140729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | name = Indwara ya Ebola | image = 7042 lores-Ebola-Zaire-CDC Photo.jpg | caption = 1976 ifoto y’abaforomokazi babiri bahagaze imbere ya [[Mayinga N'Seka|Mayinga N.]], umuntu urwaye indwara iterwa n’agakoko ka Ebola; yitabye Imana hashize iminsi mike bitewe no kuvira imbere ku buryo bukabije. | IndwaraDB = 18043 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|98|4|a|90}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|065.8}} | MedlinePlus = 001339 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 626 | MeshID = D019142 }} [[Dosiye:Ebola virus virion.jpg|thumb|INDWARA YA EBOLA ]] [[Dosiye:Ebola virus (2).jpg|thumb|Indwara ya ebola ]] [[Dosiye:Ebola Signs and Symptoms.jpg|thumb|Ibimenyetso bya ebola]] '''INDWARA YA EBOLA NI IKI?''' Indwara ya Ebola n’indwara iterwa na virusi yitwa Ebola. Ubusanzwe iyo virus yibera mu mubiri w’ubwoko bumwe bw’uducurama ntidutere kurwara ariko tukayikwirakwiza. Indwara ya Ebola yibasira abantu ndetse n’inyamanswa z’inyamabere zo mw’ishyamba nk’impara, isha, inguge, (ingagi, inkende, ibitera, n’izindi...). Indwara ya [[Ebola]], irandura cyane ndetse ikanica cyane kuburyo ishobora kwica hagati ya 50% - 90% by’abayirwaye. Ariko iyo itahuwe ikanavurwa kare, abantu benshi barakira.<ref>https://rbc.gov.rw/compass/wp-content/uploads/Inshamake-kuri-Ebola_Abajyanama.pdf</ref> '''Ibimenyetso by’indwara ya Ebola ni ibihe?''' Umuntu wese urwaye indwara ya Ebola atangira kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’uburwayi hagati y’ iminsi 2 na 21 nyuma y’uko yanduye iyo virusi. Ikimenyetso cya mbere cy’umuntu urwaye Ebola n’umuriro mwinshi utagabanuka, kurwara umutwe, kubabara mu muhogo, gucika intege, kuribwa mu ngingo, kuribwa mu nda, kuruka no guhitwa cyane kandi kenshi, gusesa ibiheri k’umubiri, gutukura amaso no kuva amaraso ahantu hose hari umwenge ku mubiri. Umuntu wanduye indwara ya [[Ebola]] atangira kwanduza abandi igihe yatangiye kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’uburwayi cyane cyane umuriro. Mbere y’uko agaragaza ibimenyetso, ntaba yanduza.<ref name=":1">https://rbc.gov.rw/compass/wp-content/uploads/Inshamake-kuri-Ebola_Abajyanama.pdf</ref> '''Ebola yandura ite ?''' Umuntu yandura Ebola iyo akoze ku maraso n’andi [[matembabuzi]] yose y’umuntu urwaye Ebola, Uwishwe na Ebola cyangwa akoze ku maraso n’andi matembabuzi by’inyamanswa irwaye cyangwa yishwe na Ebola. Ayo matembabuzi ni ibyuya, amarira, ibimyira, amacandwe, ibirutsi, inkari, amabyi, amashereka, amasohoro n’ubuhehere bwo mu gitsina cy’umugore. Umuntu ashobora kandi kwandura indwara ya Ebola igihe akoze ku bintu cyangwa ahantu hagiye [[amaraso]] cyangwa andi matembabuzi y’umuntu urwaye cyangwa wishwe na Ebola igihe bitasukuwe cyangwa hatasukuwe neza mu buryo bukwiye. [[Umurambo w’umuntu]] wishwe n’indwara ya Ebola uranduza cyane kugera ku kigero cyikubye inshuro zigera kuri 7 gusumbya umurwayi wa Ebola ukiri muzima. Niyo mpamvu umurambo w’umuntu wishwe cyangwa ukekwa ko yishwe na Ebola utagomba gukorwaho n’umuntu utarabihuguriwe kandi utambaye imyambaro imurinda. Abantu bita k’umurwayi wa Ebola, [[abamuvura]], abasukura n’abashyingura umurambo w’uwishwe na Ebola batambaye ibikoresho byabugenewe bibakingira, nibo bakunze kugira ibyago byo kwandura Ebola kurusha abandi.<ref>https://umuseke.rw/utinya-ebola-hano-hari-amakuru-yagufasha-gusobanukirwa-no-kuyirinda/#google_vignette</ref> '''Ese indwara ya Ebola iravurwa igakira?''' Yego. Umurwayi wa Ebola iyo atahuwe hakiri kare, akihutira kugera kwa muganga, aba afite amahirwe menshi yo gukira akabaho.<ref name=":1" /> ==Inyandiko zifashishijwe== {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} ; plht1w3lk52ys1itahzswz5gv5ydb0o 140730 140729 2026-10-04T22:29:43Z Stevenndori289 10902 Ebola 140730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | name = Indwara ya Ebola | image = 7042 lores-Ebola-Zaire-CDC Photo.jpg | caption = 1976 ifoto y’abaforomokazi babiri bahagaze imbere ya [[Mayinga N'Seka|Mayinga N.]], umuntu urwaye indwara iterwa n’agakoko ka Ebola; yitabye Imana hashize iminsi mike bitewe no kuvira imbere ku buryo bukabije. | IndwaraDB = 18043 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|98|4|a|90}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|065.8}} | MedlinePlus = 001339 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 626 | MeshID = D019142 }} [[Dosiye:Ebola virus virion.jpg|thumb|INDWARA YA EBOLA ]] [[Dosiye:Ebola virus (2).jpg|thumb|Indwara ya ebola ]] [[Dosiye:Ebola Signs and Symptoms.jpg|thumb|Ibimenyetso bya ebola]] '''INDWARA YA EBOLA NI IKI?''' Indwara ya Ebola n’indwara iterwa na virusi yitwa Ebola. Ubusanzwe iyo virus yibera mu mubiri w’ubwoko bumwe bw’uducurama ntidutere kurwara ariko tukayikwirakwiza. Indwara ya Ebola yibasira abantu ndetse n’inyamanswa z’inyamabere zo mw’ishyamba nk’impara, isha, inguge, (ingagi, inkende, ibitera, n’izindi...). Indwara ya [[Ebola]], irandura cyane ndetse ikanica cyane kuburyo ishobora kwica hagati ya 50% - 90% by’abayirwaye. Ariko iyo itahuwe ikanavurwa kare, abantu benshi barakira.<ref>https://rbc.gov.rw/compass/wp-content/uploads/Inshamake-kuri-Ebola_Abajyanama.pdf</ref> '''Ibimenyetso by’indwara ya Ebola ni ibihe?''' Umuntu wese urwaye indwara ya Ebola atangira kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’uburwayi hagati y’ iminsi 2 na 21 nyuma y’uko yanduye iyo virusi. Ikimenyetso cya mbere cy’umuntu urwaye Ebola n’umuriro mwinshi utagabanuka, kurwara umutwe, kubabara mu muhogo, gucika intege, kuribwa mu ngingo, kuribwa mu nda, kuruka no guhitwa cyane kandi kenshi, gusesa ibiheri k’umubiri, gutukura amaso no kuva amaraso ahantu hose hari umwenge ku mubiri. Umuntu wanduye indwara ya [[Ebola]] atangira kwanduza abandi igihe yatangiye kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’uburwayi cyane cyane umuriro. Mbere y’uko agaragaza ibimenyetso, ntaba yanduza.<ref name=":1">https://rbc.gov.rw/compass/wp-content/uploads/Inshamake-kuri-Ebola_Abajyanama.pdf</ref> '''Ebola yandura ite ?''' Umuntu yandura Ebola iyo akoze ku maraso n’andi [[matembabuzi]] yose y’umuntu urwaye Ebola, Uwishwe na Ebola cyangwa akoze ku maraso n’andi matembabuzi by’inyamanswa irwaye cyangwa yishwe na Ebola. Ayo matembabuzi ni ibyuya, amarira, ibimyira, amacandwe, ibirutsi, inkari, amabyi, amashereka, amasohoro n’ubuhehere bwo mu gitsina cy’umugore. Umuntu ashobora kandi kwandura indwara ya Ebola igihe akoze ku bintu cyangwa ahantu hagiye [[amaraso]] cyangwa andi matembabuzi y’umuntu urwaye cyangwa wishwe na Ebola igihe bitasukuwe cyangwa hatasukuwe neza mu buryo bukwiye. [[Umurambo w’umuntu]] wishwe n’indwara ya [[Ebola]] uranduza cyane kugera ku kigero cyikubye inshuro zigera kuri 7 gusumbya umurwayi wa Ebola ukiri muzima. Niyo mpamvu umurambo w’umuntu wishwe cyangwa ukekwa ko yishwe na Ebola utagomba gukorwaho n’umuntu utarabihuguriwe kandi utambaye imyambaro imurinda. Abantu bita k’umurwayi wa Ebola, [[abamuvura]], abasukura n’abashyingura umurambo w’uwishwe na Ebola batambaye ibikoresho byabugenewe bibakingira, nibo bakunze kugira ibyago byo kwandura Ebola kurusha abandi.<ref>https://umuseke.rw/utinya-ebola-hano-hari-amakuru-yagufasha-gusobanukirwa-no-kuyirinda/#google_vignette</ref> '''Ese indwara ya Ebola iravurwa igakira?''' Yego. Umurwayi wa Ebola iyo atahuwe hakiri kare, akihutira kugera kwa muganga, aba afite amahirwe menshi yo gukira akabaho.<ref name=":1" /> ==Inyandiko zifashishijwe== {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} ; 5b4hcqshlys9appf11ekaqfocfb4s86 0 9340 140763 106849 2026-10-05T06:59:01Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140763 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:I_Am_Legend_film_crew.jpg|thumb|kuri set ya abakinnyi ba filimi ]] '''''I Told You So''''' ni firime yo muri Gana yo mu 1970<ref>https://tugamedia.com/i-told-you-so-first-ever-ghanaian-movie-lady-in-80s/</ref>. Filime yerekana abanya [[Gana]] nuburyo bwabo bwo kubaho muburyo bwo gusebanya<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/i-told-you-so-ghanaian-film-noir/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127145946/https://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/i-told-you-so-ghanaian-film-noir/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://mubi.com/fr/films/i-told-you-so</ref>. Iratanga kandi ubushishozi mubuzima bw'umukobwa ukiri muto utakiriye inama za se mugihe agiye kurongora umugabo<ref>https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/i-told-you-so-to-play-at-conference-centre.html</ref>, ntacyo yari azi kumugabo agiye kurongora, ahubwo yakiriye inama za nyina na nyirarume kuko agendera k'ubutunzi n'imbaraga umugabo afite<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20211112163731/https://hyperleap.com/topic/I_Told_You_So_(film)</ref>. Uyu mukobwa ukiri muto yaje kumenya ko umugabo agomba kurongora yari igisambo cyitwaje imbunda<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newday.com/film/i-told-you-so |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926091954/https://www.newday.com/film/i-told-you-so |archive-date=2020-09-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> . Ntiyishimiye ibyabaye byose. Papa abajije uko byagenze, asubiza ko umugabo yagombaga kurongora ari umujura witwaje imbunda; ise yarangije avuga ati "Nakubwiye gutya"<ref>http://ghanarising.blogspot.com/2013/06/classic-ghanaian-film-i-told-you-so.html</ref>. == Abakinnyi<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065873/</ref> == * Bobe Cole * Margret Quainoo (Ikimenyetso cya Araba) * Kweku Crankson (Osuo Abrobor) == references == [[Ikiciro:Filimi zo muri Gana]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] lm6oecivr9mzz06ydy7yd9a3b03wjgz 0 13522 140723 127020 2026-10-04T17:53:09Z Score Beethoven 11559 140723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = William Ruto | image = President Ruto Potrait 2022 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = William Ruto mu 2022 | birth_date = 21 Ukuboza 1966 | birth_place = Sambut, Sugoi, Uasin Gishu, [[Kenya]] | nationality = Umunyakenya | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Nairobi | occupation = Umunyapolitiki, umucuruzi | title = Perezida wa [[Kenya]] | term = Kuva ku ya 13 Nzeri 2022 | predecessor = Uhuru Kenyatta | party = United Democratic Alliance (UDA) | spouse = Rachel Ruto (1991) }} '''William Kipchirchir Samoei Arap Ruto''' (yavutse ku ya 21 Ukuboza 1966) ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Kenya]], Perezida wa gatanu w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 13 Nzeri 2022. Mbere yaho, yabaye Visi-Perezida wa mbere watowe wa Kenya, ku butegetsi bwa Uhuru Kenyatta, kuva mu 2013 kugeza mu 2022. Yabaye umudepite wa Eldoret y'Amajyaruguru kuva mu 1997 kugeza mu 2013, Minisitiri w'Umutekano w'Imbere mu Gihugu (2002), uw'Ubuhinzi (2008–2010) n'uw'Amashuri Makuru (2010). Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga (CPI) rwamukurikiranyeho ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu bifitanye isano n'urugomo rwakurikiye amatora ya 2007, ariko mu 2016 urubanza rwe ruraseswa. Mu 2022, yatsinze Raila Odinga mu matora ya perezida, itsinzi yemejwe n'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga. Ku butegetsi bwe, Kenya yabaye igihugu cya mbere cyo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara cyagizwe umufatanyabikorwa ukomeye wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika utari muri OTAN, ariko imyigaragambyo yo mu 2024 yamaganaga itegeko ry'imari yahosheshejwe ku ngufu. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Ruto ni Umukalenjin w'inkomoko ivanze y'Abakipsigis n'Abanandi; se ni Daniel Cheruiyot, naho nyina ni Sarah Cheruiyot <ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=William Samoei Arap Ruto |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/whos-who-profile/id/3440/William_Ruto |website=Africa Confidential |access-date=2017-07-30}}</ref><ref name="E15">{{cite web |language=en |title=The President of the Republic of Kenya and Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces |url=https://www.president.go.ke/administration/office-of-the-president/ |website=Office of the President |date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref>. Yavukiye i Sambut, mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'umujyi wa Eldoret, mu karere ka Uasin Gishu, mu muryango ukennye w'abahinzi n'aborozi <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=en |author=Juliet Njeri |title=William Ruto: Kenya's deputy president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24017899 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>https://www.africa-confidential.com/whos-who-profile/id/3440/William_Ruto</ref>. Akiri muto, yaragiraga intama n'inka, akanafasha ababyeyi be mu mirima; yize amashuri abanza atambaye inkweto<ref>https://www.k24tv.co.ke/news/a-brief-profile-of-dp-william-ruto-photos-3365/</ref>. Kugira ngo abone amafaranga, yacuruzaga inkoko ku muhanda, inkuru yakunze kuvuga mu bukangurambaga bwe <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Romain Gras |title=Kenya : entre Uhuru Kenyatta et William Ruto, le divorce est consommé |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1281877/politique/kenya-entre-uhuru-kenyatta-et-william-ruto-le-divorce-est-consomme/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref><ref name="F1" /><ref name="E121">{{cite web |author=Alphonce Shiundu |title=William Ruto: How he rose from roadside Kuku-seller to multi-billionaire |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/city-news/2000224690/william-ruto-how-he-rose-from-roadside-kuku-seller-to-multi-billionaire |website=Standard Entertainment and Lifestyle |access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza ya Kamagut na Kerotet, ayisumbuye muri Wareng no muri Kapsabet High School <ref name="E17">{{cite web |language=en |title=William Ruto |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/people/william-ruto-3809570 |website=Nation |date=2023-05-18 |access-date=2023-06-15}}</ref>. Yize ibijyanye n'ibimera n'inyamaswa muri Kaminuza ya Nairobi, ayirangiza mu 1990 <ref name="E18">{{cite web |language=en |author=George Maringa |title=For first time in Kenya, two PhD holders are at helm of military command |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001455838/for-first-time-in-kenya-two-phd-holders-are-at-helm-of-military-command |website=The Standard |access-date=2023-06-15}}</ref>, hanyuma ahabona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu mu bidukikije by'ibimera <ref name="E19">{{cite web |language=en |title=Biological and physico-chemical status of two wetlands in the Nairobi National Park, Kenya |url=http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/14540/Ruto_Biological%20and%20physico-chemical%20status%20of%20two%20wetlands%20in%20the%20Nairobi%20National%20Park.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |website=UoN Digital Repository Home |date=2011-08-18 |access-date=2023-01-28}}</ref>, n'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (PhD) ku ya 21 Ukuboza 2018 <ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=I failed Ph.D. exam, admits DP William Ruto |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/why-dp-william-ruto-failed-to-get-phd/ |website=Business Today |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2018-12-20}}</ref>. Muri kaminuza, yari umuyoboke ukomeye w'ihuriro ry'Abakristo n'umuyobozi wa korari, ari na ho yamenyaniye na Perezida Daniel arap Moi <ref name="E22">{{cite web |author=Joel Muinde |title=A brief profile of DP William Ruto: PHOTOS |url=https://www.k24tv.co.ke/news/a-brief-profile-of-dp-william-ruto-photos-3365/ |website=K24 |date=2019-07-21 |access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |author=G Fayo |title=How shy Ruto rose from a CU leader to money, power |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/economy/how-shy-ruto-rose-from-a-cu-leader-to-money-power--2029316 |website=The Business Daily |date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2022-05-18}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa politiki == Nyuma ya kaminuza, yabaye umwarimu w'agateganyo kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu 1992 <ref name="E23" />. Yatangiye politiki ari umubitsi w'itsinda rya Youth for KANU '92 (YK'92), ryashyigikiraga kongera gutorwa kwa Moi mu matora ya 1992 <ref name="E22" /><ref name="E24">{{cite web |author=C. Bryson Hull |title=Ghost of Moi surfaces in Kenya's violence |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-crisis-forest-idUSHUL08142020080111 |website=Reuters |date=2008-01-11 |access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref>. Iryo tsinda ryavuzweho gutoteza Abakikuyu bashyigikiraga Mwai Kibaki, kandi bivugwa ko Ruto yahakuye umutungo munini <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=en |author=C. Bryson Hull |title=Ghost of Moi surfaces in Kenya's violence |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-crisis-forest-idUSHUL08142020080111 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=William Ruto: Kenya's deputy president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24017899 |website=BBC News |date=2013-09-09 |access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>. Mu matora ya 1997, yatsinze umudepite wari uri ku mwanya, Reuben Chesire, wari ushyigikiwe na Moi, aba umudepite wa Eldoret y'Amajyaruguru <ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=Mzee Moi was 'vicious', interesting fellow – DP Ruto |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2020-02-04-mzee-moi-was-vicious-interesting-fellow-dp-ruto/ |website=The Star |access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref name="F1" />. Mu 2002, Moi yamugize Minisitiri wungirije w'Umutekano w'Imbere mu Gihugu, hanyuma Minisitiri wuzuye <ref name="E25" /><ref name="F1" />. Ishyaka KANU ryatsinzwe amatora ya 2002, ariko Ruto agumana umwanya we w'ubudepite, maze mu 2005 aba umunyamabanga mukuru wa KANU <ref name="E28">{{cite web |author=-Beauttah Omanga |title=How Ruto rose to be influential personality in Kenyan politics |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/politics/article/2000071980/how-ruto-rose-to-be-influential-personality-in-kenyan-politics |website=The Standard (Kenya) |access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref>. Mu 2005, yari umwe mu bayobozi b'ihuriro ryiswe Orange Democratic Movement (ODM), ryarwanyije umushinga w'Itegeko Nshinga muri kamarampaka <ref name="E31">{{cite web |author=Bård Anders Andreassen |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=https://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |website=CMI Working Paper |date=2006-12-16 |access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>. Mu matora y'ibanze ya ODM yo mu 2007, yabaye uwa gatatu inyuma ya Raila Odinga na Musalia Mudavadi, hanyuma ashyigikira Odinga <ref name="E32">{{cite web |title=Kenya: It's Raila for President |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200709010028.html |website=East African Standard |date=2007-09-01}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |author=Maina Muiruri |title=Kenya: ODM 'Pentagon' Promises to Keep the Team Intact |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200709030718.html |website=East African Standard |date=2007-09-02 |access-date=2023-06-11}}</ref>. Ibyavuye mu matora ya perezida yo mu Ukuboza 2007 byateje urugomo rukomeye mu gihugu <ref name="E36">{{cite web |title=Odinga sworn in as Kenya PM |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/4/17/odinga-sworn-in-as-kenya-pm |website=Al Jazeera |date=2008-04-17 |access-date=2011-06-11}}</ref>. Muri guverinoma y'ubumwe yashyizweho muri Mata 2008, Ruto yagizwe Minisitiri w'Ubuhinzi <ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Kibaki names Raila PM in new Cabinet |url=http://politics.nationmedia.com/inner.asp?pcat=NEWS&cat=TOP&sid=1787}}</ref>, hanyuma mu 2010 Minisitiri w'Amashuri Makuru <ref name="E40">{{cite web |title=Kenya's cabinet reshuffled |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/kenyas-cabinet-reshuffled-481375 |website=iol.co.za |date=2010-04-21 |access-date=2023-06-11}}</ref>. Mu 2013, Urukiko Rukuru rwamutegetse gusubiza umurima yari yarigaruriye mu gihe cy'urugomo rwa 2007–2008 <ref name="F1" />. == Urubanza muri CPI == Mu Ukuboza 2010, umushinjacyaha w'Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga (CPI) yasabye ko abantu batandatu, barimo Ruto, bitaba urukiko kubera uruhare rwabo mu rugomo rwakurikiye amatora ya 2007, rwahitanye abantu bagera ku 1 200, abandi bagera ku 600 000 bakava mu byabo <ref name="E87">{{cite web |title=Kenya's post-election violence: ICC Prosecutor presents cases against six individuals for crimes against humanity |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/blob/view/-/1072970/data/221745/-/8cjsjj/-/statement.pdf |website=International Criminal Court |date=2010-12-15 |access-date=2011-04-23}}</ref><ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/05/international-criminal-court-william-ruto-kenya-deputy-president-election-violence</ref>. Yashinjwe ibyaha bitatu byibasiye inyokomuntu: ubwicanyi, kwimura abaturage ku ngufu no gutoteza <ref name="E88">{{cite web |title=U.K. Court Orders Animal-Rights Activists to Stand Off |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.306.5700.1273c |website=Science |date=2004-11-19}}</ref>. Ruto yahakanye ibyo birego <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Affaire Ruto et Sang : La Chambre de première instance V(A) de la CPI clôt l’affaire sans préjudice de toutes nouvelles poursuites qui pourraient initiées à l’avenir |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1205&ln=fr |website=www.icc-cpi.int |date=2016-04-05 |access-date=2020-10-12}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2016, CPI yahagaritse urubanza, ivuga ko gutera ubwoba abatangabuhamya no kwivanga kwa politiki « bitihanganirwa » byatumye rudashobora gukomeza <ref name="E39">{{cite web |author=Owen Bowcott |title=International criminal court abandons case against William Ruto |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/05/international-criminal-court-william-ruto-kenya-deputy-president-election-violence |website=The Guardian |date=2016-04-05 |access-date=2016-04-06}}</ref><ref name="F7" />. == Visi-Perezida (2013–2022) == Mu matora ya 2013, Ruto yihuje na Uhuru Kenyatta, ihuriro rigamije kubungabunga amahoro hagati y'Abakikuyu n'Abakalenjin bari barahanganye mu matora yabanje <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kenya : alliance entre les deux candidats |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2012/11/27/97001-20121127FILWWW00513-kenya-alliance-entre-les-deux-candidats.php |website=Le Figaro |date=2012-11-27}}</ref><ref name="F6" />. Batsinze amatora, Ruto aba Visi-Perezida. Kuva ku ya 6 kugeza ku ya 9 Ukwakira 2014, yabaye perezida w'agateganyo mu gihe Kenyatta yari yitabye CPI i La Haye <ref name="E42">{{cite web |title=The day William Ruto was president for 48 hours |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/local-news/2001258073/asante-kwa-kuchunga-kiti-the-day-william-ruto-was-president-for-48-hours?amp=1 |website=The Standard (Kenya) |access-date=2022-01-09}}</ref>. Mu 2017, bongeye gutorwa, nyuma y'uko Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rutesheje agaciro amatora ya mbere <ref name="E43">{{cite web |title=Kenya's Supreme Court upholds repeat presidential vote |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/20/kenya-supreme-court-upholds-repeat-presidential-vote.html |website=CNBC |date=2017-11-20 |access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref>. Mu manda ya kabiri, umubano we na Kenyatta warazambye, maze Kenyatta ashyigikira Raila Odinga mu matora ya 2022 <ref name="F6" /><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kenya: Raila Odinga officiellement candidat à l'élection présidentielle pour la cinquième fois |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20211211-kenya-raila-odinga-officiellement-candidat-%C3%A0-l-%C3%A9lection-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-pour-la-cinqui%C3%A8me-fois |website=RFI}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Albane Thirouard |title=Kenya: William Ruto se lance dans l'arène de la campagne présidentielle |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220315-kenya-william-ruto-se-lance-dans-l-ar%C3%A8ne-de-la-campagne-pr%C3%A9sidentielle |website=RFI}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2020, Ruto yinjiye mu ishyaka rishya rya United Democratic Alliance (UDA) <ref name="E44">{{cite web |language=en |title=Kenya: Has Deputy President Ruto joined the new UDA Party? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/58519/kenya-has-deputy-president-ruto-joined-the-new-uda-party/ |website=The Africa Report.com |date=2021-01-14 |access-date=2021-11-12}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Kenya == === Amatora ya 2022 === Ku ya 15 Kanama 2022, umuyobozi wa komisiyo y'amatora, Wafula Chebukati, yatangaje ko Ruto yatsinze amatora n'amajwi 50,49%, imbere ya Raila Odinga (48,85%) <ref name="E47">{{cite web |author=Stephanie Busari |title=Kenya's top court confirms William Ruto's victory in presidential vote |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/05/africa/supreme-court-kenya-elections-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2022-09-05}}</ref>; ariko bane mu bagize komisiyo barindwi banze ibyo byavuye mu matora <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kenya : William Ruto élu président, le résultat rejeté par une partie de la commission électorale |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20220815-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-au-kenya-des-membres-de-la-commission-%C3%A9lectorale-rejettent-les-r%C3%A9sultats-avant-leur-proclamation |website=France 24 |date=2022-08-15 |access-date=2022-08-15}}</ref>. Odinga yitabaje Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, rwemeje itsinzi ya Ruto ku ya 5 Nzeri 2022 <ref name="E48">{{cite web |author=Damian Zane |title=Kenya election: Raila Odinga challenges William Ruto win in Supreme Court |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62631193 |website=BBC News |date=2022-08-22}}</ref><ref name="E49">{{cite web |author=Cana Anna |title=Kenya's Supreme Court upholds Ruto's narrow presidential win |url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-elections-presidential-kenya-uhuru-kenyatta-c9f2ccef66f2267fe4aee0afdb8c9acc |website=Associated Press |date=2022-09-05}}</ref><ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kenya: la Cour suprême confirme l'élection de William Ruto à la présidence |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220905-kenya-la-cour-supr%C3%AAme-confirme-l-%C3%A9lection-de-william-ruto |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Ruto yarahiriye kuba Perezida ku ya 13 Nzeri 2022 <ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=William Ruto investi président du Kenya après plusieurs semaines de controverse |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20220913-william-ruto-investi-pr%C3%A9sident-du-kenya-apr%C3%A8s-plusieurs-semaines-de-controverse |website=France 24 |date=2022-09-13 |access-date=2022-12-08}}</ref>. === Politiki y'imbere mu gihugu === Mu Ugushyingo 2022, guverinoma ye yatangije ikigega cyitwa ''Hustler Fund'', gitanga inguzanyo zihuse ku baturage <ref name="E61">{{cite web |title=Kenya's Ruto launches 'hustler fund' small loan scheme |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/kenya-economy/kenyas-ruto-launches-hustler-fund-small-loan-scheme-idUKL4N32Q3U5 |website=Reuters |date=2022-11-30 |access-date=2023-01-13}}</ref>. Mu 2023, yatangije gahunda yagutse yo kwegurira abikorera ibigo bya leta <ref name="E62">{{cite web |language=en |author=Macharia Kamau |title=President Ruto to privatise up to 10 State corporations within one year |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/business/article/2001457888/president-ruto-to-privatise-up-to-10-state-corporations-within-one-year |website=Health}}</ref><ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=en |author=Macharia Kamau |title=President Ruto to privatise up to 10 State corporations within one year |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/business/article/2001457888/president-ruto-to-privatise-up-to-10-state-corporations-within-one-year |website=Health}}</ref><ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Agence Ecofin |title=Kenya : le président Ruto annonce la privatisation de 35 entreprises publiques |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/finances-publiques/2311-113970-kenya-le-president-ruto-annonce-la-privatisation-de-35-entreprises-publiques |website=Agence Ecofin |access-date=2023-11-23}}</ref>. Yiyemeje kandi ko Kenya izareka gukoresha ibicanwa bikomoka mu butaka mu gukora amashanyarazi bitarenze 2030 <ref name="E55">{{cite web |language=en |author=Wanjohi Kabukuru |title=Kenya's new president promises ambitious climate plan |url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-presidential-elections-united-nations-inaugurations-4c1580731211bd55e8d2992fed8e9776 |website=AP NEWS |date=2022-09-14 |access-date=2022-09-15}}</ref>, kandi atangiza gahunda yo gutera ibiti miliyari 15 bitarenze 2032 <ref name="E13">{{cite web |language=en |title=Kenya Invites CAF Inspection After Criticism Over Infrastructure Readiness for AFCON 2027 - Kenyans.co.ke |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/120208-kenya-invites-caf-inspection-after-criticism-over-infrastructure-readiness-afcon-2027 |website=www.kenyans.co.ke |date=2026-01-27 |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2024, umushinga w'itegeko ry'imari wongeraga imisoro ku bicuruzwa by'ibanze, wasabwaga na FMI kugira ngo leta ibashe kwishyura umwenda, wateje imyigaragambyo itigeze ibaho mu mijyi myinshi <ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |author=franceinfo avec AFP |title=Manifestations au Kenya : on vous explique la situation dans le pays plongé dans le chaos politique, la "violence et l'anarchie" |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/kenya/manifestations-au-kenya-on-vous-explique-la-situation-dans-le-pays-plonge-dans-le-chaos-politique-la-violence-et-l-anarchie_6626841.html |website=francetvinfo.fr}}</ref><ref name="E64">{{cite web |author=Stewart Maclean |title=Kenya's president faces tough choices after day of bloodshed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd11023xm15o |website=BBC News |date=2024-06-25 |access-date=2024-07-05}}</ref>. Polisi yishe abigaragambyaga benshi, maze Ruto akuraho uwo mushinga, ndetse ku ya 11 Nyakanga 2024 yirukana abenshi mu bagize guverinoma <ref name="E65">{{cite web |title=Japhet Koome: Kenya's police chief resigns amid deadly anti-tax protests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c978l3rlymvo}}</ref>. Imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu yamaganye ubugome bw'inzego z'umutekano, ishimutwa n'iyicwa ry'abantu batavuga rumwe na leta <ref name="F19" /><ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Kenya, 120 cadavres à la morgue et autant de questions |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/09/06/au-kenya-120-cadavres-a-la-morgue-et-autant-de-questions_6305736_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2024-09-06 |access-date=2024-09-08}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2026, yatangaje ko ashaka kubuza abimukira gukora imirimo imwe n'imwe <ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Kenya, le président Ruto exige la fermeture des petits commerces tenus par des étrangers |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/09/05/au-kenya-le-president-ruto-exige-la-fermeture-des-petits-commerces-tenus-par-des-etrangers_6766335_3210.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-09-05}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Ruto yagaragaje Kenya nk'umufatanyabikorwa w'ingenzi w'ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba, maze Kenya iba igihugu cya mbere cyo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara cyagizwe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika « umufatanyabikorwa ukomeye utari muri OTAN » <ref name="E8">{{cite web |language=en |title=US names Kenya as major ally in face of growing Russian influence |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cv22nd9pdwwo |website=www.bbc.com |date=2024-05-23 |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |language=en |title=Designation of Kenya as a Major Non-NATO Ally |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/07/12/2024-15482/designation-of-kenya-as-a-major-non-nato-ally |website=Federal Register |date=2024-07-12 |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>. Yayoboye inama ya mbere y'Afurika ku mihindagurikire y'ibihe i Nairobi mu 2023, yasohoyemo itangazo rya Nairobi risaba umusoro mpuzamahanga ku byuka bihumanya n'ivugururwa ry'imiyoborere y'imari ku isi <ref name="E10">{{cite web |language=en |author=-Cara Anna |title=African Climate Summit issues unanimous call for world leaders to support global carbon tax on fossil fuels |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/african-climate-summit-issues-unanimous-call-for-world-leaders-to-support-global-carbon-tax-on-fossil-fuels |website=PBS News |date=2023-09-06 |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=en |title=Nairobi Declaration makes strong push for accelerated climate action and financing mechanisms |url=https://www.un.org/en/information-center-nairobi/nairobi-declaration-makes-strong-push-accelerated-climate-action-and |website=United Nations |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>. Yagize uruhare mu buhuza mu karere, harimo ibiganiro bya Nairobi bigamije guhagarika imirwano mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=EAC-LED NAIROBI PROCESS |url=https://www.eac.int/nairobiprocess |website=www.eac.int |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2024, yasinyanye n'Ubudage amasezerano yemerera abakozi b'Abanyakenya bagera ku 250 000 gukora muri icyo gihugu <ref name="E66">{{cite web |title=Germany opens its doors to Kenyan workers in controlled migration deal |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/14/europe/germany-kenyan-workers-migration-deal-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2024-09-14}}</ref>. Ubutegetsi bwe bwanenzwe ku ruhare rwabwo mu ntambara ya [[Sudani]]: mu 2024 no mu 2025, bwashinjwe korohereza umutwe wa RSF, ndetse muri Gashyantare 2025 Kenya yakira isinywa ry'amasezerano ya RSF n'abafatanyabikorwa bayo yo gushyiraho guverinoma ibangikanye; guverinoma ya Kenya yahakanye kubogama, ivuga ko ari umuhuza utabogamye <ref name="E113">{{cite web |language=en |title=Govt Responds to Claims of Ruto Supplying Weapons to Sudan |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/govt-responds-to-claims-of-ruto-supplying-weapons-to-sudan/ar-AA1GNJH0 |website=msn |date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref name="E114">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan RSF, allies, Sign charter in Nairobi to form parallel government |url=https://kenyainsights.com/sudans-rsf-allies-sign-charter-in-nairobi-to-form-parallel-government/ |website=KenyaInsights |date=2025-02-23}}</ref>. == Impaka == Ruto yagiye avugwaho ibirego byinshi, birimo amakimbirane ku butaka n'ikibazo cy'ibigori cyo mu 2009. Mu 2018, ubushakashatsi bwa Ipsos Kenya bwagaragaje ko 33% by'ababajijwe bamufataga nk'umunyapolitiki urya ruswa kurusha abandi, ibyo we yise « ibihuha » <ref name="E101">{{cite web |language=en |title=Kenya: Ruto - IPSOS Graft Survey Simply Cooked, Stage-Managed Finding |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201808230023.html |website=allAfrica.com |access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref><ref name="E102">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ipsos poll on corruption is "fake news" - DP Ruto |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ktnnews/video/2000160302/ipsos-poll-on-corruption-is-fake-news-dp-ruto |website=The Standard |access-date=2026-02-06}}</ref>. Mu 2024, yashyizwe ku isonga n'abantu barenga 40 000 mu matora y'umuryango OCCRP w'« umuntu w'umwaka » mu bya ruswa, nubwo akanama k'uwo muryango katamuhisemo <ref name="E97">{{cite web |language=en |title=Willliam Ruto withdraws Kenya finance bill after deadly protests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3gg30gm0x2o |website=www.bbc.com |date=2024-06-27 |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref><ref name="E98">{{cite web |language=en |title=Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) |url=https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/organized-crime-and-corruption-reporting-project-occrp/ |website=InfluenceWatch |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mu 1991, Ruto yashakanye na Rachel Chebet mu Itorero rya Africa Inland Church <ref name="E119">{{cite web |language=en |title=Rachel Ruto hosts Bishop who officiated wedding with Ruto |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2022-09-16-rachel-ruto-hosts-bishop-who-officiated-wedding-with-ruto/ |website=The Star |date=2022-09-16 |access-date=2022-09-29}}</ref><ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=en |author=Purity Wangui |title=Get to know the incoming first lady Rachael Ruto |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2022-08-18-get-to-know-the-incoming-first-lady-rachael-ruto/ |website=the-star.co.ke |date=2022-09-05}}</ref>. Ni Umukristo w'Umuvanjeliste <ref name="E120">{{cite web |title=William Ruto, the self-made kingmaker |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/william-ruto-the-self-made-kingmaker-1537800}}</ref><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=William Ruto, the self-made kingmaker |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/william-ruto-the-self-made-kingmaker-1537800}}</ref>. Ni umwe mu bantu bakize kurusha abandi muri Kenya; afite umurima w'inkoko iwabo i Sugoi, ndetse n'ishoramari mu mahoteli <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=International. Nouveau président du Kenya : plusieurs blessés lors de l'investiture de William Ruto |url=https://www.leprogres.fr/politique/2022/09/13/nouveau-president-du-kenya-plusieurs-blesses-lors-de-l-investiture-de-william-ruto |website=www.leprogres.fr}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=en |title=William Ruto: Kenya's newest president – DW – 09/13/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/william-ruto-from-hustler-to-kenyas-newest-president/a-62793261 |website=dw.com |access-date=2023-01-26}}</ref><ref name="E121" />. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abanyakenya]] [[Category:Abaperezida ba Kenya]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Kenya]] jqhsrmxxkmlfamg5byz6o3u3id4owep 0 13773 140770 127009 2026-10-05T09:39:47Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140770 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Smokey with Thomas Tidwell, Chief of the United States Forest Service, and Arnold Schwarzenegger.jpg|thumb|Umuyobozi ushinzwe amashyamba muri leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika arimo gushimira guverineri Arnold Schwarznegger kubwo gushyira mu bikorwa aya masezerano.|228x228px]] '''Itegeko rya Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006''', cyangwa Bill Assembly (AB) 32, ni itegeko rya leta ya Californiya rirwanya ubushyuhe bw’isi hashyirwaho gahunda yuzuye yo kugabanya [[ibyuka bihumanya ikirere]] bituruka ahantu hose muri leta. AB32 yanditswe na Assemblymember icyo gihe Fran Pavley (D-Agoura Hills) akaba na Perezida w’Inteko ya Californiya Fabian Nunez (D-Los Angeles) hanyuma ashyirwaho umukono n’amategeko na Guverineri Arnold Schwarzenegger ku ya 27 Nzeri 2006. Ku ya 1 Kamena 2005, Guverineri Schwarzenegger yashyize umukono ku iteka nyobozi rizwi ku izina rya Executive S-3-05 <ref>{{Cite web |title=California Climate Change Executive Orders |url=http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/state/executive_orders.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219221425/http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/state/executive_orders.html |archive-date=19 December 2011 |access-date=17 April 2016 |website=California Climate Change}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=EXECUTIVE ORDER S-3-05 |url=http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=1861 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602181729/http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=1861 |archive-date=2 June 2011 |website=Office of Governor}}</ref> ryashyizeho intego za Leta zangiza imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Iteka nyobozi ryasabye leta kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere kugera ku 2000 kugeza mu mwaka wa 2010, kugeza ku rwego rwa 1990 muri 2020, no ku rwego 80% munsi y’urwego rwa 1990 muri 2050. Icyakora, kugira ngo iki cyemezo gishyirwe mu bikorwa, Ikigo gishinzwe umutungo w’ikirere cya Californiya (CARB) cyari gikeneye ububasha bw’inteko ishinga amategeko. Inteko ishinga amategeko ya leta ya Californiya yemeje itegeko rya Global Warming Solutions Act kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke kandi giha CARB ububasha bwo gushyira mu bikorwa iyo gahunda. [[Dosiye:20131030-FS-RBN-131 (10578660813).jpg|thumb]] AB 32 isaba Ikigo gishinzwe umutungo w’ikirere cya Californiya (CARB cyangwa ARB) gushyiraho amabwiriza n’uburyo bw’isoko bwo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere cya Kaliforuniya kugeza ku rwego rwa 1990 kugeza mu mwaka wa 2020, bivuze ko igabanuka rya 30% mu gihugu hose, <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2018 |title=Climate Change |url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/cc.htm |access-date=2019-04-24 |website=California Air Resources Board |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828192532/https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/topics/climate-change |archive-date=2021-08-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> hamwe n’ingofero ziteganijwe guhera 2012 kumasoko akomeye yangiza. Uyu mushinga w'itegeko kandi wemerera Guverineri guhagarika imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu gihe cy'umwaka mu gihe habaye ibibazo byihutirwa cyangwa bikomeye mu bukungu. Intara ya Californiya iyoboye igihugu mu bipimo ngenderwaho by’ingufu kandi ikagira uruhare runini mu kurengera ibidukikije, ariko kandi ikaba n’umwanya wa 12 mu kohereza imyuka ya karubone ku isi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2006 |title=Gov. Schwarzenegger Signs Landmark Legislation to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?/press-release/4111/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928031617/http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?%2Fpress-release%2F4111%2F |archive-date=2006-09-28 |website=Office of the Governor}}</ref> Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere byasobanuwe mu mushinga w'itegeko bikubiyemo ibi bikurikira: [[Dioxyde de Carbone|dioxyde de carbone]], [[Methane|metani]], okiside ya nitrous, sulfure hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbone na parfluorocarbone . <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2006 |title=Assembly Bill No. 32. CHAPTER 488. An act to add Division 25.5 (commencing with Section 38500) to theHealth and Safety Code, relating to air pollution. |url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/05-06/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_32_bill_20060927_chaptered.pdf |website=California State Assembly}}</ref> Izi ni imyuka imwe ya parike yanditse kumugereka A wa Protokole ya Kyoto . <ref>{{Cite report |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/docs/cop3/l07a01.pdf |title=Kyoto Protocol |date=10 December 1997 |publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |page=22 |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> == Ibisabwa == AB 32 ikubiyemo ibisabwa byihariye byubuyobozi bwa Californiya ishinzwe umutungo: # Tegura kandi wemeze gahunda yo gushakisha uburyo bwo kugabanya ikoranabuhanga rishoboka kandi rihendutse kugabanuka kumasoko ya gaze ya parike cyangwa ibyiciro bituruka kuri gaze ya parike bitarenze 2020. Gahunda ya scoping, yemejwe n’ubuyobozi bwa ARB ku ya 12 Ukuboza 2008, itanga urutonde rw’ibikorwa byo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere muri Californiya. Gahunda yemewe ya scoping yerekana uburyo ibyo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya bizagerwaho biturutse kumasoko akomeye ya parike akoresheje amabwiriza, uburyo bwisoko nibindi bikorwa. # Menya urwego rwa leta rw’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere mu 1990 kugirango bibe urugero rw’ibyuka bihumanya bizagerwaho muri 2020. Mu Kuboza 2007, Inama y'Ubutegetsi yemeje ko imyuka ihumanya ikirere ya 2020 ingana na toni miliyoni 427 za toni ya gaze karuboni ihwanye na gaze ya parike, nyamara iyi mipaka yaje kuvugururwa igera kuri toni miliyoni 431 za metero hakoreshejwe uburyo bugezweho bwari bwaragaragaye muri [[Raporo y'Isuzuma rya Kane rya IPCC|Raporo y’isuzuma rya kane rya IPCC]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GHG 1990 Emissions Level & 2020 Limit |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/ghg-2020-limit |access-date=2021-07-29 |website=California Air Resources Board}}</ref> # Kwemeza amabwiriza asaba gutanga raporo yerekana ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Ukuboza 2007, Inama y'Ubutegetsi yemeje itegeko risaba amasoko manini y’inganda gutanga raporo no kugenzura ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Amabwiriza ya raporo akora nk'urufatiro rukomeye rwo kumenya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere no gukurikirana impinduka zizaza mu rwego rwoherezwa mu kirere. Mu mwaka wa 2011, Inama y'Ubutegetsi yemeje amabwiriza agenga ubucuruzi. Porogaramu y’ubucuruzi n’ubucuruzi ikubiyemo amasoko akomeye y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere muri Leta nk’inganda zikora inganda, inganda z’amashanyarazi, inganda n’inganda zitwara abantu. Gahunda ya cap-nubucuruzi ikubiyemo ibicuruzwa byangiza imyuka bizagabanuka mugihe runaka. Leta izagabana amafaranga, arimpushya zishobora gucuruzwa, zingana n’ibyuka bihumanya munsi yumutwe. Inkomoko iri munsi yumutwe izakenera gutanga amafaranga na offsets zingana n’ibyuka bihumanya nyuma yigihe cyigihe cyo kubahiriza.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-18 |archive-date=2019-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615201429/https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> # [[Dosiye:Jamie McIntyre (9031269539).jpg|thumb]]Menya kandi wemeze amabwiriza agenga ibikorwa hakiri kare bishobora gukurikizwa ku ya 1 Mutarama 2010 cyangwa mbere yayo. Inama y'Ubutegetsi yagaragaje ingamba icyenda zifatika hakiri kare zirimo amabwiriza yerekeye imyanda, lisansi y’ibinyabiziga, firigo mu modoka, umuvuduko w’ipine, ibikorwa by’ibyambu n’andi masoko mu 2007 birimo amashanyarazi y’amato ku byambu no kugabanya imyuka myinshi ya GWP ku bicuruzwa by’umuguzi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-18 |archive-date=2019-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615201429/https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> # Menya neza ko kugabanuka hakiri kare kubushake byakira inguzanyo ikwiye mugushyira mubikorwa AB 32 # Gutumiza Komite Ngishwanama ku butabera bushingiye ku bidukikije (EJAC) kugira inama Inama y'Ubutegetsi mu gutegura gahunda ya Scoping ndetse n'ibindi byose bifitanye isano no gushyira mu bikorwa AB 32. EJAC yateranye inshuro 12 kuva mu ntangiriro za 2007, itanga ibisobanuro ku ngamba zateganijwe hakiri kare ndetse no guteza imbere gahunda ya scoping, inatanga ibisobanuro n'ibitekerezo kuri gahunda yo gushakisha mu Kwakira 2008. ARB izakomeza gukorana na EJAC nkuko AB 32 ishyirwa mubikorwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-18 |archive-date=2019-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615201429/https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> # Shiraho komite ngishwanama yo guteza imbere ubukungu n’ikoranabuhanga (ETAAC) kugirango itange ibyifuzo byikoranabuhanga, ubushakashatsi ningamba zo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |last= |date=28 September 2018 |title=Assembly Bill 32 - California Global Warming Solutions Act |url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm |website=California Air Resources Board |access-date=18 February 2023 |archive-date=15 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615201429/https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nyuma yumwaka wose wibikorwa rusange, ETAAC yashyikirije Inama y'Ubutegetsi raporo y'ibyifuzo byabo muri Gashyantare 2008. ETAAC yanasuzumye kandi itanga ibisobanuro kuri gahunda ya scoping. == Igihe ntarengwa == AB 32 iteganya igihe gikurikira: <ref name="autogenerated12">{{Cite web |last= |date=28 September 2018 |title=Assembly Bill 32 - California Global Warming Solutions Act |url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm |website=California Air Resources Board |access-date=18 February 2023 |archive-date=15 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615201429/https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |Kugeza ku ya 1 Mutarama 2009 |ARB yemeje gahunda yerekana uburyo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya bizagerwaho biturutse ku masoko akomeye ya parike binyuze mu mabwiriza, uburyo bw’isoko n’ibindi bikorwa |- |Muri 2009 |Abakozi ba ARB bategura imvugo igenga gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda yayo kandi ikora urukurikirane rw'amahugurwa rusange kuri buri gipimo (harimo n'amasoko) |- |Kugeza ku ya 1 Mutarama 2010 |Ingamba zikorwa hakiri kare zitangira gukurikizwa |- |Muri 2010 |ARB ikora urukurikirane rw'ibyemezo, nyuma y'amahugurwa n'iburanisha mu ruhame, kugira ngo yemeze amabwiriza ya parike harimo amategeko agenga uburyo bw'isoko |} {| class="wikitable" |Muri 2010 |ARB ikora urukurikirane rw'ibyemezo, nyuma y'amahugurwa n'iburanisha mu ruhame, kugira ngo yemeze amabwiriza ya parike harimo amategeko agenga uburyo bw'isoko |- |Kugeza ku ya 1 Mutarama 2011 |ARB irangiza gufata ibyemezo bikomeye byo kugabanya parike harimo nuburyo bwisoko. ARB irashobora kuvugurura amategeko no kwemeza ayandi nyuma ya 1/1/2011 mugutezimbere cap ya 2020 |- |Kugeza ku ya 1 Mutarama 2012 |Amategeko ya parike hamwe nuburyo bwisoko byemejwe na ARB bitangira gukurikizwa kandi byubahirizwa n'amategeko |- |Gahunda ya 2013/2014 |ARB irateganya kuvugurura gahunda ya AB 32 Scoping. Ivugurura rya AB 32 Scoping Plan rizagaragaza ibikorwa byihariye bikenewe kugirango ugere ku ntego ya 2020 kimwe no gushyiraho urufatiro rwo kugera ku ntego za nyuma ya 2020. |} {| class="wikitable" |Ku ya 31 Ukuboza 2020 |Igihe ntarengwa cyo kugera kuri 2020 imyuka ihumanya ikirere. |} === References === oqo5awvekvc05hk4bdeynmcai2zc85l 0 15271 140780 133735 2026-10-05T11:31:00Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140780 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarios Djan''' (wavutse ku ya 3 Kamena 1955) ni umukinnyi wo gusiganwa ku maguru wa bigize umwuga ukomoka muri Gana. Yitabiriye imikino ya metero 4 × 100 mu bagabo mu mikino Olempike yo mu 1984 .<ref>https://olympics.com/en/athletes/makarios-djan</ref><ref>https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/70645</ref><ref>https://peoplepill.com/people/makarios-djan</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://profilbaru.com/Makarios_Djan |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316102820/https://profilbaru.com/Makarios_Djan |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nuwber.com/person/563a34907686b0176b3534fe |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316081256/https://nuwber.com/person/563a34907686b0176b3534fe |archive-date=2023-03-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://lionsports.net/aa.aspx?hid=131</ref><ref>https://lionsports.net/aa.aspx?hid=138</ref><ref>https://www.wdsu.com/article/former-southeastern-louisiana-lions-track-star-alex-young-qualifies-for-tokyo-olympics/36821197</ref><ref>https://www.gidahatti.com/haber/14166231/tarihte-bugun-ne-oldu-10-mart-tarihte-gune-damga-vuran-olaylar</ref><ref>https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/kibris-adasinda-derin-bir-aktor-kibris-rum-ortodoks-kilisesi/2736170</ref><ref>https://www.kompasiana.com/imansyah91697/61f01ad94b660d6b7026c572/tim-koramil-11-bky-bongkar-dalang-pelaku-dan-tempat-produksi-busur-di-sudiang-makassar</ref><ref>https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/haber/soyerin-yeni-marifeti-said-nursiyi-anlatmak-344192</ref><ref>https://www.jurnas.com/artikel/55885/Peristiwa-Sejarah-15-Juli/</ref> == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana]] atpcpx8wz7z212kjbs6n5oeca9v6hxx 0 15316 140781 130127 2026-10-05T11:35:51Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140781 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamadama Bangoura''' (yavutse ku ya 10 Ugushyingo 1993) ni umukinnyi ukina umukino wa jido ukomoka muri [[Gineya]] .<ref>https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/local/story/2022-04-11/fern-street-circus-tour</ref><ref>https://guineenews.org/accident-mortel-de-gbessia-encore-de-nouveaux-elements-sur-cette-tragedie-routiere/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guineematin.com/2020/05/14/mamadama-bangoura-tuee-a-coyah-le-temoignage-pathetique-de-son-mari/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316163044/https://guineematin.com/2020/05/14/mamadama-bangoura-tuee-a-coyah-le-temoignage-pathetique-de-son-mari/ |archive-date=2023-03-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://guineenews.org/insalubrite-les-marches-de-cosa-dans-un-etat-non-hygienique/</ref><ref>https://www.dw.com/fr/jo-tokyo-2020-la-guin%C3%A9e-sera-de-la-partie/a-58606368</ref><ref>https://guineenews.org/cnps-dix-huit-mois-de-prison-avec-sursis-requis-contre-lancien-dg/</ref><ref>https://www.francetvinfo.fr/sports/les-choix-de-la-redaction-sport/jo-2021-la-fuite-des-muscles-quand-les-athletes-profitent-des-competitions-internationales-pour-disparaitre_4709391.html</ref><ref>https://guineenews.org/justice-deplace-par-une-inconnue-pour-le-transport-des-sacs-de-farine-abdoul-karim-bangoura-passera-un-mois-en-prison/</ref><ref>https://www.francetvinfo.fr/les-jeux-olympiques/tokyo-2020/jo-2021-de-decathlon-au-marathon-mais-qu-est-ce-qui-fait-courir-nicolas-navarro_4382437.html</ref> == Umwuga == Yitabiriye imikino Olempike yo mu mpeshyi ya 2016 mu bagore baterengeje ibiro 63, aho yatsinze na Estefania García mu cyiciro cya mbere. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamadama Bangoura |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/mamadama-bangoura |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820143639/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/mamadama-bangoura |archive-date=August 20, 2016 |access-date=August 20, 2016 |website=Rio 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women -63 kg - Standings |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/judo-standings-ju-women-63-kg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820143738/https://www.rio2016.com/en/judo-standings-ju-women-63-kg |archive-date=August 20, 2016 |access-date=August 20, 2016 |website=Rio 2016}}</ref> Yabaye ibendera rya Gineya muri Parade y’ibihugu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rio 2016 Olympic Ceremony - Flag Bearers |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/News/2016/08/2016-08-05-Rio-2016-Opening-Ceremony-Flag-Bearers.pdf#_ga=1.141545717.655653539.1470508014 |access-date=August 20, 2016 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |archive-date=2017-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807234417/https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/News/2016/08/2016-08-05-Rio-2016-Opening-Ceremony-Flag-Bearers.pdf#_ga=1.141545717.655653539.1470508014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mamadama Bangoura ntiyagarutse muri Gineya nyuma y'imikino Olempike yo mu 2016 yabereye muri Burezili, kuko yaburiwe irengero nyuma yo gusiga ubutumwa avuga ko ashaka kugerageza amahirwe mu mahanga. <ref>[http://www.latimes.com/sports/olympics/la-sp-oly-rio-2016-two-guinea-athletes-do-not-return-home-1472317295-htmlstory.html Two Guinea athletes do not return home after Rio Olympics]</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gineya]] nnqskgsdto0qcrh3pq1nqrfhjkvq0ic 0 15317 140736 99462 2026-10-05T00:30:58Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140736 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Dan_Hadani_collection_(990044370150205171).jpg|thumb|Umukino wa Judo '''Ahmed Baly akina muri africa''' ]] '''Ahmed Baly''' (wavutse ku ya 3 Gashyantare 1976) ni umukinnyi ukina imikino ya jido ukomoka mu Misiri. <ref>https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-ae/news-and-trends/iraqs-first-independent-technology-fund-launched-through/447438</ref><ref>https://gulfnews.com/expo-2020/news/watch-novartis-unveils-new-frontiers-in-cell-and-gene-therapy-at-expo-2020-dubai-1.83221032</ref><ref>https://www.wamda.com/2022/08/iraqi-islamic-bank-partners-msa-novo-fund-tech-focused-startups</ref><ref>https://www.wamda.com/2022/08/iraqi-islamic-bank-partners-msa-novo-fund-tech-focused-startups</ref><ref>https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/joint-court-refrained-from-reappointing-cbcs-chair</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gwinnettdailypost.com/sports/touchdown-club-of-gwinnett-honors-best-in-high-school-football-from-the-2022-season/article_7aba8d7c-7cfa-11ed-a1da-4b0a76d3c623.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316163509/https://www.gwinnettdailypost.com/sports/touchdown-club-of-gwinnett-honors-best-in-high-school-football-from-the-2022-season/article_7aba8d7c-7cfa-11ed-a1da-4b0a76d3c623.html |archive-date=2023-03-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://www.gwinnettdailypost.com/sports/2022-gwinnett-daily-post-all-county-football/article_a62a8c70-86ee-11ed-94a0-17b2355bb290.html</ref><ref>https://www.gwinnettprepsports.com/sports/all-region-7-aaaaaaa-football-team-announced/article_51779df3-d2b3-5183-b743-673bbf39d258.html</ref><ref>https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/rogers-replaces-dennis-on-central-bank-board</ref><ref>https://ca.milesplit.com/meets/485823-usatf-junior-olympic-championship-2022/results</ref><ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-022-04008-1</ref> == Ibyagezweho == {| class="wikitable" !Umwaka ! Irushanwa ! Ikibanza ! Icyiciro cy'ibiro |- | 2000 | Amarushanwa yo muri Afurika ya Judo | align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" | Icya gatatu | Ibiro biremereye (+100&nbsp;kg) |- | 1998 | Amarushanwa yo muri Afurika ya Judo | align="center" bgcolor="silver" | Icya kabiri | Ibiro biremereye (+100&nbsp;kg) |} == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Misiri]] t6oz9nxaxxuhpc874ho4sn7asto17yt 0 15319 140783 130103 2026-10-05T11:39:40Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140783 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamadou Samba Bah''' (wavutse ku ya 13 Gicurasi 1995) ni umukinnyi ukina umukino wa jido ukomoka muri [[Gineya]] uhata mu cyiciro cya batarengeje ibiro 73.<ref>https://www.cafonline.com/total-u20-africa-cup-of-nations/2023/news/senegal-defeat-gambia-to-win-totalenergies-u-20-afcon</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mosaiqueguinee.com/dinguiraye-une-fillette-et-son-jeune-frere-meurent-dans-un-puits-a-dayindara/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316164613/https://mosaiqueguinee.com/dinguiraye-une-fillette-et-son-jeune-frere-meurent-dans-un-puits-a-dayindara/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guineematin.com/2023/03/11/les-victimes-de-kaporo-rails-empechees-de-se-rassembler-la-colere-de-samba-sow/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316164612/https://guineematin.com/2023/03/11/les-victimes-de-kaporo-rails-empechees-de-se-rassembler-la-colere-de-samba-sow/ |archive-date=2023-03-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/headlines/spain-visa-case-lands-in-court</ref><ref>https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20221209-mondial-2022-au-qatar-les-arabes-sont-mieux-pay%C3%A9s-que-les-africains-mais-je-m-en-sors-bien</ref><ref>https://thepledge.ng/fantastic-attitude-potter-hails-chelsea-players/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.beinsports.com/us-es/afcon/v%C3%ADdeos/senegal-supera-a-gambia-y-se-corona-en-la-afc/2053555 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316200140/https://www.beinsports.com/us-es/afcon/v%C3%ADdeos/senegal-supera-a-gambia-y-se-corona-en-la-afc/2053555 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guineematin.com/2022/11/15/tpi-dixinn-samba-bah-age-de-35-ans-juge-pour-viol-sur-une-fille-de-14-ans/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316164603/https://guineematin.com/2022/11/15/tpi-dixinn-samba-bah-age-de-35-ans-juge-pour-viol-sur-une-fille-de-14-ans/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/sports/tokyo-summer-olympics/guinea-reverses-decision-to-pull-out-of-tokyo-games-over-covid-fears/2535346/</ref><ref>https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/headlines/egypt-gives-govt-it-equipment-worth-us150k</ref> Yatoranijwe kuzitabira imikino Olempike yatsinze mu 2020 yabereye i [[Tokyo|Tokiyo]], yanganyije umukino we wa mbere na Tsend-Ochiryn Tsogtbaatar uzakomeza yegukana umudari muri [[Mongoliya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Judo BAH Mamadou Samba - Tokyo 2020 Olympics |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/athlete-profile-n1425792-bah-mamadou-samba.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726060813/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/athlete-profile-n1425792-bah-mamadou-samba.htm |archive-date=2021-07-26 |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=Olympics.com/tokyo-2020/ |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]] |language=en-us}}</ref> Nkumuntu ukomoka muri Gineya yagombaga guhabwa uruhushya rudasanzwe kugirango arushanwe kuko yari yabuze ibiro byemewe nyuma yuko federasiyo ya Gineya yabanje gukura abakinnyi babo mu mikino kubera ubwoba bw’icyorezo cya COVID-19, mbere yo gukuraho icyo cyemezo nyuma yi mikino itangiye . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tokyo Olympics: judoka Samba Bah will compete 1 hour from Conakry |url=https://guineenews.org/jo-de-tokyo-le-judoka-samba-bah-va-competir-a-1-heure-de-conakry |website=guineenews.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinea reverses decision to pull out of Tokyo Olympics |url=https://apnews.com/article/2020-tokyo-olympics-sports-tokyo-coronavirus-pandemic-guinea-3f4b8b3f4a19f80ccdedbd22fd1c2939 |website=apnews.com}}</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gineya]] pfl3bdi1tmiwo8eqxuf4fej6hli7yxk 0 15606 140778 140322 2026-10-05T10:46:26Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140778 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Em clima festivo, seleção da África do Sul treina contra time da Polícia Militar (28016068254).jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Em clima festivo, seleção da África do Sul treina contra time da Polícia Militar (28633286545).jpg|thumb]] '''Kirsten Blair''' (wavutse ku ya 29 Nyakanga 1984) ni umukinnyi w’umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri Afurika yepfo wakinnye nka all-round, atsinda ukuboko kwi buryo no gu kubita iburyo. Yagaragaye mu bihugu bibiri by’umunsi umwe muri Afurika yepfo mu 2007, bombi bakina na [[Pakisitani]] . Yakinnye umupira w'amaguru mu gihugu cya Easterns na Gauteng, ndetse anagaragara mu mukino umwe wo kuzenguruka Amajyaruguru . <ref name="Cricinfo">{{Cite web |title=Player Profile: Kirsten Blair |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/kirsten-blair-276680 |access-date=20 February 2022 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> <ref name="CricketArchive">{{Cite web |title=Player Profile: Kirsten Blair |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/159/159504/159504.html |access-date=20 February 2022 |website=CricketArchive}}</ref><ref>https://www.nola.com/multimedia/photos/photos-krewe-of-carrollton-rolls-to-all-things-golden-on-uptown-route/collection_e88972f2-ab38-11ed-8d83-63d595f072a6.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/no-routeregs-022323-jpg/image_9546db08-6124-5df4-a7e2-ca6838cee280.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322200602/https://www.theadvocate.com/no-routeregs-022323-jpg/image_9546db08-6124-5df4-a7e2-ca6838cee280.html |archive-date=2023-03-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newsminer.com/features/latitude_65/fairbanks-light-opera-theatre-is-back-with-a-special-performance-spanning-genres/article_b394f8e0-661a-11ed-be94-93ae749eb44f.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322200604/https://www.newsminer.com/features/latitude_65/fairbanks-light-opera-theatre-is-back-with-a-special-performance-spanning-genres/article_b394f8e0-661a-11ed-be94-93ae749eb44f.html |archive-date=2023-03-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://poetsandquants.com/2022/12/26/pqs-mba-admissions-director-of-the-year-the-wharton-schools-blair-mannix/</ref><ref>https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/mardi_gras/carrollton-bal-masque-reflects-on-all-things-golden/article_d6aab3be-a662-11ed-a116-cf399ffedbd6.html</ref><ref>https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/selma-blair-legally-blonde-alternate-ending-sequel-222317641.html</ref><ref>https://www.thepilot.com/news/o-neal-welcomes-new-faculty-members/article_1716dbdc-f2c7-11ea-b330-73e06089b85d.html</ref><ref>https://rrecord.com/miss-williams-crowned-queen-of-the-125th-holly-ball/</ref><ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kathy-blair-murder-was-a-killer-filmed-on-his-way-to-committing-brutal-austin-texas-murder/</ref><ref>https://www.vernonmorningstar.com/trending-now/cat-cuddling-lumby-deer-causing-concern-2/</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Afurika yepfo]] mqawwjfek2z6vj3jyixezt112x6gkt6 0 17370 140766 99129 2026-10-05T07:27:03Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140766 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Igihoho JP.jpg|thumb|Igihoho]] == Igihoho == igihoho n'igikoresho babohaga mubirere by'insina bakabikamo ibintu bitandukanye<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://panorama.solutions/en/solution/igihoho-project-eco-friendly-seed-bags-made-banana-barks |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819150927/https://panorama.solutions/en/solution/igihoho-project-eco-friendly-seed-bags-made-banana-barks |archive-date=2023-08-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Akamaro == [[Dosiye:Igihoho Kirimo Amazi.jpg|thumb|Igihoho kibitsemo amagi]] igihoho ni igikoresho babohaga mubirere bakakifashisha babikamo ibintu bitandukanye harimo nka -umunyu -amavuta y'inka -aamagi -umunyu wa gikukuru -ubunyobwa ndetse nibindi == Reba == dlzqo89e5asx1a6emm6uyq8y9jjq8kp 0 17388 140722 99438 2026-10-04T16:20:18Z Score Beethoven 11559 140722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = John Dramani Mahama | image = John Mahama in Yokohama (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = John Dramani Mahama | birth_date = 29 Ugushyingo 1958 | birth_place = Damongo, [[Gana]] | nationality = Umunyagana | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Gana (Legon), Ishuri rikuru ry'ubumenyi bw'imibereho rya Moscou | occupation = Umwarimu, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Gana]] | term = 2012–2017; kuva ku ya 7 Mutarama 2025 | predecessor = Nana Akufo-Addo | party = National Democratic Congress (NDC) | spouse = Lordina Mahama | children = 5 }} '''John Dramani Mahama''' (yavutse ku ya 29 Ugushyingo 1958 i Damongo) ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Gana]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva muri Mutarama 2025, nyuma yo kuba yarakiyoboye kuva mu 2012 kugeza mu 2017. Umuyoboke w'ishyaka rya National Democratic Congress (NDC), yabaye umudepite, Minisitiri w'Itumanaho, hanyuma Visi-Perezida ku butegetsi bwa John Atta Mills. Yabaye Perezida ku ya 24 Nyakanga 2012, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Mills, aba visi-perezida wa mbere usimbuye perezida upfuye ndetse n'umukuru w'igihugu wa mbere wa Gana wavutse nyuma y'ubwigenge bwa 1957. Yatsinzwe amatora ya 2016 n'aya 2020 na Nana Akufo-Addo, ariko yongera gutorwa mu 2024, aba perezida wa mbere wa Gana utorewe manda ya kabiri itakurikiranye n'iya mbere. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Mahama ni Umugonja ukomoka i Bole, mu ntara ya Savannah; yavukiye i Damongo, mu karere ka Gonja y'Iburengerazuba <ref name="E12">{{cite web |author=Charles Quist-Adade |title=Africa's Many Divides and Africa's Future:Pursuing Nkrumah's Vision of Pan-Africanism in an Era of Globalization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MpXWCgAAQBAJ&dq=john+mahama+gonja&pg=PA70 |website=Cambridge Scholars Publishing}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Guang people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Guang-people |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-08-07}}</ref><ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Mahama: Achievements, Date of Birth, Biography, & Age |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Mahama |website=Britannica |date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-13}}</ref>. Se, Emmanuel Adama Mahama, wari umuhinzi w'umuceri akaba n'umwarimu, yari umudepite wa mbere wa Gonja y'Iburengerazuba n'umuyobozi wa mbere w'Intara y'Amajyaruguru ku butegetsi bwa Kwame Nkrumah, hanyuma aba umujyanama wa Perezida Hilla Limann <ref name="E15">{{cite web |language=en |author=Emmanuel Ayamga |title='That's my dad in smock' – Mahama shares photo of his father among Nkrumah's Ministers |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/john-mahama-shares-photo-of-his-father-among-kwame-nkrumahs-ministers/6pbhlb8 |website=Pulse Ghana |date=2022-03-06 |access-date=2024-10-16}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza i Accra, mu ishuri rya Newtown n'irya Achimota, n'amashuri yisumbuye muri Ghana Secondary School i Tamale. Yize muri Kaminuza ya Gana i Legon, abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya mbere mu mateka mu 1981, n'impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya nyuma ya kaminuza mu itumanaho mu 1986. Yize kandi ubumenyi bw'imitekerereze y'imibereho mu ishuri rikuru ry'ubumenyi bw'imibereho rya Moscou, mu Bumwe bw'Abasoviyeti, ahabona impamyabumenyi mu 1988 <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Dramani Mahama Biography |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912122210/http://www.ghanatoghana.com/Ghanahomepage/john-dramani-mahama-biography |website=ghanatoghana.com |date=2011-01-16}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=John Dramani Mahama Biography |url=http://www.ghanatoghana.com/Ghanahomepage/john-dramani-mahama-biography |access-date=2012-07-24}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Dramani Mahama, Biography |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/John-Dramani-Mahama-1349 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref>. == Umwuga mbere ya politiki == Nyuma ya kaminuza, Mahama yabaye umwarimu mu mashuri yisumbuye <ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=John Mahama biography, plus links to book reviews and excerpts. |url=http://www.bookbrowse.com/biographies/index.cfm/author_number/2199/john-mahama |website=BookBrowse |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1991 kugeza mu 1995, yakoraga muri ambasade y'Ubuyapani i [[Accra]], ashinzwe amakuru, umuco n'ubushakashatsi <ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Ghana |url=http://www.johnmahama.org/node/1 |website=johnmahama. |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1995 kugeza mu 1996, yakoreye umuryango urwanya ubukene Plan International muri Gana <ref name="E23" />. == Umwuga wa politiki == Mu matora ya 1996, Mahama yatorewe kuba umudepite uhagarariye Bole/Bamboi <ref name="E20">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Mahama: Biography, Education, Age, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Mahama |website=britannica |access-date=2023-08-12}}</ref>. Muri Mata 1997, yagizwe Minisitiri wungirije w'Itumanaho, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Itumanaho kuva mu Ugushyingo 1998 kugeza muri Mutarama 2001 ku butegetsi bwa Jerry Rawlings <ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Dramani Mahama - My Story - The beginning |url=https://www.johnmahama.org/my-story |website=www.johnmahama.org |access-date=2024-10-16}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |title=John Mahama Biography |url=http://people.peacefmonline.com/profiles/245/biography/}}</ref>. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2000 no mu 2004 <ref name="E23" />. Mu 2003, yabaye umwe mu bagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko Nyafurika <ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Upcoming Events |url=http://www.ceibs.edu/today/events/55601.shtml |website=ceibs education |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Mu matora ya 2008, yatorewe kuba Visi-Perezida iruhande rwa John Atta Mills, arahira ku ya 7 Mutarama 2009 <ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=John Dramani Mahama Biography: Profile |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/politicians/john_dramani_mahama/biography/ |website=peacefmonline |access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref>. Yayoboye itsinda ry'igihugu rishinzwe imicungire y'ubukungu, n'inama zishinzwe ingabo na polisi <ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |title=Is John Mahama truly an opposition leader? |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Is-John-Mahama-truly-an-opposition-leader-1749854 |website=GhanaWeb |date=2023-04-15 |access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref><ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=John Dramani Mahama |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/person/John-Dramani-Mahama-1349}}</ref>. == Manda ya mbere (2012–2017) == Ku ya 24 Nyakanga 2012, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Perezida John Atta Mills, Mahama yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Gana imbere ya Perezida w'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, Georgina Wood <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Lomé Mensah |title=Ghana: La présidente de la Cour Suprême en poste |url=http://www.afriquemidi.com/Ghana-La-presidente-de-la-Cour-Supreme-en-poste_a89.html |website=AfriqueMidi.com |date=2016-06-04}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Ghana's President John Atta Mills dies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18972107 |website=BBC News |date=2012-07-24 |access-date=2012-07-24}}</ref>. Mu matora yo ku ya 7 n'iya 8 Ukuboza 2012, yatsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 50,70%, imbere ya Nana Akufo-Addo (47,74%) <ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Ghana election: John Mahama declared winner |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20661599 |website=BBC News |date=2012-12-10}}</ref>, maze arahira ku ya 7 Mutarama 2013 <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ghana: jour d'investiture pour John Dramani Mahama malgré le recours de l'opposition |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20130107-ghana-jour-investiture-president-john-dramani-mahama-recours-opposition-nana-akufo-addo |website=RFI |date=2013-01-08}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |author=Michael Ofori Amanfo Boateng |title=11 Heads of States to attend Mahama's inauguration |url=http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201212/99293.php |website=myjoyonline. |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Ishyaka rya Akufo-Addo ryareze ibyavuye mu matora, ariko ku ya 29 Kanama 2013 Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rutesha agaciro ikirego cyabo <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jérôme Perrot |title=Ghana, le défi démocratique |url=http://www.lejournalinternational.fr/Ghana-le-defi-democratique_a1271.html |website=Le Journal International |date=2013-09-22}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Dr. John Dramani Mahama, President |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/president.php |website=ghanaweb. |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Ku ya 30 Werurwe 2014, Mahama yatorewe kuyobora Umuryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO) <ref name="E33">{{cite web |title=Mahama named West African bloc head |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/03/30/mahama-named-west-african-bloc-head |website=News |date=2014-03-30 |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Mu 2015, Gana yahuye n'ikibazo gikomeye cy'ibura ry'amashanyarazi, kizwi ku izina rya « ''dumsor'' », cyagize ingaruka ku bukungu kandi gitera imyigaragambyo <ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=On the Causes and Effects of Exchange Rate Volatility on Economic Growth: Evidence from Ghana |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2017.1247330 |website=Journal of African Business |date=2016-11-28 |access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ghana : quels défis économiques ?: |url=https://www.cairn.info/ghana-quels-defis-economiques-2019--1000000148901-page-1.htm?ref=doi |website=CrossRef |date=2019-06-03 |access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref>. Mu 2016, umunyamakuru Manasseh Azure Awuni yagaragaje ko Mahama yahawe imodoka y'agaciro k'amadolari 100 000 n'umushoramari wo muri [[Burukina Faso]]; komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu (CHRAJ) yasanze yarishe amabwiriza ajyanye n'impano, ariko ko atari ruswa kuko yari yarashyikirije leta iyo modoka <ref name="E40">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana's president and the $100,000 Burkinabe car gift controversy |url=https://www.africanews.com/2016/06/16/ghana-s-president-and-the-100000-burkinabe-car-gift-controversy/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-08-13 |access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref><ref name="E41">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ford gift saga: Mahama violated gift policy; but .. - CHRAJ |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/mahama-violated-gift-policy-but-not-culpable-for-bribery-chraj.html |website=Daily Graphic |date=2016-09-29 |access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref><ref name="E42">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ford Saga: Mahama Breached 'Gift Policy' – CHRAJ |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/723140/ford-saga-mahama-breached-gift-policy-chraj.amp |website=Modern Ghana |date=2016-09-29 |access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref>. Mu matora yo mu Ukuboza 2016, yatsinzwe na Akufo-Addo, amubona n'amajwi 44,4% kuri 53,5%, maze yemera gutsindwa <ref name="E36">{{cite web |title=Ghana: Akufo-Addo wins presidential election |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/ghana-akufo-addo-wins-presidential-election-161209172455364.html |access-date=2016-12-16}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction du Monde |title=Le nouveau président ghanéen investi |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/01/07/le-nouveau-president-ghaneen-investi_5059307_3212.html#CzS55u3zu6XPmgBd.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2017-01-07}}</ref>. Yabaye perezida wa mbere wa Gana utongeye gutorerwa manda ya kabiri ikurikiranye <ref name="E5" />. Muri uko kwezi, yari mu itsinda rya CEDEAO ryahuzaga Perezida Yahya Jammeh na [[Adama Barrow]] muri [[Gambiya]] <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Notre succès en Gambie témoigne de la pertinence de la CEDEAO – Mahama |url=https://citifmonline.com/2017/02/our-success-in-the-gambia-signifies-ecowas-relevance-mahama/}}</ref><ref name="E37">{{cite web |language=en |title=Happy to be part of The Gambia success - Mahama |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/lifestyle/2017/February-19th/happy-to-be-part-of-the-gambia-success-mahama.php |website=Myjoyonline.com |date=2017-02-19 |access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref>. == Hagati ya manda zombi == Muri Gashyantare 2019, NDC yamutanze nk'umukandida mu matora ya 2020 <ref name="E43">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana's ex-President Mahama nominated to contest 2020 election |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ghana-politics-idUSKCN1QG246 |website=Reuters |date=2019-02-27 |access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref><ref name="E44">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nii Larte Lartey |title=Mahama sweeps 95% votes to become NDC flagbearer for 2020 |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/02/mahama-sweeps-95-votes-to-become-ndc-flagbearer-for-2020/ |website=Citinewsroom |date=2019-02-23 |access-date=2020-12-08}}</ref>; ku ya 4 Ukuboza 2020, we na Akufo-Addo basinye amasezerano y'amahoro <ref name="E47">{{cite web |language=en |author=Juliet Akyaa Safo |title=Akufo-Addo, Mahama sign Election Peace Pact 2020 |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/akufo-addo-mahama-sign-election-peace-pact-2020.html |website=Daily Graphic |date=2020-12-04 |access-date=2020-12-08}}</ref>, ariko Akufo-Addo yongera gutsinda n'amajwi 51,6% <ref name="E49">{{cite web |author=Ekow Dontoh |title=Ghana's President Vows to Restore Growth After Election Win |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-09/ghana-s-president-akufo-addo-wins-re-election-with-52-of-vote |website=Bloomberg News |date=2020-12-09 |access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref>. Ku ya 14 Gicurasi 2023, Mahama yongeye gutorwa nk'umukandida wa NDC mu matora ya 2024, n'amajwi 98,9% <ref name="E51">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mahama wins NDC presidential primary, calls for unity |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/john-mahama-wins-ndcs-presidential-primary.html |website=Daily Graphic |date=2023-05-14 |access-date=2023-05-14}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=He was a bit wild - John Mahama's wife |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/He-was-a-bit-wild-John-Mahama-s-wife-142278}}</ref>. == Manda ya kabiri (kuva mu 2025) == Mu matora ya perezida yo ku ya 7 Ukuboza 2024, Mahama yatsinze Visi-Perezida Mahamudu Bawumia, wemeye gutsindwa bukeye <ref name="E55">{{cite web |language=en |title=#GhanaPolls2024: Bawumia concedes defeat to Mahama |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2024/12/bawumia-concedes-defeat-congratulates-mahama/ |date=2024-12-08 |access-date=2024-12-08}}</ref>; komisiyo y'amatora yemeje itsinzi ye n'amajwi 56,55% <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=«Ce n’est plus un novice»: au Ghana, John Mahama remporte la présidentielle avec 56% des voix |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241209-ce-n-est-plus-un-novice-au-ghana-john-mahama-remporte-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-avec-56-des-voix |website=RFI |date=2024-12-10}}</ref>. Yarahiye ku ya 7 Mutarama 2025 <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ghana: John Mahama, le retour au pouvoir d'un ancien président |url=https://www.boursedirect.fr/fr/actualites/categorie/politique/ghana-john-malama-le-retour-au-pouvoir-d-un-ancien-president-afp-914f68433529179cfbbe4c02e0bf7d4bd94ae78b}}</ref><ref name="E56">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana's John Mahama returns as president |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/01/07/ghanas-john-mahama-returns-as-president/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-01-07 |access-date=2025-01-07}}</ref>. Itegeko Nshinga rya Gana ntirimwemerera kongera kwiyamamaza mu 2028. Mu bikorwa bye bya mbere, yatangije iperereza ku mushinga wa Katederali y'igihugu wari wemejwe n'uwo yasimbuye, wanengwaga ikiguzi cyawo <ref name="E57">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana to probe former president's huge cathedral project |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250115-ghana-to-probe-former-president-s-huge-cathedral-project |website=France 24 |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-01-15}}</ref>, kandi abuza abayobozi ba leta ingendo zitari ngombwa <ref name="E58">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana bans first-class travel for government officials |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/02/10/ghana-bans-first-class-travel-for-government-officials/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-02-10 |access-date=2025-02-11}}</ref>. Ku ya 22 Mata 2025, yahagaritse ku mirimo Perezida w'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, Gertrude Torkornoo, maze ku ya 1 Nzeri 2025 aramwirukana nyuma y'inama ya komite yakoze iperereza <ref name="E59">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana: President Mahama suspends Chief Justice Gertrude Torkornoo |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/04/22/ghana-president-mahama-suspends-chief-justice-gertrude-torkornoo/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref><ref name="E60">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana chief justice sacked over allegations of misuse of public funds |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czxyxe55yjdo |website=BBC |date=2025-09-02 |access-date=2025-09-02}}</ref>. Mu 2025, yasabye inganda za peteroli kwihutisha ubucukuzi bwa peteroli muri Gana, mu gihe yiyemezaga no kongera ingufu zisukuye <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ghana: le président Mahama appelle les investisseurs à "pomper du pétrole comme s'il n'y avait pas de lendemain" |url=https://www.connaissancedesenergies.org/afp/ghana-le-president-mahama-appelle-les-investisseurs-pomper-du-petrole-comme-sil-ny-avait-pas-de-lendemain-250513 |website=www.connaissancedesenergies.org |date=2025-05-13 |access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mahama yashakanye na Lordina Mahama, bafitanye abana batanu <ref name="E62">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mahama's son, Asiedu Nketia's nephew: Four Ghanaian footballers who are related to politicians |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Mahama-s-son-Asiedu-Nketia-s-nephew-Four-Ghanaian-footballers-who-are-related-to-politicians-1545800 |website=GhanaWeb |date=2022-05-25 |access-date=2022-05-25}}</ref>. Yavukiye mu Itorero ry'Abaperesibiteriyani, ariko mu 2001 yinjira mu Itorero rya Assemblies of God, iry'umugore we <ref name="E22" /><ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=He was a bit wild - John Mahama's wife |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/le-principal-parti-d-opposition-choisit-john-dramani-mahama-pour-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-de-2024/7092829.html}}</ref>. Umuryango we urimo Abakristo n'Abayisilamu <ref name="E63">{{cite web |title=John Dramani Mahama Sworn-in As New President of Ghana, Calls For Unity Among Ghanaians |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002102354/http://www.gbcghana.com/index.php?id=1.977333}}</ref>. Yanditse mu binyamakuru byinshi, harimo ''The New York Times'' <ref name="E17" /><ref name="E66">{{cite web |title=BRING BACK OUR GIRLS: African Heads of State Send Support to Nigeria |url=http://www.ebony.com/news-views/bring-back-our-girls-african-heads-of-state-send-support-to-nigeria-304#.axzz31cRnVxcy |website=EBONY |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>, kandi akunda umuziki wa Afrobeat, cyane cyane uwa Fela Kuti <ref name="E70">{{cite web |title=Ghana's Mahama: writer, music fan and president-elect |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/321487/ghanas-mahama-writer-music-fan-and-president-elect |website=Philippine Daily Inquirer |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Murumuna we ni umucuruzi Ibrahim Mahama <ref name="E71">{{cite web |author=Magdalene Teiko Larnyoh |title=A wholly-owned Ghanaian cement company, Dzata Cement to offer competitive price as cement price goes up |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/a-wholly-owned-ghanaian-cement-company-dzata-cement-to-offer-competitive-price-as/z6s811w |website=Business Insider Africa |date=2021-05-12 |access-date=2021-10-05}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Gana]] 4l4knq7h3id9mimkg1poza4e05ew532 140772 140722 2026-10-05T10:01:29Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = John Dramani Mahama | image = John Mahama in Yokohama (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = John Dramani Mahama | birth_date = 29 Ugushyingo 1958 | birth_place = Damongo, [[Gana]] | nationality = Umunyagana | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Gana (Legon), Ishuri rikuru ry'ubumenyi bw'imibereho rya Moscou | occupation = Umwarimu, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Gana]] | term = 2012–2017; kuva ku ya 7 Mutarama 2025 | predecessor = Nana Akufo-Addo | party = National Democratic Congress (NDC) | spouse = Lordina Mahama | children = 5 }} '''John Dramani Mahama''' (yavutse ku ya 29 Ugushyingo 1958 i Damongo) ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Gana]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva muri Mutarama 2025, nyuma yo kuba yarakiyoboye kuva mu 2012 kugeza mu 2017. Umuyoboke w'ishyaka rya National Democratic Congress (NDC), yabaye umudepite, Minisitiri w'Itumanaho, hanyuma Visi-Perezida ku butegetsi bwa John Atta Mills. Yabaye Perezida ku ya 24 Nyakanga 2012, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Mills, aba visi-perezida wa mbere usimbuye perezida upfuye ndetse n'umukuru w'igihugu wa mbere wa Gana wavutse nyuma y'ubwigenge bwa 1957. Yatsinzwe amatora ya 2016 n'aya 2020 na Nana Akufo-Addo, ariko yongera gutorwa mu 2024, aba perezida wa mbere wa Gana utorewe manda ya kabiri itakurikiranye n'iya mbere. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Mahama ni Umugonja ukomoka i Bole, mu ntara ya Savannah; yavukiye i Damongo, mu karere ka Gonja y'Iburengerazuba <ref name="E12">{{cite web |author=Charles Quist-Adade |title=Africa's Many Divides and Africa's Future:Pursuing Nkrumah's Vision of Pan-Africanism in an Era of Globalization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MpXWCgAAQBAJ&dq=john+mahama+gonja&pg=PA70 |website=Cambridge Scholars Publishing}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Guang people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Guang-people |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-08-07}}</ref><ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Mahama: Achievements, Date of Birth, Biography, & Age |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Mahama |website=Britannica |date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-13}}</ref>. Se, Emmanuel Adama Mahama, wari umuhinzi w'umuceri akaba n'umwarimu, yari umudepite wa mbere wa Gonja y'Iburengerazuba n'umuyobozi wa mbere w'Intara y'Amajyaruguru ku butegetsi bwa Kwame Nkrumah, hanyuma aba umujyanama wa Perezida Hilla Limann <ref name="E15">{{cite web |language=en |author=Emmanuel Ayamga |title='That's my dad in smock' – Mahama shares photo of his father among Nkrumah's Ministers |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/john-mahama-shares-photo-of-his-father-among-kwame-nkrumahs-ministers/6pbhlb8 |website=Pulse Ghana |date=2022-03-06 |access-date=2024-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716144711/https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/john-mahama-shares-photo-of-his-father-among-kwame-nkrumahs-ministers/6pbhlb8 |archive-date=2024-07-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza i Accra, mu ishuri rya Newtown n'irya Achimota, n'amashuri yisumbuye muri Ghana Secondary School i Tamale. Yize muri Kaminuza ya Gana i Legon, abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya mbere mu mateka mu 1981, n'impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya nyuma ya kaminuza mu itumanaho mu 1986. Yize kandi ubumenyi bw'imitekerereze y'imibereho mu ishuri rikuru ry'ubumenyi bw'imibereho rya Moscou, mu Bumwe bw'Abasoviyeti, ahabona impamyabumenyi mu 1988 <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Dramani Mahama Biography |url=http://www.ghanatoghana.com/Ghanahomepage/john-dramani-mahama-biography |website=ghanatoghana.com |date=2011-01-16 |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912122210/http://www.ghanatoghana.com/Ghanahomepage/john-dramani-mahama-biography |archive-date=2012-09-12 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=John Dramani Mahama Biography |url=http://www.ghanatoghana.com/Ghanahomepage/john-dramani-mahama-biography |access-date=2012-07-24}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Dramani Mahama, Biography |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/John-Dramani-Mahama-1349 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref>. == Umwuga mbere ya politiki == Nyuma ya kaminuza, Mahama yabaye umwarimu mu mashuri yisumbuye <ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=John Mahama biography, plus links to book reviews and excerpts. |url=http://www.bookbrowse.com/biographies/index.cfm/author_number/2199/john-mahama |website=BookBrowse |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1991 kugeza mu 1995, yakoraga muri ambasade y'Ubuyapani i [[Accra]], ashinzwe amakuru, umuco n'ubushakashatsi <ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Ghana |url=http://www.johnmahama.org/node/1 |website=johnmahama. |access-date=2015-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231801/http://www.johnmahama.org/node/1 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1995 kugeza mu 1996, yakoreye umuryango urwanya ubukene Plan International muri Gana <ref name="E23" />. == Umwuga wa politiki == Mu matora ya 1996, Mahama yatorewe kuba umudepite uhagarariye Bole/Bamboi <ref name="E20">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Mahama: Biography, Education, Age, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Mahama |website=britannica |access-date=2023-08-12}}</ref>. Muri Mata 1997, yagizwe Minisitiri wungirije w'Itumanaho, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Itumanaho kuva mu Ugushyingo 1998 kugeza muri Mutarama 2001 ku butegetsi bwa Jerry Rawlings <ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Dramani Mahama - My Story - The beginning |url=https://www.johnmahama.org/my-story |website=www.johnmahama.org |access-date=2024-10-16}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |title=John Mahama Biography |url=http://people.peacefmonline.com/profiles/245/biography/ |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728052946/http://people.peacefmonline.com/profiles/245/biography/ |archive-date=2012-07-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2000 no mu 2004 <ref name="E23" />. Mu 2003, yabaye umwe mu bagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko Nyafurika <ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Upcoming Events |url=http://www.ceibs.edu/today/events/55601.shtml |website=ceibs education |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Mu matora ya 2008, yatorewe kuba Visi-Perezida iruhande rwa John Atta Mills, arahira ku ya 7 Mutarama 2009 <ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=John Dramani Mahama Biography: Profile |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/politicians/john_dramani_mahama/biography/ |website=peacefmonline |access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref>. Yayoboye itsinda ry'igihugu rishinzwe imicungire y'ubukungu, n'inama zishinzwe ingabo na polisi <ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |title=Is John Mahama truly an opposition leader? |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Is-John-Mahama-truly-an-opposition-leader-1749854 |website=GhanaWeb |date=2023-04-15 |access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref><ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=John Dramani Mahama |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/person/John-Dramani-Mahama-1349}}</ref>. == Manda ya mbere (2012–2017) == Ku ya 24 Nyakanga 2012, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Perezida John Atta Mills, Mahama yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Gana imbere ya Perezida w'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, Georgina Wood <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Lomé Mensah |title=Ghana: La présidente de la Cour Suprême en poste |url=http://www.afriquemidi.com/Ghana-La-presidente-de-la-Cour-Supreme-en-poste_a89.html |website=AfriqueMidi.com |date=2016-06-04 |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111203103/http://www.afriquemidi.com/Ghana-La-presidente-de-la-Cour-Supreme-en-poste_a89.html |archive-date=2016-11-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Ghana's President John Atta Mills dies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18972107 |website=BBC News |date=2012-07-24 |access-date=2012-07-24}}</ref>. Mu matora yo ku ya 7 n'iya 8 Ukuboza 2012, yatsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 50,70%, imbere ya Nana Akufo-Addo (47,74%) <ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Ghana election: John Mahama declared winner |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20661599 |website=BBC News |date=2012-12-10}}</ref>, maze arahira ku ya 7 Mutarama 2013 <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ghana: jour d'investiture pour John Dramani Mahama malgré le recours de l'opposition |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20130107-ghana-jour-investiture-president-john-dramani-mahama-recours-opposition-nana-akufo-addo |website=RFI |date=2013-01-08}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |author=Michael Ofori Amanfo Boateng |title=11 Heads of States to attend Mahama's inauguration |url=http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201212/99293.php |website=myjoyonline. |access-date=2015-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222102/http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201212/99293.php |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ishyaka rya Akufo-Addo ryareze ibyavuye mu matora, ariko ku ya 29 Kanama 2013 Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rutesha agaciro ikirego cyabo <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jérôme Perrot |title=Ghana, le défi démocratique |url=http://www.lejournalinternational.fr/Ghana-le-defi-democratique_a1271.html |website=Le Journal International |date=2013-09-22}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Dr. John Dramani Mahama, President |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/president.php |website=ghanaweb. |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Ku ya 30 Werurwe 2014, Mahama yatorewe kuyobora Umuryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO) <ref name="E33">{{cite web |title=Mahama named West African bloc head |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/03/30/mahama-named-west-african-bloc-head |website=News |date=2014-03-30 |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Mu 2015, Gana yahuye n'ikibazo gikomeye cy'ibura ry'amashanyarazi, kizwi ku izina rya « ''dumsor'' », cyagize ingaruka ku bukungu kandi gitera imyigaragambyo <ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=On the Causes and Effects of Exchange Rate Volatility on Economic Growth: Evidence from Ghana |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2017.1247330 |website=Journal of African Business |date=2016-11-28 |access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ghana : quels défis économiques ?: |url=https://www.cairn.info/ghana-quels-defis-economiques-2019--1000000148901-page-1.htm?ref=doi |website=CrossRef |date=2019-06-03 |access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref>. Mu 2016, umunyamakuru Manasseh Azure Awuni yagaragaje ko Mahama yahawe imodoka y'agaciro k'amadolari 100 000 n'umushoramari wo muri [[Burukina Faso]]; komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu (CHRAJ) yasanze yarishe amabwiriza ajyanye n'impano, ariko ko atari ruswa kuko yari yarashyikirije leta iyo modoka <ref name="E40">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana's president and the $100,000 Burkinabe car gift controversy |url=https://www.africanews.com/2016/06/16/ghana-s-president-and-the-100000-burkinabe-car-gift-controversy/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-08-13 |access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref><ref name="E41">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ford gift saga: Mahama violated gift policy; but .. - CHRAJ |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/mahama-violated-gift-policy-but-not-culpable-for-bribery-chraj.html |website=Daily Graphic |date=2016-09-29 |access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref><ref name="E42">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ford Saga: Mahama Breached 'Gift Policy' – CHRAJ |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/723140/ford-saga-mahama-breached-gift-policy-chraj.amp |website=Modern Ghana |date=2016-09-29 |access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref>. Mu matora yo mu Ukuboza 2016, yatsinzwe na Akufo-Addo, amubona n'amajwi 44,4% kuri 53,5%, maze yemera gutsindwa <ref name="E36">{{cite web |title=Ghana: Akufo-Addo wins presidential election |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/ghana-akufo-addo-wins-presidential-election-161209172455364.html |access-date=2016-12-16}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction du Monde |title=Le nouveau président ghanéen investi |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/01/07/le-nouveau-president-ghaneen-investi_5059307_3212.html#CzS55u3zu6XPmgBd.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2017-01-07}}</ref>. Yabaye perezida wa mbere wa Gana utongeye gutorerwa manda ya kabiri ikurikiranye <ref name="E5" />. Muri uko kwezi, yari mu itsinda rya CEDEAO ryahuzaga Perezida Yahya Jammeh na [[Adama Barrow]] muri [[Gambiya]] <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Notre succès en Gambie témoigne de la pertinence de la CEDEAO – Mahama |url=https://citifmonline.com/2017/02/our-success-in-the-gambia-signifies-ecowas-relevance-mahama/}}</ref><ref name="E37">{{cite web |language=en |title=Happy to be part of The Gambia success - Mahama |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/lifestyle/2017/February-19th/happy-to-be-part-of-the-gambia-success-mahama.php |website=Myjoyonline.com |date=2017-02-19 |access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref>. == Hagati ya manda zombi == Muri Gashyantare 2019, NDC yamutanze nk'umukandida mu matora ya 2020 <ref name="E43">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana's ex-President Mahama nominated to contest 2020 election |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ghana-politics-idUSKCN1QG246 |website=Reuters |date=2019-02-27 |access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref><ref name="E44">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nii Larte Lartey |title=Mahama sweeps 95% votes to become NDC flagbearer for 2020 |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/02/mahama-sweeps-95-votes-to-become-ndc-flagbearer-for-2020/ |website=Citinewsroom |date=2019-02-23 |access-date=2020-12-08}}</ref>; ku ya 4 Ukuboza 2020, we na Akufo-Addo basinye amasezerano y'amahoro <ref name="E47">{{cite web |language=en |author=Juliet Akyaa Safo |title=Akufo-Addo, Mahama sign Election Peace Pact 2020 |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/akufo-addo-mahama-sign-election-peace-pact-2020.html |website=Daily Graphic |date=2020-12-04 |access-date=2020-12-08}}</ref>, ariko Akufo-Addo yongera gutsinda n'amajwi 51,6% <ref name="E49">{{cite web |author=Ekow Dontoh |title=Ghana's President Vows to Restore Growth After Election Win |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-09/ghana-s-president-akufo-addo-wins-re-election-with-52-of-vote |website=Bloomberg News |date=2020-12-09 |access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref>. Ku ya 14 Gicurasi 2023, Mahama yongeye gutorwa nk'umukandida wa NDC mu matora ya 2024, n'amajwi 98,9% <ref name="E51">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mahama wins NDC presidential primary, calls for unity |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/john-mahama-wins-ndcs-presidential-primary.html |website=Daily Graphic |date=2023-05-14 |access-date=2023-05-14}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=He was a bit wild - John Mahama's wife |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/He-was-a-bit-wild-John-Mahama-s-wife-142278}}</ref>. == Manda ya kabiri (kuva mu 2025) == Mu matora ya perezida yo ku ya 7 Ukuboza 2024, Mahama yatsinze Visi-Perezida Mahamudu Bawumia, wemeye gutsindwa bukeye <ref name="E55">{{cite web |language=en |title=#GhanaPolls2024: Bawumia concedes defeat to Mahama |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2024/12/bawumia-concedes-defeat-congratulates-mahama/ |date=2024-12-08 |access-date=2024-12-08}}</ref>; komisiyo y'amatora yemeje itsinzi ye n'amajwi 56,55% <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=«Ce n’est plus un novice»: au Ghana, John Mahama remporte la présidentielle avec 56% des voix |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241209-ce-n-est-plus-un-novice-au-ghana-john-mahama-remporte-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-avec-56-des-voix |website=RFI |date=2024-12-10}}</ref>. Yarahiye ku ya 7 Mutarama 2025 <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ghana: John Mahama, le retour au pouvoir d'un ancien président |url=https://www.boursedirect.fr/fr/actualites/categorie/politique/ghana-john-malama-le-retour-au-pouvoir-d-un-ancien-president-afp-914f68433529179cfbbe4c02e0bf7d4bd94ae78b}}</ref><ref name="E56">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana's John Mahama returns as president |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/01/07/ghanas-john-mahama-returns-as-president/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-01-07 |access-date=2025-01-07}}</ref>. Itegeko Nshinga rya Gana ntirimwemerera kongera kwiyamamaza mu 2028. Mu bikorwa bye bya mbere, yatangije iperereza ku mushinga wa Katederali y'igihugu wari wemejwe n'uwo yasimbuye, wanengwaga ikiguzi cyawo <ref name="E57">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana to probe former president's huge cathedral project |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250115-ghana-to-probe-former-president-s-huge-cathedral-project |website=France 24 |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-01-15}}</ref>, kandi abuza abayobozi ba leta ingendo zitari ngombwa <ref name="E58">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana bans first-class travel for government officials |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/02/10/ghana-bans-first-class-travel-for-government-officials/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-02-10 |access-date=2025-02-11}}</ref>. Ku ya 22 Mata 2025, yahagaritse ku mirimo Perezida w'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, Gertrude Torkornoo, maze ku ya 1 Nzeri 2025 aramwirukana nyuma y'inama ya komite yakoze iperereza <ref name="E59">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana: President Mahama suspends Chief Justice Gertrude Torkornoo |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/04/22/ghana-president-mahama-suspends-chief-justice-gertrude-torkornoo/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref><ref name="E60">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana chief justice sacked over allegations of misuse of public funds |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czxyxe55yjdo |website=BBC |date=2025-09-02 |access-date=2025-09-02}}</ref>. Mu 2025, yasabye inganda za peteroli kwihutisha ubucukuzi bwa peteroli muri Gana, mu gihe yiyemezaga no kongera ingufu zisukuye <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ghana: le président Mahama appelle les investisseurs à "pomper du pétrole comme s'il n'y avait pas de lendemain" |url=https://www.connaissancedesenergies.org/afp/ghana-le-president-mahama-appelle-les-investisseurs-pomper-du-petrole-comme-sil-ny-avait-pas-de-lendemain-250513 |website=www.connaissancedesenergies.org |date=2025-05-13 |access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mahama yashakanye na Lordina Mahama, bafitanye abana batanu <ref name="E62">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mahama's son, Asiedu Nketia's nephew: Four Ghanaian footballers who are related to politicians |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Mahama-s-son-Asiedu-Nketia-s-nephew-Four-Ghanaian-footballers-who-are-related-to-politicians-1545800 |website=GhanaWeb |date=2022-05-25 |access-date=2022-05-25}}</ref>. Yavukiye mu Itorero ry'Abaperesibiteriyani, ariko mu 2001 yinjira mu Itorero rya Assemblies of God, iry'umugore we <ref name="E22" /><ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=He was a bit wild - John Mahama's wife |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/le-principal-parti-d-opposition-choisit-john-dramani-mahama-pour-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-de-2024/7092829.html}}</ref>. Umuryango we urimo Abakristo n'Abayisilamu <ref name="E63">{{cite web |title=John Dramani Mahama Sworn-in As New President of Ghana, Calls For Unity Among Ghanaians |url=http://www.gbcghana.com/index.php?id=1.977333 |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002102354/http://www.gbcghana.com/index.php?id=1.977333 |archive-date=2013-10-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yanditse mu binyamakuru byinshi, harimo ''The New York Times'' <ref name="E17" /><ref name="E66">{{cite web |title=BRING BACK OUR GIRLS: African Heads of State Send Support to Nigeria |url=http://www.ebony.com/news-views/bring-back-our-girls-african-heads-of-state-send-support-to-nigeria-304#.axzz31cRnVxcy |website=EBONY |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>, kandi akunda umuziki wa Afrobeat, cyane cyane uwa Fela Kuti <ref name="E70">{{cite web |title=Ghana's Mahama: writer, music fan and president-elect |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/321487/ghanas-mahama-writer-music-fan-and-president-elect |website=Philippine Daily Inquirer |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Murumuna we ni umucuruzi Ibrahim Mahama <ref name="E71">{{cite web |author=Magdalene Teiko Larnyoh |title=A wholly-owned Ghanaian cement company, Dzata Cement to offer competitive price as cement price goes up |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/a-wholly-owned-ghanaian-cement-company-dzata-cement-to-offer-competitive-price-as/z6s811w |website=Business Insider Africa |date=2021-05-12 |access-date=2021-10-05}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Gana]] d3tp1cpjm7ykbqrhd1clm727465me6t 0 17877 140750 130196 2026-10-05T03:38:09Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140750 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Curex''' ni isosiyete y'Abanyamerika [[:en:Telehealth|ya telehealth]] izobereye mu [[:en:Immunology|gukingira indwara]], cyane cyane gusuzuma no kuvura [[:en:Allergy|allergie]], harimo kwandika no gutanga immunotherapie ya allergie. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Our Editors Tried Picnic, Curex, & Roman. Here's What They Found - Topdust |url=https://www.topdust.com/picnic-review-2654682602.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.topdust.com |language=en}}</ref> Isosiyete yashinzwe na Gene Kakaulin na Charles Jacoby mu 2020 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Undark |date=2023-08-09 |title=Virtual Clinics Embrace Allergy Drops as an Alternative to Shots |url=https://undark.org/2023/08/09/virtual-allergy-clinics-embrace-drops-over-shots/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Undark Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> ikaba ifite icyicaro mu mujyi [[Amerika|wa New York]] . <ref>https://goodmenproject.com/health/men-no-longer-need-to-suffer-from-allergies-curex-review/</ref> Curex itanga urubuga rusanzwe ruhuza abarwayi n'abaganga kugirango bita allergie. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Strong |first=Rebecca |title=How Curex's at-home allergy testing and immunotherapy treatment could help you manage environmental allergies |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/guides/health/treatments/at-home-allergy-testing |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=Rebecca |date=2023-12-08 |title=Is allergy immunotherapy the best way to treat cedar and other allergies? Curex has the answer |url=https://azbigmedia.com/lifestyle/is-allergy-immunotherapy-the-best-way-to-treat-cedar-and-other-allergies-curex-has-the-answer/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=AZ Big Media |language=en-US}}</ref> == Incamake == Igitekerezo cya Curex cyashinzwe mu 2020 na Gene Kakaulin na Charles Jacoby, cyatewe nubunararibonye n’abashinze [[:en:Allergy_shots|amashoti ya allergie]] na allergie. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Undark |date=2023-08-09 |title=Virtual Clinics Embrace Allergy Drops as an Alternative to Shots |url=https://undark.org/2023/08/09/virtual-allergy-clinics-embrace-drops-over-shots/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Undark Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-13 |title=Curex: Crafting the Future of Allergy Relief in 2023 |url=https://www.sfexaminer.com/marketplace/curex-crafting-the-future-of-allergy-relief-in-2023/article_c28fd940-69f3-11ee-bde2-777300d6bfe0.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=San Francisco Examiner |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122172647/https://www.sfexaminer.com/marketplace/curex-crafting-the-future-of-allergy-relief-in-2023/article_c28fd940-69f3-11ee-bde2-777300d6bfe0.html |archive-date=2024-01-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ubunararibonye bwabo butuma bashiraho Curex, urubuga rwa telemedisine rwagenewe kwita kuri allergie. <ref name=":02" /> Ibikorwa bya Curex bikubiyemo umuyoboro mugihugu hose wabaganga ba allergie nabaforomo. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-22 |title=Are allergy shots worth it? A review of Curex's Efforts to Lower Costs |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122172625/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Oe-yIknmE5kJ:https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/are-allergy-shots-worth-it-a-review-of-curexs-efforts-to-lower-costs/ar-AA1ju7D4&hl=en&gl=us |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=MSN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=How Telehealth Is Making Allergy Immunotherapy More Accessible: Insights from Curex |url=https://techduffer.com/how-telehealth-is-making-allergy-immunotherapy-more-accessible-insights-from-curex/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126103221/https://techduffer.com/how-telehealth-is-making-allergy-immunotherapy-more-accessible-insights-from-curex/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Curex ikubiyemo kandi serivisi ya farumasi itumiza imeri itanga allergie immunotherapie hamwe nindi miti yandikiwe murugo rwabarwayi. <ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Undark |date=2023-08-09 |title=Virtual Clinics Embrace Allergy Drops as an Alternative to Shots |url=https://undark.org/2023/08/09/virtual-allergy-clinics-embrace-drops-over-shots/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Undark Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Isosiyete yibanze cyane ni kuvura [[:en:Environmental_allergies|allergie isanzwe y’ibidukikije]], harimo ibiti, ibyatsi, na allergie y’ibyatsi; imbwa, injangwe, nizindi allergie; na allergie yo murugo nkiziterwa na mite na mite. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Strong |first=Rebecca |title=How Curex's at-home allergy testing and immunotherapy treatment could help you manage environmental allergies |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/guides/health/treatments/at-home-allergy-testing |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Can At-Home Sublingual Allergy Immunotherapy Provide Better Outcomes Than Allergy Shots? Curex Shares Data |url=https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/46870/20231102/can-at-home-sublingual-allergy-immunotherapy-provide-better-outcomes-than-allergy-shots-curex-shares-data.htm}}</ref> Curex kandi ivura abarwayi bafite asima na [[:en:Atopic_dermatitis|dermatite ya atopic]] ( [[:en:Eczema|eczema]] ), ibintu bibiri bijyanye na allergie. <ref name=":22" /> Curex itanga serivisi zo gusuzuma allergie kandi yorohereza gupima allergie [[:en:Immunoglobulin_E|ya IgE]] hamwe na ImmunoCAP, tekinoroji ya FDA, isaba gukuramo amaraso murugo na phlebotomiste cyangwa muri laboratoire. Byongeye kandi, Curex itanga igipimo cyamaraso IgE ukoresheje wenyine, ibikoresho byemewe bya CLIA. <ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Strong |first=Rebecca |title=How Curex's at-home allergy testing and immunotherapy treatment could help you manage environmental allergies |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/guides/health/treatments/at-home-allergy-testing |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-23 |title=What to Know Before You Sign Up to Get Cheap, Easy Meds Online |url=https://www.menshealth.com/health/a39327313/online-allergy-acne-hair-loss-depression-medicine/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Men's Health |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-21 |title=Can Immunotherapy Eliminate Your Allergies? We Asked The Experts |url=https://www.mindbodygreen.com/articles/can-immunotherapy-eliminate-your-allergies-we-asked-the-experts |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=mindbodygreen |language=en}}</ref> Curex yashyizeho amasezerano nabatanga ubwishingizi bukomeye nka [[:en:Aetna|Aetna]], [[:en:Blue_Cross_Blue_Shield_Association|Blue Cross Blue Shield]], Anthem, United, na [[:en:Humana|Humana]] . <ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=Strong |first=Rebecca |title=How Curex's at-home allergy testing and immunotherapy treatment could help you manage environmental allergies |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/guides/health/treatments/at-home-allergy-testing |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Chet Tharpe akora nk'umuyobozi ushinzwe ubuvuzi muri sosiyete. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-30 |title=If You Notice This After Taking Benadryl, Call Your Doctor |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/notice-taking-benadryl-call-doctor-123300945.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Yahoo |archive-date=2021-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930182347/https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/notice-taking-benadryl-call-doctor-123300945.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga]] [[Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'isakazabumenyi mu majyambere]] [[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]] [[Ikiciro:Ubufasha bwibanze]] 6h60l46bsxdfgeevjj6lg8ukiyo14s2 0 17927 140742 125211 2026-10-05T01:44:05Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140742 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ibikoresho bifasha kurya''' birimo ibikoresho kuva mu bikoresho bidafite tekinoroji kugeza ku bikoresho byo kurya bya robo bifite tekinoroji. Ibikoresho bike byo kurya by'ikoranabuhanga birimo ibikoresho, amasahani hamwe n’ibikombe n'iminwa yorohereza kurya biboroheye. Igikombe hamwe n'udukapu, ndetse n'icyansi gisanzwe gishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byifashishwa mu kunywa. Bikoreshwa n'abantu mu gihe bafite ikibazo cyo kurya cyangwa kunywa bigenga. Ibi bikoresho mu busanzwe bikoreshwa ku bantu bafite [[ubumuga]], ariko bishobora no gukoreshwa ku bana cyangwa abantu bafite [[:en:Fine_motor_skill|ubuhanga]] buke. Bashobora kwimakaza ubwigenge mu gihe c'ifunguro, ariko mu bihe byinshi bishobora kandi kugabanya akazi k'abarezi mu gihe cyo kurya. "Ibikoresho bifasha kurya bishobora gufasha abantu kwiyitaho, kongera kwihesha agaciro bijyanye no kongera ubwigenge, kongera umutekano mu gihe cyo kurya, kandi igihe cyo kurya kikaba cyiza ku bakozi bashinzwe kurera…". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 4 Assistive Products for Mealtimes |url=http://www.caregiverproducts.com/top-4-assistive-products-mealtimes.html |access-date=16 November 2014 |website=www.caregiverproducts.com |publisher=The Wright Stuff Inc.}}</ref> [[Dosiye:Home_Care_Utensils.png|thumb|right|Bimwe nu bikoresho byifashishwa mu kurya.]] Ubuhanga buhanitse cyane, busanzwe busobanurwa nk'ibikoresho by'ubuhanga buhanitse, buraboneka kandi kugira ngo abantu babone ibyo bakeneye bafite imbogamizi zikomeye mu bushobozi bwabo bwo kurya no kunywa badafashijwe n'undi muntu. Ku bantu barwaye quadriplegia, Amyotrophique Lateral Sclerose (ALS, izwi kandi ku ndwara ya Lou Gehrig), ubumuga bwubwonko, imitsi yumugongo (SMA), n'ibindi bintu byinshi, igikoresho gikoresha imbaraga gishobora koroshya amaboko kubabara. Ku bafite ubwoba, cyangwa imitsi idakomeye, ituma kurya mu buryo gakondo bigorana, cyangwa bidashoboka, igikoresho cyo kugaburira gifasha gishobora kuba icy'agaciro. == Ibyokurya bihinduka == Iki cyiciro kirimo [[:en:Plate_(dishware)|amasahani]] n'ibikombe bitazemerera ibiryo kugwa cyangwa gusohoka muri kontineri kandi ntibizanyerera. Bimwe muri ibyo bikoresho biroroshye nka clip ku izamu ifata isahani isanzwe cyangwa igikombe. Hariho amasahani menshi nayo afite umunwa ku nkombe ibuza ibiryo gusunikwa ku isahani igihe irimo gukoreshwa. Ibindi [[:en:Tableware|bikoresho byo kurya]] byahinduwe cyangwa bikozwe mu buryo budasanzwe kugirango bidatemba ku meza. Inzira ebyiri zisanzwe zo kubika amasahani n'ibikombe kumeza ni matel hamwe no gufata hasi. Ariko niba umuntu uvugwa afite [[:en:Tremor|ubwoba]], noneho ibishingwe bishobora gukoreshwa. Hano hari ibikombe bidasanzwe hamwe n'amasahani afite [[:en:Suction_cup|ibishishwa]] bizomeka ku meza. Uru rufatiro ruzarinda ibyo kurya kumeneka mu gihe ameza hagize ikiyakoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Assistive Devices for Mealtimes |url=http://www.cdss.ca.gov/agedblinddisabled/res/VPTC2/9%20Food%20Nutrition%20and%20Preparation/Assistive_Devices_for_Mealtimes.pdf |access-date=2 October 2014 |website=cdss.ca.gov/ |publisher=Department of Social Services |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329041606/http://www.cdss.ca.gov/agedblinddisabled/res/VPTC2/9 |archive-date=29 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ibikoresho bifasha == [[:en:Fork|Amafoke]], [[Icyuma|ibyuma]] n'[[:en:Spoon|ibiyiko]] birashobora gukenera guhuzwa kugira ngo abantu babikoreshe. Umuntu ku giti cye ashobora guhangana n'igitigiri cyangwa ingendo yo gufungura no gufunga ukuboko cyangwa [[Ikiyiko|kuzamura]] ukuboko kugirango yigaburire yigenga. Ibikoresho byahujwe bishobora kuba igisubizo kuri aba bantu. Byinshi nk'ibikapu biremereye bituma abantu bahinda umushyitsi, ibikoresho biremereye bishobora kugabanya guhinda umushyitsi. Ubu bwoko bw'ibikoresho bishobora kugurwa by'umwihariko, ariko imigereka ishobora kandi kugurwa kugira ngo uhuze ibikoresho bigezweho n'ibikoresho bifasha. Iyi migereka ishobora gushyiramo ikintu cyo kunyerera hejuru y'ikiganza kiremereye cyangwa gishobora kuba kinini cyangwa gikozwe mu [[:en:Polymeric_foam|ifuro]] kugira ngo gifate kandi kibuze ibikoresho kugwa mu ntoki. Amashusho n'imishumi nabyo birashobora gukoreshwa mu gihe umuntu adashoboye gufata ikiganza na gito. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eating. Technology for Long-Term Care: Products |url=http://www.techforltc.org/CI-Eating.aspx/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114043702/http://www.techforltc.org/CI-Eating.aspx |archive-date=14 November 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> == Ibikoresho byo kugaburisha intoki == Ibikoresho byo kugaburira intoki cyangwa kwikorera byateguwe kugira ngo umuntu uhinda umushyitsi, cyangwa udafite ukuboko no guhuza amaboko kugenzura ibikoresho cyangwa kugenzura ibikoresho bya robo kugirango abone ibiryo hanyuma abizamure mu kanwa kandi yigaburire. Ibikoresho bimwe bihindura gusa ukuboko kwabakoresha. Ibindi bikoresho bitanga ukuboko kuremereye kugabanya umuvuduko udasanzwe. Ibikoresho byinshi bihanitse byemerera uyikoresha guhitamo ibiryo bifuza kurya no kugenzura umuvuduko baryaho. Ibikoresho byinshi cyane bishobora kwakira ubumuga bwinshi. Rimwe na rimwe, igikoresho gisaba ugikoresha gukoresha igikoresho neza kugirango ikiyiko gifate ibiryo hanyuma cyimure ikiyiko ku munwa, bityo bisaba urwego runaka rw'ubushobozi bw'ikiganza cy'umukoresha (ni ukuvuga, bikoreshwa n'abakoresha imitsi). Mu gihe cy'ibikoresho byinshi bihanitse bikoreshwa n'uburyo butandukanye bwo guhinduranya intoki, inzira zose zo gufata no gutanga ibiryo bikorwa n'imashini. == Ibikoresho byo kugaburira == Ibikoresho byo kugaburira byemerera abantu badashobora kwigaburira bakoresheje ubundi bwoko bwa tekinoroji ifasha kurya, kurya bonyine. Mu bisanzwe, ibyo bikoresho bikora ukoresheje imbaraga ziva muri bateri y'umuriro (kubishobora). Umukoresha agenzura igikoresho akoresheje tablet ya ecran cyangwa guhinduranya ibintu kugira ngo uhindure ibikorwa bitandukanye igikoresho cyihariye gitanga. Ku isi yose, hariho ibikoresho bike byo kugaburira bifite imbaraga mu bucuruzi. Ibishushanyo n'uburyo bikoramo biratandukanye cyane. Bamwe batanga isahani cyangwa isahani yoroshye ibiryo bitangirwamo, mu gihe abandi batanga ibyo kurya bigabanijwe cyangwa ibikombe byinshi bituma ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibiribwa butandukana, kugira ngo birinde kuvanga ibiryo. Byinshi mu bikoresho byo kugaburira kera byashushanywaga byari imashini gusa. == Ibikombe bifasha == [[:en:Cup|Ibikombe]] bishobora guhuzwa cyangwa kugurwa kugira ngo bifashe mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Ibikoresho bifasha cyane kunywa ni [[:en:Drinking_straw|imiheha]] . Ibi ntibihendutse kandi bituma umukoresha adakenera gufata igikombe na gato. Amahame amwe yo gufata ifunguro rya nimugoroba ashobora no gukoreshwa mu gikombe cyangwa ibikombe. Ibice bitanyerera birasanzwe ku buryo bitanyerera ku meza, mu gihe [[:en:Cup_holder|abafite ibikombe]] babikoresha kugira ngo babuze igikombe gukomanga cyangwa kumeneka. Mu gihe igikombe gikomanze agatanguro katameneka gashobora gukoreshwa. Ibikombe bimwe bigurishirizwa hamwe n'imipfundikizo, ariko hariho n'imipfundikizo ishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye bw'ibikombe hamwe na mugs. Ibikapu biremereye nabyo birasanzwe ku bantu bafite ubwoba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 4 Assistive Products for Mealtimes |url=http://www.thewright-stuff.com/assistive-mealtime-products |access-date=1 October 2014 |website=thewright-stuff.com/}}</ref> Ku bantu bafite ubumuga bugabanya ikoreshwa ry'intwaro na / cyangwa amaboko, ibicuruzwa byo kunywa ku buntu nabyo birahari. == Ihuza ryo hanze == https://web.archive.org/web/20231121113451/https://feedingthedisabled.com/the-benefits-of-independent-eating-2/ == Shakisha == [[Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga]] [[Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'isakazabumenyi mu majyambere]] [[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]] [[Ikiciro:Ubufasha bwibanze]] q9pryxcteqqnai6yk2gpbzmkja28jwt 0 18336 140759 134591 2026-10-05T05:35:16Z Osaym 19070 update photo 140759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Musical Artist | name = Rema | image = Rema Performing live in Boston (May 2025).jpg | alt = | caption = Rema mu gitaramo i Boston | birth_name = Divine Ikubor | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|05|01}}<ref name=":0" /> | birth_place = [[Benin City]], Edo, Nigeria | alias = {{flatlist| * Remy Boy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/08/poster-boy-for-generation-z-rema-covers-tush-magazines-latest-issue/|title=Rema Call's himself Remi Boy, covers Tush magazine latest issue|work=BN|last=BN|date=1 August 2019|access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref> * Rave Lord<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybecoterie.com/rema-a-k-a-rave-lord-is-back/|title=Rema AKA Rave Lord is Back|work=Trybe Coterie|date=18 June 2024|access-date=9 July 2024|archive-date=9 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709094444/https://trybecoterie.com/rema-a-k-a-rave-lord-is-back/|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|rapper|songwriter}} | website = {{URL|heisrema.com}} | years_active = 2019{{ndash}}present | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Afrobeats]] * [[Afrobeat]] * [[Afrobeats|Afro]]-[[Rave music|rave]] * [[African hip-hop]] * [[pop rap]] * [[trap music|trap]] }} | label = {{flatlist| * [[Jonzing World|Jonzing]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2019-03-23 |title=Don Jazzy signs record deal with D'Prince's Jonzing World |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/03/don-jazzy-signs-record-deal-with-dprinces-jonzing-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121213353/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/03/don-jazzy-signs-record-deal-with-dprinces-jonzing-world/ |archive-date=21 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> * [[Interscope Records|Interscope]] * [[Mavin Records|Mavin]] }} }} Divine Ikubor (yavutse ku ya 1 Gicurasi 2000), uzwi ku izina rya Rema, ni umuririmbyi n’umuraperi wo muri [[Nijeriya]]. Yamenyekanye bwa mbere mu 2019 kubera indirimbo ye "Dumebi", muri uwo mwaka kandi ubwo yasinyaga mu itsinda rya D’Prince, Jonzing World.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2019-03-23 |title=Don Jazzy signs record deal with D'Prince's Jonzing World |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/03/don-jazzy-signs-record-deal-with-dprinces-jonzing-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121213353/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/03/don-jazzy-signs-record-deal-with-dprinces-jonzing-world/ |archive-date=21 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, yamenyekanye cyane muri 2022 n’indirimbo ye "Calm Down", ndetse isubirwamo n’umuririmbyi w’umunyamerika Selena Gomez, igera ku mwanya wa gatatu ku rutonde rwa Billboard Hot 100. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=tolsen|date=2013-01-02|title=Billboard Hot 100|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/|access-date=2023-06-13|magazine=Billboard|language=en-US|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125143214/https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/|url-status=live}}</ref>Rema kandi yayoboye urutonde rwa Billboard Afrobeats amaraho ibyumweru 58.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Anderson|first=Trevor|date=2023-10-19|title=Tyla's 'Water' Hits No. 1 on U.S. Afrobeats Songs Chart – Stopping the 58-Week Run of Rema & Selena Gomez's 'Calm Down'|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/tyla-water-number-one-us-afrobeats-songs-chart-1235448587/|access-date=2023-10-28|magazine=Billboard|language=en-US|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028161613/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/tyla-water-number-one-us-afrobeats-songs-chart-1235448587/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Bella|first1=Naija|title=Rema caps off an Amazing Year with Features on Rolling Stone & Pitchfork's Best Songs of 2019 Lists with 'Dumebi'|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/12/rema-best-songs-2019/|magazine=[[BellaNaija]]|date=10 December 2019|access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref> Muri uwo mwaka, yashyize ahagaragara alubumu ye, ''Rave &amp; Roses'' (2022), igera ku mwanya wa 81 kuri <nowiki><i id="mwPA">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 . Alubumu ye ya kabiri yitwa Heis yayisohoye muri 2024 yafashijwemo na <nowiki><i id="mwPA">Benin Boys</i></nowiki>. Knadi anahamagarwa muri [[:en:Grammy_Award|Grammy Award]] kuri Alubumu nziza ku isi mu birori bya 67 bya [[:en:Grammy_Award|Grammy Award]] == Ubuzima bwambere nuburere == Divine Ikubor yavutse ku ya 1 Gicurasi 2000 mu muryango wa gikirisitu mu mujyi wa Benin, muri Leta ya Edo, muri Nijeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2019 |title=Meet Rema, The Kid From Benin With The World At His Feet |url=https://thenativemag.com/featured/meet-rema-kid-benin-world-feet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818195822/https://thenativemag.com/featured/meet-rema-kid-benin-world-feet/ |archive-date=18 August 2020 |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=The Native}}</ref> Akomoka muri Igbanke muri Orhionmwon LGA yo muri leta ya Edo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-05 |title=Rema Biography, Age, Girlfriend, Wife, Parents, Family, Siblings (Divine Ikubor) |url=https://www.thefamousnaija.com/2024/10/rema-biography-wikipedia-age-girlfriend.html?hl=ar&m=1 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=The Famous Naija |archive-date=2025-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104195054/https://www.thefamousnaija.com/2024/10/rema-biography-wikipedia-age-girlfriend.html?hl=ar&m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-11 |title=Rema Biography 2025: Shocking Facts Revealed, with 25 FAQs |url=https://bsgistnews.com/biography/rema-biography-2025/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411205739/https://bsgistnews.com/biography/rema-biography-2025/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yavumbuye umuhamagaro we wo muri muzika mu mashuri yisumbuye mu ishuri rya Ighile Group of School muri Leta ya Edo, ari naho yatangiye kuririmba no gucuranga. Nyuma yo kubura se na mukuru we, Rema yarezwe na nyina, wagize uruhare runini mu guhindura ubuzima bwe. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2020 |title=Is Rema dead?: Divine Ikubor aka Rema never die, na fake news dey fly upandan - Rema Manager |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-51344198 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119212344/https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-51344198 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=16 June 2020 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Umwuga == === 2019–2021: Gutangira umwuga no kwandika inyandiko === Rema yatangiye umwuga we wa muzika akora ibitaramo mu nsengero hamwe na mugenzi we Alpha P mu mwaka wa 2019. Yamenyekanye nyuma yo gushyira hanze agace gato ari kuririmba kuri Instagram ku ndirimbo ya 'Gucci Gang' ya D'Prince . D'Prince yatangajwe n'ubuhanga bwe, amujyana i Lagos maze amuha amasezerano yo gukorana na Jonzing World, ishami rya Mavin Records ifitwe n'umuyobozi wa muzika akaba na producer Don Jazzy . <ref name="Pitchfork">{{Cite web |last=Pierre |first=Alphonse |date=25 June 2019 |title=Rema Is Leading the Next Generation of Nigerian Pop Afrobeats chart |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/rising/rema-is-leading-the-next-generation-of-nigerian-pop-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617050135/https://pitchfork.com/features/rising/rema-is-leading-the-next-generation-of-nigerian-pop-interview/ |archive-date=17 June 2020 |access-date=17 June 2020 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akindare |first=Okunola |date=21 January 2020 |title=How D'Prince gave Mavin Records a new lease of life |url=http://thenet.ng/dprince-gave-mavin-records-new-lease-life/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121222200/http://thenet.ng/dprince-gave-mavin-records-new-lease-life/ |archive-date=21 January 2020 |access-date=21 January 2020 |publisher=NET}}</ref> Muri 2019, Rema yasohoye izina umuzingo we mbere witwa ''Rema'', uza ku isonga rya Apple Music muri Nigeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rema – EP by Rema |url=https://music.apple.com/ng/album/rema-ep/1455903943 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812151305/https://music.apple.com/ng/album/rema-ep/1455903943 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=25 August 2019 |via=music.apple.com}}</ref> ] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100: Nigeria |url=https://music.apple.com/ng/playlist/top-100-nigeria/pl.2fc68f6d68004ae993dadfe99de83877 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625035128/https://music.apple.com/ng/playlist/top-100-nigeria/pl.2fc68f6d68004ae993dadfe99de83877 |archive-date=25 June 2019 |access-date=25 August 2019 |website=Apple Music}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2019 |title=See the music video for Rema's "Dumebi" |url=https://thenativemag.com/see-music-video-remas-dumebi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820080609/https://thenativemag.com/see-music-video-remas-dumebi/ |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=20 August 2021 |website=The NATIVE}}</ref> Nyuma yi mpeshyi, indi ndirimbo izwi cyane kuri uwo muzingo yagaragaye ku rutonde rw’indirimbo zuwahoze ari Perezida wa [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika]], [[Barack Obama]] . 2020, indirimbo za Rema zashyizwe ku majwi ya ''FIFA 21'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA 21 soundtrack: Artists, songs & music on new game, reveal date {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/fifa-21-soundtrack-artists-songs-music-on-new-game-reveal/1c2lncmenyypo1lk0gzzulefry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802070501/https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/fifa-21-soundtrack-artists-songs-music-on-new-game-reveal/1c2lncmenyypo1lk0gzzulefry |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=goal.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2020 |title=Fireboy, Rema feature on FIFA 21 official soundtracks |url=https://punchng.com/fireboy-rema-feature-on-fifa-21-official-soundtracks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502215547/https://punchng.com/fireboy-rema-feature-on-fifa-21-official-soundtracks/ |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=Punch Newspapers}}</ref> Muri Nzeri 2021, yashyizwe ahagaragara nka ambasaderi w’ikirango wa Pepsi, ari kumwe na mugenzi we wumuhanzikazi witwa [[Ayra Starr]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-04 |title=Pepsi unveils new ambassadors Ayra Starr and Rema #ForTheLoveOfMusic |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/09/pepsi-unveils-new-ambassadors-ayra-starr-and-rema-fortheloveofmusic/ |access-date=2021-09-16 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> Toya Delazy, umuhanzi utunganya umuziki akaba n’umuhanzi wo [[Afurika y’Epfo|muri Afurika yepfo]], yatangije injyana ya "Afrorave" mu 2019, ahuza ibintu bya garage, amagambo y’Abazulu, n’ubundi buryo bwa Afurika. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Zeeman |first=Kyle |author-link=TimesLIVE |date=9 October 2019 |title=Toya Delazy is creating her own genre called Afro-rave, and she says it's the future |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2019-10-09-toya-delazy-is-creating-her-own-genre-called-afro-rave-and-she-says-its-the-future/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009072656/https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2019-10-09-toya-delazy-is-creating-her-own-genre-called-afro-rave-and-she-says-its-the-future/ |archive-date=9 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2023 |work=Times Live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Coetzee |first=Nikita |author-link= |date=3 August 2020 |title=How Toya Delazy carved out her own path and created a unique sound |url=https://www.news24.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/music/how-toya-delazy-carved-out-her-own-path-and-created-a-unique-sound-20200803-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102094851/https://www.news24.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/music/how-toya-delazy-carved-out-her-own-path-and-created-a-unique-sound-20200803-3 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=[[News24 (website)|News24]]}}</ref> Muri Gicurasi 2021, Rema yakoresheje ijambo "Afrorave" kugira ngo asobanure umuziki we bwite, uhuza Afrobeats n’Abarabu n’Abahinde. Iri jwi ritandukanye ryumvikanye nabafana, rimuhesha umufana wihariye uzwi nka Ravers. <ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2021 |title=My brand of music is 'Afrorave', says Rema |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/my-brand-of-music-is-afrorave-says-rema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722202954/https://thenationonlineng.net/my-brand-of-music-is-afrorave-says-rema/ |archive-date=22 July 2021 |access-date=22 July 2021 |work=The Nation Newspaper}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Storm |first=Camille |date=24 September 2019 |title=Rema is Nigerian pop's golden child |url=https://www.thefader.com/2019/06/24/rema-dumebi-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229191930/http://www.thefader.com/2019/06/24/rema-dumebi-interview |archive-date=29 December 2019 |access-date=21 January 2020 |website=The FADER}}</ref> === 2022 – 23: ''Rave & Roses'' na ''Ravage'' EP === Nyuma yo gusohora Iimizingo itatu, Rema yerekanye alubumu ye ya mbere, ''Rave &amp; Roses'', ku ya 25 Werurwe 2022, munsi ya Jonzing World. Iyi alubumu irimo indirimbo 16 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Michelle Hyun |date=2022-03-18 |title=17 Albums We Can't Wait to Hear This Spring |url=https://www.vulture.com/2022/03/2022-music-release-calendar-most-anticipated-albums.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320020022/https://www.vulture.com/2022/03/2022-music-release-calendar-most-anticipated-albums.html |archive-date=20 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref>, zirimo ubufatanye na 6lack, Chris Brown, AJ Tracey, na Yseult . <ref>{{Cite web |last=FOL |date=2022-03-22 |title=Rema reveals 'Rave and Roses' album tracklist – FindOutLyrics |url=https://findoutlyrics.com/rema-reveals-rave-and-roses-album-tracklist/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218035000/https://findoutlyrics.com/rema-reveals-rave-and-roses-album-tracklist/ |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=2022-03-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Yaririho indirimbo 10 ku mbonerahamwe ''ya Billboard'' Afrobeats yo muri Amerika mu cyumweru cyayo cya mbere. " Gutuza " yamenyekanye ku rwego mpuzamahanga, igera ku mwanya wa 3 kuri Billboard Hot 100 nyuma yo gusubiramo hamwe na Selena Gomez, ikuraho amateka menshi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rema – Calm Down |url=https://top40-charts.com/song.php?sid=58391 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816105956/https://top40-charts.com/song.php?sid=58391 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=Top40-Charts.com}}</ref> 5 <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=Rema earns first Billboard Hot 100 entry with 'Calm Down' remix |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/remas-calm-down-remix-featuring-selena-gomez-debuts-on-billboard-hot-100/rkf0f00 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003121316/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/remas-calm-down-remix-featuring-selena-gomez-debuts-on-billboard-hot-100/rkf0f00 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> <nowiki><i id="mw7w"> </i></nowiki> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=Rema's Calm Down sets YouTube record as Afrobeats continues global foray |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/remas-calm-down-sets-youtube-record-afrobeats-continues-global-foray |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221115844/https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/remas-calm-down-sets-youtube-record-afrobeats-continues-global-foray |archive-date=21 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> Muri Gashyantare 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyetayo |first=Bamise |date=9 November 2022 |title=Watch Rema's Plaque Acceptance For 1 Billion Streams On "Rave & Roses" |url=https://notjustok.com/news/watch-remas-plaque-acceptance-for-1-billion-streams-on-rave-roses/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512084410/https://notjustok.com/news/watch-remas-plaque-acceptance-for-1-billion-streams-on-rave-roses/ |archive-date=12 May 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=notjustok.com}}</ref>, yatsindiye igihembo cy’umuhanzi w’umwaka wa Digital mu bihembo bya Soundcity MVP byabereye mu kigo cya Eko Convention Centre i Lagos. Muri Mata 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2022 |title=Burnaboy, Black Sherif, Win At The Soundcity MVP Awards 2023 (FULL WINNERS LIST) |url=https://africanfolder.com/burnaboy-black-sherif-win-at-the-soundcity-mvp-awards-2023-full-winners-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212153452/https://africanfolder.com/burnaboy-black-sherif-win-at-the-soundcity-mvp-awards-2023-full-winners-list/ |archive-date=12 February 2023 |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=African Folder}}</ref>, yasohoye ''Rave & Roses Ultra'', ibaye alubumu ya mbere nyafurika yambutse miliyari ebyiri kuri Spotify. <ref>{{Cite web |last=(anonymous) |date=1 December 2023 |title=Rema's "Rave & Roses Ultra" Surpasses 2 Billion Spotify Streams |url=https://albumtalks.com/remas-rave-roses-ultra-surpasses-2-billion-spotify-streams/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=Album Talks |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ku ya 26 Ukwakira 2023, Rema yasohoye ''Ravage'' EP, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-27 |title=Rema Releases New EP Ravage |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/rema-releases-new-ep-ravage-listen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103111008/https://pitchfork.com/news/rema-releases-new-ep-ravage-listen/ |archive-date=3 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref> maze ku ya 30 Ukwakira 2023, akora ibitaramo mu muhango wa Ballon d'or wabereye Theatre du Châtelet i [[Paris|Paris mu Bufaransa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Etukudo |first=Itoro |date=31 October 2023 |title='I'm grateful for this opportunity', Rema says after Ballon d'Or performance |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/im-grateful-for-this-opportunity-rema-says-after-ballon-dor-performance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102092811/https://www.icirnigeria.org/im-grateful-for-this-opportunity-rema-says-after-ballon-dor-performance/ |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=The International Centre for Investigative Reporting |language=en-GB}}</ref> === 2024: Album ya kabiri ya Studio; HEIS === Ku ya 11 Nyakanga 2024, Rema yashyize ahagaragara alubumu ye ya kabiri ya studio yitwa HEIS . Umutwe wa alubumu wakomotse ku ijambo ry'Ikigereki rivuga "numero 1". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Augustine-Edet |first=Aniekan |date=2024-07-11 |title=HEIS HERE: Rema Drops Sophomore Album |url=https://www.mavinrecords.com/2024/07/11/heis-here-rema-drops-sophomore-album/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Mavin |language=en-US}}</ref> Yerekana Rema ufite izina rye, "Igikomangoma cya Afrobeats". Iyi alubumu igizwe n'indirimbo 11 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Augustine-Edet |first=Aniekan |date=2024-07-11 |title=HEIS HERE: Rema Drops Sophomore Album |url=https://www.mavinrecords.com/2024/07/11/heis-here-rema-drops-sophomore-album/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Mavin |language=en-US}}</ref> igaragaramo ijwi ryijimye, ritwarwa n'ingoma ugereranije na alubumu ye ya mbere, Rave &amp; Roses . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Augustine-Edet |first=Aniekan |date=2024-07-11 |title=HEIS HERE: Rema Drops Sophomore Album |url=https://mavinrecords.com/2024/07/11/heis-here-rema-drops-sophomore-album/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Mavin |language=en-US}}</ref> Rema avuga ko ubu buryo bushya muri muzika ye ari " [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-tWbaEW-Qwc afro-rave] " asobanura ko "[we ubwe yiyumvisha Afrobeats," <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rema Opens Up On Creating Afro Beat & Rave Sound + Kendrick Lamar & Madonna Supporting Him |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-tWbaEW-Qwc}}</ref> mu kiganiro yagiranye na HOT 97 mu 2022. Ijwi ni uruvange rw'ubwoko butandukanye kuva Afrobeats, inzu, hip-hop, n'imbyino. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Conteh |first=Mankaprr |date=2024-07-11 |title=Rema Shocks Afrobeats to New Life With 'Heis' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/rema-heis-review-1235058224/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref> HEIS ifite byinshi yerekana kumico kavukire ya Edo kandi yerekana ubushakashatsi ku nsanganyamatsiko yo gushimira umuco no kwiyemeza gushimisha abateze amatwi bituma bayifata nkirimo abadayimoni. Nubwo yanenzwe hakiri kare, HEIS yagaragaye ku mwanya wa 2 ku mbonerahamwe ya Top 100 ya Album, nyuma igera ku mwanya wa mbere, kandi imaze ibyumweru 29 iri ku mbonerahamwe hamwe no gcurangwa isnhuro miliyoni 104 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Following the Success of ‘HEIS,’ Rema is About to Take a New Spin on Afrobeats with “Is It A Crime” |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/news/1553}}</ref> . Byongeye kandi, alubumu ya kabiri yakiriye Grammy nomination ya Rema kuri Album nziza yumuziki wisi yose yaranze nomero ya mbere ya Grammy ya Rema <ref name=":1" /> . === 2025: ''Uruhinja (Nicyaha)'' na ''Bout U.'' === Ku ya 7 Gashyantare 2025, Rema yasohoye indirimbo ' Uruhinja (Ni Icyaha) ' yerekana icyitegererezo cya Sade cyo mu 1985 ' Ni Icyaha '. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Augustine-Edet |first=Aniekan |date=2025-02-07 |title=Rema Releases Greatly Anticipated Single “Baby (Is It A Crime?)”, Alongside Music Video |url=https://www.mavinrecords.com/2025/02/07/rema-releases-greatly-anticipated-single-baby-is-it-a-crime-alongside-music-video/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Mavin |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rema's 'Is It A Crime' is the most streamed Nigerian song of 2025 so far on Spotify {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/music/remas-is-it-a-crime-is-the-most-streamed-nigerian-song-of-2025-so-far-on-spotify-2025022414232753460 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> yaramenyekanye cyane, ihinduka imwe mu ndirimbo zo muri Nigeriya zikunzwe cyane mu 2025. Ku ya 11 Mata 2025, Rema yasohoye indi ndirimbo yitwa ' Bout U '. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Horvath |first=Zachary |date=2025-04-11 |title=Rema Is Completely Infatuated On Afro-R&amp;B Fusion Single "Bout U" |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/901594-rema-bout-u-stream |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=HotNewHipHop |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mamo |first=Heran |date=2025-04-10 |title=Rema Releases Intoxicating Afro-R&B Single ‘Bout U’ Ahead of His Coachella Debut: Stream It Now |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/rema-bout-u-single-listen-1235943968/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ubuzima bwite == Ku ya 28 Nzeri 2020, Rema yanditse ku rubuga rwa Twitter ashinja Ishyaka Riharanira Demokarasi no Kurengera Ibidukikije (PDP) ku ruhare bagize mu rupfu rwa se, Justice Ikubor, wahoze ari umuyobozi w'iryo shyaka. <ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2020 |title=PDP must explain what happened to my father – Rema {{!}} The Nation |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/pdp-must-explain-what-happened-to-my-father-rema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001004905/https://thenationonlineng.net/pdp-must-explain-what-happened-to-my-father-rema/ |archive-date=1 October 2020 |access-date=29 September 2020 |work=The Nation Newspaper}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2020 |title=Explain how my father died – Rema tells PDP |url=https://dailypost.ng/2020/09/28/explain-how-my-father-died-rema-tells-pdp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120080701/https://dailypost.ng/2020/09/28/explain-how-my-father-died-rema-tells-pdp/ |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=Daily Post Nigeria}}</ref> Nubwo Rema yemerewe kwiga muri kaminuza ya Lagos mu 2022, byabaye ngombwa ko ava muri icyo kigo mu 2023 kubera imyigaragambyo y’abakozi ba ASUU ikomeje. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=18 May 2022 |title=Rema: Biography, Age, Girlfriend, Education, Songs, and More |url=https://newswirengr.com/2022/05/18/rema-biography-age-girlfriend-education-songs-and-things-you-may-not-know/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003112511/https://newswirengr.com/2022/05/18/rema-biography-age-girlfriend-education-songs-and-things-you-may-not-know/ |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2023 |title=I abandoned UNILAG admission because of ASUU strike – Rema |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/03/video-i-abandoned-unilag-admission-because-of-asuu-strike-rema/amp/ |access-date=10 September 2023 |publisher=Vanguard}}</ref> == Ingaruka == ''Rolling Stone'' yagize ati "Rema nta gushidikanya kandi yishimye kuba ikimenyetso cy’izamuka rya Afrobeats ku isi." <ref name=":113">{{Cite web |date=26 December 2023 |title=The 40 Best Afropop Songs of 2023 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/the-40-best-afropop-songs-of-2023-1234929225/ |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref> Kwandika ku ''munsi w’ubucuruzi'' Anthony Udugba yavuze ko Rema "yaguye icyerekezo" cy’umuziki nyafurika ku isi yose. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Udugba |first=Anthony |date=8 November 2023 |title=How Rema became Nigeria's biggest music act of 2023 |url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/how-rema-became-nigerias-biggest-music-act-of-2023/ |access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref> ''Guardian yo muri Nijeriya'' yagize iti "Mu gihe imiterere ya Afrobeats ikomeje gutera imbere, izamuka rya Rema ryashyizeho urwego rwo hejuru, ryerekana umuziki wa Nijeriya ukunzwe ku isi hose ikunze ndetse ku rwego mpuzamahanga." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kareem |first=Itunu Azeez |date=20 December 2023 |title=REMA'S R&R ALBUM IS AFROBEATS MOST STREAMED 2023 |url=https://guardian.ng/life/remas-rr-album-tops-afrobeats-streaming-charts-in-2023/ |access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref> ''Kavukire'' yagize ati "Ntibishoboka gusiba ikimenyetso yasize ku mateka ya Afrobeats." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abimbolu |first=Debola |date=22 March 2020 |title=HOW REMA HAS CHANGED THE AFROPOP GAME IN ONLY ONE YEAR |url=https://thenativemag.com/remas-ambitious-rema-debut-ep/ |access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref> Victor Okpala yagize ati "Ijwi rya Rema ryashimangiye umwanya we nk'inzira nyabagendwa." <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Rema's hit single, 'Calm Down,' reaches 1bn streams on Spotify |url=https://punchng.com/remas-hit-single-calm-down-reaches-1bn-streams-on-spotify/ |access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref> Abamunenga benshi bamushimye kuba yararenze inzitizi kandi akangurira abandi bahanzi bo muri Afurika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Acho |first=Affa |date=December 2023 |title=Rema's 'Calm Down' Emerges as Global Shazam Champion of 2023, Breaks Records Worldwide |url=https://leadership.ng/remas-calm-down-emerges-as-global-shazam-champion-of-2023-breaks-records-worldwide/ |access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2023 |title=Presidency congratulates Rema on MTV award, says music resonates with audiences worldwide |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/09/presidency-congratulates-rema-on-mtv-award-says-music-resonates-with-audiences-worldwide/ |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Morgan |first=Maybelle |date=6 December 2023 |title=Rema brings the heat |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/rema-interview-2023 |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref> “Rema arashimangira umwanya we nk'umwe mu bahanzi bakomeye ba Afrobeat bo mu gisekuru cye, hamwe n'umurage uzibukwa mu myaka iri imbere.” == Ubucukumbuzi == === Album za studio === * ''Rave &amp; Roses'' (2022) * ''Heis'' (2024) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dare |first=Gbolahan |date=2025-05-09 |title=Rema said to release upcoming song "Screech" |url=https://vistasongs.com.ng/music/rema-screech |url-status=dead |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=VistaSongs |language=en-US}}</ref> == Gutanga ibihembo == == Ingendo == '''Umutwe''' * Rave &amp; Roses Urugendo rwisi (2022) == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7s5w2n6fs9g127v2gb24jss2zsw52u5 140760 140759 2026-10-05T05:35:19Z KiranBOT 15993 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v3.1.1s 140760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Musical Artist | name = Rema | image = Rema Performing live in Boston (May 2025).jpg | alt = | caption = Rema mu gitaramo i Boston | birth_name = Divine Ikubor | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|05|01}}<ref name=":0" /> | birth_place = [[Benin City]], Edo, Nigeria | alias = {{flatlist| * Remy Boy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/08/poster-boy-for-generation-z-rema-covers-tush-magazines-latest-issue/|title=Rema Call's himself Remi Boy, covers Tush magazine latest issue|work=BN|last=BN|date=1 August 2019|access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref> * Rave Lord<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trybecoterie.com/rema-a-k-a-rave-lord-is-back/|title=Rema AKA Rave Lord is Back|work=Trybe Coterie|date=18 June 2024|access-date=9 July 2024|archive-date=9 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709094444/https://trybecoterie.com/rema-a-k-a-rave-lord-is-back/|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|rapper|songwriter}} | website = {{URL|heisrema.com}} | years_active = 2019{{ndash}}present | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Afrobeats]] * [[Afrobeat]] * [[Afrobeats|Afro]]-[[Rave music|rave]] * [[African hip-hop]] * [[pop rap]] * [[trap music|trap]] }} | label = {{flatlist| * [[Jonzing World|Jonzing]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2019-03-23 |title=Don Jazzy signs record deal with D'Prince's Jonzing World |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/03/don-jazzy-signs-record-deal-with-dprinces-jonzing-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121213353/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/03/don-jazzy-signs-record-deal-with-dprinces-jonzing-world/ |archive-date=21 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> * [[Interscope Records|Interscope]] * [[Mavin Records|Mavin]] }} }} Divine Ikubor (yavutse ku ya 1 Gicurasi 2000), uzwi ku izina rya Rema, ni umuririmbyi n’umuraperi wo muri [[Nijeriya]]. Yamenyekanye bwa mbere mu 2019 kubera indirimbo ye "Dumebi", muri uwo mwaka kandi ubwo yasinyaga mu itsinda rya D’Prince, Jonzing World.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2019-03-23 |title=Don Jazzy signs record deal with D'Prince's Jonzing World |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/03/don-jazzy-signs-record-deal-with-dprinces-jonzing-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121213353/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/03/don-jazzy-signs-record-deal-with-dprinces-jonzing-world/ |archive-date=21 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, yamenyekanye cyane muri 2022 n’indirimbo ye "Calm Down", ndetse isubirwamo n’umuririmbyi w’umunyamerika Selena Gomez, igera ku mwanya wa gatatu ku rutonde rwa Billboard Hot 100. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=tolsen|date=2013-01-02|title=Billboard Hot 100|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/|access-date=2023-06-13|magazine=Billboard|language=en-US|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125143214/https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/|url-status=live}}</ref>Rema kandi yayoboye urutonde rwa Billboard Afrobeats amaraho ibyumweru 58.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Anderson|first=Trevor|date=2023-10-19|title=Tyla's 'Water' Hits No. 1 on U.S. Afrobeats Songs Chart – Stopping the 58-Week Run of Rema & Selena Gomez's 'Calm Down'|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/tyla-water-number-one-us-afrobeats-songs-chart-1235448587/|access-date=2023-10-28|magazine=Billboard|language=en-US|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028161613/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/tyla-water-number-one-us-afrobeats-songs-chart-1235448587/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Bella|first1=Naija|title=Rema caps off an Amazing Year with Features on Rolling Stone & Pitchfork's Best Songs of 2019 Lists with 'Dumebi'|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/12/rema-best-songs-2019/|magazine=[[BellaNaija]]|date=10 December 2019|access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref> Muri uwo mwaka, yashyize ahagaragara alubumu ye, ''Rave &amp; Roses'' (2022), igera ku mwanya wa 81 kuri <nowiki><i id="mwPA">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 . Alubumu ye ya kabiri yitwa Heis yayisohoye muri 2024 yafashijwemo na <nowiki><i id="mwPA">Benin Boys</i></nowiki>. Knadi anahamagarwa muri [[:en:Grammy_Award|Grammy Award]] kuri Alubumu nziza ku isi mu birori bya 67 bya [[:en:Grammy_Award|Grammy Award]] == Ubuzima bwambere nuburere == Divine Ikubor yavutse ku ya 1 Gicurasi 2000 mu muryango wa gikirisitu mu mujyi wa Benin, muri Leta ya Edo, muri Nijeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2019 |title=Meet Rema, The Kid From Benin With The World At His Feet |url=https://thenativemag.com/featured/meet-rema-kid-benin-world-feet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818195822/https://thenativemag.com/featured/meet-rema-kid-benin-world-feet/ |archive-date=18 August 2020 |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=The Native}}</ref> Akomoka muri Igbanke muri Orhionmwon LGA yo muri leta ya Edo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-05 |title=Rema Biography, Age, Girlfriend, Wife, Parents, Family, Siblings (Divine Ikubor) |url=https://www.thefamousnaija.com/2024/10/rema-biography-wikipedia-age-girlfriend.html?hl=ar&m=1 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=The Famous Naija |archive-date=2025-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104195054/https://www.thefamousnaija.com/2024/10/rema-biography-wikipedia-age-girlfriend.html?hl=ar&m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-11 |title=Rema Biography 2025: Shocking Facts Revealed, with 25 FAQs |url=https://bsgistnews.com/biography/rema-biography-2025/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411205739/https://bsgistnews.com/biography/rema-biography-2025/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yavumbuye umuhamagaro we wo muri muzika mu mashuri yisumbuye mu ishuri rya Ighile Group of School muri Leta ya Edo, ari naho yatangiye kuririmba no gucuranga. Nyuma yo kubura se na mukuru we, Rema yarezwe na nyina, wagize uruhare runini mu guhindura ubuzima bwe. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2020 |title=Is Rema dead?: Divine Ikubor aka Rema never die, na fake news dey fly upandan - Rema Manager |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-51344198 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119212344/https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-51344198 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=16 June 2020 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Umwuga == === 2019–2021: Gutangira umwuga no kwandika inyandiko === Rema yatangiye umwuga we wa muzika akora ibitaramo mu nsengero hamwe na mugenzi we Alpha P mu mwaka wa 2019. Yamenyekanye nyuma yo gushyira hanze agace gato ari kuririmba kuri Instagram ku ndirimbo ya 'Gucci Gang' ya D'Prince . D'Prince yatangajwe n'ubuhanga bwe, amujyana i Lagos maze amuha amasezerano yo gukorana na Jonzing World, ishami rya Mavin Records ifitwe n'umuyobozi wa muzika akaba na producer Don Jazzy . <ref name="Pitchfork">{{Cite web |last=Pierre |first=Alphonse |date=25 June 2019 |title=Rema Is Leading the Next Generation of Nigerian Pop Afrobeats chart |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/rising/rema-is-leading-the-next-generation-of-nigerian-pop-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617050135/https://pitchfork.com/features/rising/rema-is-leading-the-next-generation-of-nigerian-pop-interview/ |archive-date=17 June 2020 |access-date=17 June 2020 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akindare |first=Okunola |date=21 January 2020 |title=How D'Prince gave Mavin Records a new lease of life |url=http://thenet.ng/dprince-gave-mavin-records-new-lease-life/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121222200/http://thenet.ng/dprince-gave-mavin-records-new-lease-life/ |archive-date=21 January 2020 |access-date=21 January 2020 |publisher=NET}}</ref> Muri 2019, Rema yasohoye izina umuzingo we mbere witwa ''Rema'', uza ku isonga rya Apple Music muri Nigeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rema – EP by Rema |url=https://music.apple.com/ng/album/rema-ep/1455903943 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812151305/https://music.apple.com/ng/album/rema-ep/1455903943 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=25 August 2019 |via=music.apple.com}}</ref> ] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100: Nigeria |url=https://music.apple.com/ng/playlist/top-100-nigeria/pl.2fc68f6d68004ae993dadfe99de83877 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625035128/https://music.apple.com/ng/playlist/top-100-nigeria/pl.2fc68f6d68004ae993dadfe99de83877 |archive-date=25 June 2019 |access-date=25 August 2019 |website=Apple Music}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2019 |title=See the music video for Rema's "Dumebi" |url=https://thenativemag.com/see-music-video-remas-dumebi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820080609/https://thenativemag.com/see-music-video-remas-dumebi/ |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=20 August 2021 |website=The NATIVE}}</ref> Nyuma yi mpeshyi, indi ndirimbo izwi cyane kuri uwo muzingo yagaragaye ku rutonde rw’indirimbo zuwahoze ari Perezida wa [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika]], [[Barack Obama]] . 2020, indirimbo za Rema zashyizwe ku majwi ya ''FIFA 21'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA 21 soundtrack: Artists, songs & music on new game, reveal date {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/fifa-21-soundtrack-artists-songs-music-on-new-game-reveal/1c2lncmenyypo1lk0gzzulefry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802070501/https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/fifa-21-soundtrack-artists-songs-music-on-new-game-reveal/1c2lncmenyypo1lk0gzzulefry |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=goal.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2020 |title=Fireboy, Rema feature on FIFA 21 official soundtracks |url=https://punchng.com/fireboy-rema-feature-on-fifa-21-official-soundtracks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502215547/https://punchng.com/fireboy-rema-feature-on-fifa-21-official-soundtracks/ |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=Punch Newspapers}}</ref> Muri Nzeri 2021, yashyizwe ahagaragara nka ambasaderi w’ikirango wa Pepsi, ari kumwe na mugenzi we wumuhanzikazi witwa [[Ayra Starr]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-04 |title=Pepsi unveils new ambassadors Ayra Starr and Rema #ForTheLoveOfMusic |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/09/pepsi-unveils-new-ambassadors-ayra-starr-and-rema-fortheloveofmusic/ |access-date=2021-09-16 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> Toya Delazy, umuhanzi utunganya umuziki akaba n’umuhanzi wo [[Afurika y’Epfo|muri Afurika yepfo]], yatangije injyana ya "Afrorave" mu 2019, ahuza ibintu bya garage, amagambo y’Abazulu, n’ubundi buryo bwa Afurika. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Zeeman |first=Kyle |author-link=TimesLIVE |date=9 October 2019 |title=Toya Delazy is creating her own genre called Afro-rave, and she says it's the future |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2019-10-09-toya-delazy-is-creating-her-own-genre-called-afro-rave-and-she-says-its-the-future/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009072656/https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2019-10-09-toya-delazy-is-creating-her-own-genre-called-afro-rave-and-she-says-its-the-future/ |archive-date=9 October 2019 |access-date=31 December 2023 |work=Times Live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Coetzee |first=Nikita |author-link= |date=3 August 2020 |title=How Toya Delazy carved out her own path and created a unique sound |url=https://www.news24.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/music/how-toya-delazy-carved-out-her-own-path-and-created-a-unique-sound-20200803-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102094851/https://www.news24.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/music/how-toya-delazy-carved-out-her-own-path-and-created-a-unique-sound-20200803-3 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=[[News24 (website)|News24]]}}</ref> Muri Gicurasi 2021, Rema yakoresheje ijambo "Afrorave" kugira ngo asobanure umuziki we bwite, uhuza Afrobeats n’Abarabu n’Abahinde. Iri jwi ritandukanye ryumvikanye nabafana, rimuhesha umufana wihariye uzwi nka Ravers. <ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2021 |title=My brand of music is 'Afrorave', says Rema |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/my-brand-of-music-is-afrorave-says-rema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722202954/https://thenationonlineng.net/my-brand-of-music-is-afrorave-says-rema/ |archive-date=22 July 2021 |access-date=22 July 2021 |work=The Nation Newspaper}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Storm |first=Camille |date=24 September 2019 |title=Rema is Nigerian pop's golden child |url=https://www.thefader.com/2019/06/24/rema-dumebi-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229191930/http://www.thefader.com/2019/06/24/rema-dumebi-interview |archive-date=29 December 2019 |access-date=21 January 2020 |website=The FADER}}</ref> === 2022 – 23: ''Rave & Roses'' na ''Ravage'' EP === Nyuma yo gusohora Iimizingo itatu, Rema yerekanye alubumu ye ya mbere, ''Rave &amp; Roses'', ku ya 25 Werurwe 2022, munsi ya Jonzing World. Iyi alubumu irimo indirimbo 16 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Michelle Hyun |date=2022-03-18 |title=17 Albums We Can't Wait to Hear This Spring |url=https://www.vulture.com/2022/03/2022-music-release-calendar-most-anticipated-albums.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320020022/https://www.vulture.com/2022/03/2022-music-release-calendar-most-anticipated-albums.html |archive-date=20 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref>, zirimo ubufatanye na 6lack, Chris Brown, AJ Tracey, na Yseult . <ref>{{Cite web |last=FOL |date=2022-03-22 |title=Rema reveals 'Rave and Roses' album tracklist – FindOutLyrics |url=https://findoutlyrics.com/rema-reveals-rave-and-roses-album-tracklist/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218035000/https://findoutlyrics.com/rema-reveals-rave-and-roses-album-tracklist/ |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=2022-03-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Yaririho indirimbo 10 ku mbonerahamwe ''ya Billboard'' Afrobeats yo muri Amerika mu cyumweru cyayo cya mbere. " Gutuza " yamenyekanye ku rwego mpuzamahanga, igera ku mwanya wa 3 kuri Billboard Hot 100 nyuma yo gusubiramo hamwe na Selena Gomez, ikuraho amateka menshi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rema – Calm Down |url=https://top40-charts.com/song.php?sid=58391 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816105956/https://top40-charts.com/song.php?sid=58391 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=Top40-Charts.com}}</ref> 5 <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=Rema earns first Billboard Hot 100 entry with 'Calm Down' remix |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/remas-calm-down-remix-featuring-selena-gomez-debuts-on-billboard-hot-100/rkf0f00 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003121316/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/remas-calm-down-remix-featuring-selena-gomez-debuts-on-billboard-hot-100/rkf0f00 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> <nowiki><i id="mw7w"> </i></nowiki> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=Rema's Calm Down sets YouTube record as Afrobeats continues global foray |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/remas-calm-down-sets-youtube-record-afrobeats-continues-global-foray |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221115844/https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/remas-calm-down-sets-youtube-record-afrobeats-continues-global-foray |archive-date=21 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> Muri Gashyantare 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyetayo |first=Bamise |date=9 November 2022 |title=Watch Rema's Plaque Acceptance For 1 Billion Streams On "Rave & Roses" |url=https://notjustok.com/news/watch-remas-plaque-acceptance-for-1-billion-streams-on-rave-roses/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512084410/https://notjustok.com/news/watch-remas-plaque-acceptance-for-1-billion-streams-on-rave-roses/ |archive-date=12 May 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=notjustok.com}}</ref>, yatsindiye igihembo cy’umuhanzi w’umwaka wa Digital mu bihembo bya Soundcity MVP byabereye mu kigo cya Eko Convention Centre i Lagos. Muri Mata 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2022 |title=Burnaboy, Black Sherif, Win At The Soundcity MVP Awards 2023 (FULL WINNERS LIST) |url=https://africanfolder.com/burnaboy-black-sherif-win-at-the-soundcity-mvp-awards-2023-full-winners-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212153452/https://africanfolder.com/burnaboy-black-sherif-win-at-the-soundcity-mvp-awards-2023-full-winners-list/ |archive-date=12 February 2023 |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=African Folder}}</ref>, yasohoye ''Rave & Roses Ultra'', ibaye alubumu ya mbere nyafurika yambutse miliyari ebyiri kuri Spotify. <ref>{{Cite web |last=(anonymous) |date=1 December 2023 |title=Rema's "Rave & Roses Ultra" Surpasses 2 Billion Spotify Streams |url=https://albumtalks.com/remas-rave-roses-ultra-surpasses-2-billion-spotify-streams/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=Album Talks |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ku ya 26 Ukwakira 2023, Rema yasohoye ''Ravage'' EP, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-27 |title=Rema Releases New EP Ravage |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/rema-releases-new-ep-ravage-listen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103111008/https://pitchfork.com/news/rema-releases-new-ep-ravage-listen/ |archive-date=3 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref> maze ku ya 30 Ukwakira 2023, akora ibitaramo mu muhango wa Ballon d'or wabereye Theatre du Châtelet i [[Paris|Paris mu Bufaransa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Etukudo |first=Itoro |date=31 October 2023 |title='I'm grateful for this opportunity', Rema says after Ballon d'Or performance |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/im-grateful-for-this-opportunity-rema-says-after-ballon-dor-performance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102092811/https://www.icirnigeria.org/im-grateful-for-this-opportunity-rema-says-after-ballon-dor-performance/ |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=The International Centre for Investigative Reporting |language=en-GB}}</ref> === 2024: Album ya kabiri ya Studio; HEIS === Ku ya 11 Nyakanga 2024, Rema yashyize ahagaragara alubumu ye ya kabiri ya studio yitwa HEIS . Umutwe wa alubumu wakomotse ku ijambo ry'Ikigereki rivuga "numero 1". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Augustine-Edet |first=Aniekan |date=2024-07-11 |title=HEIS HERE: Rema Drops Sophomore Album |url=https://www.mavinrecords.com/2024/07/11/heis-here-rema-drops-sophomore-album/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Mavin |language=en-US}}</ref> Yerekana Rema ufite izina rye, "Igikomangoma cya Afrobeats". Iyi alubumu igizwe n'indirimbo 11 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Augustine-Edet |first=Aniekan |date=2024-07-11 |title=HEIS HERE: Rema Drops Sophomore Album |url=https://www.mavinrecords.com/2024/07/11/heis-here-rema-drops-sophomore-album/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Mavin |language=en-US}}</ref> igaragaramo ijwi ryijimye, ritwarwa n'ingoma ugereranije na alubumu ye ya mbere, Rave &amp; Roses . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Augustine-Edet |first=Aniekan |date=2024-07-11 |title=HEIS HERE: Rema Drops Sophomore Album |url=https://mavinrecords.com/2024/07/11/heis-here-rema-drops-sophomore-album/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Mavin |language=en-US}}</ref> Rema avuga ko ubu buryo bushya muri muzika ye ari " [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-tWbaEW-Qwc afro-rave] " asobanura ko "[we ubwe yiyumvisha Afrobeats," <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rema Opens Up On Creating Afro Beat & Rave Sound + Kendrick Lamar & Madonna Supporting Him |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-tWbaEW-Qwc}}</ref> mu kiganiro yagiranye na HOT 97 mu 2022. Ijwi ni uruvange rw'ubwoko butandukanye kuva Afrobeats, inzu, hip-hop, n'imbyino. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Conteh |first=Mankaprr |date=2024-07-11 |title=Rema Shocks Afrobeats to New Life With 'Heis' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/rema-heis-review-1235058224/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref> HEIS ifite byinshi yerekana kumico kavukire ya Edo kandi yerekana ubushakashatsi ku nsanganyamatsiko yo gushimira umuco no kwiyemeza gushimisha abateze amatwi bituma bayifata nkirimo abadayimoni. Nubwo yanenzwe hakiri kare, HEIS yagaragaye ku mwanya wa 2 ku mbonerahamwe ya Top 100 ya Album, nyuma igera ku mwanya wa mbere, kandi imaze ibyumweru 29 iri ku mbonerahamwe hamwe no gcurangwa isnhuro miliyoni 104 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Following the Success of ‘HEIS,’ Rema is About to Take a New Spin on Afrobeats with “Is It A Crime” |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/news/1553}}</ref> . Byongeye kandi, alubumu ya kabiri yakiriye Grammy nomination ya Rema kuri Album nziza yumuziki wisi yose yaranze nomero ya mbere ya Grammy ya Rema <ref name=":1" /> . === 2025: ''Uruhinja (Nicyaha)'' na ''Bout U.'' === Ku ya 7 Gashyantare 2025, Rema yasohoye indirimbo ' Uruhinja (Ni Icyaha) ' yerekana icyitegererezo cya Sade cyo mu 1985 ' Ni Icyaha '. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Augustine-Edet |first=Aniekan |date=2025-02-07 |title=Rema Releases Greatly Anticipated Single “Baby (Is It A Crime?)”, Alongside Music Video |url=https://www.mavinrecords.com/2025/02/07/rema-releases-greatly-anticipated-single-baby-is-it-a-crime-alongside-music-video/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Mavin |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rema's 'Is It A Crime' is the most streamed Nigerian song of 2025 so far on Spotify {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/music/remas-is-it-a-crime-is-the-most-streamed-nigerian-song-of-2025-so-far-on-spotify-2025022414232753460 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> yaramenyekanye cyane, ihinduka imwe mu ndirimbo zo muri Nigeriya zikunzwe cyane mu 2025. Ku ya 11 Mata 2025, Rema yasohoye indi ndirimbo yitwa ' Bout U '. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Horvath |first=Zachary |date=2025-04-11 |title=Rema Is Completely Infatuated On Afro-R&amp;B Fusion Single "Bout U" |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/901594-rema-bout-u-stream |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=HotNewHipHop |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mamo |first=Heran |date=2025-04-10 |title=Rema Releases Intoxicating Afro-R&B Single ‘Bout U’ Ahead of His Coachella Debut: Stream It Now |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/rema-bout-u-single-listen-1235943968/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ubuzima bwite == Ku ya 28 Nzeri 2020, Rema yanditse ku rubuga rwa Twitter ashinja Ishyaka Riharanira Demokarasi no Kurengera Ibidukikije (PDP) ku ruhare bagize mu rupfu rwa se, Justice Ikubor, wahoze ari umuyobozi w'iryo shyaka. <ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2020 |title=PDP must explain what happened to my father – Rema {{!}} The Nation |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/pdp-must-explain-what-happened-to-my-father-rema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001004905/https://thenationonlineng.net/pdp-must-explain-what-happened-to-my-father-rema/ |archive-date=1 October 2020 |access-date=29 September 2020 |work=The Nation Newspaper}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2020 |title=Explain how my father died – Rema tells PDP |url=https://dailypost.ng/2020/09/28/explain-how-my-father-died-rema-tells-pdp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120080701/https://dailypost.ng/2020/09/28/explain-how-my-father-died-rema-tells-pdp/ |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=Daily Post Nigeria}}</ref> Nubwo Rema yemerewe kwiga muri kaminuza ya Lagos mu 2022, byabaye ngombwa ko ava muri icyo kigo mu 2023 kubera imyigaragambyo y’abakozi ba ASUU ikomeje. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=18 May 2022 |title=Rema: Biography, Age, Girlfriend, Education, Songs, and More |url=https://newswirengr.com/2022/05/18/rema-biography-age-girlfriend-education-songs-and-things-you-may-not-know/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003112511/https://newswirengr.com/2022/05/18/rema-biography-age-girlfriend-education-songs-and-things-you-may-not-know/ |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2023 |title=I abandoned UNILAG admission because of ASUU strike – Rema |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/03/video-i-abandoned-unilag-admission-because-of-asuu-strike-rema/ |access-date=10 September 2023 |publisher=Vanguard}}</ref> == Ingaruka == ''Rolling Stone'' yagize ati "Rema nta gushidikanya kandi yishimye kuba ikimenyetso cy’izamuka rya Afrobeats ku isi." <ref name=":113">{{Cite web |date=26 December 2023 |title=The 40 Best Afropop Songs of 2023 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/the-40-best-afropop-songs-of-2023-1234929225/ |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref> Kwandika ku ''munsi w’ubucuruzi'' Anthony Udugba yavuze ko Rema "yaguye icyerekezo" cy’umuziki nyafurika ku isi yose. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Udugba |first=Anthony |date=8 November 2023 |title=How Rema became Nigeria's biggest music act of 2023 |url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/how-rema-became-nigerias-biggest-music-act-of-2023/ |access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref> ''Guardian yo muri Nijeriya'' yagize iti "Mu gihe imiterere ya Afrobeats ikomeje gutera imbere, izamuka rya Rema ryashyizeho urwego rwo hejuru, ryerekana umuziki wa Nijeriya ukunzwe ku isi hose ikunze ndetse ku rwego mpuzamahanga." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kareem |first=Itunu Azeez |date=20 December 2023 |title=REMA'S R&R ALBUM IS AFROBEATS MOST STREAMED 2023 |url=https://guardian.ng/life/remas-rr-album-tops-afrobeats-streaming-charts-in-2023/ |access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref> ''Kavukire'' yagize ati "Ntibishoboka gusiba ikimenyetso yasize ku mateka ya Afrobeats." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abimbolu |first=Debola |date=22 March 2020 |title=HOW REMA HAS CHANGED THE AFROPOP GAME IN ONLY ONE YEAR |url=https://thenativemag.com/remas-ambitious-rema-debut-ep/ |access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref> Victor Okpala yagize ati "Ijwi rya Rema ryashimangiye umwanya we nk'inzira nyabagendwa." <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Rema's hit single, 'Calm Down,' reaches 1bn streams on Spotify |url=https://punchng.com/remas-hit-single-calm-down-reaches-1bn-streams-on-spotify/ |access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref> Abamunenga benshi bamushimye kuba yararenze inzitizi kandi akangurira abandi bahanzi bo muri Afurika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Acho |first=Affa |date=December 2023 |title=Rema's 'Calm Down' Emerges as Global Shazam Champion of 2023, Breaks Records Worldwide |url=https://leadership.ng/remas-calm-down-emerges-as-global-shazam-champion-of-2023-breaks-records-worldwide/ |access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2023 |title=Presidency congratulates Rema on MTV award, says music resonates with audiences worldwide |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/09/presidency-congratulates-rema-on-mtv-award-says-music-resonates-with-audiences-worldwide/ |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Morgan |first=Maybelle |date=6 December 2023 |title=Rema brings the heat |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/rema-interview-2023 |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref> “Rema arashimangira umwanya we nk'umwe mu bahanzi bakomeye ba Afrobeat bo mu gisekuru cye, hamwe n'umurage uzibukwa mu myaka iri imbere.” == Ubucukumbuzi == === Album za studio === * ''Rave &amp; Roses'' (2022) * ''Heis'' (2024) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dare |first=Gbolahan |date=2025-05-09 |title=Rema said to release upcoming song "Screech" |url=https://vistasongs.com.ng/music/rema-screech |url-status=dead |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=VistaSongs |language=en-US}}</ref> == Gutanga ibihembo == == Ingendo == '''Umutwe''' * Rave &amp; Roses Urugendo rwisi (2022) == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hbhlp82k0t178mpso6m33pcyw2za8q7 0 21661 140753 134430 2026-10-05T03:54:32Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140753 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Denis Omedi''' (wavutse kuya 13 Kamena 1994) n[[Umupira w’amaguru|umukinnyi w'umupira w'amaguru]] w'umunya-Uganda ukina nka rutahizamu mwikipe ya [[APR FC|APR]] [[Shampiyona y’ icyiciro cya mbere mu mupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda|yo mu cyiciro cya mbere cy'u Rwanda]] ndetse n'ikipe [[Imisambi ya Uganda|y'igihugu ya Uganda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Denis Omedi Stats and Profile |url=https://upl.ug/player/denis-omedi-kitara-fc-24/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=upl.ug |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817152654/https://upl.ug/player/denis-omedi-kitara-fc-24/ |archive-date=2024-08-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Muyita |first=Joel |date=2025-01-08 |title=Omedi, Kiwanuka sign for Rwanda’s APR |url=https://kawowo.com/2025/01/08/omedi-kiwanuka-sign-for-rwandas-apr/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Kawowo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> == Umwuga w'ikipe == Omedi yatangiye umupira w'amaguru muri Booma FC iherereye mukarere ka Masindi, nyumaza kujya muri Kitara FC kuvamu 2023 kugeza 2024, azanokujya mwikipe [[APR FC|ya APR FC]] [[Shampiyona y’ icyiciro cya mbere mu mupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda|yo mu cyiciro cya mbere mu Rwanda]] mu 2025, yatsinze ibitego 15 muri Uganda Premier League . Omedi yahawe igihembo cy'umukinnyi w'ukwezi kwa Gashyantare 2024, mubihembo bya Real Stars Awards byabereye i Lugogo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=Kitara's Denis Omedi crowned footballer of February |url=https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/sports/kitara-s-denis-omedi-crowned-footballer-of-february--4546816#google_vignette |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=NTV Uganda |language=en |archive-date=2024-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921082132/https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/sports/kitara-s-denis-omedi-crowned-footballer-of-february--4546816#google_vignette |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":2"/> == Umwuga mpuzamahanga == Omedi yakinnyimikino icumi muri [[Imisambi ya Uganda|Uganda Cranes]], yatsinzibitego bitatu anatanga imipira ine ivamo ibitego. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2024 |title=Omedi: I thought Puskás Award nomination was a dream |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/2024/articles/denis-omedi-interview-puskas-award |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=FIFA}}</ref> Denis Omedi yafashije Uganda kubonumwanya mwirushanwa rya Afurika ry’ibihugu 2025 rizabera muri [[Maroke|Maroc]], yatsinze igitego kimwe ubwo yakinaga na Bafana Bafana mu mukino wo gushaka itike ya AFCON 2025 warangiye banganya ibitego 2-2. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiyonga |first=Ismael |date=2024-09-07 |title=How Uganda Cranes players rated in a four-goal thrilling draw with South Africa |url=https://kawowo.com/2024/09/07/how-uganda-cranes-players-rated-in-a-four-goal-thrilling-draw-with-south-africa/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Kawowo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> == Intego mpuzamahanga == {| class="wikitable" !Oya. ! Itariki ! Aho bizabera ! Umwanzi ! Amanota ! Ibisubizo ! Irushanwa |- | 1. | 6 Nzeri 2024 | Sitade ya Orlando, Johannesburg, Afurika y'Epfo |{{Fb|RSA}} | align="center" | '''1''' – 1 | align="center" | 2–2 | rowspan="2" | Amajonjora yo guhatanira itike yo gukina Igikombe cya Afurika cya 2025 |- | 2. | 15 Ukwakira 2024 | Sitade ya Juba, Juba, Sudani y'Epfo |{{Fb|SSD}} | align="center" | '''1''' – 0 | align="center" | 2–1 |- | 3. | 23 Ukuboza 2025 | Sitade Olempike ya Rabat, [[Rabat]], muri Maroc |{{Fb|TUN}} | align="center" | '''1''' – 3 | align="center" | 1–3 | Igikombe cya Afurika cya 2025 |} == Ibihembo n'ibitaramo == Omedi yatowe mwirushanwa rya FIFA Puskas Award 2024 kubera igitego cye cya rabona yatsinze KCCA mu irushanwa rya FUFA Super 8. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiyonga |first=Ismael |date=2024-12-02 |title=CAF Awards 2024: Omedi rabona strike earns another nomination |url=https://kawowo.com/2024/12/02/caf-awards-2024-omedi-rabona-strike-earns-another-nomination/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Kawowo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=Omedi: Rabona goal was work from training ground |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/soccer/omedi-rabona-goal-was-work-from-training-ground-4851300 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2024 |title=FIFA Puskás Award 2024 {{!}} Denis Omedi |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/watch/dXKI6AhEN0qjG3aynCPJnw |archive-date= |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=FIFA}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2024 |title=Voting open for 2024 FIFA Puskás Award |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/2024/articles/puskas-award-nominees |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=FIFA}}</ref> Ikigitego kizahatanirwa mubandi bakinnyi 10 barimo Hassan Al Haydos, Terry Antonis, Yassine Benzia, Walter Bou, Michaell Chirinos, Federico Dimarco, Alejandro Garnacho, Mohammed Kudus, Jaden Philogene na Paul Onuachu . <ref name=":0" /> Igitego cya rabona cyanatowe mu cyiciro cy’Intego y’Umwaka mubihembo bya CAF Awards 2024, bityo kikaba aricyogitego cyonyine hamwe n’umupira Benzia yatsinzemo [[Aligeriya|Algeria]] kuri [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika y'Epfo]], cyahawe imyanya yombi ya CAF na Puskas. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiyonga |first=Ismael |date=2024-12-02 |title=Omedi wonder goal vs. KCCA earns FIFA Puskas, Caf Awards nomination |url=https://upl.co.ug/omedi-wonder-goal-vs-kcca-earns-fifa-puskas-caf-awards-nomination/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Uganda Premier League - Official Website |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Kazi Njema |date=2024-12-02 |title=Kitara’s Omedi’s rabona strike earns another nomination in CAF Awards 2024 |url=https://kazi-njemanews.com/kitaras-omedis-rabona-strike-earns-another-nomination-in-caf-awards-2024/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Kazi Njema News |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |first=N. P. |date=2024-12-02 |title=Denis Omedi’s Rabona Strike Earns CAF Goal of the Year Nomination |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/sports/230345/denis-omedis-rabona-strike-earns-caf-goal-of-the-year-nomination |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=#CAFAwards24 Goal of the Year shortlist revealed with fans to vote for the winner |url=https://www.cafonline.com/inside-caf/news/cafawards24-goal-of-the-year-shortlist-revealed-with-fans-to-vote-for-the-winner/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=#CAFAwards24 Goal of the Year shortlist revealed with fans to vote for the winner |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mubihembo bya FIFA Puskás Awards bya 2024, rutahizamu wa Kitara FC na [[Imisambi ya Uganda|Uganda Cranes]] yarangije ari uwa gatatu n'amanota 16 yose hamwe. Gutoranywa kwekwishimira igitego cyecya rabona yatsinze kuri KCCA FC. Ikigihembo cyahawumukinnyi wa Manchester United na Argentine Alejandro Garnacho, igitegocyecyamuhesheje umwanya wambere n'amanota 26, gikurikirwa n'igitego cya Yassine Benzia kur'Afurika y'Epfo, cyabonye amanota 22. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiyonga |first=Ismael |date=2024-12-16 |title=CAF Awards 2024: Omedi loses to Angola’s Mabululu in Goal of the Year Category |url=https://kawowo.com/2024/12/16/caf-awards-2024-omedi-lose-to-angolas-mabululu-in-goal-of-the-year-category/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Kawowo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> Byongeye kandi, Omedi yarimubahatanira ibihembo bya CAF bya 2024, ahoyatorewe umwanya woguhatanira igihembo cy'intsinzi y'umwaka. Nubwoyitwaye nezacyane, yabaye uwagatandatu mu matora n'amajwi 13.766. Iki gihembo cyatsindiwe na [[Mabululu]] wo muri [[Angola]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okwi |first=Isaac |date=2024-12-17 |title=Omedi’s Rabona Magic Earns Sixth Place Finish in CAF Goal of the Year Race |url=https://nbssport.co.ug/2024/12/17/omedis-rabona-magic-earns-sixth-place-finish-in-caf-goal-of-the-year-race/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=NBS Sport |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219175216/https://nbssport.co.ug/2024/12/17/omedis-rabona-magic-earns-sixth-place-finish-in-caf-goal-of-the-year-race/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kuba Omedi yarashyizwe muri ibi bihembo by'icyubahiro byatumye amenyekana cyane kandi yongera amahirwe yeyokugura abakinnyi. Amasezerano yey'akazi muri Kitara FC azarangira mu mpera z'uyu mwaka wa 2024, kandi asanzwe afitamakipe aturutse muri Esipanye, Pyramids FC yo muri Misiri na Gor Mahia yomuri Kenya. Yanabonye amakipaturutse [[Afurika y’Epfo|muri Afurika y'Epfo]] na [[Libiya]] kuva mwirushanwa ryokugura abakinnyi ryabanje. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Gombe |first=David |date=2024 |title=Denis Omedi set to leave Kitara FC |url=https://swiftsportsug.com/2024/12/02/denis-omedi-set-to-leave-kitara-fc/ |work=Swiftsportsug |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105153947/https://swiftsportsug.com/2024/12/02/denis-omedi-set-to-leave-kitara-fc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} 01ykiqjc0eyj4v78fwwco3s9h50d8sg 0 22204 140739 139354 2026-10-05T01:15:26Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140739 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Tutsi herdsman.jpg|thumb|Amasunzu]] '''Amasunzu mu Rwanda''' yari [[Umusatsi|imisatsi]] yabaga ku mitwe yabanyarwanda cyangwa abanyarwandakazi, ikaba ari ikimenyetso cy'[[Umuco nyarwanda|umuco mu Rwanda]], berekane ko bafite icyubahiro, ari intwari, ububasha cyangwa ko bakomeye. Gusa nanone abangavu cyangwa urubyiruka na bo bayiyogosheshaga bakurure abantu ko bagejeje igihe cyo gushyingirwa no kurongorwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://nezasafaris.rw/tag/amasunzu-hairstyle-in-rwanda/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409062923/https://nezasafaris.rw/tag/amasunzu-hairstyle-in-rwanda/ |archive-date=2026-04-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://www.ktpress.rw/2023/12/tunyweless-rwanda-joins-rest-of-the-world-in-fight-alcohol-abuse/</ref> == Imitere == Amasunzu yari afite imiterere itangaje ndetse ubwayo nk'amasunzu ntiyari imisatsi isanzwe, akaba yari imisatsi yo goshwaga mu buryo bugezweho ku mpande z'umutwe muri icyo gihe cya cyera mu bakurambere, yabaga izinze muburyo budasanzwe habaga hari n'izamuye. Hariho uburyo busaga 30 bwari buzwi bwo gutera amasunzu.<ref name=":0" /> == Aho''' '''ikoreshwa == Amasunzu yari imisatsi barwaga cyane naba kera mu muco gakondo, ku bakuru b'imisozi, abagabo b'intwari, ndetse n'ingimbi n'abangavu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/03/amasunzu-rwanda-lupita-nyongo-oscars2018/</ref><ref>https://iol.co.za/lifestyle/style-beauty/hair/2018-09-28-3-traditional-hairstyles-that-made-it-into-todays-trends/</ref><ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/201803080051.html</ref> == Amashakiro == [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Amadini gakondo]] [[Ikiciro:Amadini n'amatorero]] <references /> [[Ikiciro:Rite]] [[Ikiciro:Umuco wacu]] 47xtt23333h0mvpmdtc8dzqg9ztcujb 0 23112 140767 139584 2026-10-05T08:46:01Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140767 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:25em; font-size:90%; float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" | Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Photo Institut Facultaire de Yangambi.jpg|250px|Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi]] |- ! Yashinzwe | [[1971]] |- ! Ubwoko | Ikigo cya Leta cy'[[amashuri makuru]] |- ! Ururimi | [[Igifaransa]] |- ! Umujyi | [[Kisangani]] |- ! Intara | [[Tshopo]] |- ! Igihugu | [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] |- ! Umuyobozi | Michel Baudouin |- ! Abanyeshuri | hafi 5.300 <small>(2022–2023)</small> |- ! Urubuga | [https://ifa-yangambi.org/ ifa-yangambi.org] |} '''Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi''' ('''IFA-Yangambi''') ni ikigo cya Leta cy'[[amashuri makuru]] cyo muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], cyibanda ku bumenyi bw'[[ubuhinzi]], amashyamba n'ubuvuzi bw'amatungo. Gifitanye amateka n'ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi cya [[Yangambi]] mu ntara ya [[Tshopo]], naho ibikorwa byacyo by'amasomo bikorerwa i [[Kisangani]]. == Amateka == Inkomoko ya IFA-Yangambi ishyirwa mu 1971, ubwo amashami yigishaga ubuhinzi ya [[Université Lovanium]] i [[Kinshasa]], Université officielle du Congo i [[Lubumbashi]] na Université libre du Congo i [[Kisangani]] yahurizwaga hamwe.<ref name="WHED">{{Cite web |url=https://whed.net/institutions/IAU-007982 |title=Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi |website=World Higher Education Database |publisher=International Association of Universities |language=en |access-date=2026-09-23 }}</ref><ref name="Infocongo">{{Cite web |url=https://infocongo.net/2024/06/28/tshopo-lifa-yangambi-sollicite-lappui-de-lue-pour-rehabiliter-ses-infrastructures/ |title=Tshopo : L’IFA Yangambi sollicite l’appui de l’UE pour réhabiliter ses infrastructures |author=Infocongo |website=Infocongo |date=2024-06-28 |language=fr |access-date=2026-09-23 }}</ref> Hari amasoko atanga amatariki atandukanye yerekeye ishingwa ry'ikigo. ''World Higher Education Database'' na Infocongo bivuga 1971, mu gihe [[Agence universitaire de la Francophonie]] (AUF) ivuga ko IFA-Yangambi yashinzwe mu 1976.<ref name="AUF">{{Cite web |url=https://www.auf.org/membre/institut-facultaire-des-sciences-agronomiques-de-yangambi-2/ |title=Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi |website=Agence universitaire de la Francophonie |language=fr |access-date=2026-09-23 }}</ref> IFA-Yangambi iri mu murage w'ubushakashatsi bwa Yangambi, ahahoze icyicaro cya ''Institut national pour l'étude agronomique du Congo belge'' (INEAC), nyuma yabaye ''Institut national pour l'étude et la recherche agronomiques'' (INERA). Ibikorwa by'amasomo byaje kwimurirwa i Kisangani, mu gihe Yangambi yakomeje kuba ahantu hakorerwa ubushakashatsi n'igerageza mu buhinzi.<ref name="WHED" /><ref name="Infocongo" /> == Imiterere n'ubuyobozi == IFA-Yangambi ni ikigo cya Leta kiri mu rwego rw'amashuri makuru ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo. PRISM-RDC ya Minisiteri y'Amashuri Makuru igishyira mu bigo bya Leta byo mu ntara ya Tshopo, mu mujyi wa Kisangani.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.re.minesursi.gouv.cd/etablissement.php?id=81 |title=Institut facultaire des sciences agronomiques de Yangambi |website=PRISM-RDC |publisher=Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et universitaire |language=fr |access-date=2026-09-23 }}</ref> Michel Baudouin ni umuyobozi mukuru w'ikigo.<ref name="WHED" /> == Amasomo == IFA-Yangambi itanga amasomo mu mashami atandukanye y'ubumenyi bw'ubuhinzi.<ref name="AUF" /> Arimo: * ubuhinzi rusange, harimo ubuhinzi bw'ibihingwa, [[iyobora-miterere|genetiki]], kurwanya udukoko, ubutabire, ubworozi n'ubukungu bw'ubuhinzi; * amazi n'[[amashyamba]]; * ubumenyi bw'ubutaka n'amazi; * [[ubuvuzi bw'amatungo]]. Ikigo gitanga impamyabumenyi kuva ku cyiciro cya mbere kugeza kuri doktora, harimo ''graduat'', ''licence'', ''Diplôme d'études supérieures'' (DES) na doktora.<ref name="AUF" /><ref name="WHED" /> Mu mwaka w'amashuri wa 2022–2023, cyari gifite abanyeshuri bagera ku 5.300.<ref name="WHED" /> == Ubushakashatsi n'ubufatanye == Ubushakashatsi bwa IFA-Yangambi bwibanda ku buhinzi, amashyamba, urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima no gucunga umutungo kamere. Ikigo gifatanya n'imishinga mpuzamahanga y'ubushakashatsi n'amahugurwa. Mu 2024, IFA-Yangambi yabaye kimwe mu bigo bifatanya mu mushinga ''INTERACT-Africa'', ugamije guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ritangiza ibidukikije, kugabanya ingaruka z'[[imihindagurikire y'ikirere]] no guteza imbere ikoreshwa rirambye ry'umutungo kamere.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://interactafrica.mu.ac.ke/interact-africa-launchifa-yangambi-drc/ |title=INTERACT-Africa Launch @IFA Yangambi (DRC) |website=INTERACT-Africa |date=2024-05-17 |language=en |access-date=2026-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260923131548/https://interactafrica.mu.ac.ke/interact-africa-launchifa-yangambi-drc/ |archive-date=2026-09-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == * [https://ifa-yangambi.org/ Urubuga rwemewe rwa IFA-Yangambi] * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Institut_Facultaire_des_Sciences_Agronomique_de_Yangambi IFA-Yangambi kuri Wikimedia Commons] t1sxz4lwbfya4e45r89li67c50k13i8 0 23178 140765 140634 2026-10-05T07:15:23Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ibrahim Traoré | image = Capitaine Ibrahim Traoré.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Ibrahim Traoré mu 2026 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|3|14|df=y}} | birth_place = Kéra, Bondokuy, [[Burukina Faso]] | nationality = Umunyaburukinafaso | title = Perezida wa Burkina Faso | term = Kuva ku wa 30 Nzeri 2022 | predecessor = [[Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba]] | party = Nta shyaka (yigenga) | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Wagadugu<br />Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare Georges Namoano | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel (kuva ku wa 23 Ukuboza 2025) | relatives = Kassoum Coulibaly (nyirarume)<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : La galaxie Traoré |url=https://graphics.rfi.fr/traore-burkina-entourage/ |website=RFI |date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref> }} '''Ibrahim Traoré''' (wavutse ku wa 14 Werurwe 1988 i Kéra, muri komine ya Bondokuy, muri [[Burukina Faso]]) ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyaburukinafaso, akaba ari Umukuru w'Igihugu cya Burkina Faso kuva ku wa 30 Nzeri 2022. Yahiritse ku butegetsi Lieutenant-colonel [[Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba]] binyuze muri kudeta, afata ubuyobozi bw'Umutwe wo Gukunda Igihugu ugamije Kurinda no Kugarura Ituze (''Mouvement patriotique pour la sauvegarde et la restauration'', MPSR) ku wa 30 Nzeri 2022. Mu ngabo za Burkina Faso, afite ipeti rya Kapiteni. Igihe yageraga ku butegetsi afite imyaka 34, ni we wari umukuru w'igihugu ukiri muto kurusha abandi ku isi. == Ubuzima == === Ubwana n'amashuri === Ibrahim Traoré yavukiye i Kéra, muri komine ya Bondokuy, ku wa 14 Werurwe 1988<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ibrahim Traoré, président de la Transition : parcours d’un artilleur |url=https://www.sidwaya.info/blog/ibrahim-traore-president-de-la-transition-parcours-dun-artilleur/ |website=Sidwaya |access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref><ref name="wakatsera">{{cite web |language=fr |last=Morin |title=Burkina: exit Damiba, le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, nouveau président du Faso |url=https://www.wakatsera.com/burkina-exit-damiba-le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-nouveau-president-du-faso/ |website=Wakat Séra |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |author=Radiodiffusion Télévision du Burkina |title=Portrait du nouveau Président du MPSR, le capitaine Ibrahim TRAORE |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8vtSEppJbc |website=YouTube |date=2022-10-02 |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza mu ishuri rya Leta rya Bondokuy. Amashuri yisumbuye yayigiye muri ''lycée mixte d'Accart-ville'' i Bobo-Dioulasso, ahakura impamyabumenyi y'amashuri yisumbuye (''baccalauréat série D'') mu 2006<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, nouvel homme fort du Burkina Faso |work=La Croix |date=2022-10-03 |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Le-capitaine-Ibrahim-Traore-nouvel-homme-fort-Burkina-Faso-2022-10-03-1201236047 |access-date=2022-10-09}}</ref>. Mu 2006, yinjiye muri Kaminuza ya Wagadugu (ubu yitwa Kaminuza Joseph Ki-Zerbo), mu ishami ry'ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga, mu gice cy'ubutabire, ibinyabuzima n'ubumenyi bw'isi (géologie)<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie du président |url=https://www.presidencedufaso.bf/biographie-du-president/ |website=Présidence du Faso |access-date=2024-10-03}}</ref>. Mu 2010, yarangije afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri (''maîtrise'') mu bumenyi bw'isi, ayibonana amanota meza<ref>{{cite web |language=rw |title=Burkina Faso: Menya Capt Ibrahim Traoré wafashe ubutegetsi i Ouagadougou |url=https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/articles/c6pkpqrnwwro |website=BBC Gahuza |date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref>. Igihe yari mu masomo, yari umurwanashyaka w'Ishyirahamwe ry'Igihugu ry'Abanyeshuri ba Burkina (ANEB), umuryango w'abanyeshuri ugendera ku bitekerezo bya Marx<ref name="lemonde-enigmatique">{{cite news |language=fr |last=Douce |first=Sophie |title=Au Burkina Faso, le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, le président énigmatique qui défie la France |work=Le Monde Afrique |date=2023-05-30}}</ref>. Yari kandi hafi y'amashyirahamwe y'Abayisilamu<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |author=Bakary Sambe |title=Au Sahel, après le militaro-populisme, l'islamo-nationalisme ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1514798/politique/au-sahel-apres-le-militaro-populisme-lislamo-nationalisme/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2023-12-30 |access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref>, akaba n'umunyamuryango w'Ishyirahamwe ry'Abanyeshuri b'Abayisilamu. === Urugendo mu gisirikare === Traoré ntiyanyuze mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya ''Prytanée militaire de Kadiogo'' (PMK), bitandukanye n'uwo yasimbuye, Damiba, ndetse n'abandi basirikare bakuru benshi bo muri Burkina Faso. Amaze kubona impamyabumenyi ya kaminuza, yinjiye mu gisirikare mu 2010. Yatorejwe mu Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare Georges Namoano, ishuri rihugura abofisiye riri i Pô, ahasoza ari uwa kabiri mu bo bari bigana<ref name="bur">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Ibrahim Traoré, jeune putschiste à la tête du pays des hommes intègres |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/burkina-faso/burkina-faso-ibrahim-traore-jeune-putschiste-a-la-tete-du-pays-des-hommes-integres_5400979.html |website=Franceinfo |date=2022-10-06 |access-date=2022-10-09}}</ref><ref name="qui">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, le plus jeune chef d'État au monde ? |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/burkina-ibrahim-traoré-nouveau-putschiste-et-plus-jeune-chef-d-etat-au-monde/6778263.html |website=VOA Afrique |access-date=2022-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coup d'État au Burkina Faso : qui est le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré ? |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/ce7y7x2gdn8o |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2022-10-09}}</ref>. Nyuma yaho yazamutse vuba mu mapeti ya gisirikare. Mu 2012 yabaye Sous-lieutenant, nyuma y'imyaka ibiri ahabwa ipeti rya Lieutenant, maze mu 2020 azamurwa ku ipeti rya Kapiteni. Muri Werurwe 2022, Perezida Paul-Henri Damiba yamugize umukuru w'imbunda nini (artillerie) muri Batayo ya 10 ishinzwe ubuyobozi, ubufasha n'ingoboka (10^e RCAS) ifite icyicaro i Kaya<ref name="wakatsera" /><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Emmanuel |last=Gautier |title=Burkina Faso : Le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré annonce un coup d'État à la RTB, fin de règne pour Damiba |url=https://afriksoir.net/burkina-faso-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-coup-detat-rtb-fin-regne-damiba/ |website=Afrik Soir |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=ALERTE - Le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, 34 ans, « plutôt timide » et « réglo » |url=https://www.omegamedias.info/blog/2022/10/01/-alerte-le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-34-ans-plutot-timide-et-reglo/ |website=Omega Médias |date=2022-10-01 |access-date=2022-10-02}}</ref>. Kapiteni Traoré yagize uruhare mu bikorwa byinshi bya gisirikare byo [[Iterabwoba|kurwanya iterabwoba]], cyane cyane i Djibo, aho yari ayobowe na Lieutenant-colonel Damiba, icyo gihe wari umuyobozi w'itsinda ry'ingabo zirwanya iterabwoba mu 2017. Yanagize uruhare mu gikorwa cya gisirikare cyiswe ''Otapuanu'' mu 2019<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Lutte anti-terroriste au Burkina : L'armée lance l'opération « Otapuanu » ou pluie de tonnerre dans les régions du Centre Est et de l'Est |url=https://netafrique.net/lutte-anti-terroriste-le-burkina-annonce-une-operation-denommee-otapuanu-dans-les-regions-du-centre-est-et-de-lest/ |website=NetAfrique.net |access-date=2023-11-11}}</ref>, kandi yakoreye mu itsinda ry'ingabo ryari i Markoye, mu ntara ya Sahel<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ibrahim Traoré, le nouvel homme fort du Burkina (Portrait) |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/-ibrahim-traoré-le-nouvel-homme-fort-du-burkina-portrait/2699900 |website=Anadolu Ajansı |access-date=2022-10-02}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Burkina Faso == === Kudeta zo muri Mutarama na Nzeri 2022 n'ifatwa ry'ubutegetsi === [[File:2025 Ibrahim Traore (cropped).jpg|thumb|Kapiteni Ibrahim Traoré mu 2025]] Ibrahim Traoré yafashe ubutegetsi binyuze muri kudeta ku wa 30 Nzeri 2022, amaze gutangaza ko Damiba akuwe ku butegetsi<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina : Ibrahim Traoré proclamé président, Damiba destitué |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1381642/politique/burkina-ibrahim-traore-proclame-president-damiba-destitue/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: des militaires annoncent la dissolution du gouvernement et la fermeture des frontières |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20220930-burkina-faso-des-militaires-annoncent-la-dissolution-du-gouvernement-et-la-fermeture-des-fronti%C3%A8res |website=RFI |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : le chef de la junte démis de ses fonctions, annoncent des militaires à la télévision |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/09/30/burkina-faso-le-chef-de-la-junte-demis-de-ses-fonctions-annoncent-des-militaires-a-la-television_6143908_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref>. Iyo yari kudeta ya kabiri igihugu cyari kibonye muri uwo mwaka. Kapiteni Traoré yari umwe mu basirikare bakuru bagize uruhare muri kudeta yahiritse Perezida [[Roch Marc Christian Kaboré]], igashyira ku butegetsi Lieutenant-colonel Damiba, perezida wa MPSR, ku wa 24 Mutarama 2022<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina: Ibrahim Traoré, nouveau putschiste et plus jeune chef d'Etat au monde |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/monde/burkina-ibrahim-traore-nouveau-putschiste-et-plus-jeune-chef-d-etat-au-monde_2181424.html |website=L'Express |date=2022-10-06 |access-date=2022-10-18}}</ref>. Bitewe n'umutekano wari ukomeje kuzamba no kuba ibyemezo byafashwe mu gihe cya kudeta ya mbere bitarubahirijwe, abo basirikare bahisemo gukura ku butegetsi Perezida Damiba ku wa 30 Nzeri 2022, maze Ibrahim Traoré afata ubuyobozi bwa MPSR. Iyi kudeta yakurikiye ibitero byinshi by'iterabwoba byahitanye abantu benshi, cyane cyane icyabereye i Gaskindé, mu majyaruguru ya Burkina Faso, aho imodoka zari zitwaye ibiribwa zaguye mu gico cy'abaterabwoba. Imibare yatangajwe na Leta yavugaga abasirikare 11 bishwe n'abasivili benshi baburiwe irengero, mu gihe andi makuru yavugaga abasivili bagera ku ijana bishwe<ref>{{cite news |language=en |first1=Thiam |last1=Ndiaga |first2=Anne |last2=Mimault |title=Burkina Faso soldiers announce overthrow of military government |work=Reuters |date=2022-09-30 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/heavy-gunfire-heard-burkina-faso-capital-reuters-witnesses-2022-09-30/ |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref><ref name="f24-coup">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nouveau coup d'État au Burkina Faso : le chef de la junte démis de ses fonctions |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/info-en-continu/20220930-%F0%9F%94%B4-burkina-faso-un-officier-annonce-la-destitution-du-chef-de-la-junte-%C3%A0-la-t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision |website=France 24 |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : le colonel Damiba déposé par le capitaine Ibrahima Traoré |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2022/09/30/burkina-faso-le-colonel-damiba-depose-par-le-capitaine-ibrahima-traore/ |website=Financial Afrik |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Agnès |last=Faivre |title=Au Burkina Faso, une nouvelle attaque meurtrière contre un convoi d'aide humanitaire |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/au-burkina-faso-une-nouvelle-attaque-meurtriere-contre-un-convoi-daide-humanitaire-20220928_GBC2RIXZFNABXAOISK74BLYAGE/ |website=Libération |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref>. Damiba yaje kwegura ku wa 2 Ukwakira 2022<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=DIRECT Burkina Faso : le chef de la junte destitué, le lieutenant-colonel Paul-Henri Damiba, a accepté de démissionner |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/burkina-faso/coup-d-etat-au-burkina-faso/burkina-faso-des-gaz-lacrymogenes-tires-devant-l-ambassade-de-france-pour-disperser-des-manifestants-favorables-aux-putschistes_5393296.html |website=Franceinfo |date=2022-10-02 |access-date=2022-10-02}}</ref>. === Imiyoborere === Amaze gufata ubutegetsi ku wa 30 Nzeri, Ibrahim Traoré yatangaje ati: {{Quote|Ntituri hano ku bw'ubutegetsi. Dufite gahunda y'amezi cumi n'abiri, muri yo tuzakemura udukibazo duto tw'ibikoresho twubahiriza indangagaciro za muntu.}}<ref name="afxxi-terreur">{{cite web |language=fr |first=Rachid Zaïd |last=Combary |title=« La junte militaire a instauré la terreur partout » - Série (3) |url=https://afriquexxi.info/La-junte-militaire-a-instaure-la-terreur-partout |website=Afrique XXI |date=2024-08-28 |access-date=2024-09-08}}</ref> Ku wa 6 Ukwakira, itegeko shingiro ryagaruye Itegeko Nshinga maze ritangaza ko Traoré ari Umukuru w'Igihugu<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Traoré devient officiellement chef de l'État |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/burkina-faso-traor%C3%A9-devient-officiellement-chef-de-letat/2703866 |website=Anadolu Ajansı |access-date=2022-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré officiellement désigné président du Burkina Faso |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-officiellement-designe-president-du-burkina-faso-20221005 |website=Le Figaro |date=2022-10-05 |access-date=2022-10-09}}</ref>. Yabaye atyo Umuyisilamu wa mbere ugeze kuri uwo mwanya kuva Saye Zerbo yahirikwa ku butegetsi mu 1982<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Ibrahim Traoré, le visage d’un souverainisme "made in Sahel" |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/monde/afrique/burkina-faso-ibrahim-traore-le-visage-dun-souverainisme-made-in-sahel-GZNPL4T4MRDXHCGY7YCKKRU3ZI/ |website=L'Express |date=2023-01-28 |access-date=2023-10-20}}</ref>. Avuga ko ari gukemura gusa ibibazo by'ibanze by'igihugu, Traoré yatangaje ko perezida w'inzibacyuho, yaba umusivili cyangwa umusirikare, azatoranywa n'inama nkuru y'igihugu (''assises'') ku wa 14 Ukwakira 2022<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, un président de transition doit être désigné en fin de semaine |work=Le Monde |date=2022-10-10 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/10/10/au-burkina-faso-un-president-de-transition-doit-etre-designe-en-fin-de-semaine_6145137_3212.html |access-date=2022-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Capitaine Ibrahim Traoré: «Les assises vont désigner un président de la transition» au Burkina Faso |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/invit%C3%A9-afrique/20221003-capitaine-ibrahim-traor%C3%A9-les-assises-vont-d%C3%A9signer-un-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-transition-au-burkina-faso |website=RFI |date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2022-10-05}}</ref>. Abamushyigikiye bakoze imyigaragambyo basaba ko ari we wahabwa kuyobora igihugu<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : les partisans d'Ibrahim Traoré font monter la tension |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1385101/politique/burkina-les-partisans-dibrahim-traore-font-monter-la-tension/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2022-10-15}}</ref>, maze ahabwa kuyobora inzibacyuho nk'umuyobozi wa MPSR<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina: le putschiste Ibrahim Traoré président de la transition jusqu'en 2024 |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/burkina-le-putschiste-ibrahim-traore-president-de-la-transition-jusqu-en-2024-474904 |website=TV5Monde |date=2022-10-14 |access-date=2022-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015003909/https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/burkina-le-putschiste-ibrahim-traore-president-de-la-transition-jusqu-en-2024-474904 |archive-date=2022-10-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Ukwakira, yarahiriye kuba Perezida w'inzibacyuho imbere y'Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : le putschiste Ibrahim Traoré a été investi président de transition |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20221021-burkina-faso-le-putschiste-ibrahim-traor%C3%A9-a-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-investi-pr%C3%A9sident-de-transition |website=France 24 |date=2022-10-21 |access-date=2022-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : après son putsch, le capitaine Traoré se rêve en nouveau Sankara |work=Le Monde |date=2022-10-21 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/10/21/burkina-faso-apres-son-putsch-le-capitaine-traore-se-reve-en-nouveau-sankara_6146842_3212.html |access-date=2022-10-21}}</ref>. Mu Ugushyingo, yanze guhembwa umushahara wa perezida, ahitamo kuguma ahembwa uwa kapiteni<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Gabon, Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema « renonce à son traitement de président » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1494965/politique/au-gabon-brice-clotaire-oligui-nguema-renonce-a-son-traitement-de-president/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2023-10-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 3 Gashyantare 2023, Ibrahim Traoré yatangaje ibitero bikomeye byari bigiye kugabwa ku barwanyi b'intagondwa z'abajihadi, asaba abaturage kumushyigikira<ref name="afxxi-ib" />. Muri Mata 2023, yatangaje ko igihugu cyose kigomba kwitegura urugamba (''mobilisation générale'')<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, Ibrahim Traoré décrète la mobilisation générale |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1436057/politique/au-burkina-faso-ibrahim-traore-decrete-la-mobilisation-generale/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2023-04-14}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi, yavuze ku bihugu "by'inshuti" bafatanya cyangwa bongera ubufatanye mu bya gisirikare: [[Uburusiya]], aho abacancuro b'itsinda rya Wagner bashobora kuba bari muri Burkina Faso<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Les mercenaires Wagner présents au Burkina Faso, affirme le président ghanéen |work=Le Monde |date=2022-12-16 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/12/16/les-mercenaires-wagner-presents-au-burkina-faso-affirme-le-president-ghaneen_6154693_3212.html |access-date=2023-07-15}}</ref>, [[Turukiya]] imuha indege zitagira abapilote (drones) zo mu bwoko bwa Bayraktar TB2, ndetse na [[Koreya y’Amajyaruguru]] yatekerezaga ko yamuha intwaro<ref name="afxxi-ib" />. Icyo gihe, guverinoma yahisemo kwifashisha ingabo zayo bwite mu kurwanya abajihadi, kandi ntibyagaragaraga ko yasabye ubufasha bw'Abarusiya ba Wagner<ref name="lemonde-enigmatique" />. Mu rwego rwo gukaza [[Iterabwoba|urugamba rwo kurwanya iterabwoba]], guverinoma ye yateguye igikorwa kidasanzwe cyo kwinjiza abasirikare 3 000, ndetse no kwinjiza abafasha b'ingabo 50 000 bitwa "Abakorerabushake bo kurinda Igihugu" (''Volontaires pour la défense de la patrie'', VDP)<ref name="afxxi-ib">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, la guerre selon « IB » |url=https://afriquexxi.info/Au-Burkina-Faso-la-guerre-selon-IB |website=Afrique XXI |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-07-15}}</ref>. Kubera ko ingengo y'imari ya Leta, yari yazahajwe n'ibihano by'ubukungu, itabashaga gutera inkunga urugamba rwo kurwanya abajihadi, guverinoma yongereye imisoro<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ibrahim Traoré : au Burkina, la guerre taxe après taxe |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1466721/politique/ibrahim-traore-au-burkina-la-guerre-taxe-apres-taxe/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2024-10-18}}</ref>. Bitewe n'imyaka ye, uburambe afite ku rugamba n'imivugire ye, Ibrahim Traoré akundwa n'urubyiruko, rugize abarenga 70 % by'abaturage ariko rukaba rudahagarariwe bihagije mu nzego za politiki. Mu ijambo rye akunze kwifashisha ibitekerezo bya [[Thomas Sankara]], nko guharanira ubusugire bw'igihugu no kwamagana ubukoloni bushya (''impérialisme'')<ref name="lemonde-enigmatique" />. Akurikiza politiki irwanya [[Ubufaransa]]<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, la France en sursis après le départ de Sabre |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/au-burkina-faso-la-france-en-sursis-apr%C3%A8s-le-d%C3%A9part-de-sabre/6973676.html |website=VOA Afrique |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2024-03-22}}</ref>, bimuhesha gushyigikirwa n'abaharanira ubumwe bwa Afurika (''panafricanistes'') ndetse n'Abayisilamu b'Abawahabi<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : quand Russes, wahhabites et panafricanistes font cause commune autour de la junte |work=Le Monde |date=2023-02-16 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/02/16/burkina-faso-quand-russes-wahhabites-et-panafricanistes-font-cause-commune-autour-de-la-junte_6162118_3212.html |access-date=2023-10-20}}</ref>. Nyamara, uretse uko gukundwa, sosiyete sivile, abanyamakuru, abacamanza n'abayobozi b'amashyaka bibasirwa n'igitugu cy'ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare, rimwe na rimwe bakajyanwa ku ngufu mu gisirikare ku rugamba. Abasivili na bo bahuye n'ibyo, ndetse bamwe baburirwa irengero ku gahato<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Capitaine Ibrahim Traore : pourquoi est-il si populaire auprès de la jeunesse africaine ? |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/c2kvykyy9g3o |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2025-05-02 |access-date=2025-05-03}}</ref>. Ku wa 16 Nzeri 2023, Ibrahim Traoré, ari kumwe na Colonel [[Assimi Goïta]] na Jenerali [[Abdourahamane Tiani]], bashinze Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel (''Alliance des États du Sahel'', AES), amasezerano yo gutabarana hagati ya [[Mali]], [[Nigeri]] na [[Burukina Faso]]. Ku wa 28 Mutarama 2024, yakuye Burkina Faso mu Muryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu by'Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO). Amaze kurokoka umugambi wa kudeta muri Nzeri 2023, yitabaje abasirikare b'Abarusiya ngo bamurinde<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, des militaires russes pour protéger Ibrahim Traoré ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1503219/politique/au-burkina-faso-des-militaires-russes-pour-proteger-ibrahim-traore/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza, Minisitiri w'Intebe mushya, Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla, yatangaje ko [[Uburusiya]] buzafasha mu ivugurura ry'ingabo za Burkina Faso, cyane cyane mu gushyiraho batayo nshya zo gutabara byihuse, mu gihe [[Ubushinwa]] na [[Turukiya]] na byo byari kuzatanga ubufasha<ref name="afxxi-terreur" />. Muri icyo gihe kandi, guverinoma ya Burkina Faso yasinye amasezerano n'Uburusiya yo kubaka uruganda rutanga amashanyarazi akomoka ku ngufu za nikleyeri<ref name="afxxi-terreur" />. Ku wa 25 Gicurasi 2024, nyuma y'indi nama nkuru y'inzibacyuho itaritabiriwe n'amatsinda ya sosiyete sivile n'amashyaka atavuga rumwe na Ibrahim Traoré, inzibacyuho yongerewe imyaka itanu (guhera ku wa 2 Nyakanga 2024) hemejwe itegeko rishya (''charte'') rimuha izina rya Perezida wa Burkina Faso, rikanamwemerera kuzaziyamamaza mu matora azakurikira. Iyi nama yabaye hashize iminsi mike habaye indi isa na yo muri Mali, igihugu bafatanyije, na yo yongereye inzibacyuho imyaka itanu<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: la durée de la transition prolongée pour cinq ans |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240525-burkina-faso-la-dur%C3%A9e-de-la-transition-prolong%C3%A9e-pour-cinq-ans |website=RFI |date=2024-05-25 |access-date=2024-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, des assises sous haute surveillance pour prolonger une transition sans paix |work=Le Monde |date=2024-05-24 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/05/24/au-burkina-faso-des-assises-sous-haute-surveillance-pour-prolonger-une-transition-sans-paix_6235312_3212.html |access-date=2024-05-26}}</ref>. Uwo munsi nyine, Traoré yashyize umukono kuri iryo tegeko rishya, bituma ritangira gukurikizwa<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, le capitaine putschiste Ibrahim Traoré se ressert cinq ans de mandat |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/au-burkina-faso-le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-reprend-cinq-ans-20240527_P4LWF5QNI5H27INN5Y6ZRSS7X4/ |website=Libération |access-date=2024-05-28}}</ref>. Ku wa 11 Kamena 2024, abajihadi b'Itsinda rishyigikira Isilamu n'Abayisilamu (JNIM) bagabye igitero ku kigo cya gisirikare no muri komine ya Mansila<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: des survivants racontent l'attaque de Mansila revendiquée par le JNIM |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240618-burkina-faso-des-survivants-racontent-l-attaque-de-mansila-revendiqu%C3%A9e-par-le-jnim |website=RFI |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref>. Bukeye bwaho, igisasu cyarashwe ku cyicaro cya Televiziyo y'igihugu (RTB), hafi y'ingoro ya perezida i [[Wagadugu]], abakirashe ntibamenyekana<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: des questions toujours en suspens après des détonations à la télé publique et une attaque dans le Nord-Est |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240617-burkina-des-questions-toujours-en-suspens-apr%C3%A8s-des-d%C3%A9tonations-%C3%A0-la-t%C3%A9l%C3%A9-publique-et-une-attaque-dans-le-nord-est |website=RFI |date=2024-06-17 |access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref>. Mu minsi yakurikiyeho, kuba Ibrahim Traoré atagaragaraga cyane mu ruhame byateje ibibazo mu Banyaburukinafaso. Abasirikare ba Mali n'abacancuro b'Abarusiya ba Wagner bageze i Wagadugu muri iyo minsi, ariko inshingano zabo ntizasobanuwe<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Des « instructeurs » russes envoyés à Ouagadougou |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1579057/politique/des-instructeurs-russes-envoyes-a-ouagadougou/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: des soldats maliens et des mercenaires russes de Wagner sont arrivés à Ouagadougou |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240618-burkina-faso-des-soldats-maliens-et-des-mercenaires-russes-de-wagner-sont-arriv%C3%A9s-%C3%A0-ouagadougou |website=RFI |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref>. Inama y'Abaminisitiri yagombaga kuyobora ku wa 19 Kamena 2024<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: report du Conseil des ministres, Ibrahim Traoré serait «caché» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240619-burkina-faso-report-du-conseil-des-ministres-ibrahim-traor%C3%A9-serait-cach%C3%A9 |website=RFI |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref> yimuriwe bukeye bwaho, maze Traoré yongera kugaragara icyo gihe<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: le chef de l'État préside un Conseil des ministres mais soulève toujours des questions |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240620-burkina-faso-le-chef-de-l-%C3%A9tat-pr%C3%A9side-un-conseil-des-ministres-mais-soul%C3%A8ve-toujours-des-questions |website=RFI |date=2024-06-20}}</ref>. Muri Kanama, igihugu cyagabweho igitero cy'iterabwoba cy'abajihadi cyahitanye abantu benshi kurusha ibindi byose mu mateka yacyo, mu mudugudu wa Barsalogho mu majyaruguru rwagati y'igihugu, aho abaturage bari hagati ya 300 na 400 bishwe n'Itsinda rishyigikira Isilamu n'Abayisilamu (JNIM)<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |last=Le Cam |first=Morgane |title=Le Burkina Faso a subi l’attaque terroriste la plus meurtrière de son histoire |work=Le Monde |date=2024-08-28 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/08/28/le-burkina-faso-face-a-l-attaque-terroriste-la-plus-meurtriere-de-son-histoire_6297561_3212.html}}</ref>. Amashusho n'amafoto by'impimbano byakozwe hifashishijwe ubwenge buhangano (AI), birata Ibrahim Traoré, byuzuye ku mbuga nkoranyambaga. Muri ayo mashusho, akozwe neza cyangwa nabi, kapiteni agaragazwa nk'umuyobozi w'intwari urinda abaturage be, kandi akwirakwizwa na konti z'impimbano. Ayo mashusho, atagenewe abaturage ba Burkina Faso, rimwe na rimwe arebwa n'abantu babarirwa muri za miliyoni, kandi akenshi akurura ibitekerezo by'abamushima, haba muri Afurika ivuga Igifaransa aho Ibrahim Traoré asanzwe azwi, haba muri Afurika ivuga Icyongereza, cyane cyane muri [[Gana]], [[Nijeriya]] na [[Kenya]], ndetse no muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] no mu birwa bya Karayibe<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |last=Roger |first=Benjamin |title=Burkina Faso : Ibrahim Traoré, superstar de la désinformation |work=Le Monde |date=2025-06-30 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/06/30/burkina-faso-ibrahim-traore-superstar-de-l-anti-imperialisme-online_6617007_3212.html}}</ref>. Ayo mashusho amwerekana ari kumwe n'ibyamamare by'isi nka Beyoncé, Rihanna cyangwa Justin Bieber<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |last=Marotte |first=Adrien |title=Beyoncé, Rihanna, Justin Bieber… Comment l’IA crée un mythe autour d’Ibrahim Traoré, chef de la junte du Burkina Faso |work=Le Figaro |date=2025-07-22 |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/beyonce-rihanna-justin-bieber-comment-l-ia-cree-un-mythe-autour-d-ibrahim-traore-chef-de-la-junte-du-burkina-faso-20250722}}</ref>. Andi mashusho menshi y'impimbano agaragaza "ubukungu bwa Burkina Faso butera imbere, bubasha gukora telefoni zigezweho, ibinyabiziga n'imashini z'ubuhinzi"<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |last=Pham |first=Quang |title=Le Burkina Faso, champion industriel ? Une campagne de propagande générée par IA |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20250717-burkina-faso-champion-industriel-smartphones-tracteurs-campagne-propagande-ia |website=France 24 |date=2025-07-17}}</ref>. Ku wa 23 Ukuboza 2025, yasimbuye Assimi Goïta ku mwanya wa Perezida w'Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel. Ku wa 29 Mutarama 2026, nyuma y'inama y'Abaminisitiri, guverinoma ya gisirikare yasheshe amashyaka ya politiki yose<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso-Le gouvernement militaire dissout tous les partis politiques |url=https://www.boursorama.com/actualite-economique/actualites/burkina-faso-le-gouvernement-militaire-dissout-tous-les-partis-politiques-6a43758d03db1480873970789daf2e11 |website=Boursorama |date=2026-01-29 |access-date=2026-01-30}}</ref>. Ku wa 3 Mata 2026, mu kiganiro yagiriye kuri Televiziyo y'igihugu (RTB), Kapiteni Ibrahim Traoré yatangaje ko Burkina Faso igomba kwibagirwa igitekerezo cya demokarasi, avuga ko muri iki gihe gikoreshwa n'abakoloni bashya (''impérialistes'')<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |last=Sidwaya |title=Le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, Président du Faso: « La reconquête, la refondation et la Révolution, c’est la seule voie pour se développer » |url=https://www.sidwaya.info/le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-president-du-faso-la-reconquete-la-refondation-et-la-revolution-cest-la-seule-voie-pour-se-developper/ |website=Sidwaya |date=2026-04-06 |access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |author=Radiodiffusion Télévision du Burkina |title=An I de la proclamation de la RPP : Le Capitaine Ibrahim TRAORE face à la presse |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/Z0xroLNltHk?t=7654 |website=YouTube |format=video}}</ref>: {{Quote|Za demokarasi zishe abana, za demokarasi zateye ibisasu, zica abagore, zisenya ibitaro, zica abaturage b'abasivili. Ese iyo ni yo demokarasi? Bakora nk'aho batabibona (abanyabwenge), aho ngaho bahumiriza. Urubyiruko rw'Afurika rugomba kumva ko ibyo ari ibinyoma. Iki gitekerezo cya demokarasi ni ikinyoma, ni inkoni gusa abantu bafata bakayikoresha bahana Abanyafurika n'abandi baturage bamwe. Ni yo mpamvu tugomba kwibagirwa igitekerezo cya demokarasi. Tugomba kugira umutima w'impinduramatwara. Guhindura ubuzima bwacu mu buryo bw'impinduramatwara…}}<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ibrahim Traoré estime que le Burkina Faso doit « oublier » la démocratie |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/c4gvdrl5xyko |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2026-04-03 |access-date=2026-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : « La démocratie, c’est pas pour nous », martèle le chef de la junte |work=Le Monde |date=2026-04-03 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/04/03/burkina-faso-la-democratie-c-est-pas-pour-nous-martele-le-chef-de-la-junte_6676235_3212.html |access-date=2026-09-16}}</ref> == Ibihembo n'ishimwe == === Ibihembo === * '''2023''': Igihembo cy'"Umukunzi w'Igihugu w'Indashyikirwa w'umwaka" (''Prix Yoro''), cyatanzwe mu nshuro ya mbere y'ibirori byiswe ''Grande Nuit du patriotisme'', byateguwe n'ishyirahamwe ''Léeré Sarré'' mu Kigo cy'Igihugu cy'Ubuhanzi, Imyidagaduro n'Itangazamakuru (CENASA) i [[Wagadugu]]<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Abdoul Gani |last=Barry |title=Première édition de la « Grande nuit du patriotisme » : Le Capitaine Ibrahim Traoré reçoit le prix du super patriote de l’année |url=https://burkina24.com/2023/06/24/premiere-edition-de-la-grande-nuit-du-patriotisme-le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-recoit-le-prix-du-super-patriote-de-lannee/ |website=Burkina24 |date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2025''': Igihembo cy'icyubahiro cyatanzwe mu birori bya gatatu byo guhemba abantu bavuga rikijyana kurusha abandi mu mwaka, byateguwe n'ishyirahamwe ''Intelligence burkinabè pour le développement'' i Wagadugu<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Promotion du leadership au Burkina: 10 personnalités dont le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré distinguées |url=https://la-plume.bf/2025/03/28/promotion-du-leadership-au-burkina-10-personnalites-dont-le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-distinguees/ |website=La Plume |date=2025-03-28 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2025''': Igihembo cyihariye kubera uruhare rwe mu guteza imbere ubushakashatsi, udushya n'ibihangano muri Burkina Faso, cyatanzwe mu nshuro ya 15 y'Ihuriro ry'Igihugu ry'Ubushakashatsi n'Udushya mu Ikoranabuhanga (FRSIT) i Wagadugu<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : l'innovation encouragée par le président Ibrahim Traoré |url=https://africa24tv.com/burkina-faso-linnovation-encouragee-par-le-president-ibrahim-traore/ |website=Africa24 TV |date=2025-10-23 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=15e édition du FRSIT : Boubacar ZONGO sacré lauréat du Bangré d’or |url=https://www.mesrsi.gov.bf/informations/actualites/details?cHash=c5c9c5f9e6c9c986f964bb0e2ce4f8da&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=1427 |website=Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche scientifique et de l'Innovation |date=2025-10-27 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. === Ishimwe === * '''2023''': Umudari wa BRICS, wamuhawe na Larisa Zelentsova, perezida w'ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry'imishinga y'ingenzi ya BRICS, i Wagadugu, mu rwego rwo gushimira ibikorwa bye biharanira ubusugire bw'igihugu<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Vers un remodelage des Brics |url=https://www.dw.com/fr/brics-afrique-burkina-cooperation-russie/a-65905812 |website=DW |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Diplomatie : le Président de la Transition décoré de la Médaille des BRICS |url=https://www.presidencedufaso.bf/diplomatie-le-president-de-la-transition-decore-de-la-medaille-des-brics/ |website=Présidence du Faso |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2024''': Yagizwe "Umuyobozi Mukuru w'Abafatanyabikorwa b'Ikiragano Gishya" (''ANGe en chef'') wa Burkina Faso n'umuryango wa sosiyete sivile Fasokooz, mu birori byawo byo gutangira umwaka wa 2024-2025 i Wagadugu<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Le président Traoré fait « ANGe en chef » du Burkina |work=Agence d'Information du Burkina |date=2024-07-06 |url=https://www.aib.media/le-president-traore-fait-ange-en-chef-du-burkina/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125063619/https://www.aib.media/le-president-traore-fait-ange-en-chef-du-burkina/ |archive-date=2025-01-25 |access-date=2026-09-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>. * '''2025''': [[File:Mali Ordre national du Mali GC ribbon.svg|50px]] Grand-croix y'Urwego rw'Igihugu (''Ordre national'') rwa Repubulika ya [[Mali]]<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=2e session du collège des chefs d’État de l’AES |url=https://www.presidencedufaso.bf/2e-session-du-college-des-chefs-detat-de-laes/ |website=Présidence du Faso |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. == Mu muco rusange == === Indirimbo === * '''2024''': ''Cet homme m'enjaille'' ya Jah Lee<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |last=Sidwaya |title=Musique: L’artiste burkinabé JAH LEE lance un vibrant hommage au capitaine Ibrahim Traoré |url=https://www.sidwaya.info/musique-lartiste-burkinabe-jah-lee-lance-un-vibrant-hommage-au-capitaine-ibrahim-traore/ |website=Sidwaya |date=2025-01-21 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2025''': ''IB Kouma'' ya Elie Kamano<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=IB KOUMA - Single by Elie Kamano |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/ib-kouma-single/1818169402 |website=Apple Music |date=2025-05-29 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Élie Kamano demande la nationalité burkinabè ! |url=https://mediaguinee.com/2025/06/elie-kamano-demande-la-nationalite-burkinabe/ |website=Mediaguinee.com |date=2025-06-09 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2025''': ''Dî Tiu-Wan-Nï'', alubumu ya Alice Aditoua igizwe n'indirimbo esheshatu, aho yunamira Ibrahim Traoré n'Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alice Aditoua, artiste burkinabè : « je vous donne rendez-vous ce 6 décembre, pour la sortie officielle de mon 5e album » |url=https://actuburkina.net/alice-aditoua-artiste-burkinabe-je-vous-donne-rendez-vous-ce-6-decembre-pour-la-sortie-officielle-de-mon-5e-album/ |website=ActuBurkina |date=2025-12-04 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2025''': ''Naaba Nii Toumdé'' ya David Le Combattant<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Naaba Nii Toumdé - Single par David le combattant |url=https://music.apple.com/ci/album/naaba-nii-toumd%C3%A9-single/1860678097 |website=Apple Music |date=2025-12-12 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2026''': ''Yédimpo'', alubumu ya Marie Gayéri, irimo indirimbo yitwa ''Traoré''<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Marie Gayéri rend hommage au Capitaine Ibrahim Traoré dans son 5ᵉ album, « Yédimpo » |url=https://faso7.com/2026/02/02/burkina-faso-marie-gayeri-rend-hommage-au-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-dans-son-5%e1%b5%89-album-yedimpo/ |website=Faso7 |date=2026-02-02 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. === Ibitabo === * '''2024''': ''Le Capitaine Ibrahim ou le Guerrier révolté'', cyanditswe na Yaya Ouédraogo<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Littérature : Yaya Ouédraogo rend hommage au capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, « un guerrier révolté » |work=Agence d'Information du Burkina |date=2024-11-18 |url=https://www.aib.media/litterature-yaya-ouedraogo-rend-hommage-au-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-un-guerrier-revolte/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713195032/https://www.aib.media/litterature-yaya-ouedraogo-rend-hommage-au-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-un-guerrier-revolte/ |archive-date=2025-07-13 |access-date=2026-09-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>. * '''2024''': ''Le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré : l'espoir retrouvé ou la renaissance d'un peuple déboussolé'', cyanditswe n'umwanditsi w'Umunyaburukinafaso Abdoul Moumouni Ouédraogo<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Burkina : Un auteur présente la vision du capitaine Traoré dans un livre de 117 pages |work=Agence d'Information du Burkina |date=2024-10-26 |url=https://www.aib.media/burkina-un-auteur-presente-la-vision-du-capitaine-traore-dans-un-livre-de-117-pages/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104075250/https://www.aib.media/burkina-un-auteur-presente-la-vision-du-capitaine-traore-dans-un-livre-de-117-pages/ |archive-date=2024-11-04 |access-date=2026-09-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>. * '''2025''': ''La Vision du Capitaine Ibrahim Traoré'', igitabo cya Kiswendsida Jules César Kaboré, gikusanyirizwamo amagambo Ibrahim Traoré yavuze hagati y'Ukwakira 2022 na Mutarama 2025<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Littérature : « La vision du Capitaine Ibrahim TRAORÉ » écrite par Kiswendsida Jules César Kaboré |url=https://burkina24.com/2025/06/13/litterature-la-vision-du-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-ecrite-par-kiswendsida-jules-cesar-kabore-redacteur-en-chef-adjoint-de-burkina-24/ |website=Burkina24 |date=2025-06-13 |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. * '''2025''': ''Cet homme ne doit pas mourir : Ibrahim Traoré, le cauchemar des puissances étrangères'', cyanditswe na Pierre K. Rugero<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cet homme ne doit pas mourir : Ibrahim Traoré, le cauchemar des puissances étrangères |url=https://www.cultura.com/p-cet-homme-ne-doit-pas-mourir-ibrahim-traore-le-cauchemar-des-puissances-etrangeres-9782312080482.html |website=Cultura |access-date=2026-09-25}}</ref>. == Reba kandi == * [[RAFFINOR-BF]] == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Ibrahim Traore}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Traoré, Ibrahim}} [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] [[Ikiciro:Abaperezida]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Ikiciro:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Burukina Faso]] ou0b7j7r2s30x16ryo61054v9h5yu9l 0 23179 140741 140635 2026-10-05T01:39:37Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Assimi Goïta | image = Assimi Goïta in July 2023.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Assimi Goïta mu 2023 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|11|9|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Bamako]], [[Mali]] | nationality = Umunyamali | alma_mater = Prytanée militaire de Kati<br />Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Koulikoro (EMIA) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel (2024–2025)<br />Minisitiri w'Ingabo (kuva ku wa 4 Gicurasi 2026) | title = Perezida wa Mali | term = Kuva ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2021 | predecessor = Bah N'Daw | party = Nta shyaka (yigenga) | spouse = Lala Diallo }} '''Assimi Goïta''' (wavutse ku wa 9 Ugushyingo 1983 i [[Bamako]], muri [[Mali]]) ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyamali, akaba ayoboye Mali kuva mu 2021. Afite ipeti rya Jenerali w'ingabo (''général d'armée''), ari ryo peti risumba ayandi mu gihugu. Yabaye perezida w'Akanama k'Igihugu gashinzwe Gukiza Abaturage (''Comité national pour le salut du peuple'', CNSP), agatsiko k'abasirikare kahiritse ku butegetsi Perezida Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta muri kudeta yo muri Kanama 2020. Nyuma yaho yabaye visi-perezida w'inzibacyuho iyobowe na Bah N'Daw, ariko akomeza kuba we nyir'ububasha nyakuri mu gihugu. Muri Gicurasi 2021, yakoze indi kudeta, maze aba Perezida w'inzibacyuho. Ku butegetsi bwe, Mali yacanye umubano mu bya gisirikare n'[[Ubufaransa]], yegera [[Uburusiya]] n'itsinda ry'abacancuro rya Wagner, ndetse ivana mu Muryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu by'Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO). Hamwe n'abayobozi ba gisirikare ba [[Burukina Faso]] na [[Nigeri]], yashinze Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel (AES), aba perezida waryo wa mbere kuva mu 2024 kugeza mu 2025. Ubutegetsi bwe burangwa n'igitugu: amatora yasubitswe igihe kitazwi, amashyaka ya politiki yose yasheshwe mu 2025, maze ahabwa manda y'imyaka itanu ishobora kongerwa nta matora. == Ubuzima == === Ubwana n'amashuri === Assimi Goïta ni uwo mu bwoko bw'Abaminyanka (''Minianka'')<ref name="maliweb">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nomination dans les postes stratégiques : Mon " ethnie d'abord " |url=https://www.maliweb.net/societe/nomination-dans-les-postes-strategiques-mon-ethnie-dabord-2900357.html |website=maliweb.net |date=2020-10-19 |access-date=2021-06-02}}</ref>. Yavukiye i Bamako ku wa 9 Ugushyingo 1983<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Assimi Goïta, président de transition au Mali depuis mai 2021 : suivez son actualité |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/personnalites/assimi-goita/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Assimi Goïta, le chef de la junte au Mali |url=https://www.malicanal.com/qui-est-assimi-goita/ |website=Mali Canal |access-date=2020-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916154801/https://www.malicanal.com/qui-est-assimi-goita/ |archive-date=2020-09-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>, akaba umwana w'umusirikare mukuru wo mu ngabo za Mali<ref name="rfi-qui">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est le colonel Assimi Goïta, à la tête de la junte militaire au Mali? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200821-colonel-assimi-go%C3%AF-t%C3%AAte-junte-militaire-mali |website=RFI |date=2020-08-21 |access-date=2020-08-22}}</ref>. Yize mu mashuri ya gisirikare ya Mali, by'umwihariko muri Prytanée militaire de Kati no mu Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Koulikoro (''École militaire interarmes'', EMIA)<ref name="lexpress">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est le colonel Assimi Goita, nouvel homme fort du Mali après le putsch militaire? |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/qui-est-le-colonel-assimi-goita-nouvel-homme-fort-du-mali-apres-le-putsch-militaire_2133173.html |website=L'Express |date=2020-08-20 |access-date=2020-08-20}}</ref>. === Urugendo mu gisirikare === [[File:Assimi Goita, August 2021 (cropped).png|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Assimi Goïta mu 2021]] Goïta yabaye Koloneli muri Batayo yigenga y'ingabo zidasanzwe (''Bataillon autonome des forces spéciales''), ayobora ingabo zidasanzwe za Mali mu gice cyo hagati cy'igihugu. Yagize uruhare mu rugamba rwo kurwanya inyeshyamba z'abajihadi mu [[Mali]]<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coup d'Etat au Mali: l'Afrique de l'Ouest se penche sur une situation "grave" |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/coup-d-etat-au-mali-l-afrique-de-l-ouest-se-penche-sur-une-situation-grave-20-08-2020-2388418_24.php |website=Le Point |date=2020-08-20 |access-date=2020-08-20}}</ref>. Yahawe andi mahugurwa ya gisirikare na [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], [[Ubufaransa]] n'[[Ubudage]], kandi yakoranye n'ingabo zidasanzwe z'Amerika (''Green Berets'')<ref>{{cite web |language=en |last=Paquette |first=Danielle |title=Mali coup leader was trained by U.S. military, officers say |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/mali-coup-leader-was-trained-by-us-military-officers-say/ar-BB18dXcN |website=The Washington Post |date=2020-08-21 |access-date=2020-08-22}}</ref>. Mu 2018, yahuye na Mamady Doumbouya, waje nyuma gukora kudeta muri Gineya akaba perezida waho<ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Mamady Doumbouya: Guinea coup leader sworn in as president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58761621 |work=BBC News |date=2021-10-01 |access-date=2026-06-15}}</ref>. == Ku butegetsi == === Kudeta ya 2020 n'umwanya wa visi-perezida === [[File:Comité national pour le salut du Peuple - 2020 Malian coup d'Etat.jpg|thumb|Koloneli Assimi Goïta (wambaye impuzankano y'ibara ryerurutse) ku wa 19 Kanama 2020]] Assimi Goïta ni umwe mu bateguye kudeta yo mu 2020 yahiritse Perezida Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, ari kumwe na Ismaël Wagué, Malick Diaw, Sadio Camara na Modibo Koné. Abo basirikare biyemeje gutegura amatora mashya<ref>{{cite news |language=en |last1=Maclean |first1=Ruth |last2=Peltier |first2=Elian |title=Mali Coup Leaders Pledge Democracy After Deposing President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/19/world/africa/mali-military-coup.html |work=The New York Times |date=2020-08-19 |access-date=2020-08-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 19 Kanama 2020, yagizwe perezida w'Akanama k'Igihugu gashinzwe Gukiza Abaturage (CNSP)<ref>{{cite web |language=es |title=El coronel Assimi Goita, designado nuevo hombre fuerte de Mali tras el golpe |url=https://www.efe.com/efe/espana/mundo/el-coronel-assimi-goita-designado-nuevo-hombre-fuerte-de-mali-tras-golpe/10001-4322436 |website=EFE |access-date=2020-08-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 24 Kanama 2020, itegeko shingiro ryemejwe na CNSP ryamugize Umukuru w'Igihugu wa Mali mu buryo bufatika (''de facto'')<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : Assimi Goïta devient « chef de l'État », la Cedeao exige une « transition civile immédiate » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1035884/politique/mali-assimi-goita-devient-chef-de-letat-la-cedeao-exige-une-transition-civile-immediate/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2020-08-28 |access-date=2020-08-30}}</ref>. CEDEAO yashyize igitutu ku gatsiko k'abasirikare kugira ngo igihugu kiyoborwe n'umusivili<ref name="france24vp">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ex-defence minister appointed Mali interim president, junta leader named VP |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200921-ex-defence-minister-appointed-mali-interim-president-junta-leader-named-vp |website=France 24 |date=2020-09-21 |access-date=2021-05-09}}</ref>. Umuryango mpuzamahanga wanze ko ari we wayobora inzibacyuho, cyangwa ko yasimbura perezida w'inzibacyuho, n'iyo yava mu gisirikare<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : Assimi Goïta, colonel aux deux coups d'Etat |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/05/28/mali-assimi-goita-colonel-aux-deux-coups-d-etat_6081936_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-05-28 |access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Nzeri 2020, itsinda ry'abatora 17 ryamugize visi-perezida w'inzibacyuho, naho Bah N'Daw wahoze ari Minisitiri w'Ingabo agirwa Perezida w'inzibacyuho; bari bagenewe kumara amezi 18 kugeza habaye amatora<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Bah Ndaw named Mali's interim president, colonel named VP |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/ba-named-mali-interim-president-colonel-named-vp-200921145418103.html |website=Al Jazeera |date=2020-09-21}}</ref><ref name="france24vp" /><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: l'ex-ministre de la Défense Bah N'Daw désigné président de transition |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200921-l-ex-ministre-la-d%C3%A9fense-Bah-N-Daw-d%C3%A9sign%C3%A9-pr%C3%A9sident-transition-mali |website=RFI |date=2020-09-21 |access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref>. Barahiye ku wa 25 Nzeri 2020<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: un ancien ministre de la Défense désigné président de transition du Mali |url=http://french.china.org.cn/foreign/txt/2020-09/22/content_76726638.htm |website=french.china.org.cn |date=2020-09-22 |access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: le président de la transition, Bah N'Daw, a prêté serment |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200925-mali-le-pr%C3%A9sident-la-transition-bah-n-daw-a-pr%C3%AAt%C3%A9-serment |website=RFI |date=2020-09-25 |access-date=2020-09-25}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Ukwakira 2020, hasohotse itegeko ry'inzibacyuho (''charte de la transition'') ryavugaga, bisabwe na CEDEAO, ko visi-perezida "ushinzwe ibibazo by'ingabo n'umutekano" adashobora gusimbura Perezida Bah N'Daw<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, des militaires aux postes-clés du gouvernement de transition |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/10/06/au-mali-des-militaires-aux-postes-cles-du-gouvernement-de-transition_6054909_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2020-10-06 |access-date=2021-05-09}}</ref>. Nyamara, Assimi Goïta yakomeje kuba we nyir'ububasha nyakuri mu gihugu<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: le colonel Goïta devrait être investi président sous peu |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/mali-le-colonel-goita-devrait-etre-investi-president-sous-peu-20210602 |website=Le Figaro |access-date=2021-06-05}}</ref>. Goïta ashima cyane uwahoze ari Perezida wa Burkina Faso, Thomas Sankara. Mu 2020, mu nama ya CEDEAO yabereye i Peduase muri Gana, yahuye n'uwahoze ari Perezida wa Gana, Jerry Rawlings, baganira ku itangizwa ry'inzibacyuho muri Mali<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : Assimi Goïta a-t-il pris goût au pouvoir ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/1048505/politique/mali-assimi-goita-a-t-il-pris-gout-au-pouvoir/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2020-10-02 |access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>. === Kudeta ya 2021 === [[File:Linda Thomas-Greenfield met with Malian Transition President Goïta - 2021.jpg|thumb|Goïta ari kumwe n'umudipolomate w'Umunyamerika Linda Thomas-Greenfield mu 2021]] Ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2021, nyuma gato y'itangazwa rya guverinoma ya kabiri iyobowe na Moctar Ouane, itarimo abakoloneli babiri bahoze muri CNSP (Modibo Koné na Sadio Camara), Perezida Bah N'Daw, Minisitiri w'Intebe na Minisitiri w'Ingabo bafashwe, bajyanwa i Kati barinzwe n'abasirikare<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |last=Le Cam |first=Morgane |title=Au Mali, la junte tente un coup de force pour maintenir son emprise sur le gouvernement |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/05/25/au-mali-la-junte-tente-un-coup-de-force-pour-maintenir-son-emprise-sur-le-gouvernement_6081354_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2021-05-25 |access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref><ref name="coup2021">{{cite web |language=fr |last=Labeyrie |first=Isabelle |title=Nouveau coup d'État au Mali : le vice-président prend le pouvoir |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-monde-est-a-nous/nouveau-coup-d-etat-au-mali-le-vice-president-prend-le-pouvoir_4619451.html |website=Franceinfo |date=2021-05-25 |access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref>. Bukeye bwaho, Koloneli Assimi Goïta yatangaje ko yambuye Perezida na Minisitiri w'Intebe ububasha bwabo, abashinja "kudindiza" inzibacyuho no gushyiraho guverinoma nshya batabanje kumugisha inama<ref name="coup2021" /><ref>{{cite news |language=en |last=Ogunkeye |first=Erin |title=Mali junta leader says transitional president, PM have been stripped of duties |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210525-mali-junta-leader-says-transitional-president-pm-have-been-stripped-of-duties |work=France 24 |date=2021-05-25 |access-date=2021-05-26}}</ref>. Koko, itegeko ry'inzibacyuho ryamuhaga uburenganzira bwo kugira icyo avuga ku ihitamo rya Minisitiri w'Ingabo n'uw'Umutekano, imyanya yari isanzwe ifitwe n'inshuti ze Camara na Koné<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bah N'Daw et Assimi Goïta : comment la transition malienne a basculé |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1177719/politique/bah-ndaw-et-assimi-goita-comment-la-transition-malienne-a-bascule/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-05-25 |access-date=2021-05-26}}</ref>. Amaze gufata ubutegetsi, yasubije Sadio Camara ku mwanya wa Minisitiri w'Ingabo<ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Mali transitional government restores ousted Camara as defence minister |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-uk-mali-politics-idAFKCN2DO04C-OZATP |work=Reuters |date=2021-06-12 |access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>. Iyo kudeta yatumye Assimi Goïta aba Perezida w'inzibacyuho w'agateganyo<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: les militaires libèrent les dirigeants arrêtés et reprennent les commandes |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/mali-les-militaires-liberent-les-dirigeants-arretes-mais-restent-loin-d-une-transition-civile-27-05-2021-2428398_24.php |website=Le Point |date=2021-05-27 |access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Gicurasi 2021, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwemeje ko umwanya wa perezida utagira nyirawo, maze rumutangaza nka Perezida w'inzibacyuho, Umukuru w'Igihugu, kugeza inzibacyuho irangiye<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : la Cour constitutionnelle déclare le colonel Goïta président de la transition |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/mali-la-cour-constitutionnelle-declare-le-colonel-goita-president-de-la-transition-20210528 |website=Le Figaro |date=2021-05-28 |access-date=2021-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Mali's top court declares coup leader Goita as interim president |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/malis-top-court-declares-coup-leader-goita-interim-president-2021-05-28/ |work=Reuters |date=2021-05-29 |access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>. Bidatinze, yegereye Ihuriro ry'Igihugu ry'Abakozi ba Mali (UNTM), ryari ryateguye imyigaragambyo y'abakozi<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : Assimi Goïta, pas de droit à l'erreur |url=https://www.dw.com/fr/mali-assimi-go%C3%AFta-pas-de-droit-%C3%A0-lerreur/a-57709030 |website=DW |access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>. Uwo munsi nyine, yatangaje ko umwanya wa Minisitiri w'Intebe uzahabwa ihuriro ry'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, Mouvement du 5 Juin – Rassemblement des forces patriotiques (M5-RFP). Iryo huriro ryatoranyije umuyobozi waryo, Choguel Kokalla Maïga, wagiye ku buyobozi bwa guverinoma ku wa 7 Kamena 2021, nyuma y'aho Goïta arahiriye imbere y'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali – Le colonel Goïta déclaré président après deux coups d'État |url=https://www.tdg.ch/le-colonel-goita-declare-president-apres-deux-coups-detat-590133640461 |website=Tribune de Genève |date=2021-05-29 |access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=New prime minister appointed in Mali |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/new-prime-minister-appointed-in-mali/2260971 |website=Anadolu Agency |date=2021-06-01 |access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Nyakanga 2021, mu birori by'Ilayidi (''Aïd al-Adha''), umugabo witwaje icyuma yagerageje kumutera icyuma ari mu isengesho mu Musigiti Mukuru wa Bamako, ariko ntiyakomereka<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : Assimi Goïta visé par une tentative d'assassinat |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1205920/politique/mali-assimi-goita-vise-par-une-tentative-dassassinat/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-07-20 |access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Mali says President Assimi Goita survives assassination attempt |url=https://www.dw.com/en/mali-says-president-assimi-goita-survives-assassination-attempt/a-58376438 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=2021-07-20 |access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>. Abantu babiri bafashwe n'inzego z'umutekano, ariko umwe muri bo yaje kugaragara ko ari umusirikare wo mu ngabo zidasanzwe wakekwagaho ubufatanyacyaha atari byo<ref>{{cite news |language=en |last1=Diallo |first1=Fatoumata |last2=Laplace |first2=Manon |title=Mali: An investigation into head of state Assimi Goïta's attempted assassination |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/111458/mali-an-investigation-has-been-opened-into-assimi-goitas-attempted-assassination/ |work=The Africa Report |date=2021-07-23 |access-date=2021-09-09}}</ref>. Uwamuteye, wari umwarimu, yapfiriye muri gereza nyuma y'iminsi itanu, icyamwishe ntikimenyekana<ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Man accused of trying to kill Mali president dies in custody |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/26/man-accused-of-trying-to-kill-mali-president-dies-in-custody |work=Al Jazeera |date=2021-07-26}}</ref>. === Kongera igihe cy'inzibacyuho === Mu Ukuboza 2021, nyuma y'inama nkuru y'igihugu yiswe ''Assises nationales pour la refondation'', yasabye ko inzibacyuho yongerwa kuva ku mezi atandatu kugeza ku myaka itanu kugira ngo hakorwe amavugurura ya politiki, Assimi Goïta yatangaje ko yifuza kongera inzibacyuho imyaka itanu<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Au Mali, les Assises nationales recommandent de prolonger la transition jusqu'à cinq ans |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/12/31/au-mali-les-assises-nationales-recommandent-de-prolonger-la-transition-jusqu-a-cinq-ans_6107785_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2021-12-31 |access-date=2025-02-13}}</ref>. Yateganyaga kamarampaka ku Itegeko Nshinga muri Mutarama 2024, amatora y'abadepite n'ay'abasenateri mu Ugushyingo 2025, n'amatora ya perezida mu Ukuboza 2026<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: le détail de la transition proposé à la Cédéao par les autorités |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220103-mali-le-d%C3%A9tail-de-la-transition-propos%C3%A9-%C3%A0-la-c%C3%A9d%C3%A9ao-par-les-autorit%C3%A9s |website=RFI |date=2022-01-03 |access-date=2022-01-07}}</ref>. Iyo gahunda yaganiriweho mu nama idasanzwe ya CEDEAO yo ku wa 9 Mutarama 2022<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cédéao : un sommet extraordinaire sur le Mali le 9 janvier après l'annonce d'une transition prolongée de 5 ans |url=https://afrique.tv5monde.com/information/cedeao-un-sommet-extraordinaire-sur-le-mali-le-9-janvier-apres-lannonce-dune-transition |website=TV5Monde Afrique |access-date=2022-01-02}}</ref>. Iyo nama yanze iyo gahunda, ifunga imipaka yayo na Mali, ihamagaza abambasaderi kandi ishyiraho ibihano by'ubukungu<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Les dirigeants de la Cédéao placent le Mali sous embargo pour sanctionner le maintien de la junte au pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/01/10/les-dirigeants-de-la-cedeao-placent-le-mali-sous-embargo-pour-sanctionner-le-maintien-de-la-junte-au-pouvoir_6108802_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2022-01-10 |access-date=2022-01-10}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Gashyantare 2022, itegeko ry'inzibacyuho ryarahinduwe, inzibacyuho yongerwa igihe kitarenze imyaka itanu. Iryo tegeko ryavugaga kandi ko Assimi Goïta atemerewe kwiyamamaza mu matora ya perezida keretse yeguye, kandi ko perezida w'Inama y'Igihugu y'Inzibacyuho (CNT) ari we wasimbura Perezida w'inzibacyuho<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : la junte maintient le flou sur la question de la date des élections |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/mali-la-junte-maintient-le-flou-sur-la-question-de-la-date-des-elections-445776 |website=TV5Monde |date=2022-02-21 |access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: les autorités de transition adoptent une nouvelle charte |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220221-mali-les-autorit%C3%A9s-de-transition-adoptent-une-nouvelle-charte |website=RFI |date=2022-02-21 |access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Kanama 2022, Goïta yagize Abdoulaye Maïga Minisitiri w'Intebe w'agateganyo, asimbura Choguel Kokalla Maïga wari mu bitaro kuva ku wa 10 Kanama<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : le Premier ministre Choguel Maïga en « repos forcé » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1369557/politique/mali-le-premier-ministre-choguel-maiga-hospitalise/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2022-09-11}}</ref>. Mu Kamena 2023, habaye kamarampaka ku Itegeko Nshinga rishya; ku wa 23 Kamena hatangajwe ko ryemejwe ku majwi 97 %, abitabiriye bakaba 39,4 % by'abiyandikishije<ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Mali approves constitutional amendments in a referendum |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mali-approves-constitutional-amendments-referendum-2023-06-23/ |work=Reuters |date=2023-06-23 |access-date=2023-08-02}}</ref>. Abanenga iryo tegeko bavuze ko kamarampaka itanyuze mu mucyo, kandi ko ryongereye ububasha bwa perezida, bigatuma amavugurura ya demokarasi arushaho kugorana<ref>{{cite web |language=en |last1=Booty |first1=Natasha |last2=Pivac |first2=Mark |title=President's powers beefed up in new Mali constitution |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66282417 |website=BBC News |date=2023-07-23 |access-date=2023-08-02}}</ref>. Igihe cy'inzibacyuho, cyari cyarashyizweho n'iteka rya perezida, cyarangiye ku wa 26 Werurwe 2024 nta matora abaye<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: la période de transition se termine officiellement mais les autorités restent en place |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240326-mali-la-p%C3%A9riode-de-transition-se-termine-officiellement-mais-les-autorit%C3%A9s-restent-en-place |website=RFI |date=2024-03-26 |access-date=2024-03-27}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2024, Minisitiri w'Intebe Maïga yatangaje ko amatora azaba nyuma y'ibiganiro hagati y'Abanyamali n'igihe igihugu kizaba gifite ituze<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: des élections quand le pays sera définitivement stabilisé (Premier ministre) |url=https://afrique.tv5monde.com/information/mali-des-elections-quand-le-pays-sera-definitivement-stabilise-premier-ministre |website=TV5Monde Afrique |access-date=2024-04-15}}</ref>. Muri icyo gihe, ibikorwa by'amashyaka byarahagaritswe, kandi itangazamakuru ryose ribuzwa kubivugaho<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, les médias doivent faire face aux restrictions imposées par le pouvoir en place |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/video/au-mali-les-medias-doivent-faire-face-aux-restrictions-imposees-par-le-pouvoir-en |website=TV5Monde |date=2024-04-12 |access-date=2024-04-15}}</ref>. Ku wa 10 Gicurasi 2024, ibiganiro hagati y'Abanyamali byasabye ko inzibacyuho yongerwa indi myaka iri hagati y'ibiri n'itanu, ko umubare w'amashyaka ugabanywa kandi ntahabwe inkunga ya Leta, ndetse ko Goïta yiyamamaza mu matora ya perezida<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le dialogue inter-Maliens préconise plusieurs années supplémentaires de régime militaire |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240510-le-dialogue-inter-maliens-pr%C3%A9conise-plusieurs-ann%C3%A9es-suppl%C3%A9mentaires-de-r%C3%A9gime-militaire |website=RFI |date=2024-05-10}}</ref>, akanazamurwa ku ipeti rya Jenerali hamwe n'abandi bayobozi bane b'agatsiko k'abasirikare<ref name="i208">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, le dialogue national recommande de « proroger la transition » militaire de plusieurs années |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1566991/politique/au-mali-le-dialogue-national-recommande-de-proroger-la-transition-militaire-de-plusieurs-annees/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2024-05-11 |access-date=2024-05-14}}</ref>. Amashyaka menshi yamaganye ibyo byemezo, avuga ko ibyo biganiro byateguwe n'agatsiko k'abasirikare kugira ngo kagume ku butegetsi, kandi ko ababyitabiriye batatowe<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Que vont devenir les recommandations du dialogue inter-Maliens? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240514-que-vont-devenir-les-recommandations-du-dialogue-inter-maliens |website=RFI |date=2024-05-14}}</ref>. Ku wa 16 Ukwakira 2024, inama y'abaminisitiri yamugize Jenerali w'ingabo (''général d'armée'') "ku buryo budasanzwe"<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Le colonel Assimi Goïta, chef de la junte au Mali, promu général « à titre exceptionnel » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/10/17/le-colonel-assimi-goita-chef-de-la-junte-au-mali-promu-general-a-titre-exceptionnel_6354237_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2024-10-17 |access-date=2024-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Mali's Junta Chief elevates himself to top Army rank |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/10/17/malis-junta-chief-elevates-himself-to-top-army-rank/ |work=Africanews |date=2024-10-17 |access-date=2024-10-17}}</ref>. Afite inyenyeri eshanu, akaba ari we musirikare ufite ipeti risumba ayandi muri Mali<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, Assimi Goïta devient le plus haut gradé du pays |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1623091/politique/au-mali-assimi-goita-devient-le-plus-haut-grade-du-pays/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2024-10-31}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Ugushyingo 2024, yirukanye Minisitiri w'Intebe Choguel Kokalla Maïga, wari washinje agatsiko k'abasirikare kutamureka ngo ayobore no kwanga gushyiraho itariki y'amatora, maze asesa guverinoma ye<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : le Premier Ministre Choguel Maïga limogé après un discours incendiaire |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2024/11/20/mali-le-premier-ministre-choguel-maiga-limoge-apres-un-discours-incendiaire/ |website=Financial Afrik |date=2024-11-20 |access-date=2024-11-20}}</ref>. Bukeye bwaho, yashyizeho Jenerali Abdoulaye Maïga ngo amusimbure<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: le Général Abdoulaye Maïga remplace Choguel Kokalla Maïga au poste de Premier ministre |url=https://laguinee.info/2024/11/21/mali-le-general-abdoulaye-maiga-remplace-choguel-kokalla-maiga/ |website=La Guinée info |date=2024-11-21 |access-date=2024-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : Général Abdoulaye Maïga remplace Choguel Maïga |url=https://ledjely.com/2024/11/21/mali-general-abdoulaye-maiga-remplace-choguel-maiga/ |website=Ledjely |date=2024-11-21 |access-date=2024-11-21}}</ref>. === Iseswa ry'amashyaka na manda itagira iherezo === Ku wa 28 na 29 Mata 2025, habaye indi nama nkuru y'igihugu, amashyaka menshi ya politiki atitabiriye. Yasabye ko Assimi Goïta agirwa Perezida wa Repubulika mu gihe cy'imyaka itanu ishobora kongerwa, kandi ko amashyaka ya politiki aseswa<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, Assimi Goïta pourra être nommé président pour cinq ans, propose la concertation organisée par la junte |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1684203/politique/au-mali-assimi-goita-pourra-etre-nomme-president-pour-cinq-ans-propose-la-concertation-organisee-par-la-junte/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref>. Ku wa 3 Gicurasi, amagana y'abayoboke b'ayo mashyaka bakoze imyigaragambyo imbere y'Ingoro y'Umuco i Bamako, basaba ko inzibacyuho irangira bitarenze ku wa 31 Ukuboza 2025<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, des partis manifestent contre leur possible dissolution et défient Assimi Goïta |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1685272/politique/au-mali-des-partis-manifestent-contre-leur-possible-dissolution-et-defient-assimi-goita/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2025-05-04}}</ref>. Indi nama yari iteganyijwe kubera ku Nzu y'Itangazamakuru yaburijwemo n'abantu boherejwe n'agatsiko k'abasirikare<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: les partis politiques appellent à un nouveau rassemblement le 9 mai contre la transition |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250506-mali-les-partis-politiques-appellent-%C3%A0-un-nouveau-rassemblement-le-9-mai-contre-la-transition |website=RFI |date=2025-05-06}}</ref>. Mu gihe hari hateganyijwe imyigaragambyo ku wa 9 Gicurasi, ubutegetsi bwahagaritse ibikorwa by'amashyaka ku wa 7 Gicurasi<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali: face à la contestation, la Transition suspend les activités politiques sine die |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250507-mali-face-%C3%A0-la-contestation-la-transition-suspend-les-activit%C3%A9s-politiques-sine-die |website=RFI |date=2025-05-07}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Gicurasi 2025, Inama y'Igihugu y'Inzibacyuho yatoye ivanwaho ry'itegeko rigenga amashyaka<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, le CNT vote l'abrogation de la charte des partis |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1687385/politique/au-mali-le-cnt-vote-labrogation-de-la-charte-des-partis/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref>, maze Goïta arishyiraho umukono bukeye bwaho, ku wa 13 Gicurasi<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, le général Assimi Goïta promulgue l'abrogation de la charte des partis |url=https://afrique.tv5monde.com/information/au-mali-le-general-assimi-goita-promulgue-labrogation-de-la-charte-des-partis |website=TV5Monde Afrique |date=2025-05-12}}</ref>. Uwo munsi nyine, nyuma y'inama y'abaminisitiri, yasheshe amashyaka yose ya politiki, anabuza abayoboke bayo guhurira hamwe<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : Assimi Goïta dissout les partis politiques |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1687765/politique/mali-assimi-goita-dissout-les-partis-politiques/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |last=Njie |first=Paul |title=Mali junta dissolves all political parties in latest opposition crackdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqj7z92xw9no |website=BBC News |date=2025-05-14 |access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref>. Icyo cyemezo cyajyanye no guhagarika itangazwa rya televiziyo TV5 Monde muri Mali<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Mali : la junte dissout les partis politiques et suspend la chaîne TV5 Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/05/13/mali-la-junte-dissout-les-partis-politiques-et-suspend-la-chaine-tv5-monde_6605840_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2025-05-13 |access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref>. Ku wa 11 Kamena 2025, inama y'abaminisitiri yemeje ko manda ye yongerwa imyaka itanu nta matora abaye<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Au Mali, le conseil des ministres favorable à un mandat présidentiel sans élection pour le chef de la junte |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/06/12/au-mali-le-conseil-des-ministres-favorable-a-un-mandat-presidentiel-sans-election-pour-le-chef-de-la-junte_6612487_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2025-06-12 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref>. Ku wa 3 Nyakanga 2025, Inama y'Igihugu y'Inzibacyuho yemeje ivugurura ry'itegeko ry'inzibacyuho rimuha manda y'imyaka itanu ishobora kongerwa "inshuro zose bizaba ngombwa" nta matora, kandi rikamwemerera kuziyamamaza mu matora ya perezida azakurikira<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, le Parlement accorde à Assimi Goïta un mandat de cinq ans renouvelable |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1703349/politique/au-mali-assimi-goita-se-voit-accorder-un-mandat-de-cinq-ans-renouvelable-par-le-parlement/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Mali military chief granted renewable five-year presidential term |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/4/mali-military-chief-granted-renewable-five-year-presidential-term |website=Al Jazeera |date=2025-07-04}}</ref>. Iryo tegeko ryashyizweho umukono ku wa 8 Nyakanga 2025<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=Au Mali, le général Assimi Goïta promulgue une loi lui accordant un mandat illimité de président |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/07/11/au-mali-le-general-assimi-goita-promulgue-une-loi-lui-accordant-un-mandat-illimite-de-president_6620633_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2025-07-11 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === [[File:Assimi Goïta with Russian president Vladimir Putin July 2023.jpg|thumb|Goïta ari kumwe na Perezida w'Uburusiya [[Vladimir Putin]] muri Nyakanga 2023]] Muri Mutarama 2023, Goïta yababariye abasirikare 46 ba Côte d'Ivoire bari barakatiwe n'inkiko za Mali mu Ukuboza 2022<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=46 Ivorian soldiers pardoned by junta depart Mali |url=https://www.france24.com/en/video/20230107-the-pardon-comes-a-week-after-an-official-visit-to-bamako-by-an-ivorian-delegation |website=France 24 |date=2023-01-07 |access-date=2023-08-02}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2023, yitabiriye Inama y'Uburusiya n'Afurika yabereye i Saint-Pétersbourg, rukaba rwari urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga kuva kudeta yo mu 2021<ref>{{cite news |language=en |last=Monteau |first=Flore |title=Russia-Africa summit: Goïta and Traoré show support for Putin |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/317101/russia-africa-summit-assimi-goita-and-ibrahim-traore-show-support-for-vladimir-putin/ |work=The Africa Report |date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2024-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=African leaders tell Putin: 'We have a right to call for peace' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-tells-african-leaders-moscow-is-studying-their-ukraine-proposal-2023-07-28/ |publisher=Reuters |date=2023-07-29}}</ref>. Nyuma y'iyo nama, yahuye na Perezida [[Vladimir Putin]] baganira ku nkunga y'ubukungu n'ubutabazi Uburusiya buha Mali. Muri iyo nama, Goïta yashinje ibihugu byafatiye Mali ibihano "gukoresha uburyo bw'ubukoloni bushya"<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Meeting with Interim President of Mali Assimi Goïta |url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/71842 |website=President of Russia |date=2023-07-29 |access-date=2023-08-02}}</ref>. Nyuma ya kudeta yo muri Nyakanga 2023 muri [[Nigeri]], Goïta yashyigikiye agatsiko k'abasirikare kafashe ubutegetsi muri icyo gihugu (CNSP), maze na ko kemerera ingabo za Mali kwinjira muri Nigeri<ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Niger allows Mali, Burkina Faso troops to enter its territory in case of attack |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/niger-allows-mali-burkina-faso-troops-enter-its-territory-case-attack-2023-08-24/ |work=Reuters |date=2023-08-24 |access-date=2023-09-03}}</ref>. Ku wa 16 Nzeri 2023, ari kumwe na Kapiteni [[Ibrahim Traoré]] wa Burkina Faso na Jenerali Abdourahamane Tiani wa Nigeri, yashinze Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel (AES). Muri Mutarama 2024, Mali yatangaje ko ivuye muri CEDEAO. Goïta yabaye perezida wa mbere w'Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel kuva ku wa 6 Nyakanga 2024 kugeza mu Ukuboza 2025, asimburwa na Ibrahim Traoré. Muri Ukwakira 2023, yagiranye ikiganiro kuri telefoni na Putin, kikaba cyari icya gatatu mu mezi atageze kuri abiri, baganira ku bucuruzi n'umutekano. Nyuma yaho, yashimiye ku mugaragaro "inkunga yose Uburusiya buha Mali"<ref>{{cite news |language=en |title=Putin talks security with Malian leader in third phone call in two months |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-talks-security-with-malian-leader-third-phone-call-two-months-2023-10-10/ |work=Reuters |date=2023-10-10 |access-date=2024-01-04}}</ref>. Muri Ukwakira 2024, yakiriye intumwa z'inteko ishinga amategeko ya Turukiya mu rwego rwo gutandukanya abafatanyabikorwa ba Mali mu bukungu no mu by'umutekano. Turukiya yagaragaje ko ishyigikiye ingabo za Mali (FAMa) mu rugamba rwo kurwanya iterabwoba; muri Nyakanga 2024, Perezida wa Turukiya Recep Tayyip Erdoğan yari yamwijeje inkunga ye mu kiganiro kuri telefoni<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=La Turquie : un nouveau partenaire sécuritaire privilégié pour le Mali ? |url=https://www.afrique-sur7.fr/la-turquie-un-nouveau-partenaire-securitaire-privilegie-pour-le-mali |website=Afrique-sur7 |date=2024-12-11 |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mali : Le colonel Assimi Goita reçoit une délégation turque à Bamako |url=https://www.koaci.com/article/2024/10/10/afrique/politique/mali-le-colonel-assimi-goita-recoit-une-delegation-turque-a-bamako_181522.html |website=KOACI |date=2024-10-10 |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref>. === Ibitero byo muri Mata 2026 === Ku wa 25 Mata 2026, Umutwe wo Kubohora Azawad (FLA) n'Itsinda rishyigikira Isilamu n'Abayisilamu (JNIM) bagabye hamwe ibitero mu bice byinshi bya Mali<ref name="aj2026">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mali military leader Goita emerges as Russia declares it halted coup |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/28/malis-military-leader-goita-emerges-as-russia-declares-it-halted-coup |website=Al Jazeera |date=2026-04-28 |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. Nk'uko ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare bubivuga, abarwanyi bagerageje kwica Goïta bakoresheje imodoka yuzuyemo ibisasu bari bagenewe kohereza ku nzu ye<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Junta leader Assimi Goita target of April attacks, Malian army says |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/05/07/junta-leader-assimi-goita-target-of-april-attacks-malian-army-says/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-05-07}}</ref>. Yamaze iminsi atagaragara mu ruhame, yongera kugaragara ku wa 29 Mata ubwo yakiraga ambasaderi w'Uburusiya<ref name="aj2026" />. Ku wa 4 Gicurasi 2026, yigize Minisitiri w'Ingabo, asimbura Sadio Camara wiciwe muri ibyo bitero, naho umugaba mukuru w'ingabo Oumar Diarra agirwa Minisitiri wungirije<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Assimi Goïta: Mali junta leader names himself defence minister after predecessor killed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8r8jr7x8mlo |website=BBC |date=2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Mali leader Goita takes defence post after minister killed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/5/4/mali-leader-goita-takes-defence-post-after-minister-killed |website=Al Jazeera |date=2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-08-25}}</ref>. === Politiki y'ubukungu === Ku butegetsi bwa Goïta, umugabane wa Leta mu mishinga y'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro wavuye kuri 20 % ugera kuri 35 %, Leta ikagira n'uburenganzira bwo kongeraho andi 10 %. Ibigo by'ubucukuzi bisabwa kwishyura imisoro mishya no kwishyura imisoro byari birimo, bitabikora bigahanwa bikomeye. Ashyigikira ko ibigo bihinduka ibya Leta, nk'uko byagenze ku birombe bibiri bya zahabu, Morila na Yatela, ubu biri mu maboko ya Leta yose. Igenzura ryategetswe na Goïta ryagaragaje ko hari "amakosa" mu masezerano y'ubucukuzi<ref>{{cite web |language=en |last=Sow |first=Mapathé |title=Mali: President Assimi Goïta asserts his mining sovereignty with a crack team |url=https://ornoirafrica.com/en/mali-president-assimi-goita-asserts-his-mining-sovereignty-with-a-crack-team/ |website=Or Noir Africa |date=2025-07-08 |access-date=2026-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260429215542/https://ornoirafrica.com/en/mali-president-assimi-goita-asserts-his-mining-sovereignty-with-a-crack-team/ |archive-date=2026-04-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Isura ye mu ruhame == Assimi Goïta yiyerekana nk'"Umurinzi n'Umubohozi wa Mali" kandi nk'"umuntu udasanzwe mu bihe bidasanzwe", isura ijyanye n'imigani n'imigenzo ya Mali<ref>{{cite web |language=en |last1=Bøås |first1=Morten |last2=Haavik |first2=Viljar |title=Winning hearts and power: how Mali's military regime gained popular support |url=https://theconversation.com/winning-hearts-and-power-how-malis-military-regime-gained-popular-support-254518 |website=The Conversation |date=2025-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Winning hearts and power: how Mali's military regime gained popular support |url=https://www.nupi.no/nyheter/winning-hearts-and-power-how-mali-s-military-regime-gained-popular-support |website=NUPI |date=2025-04-30}}</ref>. Imvugo ye yo kubohora igihugu ifatwa nk'iy'abaharanira kubungabunga imigenzo bashingiye ku rubanda (''populisme conservateur''), aho kuba iy'impinduramatwara y'ibumoso<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Perpetuating Populist Transition: The New Model of Ruling Military Regimes in West Africa |url=https://epc.ae/en/details/brief/perpetuating-populist-transition-the-new-model-of-ruling-military-regimes-in-west-africa |website=Emirates Policy Center |date=2025-05-07}}</ref>. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2023 n'umuryango w'Abadage Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung bwagaragaje ko Abanyamali benshi cyane bishimiye ubutegetsi bw'inzibacyuho buyobowe na Assimi Goïta<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mali, un sondage souligne la confiance populaire envers Assimi Goïta et la Russie |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1442035/politique/au-mali-un-sondage-souligne-la-confiance-populaire-envers-assimi-goita-et-la-russie/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Assimi Goïta yashakanye na Lala Diallo<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |last=Coulibaly |first=Justin |title=Epouse du colonel Assimi Goïta, Lala Diallo enflamme la Toile |url=https://www.afrik.com/epouse-du-colonel-assimi-goita-lala-diallo-enflamme-la-toile |work=Afrik.com |date=2021-08-06 |access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref>. Ni Umuyisilamu<ref>{{cite web |language=en |last=Finnan |first=Daniel |title=Mali's 'Black Panther': who is military junta leader Assimi Goita? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20200902-mali-s-black-panther-who-is-military-junta-leader-assimi-goita |website=RFI |date=2020-09-02 |access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref>. == Reba kandi == * [[Ibrahim Traoré]] == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Assimi Goïta}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Mali]] af33h76pcmef2u8v03xks4pq4x6mfdk 0 23181 140733 140641 2026-10-04T23:56:18Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Abdelmadjid Tebboune | image = Premier dr. Golob na uradnem in prijateljskem obisku v Ljudski demokratični republiki Alžiriji (53750002104) portrait.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Abdelmadjid Tebboune mu 2024 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|11|17|df=y}} | birth_place = Mécheria, [[Aligeriya]] | nationality = Umunyaligeriya | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru ry'Igihugu ry'Ubuyobozi (ENA) rya Alger | occupation = Umunyapolitiki, umuyobozi | known_for = Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Aligeriya (2017) | title = Perezida wa Aligeriya | term = Kuva ku wa 19 Ukuboza 2019 | predecessor = Abdelaziz Bouteflika (Abdelkader Bensalah, w'agateganyo) | party = Yigenga (yahoze muri FLN) | spouse = Fatima Zohra Bella | children = 5 }} '''Abdelmadjid Tebboune''' (mu Cyarabu: عبد المجيد تبون; wavutse ku wa 17 Ugushyingo 1945 i Mécheria, muri [[Aligeriya]]) ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyaligeriya, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Aligeriya akaba na Minisitiri w'Ingabo z'Igihugu kuva mu 2019. Yabaye guverineri (''wali'') w'intara nyinshi, aba minisitiri inshuro nyinshi ku butegetsi bwa Chadli Bendjedid na Abdelaziz Bouteflika, cyane cyane Minisitiri w'Imiturire. Yabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe kuva muri Gicurasi kugeza muri Kanama 2017, ari we Minisitiri w'Intebe wamaze igihe gito kurusha abandi mu mateka y'igihugu. Mu Ukuboza 2019, nyuma y'imyigaragambyo ya ''Hirak'' yatumye Bouteflika yegura, yatorewe kuba Perezida wa Repubulika mu matora yitabiriwe na bake. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2024 ku majwi 84,3 %. Ku butegetsi bwe, Itegeko Nshinga ryavuguruwe mu 2020 no mu 2026, ariko abanenga ubutegetsi bwe bavuga ko ubwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru n'ubw'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bwagabanutse. Mu bubanyi n'amahanga, umubano wa Aligeriya na [[Maroke]] n'Ubufaransa warazambye, mu gihe yegereye [[Uburusiya]], [[Ubushinwa]] n'Ubutaliyani. == Ubuzima == === Umuryango n'amashuri === Abdelmadjid Tebboune yavutse ku wa 17 Ugushyingo 1945 i Mécheria<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Président Abdelmadjid Tebboune |url=http://www.election-politique.com/pays.php?valeur=DZ&key=dir&dir=Président%20Abdelmadjid%20Tebboune |website=election-politique.com}}</ref>, mu ntara ya Naâma y'ubu, icyo gihe yari mu karere ka Aïn Sefra. Akomoka mu muryango wo muri komine ya Boussemghoun, mu ntara ya El-Bayadh y'ubu, mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Aligeriya<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : Abdelmadjid Tebboune, un président entre les mains de l’armée |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/Algerie-Abdelmadjid-Tebboune-president-entre-mains-larmee-2019-12-15-1201066605 |website=La Croix |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Se, Ahmed Tebboune, yari ''cheikh'' wo mu Ishyirahamwe ry'Abamenyi b'Abayisilamu ba Aligeriya (''Association des oulémas musulmans algériens''), akaba n'umusirikare<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Adam Arroudj |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune, à peine élu, déjà contesté à la présidence de l’Algérie |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/abdelmadjid-tebboune-a-peine-elu-deja-consteste-a-la-presidence-de-l-algerie-20191213 |website=lefigaro.fr |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Yarangije amashuri mu Ishuri rikuru ry'Igihugu ry'Ubuyobozi (''École nationale d'administration'', ENA) mu 1969, mu gice cy'ubukungu n'imari<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 29 juillet 1969 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1969/064/FP603.pdf}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne |url=https://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1969/064/FP603.pdf |website=Official Journal of the Algerian Republic |date=1969-07-29 |access-date=2021-06-08}}</ref>. === Umwuga mu buyobozi === Yatangiye akazi mu 1969 nk'umuyobozi w'imenyereza mu ntara ya Saoura; icyo gihe yinjiye mu ishyaka rya ''Front de libération nationale'' (FLN)<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tebboune ne serait-il donc plus un militant du FLN ? |url=https://www.lematindalgerie.com/tebboune-ne-serait-il-donc-plus-un-militant-du-fln |website=Le Matin d'Algérie |date=2020-06-01 |access-date=2020-06-12}}</ref>. Yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru w'intara za Djelfa (1975–1976), Adrar (1977–1979), Blida (1979–1982) na M'Sila (1982–1983)<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 25 avril 1975 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1975/033/FP378.pdf}}</ref>. Nyuma yaho yabaye guverineri (''wali'') w'intara ya Adrar (1983–1984)<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 15 février 1983 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1983/007/FP297.pdf}}</ref>, iya Tiaret (1984–1989)<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 19 juin 1984 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/025/FP642.pdf}}</ref> n'iya Tizi Ouzou (1989–1991)<ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 30 août 1989 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1989/036/FP869.pdf}}</ref>. == Urugendo muri politiki == === Minisitiri === Muri Kamena 1991, yagizwe Minisitiri wungirije ushinzwe inzego z'ibanze muri guverinoma ya Sid Ahmed Ghozali, ava muri guverinoma mu 1992<ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 18 juin 1991 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/030/FP921.pdf}}</ref>. Mu 1999, Perezida Abdelaziz Bouteflika yamugize Minisitiri w'Itumanaho n'Umuco<ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 26 décembre 1999 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1999/093/FP6.pdf}}</ref>, nyuma y'amezi atandatu asubizwa ku mwanya wa Minisitiri wungirije ushinzwe inzego z'ibanze. Mu 2001, yagizwe Minisitiri w'Imiturire n'Imigi, umwanya yamazeho kugeza mu 2002<ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 6 juin 2001 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO2000/2001/031/FP6.pdf}}</ref>. Muri icyo gihe, izina rye ryavuzwe mu rubanza rwa ''Khalifa'', rwerekeye isenyuka ry'itsinda ry'ibigo by'umucuruzi Rafik Khalifa<ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Assiya HAMZA |title=Ahmed Ouyahia, l’homme du sérail qui ne fait pas d’ombre à Bouteflika - France 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20170816-algerie-ahmed-ouyahia-homme-serail-bouteflika-premier-ministre |website=France 24 |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 3 Nzeri 2012, yongeye kugirwa Minisitiri w'Imiturire n'Imigi muri guverinoma ya Abdelmalek Sellal<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 9 septembre 2012 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/FTP/JO-FRANCAIS/2012/F2012049.pdf}}</ref>, umwanya yagumyeho kugeza mu 2017. Ku wa 19 Mutarama 2017, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Bakhti Belaïb, yahawe n'umwanya wa Minisitiri w'Ubucuruzi w'agateganyo<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune prend ses fonctions de ministre du Commerce par intérim - Algérie Éco |url=http://www.algerie-eco.com/index.php/2017/01/19/abdelmadjid-tebboune-prend-fonctions-de-ministre-commerce-interim/ |website=Algérie Eco |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. === Minisitiri w'Intebe (2017) === Ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2017, nyuma y'amatora y'abadepite, Bouteflika yamugize Minisitiri w'Intebe asimbura Abdelmalek Sellal; icyo gihe yafatwaga nk'inshuti y'umugaba mukuru w'ingabo, Ahmed Gaïd Salah<ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Nicolas Beau |title=Alger, Abdelmajid Tebboune probable candidat aux Présidentielles |url=https://mondafrique.com/alger-tebboune-probable-candidat-aux-presidentielles/ |website=mondafrique.com via Internet Archive |date=2019-09-24 |access-date=2026-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406173348/https://mondafrique.com/alger-tebboune-probable-candidat-aux-presidentielles/ |archive-date=2023-04-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=en |title=Le président Bouteflika nomme Abdelmadjid Tebboune Premier ministre |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/58116-le-president-bouteflika-nomme-abdelmadjid-tebboune-premier-ministre |website=www.aps.dz |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye yashyizweho ku wa 25 Gicurasi<ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Algerian energy, finance ministers replaced in reshuffle – APS |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-algeria-politics-idUKKBN18K1OZ |website=Reuters |date=2017-05-24 |access-date=2017-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525152641/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-algeria-politics-idUKKBN18K1OZ |archive-date=2017-05-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 15 Kanama 2017, nyuma y'amezi atageze kuri atatu, Bouteflika yaramwirukanye amusimbuza Ahmed Ouyahia<ref name="E11">{{cite web |author=Lamin chikhi |title=Algeria recalls veteran crisis manager Ouyahia as Prime Minister |url=http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1AV24Z |website=Reuters |date=2017-08-15 |access-date=2026-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212200705/https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1AV24Z |archive-date=2019-12-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Impamvu zavuzwe ni ubushake bwe bwo kugabanya ibitumizwa mu mahanga no kurwanya ruswa, ndetse n'icyo ibiro bya perezida byise "gutoteza abacuruzi"<ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : le Premier ministre limogé trois mois à peine après sa nomination - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170815-algerie-premier-ministre-tebboune-limoge-trois-mois-peine-apres-nomination |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga, guverinoma ye yari yihanangirije ibigo binini byari byatsindiye amasoko ya Leta, harimo ikigo ETRHB cy'umucuruzi Ali Haddad, wari inshuti ya Saïd Bouteflika, murumuna wa Perezida<ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : le Premier ministre déjà limogé au bout de trois mois |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2017/08/15/01003-20170815ARTFIG00160-algerie-le-premier-ministre-deja-limoge-au-bout-de-trois-mois.php}}</ref>. Yabaye atyo Minisitiri w'Intebe wamaze igihe gito kurusha abandi mu mateka ya Aligeriya<ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Algérie, cinq candidats briguent la succession d’Abdelaziz Bouteflika |url=https://www.24heures.ch/en-algerie-cinq-candidats-briguent-la-succession-dabdelaziz-bouteflika-133744536956 |website=24 heures |access-date=2024-04-20}}</ref>. Izo ngamba zatumye akundwa n'abaturage, avugwa nk'ushobora gusimbura Bouteflika<ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Point, magazine |title=Algérie - Limogeage de Tebboune : « Chronique d'une chute annoncée » |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/algerie-limogeage-de-tebboune-chronique-d-une-chute-annoncee-16-08-2017-2150330_24.php |website=Le Point |access-date=2017-08-16}}</ref>. === Amatora ya perezida yo mu 2019 === Muri Nzeri 2019, mu gihe cy'imyigaragambyo ya ''Hirak'' yari yatumye Bouteflika yegura, yatangaje ko aziyamamaza mu matora ya perezida yo mu Ukuboza. Yiyita "umukandida w'abaturage", yasezeranyije kuvugurura Itegeko Nshinga n'itegeko ry'amatora no gushyiraho "demokarasi nyayo"<ref name="F40">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Arezki Benali |title=Tebboune : « Je suis le candidat du peuple » |url=https://www.algerie-eco.com/2019/10/09/tebboune-je-suis-le-candidat-du-peuple/ |website=Algerie Eco |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Abigaragambyaga baramwamaganye, abamunenga bakamwita "umukandida w'igisirikare"<ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : le retour d’Abdelmadjid Tebboune, cauchemar des oligarques |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/fr/reportages/algerie-le-retour-dabdelmadjid-tebboune-cauchemar-des-oligarques |website=Middle East Eye édition française |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Ukuboza 2019, yatowe ku majwi 58 % mu cyiciro cya mbere, mu matora abantu batageze kuri 40 % bitabiriye, atsinze abakandida b'amashyaka abiri makuru, FLN na RND<ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Algeria election: Ex-PM to replace Bouteflika after boycotted poll |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50782676 |website=BBC |date=2019-12-13 |access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref><ref name="F46">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Conseil Constitutionnel annonce les résultats définitifs de la présidentielle |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/99035-le-conseil-constitutionnel-annonce-les-resultats-definitifs-de-la-presidentielle |website=aps.dz |date=2019-12-16 |access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref>. Abasesenguzi bamwe bavuze ko imibare yatangajwe "iteye amakenga"<ref name="F47">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : contesté par la rue, le président Tebboune entre en fonction |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/algerie-conteste-par-la-rue-le-president-tebboune-entre-en-fonction-19-12-2019-2354059_3826.php |website=lepoint.fr |date=2019-12-19 |access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref>. Mu kiganiro cye cya mbere n'abanyamakuru nyuma yo gutorwa, yavuze ko arambuye ukuboko kuri ''Hirak'' kandi ashyigikiye ibiganiro<ref name="F51">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Nabil Semyane |title=Première conférence de presse de Tebboune : « Je tends ma main au Hirak » |url=https://www.algerie1.com/actualite/premiere-conference-de-presse-de-tebboune-laquo-je-tends-ma-main-au-hirak-raquo |website=Algerie1.com |date=2019-12-13 |access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Repubulika == === Irahira n'ingamba za mbere === Ku wa 19 Ukuboza 2019, yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Rubanda ya Aligeriya<ref name="F52">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le nouveau président Abdelmadjid Tebboune prête serment (Actualisé) |url=https://www.algerie1.com/actualite/le-nouveau-president-abdelmadjid-tebboune-prete-serment-actualise}}</ref>. Ni we Perezida wa mbere wa Aligeriya utarabaye umurwanyi (''moudjahid'') mu ntambara y'ubwigenge, akaba kandi ari we wari ukuze kurusha abandi atangiye manda<ref name="F54">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : qui est Abdelmadjid Tebboune, le nouveau président déjà contesté? |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/algerie-qui-est-abdelmadjid-tebboune-le-nouveau-president-deja-conteste_2111100.html |website=lexpress.fr |date=2019-12-13 |access-date=2021-09-08}}</ref>. Yasabye ko atazongera kwitwa "Nyakubahwa" (''Excellence''), izina ryari ryarakoreshejwe cyane ku butegetsi bwa Bouteflika<ref name="F56">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le nouveau Président demande à être dispensé du prédicat ‘’Excellence’’ |url=https://www.algerie1.com/actualite/le-nouveau-president-demande-a-etre-dispense-du-predicat-lsquo-excellence}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Ukuboza 2019, yagize Abdelaziz Djerad Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="F64">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Zineddine Bouhaddadoua |title=Sur décision du président Tebboune: Abdelaziz Djerrad nouveau premier ministre |url=https://www.alg24.net/abdelaziz-djerrad-nouveau-premier-ministre/ |website=alg24.net |date=2019-12-28}}</ref>. === Ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga === Ku wa 8 Mutarama 2020, yashyizeho akanama k'impuguke 17, abenshi bakaba ari abarimu b'amategeko nshinga, kayobowe na Ahmed Laraba, gashinzwe gutegura ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga<ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie: le président Tebboune nomme une commission pour réviser la Constitution |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20200109-algerie-composition-comission-revision-constitution |date=2020-01-09 |access-date=2020-09-22}}</ref><ref name="F75">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Révision de la Constitution : Tebboune nomme un comité d’experts |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/revision-de-la-constitution-tebboune-nomme-un-comite-dexperts/}}</ref>. Yagasabye kwibanda ku ngingo zirindwi, harimo kongera uburenganzira bw'abaturage, kurwanya ruswa, kuringaniza ububasha, kwigenga kw'ubucamanza, no gushyiraho manda ebyiri gusa ku mukuru w'igihugu, "zidashobora guhinduka"<ref name="E25" />. Umushinga watangajwe ku wa 7 Gicurasi 2020 wanenzwe kuko utahinduraga ubutegetsi bushingiye cyane kuri perezida<ref name="F78">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Algérie, le projet de Constitution de Tebboune fait pschitt |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2020/05/14/en-algerie-le-projet-de-constitution-de-tebboune-fait-pschitt_1788266 |website=Libération.fr |date=2020-05-14 |access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref>. Kamarampaka yo ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 2020 yemeje iryo vugurura ku majwi 66,8 %, ariko abitabiriye bari 23 % gusa; Tebboune yashyize umukono ku iteka ririshyira mu bikorwa ku wa 30 Ukuboza 2020<ref name="F89">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président Tebboune a signé le décret amendant la constitution |url=https://www.algerie-eco.com/2020/12/31/le-president-tebboune-signe-le-decret-amendant-la-constitution/ |website=algerie-eco.com |date=2021-12-31 |access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref>. Ku wa 18 Gashyantare 2021, yasheshe Inteko Ishinga Amategeko (APN), ategeka amatora y'abadepite mbere y'igihe<ref name="F90">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : vers une dissolution du Parlement ? |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2021/02/18/algerie-vers-une-dissolution-du-parlement/ |website=africanews.com |date=2021-02-18 |access-date=2021-02-19}}</ref><ref name="E40">{{cite web |title=Algerian President Reshuffles Government Without Major Cabinet Changes |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/02/22/algerian-president-reshuffles-government-without-major-cabinet-changes/ |website=AfricaNews |date=2021-02-22 |access-date=2021-03-04}}</ref>. Mu 2026, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeje ku bwiganze busesuye irindi vugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga. Abahanga mu mategeko barimo Massensen Cherbi na Mouloud Boumghar bavuga ko iryo vugurura ryongereye ububasha bwa Perezida<ref name="F96">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frédéric Bobin |title=En Algérie, Abdelmadjid Tebboune renforce ses pouvoirs et verrouille le régime |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/03/25/en-algerie-abdelmadjid-tebboune-renforce-la-presidentialisation-du-regime_6674157_3210.html?search-type=classic&ise_click_rank=2 |website=Le Monde |date=2026-03-25 |access-date=2026-03-26}}</ref>. Nyuma y'inkongi z'amashyamba zo mu 2026, Tebboune yasabye ko igitabo cy'amategeko ahana kivugururwa kugira ngo abatwika amashyamba bahanishwe igihano cy'urupfu<ref name="F98">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Incendies meurtriers en Algérie : Abdelmadjid Tebboune ordonne l’application de la peine capitale |url=https://elwatan.dz/incendies-meurtriers-en-algerie-abdelmadjid-tebboune-ordonne-lapplication-de-la-peine-capitale/ |website=El Watan |date=2026-08-30 |access-date=2026-08-30}}</ref>. Umuhanga mu mateka Jean-Pierre Filiu avuga ko umugaba mukuru w'ingabo, Saïd Chengriha, ari we ufite ububasha bukomeye kurusha Perezida<ref name="F92">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les généraux algériens relancent la guerre des mémoires avec la France |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/filiu/2021/04/04/les-generaux-algeriens-relancent-la-guerre-des-memoires-avec-la-france/}}</ref>; ikinyamakuru ''Jeune Afrique'' cyo kivuga ko bombi ari bo bagabo babiri bakomeye kurusha abandi mu gihugu<ref name="F93">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Saïd Chengriha, l’homme qui veut en découdre avec le Maroc - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1453898/politique/said-chengriha-lhomme-qui-veut-en-decoudre-avec-le-maroc/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2024-06-24}}</ref><ref name="E1">{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria: Tensions mount as Tebboune and Chengriha butt heads |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/46604/algeria-tensions-mount-as-tebboune-and-chengriha-butt-heads/ |website=The Africa Report.com |date=2020-10-19 |access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref>. === ''Hirak'' n'ubwisanzure === Muri Gashyantare 2020, Tebboune yavuze ko ''Hirak'' ari "ikintu cyiza cyakijije igihugu", maze ashyiraho ku wa 22 Gashyantare "Umunsi w'igihugu w'ubuvandimwe n'ubumwe hagati y'abaturage n'ingabo zabo kubera demokarasi"<ref name="F99">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Président Tebboune assure que le Hirak est un phénomène salutaire et met en garde contre toute tentative d'infiltration |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/101975-le-president-de-la-republique-assure-que-le-hirak-est-un-phenomene-salutaire-et-met-en-garde-contre-toute-tentative-d-infiltration}}</ref><ref name="E17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Président Tebboune assure que le Hirak est un phénomène salutaire et met en garde contre toute tentative d'infiltration |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/101975-le-president-de-la-republique-assure-que-le-hirak-est-un-phenomene-salutaire-et-met-en-garde-contre-toute-tentative-d-infiltration |date=2020-02-20 |access-date=2020-09-22}}</ref>. Ku wa 17 Werurwe 2020, mu rwego rwo kurwanya icyorezo cya COVID-19, yabujije imyigaragambyo yose<ref name="E20">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Madjid Makedhi |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune assure que l'état a pris ses dispositions pour lutter contre le coronavirus: "Des moyens supplémentaires seront engagés" |url=https://www.elwatan.com/a-la-une/abdelmadjid-tebboune-assure-que-letat-a-pris-ses-dispositions-pour-lutter-contre-le-coronavirus-des-moyens-supplementaires-seront-engages-18-03-2020 |date=2020-03-18 |access-date=2020-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726112122/https://www.elwatan.com/a-la-une/abdelmadjid-tebboune-assure-que-letat-a-pris-ses-dispositions-pour-lutter-contre-le-coronavirus-des-moyens-supplementaires-seront-engages-18-03-2020 |archive-date=2020-07-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Amnesty International yamaganye ko, mu gihe amaso yose yari ku cyorezo, ubutegetsi bwihutishaga ikurikiranwa n'imanza z'abarwanashyaka, abanyamakuru n'abashyigikiye ''Hirak''<ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Defend the right to protest in Algeria |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/get-involved/take-action/defend-the-right-to-protest-in-algeria/ |website=amnesty.org |access-date=2020-10-17}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Werurwe 2020, avuga ku ifungwa ry'abanyamakuru barimo Khaled Drareni, yavuze ko bamwe muri bo bakorera itangazamakuru ry'amahanga "ritewe inkunga n'amahanga" kugira ngo risenye inzego z'igihugu<ref name="F105">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La liberté de la presse se dégrade en Algérie |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/la-liberte-de-la-presse-se-degrade-en-algerie-02-05-2020-2373844_24.php# |website=lepoint.fr |date=2020-05-02 |access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref>. Ku wa 15 Nzeri 2020, Drareni yakatiwe mu bujurire igifungo cy'imyaka ibiri<ref name="F107">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Khaled Drareni condamné à deux ans de prison ferme |url=https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/khaled-drareni-condamne-a-deux-ans-de-prison-ferme-15-09-2020 |website=El Watan |access-date=2020-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001130149/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/khaled-drareni-condamne-a-deux-ans-de-prison-ferme-15-09-2020 |archive-date=2020-10-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 18 Gashyantare 2021, Tebboune yahaye imbabazi abantu bagera kuri 60 bari bafunzwe kubera ''Hirak''<ref name="F111">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président algérien dissout le Parlement et appelle à des élections anticipées |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/le-president-algerien-dissout-le-parlement-et-appelle-a-des-elections-anticipees-20210218 |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2021-02-18 |access-date=2021-02-18}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 2024, ku isabukuru y'imyaka 70 y'itangazo ryo ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 1954, yahaye imbabazi imfungwa zirenga 4 000, barimo umunyamakuru Ihsane El Kadi<ref name="F114">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction AE |title=Le Président Tebboune signe deux décrets présidentiels portant mesures de grâce pour plus de 4000 détenus |url=https://www.algerie-eco.com/2024/11/01/le-president-tebboune-signe-deux-decrets-presidentiels-portant-mesures-de-grace-pour-plus-de-4000-detenus/ |website=Algerie Eco |date=2024-10-31 |access-date=2024-11-03}}</ref><ref name="F115">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Algérie, le journaliste Ihsane El Kadi et plusieurs détenus d’opinion libérés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/en-algerie-le-journaliste-ihsane-el-kadi-et-plusieurs-detenus-dopinion-liberes-20241101_CB5F4KLE35DE3K646YDE6M5OKA/ |website=Libération |access-date=2024-11-03}}</ref>. === Indwara ya COVID-19 === Muri Ukwakira 2020, byatangajwe ko Tebboune yanduye COVID-19; ku wa 28 Ukwakira yajyanywe mu Budage kuvurwa, Minisitiri w'Intebe Abdelaziz Djerad amusimbura mu mirimo ye<ref name="F142">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La Présidence donne des nouvelles de l'état de santé de Tebboune |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/alerte-la-presidence-donne-des-nouvelles-de-letat-de-sante-de-tebboune/ |website=tsa-algerie.com |date=2020-10-29 |access-date=2020-10-31}}</ref><ref name="E36">{{cite web |language=en |author=Tara Rippin |title=Algerian President 'disappears' after flying to Germany for Covid treatment |url=https://www.euroweeklynews.com/2020/12/12/algerian-president-disappears-after-flying-to-germany-for-covid-treatment/ |website=Euro Weekly News |date=2020-12-12 |access-date=2021-03-15}}</ref>. Yagarutse muri Aligeriya ku wa 29 Ukuboza 2020, asubira i Berlin ku wa 10 Mutarama 2021 kubagwa ikirenge kubera ingaruka za COVID-19, agaruka ku wa 12 Gashyantare 2021<ref name="F146">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président Tebboune de retour en Algérie après deux mois d'absence |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/le-president-tebboune-de-retour-en-algerie-apres-deux-mois-d-absence-20201229 |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2020-12-29 |access-date=2020-12-29}}</ref><ref name="E38">{{cite web |author=Hamid Ould Ahmed |title=Algerian president returns to Germany to be treated for COVID-19 complications |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/algerian-president-returns-germany-treated-152045560.html |website=Yahoo News |date=2021-01-10 |access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref><ref name="E39">{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria's Tebboune returns home after hospitalisation in Germany |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/12/algerias-tebboune-returns-home-after-hospitalization-in-germany |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2021-03-20}}</ref>. === Ubukungu === Ku wa 15 Gashyantare 2022, yatangaje ko urubyiruko rufite hagati y'imyaka 19 na 40 rudafite akazi ruzajya ruhabwa amafaranga y'ingoboka, mu gihe ubushomeri bwari burenze 15 %<ref name="E50">{{cite web |title=Unemployed youth in Algeria to receive monthly pay |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/02/16/unemployed-youth-in-algeria-to-receive-monthly-pay/ |website=Africanews |date=2022-02-16 |access-date=2022-02-20}}</ref>. Nyuma y'igitero cy'Uburusiya kuri Ukraine, yemereye Ubutaliyani n'Uburayi kongererwa gaze; ku wa 18 Nyakanga 2022, yasinyanye na Minisitiri w'Intebe w'Ubutaliyani Mario Draghi amasezerano y'agaciro ka miliyari 4 z'amayero, bituma Aligeriya iba igihugu cya mbere gihaye Ubutaliyani gaze nyinshi<ref name="E51">{{cite web |language=en |title=Italian energy giant Eni signs deal to boost Algerian gas supply |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/5/26/italys-power-giant-eni-inks-deal-to-boost-algerian-gas-imports |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref><ref name="E53">{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria becomes Italy's biggest gas supplier in new €4bn deal |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/07/18/italys-draghi-visits-algeria-for-gas-talks-while-political-crisis-continues-at-home |website=euronews |date=2022-07-18 |access-date=2022-07-19}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2022, yatangaje ko ashaka gutandukanya ubukungu bw'igihugu no kongera ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bitari peteroli na gaze<ref name="E55">{{cite web |title=Non-hydrocarbon exports: Algeria targets US$7 billion by end of 2022 |url=https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/45062-non-hydrocarbon-exports-algeria-targets-us-7-billion-by-end-of-2022 |website=Algeria Press Service |date=2022-09-24 |access-date=2022-10-08}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Mu gihe cy'intambara yo muri [[Libiya]], Aligeriya yongeye kugira uruhare muri icyo kibazo; Tebboune yitabiriye inama ya Berlin yerekeye Libiya ku wa 19 Mutarama 2020<ref name="F123">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tebboune se rend à Berlin pour prendre part à la conférence internationale sur la Libye |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/tebboune-se-rend-a-berlin-pour-prendre-part-a-la-conference-internationale-sur-la-libye/}}</ref>, kandi muri Nyakanga 2021 yemereye Libiya "ubufasha bwuzuye" ubwo yakiraga Mohamed el-Menfi<ref name="E43">{{cite web |title=Tebboune meets Menfi, offers Algeria's support to Libya |url=https://thearabweekly.com/tebboune-meets-menfi-offers-algerias-support-libya |website=The Arab Weekly |date=2021-07-29 |access-date=2022-02-20}}</ref>. Ku wa 24 Mutarama 2022, yasuye Perezida wa [[Misiri]] Abdel Fattah al-Sissi i Kayiro, akaba ari bwo bwa mbere Perezida wa Aligeriya yari asuye Misiri kuva mu 2008<ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=Egypt: President Abdel Fattah El Sisi Receives Algerian President |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202201260144.html |website=allAfrica.com |date=2022-01-26 |access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref><ref name="E49">{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria's Tebboune arrives in Egypt for official visit |url=https://turkishpress.com/algerias-tebboune-arrives-in-egypt-for-official-visit/ |website=TurkishPress |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref>. Ku wa 27 Gicurasi 2020, nyuma y'ishyirwa ahagaragara rya filime mbarankuru ebyiri ku ''Hirak'' kuri televiziyo z'Abafaransa, Aligeriya yahamagaje ambasaderi wayo i Paris<ref name="F124">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L’Algérie rappelle son ambassadeur à Paris après la diffusion en France de documentaires sur le «Hirak» |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/l-algerie-rappelle-son-ambassadeur-a-paris-apres-la-diffusion-en-france-de-documentaires-sur-le-hirak-27-05-2020-8325123.php |website=leparisien.fr |date=2020-05-27 |access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref>. Ku wa 7 Gicurasi 2020, yagize ku wa 8 Gicurasi "umunsi wo kwibuka" ubwicanyi bwabereye i Sétif, Guelma na Kherrata mu 1945<ref name="F138">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : une « Journée de la mémoire » pour les massacres du 8 mai 1945 |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/algerie-une-journee-de-la-memoire-pour-les-massacres-du-8-mai-1945--08-05-2020-2374720_3826.php |website=lepoint.fr |date=2020-05-08 |access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref>, kandi yashimye icyemezo cy'Ubufaransa cyo gusubiza Aligeriya ibihanga by'abarwanyi 24 bishwe mu gihe cy'ubukoloni<ref name="F139">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La France remet à l’Algérie vingt-quatre crânes de résistants décapités au XIXe siècle et entreposés à Paris |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/07/03/la-france-remet-a-l-algerie-24-cranes-de-resistants-decapites-au-xixe-siecle-et-entreposes-a-paris_6045108_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2020-07-03 |access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2022, yakiriye Minisitiri w'Umutekano w'Ubufaransa Gérald Darmanin, bakemura ikibazo cya viza zari zaragabanyijwe kuva muri Nzeri 2021<ref name="E59">{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria summons French envoy over visa restriction plan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/29/algeria-summons-french-envoy-over-visa-restriction-plan |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2022-12-21}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2021, Aligeriya na Maroke bafitanye amakimbirane ya dipolomasi nyuma y'aho Maroke isubukuriye umubano na Isiraheli<ref name="F125">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La rupture des relations diplomatiques entre l’Algérie et le Maroc, nouvelle étape d’une longue escalade |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/08/25/rupture-des-relations-diplomatiques-entre-alger-et-rabat-un-impact-surtout-politique_6092297_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2021-08-25 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>; ibihugu byombi bihanganye ku kibazo cya Sahara y'Iburengerazuba, aho Aligeriya ishyigikira ubwigenge bwayo<ref name="F126">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Une « nouvelle intensification » entre l’Algérie et le Maroc |url=https://adf-magazine.com/fr/2024/04/une-nouvelle-intensification-entre-lalgerie-et-le-maroc/ |website=Africa Defense Forum |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Aligeriya ifitanye umubano wihariye na [[Tuniziya]] ya Kaïs Saïed<ref name="F129">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed: la visite du président Tebboune en Tunisie est "historique" |url=http://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/2459 |website=Radio Algérienne |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Ku wa 13 Kamena 2023, yatangiye uruzinduko rw'iminsi itatu mu Burusiya, aho we na Vladimir Putin biyemeje gukomeza "ubufatanye bw'ingenzi" hagati y'ibihugu byombi<ref name="E61">{{cite web |title=Algeria's president starting state visit to Russia at invitation of Putin |url=https://apnews.com/article/algeria-president-state-visit-russia-19c4805db1e9d4b74756f66536d396d7 |website=AP News |date=2023-06-13 |access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref><ref name="E62">{{cite web |title=Russia, Algeria tighten 'strategic' ties |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/06/16/russia-algeria-tighten-strategic-ties/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-06-19 |access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref>; kuva ku wa 17 kugeza ku wa 21 Nyakanga 2023, yasuye Ubushinwa<ref name="F135">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune à Pékin pour relancer le partenariat algéro-chinois – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1464292/economie-entreprises/abdelmadjid-tebboune-en-chine-pour-relancer-les-partenariats/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2023-07-20 |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref>. Mu 2024, yanenze intambara ya Isiraheli muri Gaza, ayishinja jenoside ku Banyapalestina<ref name="E63">{{cite web |title=El-Sisi and Tebboune agree on necessity of Gaza ceasefire, reject foreign interference in Libya and Sudan |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/534221.aspx |website=Ahram Online |date=2024-10-27}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2024, yamaganye "ibikorwa by'ubwanzi" bya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu, azishinja gushaka guhungabanya Aligeriya n'umubano wayo n'abaturanyi bayo, nka Mali, Nigeri na Libiya, kugira ngo zishyigikire Maroke<ref name="F136">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie – Émirats arabes unis : Tebboune clarifie les choses |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/relations-de-lalgerie-avec-les-emirats-et-le-maroc-tebboune-clarifie-les-choses/ |website=TSA |date=2024-03-31 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref><ref name="F137">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune coincé entre l’Algérie et les Emirats Arabes Unis |url=https://mondafrique.com/international/les-reticences-dabdelmadjid-tebboune-dans-la-crise-entre-lalgerie-et-les-emirats-arabes-unis/ |website=Mondafrique |date=2024-02-07 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Ku wa 10 Nzeri 2026, Aligeriya yacanye umubano wa dipolomasi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu, yirukana ambasaderi wazo. === Amatora ya perezida yo mu 2024 === Muri Gicurasi 2024, ishyaka El Bina rya Abdelkader Bengrina ryatangaje ko rishyigikiye Perezida uriho<ref name="F150">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Algérie : Bengrina choisit Tebboune comme candidat |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/presidentielle-en-algerie-bengrina-choisit-tebboune-comme-candidat/}}</ref>, maze Tebboune yemeza kandidatire ye ku wa 11 Nyakanga. Mu kwiyamamaza, yakoreshaga cyane urubuga rwa TikTok, bimuhesha akazina ka "Tonton Tebboune" (Nyirarume Tebboune) ku mbuga nkoranyambaga<ref name="F152">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'Algérie élit son président, victoire attendue d'Abdelmadjid Tebboune |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1426350/lalgerie-elit-son-president-victoire-attendue-dabdelmadjid-tebboune-papier-general.html |website=www.lorientlejour.com |date=2024-09-07 |access-date=2024-09-07}}</ref><ref name="F153">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Election présidentielle en Algérie : comment Abdelmadjid Tebboune a éteint la contestation pour s’assurer une nouvelle victoire |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/algerie/election-presidentielle-en-algerie-comment-abdelmadjid-tebboune-a-eteint-la-contestation-pour-s-assurer-une-nouvelle-victoire_6766426.html |website=Franceinfo |date=2024-09-07 |access-date=2024-09-07}}</ref>. Ku wa 7 Nzeri 2024, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 84,3 %<ref name="F158">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Algérie, le président sortant Abdelmadjid Tebboune réélu avec 84,3 % des voix |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20240914-en-alg%C3%A9rie-le-pr%C3%A9sident-sortant-abdelmadjid-tebboune-r%C3%A9%C3%A9lu-avec-84-3-des-voix}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Algeria court confirms Tebboune re-elected president with 84.30% of vote |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/algeria-court-confirms-tebboune-re-elected-president-with-8430-vote-2024-09-14/ |website=reuters.com |date=2024-09-14}}</ref>. Imibare y'abitabiriye amatora, yavuye kuri 26,46 % igera kuri 48,03 % mu masaha atatu, yateje impaka mu bakurikiranira hafi amatora n'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi<ref name="F161">{{cite web |language=fr |author=La-Croix.com |title=Présidentielle algérienne : la Kabylie a repris le chemin des bureaux de vote |url=https://www.la-croix.com/international/presidentielle-algerienne-la-kabylie-a-repris-le-chemin-des-bureaux-de-vote-20240908 |website=La Croix |date=2024-09-08 |access-date=2024-09-08}}</ref>. Ibyavuye mu matora bya nyuma, byatangajwe ku wa 14 Nzeri, byari bitandukanye cyane n'iby'agateganyo: amajwi ya Tebboune yavuye kuri 94,65 % agera kuri 84,30 %<ref name="F164">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Melissa NAIT ALI |title=Présidentielle du 7 septembre : la Cour Constitutionnelle proclame les résultats définitifs |url=https://inter-lignes.com/presidentielle-du-7-septembre-la-cour-constitutionnelle-proclame-les-resultats-definitifs/ |website=INTERLIGNES |date=2024-09-14 |access-date=2024-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914155826/https://inter-lignes.com/presidentielle-du-7-septembre-la-cour-constitutionnelle-proclame-les-resultats-definitifs/ |archive-date=2024-09-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Tebboune yashakanye na Fatima Zohra Bella<ref name="E77">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Nicolas Beau |title=Le pouvoir algérien, un bateau sans capitaine |url=https://mondafrique.com/le-pouvoir-algerien-un-bateau-sans-capitaine/ |website=Mondafrique |date=2020-11-15 |access-date=2021-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608195930/https://mondafrique.com/le-pouvoir-algerien-un-bateau-sans-capitaine/ |archive-date=2021-06-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref>, bafitanye abana batanu: Saloua, Maha, Salaheddine Ilyes, Mohamed na Khaled<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Tarik Qattab |title=Comment Abdelmadjid Tebboune met la fonction de chef de l'état au service de ses enfants |url=https://fr.le360.ma/monde/algerie-comment-abdelmadjid-tebboune-met-la-fonction-de-chef-de-letat-au-service-de-ses-enfants-219900 |website=fr.le360.ma |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Umuhungu we Khaled yafunzwe muri Kamena 2018 mu rubanza rwa ruswa, agirwa umwere muri Gashyantare 2020<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Khaled Tebboune acquitté, 8 ans de prison pour «El-Bouchi» |url=https://maghrebemergent.net/khaled-tebboune-acquitte-8-ans-de-prison-pour-el-bouchi/ |website=Maghreb Emergent |date=2020-02-26 |access-date=2021-10-11}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tribunal Sidi M'hamed : Kamel Chikhi dit "El-bouchi" condamné à 8 ans de prison ferme |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/102264-tribunal-sidi-m-hamed-kamel-chikhi-dit-el-bouchi-condamne-a-8-ans-de-prison-ferme |website=aps.dz |date=2020-02-27 |access-date=2026-09-08}}</ref>. Tebboune azwiho kunywa itabi cyane<ref name="E76">{{cite web |language=en |title=Algerian President Tebboune continues hospital treatment for Covid-19 in Germany |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20201103-algerian-president-tebboune-continues-hospital-treatment-for-covid-19-in-germany |website=France 24 |date=2020-11-03 |access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref>. Kuva Liamine Zéroual yapfa mu 2026, ni we Perezida wa Aligeriya wenyine ukiriho<ref name="E2">{{cite web |author=Sami B. |title=El-Yamine Zeroual Dies at 85 in Algeria |url=https://algerianewsgate.com/politics/zeroual-death-algeria/ |website=Algeria News Gate |date=2026-03-28 |access-date=2026-03-29}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Abdelmadjid Tebboune}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Aligeriya]] iftth7wgyrvnws8kvhb33wwekttqwca 0 23182 140775 140640 2026-10-05T10:07:54Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = João Lourenço | image = João Lourenço 2023.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = João Lourenço mu 2023 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|3|5|df=y}} | birth_place = Lobito, [[Angola]] | nationality = Umunyangola | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare n'irya politiki rya Lenin (Moscou) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika (2025–2026) | title = Perezida wa Angola | term = Kuva ku wa 26 Nzeri 2017 | predecessor = José Eduardo dos Santos | party = MPLA | spouse = Ana Dias Lourenço }} '''João Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço''' (wavutse ku wa 5 Werurwe 1954 i Lobito, muri [[Angola]]) ni umujenerali n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyangola, akaba Perezida wa gatatu wa Repubulika ya Angola kuva ku wa 26 Nzeri 2017. Kuva muri Nzeri 2018, ni na we Perezida w'ishyaka riri ku butegetsi, ''Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola'' (MPLA). Yarwanye intambara y'ubwigenge bwa Angola, yiga amateka mu Ubumwe bw'Abasoviyeti, nyuma aba guverineri w'intara, umunyamabanga mukuru wa MPLA (1998–2003), visi-perezida wa mbere w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko (2003–2014) na Minisitiri w'Ingabo (2014–2017). Yasimbuye José Eduardo dos Santos wari umaze imyaka 38 ku butegetsi. Ku butegetsi bwe, yarwanyije ruswa n'ikimenyane by'umuryango wa dos Santos, ndetse yegereza Angola ibihugu by'Uburengerazuba. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2022. Kuva muri Gashyantare 2025 kugeza muri Gashyantare 2026, yabaye Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika, kandi yabaye umuhuza mu makimbirane yo mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. == Ubuzima == === Ubwana === Lourenço yakuriye mu muryango w'abana icumi wari ufite ibitekerezo bya politiki. Se, Sequeira João Lourenço (1923–1999), wakomokaga i Malanje, yari umuganga akaba n'uharanira ubwigenge, wafunzwe imyaka itatu n'ubutegetsi bw'abakoloni b'Abanyaporutigali azira ibikorwa bya politiki<ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Sequeira João Lourenço, 1923 – 1999 |url=https://www.myheritage.com/names/sequeira_louren%C3%A7o |website=My Heritage |access-date=2017-08-24}}</ref><ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Angola : qui est Joao Lourenço, l'ancien général désigné comme successeur de Dos Santos ? |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/400097/politique/angola-joao-lourenco-lancien-general-designe-successeur-de-santos/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2017-02-04 |access-date=2017-08-23}}</ref>. Nyina, Josefa Gonçalves Cipriano Lourenço (1928–1997), wakomokaga i Namibe, yari umudozi<ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Josefa Gonçalves Cipriano Lourenço (born Cipriano), 1928 – 1998 |url=https://www.myheritage.com/names/josefa_louren%C3%A7o |website=My Heritage |access-date=2017-08-24}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Huíla: João Lourenço entre en pré-campagne |url=http://m.portalangop.co.ao/angola/fr_fr/mobile/noticias/politica/2017/1/7/Huila-Joao-Lourenco-entre-pre-campagne,12c74683-3fd3-45d1-a33f-ef93b38c098f.html |website=Agência Angola Press |date=2017-02-18 |access-date=2017-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823165645/http://m.portalangop.co.ao/angola/fr_fr/mobile/noticias/politica/2017/1/7/Huila-Joao-Lourenco-entre-pre-campagne,12c74683-3fd3-45d1-a33f-ef93b38c098f.html |archive-date=2017-08-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye mu ntara ya Bié n'i Luanda<ref name="E10">{{cite web |language=pt |title=JOÃO LOURENÇO COMANDA CAMPANHA DO "M" |url=http://opais.co.ao/joao-lourenco-comanda-campanha-do-m/ |website=OPAÍS |date=2017-02-10}}</ref>. === Amashuri n'urugendo mu gisirikare === Yize mu Ishuri ry'Inganda rya Luanda. Muri Kanama 1974, nyuma y'isenyuka ry'ubutegetsi bw'abakoloni b'Abanyaporutigali, yari mu itsinda rya mbere ry'abasirikare ba MPLA binjiye mu gihugu banyuze i Miconge, berekeza mu mujyi wa Cabinda<ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=pt |author=Steven Mufson |title=Quem é João Lourenço, o homem que irá suceder a José Eduardo dos Santos? |url=http://observador.pt/2017/02/18/quem-e-joao-lourenco-o-homem-que-ira-suceder-a-jose-eduardo-dos-santos/ |website=OBS |date=2017-02-18 |access-date=2017-08-23}}</ref>. Yarwanye intambara y'ubwigenge bwa Angola, nyuma arwana ku ruhande rwa MPLA mu ntambara y'abenegihugu<ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Lourenco: Ex-general poised to be Angola's next leader |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/lourenco-ex-general-poised-to-be-angolas-next-leader-20170203}}</ref><ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Aymeric Janier |title=Les Angolais aux urnes pour préparer l’après-dos Santos |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/08/23/les-angolais-aux-urnes-pour-preparer-l-apres-dos-santos_5175383_3212.html#7be6dEjjMgh03qA8.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2017-08-23}}</ref>. Yahuguwe mu by'imbunda nini (''artillerie''), aba umusirikare ushinzwe politiki muri MPLA. Kuva mu 1978 kugeza mu 1982, yize mu Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare n'irya politiki rya Lenin mu Bumwe bw'Abasoviyeti, ahakura impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu mu mateka<ref name="E14" /><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=en |author=Herculano Coroado |title=Angola's dos Santos calls end to 38 years in power |url=https://reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN15I12Q |website=Reuters |date=2017-02-03}}</ref>. Yabaye komiseri w'intara, hanyuma umuyobozi w'ishami rikuru rya politiki ry'Ingabo za rubanda zo kubohora Angola (FAPLA)<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=pt |title=O (provável) Presidente tampão |url=https://www.publico.pt/2017/08/23/mundo/noticia/o-provavel-presidente-tampao-1783020 |website=Público |access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>. == Urugendo muri politiki == Mu 1984, yagizwe guverineri w'intara ya Moxico<ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Angola's new 'president in waiting' |url=http://www.dw.com/en/angolas-new-president-in-waiting/a-36705629 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2017-02-03 |access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref>, maze muri Mata 1986, Perezida José Eduardo dos Santos amugira guverineri w'intara ya Benguela<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=M. Paulo Jorge est nommé gouverneur de province |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1986/04/10/m-paulo-jorge-est-nomme-gouverneur-de-province_2918221_1819218.html |website=Le Monde |date=1986-04-10}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1992 kugeza mu 1997, yari umunyamabanga ushinzwe itangazamakuru muri MPLA, naho kuva mu 1993 kugeza mu 1998 ayobora itsinda ry'abadepite ba MPLA mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko<ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=João Lourenço é o candidato escolhido pelo MPLA |url=http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/politica/joao_lourenco_e_o_candidato_escolhido_pelo_mpla |access-date=2026-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801234456/http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/politica/joao_lourenco_e_o_candidato_escolhido_pelo_mpla |archive-date=2017-08-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Ukuboza 1998, yatorewe kuba umunyamabanga mukuru wa MPLA, bavuga ko ari ku bw'ubushake bwa dos Santos, ndetse abantu bakeka ko ashobora kuzamusimbura<ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=MPLA chooses new Secretary General |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/apic_122898.html}}</ref>. Ariko mu 2001, ubwo dos Santos yavugaga ko atazongera kwiyamamaza, Lourenço yagaragaje ku mugaragaro ko yifuza kuba umukandida wa MPLA; ibyo byamuteranyije na dos Santos, utari afite umugambi nyakuri wo kuva ku butegetsi, ahubwo washakaga kumenya abo bahanganye<ref name="E11" /><ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Dos Santos at the helm |url=http://www.irinnews.org/feature/2003/12/17/dos-santos-helm}}</ref><ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Ricardo Soares de Oliveira |title=Angola : Le bilan de José Eduardo dos Santos est un grand gaspillage |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/08/18/angola-le-bilan-de-jose-eduardo-dos-santos-est-un-grand-gaspillage_5173791_3212.html#2Kd0UhVyQUJsvimw.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2017-08-18}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2003, yasimbuwe ku mwanya w'umunyamabanga mukuru wa MPLA<ref name="E18" />. Kuva mu 2003 kugeza mu 2014, yabaye visi-perezida wa mbere w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko<ref name="E15" />. Muri Mata 2014, yagizwe Minisitiri w'Ingabo<ref name="E20">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Angola: Presidente nomeia João Lourenço para ministro da Defesa Nacional |url=http://m.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/mobile/noticias/politica/2014/3/17/Angola-Presidente-nomeia-Joao-Lourenco-para-ministro-Defesa-Nacional,cfd146b4-721c-4810-bc08-431943e8d2dc.html |website=Agência Angola Press |date=2014-04-22 |access-date=2017-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707144231/http://m.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/mobile/noticias/politica/2014/3/17/Angola-Presidente-nomeia-Joao-Lourenco-para-ministro-Defesa-Nacional,cfd146b4-721c-4810-bc08-431943e8d2dc.html |archive-date=2018-07-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=en |title=April 2014 |url=http://www.rulers.org/2014-04.html |website=Rulers.org}}</ref>, maze muri Kanama 2016 agirwa visi-perezida wa MPLA<ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Nova liderança no MPLA, João Lourenço é o novo vice-presidente |url=https://www.voaportugues.com/a/nova-lideranca-mpla-joao-lourenco-novo-presidente/3476366.html}}</ref><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Dos Santos quittera le pouvoir en août |url=http://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-38854895 |website=BBC News |date=2017-02-03}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Angola == === Manda ya mbere (2017–2022) === [[File:23.05.2025 - Chegada do Presidente da República de Angola, João Lourenço e da senhora Ana Dias Lourenço (54539887154) (cropped).jpg|thumb|João Lourenço n'umugore we Ana Dias Lourenço mu 2025]] Mu Ukuboza 2016, MPLA yamutoranyije kuba umukandida wayo wa mbere ku rutonde rw'amatora y'abadepite yo muri Kanama 2017<ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=Angola's Dos Santos not up for re-election in 2017 – party document |url=http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN13S06T?sp=true |access-date=2026-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327153031/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN13S06T?sp=true |archive-date=2017-03-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yafatwaga nk'umuntu w'inararibonye wo mu ishyaka, ushyira mu gaciro<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction du Monde |title=José Eduardo dos Santos confirme sa retraite après trente-sept ans de pouvoir en Angola |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/02/03/jose-eduardo-dos-santos-confirme-sa-retraite-apres-trente-sept-ans-de-pouvoir-en-angola_5074314_3212.html#9HS6m8eKuoBQ52WG.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2017-02-03}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2017, dos Santos yatangaje ku mugaragaro ko atazongera kwiyamamaza, kandi ko Lourenço ari we mukandida wa MPLA<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=en |author=Herculano Coroado |title=Angola's Dos Santos not up for re-election in 2017 -party document |url=https://reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN13S06T |website=Reuters |date=2016-12-03}}</ref>. Nk'uko Itegeko Nshinga ryo mu 2010 ribiteganya, umuntu uri ku isonga ry'urutonde rw'ishyaka ribonye amajwi menshi mu matora rusange ahita aba Perezida wa Repubulika<ref name="E3">{{cite web |language=en |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Angola's Constitution of 2010 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Angola_2010.pdf?lang=en |website=Oxford Constitutional Law (Oxford University Press) |date=2017-06-06 |access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref>. MPLA imaze gutsinda amatora ibona imyanya 150, Lourenço yabaye Perezida, ararahira ku wa 26 Nzeri 2017<ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |title=Angola swears in Lourenco, first new president for 38 years |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Africa/News/angola-swears-in-lourenco-first-new-president-for-38-years-20170926 |website=News24 |access-date=2021-07-27}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Angola: le nouveau président João Lourenço a prêté serment |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170926-angola-nouveau-president-joao-lourenco-prete-serment}}</ref>. Lourenço yarwanyije ikimenyane cyari cyarashyizweho n'uwo yasimbuye: mu Ugushyingo 2017, yirukanye Isabel dos Santos, umukobwa wa dos Santos, ku buyobozi bw'ikigo cya peteroli cya Leta Sonangol; muri Mutarama 2018, yirukana José Filomeno dos Santos, umuhungu we, ku buyobozi bw'ikigega cy'igihugu cy'ishoramari. Nyamara, umuryango wa dos Santos wakomeje kugenzura ibice byinshi by'ubukungu bwa Angola<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Angola: le président Lourenço limoge Isabel dos Santos de la présidence de la compagnie pétrolière nationale |url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/ticker/angola-le-president-lourenco-limoge-isabel-dos-santos-presidence-compagnie-petroliere |website=Radio France internationale |date=2017-11-15}}</ref><ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Angola: le fils de l’ex-président dos Santos évincé de la tête du fonds souverain |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180111-angola-le-fils-ex-president-dos-santos-evince-tete-fonds-souverain |website=RFI |date=2018-01-11}}</ref>. Mu 2018, yasimbuje umuyobozi w'inzego z'iperereza (SINSE), hanyuma n'umugaba mukuru w'ingabo, nyuma y'uko aregwa mu rubanza rwa ruswa<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Angola: le président limoge le chef d’état-major de l’armée, le général Nunda |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180424-angola-limogeage-chef-etat-major-geraldo-sachipengo-nunda-corruption |website=RFI |date=2018-04-24}}</ref>. Ku wa 8 Nzeri 2018, mu nama nkuru ya MPLA, yatorewe kuyobora iryo shyaka ku majwi 98,59 %, asimbura dos Santos<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=en |author=Stephen Eisenhammer |title=Angola's Lourenço appointed leader of ruling MPLA party |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-angola-politics-mpla-leadership/angolas-loureno-appointed-leader-of-ruling-mpla-party-idUSKCN1LO0Q7 |website=Reuters |date=2018-09-08}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ex-Angola president dos Santos quits last political post |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/09/07/ex-angola-president-dos-santos-quits-last-political-post/ |website=Africanews |access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref>. Nyamara, igihugu cyakomeje guhura n'ibibazo by'ubukungu: ubukungu bwasubiye inyuma mu 2018, ubushomeri bugera hafi kuri 20 %, n'izamuka ry'ibiciro rikomeza kuba hejuru<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=principaux Indicateurs économiques |url=https://www.coface.com/fr/Etudes-economiques-et-risque-pays/Angola |website=Coface |date=February 2019}}</ref><ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Perspectives économiques de l'Angola |url=https://www.afdb.org/fr/countries/southern-africa/angola/angola-economic-outlook/ |website=Banque africaine de développement}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2018, Lourenço yemeye ishyirahamwe rya mbere ry'abaryamana bahuje ibitsina muri Angola. Muri Mutarama 2019, yakuyeho itegeko ry'abakoloni ryo mu 1886 ryahanaga ubutinganyi, abuza ivangura ribakorerwa, kandi yemera gukuramo inda iyo umugore yafashwe ku ngufu cyangwa ubuzima bwe cyangwa ubw'umwana buri mu kaga<ref name="E26">{{cite web |language=pt |author=Cristina Soares |title=Angola despenaliza homossexualidade |url=https://www.rfi.fr/pt/angola/20190125-angola-despenaliza-homossexualidade |website=Radio France Internationale |date=2019-01-25 |access-date=2022-07-12}}</ref><ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Angola despenaliza homossexualidade |url=https://www.dn.pt/mundo/novo-codigo-penal-angolano-despenaliza-homossexualidade-10484193.html |website=Diário de Notícias |date=2019-01-24 |access-date=2022-07-12}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Nyakanga 2019, mu ruzinduko muri [[Kiba]], yahawe umudari wa José Martí, ari wo mudari usumba iyindi muri icyo gihugu<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Chef de l'Etat angolais décore des personnalités cubaines - Politique - Angola Press - ANGOP |url=http://www.angop.ao/angola/fr_fr/noticias/politica/2019/6/27/Chef-Etat-angolais-decore-des-personnalites-cubaines,52875409-61ad-4f5e-947a-e43fef082829.html |website=angop.ao |access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref>. Mu 2021, yasabye imbabazi ku mugaragaro ku bw'ubwicanyi bwakozwe mu guhashya umugambi wa kudeta wo ku wa 27 Gicurasi 1977, wahitanye abantu ibihumbi<ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Angola pide perdón por masacre en la que participó el ejército cubano. |url=https://adncuba.com/noticias-de-cuba/derechos-humanos/cuba-participo-en-masacre-del-77-en-angola}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2020, umuyobozi w'ibiro bye, Edeltrudes Costa, yashinjwe n'iperereza ry'abanyamakuru kunyereza umutungo wa Leta, bituma abigaragambya i Luanda basaba ko yirukanwa<ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Angola : un site d'information et un journaliste victimes de cyberattaques |url=https://rsf.org/fr/actualites/angola-un-site-dinformation-et-un-journaliste-victimes-de-cyberattaques |website=Reporters sans frontières |date=2020-10-09}}</ref><ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Manifestation en Angola après des accusations contre un proche du président |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/manifestation-en-angola-apr%C3%A8s-des-accusations-contre-un-proche-du-pr%C3%A9sident/5607710.html |website=Voice of America |date=2020-10-04}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri (kuva 2022) === Manda ye ya mbere yaranzwe cyane no kurwanya ruswa, ariko politiki ye y'ubukungu (gutandukanya inkomoko y'amafaranga y'igihugu no kwegurira abikorera ibigo bya Leta) ntiyagabanyije ubukene, bituma akundwa na bake<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Angola : le président sortant João Lourenço veut convaincre à nouveau |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/presidentielle-en-angola-le-president-sortant-joao-lourenco-veut-convaincre-nouveau-468774 |website=TV5MONDE |date=2022-08-22}}</ref>. Mu matora rusange yo muri Kanama 2022, MPLA yabonye 51,17 % by'amajwi, ishyaka rikomeye ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, UNITA, ribona 43,95 %. UNITA yanze ibyavuye mu matora, ariko Lourenço yongera kuba Perezida<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Angola, le parti historique remporte les élections législatives et conserve ainsi le pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/08/29/en-angola-le-parti-historique-remporte-les-elections-legislatives-et-conserve-ainsi-le-pouvoir_6139425_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref>. Ku butegetsi bwe, Angola, yari ifitanye umubano wihariye n'Ubumwe bw'Abasoviyeti hanyuma n'[[Uburusiya]], yegereye ibihugu by'Uburengerazuba; mu 2024, Joe Biden yabaye Perezida wa mbere wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika usuye Angola<ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Angola, l’affaire des « espions russes », reflet du tournant pro-occidental du pays |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/07/24/en-angola-l-affaire-des-espions-russes-reflet-du-tournant-pro-occidental-du-pays_6731526_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-07-24}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2025, imyigaragambyo yamagana izamuka ry'igiciro cya lisansi yahitanye abantu 22 mu minsi itatu, mu gihugu aho 40 % by'abaturage bari munsi y'umurongo w'ubukene<ref name="F24" />. Mbere y'uko manda ye irangira, yihutishije kwegurira abikorera ibigo bya Leta<ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Agence Ecofin |title=Angola : João Lourenço accélère les privatisations avant son départ du pouvoir |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/actualites-finance/1607-140240-angola-jo-o-lourenco-accelere-les-privatisations-avant-son-depart-du-pouvoir |website=Agence Ecofin |access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>; Itegeko Nshinga ntirimwemerera kwiyamamaza mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2027<ref name="F24" />. === Ubumwe bwa Afurika n'ubuhuza === Kuva ku wa 15 Gashyantare 2025 kugeza ku wa 14 Gashyantare 2026, yabaye Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika<ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=opening gambit João Lourenço: 'Dialogue is the only solution to peace in the DRC – including with M23' |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/376762/joao-lourenco-dialogue-is-the-only-solution-to-peace-in-the-drc-including-with-m23/ |website=Africa report |date=2025-02-13}}</ref><ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Union africaine La crise congolaise, priorité de l’Angolais Joao Lourenço pour son mandat à la tête de l’Union africaine |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/02/15/la-crise-congolaise-priorite-de-l-angolais-joao-lourenco-pour-son-mandat-a-la-tete-de-l-union-africaine_6547464_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref>. Yafashije kandi mu biganiro na Perezida wa [[Gabon]] Brice Oligui Nguema, byatumye uwo yahiritse ku butegetsi mu 2023, Ali Bongo, n'umuryango we barekurwa bajya kuba i Luanda<ref name="E32">{{cite web |title=Overthrown Gabon President Bongo and his family arrive in Angola, officials say |url=https://apnews.com/article/gabon-bongo-angola-coup-81c83ec2a8c04d5766121b413d9b5a7a |website=AP News |date=2025-05-16 |access-date=2025-05-16}}</ref><ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gabon: le président déchu Ali Bongo Ondimba et sa famille libérés et arrivés à Luanda |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250516-gabon-l-ex-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-ali-bongo-ondimba-et-sa-famille-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-lib%C3%A9r%C3%A9s-et-arriv%C3%A9s-%C3%A0-luanda |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Mu 2025, yatanzwe nk'umukandida w'Igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel cy'Amahoro<ref name="E33">{{cite web |title=Angolan president earns Nobel Peace Prize nod for diplomacy in Africa |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/09/angolan-president-earns-nobel-peace-prize-nod-for-diplomacy-in-africa/ |website=Vanguard |date=2025-09-23 |access-date=2025-09-23}}</ref>. Kuva muri Nyakanga 2022 kugeza muri Werurwe 2025, yari umuhuza washyizweho n'Ubumwe bwa Afurika mu nzira y'amahoro yiswe "Processus de Luanda", igamije kugarura amahoro mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo<ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Conflit à l’est de la RDC: en quoi consiste le document adopté par Kinshasa et Kigali? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241202-conflit-est-rdc-document-adopt%C3%A9-par-kinshasa-et-kigali-conops-chronogramme |website=Radio France Internationale |date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref>. Yateguye inama nyinshi i Luanda zahuje abayobozi ba Kongo, u [[Rwanda]] n'abandi, zivamo amasezerano yo guhagarika imirwano<ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Crise dans l’est de la RDC: à Luanda, des organisations régionales s’accordent sur une concertation renforcée |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230629-crise-dans-l-est-de-la-rdc-%C3%A0-luanda-des-organisations-r%C3%A9gionales-s-accordent-sur-une-concertation-renforc%C3%A9e |website=Radio France Internationale |date=2023-06-29 |access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref><ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : un accord de cessez-le-feu conclu au mini-sommet de Luanda |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20221123-rdc-un-accord-de-cessez-le-feu-conclu-au-mini-sommet-de-luanda |website=Radio France Internationale |date=2022-11-23 |access-date=2025-05-05}}</ref>, nubwo akenshi yarenzwagaho n'umutwe wa M23<ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC/Rwanda : le M23 déclare ne pas 'être engagé' sur un cessez-le-feu |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/rdcrwanda-le-m23-declare-ne-pas-etre-engage-sur-un-cessez-le-feu-835642 |website=TV5 Monde |date=2022-07-07 |access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2024, yasubukuye ibiganiro, bivamo andi masezerano yo guhagarika imirwano muri Nyakanga 2024<ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Agence France-Presse |title=La France « salue le cessez-le-feu » entre Kinshasa et Kigali dans l’est de la RDC |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/fil-dactualites/310724/la-france-salue-le-cessez-le-feu-entre-kinshasa-et-kigali-dans-l-est-de-la-rdc |website=Médiapart |date=2024-07-31 |access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref>. Nyuma y'inama yo ku wa 15 Ukuboza 2024 yari igamije guhuza Félix Tshisekedi na [[Paul Kagame]] ariko ntiyabe, n'ukwanga kw'abarwanyi ba M23 kwitabira ibiganiro byo ku wa 18 Werurwe 2025, Angola yatangaje ko ihagaritse ubuhuza bwayo<ref name="F39">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RD Congo : le M23 indique qu'il ne participera pas aux pourparlers de paix à Luanda |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/rd-congo-le-m23-indique-quil-ne-participera-pas-aux-pourparlers-de-paix-luanda-2766640 |website=TV5 Monde |date=2025-03-17 |access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref><ref name="F40">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Est de la RDC: l’Angola annonce abandonner sa médiation entre Kinshasa et Kigali |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250324-est-de-la-rdc-l-angola-annonce-abandonner-sa-m%C3%A9diation-entre-kinshasa-et-kigali |website=Radio France Internationale |date=2025-03-26 |access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Yashakanye na Ana Afonso Dias Lourenço, umudepite wa MPLA wahoze ari Minisitiri w'Igenamigambi (1997–2012) akaba yarakoreye Banki y'Isi<ref name="E35">{{cite web |author=de Angola no Brazil. Embaixada |title=«Biografia do Presidente da República» |url=https://embaixadadeangola.com.br/?page_id=5074 |website=«Biografia do Presidente da República» |date=2017 |access-date=2026-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105555/https://embaixadadeangola.com.br/?page_id=5074 |archive-date=2022-07-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Michael Pauron |title=João Lourenço, ou le renouveau diplomatique angolais |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/559327/politique/joao-lourenco-ou-le-renouveau-diplomatique-angolais/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2018-05-23}}</ref>. Bafitanye abakobwa batatu; afite kandi umuhungu w'imfura, Henrique Manuel Pires Lourenço, yabyaranye n'undi mugore, n'abandi bana babiri<ref name="E36">{{cite web |author=Club K. |title=Exclusivo: João Lourenço com direito a nacionalidade portuguesa |url=https://www.club-k.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48562:joao-lourenco-com-direito-a-nacionalidade-portuguesa&catid=23:politica&lang=pt&Itemid=641 |website=Exclusivo: João Lourenço com direito a nacionalidade portuguesa}}</ref>. Uretse Igiporutigali, avuga Ikirusiya, Icyesipanyolo n'Icyongereza<ref name="E37">{{cite web |language=en |title=Angola's President Dos Santos anoints deputy Lourenco |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38856597 |website=BBC News |date=2017-02-03 |access-date=2021-07-27}}</ref>. Akiri muto, yakinaga karate (afite umukandara w'umukara) n'umupira w'amaguru; akunda gusoma, gukina échecs no kugendera ku mafarashi<ref name="E35" />. == Reba kandi == * [[Paul Kagame]] == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|João Lourenço}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Angola]] p87rga733ll0o73u34hupe2vbc7fn3h 0 23184 140755 140644 2026-10-05T04:27:13Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Duma Boko | image = Duma Boko 2025 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Duma Boko mu 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|12|31|df=y}} | birth_place = Mahalapye, [[Botswana]] | nationality = Umunyabotswana | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Botswana<br />Harvard Law School | occupation = Umunyamategeko, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida wa Umbrella for Democratic Change (kuva 2012) | title = Perezida wa Botswana | term = Kuva ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 2024 | predecessor = Mokgweetsi Masisi | party = Botswana National Front / Umbrella for Democratic Change }} '''Duma Gideon Boko''' (wavutse ku wa 31 Ukuboza 1969 i Mahalapye, muri [[Botswana]]) ni umunyamategeko n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyabotswana, akaba Perezida wa gatandatu wa Repubulika ya Botswana kuva ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 2024. Yayoboye ishyaka ''Botswana National Front'' (BNF) kuva mu 2010, ashinga ihuriro ry'amashyaka atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi ''Umbrella for Democratic Change'' (UDC), aba Umuyobozi w'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko kuva mu 2014 kugeza mu 2019. Mu matora rusange yo mu 2024, yatsinze ishyaka ''Botswana Democratic Party'' (BDP) ryari ku butegetsi kuva igihugu kibona ubwigenge mu 1966: ni bwo bwa mbere mu mateka ya Botswana ubutegetsi bwahererekanyijwe hagati y'amashyaka. Afatwa nk'uharanira demokarasi ishingiye ku mibereho myiza y'abaturage (''social-démocrate''). == Ubuzima == === Ubwana n'amashuri === Duma Boko yavukiye i Mahalapye, umudugudu wo mu Ntara yo Hagati, uri ku birometero 200 mu majyaruguru y'umurwa mukuru [[Gaborone]]<ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=en |title=Botswana election: Duma Boko - the politician who did the unthinkable |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2yx5nk1l0o |website=www.bbc.com |access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref><ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Elections au Botswana : le président annonce reconnaître la défaite et « facilitera la transition » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/11/01/elections-au-botswana-le-president-annonce-reconnaitre-la-defaite-et-facilitera-la-transition_6370074_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-11-01 |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref>. Se, witabye Imana mu 2004, yari umwarimu muri Madiba Brigades<ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Meet Your Hero. President Duma Gideon Boko. UDC Presidential Candidate Botswana |url=https://democracyheroesaward.com/2023/08/31/meet-your-hero-president-duma-gideon-boko-udc-presidential-candidate-botswana/ |website=Democracy Heroes Award |access-date=2024-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305043235/https://democracyheroesaward.com/2023/08/31/meet-your-hero-president-duma-gideon-boko-udc-presidential-candidate-botswana/ |archive-date=2024-03-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu 1987, yatangiye kwiga amategeko muri Kaminuza ya Botswana, aho yatorewe kujya mu nama ihagarariye abanyeshuri; arangiza mu 1993, akomereza muri ''Harvard Law School'' muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], ahakura impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu mu mategeko (LLM) mu 1995<ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=Sharon Mathala |title=The loo flushes away BMD'S woes |url=https://thevoicebw.com/loo-flushes-away-bmds-woes/ |website=The Voice |date=2017-09-08 |access-date=2018-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220152011/https://thevoicebw.com/loo-flushes-away-bmds-woes/ |archive-date=2018-02-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Botswana : un avocat des droits humains, Duma Boko, devient président |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/botswana-un-avocat-des-droits-humains-duma-boko-devient-president-2746747 |website=TV5 Monde |date=2024-11-01 |access-date=2024-11-02}}</ref>. === Umwuga === Kuva mu 1993 kugeza mu 2003, yigishije amategeko muri Kaminuza ya Botswana, anayobora ikigo cy'abavoka<ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=President Duma Boko |url=http://www.udc.org.bw/dumaboko.html |website=Umbrella for Democratic change |access-date=2017-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007021118/http://www.udc.org.bw/dumaboko.html |archive-date=2017-10-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 2000, yandikaga inkuru mu kinyamakuru ''The Monitor'', anenga abacamanza n'abashakashatsi kudakora ubushakashatsi buhagije<ref name="E10" />. == Urugendo muri politiki == Boko yinjiye mu ishyaka rya ''Botswana National Front'' afite imyaka 21<ref name="F2" />, aryobora kuva mu 2010<ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Mmegi Online :: Boko victorious; elected BNF president |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=3658&dir=2010/July/Thursday22/ |website=Mmegi Online |date=2010-07-22 |access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>. Abatavuga rumwe na we bamureze mu nkiko bavuga ko ubwo BNF yacikagamo ibice mu 2000 yari yabaye umwe mu bashinze ''National Democratic Front'', ariko atsinda urwo rubanza<ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=BNF backs Boko's membership claim |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/bnf-backs-bokoocos-membership-claim/ |website=Sunday Standard |date=2010-07-11 |access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref><ref name="E10" />. BNF yifatanyije n'amashyaka ''Botswana Movement for Democracy'' na ''Botswana Peoples Party'' bashinga ihuriro ''Umbrella for Democratic Change'' (UDC)<ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Brief History - UDC |url=http://www.udc.org.bw/history.html |website=www.udc.org.bw |access-date=2020-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202062250/http://www.udc.org.bw/history.html |archive-date=2017-02-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>; abayoboke bamwe ba BNF baramureze, ariko atsinda imanza zose<ref name="E14">{{cite web |author=Goitsemodimo Kaelo |title=Boko Wins 'Principal Residence' Objection Case |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/boko-wins-principal-residence-objection-case/news |website=Mmegi Online |date=2019-07-29 |access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref>. Mu matora rusange yo mu 2014, UDC iyobowe na Boko yabaye iya kabiri, ibona imyanya 17 ku 37 ya BDP, maze aba Umuyobozi w'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi<ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=Elections Botswana |url=http://www.electionsbotswana.org/ |website=Elections Botswana |access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>. Mu matora yo mu 2019, yatsinzwe na Anna Mokgethi wa BDP mu ntara y'itora ya Gaborone Bonnington North, atakaza uwo mwanya<ref name="E16">{{cite web |author=Tsaone Basimanebotlhe |title=Duma Boko Petitions Constituency Election Outcome |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/duma-boko-petitions-constituency-election-outcome/news |website=Mmegi Online |date=2019-11-18 |access-date=2024-05-04}}</ref>. Yavuze ko habayeho uburiganya bukomeye mu matora bugamije gufasha Perezida Mokgweetsi Masisi<ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=Massive vote rigging uncovered in Botswana elections, claims opposition leader Duma Boko |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/massive-vote-rigging-uncovered-in-botswana-elections-claims-opposition-leader-duma-boko-20191205 |website=News24 |date=2019-12-05 |access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2024 === Mu matora rusange yo mu 2024, yongeye kuba umukandida wa UDC ku nshuro ya gatatu, afatanyije na Ndaba Gaolathe ku mwanya wa visi-perezida. Yiyamamaje avuga ko azatandukanya ubukungu bw'igihugu kugira ngo budashingira gusa ku bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, kandi azazamura imishahara, amafaranga ahabwa abanyeshuri n'izabukuru<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=en |author=David Sebudubudu |title=Botswana’s new president: who is Duma Boko and what does he stand for? |url=http://theconversation.com/botswanas-new-president-who-is-duma-boko-and-what-does-he-stand-for-242963 |website=The Conversation |date=2024-11-06 |access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |language=en |author=David Sebudubudu |title=Botswana's new president: who is Duma Boko and what does he stand for? |url=http://theconversation.com/botswanas-new-president-who-is-duma-boko-and-what-does-he-stand-for-242963 |website=The Conversation |date=2024-11-06 |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref>. Yasezeranyije kandi guha impushya z'akazi no gutura Abanyazimbabwe benshi badafite ibyangombwa bari mu gihugu, no kongera kuganira ku masezerano y'ubufatanye na sosiyete ya De Beers mu bijyanye na diyama<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mpho Lakaje |title=Botswana's President Duma Boko: I want to legalise undocumented Zimbabweans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c7v3l3zr63vo |website=www.bbc.com |date=2024-11-07 |access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mpho Lakaje |title=Botswana to legalise undocumented Zimbabweans - president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c7v3l3zr63vo |website=BBC |date=2024-11-08 |access-date=2024-11-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 30 Ukwakira 2024, ihuriro rye ryabonye imyanya 36 kuri 69 mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko, mu gihe BDP isigarana imyanya ine gusa<ref name="F1" /><ref name="E18">{{cite web |author=Brian Benza |title=Botswana voters kick out ruling party of nearly six decades |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/botswanas-ruling-party-loses-its-majority-this-weeks-election-mmegi-newspaper-2024-11-01/ |website=Reuters |date=2024-11-01 |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref>. Perezida Masisi yemeye ko yatsinzwe, aba Perezida wa mbere wa Botswana utongeye gutorwa<ref name="F1" />. == Perezida wa Botswana == Duma Boko yarahiriye kuba Perezida ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 2024, habaho n'undi muhango rusange ku wa 8 Ugushyingo<ref name="E19">{{cite web |author=Brownwen Roberts |title=Botswana's new president sworn in after historic election upset |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/botswana-leader-concedes-defeat-party-063549619.html |website=Yahoo News |date=2024-11-01 |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |author=Sello Motseta |title=Thousands turn out for inauguration of Botswana's new president, who calls for unity |url=https://apnews.com/article/botswana-inauguration-elections-unity-e21290c170bac9bf766d808c940cb0b4 |website=Associated Press |date=2024-11-09 |access-date=2024-11-09}}</ref>. Ni we Perezida wa mbere utaravuye muri BDP, n'uwa mbere wavutse nyuma y'ubwigenge<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=en |author=Radio France International |title=Afrique Botswana: le nouveau président Duma Boko a prêté serment au cours d’une cérémonie très symbolique |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241108-botswana-le-nouveau-pr%C3%A9sident-duma-boko-a-pr%C3%AAt%C3%A9-serment-au-cours-d-une-c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie-tr%C3%A8s-symbolique |website=rfi.fr |date=2024-11-08 |access-date=2024-11-08}}</ref><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Célian Macé |title=Au Botswana, une alternance historique, inattendue et exemplaire |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/au-botswana-une-alternance-historique-inattendue-et-exemplaire-20241104_NA5MVX6TDRFMVCVS5SEDEGV6GM/ |website=Libération |access-date=2024-11-09}}</ref>. Ni bwo bwa mbere kuva mu 1966 ishyaka ryahoze ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi ritsinze amatora<ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |author=David Sebudubudu |title=Botswana's new president: who is Duma Boko and what does he stand for? |url=https://theconversation.com/botswanas-new-president-who-is-duma-boko-and-what-does-he-stand-for-242963 |website=The Conversation |date=2024-11-06 |access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref>. Mu ijambo rye rya mbere ku miterere y'igihugu, mu Ugushyingo 2024, yavuze ko guverinoma ye izateza imbere ingufu z'izuba, urumogi rukoreshwa mu buvuzi n'ikivuguto cy'inganda (''chanvre''), kandi ko yaganiriye na Elon Musk ku kugeza interineti ku gihugu cyose binyuze kuri Starlink<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=en |title=New Botswana leader eyes cannabis, sunshine to lift economy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241119-new-botswana-leader-eyes-cannabis-sunshine-to-lift-economy |website=France 24 |date=2024-11-19 |access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |title=New Botswana leader eyes cannabis, sunshine to lift economy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241119-new-botswana-leader-eyes-cannabis-sunshine-to-lift-economy |website=France 24 |date=2024-11-20 |access-date=2024-11-20}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2025, Botswana yohereje mu kirere icyogajuru cyayo cya mbere, BOTSAT-1, kivuye ku bibuga bya SpaceX muri Kaliforuniya<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=en |author=AFP |title=New Botswana leader eyes cannabis, sunshine to lift economy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241119-new-botswana-leader-eyes-cannabis-sunshine-to-lift-economy |website=France 24 |date=2024-11-19 |access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |author=Kevin Namunwa |title=Botswana Launches Its First Satellite |url=https://cioafrica.co/botswana-launches-its-first-satellite/ |website=CIO Africa |date=2025-03-10 |access-date=2025-03-12}}</ref>. Ku wa 25 Kanama 2025, yatangaje ibihe bidasanzwe by'ubuzima mu gihugu cyose, kubera ibura ry'imiti n'ibikoresho byo kwa muganga ryatewe n'ingengo y'imari idahagije n'igabanuka ry'inkunga ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika (USAID)<ref name="E26">{{cite web |language=en |title=Botswana declares public health emergency over medicine shortage |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/26/botswana-declares-public-health-emergency-over-medicine-shortage |website=Al Jazeera |date=2025-08-26 |access-date=2025-05-29}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=en |author=News Agencies |title=Botswana declares public health emergency over medicine shortage |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/26/botswana-declares-public-health-emergency-over-medicine-shortage |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref>. Nyuma y'iyo ngorane, yatangaje amavugurura mu rwego rw'ubuzima, harimo kuvugurura ikigo gishinzwe kugura imiti no gushyiraho ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe amakuru y'ubuzima<ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=en |author=Duma Boko |title=Botswana's diamond-funded healthcare failed: it needs to be reformed and rebuilt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2026/feb/21/botswana-diamond-funded-healthcare-failed-reformed-rebuilt |website=The Guardian |date=2026-02-21 |access-date=2026-07-29}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Amaze gutorwa, yavuze ko ashyigikiye politiki y'ububanyi n'amahanga idafite aho ibogamiye, nk'iy'u Busuwisi<ref name="E29">{{cite web |language=en |title=Historic power shift in Botswana means change is coming, new President Duma Boko says |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2024/nov/3/historic-power-shift-botswana-means-change-coming-/ |website=The Washington Times |date=2024-11-03 |access-date=2026-09-19}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2025, we na Perezida w'u [[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]] Xi Jinping bohererezanye ubutumwa bwo kwizihiza isabukuru y'imyaka 50 y'umubano w'ibihugu byombi<ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=en |title=Xi Jinping Exchanges Congratulatory Messages with Botswanan President Duma Boko on the 50th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between China and Botswana |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xw/zyxw/202501/t20250107_11528274.html |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China |date=2025-01-07 |access-date=2026-09-19}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2025, yagiye i Washington ahura n'Umunyamabanga wa Leta w'Amerika, Marco Rubio<ref name="E31">{{cite web |language=en |title=Secretary Rubio's Meeting with Botswana President Duma Boko |url=https://www.state.gov/secretary-rubios-meeting-with-botswana-president-duma-boko/ |website=United States Department of State |date=2025-03-07 |access-date=2026-09-19}}</ref>. Umubano n'Amerika waje kurangwa n'ibibazo by'ubucuruzi: ku wa 1 Kanama 2025, Amerika yashyize umusoro wa 37 % ku bicuruzwa bya Botswana, bibangamira ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bya diyama; Botswana yatanze icyifuzo cyo guha Amerika uburenganzira bwa mbere bwo gushakisha amabuye y'agaciro y'ingenzi mu turere dutatu<ref name="E32">{{cite web |language=en |title=Botswana Trades Mineral Access for US Tariff Relief |url=https://www.africa-press.net/botswana/all-news/botswana-trades-mineral-access-for-us-tariff-relief |website=Africa-Press |date=2025-09-08 |access-date=2026-09-19}}</ref>. Muri Ukwakira 2025, uwo musoro wari wageze kuri 15 %<ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |title=Botswana on Verge of Zero-Tariff Diamond Deal, President Says |url=https://www.jckonline.com/editorial-article/botswana-zero-tariff-diamond-deal/ |website=JCK |date=2025-10-03 |access-date=2026-09-19}}</ref>. Mu 2026, Boko yagize ati: "Perezida Trump ashyira imbere Amerika, nanjye nshyira imbere Botswana"<ref name="E34">{{cite web |language=en |title=Exclusive: This African Leader Has a Diamond-Rich Deal for Trump |url=https://www.newsweek.com/botswana-leader-has-diamond-rich-deal-for-trump-11993660 |website=Newsweek |date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-09-19}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2026, yakiriye mu ruzinduko rwa Leta Sultani wa Omani, Haitham bin Tariq<ref name="E28">{{cite web |language=en |author=Adekunle Owolabi |title=Oman Sultan arrives in Botswana |url=https://theafricandaily.com/320076/diplomacy/oman-sultan-arrives-in-botswana/ |website=The Africa Daily |date=2026-09-16 |access-date=2026-09-16}}</ref>. == Inyandiko ze == * Boko, D. G. (1998). "Towards a compensatory approach to redressing constitutional violations in Botswana". ''The Zimbabwe Law Review'' 15: 120–133. * Boko, Duma Gideon (2000). "Fair Trial and the Customary Courts in Botswana: Questions on Legal Representation". ''Criminal Law Forum'' 11 (4): 445–460. * Boko, Duma Gideon (2002). "Integrating the Basarwa under Botswana's Remote Area Development Programme: Empowerment or marginalisation?". ''Australian Journal of Human Rights'' 8 (2): 153–171. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Duma Boko}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Botswana]] 636olh55jc79vgith9qztl6k5hjt95u 0 23187 140774 140656 2026-10-05T10:07:13Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = José Maria Neves | image = José Maria Neves, 2023.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = José Maria Neves mu 2023 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|3|28|df=y}} | birth_place = Santa Catarina, ikirwa cya Santiago, [[Kapu Veri]] | nationality = Umunyakapuveri | alma_mater = Fundação Getúlio Vargas (São Paulo, Burezili) | occupation = Umunyapolitiki, umwanditsi | known_for = Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Kapu Veri (2001–2016) | title = Perezida wa Kapu Veri | term = Kuva ku wa 9 Ugushyingo 2021 | predecessor = Jorge Carlos Fonseca | party = PAICV }} '''José Maria Pereira Neves''' (wavutse ku wa 28 Werurwe 1960 i Santa Catarina, ku kirwa cya Santiago, muri [[Kapu Veri]]) ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyakapuveri wo mu ishyaka ''Partido Africano da Independência de Cabo Verde'' (PAICV), akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Kapu Veri kuva ku wa 9 Ugushyingo 2021. Yabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe imyaka 15, kuva mu 2001 kugeza mu 2016. Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2021, yatsinze mu cyiciro cya mbere ku majwi 51,7 %. == Ubuzima == José Maria Neves yavukiye ku kirwa cya Santiago mu 1960<ref name="E3">{{cite web |title=03-029 (José Maria Neves) |url=https://brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/2003-04/03-029.html}}</ref>. Akiri ingimbi, yatangiye gushishikazwa na politiki, ayobora umuryango w'urubyiruko uharanira ubwigenge mu gihe Kapu Veri yavaga mu bukoloni bw'Abanyaporutigali mu 1975<ref name="E3" />. Yize muri ''Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo'' ya Fundação Getúlio Vargas, muri Burezili<ref name="lobban">{{cite book |language=en |last1=Lobban Jr |first1=Richard A. |last2=Saucier |first2=Paul Khalil |title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cape Verde |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2007 |page=167 |isbn=978-0-8108-4906-8}}</ref>. Mu myaka ya 1980, yagarutse muri Kapu Veri akora mu nzego zitandukanye za Leta. Kuva mu 1987 kugeza mu 1989, yari umuhuzabikorwa w'umushinga w'ivugurura no kuvugurura ubutegetsi; yanayoboye Ikigo cy'Igihugu cy'Amahugurwa mu Butegetsi bwa Leta, hanyuma kuva mu 1989 kugeza mu 1998 aba umujyanama mu bijyanye n'amahugurwa n'iterambere ry'abakozi. == Urugendo muri politiki == Mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1980, yinjiye mu ishami ry'urubyiruko rya PAICV, icyo gihe ryari ishyaka rimwe rukumbi<ref name="lobban" />. Mu 1996, yiyamamaje ku rutonde rwa PAICV, ryari ryabaye ishyaka ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, mu ntara y'itora ya Santa Catarina. Mu nama nkuru ya PAICV yo muri Nzeri 1997, yiyamamarije kuyobora ishyaka ariko atsindwa na Pedro Pires. Mu Kamena 2000, ubwo yari perezida w'inama njyanama ya Santa Catarina, yatorewe kuyobora PAICV<ref name="lobban" />. === Minisitiri w'Intebe (2001–2016) === Yayoboye PAICV itsinda amatora y'abadepite yo ku wa 14 Mutarama 2001, aba Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="lobban" />. Yashyizeho umubano wa dipolomasi n'[[Ubushinwa]]. Mu 2002, yasinyanye n'Ubumwe bw'Uburayi amasezerano yihariye, yatangajwe ku wa 15 Ugushyingo 2005<ref name="E4">{{cite web |title=Cape Verde PM Discusses Special Partnership with EU |url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/17267 |website=Afrol |date=2005-11-15}}</ref>; mu 2007, yasabye ko Kapu Veri igirana umubano wihariye n'Ubumwe bw'Uburayi kubera ko yegereye ibirwa bya Macaronésie biri muri Esipanye na Porutigali<ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=pt |author=José Vicente Lopes |title=PM de Cabo Verde em ofensiva europeia |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/portugueseafrica/news/story/2007/08/070820_cvperipheralmeetinglc.shtml |website=BBC News |date=2007-08-16 |access-date=2021-10-20}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2003 kugeza mu 2004, yari na Minisitiri w'Imari<ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Antigos Ministros - Ministério das Finanças |url=https://www.mf.gov.cv/web/mf/antigos-ministros |website=www.mf.gov.cv}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2005, yasuye Burezili, ahura na Perezida Lula da Silva, baganira ku ishoramari muri Kapu Veri, harimo na Kaminuza ya Kapu Veri, kaminuza ya mbere ya Leta muri icyo gihugu<ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Criação de universidade pública em destaque na visita do PM cabo-verdiano ao Brasil |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/mundo/criacao-de-universidade-publica-em-destaque-na-visita-do-pm-cabo-verdiano-ao-brasil_n114331 |website=RTP |date=2005-08-21 |access-date=2021-10-20}}</ref>. Ku wa 22 Mutarama 2006, ishyaka rye ryongeye gutsinda amatora y'abadepite ku majwi 52,28 %, maze ku wa 7 Werurwe atangira manda ye ya kabiri<ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Cape Verde's New Government Sworn |url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/18379 |website=Afrol |date=2006-03-08 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221134144/http://www.afrol.com/articles/18379 |archive-date=2024-12-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Banki y'Isi n'Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari bashimye politiki ye y'ubukungu n'imari. Mu Ukuboza 2006, yavuze ko nubwo ubucakara n'ubukoloni byagize ingaruka mbi kuri Afurika, abayobozi b'Afurika ari bo ba mbere bafite inshingano ku bibazo by'umugabane muri iki gihe<ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Africa 'stop blaming colonialism' |url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_2047882,00.html}}</ref>. Ku wa 2 Mutarama 2007, yatangaje ko ashaka ko Kapu Veri igira umwanya wihariye muri CEDEAO<ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Cape Verde wants special status at ECOWAS |url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/23522 |website=afrol News |date=2007-01-02}}</ref>. Ku wa 27 Kamena 2008, yashyizeho guverinoma nshya yari irimo abagore umunani ku baminisitiri 15, iba guverinoma ya mbere muri Kapu Veri ifite abagore benshi kurusha abagabo<ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Profunda remodelação governamental em Cabo Verde |url=http://www.panapress.com/freenewspor.asp?code=por015329&dte=27/06/2008}}</ref>. Ku wa 6 Gashyantare 2011, yongeye gutorwa ku nshuro ya gatatu, ishyaka rye ribona 52,68 % n'imyanya 38 kuri 72<ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Atlântico Weekly |url=http://atlantico-weekly.com/ |date=2011-02-07 |access-date=2017-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510021036/http://atlantico-weekly.com/ |archive-date=2011-05-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu matora y'abadepite yo muri Werurwe 2016, ishyaka ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, ''Movimento para a Democracia'' (MpD), ryatsinze ku majwi arenga 53 %<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'opposition remporte les législatives au Cap-Vert |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/03/21/l-opposition-remporte-les-legislatives-au-cap-vert_4886914_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2016-03-21}}</ref>, maze ku wa 22 Mata 2016 asimburwa na Ulisses Correia e Silva ku mwanya wa Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="E13">{{cite web |language=pt |title=José Maria Neves passa testemunho ao novo Primeiro-ministro Ulisses Correia e Silva |url=http://anacao.cv/2016/04/21/jose-maria-neves-passa-testemunho-ao-novo-primeiro-ministro-ulisses-correia-e-silva/ |website=A Nação |date=2016-04-21 |access-date=2017-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513094724/http://anacao.cv/2016/04/21/jose-maria-neves-passa-testemunho-ao-novo-primeiro-ministro-ulisses-correia-e-silva/ |archive-date=2016-05-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. === Perezida wa Kapu Veri === Mu matora ya perezida yo ku wa 17 Ukwakira 2021, yatsinze mu cyiciro cya mbere ku majwi 51,7 %, imbere ya Carlos Veiga wa MpD wabonye 42,4 %; Veiga yahise yemera ko yatsinzwe<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cap-Vert: le candidat de la gauche, José Maria Neves, élu président dès le premier tour |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20211017-cap-vert-le-candidat-de-la-gauche-%C3%A9lu-d%C3%A8s-le-1er-tour-r%C3%A9sultats-provisoires |website=Radio France internationale |date=2021-10-17 |access-date=2021-10-20}}</ref><ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=LeMonde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/10/18/cap-vert-le-candidat-de-la-gauche-elu-des-le-premier-tour-de-la-presidentielle_6098763_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2021-10-18}}</ref>. Iyo ntsinzi yatumye habaho ubufatanye bw'ubutegetsi (''cohabitation'') na Minisitiri w'Intebe Ulisses Correia e Silva wo muri MpD. Yatangiye imirimo ku wa 9 Ugushyingo 2021<ref name="F1" />. == Umwanditsi == Neves yanditse ibitabo n'inyandiko byinshi, bimwe byasohotse mu bindi bihugu bya Afurika, mu Burayi no muri Burezili, birimo: * ''A Teoria da Administração Pública em Cabo Verde'' * ''O Estado e a Administração Pública em Cabo Verde'' * ''Uma Agenda de Transformação para Cabo Verde'' * ''Cabo Verde – Gestão das Impossibilidades'' * ''Um Futuro a Construir'' (yafatanyije na Francisco Pinto Balsemão) == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|José Maria Neves}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] 18kqmg7k92cghfg0d1ihntyvxgkm4ia 0 23188 140757 140657 2026-10-05T05:10:36Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Faustin-Archange Touadéra | image = Visit of Faustin-Archange Touadéra, President of the Central African Republic, to the European Commission (P067074-430913, cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Faustin-Archange Touadéra | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|4|21|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Bangui]], [[Repubulika ya Santara Afurika]] | nationality = Umunyasantarafurika | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Lille I (Ubufaransa)<br />Kaminuza ya Yaoundé (Kameruni) | occupation = Umwarimu w'imibare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Minisitiri w'Intebe (2008–2013) | title = Perezida wa Repubulika ya Santara Afurika | term = Kuva ku wa 30 Werurwe 2016 | predecessor = Catherine Samba-Panza (w'inzibacyuho) | party = Mouvement Cœurs unis (MCU) }} '''Faustin-Archange Touadéra''' (wavutse ku wa 21 Mata 1957 i [[Bangui]]) ni umwarimu w'imibare n'umunyapolitiki wo muri [[Repubulika ya Santara Afurika]], akaba Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva muri Werurwe 2016. Mbere yaho, yabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe kuva mu 2008 kugeza mu 2013 ku butegetsi bwa François Bozizé. Yatorewe kuba Perezida mu 2016, yongera gutorwa mu 2020–2021 no mu 2025, mu matora yitabiriwe na bake kandi arangwa n'urugomo. Kuva yagera ku butegetsi, yegereye [[Uburusiya]]: itsinda ry'abacancuro b'Abarusiya rya Wagner rimurinda kandi rimufasha guhashya inyeshyamba. Ku butegetsi bwe, Itegeko Nshinga ryavanyeho umubare ntarengwa wa manda mu 2023, kandi abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi barahohoterwa. == Ubuzima == Faustin-Archange Touadéra yavukiye i Bangui ku wa 21 Mata 1957, mu muryango w'abana icumi wo mu gace ka rubanda rugufi ka Boy-Rabe; se yari umushoferi, nyina ari umuhinzi<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Centrafrique : cinq choses à savoir sur Faustin-Archange Touadéra |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/304420/politique/centrafrique-5-choses-a-savoir-sur-faustin-arcange-touadera/}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Duhem, Vincent |title=Centrafrique : cinq choses à savoir sur Faustin-Archange Touadéra |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/304420/politique/centrafrique-5-choses-a-savoir-sur-faustin-arcange-touadera/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2016-02-22 |access-date=2026-01-07}}</ref>. Yize amashuri yisumbuye muri Collège Barthélemy Boganda i Bangui, abona impamyabumenyi y'amashuri yisumbuye mu 1976, hanyuma yiga muri Kaminuza ya Bangui no muri Kaminuza ya Abidjan<ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Ngoulou, Fridolin |title=Qui est le nouveau président centrafricain Faustin Archange Touadera ? |url=http://rjdh.org/qui-est-le-nouveau-president-centrafricain-faustin-archange-touadera/ |website=RJDH |date=2016-02-22 |access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref>. Mu 1986, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (doctorat) mu mibare muri Kaminuza ya Lille I mu [[Ubufaransa]]<ref name="E9">{{cite web |author=Faustin Touadera |title=Problème de Cauchy matriciels C∞ et dans les espaces de Sobolev à caractéristiques multiples |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=8211537}}</ref>, maze mu 2004 abona iya kabiri muri Kaminuza ya Yaoundé muri [[Kameruni]]<ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Central African Republic swears in new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/3/30/central-african-republic-swears-in-new-president |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2021-01-22}}</ref>. === Umwuga wa kaminuza === Mu 1987, yabaye umwarimu wungirije w'imibare muri Kaminuza ya Bangui, aba visi-dekani w'ishami ry'ubumenyi kuva mu 1989 kugeza mu 1992<ref name="E12" />. Mu 1999, yinjiye muri Komite ihuriweho n'ibihugu ishinzwe guhuza integanyanyigisho z'imibare mu bihugu bivuga Igifaransa n'ibyo mu Nyanja y'Abahinde (CIEHPM), ayiyobora kuva mu 2001 kugeza mu 2003. Muri Gicurasi 2004, yabaye visi-chanseliye wa Kaminuza ya Bangui<ref name="E8" />, hanyuma ayibera umuyobozi mukuru (recteur) kuva mu 2005 kugeza mu 2008, atangiza gahunda yo kwigisha kwihangira imirimo n'ihuriro rya kaminuza ''Euclid''<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie officielle |url=http://www.touadera2015.net/pdf/BiographiePrFAT.pdf |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302143252/http://www.touadera2015.net/pdf/BiographiePrFAT.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |author=Al Erisman |title=Update: Return to the Central African Republic |url=https://ethix.org/2007/10/01/return-to-the-central-african-republic |website=Ethix.org |date=2007-10-01 |access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref>. == Minisitiri w'Intebe (2008–2013) == Ku wa 22 Mutarama 2008, Perezida François Bozizé yamugize Minisitiri w'Intebe, nyuma y'iyegura rya Élie Doté<ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=Centrafrique: le recteur de l'université de Bangui nommé Premier ministre |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/fluxafp/fil_info.asp?reg_id=0&art_cle=42184}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ibiganiro by'igihugu byo mu Ukuboza 2008, Bozizé yasheshe guverinoma ye ku wa 18 Mutarama 2009, ariko bukeye bwaho amugira Minisitiri w'Intebe ku nshuro ya kabiri<ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=Central African Republic president dissolves government |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-01-19/central-african-republic-president-dissolves/270016 |website=ABC News |date=2009-01-18 |access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Mutarama 2013, nyuma y'amasezerano y'amahoro ya Libreville hagati ya guverinoma n'ihuriro ry'inyeshyamba rya Séléka, yategekaga ko Minisitiri w'Intebe mushya ava mu batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, Bozizé yaramwirukanye<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Centrafrique : le Premier ministre démis avant le gouvernement d'Union nationale |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/centrafrique-le-premier-ministre-demis-avant-le-gouvernement-d-union-nationale-12-01-2013-1612934_24.php}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Central African opposition names Tiangaye as new PM |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/439339/central-african-opposition-names-tiangaye-as-new.html |website=Modern Ghana |access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref>. Mu 2014, yahungiye ku kigo cy'Umuryango w'Abibumbye i Bangui amezi atandatu, hanyuma ajya i Villeneuve-d'Ascq mu Bufaransa hamwe n'umugore we n'abana be batatu<ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Villeneuve-d’Ascq : les attaches villeneuvoises du nouveau président de la Centrafrique |url=http://www.lavoixdunord.fr/archive/recup%3A%252Fregion%252Fvilleneuve-d-ascq-les-attaches-villeneuvoises-du-ia28b50417n3346911 |website=lavoixdunord.fr}}</ref><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Centrafrique : Faustin-Archange Touadéra, nouveau président surprise |url=http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2016/02/21/centrafrique-faustin-archange-touadera-nouveau-president-surprise_1434855}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Repubulika == === Amatora yo mu 2016 === Yagarutse mu gihugu mu 2015, yiyamamaza nk'umukandida wigenga mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2015–2016<ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=Exiled Central African leader Bozize to stand at election |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-uk-centralafrica-election-idAFKCN0QG0KA20150811 |website=Reuters |date=2015-08-11 |access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref>. Mu cyiciro cya mbere, yabaye uwa kabiri ku majwi 19 %, inyuma ya Anicet-Georges Dologuélé (23,7 %), ariko mu cyiciro cya kabiri atsinda ku majwi 62,7 %<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Centrafrique : Touadéra élu président |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2016/02/20/97001-20160220FILWWW00137-centrafrique-touadera-elu-president.php |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2016-02-20 |access-date=2016-02-20}}</ref>. Yarahiye ku wa 30 Werurwe 2016, asimbura Perezida w'inzibacyuho Catherine Samba-Panza<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Centrafrique : Faustin Archange Touadéra met en place un secrétariat politique pour la gestion des 100 premiers jours |url=https://adiac-congo.com/content/centrafrique-faustin-archange-touadera-met-en-place-un-secretariat-politique-pour-la-gestion |access-date=2016-03-12}}</ref>, asezeranya gushyira intwaro hasi no kugira igihugu "kimwe, cy'amahoro, cyerekeje ku iterambere"<ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Central African Republic's president vows peace, reforms at inauguration |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-centralafrica-president-idUSKCN0WW1ZG}}</ref>. Ku wa 2 Mata 2016, yagize Simplice Sarandji Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Central African president names PM in decree: radio |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-centralafrica-president-idUSKCN0WZ0Q3 |website=Reuters |date=2016-04-02 |access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref>. === Manda ya mbere === Amaze kurahira, Ubufaransa bwatangaje ko burangije igikorwa cya gisirikare cya Sangaris, bwari bufitemo abasirikare bagera ku 2 500 bafashaga ingabo z'Umuryango w'Abibumbye zigera ku 10 000<ref name="E22">{{cite web |author=Morgan Winsor |title=Central African Republic's New President Touadera In Uphill Battle Against Warring Muslim, Christian Militias |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/central-african-republics-new-president-touadera-uphill-battle-against-warring-muslim-2345672 |website=International Business Times |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref>. Touadéra yitabaje itsinda ry'abacancuro b'Abarusiya rya Wagner kugira ngo rifashe kugarura umutekano; ibyo byatumye umubano n'Ubufaransa uzamba, Perezida Emmanuel Macron ahagarika inkunga y'ubukungu. Abarinda Touadéra bavugwa ko ari abo muri Wagner<ref name="E27">{{cite web |author=Neil Hauer |title=Russia's Favorite Mercenaries |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/08/russian-mercenaries-wagner-africa/568435/ |website=The Atlantic |date=2018-08-27}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2022, yari umwe mu bakuru b'ibihugu bake bashyigikiye icyemezo cya Vladimir Putin cyo kwemera ubwigenge bwa Donetsk na Louhansk<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Ilya Barabanov |title=Conflit en Ukraine : comment la Russie a tissé des liens plus étroits avec l'Afrique |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/monde-60546110 |website=BBC.com}}</ref>. Ku wa 18 Mutarama 2021, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwemeje ko yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 53,16 %<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pacôme Pabandji |title=Centrafrique : la réélection de Faustin-Archange Touadéra validée par la Cour constitutionnelle |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1106586/politique/centrafrique-la-reelection-de-faustin-archange-touadera-validee-par-la-cour-constitutionnelle/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-01-18}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri === Muri Mata 2022, Repubulika ya Santara Afurika yemeje ko Bitcoin iba ifaranga ryemewe mu gihugu, iba igihugu cya kabiri ku isi kibikoze nyuma ya El Salvador; iyo gahunda yaretswe mu 2023<ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Bitcoin becomes official currency in Central African Republic |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61248809 |date=2022-04-27 |access-date=2025-02-15}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |author=Jonathan Buck |title=The Fall Of Bitcoin In The Central African Republic: Why This Legal Tender Experiment Failed |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/the-fall-of-bitcoin-in-the-central-african-republic:-why-this-legal-tender-experiment |website=Nasdaq |date=2023-04-30 |access-date=2025-02-14}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |author=Sabrina Toppa |title=Why did the Central African Republic toss out bitcoin? |url=https://www.thestreet.com/crypto/policy/central-african-republic-bitcoin |website=TheStreet |date=2023-09-30 |access-date=2025-02-15}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2023, yafashe ubuyobozi bw'Umuryango w'Ubukungu n'Ifaranga wa Afurika yo Hagati (CEMAC)<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Franc CFA, présidence, mandats… Ce que Paul Biya et ses pairs vont aborder lors du sommet de la Cemac |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1424402/economie/les-dessous-du-sommet-de-la-cemac-convoque-par-paul-biya/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2023, yitabiriye inama y'Uburusiya n'Afurika i Saint-Pétersbourg, avuga ko Uburusiya "bwafashije kurokora demokarasi no gukumira intambara y'abenegihugu"<ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=African leaders tell Putin: 'We have a right to call for peace' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-tells-african-leaders-moscow-is-studying-their-ukraine-proposal-2023-07-28/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-07-29}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2023, kamarampaka yo kuvugurura Itegeko Nshinga yongereye manda ya perezida kuva ku myaka itanu ikagera ku irindwi, ivanaho umubare ntarengwa wa manda; mu Ukwakira 2022, Touadéra yari yirukanye perezida w'Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga, rwari rwemeje ko iyo kamarampaka inyuranyije n'Itegeko Nshinga<ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=In Central African Republic, government removes two constitutional court judges after judgment seen as blocking president's plans to bypass term limits |url=https://constitutionnet.org/news/central-african-republic-government-removes-two-constitutional-court-judges-after-judgment |website=Reuters |date=2022-10-31 |access-date=2023-06-01}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=République centrafricaine : Le référendum présente des risques |url=https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2023/06/05/republique-centrafricaine-le-referendum-presente-des-risques |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2023-06-05 |access-date=2023-08-02}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2024, yakiriwe ku nshuro ya kabiri mu ngoro y'Élysée i Paris, asinya gahunda yo kugarura umubano hagati y'ibihugu byombi<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Centrafrique : Faustin-Archange Touadéra de nouveau reçu par Emmanuel Macron |url=https://www.africaintelligence.fr/afrique-centrale/2024/04/05/faustin-archange-touadera-de-nouveau-recu-par-emmanuel-macron,110201327-art |website=Africa Intelligence |date=2024-04-05 |access-date=2024-04-07}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Centrafrique Faustin-Archange Touadéra de nouveau reçu par Emmanuel Macron |url=https://www.africaintelligence.fr/afrique-centrale/2024/04/05/faustin-archange-touadera-de-nouveau-recu-par-emmanuel-macron,110201327-art |website=Africa Intelligence |date=2024-04-05 |access-date=2024-11-22}}</ref>. Ku wa 10 Gashyantare 2025, yatangije ifaranga ry'ikoranabuhanga "$CAR", ryamaze igihe gito rifite agaciro ka miliyoni 900 z'amadolari mbere yo guta agaciro karenga 90 %<ref name="E33">{{cite web |author=Prashant Jha |title=Central African Republic's National Memecoin Hits $900M Market Cap—But Is It Real? |url=https://www.ccn.com/news/crypto/central-african-republic-national-car-memecoin-real/ |website=CCN |date=2025-02-10 |access-date=2025-02-23}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |author=Basillioh Rukanga |title=CAR leader launches meme-coin 'experiment' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly5x0vpen8o |website=BBC News |date=2025-02-11 |access-date=2025-02-23}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2025 === Muri Nyakanga 2025, ishyaka rye ''Mouvement Cœurs unis'' ryamutoranyije kuba umukandida mu matora ya perezida yo mu Ukuboza 2025<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rolf Steve Domia-Leu |title=Centrafrique: le parti au pouvoir désigne Faustin-Archange Touadéra pour briguer un nouveau mandat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250726-centrafrique-le-parti-au-pouvoir-d%C3%A9signe-faustin-archange-touad%C3%A9ra-pour-briguer-nouveau-mandat |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref><ref name="E32">{{cite web |title=Central African Republic's President Touadera confirms third-term bid |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/07/27/central-african-republics-president-touadera-confirms-third-term-bid/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-07-27 |access-date=2025-07-27}}</ref>. Mu Ugushyingo 2025, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwamwemereye kongera kwiyamamaza, nubwo abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bavugaga ko atujuje ibisabwa<ref name="E35">{{cite web |author=Jean Fernand Koena |title=Central African Republic leader cleared for third term in key vote followed closely by Russia |url=https://apnews.com/article/central-african-republic-touadera-russia-wagner-41891691b35cb17fac75159b78aa0d3e |website=AP NEWS |date=2025-11-14 |access-date=2025-11-14}}</ref>. Mbere y'amatora, yakoresheje ububasha bwa Leta kugira ngo abuze abakandida batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi kwiyamamaza<ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Central African Republic: Concerns Over Crucial Election |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/11/28/central-african-republic-concerns-over-crucial-election |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2025-11-28 |access-date=2026-01-07}}</ref><ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Central African Republic President Touadéra wins third term: provisional results |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/06/central-african-republic-president-touadera-wins-third-term-provisional-results/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06}}</ref>. Ku wa 19 Mutarama 2026, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwatangaje ko yatsinze mu cyiciro cya mbere ku majwi 77,9 %, imbere ya Anicet-Georges Dologuélé (13,1 %); abitabiriye amatora bari 52,4 %<ref name="E41">{{cite web |title=Central African Republic confirms Touadéra's election win despite fraud claims |url=https://apnews.com/article/central-african-republic-election-results-touadera-dologuele-66860f354854b90b1194f509746f190c |website=AP News |date=2026-01-19}}</ref><ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Centrafrique: Faustin-Archange Touadéra déclaré vainqueur par l'ANE |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260105-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-en-centrafrique-faustin-archange-touad%C3%A9ra-d%C3%A9clar%C3%A9-vainqueur-par-l-ane |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Abo bahanganye bamaganye uburiganya, basaba ko amatora aseswa<ref name="E40">{{cite web |author=Wycliffe Muia |title=Central African Republic president wins third term by landslide |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0q40xg3j0jo |website=BBC News |date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06}}</ref><ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Centrafrique : la Cour constitutionnelle proclame la victoire de Faustin-Archange Touadéra et rejette le recours de son opposant pour fraudes |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/01/19/centrafrique-la-cour-constitutionnelle-proclame-la-victoire-de-faustin-archange-touadera-et-rejette-le-recours-de-son-opposant-pour-fraudes_6663213_3212.html |website=AFP et Le Monde}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Touadéra yabaye umudiyakoni mu itorero ry'Ababatisita (''Union fraternelle des Églises baptistes''), kandi aracyari umunyamuryango waryo<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Faustin-Archange Touadéra: Réconcilier les Centrafricains |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/faustin-archange-touadera-reconcilier-les-centrafricains_1795475.html}}</ref><ref name="E42">{{cite web |title=Faustin-Archange Touadéra: Réconcilier les Centrafricains |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/faustin-archange-touadera-reconcilier-les-centrafricains_1795475.html}}</ref>. Afite abagore babiri, Brigitte Touadéra na Tina Marguerite Touadéra<ref name="E44">{{cite web |title=Centrafrique: Brigitte et Tina Touadéra, la bataille de l'ombre pour la place de première dame |url=http://koaci.com/centrafrique-brigitte-tina-touadera-bataille-lombre-pour-place-premiere-dame-107495.html |website=Koaci.com |date=2017-03-20 |access-date=2017-10-29}}</ref>, n'abana batatu<ref name="E7" />. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Faustin Touadera}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Repubulika ya Santara Afurika]] of8kfdi20c14hmu6bf3x7868tc1lq67 0 23189 140779 140658 2026-10-05T11:27:14Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno | image = Mahamat Déby.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Mahamat Idriss Déby | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|4|4|df=y}} | birth_place = N'Djamena, [[Cade]] | nationality = Umunyacade | alma_mater = Lycée militaire d'Aix-en-Provence (Ubufaransa)<br />Ishuri rya gisirikare rya Gémia (Cade) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Maréchal wa Cade (kuva 2024) | title = Perezida wa Cade | term = Kuva ku wa 21 Mata 2021 (w'inzibacyuho kugeza ku wa 23 Gicurasi 2024) | predecessor = Idriss Déby Itno | party = Mouvement patriotique du salut (MPS) }} '''Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno''' (mu Cyarabu: محمد إدريس ديبي إتنو; wavutse ku wa 4 Mata 1984 i N'Djamena, muri [[Cade]]), uzwi kandi ku izina rya '''Kaka''', ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyacade, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Cade kuva ku wa 21 Mata 2021. Nyuma y'urupfu rutunguranye rwa se, Perezida Idriss Déby, wiciwe ku rugamba muri Mata 2021, yayoboye Akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho, aba umukuru w'igihugu mu buryo bwateje impaka, kuko Itegeko Nshinga ritubahirijwe. Yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo mu 2024, kandi mu Ukuboza 2024 ahabwa ipeti rya Maréchal wa Cade. Ubutegetsi bwe bufatwa nk'ubw'igitugu, burangwa n'ihashywa rikaze ry'imyigaragambyo, harimo iryo ku wa 20 Ukwakira 2022, no kubuza abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi kwisanzura<ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Chad’s election outcome already seems set: 4 things Mahamat Déby has done to stay in power |url=https://theconversation.com/chads-election-outcome-already-seems-set-4-things-mahamat-deby-has-done-to-stay-in-power-228242 |website=The Conversation |date=2024-04-23 |access-date=2026-09-02}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Chad: dictatorship continues by other means |url=https://lens.civicus.org/chad-dictatorship-continues-by-other-rmeans/ |website=CIVICUS Lens |date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2026-09-02}}</ref>. == Ubuzima == === Inkomoko n'amashuri === Mahamat Idriss Déby ni umuhungu wa Idriss Déby, icyo gihe wari umugaba mukuru w'ingabo zirwanira ku butaka, n'umubyeyi w'Umugorane<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Passé en France, appelé "grand-mère"... Le CV de Mahamat Idriss Déby, nouvel homme fort du Tchad |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/passe-en-france-appele-grand-mere-le-cv-de-mahamat-idriss-deby-nouvel-homme-fort-du-tchad_2149263.html |website=lexpress.fr |date=2021-04-21 |access-date=2021-04-24}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=David Lewis |title=Chad's new President Deby: Son inherits crisis as well as leadership &#124; Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chads-new-president-deby-son-inherits-crisis-well-leadership-2021-04-23/ |website=Reuters |date=2021-04-23}}</ref>. Yarezwe na nyirakuru, nyina wa Idriss Déby, ari na yo mpamvu bamwita "Mahamat Kaka" (''kaka'' bisobanura "nyirakuru" mu Cyarabu cya Cade)<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Christophe Boisbouvier |title=Armée tchadienne : Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno, un monsieur très discret |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/138336/politique/arm-e-tchadienne-mahamat-idriss-d-by-itno-un-monsieur-tr-s-discret/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2013-02-14 |access-date=2018-05-08}}</ref>. Yize amashuri yisumbuye muri Cade no mu [[Ubufaransa]], aho yamaze umwaka n'igice muri lycée militaire d'Aix-en-Provence. Agarutse, yize mu ishuri ry'abofisiye ry'ingabo za Cade (Gémia), arisohokamo ari sous-lieutenant<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jean-Louis Tremblais |title=Tchad, l'homme clé du Sahel |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/rencontre-avec-le-president-tchadien-mahamat-idriss-deby-l-homme-cle-du-sahel-20211001 |website=Le Figaro Magazine |date=2021-10-01}}</ref>. === Urugendo mu gisirikare === Se yamushyize mu Buyobozi bukuru bushinzwe umutekano w'inzego za Leta (DGSSIE), ingabo zirinda ubutegetsi, ari umuyobozi wungirije w'itsinda ry'abasirikare barwanira ku butaka<ref name="F3" />. Yarwanye bwa mbere muri Mata 2006, ubwo inyeshyamba zateraga umurwa mukuru, azamurwa ku ipeti rya komanda<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno |title=De Bédouin à Président |url=https://www.va-editions.fr |website=Va-editions.fr |date=2024 |access-date=2024-12-24}}</ref><ref name="F4" />. Muri Gicurasi 2009, yagizwe Jenerali wa burigade, ayobora hamwe n'abandi ingabo za Cade mu ntambara ya Am-Dam, aho inyeshyamba za Timan Erdimi zatsinzwe mu burasirazuba bwa Cade<ref name="F3" /><ref name="F4" /><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Chad: Slain Deby's son Mahamat Deby Itno heads military council |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/04/20/chad-slain-debys-son-mahamat-deby-itno-heads-military-council/ |website=P.M. News |date=2021-04-20 |access-date=2021-04-20}}</ref>. Mu 2013, yabaye umuyobozi wungirije w'ingabo za Cade zoherejwe muri [[Mali]] (FATIM), arwana mu misozi ya Adrar des Ifoghas; nyuma afata ubuyobozi bwuzuye bw'izo ngabo<ref name="F4" /><ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le général Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno, 29 ans et fils d'Idriss Deby, commande la force tchadienne au Mali |url=http://bamada.net/le-general-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-29-ans-et-fils-didriss-deby-commande-la-force-tchadienne-au-mali |website=bamada.net |date=2013-02-16 |access-date=2013-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008112913/http://bamada.net/le-general-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-29-ans-et-fils-didriss-deby-commande-la-force-tchadienne-au-mali |archive-date=2013-10-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Nzeri 2014, yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru wa DGSSIE<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : Le général Mahamat Idriss Déby prend la tête de la DGSSIE |url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-Le-General-Mahamat-Idriss-Deby-prend-la-tete-de-la-DGSSIE_a12694.html |website=alwihdainfo.com |date=2014-09-22 |access-date=2021-04-21}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |author=Daniel Eizenga |title=Chad's Ongoing Instability, the Legacy of Idriss Déby |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/chads-ongoing-instability-the-legacy-of-idriss-deby/ |website=Africa Center for Strategic Studies |date=2021-05-03}}</ref>. Yagizwe Jenerali w'ingabo (''général de corps d'armée'') mu Ukwakira 2018, Jenerali w'ingabo usumba abandi (''général d'armée'') ku wa 2 Ukuboza 2021<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : Idriss Déby, un général qui banalise le grade de général dans l’armée |url=https://www.tchadpages.com/tchad-idriss-deby-un-general-qui-banalise-le-grade-de-general-dans-larmee/ |website=tchadpages.com |date=2018-10-09 |access-date=2021-04-21}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, le général Mahamat Idriss Deby Itno s'octroie une étoile supplémentaire |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20211203-au-tchad-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-s-octroie-une-%C3%A9toile-suppl%C3%A9mentaire |website=rfi.fr |date=2021-12-03 |access-date=2021-12-03}}</ref>, maze ku wa 9 Ukuboza 2024 Inama y'Igihugu y'Inzibacyuho imuha icyubahiro cya Maréchal<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno élevé à son tour au grade de maréchal |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1639114/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-eleve-a-son-tour-au-grade-de-marechal/ |access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref><ref name="E63">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno élevé à son tour au grade de maréchal |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1639114/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-eleve-a-son-tour-au-grade-de-marechal/ |website=www.jeuneafrique.com |date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref>. == Umukuru w'igihugu == === Akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho === Ku wa 21 Mata 2021, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Idriss Déby wiciwe mu ntambara n'inyeshyamba za FACT mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, yafashe ubuyobozi bw'Akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho, aba Perezida wa Repubulika<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Deby, maître du Tchad et allié stratégique de l’Occident dans la lutte contre les jihadistes |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1259354/deby-maitre-du-tchad-et-allie-strategique-de-loccident-dans-la-lutte-contre-les-jihadistes.html |website=lorientlejour.com |date=2021-04-21 |access-date=2021-04-21}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Chad's President Idriss Déby dies 'in clashes with rebels' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56815708 |website=BBC News |date=2021-04-20 |access-date=2021-04-20}}</ref>. Itegeko Nshinga, ryavugaga ko Perezida w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ari we usimbura Perezida mu gihe cy'iminsi 45 kugeza kuri 90 kugeza habaye amatora, ryarahagaritswe; bamwe mu banyapolitiki babyise kudeta<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Constitution du 4 mai 2018, révisée le 14 décembre 2020 |url=https://www.letchadanthropus-tribune.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Constitution-du-Tchad-revise%CC%81e.pdf |website=letchadanthropus-tribune.com |access-date=2021-04-22}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Chad president's death: Rivals condemn 'dynastic coup' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56830510 |website=BBC News |date=2021-04-21 |access-date=2021-04-22}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad's Constitution of 2018 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2018.pdf?lang=en |website=constituteproject.org}}</ref>. Igisirikare cyasheshe Inteko Ishinga Amategeko na guverinoma, gifunga imipaka, gitangaza inzibacyuho y'amezi 18<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : tout juste réélu, le président Idriss Déby tué au combat |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/mort-du-president-tchadien-deby-tout-juste-reelu-20210420_NHY4XKDNL5DNPG5HJY346O3UYE/ |website=liberation.fr |date=2021-04-20 |access-date=2021-04-20}}</ref>. Ubufaransa bwashyigikiye iyo nzibacyuho, buvuga ko "ibihe bidasanzwe" byatewe n'inyeshyamba<ref name="E22">{{cite web |author=John Irish |title=With eye on Islamist fight, France backs Chad military takeover |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/france-defends-chad-military-takeover-needed-ensure-stability-2021-04-22/ |website=Reuters |date=2021-04-22 |access-date=2021-04-22}}</ref>; Perezida Emmanuel Macron yitabiriye umuhango wo gushyingura Idriss Déby, yiyemeza gushyigikira Mahamat Déby<ref name="E39">{{cite web |author=Daniel Pelz |title=Why France is backing Chad's new leader, Mahamat Idriss Deby |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-france-is-backing-chads-new-leader-mahamat-idriss-deby/a-57316728 |website=DW.com |date=2021-04-23 |access-date=2023-08-10}}</ref>. Ku wa 25 Nzeri 2021, yashyizeho abagize Inama y'Igihugu y'Inzibacyuho 93<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: Mahamat Idriss Déby nomme le parlement de transition, le CNT |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210924-tchad-mahamat-idriss-d%C3%A9by-nomme-le-parlement-de-transition-le-cnt |website=RFI |date=2021-09-24 |access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>. Ku wa 8 Kanama 2022, i Doha, guverinoma yasinyanye n'imitwe myinshi y'inyeshyamba amasezerano y'amahoro, ariko FACT n'indi mitwe itavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi barayanze<ref name="E27">{{cite web |author=Andrew Mills |title=Chad signs peace pact with rebels, but main insurgents stay out |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chad-rebels-sign-peace-deal-2022-08-08/ |website=Reuters |date=2022-08-08 |access-date=2023-05-04}}</ref><ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Eight Priorities for the African Union in 2023 |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/african-union-regional-bodies/b186-eight-priorities-african-union-2023 |website=International Crisis Group |date=2023-02-14 |access-date=2023-05-04}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Kanama 2022, yatangije ibiganiro by'igihugu bihuriweho na bose (DNIS), byitabiriwe n'intumwa 1 400, ariko bimwe mu bice bya sosiyete sivile birabyamagana byita "monologue"<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, la laborieuse mise en place du « dialogue national » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/08/29/au-tchad-la-laborieuse-mise-en-place-du-dialogue-national_6139365_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2022-08-29 |access-date=2022-09-06}}</ref>. === Perezida w'inzibacyuho === Ku wa 3 Ukwakira 2022, ibiganiro by'igihugu byongereye igihe cy'inzibacyuho, binemerera abayobozi b'inzibacyuho kuziyamamaza mu matora, bitandukanye n'ibyo Ubumwe bwa Afurika bwasabaga<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno obtient une périlleuse carte blanche |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1381844/politique/tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-obtient-une-perilleuse-carte-blanche/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2023-02-10}}</ref>. Akanama ka gisirikare kamaze guseswa ku wa 8 Ukwakira 2022, yabaye Perezida w'inzibacyuho<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Malick Mahamat |title=Tchad : le Conseil militaire de transition est officiellement dissous |url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-le-Conseil-militaire-de-transition-est-officiellement-dissous_a117913.html |website=Alwihda |access-date=2022-10-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Ukwakira 2022, itariki yari yarateganyirijwe amatora, habaye imyigaragambyo ikomeye yaharaniraga demokarasi i N'Djamena n'i Moundou, yateguwe na Wakit Tamma n'ishyaka ''Les Transformateurs'' rya Succès Masra. Inzego z'umutekano zayihashye bikomeye: abantu bari hagati ya 50 na 200 barapfuye, abarenga 600 barafungwa; uwo munsi wiswe "Ku wa Kane w'umukara"<ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=Chad's Transition: Easing Tensions Online |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/chad/b183-chads-transition-easing-tensions-online |website=International Crisis Group |date=2022-12-13 |access-date=2023-05-01}}</ref><ref name="E35">{{cite web |author=Katie Nodjimbadem |title=Chad's Coup Leader Stops Democracy in Its Tracks |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/12/06/chad-deby-coup-leader-democracy/ |website=Foreign Policy |date=2022-12-06 |access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2023, yahaye imbabazi 259 mu bari bakatiwe kubera iyo myigaragambyo, n'inyeshyamba 380 za FACT zari zarakatiwe gufungwa burundu<ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Manifestation réprimée au Tchad en octobre : 259 condamnés graciés par le président |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/03/28/manifestation-reprimee-au-tchad-en-octobre-259-condamnes-gracies-par-le-president_6167262_3212.html |website=LeMonde Afrique |access-date=2023-03-27}}</ref><ref name="E32">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pierre Tahingam |title=Tchad : au moins 400 rebelles impliqués dans la mort d'Idriss Deby condamnés à vie |url=https://www.journaldutchad.com/tchad-au-moins-400-rebelles-impliques-dans-la-mort-didriss-deby-condamnes-a-vie/ |website=Journal du Tchad |date=2023-03-22 |access-date=2023-05-04}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2024 === Ku wa 13 Mutarama 2024, ishyaka rye ''Mouvement patriotique du salut'' (MPS) ryamutoranyije kuba umukandida mu matora ya perezida yo ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2024<ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno désigné candidat à la présidentielle |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1525218/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-designe-candidat-a-la-presidentielle/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2024-01-13}}</ref><ref name="E51">{{cite web |title=Opposition condemns designation of Chad's military ruler as presidential candidate |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/africa/article/2001489044/opposition-condemns-designation-of-chads-military-ruler-as-presidential-candidate |website=Voice of America |date=2024-01-16 |access-date=2024-01-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Gashyantare 2024, umukandida ukomeye bari bahanganye, Yaya Dillo Djérou, yishwe n'inzego z'umutekano<ref name="E55">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chadian opposition leader dies in gun exchange, state prosecutor says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/29/chadian-opposition-leader-dies-in-gun-exchange-state-prosecutor-says |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2024-03-03}}</ref>. Mu matora, yatsinze ku majwi 61 %, imbere ya Minisitiri w'Intebe Succès Masra (18,53 %), wari wavuze ko ari we watsinze<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: Mahamat Idriss Déby donné vainqueur de l'élection présidentielle dès le premier tour |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240509-tchad-mahamat-idriss-d%C3%A9by-donn%C3%A9-vainqueur-de-l-%C3%A9lection-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-d%C3%A8s-le-premier-tour |website=RFI |date=2024-05-09 |access-date=2024-05-10}}</ref><ref name="E58">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad's interim leader Déby wins presidential vote, says election body |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240509-chad-interim-leader-d%C3%A9by-wins-presidential-vote-says-election-body |website=France 24 |date=2024-05-09 |access-date=2024-05-10}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida watowe ku wa 23 Gicurasi 2024, maze agira Allamaye Halina Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Investiture de Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno : la France envoie un ministre, la Russie aussi |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1570341/politique/investiture-de-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-la-france-envoie-un-ministre-la-russie-aussi/ |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref><ref name="E60">{{cite web |language=en |author=Jessica Donati |title=Chad swears in president after disputed election, ending years of military rule |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-chad-dispute-terrorism-inauguration-8ecde546c90ea4e74a6fc43b8dbfebb6 |website=Associated Press |date=2024-05-23 |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref><ref name="E61">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad's Deby sworn in as president as Allamaye Halina named new PM |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/24/chads-deby-sworn-in-as-president-as-allamaye-halina-named-new-pm |website=Al Jazeera |date=2024-05-24 |access-date=2024-05-24}}</ref>. Ku wa 29 Mutarama 2025, yatorewe kuyobora MPS<ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: Mahamat Idriss Déby devient président national du parti au pouvoir |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250130-tchad-mahamat-idriss-d%C3%A9by-devient-pr%C3%A9sident-national-du-parti-au-pouvoir |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Ku wa 5 Kamena 2025, yahagaritse gutanga viza ku Banyamerika, mu rwego rwo kwihimura ku cyemezo cya Perezida Donald Trump cyo kubuza Abanyacade kwinjira muri Amerika<ref name="E65">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad announces suspension of visas to US citizens in response to Trump travel ban |url=https://apnews.com/article/chad-visa-ban-trump-travel-d9e57a9a8a150be07cfee866d1a0a900 |website=AP News |date=2025-06-06 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref>. Nk'uko ''Le Monde'' ibivuga, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu ni zo zimutera inkunga ikomeye, maze na we akemerera intwaro zigenewe umutwe wa ''Forces de soutien rapide'' (RSF) wo muri [[Sudani]] kunyura ku butaka bwa Cade. Muri Nyakanga 2026, Cade yatangaje ko ivuye mu Rukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha (CPI), aho we n'abandi bayobozi bakuru bari bararezwe kuva mu Ukuboza 2025 kubera "ubufatanyacyaha mu byaha mpuzamahanga byakorewe muri Sudani"<ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Tchad annonce quitter la CPI à la demande des Etats-Unis |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/07/27/le-tchad-annonce-quitter-la-cpi-a-la-demande-des-etats-unis_6734224_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-07-28}}</ref>. == Impaka == Muri Mutarama 2024, ubushinjacyaha bw'Ubufaransa bushinzwe ibyaha by'imari (PNF) bwatangije iperereza ku kunyereza umutungo wa Leta, nyuma y'aho ikinyamakuru ''Mediapart'' gitangaje ko hagati ya 2021 na 2023 yakoresheje hafi miliyoni imwe y'amayero ku mudozi uzwi w'i Paris, mu gihugu aho 35 % by'abaturage bari mu bukene bukabije<ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno visé par une enquête de la justice française |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1583908/politique/mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-vise-par-une-enquete-de-la-justice-francaise/ |access-date=2024-07-02}}</ref><ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Fabrice Arfi, Antton Rouget |title=Un million d’euros de costumes : les folles emplettes du président du Tchad à Paris |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/151223/un-million-d-euros-de-costumes-les-folles-emplettes-du-president-du-tchad-paris |website=Mediapart |date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref>. Iryo perereza rireba n'imitungo itimukanwa y'umuryango we mu Bufaransa, ifite agaciro nibura ka miliyoni 30 z'amayero<ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: la justice française enquête sur le patrimoine immobilier de la famille Déby, révèle Mediapart - rfi.fr |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240823-tchad-la-justice-fran%C3%A7aise-enqu%C3%AAte-sur-le-patrimoine-immobilier-de-la-famille-d%C3%A9by-r%C3%A9v%C3%A8le-mediapart |access-date=2024-08-24}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2026, ''Mediapart'' yatangaje ko we n'abamuherekeza bakoresheje hafi 860 000 by'amayero muri hoteli Royal Monceau i Paris, hafi ya yose yishyuwe mu mafaranga y'intoki<ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Fabrice Arfi, Antton Rouget |title=Les folles dépenses du président du Tchad à Paris : la justice sur la piste du cash du Royal Monceau |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/100326/les-folles-depenses-du-president-du-tchad-paris-la-justice-sur-la-piste-du-cash-du-royal-monceau |website=Mediapart |date=2026-03-10 |access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Mutarama 2025, murumuna we Adam Idriss Déby Itno yamwandikiye ibaruwa amusaba kwegura<ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno et son frère Adam se déchirent en public |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1651205/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-et-son-frere-adam-secharpent-en-public/ |access-date=2025-01-25}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Ni Umuyisilamu ukomeye ku idini, akaba afite abana icyenda<ref name="F4" />. Afite abagore batatu; uwa gatatu, umunyamakuru Dahabaya Oumar Souni, afatwa nka Madamu wa Perezida, akaba n'umujyanama mu itumanaho mu biro bya Perezida<ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Tchad: voici qui est la nouvelle première dame du pays |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-qui-est-la-nouvelle-premi-re-dame-du-pays-593080 |website=CamerounWeb |date=2021-04-26 |access-date=2022-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803145024/https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-qui-est-la-nouvelle-premi-re-dame-du-pays-593080 |archive-date=2021-08-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Tchad: voici Dahabay oumar Souni, la communicante et 3è épouse du président du CMT |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-Dahabay-oumar-Souni-la-communicante-et-3-pouse-du-pr-sident-du-CMT-596158 |website=CamerounWeb |date=2021-05-08 |access-date=2022-06-09}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2024, yasohoye igitabo kivuga ku buzima bwe, ''De bédouin à président''<ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : "De Bédouin à Président", le livre autobiographique de Mahamat Idriss Deby |url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-De-Bedouin-a-President--le-livre-autobiographique-de-Mahamat-Idriss-Deby_a131267.html |website=Alwihda |access-date=2024-04-07}}</ref>. Ku wa 15 Mutarama 2026, yahawe Igihembo nyafurika cy'amahoro<ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mahamat Déby Itno reçoit le Prix Africain pour la Paix 2026 |url=https://fr.apanews.net/news/le-president-mahamat-deby-recoit-le-prix-africain-pour-la-paix-2026/ |website=apanews.net |date=2026-01-15 |access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref><ref name="E67">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad’s Déby wins 2026 African Peace Prize for role in Sudan refugee crisis |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/16/chads-deby-wins-2026-african-peace-prize-for-role-in-sudan-refugee-crisis/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-01-16 |access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Mahamat Déby}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Cade]] ovoeertt4vwbcimpt8g8kmpxmc7n55h 0 23190 140743 140659 2026-10-05T01:54:35Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Azali Assoumani | image = Azali Assoumani in New York City on September 19, 2023 - 53199606411 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Azali Assoumani mu 2023 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|1|1|df=y}} | birth_place = Mitsoudjé, Grande Comore, [[Komore]] | nationality = Umunyakomore | alma_mater = Académie royale militaire de Meknès (Maroke)<br />École de guerre (Paris) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika (2023–2024) | title = Perezida wa Komore | term = 1999–2006; kuva ku wa 26 Gicurasi 2016 | predecessor = Ikililou Dhoinine | party = Convention pour le renouveau des Comores (CRC) }} '''Azali Assoumani''' (mu Cyarabu: غزالي عثماني; wavutse ku wa 1 Mutarama 1959 i Mitsoudjé, muri [[Komore]]) ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyakomore, akaba Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Komore kuva mu 2016, nyuma yo kuba umukuru w'igihugu kuva mu 1999 kugeza mu 2006. Yafashe ubutegetsi binyuze muri kudeta ku wa 30 Mata 1999, nyuma atorerwa kuba Perezida mu 2002, 2016, 2019 na 2024. Kuva muri Gashyantare 2023 kugeza muri Gashyantare 2024, yabaye Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika. Ubutegetsi bwe bwa vuba aha bufatwa nk'ubugenda burushaho kuba ubw'igitugu. == Ubuzima == Azali Assoumani yavukiye mu muryango w'abahinzi i Mitsoudjé, mu majyepfo y'ikirwa cya Grande Comore, maze yinjira mu gisirikare<ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Azali Assoumani |url=https://www.comores-online.com/mwezinet/histoire/azali.htm |date=2022-08-08}}</ref>. Mu 1995, ubwo umucancuro w'Umufaransa Bob Denard yakoraga kudeta, Azali yari komanda, akaba umwe mu bofisiye bake batayigizemo uruhare. Nyuma yaho, yize mu ''École de guerre'' mu [[Ubufaransa]] no mu ''Académie royale militaire'' ya Meknès muri [[Maroke]]<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Noé Hochet-Bodin |title=Aux Comores, Azali Assoumani, ancien putschiste et président en quête de réélection |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/01/12/aux-comores-azali-assoumani-ancien-putschiste-et-president-en-quete-de-reelection_6210516_3212.html |website=le Monde |date=2024-01-12}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |language=en |title=New African Union chair brings controversial record to top post |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230218-new-african-union-chair-brings-controversial-record-to-top-post |website=France 24 |date=2023-02-18 |access-date=2023-10-07}}</ref>. Agarutse muri Komore, yahise azamurwa ku ipeti rya koloneli. == Ku butegetsi (1999–2006) == === Kudeta ya 1999 === Ku wa 30 Mata 1999, Koloneli Azali yafashe ubutegetsi, ahirika Perezida w'agateganyo Tadjidine Ben Saïd Massounde. Abasirikare bavuze ko babikoze kugira ngo barinde ubusugire bw'igihugu, kuko Massounde yaganiraga n'abahagarariye ikirwa cya Anjouan ku bwigenge cyangwa ubwisanzure bwisumbuyeho bw'icyo kirwa. Ku wa 23 Ukuboza 2001, yemeje binyuze muri kamarampaka Itegeko Nshinga rishya<ref name="E8">{{cite web |language=en |author=Manos Karousos |title=Azali Assoumani (1959- ) • |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/azali-assoumani-1959/ |date=2022-06-01 |access-date=2024-01-23}}</ref>. Iryo tegeko ryashyizeho ubuperezida busimburanwa hagati y'ibirwa, riha ibirwa ubwisanzure bwagutse, buri kirwa gifite itegeko shingiro ryacyo, ibendera n'ubuyobozi bwacyo. Igihugu cyavuye ku izina rya Repubulika ya Kisilamu ya Federasiyo ya Komore, cyitwa Ubumwe bwa Komore. Mu gihe cy'amatora yo mu 2002, habayeho imirwano hagati y'inzego z'umutekano n'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, n'ifatwa ry'abantu binyuranyije n'amategeko<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comores, Couvre la période allant de janvier à décembre 2002 |url=http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/com-summary-fra |website=Amnesty International |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901125105/http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/com-summary-fra |archive-date=2007-09-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=COMORES |url=http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/com-summary-fra |website=Amnesty International |access-date=2022-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901125105/http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/com-summary-fra |archive-date=2007-09-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Mutarama 2002, yeguye kugira ngo yiyamamaze, asimburwa by'agateganyo na Hamadi Madi Boléro. Yatsinze amatora ya perezida y'amashyaka menshi yo ku wa 14 Mata 2002 ku majwi 75 %, atangira imirimo ku wa 26 Gicurasi 2002. Manda ye yaranzwe n'amakimbirane ku bubasha, kuko yanze kwegurira ibirwa ububasha nk'uko Itegeko Nshinga ryabiteganyaga. === Kuva ku butegetsi === Itegeko Nshinga ryavugaga ko Perezida agomba guturuka ku kirwa gitandukanye n'icyo uwamubanjirije yaturukagaho; ku wa 26 Gicurasi 2006, yasimbuwe na Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi wo ku kirwa cya Anjouan. Mu 2009, yasohoye igitabo yise ''Quand j'étais président'', yirata ko yavuye ku butegetsi manda ye irangiye, bitandukanye n'abandi bakuru b'ibihugu benshi b'Afurika<ref name="F2" />. == Gusubira ku butegetsi (kuva 2016) == === Amatora yo mu 2016 === Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2016, yabaye uwa gatatu mu cyiciro cya mbere ku majwi 14,96 %, hanyuma atsinda icyiciro cya kabiri ku wa 10 Mata 2016 ku majwi 40,98 %<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle aux comores: les qualifiés au second tour connus |url=https://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160224-presidentielle-comores-qualifies-le-second-tour-connus-tierce-ceni |website=RFI |date=2016-02-24}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comores : L'ex putschiste Azali Assoumani élu président |url=https://www.bfmtv.com/international/comores-l-ex-putschiste-azali-assoumani-elu-president-967221.html |website=bfmtv.com |date=2016-04-15}}</ref>. We na Mohamed Ali Soilihi bamaganye ibyavuye mu matora kubera uburiganya, bituma habaho icyiciro cya gatatu ku kirwa cya Anjouan ku wa 11 Gicurasi<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comores: Mohamed Ali Soilihi et Azali Assoumani ont déposé des recours |url=https://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160421-election-comores-candidats-presidentielle-gouverneurs-recours-sohili-azali-assouman |website=RFI |date=2016-05-15}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comores: Mohamed Ali Soilihi et Azali Assoumani ont déposé des recours |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20160421-election-comores-candidats-presidentielle-gouverneurs-recours-sohili-azali-assouman |website=RFI |date=2016-04-21 |access-date=2022-05-11}}</ref>. Ku wa 15 Gicurasi 2016, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwatangaje ko yatsinze ku majwi 41,43 %<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comores : Azali Assoumani élu nouveau président |url=https://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160515-comores-azali-assoumani-president-election |website=RFI |date=2016-05-15}}</ref>. Yasimbuye Ikililou Dhoinine ku wa 26 Gicurasi 2016, manda y'imyaka itanu<ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comores: Azali Assoumani élu nouveau président |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20160515-comores-azali-assoumani-president-election |website=RFI |date=2016-05-15 |access-date=2022-05-11}}</ref>. === Ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga n'amatora yo mu 2019 === Abatavuga rumwe na we bamushinje guhindura Itegeko Nshinga kugira ngo agume ku butegetsi kugeza mu 2029. Ifungwa ry'Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga n'Urukiko rurwanya ruswa ryatumye Ubumwe bw'Uburayi buhagarika ubufatanye bwose na Komore<ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Azali Assoumani : Les Comoriens ne seront jamais illégaux à Mayotte ! |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2018/11/16/01003-20181116ARTFIG00257-azali-assoumani-les-comoriens-ne-seront-jamais-illegaux-a-mayotte.php}}</ref><ref name="E15">{{cite web |author=Tanguy Berthemet |title=Azali Assoumani: " Les Comoriens ne seront jamais illégaux à Mayotte! " |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2018/11/16/01003-20181116ARTFIG00257-azali-assoumani-les-comoriens-ne-seront-jamais-illegaux-a-mayotte.php |website=Le Figaro |date=2018-11-16 |access-date=2022-05-11}}</ref>; Umunyamabanga mukuru wa Loni, António Guterres, na we yagaragaje impungenge ku "kubuza kenshi ubwisanzure bw'abaturage n'uburenganzira bwa demokarasi". Yafungishije kandi umuntu ukomeye mu bamurwanya, Perezida wahozeho Ahmed Abdallah Sambi, waje gukatirwa gufungwa burundu nyuma y'imyaka ine azira kunyereza umutungo<ref name="F2" />. Ku wa 13 Gashyantare 2019, yeguye kugira ngo yiyamamaze mu matora yo ku wa 24 Werurwe 2019, atsinda mu cyiciro cya mbere<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'actualité régionale 14 Février - Mayotte la 1ère |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/mayotte/actualite-regionale-14-fevrier-679813.html |website=Mayotte la 1ère |access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Elections aux Comores : Azali Assoumani est élu dès le premier tour avec 60,7% - Mayotte la 1ère |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/mayotte/elections-aux-comores-azali-assoumani-est-elu-premier-tour-607-693918.html |website=Mayotte la 1ère |access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref>. Itsinda ry'indorerezi z'Ubumwe bwa Afurika ryagaragaje "imvururu no kwangiza udusanduku tw'amatora"<ref name="F2" />. Yongeye gutangira imirimo ku wa 3 Mata 2019<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comores: sitôt réélu, le président reprend ses fonctions sans attendre son investiture |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/comores-sitot-reelu-le-president-reprend-ses-fonctions-sans-attendre-son-investiture-293481 |website=TV5 Monde |access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref><ref name="E17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Elections aux Comores : Azali Assoumani est élu dès le premier tour avec 60,7% |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/mayotte/elections-aux-comores-azali-assoumani-est-elu-premier-tour-607-693918.html |website=Mayotte la 1ère |date=2019-03-26 |access-date=2022-05-11}}</ref>. === Ubumwe bwa Afurika === Ku wa 18 Gashyantare 2023, yasimbuye Perezida wa Senegali Macky Sall ku buyobozi bw'Ubumwe bwa Afurika, manda y'umwaka umwe<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Esdras Ndikumana |title=Les défis qui attendent Azali Assoumani, le nouveau président comorien de l'Union africaine |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230219-les-d%C3%A9fis-qui-attendent-azali-assoumani-le-nouveau-pr%C3%A9sident-comorien-de-l-union-africaine |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Ubuyobozi bwe bwaranzwe n'umubano mwiza n'ibindi bihugu, ariko bunengwa intege nke ku bibazo bikomeye nk'umutekano<ref name="F2" />. Muri Nyakanga 2023, yitabiriye inama y'Uburusiya n'Afurika i Saint-Pétersbourg<ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=African leaders leave Russia summit without grain deal or a path to end the war in Ukraine |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-africa-summit-ukraine-grain-war-125d5a6d5052f4221c46be52c1618cf7 |website=AP News |date=2023-07-30 |access-date=2023-09-03}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2024 === Mu Ugushyingo 2023, yatangaje ko aziyamamariza manda ya kane mu matora yo ku wa 14 Mutarama 2024<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comores: trois poids lourds se déclarent candidats pour la présidentielle, dont le président Azali |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20231105-comores-trois-poids-lourds-se-d%C3%A9clarent-candidats-pour-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-dont-le-pr%C3%A9sident-azali |website=Le Monde |date=2023-11-06 |access-date=2023-11-06}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2023, yakuye ku mwanya umucamanza mukuru wari ushinzwe gukurikirana amatora, Harimia Ahmed<ref name="F2" />. Ku wa 16 Mutarama 2024, komisiyo y'amatora yatangaje ko yatsinze mu cyiciro cya mbere ku majwi 62,97 %<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique / Présidentielle aux Comores: Azali Assoumani déclaré vainqueur au premier tour |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240116-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-aux-comores-azali-assoumani-d%C3%A9clar%C3%A9-vainqueur-au-premier-tour |website=RFI |date=2024-01-16 |access-date=2024-01-16}}</ref>; abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi banze ibyavuye mu matora byose, bavuga ko habayeho uburiganya bukabije, habaho n'urugomo i [[Moroni]]<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comores : la Cour suprême valide l’élection d’Azali Assoumani, l’opposition rejette les résultats « en bloc » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/01/24/comores-la-cour-supreme-valide-l-election-d-azali-assoumani-l-opposition-rejette-les-resultats-en-bloc_6212750_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2024-01-24 |access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Comoros: 1 dead in post-electoral protests, nighttime curfew in force |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/01/19/comoros-1-dead-in-post-electoral-protests-nighttime-curfew-in-force/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-01-19 |access-date=2023-01-19}}</ref>. Yarahiriye manda ya kane ku wa 26 Gicurasi 2024<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comoros President sworn in for fourth term after disputed poll |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/comoros-president-sworn-fourth-term-after-disputed-poll-2024-05-26/ |website=Reuters.com |date=2024-05-26 |access-date=2024-05-27}}</ref>. Ku wa 7 Kanama 2024, yagize umuhungu we Nour El Fath, ufatwa nk'uzamusimbura, umunyamabanga mukuru wa guverinoma afite ububasha bwagutse, bituma abantu benshi bavuga ko ubutegetsi bwe buhinduka nk'ubwami<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comoros president grants sweeping new powers to his son |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/comoros-president-grants-sweeping-new-powers-his-son-2024-08-07/ |website=Reuters.com |date=2024-08-07 |access-date=2024-08-07}}</ref><ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Le président des Comores accorde de nouveaux pouvoirs à son fils |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/le-pr%C3%A9sident-des-comores-accorde-de-nouveaux-pouvoirs-%C3%A0-son-fils/7733430.html |website=voaafrique.com |date=2024-08-07}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Comoros president grants sweeping new powers to his son |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/comoros-president-grants-sweeping-new-powers-his-son-2024-08-07/ |website=Reuters |access-date=2024-08-07}}</ref>. Ku wa 13 Nzeri 2024, yakomerekejwe gato ku mutwe n'umusirikare w'imyaka 24 wamuteye icyuma mu muhango wo gushyingura i Salimani; uwo musirikare yafashwe, ariko bukeye bwaho asangwa yapfiriye muri kasho<ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Afrique Comores: le président Azali Assoumani blessé lors d'une attaque à l'arme blanche |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240913-comores-le-pr%C3%A9sident-azali-assoumani-bless%C3%A9-lors-d-une-attaque-%C3%A0-l-arme-blanche |website=rfi.fr |date=2024-09-13 |access-date=2024-09-13}}</ref><ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Aux Comores, le président, Azali Assoumani, légèrement blessé dans une attaque au couteau ; son agresseur est mort |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/09/14/aux-comores-le-president-azali-assoumani-legerement-blesse-dans-une-attaque-au-couteau-son-agresseur-est-mort_6316682_3213.html |website=Le Monde Afrique |date=2024-09-14 |access-date=2024-09-14}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |title=Comoros president is 'slightly injured' in knife attack. The suspect is found dead in police cell |url=https://apnews.com/article/comoros-president-attack-4e46a5799b1430ababf98c474e7c37b5 |website=Associated Press |access-date=2024-09-15}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2025, ishyaka rye ryatsinze amatora y'abadepite, ribona imyanya 28 kuri 33; abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi banze ibyavuye mu matora<ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Comoros ruling party wins parliamentary elections.The opposition parties rejected the results. |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/comoros-ruling-party-wins-parliamentary-elections-opposition-rejects-results-2025-01-15/ |website=Reuters |access-date=2025-02-20}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Azali Assoumani}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Komore]] i3jral95vo896538qc7hpj2z9p2bjwo 0 23191 140758 140660 2026-10-05T05:24:09Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Félix Tshisekedi | image = Felix Tshisekedi, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (55078564106) (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Félix Tshisekedi | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|6|13|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kinshasa]] (icyo gihe Léopoldville), [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] | nationality = Umunyekongo | occupation = Umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika (2021–2022) | title = Perezida wa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo | term = Kuva ku wa 24 Mutarama 2019 | predecessor = Joseph Kabila | party = Union pour la démocratie et le progrès social (UDPS) | spouse = Denise Nyakeru | children = 5 }} '''Félix Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo''' (wavutse ku wa 13 Kamena 1963 i [[Kinshasa]]) ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyekongo, akaba Perezida wa gatanu wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] kuva mu 2019. Abamushyigikiye bamwita "Fatshi". Ni umuhungu wa Étienne Tshisekedi, wabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Zayire inshuro eshatu akaba n'umuntu ukomeye mu batavugaga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bwa Mobutu Sese Seko. Yamusimbuye ku buyobozi bw'ishyaka ''Union pour la démocratie et le progrès social'' (UDPS), ishyaka rya kera kandi rinini muri icyo gihugu. Yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo mu Ukuboza 2018, nubwo indorerezi n'abandi batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bavuze ko habayeho uburiganya; ayo matora yatumye, ku nshuro ya mbere kuva igihugu kibona ubwigenge mu 1960, ubutegetsi buhererekanywa mu mahoro. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2023. Kuva mu 2021 kugeza mu 2022, yabaye Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika. Manda ze zaranzwe n'intambara yo mu burasirazuba bw'igihugu, cyane cyane imirwano n'umutwe wa M23. == Ubuzima == Félix Tshisekedi ni Umuluba, akaba umwana wa gatatu mu bana batanu ba Étienne Tshisekedi na Marthe<ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Félix Tshisekedi, le nouveau président de la RDC? |url=https://www.rtbf.be/info/monde/detail_qui-est-felix-tshisekedi-le-nouveau-president-de-la-rdc?id=10114351 |website=RTBF et AFP}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1980, ubwo se yashingaga UDPS akarwanya ku mugaragaro Mobutu, umuryango we woherejwe mu buhungiro mu Kasaï, bituma amasomo ye ahagarara; mu 1985, Mobutu yemereye we, nyina n'abavandimwe be kuva mu Kasaï, se ajya mu Bubiligi<ref name="F7" />. == Urugendo muri politiki == Yinjiye muri UDPS, ishyaka ryayoborwaga na se, aba umwe mu bayobozi baryo; mu mpera za 2008, yagizwe umunyamabanga w'igihugu ushinzwe ububanyi n'amahanga muri UDPS<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Félix Tshisekedi Premier ministre à la place de Samy Badibanga? |url=http://www.politico.cd/actualite/la-une/2016/12/23/felix-tshisekedi-premier-ministre-a-place-de-samy-badibanga.html |website=Politico.cd |date=2016-12-23}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Félix Tshisekedi Premier ministre à la place de Samy Badibanga? |url=http://www.politico.cd/actualite/la-une/2016/12/23/felix-tshisekedi-premier-ministre-a-place-de-samy-badibanga.html |website=Politico.cd |date=2016-12-23 |access-date=2018-05-25}}</ref>. Mu Ugushyingo 2011, yatorewe kuba umudepite i Mbuji-Mayi, ariko yanga kujya mu Nteko akurikije amabwiriza ya se wavugaga ko amatora yabayemo uburiganya; mandat ye yakuweho ku wa 18 Kamena 2013<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : L'Assemblée nationale invalide cinq députés pour absentéisme |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20130618-rdc-assemblee-nationale-invalidation-5-deputes-absenteisme |website=rfi.fr |date=2013-06-18 |access-date=2019-01-12}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2016, yagizwe umunyamabanga mukuru wungirije wa UDPS<ref name="F1" />. Mu gihe cy'ikibazo cya politiki cyo mu 2016, cyatewe n'ubushake bwa Joseph Kabila bwo gusubika amatora, yari mu ntumwa z'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi zaganiraga na Kabila, ibiganiro byavuyemo amasezerano ya Saint-Sylvestre yo ku wa 31 Ukuboza 2016<ref name="F7" />. Mu Werurwe 2017, yabaye umuyobozi wungirije w'ihuriro ry'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi (''Rassemblement'') hamwe na Pierre Lumbi<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: le Rassemblement de l'opposition choisit ses leaders |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170303-rdc-le-rassemblement-opposition-choisit-leaders-udps-tshisekedi |website=RFI |date=2017-03-03}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2018 === Nyuma y'urupfu rwa se ku wa 1 Gashyantare 2017, ku wa 31 Werurwe 2018 yatorewe kuyobora UDPS, kandi uwo munsi ishyaka rimutoranya kuba umukandida mu matora ya perezida yo mu Ukuboza 2018<ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Tshisekedi's son leads DRC's main opposition party |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/tshisekedis-son-leads-drcs-main-opposition-party/ |website=The Herald |date=2018-04-02 |access-date=2018-05-25}}</ref><ref name="E1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Félix Tshisekedi investi candidat du parti historique d'opposition UDPS en RDC |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/felix-tshisekedi-ivesti-candiadt-du-parti-historique-d-opposition-en-rdc/4325220.html |website=Voice of America |date=2018-03-31 |access-date=2018-05-25}}</ref>. Ku wa 10 Mutarama 2019, byatangajwe ko yatsinze, imbere ya Martin Fayulu na Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary washyigikirwaga na Kabila<ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Opposition named winner in DR Congo poll |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46819303 |website=BBC News |date=2019-01-10 |access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref>. Fayulu yavuze ko habayeho uburiganya, ariko ku wa 19 Mutarama 2019 Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwanga ikirego cye<ref name="E12">{{cite web |author=Richard Gonzales |title=Surprise Winner of Congolese Election Is An Opposition Leader |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/01/09/683830171/surprise-winner-of-congolese-election-is-an-opposition-leader |website=NPR |date=2019-01-09 |access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |author=Stanys Bujakera |title=Congo top court declares Tshisekedi winner of presidential poll |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-election/congo-top-court-declares-tshisekedi-winner-of-presidential-poll-idUSKCN1PE007?il=0 |website=Reuters |date=2019-01-19 |access-date=2019-01-20}}</ref>. Yarahiye ku wa 24 Mutarama 2019<ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=REFILE-Opposition leader Felix Tshisekedi sworn in as Congo president |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/drcNews/idAFL8N1ZN4X9 |date=2019-01-24 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125020306/https://af.reuters.com/article/drcNews/idAFL8N1ZN4X9 |archive-date=2019-01-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref>; ni bwo bwa mbere kuva mu 1960 Perezida uriho ahererekanyije ubutegetsi n'uwo mu batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi mu mahoro<ref name="E15">{{cite web |language=en |title=First peaceful transfer of power in DR Congo 'an extraordinary opportunity' for advancing rights |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/03/1034971 |website=UN News |date=2019-03-19 |access-date=2023-02-08}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Kongo == === Manda ya mbere (2019–2023) === Ihuriro ''Front commun pour le Congo'' (FCC) rishyigikiye Kabila ryari rifite ubwiganze mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko no mu buyobozi bw'intara, bituma mu mezi atandatu ya mbere ubushobozi bwe bwo kuyobora no gushyiraho Minisitiri w'Intebe bugabanuka. Ku wa 13 Werurwe 2019, yahaye imbabazi imfungwa zigera kuri 700, harimo n'abatavugaga rumwe na Kabila<ref name="E19">{{cite web |author=Richard Gonzales |title=New Congolese President Pardons About 700 Political Prisoners |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/03/13/703255306/new-congolese-president-pardons-about-700-political-prisoners |website=NPR.org |date=2019-03-13 |access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Gicurasi 2019, yumvikanye na FCC, agira Sylvestre Ilunga Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=New DRC Prime Minister Sylvestre Ilunga is a political and professor |url=http://en.rfi.fr/africa/20190521-new-drc-prime-minister-sylvestre-ilunga-professor-and-politician}}</ref>, maze muri Nyakanga 2019 hashyirwaho guverinoma y'abaminisitiri 65 basaranganyijwe hagati ya FCC n'ihuriro rye CACH<ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Congo president and predecessor agree on division of cabinet posts |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-politics/congo-president-and-predecessor-agree-on-division-of-cabinet-posts-idUSKCN1UL1UD}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2020, umuyobozi w'ibiro bye akaba n'inshuti ye ikomeye muri politiki, Vital Kamerhe, yafunzwe ashinjwa kunyereza amafaranga ya gahunda y'iminsi 100; ku wa 20 Kamena 2020, yakatiwe imyaka 20 y'imirimo y'agahato, ariko mu Kamena 2022 urukiko rw'ubujurire ruramugira umwere<ref name="F48">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Vital Kamerhe en prison : ce qu’il faut retenir de l’affaire |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/924907/politique/vital-kamerhe-en-prison-ce-quil-faut-retenir-de-laffaire/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref><ref name="F50">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Procès anticorruption en RDC: Vital Kamerhe condamné à «20 ans de travaux forcés» |url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/ticker/proc%C3%A8s-anticorruption-en-rdc-vital-kamerhe-condamn%C3%A9-%C3%A0-20-ans-travaux-forc%C3%A9s |website=RFI |access-date=2020-06-20}}</ref><ref name="F53">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Romain Gras |title=RDC : Vital Kamerhe acquitté en appel |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1354460/politique/rdc-vital-kamerhe-acquitte-en-appel/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2023, Kamerhe yagizwe Minisitiri w'Intebe wungirije ushinzwe Ubukungu<ref name="F54">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Dieubon Mughenze |title=RDC : après la prison, Vital Kamerhe nommé Ministre de l'économie nationale |url=https://election-net.com/article/rdc-apres-la-prison-vital-kamerhe-nomme-ministre-de-leconomie-nationale |website=election-net.com |date=2023-03-24}}</ref>. Nyuma y'uko ubufatanye na Kabila busenyutse kandi abadepite benshi bakamuyoboka, ku wa 15 Gashyantare 2021 yagize Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde Minisitiri w'Intebe; ku wa 12 Mata 2021, guverinoma nshya yashyizweho, irangiza ku mugaragaro ubufatanye bw'imyaka ibiri na Kabila<ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=en |title=DR Congo names Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde new prime minister after power struggle |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/dr-congo-names-jean-michel-sama-lukonde-new-prime-minister-after-power-struggle-20210215 |website=News24 |access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |language=en |author=Michael J. Kavanagh |title=Two Years After Vote, Congo's President Gets His Own Government |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-12/new-government-shifts-congo-s-power-balance-to-tshisekedi |website=Bloomberg.com |date=2021-04-12 |access-date=2021-04-28}}</ref>. === Umutekano n'ububanyi n'amahanga === Ku wa 30 Mata 2021, yatangaje ibihe bidasanzwe (''état de siège'') mu ntara za Ituri na Kivu y'Amajyaruguru, kubera ubwiyongere bw'urugomo rw'imitwe yitwaje intwaro<ref name="F68">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RD Congo : le président proclame "l'état de siège" dans deux provinces touchées par la violence |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20210501-rd-congo-le-pr%C3%A9sident-proclame-l-%C3%A9tat-de-si%C3%A8ge-dans-deux-provinces-touch%C3%A9es-par-la-violence |website=France 24 |date=2021-05-01 |access-date=2021-05-01}}</ref>. Ku wa 6 Gashyantare 2021, yabaye Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika, asimburwa na Macky Sall muri Gashyantare 2022<ref name="F72">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Félix Tshisekedi prend la tête de l'UA au terme d'un sommet sans vagues mais riche en défis |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210208-félix-tshisekedi-prend-la-tête-de-l-ua-au-terme-d-un-sommet-sans-vague-mais-riche-en-défis |website=RFI |date=2021-02-08 |access-date=2021-02-09}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2022, yafashe ubuyobozi bw'umuryango SADC mu gihe cy'umwaka umwe<ref name="F80">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : à Kinshasa, la SADC s’engage à accélérer l’industrialisation de ses économies |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1370288/economie/rdc-a-kinshasa-la-sadc-sengage-a-accelerer-lindustrialisation-de-ses-economies/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2022, nyuma y'uko umutwe wa M23 wongeye kugaba ibitero, Tshisekedi yashinje [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] gushyigikira uwo mutwe; u Rwanda rwahakanye ibyo birego. Mu Ukwakira 2022, Kongo yirukanye ambasaderi w'u Rwanda, maze mu Ugushyingo Tshisekedi asaba urubyiruko kwinjira mu gisirikare<ref name="F75">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Pour Félix Tshisekedi, «le Rwanda a soutenu le M23 pour venir agresser la RDC» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220606-pour-f%C3%A9lix-tshisekedi-le-rwanda-a-soutenu-le-m23-pour-venir-agresser-la-rdc |website=RFI |date=2022-06-06 |access-date=2022-06-10}}</ref><ref name="F76">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : Félix Tshisekedi appelle la jeunesse à la mobilisation face au M23 |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1390389/politique/rdc-felix-tshisekedi-appelle-la-jeunesse-a-la-mobilisation-face-au-m23/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. Yanze kuzana abacancuro b'Abarusiya, ahubwo akoresha ibigo byigenga bya gisirikare by'Abanyarumaniya, n'ingabo za EAC na SADC muri Kivu<ref name="E42">{{cite web |title=DR Congo leader rules out deploying Russian mercenaries to quell rebels |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8e720aa2-1cb3-474c-b4eb-805c03504f8f |website=Financial Times |date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref><ref name="E44">{{cite web |author=Antonio Cascais |title=DR Congo: 'Diplomacy has failed' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/dr-congo-diplomacy-has-failed/a-71449574 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2025-01-29 |access-date=2025-01-29}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2023, yasuye [[Ubushinwa]] ahura na Xi Jinping, ashaka kongera kuganira ku masezerano y'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro yari yarasinywe ku butegetsi bwa Kabila<ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=Felix Tshisekedi visits China to renegotiate mining contracts |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/05/26/felix-tshisekedi-visits-china-to-renegotiate-mining-contracts/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-05-26}}</ref><ref name="E38">{{cite web |author=Reuben Loffman |title=DRC's Tshisekedi has secured his power base: now it's time to deliver |url=https://theconversation.com/drcs-tshisekedi-has-secured-his-power-base-now-its-time-to-deliver-170282 |website=The Conversation |date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2021-12-07}}</ref>. Ku wa 18 Mutarama 2025, yongeye kuvuga ko Kinshasa itazagirana ibiganiro na M23<ref name="E47">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Clement Muamba |title=Félix Tshisekedi réitère le refus de Kinshasa de dialoguer avec le M23: "Légitimer ces criminels serait une insulte aux victimes et au droit international" |url=https://actualite.cd/2025/01/18/felix-tshisekedi-reitere-le-refus-de-kinshasa-de-dialoguer-avec-le-m23-legitimer-ces |website=Actualite.cd |date=2025-01-18 |access-date=2025-01-26}}</ref>. Nyuma y'igitero cya M23 cyafashe umujyi wa Goma, Kongo yacanye umubano wa dipolomasi n'u Rwanda ku wa 26 Mutarama 2025, Tshisekedi ahamagarira abaturage gushyigikira ingabo za FARDC<ref name="E48">{{cite web |title=The Democratic Republic of the Congo cut off diplomatic ties with Rwanda on Sunday as the rebel group M23, believed to be backed by Kigali, closed in on the eastern city of Goma. |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20250126-dr-congo-severs-ties-with-rwanda-as-m23-rebel-group-closes-in-on-goma |website=France24 |date=2025-01-26 |access-date=2025-01-29}}</ref><ref name="E49">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jonathan Mesa |title=Agression rwandaise: Félix Tshisekedi lance une mobilisation générale et appelle à un enrôlement massif dans les rangs des FARDC |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/01/30/agression-rwandaise-felix-tshisekedi-lance-une-mobilisation-generale-et-appelle-un |website=Actualite.cd |date=2025-01-30 |access-date=2025-01-30}}</ref>. Ku wa 8 Ukuboza 2025, yashinje u Rwanda kurenga ku masezerano y'amahoro yari aherutse gusinywa<ref name="E50">{{cite web |title=Congo President Felix Tshisekedi accuses Rwanda of violating peace deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/congo-president-tshisekedi-accuses-rwanda-violating-peace-deal-2025-12-08/ |website=Reuters |date=2025-12-08 |access-date=2025-12-09}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2024, yari yigaragambije ava mu nama y'ibihugu bivuga Igifaransa i Paris, kubera ko Perezida Emmanuel Macron atavuze ku ntambara yo mu burasirazuba bwa Kongo<ref name="E46">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tshisekedi walk-out overshadows summit of Francophone countries |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/10/07/tshisekedi-walk-out-overshadows-summit-of-francophone-countries/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2024-10-07}}</ref>. Afatwa nk'umwe mu bakuru b'ibihugu by'Afurika bashyigikira cyane Isiraheli; muri Nzeri 2026, nyuma y'uruzinduko muri Isiraheli, yatangaje ko ashaka kwimurira ambasade ya Kongo i Yeruzalemu<ref name="F83">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le grand invité Afrique - RDC: Félix «Tshisekedi est parmi les seuls dirigeants africains qui soient aussi proches d'Israël» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/le-grand-invit%C3%A9-afrique/20260904-rdc-f%C3%A9lix-tshisekedi-est-parmi-les-seuls-dirigeants-africains-qui-soit-aussi-proche-d-isra%C3%ABl |website=RFI |date=2026-09-04}}</ref><ref name="F84">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La RDC va déplacer son ambassade de Tel-Aviv à Jérusalem |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1546524/la-rdc-va-deplacer-son-ambassade-de-tel-aviv-a-jerusalem.html |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |date=2026-09-03}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri (kuva 2024) === Mu matora ya perezida yo mu Ukuboza 2023, yashyigikiwe na Vital Kamerhe na Jean-Pierre Bemba<ref name="F86">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pascal Mulegwa |title=Présidentielle en RDC: Vital Kamerhe, de l’UNC, décide de soutenir le président Félix Tshisekedi |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230820-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-en-rdc-vital-kamerhe-de-l-unc-d%C3%A9cide-de-soutenir-le-pr%C3%A9sident-f%C3%A9lix-tshisekedi |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref><ref name="F87">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Patient Ligodi |title=Présidentielle en RDC: Félix Tshisekedi officiellement désigné candidat de l'Union sacrée |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20231001-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-en-rdc-f%C3%A9lix-tshisekedi-officiellement-d%C3%A9sign%C3%A9-candidat-de-l-union-sacr%C3%A9e |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Ku wa 31 Ukuboza 2023, byatangajwe ko yatsinze ku majwi 73,34 %; abakandida icyenda batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi banze ibyavuye mu matora, basaba ko asubirwamo<ref name="F88">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en République démocratique du Congo : Félix Tshisekedi réélu avec 73,34% des voix |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/presidentielle-en-republique-democratique-du-congo-felix-tshisekedi-reelu-avec-73-34-des-voix-20231231}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |language=en |title=DRC president declared election winner as opposition cries foul |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/31/drc-president-felix-tshisekedi-declared-election-winner-as-opposition-cries-foul |website=The Guardian |date=2023-12-31 |access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref>. Yarahiriye manda ya kabiri ku wa 20 Mutarama 2024<ref name="F89">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: le président Félix Tshisekedi a prêté serment |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240120-rdc-le-pr%C3%A9sident-f%C3%A9lix-tshisekedi-a-pr%C3%AAt%C3%A9-serment}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Mata 2024, yagize Judith Suminwa Tuluka Minisitiri w'Intebe, akaba ari we mugore wa mbere wabaye kuri uwo mwanya<ref name="F90">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : Judith Suminwa Tuluka nommée Première ministre |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/rdc-judith-suminwa-tuluka-nommee-premiere-ministre-11352720 |website=RTBF |access-date=2024-05-26}}</ref>. Ku wa 19 Gicurasi 2024, yarokotse umugambi wa kudeta wayobowe na Christian Malanga, warasiwe mu ngoro y'igihugu n'abasirikare barinda Repubulika; uwo mugambi wahitanye abantu batandatu<ref name="F81">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Et revoici Christian Malanga ! |url=https://www.congoindependant.com/et-revoici-christian-malanga/ |website=Congo Indépendant |date=2024-05-19 |access-date=2024-05-20}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |language=en |title=Six killed in a 'foiled coup' in Congo, the army says |url=https://apnews.com/article/congo-coup-attempt-death-toll-malanga-tshisekedi-968b2726546f90a8bfbd5d222d513708 |website=Associated Press |date=2024-05-20 |access-date=2024-05-20}}</ref>. Ku wa 24 Gashyantare 2025, raporo y'imiryango irwanya ruswa yanenze ubuzima buhenze bw'inzego za Leta, harimo izamuka rya 19 % ry'ingengo y'imari y'ibiro bya Perezida hagati ya 2023 na 2024<ref name="F92">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pascal Mulegwa |title=RDC: un rapport dénonce le train de vie des élites politiques |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250227-rdc-un-rapport-d%C3%A9nonce-le-train-de-vie-des-%C3%A9lites-politiques |website=Radio France Internationale}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2024, Tshisekedi yifuza guhindura Itegeko Nshinga ryo mu 2006, rigena manda ebyiri gusa, kugira ngo abashe kwiyamamariza manda ya gatatu mu 2028; muri Kamena 2026, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko na Sena byemeje itegeko rigenga kamarampaka, ariko abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi n'Inama y'Abepiskopi Gatolika (Cenco) barabyamagana<ref name="F91">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: à Lubumbashi, le président Tshisekedi revient sur la question d'une révision constitutionnelle |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241117-rdc-%C3%A0-lubumbashi-le-pr%C3%A9sident-tshisekedi-revient-sur-la-question-d-une-r%C3%A9vision-constitutionnelle |website=RFI |date=2024-11-17 |access-date=2024-11-22}}</ref><ref name="F97">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Christophe Châtelot |title=En RDC, Félix Tshisekedi lorgne un troisième mandat, au risque d’une confrontation avec la rue |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/06/16/en-rdc-felix-tshisekedi-lorgne-un-troisieme-mandat-au-risque-d-une-confrontation-avec-la-rue_6703876_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref><ref name="F98">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : « Plus personne ne doute que Tshisekedi a envie d’un troisième mandat » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1836890/politique/rdc-plus-personne-ne-doute-que-tshisekedi-a-envie-dun-troisieme-mandat/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. === Umuco n'ibidukikije === Ku wa 25 Werurwe 2021, yatangije igihembo nyafurika cy'ubuvanganzo gihabwa abanditsi b'Abanyafurika<ref name="F101">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: le premier prix littéraire panafricain lancé à Kinshasa |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210326-rdc-le-premier-prix-litt%C3%A9raire-panafricain-lanc%C3%A9-%C3%A0-kinshasa |website=RFI |date=2021-03-26 |access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2021, yashyizeho ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe impinduka mu bidukikije n'iterambere rirambye (ACTEDD)<ref name="F102">{{cite web |language=fr |title=ACTEDD : Une nouvelle Agence Congolaise de transition écologique et développement durable. |url=https://www.gtcrr-rdc.org/actedd-une-nouvelle-agence-congolaise-de-transition-ecologique-et-developpement-durable/ |website=GTCRR |date=2020-04-21 |access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>, kandi muri COP26 yiyemeje guhagarika no gusubiza inyuma itemwa ry'amashyamba bitarenze 2030<ref name="E41">{{cite web |title=COP26 summit: DRC president pledges to fight deforestation of the Congo basin |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/11/02/cop26-summit-drc-president-pledges-to-fight-deforestation-of-the-congo-basin/ |website=Africanews |date=2021-11-02 |access-date=2021-11-11}}</ref><ref name="F103">{{cite web |language=fr |title=COP26 : Félix Tshisekedi pour un soutien accru en faveur des Etats africains vulnérables - adiac-congo.com : toute l'actualité du Bassin du Congo |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/cop26-felix-tshisekedi-pour-un-soutien-accru-en-faveur-des-etats-africains-vulnerables |website=www.adiac-congo.com |access-date=2021-11-15}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Félix Tshisekedi yashakanye na Denise Nyakeru, bafitanye abana batanu<ref name="F7" />. Mu 2015, yabaye umupantekoti, yinjira mu itorero ry'Assemblées de Dieu<ref name="F107">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Félix Tshisekedi et Martin Fayulu présents ce matin à l'église Philadelphie |url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-47097_felix_tshisekedi_et_martin_fayulu_presents_ce_matin_a_l_eglise_philadelphie.html |website=mediacongo.net |date=2019-02-03 |access-date=2021-01-08}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Félix Tshisekedi}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] 0bnct06f05n4ot9woqd1fo7bwjcg04o 0 23192 140769 140661 2026-10-05T09:19:49Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ismaïl Omar Guelleh | image = Ismail Omar Guelleh 2018.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Ismaïl Omar Guelleh mu 2018 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1947|11|27|df=y}} | birth_place = Dire Dawa, [[Etiyopiya]] | nationality = Umunyajibuti | occupation = Umunyapolitiki | known_for = Umuyobozi w'ibiro bya Perezida Hassan Gouled Aptidon (1977–1999) | title = Perezida wa Jibuti | term = Kuva ku wa 8 Gicurasi 1999 | predecessor = Hassan Gouled Aptidon | party = Rassemblement populaire pour le progrès (RPP) | spouse = Kadra Mahamoud Haid | children = 4 }} '''Ismaïl Omar Guelleh''' (mu Gisomali: ''Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle''; mu Cyarabu: إسماعيل عمر جيله; wavutse ku wa 27 Ugushyingo 1947 i Dire Dawa, muri [[Etiyopiya]]), akunze kwitwa '''IOG''', ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyajibuti, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya [[Jibuti]] kuva mu 1999. Yatorewe bwa mbere mu 1999 nk'uwatoranyijwe ngo asimbure nyirarume Hassan Gouled Aptidon, wari uyoboye Jibuti kuva igihugu kibona ubwigenge mu 1977. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2005, 2011, 2016, 2021 na 2026, mu matora abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bakunze kwanga kwitabira bavuga ko arimo uburiganya bukabije. Afatwa n'imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu n'ibihugu bimwe by'amahanga nk'umunyagitugu. == Ubuzima == Ismaïl Omar Guelleh yavukiye i Dire Dawa, muri Etiyopiya, mu muryango wo mu bwoko bw'Abamamassan bo mu Bisa (''Issas''), igice cy'Abasomali gikomeye muri politiki<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie de son Excellence, Monsieur Ismaël Omar Guelleh - Le blog de Soutien au President Ismael Omar Guelleh |url=http://aveciog.canalblog.com/archives/2007/12/11/7200282.html |website=aveciog.canalblog.com |date=2007-12-11 |access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5rs8UkMj64C&dq=guelleh%2C+Issa+Mamassan&pg=PA182 |website=United States Department of State |date=August 2008}}</ref>. Se, Omar Guelleh, yari umwe mu barimu ba mbere b'abenegihugu mu myaka ya 1930, nyuma akorera ikigo cy'inzira ya gari ya moshi ihuza Jibuti na Addis-Abeba, cyari gifite icyicaro i Dire Dawa<ref name="F3" />. Yize mu ishuri rya Korowani i Dire Dawa, hanyuma mu ishuri ry'Abafaransa Charles-de-Foucauld i Jibuti<ref name="F3" />. Mu 1965, afite imyaka 18, yatangiye gukora mu nzego z'iperereza z'ubutegetsi bw'Abafaransa, kuko yavugaga Icyamuhariki, Igisomali, Icyarabu, Igifaransa, Igitaliyani n'Icyongereza<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Tirthankar Chanda |title=Djibouti : le président Ismaïl Omar Guelleh en 12 dates |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160407-djibouti-ismail-omar-guelleh-iog-presidentielle-terrorisme-defense-usn-balbala |website=Rfi.fr}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti: le président Ismaïl Omar Guelleh en 12 dates |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20160407-djibouti-ismail-omar-guelleh-iog-presidentielle-terrorisme-defense-usn-balbala |website=RFI |date=2016-04-07 |access-date=2020-10-19}}</ref>. Mu 1974, yahagaritswe ku kazi kuko yakekwagaho guha amakuru abaharaniraga ubwigenge<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Quand Ismaïl Omar Guelleh est entré dans la police française – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/446439/politique/ismail-omar-guelleh-entre-police-francaise/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2017-06-21 |access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>. Yinjiye mu ishyaka ''Ligue populaire africaine pour l'indépendance'' (LPAI) ryayoborwaga na Hassan Gouled Aptidon<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti: le président Ismaïl Omar Guelleh en 12 dates |url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20160407-djibouti-ismail-omar-guelleh-iog-presidentielle-terrorisme-defense-usn-balbala |website=RFI |date=2016-04-07 |access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>. == Urugendo muri politiki == Mu 1977, yari mu ntumwa zaganiriye n'Ubufaransa ku bwigenge bw'igihugu, bwatangajwe ku wa 27 Kamena 1977. Perezida mushya, Hassan Gouled Aptidon, yamugize umuyobozi w'ibiro bye, umwanya yamazeho imyaka irenga 20<ref name="F6" /><ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=en |author=Roger East |title=Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VO4AwAAQBAJ&dq=ismail+guelleh&pg=PA141 |website=Routledge |date=2014-06-03}}</ref>. Yayoboye kandi inzego z'umutekano n'iperereza, bimuhesha izina ry'"umugabo ukomeye"<ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti : Ismaïl Omar Guelleh réélu président avec 98,58 % des voix |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20210410-djibouti-isma%C3%AFl-omar-guelleh-r%C3%A9%C3%A9lu-avec-98-58-des-voix-%C3%A0-la-pr%C3%A9sidence |website=france24.com}}</ref>. Yari umunyamuryango w'ishyaka riri ku butegetsi, ''Rassemblement populaire pour le progrès'' (RPP), kuva ryashingwa mu 1979. Mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1980, umutwe w'inyeshyamba ''Front pour la restauration de l'unité et de la démocratie'' (FRUD) wagaragaye mu majyaruguru y'igihugu. Guelleh, wagize uruhare mu biganiro byo gushyiraho amashyaka menshi, yabashije gucamo ibice FRUD, ariko kongera umubare w'abasirikare kuva ku 3 000 ukagera ku 15 000 byashyize igihugu mu bibazo by'imari, bituma gisaba ubufasha Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari (FMI). == Perezida wa Jibuti == === Manda ya mbere n'iya kabiri (1999–2011) === Ku wa 4 Gashyantare 1999, Gouled Aptidon yatangaje ko azava ku butegetsi, maze RPP itoranya Guelleh kuba umukandida wayo<ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |title=Veteran ruler Guelleh re-elected Djibouti leader for fifth term |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/10/veteran-ruler-guelleh-re-elected-djibouti-leader-for-fifth-term |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 9 Mata 1999, yatsinze amatora ku majwi 74,02 %, atsinda Moussa Ahmed Idriss<ref name="E13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Proclamation du Président de la République de Djibouti par le Conseil Constitutionnel |url=http://www.presidence.dj/page274.html |website=Journal Officiel de la République de Djibouti |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816044615/http://www.presidence.dj/page274.html |archive-date=2007-08-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/djibouti/gouvernement/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>; atangira imirimo ku wa 8 Gicurasi 1999<ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=Sudan: President holds weekend talks with Ethiopia |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=6536 |website=IRIN News |date=1999-05-11}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 1999, Moussa Ahmed Idriss yarafashwe ashinjwa "guca intege ingabo"<ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Horn of Africa: Monthly Review |url=http://www.ocha-eth.org/Archive/DownloadableReports/hoa1099.pdf |website=United Nations Development Programme |date=1999 |access-date=2009-02-23}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2000, yirukanye umuyobozi wa polisi y'igihugu, Yacin Yabeh, bituma abapolisi bamushyigikiye bigomeka ariko ntibabigereho<ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=Witnesses describe 'coup attempt' |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=949 |website=IRIN News |date=2000-12-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Gicurasi 2001, igice cya FRUD cyari gisigaye kirwana cyasinye amasezerano y'amahoro, bisoza amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko yari amaze igihe kirekire<ref name="E11" />. Kuva mu 2000, yakurikije politiki yo guteza imbere ubukungu, harimo kwegurira abikorera imicungire y'icyambu cya Jibuti, cyahawe ikigo DP World cyo muri Dubai ku wa 1 Kamena 2000<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Olivier Caslin |title=Présidentielle à Djibouti : Ismaïl Omar Guelleh face à lui-même |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1139264/politique/presidentielle-a-djibouti-iog-face-a-lui-meme/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2021-04-02}}</ref><ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti, une nouvelle porte de l'Afrique ? |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2010-2-page-73.htm |website=Www.cairn.info |date=2010-02-01 |access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>. Kaminuza ya mbere ya Jibuti yafunguwe mu 2000. Mu matora yo ku wa 8 Mata 2005, ni we mukandida wenyine wiyamamaje, maze atsinda; yarahiriye manda ya kabiri ku wa 7 Gicurasi 2005, avuga ko ari yo ya nyuma<ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=No challengers for Guelleh as presidential campaign kicks off |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=53628 |website=IRIN News |date=2005-03-29}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Guelleh sworn in for second presidential term |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=54298 |website=IRIN News |date=2005-05-09}}</ref>. Nyamara mu Mata 2010, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yahinduye Itegeko Nshinga kugira ngo abashe kwiyamamariza manda ya gatatu<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Depuis 2000, onze chefs d’Etat africains ont changé leur Constitution pour rester au pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/12/24/depuis-2000-onze-chefs-d-etat-africains-ont-change-leur-constitution-pour-rester-au-pouvoir_6023936_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2019-12-24 |access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |title=Djibouti lawmakers remove term limits |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/djibouti-lawmakers-remove-term-limits-1.480653 |website=Reuters |date=2010-04-11}}</ref>, bitera imyigaragambyo yahashywe, abayobozi b'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi barafungwa<ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |title="The Notion of Spring Does Not Exist in the Arab world": Djibouti's President Ismail Guelleh Wards off the Arab Spring |url=https://jamestown.org/program/the-notion-of-spring-does-not-exist-in-the-arab-world-djiboutis-president-ismail-guelleh-wards-off-the-arab-spring/ |website=Jamestown |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |author=William Davison |title=Djibouti Forces Arrest Opposition Leaders, Scuppering Protests |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-03-11/djibouti-forces-arrest-opposition-leaders-scuppering-protests |website=Bloomberg |date=2011-03-11}}</ref>. === Manda ya gatatu kugeza ku ya gatandatu (kuva 2011) === Ku wa 8 Mata 2011, yongeye gutorwa mu cyiciro cya mbere ku majwi 80,6 %; Human Rights Watch yashidikanyije ku bunyangamugayo bw'ayo matora, kuko abayobozi b'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bari barafunzwe kabiri mbere y'amatora<ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Djibouti: President Ismael Omar Guelleh wins third term |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13024117 |website=BBC News |date=2011-04-09}}</ref><ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Djibouti: Allow Peaceful Protests |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/04/04/djibouti-allow-peaceful-protests |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2011-04-04}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2014, bivugwa ko umwe mu barinzi be yamurasheho mu muhango wabereye ku kibuga cy'indege, ariko ntiyamufata<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti President Unharmed After Shooting Leaves Three Injured |url=http://www.ethiopiaobserver.com/djibouti-president-unharmed-after-shooting-leaves-three-injured/ |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827003630/http://www.ethiopiaobserver.com/djibouti-president-unharmed-after-shooting-leaves-three-injured/ |archive-date=2014-08-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu matora yo ku wa 8 Mata 2016, yatsinze ku majwi 86,28 %; mbere y'amatora, itsinda ry'abanyamakuru ba BBC ryarafashwe rirukanwa mu gihugu<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti : face à une opposition muselée, le président Ismaïl Omar Guelleh réélu haut la main |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20160409-djibouti-president-ismael-omar-guelleh-reelu-mandat-cinq-ans |website=France 24 |date=2016-04-09 |access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |title=Djibouti President Ismail Omar Guelleh wins fourth term |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35995628 |website=BBC News |date=2016-04-09}}</ref><ref name="E32">{{cite web |language=en |title=Djibouti's Guelleh clinches fourth term with landslide win |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20160409-djibouti-president-guelleh-clinches-fourth-term-with-landslide-win |website=France 24 |date=2016-04-09 |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 9 Mata 2021, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 98,58 %, atangira manda ya gatanu ku wa 15 Gicurasi 2021<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président sortant de Djibouti, Ismaël Omar Guelleh, réélu |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/04/10/le-president-sortant-de-djibouti-ismael-omar-guelleh-reelu_6076262_3212.html |website=www.lemonde.fr |date=2021-04-10 |access-date=2021-04-10}}</ref><ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti : inauguration du cinquième mandat d’Ismaïl Omar Guelleh |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1173056/politique/djibouti-inauguration-du-cinquieme-mandat-dismail-omar-guelleh/ |website=www.jeuneafrique.com |date=2021-05-16 |access-date=2021-05-16}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2021, yategetse ko abaturage n'abanyamahanga baba muri Jibuti bakingirwa COVID-19 ku gahato<ref name="E38">{{cite web |title=Djibouti makes COVID-19 vaccination compulsory |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/djibouti-makes-covid-19-vaccination-compulsory/2281266 |website=www.aa.com.tr |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 10 Mata 2026, yatorewe manda ya gatandatu ku majwi 97,81 %, ararahira ku wa 9 Gicurasi 2026<ref name="E40">{{cite web |language=en |title=Djibouti President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh is reelected for a sixth term |url=https://apnews.com/article/djibouti-election-guelleh-56800757f1108c104adb4bdc5ae880fa |website=AP |date=2026-04-11 |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref><ref name="E41">{{cite web |language=en |title=Djibouti President Ismaïl Guelleh sworn in as region pushes for economic integration |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/africa/2026-05-09-djibouti-president-sworn-in-as-region-pushes-for-economic-integration |website=The Star |date=2026-05-09 |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref>. == Isesengura ry'ubutegetsi bwe == === Imiyoborere === Ku butegetsi bwe, yashyize abo mu muryango we mu myanya ikomeye ya politiki n'ubukungu: umugore we, Kadra Mahamoud Haid, afatwa nka visi-perezida mu buryo bufatika, abakobwa be bombi bafite uruhare runini mu bujyanama no mu bucuruzi, naho murumuna we Saad Omar Guelleh ayobora icyambu cya Jibuti<ref name="E43">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comment Ismaïl Omar Guelleh gouverne en famille avec Kadra, Naguib, Saad et les autres |url=https://www.africaintelligence.fr/insiders/djibouti/2015/06/19/comment-ismail-omar-guelleh-gouverne-en-famille-avec-kadra-naguib-saad-et-les-autres/108078582-be1 |website=Africa Intelligence |date=2015-06-19 |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>. Ubutumwa bwa ambasade ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika bwo mu 2004 bwavuze ko Jibuti ari "umujyi-gihugu w'ubucuruzi ugenzurwa n'umuntu umwe, Ismaïl Omar Guelleh"<ref name="E47">{{cite web |language=en |title=In Djibouti, A Dictator Clings to Power and Extends Suffering |url=http://www.vanguardafrica.com/africawatch/2021/4/19/in-djibouti-a-dictator-clings-to-power-and-extends-suffering |website=Vanguard Africa |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>. Mu 2020, Reporters sans frontières yashyize Jibuti ku mwanya wa 176 kuri 179 mu bwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru, ivuga ko hari "iterabwoba ku itangazamakuru". Raporo ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika yo mu 2020 ku burenganzira bwa muntu yavuze ku bwicanyi bunyuranyije n'amategeko, iyicarubozo n'ikumirwa rikomeye ry'ubwisanzure bwo kuvuga<ref name="E48">{{cite web |language=en |title=Djibouti |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/djibouti/ |website=United States Department of State |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>. === Umubano n'Ubushinwa n'ubukungu === Guelleh yakoresheje aho igihugu cye giherereye mu buryo bw'ingenzi, ashora imari myinshi mu byambu n'ibikorwa remezo by'ubwikorezi<ref name="E5" />. Kuva mu 2013, yegereye [[Ubushinwa]], bwashinze ikigo cya gisirikare cyo mu mazi muri Jibuti mu 2017<ref name="E50">{{cite web |language=en |title=China Consolidates Its Commercial Foothold in Djibouti |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/china-consolidates-its-commercial-foothold-in-djibouti/ |website=thediplomat.com |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref><ref name="E51">{{cite web |language=en |title=China's Djibouti naval base increasing its power |url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2020/05/16/chinas-djibouti-naval-base-increasing-its-power/ |website=East Asia Forum |date=2020-05-16 |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>. Yifuza kugira Jibuti "Singapuru ya Afurika"<ref name="E54">{{cite web |language=en |author=Edmund Blair |title=China to start work soon on naval base in Djibouti - Guelleh |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-djibouti-china-idUKKCN0VB1Z6 |website=Reuters |date=2016-02-02 |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2018, yambuye ku iteka rya perezida ikigo DP World uburenganzira bwo gucunga ikigo cy'ibikoresho bya Doraleh, akabuha ikigo cya Leta<ref name="E58">{{cite web |title=DP World accuses Djibouti of illegally seizing container terminal |url=https://www.ft.com/content/de2d4d88-1867-11e8-9376-4a6390addb44 |website=Financial Times |date=2018-02-23}}</ref>; mu 2020, Urukiko mpuzamahanga rw'ubukemurampaka rwa Londres rwemeje ko icyo cyemezo kinyuranyije n'amategeko, ariko Jibuti iranga<ref name="E60">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ruling by London Tribunal Says Djibouti Acted Illegally |url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/ruling-by-london-tribunal-says-djibouti-acted-illegally |website=The Maritime Executive |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref><ref name="E61">{{cite web |language=en |author=Costas Paris |title=Djibouti Rejects Court Ruling to Hand Back Container Terminal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/djibouti-rejects-court-ruling-to-hand-back-container-terminal-11579296713 |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=2020-01-17 |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>. Nubwo ubukungu bwazamutse, ubushomeri bukomeje kuba bwinshi, cyane cyane mu rubyiruko: mu 2015, bwari 39 %<ref name="E62">{{cite web |title=Economic Transformation in Djibouti |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/437351549918326165/pdf/djibouti-scd-english-version-final-approved-vlogo-02062019-636852600790519539.pdf |website=World Bank Group |date=October 2018}}</ref>. === Urubanza rwa Borrel === Kuva mu 2004, urubanza rw'umucamanza w'Umufaransa Bernard Borrel, wapfiriye muri Jibuti mu 1995, rwazambije umubano n'Ubufaransa, kuko umupfakazi we, Élisabeth Borrel, yashinjaga Perezida Guelleh kuba umwe mu bategetse iyicwa rye. Muri Gashyantare 2007, umucamanza w'Umufaransa yasabye kumwumva nk'umutangabuhamya, ariko Minisiteri y'Ubutabera y'Ubufaransa ivuga ko adashobora guhatirwa gutanga ubuhamya kubera ubudahangarwa bwe. == Ubuzima bwite == Yashakanye na Kadra Mahamoud Haid, bafitanye abana bane<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L’enquête sur les "biens mal acquis" de Djibouti s'accélère |url=https://www.challenges.fr/monde/l-enquete-sur-les-biens-mal-acquis-de-djibouti-accelere_811120 |website=www.challenges.fr |date=2022-04-29}}</ref>. Ku wa 25 Mutarama 2019, Ubuhinde bwamuhaye umudari wa Padma Vibhushan, kubera uruhare rwe mu guhungisha Abahinde muri Yemeni<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Why awarding Padma Vibhushan to Djibouti President matters to India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-awarding-padma-vibhushan-to-djibouti-president-matters-to-india/articleshow/67702436.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |date=2019-01-26 |access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Ismail Omar Guelleh}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Jibuti]] knibyjt45rp2ve6tfmp84hwrbz26xjw 0 23193 140732 140662 2026-10-04T23:54:13Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Abdel Fattah al-Sissi | image = AbdelFattah Elsisi (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Abdel Fattah al-Sissi | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|11|19|df=y}} | birth_place = Gamaleya, Kayiro, [[Misiri]] | nationality = Umunyamisiri | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Misiri<br />Joint Services Command and Staff College (Ubwongereza)<br />United States Army War College | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika (2019–2020) | title = Perezida wa Misiri | term = Kuva ku wa 8 Kamena 2014 | predecessor = Adli Mansour (w'agateganyo) | party = Nta shyaka (yigenga) | spouse = Entissar Amer | children = 4 }} '''Abdel Fattah al-Sissi''' (mu Cyarabu: عبد الفتاح السيسي; wavutse ku wa 19 Ugushyingo 1954 i Kayiro, muri [[Misiri]]) ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyamisiri ufite ipeti rya Maréchal, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika y'Abarabu ya Misiri kuva ku wa 8 Kamena 2014. Yize mu mashuri ya gisirikare yo muri Misiri, mu Bwongereza no muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika. Perezida Hosni Moubarak yamugize umuyobozi w'iperereza rya gisirikare. Nyuma y'impinduramatwara yo muri Misiri yo mu 2011 n'itorwa rya Mohamed Morsi mu 2012, Morsi yamugize Minisitiri w'Ingabo. Ku wa 3 Nyakanga 2013, yahiritse Morsi binyuze muri kudeta ya gisirikare, maze mu 2014 atorerwa kuba Perezida ku majwi 96,9 %, mu matora yateje impaka. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2018 (97,1 %) no mu 2023 (89,6 %). Kuva mu 2019 kugeza mu 2020, yabaye Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika. Yiyerekana nk'uharanira impinduka n'umutekano, ateza imbere imishinga minini (kwagura umuyoboro wa Suez, kubaka umurwa mukuru mushya w'ubutegetsi, ingoro ndangamurage nkuru ya Misiri), ariko ubutegetsi bwe bufatwa nk'ubw'igitugu, burangwa n'ihashywa rikaze ry'abamunenga, iyicarubozo n'ibura ry'abantu ku gahato<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tapis rouge sans épines pour le maréchal Sissi à Paris |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/12/08/egypte-tapis-rouge-sans-epines-pour-le-marechal-sissi-a-paris_6062608_3212.html}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte 2024 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/fr/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/north-africa/egypt/report-egypt/}}</ref><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=World Report 2023 - Egypt sur hrw.org |url=https://www.hrw.org/fr/world-report/2023/country-chapters/383399}}</ref>. == Ubuzima == Abdel Fattah al-Sissi akomoka mu muryango w'abacuruzi bato b'i Kayiro, akaba umwe mu bahungu batatu mu bana umunani<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Abdel Al Sissi |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/opinions/envue/0203286945179-abdel-al-sissi-647297.php |website=www.lesechos.fr}}</ref>. Yavukiye i Gamaleya, mu gice cya Kayiro ya kera. Yize mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya gisirikare, maze mu 1973 yinjira mu Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare, ahitamo ingabo zirwanira ku butaka zigendera ku modoka z'intambara. Yize kandi muri ''Command & Staff College'' yo muri Misiri, mu 1992 ajya mu ishuri rya gisirikare ryo mu Bwongereza i Watchfield, naho mu 2006 yiga muri ''United States Army War College'', aho yanditse inyandiko yise "Demokarasi mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati"<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=وسم "ثلاجة السيسي" على تويتر الثالث عالميا |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7AXBzDraOM |date=2016-10-26 |access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref>. Yashakanye na Entissar Amer mu 1977; bafitanye abana bane: abahungu batatu (Moustafa, Mahmoud na Hassan) n'umukobwa umwe (Aya)<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Georges Malbrunot |title=À la tête de l'armée, le général al-Sissi plus que jamais garant de la stabilité en Égypte |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2013/07/03/01003-20130703ARTFIG00608--la-tete-de-l-armee-le-general-al-sissi-plus-que-jamais-garant-de-la-stabilite-en-egypte.php |website=FIGARO |date=2013-07-03 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte : l'énigme al-Sissi |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/actualites/egypte-l-enigme-al-sissi-27-03-2014-1806226_2031.php |website=Le Point |date=2014-03-27 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. Azwiho kuba umunyedini, uzi Korowani mu mutwe<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=ÉGYPTE. Sissi sera-t-il toujours aussi populaire s'il devient président ? |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2014/02/12/sissi-sabre-et-goupillon |website=Courrier international |date=2014-02-12 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. == Urugendo mu gisirikare == Yatangiye umwuga we mu ngabo zirwanira ku butaka, aba umwe mu bahagarariye ingabo muri ambasade ya Misiri muri Arabiya Sawudite, hanyuma umuyobozi w'ingabo zo mu karere k'amajyaruguru ka Alegisandiriya. Mu Kamena 2011, ubwo yari umuyobozi w'iperereza rya gisirikare akaba n'umwe mu bagize Inama nkuru y'ingabo (CSFA) yayoboraga igihugu nyuma y'iyegura rya Moubarak, yashyigikiye ko abagore bigaragambyaga bapimwa ubusugi "kugira ngo ingabo zirindwe ibirego by'ifatwa ku ngufu"<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Un général égyptien justifie les « tests de virginité » sur des manifestantes |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/un-general-egyptien-justifie-les-tests-de-virginite-sur-des-manifestantes-26-06-2011-1346233_24.php |website=Le Point |date=2011-06-26}}</ref>. == Urugendo muri politiki == === Minisitiri w'Ingabo na kudeta ya 2013 === Muri Kanama 2012, Perezida Mohamed Morsi wo mu muryango w'Abavandimwe b'Abayisilamu (''Frères musulmans'') yamugize Minisitiri w'Ingabo, asimbura Mohamed Hussein Tantawi. Kuri uwo mwanya, yongereye imishahara y'abasirikare n'abofisiye<ref name="F11" />. Mu gihe cy'imyigaragambyo ikomeye yo muri Kamena na Nyakanga 2013 yasabaga ko Morsi yegura, yavuze ko ingabo zifite inshingano "zo kwinjira mu kibazo kugira ngo Misiri itinjira mu mwobo w'amakimbirane"; ku wa 3 Nyakanga 2013, yahiritse Morsi binyuze muri kudeta ya gisirikare<ref name="F13" />. Uwo munsi, yashyizeho umucamanza Adli Mansour, perezida w'Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga, nka Perezida w'agateganyo. Yayoboye ihashywa rikaze ry'Abavandimwe b'Abayisilamu, aho abantu barenga 1 600 bishwe mu bwicanyi bwo ku bibuga bya Rabaa na Nahda; Human Rights Watch yabwise "bumwe mu bwicanyi bukomeye bw'abigaragambya mu mateka ya vuba"<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=en |title=All According to Plan - The Rab’a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/08/12/all-according-plan/raba-massacre-and-mass-killings-protesters-egypt |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2014-08-12 |access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref><ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sinaï, une sale guerre qui ne dit pas son nom |url=http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2014/09/ALEXANDRANI/50786}}</ref>. Nyuma yaho, yibasiye n'abafatanyabikorwa be b'abasekuleri, abakura muri guverinoma no gufunga abarwanashyaka babo<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte. Le coup d’État permanent |url=https://orientxxi.info/spip.php?action=ia_nojs&retour=%2Fmagazine%2Fegypte-le-coup-d-etat-permanent%2C3027 |website=Orientxxi.info |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2014 === Ku wa 27 Mutarama 2014, yazamuwe ku ipeti rya Maréchal<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Egypte: l'armée désigne son chef, Abdel Fattah al-Sissi, comme candidat à la présidentielle |url=http://www.rfi.fr/moyen-orient/20140127-egypte-armee-designe-son-chef-abdel-fattah-al-sissi-comme-candidat-presidentielle-morsi |website=RFI |date=2014-01-28 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. Ku wa 26 Werurwe 2014, yeguye ku mwanya wa Minisitiri w'Ingabo kugira ngo yiyamamarize kuba Perezida<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La démission de Sissi remise au président |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2014/03/26/97001-20140326FILWWW00337-la-demission-de-sissi-remise-au-president.php |website=Le Figaro |date=2014-03-26 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Gicurasi 2014, yatsinze amatora ku majwi 96 %, mu gihe hakekwaga uburiganya<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte : une écrasante et prévisible victoire du maréchal Sissi |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2014/05/28/presidentielle-en-egypte-sissi-credite-par-son-camp-de-93-des-voix_4428332_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2014-05-29}}</ref><ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Egypte, le premier échec du « maréchal » Sissi |url=https://blog.mondediplo.net/2014-05-29-Egypte-le-premier-echec-du-marechal-Sissi |website=Le Monde diplomatique |date=2014-05-29 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. Yarahiye ku wa 8 Kamena 2014, aba Perezida wa gatandatu wa Repubulika y'Abarabu ya Misiri<ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=en |author=Shadia Nasralla, Maggie Fick |title=Sisi sworn in as Egypt's president, cool reception from West |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-sisi-inauguration-idINKBN0EJ07D20140608 |website=Reuters |date=2014-06-08 |access-date=2019-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816112115/https://in.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-sisi-inauguration-idINKBN0EJ07D20140608 |archive-date=2019-08-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Misiri == === Imishinga minini === Muri Kanama 2014, yatangije umushinga w'umuyoboro mushya wa Suez, wikubye kabiri ubushobozi bw'uwari usanzweho, utwara miliyari 8,4 z'amadolari yose yaturutse mu Misiri; wafunguwe ku wa 6 Kanama 2015<ref name="E141">{{cite web |author=David D. Kirkpatrick |title=Suez Canal Upgrade May Not Ease Egypt's Economic Journey |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/07/world/middleeast/suez-canal-channel-egypt.html |website=The New York Times |date=2015-08-06 |access-date=2018-01-27}}</ref><ref name="E142">{{cite web |title=Al-Sisi kicks off new Suez Canal project, lays down tightened completion deadline |url=https://ww.dailynewssegypt.com/2014/08/05/al-sisi-kicks-new-suez-canal-project-lays-tightened-completion-deadline/ |website=Daily News Egypt |date=2014-08-05 |access-date=2019-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924023239/https://ww.dailynewssegypt.com/2014/08/05/al-sisi-kicks-new-suez-canal-project-lays-tightened-completion-deadline/ |archive-date=2019-09-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E143">{{cite web |author=Mesrop Najarian |title=Egypt Inaugurates Suez Canal Expansion |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/08/06/world/new-suez-canal-opens/ |website=CNN |date=2015-08-07 |access-date=2025-06-11}}</ref>. Yatangije kandi umushinga w'imihanda y'igihugu ireshya n'ibirometero birenga 4 400, n'uw'umurwa mukuru mushya w'ubutegetsi uri mu burasirazuba bwa Kayiro<ref name="E146">{{cite web |title=Sisi says austerity measures 'a must' |url=http://thecairopost.com/news/117711/news/sisi-says-austerity-measures-a-must |website=Cairo Post |date=2014-07-07 |access-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212113944/http://www.thecairopost.com/news/117711/news/sisi-says-austerity-measures-a-must |archive-date=2014-12-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E147">{{cite web |title=The Capital Cairo |url=http://thecapitalcairo.com/ |access-date=2016-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809012212/http://thecapitalcairo.com/ |archive-date=2018-08-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu 2016, yiyemeje gukuraho utujagari twose dushobora guteza akaga mu myaka ibiri<ref name="E148">{{cite web |title=Sisi calls on minister to conclude slum development projects in two years – Egypt Independent |url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/news/sisi-calls-minister-conclude-slum-development-projects-two-years |date=2016-05-12 |access-date=2016-11-29}}</ref>. === Politiki y'ubukungu === Yashyizeho amavugurura y'ubukungu yo gukuraho ibyari bisigaye bya politiki y'imibereho myiza yo ku gihe cya Nasser<ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |title=« L’Egypte est un marché bien trop grand pour que l’économie soit dominée par l’Etat » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/03/08/l-egypte-est-un-marche-bien-trop-grand-pour-que-l-economie-soit-dominee-par-l-etat_5267625_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |access-date=2018-03-08}}</ref>: kugabanya inkunga ya Leta ku ngufu n'amashanyarazi, gushyiraho umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA), kuzamura ibiciro by'itike ya metero ya Kayiro no guhagarika izamuka ry'imishahara y'abakozi ba Leta<ref name="F43">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte. Le gouffre d’une dette alimentée par l’armée |url=https://orientxxi.info/spip.php?action=ia_nojs&retour=%2Fmagazine%2Fla-crise-de-la-dette-de-sissi%2C2813 |website=orientxxi.info |access-date=2018-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219000830/https://orientxxi.info/spip.php?action=ia_nojs&retour=%2Fmagazine%2Fla-crise-de-la-dette-de-sissi%2C2813 |archive-date=2018-12-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Raporo ya Banki y'Isi yo muri Mata 2019 yagaragaje ko 60 % by'Abanyamisiri bari mu bukene cyangwa mu buzima bugoye<ref name="F46">{{cite web |language=en |title=Egypt’s Economy Isn’t Booming. It’s Collapsing. |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/06/07/egypts-economy-isnt-booming-its-collapsing-imf-abdel-fattah-sisi-poverty/ |website=Foreign Policy |date=2019-06-07}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2018, umwenda w'igihugu wageze ku rwego rutigeze rubaho (miliyari 92,6 z'amadolari), bitewe ahanini n'ingengo y'imari ya gisirikare n'inyungu z'umwenda<ref name="F47">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le monde achète de plus en plus d'armes, la France en profite |url=https://www.franceinter.fr/monde/le-monde-achete-de-plus-en-plus-d-armes-la-france-en-profite |website=franceinter.fr |access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2018 n'ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga === Muri Mutarama 2018, yatangaje ko aziyamamariza manda ya kabiri<ref name="F49">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président égyptien Sissi candidat à sa propre succession |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/actualite/le-president-egyptien-sissi-candidat-a-sa-propre-succession_1977799.html |website=lexpress.fr |access-date=2018-01-19}}</ref>. Abantu benshi bari batangaje ko baziyamamaza, barimo Ahmed Chafik na Sami Anan, baratewe ubwoba cyangwa barafungwa<ref name="F51">{{cite web |language=en |title=Egypt arrests ex-general who stood for election against Sisi |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/23/former-egyptian-general-arrested-by-military-after-announcing-presidential-bid-sami-anan |website=the Guardian |date=2018-01-23 |access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref><ref name="F52">{{cite web |language=en |title=Shafiq confirms exit from Egypt election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42597803 |website=BBC News |date=2018 |access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref>. Ku wa 2 Mata 2018, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 97,08 %, mu matora aho uwo bari bahanganye wenyine na we yari amushyigikiye<ref name="F55">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte : les résultats officiels donnent la victoire d’Abdel Fattah Al-Sissi, réélu président avec 97,08 % des voix |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/04/02/egypte-les-resultats-officiels-confirment-la-victoire-d-abdel-fattah-al-sissi-reelu-president-avec-97-08-des-voix_5279645_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2018-04-02}}</ref>. Ku wa 16 Mata 2019, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeje ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga ryongereye manda ye imyaka ibiri kandi rimwemerera kwiyamamariza manda ya gatatu y'imyaka itandatu; kamarampaka yo kuva ku wa 20 kugeza ku wa 22 Mata 2019 yaryemeje ku majwi 88,8 %<ref name="F58">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Egypte: vers une prolongation de la présidence de Sissi |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/egypte-le-parlement-vote-pour-permettre-a-sissi-de-prolonger-sa-presidence-16-04-2019-2307859_24.php# |website=Le Point |access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref><ref name="F60">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Egypte : la réforme prolongeant la présidence Sissi approuvée à 88,83 % |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/23/egypte-la-reforme-prolongeant-la-presidence-sissi-approuvee-a-88-83-par-referendum_5453940_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2019, nyuma y'aho umucuruzi uri mu buhungiro Mohamed Ali amushinje ruswa, habaye imyigaragambyo mu migi myinshi; abantu bagera ku 2 000 barafashwe<ref name="F64">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Égypte, des vidéos en ligne accusent le président Sissi de corruption et indignent la population |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/en-direct-du-monde/en-egypte-des-videos-en-ligne-accusent-le-president-sissi-de-corruption-et-indignent-la-population_3593247.html |website=Franceinfo |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref><ref name="F69">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Egypte : comprendre en cinq minutes la crise politique et les manifestations |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/egypte-comprendre-en-cinq-minutes-la-crise-politique-et-les-manifestations-25-09-2019-8159580.php |website=Le Parisien |date=2019-09-25 |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>. === Uburenganzira bwa muntu === Kuva yagera ku butegetsi muri Nyakanga 2013, ibihumbi by'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bishwe cyangwa barafungwa, abandi amagana baburirwa irengero<ref name="F78">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Najma Kousri Labidi |title=Égypte : l'assassinat de Shaïmaa al-Sabbagh révèle les méthodes de répression du régime Al Sissi |url=http://m.huffpost.com/mg/entry/6595352 |website=HuffPost Tunisie}}</ref><ref name="F79">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Rethinking the U.S.-Egypt relationship: How repression is undermining Egyptian stability and what the United States can do |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2015/11/03-us-egypt-relationship-hamid}}</ref>. Nk'uko Human Rights Watch ibivuga, abantu 60 000 bafashwe kuva mu 2013, kandi polisi n'inzego z'umutekano bakoresha iyicarubozo kenshi<ref name="F88">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Hélène Sallon |title=L’Egypte pratique la torture « à la chaîne » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2017/09/07/l-egypte-pratique-la-torture-a-la-chaine_5182438_3210.html |website=Le Monde |date=2017-09-07 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2016, umurambo w'umunyeshuri w'Umutaliyani Giulio Regeni, wishwe akorewe iyicarubozo, wabonetse i Kayiro, bitera ikibazo cya dipolomasi hagati ya Misiri n'Ubutaliyani<ref name="F82">{{cite web |language=fr |author=avec AFP |title=Enquête sur l’étudiant supplicié : l’Italie rappelle son ambassadeur en Égypte |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2016/04/08/enquete-sur-l-etudiant-supplicie-l-italie-rappelle-son-ambassadeur-en-egypte_4898946_3214.html |website=lemonde.fr}}</ref>. Ku wa 17 Kamena 2019, Mohamed Morsi wari ufunzwe yapfiriye mu rukiko<ref name="F91">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte : l’ancien président Mohamed Morsi meurt en plein procès |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/789960/politique/egypte-lancien-president-mohamed-morsi-meurt-en-plein-proces/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2019-06-17}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2020, Perezida w'Ubufaransa Emmanuel Macron yamuhaye umudari usumba iyindi wa ''Légion d'honneur'', bituma bamwe mu Bataliyani bawuhawe bawusubiza mu rwego rwo kwamagana<ref name="F95">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Une légion d’honneur au maréchal Sissi en catimini… qui finit par faire du bruit |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20201215-une-l%C3%A9gion-d-honneur-au-mar%C3%A9chal-sissi-en-catimini-qui-finit-par-faire-du-bruit |website=france24.com |date=2020-12-15 |access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref><ref name="F98">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Olivier Tosseri |title=Sissi : une Légion d'honneur qui fâche, jusqu'en Italie |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/idees-debats/editos-analyses/sissi-une-legion-dhonneur-qui-fache-jusquen-italie-1273879 |website=Les Échos |date=2020-12-14 |access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2023 === Ku wa 18 Ukuboza 2023, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 89,6 %, atangira manda ya gatatu, igomba kuba iya nyuma nk'uko Itegeko Nshinga ribiteganya; yarahiye ku wa 2 Mata 2024<ref name="F101">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Egypte : Abdel Fattah Al-Sissi remporte sa troisième élection présidentielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/12/18/egypte-abdel-fattah-al-sissi-remporte-sa-troisieme-election-presidentielle_6206485_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2023-12-18 |access-date=2023-12-18}}</ref><ref name="F102">{{cite web |language=fr |author=FRANCE24 |title=En Égypte, le président Abdel Fattah al-Sissi prête serment pour un troisième mandat |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20240402-en-%C3%A9gypte-le-pr%C3%A9sident-abdel-fattah-al-sissi-pr%C3%AAte-serment-pour-un-troisi%C3%A8me-mandat |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-04-02}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga ari Perezida, ku wa 25 Kamena 2014, rwabaye muri [[Aligeriya]]<ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président égyptien Sissi en Algérie pour parler de sécurité |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/monde/20140625.REU5922/le-president-egyptien-sissi-en-algerie-pour-parler-de-securite.html |website=Le Nouvel Obs |date=2014-06-25}}</ref><ref name="E155">{{cite web |title=Egypt's Sisi make Algeria his first foreign trip, security tops agenda |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-algeria-egypt-idUSKBN0F01PK20140625 |website=Reuters |date=2014-06-25 |access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref>. Umubano na Isiraheli waratejwe imbere nyuma y'ikurwaho rya Morsi; ikinyamakuru ''The Economist'' cyamwise "umuyobozi wa Misiri ushyigikiye Isiraheli kurusha abandi bose"<ref name="E160">{{cite web |title=Egypt's decision to side with Israel has cost Gaza dear |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/30/egypt-siding-israel-cost-gaza-dear}}</ref><ref name="E163">{{cite web |title=Israel and Palestine |url=https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21698439-israels-foes-have-weakened-palestinians-are-winning-battle-womb-israels |website=The Economist |date=2016-05-14 |access-date=2016-05-14}}</ref>. Ubutegetsi bwe bushyigikira igisubizo cy'ibihugu bibiri, Palestine ifite umurwa mukuru i Yeruzalemu y'Iburasirazuba<ref name="E164">{{cite web |title=Sisi reiterates support for Palestinian statehood, slams media campaign |url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/news/sisi-reiterates-support-palestinian-statehood-slams-brotherhood-media-campaign}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2023, mu gihe cy'intambara yo muri Gaza, yavuze ko ibisasu Isiraheli yateraga muri Gaza "byarenze uburenganzira bwo kwirwanaho, bihinduka igihano rusange ku bantu miliyoni 2,3"<ref name="E183">{{cite web |title=US says Egypt border crossing to Gaza to reopen |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/egypts-president-sisi-talks-get-aid-gaza-presidency-says-2023-10-15/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-10-15 |access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2025, yahagaritse urugendo mpuzamahanga rwerekezaga muri Gaza<ref name="F40">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Egypte, la marche internationale en direction de Gaza bloquée par les autorités |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2025/06/16/en-egypte-la-marche-internationale-en-direction-de-gaza-bloquee-par-les-autorites_6613507_3210.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-06-13}}</ref>. Amakimbirane hagati ya Misiri na [[Etiyopiya]] ku rugomero rwa Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam yarakomeje mu 2021; Sissi yagize ati: "Ndabwira abavandimwe bacu bo muri Etiyopiya, ntitukagere aho mukora ku gitonyanga na kimwe cy'amazi ya Misiri, kuko inzira zose zirafunguye"<ref name="E158">{{cite web |title=Egypt reiterates 'red line' in Nile dam row with Ethiopia |url=https://thearabweekly.com/egypt-reiterates-red-line-nile-dam-row-ethiopia |website=The Arab Weekly |date=2021-04-12 |access-date=2021-06-12}}</ref><ref name="E159">{{cite web |title=Egypt's el-Sisi warns 'all options open' after dam talks fail |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/7/egypt-warns-ethiopia-of-potential-for-conflict-over-blue-nile-dam |website=Al-Jazeera |date=2021-04-07 |access-date=2021-06-12}}</ref>. Mu 2019, Emmanuel Macron yamutumiye mu nama ya G7 i Biarritz<ref name="F39">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Hala Kodmani |title=G7 : des ONG dénoncent la venue d'Al-Sissi |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/08/23/g7-des-ong-denoncent-la-venue-d-al-sissi_1746658 |website=Libération}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Abdel Fattah el-Sisi}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Misiri]] 8ps9juiefe7154p5owkloj5t7d93ziu 0 23195 140768 140664 2026-10-05T09:02:17Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Isaias Afwerki | image = Isaias Afwerki 2024 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Isaias Afwerki mu 2024 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|2|2|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Asmara]], [[Eritereya]] | nationality = Umunyeritereya | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Haile Selassie I (Addis-Abeba) | occupation = Umunyapolitiki, uwahoze ari umurwanyi | known_for = Umuyobozi w'Ingabo za rubanda zo kubohora Eritereya (EPLF) | title = Perezida wa Eritereya | term = Kuva ku wa 24 Gicurasi 1993 | predecessor = Nta wundi (Perezida wa mbere) | party = Front populaire pour la démocratie et la justice (PFDJ) | spouse = Saba Haile | children = 3 }} '''Isaias Afwerki''' (mu Gitigrinya: ኢሳይያስ ኣፈወርቂ; wavutse ku wa 2 Gashyantare 1946 i [[Asmara]]) ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyeritereya, akaba ari we Perezida wa mbere kandi wenyine wa [[Eritereya]] kuva igihugu kibona ubwigenge mu 1993. Yarwanye mu ntambara y'ubwigenge bwa Eritereya yo kwigobotora [[Etiyopiya]], aba umuyobozi w'Ingabo za rubanda zo kubohora Eritereya (''Eritrean People's Liberation Front'', EPLF). Kuva igihugu kibonye ubwigenge, ayoboye ishyaka rimwe rukumbi, ''People's Front for Democracy and Justice'' (PFDJ), nta matora ya perezida arigera aba. Imiryango mpuzamahanga myinshi ifata ubutegetsi bwe nk'ubw'igitugu; bwagereranyijwe n'ubwa Koreya ya Ruguru, bwiswe "Koreya ya Ruguru ya Afurika"<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jean-Baptiste Jeangène Vilmer |title=Erythrée |url=https://www.puf.com/content/%C3%89rythr%C3%A9e_un_naufrage_totalitaire |website=PUF |date=2015}}</ref>. == Ubuzima == Isaias Afwerki yavukiye i Asmara ku wa 2 Gashyantare 1946, ubwo Eritereya yari mu butegetsi bw'Abongereza<ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Eritrea's President, His Excellency Isaias Afwerki |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/liveonline/00/world/afwerki_040700.htm |website=The Washington Post |date=2000-04-07 |access-date=2024-01-01}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |author=Martin Plaut |title=Who is Isaias Afwerki, Eritrea's Enigmatic Dictator? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-isaias-afwerki-eritreas-enigmatic-dictator-515761 |website=Newsweek |date=2016-11-01 |access-date=2024-01-01}}</ref>. Se, ukomoka mu mudugudu wa Tselot hafi ya Asmara, yari umukozi muto mu kigo cya Leta gishinzwe itabi; nyina yari umugore wo mu rugo. Yize mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Prince Makonnen i Asmara, aho yatangiye kuganira kuri politiki iharanira ubwigenge bwa Eritereya<ref name="E19">{{cite web |author=Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong |title=Dictionary of African Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&q=Isaias+Afwerki+born+1946&pg=RA2-PA160 |website=OUP, US |date=2012-02-02 |access-date=2020-10-02}}</ref>. Mu 1965, yatangiye kwiga ubwubatsi (''ingénierie'') muri Kaminuza ya Haile Selassie I i Addis-Abeba, ariko ntiyakomeza amasomo<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Érythrée : dix choses à savoir sur le président Issayas Afeworki |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/671044/politique/erythree-dix-choses-a-savoir-sur-le-president-issayas-afeworki/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref name="E19" />. == Intambara y'ubwigenge == Muri Nzeri 1966, yagiye i Kassala muri [[Sudani]] kwinjira mu mutwe ''Eritrean Liberation Front'' (ELF). Mu 1967, yari mu bantu batanu ba ELF bahawe amahugurwa na Leta y'[[Ubushinwa]] mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya Nankin, aho yize amahame ya Mao n'amayeri y'intambara y'inyeshyamba<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mohamed Kheir Omer |title=Érythrée. Isaias Afwerki, l’ami précieux de Beijing |url=https://www.afriquexxi.info/Erythree-Isaias-Afwerki-l-ami-precieux-de-Beijing |website=Afriquexxi.info |date=2023-10-16}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |language=en |author=Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong |title=Dictionary of African Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&q=Isaias+Afwerki+biography&pg=RA2-PA160 |website=Oxford University Press, USA |date=2012 |access-date=2020-10-02}}</ref>. Agarutse, mu 1968 yabaye komiseri wa politiki mu karere ka 5 ka ELF. We n'abandi barwanyi b'Abakirisitu banenze ivangura ryakorerwaga Abakirisitu muri ELF; mu 1970 yabaye umuyobozi w'itsinda ryitandukanyije na ELF, maze mu 1971 ryandika inyandiko ''Nihnan Elamanan'' ("Twe n'intego zacu") yanditswe na we<ref name="E20" />. Mu 1973, hashinzwe ''Eritrean People's Liberation Front'' (EPLF), wahanganye na ELF mu ntambara yiswe "intambara y'abenegihugu ebyiri". Mu 1977, yatorewe kuba umunyamabanga mukuru wungirije wa EPLF, naho mu 1987 aba umunyamabanga mukuru wawo, abona ububasha busesuye kuri uwo mutwe. Muri Mata 1991, EPLF yafashe Asmara, maze nyuma y'ihirikwa ry'ubutegetsi bwa Derg muri Etiyopiya muri Gicurasi 1991, Isaias yabonye inkunga ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika ku bwigenge bwa Eritereya<ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |author=Timothy J. Stapleton |title=Modern African Conflicts: An Encyclopedia of Civil Wars, Revolutions, and Terrorism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfdwEAAAQBAJ&dq=isaias+afwerki&pg=PA5 |website=ABC-CLIO |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2023-10-09}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Eritereya == === Ubwigenge === Muri Mata 1993, habaye kamarampaka y'ubwigenge igenzurwa n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye; ubwigenge bwatangajwe ku wa 27 Mata 1993, maze ku wa 24 Gicurasi 1993, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko imutorera kuba Perezida wa Leta ya Eritereya<ref name="E73">{{cite web |title=Eritrea President Isaias Afwerki 'both charismatic and brutal' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44824682 |website=BBC News |date=2018-07-13}}</ref>. Ku wa 16 Gashyantare 1994, EPLF yahinduye izina iba ''People's Front for Democracy and Justice'' (PFDJ), Isaias akomeza kuba umunyamabanga mukuru wayo. Muri Gicurasi 1994, yashyizeho gahunda y'umurimo w'igihugu ku gahato, yagombaga kumara amezi 18<ref name="E22" />. === Igitugu === Kuva atangira, yashyizeho ubutegetsi bw'ishyaka rimwe rukumbi, nta matora, n'ubukungu bugenzurwa na Leta, kandi abuza cyane ubwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru. Nyuma y'intambara ya kabiri na Etiyopiya (1998–2000), ubutegetsi bwe bwarushijeho kuba ubw'igitugu<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Amaury Hauchard et Agathe Charnet |title=Erythrée : « Le camp de Sawa, c’est le début de l’enfer » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/06/24/erythree-le-camp-de-sawa-c-est-le-debut-de-l-enfer_4957311_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2016-06-23}}</ref>. Mu izina ry'"intambara yo kurengera igihugu", umurimo w'igihugu ku gahato wabaye uw'igihe kitazwi, bituma urubyiruko rwinshi ruhunga igihugu. Mu 2001, abayobozi 15 ba PFDJ, bitwaga G-15, bandikiye Perezida ibaruwa ifunguye basaba amavugurura n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'Itegeko Nshinga ryo mu 1997<ref name="E26">{{cite web |language=en |title=MERON ESTEFANOS, A CONVERSATION ON ERITREA WITH THOR HALVORSSEN, 18 min |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQdeQ-9nXow |website=OFFinJOBURG |date=2018-04-11 |access-date=2023-05-18}}</ref>. Ku wa 18 Nzeri 2001, yafunze ibinyamakuru byose byigenga, abayobozi bakomeye b'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi barafungwa<ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=Isaias Afwerki |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaias-Afwerki |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref>; 11 mu bagize G-15 barafunzwe, kandi mu 2026 bari bataragera aho barekurwa<ref name="E9">{{cite web |author=Teklemariam Bekit |title=Three decades, one leader - how Eritreans had their hopes dashed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2ekjvg17xo |website=BBC News |date=2025-06-20 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Mu bafunzwe harimo umunyamakuru Dawit Isaak, umaze imyaka irenga 20 afunzwe nta rubanza<ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Affaire Dawit Isaak : RSF appelle les procureurs suédois à assumer leurs responsabilités |url=https://rsf.org/fr/actualites/affaire-dawit-isaak-rsf-appelle-les-procureurs-suedois-assumer-leurs-responsabilites |website=RSF |date=2021-09-23 |access-date=2021-10-21}}</ref>. Mu 2010, abajijwe igihe amatora azabera, yasubije ati: "Reka dutegereze imyaka mirongo itatu cyangwa ine"<ref name="E26" />. Mu 2013, Amnesty International yavuze ko hari nibura imfungwa za politiki 10 000, kandi ko iyicarubozo rikoreshwa kenshi<ref name="E16">{{cite web |language=en |title=Eritrea: Rampant repression 20 years after independence |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/05/eritrea-rampant-repression-years-after-independence/ |website=Amnesty International |date=2013-05-09 |access-date=2022-03-27}}</ref><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Près de 10 000 prisonniers politiques seraient détenus en Erythrée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/05/09/pres-de-10-000-prisonniers-politiques-seraient-detenus-en-erythree_3173959_3212.html |website=Le Monde et AFP |date=2013-05-09}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2015, akanama k'Umuryango w'Abibumbye kamushinje kuyobora ubutegetsi bw'igitugu bukabije bukora ihohoterwa rishobora kuba ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu<ref name="E15">{{cite web |author=Nick Cumming-Bruce |title=Torture and Other Rights Abuses Are Widespread in Eritrea, U.N. Panel Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/09/world/africa/eritrea-human-rights-abuses-afwerki-un-probe-crimes-against-humanity-committed.html |website=The New York Times |date=2015-06-08 |access-date=2019-03-30}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=en |title=Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIEritrea/Pages/ReportCoIEritrea.aspx |website=ohchr.org}}</ref>; mu 2016, komisiyo y'iperereza ya Loni yavuze ko habayeho "ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu" kuva mu 1991, ariko Eritereya yanze ibyo birego<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Erythrée: une commission de l'ONU dénonce 25 ans de crimes contre l’humanité |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160608-erythree-rapport-onu-accuse-regime-crimes-contre-humanite |website=rfi.fr}}</ref>. Mu 2022, Freedom House yashyize Eritereya mu bihugu "bitisanzuye", ibona inota 1 kuri 40 mu burenganzira bwa politiki<ref name="E36">{{cite web |language=en |title=Eritrea: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/eritrea/freedom-world/2022 |website=Freedom House |access-date=2022-05-30}}</ref>. === Ubukungu === Mu 1997, yatangaje gahunda yo kwegurira abikorera ibigo 37 bya Leta, kandi Leta itanga impushya zo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro hafi ya Asmara. Mu 2009, yashyigikiye ko igihugu cyishingikiriza ku nzego zacyo bwite n'umutungo gifite, harimo ibikorwa remezo by'ingufu, ubwikorezi n'itumanaho<ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=FACTBOX - Key quotes from Eritrean president |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLL474000 |website=Reuters |date=2009-10-21 |access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref><ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=TimesInterview with Eritrea's Isaias Afewerki |url=https://www.ft.com/content/35b8905c-a44b-11de-92d4-00144feabdc0 |website=Financial Times |access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref>. Nk'uko Banki y'Isi ibivuga, ubuhinzi n'ubucukuzi ni byo bifite uruhare runini mu bukungu; mu 2018, umusaruro mbumbe w'igihugu wazamutseho 12 %<ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=en |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eritrea/overview |website=World Bank |access-date=2022-05-30}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Kuva ku wa 6 Gicurasi 1998 kugeza mu 2000, Eritereya na Etiyopiya barwanye intambara ku mupaka utavugwaho rumwe wa Badme, ihitana abantu ibihumbi amagana<ref name="E38">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ethiopia-Eritrea border: Landmark summit aims to end conflict |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44756371 |website=BBC News |date=2018-07-08 |access-date=2022-05-30}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Ukuboza 2000, Eritereya yasinye amasezerano ya Alger, ariko ibihugu byombi bikomeza kuba mu bihe "bitari intambara bitari n'amahoro"<ref name="E39">{{cite web |language=en |title=Service for Life: State Repression and Indefinite Conscription in Eritrea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3zIY60yiYAC&q=isaias+afwerki+government |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2009 |access-date=2023-10-09}}</ref>. Ku wa 9 Nyakanga 2018, Isaias na Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Etiyopiya Abiy Ahmed batangaje iherezo ry'intambara hagati y'ibihugu byombi; ku wa 11 Nzeri 2018, bafunguye imipaka yari ifunzwe kuva mu 1998, maze ku wa 16 Nzeri basinya amasezerano y'amahoro i Djeddah<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sur fond de réconciliation, l'Éthiopie désigne un ambassadeur en Érythrée |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20180719-fond-reconciliation-ethiopie-ambassadeur-ethyree-issaias-afeworki-abiy-ahmed |website=france24.com |date=2018-07-19 |access-date=2018-08-08}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'Érythrée et l'Éthiopie rouvrent deux postes-frontières fermés depuis 20 ans |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20180912-erythree-ethiopie-ahmed-afeworki-reouverture-deux-postes-frontieres-fermes-guerre |website=france24.com |date=2018-09-12 |access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L’Éthiopie et l’Érythrée signent en Arabie saoudite un accord consolidant leur réconciliation |url=https://www.challenges.fr/monde/l-ethiopie-et-l-erythree-signent-en-arabie-saoudite-un-accord-consolidant-leur-reconciliation_613228 |website=Challenges |date=2018-09-16 |access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref>. Mu ntambara ya Tigray yatangiye ku wa 3 Ugushyingo 2020, ingabo za Eritereya zafatanyije n'iza Etiyopiya kurwanya ''Tigray People's Liberation Front'' (TPLF); zashinjwe gusahura no kwica abaturage, cyane cyane i Axum<ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=The massacre in Axum |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/02/ethiopia-eritrean-troops-massacre-of-hundreds-of-axum-civilians-may-amount-to-crime-against-humanity |website=Amnesty International |date=2021-02-26 |access-date=2021-02-27}}</ref>. Ku wa 26 Werurwe 2021, nyuma y'igitutu mpuzamahanga, byatangajwe ko ingabo za Eritereya zizava muri Tigray<ref name="E46">{{cite web |title=Ethiopian PM: Eritrean troops to leave Tigray |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ethiopian-pm-eritrean-troops-to-leave-tigray/a-57009807 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2021-03-26 |access-date=2021-03-26}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro z'ubutegetsi bwe, yafatwaga nk'umuyobozi ugezweho, ndetse ashimwa na Perezida Bill Clinton. Yegereye Ubushinwa, bwashoye imari mu mabuye y'agaciro y'igihugu kandi bwubaka ibitaro bya Orotta i Asmara<ref name="F2" />. Muri Nyakanga 2023, yitabiriye inama y'Uburusiya n'Afurika i Saint-Pétersbourg, ahura na Vladimir Putin, ahakana ku mugaragaro ko hari intambara hagati y'Uburusiya na Ukraine<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |author=TVP World |title=Eritrean, Burkina Faso leaders align with Russia, deny Putin’s terrorist war |url=https://tvpworld.com/71644604/eritrean-burkina-faso-leaders-align-with-russia-deny-putins-terrorist-war |website=TVP World |date=2023-07-29 |access-date=2023-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729225316/https://tvpworld.com/71644604/eritrean-burkina-faso-leaders-align-with-russia-deny-putins-terrorist-war |archive-date=2023-07-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2026, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zateganyaga gukuraho ibihano kuri Eritereya, kubera agaciro k'Inyanja Itukura mu bya politiki<ref name="E48">{{cite web |author=Giulia Paravicini |title=US to lift Eritrea sanctions as Red Sea tensions reshape alliances, document says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-lift-eritrea-sanctions-red-sea-tensions-reshape-alliances-document-says-2026-05-05/ |website=www.reuters.com |date=2026-05-05}}</ref>. Umubano na Sudani, wari mubi mu ntangiriro, wongeye gusubukurwa mu Ukuboza 2005, kandi Eritereya yagize uruhare mu gutuma habaho amasezerano y'amahoro hagati ya guverinoma ya Sudani n'ihuriro ''Eastern Front''<ref name="E50">{{cite web |author=David H. Shinn |title="Ethiopia and Eritrea" |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Sudan.pdf |website=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |date=2015}}</ref><ref name="E51">{{cite web |title=Sudan, Eritrea resume severed diplomatic relations |url=http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/051210/2005121017.html |website=ArabicNews.com |date=2005-12-10}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Isaias Afwerki yashakanye na Saba Haile, bafitanye abana batatu: Abraham, Berhane na Elsa. Ururimi rwe kavukire ni Igitigrinya, ariko avuga neza Icyongereza, kandi azi Icyarabu n'Icyamuhariki. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Isaias Afwerki}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Eritereya]] kgwjlc9ofuwhgu0idaadu1jpenzm8zg 0 23197 140748 140666 2026-10-05T02:42:32Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema | image = Brice Oligui Nguema 2025.png | image_size = 220px | caption = Brice Oligui Nguema mu 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|3|3|df=y}} | birth_place = Ngouoni, Haut-Ogooué, [[Gabon]] | nationality = Umunyagabon | alma_mater = Académie royale militaire de Meknès (Maroke)<br />Kaminuza ya Omar Bongo | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Umuyobozi w'ingabo zirinda Repubulika (2020–2023) | title = Perezida wa Gabon | term = Kuva ku wa 30 Kanama 2023 (w'inzibacyuho kugeza ku wa 3 Gicurasi 2025) | predecessor = Ali Bongo Ondimba | party = Union démocratique des bâtisseurs (UDB) | spouse = Zita Nyangui Oligui }} '''Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema''' (wavutse ku wa 3 Werurwe 1975 i Ngouoni, mu ntara ya Haut-Ogooué, muri [[Gabon]]) ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyagabon, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Gabon. Ubwo yari umuyobozi w'ingabo zirinda Repubulika (''Garde républicaine''), yagize uruhare rukomeye muri kudeta yo ku wa 30 Kanama 2023 yahiritse Perezida Ali Bongo, maze aba Perezida w'inzibacyuho. Mu Mata 2025, yatsinze amatora ya perezida ku majwi agera kuri 95 %, ararahira ku wa 3 Gicurasi 2025 kuyobora igihugu mu gihe cy'imyaka irindwi. == Ubuzima == === Inkomoko n'amashuri === Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema yavukiye i Ngouoni, mu karere ka Lékabi-Léwolo mu ntara ya Haut-Ogooué, intara ifatwa nk'indiri y'umuryango wa Bongo<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Gabon, Brice tout-puissant, tombeur des Bongo |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1493818/politique/au-gabon-brice-tout-puissant-tombeur-des-bongo/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2023-11-23}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |language=en |title=General Brice Oligui Nguema, the man named to lead Gabon after coup |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230831-general-brice-oligui-nguema-named-gabon-s-new-leader-after-coup |website=France 24 |date=2023-08-30 |access-date=2023-08-31}}</ref>. Se yari umusirikare w'Umufang wo mu ntara ya Woleu-Ntem, naho nyina akaba Umuteke<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Steve Tenré |title=Gabon : qui est le général putschiste Brice Oligui Nguema, nouvel homme fort du pays ? |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/gabon-qui-est-le-general-putschiste-brice-oligui-nguema-nouvel-homme-fort-du-pays-20230830 |website=Le Figaro.fr |access-date=2023-08-31}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=GABON • Coup d'Etat : dans l'ombre du général Oligui, la guerre fratricide du clan Bongo - 30/08/2023 - |url=https://www.africaintelligence.fr/afrique-centrale/2023/08/30/coup-d-etat--dans-l-ombre-du-general-oligui-la-guerre-fratricide-du-clan-bongo,110037803-art |website=africaintelligence.fr |access-date=2026-08-23}}</ref><ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is General Oligui Nguema, Gabon's new strongman? |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/08/31/who-is-general-oligui-nguema-gabons-new-strongman/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-08-30 |access-date=2023-08-31}}</ref>. Ni uwo mu muryango wa Bongo, kuko nyina ari mubyara wa nyina wa Perezida Omar Bongo; ni mubyara wa Ali Bongo ku ruhande rwa nyina<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=La-Croix.com |title=Au Gabon, Brice Oligui Nguema, nouvel homme fort issu du clan Bongo |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Au-Gabon-nouvel-homme-fort-issu-clan-Bongo-2023-08-31-1201280830 |website=La Croix |access-date=2023-09-01}}</ref><ref name="E17">{{cite web |language=en |author=Sam Mednick |title=Gabon's military leader is sworn in as head of state after ousting the president last week |url=https://apnews.com/article/gabon-coup-c2b28cedfdd77242956916780595cc68 |website=AP News |date=2023-09-04 |access-date=2024-01-28}}</ref>. Yarezwe ahanini na nyina n'umuryango we i Haut-Ogooué, yiga muri Kaminuza ya Omar Bongo<ref name="E16" /><ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=21 facts to know about General Nguema, Gabon's new military leader |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/09/04/21-facts-to-know-about-general-nguema-gabons-new-military-leader/ |website=P.M. News |date=2023-09-04 |access-date=2024-05-04}}</ref>, hanyuma mu Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Meknès muri [[Maroke]]<ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Putsch au Gabon: qui est le général Brice Clotaire, formé à l'Académie de Meknès? |url=https://www.h24info.ma/putsch-au-gabon-portrait-doligui-nguema-general-forme-a-lacademie-de-meknes/ |website=H24info.ma |date=2023-08-30 |access-date=2023-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830141357/https://www.h24info.ma/putsch-au-gabon-portrait-doligui-nguema-general-forme-a-lacademie-de-meknes/ |archive-date=2023-08-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. === Urugendo mu gisirikare === Yabaye umufasha wihariye (''aide de camp'') wa Perezida Omar Bongo kugeza apfuye mu 2009<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Emma Collet et Tanguy Berthemet |title=Oligui Nguema, nouvel homme fort du Gabon |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/oligui-nguema-nouvel-homme-fort-du-gabon-20230831 |website=Le Figaro |date=2023-09-01}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Brice Oligui Nguema, alleged coup leader in Gabon? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/30/who-is-brice-oligui-nguema-alleged-coup-leader-in-gabon |website=Aljazeera |date=2023-08-30 |access-date=2023-08-30}}</ref>. Nyuma y'itorwa rya Ali Bongo mu 2009, yoherejwe kuba umusirikare uhagarariye Gabon muri ambasade zayo muri Maroke no muri [[Senegali]], ibyo ubwe yise "ubuhungiro"<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coup d'Etat au Gabon : Qui est le général Brice Oligui Nguema, nouveau président de la Transition ? |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/cjld1zk4jz8o |website=bbc.com |date=2023-08-31 |access-date=2023-09-01}}</ref><ref name="E20" />. Mu Ukwakira 2018, yagaruwe muri Gabon, asimbura Koloneli Frédéric Bongo, murumuna wa Ali Bongo, ku buyobozi bw'urwego rw'iperereza rw'ingabo zirinda Repubulika<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gabon : la mise à l'écart de Frédéric Bongo Ondimba fait grand bruit à Libreville |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20191016-gabon-mise-ecart-frederic-bongo-odimba-grand-bruit-libreville |website=RFI |date=2019-10-16 |access-date=2023-08-30}}</ref><ref name="E16" />. Muri Mata 2019, yazamuwe ku ipeti rya Jenerali wa burigade<ref name="E16" />, maze muri Mata 2020 afata ubuyobozi bw'ingabo zirinda Repubulika, asimbura Jenerali Grégoire Kouna<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gabon: Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema nommé commandant en chef de la GR |url=https://www.gabonmediatime.com/gabon-brice-clotaire-oligui-nguema-nomme-commandant-en-chef-de-la-gr/ |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830105051/https://www.gabonmediatime.com/gabon-brice-clotaire-oligui-nguema-nomme-commandant-en-chef-de-la-gr/ |archive-date=2023-08-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |title=JUST-IN: Col. Brice Nguema Is New Gabonese Leader, Replaces Ali Bongo |url=https://leadership.ng/just-in-col-brice-nguema-is-new-gabonese-leader-replaces-ali-bongo/ |website=Leadership |date=2023-08-30 |access-date=2023-08-30}}</ref>. Yongereye cyane umutwe udasanzwe ushinzwe ibikorwa byihariye (SIS), uva ku basirikare bagera kuri 30 ugera ku barenga 300<ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coup d'état Gabon, notre portrait du général Brice Oligui Nguema, patron de la Garde Républicaine |url=https://mondafrique.com/a-la-une/le-general-clothaire-oligui-nguema-lhomme-fort-du-pouvoir-gabonais/ |website=Mondafrique |date=2023-08-30 |access-date=2023-08-30}}</ref>. == Kudeta ya 2023 n'inzibacyuho == Ku wa 30 Kanama 2023, amasaha make nyuma y'uko komisiyo y'amatora itangaje ko Ali Bongo yatsinze amatora ya perezida ku majwi 64 %, Oligui Nguema n'ingabo zirinda Repubulika bafashe ubutegetsi nta guhangana<ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gabon election: Why coup leader Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema is embracing democracy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75ddzylr4xo |website=BBC |date=2025-04-10 |access-date=2025-04-13}}</ref>. Agatsiko k'abasirikare kiyise ''Comité pour la transition et la restauration des institutions'' (CTRI) kasheshe inzego zose za Repubulika, kamugira Perezida w'inzibacyuho<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jocksy Andrew Ondo-Louemba |title=La Garde Républicaine du Gabon (3/3) : la prise de pouvoir |url=https://mondafrique.com/politique/la-garde-republicaine-du-gabon-3-3-la-garde-prend-le-pouvoir/ |website=Mondafrique |date=2024-08-23 |access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref><ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |author=LIBERATION |title=Au Gabon, des militaires prennent le pouvoir quelques instants après l’annonce de la réélection d’Ali Bongo |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/au-gabon-des-militaires-prennent-le-pouvoir-quelques-heures-apres-lannonce-de-la-reelection-dali-bongo-20230830_UXJCCYCQH5CB5F4MCUW77LB5PE/ |website=Libération |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref><ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema, tombeur d’Ali Bongo Ondimba ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1477640/politique/qui-est-brice-clotaire-oligui-nguema-tombeur-dali-bongo-ondimba/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2023-08-30 |access-date=2023-08-30}}</ref>. Mu kiganiro na ''Le Monde'', yavuze ko abasirikare bakoze kudeta kubera kutishimira kwariyongereye kuva Ali Bongo yarwara indwara yo mu bwonko mu 2018, icyemezo cye cyo kwiyamamariza manda ya gatatu n'uburyo amatora yakozwe<ref name="E29">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gabon's coup-leading general says President Bongo has been 'retired' |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2023/08/30/gabon-s-coup-leading-general-says-bongo-is-retired_6115749_124.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-08-30 |access-date=2023-08-30}}</ref>. Ku wa 4 Nzeri 2023, yarahiriye kuba Perezida w'inzibacyuho mu ngoro ya Perezida i Libreville<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gabon : le général Oligui Nguema prend quartier |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/cxw4pl0pl01o |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2023-09-04 |access-date=2023-09-04}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gabon coup leader Brice Nguema sworn in as president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66705693 |website=BBC |date=2023-09-04 |access-date=2023-09-04}}</ref>. Yasezeranyije amatora "yisanzuye kandi aciye mu mucyo", Itegeko Nshinga rishya binyuze muri kamarampaka, n'irekurwa ry'imfungwa zose za politiki<ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |author=Thomas Naadi |title=Gabon coup leader Brice Nguema vows free elections – but no date |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66705693 |website=BBC |date=2023-09-04 |access-date=2023-09-05}}</ref>. Ku wa 7 Nzeri 2023, yagize Raymond Ndong Sima Minisitiri w'Intebe w'inzibacyuho<ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gabon : Raymond Ndong Sima, opposant à Ali Bongo, nommé Premier ministre de transition |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230907-gabon-raymond-ndong-sima-opposant-%C3%A0-ali-bongo-nomm%C3%A9-premier-ministre-de-transition |website=rfi.fr}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2023, yaretse umushahara wa Perezida, akomeza guhembwa nk'umuyobozi w'ingabo zirinda Repubulika<ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Gabon, Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema « renonce à son traitement de président » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1494965/politique/au-gabon-brice-clotaire-oligui-nguema-renonce-a-son-traitement-de-president/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2023-10-19}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gabon junta leader turns down presidential salary |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/10/19/gabon-junta-leader-turns-down-presidential-salary/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-10-19 |access-date=2023-10-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 10 Gashyantare 2024, ivugurura ry'itegeko ry'inzibacyuho ryamwemereye kuziyamamaza mu matora<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |author=RFI |title=Le Gabon modifie à nouveau sa charte constitutionnelle |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240210-le-gabon-modifie-%C3%A0-nouveau-sa-charte-constitutionnelle |website=RFI |access-date=2024-03-13}}</ref>. Kimwe mu byemezo bye bya mbere nyuma ya kudeta kwari ugufunga abantu bakekwagaho ruswa, barimo Noureddin Bongo Valentin, umuhungu wa Ali Bongo<ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gabon : plainte pour corruption déposée contre Noureddin Bongo |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200114-gabon-plainte-corruption-deposee-noureddin-bongo |website=RFI |date=2020-01-14 |access-date=2025-09-17}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2025, nyuma y'ubuhuza bwa Perezida wa Angola [[João Lourenço]], Ali Bongo, umugore we n'umuhungu we barekuwe bajya kuba i Luanda. == Perezida wa Repubulika == Ku wa 3 Werurwe 2025, yatangaje ko aziyamamaza mu matora ya perezida yo ku wa 12 Mata 2025<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gabon : le général Brice Oligui Nguema officialise sa candidature à la présidence |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250303-gabon-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-brice-oligui-nguema-officialise-sa-candidature-%C3%A0-la-pr%C3%A9sidence |website=RFi |access-date=2025-03-03}}</ref><ref name="E35">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gabon's military leader announces he will run in April presidential election |url=https://apnews.com/article/gabon-presidential-election-nguema-candidate-5a1d3364e6fcffa23424287d48d5a61c |website=AP News |date=2025-03-04 |access-date=2025-03-04}}</ref>. Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwemeje ko yatsinze ku majwi 94,85 %, abitabiriye amatora bakaba 70,4 %<ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pierre Lepidi |title=Brice Oligui Nguema plébiscité à la tête du Gabon |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/04/13/brice-oligui-nguema-plebiscite-a-la-tete-du-gabon_6595550_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-04-13}}</ref><ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=94,85 % pour Oligui Nguema : un raz-de-marée électoral validé par la Cour constitutionnelle |url=https://gabonmailinfos.com/9485-pour-oligui-nguema-un-raz-de-maree-electoral-valide-par-la-cour-constitutionnelle/ |website=Gabon Mail Infos |date=2025-04-25 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref>. Yarahiriye manda y'imyaka irindwi ku wa 3 Gicurasi 2025<ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Figaro avec AFP |title=Gabon : le président Brice Oligui Nguema a prêté serment, 19 mois après la destitution d’Ali Bongo |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/gabon-le-president-brice-oligui-nguema-a-prete-serment-19-mois-apres-la-destitution-d-ali-bongo-20250503 |website=Le Figaro |access-date=2025-05-03}}</ref><ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Gabon's junta chief wins presidency by landslide, provisional results show |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20250413-gabon-junta-chief-wins-presidency-by-landslide-provisional-results-show-bongo |website=France 24 |date=2025-04-13 |access-date=2025-04-13}}</ref>. Ku wa 5 Nyakanga 2025, yashinze ku mugaragaro ishyaka ''Union démocratique des bâtisseurs'' (UDB), risimbura ihuriro rye ry'amatora ''Rassemblement des bâtisseurs''<ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Yves-Laurent Goma |title=Gabon : le parti des Bâtisseurs du président Oligui Nguema voit officiellement le jour à Libreville |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250706-gabon-le-parti-des-b%C3%A2tisseurs-du-pr%C3%A9sident-oligui-nguema-voit-officiellement-le-jour-%C3%A0-libreville |website=rfi.fr |date=2025-07-06 |access-date=2025-07-10}}</ref><ref name="E39">{{cite web |title=Gabon's President Oligui launches new political party |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/07/07/gabons-president-oligui-launches-new-political-party/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-07-07 |access-date=2025-07-07}}</ref>. Mu matora y'abadepite yo mu 2025, UDB yabonye imyanya 101 kuri 140 mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko, naho ishyaka ryahoze ku butegetsi, ''Parti démocratique gabonais'', riba irya mbere mu batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi rifite imyanya 17. Muri Kanama 2025, yatangaje itegeko ry'imbabazi rusange ku bagize uruhare muri kudeta yo mu 2023 no mu mugambi wa kudeta wo mu 2019<ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Procès Kelly Obiang : 15 ans de réclusion criminelle et 31 millions de FCFA d'amende |url=https://www.union.sonapresse.com/fr/proces-kelly-obiang-15-ans-de-reclusion-criminelle-et-31-millions-de-fcfa-damende |website=www.union.sonapresse.com |access-date=2025-09-17}}</ref><ref name="E40">{{cite web |title=Gabon: amnesty granted for 2023 coup and 2019 conspiracy attempts |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/08/13/gabon-amnesty-granted-for-2023-coup-and-2019-conspiracy-attempts/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-08-13 |access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Oligui Nguema yakomeje kandi yagura umubano n'ibihugu by'Uburengerazuba, harimo n'[[Ubufaransa]] bwahoze bukolonije Gabon; mu bihugu bitanu by'Afurika y'Iburengerazuba n'iyo Hagati byabayemo kudeta kuva mu 2020, Gabon ni yo yonyine yasubiye vuba ku butegetsi bwa gisivili kandi ikomeza umubano wa hafi n'igihugu cyayikolonije<ref name="E44">{{cite web |language=de |title=BTI 2026 Gabon Länderbericht |url=https://bti-project.org/de/reports/country-report?isocode=GAB&cHash=eae9f2fc74272434ce4c6ee82124d89e |website=BTI 2026 |access-date=2026-06-21}}</ref><ref name="E45">{{cite web |language=en |title=Brice Oligui Nguema: Gabon's coup leader who stormed to election victory |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66671044 |date=2023-08-31 |access-date=2026-06-21}}</ref>. Perezida Emmanuel Macron yagiriye uruzinduko rwa Leta i Libreville ku wa 23–24 Ugushyingo 2025<ref name="E46">{{cite web |language=en |title=Macron Visits Gabon to Strengthen Post-Transition Ties – Medafrica Times |url=https://medafricatimes.com/43047-macron-visits-gabon-to-strengthen-post-transition-ties.html |access-date=2026-06-21}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2026, Gabon na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu basinyanye amasezerano yagutse y'ubufatanye mu bukungu, harimo n'umushinga w'icyambu cy'amazi maremare cya Mayumba<ref name="E50">{{cite web |language=en |author=gulftoday |title=UAE and Gabon sign CEPA to underline new era of progress |url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/business/2026/02/07/uae-and-gabon-sign-cepa-to-deliver-new-era-of-bilateral-ties |website=gulftoday |date=2026-02-07 |access-date=2026-06-21}}</ref><ref name="E53">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mayumba, guichet unique et corridors maritimes : le Gabon accélère son partenariat stratégique avec Abu Dhabi Ports - GabonLogistics |url=https://gabonlogistics.com/mayumba-guichet-unique-et-corridors-maritimes-le-gabon-accelere-son-partenariat-strategique-avec-abu-dhabi-ports/ |date=2026-06-19 |access-date=2026-06-21}}</ref>. == Inenge == Nk'uko iperereza ryo mu 2020 ry'ihuriro ry'abanyamakuru ''Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project'' (OCCRP) ribivuga, hagati ya 2015 na 2018 yaguze amafaranga mu ntoki inzu eshatu hafi ya Washington, zifite agaciro karenga miliyoni imwe y'amadolari; abajijwe kuri ibyo, yavuze ko ari "ibintu bye bwite"<ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gabon’s First Family Stashed Cash in DC Property |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/gabons-first-family-stashed-cash-in-dc-property |website=occrp.org |access-date=2023-09-04}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gabon's First Family Stashed Cash in DC Property |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/gabons-first-family-stashed-cash-in-dc-property |website=OCCRP |access-date=2023-08-30}}</ref><ref name="E20" />. == Ubuzima bwite == Yashakanye na Zita Nyangui Oligui, maze muri Werurwe 2024 ashaka undi mugore, Anouchka Avome<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jocksy Andrew Ondo-Louemba |title=Gabon, Brice Oligui Nguema a épousé sa deuxième femme |url=https://mondafrique.com/a-la-une/gabon-brice-oligui-nguema-a-epouse-sa-deuxieme-femme/ |website=Mondafrique |access-date=2025-03-26}}</ref><ref name="E54">{{cite web |language=en |title=Brice Oligui Nguema: Gabon's coup leader who stormed to election victory |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66671044 |date=2023-08-31 |access-date=2026-06-21}}</ref>. Ni umukirisitu<ref name="E55">{{cite web |title=Technical Difficulties |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/gabon/ |website=www.state.gov |access-date=2025-07-25}}</ref>. Muramu we, Régis Onanga Ndiaye, ni Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga<ref name="E56">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gabon : General Oligui Nguema's government looks to balance old and new |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/09/13/general-oligui-nguema-s-government-looks-to-balance-old-and-new,110042775-art |website=Africa Intelligence |date=2023-09-13 |access-date=2023-09-14}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Brice Oligui Nguema}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] 6a9nz7ukwr6u115ld8hzccm5qizdtgf 0 23198 140734 140667 2026-10-05T00:09:03Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Adama Barrow | image = Adama Barrow at the 15th OIC Summit.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Adama Barrow | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|2|16|df=y}} | birth_place = Mankamang Kunda, hafi ya Basse Santa Su, [[Gambiya]] | nationality = Umunyagambiya | occupation = Umucuruzi w'imitungo itimukanwa, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Gutsinda Yahya Jammeh mu matora yo mu 2016 | title = Perezida wa Gambiya | term = Kuva ku wa 19 Mutarama 2017 | predecessor = Yahya Jammeh | party = National People's Party (NPP; mbere UDP) | spouse = Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow<br />Sarjo Mballow }} '''Adama Barrow''' (wavutse ku wa 16 Gashyantare 1965 i Mankamang Kunda, muri [[Gambiya]]) ni umucuruzi n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyagambiya, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Gambiya kuva ku wa 19 Mutarama 2017. Ashyigikiwe n'ihuriro ry'amashyaka arindwi atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo ku wa 1 Ukuboza 2016, atsinda Yahya Jammeh wari umaze imyaka 22 ku butegetsi. Jammeh yanze kuva ku butegetsi, bituma Barrow ararahira ari muri ambasade ya Gambiya i Dakar, muri [[Senegali]], mbere y'uko igitero cya gisirikare cya CEDEAO gihatira Jammeh guhunga igihugu. Yongeye gutorwa mu Ukuboza 2021. == Ubuzima == === Amashuri n'umwuga === Adama Barrow yavukiye mu mudugudu wa Mankamang Kunda, mu nkengero z'umujyi wa Basse Santa Su, mu burasirazuba bwa Gambiya. Yize i Koba Kunda no mu [[Banjul]], hanyuma ahabwa buruse yo kwiga mu ishuri ryisumbuye ry'Abayisilamu<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Adama Barrow, le nouveau président gambien ? |url=http://www.senenews.com/2016/12/02/qui-est-adama-barrow-le-suppose-nouveau-president-gambien_173392.html |website=SeneNews.com |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>. Arangije amashuri, yakoreye ikigo cy'ingufu Alhagie Musa Njie & Sons, azamuka kugeza abaye umuyobozi ushinzwe kugurisha<ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Who Is Adama Barrow? |url=http://www.kaironews.com/who-is-adama-barrow |website=Kairo News |date=2016-09-01 |access-date=2016-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204055058/http://www.kaironews.com/who-is-adama-barrow/ |archive-date=2016-12-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 2000, yagiye i Londres, aho yize ibijyanye n'imitungo itimukanwa, akanakora nk'umuzamu kugira ngo yishyure amasomo; yavuze ko ubwo buzima bwamwubatse, ati: "Gukora amasaha 15 ku munsi byubaka umugabo"<ref name="E10" /><ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=en |title=Argos guard tackles Gambia strongman |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/argos-guard-tackles-gambia-strongman-wklq7dl2t |website=The Times |date=2016-11-20 |access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref>. Agarutse muri Gambiya, mu 2006 yashinze ikigo cy'imitungo itimukanwa Majum Real Estate, akiyobora kugeza mu 2016<ref name="E10" /><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title='No drama Adama' Barrow seeks to end Gambia's erratic Jammeh era |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gambia-election-barrow-idUSKBN13R2HH |website=Reuters |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2017-01-19}}</ref>. === Intangiriro muri politiki === Yatangiye politiki mu ishyaka ''National Reconciliation Party'' (NRP), hanyuma mu 2007 yinjira mu ishyaka ''United Democratic Party'' (UDP), ariko atsindwa amatora y'abadepite<ref name="E16">{{cite web |language=en |title=KNOW YOUR CANDIDATE: President Adama Barrow – The Fatu Network |url=https://fatunetwork.net/know-your-candidate-president-adama-barrow/ |date=2021-11-09 |access-date=2025-01-02}}</ref>. Mbere yo kwiyamamariza kuba Perezida, ntiyari yarigeze atorerwa umwanya uwo ari wo wose, ariko yari umubitsi wa UDP<ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Gambia's Yahya Jammeh loses election to Adama Barrow |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/gambia-yahya-jammeh-loses-election-adama-barrow-161202130519550.html |website=Aljazeera |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>. == Amatora yo mu 2016 n'ihererekanyabubasha == Ku wa 30 Ukwakira 2016, ihuriro ry'amashyaka arindwi atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi ryamutoranyije kuba umukandida waryo, maze ava muri UDP kugira ngo yiyamamaze nk'umukandida wigenga<ref name="E17">{{cite web |author=Mowat |title=North London Argos worker takes on hardline Islamist in bid to be next president of Gambia |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/734366/Adama-barrow-security-guard-Gambia-president |access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=UDP's Adama Barrow Resigns From UDP, Party Accepts His Resignation |url=http://www.freedomnewspaper.com/breaking-news-udps-adama-barrow-resigns-from-udp-party-accepts-his-resignation/ |website=Freedom Newspaper |date=2016-11-03 |access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref>. Yasezeranyije gusubiza Gambiya mu Muryango wa Commonwealth no mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga, kuvugurura inzego z'umutekano, no kuyobora guverinoma y'inzibacyuho akava ku butegetsi nyuma y'imyaka itatu<ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Gambia's Jammeh loses presidential election to Adama Barrow in shock election result |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38183906 |website=BBC News |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2016-12-05}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |author=Carley Petesch |title=Leader promises 'a new Gambia' after upset win |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/2e6e8d43ed25441996e0357f7defb790/ap-interview-election-winner-promises-new-gambia |website=Associated Press |date=2016-12-03 |access-date=2017-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223043100/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/2e6e8d43ed25441996e0357f7defb790/ap-interview-election-winner-promises-new-gambia |archive-date=2017-02-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Ukuboza 2016, yatsinze amatora ku majwi 43,3 %, imbere ya Yahya Jammeh (39,6 %) na Mama Kandeh (17,1 %)<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : le nouveau président Adama Barrow organise la transition |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20161204-gambie-barrow-president-elu-transition-jammeh |website=France 24 |date=2016-12-04 |access-date=2016-12-05}}</ref><ref name="E19" />. Mu ntangiriro, Jammeh yasaga n'uwemera ibyavuye mu matora, ariko ku wa 9 Ukuboza 2016 yatangaje ko abyanze "burundu"; Akanama gashinzwe umutekano ku isi ka Loni, Ubumwe bwa Afurika, CEDEAO n'abandi baramwamaganye<ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=Gambian leader Yahya Jammeh's poll rejection condemned |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38275511 |website=BBC News |date=2016-12-10 |access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref>. Barrow yahungiye muri Senegali kubera umutekano we<ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=Gambia crisis: Adama Barrow urges Jammeh to quit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38442817 |website=BBC News |date=2016-12-27}}</ref>. Ku wa 17 Mutarama 2017, Jammeh yatangaje ibihe bidasanzwe, maze bukeye bwaho Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yongera manda ye amezi atatu<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : à la veille de la fin de son mandat, Jammeh décrète l’état d’urgence - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170117-gambie-veille-fin-mandat-jammeh-decrete-etat-urgence-barrow |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2017-01-18}}</ref><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le mandat prolongé du président Jammeh fait perdurer l'impasse politique en Gambie |url=http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1011486/le-mandat-prolonge-du-president-jammeh-fait-perdurer-limpasse-politique-en-gambie |website=Radio-Canada.ca |access-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>. Ku wa 19 Mutarama 2017, Barrow yarahiriye kuba Perezida muri ambasade ya Gambiya i Dakar<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Monde Afrique |title=Adama Barrow, le nouveau président de Gambie, a prêté serment au Sénégal |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/01/19/en-direct-de-l-ambassade-de-gambie-a-dakar-pour-la-prestation-de-serment-d-adama-barrow_5065549_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2017-01-19}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |author=Callum Patton |title=Adama Barrow inaugurated as President of Gambia amid standoff with predecessor Yahya Jammeh |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/adama-barrow-inaugurated-president-gambia-amid-standoff-predecessor-yahya-jammeh-1602051 |website=International Business Times |date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref>. Uwo munsi, ingabo za Senegali, Nijeriya na Gana zinjiye muri Gambiya mu gikorwa cya gisirikare cya CEDEAO kugira ngo zihatire Jammeh kuva ku butegetsi; ingabo za Gambiya ntizabarwanyije<ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Ex-President Yahya Jammeh leaves The Gambia after losing election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38706426 |website=BBC News |date=2016-01-21 |access-date=2016-01-22}}</ref><ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Crise en Gambie sur la prise de pouvoir. Intervention des troupes sénégalaises |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/monde/gambie/crise-en-gambie-sur-la-prise-de-pouvoir-intervention-des-troupes-senegalaises-4745749 |website=Ouest-France |date=2017-01-18 |access-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ubuhuza bwa Alpha Condé wa Gineya na Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wa Moritaniya, Jammeh yemeye kuva ku butegetsi, ahunga igihugu ku wa 21 Mutarama 2017, ajya muri Gineya hanyuma muri [[Gineya Ekwatoriyale]]<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Gambie : le président sortant Yahya Jammeh accepte de quitter le pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/01/21/gambie-le-president-sortant-yahya-jammeh-annonce-qu-il-accepte-de-quitter-le-pouvoir_5066442_3212.html#PdcRF1kuSAWwlK5m.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2017-01-21}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Cyril Bensimon |title=Gambie : sous la pression de la Cédéao, le président sortant Yahya Jammeh part en exil |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/01/22/sous-la-pression-de-la-cedeao-le-president-sortant-yahya-jammeh-part-en-exil_5066827_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2017-01-21 |access-date=2017-01-22}}</ref>. Barrow yagarutse muri Gambiya ku wa 26 Mutarama 2017<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : Adama Barrow rentre au pays ce 26 janvier - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170125-gambie-adama-barrow-rentre-pays-le-26-janvier |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2017-01-26}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |author=Carley Petesch |title=Throngs cheer new president's triumphant return to Gambia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/gambias-new-president-adama-barrow-returning-to-nation/2017/01/26/58372f50-e3b6-11e6-a419-eefe8eff0835_story.html |website=The Washington Post |date=2017-01-26 |access-date=2017-01-26}}</ref>, maze ku wa 18 Gashyantare 2017 yongera kurahira muri Gambiya, muri sitade y'Ubwigenge i Bakau<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |author=La-Croix.com |title=La Gambie s’offre une double fête |url=http://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/La-Gambie-soffre-double-fete-2017-02-18-1200825725 |website=La Croix |access-date=2017-02-18}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |title=Adama Barrow sworn in on home soil as president |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/adama-barrow-sworn-home-soil-president-170218164133783.html |website=Al Jazeera |date=2017-02-18 |access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Gambiya == === Manda ya mbere === Ku wa 23 Mutarama 2017, yagize Fatoumata Tambajang Visi-perezida<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : une femme comme nouvelle vice-présidente |url=http://journalmetro.com/monde/1080154/gambie-une-femme-comme-nouvelle-vice-presidente/ |website=Métro |access-date=2017-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202032023/http://journalmetro.com/monde/1080154/gambie-une-femme-comme-nouvelle-vice-presidente/ |archive-date=2017-02-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yatangaje ko izina rirambuye ry'igihugu risubira kuba "Repubulika ya Gambiya" aho kuba "Repubulika ya Kisilamu ya Gambiya", nk'uko Jammeh yari yarabihinduye mu 2015<ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=The Gambia: President Adama Barrow pledges reforms |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-president-adama-barrow-pledges-reforms-170128194124520.html |website=Al Jazeera |date=2017-01-28 |access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref>. Mu ijambo rye ryo kurahira, yategetse ko imfungwa zose zafunzwe nta rubanza ku butegetsi bwa Jammeh zirekurwa; imfungwa 171 zo muri gereza ya Mile 2 zararekuwe<ref name="E34">{{cite web |title=President Adama Barrow orders release of 171 prisoners |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/president-adama-barrow-orders-release-171-prisoners-170220063108170.html |website=Al Jazeera |date=2017-02-20 |access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref>. Yahagaritse icyemezo cyo kuva mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga, maze Minisitiri w'Ubutabera Ba Tambadou atangaza ishyirwaho rya Komisiyo y'Ukuri, Ubwiyunge n'Indishyi ku bahohotewe ku butegetsi bwa Jammeh<ref name="E39">{{cite web |author=Jina Moore |title=Burundi Quits International Criminal Court |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/world/africa/burundi-international-criminal-court.html |website=The New York Times |date=2017-10-27 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref><ref name="E40">{{cite web |author=Pap Saine |title=Gambia to set up truth and reconciliation commission |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gambia-politics-idUSKBN16U2ZD |website=Reuters |date=2017-03-23}}</ref><ref name="E48">{{cite web |author=Yomi Kazeem |title=Gambia's new president has started fixing the country's decades-long culture of human rights abuse |url=https://qz.com/910308/gambia-will-remain-in-the-international-criminal-court-under-new-president-adama-barrow/ |website=Quartz |date=2017-02-14 |access-date=2017-06-15}}</ref>. Yahinduye kandi urwego rw'iperereza rw'igihugu (NIA) rwari ruzwiho guhohotera abantu<ref name="E35" />. Ku wa 10 Gashyantare 2017, yarokotse umugambi wo kumwica ubwo yari mu isengesho mu musigiti wa King Fahd i Banjul<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Agence congolaise de presse |url=http://acpcongo.com/acp/attentat-manque-contre-president-gambien-adama-barrow-a-banjul/}}</ref>. Ku wa 6 Mata 2017, ihuriro rye ryatsinze amatora y'abadepite<ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |author=La-Croix.com |title=Législatives en Gambie : premières élections post-Jammeh |url=http://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Legislatives-Gambie-premieres-elections-post-Jammeh-2017-04-06-1300837545 |website=La Croix |access-date=2017-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410214249/http://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Legislatives-Gambie-premieres-elections-post-Jammeh-2017-04-06-1300837545 |archive-date=2017-04-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Nzeri 2017, yasinye amasezerano mpuzamahanga avanaho igihano cy'urupfu<ref name="E42">{{cite web |title=Gambia: President Barrow Signs Abolition of Death Penalty Treaty |url=https://www.jollofnews.com/2017/09/21/gambia-president-barrow-signs-abolition-of-death-penalty-treaty/ |website=Jollof News |date=2017-09-21 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102173102/https://www.jollofnews.com/2017/09/21/gambia-president-barrow-signs-abolition-of-death-penalty-treaty/ |archive-date=2021-11-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 8 Gashyantare 2018, Gambiya yasubiye mu Muryango wa Commonwealth<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Anna Pujol Mazzini |title=La Gambie rejoint le Commonwealth après quatre ans d’absence |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/528455/politique/la-gambie-rejoint-le-commonwealth-apres-quatre-ans-dabsence/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2018-02-08 |access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref><ref name="E50">{{cite web |language=en |author=Abdur Rahman Alfa Shaban |title=The Gambia rejoins the Commonwealth after 2013 exit |url=https://www.africanews.com/2018/02/08/the-gambia-rejoins-the-commonwealth-after-2013-exit/ |website=Africanews |date=2018-02-08}}</ref>. === Imyigaragambyo ya "Three Years Jotna" === Nubwo yari yasezeranyije kuva ku butegetsi nyuma y'imyaka itatu, yaje kwisubiraho, avuga ko Itegeko Nshinga rimusaba kurangiza manda y'imyaka itanu<ref name="E51">{{cite web |author=Abdur Rahman Alfa Shaban |title=Unpacking Gambia's three-year pact: Constitution versus Coalition MoU |url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/01/28/unpacking-gambia-s-three-year-pact-constitution-vs-coalition-mou/ |website=Africanews |date=2020-01-28 |access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref><ref name="E54">{{cite web |author=Jason Burke |title=Outcry over crackdown in the Gambia as president refuses to quit |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/28/outcry-over-crackdown-in-the-gambia-as-president-adama-barrow-refuses-to-quit |website=The Guardian |date=2020-01-28 |access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref>. Mu 2019 no mu ntangiriro za 2020, habaye imyigaragambyo ikomeye yiswe "Three Years Jotna" ("Imyaka itatu irahagije"), imusaba kuva ku butegetsi; guverinoma yayibujije, abantu amagana barafungwa, abandi batatu barapfa<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tension politique en Gambie : des manifestants réclament le départ du Président Adama Barrow |url=https://www.afrik.com/tension-politique-en-gambie-des-manifestants-reclament-le-depart-du-president-adama-barrow |website=Afrik.com |date=2019-12-17 |access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref><ref name="E52">{{cite web |title=Gambia Arrests 137 in Protests Urging President to Step Down |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_gambia-arrests-137-protests-urging-president-step-down/6183255.html |website=Voice of America |date=2020-01-27 |access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref><ref name="E53">{{cite web |author=Emil Touray |title=3 dead in protest against Gambian head Barrow: hospital |url=https://news.yahoo.com/3-dead-protest-against-gambian-head-barrow-hospital-195826998.html |website=Yahoo News |date=2020-01-27 |access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref>. Ku wa 15 Gashyantare 2019, yirukanye Visi-perezida Ousainou Darboe n'abaminisitiri benshi ba UDP, maze nyuma y'amezi icumi ashinga ishyaka rye, ''National People's Party'' (NPP)<ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le vice-président de la Gambie limogé |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-47587516 |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref><ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=en |author=AfricaNews |title=Gambia president launches own party after rift with ruling coalition |url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/01/03/gambia-president-launches-own-party-after-rift-with-ruling-coalition// |website=Africanews |date=2020-01-03 |access-date=2020-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927083341/https://www.africanews.com/2020/01/03/gambia-president-launches-own-party-after-rift-with-ruling-coalition/ |archive-date=2023-09-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Umushinga w'Itegeko Nshinga rishya, wagabanyaga manda ya perezida ku ebyiri, wanzwe n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ku wa 22 Nzeri 2020, maze Barrow ashinjwa kuba ari we wateguye iryo tsindwa<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Parlement gambien rejette le projet de nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200923-parlement-gambien-rejette-projet-nouvelle-constitution |website=RFI |date=2020-09-23 |access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref><ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie: l'Assemblée rejette le projet de nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.africaradio.com/news/gambie-l-assemblee-rejette-le-projet-de-nouvelle-constitution-172959 |website=www.africaradio.com |access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri === Muri Nzeri 2021, yagiranye ubufatanye n'ishyaka rya Jammeh, ''Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction'' (APRC), nubwo Jammeh ubwe yabyamaganye<ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=ro |title=Gambian President and Ex-Dictator Form Coalition Ahead of Polls |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-05/gambian-president-and-ex-dictator-form-coalition-ahead-of-polls |website=www.bloomberg.com |access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref><ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gambia: Police Detain Top Official of Jammeh's Backed 'No Alliance Movement', Others |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202110260618.html |website=allAfrica.com |date=2021-10-26 |access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2021, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 53 %, atangira manda ya kabiri ku wa 19 Mutarama 2022<ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Théa Ollivier |title=En Gambie, Adama Barrow remporte la présidentielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/12/06/en-gambie-adama-barrow-remporte-la-presidentielle_6104890_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-12-06}}</ref><ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : Adama Barrow a prêté serment pour un deuxième mandat |url=https://www.senenews.com/actualites/politique/gambie-adama-barrow-a-prete-serment-pour-un-deuxieme-mandat_383235.html |website=sene.news}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Ukuboza 2022, guverinoma yatangaje ko yaburijemo umugambi wa kudeta, abasirikare benshi barafungwa<ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Gambie, le gouvernement dit avoir déjoué une tentative de coup d’Etat |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/12/22/en-gambie-le-gouvernement-dit-avoir-dejoue-une-tentative-de-coup-d-etat_6155385_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2022-12-22 |access-date=2022-12-27}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Adama Barrow ni Umuyisilamu, akaba afite abagore babiri: Fatoumatta Bah, bashakanye mu 1997, akaba Madamu wa Perezida, na Sarjo Mballow<ref name="E61">{{cite web |author=Oluwatobi Bolashodun |title=Meet the look-alike wives of new Gambian President Adama Barrow |url=https://gossip.naij.com/1083657-meet-alike-wives-gambian-president-adama-barrow-photos.html |website=Naij.com |date=January 2017 |access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="E62">{{cite web |author=F. Mbaye |title=Barrow confirms first wife will be country's First Lady |url=http://www.whatson-gambia.com/news/headline-news/1714-barrow-confirms-first-wife-will-be-country-s-first-lady# |website=WhatsOn-Gambia |date=2017-11-30 |access-date=2022-05-15}}</ref>. Ku wa 15 Mutarama 2017, umuhungu we Habibu w'imyaka umunani yapfuye nyuma yo kurumwa n'imbwa; Barrow ntiyabashije kujya mu muhango wo kumushyingura kuko yari ari muri Senegali<ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Décès d'un fils du président élu gambien Adama Barrow |url=http://www.voaafrique.com/a/deces-d-un-fils-du-president-elu-gambien-adama-barrow/3678520.html |website=VOA |access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref><ref name="E64">{{cite web |title=Gambia President-elect Adama Barrow's son killed by dog |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38641070 |website=BBC |date=2017-01-17 |access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref>. Avuga ko avanze amoko: Abasarahule, Abamandinka n'Abafula<ref name="E60">{{cite web |title=Gambia: Adama Barrow Speaks To JollofNews, Reaches Out To Gambians |url=https://jollofnews.com/2016/12/05/gambia-adama-barrow-speaks-to-jollofnews-reaches-out-to-gambians/ |website=JollofNews |date=2016-12-05 |access-date=2016-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220075813/https://jollofnews.com/2016/12/05/gambia-adama-barrow-speaks-to-jollofnews-reaches-out-to-gambians/ |archive-date=2016-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ashyigikira ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru y'Abongereza Arsenal<ref name="E66">{{cite web |author=Hugo Williams |title=Gambia elections: President-elect Adama Barrow's life story |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38185428 |website=BBC |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2016-12-27}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Adama Barrow}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Gambiya]] d8lwz0mvjgwd0kgr5yvunc8o1hszmny 0 23199 140782 140668 2026-10-05T11:36:38Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mamadi Doumbouya | image = Mamadi Doumbouya 2022.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Mamadi Doumbouya mu 2022 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|12|5|df=y}} | birth_place = Kankan, [[Gineya]] | nationality = Umunyagineya | alma_mater = École de guerre (Ubufaransa)<br />Kaminuza ya Paris-Panthéon-Assas | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Umuyobozi w'Ingabo zidasanzwe (GFS) za Gineya (2018–2024) | title = Perezida wa Gineya | term = Kuva ku wa 5 Nzeri 2021 (w'inzibacyuho kugeza ku wa 17 Mutarama 2026) | predecessor = Alpha Condé | party = Nta shyaka (yigenga) | spouse = Lauriane Doumbouya }} '''Mamadi Doumbouya''' (wavutse ku wa 5 Ukuboza 1984 i Kankan, muri [[Gineya]]) ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyagineya, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Gineya. Yagizwe umuyobozi w'Ingabo zidasanzwe za Gineya (''Groupement des forces spéciales'') mu 2018, maze ku wa 5 Nzeri 2021 ayobora kudeta yahiritse Perezida Alpha Condé. Yabaye Perezida w'Akanama k'igihugu gashinzwe ubumwe n'iterambere (''Comité national du rassemblement pour le développement'', CNRD) na Perezida w'inzibacyuho. Nubwo yari yarasezeranyije ko abagize agatsiko k'abasirikare batazemererwa kwiyamamaza, Itegeko Nshinga rishya ryo mu 2025 ryamwemereye kwiyamamaza; yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo mu Ukuboza 2025 ku majwi 86,7 %, ararahira ku wa 17 Mutarama 2026. Ubutegetsi bwe burangwa n'ihashywa ry'abatavuga rumwe na bwo, ishimutwa n'ibura ry'abantu, iseswa ry'amashyaka n'ibitangazamakuru. == Ubuzima == === Inkomoko n'amashuri === Mamadi Doumbouya ni umuhungu wa Karifala Doumbouya na Hadja Mandioula Sylla. Akomoka mu karere ka Kankan, umujyi wa kabiri munini muri Gineya, aho yize amashuri abanza<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est le colonel Mamady Doumbouya, nouvel homme fort de la Guinée ? |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/qui-est-le-colonel-mamady-doumbouya-nouvel-homme-fort-de-la-guinée-biographie/2356680 |website=aa.com.tr |date=2021-09-06 |access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Arrêt sur image à Kankan : l'état piteux de l’école où Mamadi Doumbouya a fait ses premiers pas |url=https://www.africaguinee.com/arret-sur-image-kankan-l-etat-piteux-de-l-ecole-ou-mamadi-doumbouya-fait-ses/ |website=Africa Guinee |access-date=2022-02-13}}</ref>. Itariki ye y'amavuko yagiye ivugwaho impaka: urubuga rw'ibiro bya Perezida rwabanje kuvuga ko ari ku wa 4 Werurwe 1980, mbere y'uko Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwemeza ku wa 5 Ukuboza 1984 mu 2025<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=archive |url=https://presidence.gov.gn/biographie/ |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624081327/https://presidence.gov.gn/biographie/ |archive-date=2022-06-24 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>. Yabaye umusirikare mu mutwe w'Abanyamahanga w'ingabo z'Ubufaransa (''Légion étrangère'') i Nîmes, arangiza amasezerano ye mu 2009 afite ipeti rya caporal, hanyuma mu 2012 asubira mu ngabo za Gineya<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin König |title=Guinée : Mamadi Doumbouya, le putschiste que la France soutient |url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/afrique-france/guinee-mamadi-doumbouya-le-putschiste-que-la-france-soutient |website=L'Humanité |date=2025-09-18}}</ref>. Yize mu ''École de guerre'' mu Bufaransa, abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu mu by'ingabo muri Kaminuza ya Paris-Panthéon-Assas<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La prise en compte de l’interculturalité dans les actions militaires. Colloque organisé par l’EMSOME, sous la présidence d’honneur du chef d’état-major de l’armée de terre |url=https://www.emsome.terre.defense.gouv.fr/images/documents/bibliotheque/actes_colloque/Actes_colloque_interculturalit_2017.pdf |website=emsome.terre.defense.gouv.fr |date=2017-11-23 |access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Arrêté du 12 février 2019 portant attribution du brevet d'études militaires supérieures |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000038144219 |website=legifrance.gouv.fr |access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref>. Yahawe kandi amahugurwa ya gisirikare muri Senegali, Gabon na Isiraheli, akorera ubutumwa muri Afuganisitani, Côte d'Ivoire, Jibuti na Repubulika ya Santara Afurika<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : portrait du colonel Mamady Doumbouya, auteur du putsch du 5 septembre 2021 |url=https://africa24tv.com/guinee-portrait-du-colonel-mamady-doumbouya-auteur-du-putsch-du-5-septembre-2021/ |website=africa24tv.com |date=2021-09-05 |access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref>. === Urugendo mu gisirikare === Kuva mu 2018, yayoboye Ingabo zidasanzwe za Gineya (GFS), umutwe w'intore z'ingabo zishinzwe kurwanya iterabwoba<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : Alpha Condé arrêté par les putschistes |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1227529/politique/guinee-tentative-de-coup-detat-en-cours-a-conakry/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2021-09-05 |access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2019, yitabiriye imyitozo ya gisirikare ya Flintlock yateguwe n'ingabo za Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika i Ouagadougou, kimwe na [[Assimi Goïta]] wa Mali<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Exclusif-Opération Flintlock 2019: sur les pas des Forces Spéciales Guinéennes au Burkina Faso (Reportage) |url=https://guineenews.org/exclusif-operation-flintlock-2019-sur-les-pas-des-forces-speciales-guineennes-au-burkina-faso-reportage/ |website=guineenews.org |date=2019-02-21 |access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref><ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mamady Doumbouya, de la légion étrangère au coup d’État en Guinée |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/guinee-mamady-doumbouya-le-lieutenant-colonel-derriere-le-coup-d-etat_2157843.html |website=lexpress.fr |date=2021-09-06 |access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>. Yabaye lieutenant-colonel mu 2019, koloneli mu 2020<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=en |title=Focus on Lt Col Mamady Doumbouya in Guinea 'coup' |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/focus-on-lt-col-mamady-doumbouya-in-guinea-coup/ |website=independent.co.ug |date=2021-09-05 |access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref>. Ku wa 24 Mutarama 2024, yagizwe ''général de corps d'armée'', maze mu Ukuboza 2024 aba ''général d'armée''<ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : colonel Mamadi Doumbouya élevé au grade de Général de corps d’armée… |url=https://www.africaguinee.com/guinee-colonel-mamadi-doumbouya-eleve-au-grade-de-general-de-corps-darmee/ |access-date=2024-01-23}}</ref><ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée: Mamadi Doumbouya s'autopromeut général d'armée |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241103-guin%C3%A9e-mamadi-doumbouya-s-autopromeut-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-d-arm%C3%A9e}}</ref>. == Kudeta ya 2021 n'inzibacyuho == Ku wa 5 Nzeri 2021, yatangaje ifatwa rya Perezida Alpha Condé, iseswa rya guverinoma, ihagarikwa ry'Itegeko Nshinga, isaha ntarengwa yo kugenda (''couvre-feu'') n'ifungwa ry'imipaka<ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coup d’État en Guinée : la prévisible chute du président Alpha Condé |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20210906-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-en-guin%C3%A9e-la-pr%C3%A9visible-chute-du-pr%C3%A9sident-alpha-cond%C3%A9 |website=France 24 |date=2021-09-06 |access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref><ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : Coup d'État à Conakry, Alpha Condé arrêté par des militaires |url=https://www.koaci.com/article/2021/09/05/afrique/politique/guinee-coup-detat-a-conakry-alpha-conde-arrete-par-des-militaires_153649.html |website=koaci.com |date=2021-09-05 |access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref>. Yavuze ko ibyo byakozwe kubera "imiterere ya politiki n'ubukungu by'igihugu, imikorere mibi y'inzego za Repubulika, ikoreshwa nabi ry'ubutabera n'ihonyorwa ry'uburenganzira bw'abaturage"<ref name="F15" />. Ku wa 1 Ukwakira 2021, yarahiriye kuba Perezida w'inzibacyuho imbere y'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga<ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée-Le colonel Mamadi Doumbouya prête serment vendredi devant la Cour suprême |url=https://guinee114.com/guinee-le-colonel-mamadi-doumbouya-prete-serment-vendredi-devant-la-cour-supreme/ |date=2021-09-29 |access-date=2021-09-30}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Guinea coup leader Mamady Doumbouya sworn in as interim president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/1/guinea-coup-mamady-doumbouya-interim |website=Al Jazeera |date=2021-10-01 |access-date=2023-08-10}}</ref>. Itegeko ry'inzibacyuho ryavugaga ko we n'abandi bagize agatsiko k'abasirikare batemerewe kwiyamamaza mu matora azakurikira<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Guinée, la junte dévoile une « charte de la transition » sans en fixer la durée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/09/28/en-guinee-la-junte-devoile-une-charte-de-la-transition-sans-en-fixer-la-duree_6096311_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2021-09-28 |access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>. Ku wa 6 Ukwakira 2021, yagize Mohamed Béavogui Minisitiri w'Intebe; asimburwa na Bernard Goumou muri Kanama 2022, hanyuma na Bah Oury muri Gashyantare 2024<ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée: la junte nomme Mohamed Béavogui, un vétéran du développement, Premier ministre |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20211006-guin%C3%A9e-la-junte-nomme-mohamed-b%C3%A9avogui-un-v%C3%A9t%C3%A9ran-du-d%C3%A9veloppement-premier-ministre |website=RFI |date=2021-10-06 |access-date=2021-10-07}}</ref><ref name="F44">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Urgent-Guinée : Dr Bernard Goumou confirmé Premier ministre (décret) |url=https://guineenews.org/urgent-guinee-dr-bernard-goumou-confirme-premier-ministre-decret/ |website=Guinéenews |date=2022-08-20 |access-date=2022-08-20}}</ref><ref name="F45">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Urgent: Bah Oury nommé Premier, Chef du Gouvernement en remplacement de Dr Bernard Goumou |url=https://cieldeguinee.net/index.php/urgent-bah-oury-nomme-premier-chef-du-gouvernement-en-remplacement-de-dr-bernard-goumou/ |website=CIEL DE GUINEE |date=2024-02-27 |access-date=2024-02-27}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2022, yategetse amasosiyete acukura bauxite, Gineya ifitemo ububiko bunini ku isi, kubaka inganda zitunganya alumine mu gihugu<ref name="F40">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : les compagnies minières sommées de transformer la bauxite sur place |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1337652/economie/guinee-les-compagnies-minieres-sommees-de-transformer-la-bauxite-sur-place/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2022-04-11}}</ref><ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=en |author=AfricaNews |title=Guinea: Foreign Mining companies ordered to process bauxite on site |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/04/10/guinea-mining-companies-ordered-to-process-bauxite-on-site/ |website=Africanews |access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref>. CEDEAO yamaganye uburebure bw'inzibacyuho, maze muri Nzeri 2022 ifatira ibihano agatsiko k'abasirikare<ref name="F46">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : la Cedeao prend des « sanctions progressives » contre la junte |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/09/23/guinee-la-cedeao-prend-des-sanctions-progressives-contre-la-junte_6142800_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2022-09-23 |access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2022, Gineya na CEDEAO bumvikanye ku nzibacyuho y'imyaka ibiri itangira muri Mutarama 2023<ref name="F52">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guinea: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/guinea/freedom-world/2024 |website=Freedom House |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. Ariko ingengabihe ntiyubahirijwe: muri Nzeri 2024, guverinoma yatangaje ko amatora ya perezida yimuriwe mu 2025<ref name="F72">{{cite web |language=en |author=Emmanuel Ejiofor |title=Guinea To Hold All Elections In 2025, Foreign Minister Confirms |url=https://westafricaweekly.com/guinea-to-hold-all-elections-in-2025-foreign-minister-confirms/ |website=West Africa Weekly |date=2024-09-20 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. === Itegeko Nshinga rishya n'amatora yo mu 2025 === Ku wa 21 Nzeri 2025, habaye kamarampaka ku Itegeko Nshinga rishya, ryemejwe ku majwi 89,4 %<ref name="F75">{{cite web |language=en |author=AfricaNews |title=Guinea to hold elections after controversial referendum |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/09/26/guinea-to-hold-elections-after-controversial-referendum/ |website=Africanews |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guineans approve new constitution by wide margin, pave way for elections |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250924-guineans-approve-new-constitution-by-wide-margin-pave-way-for-elections |website=France 24 |date=2025-09-24 |access-date=2025-09-24}}</ref>. Iryo tegeko ryongereye manda ya perezida kuva ku myaka itanu kugeza ku irindwi, rishyiraho Sena, kandi ryemerera Perezida w'inzibacyuho kwiyamamaza; abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bavuze ko habayeho uburiganya bukabije<ref name="F75" /><ref name="F77">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée: l’opposition dénonce une «mascarade» après la victoire du «oui» au référendum |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250925-guin%C3%A9e-l-opposition-d%C3%A9nonce-une-mascarade-apr%C3%A8s-la-victoire-du-oui-au-r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum |website=RFI |date=2025-09-25 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. Ku wa 3 Ugushyingo 2025, yatanze kandidatire ye nk'umukandida wigenga<ref name="F82">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le général Mamadi Doumbouya candidat à l'élection présidentielle du 28 décembre en Guinée |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/cn51ldw6rvvo |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2025-11-03 |access-date=2025-11-09}}</ref><ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Guinea's junta leader decides to run for president 4 years after leading a coup |url=https://apnews.com/article/guinea-election-mamadi-doumbouya-junta-military-ca2e860d57ab049f05a9c6e0e9162574 |website=AP News |access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref>. Mu matora yo ku wa 28 Ukuboza 2025, yatsinze ku majwi 86,7 %, ararahira ku wa 17 Mutarama 2026<ref name="F83">{{cite web |language=fr |author=avenirguinee |title=Présidentielle : la Cour suprême confirme la victoire de Mamadi Doumbouya |url=https://www.avenirguinee.org/2026/01/04/presidentielle-la-cour-supreme-confirme-la-victoire-de-mamadi-doumbouya/ |website=Avenirguinee.org |date=2026-01-04 |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref><ref name="F85">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée: investiture à la présidence de Mamadi Doumbouya |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260118-guin%C3%A9e-investiture-mamadi-doumbouya-pr%C3%A9sidence}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=Junta leader is declared the winner of Guinea's presidential election |url=https://apnews.com/article/guinea-election-voting-conakry-fbf8a7b0615923740510f0286c64d67e |website=AP News |date=2025-12-31 |access-date=2025-12-31}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |title=From camouflage to tracksuits - Guinea's junta leader becomes civilian president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpv70mek448o |website=BBC |date=2026-01-17 |access-date=2026-01-18}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2026, Ubumwe bwa Afurika bwakuyeho ibihano bwari bwarafatiye Gineya nyuma ya kudeta<ref name="E32">{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |title=Guinea: African Union lifts sanctions |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/23/guinea-african-union-lifts-sanctions/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-01-23 |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref>. == Ububanyi n'amahanga == Ku wa 21 Nzeri 2021, yasuye Bamako, yakirwa na Koloneli Assimi Goïta<ref name="F87">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : Mamadi Doumbouya en visite au Mali avant un sommet de la Cedeao |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1379035/politique/guinee-mamadi-doumbouya-en-visite-au-mali-avant-un-sommet-de-la-cedeao/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2022-09-22 |access-date=2023-06-10}}</ref>. Perezida wa Siyera Lewone Julius Maada Bio ni we mukuru w'igihugu wa mbere wamusuye nyuma ya kudeta<ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Justin Morel |title=CONAKRY : Maada Bio le président sierra léonais en Guinée |url=https://guineeconakry.online/2021/10/11/conakry-maada-bio-le-president-sierra-leonais-en-guinee/ |website=GuineeConakry.online |date=2021-10-11 |access-date=2023-06-10}}</ref>. Perezida w'u [[Rwanda]] [[Paul Kagame]] yamusuye muri Gineya; Doumbouya yavuze ko yifuza kuvugurura no kunga igihugu cye nk'uko Kagame yabigenje mu Rwanda<ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guinea's junta chief says he wants to draw inspiration from Rwandan 'model |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/04/18/guineas-junta-chief-says-he-wants-to-draw-inspiration-from-rwandan-model/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-04-18 |access-date=2023-08-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 11 Kanama 2024, yitabiriye irahira rya Paul Kagame kuri manda ya kane, maze baganira ku mubano w'ibihugu byombi mu Urugwiro Village<ref name="F95">{{cite web |language=en |author=Reuters |title=Africa Rwanda's President Kagame sworn in to extend lengthy tenure |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/rwandas-president-kagame-sworn-into-office-2024-08-11/ |website=reuters.com}}</ref><ref name="F97">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kigali / Rwanda : Général Mamadi Doumbouya et Paul Kagamé passent en revue les grands axes de coopération bilatérale |url=https://www.lerenifleur224.com/2024/08/12/kigali-rwanda-general-mamadi-doumbouya-et-paul-kagame-passent-en-revue-les-grands-axes-de-cooperation-bilaterale/ |website=Lerenifleur224.com |date=2024-08-12 |access-date=2024-08-12}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Gicurasi 2025, yagiriye uruzinduko rwa Leta rwa kabiri mu Rwanda, mbere yo kwitabira irahira rya [[Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema]] muri Gabon<ref name="F103">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Joseph keurtys Mabimba |title=Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema sera investi Président le 3 mai au stade d’Angondjé |url=https://convergenceafrique.net/2025/04/23/brice-clotaire-oligui-nguema-sera-investi-president-le-3-mai-au-stade-dangondje/ |website=Convergence Afrique |date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2024, yitabiriye inama y'ubufatanye hagati y'Ubushinwa n'Afurika (FOCAC) i Beijing, ahura na Xi Jinping, amugezaho gahunda ya "Simandou 2040" yerekeye ikirombe kinini cy'icyuma cya Simandou<ref name="F98">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Renforcement des relations bilatérales entre Pékin et Conakry : Rencontre historique entre le Président Xi Jinping et le Général Mamadi Doumbouya |url=https://guinee3.net/index.php/renforcement-des-relations-bilaterales-entre-pekin-et-conakry-rencontre-historique-entre-le-president-xi-jinping-et-le-general-mamadi-doumbouya/ |access-date=2024-09-02}}</ref><ref name="F99">{{cite web |language=fr |title=FOCAC 2024 : Le couple présidentiel arrive à Pékin pour un sommet historique |url=https://guinee3.net/index.php/focac-2024-le-couple-presidentiel-arrive-a-pekin-pour-un-sommet-historique/ |access-date=2024-09-02}}</ref>. == Ihashywa ry'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi == Kuva mu 2021, agatsiko k'abasirikare kayobowe na Doumbouya kakajije ingamba zo kubuza ubwisanzure: amashyaka n'ibitangazamakuru byarahagaritswe, imyigaragambyo yabujijwe kuva muri Gicurasi 2022 irahashywa, kandi abayobozi benshi b'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi n'aba sosiyete sivile barafashwe, barakatirwa cyangwa bahungira mu mahanga<ref name="F52" />. Nk'uko Human Rights Watch ibivuga, nibura abantu 59 bishwe mu myigaragambyo hagati ya Kamena 2022 n'impera za 2024<ref name="F113">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guinea: Rights at Risk as Promised Transition Derails - Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/12/02/guinea-rights-risk-promised-transition-derails |date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Gicurasi 2024, guverinoma yafunze ibitangazamakuru bitandatu byigenga bikomeye mu gihugu<ref name="F115">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Disparition de Habib Marouane Camara en Guinée : RSF saisit le Groupe de travail de l’ONU sur les disparitions forcées - RSF |url=https://rsf.org/fr/disparition-de-habib-marouane-camara-en-guin%C3%A9e-rsf-saisit-le-groupe-de-travail-de-l-onu-sur-les |website=rsf.org |date=2025-07-14 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. Umunyamakuru Habib Marouane Camara yashimuswe ku wa 3 Ukuboza 2024 n'abajandarume i Conakry, kandi kugeza ubu ntaraboneka<ref name="F115" />. Mu Ukwakira 2024, agatsiko k'abasirikare kasheshe amashyaka arenga 50<ref name="F117">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Guinée, le régime militaire lance l’offensive contre les partis politiques |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/10/29/en-guinee-le-regime-militaire-lance-l-offensive-contre-les-partis-politiques_6365598_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-10-29 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>, maze muri Werurwe 2026 gasesa andi mashyaka 40, harimo atatu akomeye atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi: UFDG, RPG na UFR<ref name="F118">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : 40 partis politiques dissous, « une dictature désormais érigée en mode de gouvernance » |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/guinee-40-partis-politiques-dissous-une-dictature-desormais-erigee-en-mode-de-gouvernance-2812663 |website=TV5 Monde |date=2026-03-07 |access-date=2026-08-30}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |title=One 'party state': Guinea dissolves main opposition parties |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/8/one-party-state-guinea-dissolves-main-opposition-parties |website=Al Jazeera |date=2026-03-08 |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2024, abarwanashyaka Foniké Menguè na Mamadou Billo Bah baburiwe irengero; ku wa 22 Nyakanga 2024, imiryango yabo yareze Doumbouya mu Bufaransa ishinja "ishimuta n'iyicarubozo"<ref name="F120">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le grand invité Afrique - Disparition de Foniké Menguè et Billo Bah en Guinée: «Nous voulons garder l’espoir de surtout les retrouver en vie» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/le-grand-invit%C3%A9-afrique/20250709-disparition-de-fonik%C3%A9-mengu%C3%A8-et-billo-bah-en-guin%C3%A9e-nous-voulons-garder-l-espoir-de-surtout-les-retrouver-en-vie |website=RFI |date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref><ref name="F124">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Disparitions de deux opposants en Guinée : le chef de la junte visé par une plainte en France |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/23/disparitions-de-deux-opposants-en-guinee-le-chef-de-la-junte-vise-par-une-plainte-en-france_6256311_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-07-23 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Disparition de Foniké Menguè et Billo Bah : Doumbouya visé par une plainte à Paris |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1591704/politique/disparition-de-fonike-mengue-et-billo-bah-doumbouya-vise-par-une-plainte-a-paris/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2024-07-23 |access-date=2024-07-23}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2025, uwahoze ari umukuru w'urugaga rw'abavoka, Mohamed Traoré, yashimuswe arakubitwa<ref name="F109">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Sidoine |title=En Guinée, la junte étouffe les voix qui dérangent |url=https://www.afrik.com/en-guinee-la-junte-etouffe-les-voix-qui-derangent |website=Afrik |date=2025-06-25 |access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref><ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Thibaut Petit |title=En Guinée, les voix critiques au général Mamadi Doumbouya sont réduites au silence |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/06/25/en-guinee-les-voix-critiques-au-general-mamadi-doumbouya-sont-reduites-au-silence_6615847_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-06-25 |access-date=2025-10-01}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Werurwe 2025, Doumbouya yahaye imbabazi kubera impamvu z'ubuzima uwahoze ari Perezida Moussa Dadis Camara, wari warakatiwe kubera ubwicanyi bwo mu 2009 bwahitanye abantu 156<ref name="E26">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guinea's former prime minister is jailed for 5 years for corruption |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250329-guinea-ex-dictator-sentenced-for-2009-massacre-pardoned-junta |website=France 24 |date=2025-03-28 |access-date=2025-03-29}}</ref>. == Ruswa == Akigera ku butegetsi, yashyizeho Urukiko rushinzwe guhana ibyaha by'ubukungu n'imari (CRIEF)<ref name="F129">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : Le CNRD face aux scandales récurrents de corruption |url=https://guineenews.org/2025/01/20/le-cnrd-face-aux-scandales-recurrents-de-corruption/ |website=Guinéenews© |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. Nyamara, ubutegetsi bwe bwavuzwemo amahano y'imari: muri Nzeri 2023, byatangajwe ko ikigo cy'Abashinwa kiri mu mushinga wa Simandou cyari cyarahaye ubutegetsi bwa Conakry miliyoni 75 z'amadolari mu 2021 nta mucyo<ref name="F131">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : Simandou, terrain de jeu de la rivalité Chine-États-Unis ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1736326/economie-entreprises/guinee-simandou-terrain-de-jeu-de-la-rivalite-chine-etats-unis/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref><ref name="F132">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guinea's Junta Accused Of Misappropriating $75 Million From Chinese Mining Company - Sierra Leone Monitor |url=https://www.sierraleonemonitor.com/guineas-junta-accused-of-misappropriating-75-million-from-chinese-mining-company/ |date=2023-09-28 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. Mu mpera za 2024, toni zirenga enye za zahabu zabuze muri Banki Nkuru ya Gineya nyuma yo kwimurirwa i Dubai mu buryo budasobanutse<ref name="F135">{{cite web |language=en |title=‘Each of us is afraid’: Guinea’s junta leader tightens grip as opposition lies low |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/11/guinea-junta-mamady-doumbouya-opposition |website=The Guardian |date=2025-02-11 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mamadi Doumbouya arubatse, akaba afite abana batandatu<ref name="F143">{{cite web |language=fr |author=avenirguinee |title=Carnet rose au sommet de l'État : Une fille pour le couple présidentiel |url=https://www.avenirguinee.org/2026/09/02/carnet-rose-au-sommet-de-letat-une-fille-pour-le-couple-presidentiel/ |website=Avenirguinee.org |date=2026-09-02 |access-date=2026-09-02}}</ref>. Umugore we, Lauriane Doumbouya, ni Umufaransakazi akaba ari mu jandarumori y'Ubufaransa<ref name="F147">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Mamady Doumbouya, le nouvel homme fort de Conakry ? |url=https://guineenews.org/qui-est-mamady-doumbouya-le-nouvel-homme-fort-de-conakry/ |website=guineenews.org |date=2021-09-05 |access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref><ref name="E35">{{cite web |author=Abdul Rashid Thomas |title=Is dissent an act of faith in a democracy? Lessons from the Guinean military coup |url=https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/is-dissent-an-act-of-faith-in-a-democracy-lessons-from-the-guinean-military-coup/ |website=Sierra Leone Telegraph |date=2021-09-06 |access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Mamadi Doumbouya}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Gineya]] muqval4yxycig1zimie6u0voykuvas5 0 23201 140737 140670 2026-10-05T00:47:15Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Alassane Ouattara | image = Alassane Ouattara - 2024 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Alassane Ouattara mu 2024 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|1|1|df=y}} | birth_place = Dimbokro, [[Kote Divuwari]] | nationality = Umunyakote Divuwari | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Pennsylvania (Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika) | occupation = Impuguke mu bukungu, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Minisitiri w'Intebe (1990–1993); Umuyobozi mukuru wungirije wa FMI (1994–1999) | title = Perezida wa Kote Divuwari | term = Kuva ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2011 (yatowe mu Ukuboza 2010) | predecessor = Laurent Gbagbo | party = RHDP (mbere RDR) | spouse = Dominique Ouattara (kuva 1991) }} '''Alassane Dramane Ouattara''' (akunze kwitwa '''ADO'''; wavutse ku wa 1 Mutarama 1942 i Dimbokro, muri [[Kote Divuwari]]) ni impuguke mu bukungu n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyakote Divuwari, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Kote Divuwari kuva ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2011. Yakoreye Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari (FMI) na Banki Nkuru y'Ibihugu by'Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (BCEAO), maze aba Minisitiri w'Intebe wa mbere wa Kote Divuwari kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu 1993. Mu 1999, yatorewe kuyobora ishyaka ''Rassemblement des républicains'' (RDR), ariko ntiyemererwa kwiyamamaza mu matora ya perezida yo mu 1995 no mu 2000 kubera ingingo y'"ubunyakote Divuwari" (''ivoirité'') yashyizwe mu mategeko y'amatora. Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2010, yatsinze ku majwi 54 % nk'uko komisiyo y'amatora n'umuryango mpuzamahanga hafi ya wose babyemeje, ariko Perezida Laurent Gbagbo yanga kuva ku butegetsi, bitera intambara yahitanye abantu bagera ku 3 000. Yatangiye imirimo nyuma y'ifatwa rya Gbagbo muri Mata 2011. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2015, 2020 na 2025. == Ubuzima == === Inkomoko n'umuryango === Alassane Ouattara ni Umuyisilamu wo mu bwoko bw'Abamandingue<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Chikouna Cissé |title=Quand les commerçants dioula faisaient rayonner l’Afrique de l’Ouest |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/07/06/quand-les-commercants-dioula-faisaient-rayonner-l-afrique-de-l-ouest_5327148_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2018-07-06 |access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>. Ni umuhungu wa Dramane Ouattara, umwarimu akaba n'umucuruzi ukize, na Hadja Nabintou Cissé<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle : les deux mondes de Gbagbo et Ouattara |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Articles/Dossier/ARTJAJA2602p022-029.xml0/fmi-laurent-gbagbo-islam-cacaopresidentielle-les-deux-mondes-de-gbagbo-et-ouattara.html}}</ref>. Afite abana babiri yabyaranye n'umugore we wa mbere, Umunyamerikakazi Barbara Jean Davis. Ku wa 24 Kanama 1991, yashakanye i Paris na Dominique Nouvian, umushoramari wacungaga imitungo itimukanwa ya Perezida Félix Houphouët-Boigny<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Quand Paris boudait Ouattara à cause de sa femme française |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-politique/20110406.RUE1704/quand-paris-boudait-ouattara-a-cause-de-sa-femme-francaise.html}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Philippe Bernard |title=Entre et , une amitié de 20 ans |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/04/12/entre-m-sarkozy-et-m-ouattara-une-amitie-de-20-ans_1506408_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2011-04-12}}</ref>. Murumuna we, Téné Birahima Ouattara, yabaye Minisitiri w'Ingabo kuva muri Werurwe 2021<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin Roger |title=Côte d’Ivoire : Hamed Bakayoko absent, Patrick Achi est nommé Premier ministre par intérim |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1133320/politique/cote-divoire-patrick-achi-nomme-premier-ministre-interimaire/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-03-08}}</ref>. === Umwuga mu bukungu === Abikesheje buruse, yize muri ''Drexel Institute of Technology'' no muri Kaminuza ya Pennsylvania muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], ahakura impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu mu bukungu mu 1967, hanyuma impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (doctorat) mu 1972. Mu 1968, yinjiye muri FMI nk'impuguke mu bukungu. Yakoreye kandi BCEAO, aba visi-guverineri wayo (1983–1984), umuyobozi w'ishami ry'Afurika muri FMI kuva mu 1984, hanyuma guverineri wa BCEAO kuva mu 1988. == Urugendo muri politiki == === Minisitiri w'Intebe (1990–1993) === Ku wa 7 Ugushyingo 1990, Perezida Félix Houphouët-Boigny yamugize Minisitiri w'Intebe, umwanya wari umaze gushyirwaho n'ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga. Yakurikije politiki yo kugabanya amafaranga ya Leta yakomereye abaturage, ariko itunganya imari ya Leta. Ku wa 7 Ukuboza 1993, yatangaje kuri radio-televiziyo y'igihugu urupfu rwa Houphouët-Boigny, avuga ko "Kote Divuwari ibaye impfubyi"; nyuma y'iminsi ibiri yeguye, Henri Konan Bédié aba Perezida. === Ivoirité n'ubuhungiro === Muri Nyakanga 1994, yabaye Umuyobozi mukuru wungirije wa FMI, Umunyafurika wa mbere wageze kuri uwo mwanya. Mu Ukuboza 1994, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeje ivugurura ry'amategeko y'amatora rivuga ko nta muntu ushobora gutorerwa kuba Perezida atari Umunyakote Divuwari kavukire ufite ababyeyi bombi b'Abanyakote Divuwari kavukire<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: le code électoral de l'exclusion |url=http://www.liberation.fr/tribune/0101153794-cote-d-ivoire-le-code-electoral-de-l-exclusion}}</ref>. Iyo ngingo y'"ubunyakote Divuwari" yari igamije kubuza Ouattara kwiyamamaza, kuko abamurwanyaga bavugaga ko se akomoka muri [[Burukina Faso]]; yateje urwango rushingiye ku moko n'urugomo rwa politiki<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara, du FMI à la présidence ivoirienne |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/monde/20110411.FAP7588/alassane-ouattara-du-fmi-a-la-presidence-ivoirienne.html |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414105608/http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/monde/20110411.FAP7588/alassane-ouattara-du-fmi-a-la-presidence-ivoirienne.html |archive-date=2011-04-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 31 Nyakanga 1999, yavuye muri FMI, maze bukeye bwaho atorerwa kuyobora RDR<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=ADO est élu président du RDR, le août 1999 |url=http://www.ado.ci/article.php?np=1&ns=59&na=2618 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206004754/http://www.ado.ci/article.php?np=1&ns=59&na=2618 |archive-date=2010-12-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu 2000, Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwanze kandidatire ye mu matora ya perezida, ruvuga ko ari "uw'ubwenegihugu bushidikanywaho"<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La constitution ivoirienne vue par 7 juristes français |url=http://www.abidjantalk.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=983}}</ref>; uwo mwaka, imirambo 57 y'abakekwagaho kumushyigikira yabonetse mu cyobo rusange cya Yopougon<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Nouveau Racisme, La manipulation politique de l'ethnicité en Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.hrw.org/fr/reports/2001/08/28/le-nouveau-racisme |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2001-08-28}}</ref><ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Rapport : enquête sur le charnier de Yopougon du 26 octobre 2000 |url=http://www.fidh.org/Rapport-Enquete-sur-le-charnier-de-Yopougon-du-26}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Nzeri 2002, nyuma y'umugambi wa kudeta w'inyeshyamba zo mu majyaruguru, yarokotse ku buryo bwa hafi igitero cy'abashyigikiye Gbagbo cyatwitse inzu ye, ahungira muri ambasade y'u Budage, hanyuma ajya mu buhungiro muri Gabon no mu Bufaransa<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gbagbo, la fuite en avant |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/gbagbo-la-fuite-en-avant-09-12-2010-1276184_24.php}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2005, ubuhuza bwa Perezida wa Afurika y'Epfo Thabo Mbeki bwatumye Gbagbo yemera kandidatire ye<ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara, visage de la crise identitaire en Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/alassane-ouattara-visage-de-la-crise-identitaire-en-cote-d-ivoire-28-11-2010-1267847_24.php}}</ref>; ku wa 26 Mutarama 2006, yagarutse muri Kote Divuwari<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Opposition Opposition Leader Returns, Calls for Peace, as UN Mulls Sanctions |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200601260670.html}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2010 n'intambara === Mu cyiciro cya mbere cy'amatora yo mu 2010, yabaye uwa kabiri ku majwi 32,1 %, inyuma ya Laurent Gbagbo (38 %), ariko mu cyiciro cya kabiri ashyigikirwa na Henri Konan Bédié. Komisiyo y'amatora yigenga yatangaje ko yatsinze ku majwi 54,1 %, ariko Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga, rwiganjemo abashyigikiye Gbagbo, rwatangaje Gbagbo nk'uwatsinze ku majwi 51,5 % nyuma yo guhagarika amajwi yo mu turere turindwi two mu majyaruguru<ref name="F12" /><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La proclamation de la victoire de Laurent Gbagbo conduit le pays dans l'impasse |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20101203-proclamation-victoire-gbagbo-plonge-pays-incertitude-ouattara-presidentielle-resultat}}</ref>. Umuryango mpuzamahanga hafi ya wose wasabye Gbagbo kuva ku butegetsi<ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'ONU, l'UE, Obama et Sarkozy félicitent Ouattara |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2010/12/03/01003-20101203ARTFIG00516-en-cote-d-ivoire-le-conseil-proclame-gbagbo-vainqueur.php}}</ref>. Ku wa 4 Ukuboza 2010, bombi bararahiye, Ouattara akorera mu ihoteli ya Golf i [[Abidjan]]<ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire : Gbagbo prête serment...Ouattara aussi |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/cote-d-ivoire-gbagbo-prete-serment-ouattara-aussi-04-12-2010-1177878.php}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Werurwe 2011, ingabo zimushyigikiye, zitwaga ''Forces républicaines de Côte d'Ivoire'' (FRCI), zatangiye igitero gikomeye<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Alassane Ouattara conquiert Yamoussoukro et San Pedro |url=https://www.rtbf.be/info/monde/detail_cote-d-ivoire-alassane-ouattara-conquiert-yamoussoukro-et-san-pedro?id=5867553}}</ref>, maze ku wa 11 Mata 2011 Gbagbo n'umugore we Simone barafatwa<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Laurent Gbagbo est à Korhogo |url=http://www.europe1.fr/International/Laurent-Gbagbo-est-a-Korhogo-E1-498569/ |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419154522/http://www.europe1.fr/International/Laurent-Gbagbo-est-a-Korhogo-E1-498569/ |archive-date=2011-04-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Kote Divuwari == === Manda ya mbere (2011–2015) === Ku wa 4 Gicurasi 2011, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwamwemeje nka Perezida wa Repubulika, ararahira ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2011<ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Voici la décision qui déclara Ouattara Président élu |url=http://www.lepatriote.net/lire/2d84eb6c-752d-41d6-91f3-7496aa2338ae.aspx |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220102521/http://www.lepatriote.net/lire/2d84eb6c-752d-41d6-91f3-7496aa2338ae.aspx |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ouattara a prêté serment, l'audition de Gbagbo reportée |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20110506-cote-ivoire-alassane-ouattara-prete-serment-audition-gbagbo-reportee}}</ref>. Yatangaje ko ashaka kugarura umutekano no kunga Abanyakote Divuwari, nyuma y'intambara yahitanye abantu bagera ku 3 000<ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: réconciliation et sécurité, vaste programme pour Ouattara |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/04/11/1057587-Cote-d-Ivoire-reconciliation-et-securite-vaste-programme-pour-Ouattara.html}}</ref>; ku wa 20 Nyakanga 2011, yashyizeho Komisiyo y'ibiganiro, ukuri n'ubwiyunge iyobowe na Charles Konan Banny<ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d’Ivoire : une commission d’enquête pour faire la lumière sur les exactions commises après les élections |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20110721-cote-ivoire-une-commission-enquete-faire-lumiere-exactions-commises-apres-elections}}</ref>. Yasabye kandi Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga gukora iperereza ku bwicanyi bwakozwe<ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara a pris contact avec la Cour pénale internationale |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20110414-alassane-ouattara-pris-contact-cour-penale-internationale}}</ref>. Nyamara, Amnesty International yamushinje kwihanganira ibikorwa byo kwihimura ku bakekwaho gushyigikira Gbagbo, mu raporo yise "Itegeko ry'abatsinze" mu 2013, ivuga ko nta n'umwe mu bamushyigikiye wakurikiranywe n'ubutabera ku byaha byakozwe mu ntambara<ref name="F73">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Amnesty International |url=http://www.amnesty.fr/AI-en-action/Violences/Justice-internationale/Actualites/La-Cote-d-Ivoire-doit-briser-le-cycle-des-abus-et-de-l-impunite-7936}}</ref>. Ku wa 31 Ukuboza 2015, yahaye imbabazi imfungwa 3 100 zo mu ntambara yakurikiye amatora, maze muri Kanama 2018 aha imbabazi abantu 800, barimo Simone Gbagbo<ref name="F47">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Côte d'Ivoire : Le président Ouattara gracie 3100 prisonniers |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2015/12/31/97001-20151231FILWWW00201-cote-d-ivoire-le-president-ouattara-gracie-3100-prisonniers.php |website=Le Figaro}}</ref><ref name="F45">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d’Ivoire : le président Ouattara annonce l’amnistie de Simone Gbagbo |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180807-cote-ivoire-simone-gbagbo-amnistiee-president-alassane-ouattara |website=rfi.fr}}</ref>. Akigera ku butegetsi, yatangije gahunda yihutirwa yo kuzahura ubukungu bwari bwasubiye inyuma ho 8 %<ref name="F77">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: “Le développement économique est un moyen de régler le conflit” |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/International/Afrique/Actualite/Cote-d-Ivoire-en-redressant-l-economie-du-pays-Ouattara-pourra-appaiser-les-tensions-interview-298957/}}</ref>, n'ivugurura ry'urwego rwa kawa na kakawo mu 2012<ref name="F78">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Mandat sur Abidjan.net |url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/436632.html}}</ref>. Ingendo ze nyinshi mu mahanga zatumye Banki y'Isi na FMI bagabanya umwenda w'igihugu wo hanze ho miliyari 4,4 z'amadolari<ref name="F112">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les Échos |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/economie-politique/monde/actu/0202142727606-cote-d-ivoire-un-bol-d-air-de-4-milliards-de-dollars-338284.php |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830123731/http://www.lesechos.fr/economie-politique/monde/actu/0202142727606-cote-d-ivoire-un-bol-d-air-de-4-milliards-de-dollars-338284.php |archive-date=2012-08-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri n'iya gatatu (2015–2025) === Ku wa 25 Ukwakira 2015, yongeye gutorwa mu cyiciro cya mbere ku majwi 83,7 %<ref name="F123">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d’Ivoire : Ouattara réélu au premier tour |url=http://mobile.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/10/28/cote-d-ivoire-ouattara-reelu-au-premier-tour_4798088_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |access-date=2015-11-10}}</ref>. Mu 2017, abahoze ari inyeshyamba zo mu majyaruguru zamufashije gufata ubutegetsi mu 2011 bigometse inshuro nyinshi, basaba ibihembo<ref name="F125">{{cite web |language=fr |title="Les Jeux de la Francophonie ne cachent pas l'échec de Ouattara en matière de réconciliation nationale" |url=https://www.marianne.net/monde/michel-gbagbo-les-jeux-de-la-francophonie-ne-cachent-pas-l-echec-de-ouattara-en-matiere-de |website=Marianne |date=2017-07-27}}</ref>. Ku wa 5 Werurwe 2020, yatangaje ko atazongera kwiyamamaza, maze atoranya Minisitiri w'Intebe Amadou Gon Coulibaly kuba umukandida w'ishyaka RHDP<ref name="F130">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Ouattara annonce qu'il ne sera pas candidat à la présidentielle d'octobre |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/cote-d-ivoire-ouattara-annonce-qu-il-ne-sera-pas-candidat-a-la-presidentielle-d-octobre-20200305 |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2020-09-05}}</ref><ref name="F134">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara choisit Amadou Gon Coulibaly comme successeur en Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-51870966 |website=bbc.com |date=2020-03-13}}</ref>. Gon Coulibaly amaze gupfa muri Nyakanga 2020, Ouattara yisubiyeho, atangaza ku wa 6 Kanama 2020 ko aziyamamariza manda ya gatatu<ref name="F141">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Disparition d'Amadou Coulibaly: quelles conséquences pour la présidentielle ivoirienne? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200709-disparition-amadou-gon-coulibaly-quelles-cons%C3%A9quences-presidentielle |website=RFI |date=2020-07-09 |access-date=2020-07-13}}</ref><ref name="F143">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire : Alassane Ouattara candidat à la présidentielle d'octobre |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/cote-d-ivoire-alassane-ouattara-candidat-a-la-presidentielle-du-31-octobre-06-08-2020-2386962_3826.php |website=lepoint.fr |date=2020-08-06 |access-date=2020-08-06}}</ref>. Iyo kandidatire yateje impaka kuko Itegeko Nshinga ryemeraga manda ebyiri gusa; Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwemeje ko manda ye ya mbere, yatangiye ku Itegeko Nshinga rya kera, itabarwa<ref name="E42">{{cite web |title=Ivory Coast court clears President Ouattara's contentious third-term bid. |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ivory-coast-court-clears-president-ouattaras-contentious-third-term-bid/a-54928804}}</ref>. Abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi banze kwitabira amatora, kandi abantu bagera kuri 30 bapfiriye mu mvururu<ref name="F147">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Côte d'Ivoire : ce qu'il faut savoir du boycott actif de l'opposition |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/presidentielle-en-cote-d-ivoire-ce-qu-il-faut-savoir-du-boycott-actif-de-l-opposition-16-10-2020-2396680_3826.php |website=Le Point |date=2020-10-16 |access-date=2020-10-28}}</ref><ref name="F148">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Violences et boycott de l'opposition : pourquoi la Côte d'Ivoire s'enfonce dans la crise |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/violences-et-boycott-de-l-opposition-pourquoi-la-cote-d-ivoire-s-enfonce-dans-la-crise_2137102.html |website=LExpress.fr |date=2020-10-23 |access-date=2020-10-28}}</ref>. Yatsinze ku majwi 95,3 %, abitabiriye amatora bakaba 53,9 %, ararahira ku wa 14 Ukuboza 2020<ref name="F151">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Décision CI-2020-EP-010/09-11/CC/SG du portant proclamation des résultats définitifs de l'élection du Président de la République du |url=http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.ci/archives-et-decisions/decision-ndeg-ci-2020-ep-01009-11ccsg-du-09-novembre-2020-portant-proclamation |website=Conseil constitutionnel |date=2020-11-09}}</ref><ref name="F155">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara prête serment et invite l’opposition au dialogue |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1091179/politique/alassane-ouattara-prete-serment-et-invite-lopposition-au-dialogue/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2020-12-14 |access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref>. === Manda ya kane (kuva 2025) === Ku wa 29 Nyakanga 2025, yatangaje ko aziyamamariza manda ya kane mu matora yo ku wa 25 Ukwakira 2025<ref name="F157">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Côte d’Ivoire: le chef de l’État sortant Alassane Ouattara annonce sa candidature |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250729-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-en-c%C3%B4te-d-ivoire-le-chef-de-l-%C3%A9tat-sortant-alassane-ouattara-annonce-sa-candidature |website=RFI |date=2025-07-29 |access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref><ref name="E44">{{cite web |title=Ivory Coast President Ouattara to run for fourth term in October election |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250729-ivory-coast-president-ouattara-to-run-for-fourth-term-in-october-election |website=France 24 |date=2025-07-29 |access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref>. Kandidatire z'abayobozi b'amashyaka akomeye atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, Laurent Gbagbo (PPA-CI) na Tidjane Thiam (PDCI-RDA), zanzwe n'Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga; bombi bamaganye "ikinamico ry'amatora" na "kudeta ya gisivili"<ref name="F160">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Côte d’Ivoire: Alassane Ouattara largement vainqueur, selon les résultats provisoires |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20251027-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-en-c%C3%B4te-d-ivoire-alassane-ouattara-tr%C3%A8s-large-vainqueur-selon-les-r%C3%A9sultats-provisoires |website=RFI |date=2025-10-27 |access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref>. Yatsinze ku majwi agera kuri 90 %, abitabiriye amatora bakaba 50,09 %, ararahira ku wa 8 Ukuboza 2025<ref name="F158">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle ivoirienne 2025 : "J'adresse mes félicitations à Alassane Ouattara pour sa réélection" (Jean-Louis Billon) |url=https://afriksoir.net/presidentielle-ivoirienne-2025-alassane-ouattara-reelection-jean-louis-billon/ |website=Afrik Soir |date=2025-10-26 |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref><ref name="F160" /><ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=Incumbent President Ouattara declared winner of Ivory Coast election |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/27/incumbent-president-ouattara-declared-winner-of-ivory-coast-election |website=Al Jazeera |date=2025-10-27 |access-date=2025-11-03}}</ref><ref name="E46">{{cite web |title=Ivory Coast's incumbent leader Ouattara is sworn in for a fourth term |url=https://apnews.com/article/ouattara-election-ivory-coast-president-inauguration-15e4bed53f8688a834b0997361797dba |website=AP News |date=2025-12-08 |access-date=2025-12-08}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Alassane Ouattara}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Kote Divuwari]] jawhye5b6mp5b9eukkf53743t1xkroz 0 23203 140773 140674 2026-10-05T10:05:14Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Joseph Boakai | image = President Joseph Boakai 2025.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Joseph Boakai mu 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|11|30|df=y}} | birth_place = Worsonga, Lofa, [[Liberiya]] | nationality = Umunyaliberiya | alma_mater = College of West Africa<br />Kaminuza ya Liberiya<br />Kaminuza ya Kansas | occupation = Umunyapolitiki | known_for = Visi-perezida wa Liberiya (2006–2018) | title = Perezida wa Liberiya | term = Kuva ku wa 22 Mutarama 2024 | predecessor = George Weah | party = Unity Party | spouse = Katumu Boakai | children = 4 }} '''Joseph Nyuma Boakai''' (wavutse ku wa 30 Ugushyingo 1944 i Worsonga, mu ntara ya Lofa, muri [[Liberiya]]) ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyaliberiya, akaba Perezida wa 26 wa Liberiya kuva mu 2024. Yabaye Minisitiri w'Ubuhinzi kuva mu 1983 kugeza mu 1985, hanyuma aba Visi-perezida wa Liberiya kuva mu 2006 kugeza mu 2018 ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2017, yatsinzwe na George Weah, ariko mu matora yo mu 2023 aramutsinda. == Ubuzima == Joseph Boakai yavukiye mu mudugudu wa Worsonga uri kure, mu karere ka Foya mu ntara ya Lofa, mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'igihugu hafi y'umupaka na [[Gineya]]<ref name="E4">{{cite web |title=The Executive Mansion |url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/2content.php?sub=25&related=20&third=25&pg=sp |website=The Executive Mansion |access-date=2017-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421000312/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/2content.php?sub=25&related=20&third=25&pg=sp |archive-date=2021-04-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ni uwo mu bwoko bw'Abakissi<ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Things Fall Apart – Two Boakai's Loyalists in Lofa Senatorial Faceoff |url=https://independentprobe.com/2023/02/21/things-fall-apart-two-boakais-loyalists-in-lofa-senatorial-faceoff/ |website=Independent Probe Newspaper |date=2023-02-21 |access-date=2023-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120112359/https://independentprobe.com/2023/02/21/things-fall-apart-two-boakais-loyalists-in-lofa-senatorial-faceoff/ |archive-date=2023-11-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Akomoka mu muryango w'abahinzi bakennye, ababyeyi be bombi batazi gusoma no kwandika<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liberia: Joseph Boakai, vieux routier de la politique, revient au pouvoir pour «sauver le pays» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20231119-liberia-joseph-boakai-vieux-routier-de-la-politique-revient-au-pouvoir-pour-sauver-le-pays |website=RFI |date=2023-11-19 |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liberia : Joseph Boakai contre George Weah, deux hommes que tout oppose – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/505395/politique/liberia-joseph-boakai-contre-george-weah-deux-hommes-que-tout-oppose/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref>. Ni umwe mu "basangwabutaka", si uwo mu bakomoka ku bacakara b'Abanyamerika babohowe bayoboye igihugu igihe kirekire<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liberia : qui est Joseph Boakai, l'opposant qui a pris sa revanche sur Weah ? |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/liberia-qui-est-joseph-boakai-lopposant-qui-pris-sa-revanche-sur-weah-2676254 |website=information.tv5monde.com |date=2023-11-18 |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye muri [[Siyera Lewone]] no muri Liberiya, hanyuma arangiza muri ''College of West Africa'' i Monrovia<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Joseph Boakai: Who is Liberia's next president, set to replace George Weah |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41837299 |website=BBC News |date=2017-12-22 |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Liberia Vice President Boakai |url=http://www.usaid.gov/press/frontlines/fl_apr06/development.htm |website=Frontlines – Inside Development |date=April 2006 |access-date=2006-10-13}}</ref>. Mu 1972, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri mu bucungamutungo muri Kaminuza ya Liberiya<ref name="E13" />, akomereza muri Kaminuza ya Kansas muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]]<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liberia : Joseph Boakai dribble George Weah et décroche la présidence |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/11/18/liberia-joseph-boakai-dribble-george-weah-et-decroche-la-presidence_6200916_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2023-11-18 |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref>. Yashakanye na Katumu Boakai, bafitanye abana bane<ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Biography of Vice President Joseph N. Boakai |url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/2content.php?sub=25&related=20&third=25&pg=sp |website=eMansion.gov |access-date=2017-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421000312/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/2content.php?sub=25&related=20&third=25&pg=sp |archive-date=2021-04-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F3" />. Ni Umubatisita, akaba umudiyakoni w'itorero Effort Baptist Church i Paynesville<ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=en |title=Liberia Mineral & Mining Sector Investment and Business Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5zaeeopwIQC&q=Boakai+is+a+religious+Baptist+and+a+Deacon+of+the+Effort+Baptist+Church.&pg=PA27 |website=Int'l Business Publications |date=2007-02-07}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=‘Remain Resilient’ |url=https://www.liberianobserver.com/remain-resilient |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131011351/https://www.liberianobserver.com/remain-resilient |archive-date=2023-01-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Urugendo muri politiki == Yakoreye ikigo cya Leta gishinzwe kugurisha ibikomoka ku buhinzi (LPMC) kuva mu 1973 kugeza mu 1982<ref name="E6" />. Kuva mu 1983 kugeza mu 1985, yabaye Minisitiri w'Ubuhinzi ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Samuel Doe, anayobora Ishyirahamwe ry'ibihugu 15 byo muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba ry'iterambere ry'umuceri<ref name="E13" />. Mu 1992, yabaye umuyobozi mukuru w'ikigo gitunganya peteroli (LPRC), hanyuma aba umujyanama wa Banki y'Isi i Washington<ref name="E13" /><ref name="F2" />. Mu 2005, nyuma y'intambara z'abenegihugu zamaze igihe kirekire, yatorewe kuba Visi-perezida, afatanyije na Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, umugore wa mbere watorewe kuyobora igihugu cy'Afurika. Nka Visi-perezida, yayoboraga Sena, kandi yagenzuraga inzego zitandukanye, harimo n'akanama k'igihugu gashinzwe kwambura intwaro, gusezerera no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe abahoze ari abarwanyi. Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2017, nk'umukandida wa ''Unity Party'', yageze mu cyiciro cya kabiri, ariko atsindwa n'uwahoze ari icyamamare mu mupira w'amaguru, George Weah, ku majwi 38,46 %<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liberia : Joseph Boakai veut reporter le second tour face à George Weah |url=https://afrique.latribune.fr/politique/2017-12-15/liberia-joseph-boakai-veut-reporter-le-second-tour-face-a-george-weah-761937.html |website=La Tribune |date=2017 |access-date=2018-01-25}}</ref><ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=NEC Liberia – 2017 Election Results Website |url=http://www.necliberia.org/results2017/ |website=www.necliberia.org |access-date=2018-01-10}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Liberiya == Mu cyiciro cya kabiri cy'amatora ya perezida cyo ku wa 14 Ugushyingo 2023, yatsinze George Weah ku majwi 50,64 %<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Liberia, George Weah et Joseph Boakai se préparent à un second tour serré |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/10/20/au-liberia-george-weah-et-joseph-boakai-se-preparent-a-un-second-tour-serre_6195664_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-10-20 |access-date=2023-10-22}}</ref><ref name="E3">{{cite web |language=en |author=Tina S. Mehnpaine |title=Liberia Election: Joseph Boakai Emerges as President-Elect |url=https://www.liberianobserver.com/liberia-election-joseph-boakai-emerges-president-elect |website=www.liberianobserver.com |access-date=2023-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117223018/https://www.liberianobserver.com/liberia-election-joseph-boakai-emerges-president-elect |archive-date=2023-11-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 22 Mutarama 2024, afite imyaka 79, yarahiriye kuba Perezida, aba Perezida ukuze kurusha abandi mu mateka ya Liberiya<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liberia : le président Joseph Boakai, vainqueur de George Weah, prête serment lundi à Monrovia |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/01/22/liberia-le-president-joseph-boakai-vainqueur-de-george-weah-prete-serment-lundi-a-monrovia_6212255_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-01-22}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |title=Liberia's new president takes office with a promise to 'rescue' Africa's oldest republic |url=https://apnews.com/article/liberia-president-joseph-boakai-inauguration-weah-d8c1122bf1262054b9fd27c34e620dd1 |website=AP News |date=2024-01-22}}</ref>. Mu muhango wo kurahira, ntiyabashije kurangiza ijambo rye, maze bamukura ku ruhimbi, bivugwa ko yari yagizweho ingaruka n'ubushyuhe<ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Joseph Boakai: Liberia's new president fails to end inauguration speech |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68054411 |website=BBC |date=2024-01-22 |access-date=2024-01-23}}</ref>. Yashyize imbere kurwanya ruswa: yategetse igenzura ry'inzego zikomeye nka Banki Nkuru ya Liberiya, ahagarika abayobozi barenga 450, barimo n'abaminisitiri, kubera kutagaragaza imitungo yabo, kandi agabanya umushahara we ho 40 %<ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |author=apofeed |title=Liberia: President Boakai mandates General Auditing Commission (GAC) to Audit Central Bank of Liberia (CBL), Executive Protection Service (EPS) and National Security Agency (NSA) |url=https://african.business/2024/02/apo-newsfeed/liberia-president-boakai-mandates-general-auditing-commission-gac-to-audit-central-bank-of-liberia-cbl-executive-protection-service-eps-and-national-security-agency-nsa |website=African Business |date=2024-02-08 |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |title=Liberia anti-corruption: President Boakai suspends top officials for non-declaration of assets |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3d5jx0vzr4o |website=www.bbc.com |date=2025-02-14 |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=en |title=Liberian president slashes salary by 40% |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/07/09/liberian-president-slashes-salary-by-40/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-07-09 |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref>. Mu mwaka we wa mbere, amanota ya Liberiya mu cyegeranyo cya Transparency International ku myumvire ya ruswa yazamutseho amanota abiri<ref name="E26">{{cite web |language=en |title=Liberians report rising confidence in government's anti-corruption efforts and improved trust in some institutions |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/articles/liberians-report-rising-confidence-in-governments-anti-corruption-efforts-and-improved-trust-in-some-institutions/ |website=www.afrobarometer.org |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref>. Ku wa 5 Nyakanga 2025, yasabye imbabazi ku mugaragaro abahohotewe mu ntambara ya mbere n'iya kabiri z'abenegihugu muri Liberiya<ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Liberian president issues official apology to civil war victims |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/07/07/liberian-president-issues-official-apology-to-civil-war-victims/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-07-07}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Politiki ye y'ububanyi n'amahanga yibanda kuri dipolomasi y'ubukungu, ishaka ko Liberiya iva ku kwishingikiriza ku nkunga ikajya ku bufatanye bushingiye ku bucuruzi n'ishoramari<ref name="E29">{{cite web |language=en |author=Chiraag |title=“Such Good English?” Why Trump's Comment on Liberia's President Got People Talking |url=https://www.joburgetc.com/news/joseph-boakai-white-house-visit-2025/ |website=Joburg ETC |date=2025-07-10 |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref>. Ku wa 9 Nyakanga 2025, yahuriye i Washington na Perezida Donald Trump, amusaba ko Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zashora imari muri Liberiya<ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=en |title=Trump meets five West African leaders, hails pivot from aid to trade |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20250709-trump-meets-five-west-african-leaders-hails-pivot-from-aid-to-trade |website=France 24 |date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2025, Liberiya yatorewe kuba umunyamuryango udahoraho w'Akanama gashinzwe umutekano ku isi ka Loni mu gihe cya 2026–2027. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Joseph Boakai}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Liberiya]] j6hkwlj4sjz6y37a9hqhaq6isxxqxaw 0 23209 140752 140688 2026-10-05T03:46:39Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Daniel Chapo | image = Daniel Chapo, November 2025.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Daniel Chapo mu Ugushyingo 2025 | birth_date = 6 Mutarama 1977 | birth_place = Inhaminga, intara ya Sofala, [[Mozambike]] | nationality = Umunyamozambike | alma_mater = Kaminuza Eduardo Mondlane, Kaminuza Gatolika ya Mozambike | occupation = Umunyamategeko, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Mozambike]] | term = Kuva ku ya 15 Mutarama 2025 | predecessor = Filipe Nyusi | party = FRELIMO | spouse = Gueta Selemane Chapo | children = 4 }} '''Daniel Francisco Chapo''' (yavutse ku ya 6 Mutarama 1977 i Inhaminga) ni umunyamategeko akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa [[Mozambike]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 15 Mutarama 2025. Umuyoboke w'ishyaka riri ku butegetsi rya FRELIMO, yabaye guverineri w'intara ya Inhambane kuva mu 2016 kugeza mu 2024, hanyuma aba umunyamabanga mukuru w'iryo shyaka n'umukandida waryo mu matora ya perezida ya 2024. Ni we mukandida wa mbere wa FRELIMO ku mwanya wa perezida wavutse nyuma y'ubwigenge bwa Mozambike mu 1975. Itsinzi ye mu matora ya 2024 yanenzwe cyane n'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, kandi yakurikiwe n'imyigaragambyo yahitanye abantu benshi. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Chapo yavutse ku ya 6 Mutarama 1977 i Inhaminga, mu ntara ya Sofala <ref name="E2">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Quem é Quem: Secretários de Estado nas Províncias e Governadores de Províncias (2020-2024) |url=https://issuu.com/bureauinfopub/docs/quem_quem_prov_ncias_digital_2022 |website=Public Information Bureau |date=June 2022 |access-date=2024-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425145553/https://issuu.com/bureauinfopub/docs/quem_quem_prov_ncias_digital_2022 |archive-date=2024-04-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza i Inhaminga (1982–1985) no mu karere ka Dondo (1986–1987), amashuri yisumbuye mu karere ka Dondo (1988–1996), hanyuma mu ishuri ryisumbuye Samora Machel i Beira (1997–1998) <ref name="E2" />. Yize amategeko muri Kaminuza Eduardo Mondlane i [[Maputo]], ayirangiza mu 2000 <ref name="E3">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Quem é Daniel Chapo? Um breve perfil do candidato presidencial da Frelimo |url=https://www.tvm.co.mz/index.php/noticias/politica/item/12519-quem-e-daniel-chapo-um-breve-perfil-do-candidato-presidencial-da-frelimo |website=Televisão de Moçambique |date=2024-05-06 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008211039/https://www.tvm.co.mz/index.php/noticias/politica/item/12519-quem-e-daniel-chapo-um-breve-perfil-do-candidato-presidencial-da-frelimo |archive-date=2024-10-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=en |title=Deadlock Ends: Daniel Chapo is Frelimo’s Candidate to Succeed Nyusi |url=https://360mozambique.com/economy/deadlock-ends-daniel-chapo-is-frelimos-candidate-to-succeed-nyusi/ |website=360 Mozambique}}</ref>. Mu 2004, yabaye noteri <ref name="E3" />. Mu 2014, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu micungire y'iterambere muri Kaminuza Gatolika ya Mozambike <ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=pt |author=Lusa |title=Daniel Chapo é o candidato da Frelimo a Presidente de Moçambique |url=https://www.publico.pt/2024/05/06/mundo/noticia/daniel-chapo-candidato-frelimo-presidente-mocambique-2089399 |website=Público |date=2024-05-06}}</ref><ref name="F3" />. Kuva mu 1997 kugeza mu 1998, yari umunyamakuru kuri Radiyo Miramar i Beira, hanyuma kuva mu 2003 kugeza mu 2004 asoma amakuru kuri Televiziyo Miramar mu murwa mukuru <ref name="E2" /><ref name="E5">{{cite web |author=Hill, Matthew; Nhamirre, Borges |title=Chapo is Mozambique Ruling Party's Surprise Pick as New Leader |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-05/chapo-is-mozambique-ruling-party-s-surprise-pick-as-new-leader |website=Bloomberg News |date=2024-05-05}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mozambique: Daniel Chapo, élu candidat du Frelimo, le parti au pouvoir, pour la présidentielle d'octobre |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240507-mozambique-daniel-chapo-%C3%A9lu-candidat-du-frelimo-le-parti-au-pouvoir-pour-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-d-octobre |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Mu 2005, yagizwe umubitsi w'impapuro z'ubutaka (''conservateur'') i Nacala-Porto <ref name="E2" />. Yimenyereje umwuga mu rugaga rw'abavoka (2007–2008), kandi mu 2009 yigishije ubumenyi bwa politiki n'amategeko nshinga muri Kaminuza Nderabarezi ya Maputo <ref name="E2" /><ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Daniel Chapo, 47, Announced As Ruling Party's Candidate in October Presidential Election |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202405080386.html |website=The New Times |date=2024-05-08}}</ref><ref name="F4" />. == Umwuga wa politiki == Chapo yinjiye muri politiki mu ishyaka rya FRELIMO mu 2009, ubwo yagirwaga umuyobozi w'akarere ka Nacala-a-Velha <ref name="E2" />. Mu 2015, yabaye umuyobozi w'akarere ka Palma <ref name="E2" />. === Guverineri wa Inhambane === Ku ya 4 Werurwe 2016, Chapo yagizwe guverineri w'intara ya Inhambane, mu majyepfo y'igihugu <ref name="E2" /><ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Mozambique, le parti au pouvoir a choisi son prochain dirigeant |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/mozambique-le-parti-au-pouvoir-a-choisi-son-prochain-dirigeant/7599396.html |website=AFP et Voice of America}}</ref><ref name="F3" />. Nyuma y'ivugurura ry'uburyo abaguverineri bashyirwaho, yatorewe uwo mwanya mu matora rusange yo ku ya 15 Ukwakira 2019 <ref name="E2" /><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Governadores provinciais apresentados à população |url=https://jornalnoticias.co.mz/politica/governadores-provinciais-apresentados-a-populacao/ |website=jornalnoticias.co.mz |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221211357/https://jornalnoticias.co.mz/politica/governadores-provinciais-apresentados-a-populacao/ |archive-date=2023-02-21 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>. === Umukandida ku mwanya wa perezida === Ku ya 5 Gicurasi 2024, komite nkuru ya FRELIMO yamutoye ku majwi 225 (94%) ngo abe umukandida w'ishyaka mu matora ya perezida ya 2024, asimbura Filipe Nyusi wari urangije manda ze zemewe n'Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="E7">{{cite web |author=Mangwiro, Charles |title=Mozambique's ruling party nominates presidential candidate |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/mozambique-s-ruling-party-nominates-presidential-candidate/7601729.html |website=Voice of America |date=2024-05-07}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Mozambique's ruling party announces Chapo as presidential candidate |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mozambiques-ruling-party-announces-chapo-presidential-candidate-2024-05-06/ |website=Reuters |date=2024-05-06}}</ref>. Yatsinze cyane cyane Roque Silva Samuel, wari umunyamabanga mukuru wa FRELIMO <ref name="F4" /><ref name="F5" />. Kubera ko atari azwi cyane, gutorwa kwe kwatunguye benshi <ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Daniel Chapo: the choice that surprised everyone |url=https://www.zitamar.com/daniel-chapo-the-choice-that-surprised-everyone/ |website=Zitamar News |date=2024-05-06}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Mozambique's ruling party names new leader ahead of elections |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/05/06/mozambiques-ruling-party-names-new-leader-ahead-of-elections// |website=Africanews |date=2024-05-06 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115215553/https://www.africanews.com/2024/05/06/mozambiques-ruling-party-names-new-leader-ahead-of-elections// |archive-date=2025-01-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku ya 13 Gicurasi, yagizwe umunyamabanga mukuru w'agateganyo w'ishyaka <ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=pt |author=Chavo, Afonso |title=Daniel Chapo é secretário-geral interino da Frelimo |url=https://opais.co.mz/daniel-chapo-e-secretario-geral-interino-da-frelimo/ |website=OPAÍS |date=2024-05-13}}</ref>. Yeguye ku mwanya wa guverineri, maze ubwegure bwe bwemezwa n'inteko y'intara ku ya 23 Gicurasi, kugira ngo yitegure amatora yo ku ya 9 Ukwakira <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Assembleia Provincial de Inhambane aprova renúncia de Daniel Chapo, ao cargo do governador da província |url=https://www.rm.co.mz/assembleia-provincial-de-inhambane-aprova-renuncia-de-daniel-chapo-ao-cargo-do-governador-da-provincia/ |website=Rádio Moçambique |date=2024-05-23}}</ref>; yasimbuwe na Eduardo Mussanhane, perezida w'inteko y'intara ya Inhambane <ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Mozambique: President swears in new governor of Inhambane province |url=https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-president-swears-in-new-governor-of-inhambane-province-259363/ |website=clubofmozambique |access-date=2024-10-14}}</ref>. Chapo ni we mukandida wa mbere wa FRELIMO ku mwanya wa perezida wavutse nyuma y'ubwigenge bwa Mozambike, bwabonetse mu 1975 nyuma y'ubukoloni bwa [[Porutigali]] <ref name="E8" />. Kubera ubwiganze bwa FRELIMO muri politiki y'igihugu, yafatwaga nk'uzatsinda amatora <ref name="E5" /><ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=Q&A: How Mozambique got a (nearly) born-free future president in Daniel Chapo |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/qa-how-mozambique-got-a-nearly-born-free-future-president-in-daniel-chapo-20240508 |website=News24 |date=2024-05-08}}</ref><ref name="E15">{{cite web |author=Avendaño, Victor |title=Mozambique: 10 things to know about Daniel Chapo, likely future president |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/350304/mozambique-10-things-to-know-about-daniel-chapo-the-likely-future-president/ |website=The Africa Report |date=2024-06-01}}</ref>. === Amatora ya 2024 n'impaka === Ku ya 24 Ukwakira 2024, komisiyo y'amatora ya Mozambike yatangaje ko Chapo yatsinze amatora n'amajwi 71% <ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Mozambique's ruling party wins landslide in disputed poll |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c14lzy75355o |website=BBC News |date=2024-10-24 |access-date=2024-10-24}}</ref><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=en |author=Danai Nesta Kupemba, Shingai Nyoka |title=Mozambique's ruling party wins landslide in disputed poll |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c14lzy75355o |website=bbc.com |date=2024-10-24 |access-date=2024-10-25}}</ref>. Ariko ayo matora yaranzwe n'ibirego by'uburiganya n'ibitagenze neza byinshi <ref name="E17">{{cite web |author=Charles Mangwiro |title=Mozambique counts votes in its presidential election as opposition alleges fraud |url=https://apnews.com/article/mozambique-election-president-frelimo-chapo-bdcef382aa0462bfdbe8d89ca284b241 |website=Associated Press |date=2024-10-10 |access-date=2024-10-10}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |author=Nellie Peyton |title=Mozambique counts votes amid allegations of irregularities |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mozambique-early-vote-counting-under-way-after-peaceful-election-2024-10-10/ |website=Reuters |access-date=2024-10-14}}</ref>. Ishyaka PODEMOS ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi ryanze ibyavuye mu matora, ritangaza ibarura ryaryo bwite ryerekanaga ko Venâncio Mondlane yatsinze n'amajwi 53% <ref name="E19">{{cite web |author=Matthew Hill |title=Mozambican Opposition Leader Warns of New Election Protests |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-28/mozambique-eelctions-opposition-leader-warns-of-renewed-protests |website=Bloomberg news |access-date=2024-10-28}}</ref>. Ibyavuye mu matora byanashidikanyijweho n'Inama y'Abepiskopi Gatolika ya Mozambike n'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'Uburayi, mu gihe imyigaragambyo yo kubyamagana yahitanye nibura abantu 250, abenshi muri bo bakaba abigaragambyaga barashwe na polisi n'ingabo <ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Mozambique top court confirms ruling party's win in disputed election |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/23/mozambique-top-court-confirms-ruling-partys-win-in-disputed-election |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2024-12-23}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Mozambique post-election violence kills 125 in three days: NGO |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241226-mozambique-post-election-violence-kills-125-in-three-days-ngo |website=France 24 |access-date=2024-12-27}}</ref>. Ku ya 23 Ukuboza 2024, Inama y'Itegeko Nshinga yemeje itsinzi ye, ariko imugenera amajwi 65,17% <ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mozambique: Daniel Chapo, l'inconnu président rejeté par la rue |url=https://www.boursedirect.fr/fr/actualites/categorie/politique/mozambique-daniel-chapo-l-inconnu-president-rejete-par-la-rue-afp-16261dc423fd8826adac4d8d7a5d5a094f267b34 |website=Bourse Direct}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Mozambike == Nubwo imyigaragambyo yakomeje, Chapo yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Mozambike ku ya 15 Mutarama 2025 <ref name="E22">{{cite web |title=Chapo sworn in following Mozambique's disputed presidential election |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/15/chapo-sworn-in-following-mozambiques-disputed-presidential-election |website=Al Jazeera |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-01-15}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mozambique: Daniel Chapo investi président à Maputo sous haute tension |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250115-mozambique-daniel-chapo-investi-pr%C3%A9sident-%C3%A0-maputo-sous-haute-tension |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Mutarama 2025, yagize Maria Benvinda Levy Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Mozambique's new president names Cabinet with female prime minister |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/mozambique-s-new-president-names-cabinet-with-female-prime-minister/3454251 |website=www.aa.com.tr |access-date=2025-02-03}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Chapo yashakanye na Gueta Selemane Chapo <ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Mozambique's new president sworn in despite opposition boycott |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr7en1452xjo |website=BBC |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-01-15}}</ref>, bafitanye abana bane <ref name="E2" />. Ni Umukristo <ref name="E2" />. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Mozambike]] exat5ehjo8b2dponii5ocy0i0ibes8x 0 23211 140747 140690 2026-10-05T02:34:26Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Bola Tinubu | image = Bola Tinubu portrait.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Bola Tinubu | birth_date = 29 Werurwe 1952 | birth_place = Lagos, [[Nijeriya]] | nationality = Umunyanijeriya | alma_mater = Chicago State University | occupation = Umucungamari, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Guverineri wa Leta ya Lagos (1999–2007) | title = Perezida wa [[Nijeriya]] | term = Kuva ku ya 29 Gicurasi 2023 | predecessor = Muhammadu Buhari | party = All Progressives Congress (APC) | spouse = Oluremi Tinubu | children = 6 }} '''Bola Ahmed Adekunle Tinubu''' (yavutse ku ya 29 Werurwe 1952 i Lagos) ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Nijeriya]], Perezida wa 16 w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 29 Gicurasi 2023. Mbere yaho, yabaye senateri wa Lagos y'Iburengerazuba mu gihe cya Repubulika ya Gatatu (1992–1993), hanyuma aba Guverineri wa Leta ya Lagos kuva mu 1999 kugeza mu 2007. Nyuma y'amashuri y'icungamari muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], yakoreye ibigo bikomeye birimo Mobil, mbere yo kwinjira muri politiki. Yahungiye mu mahanga ku butegetsi bwa gisirikare bwa Sani Abacha, aharanira kugaruka kwa demokarasi. Nyuma yo kuva ku mwanya wa guverineri, yagize uruhare rukomeye mu ishingwa ry'ishyaka rya All Progressives Congress (APC) mu 2013, maze atsinda amatora ya perezida ya 2023. Ku butegetsi bwe, yakuyeho inkunga leta yatangaga ku bikomoka kuri peteroli kandi avugurura cyane politiki y'ubukungu, ariko ahura n'ibirego byinshi bya ruswa n'impaka ku byavuye mu matora. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Tinubu yavukiye i Lagos mu muryango w'Abayisilamu b'ubwoko bw'Abayoruba <ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=Okeri Ngutjinazo |title=Who is Bola Tinubu, Nigeria's new president? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-nigerias-new-president-bola-tinubu/a-64851330 |website=Deutsche Welt |date=2023-05-29}}</ref><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Nigeria : l’ancien gouverneur de Lagos, Bola Tinubu, remporte la primaire du parti au pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/06/08/presidentielle-au-nigeria-l-ex-gouverneur-de-lagos-bola-tinubu-remporte-la-primaire-du-parti-au-pouvoir_6129404_3212.html |website=AFP et Le Monde}}</ref>. Ni umuhungu wa Abibatu Mogaji, wari ''Ìyál'ọ́jà'' (umuyobozi w'abacuruzikazi) wa Lagos. Amasoko yizewe yemeza ko yavutse mu 1952 <ref name="E9">{{cite web |author=Jason Burke |title='Godfather of Lagos' is the man to beat in pivotal Nigerian election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/24/godfather-of-lagos-is-the-man-to-beat-in-pivotal-nigerian-election |website=The Guardian |date=2023-02-24}}</ref>, nubwo abatavuga rumwe na we bavuga ko akuze kurushaho, kandi amasoko amwe akagaragaza ko imyaka ye itigeze yemezwa neza <ref name="E10">{{cite web |author=Richard Assheton |title=Nigerian presidential candidate 'proves he's fit for office' — on exercise bike |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/africa/article/nigerian-presidential-candidate-proves-hes-fit-for-office-on-exercise-bike-fhq7z7l7p}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |author=Ikechukwu Amaechi |title=Tinubu and the certificate scandal that refuses to die |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/tinubu-and-the-certificate-scandal-that-refuses-to-die/ |website=Vanguard |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2022-07-08}}</ref>. Yize mu ishuri ribanza rya St. John's i Aroloya, muri Lagos, hanyuma muri Children Home School i Ibadan <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Bola Tinubu Biography: Life Story and Age Accomplishments of Asiwaju |url=https://buzznigeria.com/bola-tinubu/ |website=buzznigeria.com |date=2022-07-27 |access-date=2023-05-29}}</ref>. Mu 1975, yagiye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, yiga muri Richard J. Daley College i Chicago hanyuma muri Chicago State University, aho yize icungamari n'imicungire. Yakoze imirimo itandukanye, nko koza amasahani, kurinda nijoro no gutwara tagisi, kugira ngo abone amafaranga y'ishuri <ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Asiwaju Bola Tinubu - Profile |url=http://www.asiwajubolatinubu.net/about/index.html |date=2011-07-23 |access-date=2024-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723020125/http://www.asiwajubolatinubu.net/about/index.html |archive-date=2011-07-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu 1979, yarangije amasomo ahabwa impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza mu bucuruzi n'imiyoborere, afite amanota y'icyubahiro (''summa cum laude'') <ref name="E14">{{cite web |author=Vincent Ufuoma |title=Chicago University replies ICIR on Tinubu's controversial certificate |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/chicago-university-replies-icir-on-tinubus-controversial-certificate/ |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting |date=2022-06-27 |access-date=2022-07-08}}</ref><ref name="E15">{{cite web |author=Adesomoju Ade |title=Chicago varsity confirms Tinubu's graduation, identity, inconsistent on certificate submitted to INEC |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/630920-chicago-varsity-confirms-tinubus-graduation-identity-inconsistent-on-certificate-submitted-to-inec.html |website=Premium Times |date=2023-10-05 |access-date=2025-02-17}}</ref>. == Umwuga mbere ya politiki == Nyuma yo kurangiza amashuri, Tinubu yabaye umucungamari mu bigo by'Abanyamerika Arthur Andersen, Deloitte na GTE Services Corporation <ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=My Profile |url=http://www.asiwajubolatinubu.net/about/index.html |website=Asiwaju Bola Tinubu |access-date=2009-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723020125/http://www.asiwajubolatinubu.net/about/index.html |archive-date=2011-07-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E17">{{cite web |language=en |title=How I made my first million dollars in America - Bola Tinubu reveals |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/africa/How-I-made-my-first-million-dollars-in-America-Bola-Tinubu-reveals-1573562 |website=GhanaWeb |date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2023-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117014343/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/africa/How-I-made-my-first-million-dollars-in-America-Bola-Tinubu-reveals-1573562 |archive-date=2022-11-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yimukiye i Londres, aho yakoreye Mobil Oil UK, hanyuma mu myaka ya 1980 aba umuyobozi mukuru akaba n'umubitsi muri Mobil Producing Nigeria <ref name="E20">{{cite web |author=Barnaby Phillips |title=Lagos hopes for change |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/281895.stm |website=BBC News |date=1999-02-20 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |language=en |title=My education, career at Deloitte, Mobil, others - Tinubu |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2022/06/30/my-education-career-at-deloitte-mobil-others-tinubu/ |website=P.M. News |access-date=2024-12-23}}</ref>. Yaje kureka ako kazi kugira ngo yinjire muri politiki byuzuye <ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |author=Olatunji Ololade |title=Tinubu: President-elect against all odds |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/tinubu-president-elect-against-all-odds/ |website=The Nation |date=2023-03-03 |access-date=2024-12-23}}</ref>. == Intangiriro y'umwuga wa politiki == Tinubu yatangiye politiki mu 1991, yinjira mu Ishyaka rya Demokarasi Gisosiyalisiti (SDP), anashyigikira kandidatire ya Moshood Abiola <ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tinubu's house of war |url=https://www.thecable.ng/tinubus-house-of-war |website=TheCable |date=2022-01-26 |access-date=2022-02-24}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |author=The Nation |title=Tinubu, June 12 and NADECO |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/tinubu-june-12-and-nadeco/ |website=The Nation |date=2023-06-12 |access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>. Mu 1992, yatorewe kuba senateri uhagarariye Lagos y'Iburengerazuba; muri Sena, yayoboye komisiyo ishinzwe amabanki, imari n'ingengo y'imari <ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=YORUBA LEADERSHIP: THE CAP AND THE SHOES FIT ASIWAJU BOLA TINUBU |url=http://nigeriaworld.com/feature/publication/ajiboye/050408.html |website=NigeriaWorld |date=2008-05-04 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref>. Nyuma y'iseswa ry'ibyavuye mu matora ya perezida yo ku ya 12 Kamena 1993, yabaye umwe mu bashinze ihuriro riharanira demokarasi rya National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), ryasabaga ko demokarasi igaruka kandi Abiola akemerwa nk'uwatsinze ayo matora <ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=en |author=247ureports |title=From NADECO To 2027: How Rejection Rewrote The Histories Of Tinubu, Reno Omokri, Fani-Kayode, And Bwala |url=https://247ureports.com/2026/04/from-nadeco-to-2027-how-rejection-rewrote-the-histories-of-tinubu-reno-omokri-fani-kayode-and-bwala/ |website=247 Ureports |date=2026-04-05 |access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ifatwa ry'ubutegetsi na Jenerali Sani Abacha <ref name="E26">{{cite web |author=Olagunju B. B. |title=Most Comprehensive Tinubu interview about his early life, struggles abroad, against military, governorship, others - |url=https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2021/10/17/most-comprehensive-tinubu-interview-about-his-early-life-struggles-abroad-against-military-governorship-others/ |website=The NEWS |date=2021-10-17 |access-date=2023-05-30}}</ref>, Tinubu yafashwe kenshi, arafungwa, aterwa ubwoba, bimuhatira guhunga igihugu. Yamaze mu buhungiro kuva mu 1994 kugeza mu 1998, akomeza guharanira demokarasi ari muri NADECO, agaruka nyuma y'urupfu rwa Abacha <ref name="E27">{{cite web |author=Jide Ajani |title=They labelled me military mole in NADECO for nothing – Bucknor Akerele |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/10/10/they-labelled-me-military-mole-in-nadeco-for-nothing-%E2%80%94-bucknor-akerele/ |website=Vanguard |date=2009-10-10 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref>. == Guverineri wa Leta ya Lagos (1999–2007) == Mu matora ya 1999, yatsinze amatora y'ibanze y'ishyaka Alliance for Democracy (AD) <ref name="E29">{{cite web |author=DURO ADESEKO |title=Why the military toppled Shagari |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/news/national/2008/dec/20/national-20-12-2008-02.htm |website=The Sun |date=2008-12-20 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref>, maze muri Mutarama 1999 atorerwa kuba Guverineri wa Leta ya Lagos <ref name="E30">{{cite web |author=Olusola Balogun |title=PDP's insatiable thirst |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/oct/25/powergame-25-10-2009-001.html |website=The Sun |date=2009-10-25 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref>; yatangiye imirimo ku ya 29 Gicurasi 1999. Mu 2003, yongeye gutorwa, aba guverineri wenyine wa AD wongeye gutorwa mu majyepfo y'iburengerazuba bw'igihugu, mu gihe izindi ntara zose zo muri ako karere zegukanywe n'ishyaka riri ku butegetsi rya PDP <ref name="E33">{{cite web |author=Olusola Balogun |title=One-party state: Who will stop PDP? |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/sept/06/powergame-06-09-2009-001.htm |website=The Sun |date=2009-09-06 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref>. Ku butegetsi bwe, yashimiwe guhangana n'umubyigano w'imodoka mu mihanda, kunoza ikusanywa ry'imyanda no kurwanya ibyaha by'ubugizi bwa nabi bukoranye ubuhanga, kandi yatangije imishinga minini y'ibikorwa remezo <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=en |author=Jason Burke |title=‘Godfather of Lagos’ is the man to beat in pivotal Nigerian election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/24/godfather-of-lagos-is-the-man-to-beat-in-pivotal-nigerian-election |website=The Guardian}}</ref>. Yahawe ibihembo byinshi, birimo icya guverineri mwiza muri Nijeriya mu 2000 <ref name="E32">{{cite web |author=FEMI BABAFEMI |title=New road opens up Ijegun community |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/citysun/2005/june/29/citysun-29-06-2005-002.htm |website=The Sun |date=2005-06-29 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref>. Yagiranye amakimbirane akomeye na guverinoma nkuru ya Olusegun Obasanjo, ku bijyanye n'ishyirwaho ry'inzego 37 nshya z'ibanze muri Lagos; ayo makimbirane yatumye guverinoma nkuru ifatira amafaranga yagenewe izo nzego, ariko Urukiko rw'Ikirenga ruza gutegeka ko asubizwa <ref name="E31">{{cite web |language=en |title=21 years after, Lagos Assembly to scrap 37 LCDAs created by Tinubu in major overhaul |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/10/17/21-years-after-lagos-assembly-to-scrap-37-lcdas-created-by-tinubu-in-major-overhaul/ |website=P.M. News |access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |title=Tinubu and His Lifelong Ambition |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/02/25/tinubu-and-his-lifelong-ambition/ |website=This Day |access-date=2023-05-18}}</ref>. Manda ye yarangiye ku ya 29 Gicurasi 2007, asimburwa na Babatunde Fashola, wari umuyobozi w'ibiro bye <ref name="E38">{{cite web |author=OLUSOLA BALOGUN |title=2011: South West politicians to watch |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/june/14/powergame-14-06-2009-001.htm |website=The Sun |date=2009-06-14 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref><ref name="E39">{{cite web |author=RAZAQ BAMIDELE |title=The making of Lagos AC |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/politics/2006/oct/13/politics-13-10-2006-001.htm |website=The Sun |date=2006-10-13 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref>. Nubwo atari akiri guverineri, Tinubu yakomeje kugira ijambo rikomeye muri politiki ya Lagos, cyane cyane mu guhitamo abamusimbura <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nigeria : qui sera le prochain gouverneur de Lagos ? |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/481380/politique/nigeria-qui-sera-le-prochain-gouverneur-de-lagos/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2017-10-11 |access-date=2018-07-13}}</ref>. Ni yo mpamvu akunze kwitwa « Umubyeyi wa batisimu wa Lagos » (''Godfather of Lagos'') <ref name="E158">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tinubu: The Flawed Progressive |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/0201/03/05/tinubu-the-flawed-progressive/ |website=This Day |access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref>. == Hagati ya 2007 na 2023 == Nyuma y'itsinzi ya PDP mu matora ya 2007, Tinubu yagize uruhare mu biganiro byo guhuza amashyaka atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi <ref name="E40">{{cite web |author=GOBERT EMERSON Jr., TAIWO AMODU and DURO ADESEKO |title=Mega party, mega confusion |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/politics/2009/apr/11/politics-11-04-2009-001.htm |website=The Sun |date=2009-04-11 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2013, yari umwe mu bashinze ishyaka rya All Progressives Congress (APC), ryavutse ku ihuzwa ry'amashyaka akomeye atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi <ref name="E48">{{cite web |language=en |title=Amaechi, 4 other PDP govs, nPDP join APC |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/11/amaechi-4-other-pdp-govs-npdp-join-apc/ |website=Vanguard |date=2013-11-26 |access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref><ref name="E49">{{cite web |language=en |title=Update: ACN, ANPP, APGA, CPC merge into new party, APC – Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/119162-update-acn-anpp-apga-cpc-merge-into-new-party-apc.html |website=Premium Times |date=2013-02-07 |access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref>. Mu 2014, yashyigikiye kandidatire ya Muhammadu Buhari <ref name="E50">{{cite web |language=en |title=Buhari wins APC presidential primaries |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/buhari-wins-apc-presidential-primaries/ |website=Vanguard |date=2014-12-11 |access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref>; yifuzaga kuba umukandida we ku mwanya wa visi-perezida, ariko uwo mwanya uhabwa Yemi Osinbajo, inshuti ye <ref name="E51">{{cite web |language=en |title=Buhari formally presents Osinbajo as APC presidential running mate |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/173435-breaking-buhari-formally-presents-osibanjo-apc-presidential-running-mate.html |website=Premium Times |date=2014-12-17 |access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref>. Mu 2015, Buhari yatsinze amatora, bwa mbere perezida uri ku butegetsi muri Nijeriya atsindwa n'umukandida w'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi <ref name="E52">{{cite web |language=en |title=Muhammadu Buhari's Presidential Victory in Nigeria |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/muhammadu-buharis-presidential-victory-nigeria |website=Council on Foreign Relations |access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref>. Tinubu yafatwaga nk'umuyobozi utemewe ku mugaragaro wa APC <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=en |title=Governors, Tinubu, Akande back Oshiomhole for APC chairmanship seat |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/governors-tinubu-akande-back-oshiomhole-for-apc-chairmanship-seat/ |website=The Guardian |date=2018-06-13 |access-date=2018-07-15}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tinubu reveals who made him Lagos Governor in 1999, says he's not a bastard |url=http://dailypost.ng/2018/04/04/tinubu-reveals-made-lagos-governor-1999-says-hes-not-bastard/ |website=Daily Post Nigeria |date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref>; muri Gashyantare 2018, Buhari yamushinze kuyobora komite y'ubwiyunge y'iryo shyaka, kugira ngo akemure amakimbirane yari arimo <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=en |title=The Tinubu test |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12257/The_Tinubu_test |website=Africa Confidential |date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2018-07-15}}</ref><ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=en |title=Cracks spread in APC alliance |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12337/Cracks_spread_in_APC_alliance |website=Africa Confidential |date=2018-06-01 |access-date=2018-07-15}}</ref>. === Amatora ya 2023 === Ku ya 10 Mutarama 2022, Tinubu yatangaje ko aziyamamariza umwanya wa perezida <ref name="E55">{{cite web |author=Olufemi Atoyebi |title=Tinubu: Why I believe I'll win presidency in 2023 |url=https://www.thecable.ng/tinubu-why-i-believe-ill-win-presidency-in-2023 |website=TheCable |date=2022-01-16 |access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref>. Ku ya 8 Kamena 2022, yatsinze amatora y'ibanze ya APC n'amajwi 1 271, atsinda Visi-Perezida Yemi Osinbajo na Rotimi Amaechi <ref name="E58">{{cite web |author=Hillary Essein |title=BREAKING: Bola Tinubu, Jagaban of Borgu, clinches APC presidential ticket |url=https://gazettengr.com/breaking-bola-tinubu-jagaban-of-borgu-clinches-apc-presidential-ticket/ |website=Peoples Gazette |date=2022-06-08 |access-date=2022-06-08}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Nigeria : l’ancien gouverneur de Lagos, Bola Tinubu, remporte la primaire du parti au pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/06/08/presidentielle-au-nigeria-l-ex-gouverneur-de-lagos-bola-tinubu-remporte-la-primaire-du-parti-au-pouvoir_6129404_3212.html |website=Le Monde et AFP}}</ref>. Yahisemo Kashim Shettima nk'umukandida we ku mwanya wa visi-perezida. Ku ya 1 Werurwe 2023, komisiyo y'amatora (INEC) yatangaje ko Tinubu yatsinze amatora ya perezida ku cyiciro cya mbere, n'amajwi 8 794 726 (36,6%), arusha Atiku Abubakar wa PDP (6 984 520) na Peter Obi w'Ishyaka ry'Abakozi (6 101 533) <ref name="E59">{{cite web |title=BREAKING: INEC declares Tinubu winner of presidential election |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-inec-declares-tinubu-winner-of-presidential-election/ |website=The Punch |date=March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-01}}</ref><ref name="E60">{{cite web |title=BREAKING: I'll be your servant, Tinubu promises Nigerians |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-ill-be-your-servant-tinubu-promises-nigerians/ |website=The Punch |date=March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-01}}</ref><ref name="E61">{{cite web |title=INEC declares Bola Tinubu winner of 2023 presidential election |url=https://guardian.ng/news/inec-declares-bola-tinubu-winner-of-2023-presidential-election/ |date=March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-01}}</ref><ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nigeria : Bola Tinubu succède à Buhari à la tête de la première économie d’Afrique |url=https://afrique.latribune.fr/politique/leadership/2023-03-01/nigeria-bola-tinubu-succede-a-buhari-a-la-tete-de-la-premiere-economie-d-afrique-953663.html |website=La Tribune |access-date=2023-03-05}}</ref>. Ayo matora yaranzwe n'ibirego byo kugura amajwi, gutera ubwoba abatora, ibitero ku biro by'itora n'uburiganya <ref name="E62">{{cite web |title=CDD releases preliminary report on polls, alleges voter suppression |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/cdd-releases-preliminary-report-on-polls-alleges-voter-suppression/ |website=The Nation |date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-02-28}}</ref><ref name="E63">{{cite web |author=Esther Blankson |title=#NigeriaElections2023: NHRC releases malpractices, vote-buying statistics |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-nhrc-releases-malpractices-vote-buying-statistics/ |website=The Punch |date=2023-02-28 |access-date=2023-02-28}}</ref>. Abakandida batatu bakomeye batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi banze ibyavuye mu matora, basaba ko asubirwamo <ref name="E69">{{cite web |title=2023 elections: EU faults INEC, says process distorted, lacks transparency |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/2023-elections-eu-faults-inec-says-process-distorted-lacks-transparency/ |website=Vanguard |date=2023-02-27 |access-date=2023-02-28}}</ref><ref name="E73">{{cite web |author=Ishola Oludare |title=Full text of Obasanjo's message on 2023 presidential election |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/27/full-text-of-obasanjos-message-on-2023-presidential-election/ |website=Daily Post |date=2023-02-27 |access-date=2023-02-28}}</ref><ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Liza Fabbian, Moïse Gomis et Amélie Tulet |title=Présidentielle au Nigeria: Bola Tinubu déclaré vainqueur par la Commission électorale |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230301-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-au-nigeria-bola-tinubu-obtient-le-plus-grand-nombre-de-voix |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Nijeriya == Tinubu yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Nijeriya ku ya 29 Gicurasi 2023 ku kibuga cya Eagle Square i Abuja, mu muhango witabiriwe n'abakuru b'ibihugu benshi <ref name="E83">{{cite web |language=en |author=Tope Alabi |title=FULL LIST: FG releases timetable for Tinubu, Shettima swearing-in |url=https://punchng.com/full-list-fg-releases-timetable-for-tinubu-shettima-swearing-in/ |website=The Punch |date=2023-05-19 |access-date=2023-05-29}}</ref><ref name="E85">{{cite web |title=World leaders, others attend Tinubu's inauguration today |url=https://dailytrust.com/world-leaders-others-attend-tinubus-inauguration-today/ |website=Daily Trust |date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-05-29}}</ref>. Ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2023, yatorewe kuyobora Umuryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO) <ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique Nigéria Le président nigérian, Bola Tinubu, choisi pour diriger la Cedeao |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/07/10/le-president-nigerian-bola-tinubu-choisi-pour-diriger-la-cedeao_6181246_3212.html |website=Le Monde avec AFP}}</ref>. === Amavugurura y'ubukungu === Mu ijambo yavuze arahira, Tinubu yatangaje ivanwaho ry'inkunga leta yatangaga ku bikomoka kuri peteroli <ref name="E87">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bakare Majeed |title=Fuel Subsidy is gone — Tinubu declares |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/601239-fuel-subsidy-is-gone-tinubu-declares.html |website=Premium Times |date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>. Ibyo byateje izamuka rikabije ry'ibiciro bya lisansi, maze ihuriro ry'abakozi (NLC) rihamagarira imyigaragambyo, nyuma iza guhagarikwa kubera ibiganiro na guverinoma <ref name="E88">{{cite web |language=en |author=Dennis Erezi |title=Nigeria's petrol subsidy removal takes effect as fuel price jumps over N500 |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigerias-petrol-subsidy-removal-takes-effect-as-fuel-price-jumps-over-n500/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |date=2023-05-31 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref><ref name="E89">{{cite web |language=en |author=Felix Onuah |title=Nigeria's main union to suspend strike over petrol subsidy |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigeria-court-stops-labour-unions-strike-over-petrol-subsidy-2023-06-05/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-06-05 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>. Iyo nkunga yatwaraga leta hafi miliyari 10 z'amadolari ku mwaka, kandi ivanwaho ryayo ryashimwe na Banki y'Isi <ref name="E90">{{cite web |language=en |title=World Bank affirms that Tinubu's economic reforms could save Nigeria N3.9 trillion ($5.10 billion) this year |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/world-bank-affirms-that-tinubus-economic-reforms-could-save-nigeria-n39-trillion/8tm2q82 |website=Business Insider Africa |date=2023-06-27 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref><ref name="E91">{{cite web |language=en |title=Nigerian petrol prices reach record high after subsidy removal |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/18/nigerian-petrol-prices-reach-record-high-after-subsidy-removal |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref>. Ku ya 9 Kamena 2023, yahagaritse ku mirimo Godwin Emefiele, guverineri wa Banki Nkuru ya Nijeriya, wahise afatwa na polisi y'ubutasi <ref name="E92">{{cite web |language=en |author=Ayodeji Adegboyega |title=UPDATED: Tinubu suspends Emefiele as CBN Governor |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/business-news/603540-updated-tinubu-suspends-emefiele-as-cbn-governor.html |website=Premium Times |date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref><ref name="E94">{{cite web |language=en |author=Macdonald Dzirutwe |title=Nigeria's security agency detains suspended central bank governor |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerias-security-agency-detains-suspended-central-bank-governor-statement-2023-06-10/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-06-10 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>. Nyuma y'iminsi itanu, banki nkuru yakuyeho imbogamizi ku ivunjisha, bituma ifaranga rya ''naira'' rigera ku gaciro karyo kari hasi kurusha ibindi byose <ref name="E101">{{cite web |language=en |author=Chijioke Ohuocha |title=Nigeria allows naira to drop more than 36% on official market |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/nigeria-allows-naira-drop-more-than-36-official-market-2023-06-14/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-06-14 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>. Amavugurura ye y'ubukungu, akunze kwitwa ''Tinubunomics'', afatwa nk'akomeye kurusha ayabayeho kuva demokarasi yagaruka <ref name="E103">{{cite web |language=en |title=The return of SAP |url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-return-of-sap |website=TheCable |date=2023-06-21 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref><ref name="E152">{{cite web |language=en |title=A Comparative Analysis Of Tinubunomics Reforms And IMF Conditionalities For Loan (1) |url=https://independent.ng/a-comparative-analysis-of-tinubunomics-reforms-and-imf-conditionalities-for-loan-1/ |website=Independent |date=2023-06-27 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>. === Umutekano n'ubuyobozi === Ku ya 19 Kamena 2023, yagize Nuhu Ribadu Umujyanama mu by'Umutekano w'Igihugu, maze asimbuza abayobozi bakuru b'ingabo zose n'inzego z'umutekano <ref name="E113">{{cite web |language=en |title=Nuhu Ribadu: Profile of new National Security Adviser |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/605501-nuhu-ribadu-profile-of-new-national-security-adviser.html |website=Premium Times |date=2023-06-19 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref><ref name="E115">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tinubu sacks military chiefs, IGP, Customs boss, names replacements with Ribadu as NSA |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/605484-breaking-tinubu-sacks-military-chiefs-igp-customs-boss-names-replacements-with-ribadu-as-nsa.html |website=Premium Times |date=2023-06-19 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>. Uwo munsi kandi, yasheshe inama z'ubuyobozi z'ibigo byose bya leta <ref name="E120">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tinubu dissolves boards of all MDAs |url=https://dailytrust.com/breaking-tinubu-dissolves-boards-of-all-mdas/ |website=Daily Trust |date=2023-06-19 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>. Mu mpera za Nzeri 2025, ubutasi bwa gisirikare bwavumbuye umugambi wo guhirika ubutegetsi bwe; abasirikare 16 barafashwe, kandi umutambagiro wa gisirikare w'umunsi w'ubwigenge wo ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2025 urasubikwa <ref name="E124">{{cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Nigerian Defence Intelligence Detains Brigadier-General, Other Officers Over Alleged Coup Plot To Overthrow President Tinubu - Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/18/exclusive-nigerian-defence-intelligence-detains-brigadier-general-other-officers-over |website=saharareporters.com |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref><ref name="E127">{{cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Nigerian Defence Intelligence Detains Brigadier-General, Other Officers Over Alleged Coup Plot To Overthrow President Tinubu - Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/18/exclusive-nigerian-defence-intelligence-detains-brigadier-general-other-officers-over |website=saharareporters.com |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref><ref name="E128">{{cite web |language=en |author=Yakubu Mohammed |title=Nigerian military begins probe of officers detained for alleged coup plot |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/828881-nigerian-military-begins-probe-of-officers-detained-for-alleged-coup-plot.html |website=Premium Times |date=2025-10-18 |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref>. Igisirikare cyabanje guhakana ayo makuru, kivuga ko ifatwa ryabo ryari irya disipulini <ref name="E129">{{cite web |language=en |title=Nigeria denies officers arrested over coup plot |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20251018-nigeria-denies-officers-arrested-over-coup-plot |website=France 24 |date=2025-10-18 |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Ukwakira 2025, Tinubu yasimbuje abayobozi bakuru b'ingabo <ref name="E136">{{cite web |language=en |author=Yakubu Mohammed |title=UPDATED: Weeks after alleged coup plot, Tinubu changes military chiefs |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/830467-updated-weeks-after-alleged-coup-plot-tinubu-changes-military-chiefs.html |website=Premium Times |date=2025-10-24 |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref>. Mu Ugushyingo 2025, Perezida Donald Trump wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika yashinje Nijeriya kunanirwa kurinda Abakristo ihohoterwa, ategeka ingabo z'Amerika kwitegura ibikorwa bya gisirikare muri icyo gihugu <ref name="E137">{{cite web |language=en |title=Trump threatens to go into Nigeria 'guns-a-blazing' over attacks on Christians |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/nov/01/trump-nigeria-christian-persecution |website=The Guardian |date=2025-11-01 |access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref><ref name="E138">{{cite web |language=en |title=Trump threatens military action in Nigeria over Christian persecution claims |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/11/01/g-s1-96215/trump-nigeria-christian-persecution-claims |website=NPR |date=2025-11-01 |access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref>. Tinubu yahakanye ibyo birego, avuga ko guverinoma ye irinda abaturage bose hatitawe ku idini <ref name="E141">{{cite web |title=Trump threatens US military action in Nigeria over treatment of Christians |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/trump-says-christians-face-existential-threat-nigeria-adds-country-watch-list-2025-10-31/ |website=Reuters}}</ref>. Ku ya 25 Ukuboza 2025, ku busabe bwa guverinoma ya Nijeriya, Amerika yagabye igitero ku mutwe wa Leta ya Kisilamu (''État islamique'') mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'igihugu <ref name="E142">{{cite web |title=US launches strike against Islamic State militants in northwest Nigeria |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-launches-strikes-against-islamic-state-militants-northwest-nigeria-trump-says-2025-12-25/ |date=2025-12-25}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga nka perezida rwabaye i Paris, mu [[Ubufaransa]], muri Kamena 2023, yitabiriye inama mpuzamahanga ku bijyanye n'imari <ref name="E143">{{cite web |language=en |title=The Paris visit and President Tinubu's new allies |url=https://dailytrust.com/the-paris-visit-and-president-tinubus-new-allies/ |website=Daily Trust |date=2023-06-26 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2023, nyuma ya kudeta yabereye muri [[Nigeri]], yashyigikiye igitekerezo cy'ubutabazi bwa gisirikare, maze abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi barabinenga <ref name="E145">{{cite web |language=en |title=Nigeria's President Tinubu faces backlash over military intervention in Niger |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66430113 |website=BBC News |date=2023-08-07 |access-date=2023-08-17}}</ref><ref name="E146">{{cite web |author=Aanu Adeoye |title=Nigerian threats to Niger junta undone by fierce domestic opposition |url=https://www.ft.com/content/45737ce5-1adb-4c57-bba1-e63713265e6a |website=Financial Times |date=2023-08-10 |access-date=2023-08-17}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2025, yemereye ingabo za Nijeriya gutabara [[Bene]], nyuma y'igerageza rya kudeta ryibasiye Perezida Patrice Talon <ref name="E147">{{cite web |title=Benin's foiled coup: How it unfolded and what we know |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/8/benins-foiled-coup-how-it-unfolded-and-what-we-know |website=Al Jazeera |date=2025-12-08}}</ref>. === Amatora ya 2027 === Ku ya 22 Gicurasi 2025, ishyaka rya APC ryamutanze nk'umukandida waryo mu matora ya perezida ya 2027 <ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nigeria : Tinubu obtient le soutien de son parti pour la présidentielle 2027 |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2025/05/23/nigeria-tinubu-obtient-le-soutien-de-son-parti-pour-la-presidentielle-2027/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-05-23}}</ref>. Komisiyo y'amatora (INEC) yemeje kandidatire ye, hamwe na Kashim Shettima nk'umukandida ku mwanya wa visi-perezida <ref name="E149">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nosakhale Akhimien |title=INEC Publishes Final List Of Presidential Candidates For 2027 Election [FULL LIST] |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/09/12/inec-publishes-final-list-of-presidential-candidates-for-2027-election/ |website=Channels Television |date=2026-09-12 |access-date=2026-09-17}}</ref>. == Ibirego bya ruswa == Mu 1993, leta y'Amerika yafatiriye amafaranga yari kuri konti ze muri Amerika, ivuga ko hari impamvu zifatika zo gukeka ko akomoka ku icuruzwa rya heroyine; Tinubu yumvikanye na leta y'Amerika, yemera gutakaza amadolari agera ku 460 000 <ref name="E164">{{cite web |author=William Clowes |title=Graft Allegations Dog Nigeria's Main Presidential Hopefuls |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-22/presidential-hopefuls-in-nigeria-can-t-shake-graft-allegations |website=Bloomberg News |date=2022-06-22 |access-date=2022-06-23}}</ref><ref name="E165">{{cite web |author=Nduka Orjinmo |title=Bola Tinubu - the 'godfather' who is Nigeria's president-elect |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61732548 |website=BBC News |date=2022-06-08 |access-date=2023-03-29}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2007, guverinoma nkuru yamujyanye imbere y'urukiko rushinzwe imyitwarire y'abayobozi (''Code of Conduct Tribunal''), imushinja gukoresha konti 16 zo mu mahanga mu buryo butemewe <ref name="E167">{{cite web |author=Ise-Oluwa Ige |title=FG Drags Tinubu to Conduct Tribunal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200704250041.html |website=Vanguard |date=2007-04-25 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref><ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=en |title=Bola Tinubu's Looting Of Lagos exposed |url=http://www.newsofthepeople-ng.com/bola-tinubus-looting-of-lagos-exposed/ |website=News of the People |date=2012-12-18 |access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref>; urubanza rwaje guteshwa agaciro ku mpamvu za tekiniki <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=en |author=Ise-Oluwa Ige |title=FG Drags Tinubu to Conduct Tribunal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200704250041.html |website=Vanguard}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2009, komisiyo ishinzwe kurwanya ibyaha by'ubukungu (EFCC) yamuhanaguyeho ibyaha byo kunyereza umutungo no kwezwa kw'amafaranga <ref name="E168">{{cite web |author=Atika Balal |title=Vmobile Sale – Ibori, Tinubu, Attah Cleared of Money Laundering |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200909110535.html |website=Daily Trust |date=2009-09-11 |access-date=2009-12-24}}</ref><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Nigeria: Vmobile Sale - Ibori, Tinubu, Attah Cleared of Money Laundering |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200909110535.html}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Tinubu ni Umuyisilamu <ref name="E177">{{cite web |title=Would-be successors to the ailing Nigerian president are circling |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21725289-muhammadu-buhari-has-been-absent-london-clinic-months-would-be-successors |website=The Economist |date=2017-07-20 |access-date=2017-07-21}}</ref>. Mu 1987, yashakanye na Oluremi Tinubu, wahoze ari senateri uhagarariye Lagos yo Hagati <ref name="E172">{{cite web |title=Senator Oluremi Tinubu: The Change that was Expected is not the Change that is being Experienced Now – BellaNaija |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2016/01/senator-oluremi-tinubu-the-change-that-was-expected-is-not-the-change-that-is-being-experienced-now/ |website=www.bellanaija.com |date=2016-01-26 |access-date=2017-09-24}}</ref><ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Kareemot Salami |title=Oluremi Tinubu: Nigeria first lady biography |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c729w8e921go |date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2023-06-04}}</ref>; bafitanye abana batatu. Afite kandi abandi bana batatu yabyaye mbere <ref name="E174">{{cite web |author=Golden Madu |title=Full details of Bola Tinubu's marriage, wife and children |url=https://dnbstories.com/2022/05/full-details-of-bola-tinubus-marriage-wife-children.html |website=DNB Africa |date=2022-05-25 |access-date=2023-03-05}}</ref>; umwe muri bo, Jide Tinubu, yapfiriye i Londres ku ya 31 Ukwakira 2017 <ref name="E176">{{cite web |title=My son, Jide died of cardiac arrest – Bola Tinubu |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/11/son-died-cardiac-arrest-bola-tinubu/ |website=Vanguard |date=2017-11-03 |access-date=2018-02-02}}</ref>. Afite amazina abiri y'icyubahiro gakondo: ''Asiwaju'' wa Lagos na ''Jagaba'' wa Borgu <ref name="E177" />. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Nijeriya]] n7itzrrk58cdy3x6lqg4ahem0tm32yj 0 23212 140749 140691 2026-10-05T02:56:49Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Carlos Vila Nova | image = WSIS FORUM 2015 Day 2 - Carlos Vila Nova (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Carlos Vila Nova mu 2015 | birth_date = 27 Nyakanga 1959 | birth_place = Neves, [[Sawo Tome na Purensipe]] | nationality = Umunyasawotome | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Oran | occupation = Injeniyeri, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Sawo Tome na Purensipe]] | term = Kuva ku ya 2 Ukwakira 2021 | predecessor = Evaristo Carvalho | party = Action démocratique indépendante (ADI) | spouse = Maria de Fátima Afonso Vila Nova | children = 2 }} '''Carlos Manuel Vila Nova''' (yavutse ku ya 27 Nyakanga 1959 i Neves) ni injeniyeri akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa [[Sawo Tome na Purensipe]], Perezida wa gatanu w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 2 Ukwakira 2021. Mbere yo kwinjira muri politiki, yamaze imyaka myinshi mu rwego rw'amahoteli n'ubukerarugendo. Yabaye Minisitiri w'Imirimo ya Leta (2010–2012) na Minisitiri w'Ibikorwa Remezo, Umutungo Kamere n'Ibidukikije (2014–2018) muri guverinoma za Minisitiri w'Intebe Patrice Trovoada. Yatowe ari umukandida w'ishyaka rya Action démocratique indépendante (ADI) mu 2021, maze yongera gutorwa mu 2026. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Carlos Manuel Vila Nova yavutse ku ya 27 Nyakanga 1959 <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Carlos Manuel Vila Nova |url=https://presidencia.st/biografia.html |website=Presidência da República |access-date=2022-04-03}}</ref><ref name="E1">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Biografia Carlos Manuel Vila Nova |url=https://presidencia.st/biografia.html |website=presidencia.st |access-date=2022-06-17}}</ref> i Neves, umujyi uri mu karere ka Lembá, ku nkombe y'amajyaruguru y'ikirwa cya São Tomé <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=pt |author=Abel Veiga |title="Eu Garanto" - Mas, quem é Carlos Vila Nova? |url=https://www.telanon.info/politica/eleicoes-presidenciais/2021/08/26/35041/eu-garanto-mas-quem-e-carlos-vila-nova/ |website=Téla Nón |date=2021-08-26 |access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref>. Mu 1985, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ubunyeniyeri mu itumanaho muri Kaminuza ya Oran, muri [[Aligeriya]]. Agarutse mu gihugu, yayoboye ishami ry'ikoranabuhanga mu kigo cya leta gishinzwe ibarurishamibare <ref name="F2" />. == Umwuga mu bukerarugendo == Mu 1988, yavuye mu kazi ka leta, aba umuyobozi ushinzwe ubucuruzi muri Hotel Miramar, yari hoteli yonyine mu gihugu icyo gihe. Mu 1992, yagizwe umuyobozi w'iyo hoteli, hanyuma mu 1997 aba umuyobozi wa Hotel Pousada Boa Vista. Yashinze kandi ikigo cy'ingendo cyitwa Mistral Voyages. Yakomeje gukora mu bukerarugendo kugeza yinjiye muri politiki mu 2010 <ref name="F2" /><ref name="E2">{{cite web |language=pt |author=Abel Veiga |title="Eu Garanto" – Mas, quem é Carlos Vila Nova? |url=https://www.telanon.info/politica/eleicoes-presidenciais/2021/08/26/35041/eu-garanto-mas-quem-e-carlos-vila-nova/ |website=Téla Nón |date=2021-08-26 |access-date=2021-09-04}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa politiki == Nyuma y'itsinzi ya ADI mu matora y'abadepite yo mu 2010, Minisitiri w'Intebe Patrice Trovoada yamugize Minisitiri w'Imirimo ya Leta n'Umutungo Kamere muri guverinoma ya 14 ishingiye ku Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="F2" /><ref name="E3">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Novo Governo tomou posse em São Tomé |url=http://www.dn.pt/inicio/globo/interior.aspx?content_id=1641505&seccao=CPLP |website=Diário de Notícias |date=2010-08-10 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113308/http://www.dn.pt/inicio/globo/interior.aspx?content_id=1641505&seccao=CPLP |archive-date=2014-08-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Guverinoma yatakaje icyizere cy'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko mu 2012 <ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Novo Governo de STP já foi empossado |url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/novo-governo-de-stp-j%C3%A1-foi-empossado/a-16446610 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2021-09-04}}</ref>. Ubwo ADI yongeraga kubona ubwiganze busesuye mu matora ya 2014, Vila Nova yagizwe Minisitiri w'Ibikorwa Remezo, Umutungo Kamere n'Ibidukikije <ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Sao Tome prepares legislation to regulate distribution and marketing of fuels |url=http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2016/12/07/sao-tome-prepares-legislation-to-regulate-distribution-and-marketing-of-fuels |website=Macauhub English |date=2016-12-07 |access-date=2016-12-07}}</ref>, umwanya yagumyeho kugeza ADI itsinzwe amatora ya 2018. Muri ayo matora, yatorewe kuba umudepite mu karere ka Água Grande <ref name="F2" /><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=pt |author=Ricardo Neto |title=Os 55 novos deputados são-tomenses serão empossados no dia 22 de Novembro |url=http://www.stp-press.st/2018/10/24/os-55-novos-deputados-sao-tomenses-serao-empossados-no-dia-22-novembro/ |website=STP-Press |date=2018-10-24 |access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name="E2" />. == Perezida wa Sawo Tome na Purensipe == === Amatora ya 2021 === Mu matora ya perezida ya 2021, Perezida Evaristo Carvalho wari ku butegetsi, na we wo muri ADI, ntiyongeye kwiyamamaza, maze iryo shyaka ritanga Vila Nova nk'umukandida waryo <ref name="E6">{{cite web |language=pt |author=Abel Veiga |title=Carlos Vila Nova é o candidato da ADI às eleições presidenciais |url=https://www.telanon.info/politica/2021/04/09/34006/carlos-vila-nova-e-o-candidato-da-adi-as-eleicoes-presidenciais/ |website=Téla Nón |date=2021-04-09 |access-date=2021-04-15}}</ref>. Yagize amajwi 39% ku cyiciro cya mbere <ref name="F2" />, hanyuma atsinda icyiciro cya kabiri n'amajwi agera kuri 57–58%, imbere ya Guilherme Posser da Costa w'ishyaka MLSTP-PSD <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Carlos Vila Nova élu président de Sao Tomé-et-Principe |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/carlos-vila-nova-%C3%A9lu-pr%C3%A9sident-de-sao-tom%C3%A9-et-principe/6214128.html |website=VOA Afrique |date=2021-09-06 |access-date=2021-09-08}}</ref><ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Tribunal Constitucional confirma Carlos Vila Nova como Presidente de São Tomé e Príncipe |url=https://africa21digital.com/2021/09/14/tribunal-constitucional-confirma-carlos-vila-nova-como-presidente-de-sao-tome-e-principe/ |website=África 21 Digital |date=2021-09-14 |access-date=2021-09-16}}</ref>. Ku ya 14 Nzeri 2021, urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwemeje ko ari we perezida watowe <ref name="E7" />, maze arahira ku ya 2 Ukwakira 2021 <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Quem é Carlos Vila Nova o novo Presidente de São Tomé e Príncipe? |url=https://www.telanon.info/politica/2021/10/02/35312/quem-e-carlos-vila-nova-o-novo-presidente-de-sao-tome-e-principe/ |website=Téla Nón |date=2021-10-02 |access-date=2021-10-02}}</ref>. === Amakimbirane na Trovoada === Ku ya 6 Mutarama 2025, Vila Nova yirukanye Minisitiri w'Intebe Patrice Trovoada na guverinoma ye, avuga ko Trovoada yamaraga igihe kirekire adahari kandi guverinoma ye ikananirwa gukemura ibibazo byinshi <ref name="E8">{{cite web |language=en |title=São Tomé and Príncipe: President fires Prime Minister and government |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/01/06/sao-tome-and-principe-president-dismisses-government-by-decree/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-01-07 |access-date=2025-01-07}}</ref>. Trovoada yavuze ko iryo yirukanwa ritemewe n'amategeko kandi rinyuranyije n'Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="E9">{{cite web |language=en |title=São Tomé and Príncipe : Ousted Prime Minister Takes Legal Action [Interview] |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/01/09/sao-tome-and-principe-ousted-prime-minister-takes-legal-action-interview/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-01-09 |access-date=2025-01-09}}</ref>. Vila Nova yabanje gushyiraho Minisitiri w'Ubutabera, Ilza Amado Vaz, nka Minisitiri w'Intebe, ariko ahita yegura. Hanyuma yashyizeho Américo Ramos, utaremejwe na ADI, bituma anengwa kwirengagiza ubwiganze bw'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko <ref name="E10">{{cite web |language=en |title=São Tomé and Príncipe gets its third prime minister in a week |url=https://macaonews.org/news/lusofonia/sao-tome-and-principe-new-prime-minister-ramos/ |website=Macao News |date=2025-01-13 |access-date=2025-04-12}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri === Mu matora ya perezida yo ku ya 19 Nyakanga 2026, Vila Nova yongeye gutorwa ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 55,94%, yiyamamaje nk'umukandida wigenga ashyigikiwe na MLSTP-PSD, atsinda Nito Abreu washyigikiwe na ADI, wagize amajwi 41,42% <ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=pt |title=Carlos Vila Nova reeleito Presidente de São Tomé e Príncipe |url=https://www.rfi.fr/pt/áfrica-lusófona/20260720-carlos-vila-nova-reeleito-presidente-de-são-tomé-e-príncipe |website=RFI |date=2026-07-20 |access-date=2026-07-20}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2026, hamwe na Minisitiri w'Intebe Américo Ramos n'itsinda ry'abashoramari mpuzamahanga Aequatoris, yatangaje umushinga wo gushinga ikigo cy'imari cya São Tomé (''São Tomé Financial Centre''), agace k'ubucuruzi kadasoreshwa kagamije gukurura ibigo mpuzamahanga bitanga serivisi <ref name="E12">{{cite web |author=José Bouças |title=Grupo internacional quer instalar zona franca em São Tomé e Príncipe |url=https://www.telanon.info/politica/2026/03/26/52343/grupo-internacional-quer-instalar-zona-franca-em-sao-tome-e-principe/ |website=Téla Nón |date=2026-03-26 |access-date=2026-04-04}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=São Tomé Financial Centre |url=https://www.saotomefinancialcentre.com/ |access-date=2026-04-04}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Vila Nova yashakanye na Maria de Fátima Afonso Vila Nova, bafitanye abakobwa babiri <ref name="E2" />. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] pp895om7mkp0zoej15av8nh7rb05bkg 0 23213 140744 140692 2026-10-05T02:13:35Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Bassirou Diomaye Faye | image = Bassirou Diomaye Faye 9 juillet 2025 Washington DC (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Bassirou Diomaye Faye i Washington, muri Nyakanga 2025 | birth_date = 25 Werurwe 1980 | birth_place = Ndiaganiao, M'bour, [[Senegali]] | nationality = Umunyasenegali | alma_mater = Kaminuza Cheikh-Anta-Diop, École nationale d'administration (ENA) ya Senegali | occupation = Umugenzuzi w'imari ya leta, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Senegali]] | term = Kuva ku ya 2 Mata 2024 | predecessor = Macky Sall | party = PASTEF (kugeza mu 2026), Kiiraay – Les Patriotes républicains (kuva mu 2026) | spouse = Marie Khone Faye, Absa Faye | children = 5 }} '''Bassirou Diomaye Diakhar Faye''' (yavutse ku ya 25 Werurwe 1980 i Ndiaganiao), uzwi cyane ku izina rya '''Diomaye''', ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Senegali]], Perezida wa gatanu w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 2 Mata 2024. Yahoze ari umugenzuzi w'imari ya leta n'umuyobozi w'ihuriro ry'abakozi, hanyuma aba umunyamabanga mukuru w'ishyaka rya PASTEF. Yafunzwe amezi agera kuri cumi n'umwe, afungurwa iminsi mike mbere y'amatora ya perezida ya 2024, aho yasimbuye Ousmane Sonko wari wangiwe kwiyamamaza. Yatsinze ayo matora ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 54,28%, aba perezida muto kurusha abandi bose mu mateka ya Senegali, n'umukandida wa mbere utavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi utsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere. Manda ye yaranzwe n'ikibazo gikomeye cy'imyenda ya leta n'amakimbirane na Minisitiri w'Intebe Sonko, uwo yaje kwirukana mu 2026. Kuva muri Nyakanga 2026, ayobora Umuryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO). == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Bassirou Diomaye Diakhar Faye <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Son Excellence Monsieur Bassirou Diomaye Diakhar Faye, nouveau Président de la République, a prêté serment |url=https://www.sec.gouv.sn/publications/actualites/son-excellence-monsieur-bassirou-diomaye-diakhar-faye-nouveau-president-de |website=sec.gouv.sn |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref> yavutse ku ya 25 Werurwe 1980 <ref name="E1">{{cite web |author=Ruth Maclean |title=Young Opposition Candidate Set to Become Senegal's President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/25/world/africa/senegal-presidential-election-results.html |website=The New York Times |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-27}}</ref> i Ndiaganiao, mu karere ka M'bour, mu ntara ya Thiès <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=De Ndiaganiao à Pastef : Qui est Bassirou Diomaye Faye ? (Portrait) |url=https://senego.com/de-ndiaganiao-a-pastef-qui-est-bassirou-diomaye-faye-portrait_1625655.html |website=Senego}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Sénégal : cinq candidats félicitent Diomaye Faye pour sa victoire, en attendant les résultats officiels |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/presidentielle-au-senegal-quatre-candidats-felicitent-diomaye-faye-pour-sa-victoire-en-attendant-les-resultats-officiels-25-03-2024-3UKGYESGKBHBPFGFI7WYFUTUBM.php |website=Le Parisien |date=2024-03-24 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>. Akomoka mu bwoko bw'Abaserere. Yakuriye mu cyaro kandi akunze kugaragaza ko yishimira inkomoko ye <ref name="E2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye : qui est le 5e président élu du Sénégal ? |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/cd18gegg961o |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2024-03-18 |access-date=2024-06-20}}</ref>. Se, Samba Faye, yari umuyoboke w'igihe kirekire w'Ishyaka rya Gisosiyalisiti rya Senegali. Sekuru yarwanye ku ruhande rw'[[Ubufaransa]] mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, nyuma afungwa n'abakoloni b'Abafaransa kubera ko yaharaniraga ishingwa ry'ishuri ryisumbuye i Ndiaganiao, ari na ryo Faye yaje kwigamo <ref name="E3">{{cite web |author=Ruth Maclean |title=From Village to Prison to Africa's Youngest Elected President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/28/world/africa/senegal-faye-president-home.html |website=The New York Times |date=2024-04-12 |access-date=2024-04-12}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza mu mudugudu w'iwabo, ayisumbuye i M'Bour <ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mouhamed Abdallah Ly |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye: from prison runner-up to president of Senegal |url=http://theconversation.com/bassirou-diomaye-faye-from-prison-runner-up-to-president-of-senegal-226757 |website=The Conversation |date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2024-03-30}}</ref>, abona impamyabumenyi y'amashuri yisumbuye mu 2000. Yize amategeko muri Kaminuza Cheikh-Anta-Diop i Dakar, abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master''), hanyuma mu 2004 yinjira mu ishuri rikuru ry'ubuyobozi (ENA) rya Senegali <ref name="F3" /><ref name="E36">{{cite web |language=en |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye: what's Senegal opposition contender about? |url=https://apanews.net/bassirou-diomaye-faye-what-is-senegals-opposition-contender-about/ |website=African Press Agency |date=2024-03-11 |access-date=2024-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327015153/https://apanews.net/bassirou-diomaye-faye-what-is-senegals-opposition-contender-about/ |archive-date=2024-03-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yabaye umugenzuzi w'imari ya leta mu ishami ry'imisoro n'ubutaka <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=en |author=Babacar Dionne |title=Senegal opposition party sponsoring new candidate Faye after court blocks jailed leader Sonko’s bid |url=https://apnews.com/article/senegal-presidential-election-sonko-macky-sall-69b534899c50768ced749c48c215e517 |website=Associated Press}}</ref>, aho yamenyaniye na Ousmane Sonko. Yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru w'ihuriro ry'abakozi b'imisoro n'ubutaka <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : Bassirou Diomaye Faye – Portrait d'un pur produit du pays a un pas de la magistrature suprême |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/202403250584.html |website=allafrica.com}}</ref><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye élu Président par un peuple qui a soif du véritable changement ! |url=https://afriquemidi.com/bassirou-diomaye-faye-elu-president-du-senegal/ |website=Afrique Midi |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |author=Coumba Kane |title=Senegal's presidential election: Bassirou Diomaye Faye, Ousmane Sonko's Plan B |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2024/03/23/senegal-presidential-election-bassirou-diomaye-faye-ousmane-sonko-s-plan-b_6647601_124.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa politiki == Faye yinjiye mu ishyaka rya Patriotes africains du Sénégal pour le travail, l'éthique et la fraternité (PASTEF) kuva ryashingwa mu 2014 <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Laurent Larcher |title=Sénégal : de l’ombre à la lumière, Bassirou Diomaye Faye vainqueur de la présidentielle |url=https://www.la-croix.com/international/senegal-de-l-ombre-a-la-lumiere-bassirou-diomaye-faye-a-la-porte-du-pouvoir-20240325 |website=La Croix |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>. Mu gihe Ousmane Sonko yari umuyobozi n'isura nyamukuru y'iryo shyaka, Faye we yari umwubatsi waryo, ashinzwe ibitekerezo by'ishyaka n'imitunganyirize yaryo y'imbere <ref name="F10" />. Yagize uruhare mu gutegura gahunda ya Sonko mu matora ya perezida ya 2019, aho Sonko yabaye uwa gatatu n'amajwi hafi 16% <ref name="E5" />. Mu 2021, ubwo Sonko yafungwaga, Faye yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru wa PASTEF <ref name="E5" />. Mu matora y'inzego z'ibanze ya 2022, yiyamamarije kuyobora komine ya Ndiaganiao, ariko atsindwa na Tening Sène wo mu ishyaka rya Perezida Macky Sall <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Locales 2022 : Investi candidat à la mairie de Ndiaganiao, Bassirou Diomaye Faye sort du silence |url=https://www.senenews.com/actualites/locales-2022-investi-candidat-a-la-mairie-de-ndiaganiao-bassirou-diomaye-faye-sort-du-silence_370175.html |website=senenews.com |date=2021-05-10 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=[Profil] Maire élue de Ndiaganiao : Dr Tening Sène, la Lionne" qui a cassé l'argument machiste "djiguène dou fi djité’’ |url=https://www.seneweb.com/news/Politique/maire-elue-de-ndiaganiao-dr-tening-sene-_n_370759.html |website=senenews.com |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>. === Ifungwa n'irekurwa === Ku ya 14 Mata 2023, Faye yafatiwe i Dakar, akurikiranyweho « gukwirakwiza amakuru y'ibihuha, gusuzugura abacamanza no gusebya urwego rwa leta », nyuma y'ubutumwa yanditse ku mbuga nkoranyambaga anenga abacamanza bari bihutiye kuburanisha Sonko mu bujurire <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Théa Ollivier |title=Sénégal : le bras droit de l’opposant Ousmane Sonko arrêté et placé en garde à vue |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230415-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-bras-droit-d-ousmane-sonko-arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9-et-plac%C3%A9-en-garde-%C3%A0-vue |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref><ref name="E5" />. Nyuma yaho, yongerewe ibindi byaha birimo « gushishikariza abantu kwigomeka », bituma afungwa igihe kitazwi <ref name="E5" />. Muri Gashyantare 2024, Perezida Macky Sall yagerageje gusubika amatora, ariko ibyo byateje imyigaragambyo ikomeye, maze Inama y'Itegeko Nshinga iburizamo iryo subikwa <ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=en |author=James Gregory |title=Senegal election: Opposition supporters march in Dakar calling for swift vote |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68326782 |website=BBC |date=2024-02-17 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Guverinoma yashyikirije Inteko itegeko ry'imbabazi rusange, ryatumye abantu babarirwa mu magana bafunzwe kubera politiki barekurwa <ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, Ousmane Sonko vers une amnistie partielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/05/au-senegal-ousmane-sonko-vers-une-amnistie-partielle_6220177_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-03-05 |access-date=2024-03-06}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |language=en |title=Senegal's Macky Sall proposes amnesty bill to calm election-linked turmoil |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240227-senegal-leader-macky-sall-announces-amnesty-bill-to-end-election-linked-turmoil |website=France 24 |date=2024-02-27 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=en |author=Clarisse Fortuné |title=Eye on Africa – Senegal justice ministry says over 300 prisoners released in a week |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/eye-on-africa/20240222-senegal-justice-ministry-says-over-300-prisoners-released-in-a-week |website=France 24 |date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Iryo tegeko ryanenzwe na bamwe kuko ryahaga imbabazi n'abagize uruhare mu guhohotera abigaragambyaga hagati ya 2021 na 2024 <ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Léa-Lisa Westerhoff |title=Sénégal : l'Assemblée nationale adopte une loi d'amnistie en pleine crise politique |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240306-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-l-assembl%C3%A9e-nationale-adopte-une-loi-d-amnistie-en-pleine-crise-politique |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Faye na Sonko barekuwe muri Werurwe 2024, iminsi mike mbere y'amatora <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Aminata Sarr |title=Justice Ousmane Sonko et Bassirou Diomaye Faye sont libres |url=https://www.seneweb.com/news/Justice/ousmane-sonko-et-bassirou-diomaye-faye-s_n_435524.html |website=seneweb.com}}</ref><ref name="E12">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nicolas Négoce |title=Ousmane Sonko and Bassirou Diomaye Faye: Senegal opposition leaders freed days before election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68562465 |website=BBC News |date=2024-03-15 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. === Amatora ya perezida ya 2024 === Mu Ugushyingo 2023, kubera ko bitari bizwi niba Sonko azemererwa kwiyamamaza, PASTEF yatanze Faye nk'umukandida waryo nubwo yari afunzwe <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : le Pastef désigne Diomaye Faye candidat à la présidentielle à la place d'Ousmane Sonko |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20231119-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-le-pastef-d%C3%A9signe-diomaye-faye-candidat-%C3%A0-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-%C3%A0-la-place-d-ousmane-sonko |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Ku ya 20 Mutarama 2024, Inama y'Itegeko Nshinga yasohoye urutonde rwa nyuma rw'abakandida, Sonko atarimo; ariko kandidatire ya Faye yemejwe kuko atari yarigeze akatirwa <ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Laureline Savoye |title=Vidéo. Sénégal : quel candidat représentera Ousmane Sonko à la présidentielle ? |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/video/2024/01/24/senegal-quel-candidat-representera-ousmane-sonko-a-la-presidentielle_6212765_3212.html |website=Le Monde |access-date=2024-01-25}}</ref><ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ousmane Sonko chooses Bassirou Diomaye Faye as replacement in Senegal's presidential race |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/01/30/ousmane-sonko-chooses-bassirou-diomaye-faye-as-replacement-in-senegals-presidential-race/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-01-30 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Sonko yahise atangaza ko amushyigikiye <ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : une vidéo attribuée à Ousmane Sonko confirme son choix pour la présidentielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/01/29/senegal-une-video-attribuee-a-ousmane-sonko-confirme-son-choix-pour-la-presidentielle_6213648_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref>, ndetse n'uwahoze ari Perezida Abdoulaye Wade n'ishyaka rye PDS baramushyigikira <ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Senegal's ex-President Wade and party back opposition candidate Faye |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegals-ex-president-wade-party-back-opposition-candidate-faye-2024-03-22/ |website=Reuters |date=2024-03-22}}</ref>; umukandida Cheikh Tidiane Dieye na we yamuvaniyeho kandidatire ye <ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle : Cheikh Tidiane Dièye renonce à sa candidature pour se rallier à Diomaye Faye |url=https://senego.com/presidentielle-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-renonce-a-sa-candidature-pour-se-rallier-a-diomaye-faye_1654474.html |website=Senego}}</ref><ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=Presidential election in Senegal: Cheikh Tidiane Dieye calls to vote for Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1550130/politique/presidentielle-au-senegal-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-appelle-a-voter-bassirou-diomaye-faye/ |website=Jeuneafrique |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Gahunda ye yiswe « Umushinga wa Senegali yigenga, iboneye kandi itera imbere » <ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Programme de Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://diomayepresident.org/programme/ |website=diomayeprésident.org |access-date=2024-03-10}}</ref>. Yiyamamaje ari kumwe na Sonko, munsi y'intero « ''Diomaye mooy Sonko'' » (« Diomaye ni Sonko ») <ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |author=lopinion |title=Sénégal : Bassirou Diomaye Faye nomme Ousmane Sonko comme Premier ministre |url=https://www.lopinion.fr/international/senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-nomme-ousmane-sonko-comme-premier-ministre |website=l'Opinion |date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2024-04-06}}</ref><ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Senegal Elections 2024: Faye and his change mantra |url=http://www.trtafrika.com/africa/senegal-elections-2024-faye-and-his-change-mantra-17449142 |website=TRT Africa |date=2024-03-21 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>, yiyemeza guhanga imirimo, kurwanya ruswa no gusuzuma bundi bushya amasezerano yo mu rwego rw'ingufu <ref name="E18">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nimi Princewill |title=Senegal goes to the polls as country's once sturdy democracy looks shaky |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/23/africa/senegal-holds-crucial-presidential-vote-in-major-test-for-democracy-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Yanatangaje umutungo we, asaba abandi bakandida kubigenza batyo <ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Diomaye Faye: Senegal's tax inspector and former inmate headed for the presidential palace |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/03/27/diomaye-faye-senegals-tax-inspector-and-former-inmate-headed-for-the-presidential-palace/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-03-27 |access-date=2024-03-30}}</ref>. Mu matora yo ku ya 24 Werurwe 2024, Faye yatsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 54,28%. Umukandida w'ishyaka riri ku butegetsi, Amadou Ba, na Perezida Macky Sall bemeye gutsindwa bamushimira <ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mawunyo Hermann Boko |title=Présidentielle au Sénégal : Amadou Ba reconnaît sa défaite face à Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1551420/politique/presidentielle-au-senegal-amadou-ba-reconnait-sa-defaite-face-a-bassirou-diomaye-faye/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref><ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Sokhna Faty Isseu Samb |title=Macky Sall félicite Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://www.seneweb.com/news/Politique/macky-sall-felicite-bassirou-diomaye-fay_n_436660.html |website=Seneweb.com |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>. Ku myaka 44, yabaye perezida muto kurusha abandi bose watorewe kuyobora Senegali, umukandida wa mbere utavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi utsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere kuva igihugu cyabona ubwigenge mu 1960, akaba na perezida wa mbere ufite abagore barenze umwe ku mugaragaro <ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, l’opposant Bassirou Diomaye Faye proclamé président élu avec 54,28 % des voix |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/29/au-senegal-l-opposant-bassirou-diomaye-faye-proclame-president-elu-avec-54-28-des-voix_6224960_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2024-11-21}}</ref><ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=en |author=Ruth Maclean |title=Young Opposition Candidate Wins Senegal’s Presidential Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/25/world/africa/senegal-presidential-election-results.html}}</ref><ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : l’élection de Bassirou Diomaye Faye, qui a deux épouses, consacre la « tradition de la polygamie » |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/senegal-lelection-de-bassirou-diomaye-faye-qui-a-deux-epouses-consacre-la-tradition-de-la-polygamie-01-04-2024-XPKOOQCWPBC7NG345OKQ5EL4TM.php |website=leparisien.fr |date=2024-04-01 |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Senegal top court confirms Bassirou Diomaye Faye's election victory |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240329-%F0%9F%94%B4-senegal-top-court-confirms-bassirou-diomaye-faye-s-election-victory |website=France 24 |date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2024-03-30}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Senegali == === Intangiriro ya manda === Faye yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Senegali ku ya 2 Mata 2024, asimbura Macky Sall <ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye, L'ascension fulgurante d'un inspecteur des finances à la présidence du Sénégal |url=https://www.lebaobab.net/2024/03/28/bassirou-diomaye-faye-lascension-fulgurante-dun-inspecteur-des-finances-a-la-presidence-du-senegal/ |website=lebaobab.net}}</ref>, yiyemeza kurwanya ruswa no kuvugurura ubukungu <ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye sworn in as Senegal's new president after dramatic ascent |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240402-senegal-s-youngest-president-faye-to-take-office-pledging-reforms |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-04-02}}</ref>. Uwo munsi, yagize Ousmane Sonko Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, Bassirou Diomaye Faye fait son entrée au palais présidentiel et nomme Ousmane Sonko premier ministre |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/04/02/au-senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-fait-son-entree-au-palais-presidentiel_6225638_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-04-03}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Senegal president names opposition leader Ousmane Sonko as PM |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240403-senegal-president-names-opposition-leader-ousmane-sonko-as-pm |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2024-04-03}}</ref>, maze guverinoma nshya ishyirwaho ku ya 5 Mata <ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : le président Faye nomme un gouvernement "de rupture" avec de nouveaux visages |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20240406-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-le-pr%C3%A9sident-faye-nomme-un-gouvernement-de-rupture-avec-de-nouveaux-visages |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-06 |access-date=2024-04-06}}</ref>. Ku ya 3 Mata, yategetse igenzura ry'urwego rw'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, peteroli na gaze <ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=Senegal's newly elected president announces audit of oil, gas and mining sectors |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240403-senegal-s-newly-elected-president-announces-audit-of-oil-gas-and-mining-sectors |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref>. Urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga yarukoreye muri [[Moritaniya]], aho yahuriye na Perezida [[Mohamed Ould Ghazouani]] <ref name="F39">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Mauritanie, le président sénégalais effectue sa première visite à l’étranger |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/04/18/le-president-senegalais-en-mauritanie-sa-premiere-visite-a-l-etranger_6228527_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-04-18 |access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Senegal's Faye makes first foreign visit as president to Mauritania |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240418-senegal-s-faye-makes-first-foreign-visit-as-president-to-mauritania |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-25 |access-date=2024-04-25}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2024, yasuye [[Gineya]] na [[Mali]], ahura na [[Mamadi Doumbouya]] na [[Assimi Goïta]], agaragaza ubushake bwo kugarura Mali, [[Burukina Faso]] na [[Nigeri]] muri CEDEAO <ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Senegal's Faye makes first visit to military-ruled Mali and Burkina Faso |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240530-senegal-s-faye-makes-first-visit-to-military-ruled-mali-and-burkina-faso |website=France 24 |date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Ukwezi kwe kwa mbere ku butegetsi kwaranzwe no koroshya imihango ya leta, guca icyuho cyo gufata imyanya myinshi icyarimwe, no gutangaza raporo za kera ku buriganya na ruswa <ref name="F40">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Théa Ollivier |title=Au Sénégal, Bassirou Diomaye Faye impose un nouveau style présidentiel |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/05/13/au-senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-impose-un-nouveau-style-presidentiel_6232988_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-05-13 |access-date=2024-05-13}}</ref>. Ku ya 12 Nzeri 2024, mu gihe yari afitanye amakimbirane n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yari yiganjemo abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, Faye yasheshe Inteko, ategeka amatora y'abadepite yo ku ya 17 Ugushyingo 2024 <ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : le président Faye annonce la dissolution de l'Assemblée nationale, élections législatives le 17 novembre |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/senegal-le-president-faye-annonce-la-dissolution-de-l-assemblee-nationale-elections-legislatives-le-17-novembre-20240912 |website=Le Figaro |date=2024-09-12 |access-date=2024-09-13}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=en |title=Senegal's president dissolves parliament to call a snap legislative election |url=https://apnews.com/article/senegal-president-dissolves-parliament-faye-581a6f55ead32310f792c30758e40ced |website=Associated Press |date=2024-09-12 |access-date=2024-09-13}}</ref>. PASTEF yatsinze ayo matora ku bwiganze busesuye <ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, le parti au pouvoir assuré d’une large majorité à l’Assemblée nationale |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/11/18/au-senegal-le-parti-au-pouvoir-assure-d-une-large-majorite-a-l-assemblee-nationale_6401154_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-11-18 |access-date=2024-11-21}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |author=Katarina Hoije |title=Senegal's Faye Wins Parliamentary Landslide to Usher in Reforms |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-11-21/senegal-s-faye-wins-parliamentary-landslide-to-usher-in-reforms |website=Bloomberg |date=2024-11-21 |access-date=2024-11-23}}</ref>. Ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi Carnegie Endowment cyagaragaje ko ubutegetsi bwe bwasubije agaciro uburenganzira bw'ibanze bwari bwarahungabanyijwe ku butegetsi bwamubanjirije, ariko kinavuga ko itangazamakuru ryakomeje gukorerwa igitutu, harimo no gukumira bimwe mu bitangazwa (''censure'') <ref name="E26">{{cite web |author=Thomas Carothers |title=Democratic Recovery After Significant Backsliding: Emergent Lessons |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/04/democratic-recovery-after-significant-backsliding-emergent-lessons |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=2025-04-01 |access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2025, yitabiriye inama yahuje Perezida Donald Trump n'abakuru b'ibihugu bimwe bya Afurika muri White House <ref name="E32">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bart Jansen |title=Senegal's leader flatters Trump with comments about his golf skills |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/07/09/senegal-trump-golf-flattery-trade-talks/84521993007/ |website=USA TODAY |access-date=2025-07-09}}</ref>. === Ikibazo cy'imyenda ya leta === Mu mpera za 2024, guverinoma ye yashyize ahagaragara amakosa yo mu icungamari yakozwe na guverinoma yabanje, n'umwenda munini igihugu cyari gifite utari waratangajwe. Amanota y'ubushobozi bwo kwishyura ya Senegali yaramanuwe, kandi Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari (FMI) gihagarika inguzanyo yacyo <ref name="F43">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Abbas Asamaan |title=Au Sénégal, la Cour des comptes pointe les dérives financières de la présidence de Macky Sall |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/02/14/au-senegal-la-cour-des-comptes-pointe-les-derives-financieres-de-la-presidence-de-macky-sall_6546381_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref><ref name="F44">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, la Cour des comptes remet en cause des indicateurs économiques de l’ancien pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/02/13/au-senegal-la-cour-des-comptes-remet-en-cause-des-indicateurs-economiques-de-l-ancien-pouvoir_6544834_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref><ref name="F45">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Léa-Lisa Westerhoff |title=Sénégal: le FMI évoque une dette «cachée» d'environ 7 milliards de dollars entre 2019 et 2024 |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/%C3%A9conomie/20250325-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-le-fmi-%C3%A9voque-une-dette-cach%C3%A9e-d-environ-7-milliards-de-dollars-entre-2019-et-2024 |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Umwenda wa leta wongeye kubarwa, uva kuri 65% ugera kuri 111% by'umusaruro mbumbe w'igihugu, bituma Senegali iba kimwe mu bihugu bifite umwenda munini kurusha ibindi muri Afurika <ref name="F46">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Célia Cuordifede |title=Au Sénégal, le gouvernement annonce un « plan de redressement » de l’économie, sur fonds d’explosion de la dette |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/07/04/au-senegal-le-gouvernement-annonce-un-plan-de-redressement-de-l-economie-sur-fonds-d-explosion-de-la-dette_6618172_3212.html |website=www.lemonde.fr |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref><ref name="F47">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Léa-Lisa Westerhoff |title=Le Sénégal devient le pays le plus endetté d'Afrique |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250702-avec-une-dette-r%C3%A9%C3%A9valu%C3%A9e-%C3%A0-119-du-pib-pour-2024-le-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-devient-le-pays-le-plus-endett%C3%A9-d-afrique |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2025, perezida na minisitiri w'intebe batangaje gahunda yo kuzahura ubukungu n'imibereho, igamije kubona miliyari 6 000 z'amafaranga ya CFA mu myaka itatu, ahanini binyuze mu kongera imisoro no kugabanya amafaranga leta isohora <ref name="F50">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal: le gouvernement dévoile son plan national censé redresser l’économie |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250801-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-gouvernement-ousmane-sonko-bassirou-diomaye-faye-d%C3%A9voile-plan-national-redresser-%C3%A9conomie |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. === Gutandukana na Sonko === Guhera mu 2025, havutse amakimbirane hagati ya Faye na Minisitiri w'Intebe Ousmane Sonko, cyane cyane ku bijyanye n'ishyirwaho ry'abayobozi bamwe n'uburyo bwo kwishyura umwenda wa leta <ref name="F51">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, le premier ministre, Ousmane Sonko, critique ouvertement le président, Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/07/14/au-senegal-le-premier-ministre-ousmane-sonko-critique-ouvertement-le-president-bassirou-diomaye-faye_6621143_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-07-14 |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref><ref name="F52">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Des «facteurs de division» : nouvelle crise au Sénégal entre le président Faye et son premier ministre Sonko |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/des-facteurs-de-division-nouvelle-crise-au-senegal-entre-le-president-faye-et-son-premier-ministre-sonko-20251112 |website=Le Figaro |date=2025-11-12 |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref><ref name="F53">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ousmane Sonko - Bassirou Diomaye Faye : Divergences au sommet sur l'avenir de la coalition qui les a portés au pouvoir |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/c8jrn708gmro |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2025-11-13 |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref>. Ayo makimbirane yarushijeho gukara mu 2026, mu gihe cy'ikibazo cy'imari no guhangana kw'aba bombi ku matora ya perezida ataha <ref name="F54">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, l’heure de la rupture entre Bassirou Diomaye Faye et Ousmane Sonko |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/05/08/au-senegal-l-heure-de-la-rupture-entre-bassirou-diomaye-faye-et-ousmane-sonko_6687062_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-05-08 |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref><ref name="F55">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bicéphalisme au Sénégal : Bassirou Diomaye Faye et Ousmane Sonko, du duo au duel |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/politique-bicephalisme-au-senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-et-ousmane-sonko-du-duo-au-duel_237381 |website=Courrier international |date=2025-11-13 |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref>. Ku ya 22 Gicurasi 2026, Faye yirukanye Sonko ku mwanya wa Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="F56">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : le président Bassirou Diomaye Faye met fin aux fonctions du premier ministre Ousmane Sonko |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/senegal-le-president-bassirou-diomaye-faye-met-fin-aux-fonctions-du-premier-ministre-ousmane-sonko-20260523 |website=Le Figaro.fr |date=2026-05-23 |access-date=2026-05-23}}</ref><ref name="F57">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal: le président Bassirou Diomaye Faye met fin aux fonctions du Premier ministre Ousmane Sonko |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260522-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-le-pr%C3%A9sident-bassirou-diomaye-faye-met-fin-aux-fonctions-du-premier-ministre-ousmane-sonko |website=RFI |date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-23}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |author=Anait Miridzhanian |title=Senegal's ousted prime minister Sonko elected parliament speaker |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegal-parliament-elects-ousted-prime-minister-sonko-speaker-2026-05-26/ |website=Reuters |date=2026-05-26 |access-date=2026-05-27}}</ref>, amusimbuza impuguke mu by'ubukungu Ahmadou Al Aminou Lô <ref name="F58">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : l'économiste Ahmadou ‌Al Aminou Lô nommé Premier ministre |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20260525-senegal-ahmadou-al-aminou-lo-nouveau-premier-ministre-apres-le-limogeage-de-sonko-president-faye |website=France 24 |date=2026-05-25 |access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |author=Diadie Ba |title=Senegal's Faye names economist Lo as new prime minister |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegal-president-names-economist-lo-prime-minister-2026-05-25/ |website=Reuters |date=2026-05-25 |access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref>. Guverinoma nshya, yashyizweho ku ya 1 Kamena 2026, yagizwe ahanini n'abantu batari mu mashyaka n'abo mu miryango itegamiye kuri leta, nta ruhare rwa PASTEF <ref name="F59">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : même sans Sonko, le président Diomaye Faye a des chances de gouverner sans blocages |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20260602-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-m%C3%AAme-sans-sonko-le-pr%C3%A9sident-diomaye-faye-a-des-chances-de-gouverner-sans-blocages |website=France 24 |date=2026-06-02 |access-date=2026-06-03}}</ref>. Ku ya 25 Nyakanga 2026, Faye yashinze ishyaka rishya ryitwa Kiiraay – Les Patriotes républicains <ref name="F60">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : Bassirou Diomaye Faye lance Kiiraay – Les Patriotes républicains, son nouveau parti |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1827058/politique/senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-lance-kiiraay-son-nouveau-parti/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2026-07-27}}</ref>. === Umuyobozi wa CEDEAO === Ku ya 19 Nyakanga 2026, mu nama ya 69 y'abakuru b'ibihugu n'aba guverinoma yabereye i Freetown, Faye yagizwe umuyobozi wa CEDEAO, asimbura Julius Maada Bio <ref name="F61">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Abdou Kogne SALL |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye, nouveau président en exercice de la CEDEAO (officiel) |url=https://aps.sn/bassirou-diomaye-faye-nouveau-president-en-exercice-de-la-cedeao-officiel/ |date=2026-07-19 |access-date=2026-07-19}}</ref>. == Ibitekerezo bya politiki == Faye avuga ko aharanira impinduka mu miyoborere no gukunda Afurika (''panafricanisme'') bishingiye ku bitekerezo by'ibumoso, agamije gusubiza Senegali ubusugire bwayo; bamwe mu basesenguzi babona ko ibyo bigaragaza ubushake bwo kwitandukanya n'ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba, cyane cyane Ubufaransa <ref name="E19" /><ref name="E5" />. Yiyemeje kugabanya ububasha bwa perezida no kugarura umwanya wa visi-perezida <ref name="E35">{{cite web |language=en |author=Virginia Pietromarchi |title=Tax inspectors to poultry boss: Senegal's presidential candidates |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/13/tax-inspectors-to-poultry-boss-senegals-presidential-candidates |website=Al Jazeera |date=2024-03-13 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Yifuza kandi ivugurura ry'ifaranga rya CFA ku rwego rw'akarere, bitashoboka igihugu kigashyiraho ifaranga ryacyo bwite <ref name="E36" /><ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Senegal opposition leader backs off promise to create national currency |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegal-opposition-leader-backs-off-promise-create-national-currency-2024-03-15/ |website=Reuters |date=2024-03-15 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Ashyigikiye gusubiramo amasezerano ya leta n'ibigo by'ubucuruzi mu rwego rw'ingufu, ubucukuzi n'uburobyi <ref name="E35" />. == Ubuzima bwite == Faye afite abagore babiri <ref name="F62">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal: Diomaye Faye, candidat de la "rupture", va devenir président après des années de crise » |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/senegal-diomaye-faye-candidat-de-la-rupture-va-devenir-president-apres-des-annees-de-crise |website=TV5 Monde avec l'AFP |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2014-04-03}}</ref>. Umugore we wa mbere, Marie Khone Faye, ukomoka i Ndiaganiao, ni Umukristo <ref name="F63">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, le président élu Bassirou Diomaye Faye affiche sa polygamie |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/info-en-continu/20240401-situation-in%C3%A9dite-au-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-deux-premi%C3%A8res-dames-au-palais-pr%C3%A9sidentiel |website=france24.com |date=2024-04-01 |access-date=2024-04-02}}</ref><ref name="F64">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Prince Beganssou |title=Sénégal : Marie Khone et Absa, les deux épouses chrétienne et musulmane de Diomaye Faye |url=https://afriksoir.net/senegal-marie-khone-et-absa-deux-epouses-chretienne-musulmane-diomaye-faye/ |website=AFRIK SOIR |date=2024-03-26 |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref>; bafitanye umukobwa umwe n'abahungu batatu, umwe muri bo akaba yaritiriwe Ousmane Sonko <ref name="F65">{{cite web |language=en |title=Senegal's presidential election: Bassirou Diomaye Faye, Ousmane Sonko's Plan B |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2024/03/23/senegal-presidential-election-bassirou-diomaye-faye-ousmane-sonko-s-plan-b_6647601_124.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-03-28}}</ref>. Umugore we wa kabiri, Absa Faye, bashakanye mu 2023 i Keur Massar, ni Umuyisilamu; bafitanye umukobwa umwe <ref name="F66">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mohamed Cisse |title=Absa Faye : comment Diomaye est tombé sous le charme de son ancienne étudiante - Avenirguinee.org |url=https://www.avenirguinee.org/absa-faye-comment-diomaye-est-tombe-sous-le-charme-de-son-ancienne-etudiante/,%20https://www.avenirguinee.org/absa-faye-comment-diomaye-est-tombe-sous-le-charme-de-son-ancienne-etudiante/ |date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2024-04-04}}</ref><ref name="F67">{{cite web |language=fr |title=« Exclusif : Nom du bébé de Bassirou Diomaye Faye et Absa Faye, le couple présidentiel rend hommage à la maman de Ousmane Sonko » |url=https://www.maliweb.net/societe/exclusif-nom-du-bebe-de-bassirou-diomaye-faye-et-absa-faye-le-couple-presidentiel-rend-hommage-a-la-maman-de-ousmane-sonko-3092562.html |website=maliweb.net |date=2025-01-26}}</ref><ref name="F68">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye : ses deux épouses Marie Khone et Absa Faye |url=https://www.pressafrik.com/Bassirou-Diomaye-Faye-ses-deux-epouses-Marie-Khone-et-Absa-Faye_a270717.html |website=pressafrik.com |access-date=2024-03-26}}</ref>. Mu gihe cy'akaruhuko, akunda ubuhinzi mu mirima y'iwabo, kandi yandika imivugo <ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Bassirou Diomaye Diakhar Faye ? |url=https://diomayepresident.org/biographie-bassirou-diomaye-diakhar-faye/ |website=diomayepresident.org |access-date=2024-03-29}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye remporte l'élection présidentielle |url=https://www.au-senegal.com/bassirou-diomaye-faye-remporte-l-election-presidentielle,2359.html |website=au-senegal.com |date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2024-03-29}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Senegali]] krm8nfkybqhgcbtbji6w1lrpmlucqz4 0 23214 140719 140693 2026-10-04T16:00:43Z Score Beethoven 11559 Gukosora amashakiro abiri (E9, E10) 140719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Patrick Herminie | image = Patrick Herminie - President of Seychelles (cropped2).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Patrick Herminie | birth_date = 22 Nzeri 1963 | birth_place = Baie Sainte-Anne, Praslin, [[Seyishele]] | nationality = Umunyaseyishele | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Charles (Prague), Kaminuza ya Leeds | occupation = Umuganga, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Seyishele]] | term = Kuva ku ya 26 Ukwakira 2025 | predecessor = Wavel Ramkalawan | party = United Seychelles (US) | spouse = Veronique Herminie | children = 2 }} '''Patrick Herminie''' (yavutse ku ya 22 Nzeri 1963 i Baie Sainte-Anne, ku kirwa cya Praslin) ni umuganga akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa [[Seyishele]], Perezida wa gatandatu w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 26 Ukwakira 2025. Mbere yo kwinjira muri politiki byuzuye, yakoze imyaka myinshi muri Minisiteri y'Ubuzima. Yabaye umudepite kuva mu 1993, aba Perezida w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ya Seyishele kuva mu 2007 kugeza mu 2016, hanyuma ayobora ishyaka rya United Seychelles (US), ishyaka rikomeye ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, kuva mu 2021. Mu matora ya perezida ya 2025, yatsinze Perezida Wavel Ramkalawan wari ku butegetsi ku cyiciro cya kabiri. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Patrick Herminie yavutse ku ya 22 Nzeri 1963 mu bitaro bya Baie Sainte-Anne, ku kirwa cya Praslin, ikirwa cya kabiri mu bunini muri Seyishele. Ni uwa kane mu bana batanu. Nyina, Christa Herminie, yitaga ku rugo, naho se, Louis Herminie, yari umupolisi <ref name="E1">{{cite web |title=Member page on Assembly website |url=http://68.169.37.149/NAS/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=364:hon-dr-patrick-herminie-the-speaker&catid=72:proportionately-elected-members&Itemid=27 |access-date=2015-12-06}}</ref>. Nyuma y'imyaka mike, umuryango we wimukiye ku kirwa cya Mahé. Yize mu ishuri ry'abahungu rya Seychelles College, aho yanabaye kapiteni w'ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru y'abato <ref name="E1" /><ref name="E3">{{cite web |author=S Marivel |title=Big Interview with Dr. Herminie, Secretary of State Responsible for the Prevention of Drug and Rehabilitation |url=https://m.facebook.com/todayinsey/posts/1271951886175952 |website=Today in Seychelles |access-date=2017-03-06}}</ref>. Nyuma yaho, yize ubuvuzi muri Kaminuza ya Charles i Prague, muri Cekosolovakiya, abona impamyabumenyi y'ubuganga mu 1990 <ref name="E1" />. == Umwuga mu buvuzi == Agarutse muri Seyishele, Herminie yabaye umuganga mu bitaro bya Victoria mu 1990, hanyuma umuganga mukuru mu 1992. Mu 1995, yagizwe umuyobozi w'ishami ry'isuku y'ibidukikije muri Minisiteri y'Ubuzima; muri uwo mwaka, yahawe buruse ya Chevening na leta y'Ubwongereza, abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu buzima rusange muri Kaminuza ya Leeds. Mu 1996, yabaye umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe gukumira no kurwanya indwara, hanyuma mu 1998 umuyobozi mukuru w'ishami ry'ubuvuzi bw'ibanze muri Minisiteri y'Ubuzima, umwanya yagumyeho kugeza mu 2003 <ref name="E1" />. == Umwuga wa politiki == Herminie yatangiye politiki mu 1992, ubwo yagirwaga umwe mu bagize komisiyo yateguye Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika ya Gatatu. Mu 1993, yatorewe kuba umudepite uhagarariye agace ka English River, yongera gutorwa mu 1998, 2002 na 2003 <ref name="E1" /><ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=en |title=THE SPEAKER Hon. Dr. Patrick Herminie |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015621/http://68.169.37.149/NAS/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=364:hon-dr-patrick-herminie-the-speaker&catid=72:proportionately-elected-members&Itemid=27 |date=2015-11-17}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1998, yabaye umuyobozi w'ibikorwa bya guverinoma mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko (umuyobozi w'abadepite b'ishyaka ryiganje), kandi yari mu bagize komite nkuru y'ishyaka ryari ku butegetsi, Seychelles People's Progressive Front <ref name="E1" />. Kuva mu 2007 kugeza mu 2016, Herminie yabaye Perezida w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ya Seyishele. Mu 2012, yatorewe kuyobora inama y'abaperezida b'inteko zishinga amategeko z'ibihugu bya Commonwealth (CSPOC) mu karere ka Afurika, hanyuma hagati ya 2015 na 2016 ayobora iyo nama ku rwego mpuzamahanga <ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=Else Pointe |title=Dr Patrick Herminie, president of United Seychelles political party |url=https://www.nation.sc/articles/9556/dr-patrick-herminie-president-of-united-seychelles-political-party |website=Nation |date=2021-06-28 |access-date=2021-09-09}}</ref>. Nyuma y'itsinzi y'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi mu matora y'abadepite yo muri Nzeri 2016, yasimbuwe na Patrick Pillay ku ya 27 Nzeri 2016 <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=en |title=A new legislative look: Seychelles’ sixth National Assembly sworn in |url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/5983/A+new+legislative+look+Seychelles+sixth+National+Assembly+sworn+in |website=Seychelles News Agency |date=2016-09-27}}</ref><ref name="E2">{{cite web |title=A new legislative look: Seychelles’ sixth National Assembly sworn in |url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/5983/A+new+legislative+look+Seychelles+sixth+National+Assembly+sworn+in}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2017 kugeza mu 2020, Herminie yayoboye inama y'ubuyobozi y'ikigo gishya cyo gukumira ikoreshwa ry'ibiyobyabwenge no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe ababaswe na byo (APDAR), cyashyizweho na Perezida Danny Faure, mu gihe Seyishele yari ihanganye n'icyorezo gikomeye cy'ikoreshwa rya heroyine <ref name="E6" /><ref name="E1" />. Ku ya 31 Mutarama 2021, yatorewe kuyobora ishyaka rya United Seychelles <ref name="E1" />. === Ibirego by'uburozi === Mu Ukwakira 2023, ubushinjacyaha bwa Seyishele bwashinje Herminie icyaha cy'uburozi (''sorcellerie''), nyuma y'uko imirambo ibiri itabuwe ivumburwa ku kirwa cya Mahé muri Kanama 2023, maze izina rye rikaboneka muri telefone y'ukekwaho icyaha w'ibanze. Herminie yahakanye ibyo birego, avuga ko ari « uguhiga abarozi kwa politiki » kwa Perezida Ramkalawan, kugamije kumubuza kwiyamamaza <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Kevin Dufrêche |title=Aux Seychelles, le chef du principal parti d'opposition mis en examen pour "sorcellerie" |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/sous-les-radars/sous-les-radars-du-mardi-03-octobre-2023-8832744 |website=radiofrance.fr |date=2023-10-03 |access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref><ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Seychelles opposition leader Patrick Herminie charged with witchcraft |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66992504 |website=BBC News |date=2023-10-03 |access-date=2023-10-03}}</ref>. Ku ya 15 Gashyantare 2024, ibyo birego byose byarateshejwe agaciro <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rita Joubert |title=Les accusations de sorcellerie abandonnées contre le chef du parti United Seychelles |url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/20095/Les+accusations+de+sorcellerie+abandonnes+contre+le+chef+du+parti+United+Seychelles |website=seychellesnewsagency.com |date=2024-02-15 |access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=SEYCHELLES Abandon des charges contre l'opposant seychellois, accusé de "sorcellerie" |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/seychelles-abandon-des-charges-contre-le-principal-opposant-accus%C3%A9-de-sorcellerie-/7489033.html |website=Voa Afrique |date=2024-02-16 |access-date=2024-02-17}}</ref>. == Amatora ya perezida ya 2025 == Ku ya 4 Kamena 2024, ishyaka rye ryamutanze nk'umukandida waryo mu matora ya perezida ya 2025 <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Bruno Minas |title=Seychelles : L'opposition a désigné son candidat à la présidentielle |url=https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/mayotte/seychelles-l-opposition-a-designe-son-candidat-a-la-presidentielle-1493843.html |website=la1ere.franceinfo.fr |date=2024-06-04 |access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=en |author=Rassin Vannier |title=United Seychelles party nominates Patrick Herminie as 2025 presidential candidate |url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/20660/United+Seychelles+party+nominates+Patrick+Herminie+as++presidential+candidate |website=seychellesnewsagency.com |date=2024-06-04 |access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref>. Yibanze ku bibazo by'imibereho, yitirira umurage w'uwahoze ari Perezida France-Albert René, maze yiyemeza kumanura imyaka y'izabukuru ikagera kuri 63, kugabanya ibiciro by'ingendo rusange ku kigero cya 40% no kongera inyunganizi z'ubwiteganyirize <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Christina Okello |title=Présidentielle aux Seychelles: Wavel Ramkalawan en quête d’un second mandat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250927-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-aux-seychelles-wavel-ramkalawan-en-qu%C3%AAte-d-un-second-mandat |website=Radio France internationale |date=2025-09-27 |access-date=2025-09-28}}</ref><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=en |author=Patrick Muirhead |title=Why a tiny island's fate could decide Seychelles' next president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yvqrvjrw7o |website=BBC |date=2025-09-26 |access-date=2025-09-28}}</ref>. Yashyigikiye kandi kugenzura cyane imishinga y'ubukerarugendo, yiyemeza guhagarika amasezerano yahaye umushoramari wo muri Qatar ikirwa cya Assomption <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Christina Okello |title=Seychelles : la présidentielle rattrapée par la controverse écologique de l'île d'Assomption |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20251008-seychelles-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-rattrap%C3%A9e-par-la-controverse-%C3%A9cologique-de-l-%C3%AEle-d-assomption |website=Radio France internationale |date=2025-10-08 |access-date=2025-10-09}}</ref>. Mu cyiciro cya kabiri cy'amatora cyabaye kuva ku ya 9 kugeza ku ya 11 Ukwakira 2025, yatsinze Perezida Wavel Ramkalawan n'amajwi 52,7% <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle aux Seychelles : Patrick Herminie l’emporte |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1730095/politique/presidentielle-aux-seychelles-patrick-herminie-lemporte/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref><ref name="E7">{{cite web |title=Opposition leader Patrick Herminie wins presidential runoff election in Seychelles |url=https://apnews.com/article/seychelles-election-runoff-vote-presidential-election-80912a4871d777a64b9a62db59fe4411 |website=AP News |access-date=2025-10-12}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Seyishele == Ku ya 26 Ukwakira 2025, Herminie yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa gatandatu wa Repubulika ya Seyishele, mu muhango wabereye kuri sitade Linité i Victoria <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Fabrice Floch |title=Seychelles : Patrick Herminie est, depuis dimanche, le sixième président de l'archipel |url=https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/reunion/seychelles-l-investiture-du-nouveau-president-patrick-herminie-est-prevue-ce-dimanche-26-octobre-2025-1635299.html |website=Martinique La Première |date=2025-10-27 |access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Patrick Herminie sworn in as Seychelles sixth president |url=https://www.reuters.com/video/watch/idRW693627102025RP1/ |access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref>. Uwo muhango witabiriwe n'abayobozi b'ibihugu byinshi, barimo Visi-Perezida w'[[Ubuhinde]], Minisitiri w'Intebe wa [[Morise]] na Minisitiri w'Intebe wa [[Tanzaniya]] <ref name="E9">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Tourism – Republic of Seychelles |url=https://mfa.gov.sc/ |website=mfa.gov.sc}}</ref>. Mu ijambo rye, yasubiyemo intero ye yo kwiyamamaza, « ku bw'abenshi, si ku bw'abake », yiyemeza kurwanya ubusumbane, guteza imbere ubuvuzi n'uburezi, no gutuma iterambere rigera ku Banyaseyishele bose <ref name="E10">{{cite web |language=en |title=Patrick Herminie sworn in as Seychelles' sixth president after run-off win |url=https://www.reutersconnect.com/video-collection/patrick-herminie-sworn-in-as-seychelles-sixth-president-after-run-off-win/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjU6bmV3c21sX1ZBNjg5NjI2MTAyMDI1UlAx |website=Reuters Connect |date=2025-10-26}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye nshya, irimo abaminisitiri benshi bashya n'umubare w'abagore utarigeze ubaho, yitezwe kuba iya mbere mu mateka y'igihugu ifite uburinganire bw'abagabo n'abagore <ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=crs |title=Lasanble Nasyonal in fini aprouv tou nominasyon Minis dan Gouvernman Prezidan Patrick Herminie. |url=https://www.sbc.sc/sbc-news/lasanble-nasyonal-in-fini-aprouv-tou-nominasyon-minis-dan-gouvernman-prezidan-patrick-herminie/ |website=Seychelles Broadcasting Corporation |date=2025-11-06 |access-date=2026-09-28}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mu 1991, Herminie yahuye na Veronique Sinon, baje gushyingiranwa. Bafitanye abana babiri: Venessa, umuganga, na Martin, injeniyeri <ref name="E1" />. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] m49wdcvpc45jwbi77c3ivwcpyad6oih 0 23215 140776 140694 2026-10-05T10:08:55Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Julius Maada Bio | image = Julius Maada Bio - 2023 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Julius Maada Bio mu 2023 | birth_date = 12 Gicurasi 1964 | birth_place = Tihun, akarere ka Bonthe, [[Siyera Lewone]] | nationality = Umunyasiyeralewone | alma_mater = American University | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Siyera Lewone]] | term = Kuva ku ya 4 Mata 2018 | predecessor = Ernest Bai Koroma | party = Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) | spouse = Fatima Bio (2013) | children = 4 }} '''Julius Maada Wonie Bio''' (yavutse ku ya 12 Gicurasi 1964 i Tihun) ni umusirikare mukuru wavuye mu ngabo akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa [[Siyera Lewone]], Perezida wa gatanu w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 4 Mata 2018. Afite ipeti rya burigadiye jenerali. Mu 1992, yari umwe mu basirikare bato bahiritse ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Joseph Momoh, maze mu 1996 ahirika mugenzi we Valentine Strasser, ayobora igihugu kuva ku ya 16 Mutarama kugeza ku ya 29 Werurwe 1996, afite imyaka 32 gusa, mbere yo gushyikiriza ubutegetsi Perezida watowe, Ahmad Tejan Kabbah. Nyuma yo kuva mu gisirikare, yabaye muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], hanyuma agaruka muri politiki mu ishyaka rya Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP). Yatsinzwe amatora ya perezida ya 2012, atsinda aya 2018, yongera gutorwa mu 2023. Ku butegetsi bwe, yashyizeho uburezi bw'ibanze n'ayisumbuye ku buntu kandi akuraho igihano cy'urupfu. Kuva muri Kamena 2025 kugeza muri Nyakanga 2026, yayoboye Umuryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO). == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Julius Maada Wonie Bio yavutse ku ya 12 Gicurasi 1964 mu mudugudu wa Tihun, mu karere ka Bonthe, mu ntara y'Amajyepfo ya Siyera Lewone. Ni umwana wa 33 mu bana 35 b'umutware gakondo Charlie Bio II <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Sierra Leone : Julius Maada Bio, l'atout de l'opposition pour l'alternance |url=http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/sierra-leone-election-qui-est-julius-maada-bio-le-candidat-de-l-opposition-30-03-2018-2206822_2365.php}}</ref>. Ni Umusherboro (''Sherbro'') <ref name="E2">{{cite web |title=Global African History |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/julius-maada-wonie-bio-1964/ |website=Black Past}}</ref>, kandi ni Umukristo Gatolika <ref name="E3">{{cite web |author=Lansana Gberie |title=Maada Bio: A Profile Interview |url=http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/maada-bio-a-profile-interview |website=The Patriotic Vanguard |date=2011-01-07 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>. Yatangiye amashuri abanza mu ishuri Gatolika rya Tihun, ayarangiriza i Pujehun, aho yabanaga na mukuru we Agnes wari umwarimu. Hanyuma yize imyaka irindwi mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya leta rya Bo (''Bo School''), ariharangiza mu 1984 <ref name="E3" /><ref name="F1" />. == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Mu 1985, Bio yinjiye mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya Benguema, hafi ya Freetown, arirangiza mu Ukwakira 1987 afite ipeti rya su-liyetona <ref name="E3" /><ref name="F1" />. Yakoreye mu birindiro bya Lungi no mu karere ka Kambia, mu mutwe wari ushinzwe kurwanya magendu ku mupaka na [[Gineya]] <ref name="E3" />. Mu 1990, yoherejwe muri [[Liberiya]] mu ngabo za CEDEAO zishinzwe kugarura amahoro (ECOMOG), mu gihe cy'intambara y'abenegihugu yari imaze kuduka muri icyo gihugu <ref name="F1" /><ref name="E3" />. Nyuma y'umwaka umwe, yagaruwe muri Siyera Lewone kurwanya inyeshyamba za Revolutionary United Front (RUF), zari zatangiye gutera imidugudu yo ku mupaka na Liberiya muri Werurwe 1991 <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sierra Leone: Julius Maada Bio, l'ex-putschiste de retour au pouvoir |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/sierra-leone-julius-maada-bio-l-ex-putschiste-de-retour-au-pouvoir-229922 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406040407/https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/sierra-leone-julius-maada-bio-l-ex-putschiste-de-retour-au-pouvoir-229922 |archive-date=2018-04-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E3" />. == Kudeta n'ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare == Ku ya 29 Mata 1992, Bio yari umwe mu basirikare bato bayobowe na Kapiteni Valentine Strasser bahiritse ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Joseph Momoh, washinjwaga kuba yarateje intambara y'abenegihugu (1991–2002) <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Julius Maada Bio, l'ex-putschiste qui a rendu le pouvoir aux civils en Sierra Leone |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/sierra-leone-julius-maada-bio-l-ex-putschiste-qui-a-rendu-le-pouvoir-aux-civils/4323711.html}}</ref><ref name="E3" />. Abo basirikare bashinze akanama ka gisirikare kayoboraga igihugu, National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC), kayobowe na Strasser. Bio yabanje kuba umunyamabanga wa leta ushinzwe Amajyepfo i Bo, hanyuma ushinzwe itangazamakuru, nyuma aba visi-perezida wa NPRC <ref name="E3" />. Nyuma yaho, yasabye imbabazi ku iyicwa ry'abantu bagera kuri makumyabiri ryabaye muri iyo kudeta <ref name="F1" />. Ku ya 16 Mutarama 1996, Bio yayoboye kudeta yahiritse Strasser, nyuma y'amakimbirane mu buyobozi bwa NPRC ku bijyanye no kumvikana n'inyeshyamba za RUF mbere y'amatora y'amashyaka menshi yari ateganyijwe muri Werurwe 1996 <ref name="E4">{{cite web |author=Ambrose Ganda |title=Captain Strasser Is Ousted From Office |url=http://freespace.virgin.net/ambrose.ganda/Vol2_1.htm |website=Virgin.net |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>. Strasser yahise yoherezwa mu buhungiro i Conakry, muri Gineya <ref name="E4" />. Bio yagaruye amatora y'amashyaka menshi, maze muri Werurwe 1996 ashyikiriza ubutegetsi Ahmad Tejan Kabbah wari umaze gutorwa <ref name="F1" />. == Nyuma y'igisirikare == Nyuma yo kuva mu gisirikare mu 1996, Bio yimukiye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, aho yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu bibazo mpuzamahanga muri American University i Washington <ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=After Sierra Leone's President Took Office, His Wife and Her Family Went Real Estate Shopping |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/investigation/after-sierra-leones-president-took-office-his-wife-and-her-family-went-real-estate-shopping |website=OCCRP |date=2025}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sierra Leone : Julius Maada Bio élu président 22 ans après son coup d’État |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/548406/politique/sierra-leone-julius-maada-bio-elu-president-22-ans-apres-son-coup-detat/}}</ref>. Yayoboye kandi ikigo cy'ubujyanama n'ishoramari cyitwa International Systems Science Corporation <ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=Times Reporter |title=Bio, is new Sierra Leone president |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/africa/bio-new-sierra-leone-president |website=The New Times (Rwanda) |date=2018-04-05 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>. == Kugaruka muri politiki == Mu 2005, Bio yinjiye mu ishyaka rya SLPP, ariyamamariza kuriyobora mu nama yaryo yabereye i Makeni, aba uwa gatatu <ref name="E7">{{cite web |author=Sierra Leone State House |title=Vice President Berewa Leads SLPP |url=http://statehouse-sl.org/archives/september2005.html |website=The Republic of Sierra Leone, State House Online |date=2005-09-05 |access-date=2018-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103064019/http://statehouse-sl.org/archives/september2005.html |archive-date=2007-01-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F1" />. Mu 2011, yatowe nk'umukandida wa SLPP mu matora ya perezida ya 2012; yatsinzwe na Perezida Ernest Bai Koroma wari ku butegetsi, abona amajwi 37,4% kuri 58,7% ya Koroma, ariko ashimangira SLPP nk'ishyaka rikomeye ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi <ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=APA-Freetown (Sierra Leone) |title=Sierra Leone: Opposition names ex junta head as standard bearer |url=http://apanews.net/index.php/en/news/sierra-leone-main-opposition-names-bio-as-flag-bearer |website=APANews.net |date=2017-10-16 |access-date=2018-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406040739/http://apanews.net/index.php/en/news/sierra-leone-main-opposition-names-bio-as-flag-bearer |archive-date=2018-04-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Nyuma yaho, yatangiye amasomo y'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu bumenyi bw'amahoro muri Kaminuza ya Bradford, mu Bwongereza <ref name="E5" />. == Perezida wa Siyera Lewone == === Amatora ya 2018 === Mu cyiciro cya kabiri cy'amatora ya perezida cyabaye ku ya 31 Werurwe 2018, Bio yatsinze Samura Kamara wo mu ishyaka ryari ku butegetsi, All People's Congress (APC), n'amajwi 51,8% <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sierra Leone : le candidat de l’opposition remporte la présidentielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/04/05/sierra-leone-le-candidat-de-l-opposition-remporte-la-presidentielle_5280766_3212.html}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |author=Jaime Yaya Barry |title=Sierra Leone's Opposition Leader Is Sworn In as President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/04/world/africa/sierra-leone-president.html |website=The New York Times |date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuba perezida ku ya 4 Mata 2018, nubwo uwo bari bahanganye yamaganaga ibyavuye mu matora <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sierra Leone : l'opposant Julius Maada Bio remporte la présidentielle, son rival conteste le résultat - France 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20180405-sierra-leone-julius-maada-bio-remporte-presidentielle-kamara-opposant-consteste-resultat |website=France 24 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>. === Politiki y'imbere mu gihugu === Mu kwezi kwe kwa mbere ku butegetsi, Bio yashyizeho uburezi bw'ibanze n'ayisumbuye ku buntu mu mashuri ya leta. Yahagaritse amasezerano y'inguzanyo ya miliyoni 400 z'amadolari yari yarasinywe na Koroma n'u[[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]] yo kubaka ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga gishya, kandi atangiza igenzura ry'amasezerano y'ubucukuzi n'ibigo bya leta byo ku butegetsi bwabanje. Guverinoma ye yashinje Koroma na guverinoma ye ruswa ikabije. Muri Gashyantare 2019, Bio yatangaje ibihe bidasanzwe kubera ubwiyongere bw'ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, yongera ibihano ku cyaha cyo gufata ku ngufu; ibyo bihe bidasanzwe byavanyweho muri Kamena uwo mwaka <ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=en |author=Laura S. Martin |title=Taking stock one year after Sierra Leone's gender violence 'emergency' |url=http://theconversation.com/taking-stock-one-year-after-sierra-leones-gender-violence-emergency-130487 |website=The Conversation |date=2020-01-30 |access-date=2021-03-14}}</ref><ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Sierra Leone's President Julius Maada Bio Shares Aspirations with Vietnamese Counterpart, Addresses Official State Dinner Marking His Visit |url=https://statehouse.gov.sl/sierra-leones-president-julius-maada-bio-shares-aspirations-with-vietnamese-counterpart-addresses-official-state-dinner-marking-his-visit/ |website=The State House |date=2022-03-15 |access-date=2022-03-21}}</ref>. Mu 2022, yatangaje ko guverinoma ye ishyigikiye umushinga w'itegeko wagura uburenganzira bwo gukuramo inda <ref name="E13">{{cite web |author=Emmanuel Akinwotu |title=Sierra Leone backs bill to legalise abortion and end colonial-era law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/jul/06/sierra-leone-backs-bill-to-legalise-abortion-and-end-colonial-era-law |website=The Guardian |date=2022-07-06 |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2023, yasinye itegeko ry'uburinganire n'iterambere ry'abagore, risaba ko nibura 30% by'abakandida mu matora y'abadepite n'ay'inzego z'ibanze baba abagore <ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=President Bio signs landmark gender equality law – opening doors for more women in parliament – Welcome to the Sierra Leone Telegraph |url=https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/president-bio-signs-landmark-gender-equality-law-opening-doors-for-more-women-in-parliament/ |date=2023-01-22 |access-date=2023-02-23}}</ref>. Abatavuga rumwe na we bamunenga kubera ubukungu bw'igihugu bwifashe nabi <ref name="E15">{{cite web |author=Kemo Cham |title=Sierra Leone gears up for presidential election amid economic crisis, looming protests |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/sierra-leone-ap-julius-maada-bio-freetown-african-b2359660.html |website=The Independent |date=2023-06-18 |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2022, imyigaragambyo yatewe n'izamuka ry'ibiciro yasabaga ko yegura, ihitana abantu benshi <ref name="E16">{{cite web |author=Clarence Roy-Macaulay |title=Deadly anti-government protests erupt in Sierra Leone |url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-west-sierra-leone-julius-maada-bio-freetown-fb3b62ec79c0d7517850092b02e4edb8 |website=Associated Press |date=2022-08-10 |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>; Bio yayifashe nk'igerageza ryo guhirika ubutegetsi <ref name="E17">{{cite web |author=Umaru Fofana |title=Sierra Leone president says protests aimed to overthrow the government |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sierra-leone-president-says-protests-aimed-overthrow-government-2022-08-12/ |website=Reuters |date=2022-08-13 |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Muri Nyakanga 2021, Bio yatumiwe mu nama mpuzamahanga ku burezi i Londres, kubera ibikorwa bye byo kwagura uburezi no guteza imbere ishuri ry'abakobwa <ref name="E19">{{cite web |author=Abdul Rashid Thomas |title=President Bio in London for Global Education Summit |url=https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/president-bio-in-london-for-global-education-summit/ |website=The Sierra Leone Telegraph |date=2021-07-26}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2022, yasuye Viyetinamu <ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Sierra Leone's President Julius Maada Bio and Delegation Sign Agreement With Vietnam Academy of Agriculture Sciences |url=https://statehouse.gov.sl/sierra-leones-president-julius-maada-bio-and-delegation-sign-agreement-with-vietnam-academy-of-agriculture-sciences/ |website=The State House |date=2022-03-20 |access-date=2022-03-21}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2023, yasabye ko intambara y'Uburusiya muri Ukraine ihagarara « ku bw'inyungu z'ikiremwamuntu » <ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sierra Leone: President Julius Bio urges end to Ukraine war for 'sake of humanity' |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/05/18/sierra-leone-president-julius-bio-urges-end-to-ukraine-war-for-sake-of-humanity/ |website=Africa News |date=2023-05-18 |access-date=2023-06-11}}</ref>, avuga ko yizeye ko dipolomasi iyobowe n'abayobozi b'Afurika yafasha kuyirangiza <ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |author=Katarina Hoije |title=Sierra Leone's Bio Hopes African Mission Can End Ukraine War |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-10/sierra-leone-s-bio-hopes-african-mission-can-end-ukraine-war |website=Bloomberg |date=2023-06-10 |access-date=2023-06-11}}</ref>. === Amatora ya 2023 === Mu matora rusange yo muri Kamena 2023, Bio yongeye gutorwa ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 56,17%, imbere ya Samura Kamara <ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=Sierra Leone president wins re-election, says electoral commission. |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sierra-leone-president-wins-re-elecion-says-electoral-commission-2023-06-27/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-06-28}}</ref>. Ariko indorerezi z'imbere mu gihugu n'izo mu mahanga zanenze kudakorera mu mucyo mu ibarura ry'amajwi, kandi Kamara yanze kwemera ibyavuye mu matora <ref name="E25" />. Iminsi mike mbere y'amatora, ku ya 21 Kamena 2023, imyigaragambyo yabereye imbere y'icyicaro cya APC yahitanye nibura umuntu umwe <ref name="E18">{{cite web |author=Umaru Fofana |title=Violence flares in Sierra Leone ahead of presidential vote |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sierra-leone-president-maada-bio-seeks-re-election-amid-economic-woes-2023-06-21/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-06-21 |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>. === Jos Leijdekkers === Mu ntangiriro za 2025, ibinyamakuru byinshi byatangaje ko Jos Leijdekkers, umucuruzi w'ikiyobyabwenge cya kokayine ukomoka mu Buholandi wakatiwe adahari igifungo cy'imyaka 24, yari amaze igihe aba muri Siyera Lewone <ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=Sierra Leone says investigating reports that Dutch drug kingpin took refuge |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sierra-leone-says-investigating-reports-that-dutch-drug-kingpin-took-refuge-2025-01-26 |website=Reuters |date=2025-01-26 |access-date=2025-10-10}}</ref>. Hagaragaye amashusho amwerekana mu misa yabereye i Freetown ku ya 1 Mutarama 2025, yicaye inyuma ya Perezida Bio, ari kumwe n'umwe mu bakobwa ba Bio, bivugwa ko yashakanye na we <ref name="E26" /><ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=EU most wanted list |url=https://eumostwanted.eu/ |website=EU Most Wanted |access-date=2024-12-29}}</ref>. Leta y'Ubuholandi yagaragaje impungenge ku kuba abayobozi ba Siyera Lewone nta cyo bakoze ku bijyanye na we <ref name="E29">{{cite web |author=Africa Confidential |title=Freetown falls out with The Hague over cocaine |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article/id/15356/freetown-falls-out-with-the-hague-over-cocaine |website=Africa Confidential |access-date=2025-10-10}}</ref>. === Umuyobozi wa CEDEAO === Ku ya 22 Kamena 2025, mu nama y'abakuru b'ibihugu yabereye i Abuja, muri [[Nijeriya]], Bio yatorewe kuyobora CEDEAO <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Julius Maada Bio, président de la Sierra Leone, élu président de la Cédéao - Radio France International |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250622-julius-maada-bio-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-sierra-leone-%C3%A9lu-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-c%C3%A9d%C3%A9ao |website=RFI |access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=Julius Maada Bio, president of Sierra Leone, elected president of ECOWAS |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250622-julius-maada-bio-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-sierra-leone-%C3%A9lu-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-c%C3%A9d%C3%A9ao |website=Radio France International |date=2025-06-22 |access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref>. Yasimbuwe kuri uwo mwanya na [[Bassirou Diomaye Faye]] muri Nyakanga 2026. == Ubuzima bwite == Bio ni Umukristo Gatolika <ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |title=Catholic church clears Maada Bio for tomorrow's state wedding, but more questions and cynicism provoked |url=https://cocorioko.net/catholic-church-clears-maada-bio-for-tomorrows-state-wedding-but-more-questions-and-cynicism-provoked/ |website=Cocorioko |date=2020-02-20 |access-date=2021-01-14}}</ref>. Umugore we, Fatima Bio, ni umukinnyi wa filime w'Umuyisilamu, ufite inkomoko muri [[Gambiya]] no muri Siyera Lewone. Bashyingiranwe mu 2013 i Londres, mu muhango wahuje amadini yombi; bafitanye umwana umwe. Bio afite abandi bana batatu yabyaye mu bushyingiranwe bwa mbere <ref name="E34">{{cite web |author=Abdul Rashid Thomas |title=Sierra Leone's presidential hopeful-weds in London |url=http://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/sierra-leones-presidential-hopeful-maada-bio-weds-in-london/ |website=Sierra Leone Telegraph |date=2013-11-08 |access-date=2022-01-18}}</ref>. Bamenyaniye mu 2012 i Londres <ref name="E5" />. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] dsqiwfzzmkisakbldoagoy5hwrjqxe0 0 23217 140762 140696 2026-10-05T06:27:38Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 9 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Hassan Sheikh Mohamud | image = His Excellency President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Hassan Sheikh Mohamud | birth_date = 29 Ugushyingo 1955 | birth_place = Jalalaqsi, intara ya Hiiraan, [[Somaliya]] | nationality = Umunyasomaliya | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Bhopal (Barkatullah University), University for Peace | occupation = Umwarimu wa kaminuza, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Somaliya]] | term = 2012–2017; kuva ku ya 23 Gicurasi 2022 | predecessor = Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed « Farmaajo » | party = Union for Peace and Development Party | spouse = Qamar Ali Omar | children = 7 }} '''Hassan Sheikh Mohamud''' (mu Gisomali: ''Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud''; yavutse ku ya 29 Ugushyingo 1955 i Jalalaqsi, mu ntara ya Hiiraan) ni umunyapolitiki akaba n'umwarimu wa kaminuza wa [[Somaliya]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva mu 2022, nyuma yo kuba yarakiyoboye bwa mbere kuva mu 2012 kugeza mu 2017. Mbere yo kwinjira muri politiki, yari umwarimu akaba n'umuyobozi muri SIMAD University, kaminuza yafatanyije gushinga i [[Mogadishu]]. Mu 2012, yatorewe n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kuba perezida, maze ikinyamakuru ''Time'' kimushyira mu bantu 100 bavuga rikijyana ku isi mu 2013. Manda ye ya mbere yaranzwe n'ibitero by'umutwe wa al-Shabaab no kunengwa kubera ruswa n'ikoreshwa nabi ry'ububasha. Yatsinzwe mu 2017, ashinga ishyaka rya Union for Peace and Development, maze yongera gutorwa mu 2022. Mu 2026, kongererwa igihe kwa manda ye byateje impaka zikomeye. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Hassan Sheikh Mohamud yavukiye mu ntara ya Hiiraan <ref name="E11">{{cite web |author=Moulid Hujale |title=Hassan Mohamud: The second coming of Somalia's new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/5/18/somalias-new-president |website=Al Jazeera |date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2023-12-09}}</ref>. Se akomoka mu muryango w'Abagaal, umwe mu miryango migari y'Abahawiye, naho nyina akomoka mu muryango wa Hawadle <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=The New President of Somaliland, who is Hassan Sheikh Mahmoud? |url=http://english.alshahid.net/archives/31546 |website=Al Shahid |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2013-02-21}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye iwabo <ref name="E12" /><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Hassan Sheikh Mohamud: Somalia's new president profiled |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19556383 |website=BBC |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-17}}</ref>. Mu 1978, yimukiye i Mogadishu, aho yize imyaka itatu mu ishuri rikuru ry'ubumenyingiro, abona impamyabumenyi mu ikoranabuhanga mu 1981 <ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=Profile of Somalia's Newly Elected President |url=http://dissidentnation.com/profile-of-somalias-newly-elected-president/ |website=Dissident Nation |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-13}}</ref><ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=Hassan Sheikh Mohamud - Resume |url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2012/09/profile-somalia-president-hassan-sheikh-mohamud/ |website=Raxanreeb |access-date=2012-09-15}}</ref>. Mu 1986, yagiye mu [[Ubuhinde]], yiga muri Kaminuza ya Bhopal (ubu yitwa Barkatullah University), aharangiriza impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu burezi bw'ubumenyingiro mu 1988 <ref name="E15" />. Mu 2001, yakurikiye amasomo y'ubuhuza n'ubwiyunge muri Eastern Mennonite University, muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] <ref name="E16">{{cite web |author=Bonnie Price Lofton |title=President of Somalia Welcomed Home as Alumnus of EMUs Summer Peacebuilding Institute |url=http://emu.edu/now/news/2014/08/president-of-somalia-welcomed-home-as-alumnus-of-emus-summer-peacebuilding-institute/ |website=EMU |date=2014-08-08 |access-date=2014-08-12}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2022, yamuritse igitabo cy'ubushakashatsi bw'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (PhD) mu mahoro, imiyoborere n'iterambere muri University for Peace, aba perezida wa mbere wa Somaliya ubikoze ari ku butegetsi <ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=UPEACE Doctoral Candidate Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Wins Somalia's Presidential Election |url=https://www.upeace.org/noticias/upeace-doctoral-candidate-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-wins-somalias-presidential-election |website=University for Peace |date=2022-05-15 |access-date=2022-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010125915/https://www.upeace.org/noticias/upeace-doctoral-candidate-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-wins-somalias-presidential-election |archive-date=2023-10-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Hassan Mohamud becomes Somalia's first sitting president to earn PhD |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2022/Oct/188400/hassan_mohamud_becomes_somalia_s_first_sitting_president_to_earn_phd.aspx |website=Hiiraan Online |date=2022-10-25 |access-date=2022-11-08}}</ref>. == Umwuga mbere ya politiki == Hassan yabanje kuba umwarimu mu ishuri ry'ubumenyingiro rya Lafole, hanyuma mu 1984 yinjira mu ishuri rikuru ryigisha abarimu b'ubumenyingiro rishamikiye kuri Kaminuza y'Igihugu ya Somaliya, aba umuyobozi w'ishami mu 1986 <ref name="E12" /><ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Somali election of Hassan Sheikh a 'great step' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19557884 |website=BBC |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-11}}</ref>. Ubwo intambara y'abenegihugu yadukaga mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1990, yagumye muri Somaliya, aba umujyanama w'imiryango itegamiye kuri leta n'ibigo by'Umuryango w'Abibumbye <ref name="E19" />. Kuva mu 1993 kugeza mu 1995, yari umukozi ushinzwe uburezi muri UNICEF mu majyepfo no hagati mu gihugu. Mu 1999, yafatanyije gushinga ikigo cy'imicungire n'ubuyobozi (SIMAD) i Mogadishu, cyaje kuba SIMAD University, akibera umuyobozi kugeza mu 2010 <ref name="E20">{{cite web |author=Mahmoud Mohamed |title=Profiles of Somalia's top presidential candidates |url=http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/08/17/feature-02 |website=Sabahi |date=2012-08-17 |access-date=2012-08-21}}</ref>. Yigishije kandi ikoranabuhanga muri Kaminuza ya Mogadishu <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalia: Profile of President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209110514.html}}</ref>. Mu 2011, yashinze ishyaka rya Peace and Development Party (PDP), maze muri Mata 2011 aritorerwa kuriyobora <ref name="E20" /><ref name="E21">{{cite web |author=Nasongo Willy |title=Somalia: new independent political party leader |url=http://english.alshahid.net/archives/20024 |website=Alshahid |date=2011-04-20 |access-date=2012-09-10}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2012, yabaye umudepite mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko nshya ya Leta Yunze Ubumwe ya Somaliya <ref name="E19" />. == Manda ya mbere (2012–2017) == === Itorwa === Ku ya 10 Nzeri 2012, abadepite bamutoreye kuba Perezida wa Somaliya <ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Somali lawmakers elect Mohamud as next president |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/somalia-politics-idUSL5E8KAIUR20120910 |website=Reuters |date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2012-09-10}}</ref>. Mu cyiciro cya mbere cy'amatora, Perezida Sharif Sheikh Ahmed wari ku butegetsi yabaye uwa mbere n'amajwi 64, Hassan akurikiraho n'amajwi 60 <ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Somalia: Sheikh Sharif vs Newcomer Sheikh Mahamoud in Final Round of Presidential Elections |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209101222.html |website=Garowe Online |date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2012-09-10}}</ref>; mu cyiciro cya kabiri, Hassan yatsinze Sharif ku majwi 190 kuri 79 <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalie : Hassan Cheikh Mohamoud élu |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2012/09/10/97001-20120910FILWWW00718-somalie-hassan-cheikh-mohamoud-elu.php}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalie : élection surprise d'un universitaire peu connu à la présidence |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/somalie-election-surprise-d-un-universitaire-peu-connu-a-la-presidence-10-09-2012-1504725_24.php}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=Somalia Federal Parliament elects Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as President |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Federal_Parliament_elects_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_as_President.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2012-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913095606/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Federal_Parliament_elects_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_as_President.shtml |archive-date=2012-09-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Nubwo habayeho ibirego bya ruswa n'igurwa ry'amajwi, Sharif yemeye ibyavuye mu matora <ref name="E26">{{cite web |language=en |author=IISS |title=Strategic Survey 2013: The Annual Review of World Affairs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vau7EAAAQBAJ |website=Taylor & Francis |date=2023-04-28}}</ref>. Itorwa rye ryashimwe n'umuryango mpuzamahanga, harimo Umuryango w'Abibumbye n'Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe <ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=Somalia's President-elect widely hailed |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-09/11/c_131843573.htm |website=Xinhua |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-11}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuba perezida ku ya 16 Nzeri 2012 <ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=President's inauguration marks 'new era' for Somalia, says UN envoy |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42900&Cr=Somali&Cr1= |website=UN News Centre |date=2012-09-16 |access-date=2012-09-17}}</ref>, maze ku ya 6 Ukwakira 2012 agira Abdi Farah Shirdon Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Somali president names political newcomer as PM -diplomats |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL6E8L60GZ20121006 |website=Reuters |date=2012-10-06 |access-date=2012-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217195634/http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL6E8L60GZ20121006 |archive-date=2014-12-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. === Ibitero byamwibasiye === Ku ya 12 Nzeri 2012, iminsi ibiri nyuma yo gutorwa, abiyahuzi n'abantu bitwaje intwaro bagabye igitero kuri hoteli Jazeera i Mogadishu, aho yari ari mu nama n'intumwa z'amahanga; Hassan ntiyakomeretse, akomeza ijambo rye imbere y'abanyamakuru <ref name="E32">{{cite web |title=Somalia: Newly elected President Hassan and foreign dignitaries survive multiple bomb blasts |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Newly_elected_President_Hassan_and_foreign_dignitaries_survive_multiple_bomb_blasts.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2012-09-12 |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917212452/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Newly_elected_President_Hassan_and_foreign_dignitaries_survive_multiple_bomb_blasts.shtml |archive-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |author=Bill Roggio |title=Shabaab suicide bombers attack new Somali president, Kenyan foreign minister |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2012/09/shabaab_suicide_bombers_attack.php |website=Long War Journal |date=2012-09-12 |access-date=2012-09-14}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |author=Gabe Joselow |title=Suicide Bombers Target New Somali President |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/new-somali-president-safe-after-explosion/1506278.html |website=Voice of America |date=2012-09-12 |access-date=2012-09-13}}</ref>. Umutwe wa al-Shabaab wigambye icyo gitero <ref name="E32" />. Ku ya 3 Nzeri 2013, igisasu cyaturikiye hafi y'imodoka zari ziherekeje perezida i Merca <ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=Somali President Unhurt in Bomb Attack |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/somali-president-unhurt-in-bomb-attack/1742168.html |website=VOA News |date=2013-09-03 |access-date=2013-09-11}}</ref>. Ku ya 7 Ukwakira 2015, abarwanyi ba al-Shabaab bishe mwishywa we, Dr Liban Osman, i Mogadishu <ref name="E36">{{cite web |title=Somali president's nephew killed in al-Shabab attack |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34465949 |website=BBC News |date=2015-10-07 |access-date=2015-11-21}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Werurwe 2025, al-Shabaab yongeye kugerageza kumwica ikoresheje ibisasu byatezwe ku muhanda hafi y'ingoro ya Villa Somalia <ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Somali militants target presidential convoy in bomb attack, president safe |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/somali-militants-target-presidential-convoy-bomb-attack-president-safe-2025-03-18/}}</ref>. === Politiki y'imbere mu gihugu === Ubutegetsi bwe bwashyize imbere guteza imbere serivisi z'ibanze nk'ubuzima n'uburezi, no kongera kubaka ibikorwa remezo birimo icyambu n'ikibuga cy'indege cya Mogadishu, imihanda, amashuri n'ibitaro <ref name="E38">{{cite web |title=2013-2015 - Somalia - Addendum to Country Brief |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/document/2013-2015-somalia-addendum-to-country-brief-34904 |website=AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK |date=2013-12-23 |access-date=2013-12-23}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye yasabye ko hakurwaho igihano cyo kubuza Somaliya kugura intwaro, cyari cyarashyizweho n'Akanama gashinzwe Umutekano ka Loni mu 1992, kugira ngo ingabo z'igihugu zibashe guhangana n'inyeshyamba z'abiyitirira Isilamu <ref name="E39">{{cite web |title=UN set to ease Somalia arms embargo |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/un-set-to-ease-somalia-arms-embargo/story-fn3dxix6-1226587316101 |website=The Australian |date=2013-02-28 |access-date=2013-03-06}}</ref><ref name="E42">{{cite web |author=Majid Ahmed |title=Somalia: Continuance of Arms Embargo Threatens Security Gains in Somalia |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201302210071.html |website=Sabahi |date=2013-02-20 |access-date=2013-03-06}}</ref>. Icyo gihano cyaroroshejwe by'agateganyo mu 2013, maze ku ya 5 Werurwe 2014 Akanama gashinzwe Umutekano kemeza ko iryo yoroshya rikomeza <ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=UN to lift Somalia arms embargo |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-1-163309-UN-to-lift-Somalia-arms-embargo |website=The News |date=2013-03-05 |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808082522/https://www.thenews.com.pk/ |archive-date=2020-08-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E47">{{cite web |title=UN Security Council Extends Arms Embargo lift on Somalia to eight months |url=http://horseedmedia.net/2014/03/06/un-security-council-extends-arms-embargo-somalia-eight-months/ |website=Horseed Media |date=2014-03-06 |access-date=2014-03-06}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2013, yasubukuye ibiganiro by'ubwiyunge na Somaliland, intara yiyomoye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, abisinyira i Ankara, muri Turukiya, na Perezida wa Somaliland Ahmed Mahamoud Silanyo <ref name="E48">{{cite web |title=Somalia: Hassan and President Silanyo meet in Turkey |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_President_Hassan_and_President_Silanyo_meet_in_Turkey_printer.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2013-04-13 |access-date=2013-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927114340/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_President_Hassan_and_President_Silanyo_meet_in_Turkey_printer.shtml |archive-date=2013-09-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2013, guverinoma ye yasinye amasezerano y'ubwiyunge n'ubuyobozi bwigenga bwa Jubaland i Addis Abeba, muri [[Etiyopiya]]. Manda ye ya mbere yaranzwe n'amakimbirane n'abaminisitiri b'intebe be: mu Ugushyingo 2013, yasabye Abdi Farah Shirdon kwegura, maze abadepite batangiza icyifuzo cyo kumweguza <ref name="E55">{{cite web |title=Somalia: Prime Minister asked to step down |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Prime_Minister_asked_to_step_down_printer.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2013-11-12 |access-date=2013-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025544/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Prime_Minister_asked_to_step_down_printer.shtml |archive-date=2013-12-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E58">{{cite web |title=Somali PM to face vote this week |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somali-PM-to-face-vote-this-week_printer.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2013-11-26 |access-date=2013-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030320/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somali-PM-to-face-vote-this-week_printer.shtml |archive-date=2013-12-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>; mu 2014, yagiranye andi makimbirane na Minisitiri w'Intebe Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed ku bijyanye n'ivugurura rya guverinoma <ref name="E68">{{cite web |title=Breaking: Somali PM reshuffles his cabinet |url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=5280 |website=Goobjoog |date=2014-10-25 |access-date=2014-11-07}}</ref><ref name="E70">{{cite web |title=SOMALIA: President Hassan says PM's cabinet reshuffle is "null and void" |url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/10/somalia-president-hassan-says-pms-cabinet-reshuffle-is-null-and-void/ |website=Raxanreeb |date=2014-10-25 |access-date=2014-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110205423/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/10/somalia-president-hassan-says-pms-cabinet-reshuffle-is-null-and-void/ |archive-date=2014-11-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro za 2016, ubutegetsi bwe bwagenzuraga igice gito cyane cy'igihugu, kandi ntiyabashije gukemura ikibazo cya Somaliland. Mu 2017, yatsinzwe amatora na Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed « Farmaajo » <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Hassan Cheikh Mohamoud élu président |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1299684/somalie-hassan-cheikh-mohamoud-elu-president-officiel.html}}</ref>. == Manda ya kabiri (kuva mu 2022) == Ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2022, Hassan yongeye gutorwa kuba perezida, atsinda ku cyiciro cya gatatu Perezida Farmaajo wari ku butegetsi, wari waramutsinze mu 2017 <ref name="F5" /><ref name="E110">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nimi Princewill |title=Former Somali president returns to power, vows to return Somalia to stability |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/16/africa/somalia-elects-new-president-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2022-05-16 |access-date=2022-05-20}}</ref>. Yiyemeje kugarura umutekano muri Somaliya <ref name="E111">{{cite web |author=Nimi Princewill |title=Former Somali president returns to power, vows to return Somalia to stability |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/16/africa/somalia-elects-new-president-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2022-05-16 |access-date=2022-05-16}}</ref>, maze arahira ku ya 23 Gicurasi 2022. Ku ya 15 Kamena 2022, yagize Hamza Abdi Barre Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="E112">{{cite web |author=Abdi Sheikh |title=Somali president nominates Barre as prime minister after delayed elections |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/somali-president-nominates-barre-prime-minister-after-delayed-elections-2022-06-15/ |website=Reuters |date=2022-06-15 |access-date=2022-08-22}}</ref>. Ku ya 28 Ugushyingo 2024, mu makimbirane ku matora y'intara ya Jubaland, umucamanza wo muri iyo ntara yasohoye impapuro zo kumuta muri yombi, amushinja ubugambanyi no gushaka guteza intambara; guverinoma nkuru na yo yasohoye impapuro zo guta muri yombi Perezida wa Jubaland, Ahmed Madobe <ref name="E115">{{cite web |language=en |title=Somalia and Jubaland issue warrants of arrest for their respective leaders |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/11/28/somalia-and-jubaland-issue-warrants-of-arrest-for-their-respective-leaders/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-11-28 |access-date=2024-11-28}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2026, mu kiganiro na Al Jazeera, yamaganye iyemezwa rya Somaliland nk'igihugu kigenga ryakozwe na Isirayeli, avuga ko ari ukwivanga mu bibazo by'igihugu cye kandi ko Somaliya itazemera ko Isirayeli ishyira ikigo cya gisirikare muri Somaliland <ref name="E113">{{cite web |title=Somalia's Mohamud slams Israel's interference, rejects base on Somaliland |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/8/somalias-mohamud-slams-israels-interference-rejects-base-on-somaliland |website=Aljazeera |access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref><ref name="E114">{{cite web |title=Somalia's Mohamud slams Israel's 'interference', rejects base on Somaliland |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/somalia-mohamud-slams-israel-interference-050457571.html |website=Yahoo News |access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref>. Ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2026, nubwo abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bavugaga ko manda ye irangiye uwo munsi, yatangaje ko Itegeko Nshinga ryavuguruwe ryongereye manda ya perezida kuva ku myaka ine ikagera ku myaka itanu, bityo manda ye ikazarangira ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2027 <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalie : le gouvernement annonce une période de transition à la fin d’un mandat présidentiel sans élections à l’horizon |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/05/15/somalie-le-gouvernement-annonce-une-periode-de-transition-a-la-fin-d-un-mandat-presidentiel-sans-elections-a-l-horizon_6689489_3212.html?search-type=classic&ise_click_rank=1}}</ref>. == Impaka == Manda ye ya mbere yanenzwe cyane kubera ruswa ikabije, kubuza itangazamakuru ubwisanzure no gukoresha nabi ububasha. Itsinda ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye rishinzwe kugenzura Somaliya ryashinje ubutegetsi bwe guha intwaro al-Shabaab, kandi raporo yo mu 2013 yavuze ko hari umugambi wo kunyereza umutungo wa leta <ref name="E9">{{cite web |language=en |author=Moulid Hujale |title=Hassan Mohamud: The second coming of Somalia's new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/5/18/somalias-new-president |website=Al Jazeera |date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2024-11-05}}</ref><ref name="E116">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mohamud Ali |title=Hassan Sheikh Mohamud: Who is Somalia's new leader? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-19556383 |website=BBC News |date=2022-05-16 |access-date=2024-11-05}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2023, yagize umukobwa we, Jehan Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, umujyanama we mu bibazo mpuzamahanga, ibyo bikaba byarateje impaka, ndetse ambasaderi wa Somaliya muri Arabiya Sawudite yegura avuga ko yasuzuguwe n'abo hafi ya perezida <ref name="E117">{{cite web |language=en |author=Najib Ahmed |title=Somalia: State-building as the elite's perverse incentive |url=https://africanarguments.org/2023/09/somalia-state-building-as-the-elites-perverse-incentive/ |website=African Arguments |date=2023-09-04 |access-date=2024-04-10}}</ref><ref name="E118">{{cite web |language=en |title=Somalia's president appoints daughter as foreign affairs advisor |url=https://somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalias-president-appoints-daughter-as-foreign-affairs-advisor/ |website=Somali Guardian |date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2024-04-10}}</ref>. Ku ya 30 Ugushyingo 2023, umuhungu we, Mohammed Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, yagonze umumotari w'Umunyaturukiya i Istanbul, ari mu modoka y'ambasade ya Somaliya; uwo mumotari yapfuye ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2023 <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Turquie: le fils du président somalien s'enfuit après un accident mortel |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2023/12/09/turquie-le-fils-du-president-somalien-senfuit-apres-un-accident-mortel/}}</ref><ref name="E119">{{cite web |title=İstanbul'da motokuryenin ölümüne neden olan Somali Cumhurbaşkanı'nın oğlu ifadesi alınmadan Türkiye'yi terketti |url=https://www.voaturkce.com/a/istanbul-da-motokuryenin-olumune-neden-somali-cumhurbaskaninin-oglu-ifadesi-alinmadan-turkiye-yi-terk-etti-/7390477.html |website=voaturkce.com |date=2023-12-09 |access-date=2023-12-13}}</ref><ref name="E121">{{cite web |language=tr |title=Somali Cumhurbaşkanı'nın oğlu hakkında soruşturma |url=https://www.anadolugazete.com.tr/genel/somali-cumhurbaskaninin-oglu-hakkinda-sorusturma-1276g.htm |website=Anadolu Gazete |date=2023-12-10 |access-date=2023-12-13}}</ref>. Urukiko rwabanje kumukatira igifungo cy'imyaka ibiri n'igice, nyuma gihindurwa ihazabu <ref name="E123">{{cite web |language=en |title=Turkey fines Somali president's son after courier's death in crash |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67998448 |date=2024-01-16 |access-date=2024-04-10}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Hassan Sheikh Mohamud yashakanye na Qamar Ali Omar, bafitanye abana barindwi <ref name="E15" />. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Somaliya]] 8ng7tppzb40c1mxci1f571ymqj7wh4q 0 23218 140751 140697 2026-10-05T03:41:57Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Cyril Ramaphosa | image = Cyril Ramaphosa in 2026.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Cyril Ramaphosa mu 2026 | birth_date = 17 Ugushyingo 1952 | birth_place = Soweto, Johannesburg, [[Afurika y’Epfo]] | nationality = Umunyafurika y'Epfo | alma_mater = Kaminuza y'Amajyaruguru (Turfloop), Kaminuza ya Afurika y'Epfo (UNISA) | occupation = Umunyamategeko, umuyobozi w'ihuriro ry'abakozi, umucuruzi, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Afurika y’Epfo]] | term = Kuva ku ya 15 Gashyantare 2018 | predecessor = Jacob Zuma | party = African National Congress (ANC) | spouse = Tshepo Motsepe | children = 4 }} '''Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa''' (yavutse ku ya 17 Ugushyingo 1952 i Soweto) ni umunyapolitiki akaba n'umucuruzi wa [[Afurika y’Epfo]], Perezida wa gatanu w'icyo gihugu kuva muri Gashyantare 2018, akaba na perezida w'ishyaka rya African National Congress (ANC) kuva mu 2017. Yahoze ari impirimbanyi irwanya ivanguraruhu (''apartheid'') n'umuyobozi w'ihuriro ry'abakozi bo mu birombe (NUM). Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1990, yari intumwa nkuru ya ANC mu mishyikirano yashyize iherezo kuri ''apartheid'', hanyuma ayobora Inteko Ishinga Itegeko Nshinga yateguye Itegeko Nshinga rya 1996. Nyuma yo kuva muri politiki mu 1996, yabaye umwe mu bacuruzi bakize kurusha abandi mu gihugu. Yagarutse muri politiki mu 2012, aba Visi-Perezida wa Repubulika kuva mu 2014 kugeza mu 2018, maze asimbura Jacob Zuma weguye. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2019 no mu 2024, ubwo ANC yatakazaga ubwiganze busesuye, bituma ashyiraho guverinoma y'ubumwe bw'igihugu. Yayoboye Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe kuva mu 2020 kugeza mu 2021. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Ramaphosa yavutse ku ya 17 Ugushyingo 1952 i Johannesburg, mu muryango woroheje ukomoka mu bwoko bw'Abavenda <ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=Ngwako Modjadji |title=Ramaphosa 'not born in Limpopo' |url=http://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/981959/ramaphosa-not-born-in-limpopo/ |website=The Citizen |access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud : cinq choses à savoir sur Cyril Ramaphosa, le nouveau chef de l’ANC |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/12/18/afrique-du-sud-cinq-choses-a-savoir-sur-cyril-ramaphosa-le-nouveau-chef-de-l-anc_5231548_3212.html}}</ref>. Ni uwa kabiri mu bana batatu ba Erdmuth na Samuel Ramaphosa, wari umupolisi <ref name="E7">{{cite web |title=25 Things you don't know about Cyril Ramaphosa |url=http://www.youthvillage.co.za/2013/10/25-things-dont-know-cyril-ramaphosa/ |website=Youth Village |date=2013-10-25 |access-date=2017-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812215710/http://www.youthvillage.co.za/2013/10/25-things-dont-know-cyril-ramaphosa/ |archive-date=2017-08-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Akiri umwana, agace k'iwabo karasenywe, umuryango we wimurirwa i Soweto <ref name="F3" />. Yize mu mashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye i Soweto <ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Cyril Matamela Ramaphosa |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/cyril-matamela-ramaphosa |website=South African History Online |date=2011-02-17 |access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref>, hanyuma mu 1971 arangiriza amashuri yisumbuye i Sibasa, muri Venda <ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Who is Cyril Ramaphosa? |url=https://www.moneyweb.co.za/moneyweb-opinion/soapbox/who-is-cyril-ramaphosa/ |website=Moneyweb |date=2017-12-21 |access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref>. Ku myaka 20, yatangiye kwiga amategeko muri Kaminuza y'Amajyaruguru (Turfloop). Yinjiye mu muryango w'abanyeshuri b'Abirabura (SASO), maze afungwa amezi cumi n'umwe mu 1974, yongera gufungwa mu 1976 nyuma y'imyivumbagatanyo ya Soweto. Yarangije amasomo y'amategeko muri Kaminuza ya Afurika y'Epfo (UNISA) mu 1981. == Ihuriro ry'abakozi no kurwanya ''apartheid'' == Mu 1981, Ramaphosa yabaye umujyanama mu by'amategeko w'ihuriro ry'amashyirahamwe y'abakozi (CUSA). Mu 1982, yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru w'ihuriro ry'abakozi bo mu birombe (National Union of Mineworkers, NUM) ryari rimaze gushingwa, aho yayoboye imyigaragambyo ikomeye yo mu 1987, yabaye nini kurusha izindi mu mateka y'igihugu. Mu 1991, yatorewe kuba umunyamabanga mukuru wa ANC, iyobowe na Nelson Mandela, maze aba intumwa nkuru ya ANC mu mishyikirano yashyize iherezo kuri ''apartheid'' <ref name="E1">{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa has what it takes to fix South Africa's ailing ANC. But ... |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017-01-07-ramaphosa-has-what-it-takes-to-fix-south-africas-ailing-anc-but-/ |website=TimesLIVE |access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref><ref name="E2">{{cite web |author=tinashe |title=Negotiations and the transition |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/negotiations-and-transition |website=South African History Online |date=2011-06-30 |access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref>. Nyuma y'amatora ya mbere ya demokarasi yo muri Mata 1994, ku ya 24 Gicurasi 1994 yatorewe kuyobora Inteko Ishinga Itegeko Nshinga, ayobora itegurwa ry'Itegeko Nshinga ryemejwe mu 1996 <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=[Portrait] Afrique du Sud: la «longue marche» de Cyril Ramaphosa |url=http://www.rfi.fr/hebdo/20171222-election-anc-longue-marche-cyril-ramaphosa-conference-parti-zuma-corruption |website=RFI |date=2017-12-22 |access-date=2018-10-09}}</ref>. Bamwe bamufataga nk'uwo Mandela yifuzaga ko azamusimbura <ref name="E48">{{cite web |author=Ranjeni Munusamy |title=Cyril Ramaphosa: the return of Nelson Mandela's chosen one |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/20/cyril-ramaphosa-return-nelson-mandela |website=The Guardian |date=2012-12-20 |access-date=2022-01-15}}</ref>, ariko mu 1997 Thabo Mbeki ni we wamusimbuye ku buyobozi bwa ANC <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cyril Ramaphosa : l’homme que Nelson Mandela aurait voulu pour successeur |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/qui-est-ce/2212-53105-cyril-ramaphosa-l-homme-que-nelson-mandela-aurait-voulu-pour-successeur |website=Agence Ecofin |date=2017 |access-date=2018-10-09}}</ref>. == Umwuga mu bucuruzi == Nyuma yo kuva muri politiki mu 1996, Ramaphosa yabaye umucuruzi ukomeye, abifashijwemo na politiki yo guteza imbere Abirabura mu bukungu <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liste des sociétés liées à Cyril Ramaphosa |url=http://www.companydirectorcheck.com/matamela-cyril-ramaphosa-2}}</ref>. Yashinze ikigo cy'ishoramari cya Shanduka, cyashoye imari mu birombe, mu mitungo itimukanwa no mu masosiyete nka McDonald's na Coca-Cola muri Afurika y'Epfo <ref name="F3" />. Yabaye kandi umuyobozi w'inama y'ubutegetsi ya MTN n'umwe mu bagize iy'ikigo cy'ubucukuzi Lonmin. Mu 2018, umutungo we wagereranywaga n'amadolari arenga miliyoni 450 <ref name="E3">{{cite web |title=Here are the 20 richest people in South Africa |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/wealth/185007/here-are-the-20-richest-people-in-south-africa/ |website=BusinessTech |access-date=2018-02-17}}</ref>. Mu Kanama 2012, ubwo yari mu buyobozi bwa Lonmin, abakozi b'ikirombe cya Marikana bakoze imyigaragambyo, maze polisi irasa abacukuzi 34. Ramaphosa yanenzwe kuba yarashyigikiye ko polisi itabara; nubwo komisiyo y'iperereza yamugize umwere, mu 2017 yasabye imbabazi ku ruhare rwe muri ayo makuba <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud: les excuses de Ramaphosa sur le drame de Marikana |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170508-afrique-sud-excuses-cyril-ramaphosa-drame-marikana}}</ref>. == Kugaruka muri politiki == Mu Ukuboza 2012, Ramaphosa yagarutse muri politiki, atorerwa kuba visi-perezida wa ANC <ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cyril Ramaphosa : qui est le nouveau président d'Afrique du Sud ? - Les Echos |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/13/02/2018/lesechos.fr/0301286242737_cyril-ramaphosa---qui-est-le-nouveau-president-d-afrique-du-sud--.htm |website=lesechos.fr via Internet Archive |access-date=2018-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328191859/https://www.lesechos.fr/13/02/2018/lesechos.fr/0301286242737_cyril-ramaphosa---qui-est-le-nouveau-president-d-afrique-du-sud--.htm |archive-date=2019-03-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku ya 3 Kamena 2014, yabaye Visi-Perezida wa Repubulika ku butegetsi bwa Jacob Zuma <ref name="F3" />, anayobora komisiyo y'igihugu ishinzwe igenamigambi. Ku ya 18 Ukuboza 2017, yatorewe kuyobora ANC n'amajwi 2 440, atsinda Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma wagize amajwi 2 261 <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le pari de Jacob Zuma pour sauver l'ANC |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2017/07/07/01003-20170707ARTFIG00288-le-pari-de-jacob-zuma-pour-sauver-l-anc.php}}</ref>. Icyo gihe, ANC yari mu bihe bikomeye: Perezida Zuma yari yugarijwe n'ibirego bya ruswa, ubushomeri bwari bugeze kuri 30%, kandi ubusumbane bwari bukabije. == Perezida wa Afurika y'Epfo == === Manda ya mbere (2018–2024) === Muri Gashyantare 2018, nyuma y'imishyikirano hagati ya ANC na Zuma <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Jacob Zuma a accepté de démissionner à certaines conditions, selon la presse |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1098768/jacob-zuma-a-accepte-de-demissionner-a-certaines-conditions-selon-la-presse.html |website=www.lorientlejour.com |date=2018-02-06 |access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref>, Zuma yeguye ku ya 14 Gashyantare 2018, amaze gukangishwa kweguzwa <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud : le président Jacob Zuma démissionne avec « effet immédiat » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/02/14/afrique-du-sud-le-president-jacob-zuma-demissionne-avec-effet-immediat_5257073_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2018-02-14 |access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cyril Ramaphosa, le nouvel homme fort de l'Afrique du Sud - France 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20180214-afrique-sud-cyril-ramaphosa-president-demission-jacod-zuma-dauphin-nelson-mandela |website=France 24 |date=2018-02-14 |access-date=2018-02-14}}</ref>. Ku ya 15 Gashyantare 2018, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yatoreye Ramaphosa kuba Perezida wa Repubulika nta wundi bahatanye <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cyril Ramaphosa élu président de l'Afrique du Sud |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1100114/cyril-ramaphosa-elu-president-de-lafrique-du-sud.html |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref><ref name="E86">{{cite web |title=Cyril Ramaphosa has been elected president of South Africa |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-02-15-cyril-ramaphosa-has-been-elected-president-of-south-africa/ |access-date=2018-06-08}}</ref>. Amasoko y'imari yahise yakira neza itorwa rye <ref name="E90">{{cite web |title=Rand rallies over 4% as Ramaphosa takes ANC top job in close contest |url=https://www.fin24.com/Markets/Currencies/rand-rallies-over-4-as-ramaphosa-takes-anc-top-job-in-close-contest-20171218? |website=Fin24 |date=2017-12-18 |access-date=2018-12-25}}</ref>. Ku ya 26 Gashyantare 2018, yavuguruye guverinoma, akuramo abaminisitiri benshi bavugwagaho ibibazo ku butegetsi bwa Zuma, kandi agira David Mabuza Visi-Perezida <ref name="E96">{{cite web |author=Justina Crabtee |title=Ramaphosa cabinet reshuffle sees investor favorites return to run South Africa's economy |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/27/ramaphosa-cabinet-reshuffle-sees-investor-favorites-return-to-run-south-africa-economy.html |website=CNBC |date=2018-02-27 |access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref><ref name="E97">{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa's Cabinet reshuffle leaves some happy, others not, as it happened |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-ramaphosa-postpones-cabinet-reshuffle-with-hour-20180226 |website=News24 |date=2018-02-26 |access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>. Yashyigikiye ivugurura ry'ubutaka « rikomeye », maze mu mpera za Gashyantare 2018 Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeza umushinga wo kwambura ubutaka nta ngurane, hagamijwe gukosora ubusumbane bwasizwe na ''apartheid'' <ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Parlement sud-africain ouvre la voie à l’expropriation sans compensation des terres |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/02/28/le-parlement-sud-africain-ouvre-la-voie-a-l-expropriation-sans-compensation-des-terres_5263536_3212.html}}</ref><ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rachel O'Donoghue |title=South Africa becoming ZIMBABWE 2.0 amid plans to seize white farmers’ land, experts warn |url=https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/world-news/713457/south-africa-farmer-attacks-white-farms-anc-zimbabwe |website=Daily Star}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2018, yahagaritse umushinga wo kongera inganda z'ingufu za kirimbuzi, ashyira imbere ingufu zisubira <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'Afrique du Sud suspend son projet de développement du nucléaire civil |url=https://www.rtbf.be/info/monde/detail_l-afrique-du-sud-suspend-son-projet-de-developpement-du-nucleaire-civil?id=10004116 |website=RTBF Info |date=2018-08-27 |access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref>. Mu matora rusange yo muri Gicurasi 2019, ANC iyobowe na we yabonye amajwi 57,50%, amanota yo hasi kurusha ayo yari yarigeze kubona kugeza icyo gihe <ref name="E98">{{cite web |author=Brakkton Booker |title=South Africa's President Ramaphosa, ANC Hold On To Power In National Elections |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/05/11/722416428/south-africas-president-ramaphosa-anc-hold-on-to-power-in-national-elections |website=NPR.org |date=2019-05-11 |access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |author=M.-L.W. avec AFP |title=Afrique du Sud : Cyril Ramaphosa réélu président |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/afrique-du-sud-cyril-ramaphosa-reelu-president-22-05-2019-8077371.php |website=Le Parisien}}</ref>; ku ya 22 Gicurasi 2019, Inteko yongeye kumutora kuba perezida <ref name="E100">{{cite web |title=#6thParliament: Ramaphosa elected as president |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/6thparliament-ramaphosa-elected-as-president-23774422 |website=www.iol.co.za |access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Adrien Barbier |title=En Afrique du Sud, l’ANC favori des élections malgré les scandales de l’ère Zuma |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/30/en-afrique-du-sud-l-anc-favori-des-elections-malgre-les-scandales-de-l-ere-zuma_5456817_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-04-30}}</ref>. Ku ya 10 Gashyantare 2020, yafashe ubuyobozi bw'Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe, asimbuye Abdel Fattah al-Sissi <ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pierre Boisselet |title=L’Égypte prend la présidence de l’Union africaine, l’Afrique du Sud lui succédera |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/732898/politique/legypte-prend-la-presidence-de-lunion-africaine-lafrique-du-sud-lui-succedera/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-02-10}}</ref><ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique : Cyril Ramaphosa élu président de l’Union africaine |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2020/02/09/afrique-cyril-ramaphosa-elu-president-de-lunion-africaine |website=Actualite.cd |date=2020-02-09 |access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref><ref name="E102">{{cite web |author=Simon Ateba |title=South African President Cyril Ramaphosa elected African Union Chairperson as continent vows to "silence the guns," boost trade and close gender gap |url=https://todaynewsafrica.com/south-african-president-cyril-ramaphosa-elected-african-union-chairperson-as-continent-vows-to-silence-the-guns-boost-trade-and-close-gender-gap/ |website=Today News Africa |date=2020-02-10 |access-date=2020-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216015953/https://todaynewsafrica.com/south-african-president-cyril-ramaphosa-elected-african-union-chairperson-as-continent-vows-to-silence-the-guns-boost-trade-and-close-gender-gap/ |archive-date=2020-02-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yayoboye kandi uburyo igihugu cyahanganye n'icyorezo cya COVID-19, ndetse n'imyivumbagatanyo ya 2021, yabaye mibi kurusha izindi kuva ''apartheid'' irangiye <ref name="E103">{{cite web |title=South Africa links 12 suspected instigators to riots |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMd6qIT8hTQ |website=YouTube |date=2021-07-21 |access-date=2021-12-11}}</ref>. Ku ya 11 Kanama 2021, imbere ya komisiyo yakoraga iperereza kuri ruswa yo ku butegetsi bwa Zuma, yemeye ko icyo gihe ruswa yari yarashinze imizi mu nzego za leta <ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Afrique du Sud, Cyril Ramaphosa reconnaît une corruption endémique sous Jacob Zuma |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/08/12/en-afrique-du-sud-cyril-ramaphosa-reconnait-une-corruption-endemique-sous-jacob-zuma_6091246_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2021-12-08 |access-date=2021-12-08}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri (kuva mu 2024) === Mu matora rusange ya 2024, ANC yabonye amajwi 40,18% gusa, itakaza ubwiganze busesuye bwa mbere kuva ''apartheid'' irangiye; ishyaka rishya Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) rya Jacob Zuma ryabaye irya gatatu <ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Figaro avec AFP |title=Législatives en Afrique du Sud : l'ANC a perdu sa majorité absolue |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/afrique-du-sud-l-anc-en-tete-des-legislatives-avec-42-des-suffrages-20240530 |website=Le Figaro |date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2024-06-04}}</ref>. Ku ya 14 Kamena 2024, Inteko yongeye gutorera Ramaphosa kuba perezida, ashyigikiwe n'ishyaka rya Democratic Alliance n'andi mashyaka, maze ashyiraho guverinoma y'ubumwe bw'igihugu <ref name="E104">{{cite web |language=en |title=Cyril Ramaphosa re-elected South African president after ANC, DA reach deal |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/14/south-africas-parliament-choosing-president-amidst-uncertainty |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2024-06-20}}</ref><ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud : le président Cyril Ramaphosa investi pour un second mandat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240619-afrique-du-sud-le-pr%C3%A9sident-cyril-ramaphosa-investi-pour-un-second-mandat |website=rfi.fr |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref>. Yarahiriye ku ya 19 Kamena 2024 i Pretoria <ref name="E105">{{cite web |language=en |title=Cyril Ramaphosa vows 'new era' for South Africa at presidential inauguration |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3gge414vk9o |website=www.bbc.com |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-20}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2025, yasinye itegeko ryemerera leta kwambura ubutaka nta ngurane mu bihe bimwe, risimbura itegeko rya 1975 ryasabaga ko ba nyir'ubutaka bahabwa ingurane; iryo tegeko ryateje impaka ndetse no muri guverinoma ye <ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=South African president signs controversial land seizure law |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg9w4n6gp5o}}</ref>. Muri uko kwezi, imiryango 25 y'abakorewe ibyaha mu gihe cya ''apartheid'' yareze guverinoma ye, iyishinja kudakora iperereza rihagije kuri ibyo byaha <ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les familles de victimes de l'apartheid poursuivent le gouvernement sud-africain en justice |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250124-les-familles-des-victimes-de-l-apartheid-poursuivent-le-gouvernement-sud-africain-en-justice |website=rfi.fr |date=2025-01-24 |access-date=2025-01-26}}</ref>. Ku ya 7 Ugushyingo 2025, nyuma y'uko [[Madagasikari]] yeguye ku buyobozi bw'Umuryango w'Iterambere ry'Afurika y'Amajyepfo (SADC), Ramaphosa yahawe kuwuyobora by'agateganyo <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar: les autorités de transition annoncent leur retrait de la présidence de la SADC |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20251101-madagascar-les-autorit%C3%A9s-de-transition-annoncent-leur-retrait-de-la-pr%C3%A9sidence-de-la-sadc |website=RFI |date=2025-11-01 |access-date=2025-11-07}}</ref><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=COMMUNIQUÉ DE LA RÉUNION EXTRAORDINAIRE DU SOMMET DES CHEFS D’ÉTAT ET DE GOUVERNEMENT DE LA SADC - SADC |url=https://www.sadc.int/fr/node/6252 |website=www.sadc.int |date=2025-11-07 |access-date=2025-11-07}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga nka perezida yarukoreye muri [[Angola]] muri Werurwe 2018 <ref name="E122">{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa on first official visit to Angola on Friday |url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/ramaphosa-first-official-visit-angola-friday/ |website=SABC NEWS |date=2018-03-01 |access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>. Ku ya 20 Werurwe 2018, yasuye Kigali, mu [[Rwanda]], ahura na Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] baganira ku kuzahura umubano w'ibihugu byombi, maze ku munsi ukurikiyeho asinya amasezerano ya Kigali ashyiraho isoko rusange ry'Afurika (ZLECAf) <ref name="E123">{{cite web |author=Carien Du Plessis |title=Diplomatic relations between SA, Rwanda to return to normal |url=https://ewn.co.za/2018/03/21/diplomatic-relations-between-sa-rwanda-to-return-to-normal |website=EWN |date=2018-03-21 |access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2018, yakiriye inama y'ibihugu bya BRICS i Johannesburg <ref name="E124">{{cite web |title=President Ramaphosa to lead South Africa's hosting of the 10th BRICS Summit |url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/president-ramaphosa-lead-south-africa%27s-hosting-10th-brics-summit |website=The Presidency |date=2018-07-25 |access-date=2019-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109084414/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/president-ramaphosa-lead-south-africa%27s-hosting-10th-brics-summit |archive-date=2019-11-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Nyuma y'igitero cy'[[Uburusiya]] muri Ukraine mu 2022, Ramaphosa yanze kwamagana Uburusiya cyangwa kubufatira ibihano, avuga ko kutagira aho abogamira ari ngombwa ngo abashe guhuza impande zombi <ref name="E126">{{cite web |title=History may explain South Africa's refusal to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://theconversation.com/history-may-explain-south-africas-refusal-to-condemn-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-178657 |website=The Conservation |date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2022-05-29}}</ref><ref name="E128">{{cite web |title=S Africa's Ramaphosa: NATO to blame for Russia's war in Ukraine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/18/update-1-s-africas-ramaphosa-blames-nato-for-russias-war-in-ukraine |website=Al-Jazeera |date=2022-03-18 |access-date=2022-05-12}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2023, yayoboye intumwa z'abakuru b'ibihugu by'Afurika zasuye Kyiv na Saint-Pétersbourg zitwaje umugambi w'amahoro <ref name="E134">{{cite web |title=African Leaders Head to Ukraine, Russia on Peace Mission |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/african-leaders-head-to-ukraine-russia-on-peace-mission-/7136695.html |website=VOA News |date=2023-06-14 |access-date=2023-06-15}}</ref><ref name="E138">{{cite web |title=South Africa's Ramaphosa tells Vladimir Putin to stop war in Ukraine as African delegation arrives in Moscow to plead for peace |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/world-news/global-affairs/south-africas-ramaphosa-tells-vladimir-putin-to-stop-war-in-ukraine-as-african-delegation-arrives-in-moscow-to-plead-for-peace/news-story/014977d9b22d6a70e4727a999c6964ec |website=Sky News |date=2023-06-18 |access-date=2023-06-19}}</ref>, ariko Perezida Vladimir Putin awanga <ref name="E139">{{cite web |title=Putin rebuts key elements of African peace plan for Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/african-leaders-arrive-ukraine-talks-with-russias-putin-2023-06-17/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-06-18 |access-date=2023-06-19}}</ref>. Ramaphosa yasabye ko intambara ya Gaza ihagarara <ref name="E143">{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa urges leaders to 'stand on side of peace' in Gaza conflict |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/africa/ramaphosa-urges-leaders-to-stand-on-side-of-peace-in-gaza-conflict-15491085 |website=TRT Afrika |date=2023-10-21 |access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref>, anenga ikumira ry'ibiribwa n'ibindi bikenerwa muri Gaza <ref name="E144">{{cite web |author=Cyril Ramaphosa |title=Peace will not be possible until Palestinians are free |url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/from-the-desk-of-the-president/desk-president-monday%2C-16-october-2023 |website=The Presidency of the Republic of South Africa |access-date=2023-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025032116/https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/from-the-desk-of-the-president/desk-president-monday,-16-october-2023 |archive-date=2023-10-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku ya 29 Ukuboza 2023, Afurika y'Epfo yareze Isirayeli mu Rukiko Mpuzamahanga rw'Ubutabera (CIJ), iyishinja jenoside <ref name="E147">{{cite web |language=en |title=South Africa delivers evidence of Israel genocide to ICJ |url=https://dirco.gov.za/south-africa-delivers-evidence-of-israel-genocide-to-icj/ |website=DIRCO |date=2024-10-28 |access-date=2025-12-20}}</ref><ref name="E148">{{cite web |language=en |title=Report of the International Court of Justice (1 August 2024–31 July 2025) - (A/80/4) |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/icj-report-2024-25-01aug25/ |website=Question of Palestine |access-date=2025-12-20}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2025, nyuma y'urupfu rw'abasirikare 13 b'Afurika y'Epfo bari mu butumwa bw'amahoro mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], Minisitiri w'Ingabo wa Afurika y'Epfo yavuze ko Ramaphosa yari yaburiye Leta y'u Rwanda ko ibitero bikomeje byafatwa nk'« itangazwa ry'intambara » <ref name="E155">{{cite web |author=LIZEKA TANDWA |title=Ramaphosa tells Rwanda 'firing at SA troops is a declaration of war' |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-01-29-ramaphosa-tells-rwanda-firing-at-sa-troops-is-a-declaration-of-war/ |website=Sunday Times |date=2025-01-29 |access-date=2025-01-29}}</ref>. Ramaphosa yanditse ku rubuga rwa X ashinja ingabo z'u Rwanda kuba ari zo zabishe <ref name="E156">{{cite web |author=Khanyisile Ncobo |title=South Africa and Rwanda go head-to-head over DR Congo War |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78w1ze7v25o |website=BBC |date=2025-01-30 |access-date=2025-01-30}}</ref>; Leta y'u Rwanda yarabihakanye. Ku ya 21 Gicurasi 2025, Ramaphosa yakiriwe muri White House na Perezida Donald Trump, mu gihe umubano w'ibihugu byombi wari warajemo agatotsi nyuma y'uko [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] zihaye ubuhungiro Abanyafurika y'Epfo b'Abazungu (Abafurikaneri) 59, zivuga ko batotezwa, ndetse no kubera itegeko ryo kwambura ubutaka <ref name="E157">{{cite web |language=en |title=President Ramaphosa arrives in the United States of America for his Working Visit |url=https://dirco.gov.za/president-ramaphosa-arrives-in-the-united-states-of-america-for-his-working-visit/ |website=DIRCO |date=2025-05-19 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="E158">{{cite web |language=en |title=Trump-Ramaphosa meeting: US president confronts South African leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce9vvljen0xo |website=www.bbc.com |date=2025-05-22 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="E159">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nimi Princewill |title=South Africa's Ramaphosa visits Trump amid fears he could face Zelensky-style onslaught in White House |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/21/africa/south-africas-ramaphosa-visits-trump-latam-intl |website=CNN |date=2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>. == Impaka == Muri Kamena 2019, hatangijwe iperereza ku nkunga yahawe n'ikigo cy'ubucuruzi mu gihe cyo kwiyamamariza kuyobora ANC mu 2017 <ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud: Ramaphosa à son tour visé par une enquête |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/afrique-du-sud-ramaphosa-a-son-tour-vise-par-une-enquete-20190612 |website=Le Figaro |date=2019-06-12}}</ref>. Yahuye kandi n'abamurwanya muri ANC, bari bagishyigikiye Jacob Zuma <ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jean-Philippe Rémy |title=En Afrique du Sud, le vide s’installe à la tête de l’Etat |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/09/14/en-afrique-du-sud-le-vide-s-installe-a-la-tete-de-l-etat_5510400_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-09-14}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2022, uwahoze ari umuyobozi mukuru w'ubutasi yatanze ikirego amushinja ko muri Gashyantare 2020 yahishe ubujura bwabereye mu murima we wa Phala Phala, aho abajura bari bibye amadolari menshi yari ahishwe mu ntebe <ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=429 Too Many Requests |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voaafrique.com%2Fa%2Fle-pr%25C3%25A9sident-sud-africain-vis%25C3%25A9-par-une-plainte-pour-enl%25C3%25A8vement-et-corruption-%2F6599278.html. |website=voaafrique.com via Wikiwix}}</ref>. Mu Ugushyingo 2022, komisiyo y'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yavuze ko hari impamvu zihagije zo kuganira ku kumweguza <ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud : Cyril Ramaphosa sous la menace d’une procédure de destitution |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20221201-afrique-du-sud-cyril-ramaphosa-sous-la-menace-d-une-proc%C3%A9dure-de-destitution |website=france24.com}}</ref>, ariko muri Werurwe 2023 umuvunyi (''Public Protector'') yavuze ko nta mategeko yishe <ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud : le président Ramaphosa partiellement dédouané dans l’affaire Phala Phala |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230311-afrique-du-sud-le-pr%C3%A9sident-ramaphosa-partiellement-d%C3%A9douan%C3%A9-dans-l-affaire-phala-phala |website=rfi.fr}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2024, amashyaka abiri atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi yitabaje Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga asaba ko iyo dosiye isubukurwa <ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=en |title=South Africa's top court to rule on reviving President Ramaphosa's impeachment |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/10/04/south-africas-top-court-to-rule-on-reviving-president-ramaphosas-impeachment/ |website=africanews.com |date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2024-10-04}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2026, urukiko rwahagaritse by'agateganyo inzira yo kumweguza yari yatangijwe n'Inteko, mu gihe ategereje igisubizo ku cyifuzo cye cyo kujuririra raporo ivuga ko yaba yarishe Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=South African president gets court order halting inquiry into 'Farmgate' scandal |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africas-ramaphosa-wins-court-challenge-halt-farmgate-impeachment-process-2026-07-24/}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Ramaphosa yashakanye na Tshepo Motsepe, mushiki w'umuherwe Patrice Motsepe; afite abana bane. Ikinyamakuru ''Forbes'' cyamushyize mu bacuruzi bakize kurusha abandi mu gihugu, kandi ni we Munyafurika y'Epfo w'Umwirabura wa mbere wabaye umuherwe ufite miliyari <ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'ANC se réunit pour choisir le futur président d'Afrique du Sud |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2017/12/15/01003-20171215ARTFIG00232-l-anc-se-reunit-pour-choisir-le-futur-president-d-afrique-du-sud.php}}</ref><ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L’ANC, aux origines d’un parti-État |url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2018/03/CESSOU/58425 |website=Le Monde diplomatique |date=2018-03-01 |access-date=2018-04-11}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Afurika y’Epfo]] t8rx3331tvo6hwfye8n4ldvqcimcjgt 0 23220 140731 140699 2026-10-04T23:52:39Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Abdel Fattah al-Burhan | image = Abdel Fattah al-Burhan in April 2025 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Abdel Fattah al-Burhan muri Mata 2025 | birth_date = 11 Nyakanga 1960 | birth_place = Gandatu, [[Sudani]] | nationality = Umunyasudani | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Sudani | occupation = Umusirikare | title = Perezida w'Inama y'Ubusugire y'Inzibacyuho ya [[Sudani]] | term = Kuva ku ya 21 Kanama 2019 (Perezida w'Akanama ka Gisirikare k'Inzibacyuho kuva ku ya 12 Mata 2019) | predecessor = Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf | children = 3 }} '''Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Abdelrahman al-Burhan''' (yavutse ku ya 11 Nyakanga 1960 i Gandatu) ni umusirikare mukuru wa [[Sudani]], uyoboye icyo gihugu kuva mu 2019. Nyuma y'impinduramatwara yo muri Mata 2019 yahiritse Perezida [[Omar El Bechir]], yagizwe umuyobozi w'akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho, hanyuma ayobora Inama y'Ubusugire y'Inzibacyuho yari ihuriweho n'abasirikare n'abasivili. Mu Ukwakira 2021, yakoze kudeta ihirika guverinoma ya gisivili ya Minisitiri w'Intebe Abdallah Hamdok, maze yongera gushyiraho Inama y'Ubusugire ayobora. Kuva muri Mata 2023, ayoboye ingabo za Sudani mu ntambara y'abenegihugu zihanganyemo n'umutwe wa Rapid Support Forces (RSF). Mu Mutarama 2025, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zamufatiye ibihano. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Abdel Fattah al-Burhan yavutse mu 1960 mu mudugudu wa Gandatu, mu majyaruguru ya Khartoum <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Stéphanie Trouillard |title=Qui est Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, le nouvel homme à la tête du Soudan ? |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20190413-soudan-abdel-fattah-al-burhan-abdelrahmane-nouvel-homme-tete-portrait |website=france24.com |date=2019-04-13}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Sudan transition: Lt-Gen Burhan sworn in as Sovereign Council chief |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49414216 |website=BBC News |date=2019-08-21 |access-date=2021-04-29}}</ref><ref name="E12">{{cite web |language=en |title=Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, the general who leads Sudan |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211025-abdel-fattah-al-burhan-the-general-who-leads-sudan |website=France 24 |date=2021-10-25 |access-date=2021-10-28}}</ref>, mu muryango w'Abasufi wo mu bwoko bw'Abajaalin. Yize amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye iwabo n'i Shendi, hanyuma yinjira mu ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Sudani. Yakurikiye amahugurwa ya gisirikare mu [[Misiri]] no muri Yorudaniya <ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=Who is new head of Sudan's transitional council |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/who-is-new-head-of-sudans-transitional-council/1451074 |website=Anadolu Agency |date=2019-04-13 |access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Al-Burhan yatangiye ari umusirikare mu ngabo zirinda imipaka, aza kuziyobora; yarwanye mu ntambara ya Darfur no mu ntambara ya kabiri y'abenegihugu ya Sudani, anaba umuyobozi w'ingabo mu karere ka Darfur <ref name="E13">{{cite web |language=en |author=Declan Walsh |title=What Happened on the Second Day of Fighting in Sudan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/04/16/world/sudan-military-rsf |website=The New York Times |date=2023-04-16 |access-date=2023-05-01}}</ref><ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=Who is Abdel Fattah al-Burhan |url=https://www.alhurra.com/choice-alhurra/2019/04/12/هو-عبد-الفتاح-البرهان؟ |website=Alhurra |access-date=2019-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413153026/https://www.alhurra.com/choice-alhurra/2019/04/12/%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%9F |archive-date=2019-04-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yabaye umugaba wungirije w'ibikorwa by'ingabo zirwanira ku butaka, hanyuma mu 2018 aba umugaba w'ingabo zirwanira ku butaka <ref name="E14" /><ref name="E15" />. Yateguye kohereza ingabo za Sudani muri Yemeni mu ntambara y'abenegihugu yaho, akaba ari na we wahuzaga Sudani na Arabiya Sawudite na [[Nyarabu Zunze Ubumwe]] <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=en |author=Magdi el Gizouli |title=Sudan’s Season of Revolution |url=http://roape.net/2019/07/05/sudans-season-of-revolution/ |website=African Review of Political Economy |date=2019-07-05}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2019, mu gihe cy'imyigaragambyo yamaganaga ubutegetsi bwa Omar El Bechir, yagizwe umugenzuzi mukuru w'ingabo, ahabwa ipeti rya jenerali liyetona <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Militaire respecté mais inconnu du public, Abdel Fattah al-Burhane nouveau dirigeant du Soudan |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/info/militaire-respecte-mais-inconnu-du-public-abdel-fattah-al-burhane-nouveau-dirigeant-du-soudan |website=TV5 Monde}}</ref><ref name="E15" />. == Ubuyobozi bw'inzibacyuho == === Akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho === Ku ya 12 Mata 2019, al-Burhan yasimbuye Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf ku buyobozi bw'akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho kari kamaze gushyirwaho nyuma yo guhirika Omar El Bechir <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Soudan : joie des manifestants après la démission du chef du conseil militaire |url=https://www.lalibre.be/actu/international/soudan-le-chef-du-conseil-militaire-de-transition-annonce-sa-demission-et-designe-un-successeur-5cb0eec4d8ad5874779206cd |website=La Libre Belgique}}</ref>. Bitandukanye n'uwo yasimbuye, ntiyafatwaga nk'inkingi y'ubutegetsi bwa kera <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan : Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman, un chef du Conseil militaire plus consensuel |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190413-abdel-fattah-abdelrahman-soudan-chef-conseil-militaire-consensuel |website=RFI Afrique}}</ref>. Yategetse ko abari bafunzwe na El Bechir barekurwa, kandi yizeza ko inzibacyuho itazarenza imyaka ibiri <ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Civilian government to be established in Sudan: new head of military council |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics-burhan/civilian-government-to-be-established-in-sudan-new-head-of-military-council-idUSKCN1RP0BT |website=Reuters |date=2019-04-13 |access-date=2019-06-08}}</ref>. Urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga yarukoreye mu Misiri, ahura na Perezida [[Abdel Fattah al-Sissi]], hanyuma muri Nyarabu Zunze Ubumwe <ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=Sudan interim military council chief Al-Burhan meets with Egypt's President El-Sisi |url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1501981/middle-east |website=Arab News |date=2019-05-25 |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Sudan military council chief to visit UAE |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2019/05/26/Sudan-military-council-chief-to-visit-UAE.html |website=Al Arabiya |date=2019-05-26 |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref>. Ku ya 3 Kamena 2019, inzego z'umutekano, zirimo umutwe wa RSF, zatatanyije ku ngufu abigaragambyaga bari bakambitse imbere y'icyicaro gikuru cy'ingabo i Khartoum. Abantu benshi bararashwe, imirambo imwe iterwa mu ruzi rwa Nili, kandi imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu yavuze ko abantu amagana bakorewe iyicarubozo n'ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Soudan, Khartoum livrée aux miliciens du Darfour |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/06/06/soudan-khartoum-livree-aux-miliciens-du-darfour_5472239_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan : au moins 30 morts dans des manifestations violemment réprimées par l’armée |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/783910/politique/soudan-au-moins-30-morts-dans-des-manifestations-violemment-reprimees-par-larmee/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref><ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan : des manifestants violés par des militaires |url=https://www.cnews.fr/monde/2019-06-11/soudan-des-manifestants-violes-par-des-militaires-849419 |website=www.cnews.fr |access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref><ref name="E17">{{cite web |language=en |title='Bodies pulled from Nile' after Sudan crackdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48512413 |date=2019-06-05 |access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref><ref name="E19">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan military offers talks after allegedly killing 100 protesters |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sudan-military-offers-talks-60-protesters-killed-crackdown-khartoum-sit-in-2019-06-05/ |website=CBS News |date=2019-06-05 |access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ubwo bwicanyi, ibiganiro n'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi byarahagaze, kandi interineti irahagarikwa, ibyo Human Rights Watch yise « ihohoterwa rikomeye ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu » <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=À Khartoum, l'armée tente de briser le mouvement de contestation |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20190603-soudan-manifestations-armee-tentative-dispersion-force |website=france24.com}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan crisis: Internet restored – but only for lawyer |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48744853 |website=BBC News |date=2019-06-24 |access-date=2021-10-28}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan: End Network Shutdown Immediately |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/06/12/sudan-end-network-shutdown-immediately |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2019-06-12 |access-date=2019-06-16}}</ref>. === Inama y'Ubusugire y'Inzibacyuho === Ku ya 20 Kanama 2019, nyuma y'amasezerano hagati y'abasirikare n'ihuriro ry'abasivili, hashyizweho Inama y'Ubusugire y'Inzibacyuho igizwe n'abantu cumi n'umwe, iyobowe na al-Burhan; yarahiye bukeye bwaho <ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan : chargé de diriger la transition, le Conseil souverain a été formé - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190820-soudan-diriger-transition-conseil-souverain-forme |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref><ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Point, magazine |title=Soudan: la nouvelle instance de transition intronisée |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/la-nouvelle-instance-de-transition-intronisee-au-soudan-21-08-2019-2330817_24.php |website=Le Point |date=2019-08-21 |access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan: Civilian-majority ruling council sworn in – DW – 08/21/2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/sudan-civilian-majority-ruling-council-sworn-in/a-50116205 |website=dw.com |access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref>. Amasezerano y'amahoro ya Juba yo mu Ukwakira 2020 yongereye igihe cy'inzibacyuho, bituma al-Burhan akomeza kuyobora iyo nama aho kuyivaho muri 2021 nk'uko byari biteganyijwe <ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sudan: A transition under pressure |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/659413/EPRS_BRI(2020)659413_EN.pdf |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudanese-Egyptian Military Relations and Geopolitics: Implications for Powering the GERD |url=https://africanarguments.org/2020/12/sudanese-egyptian-military-relations-and-geopolitics-implications-for-powering-the-gerd/ |website=African Arguments |date=2020-12-17 |access-date=2021-10-25}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2020, al-Burhan yahuriye i Entebbe, muri [[Ubugande]], na Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Isirayeli Benjamin Netanyahu <ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan said willing to consider normalizing ties with Israel |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/sudan-said-willing-to-consider-normalizing-ties-with-israel/ |website=www.timesofisrael.com |access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref>. Yagize uruhare rukomeye mu isubukurwa ry'umubano hagati ya Sudani na Isirayeli, ryemejwe ku ya 23 Ukwakira 2020, nubwo ritavugwagaho rumwe muri guverinoma no mu baturage; yarisobanuraga avuga inyungu z'ubukungu, cyane cyane kuvanwa kwa Sudani ku rutonde rw'Amerika rw'ibihugu bishyigikira iterabwoba <ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Pourquoi le Soudan normalise ses relations avec Israël |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1238027/pourquoi-le-soudan-normalise-ses-relations-avec-israel.html |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |date=2020-10-24 |access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref><ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le général Burhane récuse tout chantage américain |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1238293/le-general-burhane-recuse-tout-chantage-americain.html |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |date=2020-10-26 |access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref>. == Kudeta ya 2021 == Ku ya 25 Ukwakira 2021, al-Burhan yayoboye kudeta yahiritse guverinoma ya gisivili: Minisitiri w'Intebe Abdallah Hamdok n'abaminisitiri benshi barafashwe, hatangazwa ibihe bidasanzwe, interineti irahagarikwa, kandi imyigaragambyo ishyigikira ubutegetsi bwa gisivili iramagurwa <ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan/coup d'Etat: deux manifestants tués et 80 blessés par l'armée (médecins) |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1279189/soudan-coup-detat-deux-manifestants-tues-et-80-blesses-par-larmee-medecins.html |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |date=2021-10-25 |access-date=2021-10-25}}</ref><ref name="E29">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan's Burhan declares state of emergency, dissolves government |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics-burhan-idAFKBN2HF0UV |website=Reuters |date=2021-10-25 |access-date=2021-10-25}}</ref>. Ku ya 11 Ugushyingo 2021, yashyizeho Inama y'Ubusugire nshya ayobora <ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan : préoccupation internationale face au nouveau Conseil de souveraineté |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/soudan-pr%C3%A9occupation-internationale-face-au-nouveau-conseil-de-souverainet%C3%A9-/2419450 |website=AA}}</ref><ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=en |author=Declan Walsh |title=Sudan's Military Seizes Power, Casting Democratic Transition Into Chaos |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/25/world/africa/sudan-military-coup.html |website=The New York Times |date=2021-10-25 |access-date=2023-05-01}}</ref>. Ku ya 21 Ugushyingo 2021, Hamdok yasubijwe ku mwanya we ku bw'amasezerano n'amashyaka y'abasivili <ref name="E31">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan's Hamdok reinstated as PM after political agreement signed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/21/sudans-hamdok-reinstated-as-pm-after-political-agreement-signed |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref>, ariko yegura muri Mutarama 2022. Mu mwaka wakurikiye kudeta, abigaragambyaga 117 barishwe <ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan : la présence du général al-Burhan aux funérailles d'Elizabeth II passe mal |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220920-soudan-la-pr%C3%A9sence-du-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-al-burhan-aux-fun%C3%A9railles-d-elizabeth-ii-passe-mal |website=RFI |date=2022-09-20 |access-date=2022-09-23}}</ref><ref name="E41">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan's General al-Burhan says army stepping back from government |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/4/sudans-burhan-says-army-stepping-back-for-civilian-govt |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2022-07-10}}</ref>. Nyuma ya kudeta, al-Burhan yashyize abayoboke b'imitwe ya Kisilamu bari bakomeye ku butegetsi bwa El Bechir mu nzego z'ubutegetsi, cyane cyane mu ngabo <ref name="E32">{{cite web |author=Mohammad Tawhidi |title=The Muslim Brotherhood’s Influence on Sudan’s Military Leadership and Its Impact on Regional Stability |url=https://trendsresearch.org/insight/the-muslim-brotherhoods-influence-on-sudans-military-leadership-and-its-impact-on-regional-stability/?srsltid=AfmBOorvjjoKcmlCfBlJOtFyu3GiHHUZXrRFlqXJUR34IBMW80eemCmH |website=Trends Research & Advisory |date=2025-11-24}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |author=Fernando Carvajal |title=The US Sanctions Sudan’s Muslim Brotherhood |url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/africa/the-us-sanctions-sudans-muslim-brotherhood/#:~:text=Remnants%20of%20the%20MB%20from,when%20the%20armed%20forces%20split. |website=Fair Observer |date=2026-04-07}}</ref><ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan : pourquoi la junte réhabilite les islamistes |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220423-soudan-pourquoi-la-junte-r%C3%A9habilite-les-islamistes |website=RFI |date=2022-04-23 |access-date=2022-09-26}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2023, yahuye na Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga w'[[Uburusiya]], Sergey Lavrov <ref name="E40">{{cite web |title=Lavrov pledges support for Sudan's efforts to lift UN sanctions |url=https://sudantribune.com/article/270671/ |website=Sudan Tribune |date=2023-02-09 |access-date=2023-04-29}}</ref>. == Intambara y'abenegihugu == Ku ya 15 Mata 2023, umutwe wa Rapid Support Forces (RSF) uyobowe na Jenerali Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo « Hemedti », wari umwungirije, wagabye ibitero ku birindiro by'ingabo mu gihugu hose, uvuga ko wigaruriye ingoro ya perezida n'ikibuga cy'indege cya Khartoum <ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Monde avec AFP |title=Au Soudan, la rivalité entre deux généraux a explosé, des forces paramilitaires disent contrôler l’aéroport international de Khartoum |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/04/15/au-soudan-les-paramilitaires-affirment-controler-le-palais-presidentiel-de-khartoum_6169666_3212.html#xtor=AL-32280270-%5Bdefault%5D-%5Bios%5D |website=Le Monde |date=2023-04-15 |access-date=2023-04-15}}</ref><ref name="E46">{{cite web |title=At least 25 killed, 183 injured in ongoing clashes across Sudan as paramilitary group claims control of presidential palace |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/15/africa/sudan-presidential-palace-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2023-04-15 |access-date=2023-04-15}}</ref>. Al-Burhan yamaze amezi menshi agotewe ku cyicaro gikuru cy'ingabo i Khartoum, kugeza muri Kanama 2023 ubwo yavanwagayo akajya i Port-Soudan, aho guverinoma ye ikorera kuva icyo gihe <ref name="E48">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan's Al-Burhan heads first cabinet meeting since conflict erupted |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/08/29/sudans-al-burhan-heads-first-cabinet-meeting-since-conflict-erupted/ |website=africanews |date=2023-08-29 |access-date=2023-08-29}}</ref><ref name="E49">{{cite web |language=en |title=Al-Burhan inspects Sudanese troops in Omdurman following repelled RSF attack |url=https://sudantribune.com/article276466/ |website=Sudan Tribune |date=2023-08-24 |access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref>. Bivugwa ko RSF yahawe inkunga na [[Libiya]], Nyarabu Zunze Ubumwe n'umutwe w'Abarusiya wa Wagner <ref name="E50">{{cite web |language=en |title=Russian mercenaries in Sudan: What is the Wagner Group's role? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/17/what-is-the-wagner-groups-role-in-sudan |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2024-08-24}}</ref><ref name="E51">{{cite web |language=en |title=Wagner in Sudan: What have Russian mercenaries been up to? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65328165 |date=2023-04-23 |access-date=2024-08-24}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2024, al-Burhan yarokotse igitero cy'indege itagira umupilote cyagabwe ku kigo cya gisirikare cya Gebeit, aho yari yitabiriye umuhango wo gusoza amasomo y'abasirikare; abantu batanu barapfuye <ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=en |author=Middle East Monitor |title=Sudan: Army chief Burhan survives assassination attempt |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240731-sudan-army-chief-burhan-survives-assassination-attempt/ |website=Middle East Monitor |date=2024-07-31 |access-date=2024-07-31}}</ref><ref name="E54">{{cite web |title=Sudan's military leader survives drone strikes - army |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cxe28n6ydr7o |website=BBC News |date=2024-07-31}}</ref>. Ku ya 16 Mutarama 2025, Minisiteri y'Imari ya [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] yamufatiye ibihano, imushinja kwibasira abasivili n'ibikorwa remezo byabo, kubuza ubutabazi kugera ku baturage, kwanga kwitabira ibiganiro by'amahoro no guhungabanya inzira igana ku butegetsi bwa gisivili <ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=en |author=Damian Zane |title=US sanctions Sudan army chief Burhan over civilian deaths attempt |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn8x5nkj8pyo |website=BBC |date=2025-01-16 |access-date=2025-01-16}}</ref><ref name="E44">{{cite web |title=Exclusive-U.S. to Impose Sanctions on Sudanese Leader Burhan |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2025-01-16/exclusive-u-s-to-impose-sanctions-on-sudanese-leader-burhan |website=U.S. News |date=2025-01-16}}</ref><ref name="E45">{{cite web |author=Damian Zane |title=US sanctions Sudan army chief Burhan over civilian deaths |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn8x5nkj8pyo |website=BBC News |date=2025-01-16}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2025, intumwa ye yasuye Isirayeli igamije kwihutisha ivugururwa ry'umubano w'ibihugu byombi <ref name="E55">{{cite web |author=Lior Ben Ari |title=Sudanese envoy secretly visits Israel to push normalization for military support |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sjvbwufckg |website=Ynet |date=2025-08-04 |access-date=2025-11-06}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Al-Burhan afite umugore n'abana batatu. Ku ya 6 Werurwe 2024, umuhungu we, Mohammed, yakomeretse bikomeye mu mpanuka y'ipikipiki i Ankara, muri Turukiya, apfa ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2024 <ref name="E56">{{cite web |title=Sudanese military leader's son dies of injuries following a motorcycle crash in Turkey |url=https://apnews.com/article/sudan-turkey-army-chief-son-dies-96137ace1338b02016a9beb6c774dc7c |website=Associated Press |date=2024-05-03 |access-date=2024-05-04}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Sudani]] m1pvk2vupp1k9tq1n9pxldkanqk5ma4 0 23222 140771 140701 2026-10-05T09:55:00Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové | image = Amtseinführung Konsul von Togo (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové | birth_date = 7 Gicurasi 1939 | birth_place = Lomé, [[Togo]] | nationality = Umunyatogo | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Bordeaux, Sorbonne, Kaminuza ya Naples | occupation = Umunyapolitiki, umukozi wa leta | title = Perezida wa [[Togo]] | term = Kuva ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2025 | predecessor = Faure Gnassingbé | party = Convergence patriotique panafricaine (CPP) }} '''Jean-Lucien Kwassi Lanyo Savi de Tové''' (yavutse ku ya 7 Gicurasi 1939 i Lomé) ni umunyapolitiki akaba n'umukozi wa leta wa [[Togo]], Perezida wa gatanu w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2025. Yahoze ari umwe mu batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, afungwa ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Gnassingbé Eyadéma, hanyuma aza kwinjira muri guverinoma nka Minisitiri w'Ubucuruzi, Inganda n'Ubukorikori kuva mu 2005 kugeza mu 2007. Yabaye visi-perezida w'ishyaka rya Convergence patriotique panafricaine (CPP). Mu Gicurasi 2025, nyuma y'ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga ryahinduye Togo igihugu kiyoborwa n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, yatowe n'Inteko ku bwumvikane bwa bose ku mwanya wa perezida, ubu wabaye uw'icyubahiro, mu gihe ububasha bwinshi bwahawe Perezida w'Inama y'Abaminisitiri, Faure Gnassingbé. Afite imyaka 86, ni we muntu ukuze kurusha abandi wabaye Perezida wa Togo. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Savi de Tové yavukiye i Lomé, mu muryango w'Abewe <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Togo : Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové, ancien opposant, élu président de la République |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/actualites/0305-128055-togo-jean-lucien-savi-de-tove-ancien-opposant-elu-president-de-la-republique |website=agenceecofin.com |date=2025-05-03 |access-date=2026-07-30}}</ref><ref name="E1">{{cite web |title=Circonscription électorale de Zio |url=http://www.cenitogo.tg/listecandidats/ZIO.pdf |website=cenitogo.tg |access-date=2009-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911142204/http://www.cenitogo.tg/listecandidats/ZIO.pdf |archive-date=2008-09-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E2">{{cite web |title=Profil des membres du gouvernement togolais |url=http://www.etiame.com/etiame296.htm |website=etiame.com |access-date=2009-01-27}}</ref>. Yize amategeko muri Kaminuza ya Bordeaux, mu [[Ubufaransa]], hanyuma abona impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu bumenyi bwa politiki muri Sorbonne, n'impamyabumenyi mu bushakashatsi ku iterambere ry'ubukungu muri Kaminuza ya Naples, mu Butaliyani. == Umwuga wa politiki == Nyuma ya kudeta ya gisirikare yo muri Mutarama 1967, ku ya 6 Gashyantare 1967 yagizwe umunyamabanga mukuru wa Minisiteri y'Ububanyi n'Amahanga, afite imyaka 28. Mu 1969, ubwo Perezida Gnassingbé Eyadéma yashingaga ishyaka rimwe ryonyine ryemewe, Rassemblement du peuple togolais (RPT), Savi de Tové yararyinjiyemo. Mu 1974 no mu 1975, yasimbuwe ku mwanya w'umunyamabanga mukuru. Ashinjwa kugira uruhare mu mugambi wo guhirika ubutegetsi hamwe n'abandi banyapolitiki barimo Gilchrist Olympio, ku ya 12 Nyakanga 1979 yasohorewe impapuro zo kumuta muri yombi, arafungwa. Muri Kanama 1979, we n'abandi bantu bane bahamwe n'icyaha, akatirwa igifungo cy'imyaka icumi <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=en |title=The Amnesty International Report |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=42HkAAAAMAAJ&q=%22commuted+to+life+imprisonment.+Kwassi%22&redir_esc=y |date=1984}}</ref><ref name="E4">{{cite web |title=The Amnesty International Report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=42HkAAAAMAAJ&q=%22commuted+to+life+imprisonment.+Kwassi%22 |website=Amnesty International Publications}}</ref>. Mu 1986, yavuye muri RPT, maze yitabira imyigaragambyo ya 1990–1991 yasabaga ko amashyaka menshi yemerwa. Amashyaka menshi amaze kwemerwa mu 1991, yashinze ishyaka rya Parti des démocrates pour l'unité (PDU), kandi agira uruhare rukomeye mu Nama y'Igihugu yo muri Nyakanga–Kanama 1991 yashyizeho guverinoma y'inzibacyuho. Ku ya 22 Werurwe 1993, mu nama yabereye i Cotonou, muri [[Bene]], ihuriro ry'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi ryamutanze nka Minisitiri w'Intebe mu mwanya wa Joseph Kokou Koffigoh, ryashinjaga gukorana cyane na Perezida Eyadéma <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=TOGO : l'opposition propose M. Savi de Tové comme premier ministre |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1993/03/24/togo-l-opposition-propose-m-savi-de-tove-comme-premier-ministre_3923151_1819218.html |website=Le Monde |date=1993-03-24 |access-date=2023-06-17}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Africa Report |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=7wJvAAAAMAAJ&q=savi+de+tove&redir_esc=y |date=1993}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Togo: l'opposition propose M. Savi de Tové comme premier ministre |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1993/03/24/togo-l-opposition-propose-m-savi-de-tove-comme-premier-ministre_3923151_1819218.html |website=Le Monde |date=1993-03-24}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Africa New Highlights |url=http://70.84.171.10/~etools/newsbrief/1993/news9303.23 |website=Reuters |access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref>; ariko guverinoma yanze iryo shyirwaho. Mu 1994, yiyamamarije kuba umudepite nk'umukandida wigenga, ariko ntiyatorwa <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Godwin Tété |title=L'élection présidentielle de 2015 au Togo - Clarifions et simplifions la problématique |url=https://cvu-togo-diaspora.org/2015/02/14/lelection-presidentielle-de-2015-au-togo-clarifions-et-simplifions-la-problematique/10624 |website=cvu-togo-diaspora.org |date=2015-02-14 |access-date=2026-08-31}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=Godwin Tété |title=L'élection présidentielle de 2015 au Togo - Clarifions et simplifions la problématique |url=https://cvu-togo-diaspora.org/2015/02/14/lelection-presidentielle-de-2015-au-togo-clarifions-et-simplifions-la-problematique/10624 |website=cvu-togo-diaspora.org |date=2015-02-14}}</ref>. Mu 1999, PDU yihuje n'andi mashyaka abiri, UTD na UTS, bibyara ishyaka rya Convergence patriotique panafricaine (CPP) riyobowe na Edem Kodjo, maze Savi de Tové aba visi-perezida wa mbere waryo <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mme Gaba en détention arbitraire et illégale de 48 heures au camp du régiment para-commando de Kara, sur ordre du Lieutenant-colonel Ernest Gnassingbe |url=http://www.togo-confidentiel.com/texte/DroitsHumains&Libert%E9s/Gaba_au_Camp_Landja.htm |website=togo-confidentiel.com |access-date=2026-08-31}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Togo/dialogue: les divergences refont surface avec la reprise des travaux |url=https://icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=6961&f= |date=2006-06-02 |access-date=2025-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233453/http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=6961&f= |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Mme Gaba en détention arbitraire et illégale de 48 heures au camp du régiment para-commando de Kara, sur ordre du Lieutenant-colonel Ernest Gnassingbé |url=http://www.togo-confidentiel.com/texte/DroitsHumains&Libert%E9s/Gaba_au_Camp_Landja.htm}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2005, yagizwe Minisitiri w'Ubucuruzi, Inganda n'Ubukorikori <ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Togo: Liste des membres du nouveau gouvernement |url=http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2005-06/21/content_130208.htm |date=2005-06-21 |access-date=2008-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215081816/http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2005-06/21/content_130208.htm |archive-date=2012-02-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref>, akomeza kuri uwo mwanya muri guverinoma ya Yawovi Agboyibo <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Répartition des portefeuilles du nouveau gouvernement togolais |url=https://www.afrik.com/repartition-des-portefeuilles-du-nouveau-gouvernement-togolais |website=afrik.com |date=2006-09-21 |access-date=2023-06-17}}</ref><ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Répartition des portefeuilles du nouveau gouvernement togolais |url=https://www.afrik.com/repartition-des-portefeuilles-du-nouveau-gouvernement-togolais |date=2006-09-21}}</ref>. Mu izina rya CPP, yasinye amasezerano ya politiki yasoje ibiganiro hagati y'Abanyatogo byo mu 2006 <ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Texte de l'accord politique global |url=https://www.cenitogo.tg/telechargement/apg.pdf |access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref>. Mu matora y'abadepite yo mu Ukwakira 2007, yari uwa mbere ku rutonde rwa CPP mu karere ka Zio, ariko ishyaka ntiryabona umwanya n'umwe <ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=Text of Constitutional Court decision (final election results) |url=https://www.cenitogo.tg/resultats/Resultats_definitifs_des_elections_legislatives_du_14_octobre_2007_%20proclames_par_la_Cour_Constitutionnelle.do.pdf |date=2007-10-30 |access-date=2025-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129155756/https://www.cenitogo.tg/resultats/Resultats_definitifs_des_elections_legislatives_du_14_octobre_2007_%20proclames_par_la_Cour_Constitutionnelle.do.pdf |archive-date=2007-11-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2007, yavanywe muri guverinoma. Ku ya 27 Gicurasi 2009, yagizwe perezida w'urwego ruhoraho rw'ibiganiro n'ubwumvikane (CPDC) <ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Jean-Lucien Savi De Tové confiant et serein |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/politique/jean-lucien-sanvi-de-tove-confiant-et-serein |website=republicoftogo.com}}</ref><ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=Jean-Lucien Sanvi De Tové confiant et serein |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/politique/jean-lucien-sanvi-de-tove-confiant-et-serein |date=2009-05-29}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Togo == Muri Gicurasi 2024, Togo yemeje Itegeko Nshinga rishya ryahinduye igihugu kiyoborwa na perezida kikaba kiyoborwa n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko. Ububasha bwinshi bwa perezida bwahawe umwanya mushya wa Perezida w'Inama y'Abaminisitiri, naho umwanya wa Perezida wa Repubulika uba uw'icyubahiro, utorwa n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kuri manda y'imyaka ine ishobora kongerwa rimwe <ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Togo has adopted major constitutional changes to give parliament more power: how it will work |url=https://theconversation.com/togo-has-adopted-major-constitutional-changes-to-give-parliament-more-power-how-it-will-work-228944 |website=The Conversation |date=2024-05-01}}</ref><ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=Togo Revises Constitution to Eliminate Term Limits: An Explainer |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/togo-revises-constitution-to-eliminate-term-limits-an-explainer/ |website=Africa Center |date=2024-04-23}}</ref>. Ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2025, Savi de Tové yatowe ku bwumvikane bwa bose n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko n'Inteko Nshingamategeko (Sena) bahuriye hamwe <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Togo : Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové, l’opposant historique, élu président dans un geste d’ouverture inédit |url=https://lejournalinfo.com/politique/savi-de-tove-president-togo/ |website=lejournalinfo.com |date=2025-03-05 |access-date=2026-08-31}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Togo Elects Former Opposition Leader Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové as President |url=https://www.togofirst.com/en/politics/0605-16273-togo-elects-former-opposition-leader-jean-lucien-savi-de-tove-as-president |website=Togo First |date=2025-05-06}}</ref>. Yarahiye uwo munsi, aba perezida wa mbere wa Repubulika ya Gatanu ya Togo, asimbura Faure Gnassingbé wabaye Perezida w'Inama y'Abaminisitiri, akaba ari we ufite ububasha bwinshi bw'ubuyobozi <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Togo : Faure Gnassingbé devient président du Conseil des ministres |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1685228/politique/togo-faure-gnassingbe-devient-president-du-conseil-des-ministres/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2026-08-31}}</ref><ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Faure Gnassingbé becomes first Chairman of Council of Ministers of Togo after shift to parliamentary system |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/faure-gnassingbe-becomes-first-chairman-of-council-of-minister-of-togo-after-shift-to-parliamentary-system/ |website=MyJoyOnline |date=2025-05-03}}</ref>. Kubera ko yarahiye habura iminsi ine ngo yuzuze imyaka 86, ni we perezida ukuze kurusha abandi mu mateka ya Togo <ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Togo elects new president |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/togo-elects-new-president/ |website=The Independent Uganda |date=2025-05-04}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Togo]] rswkjfzmzggkykhxyzdbr6c8qopcg7k 0 23223 140777 140702 2026-10-05T10:36:21Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Kaïs Saïed | image = President Kais Saïed.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Kaïs Saïed | birth_date = 22 Gashyantare 1958 | birth_place = Tunis, [[Tunisiya]] | nationality = Umunyatunisiya | occupation = Umwarimu wa kaminuza mu mategeko nshinga, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Tunisiya]] | term = Kuva ku ya 23 Ukwakira 2019 | predecessor = Mohamed Ennaceur (w'agateganyo) | party = Nta shyaka (umukandida wigenga) | spouse = Ichraf Chebil | children = 3 }} '''Kaïs Saïed''' (mu Cyarabu: قيس سعيد; yavutse ku ya 22 Gashyantare 1958 i Tunis) ni umunyapolitiki akaba n'impuguke mu mategeko nshinga wa [[Tunisiya]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 23 Ukwakira 2019. Yamaze imyaka myinshi ari umwarimu w'amategeko muri kaminuza, ndetse n'umwe mu bayobozi b'ishyirahamwe ry'Abanyatunisiya b'impuguke mu mategeko nshinga. Mu 2019, yiyamamaje nk'umukandida wigenga, azwiho kuba inyangamugayo, maze atsinda icyiciro cya kabiri cy'amatora n'amajwi 72,7%. Mu Nyakanga 2021, mu bihe by'ihagarara rya politiki n'icyorezo cya COVID-19, yiyambuye ububasha bwose, yirukana guverinoma kandi ahagarika Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, nyuma arayisesa, ibyo abamurwanya n'abasesenguzi benshi bise kudeta. Mu 2022, yakuyeho Itegeko Nshinga rya 2014, ashyiraho irindi ryemejwe na kamarampaka, riha ububasha bwinshi umukuru w'igihugu. Afatwa n'abenshi nk'umunyagitugu, yongeye gutorwa mu 2024 mu matora yaranzwe n'ubwitabire buke cyane. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere == Kaïs Saïed ni umuhungu wa Moncef Saïed, wari umukozi muri Minisiteri y'Imari, na Zakia Bellagha, wo mu muryango w'abakire b'i Tunis wari umugore wita ku rugo; umuryango we wari uwo mu cyiciro cyo hagati <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Débat du second tour entre Kais Saïed et Nabil Karoui : revivez le direct |url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/debat-du-second-tour-entre-kais-saied-et-nabil-karoui-suivez-le-direct |website=HuffPost Maghreb |date=2019-10-11 |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Monia Ben Hamadi |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed, de la promesse de probité au régime verrouillé |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/10/05/presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-de-la-promesse-de-probite-au-regime-verrouille_6344705_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-10-05 |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title="Robocop", "M. Propre"... qui est Kaïs Saïed, le nouveau président tunisien ? |url=https://www.ledauphine.com/france-monde/2019/10/14/robocop-m-propre-qui-est-kais-saied-le-nouveau-president-de-la-tunisie |website=Le Dauphiné libéré |date=2019-10-14 |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref><ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : Kais Saïed, la révolution austère |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-la-revolution-austere-09-10-2019-2340351_24.php |website=Le Point |date=2019-10-09 |access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref>. Se wabo, Hicham Saïed, yabaye umuganga wa mbere ubaga abana muri Tunisiya <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Kais Saïed, l'infatigable marcheur, qui a emporté le premier tour de la présidentielle en Tunisie |url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/27968-qui-est-kais-saied-l-infatigable-marcheur-qui-a-emporte-le-premier-tour-de-la-presidentielle-en-tunisie-album-photos |website=Leaders |date=2019-09-15 |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref>. Yize amashuri yisumbuye mu ishuri rizwi rya Sadiki <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le nouveau président Kaïs Saïed appelle les Tunisiens à "s'unir contre le terrorisme" |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20191023-tunisie-direct-live-nouveau-president-kais-saied-prestation-serment |website=France 24 |date=2019-10-23 |access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa kaminuza == Saïed yize amategeko, akaba impuguke mu mategeko nshinga, nubwo atigeze abona impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga <ref name="F5" /><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : qui est Kais Saied, le nouveau président élu ? |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/presidentielle-en-tunisie-qui-est-kais-saied-le-nouveau-president-elu-326712 |website=information.tv5monde.com |date=2019-10-14 |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie de Kaïs Saïed |url=https://www.businessnews.com.tn/Biographie-de-Kais-Sa%C3%AFed,520,91020,3 |website=businessnews.com.tn |date=2019-09-15 |access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref>. Yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru w'ishyirahamwe ry'Abanyatunisiya b'impuguke mu mategeko nshinga kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu 1995, hanyuma visi-perezida waryo <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Kaïs Saïed, la vigie |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/135717/politique/kaes-saeed-la-vigie/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2013-11-04 |access-date=2017-05-09}}</ref>. Yayoboye ishami ry'amategeko ya leta muri Kaminuza ya Sousse kuva mu 1994 kugeza mu 1999, hanyuma yigisha mu ishami ry'ubumenyi bw'amategeko na politiki rya Tunis kuva mu 1999 kugeza agiye mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru mu 2018 <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie de Kais Saïed, candidat à la présidentielle anticipée du 15 septembre 2019 |url=http://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2019/09/03/biographie-de-kais-saied-candidat-aux-presidentielles-anticipees-du-15-septembre/ |website=Kapitalis |date=2019-09-03 |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref><ref name="F5" />. Yanabaye impuguke mu bunyamabanga bukuru bw'Umuryango w'Ibihugu by'Abarabu (1989–1990) n'umwe mu bagize itsinda ry'impuguke ryasuzumye umushinga w'Itegeko Nshinga rya Tunisiya mu 2014 <ref name="F12" />. == Kwinjira muri politiki == Saïed yagize uruhare mu mpinduramatwara ya Tunisiya yo mu 2010–2011 <ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Avec l'austère Kaïs Saïed, la Tunisie sur la corde raide |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/09/16/avec-l-austere-kais-saied-la-tunisie-sur-la-corde-raide_1751698 |website=Libération |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref>. Ku ya 15 Mutarama 2011, umunsi umwe nyuma y'ihunga rya Perezida Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, yasabye ko hashyirwaho inteko ishinga itegeko nshinga <ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Laurent Ribadeau Dumas |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed est "conservateur sur le plan des convictions personnelles. Mais pour le reste, c'est un révolutionnaire !" |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/tunisie/tunisie-kais-saied-est-conservateur-sur-le-plan-des-convictions-personnelles-mais-pour-le-reste-c-est-un-revolutionnaire_3661675.html |website=France Info |date=2019-10-17 |access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>. Yashyigikiye ko Inteko Ishinga Amategeko isimburwa n'inteko igizwe n'abatowe mu buryo butaziguye, bashingiye ku turere, kandi bashobora kwamburwa manda yabo <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie – Kaïs Saïed : "Je ne serai candidat d'aucun parti" |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/654112/politique/presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-je-ne-serai-candidat-daucun-parti/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2018-10-26 |access-date=2019-06-24}}</ref><ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed : "Je me présenterai aux présidentielles en tant qu'indépendant" |url=http://www.webdo.tn/2019/03/23/kais-saied-je-me-presenterai-aux-presidentielles-en-tant-quindependant/ |website=webdo.tn |date=2019-03-23 |access-date=2019-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328040515/http://www.webdo.tn/2019/03/23/kais-saied-je-me-presenterai-aux-presidentielles-en-tant-quindependant/ |archive-date=2019-03-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2013, yitabiriye inama nyinshi z'urubyiruko, maze mu 2016 hashingwa umutwe wa Mouassissoun wo gushyigikira imishinga ye <ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Lilia Blaise |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : « Kaïs Saïed a un discours qui répond à la jeunesse » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/10/16/presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-a-un-discours-qui-repond-a-la-jeunesse_6015731_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-10-16 |access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref><ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, des jeunes épris de changement font campagne pour Kais Saïed |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/En-Tunisie-jeunes-epris-changement-font-campagne-Kais-Saied-2019-10-09-1301053170 |website=La Croix |date=2019-10-09 |access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref>. === Amatora ya 2019 === Mu matora ya perezida ya 2019, Saïed yiyamamaje nk'umukandida wigenga, akoresha amafaranga make cyane, ashingira ku isura y'umuntu woroheje kandi uvuga Icyarabu cy'ubuvanganzo <ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kais Saïd, candidat à la présidentielle de 2019 |url=https://directinfo.webmanagercenter.com/2018/12/03/tunisie-kais-said-candidat-aux-elections-presidentielles-de-2019/ |website=webmanagercenter.com |date=2018-12-03 |access-date=2019-06-24}}</ref><ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle : Kaïs Saïed affirme qu'il ne votera même pas pour lui même ! |url=http://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2019/06/11/presidentielle-kais-saied-affirme-quil-ne-votera-meme-pas-pour-lui-meme/ |website=Kapitalis |date=2019-06-11 |access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>. Gahunda ye yibanze ku kurwanya ruswa no kubahiriza Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benoît Delmas |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed, un Robespierre en campagne |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/tunisie-kais-saied-un-robespierre-en-campagne-11-09-2019-2335234_3826.php |website=Le Point |date=2019-09-11 |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref><ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed : une campagne électorale atypique |url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/27926-kais-saied-une-campagne-electorale-atypique-album-photos |website=Leaders |date=2019-09-10 |access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref>. Kubera imvugo ye itajegajega, bamwita « Robocop » <ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Céline Lussato |title=Présidentielle tunisienne : "Robocop", ultraconservateur… 10 choses à savoir sur Kaïs Saïed |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20190917.OBS18538/robocop-ultra-conservateur-10-choses-a-savoir-sur-kais-saied.html |website=L'Obs |date=2019-09-17 |access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref>. Abenshi mu bamutoye bari urubyiruko rwize <ref name="F29" />. Yabaye uwa mbere mu cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 18,40%, akurikirwa n'umucuruzi Nabil Karoui (15,58%), wari ufunzwe <ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Kais Saïed en tête, selon des résultats portant sur 27 % des votes |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/tunisie-kais-saied-en-tete-selon-des-resultats-portant-sur-27-des-votes-20190916 |website=Le Figaro |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref><ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Élection présidentielle en Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed et Nabil Karoui assurent être au second tour |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/09/15/election-presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-et-nabil-karoui-en-tete-au-premier-tour_5510773_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref>. Mu cyiciro cya kabiri, yatsinze n'amajwi 72,71% kuri 27,29% ya Karoui <ref name="F43">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kais Saïed président de la République avec 72,71 % des voix annonce l'ISIE |url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/kais-saied-president-de-la-republique-avec-72-71-des-voix-annonce-lisie |website=HuffPost Maghreb |date=2019-10-14 |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref>. Nk'uko umusesenguzi Michaël Ayari abivuga, Saïed yagaragazaga ubunyangamugayo n'urugamba rwo kurwanya ruswa, n'ibyiringiro byatakaye byo mu 2011 <ref name="F44">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Agnès Gruda |title=Kaïs Saïed, le président tunisien inattendu |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/international/afrique/201910/16/01-5245671-kais-saied-le-president-tunisien-inattendu.php |website=La Presse |date=2019-10-16 |access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Tunisiya == === Intangiriro ya manda === Ku ya 23 Ukwakira 2019, Saïed yarahiriye imbere y'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, yiyemeza kurwanya iterabwoba no kurinda uburenganzira bw'abagore, maze yakira ububasha bwa perezida ahawe na Mohamed Ennaceur wari perezida w'agateganyo <ref name="F10" /><ref name="F52">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La passation entre Mohamed Ennaceur et Kais Saïed |url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/la-passation-entre-mohamed-ennaceur-et-kais-saied-video |website=HuffPost Maghreb |date=2019-10-23 |access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>. Yanze gutura mu ngoro ya perezida ya Carthage, ahitamo kuguma mu nzu ye bwite <ref name="F53">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed refuse toujours de s'installer au palais de Carthage |url=https://www.businessnews.com.tn/kais-saied-refuse-toujours-de-sinstaller-au-palais-de-carthage,520,92201,3 |website=businessnews.com.tn |date=2019-10-24 |access-date=2019-10-27}}</ref>. Yashinze Habib Jemli, umukandida w'ishyaka rya Kisilamu Ennahdha, gushyiraho guverinoma, ariko Inteko yanga guverinoma ye muri Mutarama 2020 <ref name="F56">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Habib Jemli devient le nouveau chef du gouvernement |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/857258/politique/tunisie-habib-jemli-devient-le-nouveau-chef-du-gouvernement/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-11-15 |access-date=2019-11-15}}</ref><ref name="F57">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La Tunisie dans l'incertitude après le rejet du gouvernement par le Parlement |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/01/11/sans-gouvernement-la-tunisie-plonge-dans-l-incertitude_6025532_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2020-01-11 |access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref>. Hanyuma yashyizeho Elyes Fakhfakh, wahawe icyizere n'Inteko ku ya 27 Gashyantare 2020 <ref name="F58">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Officiel : Elyes Fakhfakh, nouveau chef du gouvernement désigné |url=https://www.mosaiquefm.net/fr/actualite-politique-tunisie/674137/officiel-elyes-fakhfakh-nouveau-chef-du-gouvernement-designe |website=Mosaïque FM |date=2020-01-20 |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref><ref name="F61">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le gouvernement Fakhfakh obtient la confiance de l'ARP |url=https://www.mosaiquefm.net/fr/actualite-national-tunisie/694607/le-gouvernement-fakhfakh-obtient-la-confiance-de-l-arp |website=Mosaïque FM |date=2020-02-27 |access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref>, ariko yegura muri Nyakanga 2020 <ref name="F62">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, la démission du chef du gouvernement renforce la crise politique |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/07/16/tunisie-la-demission-du-chef-du-gouvernement-renforce-la-crise-politique_6046309_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2020-07-16 |access-date=2020-07-16}}</ref>. Ku ya 25 Nyakanga 2020, yashinze Minisitiri w'Umutekano w'Imbere mu Gihugu, Hichem Mechichi, gushyiraho guverinoma, yemejwe ku ya 2 Nzeri 2020 <ref name="F70">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : le ministre de l'Intérieur Hichem Mechichi désigné chef du gouvernement |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20200725-tunisie-le-ministre-de-l-intérieur-hichem-mechichi-désigné-chef-du-gouvernement |website=France 24 |date=2020-07-25 |access-date=2020-07-26}}</ref><ref name="F76">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : l'Assemblée vote la confiance au gouvernement Mechichi à 134 voix |url=https://news.gnet.tn/tunisie-lassemblee-vote-la-confiance-au-gouvernement-mechichi-a-134-voix-favorables/ |website=GlobalNet |date=2020-09-02 |access-date=2020-09-02}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2021, yanze kwakira indahiro y'abaminisitiri bashya Mechichi yari yashyizeho, avuga ko bamwe bakekwagaho ruswa <ref name="F79">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kais Saied s'oppose à la prise de fonction de nouveaux ministres |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2021/02/04/tunisie-kais-saied-s-oppose-a-la-prise-de-fonction-de-nouveaux-ministres/ |website=Africanews |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2021-02-05}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2021, yanze gushyira umukono ku itegeko ryashyiragaho Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="F80">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Tunisie : requiem pour la Cour constitutionnelle |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1150320/politique/tunisie-requiem-pour-la-cour-constitutionnelle/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-04-07 |access-date=2021-05-22}}</ref>. === Iyigarurira ry'ububasha mu 2021 === Ku ya 25 Nyakanga 2021, umunsi w'Ibirori bya Repubulika, ibihumbi by'abigaragambyaga basabye iseswa ry'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, mu gihe icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyari gikomeje gukaza umurego <ref name="F82">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, des milliers de manifestants défilent contre leurs dirigeants |url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/tunisie-milliers-manifestants-defilent-contre-leurs-dirigeants |website=Le Temps |date=2021-07-25 |access-date=2021-08-02}}</ref>. Muri iryo joro, yitwaje ingingo ya 80 y'Itegeko Nshinga, Saïed yirukanye guverinoma ya Mechichi, ahagarika imirimo y'Inteko, akuraho ubudahangarwa bw'abadepite, kandi atangaza ko azayobora igihugu akoresheje amateka <ref name="F83">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kais Saied prend tous les pouvoirs en main, suspend le parlement, limoge Mechichi et s'érige en chef de l'exécutif et du parquet |url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/32197-kais-saied-prend-tous-les-pouvoirs-en-main-suspend-le-parlement-limoge-mechichi-et-s-erige-en-chef-de-l-executif-et-du-parquet |website=Leaders |date=2021-07-25 |access-date=2021-07-25}}</ref>. Ennahdha yahise ibyita « kudeta », kandi abasesenguzi benshi n'impuguke mu mategeko babyemeranyaho <ref name="F84">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : le président s'arroge le pouvoir exécutif, Ennahdha condamne un « coup d'État contre la révolution » |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/tunisie-le-president-sarroge-le-pouvoir-executif-ennahdha-condamne-un-coup-detat-contre-la-revolution-26-07-2021-5QRDP25NJJA5NHFEYDXZJ6TTK4.php |website=Le Parisien |date=2021-07-26 |access-date=2021-07-26}}</ref><ref name="F85">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, la crise politique débouche sur une crise constitutionnelle |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/monde/afrique-moyen-orient/en-tunisie-la-crise-politique-debouche-sur-une-crise-constitutionnelle-1334809 |website=Les Échos |date=2021-07-26 |access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref>. Ku ya 22 Nzeri 2021, yemeje mu iteka ko yiyambitse ububasha bwo gushyiraho amategeko <ref name="F90">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président de la République publie des dispositions exceptionnelles |url=https://www.mosaiquefm.net/fr/actualite-national-tunisie/962219/le-president-de-la-republique-publie-des-dispositions-exceptionnelles |website=Mosaïque FM |date=2021-09-22 |access-date=2021-09-22}}</ref><ref name="F91">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed renforce les pouvoirs de la présidence |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/tunisie-kais-saied-renforce-les-pouvoirs-de-la-presidence-20210922 |website=Le Figaro |date=2021-09-22 |access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref>. Ku ya 29 Nzeri 2021, yashinze Najla Bouden gushyiraho guverinoma, aba umugore wa mbere ubaye Minisitiri w'Intebe muri Tunisiya no mu bihugu by'Abarabu <ref name="F96">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Najla Bouden Romdhane chargée de former un nouveau gouvernement |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/info-en-continu/20210929-tunisie-najla-bouden-romdhane-charg%C3%A9e-de-former-un-nouveau-gouvernement-officiel |website=France 24 |date=2021-09-29 |access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>. Ku ya 30 Werurwe 2022, abadepite 120 bateraniye mu nama y'ikoranabuhanga batora ko ingamba zidasanzwe zihagarara; uwo munsi, Saïed yasheshe Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, anakangisha abadepite gukurikiranwa n'inkiko <ref name="F100">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ftiti : leur but était de pousser le chef de l'État à organiser un dialogue national ou à dissoudre le Parlement |url=https://www.tunisienumerique.com/ftiti-leur-but-etait-de-pousser-le-chef-de-letat-a-organiser-un-dialogue-national-ou-a-dissoudre-le-parlement-audio/ |website=tunisienumerique.com |date=2022-03-31 |access-date=2022-03-31}}</ref><ref name="F101">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : la crise institutionnelle s'aggrave |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/monde/afrique-moyen-orient/tunisie-le-president-dissout-le-parlement-1397321 |website=Les Échos |date=2022-03-30 |access-date=2022-03-31}}</ref><ref name="F102">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Tunisie : poussé dans ses derniers retranchements, Kaïs Saïed dissout l'Assemblée |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1334874/politique/tunisie-pousse-dans-ses-derniers-retranchements-kais-saied-dissout-lasssemblee/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2022-03-31 |access-date=2022-03-31}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro za 2023, polisi yafashe abantu benshi bo mu ihuriro rikomeye ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, Front de salut national <ref name="F103">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les arrestations d'opposants au président Kaïs Saïed continuent en Tunisie |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20230222-les-arrestations-d-opposants-au-président-kaïs-saïed-continuent-en-tunisie |website=France 24 |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref>. Kubera ibyo, abenshi bamwita « perezida ufite ububasha bukabije » cyangwa umunyagitugu <ref name="F104">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : cinq ans après l'élection de Kaïs Saïed, les observateurs dénoncent un retour à la dictature |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinfo/podcasts/comprendre-le-monde/tunisie-cinq-ans-apres-l-election-de-kais-saied-les-observateurs-denoncent-un-retour-a-la-dictature-8915309 |website=Radio France |date=2024-09-10 |access-date=2024-10-09}}</ref><ref name="F105">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : le président Kaïs Saïed réélu à une majorité écrasante de 90,7% |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241007-présidentielle-en-tunisie-le-président-kaïs-saïed-donné-vainqueur-avec-90-7-des-voix |website=RFI |access-date=2024-10-09}}</ref>. === Itegeko Nshinga rya 2022 === Ku ya 30 Kamena 2022, Saïed yatangaje umushinga w'Itegeko Nshinga rishya riha ububasha bwinshi umukuru w'igihugu, kandi rivuga ko Isilamu ari intego ya leta n'isoko y'amategeko <ref name="F107">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Tunisie : islam, libertés, régime présidentiel… Ce qu'il faut retenir du projet de nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1358307/politique/tunisie-islam-libertes-regime-presidentiel-ce-quil-faut-retenir-du-projet-de-nouvelle-constitution/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2022-07-04}}</ref>. Komisiyo Mpuzamahanga y'Abanyamategeko yavuze ko iyo nzira inyuranyije n'amategeko kandi itarimo ubunyangamugayo <ref name="F108">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mehdi Chebil |title=Tunisie : la réforme constitutionnelle de Kaïs Saïed sous le feu des critiques |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20220630-tunisie-la-r%C3%A9forme-constitutionnelle-de-ka%C3%AFs-sa%C3%AFed-sous-le-feu-des-critiques |website=France 24 |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2022-07-04}}</ref>. Muri kamarampaka yo ku ya 25 Nyakanga 2022, abagera kuri 92–93% by'abatoye bemeje iryo Tegeko Nshinga, ariko ubwitabire bwari buke cyane <ref name="F109">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : 92 à 93% pour le oui à la nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/tunisie-92-a-93-pour-le-oui-a-la-nouvelle-constitution-20220725 |website=Le Figaro |date=2022-07-25 |access-date=2022-07-26}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Saïed afitanye umubano mwiza na [[Aligeriya]] ya [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]], yegera ibihugu by'Ikigobe nka [[Nyarabu Zunze Ubumwe]], kandi ari hafi ya Perezida wa Misiri, [[Abdel Fattah al-Sissi]] <ref name="F115">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed à Alger pour renforcer les liens entre la Tunisie et l'Algérie |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1543619/politique/kais-saied-a-alger-pour-renforcer-les-liens/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2024-03-04 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref><ref name="F117">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Hajer Cherni |title=Les Émirats arabes unis affirment leur soutien à la Tunisie |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/les-%C3%A9mirats-arabes-unis-affirment-leur-soutien-%C3%A0-la-tunisie-/2614823 |website=Agence Anadolu |date=2022-06-15 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref><ref name="F118">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Ahlem Khattab |title=Tunisie–Égypte : Sissi et Saïed, de quoi leur relation est-elle le nom ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1251944/politique/tunisie-egypte-sissi-et-saied-de-quoi-leur-relation-est-elle-le-nom/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-10-16 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2022, yakiriye nk'umukuru w'igihugu Brahim Ghali, umuyobozi w'umutwe wa Polisario, bituma Maroke na Tunisiya bihamagaza ba ambasaderi babyo <ref name="F111">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Khadija Mohsen-Finan |title=Sahara : la Tunisie coincée entre l'Algérie et le Maroc |url=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/sahara-la-tunisie-coincee-entre-l-algerie-et-le-maroc,5836 |website=Orient XXI |date=2022-09-05 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Hagati ya 2023 na 2024, yakiriye kenshi Minisitiri w'Intebe w'Ubutaliyani, Giorgia Meloni, wageragezaga kumvikana na we ku bijyanye no kurwanya abimukira binjira mu Burayi mu buryo butemewe <ref name="F119">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bras de fer à distance entre Kaïs Saïed et Giorgia Meloni à quelques jours de sa visite à Tunis |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240413-bras-de-fer-%C3%A0-distance-entre-ka%C3%AFs-sa%C3%AFed-et-giorgia-meloni-%C3%A0-quelques-jours-de-sa-visite-%C3%A0-tunis |website=RFI |date=2024-04-13 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Ku ya 12 Mata 2023, yasubukuye umubano wa dipolomasi na Siriya <ref name="F123">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La Tunisie et la Syrie vont rétablir leurs relations diplomatiques |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/les-relations-diplomatiques-entre-la-tunis-et-damas-vont-etre-retablies-20230412 |website=Le Figaro |date=2023-04-12 |access-date=2023-05-21}}</ref>. Arwanya yivuye inyuma kugirana umubano na Isirayeli, avuga ko byaba ari « ubugambanyi bukomeye » <ref name="F122">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed estime que le nom de la tempête Daniel traduit une influence 'sioniste' |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/tunisie-kais-saied-estime-que-le-nom-de-la-tempete-daniel-traduit-une-influence-sioniste |website=information.tv5monde.com |date=2023-09-19 |access-date=2023-09-20}}</ref><ref name="F132">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La victoire du conservateur Kaïs Saïed à la présidence tunisienne est lourde d'interrogations |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/10/14/la-victoire-du-conservateur-kais-saied-a-la-presidence-tunisienne-est-lourde-d-interrogations_6015417_3232.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-10-14 |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri === Mu matora ya perezida yo ku ya 6 Ukwakira 2024, Saïed yongeye gutorwa n'amajwi 90,69% <ref name="F124">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tunisian President Saied says he will seek re-election in October |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/20/tunisian-president-saied-says-he-will-seek-re-election-in-october |website=Al Jazeera |date=2024-07-20 |access-date=2024-10-08}}</ref><ref name="F125">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, le président Kaïs Saïed réélu avec 90,7 % des suffrages |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/10/07/en-tunisie-le-president-kais-saied-reelu-avec-90-7-des-suffrages_6346202_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2024-10-08}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2025, ibihano bikomeye by'igifungo byahawe abantu bagera kuri mirongo ine, barimo abanyapolitiki, abavoka n'abanyamakuru, mu rubanza rw'« umugambi wo guhungabanya umutekano wa leta », byanenzwe n'Ibiro bya Komiseri Mukuru wa Loni ushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, kimwe n'Ubufaransa n'Ubudage; Saïed yabyise « ukwivanga gukabije » <ref name="F126">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin König |title=Des condamnations allant jusqu'à 66 ans de prison contre les opposants : en Tunisie, Kaïs Saïed a détruit tous les fondements de l'État de droit |url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/kais-saied/des-condamnations-allant-jusqua-66-ans-de-prison-contre-les-opposants-en-tunisie-kais-saied-a-detruit-tous-les-fondements-de-letat-de-droit |website=L'Humanité |date=2025-04-21 |access-date=2025-05-03}}</ref><ref name="F127">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : le président, Kaïs Saïed, dénonce une « ingérence flagrante » concernant les critiques venues de l'étranger |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/04/29/tunisie-le-president-kais-saied-denonce-une-ingerence-flagrante-apres-des-critiques-a-l-international_6601445_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-04-29 |access-date=2025-05-03}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2026, ikinyamakuru cyo mu Butaliyani ''Il Foglio'' cyatangaje ko yaba yajyanywe mu bitaro, ariko perezidansi ntiyabyemeza <ref name="E84">{{cite web |author=Luca Gambardella |title=Saied Hospitalized as Kamel Ghribi Sends a Trojan Horse to Tunis |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/esteri/2026/07/17/news/saied-hospitalized-as-kamel-ghribi-sends-a-trojan-horse-to-tunis--402446 |website=Il Foglio |date=2026-07-17 |access-date=2026-07-27}}</ref>. == Ibitekerezo n'imyanya afata == Ibitekerezo bye bya gakondo ntibishingiye ku idini, ariko ''Le Monde'' imushyira mu murongo w'abaharanira ubumwe bw'Abarabu <ref name="F5" /><ref name="F132" />. Arwanya ko abagore bazungura kimwe n'abagabo <ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mohamed Haddad |title=Présidentielle tunisienne : Kaïs Saïed, juriste conservateur, est en tête du premier tour |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/09/16/presidentielle-tunisienne-kais-saied-juriste-hyper-conservateur-est-en-tete-du-premier-tour_5510991_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref><ref name="F133">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Célian Macé |title=Avec l'austère Kaïs Saïed, la Tunisie sur la corde raide |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/09/16/avec-l-austere-kais-saied-la-tunisie-sur-la-corde-raide_1751698 |website=Libération |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref>, kandi ashyigikiye igihano cy'urupfu <ref name="F137">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed : j'éliminerai les élections législatives et je suis pour la peine de mort |url=http://www.businessnews.com.tn/Kaïs-Saïed--j'éliminerai-les-élections-législatives-et-je-suis-pour-la-peine-de-mort,520,88453,3 |website=businessnews.com.tn |date=2019-06-11 |access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref>. Avuga ko ubutinganyi ari ikibazo cy'umuntu ku giti cye, ariko ko budakwiriye kugaragara mu ruhame <ref name="F137" />. Itegeko Nshinga rya 2022 rivuga ko Tunisiya ari kimwe mu bihugu bigize umuryango w'Abayisilamu (''oumma'') <ref name="F138">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Tunisie : islam, libertés, régime présidentiel… Ce qu'il faut retenir du projet de nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1358307/politique/tunisie-islam-libertes-regime-presidentiel-ce-quil-faut-retenir-du-projet-de-nouvelle-constitution/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref>. Ku ya 21 Gashyantare 2023, Saïed yavuze ko abimukira baturuka muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara ari « umugambi w'ubugizi bwa nabi » ugamije guhindura imiterere y'abaturage ba Tunisiya <ref name="F139">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : le président Saied veut des « mesures urgentes » contre l'immigration subsaharienne |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/tunisie-le-president-saied-veut-des-mesures-urgentes-contre-l-immigration-subsaharienne-20230221 |website=Le Figaro |date=2023-02-21 |access-date=2023-02-23}}</ref><ref name="F142">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : polémique après un discours « raciste et haineux » du président Saied contre les migrants |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/tunisie-polemique-apres-un-discours-raciste-et-haineux-du-president-saied-contre-les-migrants-22-02-2023-KHCDKG57PNFMJGHQB5TN5C3TXE.php |website=Le Parisien |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-11-06}}</ref>; ''Le Monde'' na ''Le Point'' byavuze ko ayo magambo ashingiye ku gitekerezo cya « ugusimbuzwa gukomeye » (''grand remplacement'') <ref name="F140">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Lila Blaise |title=En Tunisie, le président Kaïs Saïed s'en prend aux migrants subsahariens |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/02/22/en-tunisie-le-president-kais-saied-s-en-prend-aux-migrants-subsahariens_6162908_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-02-22}}</ref><ref name="F141">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed s'en prend violemment aux migrants subsahariens |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/tunisie-kais-saied-la-porte-ouverte-au-racisme-22-02-2023-2509661_3826.php |website=Le Point |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-02-22}}</ref>. Nyuma y'iryo jambo, abimukira benshi bo muri Afurika yo munsi ya Sahara batakaje akazi n'aho kuba, kandi nibura 1 300 muri bo bajyanywe na polisi ku mipaka na Libiya na Aligeriya, basigwa mu butayu <ref name="F144">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : vingt-sept morts et disparus après deux nouveaux naufrages |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/04/08/tunisie-vingt-sept-morts-et-disparus-apres-deux-nouveaux-naufrages_6168815_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-04-08 |access-date=2023-04-11}}</ref><ref name="F145">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, « le discours de Kaïs Saïed a donné carte blanche à la violence contre les migrants » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/video/2023/08/09/en-tunisie-le-discours-de-kais-saied-a-donne-carte-blanche-a-la-violence-contre-les-migrants_6184896_3210.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-08-09 |access-date=2023-08-12}}</ref>. Mu 2023, ibura ry'amazi ritewe n'imihindagurikire y'ibihe ryatumye guverinoma ishyiraho igabanywa ry'amazi mu turere tumwe <ref name="E85">{{cite web |author=Sarah Yerkes |title=What Tunisia's Municipalities Can Contribute to Climate Adaptation |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/06/tunisia-climate-adaptation-regions-local-communities?lang=en |website=CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE |access-date=2024-07-25}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Saïed yashakanye n'umucamanza Ichraf Chebil, bamenyaniye muri kaminuza ya Sousse aho yari umunyeshuri we; bafitanye abana batatu <ref name="F3" /><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle 2019 : biographie de Kais Saïed, vainqueur du premier tour |url=http://www.webdo.tn/2019/09/16/presidentielle-2019-biographie-de-kais-saied-vainqueur-du-premier-tour/ |website=webdo.tn |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727062901/https://www.webdo.tn/2019/09/16/presidentielle-2019-biographie-de-kais-saied-vainqueur-du-premier-tour/ |archive-date=2021-07-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E86">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle 2019 : Biographie de Kais Saied, vainqueur du premier tour |url=http://www.webdo.tn/2019/09/16/presidentielle-2019-biographie-de-kais-saied-vainqueur-du-premier-tour/ |website=Webdo |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727062901/https://www.webdo.tn/2019/09/16/presidentielle-2019-biographie-de-kais-saied-vainqueur-du-premier-tour/ |archive-date=2021-07-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Umuvandimwe we, Naoufel Saïed, na we ari muri politiki kandi aramushyigikira <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=En Tunisie, l'influence grandissante de Naoufel, le frère de Kaïs Saïed |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/998512/politique/en-tunisie-linfluence-grandissante-de-naoufel-le-frere-de-kais-saied/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2020-06-24 |access-date=2020-06-26}}</ref>. Akunda umuziki wa kera w'Abarabu n'ubugeni bwo kwandika Icyarabu; amabaruwa ye yandikishije intoki mu nyandiko nziza ya Maghreb yaravuzwe cyane <ref name="E87">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tunisia's Kais Saied: president on a 'divine mission' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241004-tunisia-s-kais-saied-president-on-a-divine-mission |website=France 24 |date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2024-10-04}}</ref><ref name="E88">{{cite web |language=ar |title=كتبها بخط يده.. رسالة سعيّد للجملي تثير مواقع التواصل (شاهد) |url=https://arabi21.com/story/1223125/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B7-%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF |website=عربي21 |date=2019-11-16 |access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Tunisiya]] aegsrvlqlmphg0u4hq4vd230r85dgqo 0 23224 140761 140703 2026-10-05T06:21:26Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Hakainde Hichilema | image = Hakainde Hichilema 2022 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Hakainde Hichilema mu 2022 | birth_date = 4 Kamena 1962 | birth_place = Akarere ka Monze, [[Zambiya]] | nationality = Umunyazambiya | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Zambiya, Kaminuza ya Birmingham | occupation = Umucuruzi, umworozi, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Zambiya]] | term = Kuva ku ya 24 Kanama 2021 | predecessor = Edgar Lungu | party = United Party for National Development (UPND) | spouse = Mutinta Hichilema | children = 3 }} '''Hakainde Hichilema''' (yavutse ku ya 4 Kamena 1962), uzwi cyane ku nyuguti « '''HH''' » no ku izina rya « '''Bally''' », ni umucuruzi, umworozi akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa [[Zambiya]], Perezida wa karindwi w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 24 Kanama 2021. Ayobora ishyaka rya United Party for National Development (UPND) kuva mu 2006. Yabaye umuyobozi w'ibigo by'ubugenzuzi bw'imari Coopers and Lybrand na Grant Thornton muri Zambiya, mbere yo kwinjira muri politiki. Yatsinzwe amatora ya perezida inshuro eshanu, harimo aya 2015 n'aya 2016 yatsinzwe na Edgar Lungu ku kinyuranyo gito. Mu 2017, yafunzwe amezi ane ashinjwa ubugambanyi, ifungwa ryamaganywe cyane mu gihugu no mu mahanga. Yatsinze amatora ya 2021 ku cyiciro cya mbere, yongera gutorwa mu 2026. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'umwuga == Hichilema yavukiye mu mudugudu wo mu karere ka Monze, ku ya 4 Kamena 1962. Yahawe buruse yo kwiga muri Kaminuza ya Zambiya, ayirangiza mu 1986 afite impamyabumenyi mu bukungu n'imicungire y'ubucuruzi, hanyuma abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (MBA) mu mari n'ingamba z'ubucuruzi muri Kaminuza ya Birmingham, mu Bwongereza <ref name="E3">{{cite web |title=Biography: Hakainde Hichilema |url=http://hh-zambia.com/about/ |website=HH Zambia |access-date=2015-01-23}}</ref>. Yabaye umuyobozi mukuru wa Coopers and Lybrand Zambia kuva mu 1994 kugeza mu 1998, hanyuma uwa Grant Thornton Zambia kuva mu 1998 kugeza mu 2006 <ref name="E4">{{cite web |title=HH's curriculum vitae |url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2008/09/19/hhs-curriculum-vitae/ |website=Lusaka Times |date=2008-09-19 |access-date=2015-01-23}}</ref>. Ni umwe mu bantu bakize muri Zambiya, kandi ni uwa kabiri mu borozi b'inka benshi mu gihugu <ref name="E68">{{cite web |author=Aislinn Laing |title=Africa needs leaders to run countries like CEOs, Zambia's opposition leader says |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zambia/11354142/Africa-needs-leaders-to-run-countries-like-CEOs-Zambias-opposition-leader-says.html |website=The Daily Telegraph |date=2015-01-19 |access-date=2015-01-23}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa politiki == Mu 2006, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Anderson Mazoka, Hichilema yatorewe kuyobora ishyaka rya UPND, ndetse n'ihuriro ry'amashyaka atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, United Democratic Alliance (UDA). Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2006, ashyigikiwe n'uwahoze ari Perezida Kenneth Kaunda, yabaye uwa gatatu n'amajwi agera kuri 25%. Mu matora yo mu 2008, yakurikiye urupfu rwa Perezida Levy Mwanawasa, yongeye kuba uwa gatatu n'amajwi 19,7% <ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Zambia to hold presidential by-election on Oct.30 |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/10/content_9890454.htm |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013184327/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/10/content_9890454.htm |archive-date=2008-10-13 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>. Mu 2009, UPND yagiranye amasezerano n'ishyaka rya Patriotic Front rya Michael Sata, ariko asenyuka mu 2011 <ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Zambia opposition alliance splits ahead of poll |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/zambia-politics-idAFLDE72A13H20110311/ |website=Reuters |date=2011-03-11 |access-date=2024-03-18}}</ref>. Mu matora ya perezida yo muri Mutarama 2015, yatsinzwe na Edgar Lungu ku kinyuranyo gito cy'amajwi 27 757 (1,66%), maze avuga ko ayo matora yaranzwe n'uburiganya <ref name="E7">{{cite web |title=Zambia opposition cries foul as Edgar Lungu wins presidential election |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zambia/11367373/Zambia-opposition-cries-foul-as-Lungu-wins-presidential-election.html |website=The Daily Telegraph |date=2015-01-24 |access-date=2015-01-25}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=Hakainde Hichilema |title=Edgar Lungu steals election |url=http://hh-zambia.com/blog/edgar-lungu-steals-election/ |website=hh-zambia.com |date=2015-01-24 |access-date=2015-01-25}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2016, yongeye gutsindwa na Lungu ku kinyuranyo gito (47,6% kuri 50,4%) <ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365 |website=BBC News |date=2016-08-15 |access-date=2016-09-29}}</ref>. === Ifungwa ryo mu 2017 === Ku ya 11 Mata 2017, abapolisi binjiye ku ngufu iwe, baramufata, ashinjwa ubugambanyi no gushaka guhirika ubutegetsi, nyuma y'uko imodoka zari zimuherekeje zivugwaho kwanga guha inzira iz'umukuru w'igihugu <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=en |author=Chris Mfula |title=Zambian opposition leader charged with trying to overthrow government |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-politics-idUSKBN17K22J?il=0 |website=reuters.com |date=2017-04-18 |access-date=2021-08-25}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |author=Chris Mfula |title=Zambian opposition leader charged with trying to overthrow government |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-politics-idUSKBN17K22J?il=0 |website=Reuters |date=2017-04-18 |access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema released |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-40945825 |website=BBC News |date=2017-08-16 |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref>. Abenshi babonaga ko icyo cyari ikosa ryo mu muhanda gusa, kidashobora gufatwa nk'ubugambanyi <ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Hakainde Hichilema's treason trial puts Zambia at crossroads |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40020950 |website=BBC News |date=2017-05-24 |access-date=2021-08-18}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=The day road rage led to a treason charge in Zambia, as democracy falters in Africa |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-zambia-opposition-treason-2017-htmlstory.html |website=Los Angeles Times |date=2017-05-30 |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref>. Abapolisi bakoresheje imbaraga z'umurengera, bangiza inzu ye kandi bakubita abakozi be <ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Zambia : Police used excessive force to arrest HH and five others-Amnesty International |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2018/02/27/police-used-excessive-force-arrest-hh-five-others-amnesty-international/ |date=2018-02-27 |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Cops Rob Millions Of Kwacha From Hichilema's Residence In Midnight Raid |url=https://zambiareports.com/2017/04/12/cops-rob-millions-kwacha-hichilemas-residence-midnight-raid/ |website=Zambia Reports |date=2017-04-12 |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref>. Nyuma, Hichilema yavuze ko yafunzwe wenyine iminsi umunani nta biryo, nta mazi kandi akorerwa iyicarubozo <ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=BBC World News - HARDtalk, Hakainde Hichilema |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/n3ct2km6 |website=BBC |access-date=2021-08-18}}</ref>. Ifungwa rye ryamaganywe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'Uburayi, abepiskopi Gatolika ba Zambiya ndetse n'abanyapolitiki bo muri Afurika y'Epfo <ref name="E18">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia : Catholic Bishops condemn HH arrest, say Zambia is now a dictatorship |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/04/23/catholic-bishops-condemn-hh-arrest-say-zambia-is-now-a-dictatorship/ |date=2017-04-23 |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |title=USA denounces brutal arrest of Hichilema |url=https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/usa-denounces-brutal-arrest-of-hichilema/ |website=Zambian Watchdog |date=2017-04-13 |access-date=2018-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027063555/https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/usa-denounces-brutal-arrest-of-hichilema/ |archive-date=2020-10-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |title=US, EU Condemn Hichilema Arrest, Treason Charge |url=https://zambiareports.com/2017/04/14/us-eu-condemn-hichilema-arrest-treason-charge/ |website=Zambia Reports |date=2017-04-14 |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref><ref name="E19">{{cite web |language=en |title=Malema compares Zambia leader to apartheid rulers |url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/malema-compares-zambia-leader-to-apartheid-rulers-20170730 |website=News24 |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref>. Uwahoze ari Perezida wa Nijeriya, Olusegun Obasanjo, n'Umunyamabanga Mukuru wa Commonwealth, Patricia Scotland, bamusuye muri gereza <ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Former Nigerian President Obasanjo goes to visit HH in prison – Mwebantu |url=https://mwebantu.com/2017/08/05/former-nigerian-president-obasanjo-goes-to-visit-hh-in-prison/comment-page-1/ |access-date=2018-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314043156/https://mwebantu.com/2017/08/05/former-nigerian-president-obasanjo-goes-to-visit-hh-in-prison/comment-page-1/ |archive-date=2018-03-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=Secretary-General meets Zambian president and opposition leader |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/secretary-general-meets-zambian-president-and-opposition-leader |website=The Commonwealth |date=2017-08-07 |access-date=2021-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818175409/https://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/secretary-general-meets-zambian-president-and-opposition-leader |archive-date=2021-08-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref>, mu gihe Perezida Lungu yatangaje ibihe bidasanzwe <ref name="E32">{{cite web |author=Abdi Latif Dahir |title=One of Africa's most stable democracies just declared a state of emergency |url=https://qz.com/africa/1022493/zambias-president-declares-state-of-emergency-and-sparked-authoritarian-rule-concerns/ |website=Quartz |date=2017-07-06 |access-date=2021-08-18}}</ref>. Ku ya 16 Kanama 2017, ibyaha yashinjwaga byavanyweho, maze ararekurwa, ibyo byakiranwa ibyishimo mu gihugu hose <ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Zambia: HH walks to freedom as the state enters nolle prosequi in the treason case |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/08/16/hh-walks-freedom-state-enters-nolle-prosequi-treason-case/ |date=2017-08-16 |access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref><ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=DPP drops HH case – Zambia Daily Mail |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/dpp-drops-hh-case/ |access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref><ref name="E40">{{cite web |language=en |author=Kristen Van Schie |title=Zambia: Hakainde Hichilema released from jail to jubilant reception, more popular than ever |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-08-17-zambia-hakainde-hichilema-released-from-jail-to-jubilant-reception-more-popular-than-ever/ |website=Daily Maverick |date=2017-08-16 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref>. Muri Ukwakira 2017, umuryango Friedrich Naumann wamuhaye igihembo cy'ubwisanzure muri Afurika (''Africa Freedom Award'') <ref name="E61">{{cite web |language=en |title=HH conferred with Africa Freedom Award |url=http://zambia24.com/news/2017/10/29/hh-conferred-with-africa-freedom-award/ |website=zambia24.com |access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref>. Mu Ugushyingo 2017, inyandiko zizwi nka ''Paradise Papers'' zagaragaje ko yari umuyobozi w'ikigo cy'ubucukuzi AfNat Resources, cyanditswe muri Bermuda, igihugu kizwiho kudasoresha cyane <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=en |title=Hakainde Sammy Hichilema |url=https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/stories/hakainde-sammy-hichilema |website=offshoreleaks.icij.org |access-date=2021-10-04}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia : UPND Leader Hakainde Hichilema named in Paradise Papers |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/11/07/upnd-leader-hakainde-hichilema-named-paradise-papers/ |access-date=2021-10-04}}</ref>; amakuru nk'ayo yari yaragaragaye no mu nyandiko za ''Panama Papers''<ref name="E71">{{cite web |title=Hakainde Sammy Hichilema: ICIJ Offshore Leaks Database |url=https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/stories/hakainde-sammy-hichilema |website=Offshore Leaks Database |access-date=2021-08-17}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Zambiya == Mu matora yo ku ya 12 Kanama 2021, Hichilema yatsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 59%, arusha Perezida Lungu wari ku butegetsi amanota arenga makumyabiri <ref name="E1">{{cite web |title=Zambian opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema wins presidential election |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210816005527-u600i/ |website=news.trust.org |access-date=2021-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816012021/https://news.trust.org/item/20210816005527-u600i/ |archive-date=2021-08-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E46">{{cite web |language=en |author=Chris Mfula |title=Zambian opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema wins landslide in presidential election |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/zambian-opposition-leader-hichilema-heads-closer-victory-presidential-vote-2021-08-15/ |website=Reuters |date=2021-08-16 |access-date=2021-08-16}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Zambiya ku ya 24 Kanama 2021, kuri sitade ya National Heroes i [[Lusaka]], afite Mutale Nalumango nka visi-perezida <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Hakainde Hichilema, opposant historique, prend les rênes de la Zambie |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/zambie-l-opposant-historique-hakainde-hichilema-investi-president-24-08-2021-2439894_24.php |website=lepoint.fr |date=2021-08-24 |access-date=2021-08-25}}</ref><ref name="E47">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia : Hakainde Hichilema is president of the Republic of Zambia |url=https://www.freiheit.org/sub-saharan-africa/hakainde-hichilema-president-republic-zambia |website=Freiheit |date=2021-08-26 |access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>. Avuga ko ari « umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe kwamamaza » igihugu, akora ingendo nyinshi zo kumenyekanisha ubukungu bwa Zambiya mu mahanga <ref name="E56">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia's developing international relations |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/03/zambias-developing-international-relations/introduction |website=Chatham House |access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2022, yashimiye ishoramari rinini mu bucukuzi bw'umuringa n'ubwa nikeli <ref name="E54">{{cite web |language=en |title=President Hichilema delivers keynote at Mining Indaba - African Mining Market |url=https://africanminingmarket.com/president-hichilema-delivers-keynote-at-mining-indaba/13152/ |date=2022-05-09 |access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>, kandi Zambiya isinyana na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] amasezerano yo guteza imbere inganda za batiri z'amashanyarazi <ref name="E52">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia: The first year of a Hichilema foreign policy |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/08/zambia-first-year-hichilema-foreign-policy |website=Chatham House |date=2023-05-16 |access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>. Mu 2022, we na Perezida wa Tanzaniya, [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]], bemeranyije kuvugurura umuhanda wa gari ya moshi wa TAZARA <ref name="E55">{{cite web |title=Tanzania, Zambia agree to upgrade Tazara to SGR level |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/tanzania-zambia-agree-to-upgrade-tazara-to-sgr-level-3901174 |website=The Citizen |date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>. Muri uwo mwaka, Zambiya yatoye yamagana igitero cy'Uburusiya muri Ukraine mu Muryango w'Abibumbye <ref name="E52" />. Mu 2022, yitabiriye inama y'abakuru b'ibihugu bya Commonwealth i Kigali, mu [[Rwanda]] <ref name="E56" />. Mu Ukwakira 2024, yirukanye abacamanza batatu b'Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="E57">{{cite web |language=en |author=Kathy Short |title=Zambian president fires 3 constitutional court judges |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/zambian-president-fires-3-constitutional-court-judges/7837785.html |website=Voice of America |date=2024-10-24 |access-date=2026-07-30}}</ref><ref name="E58">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambian President Hakainde Hichilema warns sleepy ministers against 'indulgence' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c39jlpnk7pvo |website=BBC |date=2025-04-01 |access-date=2026-07-30}}</ref>. Ku ya 4 Kamena 2026, yasinye itegeko rituma uburezi bw'ubuntu buba uburenganzira buhoraho <ref name="E60">{{cite web |title=The Education Amendment Bill, 2026 |url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/12930 |website=Parliament of Zambia |date=2026-06-04 |access-date=2026-08-03}}</ref>. Mu matora rusange ya 2026, yongeye gutorwa ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 60,5%, imbere ya Brian Mundubile wagize 37,9% <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zambie: le président Hakainde Hichilema a prêté serment pour un second mandat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20260901-zambie-le-pr%C3%A9sident-hakainde-hichilema-a-pr%C3%AAt%C3%A9-serment-pour-un-second-mandat |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref><ref name="E50">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia's president Hichilema wins re-election with big economic promises |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20260818-zambia-president-hichilema-wins-re-election-with-big-economic-promises |website=France24 |date=2026-08-18 |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref><ref name="E51">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia’s Hichilema wins second term as president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/18/zambias-hichilema-wins-second-term-as-president |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref>. Nyuma y'amatora, abanyapolitiki benshi batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, barimo Mundubile, barafunzwe bashinjwa ubugambanyi, naho umunyapolitiki Mutotwe Kafwaya yicirwa mu gikorwa cya polisi <ref name="F6" />. == Ubuzima bwite == Hichilema yashakanye na Mutinta, bafitanye abana batatu <ref name="E4" />. Ni umuyoboke w'Itorero ry'Abadiventisiti b'Umunsi wa Karindwi <ref name="E66">{{cite web |title=HH: I am not a Masonist, I am Christian and a church elder at SDA |url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/12/24/not-masonist-christian-church-elder-sda-hh/ |website=Lusaka Times |date=2014-12-24 |access-date=2015-01-23}}</ref><ref name="E67">{{cite web |language=en |author=Noel Sibanda |title=Adventist Master Guide Hakainde Hichilema Is the New President of Zambia |url=https://adventist.news/news/adventist-master-guide-hakainde-hichilema-is-the-new-president-of-zambia |website=Adventist News Network |date=2021-08-16 |access-date=2021-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825004952/https://adventist.news/news/adventist-master-guide-hakainde-hichilema-is-the-new-president-of-zambia |archive-date=2021-08-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Zambiya]] p912ikm6r6d7c1k7hxs0cqz1tihrhuq 0 23225 140756 140704 2026-10-05T04:43:46Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Emmerson Mnangagwa | image = Emmerson Mnangagwa at US-Africa Business Summit, 2023 (3x4).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Emmerson Mnangagwa mu 2023 | birth_date = 15 Nzeri 1942 | birth_place = Shabani (ubu ni Zvishavane), Rodeziya y'Amajyepfo ([[Zimbabwe]]) | nationality = Umunyazimbabwe | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Zambiya | occupation = Umunyamategeko, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Zimbabwe]] | term = Kuva ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 2017 | predecessor = Robert Mugabe | party = ZANU–PF | spouse = Jayne Matarise (1973–2002), Auxillia Mnangagwa | children = 18 }} '''Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa''' (yavutse ku ya 15 Nzeri 1942 i Shabani, ubu ni Zvishavane) ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Zimbabwe]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 2017. Akunze kwitwa « ''Ngwena'' » cyangwa « ''Garwe'' » (« Ingona » mu Gishona). Yabaye impirimbanyi y'ubwigenge, afungwa imyaka icumi n'ubutegetsi bw'abakoloni ba Rodeziya. Nyuma y'ubwigenge mu 1980, yabaye umufatanyabikorwa wa hafi wa Robert Mugabe, ahabwa imyanya myinshi ikomeye muri guverinoma, harimo Minisitiri ushinzwe Umutekano w'Igihugu mu gihe cy'ubwicanyi bwa ''Gukurahundi'', bukaba bukimuvugwaho. Yabaye Visi-Perezida wa mbere kuva mu 2014 kugeza mu 2017, ubwo Mugabe yamwirukanaga; nyuma y'iminsi mike, kudeta y'igisirikare yatumye Mugabe yegura, Mnangagwa amusimbura. Yatsinze amatora yateje impaka yo mu 2018 n'ayo mu 2023, kandi ubutegetsi bwe bufatwa na benshi nk'ubw'igitugu. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere == Dambudzo Mnangagwa yavutse ku ya 15 Nzeri 1942 i Shabani, umujyi w'ubucukuzi muri Rodeziya y'Amajyepfo, ubukoloni bw'Abongereza. Ababyeyi be, Mafidhi na Mhurai Mnangagwa, bari abahinzi bo mu bwoko bw'Abakalanga, bufitanye isano n'Abashona <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Emmerson Mnangagwa: The 'crocodile' who snapped back |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41995876}}</ref>. Sekuru yari mu rukiko rw'umwami w'Abandebele Lobengula, akarwanya Abongereza. Mu 1952, se yagiranye amakimbirane n'umukozi w'ubukoloni wari wafatiriye amatungo y'abaturage, bituma umuryango wimukira muri Rodeziya y'Amajyaruguru (ubu ni [[Zambiya]]). Mnangagwa yakomereje amashuri i Mumbwa, hanyuma yiga imyuga y'ubwubatsi i Kafue no muri Hodgson Technical College, aho yirukanywe mu 1960 azira ibikorwa bya politiki. == Urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu == Mu 1962, Mnangagwa yinjiye mu ishyaka rya Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), maze ajya muri Tanganyika (ubu ni [[Tanzaniya]]), hanyuma mu Misiri guhabwa imyitozo ya gisirikare. Muri Kanama 1963, yinjiye mu ishyaka rishya rya Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU). Yoherejwe mu [[Ubushinwa]] mu ngabo za ZANLA, aho yize ibitekerezo bya Marx muri Kaminuza ya Pekin, ahabwa imyitozo y'urugamba n'iy'ubutasi <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jean-Philippe Rémy |title=Zimbabwe : Emmerson Mnangagwa, le successeur invisible |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/11/21/zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-le-successeur-invisible_5217975_3212.html#x3Hk2iGkKySEsfDK.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2017-11-21}}</ref>; umubano yagiranye n'Ubushinwa wakomeje kwiyongera <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Zimbabwe, Mugabe se cramponne à la présidence |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2017/11/17/01003-20171117ARTFIG00267-au-zimbabwe-mugabe-se-cramponne-a-sa-presidence.php}}</ref>. Mu 1964, agarutse muri Tanganyika, yashinze itsinda ryitwa « Itsinda ry'Ingona » (''Crocodile Group''). Muri Mutarama 1965, iryo tsinda ryagabye ibitero mu burasirazuba bwa Rodeziya, rinangiza ibikoresho bya gari ya moshi hafi ya Fort Victoria (ubu ni Masvingo). Mnangagwa yarafashwe, yemera icyaha nyuma yo gukorerwa iyicarubozo <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=en |author=John Conroy |title=Unspeakable Acts, Ordinary People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NM_y3jOKzx8C&pg=PA176 |website=Knopf |date=2000}}</ref>, ahamwa n'icyaha <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zimbabwe: Status of the Law and Order (Maintenance) Act and the draft Public Order Act |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ad3254.html |website=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB)/UNHCR}}</ref>. Abavoka be bavuze ko yari akiri muto, bityo ntiyakatirwa urwo gupfa, ahubwo akatirwa igifungo cy'imyaka icumi <ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Vinciane Joly |title=Faute de bourreaux, le Zimbabwe abolit la peine de mort |url=https://www.la-croix.com/international/faute-de-bourreaux-le-zimbabwe-abolit-la-peine-de-mort-20250102 |website=La Croix |date=2025-01-02 |access-date=2025-01-03}}</ref>. Yafungiwe muri gereza zitandukanye, harimo iya Khami, aho yamaze imyaka irenga itandatu ari kumwe n'abandi bayobozi b'ubwigenge, barimo Robert Mugabe, maze baba inshuti magara <ref name="F4" />. Amaze kurekurwa, yirukanwe muri Zambiya, yiga amategeko muri Kaminuza ya Zambiya, ayakora imyaka ibiri, hanyuma ajya muri Mozambike kwifatanya na ZANU, aho yabaye umwungirije akaba n'umurinzi wa Mugabe <ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Mnangagwa's 'fake' law degree exposed? |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-183128.html |website=Bulawayo24 News |access-date=2020-11-13}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa politiki nyuma y'ubwigenge == Kuva ubwigenge bwa Zimbabwe mu 1980 kugeza mu 1988, Mnangagwa yabaye Minisitiri ushinzwe Umutekano w'Igihugu, ayobora n'urwego rw'ubutasi (CIO). Muri icyo gihe, kuva mu 1983 kugeza mu 1987, burigade ya gatanu y'ingabo za Zimbabwe, yari yaratojwe na Koreya ya Ruguru, yishe abasivili b'Abandebele bari hagati ya 20 000 na 30 000 mu ntara ya Matabeleland, mu bwicanyi buzwi nka ''Gukurahundi'' <ref name="E43">{{cite web |title=Breaking the Silence, Building True Peace: Report on the 1980s Disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands |url=https://archive.org/details/BreakingTheSilenceBuildingTruePeace |website=Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe and the Legal Resources Foundation (Zimbabwe) |access-date=2017-11-20}}</ref><ref name="F4" />. Mnangagwa ahakana uruhare urwo ari rwo rwose muri ubwo bwicanyi <ref name="E44">{{cite web |title=US cables link Mnangagwa, Mugabe to Gukurahundi |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-125093.html |website=Bulawayo24 News |date=2017-12-31 |access-date=2018-04-16}}</ref><ref name="E45">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gukurahundi ghosts haunt Mnangagwa |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-11-24-00-gukurahundi-ghosts-haunt-mnangagwa/ |website=The Mail & Guardian |date=2017-11-24 |access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref>, ariko benshi, barimo ibihugu by'amahanga, abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi n'imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu, bamushinja kuba yarabugizemo uruhare rukomeye <ref name="E7">{{cite web |author=Max Bearak |title=Who is Emmerson Mnangagwa, Mugabe's successor in Zimbabwe? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/11/22/who-is-emmerson-the-crocodile-mnangagwa-mugabes-successor-in-zimbabwe/ |website=The Washington Post |date=2017-11-22 |access-date=2023-01-08}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |author=Martin Fletcher |title=The last days of Robert Mugabe |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/2017/01/last-days-robert-mugabe |website=New Statesman |date=2017-01-01 |access-date=2017-11-25}}</ref>. Mu ijambo yavuze muri Werurwe 1983, yagereranyije abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi n'udukoko (''cockroaches'' na ''bugs'') dukeneye kwicishwa umuti wica udukoko <ref name="E45" /><ref name="E47">{{cite web |author=Sabelo Ndlangisa |title=Zim expats remember Mnangagwa's role in Gukurahundi massacres |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2017-11-23-zim-expats-remember-mnangagwas-role-in-gukurahundi-massacres/ |website=TimesLIVE |date=2017-11-23 |access-date=2017-04-16}}</ref>. Muri icyo gihe, yashimangiye umubano n'ingabo n'inzego z'ubutasi, zikomeje kumubera inkingi <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Emmerson Mnangagwa : sera-t-il différent de Mugabe ? |url=http://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-42109729 |website=BBC News Afrique |access-date=2026-09-03}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1988 kugeza mu 2000, yabaye Minisitiri w'Ubutabera, anaba Minisitiri w'Imari w'agateganyo kuva mu Ugushyingo 1995 kugeza muri Mata 1996 <ref name="F9" />. Kuva mu 2000 kugeza mu 2005, yabaye Perezida w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Imiturire yo mu Byaro kuva mu 2005 kugeza mu 2009, n'uw'Ingabo kuva mu 2009 kugeza mu 2013. Yagize uruhare rukomeye mu bikorwa by'urugomo byaranze amatora ya perezida yo mu 2008, ubwo yayoboraga ubukangurambaga bwa Mugabe <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les cinq acteurs majeurs de la crise au Zimbabwe |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/11/15/zimbabwe-les-cinq-acteurs-majeurs-de-la-crise_5215157_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2017-11-15}}</ref>, kandi abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bamushinje kugira uruhare mu rugomo rw'amatora ya 2013 <ref name="F9" />. Mu 2007, guverinoma yavuze ko yavumbuye umugambi w'abasirikare wo guhirika Mugabe no gushinga Mnangagwa gushyiraho guverinoma, ariko Mnangagwa avuga ko ntacyo yari abiziho <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe: Alleged coup plotters deny treason charges |url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/world/zimbabwe-alleged-coup-plotters-deny-treason-charges-315240.html |website=Irish Examiner |date=2007-06-16 |access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=en |title=Coup 'plot' feeds Zimbabwe political tension |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article1940402.ece |website=timesonline.co.uk via Internet Archive |date=2007-06-16 |access-date=2026-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523141610/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article1940402.ece |archive-date=2011-05-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. === Visi-Perezida no kwirukanwa === Mu Ukuboza 2014, Mnangagwa yasimbuye Joice Mujuru ku mwanya wa Visi-Perezida wa mbere wa Zimbabwe <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zimbabwe Leader Picks Hard-Liner as Vice President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/11/world/africa/robert-mugabe-names-emmerson-mnangagwa-vice-president.html |website=The New York Times |date=2014-12-10 |access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref>, afatwa nk'ushobora gusimbura Mugabe wari ugeze mu zabukuru. Ariko Mugabe yifuzaga ko umugore we, Grace Mugabe, ari we umusimbura. Ku ya 6 Ugushyingo 2017, Mugabe yirukanye Mnangagwa ku mwanya wa visi-perezida amushinja « kutaba indahemuka », ibyo bitashimishije ingabo <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Grace Mugabe prend l’avantage dans la guerre de succession au Zimbabwe |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/11/06/grace-mugabe-tente-un-coup-de-force-pour-prendre-la-tete-de-la-succession-au-zimbabwe_5210784_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2017-11-06 |access-date=2017-12-06}}</ref><ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : Robert Mugabe limoge son vice-président pour « manque de loyauté» |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/490207/politique/zimbabwe-robert-mugabe-limoge-son-vice-president-pour-manque-de-loyaute/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2017-11-06}}</ref>; Mnangagwa ahungira muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]]. == Kudeta ya 2017 == Ku ya 15 Ugushyingo 2017, Jenerali Sibusiso Moyo yatangarije kuri televiziyo y'igihugu ko ingabo zifashe imihanda kugira ngo « zivane mu nzira abagizi ba nabi bari hafi ya Perezida Mugabe » <ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : l'armée intervient contre des «criminels» proches de Mugabe |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2017/11/15/97001-20171115FILWWW00014-zimbabwe-l-armee-intervientcontre-des-criminels-proches-de-mugabe.php |website=Le Figaro |date=2017-11-15}}</ref>; Mugabe n'umugore we bafungiwe iwabo n'ingabo <ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Zimbabwe se réveille dirigé par des militaires |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/11/15/le-zimbabwe-se-reveille-dirige-par-des-militaires-son-president-mugabe-en-detention_5215103_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2017-11-15}}</ref>. Ku ya 19 Ugushyingo, komite nkuru ya ZANU–PF yakuye Mugabe ku buyobozi bw'ishyaka, imusimbuza Mnangagwa, inamutanga nk'umukandida wayo mu matora ya 2018 <ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : le président Robert Mugabe a été exclu de la direction du parti au pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/11/19/au-zimbabwe-les-pressions-s-intensifient-sur-mugabe-pour-qu-il-quitte-le-pouvoir_5217172_3212.html#fAI2fTE6pVw3paCj.99 |website=lemonde.fr |date=2017-11-19 |access-date=2017-11-19}}</ref><ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : la Zanu-PF destituera Mugabe s'il ne démissionne pas d'ici lundi |url=http://www.europe1.fr/international/zimbabwe-la-zanu-pf-destituera-mugabe-sil-ne-demissionne-pas-dici-lundi-3496775 |website=Europe 1 |access-date=2017-11-19}}</ref>. Ku ya 21 Ugushyingo 2017, Mugabe yeguye kugira ngo yirinde kweguzwa n'Inteko <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : le président Mugabe démissionne après 37 ans de pouvoir |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2017/11/21/01003-20171121ARTFIG00187-zimbabwe-le-parlement-reuni-pour-destituer-le-president-mugabe.php |website=Le Figaro |date=2017-11-21 |access-date=2017-11-21}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Zimbabwe == === Manda ya mbere === Mnangagwa yagarutse muri Zimbabwe ku ya 22 Ugushyingo 2017, maze arahirira kuba Perezida ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 2017 <ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=De retour au Zimbabwe, Emmerson Mnangagwa appelle au rassemblement - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20171122-retour-zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-appelle-rassemblement |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2026-09-03}}</ref><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Zimbabwe, Emmerson Mnangagwa investi président |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/video/2017/11/24/au-zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-investi-president_5219987_3212.html}}</ref>. Bukeye, urukiko rwemeje ko kudeta yari ihuje n'Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Figaro.fr avec AFP |title=Zimbabwe : un ex-ministre mis en examen |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2017/11/25/97001-20171125FILWWW00123-zimbabwe-un-ex-ministre-mis-en-examen.php |website=Le Figaro |access-date=2026-09-03}}</ref>. Ku ya 30 Ugushyingo 2017, yashyizeho guverinoma igizwe n'abayoboke ba ZANU–PF n'abasirikare babiri, barimo Sibusiso Moyo, wagizwe Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga <ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : Mnangagwa nomme deux hauts gradés au gouvernement, l'opposition écartée - France 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20171201-zimbabwe-Emmerson-Mnangagwa-nouveaux-ministres-gouvernement-robert-mugabe |website=France 24 |access-date=2026-09-03}}</ref>. Ku ya 27 Ukuboza 2017, yagize Constantino Chiwenga na Kembo Mohadi ba visi-perezida <ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : l'auteur du coup de force anti-Mugabe devient vice-président |url=http://information.tv5monde.com/en-continu/zimbabwe-l-auteur-du-coup-de-force-anti-mugabe-devient-vice-president-211568 |website=TV5MONDE |access-date=2017-12-29}}</ref>. Yahaye amezi atatu abari barahishe amafaranga mu mahanga mu buryo butemewe kuyagarura mu gihugu <ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Zimbabwe donne un délai de trois mois pour rapatrier les capitaux avant de lancer des poursuites - France 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20171128-zimbabwe-delai-trois-mois-rapatrier-capitaux-ultimatum-mnangagwa-mugabe-crise |website=France 24 |access-date=2026-09-03}}</ref>, kandi yiyemeza kuvugurura politiki y'ubutaka kugira ngo bamwe mu bahinzi b'Abazungu bambuwe ubutaka bawusubizwe <ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=White farmer gets land back under Zimbabwe's new leader |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/22/white-farmer-gets-land-back-under-zimbabwes-new-leader/}}</ref>. Yagaragaje ubushake bwo kongera kubana neza n'ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba no kugaruka muri Commonwealth <ref name="E139">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zimbabwe's president seeks to build bridges with west |url=https://www.ft.com/content/05ad2492-fc38-11e7-9b32-d7d59aace167 |access-date=2018-01-19}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2018, mu gihe cy'ubukangurambaga bw'amatora i Bulawayo, igisasu cyatewe aho yari ari, ariko arokoka nta kibazo, mu gihe abandi bayobozi, barimo ba visi-perezida be bombi, bakomeretse <ref name="E155">{{cite web |title=Zimbabwe President Mnangagwa says he was 'inches' from Bulawayo explosion |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-44586218 |website=BBC News |date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2018-06-23}}</ref>. Ku ya 30 Nyakanga 2018, yatsinze amatora ya perezida ku kinyuranyo gito ku cyiciro cya mbere <ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : Emmerson Mnangagwa élu président, l'opposition pas d'accord |url=http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-elu-president-l-opposition-pas-d-accord-03-08-2018-2241104_2365.php |website=lepoint.fr via Internet Archive |access-date=2026-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311202236/http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-elu-president-l-opposition-pas-d-accord-03-08-2018-2241104_2365.php |archive-date=2019-03-11 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>. Nelson Chamisa, umukandida w'ihuriro MDC, yanze ibyavuye mu matora, maze imyigaragambyo ikurikiraho ihitana abantu batandatu barashwe n'ingabo <ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=ZIMBABWE |url=https://www.leprogres.fr/france-monde/2018/08/03/mnangagwa-officiellement-elu-president-l-opposition-rejette-le-scrutin |website=Le Progrès}}</ref><ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : Mnangagwa confirmé, les opposants chassés |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2018/08/24/01003-20180824ARTFIG00247-zimbabwe-mnangagwa-confirme-les-opposants-chasses.php}}</ref>. Ku ya 24 Kanama 2018, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwemeje ibyavuye mu matora, maze arahira ku ya 26 Kanama <ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe court upholds President Mnangagwa's election win |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45299176}}</ref><ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : la Cour constitutionnelle valide l’élection d’Emmerson Mnangagwa - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180824-zimbabwe-cour-constitutionnelle-valide-election-emmerson-mnangagwa |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2026-09-03}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2019, izamuka ry'ibiciro bya lisansi rya 130% ryateje imyigaragambyo mu gihugu hose; inzego z'umutekano zayihoshesheje ku ngufu, abantu 12 barapfa kandi amagana arafatwa <ref name="E156">{{cite web |language=en |title=Reality Check: Why has Zimbabwe hiked petrol prices? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46878267 |date=2019-01-19 |access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref><ref name="E157">{{cite web |language=en |title=Death toll from Zimbabwe protests rises to 12, rights body says |url=https://www.moneyweb.co.za/news-fast-news/death-toll-from-zimbabwe-protests-rises-to-12-rights-body-says/ |website=MoneyWeb |date=2019-01-20 |access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2021, Perezida Joe Biden wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika yanenze ubutegetsi bwe kubera guhohotera abaturage no kudakora amavugurura ya demokarasi, yongera ibihano Amerika yari yarafatiye Zimbabwe <ref name="E140">{{cite web |language=en |title=A Letter on the Continuation of the National Emergency with Respect to Zimbabwe |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/03/a-letter-on-the-continuation-of-the-national-emergency-with-respect-to-zimbabwe/ |website=The White House |date=2021-03-03 |access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref>. Mu 2023, iperereza ry'itangazamakuru ryagaragaje urusobe rw'icuruzwa rya zahabu mu buryo bwa magendu rifitanye isano n'abantu ba hafi ye <ref name="E159">{{cite web |language=en |title=How a 'Gold Mafia' is looting Southern Africa, washing dirty cash |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/23/gold-mafia-looting-southern-africa |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref><ref name="E160">{{cite web |language=en |author=Karim Zidan |title=The IOC’s new leader brings dictatorship experience to the job |url=https://www.sportspolitika.news/p/the-iocs-new-leader-brings-dictatorship |website=www.sportspolitika.news |access-date=2026-05-22}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri === Muri Kanama 2023, Mnangagwa yongeye gutorwa n'amajwi 52,6%, ariko abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bavuga ko ayo matora atagenze neza <ref name="F40">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Élections. Zimbabwe : le président Mnangagwa réélu |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/elections-zimbabwe-le-president-mnangagwa-reelu |website=Courrier international |date=2023-08-27 |access-date=2026-09-03}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zimbabwe's President Mnangagwa wins second term |url=https://www.dw.com/en/zimbabwes-president-mnangagwa-wins-second-term/video-66642155 |website=dw.com |date=2023-08-27 |access-date=2023-08-28}}</ref><ref name="E166">{{cite web |author=Farai Mutsaka |title=Zimbabwean President Emmerson Mnangagwa wins re-election after troubled vote, officials say |url=https://apnews.com/article/zimbabwe-election-emmerson-mnangagwa-4aaeb10b7bf49f54fd10af141d18ced2 |website=AP News |date=2023-08-27 |access-date=2024-07-15}}</ref>. Ku ya 4 Werurwe 2024, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zamufatiye ibihano, we n'umugore we Auxillia, Visi-Perezida Chiwenga n'abandi, kubera ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu, ruswa n'icuruzwa ry'amabuye y'agaciro mu buryo bwa magendu <ref name="E167">{{cite web |title=US sanctions Zimbabwe President Emmerson Mnangagwa over alleged abuses |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/5/us-sanctions-zimbabwe-president-emmerson-mnangagwa-over-alleged-abuses |website=Al Jazeera |date=2024-03-05 |access-date=2025-04-03}}</ref>. Ku ya 31 Ukuboza 2024, yasinye itegeko rikuraho igihano cy'urupfu ku byaha byinshi, maze ibihano by'urupfu by'imfungwa zose bihindurwa igifungo <ref name="F8" />. Ku ya 2 Nzeri 2024, yatangaje ko atazashaka manda ya gatatu mu 2028 <ref name="E168">{{cite web |title=Zimbabwe's President Plans to Step Down When Tenure Ends in 2028 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-09-02/zimbabwe-s-president-plans-to-step-down-when-tenure-ends-in-2028?embedded-checkout=true |website=Bloomberg |date=2024-09-02}}</ref>. Ariko mu 2025, abahoze barwana urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu basabye ko yegura, mu gihe ibihuha byavugaga ko ashaka kongera igihe cye ku butegetsi <ref name="E169">{{cite web |language=en |title=Emmanuel Matatu: Zimbabwe's President Emmerson Mnangagwa names new army chief |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn0j01jgqk9o |website=BBC |date=2025-03-28 |access-date=2025-03-31}}</ref><ref name="E170">{{cite web |language=en |author=Calvin Manika |title=Amid Zimbabwe's political crisis, hope and frustration brew |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/4/16/amid-zimbabwes-political-crisis-hope-and-frustration-brew |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Ukwakira 2025, inama ya ZANU–PF i Mutare yemeje icyifuzo cyo kongera manda ye kugeza mu 2030 binyuze mu ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="E171">{{cite web |language=en |author=Farai Mutsaka |title=Zimbabwe's ruling party moves to extend President Mnangagwa's term until 2030 |url=https://apnews.com/article/zimbabwe-president-mnangagwa-term-extension-ab22f485fe2c6e12ba256e459d7be3db |website=AP News |date=2025-10-18 |access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref>, maze muri Kamena 2026 imitwe yombi y'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeza ivugurura ryongera manda ya perezida kuva ku myaka itanu ikagera ku myaka irindwi <ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : le Sénat adopte la réforme constitutionnelle prolongeant le mandat du président |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260625-zimbabwe-le-s%C3%A9nat-adopte-la-r%C3%A9forme-constitutionnelle-prolongeant-le-mandat-du-pr%C3%A9sident |website=RFI |access-date=2026-09-03}}</ref>. == Ibitekerezo bya politiki == Mnangagwa arwanya yivuye inyuma igihano cy'urupfu, acyita « igitutsi ku cyubahiro cya muntu »; ''La Croix'' ihuza uwo murongo n'uko na we ubwe yari yarigeze kugikatirwa akiri muto <ref name="F8" />. == Ubuzima bwite == Mnangagwa ni Umukristo w'Umuvanjeliste, akaba umuyoboke w'Itorero rya United Family International Church <ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Herald |title=President pledges US$2m towards UFIC project |url=https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/president-pledges-us2m-towards-ufic-project/ |website=heraldonline.co.zw |date=2026-09-07}}</ref><ref name="E175">{{cite web |author=Herald |title=President pledges US$2m towards UFIC project |url=https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/president-pledges-us2m-towards-ufic-project/ |website=heraldonline.co.zw |date=2026-09-07}}</ref>. Yashatse kabiri, kandi afite abana cumi n'umunani n'abuzukuru barenga icumi <ref name="E10" /><ref name="E176">{{cite web |language=en |author=Gift Phiri |title=Mnangagwa family disclosures raise eyebrows |url=https://nehandaradio.com/2018/03/23/mnangagwa-family-disclosures-raise-eyebrows/ |website=Nehanda Radio |date=2018-03-23 |access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref>. Umugore we wa mbere, Jayne Matarise, bashakanye mu 1973, bakabyarana abana batandatu, yapfuye ku ya 31 Mutarama 2002 azize kanseri <ref name="E176" />. Ikinyamakuru ''Time'' cyamushyize mu bantu 100 bavuga rikijyana ku isi mu 2018 <ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=en |author=Evan Mawarire |title=Emmerson Mnangagwa: The World's 100 Most Influential People |url=https://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5217559/emmerson-mnangagwa/ |website=Time |access-date=2020-09-22}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Zimbabwe]] jo7s4whvbju4o1lhpcihwqwbrzetmjx 0 23228 140708 2026-10-04T12:02:28Z Stevenndori289 10902 I have just created article 140708 wikitext text/x-wiki Hepatite ni indwara itera umwijima kubyimba. Ishobora kwibasira umwijima gusa cyangwa se ikaba yatera izindi ndwara nko; kuzana udusebe no gucika k’umwijima (fibrosis), cirrhosis na kanseri y’umwijima.<ref>https://umutihealth.com/hepatite/</ref> mjhw2l2m4umy7ml10fnuiwz8qk93w0p 140709 140708 2026-10-04T12:05:04Z Stevenndori289 10902 Reference 140709 wikitext text/x-wiki Hepatite ni indwara itera umwijima kubyimba. Ishobora kwibasira umwijima gusa cyangwa se ikaba yatera izindi ndwara nko; kuzana udusebe no gucika k’umwijima (fibrosis), cirrhosis na kanseri y’umwijima.<ref>https://umutihealth.com/hepatite/</ref> == Iriburiro == 53nl7wrmpikr2figx9dm1bq3gx3lr26 0 23229 140710 2026-10-04T12:22:13Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1504451|Pneumonia]] to:rw #mdwikicx 140710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Pneumonia|synonym=Pneumonitis|image=Chest radiograph in influensa and H influenzae, posteroanterior, annotated.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Chest radiograph|Chest X-ray]] of a pneumonia caused by [[influenza]] and ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'', with patchy consolidations, mainly in the right upper lobe (arrow)|pronounce={{IPAc-en|nj|uː|ˈ|m|əʊ|n|i|ə}} {{respell|new|MOHN|ee-ə}}|field=[[Pulmonology]], [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|infectious disease]]|symptoms=Cough, difficulty breathing, [[rapid breathing]], fever<ref name=Ash2007/>|complications=|onset=|duration=Few weeks<ref name=Behera2010>{{cite book|last=Behera|first=D.|title=Textbook of pulmonary medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|pages=296–97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA296|edition=2nd|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914155329/https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA296|url-status=live}}</ref>|types=|causes=Bacteria, virus, [[aspiration pneumonia|aspiration]]<ref name=RespText09/><ref name=Jeff2010/>|risks=[[Cystic fibrosis]], [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[asthma]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[heart failure]], history of [[smoking]], older age<ref name=NIH2011Risk>{{cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for Pneumonia?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/atrisk|website=NHLBI|access-date=3 March 2016|date=March 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133826/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/atrisk|archive-date=7 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133826/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/atrisk |date=7 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name=-BMJ2012>{{cite journal | last1=Caldeira | first1=D. | last2=Alarcao | first2=J. | last3=Vaz-Carneiro | first3=A. | last4=Costa | first4=J. | title=Risk of pneumonia associated with use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal=The BMJ | publisher=BMJ | volume=345 | issue=jul11 1 | date=2012-07-11 | issn=1756-1833 | pmid=22786934 | pmc=3394697 | doi=10.1136/bmj.e4260 | pages=e4260 | quote=Susceptibility is higher among elderly people (≥65 years)}}</ref><ref name=CDC2020SCD>{{cite web |title=Complications and Treatments of Sickle Cell Disease {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/treatments.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=6 May 2020 |language=en-us |date=12 June 2019 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523205044/https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/treatments.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523205044/https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/treatments.html |date=23 May 2020 }}</ref>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, [[chest X-ray]]<ref name=NIH2011Diag/>|differential=[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]], [[asthma]], [[pulmonary edema]], [[pulmonary embolism]]<ref name=BMJ06>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoare Z, Lim WS | title = Pneumonia: update on diagnosis and management | journal = BMJ | volume = 332 | issue = 7549 | pages = 1077–79 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16675815 | pmc = 1458569 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.332.7549.1077 | url = http://www.bmj.com/content/332/7549/1077.full.pdf | access-date = 27 July 2020 | archive-date = 9 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200409062318/https://www.bmj.com/content/332/7549/1077 | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409062318/https://www.bmj.com/content/332/7549/1077 |date=9 April 2020 }}</ref>|prevention=[[Vaccine]]s, [[handwashing]], not smoking<ref name=NIH2011Pre/>|treatment=|medication=[[Antibiotic]]s, [[antiviral]]s, [[oxygen therapy]]<ref name=NIH2011Tx/><ref name=Lancet11/>|prognosis=|frequency=450 million (7%) per year<ref name=Lancet11/><ref name=CochraneTx13/>|deaths=Four million per year<ref name=Lancet11/><ref name=CochraneTx13/>|video1=|named after=}}'''Umusonga''' ni indwara yo kubyimba mu bihaha yibasira cyane cyane udusaho duto tw’umwuka tuzwi nka alveoli.<ref name="RespText09">{{Cite book|editor-last=McLuckie|editor-first=A.|title=Respiratory disease and its management|year=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-84882-094-4|page=51}}</ref><ref name="AcuteCare09">{{Cite book|last=Leach, Richard E.|title=Acute and Critical Care Medicine at a Glance|edition=2nd|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-6139-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7u_wu5VCsVQC&pg=PT168|df=dmy-all|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180054/https://books.google.com/books?id=7u_wu5VCsVQC&pg=PT168|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bikunze kuba birimo inkorora ikura cyangwa yumye, kubabara mu gatuza, umuriro, no kugorwa no guhumeka.<ref name="Ash2007">{{Cite book|last=Ashby|first=Bonnie|last2=Turkington|first2=Carol|title=The encyclopedia of infectious diseases|edition=3rd|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|year=2007|page=242|isbn=978-0-8160-6397-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Xlyaipv3dIC&pg=PA242|access-date=2011-04-21|df=dmy-all|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180124/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Xlyaipv3dIC&pg=PA242|url-status=live}}</ref> Uburemere bw'iyi ndwara burahindagurika.<ref name="Ash2007" /> Ubusanzwe umusonga uterwa n'ubwandu bwa virusi cyangwa [[bagiteri]], kandi akenshi uterwa n'izindi mikorobe, imiti imwe n'imwe cyangwa indwara zimwe na zimwe nk'indwara ziterwa n'umubiri.<ref name="RespText09" /><ref name="Jeff2010">{{Cite book|last=Jeffrey C. Pommerville|title=Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology|edition=9th|publisher=Jones & Bartlett|location=Sudbury, MA|year=2010|page=323|quote=|isbn=978-0-7637-6258-2|oclc=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJNQwQB8IxIC&pg=PA323|access-date=|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180101/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJNQwQB8IxIC&pg=PA323|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo indwara ya cystic fibrosis, indwara idakira y’ibihaha (COPD), indwara ya sickle cell, asima, diyabete, umutima unanirwa, amateka yo kunywa itabi, ubushobozi buke bwo gukorora (nk'igihe umuntu arwaye indwara yo mu bwonko ), hamwe n'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri budakora neza . Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku bimenyetso no ku isuzuma ry'umubiri.<ref name=NIH2011Diag>{{cite web|title=How Is Pneumonia Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/diagnosis|website=NHLBI|access-date=3 March 2016|date=March 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133513/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/diagnosis|archive-date=7 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133513/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/diagnosis |date=7 March 2016 }}</ref> Imirasire yo mu gituza, ibizamini by'amaraso, no gupima amatembabuzi y'amata bishobora gufasha kwemeza ko indwara yanduye. Iyi ndwara ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe aho yavuye, nko kwandurira mu bitaro cyangwa kwakorewe mu muryango cyangwa kwandurira mu bitaro. Urukingo rwo kwirinda ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bw'umusonga rurahari.<ref name=NIH2011Pre>{{cite web|title=How Can Pneumonia Be Prevented?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/prevention|website=NHLBI|access-date=3 March 2016|date=March 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133901/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/prevention|archive-date=7 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133901/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/prevention |date=7 March 2016 }}</ref> Ubundi buryo bwo kwirinda burimo gukaraba intoki no kutanywa itabi. Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'impamvu nyamukuru. Umusonga w’ibihaha bikekwa ko uterwa na bagiteri uvurwa n’imiti yica udukoko . Iyo umusonga ukabije, umuntu wafashwe n’indwara muri rusange ajyanwa mu bitaro.<ref name=NIH2011>{{cite web|title=What Is Pneumonia?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu|website=NHLBI|access-date=2 March 2016|date=March 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229143108/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/|archive-date=29 February 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229143108/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/ |date=29 February 2016 }}</ref> Uburyo bwo kuvura umwuka wa ogisijeni bushobora gukoreshwa iyo urugero rwa ogisijeni ruri hasi.<ref name=NIH2011Tx>{{cite web|title=How Is Pneumonia Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/treatment|website=NHLBI|access-date=3 March 2016|date=March 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306030735/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/treatment|archive-date=6 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306030735/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/treatment |date=6 March 2016 }}</ref> Buri mwaka, umusonga wibasira abantu bagera kuri 450&nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu ku isi (7% by'abaturage) kandi bigatera impfu zigera kuri miliyoni 4.<ref name="Lancet11">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ruuskanen O, Lahti E, Jennings LC, Murdoch DR|title=Viral pneumonia|journal=Lancet|volume=377|issue=9773|pages=1264–75|date=April 2011|pmid=21435708|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61459-6|pmc=7138033}}</ref><ref name="CochraneTx13">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lodha R, Kabra SK, Pandey RM|title=Antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in children|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|page=CD004874|date=June 2013|pmid=23733365|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004874.pub4|pmc=7017636}}</ref> Mu kinyejana cya 20, ubwo imiti yica udukoko n'inkingo byatangiraga gukoreshwa, ubuzima bwarushijeho kuba bwiza cyane.<ref name="Lancet11" /> Nyamara, mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, ndetse no mu bakuze cyane, abakiri bato cyane n'abarwayi badakira, umusonga uracyari intandaro y'impfu nyinshi.<ref name="Lancet11" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=George|first=Ronald B.|title=Chest medicine : essentials of pulmonary and critical care medicine|year=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5273-2|page=353|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&pg=PA353|edition=5th|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502042842/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&pg=PA353|url-status=live}}</ref> Umusonga ukunze kugabanya igihe cyo kubabara mu bantu bari hafi gupfa, bityo witwa "inshuti y'uyu musaza". == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] ry35vqqz37ma7e443ujor2t0j5azjt8 140711 140710 2026-10-04T12:40:45Z Stevenndori289 10902 Irwara yumusonga 140711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Umusonga | synonym = Kubyimba kwibihaha | image = Chest radiograph in influensa and H influenzae, posteroanterior, annotated.jpg | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = [[Chest radiograph|Chest X-ray]] of a pneumonia caused by [[influenza]] and ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'', with patchy consolidations, mainly in the right upper lobe (arrow) }} '''Umusonga''' ni indwara yo kubyimba mu bihaha yibasira cyane cyane udusaho duto tw’umwuka tuzwi nka alveoli.<ref name="RespText09">{{Cite book|editor-last=McLuckie|editor-first=A.|title=Respiratory disease and its management|year=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-84882-094-4|page=51}}</ref><ref name="AcuteCare09">{{Cite book|last=Leach, Richard E.|title=Acute and Critical Care Medicine at a Glance|edition=2nd|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-6139-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7u_wu5VCsVQC&pg=PT168|df=dmy-all|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180054/https://books.google.com/books?id=7u_wu5VCsVQC&pg=PT168|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bikunze kuba birimo inkorora ikura cyangwa yumye, kubabara mu gatuza, umuriro, no kugorwa no guhumeka.<ref name="Ash2007">{{Cite book|last=Ashby|first=Bonnie|last2=Turkington|first2=Carol|title=The encyclopedia of infectious diseases|edition=3rd|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|year=2007|page=242|isbn=978-0-8160-6397-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Xlyaipv3dIC&pg=PA242|access-date=2011-04-21|df=dmy-all|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180124/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Xlyaipv3dIC&pg=PA242|url-status=live}}</ref> Uburemere bw'iyi ndwara burahindagurika.<ref name="Ash2007" /> Ubusanzwe umusonga uterwa n'ubwandu bwa virusi cyangwa [[bagiteri]], kandi akenshi uterwa n'izindi mikorobe, imiti imwe n'imwe cyangwa indwara zimwe na zimwe nk'indwara ziterwa n'umubiri.<ref name="RespText09" /><ref name="Jeff2010">{{Cite book|last=Jeffrey C. Pommerville|title=Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology|edition=9th|publisher=Jones & Bartlett|location=Sudbury, MA|year=2010|page=323|quote=|isbn=978-0-7637-6258-2|oclc=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJNQwQB8IxIC&pg=PA323|access-date=|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180101/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJNQwQB8IxIC&pg=PA323|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo indwara ya cystic fibrosis, indwara idakira y’ibihaha (COPD), indwara ya sickle cell, asima, diyabete, umutima unanirwa, amateka yo kunywa itabi, ubushobozi buke bwo gukorora (nk'igihe umuntu arwaye indwara yo mu bwonko ), hamwe n'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri budakora neza . Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku bimenyetso no ku isuzuma ry'umubiri.<ref name=NIH2011Diag>{{cite web|title=How Is Pneumonia Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/diagnosis|website=NHLBI|access-date=3 March 2016|date=March 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133513/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/diagnosis|archive-date=7 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133513/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/diagnosis |date=7 March 2016 }}</ref> Imirasire yo mu gituza, ibizamini by'amaraso, no gupima amatembabuzi y'amata bishobora gufasha kwemeza ko indwara yanduye. Iyi ndwara ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe aho yavuye, nko kwandurira mu bitaro cyangwa kwakorewe mu muryango cyangwa kwandurira mu bitaro. Urukingo rwo kwirinda ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bw'umusonga rurahari.<ref name=NIH2011Pre>{{cite web|title=How Can Pneumonia Be Prevented?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/prevention|website=NHLBI|access-date=3 March 2016|date=March 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133901/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/prevention|archive-date=7 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133901/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/prevention |date=7 March 2016 }}</ref> Ubundi buryo bwo kwirinda burimo gukaraba intoki no kutanywa itabi. Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'impamvu nyamukuru. Umusonga w’ibihaha bikekwa ko uterwa na bagiteri uvurwa n’imiti yica udukoko . Iyo umusonga ukabije, umuntu wafashwe n’indwara muri rusange ajyanwa mu bitaro.<ref name=NIH2011>{{cite web|title=What Is Pneumonia?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu|website=NHLBI|access-date=2 March 2016|date=March 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229143108/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/|archive-date=29 February 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229143108/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/ |date=29 February 2016 }}</ref> Uburyo bwo kuvura umwuka wa ogisijeni bushobora gukoreshwa iyo urugero rwa ogisijeni ruri hasi.<ref name=NIH2011Tx>{{cite web|title=How Is Pneumonia Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/treatment|website=NHLBI|access-date=3 March 2016|date=March 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306030735/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/treatment|archive-date=6 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306030735/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/treatment |date=6 March 2016 }}</ref> Buri mwaka, umusonga wibasira abantu bagera kuri 450&nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu ku isi (7% by'abaturage) kandi bigatera impfu zigera kuri miliyoni 4.<ref name="Lancet11">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ruuskanen O, Lahti E, Jennings LC, Murdoch DR|title=Viral pneumonia|journal=Lancet|volume=377|issue=9773|pages=1264–75|date=April 2011|pmid=21435708|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61459-6|pmc=7138033}}</ref><ref name="CochraneTx13">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lodha R, Kabra SK, Pandey RM|title=Antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in children|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|page=CD004874|date=June 2013|pmid=23733365|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004874.pub4|pmc=7017636}}</ref> Mu kinyejana cya 20, ubwo imiti yica udukoko n'inkingo byatangiraga gukoreshwa, ubuzima bwarushijeho kuba bwiza cyane.<ref name="Lancet11" /> Nyamara, mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, ndetse no mu bakuze cyane, abakiri bato cyane n'abarwayi badakira, umusonga uracyari intandaro y'impfu nyinshi.<ref name="Lancet11" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=George|first=Ronald B.|title=Chest medicine : essentials of pulmonary and critical care medicine|year=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5273-2|page=353|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&pg=PA353|edition=5th|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502042842/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&pg=PA353|url-status=live}}</ref> Umusonga ukunze kugabanya igihe cyo kubabara mu bantu bari hafi gupfa, bityo witwa "inshuti y'uyu musaza". == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 4g91y8noiaochzk2hxc2x4lwmt89dwz 0 23230 140712 2026-10-04T12:51:52Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502853|Ketamine]] to:rw #mdwikicx 140712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=477168837|image=Ketamine2DCSD.svg|width=150px|alt=|image2=S-ketamine-from-HCl-xtal-3D-balls.png|width2=175px|alt2=(''S'')-Ketamine ball-and-stick model|caption=<!-- |type =<!-- Names -->|pronounce=|tradename=Ketalar, others|synonyms=CI-581; CL-369; CM-52372-2<ref name="MortonHall2012">{{cite book | vauthors = Morton IK, Hall JM |title=Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsjrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-4439-1 |pages=159– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411144623/https://books.google.com/books?id=tsjrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |archive-date=11 April 2017 }}</ref>|IUPAC_name=(''RS'')-2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone <!-- Clinical data -->|class=[[NMDA receptor antagonist|NMDA receptor antagonists]]; [[General anaesthetic|General anesthetics]]; [[Dissociative|Dissociative hallucinogen]]s; [[Analgesic]]s; [[Antidepressant]]s|uses=<!-- primary uses -->|side_effects=<!-- common side effects and notable side effects -->|interactions=<!-- notable interactions -->|pregnancy_AU=B3|pregnancy_AU_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{cite web | title=Ketamine (Ketalar) Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=22 November 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ketamine.html | access-date=18 May 2020 | archive-date=26 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626125239/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ketamine.html | url-status=live }}</ref>|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy" />|pregnancy_category=|breastfeeding=|routes_of_administration=Any<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bell RF, Eccleston C, Kalso EA | title = Ketamine as an adjuvant to opioids for cancer pain | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 6 | pages = CD003351 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28657160 | pmc = 6481583 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003351.pub3 | url = http://opus.bath.ac.uk/57535/1/Published_Version.pdf | access-date = 2020-08-09 | archive-date = 2024-01-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240112122726/http://opus.bath.ac.uk/57535/1/Published_Version.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moyse DW, Kaye AD, Diaz JH, Qadri MY, Lindsay D, Pyati S | title = Perioperative Ketamine Administration for Thoracotomy Pain | journal = Pain Physician | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 173–184 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28339431 }}</ref><ref name="MathewZarate2016">{{cite book | first1 = Sanjay J. | last1 = Mathew | first2 = Carlos A. | last2 = Zarate Jr |title=Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression: The First Decade of Progress |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDOgDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |date=25 November 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-42925-0 |pages=8–10, 14–22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=QDOgDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref><ref name="MD">{{cite web|title=Ketamine Hydrochloride: Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|date=9 January 2017|access-date=24 August 2017|editor=Brayfield, A|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|website=MedicinesComplete|url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/ms-3114-h.htm|location=London, UK|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828134205/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/themes/mc-marketing/assets/images/favicons-tiles/favicon.ico|url-status=live}}</ref>|onset=* Intravenous: seconds<ref name=sinner>{{cite book | vauthors = Sinner B, Graf BM |chapter= Ketamine |title= Modern Anesthetics | veditors = Schüttler J, Schwilden H |series= Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology |year= 2008 |volume= 182 |issue= 182 |pages= 313–33 |isbn= 978-3-540-72813-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_15 |pmid=18175098}}</ref> * Intramuscular: 1–5 min<ref name=sinner /><ref name="Quibell2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Quibell R, Prommer EE, Mihalyo M, Twycross R, Wilcock A | title = Ketamine* | journal = Journal of Pain and Symptom Management | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 640–9 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21419322 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.01.001 | url = http://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924%2811%2900046-7/fulltext | type = Therapeutic Review | doi-access = free | access-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-date = 16 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180916035324/https://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924%2811%2900046-7/fulltext | url-status = live }}</ref> * Subcutaneous: 15–30 min<ref name="Quibell2011" /> * Insufflation: 5–10 min<ref name=sinner /> * By mouth: 15–30 min<ref name=sinner /><ref name="Quibell2011" />|duration_of_action=* Intramuscular: 0.5–2 hours<ref name="Quibell2011" /> * Insufflation: 45–60 min<ref name=sinner /> * By mouth: 1–6+ hours<ref name=sinner /><ref name="Quibell2011" />|defined_daily_dose=Not established<ref>{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N01AX03 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029104027/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N01AX03 |url-status=live }}</ref>|typical_dose=|addiction_liability=Low–moderate<ref name="NHM-PCP and ketamine">{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY |title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience |year=2009 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-148127-4 | pages=374–375 |edition=2nd |chapter=Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders |quote=Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) and ketamine (also known as special K) are structurally related drugs... their reinforcing properties and risks related to compulsive abuse}}</ref><!--Start widen drugbox--><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<!--End widen drugbox--> <!-- External links -->|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ketamine-hydrochloride}}|MedlinePlus=<!-- Legal data -->|legal_AU=S8|legal_CA=Schedule I|legal_UN=Unscheduled|legal_UK=Class B|legal_US=Schedule III|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Ketamine|licence_US=Ketamine|licence_EU=<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=* [[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]]: 100%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> * [[Intramuscular injection|Intramuscular]]: 93%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> * [[Subcutaneous administration|Subcutaneous]]: high<ref name="Mao2016">{{cite book |author=Jianren Mao |title=Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VrvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |date=19 April 2016 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-8900-4 |pages=127– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=_VrvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref> * [[Epidural administration|Epidural]]: 77%<ref name="Kintz2014">{{cite book |author=Pascal Kintz |title=Toxicological Aspects of Drug-Facilitated Crimes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgnUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |date=22 March 2014 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12-416969-2 |pages=87– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgnUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref> * [[Nasal administration|Intranasal]]: 8–50%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref name="pmid29736744">{{cite journal | vauthors = Molero P, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Martin-Santos R, Calvo-Sánchez E, Gutiérrez-Rojas L, Meana JJ | title = Antidepressant Efficacy and Tolerability of Ketamine and Esketamine: A Critical Review | journal = CNS Drugs | volume = 32 | issue = 5 | pages = 411–420 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29736744 | doi = 10.1007/s40263-018-0519-3 }}</ref><ref name=sinner /> * [[Sublingual administration|Sublingual]]: 24–30%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref name="Hashimoto2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hashimoto K | title = Rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine, its metabolites and other candidates: A historical overview and future perspective | journal = Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences | volume = 73 | issue = 10 | pages = 613–627 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31215725 | pmc = 6851782 | doi = 10.1111/pcn.12902 }}</ref> * [[Rectal administration|Rectal]]: 11–30%<ref name="Nemeroff2017">{{cite book | first1 = Alan F. | last1 = Schatzberg | first2 = Charles B. | last2 = Nemeroff |title=The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology, Fifth Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfHEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA550 |year=2017 |publisher=American Psychiatric Pub |isbn=978-1-58562-523-9 |pages=550– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=KfHEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA550 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref><ref name=Zhang2018 /> * [[Oral administration|By mouth]]: 16–29%<ref name="Kintz2014" /><ref name="DickmanSchneider2016">{{cite book | first1 = Andrew | last1 = Dickman | first2 = Jennifer | last2 = Schneider |title=The Syringe Driver: Continuous Subcutaneous Infusions in Palliative Care |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbUSDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |date=22 September 2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-873372-0 |pages=114– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=jbUSDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref><ref name=Zhang2018 />|protein_bound=12–47% (low)<ref name="Kintz2014" /><ref name=sinner /><ref name="DowdJohnson2016">{{cite book|first1=Frank J.|last1=Dowd|first2=Bart|last2=Johnson|first3=Angelo|last3=Mariotti|title=Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry – E-Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xT7DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA235|date=3 September 2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-44595-5|pages=235–|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185945/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xT7DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA235|url-status=live}}</ref>|metabolism=[[Liver]] ([[demethylation|''N''-demethylation]]):<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hijazi Y, Boulieu R | title = Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes | journal = Drug Metabolism and Disposition | volume = 30 | issue = 7 | pages = 853–8 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12065445 | doi = 10.1124/dmd.30.7.853 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/935c35b819e091b777788d99379fbb33bcc9e24f | access-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-date = 28 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210828134155/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Contribution-of-CYP3A4%2C-CYP2B6%2C-and-CYP2C9-isoforms-Hijazi-Boulieu/935c35b819e091b777788d99379fbb33bcc9e24f | url-status = live }}</ref> * Major: [[CYP3A4]] * Minor: [[CYP2B6]], [[CYP2C9]]|metabolites=* [[Norketamine]] * [[Dehydronorketamine]] * [[Hydroxynorketamine]] * [[Bioconjugation|Conjugates]]<ref name="Levine2003">{{cite book |author=Barry Levine |title=Principles of Forensic Toxicology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7BInEQ-iqgC&pg=PA282 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Association for Diagnostics & Laboratory Medicine|American Association for Clinical Chemistry]] |isbn=978-1-890883-87-4 |pages=282– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=k7BInEQ-iqgC&pg=PA282 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref>|elimination_half-life=* Ketamine: 2.5–3 hours<ref name=sinner /><ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> * Norketamine: 12 hours<ref name="Quibell2011" />|excretion=* [[Urine]]: 91%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> * [[Feces]]: 1–3%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> <!-- Chemical and physical data -->|C=13|Cl=1|H=16|N=1|O=1|SMILES=Clc1ccccc1C2(NC)CCCCC2=O|StdInChI=1S/C13H16ClNO/c1-15-13(9-5-4-8-12(13)16)10-6-2-3-7-11(10)14/h2-3,6-7,15H,4-5,8-9H2,1H3|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=YQEZLKZALYSWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|molecular_weight=237.725|chirality=[[Racemic mixture]]:<ref name=sinner /> * [[Esketamine]] (''S''(+)-isomer) * [[Arketamine]] (''R''(−)-isomer)|melting_point=258|melting_high=261 <!--Empty-->|urine=2 weeks<ref>{{cite web |title=Interpreting Urine Drug Tests (UDT) |url=https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025202836/https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |url-status=live }}</ref>|drug_name=Ketamine}}'''Ketamine''' ni umuti ukoreshwa cyane cyane mu gutangiza no kubungabunga ikinya.<ref name="KetPres2013">{{Cite web|title=Ketamine Injection|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/ketamine-injection.html|website=[[Drugs.com]]|access-date=1 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210181630/http://www.drugs.com/pro/ketamine-injection.html|archive-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> Bitera umuntu kumva ameze nk'uwihebye mu gihe bigabanya ububabare, gutuza no kwibagirwa.<ref name="GreenRoback2011" /> Izindi ngamba zirimo kugabanya ububabare mu bitaro by’inyongera no kuvura ububabare [[Indwara y'agahinda|n’agahinda]].<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zgaia AO, Irimie A, Sandesc D, Vlad C, Lisencu C, Rogobete A, Achimas-Cadariu P|title=The role of ketamine in the treatment of chronic cancer pain|journal=Clujul Medical|volume=88|issue=4|pages=457–61|date=2015|pmid=26733743|pmc=4689236|doi=10.15386/cjmed-500}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zapantis A, Leung S|title=Tolerance and withdrawal issues with sedation|journal=Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America|volume=17|issue=3|pages=211–23|date=September 2005|pmid=16115529|doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2005.04.011}}</ref><ref name="Zhang2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zhang K, Hashimoto K|title=An update on ketamine and its two enantiomers as rapid-acting antidepressants|journal=Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics|volume=19|issue=1|pages=83–92|date=January 2019|pmid=30513009|doi=10.1080/14737175.2019.1554434}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kraus C, Rabl U, Vanicek T, Carlberg L, Popovic A, Spies M, Bartova L, Gryglewski G, Papageorgiou K, Lanzenberger R, Willeit M, Winkler D, Rybakowski JK, Kasper S|display-authors=6|title=Administration of ketamine for unipolar and bipolar depression|journal=International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice|volume=21|issue=1|pages=2–12|date=March 2017|pmid=28097909|doi=10.1080/13651501.2016.1254802}}</ref><ref name="RD9">{{Cite book|vauthors=Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Hendersen G, Loke YK, MacEwan D, Rang HP|title=Rang and Dale's Pharmacology|date=2018|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780702074462|page=560|edition=Ninth}}</ref> Imikorere y'umutima, guhumeka, n'imikorere y'imiyoboro y'ubuhumekero muri rusange bikomeza gukora neza.<ref name="GreenRoback2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Green SM, Roback MG, Kennedy RM, Krauss B|title=Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update|journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine|volume=57|issue=5|pages=449–61|date=May 2011|pmid=21256625|doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.11.030}}</ref> Ingaruka zikunze gutangira mu minota itanu iyo zitanzwe hakoreshejwe urushinge, kandi zimara iminota 25.<ref name="KetPres2013" /><ref name="Mary2014">{{Cite web|title=Ketamine – CESAR|url=http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ketamine.asp|website=Center for Substance Abuse Research|publisher=[[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]]|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112080924/http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ketamine.asp|archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> == Amareferensi == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 8pihqetp7sj78t8mcom25qcw87x4i73 140713 140712 2026-10-04T12:58:05Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502853|Ketamine]] to:rw #mdwikicx 140713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=477168837|image=Ketamine2DCSD.svg|width=150px|alt=|image2=S-ketamine-from-HCl-xtal-3D-balls.png|width2=175px|alt2=(''S'')-Ketamine ball-and-stick model|caption=<!-- |type =<!-- Names -->|pronounce=|tradename=Ketalar, others|synonyms=CI-581; CL-369; CM-52372-2<ref name="MortonHall2012">{{cite book | vauthors = Morton IK, Hall JM |title=Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsjrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-4439-1 |pages=159– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411144623/https://books.google.com/books?id=tsjrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |archive-date=11 April 2017 }}</ref>|IUPAC_name=(''RS'')-2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone <!-- Clinical data -->|class=[[NMDA receptor antagonist|NMDA receptor antagonists]]; [[General anaesthetic|General anesthetics]]; [[Dissociative|Dissociative hallucinogen]]s; [[Analgesic]]s; [[Antidepressant]]s|uses=<!-- primary uses -->|side_effects=<!-- common side effects and notable side effects -->|interactions=<!-- notable interactions -->|pregnancy_AU=B3|pregnancy_AU_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{cite web | title=Ketamine (Ketalar) Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=22 November 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ketamine.html | access-date=18 May 2020 | archive-date=26 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626125239/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ketamine.html | url-status=live }}</ref>|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy" />|pregnancy_category=|breastfeeding=|routes_of_administration=Any<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bell RF, Eccleston C, Kalso EA | title = Ketamine as an adjuvant to opioids for cancer pain | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 6 | pages = CD003351 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28657160 | pmc = 6481583 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003351.pub3 | url = http://opus.bath.ac.uk/57535/1/Published_Version.pdf | access-date = 2020-08-09 | archive-date = 2024-01-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240112122726/http://opus.bath.ac.uk/57535/1/Published_Version.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moyse DW, Kaye AD, Diaz JH, Qadri MY, Lindsay D, Pyati S | title = Perioperative Ketamine Administration for Thoracotomy Pain | journal = Pain Physician | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 173–184 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28339431 }}</ref><ref name="MathewZarate2016">{{cite book | first1 = Sanjay J. | last1 = Mathew | first2 = Carlos A. | last2 = Zarate Jr |title=Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression: The First Decade of Progress |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDOgDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |date=25 November 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-42925-0 |pages=8–10, 14–22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=QDOgDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref><ref name="MD">{{cite web|title=Ketamine Hydrochloride: Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|date=9 January 2017|access-date=24 August 2017|editor=Brayfield, A|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|website=MedicinesComplete|url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/ms-3114-h.htm|location=London, UK|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828134205/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/themes/mc-marketing/assets/images/favicons-tiles/favicon.ico|url-status=live}}</ref>|onset=* Intravenous: seconds<ref name=sinner>{{cite book | vauthors = Sinner B, Graf BM |chapter= Ketamine |title= Modern Anesthetics | veditors = Schüttler J, Schwilden H |series= Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology |year= 2008 |volume= 182 |issue= 182 |pages= 313–33 |isbn= 978-3-540-72813-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_15 |pmid=18175098}}</ref> * Intramuscular: 1–5 min<ref name=sinner /><ref name="Quibell2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Quibell R, Prommer EE, Mihalyo M, Twycross R, Wilcock A | title = Ketamine* | journal = Journal of Pain and Symptom Management | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 640–9 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21419322 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.01.001 | url = http://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924%2811%2900046-7/fulltext | type = Therapeutic Review | doi-access = free | access-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-date = 16 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180916035324/https://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924%2811%2900046-7/fulltext | url-status = live }}</ref> * Subcutaneous: 15–30 min<ref name="Quibell2011" /> * Insufflation: 5–10 min<ref name=sinner /> * By mouth: 15–30 min<ref name=sinner /><ref name="Quibell2011" />|duration_of_action=* Intramuscular: 0.5–2 hours<ref name="Quibell2011" /> * Insufflation: 45–60 min<ref name=sinner /> * By mouth: 1–6+ hours<ref name=sinner /><ref name="Quibell2011" />|defined_daily_dose=Not established<ref>{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N01AX03 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029104027/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N01AX03 |url-status=live }}</ref>|typical_dose=|addiction_liability=Low–moderate<ref name="NHM-PCP and ketamine">{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY |title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience |year=2009 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-148127-4 | pages=374–375 |edition=2nd |chapter=Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders |quote=Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) and ketamine (also known as special K) are structurally related drugs... their reinforcing properties and risks related to compulsive abuse}}</ref><!--Start widen drugbox--><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<!--End widen drugbox--> <!-- External links -->|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ketamine-hydrochloride}}|MedlinePlus=<!-- Legal data -->|legal_AU=S8|legal_CA=Schedule I|legal_UN=Unscheduled|legal_UK=Class B|legal_US=Schedule III|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Ketamine|licence_US=Ketamine|licence_EU=<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=* [[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]]: 100%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> * [[Intramuscular injection|Intramuscular]]: 93%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> * [[Subcutaneous administration|Subcutaneous]]: high<ref name="Mao2016">{{cite book |author=Jianren Mao |title=Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VrvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |date=19 April 2016 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-8900-4 |pages=127– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=_VrvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref> * [[Epidural administration|Epidural]]: 77%<ref name="Kintz2014">{{cite book |author=Pascal Kintz |title=Toxicological Aspects of Drug-Facilitated Crimes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgnUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |date=22 March 2014 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12-416969-2 |pages=87– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgnUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref> * [[Nasal administration|Intranasal]]: 8–50%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref name="pmid29736744">{{cite journal | vauthors = Molero P, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Martin-Santos R, Calvo-Sánchez E, Gutiérrez-Rojas L, Meana JJ | title = Antidepressant Efficacy and Tolerability of Ketamine and Esketamine: A Critical Review | journal = CNS Drugs | volume = 32 | issue = 5 | pages = 411–420 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29736744 | doi = 10.1007/s40263-018-0519-3 }}</ref><ref name=sinner /> * [[Sublingual administration|Sublingual]]: 24–30%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref name="Hashimoto2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hashimoto K | title = Rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine, its metabolites and other candidates: A historical overview and future perspective | journal = Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences | volume = 73 | issue = 10 | pages = 613–627 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31215725 | pmc = 6851782 | doi = 10.1111/pcn.12902 }}</ref> * [[Rectal administration|Rectal]]: 11–30%<ref name="Nemeroff2017">{{cite book | first1 = Alan F. | last1 = Schatzberg | first2 = Charles B. | last2 = Nemeroff |title=The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology, Fifth Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfHEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA550 |year=2017 |publisher=American Psychiatric Pub |isbn=978-1-58562-523-9 |pages=550– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=KfHEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA550 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref><ref name=Zhang2018 /> * [[Oral administration|By mouth]]: 16–29%<ref name="Kintz2014" /><ref name="DickmanSchneider2016">{{cite book | first1 = Andrew | last1 = Dickman | first2 = Jennifer | last2 = Schneider |title=The Syringe Driver: Continuous Subcutaneous Infusions in Palliative Care |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbUSDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |date=22 September 2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-873372-0 |pages=114– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=jbUSDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref><ref name=Zhang2018 />|protein_bound=12–47% (low)<ref name="Kintz2014" /><ref name=sinner /><ref name="DowdJohnson2016">{{cite book|first1=Frank J.|last1=Dowd|first2=Bart|last2=Johnson|first3=Angelo|last3=Mariotti|title=Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry – E-Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xT7DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA235|date=3 September 2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-44595-5|pages=235–|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185945/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xT7DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA235|url-status=live}}</ref>|metabolism=[[Liver]] ([[demethylation|''N''-demethylation]]):<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hijazi Y, Boulieu R | title = Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes | journal = Drug Metabolism and Disposition | volume = 30 | issue = 7 | pages = 853–8 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12065445 | doi = 10.1124/dmd.30.7.853 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/935c35b819e091b777788d99379fbb33bcc9e24f | access-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-date = 28 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210828134155/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Contribution-of-CYP3A4%2C-CYP2B6%2C-and-CYP2C9-isoforms-Hijazi-Boulieu/935c35b819e091b777788d99379fbb33bcc9e24f | url-status = live }}</ref> * Major: [[CYP3A4]] * Minor: [[CYP2B6]], [[CYP2C9]]|metabolites=* [[Norketamine]] * [[Dehydronorketamine]] * [[Hydroxynorketamine]] * [[Bioconjugation|Conjugates]]<ref name="Levine2003">{{cite book |author=Barry Levine |title=Principles of Forensic Toxicology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7BInEQ-iqgC&pg=PA282 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Association for Diagnostics & Laboratory Medicine|American Association for Clinical Chemistry]] |isbn=978-1-890883-87-4 |pages=282– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=k7BInEQ-iqgC&pg=PA282 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref>|elimination_half-life=* Ketamine: 2.5–3 hours<ref name=sinner /><ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> * Norketamine: 12 hours<ref name="Quibell2011" />|excretion=* [[Urine]]: 91%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> * [[Feces]]: 1–3%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> <!-- Chemical and physical data -->|C=13|Cl=1|H=16|N=1|O=1|SMILES=Clc1ccccc1C2(NC)CCCCC2=O|StdInChI=1S/C13H16ClNO/c1-15-13(9-5-4-8-12(13)16)10-6-2-3-7-11(10)14/h2-3,6-7,15H,4-5,8-9H2,1H3|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=YQEZLKZALYSWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|molecular_weight=237.725|chirality=[[Racemic mixture]]:<ref name=sinner /> * [[Esketamine]] (''S''(+)-isomer) * [[Arketamine]] (''R''(−)-isomer)|melting_point=258|melting_high=261 <!--Empty-->|urine=2 weeks<ref>{{cite web |title=Interpreting Urine Drug Tests (UDT) |url=https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025202836/https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |url-status=live }}</ref>|drug_name=Ketamine}}'''Ketamine''' ni umuti ukoreshwa cyane cyane mu gutangiza no kubungabunga ikinya.<ref name="KetPres2013">{{Cite web|title=Ketamine Injection|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/ketamine-injection.html|website=[[Drugs.com]]|access-date=1 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210181630/http://www.drugs.com/pro/ketamine-injection.html|archive-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> Bitera umuntu kumva ameze nk'uwihebye mu gihe bigabanya ububabare, gutuza no kwibagirwa.<ref name="GreenRoback2011" /> Izindi ngamba zirimo kugabanya ububabare mu bitaro by’inyongera no kuvura ububabare [[Indwara y'agahinda|n’agahinda]].<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zgaia AO, Irimie A, Sandesc D, Vlad C, Lisencu C, Rogobete A, Achimas-Cadariu P|title=The role of ketamine in the treatment of chronic cancer pain|journal=Clujul Medical|volume=88|issue=4|pages=457–61|date=2015|pmid=26733743|pmc=4689236|doi=10.15386/cjmed-500}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zapantis A, Leung S|title=Tolerance and withdrawal issues with sedation|journal=Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America|volume=17|issue=3|pages=211–23|date=September 2005|pmid=16115529|doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2005.04.011}}</ref><ref name="Zhang2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zhang K, Hashimoto K|title=An update on ketamine and its two enantiomers as rapid-acting antidepressants|journal=Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics|volume=19|issue=1|pages=83–92|date=January 2019|pmid=30513009|doi=10.1080/14737175.2019.1554434}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kraus C, Rabl U, Vanicek T, Carlberg L, Popovic A, Spies M, Bartova L, Gryglewski G, Papageorgiou K, Lanzenberger R, Willeit M, Winkler D, Rybakowski JK, Kasper S|display-authors=6|title=Administration of ketamine for unipolar and bipolar depression|journal=International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice|volume=21|issue=1|pages=2–12|date=March 2017|pmid=28097909|doi=10.1080/13651501.2016.1254802}}</ref><ref name="RD9">{{Cite book|vauthors=Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Hendersen G, Loke YK, MacEwan D, Rang HP|title=Rang and Dale's Pharmacology|date=2018|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780702074462|page=560|edition=Ninth}}</ref> Imikorere y'umutima, guhumeka, n'imikorere y'imiyoboro y'ubuhumekero muri rusange bikomeza gukora neza.<ref name="GreenRoback2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Green SM, Roback MG, Kennedy RM, Krauss B|title=Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update|journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine|volume=57|issue=5|pages=449–61|date=May 2011|pmid=21256625|doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.11.030}}</ref> Ingaruka zikunze gutangira mu minota itanu iyo zitanzwe hakoreshejwe urushinge, kandi zimara iminota 25.<ref name="KetPres2013" /><ref name="Mary2014">{{Cite web|title=Ketamine – CESAR|url=http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ketamine.asp|website=Center for Substance Abuse Research|publisher=[[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]]|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112080924/http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ketamine.asp|archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 21o2biruvo9qc6auayzbfdewet2unc9 140714 140713 2026-10-04T13:02:13Z Stevenndori289 10902 Fix references, Expand infobox #mdwiki .toolforge.org. 140714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug |Watchedfields =changed |verifiedrevid =477168837 |image =Ketamine2DCSD.svg |width =150px |alt = |image2 =S-ketamine-from-HCl-xtal-3D-balls.png |width2 =175px |alt2 =(''S'')-Ketamine ball-and-stick model |caption =<!-- |type = <!-- Names --> |pronounce = |tradename =Ketalar, others |synonyms =CI-581; CL-369; CM-52372-2<ref name="MortonHall2012">{{cite book | vauthors = Morton IK, Hall JM |title=Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsjrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-4439-1 |pages=159– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411144623/https://books.google.com/books?id=tsjrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |archive-date=11 April 2017 }}</ref> |IUPAC_name =(''RS'')-2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone <!-- Clinical data --> |class =[[NMDA receptor antagonist|NMDA receptor antagonists]]; [[General anaesthetic|General anesthetics]]; [[Dissociative|Dissociative hallucinogen]]s; [[Analgesic]]s; [[Antidepressant]]s |uses =<!-- primary uses --> |side_effects =<!-- common side effects and notable side effects --> |interactions =<!-- notable interactions --> |pregnancy_AU =B3 |pregnancy_AU_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{cite web | title=Ketamine (Ketalar) Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=22 November 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ketamine.html | access-date=18 May 2020 | archive-date=26 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626125239/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ketamine.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |pregnancy_US =N |pregnancy_US_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy" /> |pregnancy_category= |breastfeeding = |routes_of_administration=Any<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bell RF, Eccleston C, Kalso EA | title = Ketamine as an adjuvant to opioids for cancer pain | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 6 | pages = CD003351 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28657160 | pmc = 6481583 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003351.pub3 | url = http://opus.bath.ac.uk/57535/1/Published_Version.pdf | access-date = 2020-08-09 | archive-date = 2024-01-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240112122726/http://opus.bath.ac.uk/57535/1/Published_Version.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moyse DW, Kaye AD, Diaz JH, Qadri MY, Lindsay D, Pyati S | title = Perioperative Ketamine Administration for Thoracotomy Pain | journal = Pain Physician | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 173–184 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28339431 }}</ref><ref name="MathewZarate2016">{{cite book | first1 = Sanjay J. | last1 = Mathew | first2 = Carlos A. | last2 = Zarate Jr |title=Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression: The First Decade of Progress |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDOgDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |date=25 November 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-42925-0 |pages=8–10, 14–22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=QDOgDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref><ref name="MD">{{cite web|title=Ketamine Hydrochloride: Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|date=9 January 2017|access-date=24 August 2017|editor=Brayfield, A|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|website=MedicinesComplete|url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/ms-3114-h.htm|location=London, UK|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828134205/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/themes/mc-marketing/assets/images/favicons-tiles/favicon.ico|url-status=live}}</ref> |onset =* Intravenous: seconds<ref name=sinner>{{cite book | vauthors = Sinner B, Graf BM |chapter= Ketamine |title= Modern Anesthetics | veditors = Schüttler J, Schwilden H |series= Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology |year= 2008 |volume= 182 |issue= 182 |pages= 313–33 |isbn= 978-3-540-72813-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_15 |pmid=18175098}}</ref> * Intramuscular: 1–5 min<ref name=sinner /><ref name="Quibell2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Quibell R, Prommer EE, Mihalyo M, Twycross R, Wilcock A | title = Ketamine* | journal = Journal of Pain and Symptom Management | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 640–9 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21419322 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.01.001 | url = http://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924%2811%2900046-7/fulltext | type = Therapeutic Review | doi-access = free | access-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-date = 16 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180916035324/https://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924%2811%2900046-7/fulltext | url-status = live }}</ref> * Subcutaneous: 15–30 min<ref name="Quibell2011" /> * Insufflation: 5–10 min<ref name=sinner /> * By mouth: 15–30 min<ref name=sinner /><ref name="Quibell2011" /> |duration_of_action=* Intramuscular: 0.5–2 hours<ref name="Quibell2011" /> * Insufflation: 45–60 min<ref name=sinner /> * By mouth: 1–6+ hours<ref name=sinner /><ref name="Quibell2011" /> |defined_daily_dose=Not established<ref>{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N01AX03 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029104027/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N01AX03 |url-status=live }}</ref> |typical_dose = |addiction_liability=Low–moderate<ref name="NHM-PCP and ketamine">{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY |title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience |year=2009 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-148127-4 | pages=374–375 |edition=2nd |chapter=Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders |quote=Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) and ketamine (also known as special K) are structurally related drugs... their reinforcing properties and risks related to compulsive abuse}}</ref><!--Start widen drugbox--><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<!--End widen drugbox--> <!-- External links --> |Drugs.com ={{drugs.com|monograph|ketamine-hydrochloride}} |MedlinePlus = <!-- Legal data --> |legal_AU =S8 |legal_CA =Schedule I |legal_UN =Unscheduled |legal_UK =Class B |legal_US =Schedule III |legal_status =Rx-only |DailyMedID =Ketamine |licence_US =Ketamine |licence_EU = <!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> |bioavailability =* [[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]]: 100%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> * [[Intramuscular injection|Intramuscular]]: 93%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> * [[Subcutaneous administration|Subcutaneous]]: high<ref name="Mao2016">{{cite book |author=Jianren Mao |title=Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VrvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |date=19 April 2016 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-8900-4 |pages=127– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=_VrvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref> * [[Epidural administration|Epidural]]: 77%<ref name="Kintz2014">{{cite book |author=Pascal Kintz |title=Toxicological Aspects of Drug-Facilitated Crimes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgnUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |date=22 March 2014 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12-416969-2 |pages=87– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgnUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref> * [[Nasal administration|Intranasal]]: 8–50%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref name="pmid29736744">{{cite journal | vauthors = Molero P, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Martin-Santos R, Calvo-Sánchez E, Gutiérrez-Rojas L, Meana JJ | title = Antidepressant Efficacy and Tolerability of Ketamine and Esketamine: A Critical Review | journal = CNS Drugs | volume = 32 | issue = 5 | pages = 411–420 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29736744 | doi = 10.1007/s40263-018-0519-3 }}</ref><ref name=sinner /> * [[Sublingual administration|Sublingual]]: 24–30%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref name="Hashimoto2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hashimoto K | title = Rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine, its metabolites and other candidates: A historical overview and future perspective | journal = Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences | volume = 73 | issue = 10 | pages = 613–627 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31215725 | pmc = 6851782 | doi = 10.1111/pcn.12902 }}</ref> * [[Rectal administration|Rectal]]: 11–30%<ref name="Nemeroff2017">{{cite book | first1 = Alan F. | last1 = Schatzberg | first2 = Charles B. | last2 = Nemeroff |title=The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology, Fifth Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfHEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA550 |year=2017 |publisher=American Psychiatric Pub |isbn=978-1-58562-523-9 |pages=550– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=KfHEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA550 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref><ref name=Zhang2018 /> * [[Oral administration|By mouth]]: 16–29%<ref name="Kintz2014" /><ref name="DickmanSchneider2016">{{cite book | first1 = Andrew | last1 = Dickman | first2 = Jennifer | last2 = Schneider |title=The Syringe Driver: Continuous Subcutaneous Infusions in Palliative Care |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbUSDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |date=22 September 2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-873372-0 |pages=114– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=jbUSDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref><ref name=Zhang2018 /> |protein_bound =12–47% (low)<ref name="Kintz2014" /><ref name=sinner /><ref name="DowdJohnson2016">{{cite book|first1=Frank J.|last1=Dowd|first2=Bart|last2=Johnson|first3=Angelo|last3=Mariotti|title=Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry – E-Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xT7DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA235|date=3 September 2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-44595-5|pages=235–|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185945/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xT7DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA235|url-status=live}}</ref> |metabolism =[[Liver]] ([[demethylation|''N''-demethylation]]):<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hijazi Y, Boulieu R | title = Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes | journal = Drug Metabolism and Disposition | volume = 30 | issue = 7 | pages = 853–8 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12065445 | doi = 10.1124/dmd.30.7.853 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/935c35b819e091b777788d99379fbb33bcc9e24f | access-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-date = 28 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210828134155/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Contribution-of-CYP3A4%2C-CYP2B6%2C-and-CYP2C9-isoforms-Hijazi-Boulieu/935c35b819e091b777788d99379fbb33bcc9e24f | url-status = live }}</ref> * Major: [[CYP3A4]] * Minor: [[CYP2B6]], [[CYP2C9]] |metabolites =* [[Norketamine]] * [[Dehydronorketamine]] * [[Hydroxynorketamine]] * [[Bioconjugation|Conjugates]]<ref name="Levine2003">{{cite book |author=Barry Levine |title=Principles of Forensic Toxicology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7BInEQ-iqgC&pg=PA282 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Association for Diagnostics & Laboratory Medicine|American Association for Clinical Chemistry]] |isbn=978-1-890883-87-4 |pages=282– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=k7BInEQ-iqgC&pg=PA282 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref> |elimination_half-life=* Ketamine: 2.5–3 hours<ref name=sinner /><ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> * Norketamine: 12 hours<ref name="Quibell2011" /> |excretion =* [[Urine]]: 91%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> * [[Feces]]: 1–3%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> <!-- Chemical and physical data --> |C =13 |Cl =1 |H =16 |N =1 |O =1 |SMILES =Clc1ccccc1C2(NC)CCCCC2=O |StdInChI =1S/C13H16ClNO/c1-15-13(9-5-4-8-12(13)16)10-6-2-3-7-11(10)14/h2-3,6-7,15H,4-5,8-9H2,1H3 |StdInChI_Ref ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |StdInChIKey =YQEZLKZALYSWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N |StdInChIKey_Ref ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |molecular_weight =237.725 |chirality =[[Racemic mixture]]:<ref name=sinner /> * [[Esketamine]] (''S''(+)-isomer) * [[Arketamine]] (''R''(−)-isomer) |melting_point =258 |melting_high =261 <!--Empty--> |urine =2 weeks<ref>{{cite web |title=Interpreting Urine Drug Tests (UDT) |url=https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025202836/https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |url-status=live }}</ref> |drug_name =Ketamine }} '''Ketamine''' ni umuti ukoreshwa cyane cyane mu gutangiza no kubungabunga ikinya.<ref name="KetPres2013">{{Cite web|title=Ketamine Injection|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/ketamine-injection.html|website=[[Drugs.com]]|access-date=1 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210181630/http://www.drugs.com/pro/ketamine-injection.html|archive-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> Bitera umuntu kumva ameze nk'uwihebye mu gihe bigabanya ububabare, gutuza no kwibagirwa.<ref name="GreenRoback2011" /> Izindi ngamba zirimo kugabanya ububabare mu bitaro by’inyongera no kuvura ububabare [[Indwara y'agahinda|n’agahinda]].<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zgaia AO, Irimie A, Sandesc D, Vlad C, Lisencu C, Rogobete A, Achimas-Cadariu P|title=The role of ketamine in the treatment of chronic cancer pain|journal=Clujul Medical|volume=88|issue=4|pages=457–61|date=2015|pmid=26733743|pmc=4689236|doi=10.15386/cjmed-500}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zapantis A, Leung S|title=Tolerance and withdrawal issues with sedation|journal=Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America|volume=17|issue=3|pages=211–23|date=September 2005|pmid=16115529|doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2005.04.011}}</ref><ref name="Zhang2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zhang K, Hashimoto K|title=An update on ketamine and its two enantiomers as rapid-acting antidepressants|journal=Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics|volume=19|issue=1|pages=83–92|date=January 2019|pmid=30513009|doi=10.1080/14737175.2019.1554434}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kraus C, Rabl U, Vanicek T, Carlberg L, Popovic A, Spies M, Bartova L, Gryglewski G, Papageorgiou K, Lanzenberger R, Willeit M, Winkler D, Rybakowski JK, Kasper S|display-authors=6|title=Administration of ketamine for unipolar and bipolar depression|journal=International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice|volume=21|issue=1|pages=2–12|date=March 2017|pmid=28097909|doi=10.1080/13651501.2016.1254802}}</ref><ref name="RD9">{{Cite book|vauthors=Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Hendersen G, Loke YK, MacEwan D, Rang HP|title=Rang and Dale's Pharmacology|date=2018|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780702074462|page=560|edition=Ninth}}</ref> Imikorere y'umutima, guhumeka, n'imikorere y'imiyoboro y'ubuhumekero muri rusange bikomeza gukora neza.<ref name="GreenRoback2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Green SM, Roback MG, Kennedy RM, Krauss B|title=Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update|journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine|volume=57|issue=5|pages=449–61|date=May 2011|pmid=21256625|doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.11.030}}</ref> Ingaruka zikunze gutangira mu minota itanu iyo zitanzwe hakoreshejwe urushinge, kandi zimara iminota 25.<ref name="KetPres2013" /><ref name="Mary2014">{{Cite web|title=Ketamine – CESAR|url=http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ketamine.asp|website=Center for Substance Abuse Research|publisher=[[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]]|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112080924/http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ketamine.asp|archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] bs3t9jaxiox52ua3r93crmj8zveonb7 0 23231 140715 2026-10-04T13:17:52Z Ndahiro derrick 8075 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503213|Malnutrition]] to:rw #mdwikicx 140715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Malnutrition|synonym=Malnourishment|image=A malnourished child in an MSF treatment tent in Dolo Ado.jpg|image_size=280px|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=An underfed child in an [[MSF]] treatment tent in [[Dolo Ado|Dolo Ado]]|pronounce=|field=[[Intensive care medicine|Critical care medicine]]|symptoms=Problems with physical or mental development, poor energy levels, hair loss, swollen legs and [[abdomen]]<ref name=FFL2010/><ref name=Young2012/>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Eating a [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] in which [[nutrient]]s are either not enough or are too much, [[malabsorption]]<ref name=Dor2017>{{DorlandsDict|five/000062745|malnutrition}}</ref><ref name=PapadiaDiSabatino2014 >{{cite journal| vauthors=Papadia C, Di Sabatino A, Corazza GR, Forbes A| title=Diagnosing small bowel malabsorption: a review | journal=Intern Emerg Med | year= 2014 | volume= 9 | issue= 1 | pages= 3–8 | pmid=23179329 | doi=10.1007/s11739-012-0877-7 | type=Review }}</ref>|risks=Not [[breastfeed]], [[gastroenteritis]], [[pneumonia]], [[malaria]], [[measles]]<ref name=WHO2014/>|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=Improving agricultural practices, reducing [[poverty]], improving [[sanitation]], [[empowering women|empowerment of women]]<ref name=UK2012/><ref name=solcultivateplanet>{{cite journal |author=Jonathan A. Foley |author2=Navin Ramankutty |author3=Kate A. Brauman |authorlink3=Kate Brauman |author4=Emily S. Cassidy |author5=James S. Gerber |author6=Matt Johnston |author7=Nathaniel D. Mueller |author8=Christine O’Connell |author9=Deepak K. Ray |author10=Paul C. West |author11=Christian Balzer |author12=Elena M. Bennett |author13=Stephen R. Carpenter |author14=Jason Hill |author15=Chad Monfreda |author16=Stephen Polasky |author17=Johan Rockström |author18=John Sheehan |author19=Stefan Siebert |author20=David Tilman |author21=David P.M. Zaks |title=Solutions for a cultivated planet |journal=Nature |volume=478 |issue=7369 |pages=337–42 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21993620 |doi=10.1038/nature10452 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6xw5g085 |bibcode=2011Natur.478..337F |access-date=July 15, 2020 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803203552/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6xw5g085 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803203552/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6xw5g085 |date=August 3, 2020 }}</ref>|treatment=Improved [[nutrition]], [[dietary supplements|supplementation]], [[therapeutic food#Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food|ready-to-use therapeutic foods]], treating the underlying cause<ref name=UK2012/><ref name=Bh2013/><ref name=KastinBuchman2002 >{{cite journal| vauthors=Kastin DA, Buchman AL| title=Malnutrition and gastrointestinal disease | journal=Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care | year= 2002 | volume= 5 | issue= 6 | pages= 699–706 | pmid=12394647 | doi=10.1097/00075197-200211000-00014 | type=Review }}</ref>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=821 million undernourished / 11% of the population (2017)<ref name=UNFAO2018>{{cite web|title=The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2018|url=http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/|publisher=Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations|access-date=January 11, 2019|archive-date=October 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008035754/http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008035754/http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/ |date=October 8, 2018 }}</ref>|deaths=406,000 from nutritional deficiencies (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>|named after=}}{{Infobox medical condition|name=Malnutrition|synonym=Malnourishment|image=A malnourished child in an MSF treatment tent in Dolo Ado.jpg|image_size=280px|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=An underfed child in an [[MSF]] treatment tent in [[Dolo Ado|Dolo Ado]]|pronounce=|field=[[Intensive care medicine|Critical care medicine]]|symptoms=Problems with physical or mental development, poor energy levels, hair loss, swollen legs and [[abdomen]]<ref name=FFL2010/><ref name=Young2012/>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Eating a [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] in which [[nutrient]]s are either not enough or are too much, [[malabsorption]]<ref name=Dor2017 /><ref name=PapadiaDiSabatino2014 />|risks=Not [[breastfeed]], [[gastroenteritis]], [[pneumonia]], [[malaria]], [[measles]]<ref name=WHO2014/>|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=Improving agricultural practices, reducing [[poverty]], improving [[sanitation]], [[empowering women|empowerment of women]]<ref name=UK2012/><ref name=solcultivateplanet />|treatment=Improved [[nutrition]], [[dietary supplements|supplementation]], [[therapeutic food#Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food|ready-to-use therapeutic foods]], treating the underlying cause<ref name=UK2012/><ref name=Bh2013/><ref name=KastinBuchman2002 />|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=821 million undernourished / 11% of the population (2017)<ref name=UNFAO2018 />|deaths=406,000 from nutritional deficiencies (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>|named after=}} '''Imirire mibi''' ni indwara iterwa no kurya indyo aho intungamubiri imwe cyangwa nyinshi zidahagije cyangwa zikaba nyinshi cyane ku buryo indyo itera ibibazo by'ubuzima. Bishobora kuba birimo karori, poroteyine, karubohidrati, ibinure, vitamine cyangwa imyunyungugu.<ref name=FFL2010>{{cite book|title=Facts for life|date=2010|publisher=United Nations Children's Fund|location=New York|isbn=978-92-806-4466-1|pages=61 and 75|edition=4th|url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=December 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212170249/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212170249/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf |date=December 12, 2018 }}</ref> Intungamubiri zidahagije zitwa '''imirire mibi''' cyangwa '''indyo yuzuye''' mu gihe irenze urugero zitwa imirire mibi.<ref name="Young2012">{{Cite book|last=Young|first=E.M.|title=Food and development|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-1-135-99941-4|pages=36–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805174628/https://books.google.com/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36|url-status=live}}</ref> Imirire mibi ikunze gukoreshwa mu gusobanura imirire mibi aho umuntu adahabwa karori, poroteyine, cyangwa intungamubiri zihagije.<ref name="Young2012" /><ref name="Jones2011">{{Cite book|title=Essentials of International Health|date=2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-6771-9|page=194|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805234948/https://books.google.com/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|umuntu atwite]] cyangwa mbere y’imyaka ibiri, bishobora kumuviramo ibibazo bidashira mu mikurire y’umubiri n’iy’ubwonko.<ref name=FFL2010 /> Kubura indyo yuzuye, bizwi nka inzara, bishobora kugira ibimenyetso birimo: uburebure bugufi, umubiri muto, imbaraga nke cyane, no kubyimba amaguru n'inda.<ref name=FFL2010 /><ref name="Young2012" /> Abantu bakunze kwandura indwara kandi bakunze kugira ibicurane.<ref name="Young2012" /> Ibimenyetso by'ibura ry'intungamubiri biterwa n'intungamubiri ntoya zibura.<ref name="Young2012" /> Kurya nabi akenshi biterwa no kutagira ibiryo byiza bihagije byo kurya. Ibi bikunze kujyana n'ibiciro by'ibiribwa biri hejuru ndetse n'ubukene.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health|url=http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/|website=WHO|access-date=July 4, 2014|archive-date=April 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412011306/https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412011306/https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/ |date=April 12, 2021 }}</ref> Kutanywa ibere bishobora gutera indwara nyinshi zandura nka: indwara yo mu gifu, umusonga, [[Marariya|malariya]], na serumu, ibyo bikaba byongera ibyifuzo by’intungamubiri.<ref name=WHO2014 /> Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ingenzi bw'imirire mibi: imirire mibi iterwa na poroteyine n'ingufu no kubura indyo yuzuye.<ref name="Jones2011" /> Imirire mibi iterwa n'ingufu za poroteyine ifite imiterere ibiri ikomeye: marasmus (kubura poroteyine na karori) na kwashiorkor (kubura poroteyine gusa).<ref name="Young2012" /> Ibura ry’intungamubiri rikunze kugaragara ririmo: kubura icyuma, iyode na vitamine A.<ref name="Young2012" /> Mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]], bitewe n’uko umubiri ukeneye byinshi, kubura ibinure bishobora kwiyongera.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Arora|editor-first=Mala|editor-last2=Konje|editor-first2=Justin C.|title=Recurrent pregnancy loss|date=2007|publisher=Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-006-1|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, imirire irenze urugero mu buryo bw'umubyibuho ukabije itangiye kugaragara mu miryango imwe n'iy'abantu badafite imirire myiza. Izindi mpamvu zitera imirire mibi zirimo kwiyica intege no kubagwa bariyatric.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last3=Prentice|first3=Andrew|editor-first=Benjamin|editor-last=Caballero|editor-first2=Lindsay|editor-last2=Allen|title=Encyclopedia of human nutrition|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-08-045428-3|page=68|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805141617/https://books.google.com/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease|date=2012|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4557-3812-0|page=324|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805182252/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324|url-status=live}}</ref> Imbaraga zo kunoza imirire ni zimwe mu nzira nziza zo gufasha mu iterambere . Konsa bishobora kugabanya igipimo cy'imirire mibi n'impfu mu bana, kandi imbaraga zo guteza imbere uyu muco zikongera igipimo cy'uko abana bonsa. Ku bana bato, gutanga ibiryo (usibye amashereka) hagati y'amezi atandatu n'imyaka ibiri byongera umusaruro.<ref name=Bh2013>Bhutta, ZA; Das, JK; Rizvi, A; Gaffey, MF; Walker, N; Horton, S; Webb, P; Lartey, A; Black, RE; Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review, Group; Maternal and Child Nutrition Study, Group (Aug 3, 2013). "Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?". Lancet. 382 (9890): 452–77. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4. PMID 23746776. </ref> Hari kandi ibimenyetso byiza bishyigikira ko abagore batwite ndetse no mu bana bato bo mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere bahabwa intungamubiri nyinshi.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Kugira ngo abantu babikeneye cyane babone ibiribwa, haba mu gutanga ibiribwa no gutanga amafaranga kugira ngo abantu bagure ibiribwa mu masoko yo mu gace batuyemo, biragira akamaro.<ref name=UK2012>{{cite web|title=An update of 'The Neglected Crisis of Undernutrition: Evidence for Action'|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf|website=www.gov.uk|publisher=Department for International Development|access-date=July 5, 2014|date=Oct 2012|archive-date=January 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121000810/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121000810/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf |date=January 21, 2017 }}</ref> Kugaburira abanyeshuri gusa ku ishuri ntibihagije.<ref name=UK2012 /> Gukemura ikibazo cy’imirire mibi ikabije mu rugo rw’umuntu ukoresheje ibiryo bivura byiteguye gukoreshwa birashoboka cyane.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Ku bantu bafite imirire mibi ikomeye iterwa n'izindi ngorane z'ubuzima, ni byiza kuvurirwa mu bitaro.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Ibi akenshi bikubiyemo gucunga isukari nke mu maraso n'ubushyuhe bw'umubiri, gukemura ikibazo cyo kubura amazi mu mubiri, no kugaburira buhoro buhoro.<ref name=Bh2013 /><ref name="WHO2003">{{Cite book|last=Ann Ashworth|title=Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154609-6}}</ref> Imiti isanzwe ikoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara zandura akenshi irasabwa kubera ko hari ibyago byinshi byo kwandura.<ref name="WHO2003" /> Ingamba z'igihe kirekire zirimo: kunoza ubuhinzi, kugabanya ubukene, kunoza isuku, no guteza imbere abagore.<ref name=UK2012 /> Hari abantu 821&nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu bafite imirire mibi ku isi mu 2018 (10.8% by'abaturage bose). Iri ni igabanuka rya 176&nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu kuva mu 1990 ubwo 23% bari bafite imirire mibi, ariko hiyongeraho abantu bagera kuri 36&nbsp;miliyoni kuva mu 2015, ubwo 10.6% bari bafite imirire mibi.<ref name="FAO2010">{{Cite web|title=Global hunger declining, but still unacceptably high International hunger targets difficult to reach|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al390e/al390e00.pdf|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|access-date=July 1, 2014|date=September 2010|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224131507/http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al390e/al390e00.pdf|url-status=live}} </ref> Mu 2012, byagaragaye ko abandi bantu miliyari bari badafite vitamine n'imyunyungugu. Mu 2015, imirire mibi iterwa n’ingufu za poroteyine yagaragaye ko yahitanye abantu 323.000—igabanuka ugereranyije n’abapfuye 510.000 mu 1990.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet (London, England)|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281/|issn=1474-547X|access-date=2 August 2025|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620045540/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281/|url-status=live}}</ref> Izindi ntungamubiri zibura, zirimo kubura iyode no kubura amaraso mu by’ubutare, zitera izindi mfu 83.000.<ref name="GBD2015De" /> Mu 2010, imirire mibi ni yo yabaye intandaro ya 1.4% by'imyaka yose y'ubuzima yahinduwe n'ubumuga.<ref name=UK2012 /><ref name="Murray2012">{{Cite journal|last=Murray|first=CJ|title=Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2197–223|pmid=23245608|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4}}</ref> Hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'impfu mu bana bivugwa ko ziterwa n'imirire mibi, nubwo impfu zidakunze kwitwa ko ari zo. Mu 2010, byavuzwe ko byagize uruhare mu rupfu rw’abagore n’abana bagera kuri miliyoni 1.5,<ref name="Lim2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, etal|title=A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2224–60|date=December 2012|pmid=23245609|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8|pmc=4156511}}</ref> nubwo bamwe bavuga ko umubare wabo ushobora kuba urenga 3&nbsp;miliyoni.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Indi 165 y'inyongera&nbsp;Abana miliyoni babarirwaga mu kigero cyo kugabanuka mu mikurire bitewe n’imirire mibi mu 2013. Kubura imirire myiza bikunze kugaragara cyane mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Liz Young|title=World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development|date=2002|isbn=978-1-134-77494-4|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801015439/https://books.google.com/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|url-status=live}}</ref> Hari amatsinda amwe afite igipimo cyo hejuru cy’ababura imirire myiza, harimo abagore—cyane cyane iyo batwite cyangwa bonsa— abana bari munsi y’imyaka itanu, ndetse n’abageze mu za bukuru. Ku bageze mu za bukuru, imirire mibi ikunze kugaragara bitewe n’ibintu by’umubiri, imitekerereze n’imibereho.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Principles and practice of geriatric surgery|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-1-4419-6999-6|page=78|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805121936/https://books.google.com/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ishakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] iacgl36hxioopr4xa2x5qpg4v5hdsy2 140716 140715 2026-10-04T13:25:14Z Ndahiro derrick 8075 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503213|Malnutrition]] to:rw #mdwikicx 140716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Malnutrition|synonym=Malnourishment|image=A malnourished child in an MSF treatment tent in Dolo Ado.jpg|image_size=280px|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=An underfed child in an [[MSF]] treatment tent in [[Dolo Ado|Dolo Ado]]|pronounce=|field=[[Intensive care medicine|Critical care medicine]]|symptoms=Problems with physical or mental development, poor energy levels, hair loss, swollen legs and [[abdomen]]<ref name=FFL2010/><ref name=Young2012/>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Eating a [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] in which [[nutrient]]s are either not enough or are too much, [[malabsorption]]<ref name=Dor2017>{{DorlandsDict|five/000062745|malnutrition}}</ref><ref name=PapadiaDiSabatino2014 >{{cite journal| vauthors=Papadia C, Di Sabatino A, Corazza GR, Forbes A| title=Diagnosing small bowel malabsorption: a review | journal=Intern Emerg Med | year= 2014 | volume= 9 | issue= 1 | pages= 3–8 | pmid=23179329 | doi=10.1007/s11739-012-0877-7 | type=Review }}</ref>|risks=Not [[breastfeed]], [[gastroenteritis]], [[pneumonia]], [[malaria]], [[measles]]<ref name=WHO2014/>|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=Improving agricultural practices, reducing [[poverty]], improving [[sanitation]], [[empowering women|empowerment of women]]<ref name=UK2012/><ref name=solcultivateplanet>{{cite journal |author=Jonathan A. Foley |author2=Navin Ramankutty |author3=Kate A. Brauman |authorlink3=Kate Brauman |author4=Emily S. Cassidy |author5=James S. Gerber |author6=Matt Johnston |author7=Nathaniel D. Mueller |author8=Christine O’Connell |author9=Deepak K. Ray |author10=Paul C. West |author11=Christian Balzer |author12=Elena M. Bennett |author13=Stephen R. Carpenter |author14=Jason Hill |author15=Chad Monfreda |author16=Stephen Polasky |author17=Johan Rockström |author18=John Sheehan |author19=Stefan Siebert |author20=David Tilman |author21=David P.M. Zaks |title=Solutions for a cultivated planet |journal=Nature |volume=478 |issue=7369 |pages=337–42 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21993620 |doi=10.1038/nature10452 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6xw5g085 |bibcode=2011Natur.478..337F |access-date=July 15, 2020 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803203552/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6xw5g085 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803203552/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6xw5g085 |date=August 3, 2020 }}</ref>|treatment=Improved [[nutrition]], [[dietary supplements|supplementation]], [[therapeutic food#Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food|ready-to-use therapeutic foods]], treating the underlying cause<ref name=UK2012/><ref name=Bh2013/><ref name=KastinBuchman2002 >{{cite journal| vauthors=Kastin DA, Buchman AL| title=Malnutrition and gastrointestinal disease | journal=Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care | year= 2002 | volume= 5 | issue= 6 | pages= 699–706 | pmid=12394647 | doi=10.1097/00075197-200211000-00014 | type=Review }}</ref>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=821 million undernourished / 11% of the population (2017)<ref name=UNFAO2018>{{cite web|title=The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2018|url=http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/|publisher=Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations|access-date=January 11, 2019|archive-date=October 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008035754/http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008035754/http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/ |date=October 8, 2018 }}</ref>|deaths=406,000 from nutritional deficiencies (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>|named after=}}{{Infobox medical condition|name=Imirire mibi|image=A malnourished child in an MSF treatment tent in Dolo Ado.jpg|image_size=280px|image_thumbtime=|alt=umwana ufite indwara y'imirire mibi ari mu ihema ryo bavuriramo muri Dolo Ado muri Etsiyopiya|caption=An underfed child in an [[MSF]] treatment tent in [[Dolo Ado|Dolo Ado]]}} '''Imirire mibi''' ni indwara iterwa no kurya indyo aho intungamubiri imwe cyangwa nyinshi zidahagije cyangwa zikaba nyinshi cyane ku buryo indyo itera ibibazo by'ubuzima. Bishobora kuba birimo karori, poroteyine, karubohidrati, ibinure, vitamine cyangwa imyunyungugu.<ref name=FFL2010>{{cite book|title=Facts for life|date=2010|publisher=United Nations Children's Fund|location=New York|isbn=978-92-806-4466-1|pages=61 and 75|edition=4th|url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=December 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212170249/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212170249/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf |date=December 12, 2018 }}</ref> Intungamubiri zidahagije zitwa '''imirire mibi''' cyangwa '''indyo yuzuye''' mu gihe irenze urugero zitwa imirire mibi.<ref name="Young2012">{{Cite book|last=Young|first=E.M.|title=Food and development|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-1-135-99941-4|pages=36–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805174628/https://books.google.com/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36|url-status=live}}</ref> Imirire mibi ikunze gukoreshwa mu gusobanura imirire mibi aho umuntu adahabwa karori, poroteyine, cyangwa intungamubiri zihagije.<ref name="Young2012" /><ref name="Jones2011">{{Cite book|title=Essentials of International Health|date=2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-6771-9|page=194|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805234948/https://books.google.com/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|umuntu atwite]] cyangwa mbere y’imyaka ibiri, bishobora kumuviramo ibibazo bidashira mu mikurire y’umubiri n’iy’ubwonko.<ref name=FFL2010 /> Kubura indyo yuzuye, bizwi nka inzara, bishobora kugira ibimenyetso birimo: uburebure bugufi, umubiri muto, imbaraga nke cyane, no kubyimba amaguru n'inda.<ref name=FFL2010 /><ref name="Young2012" /> Abantu bakunze kwandura indwara kandi bakunze kugira ibicurane.<ref name="Young2012" /> Ibimenyetso by'ibura ry'intungamubiri biterwa n'intungamubiri ntoya zibura.<ref name="Young2012" /> Kurya nabi akenshi biterwa no kutagira ibiryo byiza bihagije byo kurya. Ibi bikunze kujyana n'ibiciro by'ibiribwa biri hejuru ndetse n'ubukene.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health|url=http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/|website=WHO|access-date=July 4, 2014|archive-date=April 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412011306/https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412011306/https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/ |date=April 12, 2021 }}</ref> Kutanywa ibere bishobora gutera indwara nyinshi zandura nka: indwara yo mu gifu, umusonga, [[Marariya|malariya]], na serumu, ibyo bikaba byongera ibyifuzo by’intungamubiri.<ref name=WHO2014 /> Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ingenzi bw'imirire mibi: imirire mibi iterwa na poroteyine n'ingufu no kubura indyo yuzuye.<ref name="Jones2011" /> Imirire mibi iterwa n'ingufu za poroteyine ifite imiterere ibiri ikomeye: marasmus (kubura poroteyine na karori) na kwashiorkor (kubura poroteyine gusa).<ref name="Young2012" /> Ibura ry’intungamubiri rikunze kugaragara ririmo: kubura icyuma, iyode na vitamine A.<ref name="Young2012" /> Mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]], bitewe n’uko umubiri ukeneye byinshi, kubura ibinure bishobora kwiyongera.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Arora|editor-first=Mala|editor-last2=Konje|editor-first2=Justin C.|title=Recurrent pregnancy loss|date=2007|publisher=Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-006-1|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, imirire irenze urugero mu buryo bw'umubyibuho ukabije itangiye kugaragara mu miryango imwe n'iy'abantu badafite imirire myiza. Izindi mpamvu zitera imirire mibi zirimo kwiyica intege no kubagwa bariyatric.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last3=Prentice|first3=Andrew|editor-first=Benjamin|editor-last=Caballero|editor-first2=Lindsay|editor-last2=Allen|title=Encyclopedia of human nutrition|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-08-045428-3|page=68|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805141617/https://books.google.com/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease|date=2012|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4557-3812-0|page=324|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805182252/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324|url-status=live}}</ref> Imbaraga zo kunoza imirire ni zimwe mu nzira nziza zo gufasha mu iterambere . Konsa bishobora kugabanya igipimo cy'imirire mibi n'impfu mu bana, kandi imbaraga zo guteza imbere uyu muco zikongera igipimo cy'uko abana bonsa. Ku bana bato, gutanga ibiryo (usibye amashereka) hagati y'amezi atandatu n'imyaka ibiri byongera umusaruro.<ref name=Bh2013>Bhutta, ZA; Das, JK; Rizvi, A; Gaffey, MF; Walker, N; Horton, S; Webb, P; Lartey, A; Black, RE; Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review, Group; Maternal and Child Nutrition Study, Group (Aug 3, 2013). "Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?". Lancet. 382 (9890): 452–77. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4. PMID 23746776. </ref> Hari kandi ibimenyetso byiza bishyigikira ko abagore batwite ndetse no mu bana bato bo mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere bahabwa intungamubiri nyinshi.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Kugira ngo abantu babikeneye cyane babone ibiribwa, haba mu gutanga ibiribwa no gutanga amafaranga kugira ngo abantu bagure ibiribwa mu masoko yo mu gace batuyemo, biragira akamaro.<ref name=UK2012>{{cite web|title=An update of 'The Neglected Crisis of Undernutrition: Evidence for Action'|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf|website=www.gov.uk|publisher=Department for International Development|access-date=July 5, 2014|date=Oct 2012|archive-date=January 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121000810/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121000810/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf |date=January 21, 2017 }}</ref> Kugaburira abanyeshuri gusa ku ishuri ntibihagije.<ref name=UK2012 /> Gukemura ikibazo cy’imirire mibi ikabije mu rugo rw’umuntu ukoresheje ibiryo bivura byiteguye gukoreshwa birashoboka cyane.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Ku bantu bafite imirire mibi ikomeye iterwa n'izindi ngorane z'ubuzima, ni byiza kuvurirwa mu bitaro.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Ibi akenshi bikubiyemo gucunga isukari nke mu maraso n'ubushyuhe bw'umubiri, gukemura ikibazo cyo kubura amazi mu mubiri, no kugaburira buhoro buhoro.<ref name=Bh2013 /><ref name="WHO2003">{{Cite book|last=Ann Ashworth|title=Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154609-6}}</ref> Imiti isanzwe ikoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara zandura akenshi irasabwa kubera ko hari ibyago byinshi byo kwandura.<ref name="WHO2003" /> Ingamba z'igihe kirekire zirimo: kunoza ubuhinzi, kugabanya ubukene, kunoza isuku, no guteza imbere abagore.<ref name=UK2012 /> Hari abantu 821&nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu bafite imirire mibi ku isi mu 2018 (10.8% by'abaturage bose). Iri ni igabanuka rya 176&nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu kuva mu 1990 ubwo 23% bari bafite imirire mibi, ariko hiyongeraho abantu bagera kuri 36&nbsp;miliyoni kuva mu 2015, ubwo 10.6% bari bafite imirire mibi.<ref name="FAO2010">{{Cite web|title=Global hunger declining, but still unacceptably high International hunger targets difficult to reach|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al390e/al390e00.pdf|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|access-date=July 1, 2014|date=September 2010|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224131507/http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al390e/al390e00.pdf|url-status=live}} </ref> Mu 2012, byagaragaye ko abandi bantu miliyari bari badafite vitamine n'imyunyungugu. Mu 2015, imirire mibi iterwa n’ingufu za poroteyine yagaragaye ko yahitanye abantu 323.000—igabanuka ugereranyije n’abapfuye 510.000 mu 1990.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet (London, England)|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281/|issn=1474-547X|access-date=2 August 2025|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620045540/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281/|url-status=live}}</ref> Izindi ntungamubiri zibura, zirimo kubura iyode no kubura amaraso mu by’ubutare, zitera izindi mfu 83.000.<ref name="GBD2015De" /> Mu 2010, imirire mibi ni yo yabaye intandaro ya 1.4% by'imyaka yose y'ubuzima yahinduwe n'ubumuga.<ref name=UK2012 /><ref name="Murray2012">{{Cite journal|last=Murray|first=CJ|title=Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2197–223|pmid=23245608|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4}}</ref> Hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'impfu mu bana bivugwa ko ziterwa n'imirire mibi, nubwo impfu zidakunze kwitwa ko ari zo. Mu 2010, byavuzwe ko byagize uruhare mu rupfu rw’abagore n’abana bagera kuri miliyoni 1.5,<ref name="Lim2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, etal|title=A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2224–60|date=December 2012|pmid=23245609|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8|pmc=4156511}}</ref> nubwo bamwe bavuga ko umubare wabo ushobora kuba urenga 3&nbsp;miliyoni.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Indi 165 y'inyongera&nbsp;Abana miliyoni babarirwaga mu kigero cyo kugabanuka mu mikurire bitewe n’imirire mibi mu 2013. Kubura imirire myiza bikunze kugaragara cyane mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Liz Young|title=World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development|date=2002|isbn=978-1-134-77494-4|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801015439/https://books.google.com/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|url-status=live}}</ref> Hari amatsinda amwe afite igipimo cyo hejuru cy’ababura imirire myiza, harimo abagore—cyane cyane iyo batwite cyangwa bonsa— abana bari munsi y’imyaka itanu, ndetse n’abageze mu za bukuru. Ku bageze mu za bukuru, imirire mibi ikunze kugaragara bitewe n’ibintu by’umubiri, imitekerereze n’imibereho.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Principles and practice of geriatric surgery|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-1-4419-6999-6|page=78|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805121936/https://books.google.com/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ishakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] pxbiwtseeh86pd7yuur5w1g5ogj44ka 140717 140716 2026-10-04T13:28:55Z Ndahiro derrick 8075 140717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Imiriremibi | image = A malnourished child in an MSF treatment tent in Dolo Ado.jpg | image_size = 280px | image_thumbtime = | caption = Umwana ufite ikibazo k'imiriremibi muri Etsiyopiya mu gace ka Dolo Ado | symptoms = kugabanuka cyane kw'ibiro, guhora unaniwe, ndetse no kudakura neza ku bana }} '''Imirire mibi''' ni indwara iterwa no kurya indyo aho intungamubiri imwe cyangwa nyinshi zidahagije cyangwa zikaba nyinshi cyane ku buryo indyo itera ibibazo by'ubuzima. Bishobora kuba birimo karori, poroteyine, karubohidrati, ibinure, vitamine cyangwa imyunyungugu.<ref name=FFL2010>{{cite book|title=Facts for life|date=2010|publisher=United Nations Children's Fund|location=New York|isbn=978-92-806-4466-1|pages=61 and 75|edition=4th|url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=December 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212170249/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212170249/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf |date=December 12, 2018 }}</ref> Intungamubiri zidahagije zitwa '''imirire mibi''' cyangwa '''indyo yuzuye''' mu gihe irenze urugero zitwa imirire mibi.<ref name="Young2012">{{Cite book|last=Young|first=E.M.|title=Food and development|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-1-135-99941-4|pages=36–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805174628/https://books.google.com/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36|url-status=live}}</ref> Imirire mibi ikunze gukoreshwa mu gusobanura imirire mibi aho umuntu adahabwa karori, poroteyine, cyangwa intungamubiri zihagije.<ref name="Young2012" /><ref name="Jones2011">{{Cite book|title=Essentials of International Health|date=2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-6771-9|page=194|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805234948/https://books.google.com/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|umuntu atwite]] cyangwa mbere y’imyaka ibiri, bishobora kumuviramo ibibazo bidashira mu mikurire y’umubiri n’iy’ubwonko.<ref name=FFL2010 /> Kubura indyo yuzuye, bizwi nka inzara, bishobora kugira ibimenyetso birimo: uburebure bugufi, umubiri muto, imbaraga nke cyane, no kubyimba amaguru n'inda.<ref name=FFL2010 /><ref name="Young2012" /> Abantu bakunze kwandura indwara kandi bakunze kugira ibicurane.<ref name="Young2012" /> Ibimenyetso by'ibura ry'intungamubiri biterwa n'intungamubiri ntoya zibura.<ref name="Young2012" /> Kurya nabi akenshi biterwa no kutagira ibiryo byiza bihagije byo kurya. Ibi bikunze kujyana n'ibiciro by'ibiribwa biri hejuru ndetse n'ubukene.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health|url=http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/|website=WHO|access-date=July 4, 2014|archive-date=April 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412011306/https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412011306/https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/ |date=April 12, 2021 }}</ref> Kutanywa ibere bishobora gutera indwara nyinshi zandura nka: indwara yo mu gifu, umusonga, [[Marariya|malariya]], na serumu, ibyo bikaba byongera ibyifuzo by’intungamubiri.<ref name=WHO2014 /> Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ingenzi bw'imirire mibi: imirire mibi iterwa na poroteyine n'ingufu no kubura indyo yuzuye.<ref name="Jones2011" /> Imirire mibi iterwa n'ingufu za poroteyine ifite imiterere ibiri ikomeye: marasmus (kubura poroteyine na karori) na kwashiorkor (kubura poroteyine gusa).<ref name="Young2012" /> Ibura ry’intungamubiri rikunze kugaragara ririmo: kubura icyuma, iyode na vitamine A.<ref name="Young2012" /> Mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]], bitewe n’uko umubiri ukeneye byinshi, kubura ibinure bishobora kwiyongera.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Arora|editor-first=Mala|editor-last2=Konje|editor-first2=Justin C.|title=Recurrent pregnancy loss|date=2007|publisher=Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-006-1|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, imirire irenze urugero mu buryo bw'umubyibuho ukabije itangiye kugaragara mu miryango imwe n'iy'abantu badafite imirire myiza. Izindi mpamvu zitera imirire mibi zirimo kwiyica intege no kubagwa bariyatric.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last3=Prentice|first3=Andrew|editor-first=Benjamin|editor-last=Caballero|editor-first2=Lindsay|editor-last2=Allen|title=Encyclopedia of human nutrition|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-08-045428-3|page=68|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805141617/https://books.google.com/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease|date=2012|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4557-3812-0|page=324|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805182252/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324|url-status=live}}</ref> Imbaraga zo kunoza imirire ni zimwe mu nzira nziza zo gufasha mu iterambere . Konsa bishobora kugabanya igipimo cy'imirire mibi n'impfu mu bana, kandi imbaraga zo guteza imbere uyu muco zikongera igipimo cy'uko abana bonsa. Ku bana bato, gutanga ibiryo (usibye amashereka) hagati y'amezi atandatu n'imyaka ibiri byongera umusaruro.<ref name="Bh2013">Bhutta, ZA; Das, JK; Rizvi, A; Gaffey, MF; Walker, N; Horton, S; Webb, P; Lartey, A; Black, RE; Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review, Group; Maternal and Child Nutrition Study, Group (Aug 3, 2013). "Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?". Lancet. 382 (9890): 452–77. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4. PMID 23746776. </ref> Hari kandi ibimenyetso byiza bishyigikira ko abagore batwite ndetse no mu bana bato bo mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere bahabwa intungamubiri nyinshi.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Kugira ngo abantu babikeneye cyane babone ibiribwa, haba mu gutanga ibiribwa no gutanga amafaranga kugira ngo abantu bagure ibiribwa mu masoko yo mu gace batuyemo, biragira akamaro.<ref name=UK2012>{{cite web|title=An update of 'The Neglected Crisis of Undernutrition: Evidence for Action'|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf|website=www.gov.uk|publisher=Department for International Development|access-date=July 5, 2014|date=Oct 2012|archive-date=January 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121000810/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121000810/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf |date=January 21, 2017 }}</ref> Kugaburira abanyeshuri gusa ku ishuri ntibihagije.<ref name=UK2012 /> Gukemura ikibazo cy’imirire mibi ikabije mu rugo rw’umuntu ukoresheje ibiryo bivura byiteguye gukoreshwa birashoboka cyane.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Ku bantu bafite imirire mibi ikomeye iterwa n'izindi ngorane z'ubuzima, ni byiza kuvurirwa mu bitaro.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Ibi akenshi bikubiyemo gucunga isukari nke mu maraso n'ubushyuhe bw'umubiri, gukemura ikibazo cyo kubura amazi mu mubiri, no kugaburira buhoro buhoro.<ref name=Bh2013 /><ref name="WHO2003">{{Cite book|last=Ann Ashworth|title=Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154609-6}}</ref> Imiti isanzwe ikoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara zandura akenshi irasabwa kubera ko hari ibyago byinshi byo kwandura.<ref name="WHO2003" /> Ingamba z'igihe kirekire zirimo: kunoza ubuhinzi, kugabanya ubukene, kunoza isuku, no guteza imbere abagore.<ref name=UK2012 /> Hari abantu 821&nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu bafite imirire mibi ku isi mu 2018 (10.8% by'abaturage bose). Iri ni igabanuka rya 176&nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu kuva mu 1990 ubwo 23% bari bafite imirire mibi, ariko hiyongeraho abantu bagera kuri 36&nbsp;miliyoni kuva mu 2015, ubwo 10.6% bari bafite imirire mibi.<ref name="FAO2010">{{Cite web|title=Global hunger declining, but still unacceptably high International hunger targets difficult to reach|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al390e/al390e00.pdf|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|access-date=July 1, 2014|date=September 2010|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224131507/http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al390e/al390e00.pdf|url-status=live}} </ref> Mu 2012, byagaragaye ko abandi bantu miliyari bari badafite vitamine n'imyunyungugu. Mu 2015, imirire mibi iterwa n’ingufu za poroteyine yagaragaye ko yahitanye abantu 323.000—igabanuka ugereranyije n’abapfuye 510.000 mu 1990.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet (London, England)|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281/|issn=1474-547X|access-date=2 August 2025|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620045540/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281/|url-status=live}}</ref> Izindi ntungamubiri zibura, zirimo kubura iyode no kubura amaraso mu by’ubutare, zitera izindi mfu 83.000.<ref name="GBD2015De" /> Mu 2010, imirire mibi ni yo yabaye intandaro ya 1.4% by'imyaka yose y'ubuzima yahinduwe n'ubumuga.<ref name=UK2012 /><ref name="Murray2012">{{Cite journal|last=Murray|first=CJ|title=Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2197–223|pmid=23245608|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4}}</ref> Hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'impfu mu bana bivugwa ko ziterwa n'imirire mibi, nubwo impfu zidakunze kwitwa ko ari zo. Mu 2010, byavuzwe ko byagize uruhare mu rupfu rw’abagore n’abana bagera kuri miliyoni 1.5,<ref name="Lim2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, etal|title=A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2224–60|date=December 2012|pmid=23245609|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8|pmc=4156511}}</ref> nubwo bamwe bavuga ko umubare wabo ushobora kuba urenga 3&nbsp;miliyoni.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Indi 165 y'inyongera&nbsp;Abana miliyoni babarirwaga mu kigero cyo kugabanuka mu mikurire bitewe n’imirire mibi mu 2013. Kubura imirire myiza bikunze kugaragara cyane mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Liz Young|title=World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development|date=2002|isbn=978-1-134-77494-4|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801015439/https://books.google.com/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|url-status=live}}</ref> Hari amatsinda amwe afite igipimo cyo hejuru cy’ababura imirire myiza, harimo abagore—cyane cyane iyo batwite cyangwa bonsa— abana bari munsi y’imyaka itanu, ndetse n’abageze mu za bukuru. Ku bageze mu za bukuru, imirire mibi ikunze kugaragara bitewe n’ibintu by’umubiri, imitekerereze n’imibereho.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Principles and practice of geriatric surgery|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-1-4419-6999-6|page=78|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805121936/https://books.google.com/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ishakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] lv22uz927frn7vzncfyek5xa13ct8ey 140718 140717 2026-10-04T13:29:17Z Ndahiro derrick 8075 140718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Imiriremibi | image = A malnourished child in an MSF treatment tent in Dolo Ado.jpg | image_size = 280px | image_thumbtime = | caption = Umwana ufite ikibazo k'imiriremibi muri Etsiyopiya mu gace ka Dolo Ado | symptoms = kugabanuka cyane kw'ibiro, guhora unaniwe, ndetse no kudakura neza ku bana }} '''Imirire mibi''' ni indwara iterwa no kurya indyo aho intungamubiri imwe cyangwa nyinshi zidahagije cyangwa zikaba nyinshi cyane ku buryo indyo itera ibibazo by'ubuzima. Bishobora kuba birimo karori, poroteyine, karubohidrati, ibinure, vitamine cyangwa imyunyungugu.<ref name=FFL2010>{{cite book|title=Facts for life|date=2010|publisher=United Nations Children's Fund|location=New York|isbn=978-92-806-4466-1|pages=61 and 75|edition=4th|url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=December 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212170249/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212170249/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf |date=December 12, 2018 }}</ref> Intungamubiri zidahagije zitwa '''imirire mibi''' cyangwa '''indyo yuzuye''' mu gihe irenze urugero zitwa imirire mibi.<ref name="Young2012">{{Cite book|last=Young|first=E.M.|title=Food and development|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-1-135-99941-4|pages=36–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805174628/https://books.google.com/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36|url-status=live}}</ref> Imirire mibi ikunze gukoreshwa mu gusobanura imirire mibi aho umuntu adahabwa karori, poroteyine, cyangwa intungamubiri zihagije.<ref name="Young2012" /><ref name="Jones2011">{{Cite book|title=Essentials of International Health|date=2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-6771-9|page=194|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805234948/https://books.google.com/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|umuntu atwite]] cyangwa mbere y’imyaka ibiri, bishobora kumuviramo ibibazo bidashira mu mikurire y’umubiri n’iy’ubwonko.<ref name=FFL2010 /> Kubura indyo yuzuye, bizwi nka inzara, bishobora kugira ibimenyetso birimo: uburebure bugufi, umubiri muto, imbaraga nke cyane, no kubyimba amaguru n'inda.<ref name=FFL2010 /><ref name="Young2012" /> Abantu bakunze kwandura indwara kandi bakunze kugira ibicurane.<ref name="Young2012" /> Ibimenyetso by'ibura ry'intungamubiri biterwa n'intungamubiri ntoya zibura.<ref name="Young2012" /> Kurya nabi akenshi biterwa no kutagira ibiryo byiza bihagije byo kurya. Ibi bikunze kujyana n'ibiciro by'ibiribwa biri hejuru ndetse n'ubukene.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health|url=http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/|website=WHO|access-date=July 4, 2014|archive-date=April 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412011306/https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412011306/https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/ |date=April 12, 2021 }}</ref> Kutanywa ibere bishobora gutera indwara nyinshi zandura nka: indwara yo mu gifu, umusonga, [[Marariya|malariya]], na serumu, ibyo bikaba byongera ibyifuzo by’intungamubiri.<ref name=WHO2014 /> Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ingenzi bw'imirire mibi: imirire mibi iterwa na poroteyine n'ingufu no kubura indyo yuzuye.<ref name="Jones2011" /> Imirire mibi iterwa n'ingufu za poroteyine ifite imiterere ibiri ikomeye: marasmus (kubura poroteyine na karori) na kwashiorkor (kubura poroteyine gusa).<ref name="Young2012" /> Ibura ry’intungamubiri rikunze kugaragara ririmo: kubura icyuma, iyode na vitamine A.<ref name="Young2012" /> Mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]], bitewe n’uko umubiri ukeneye byinshi, kubura ibinure bishobora kwiyongera.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Arora|editor-first=Mala|editor-last2=Konje|editor-first2=Justin C.|title=Recurrent pregnancy loss|date=2007|publisher=Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-006-1|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, imirire irenze urugero mu buryo bw'umubyibuho ukabije itangiye kugaragara mu miryango imwe n'iy'abantu badafite imirire myiza. Izindi mpamvu zitera imirire mibi zirimo kwiyica intege no kubagwa bariyatric.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last3=Prentice|first3=Andrew|editor-first=Benjamin|editor-last=Caballero|editor-first2=Lindsay|editor-last2=Allen|title=Encyclopedia of human nutrition|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-08-045428-3|page=68|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805141617/https://books.google.com/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease|date=2012|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4557-3812-0|page=324|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805182252/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324|url-status=live}}</ref> Imbaraga zo kunoza imirire ni zimwe mu nzira nziza zo gufasha mu iterambere . Konsa bishobora kugabanya igipimo cy'imirire mibi n'impfu mu bana, kandi imbaraga zo guteza imbere uyu muco zikongera igipimo cy'uko abana bonsa. Ku bana bato, gutanga ibiryo (usibye amashereka) hagati y'amezi atandatu n'imyaka ibiri byongera umusaruro.<ref name="Bh2013">Bhutta, ZA; Das, JK; Rizvi, A; Gaffey, MF; Walker, N; Horton, S; Webb, P; Lartey, A; Black, RE; Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review, Group; Maternal and Child Nutrition Study, Group (Aug 3, 2013). "Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?". Lancet. 382 (9890): 452–77. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4. PMID 23746776. </ref> Hari kandi ibimenyetso byiza bishyigikira ko abagore batwite ndetse no mu bana bato bo mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere bahabwa intungamubiri nyinshi.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Kugira ngo abantu babikeneye cyane babone ibiribwa, haba mu gutanga ibiribwa no gutanga amafaranga kugira ngo abantu bagure ibiribwa mu masoko yo mu gace batuyemo, biragira akamaro.<ref name=UK2012>{{cite web|title=An update of 'The Neglected Crisis of Undernutrition: Evidence for Action'|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf|website=www.gov.uk|publisher=Department for International Development|access-date=July 5, 2014|date=Oct 2012|archive-date=January 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121000810/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121000810/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf |date=January 21, 2017 }}</ref> Kugaburira abanyeshuri gusa ku ishuri ntibihagije.<ref name=UK2012 /> Gukemura ikibazo cy’imirire mibi ikabije mu rugo rw’umuntu ukoresheje ibiryo bivura byiteguye gukoreshwa birashoboka cyane.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Ku bantu bafite imirire mibi ikomeye iterwa n'izindi ngorane z'ubuzima, ni byiza kuvurirwa mu bitaro.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Ibi akenshi bikubiyemo gucunga isukari nke mu maraso n'ubushyuhe bw'umubiri, gukemura ikibazo cyo kubura amazi mu mubiri, no kugaburira buhoro buhoro.<ref name=Bh2013 /><ref name="WHO2003">{{Cite book|last=Ann Ashworth|title=Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154609-6}}</ref> Imiti isanzwe ikoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara zandura akenshi irasabwa kubera ko hari ibyago byinshi byo kwandura.<ref name="WHO2003" /> Ingamba z'igihe kirekire zirimo: kunoza ubuhinzi, kugabanya ubukene, kunoza isuku, no guteza imbere abagore.<ref name=UK2012 /> Hari abantu 821&nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu bafite imirire mibi ku isi mu 2018 (10.8% by'abaturage bose). Iri ni igabanuka rya 176&nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu kuva mu 1990 ubwo 23% bari bafite imirire mibi, ariko hiyongeraho abantu bagera kuri 36&nbsp;miliyoni kuva mu 2015, ubwo 10.6% bari bafite imirire mibi.<ref name="FAO2010">{{Cite web|title=Global hunger declining, but still unacceptably high International hunger targets difficult to reach|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al390e/al390e00.pdf|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|access-date=July 1, 2014|date=September 2010|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224131507/http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al390e/al390e00.pdf|url-status=live}} </ref> Mu 2012, byagaragaye ko abandi bantu miliyari bari badafite vitamine n'imyunyungugu. Mu 2015, imirire mibi iterwa n’ingufu za poroteyine yagaragaye ko yahitanye abantu 323.000—igabanuka ugereranyije n’abapfuye 510.000 mu 1990.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet (London, England)|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281/|issn=1474-547X|access-date=2 August 2025|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620045540/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281/|url-status=live}}</ref> Izindi ntungamubiri zibura, zirimo kubura iyode no kubura amaraso mu by’ubutare, zitera izindi mfu 83.000.<ref name="GBD2015De" /> Mu 2010, imirire mibi ni yo yabaye intandaro ya 1.4% by'imyaka yose y'ubuzima yahinduwe n'ubumuga.<ref name=UK2012 /><ref name="Murray2012">{{Cite journal|last=Murray|first=CJ|title=Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2197–223|pmid=23245608|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4}}</ref> Hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'impfu mu bana bivugwa ko ziterwa n'imirire mibi, nubwo impfu zidakunze kwitwa ko ari zo. Mu 2010, byavuzwe ko byagize uruhare mu rupfu rw’abagore n’abana bagera kuri miliyoni 1.5,<ref name="Lim2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, etal|title=A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2224–60|date=December 2012|pmid=23245609|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8|pmc=4156511}}</ref> nubwo bamwe bavuga ko umubare wabo ushobora kuba urenga 3&nbsp;miliyoni.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Indi 165 y'inyongera&nbsp;Abana miliyoni babarirwaga mu kigero cyo kugabanuka mu mikurire bitewe n’imirire mibi mu 2013. Kubura imirire myiza bikunze kugaragara cyane mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Liz Young|title=World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development|date=2002|isbn=978-1-134-77494-4|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801015439/https://books.google.com/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|url-status=live}}</ref> Hari amatsinda amwe afite igipimo cyo hejuru cy’ababura imirire myiza, harimo abagore—cyane cyane iyo batwite cyangwa bonsa— abana bari munsi y’imyaka itanu, ndetse n’abageze mu za bukuru. Ku bageze mu za bukuru, imirire mibi ikunze kugaragara bitewe n’ibintu by’umubiri, imitekerereze n’imibereho.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Principles and practice of geriatric surgery|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-1-4419-6999-6|page=78|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805121936/https://books.google.com/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ishakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Ikiciro:Indwara]] dgb8s4oy2b21olvtt9lzxmu4212s7ov 0 23232 140724 2026-10-04T19:01:52Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Thomas Sankara | image = Thomas Sankara in Harlem (1984).png | image_size = 220px | caption = Thomas Sankara i Harlem, mu 1984 | birth_date = 21 Ukuboza 1949 | birth_place = Yako, Volta ya Ruguru (ubu ni [[Burukina Faso]]) | death_date = 15 Ukwakira 1987 (afite imyaka 37) | death_place = [[Ouagadougou]], [[Burukina Faso]] | nationality = Umunyaburukina | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Burukina Faso]] | term = 4..." 140724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Thomas Sankara | image = Thomas Sankara in Harlem (1984).png | image_size = 220px | caption = Thomas Sankara i Harlem, mu 1984 | birth_date = 21 Ukuboza 1949 | birth_place = Yako, Volta ya Ruguru (ubu ni [[Burukina Faso]]) | death_date = 15 Ukwakira 1987 (afite imyaka 37) | death_place = [[Ouagadougou]], [[Burukina Faso]] | nationality = Umunyaburukina | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Burukina Faso]] | term = 4 Kanama 1983 – 15 Ukwakira 1987 | predecessor = Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo | spouse = Mariam Sankara | children = 2 }} '''Thomas Isidore Noël Sankara''' (yavutse ku ya 21 Ukuboza 1949 i Yako, apfa yishwe ku ya 15 Ukwakira 1987 i [[Ouagadougou]]) yari umusirikare akaba n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyaburukina, wayoboye Volta ya Ruguru, yaje kwitwa [[Burukina Faso]], kuva mu 1983 kugeza mu 1987. Yari umuyoboke w'ibitekerezo bya gikomunisiti, uharanira ubwigenge nyabwo bw'Afurika, kurengera ibidukikije n'uburenganzira bw'abagore. Mu myaka ine yamaze ku butegetsi, yayoboye impinduramatwara yiswe « impinduramatwara ya demokarasi n'abaturage », irwanya ruswa, iteza imbere ubuhinzi, ubuzima n'uburezi, kandi ituma igihugu cyihaza mu biribwa; ariko nanone ubutegetsi bwe bwahohoteye amashyirahamwe y'abakozi n'amashyaka amwe atavuga rumwe na bwo. Ni we wahinduye izina ry'igihugu « Volta ya Ruguru » ryasizwe n'abakoloni, akacyita « Burkina Faso », bisobanura « igihugu cy'abantu b'inyangamugayo ». Yiciwe muri kudeta yayobowe na mugenzi we Blaise Compaoré, waje gukatirwa igifungo cya burundu mu 2022 kubera urwo rupfu. Kugeza ubu, afatwa n'urubyiruko rwinshi rwa Afurika nk'intwari, akitwa « Che Guevara w'Afurika ». == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Thomas Sankara yavutse ku ya 21 Ukuboza 1949 i Yako, muri Volta ya Ruguru yategekwaga n'Ubufaransa. Se yari Umusilmi-Mosi ukomoka mu mudugudu wa Sitoèga, naho nyina akaba Umumosi ukomoka i Ziniaré <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sitoèga : La vie de Sankara dans son village d’origine |url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article50875}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Tirthankar Chanda |title=Mitterrand-Sankara: le vieux président et le capitaine impertinent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160109-mitterrand-sankara-le-vieux-sage-le-capitaine-impertinent |website=Radio France internationale |date=2016-01-10}}</ref>. Se, wahoze ari umusirikare mu ngabo z'Ubufaransa akaba yarafashwe mpiri mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, yaje kuba umujandarume ushinzwe ubuvuzi. Yakuriye mu muryango w'Abakristo Gatolika, afite abavandimwe benshi <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Bruno Jaffré |title=Biographie de Thomas Sankara |url=https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9782296183759_A24206224/preview-9782296183759_A24206224.pdf |website=pageplace.de}}</ref>. Yize amashuri yisumbuye i Bobo-Dioulasso, hanyuma mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya Kadiogo i Ouagadougou. Yahawe amasomo y'abasirikare bakuru mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya Yaoundé, muri [[Kameruni]], hanyuma mu ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Antsirabe, muri [[Madagasikari]], aho yize ubumenyi bwa politiki, ubukungu n'ubuhinzi. Muri Madagasikari, yabonye impinduramatwara yo mu 1972 yahiritse Perezida Philibert Tsiranana, bimutera igitekerezo cy'« impinduramatwara ya demokarasi n'abaturage ». == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Yagarutse muri Volta ya Ruguru mu 1973 afite ipeti rya su-liyetona, ashinzwe gutoza abasirikare bashya; yashimangiraga ko « umusirikare udafite uburere bwa politiki bukunda igihugu aba ari umugizi wa nabi uteganyijwe ». Mu 1974, yamenyekanye cyane mu ntambara yahuje igihugu cye na [[Mali]]. Mu 1976, yagizwe umuyobozi w'ikigo cy'igihugu cy'imyitozo y'abakomando i Pô. Hamwe na Blaise Compaoré, Henri Zongo na Jean-Baptiste Lingani, yashinze ihuriro ry'abasirikare bakuru b'abakomunisiti. == Kwinjira muri politiki == Muri Nzeri 1981, Sankara yagizwe Umunyamabanga wa Leta ushinzwe Itangazamakuru muri guverinoma ya Koloneli Saye Zerbo, ariko yegura ku ya 21 Mata 1982 kubera ikurwaho ry'uburenganzira bwo kujya mu myigaragambyo y'abakozi, avuga kuri televiziyo ati: « Ishyano ku bacecekesha abaturage ». Nyuma ya kudeta yo ku ya 7 Ugushyingo 1982 yashyize ku butegetsi Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Tshitenge Lubabu M.K. |title=Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/83800/archives-thematique/jean-baptiste-ou-draogo/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2007-01-23}}</ref>, Sankara yagizwe Minisitiri w'Intebe muri Mutarama 1983 <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Bruno Jaffré |title=Fidel Castro - Thomas Sankara, Cuba - Burkina, des liens encore méconnus |url=https://blogs.mediapart.fr/bruno-jaffre/blog/051216/fidel-castro-thomas-sankara-cuba-burkina-des-liens-encore-meconnus#_ftn4 |website=Mediapart |date=2016-12-05 |access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>. Yatangaje ku mugaragaro ko ashaka guca umubano wa « gikoloni gishya » na Ubufaransa, kandi atumira umuyobozi wa [[Libiya]], Mouammar Kadhafi. Ku ya 17 Gicurasi 1983, yarirukanywe, afungirwa iwe, bivugwa ko byatewe n'igitutu cy'Ubufaransa <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Cyriaque Paré |title=Association France-Burkina : Guy Penne pour des relations d’amitié renforcées |url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article10885 |website=LeFaso.net |date=2005-11-15 |access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref><ref name="F9" />. == Perezida wa Burukina Faso == === Impinduramatwara yo mu 1983 === Imyigaragambyo y'abaturage yashyigikiwe n'amashyaka y'ibumoso n'amashyirahamwe y'abakozi yatumye arekurwa. Ku ya 4 Kanama 1983, abasirikare bo mu kigo cya Pô bayobowe na Blaise Compaoré binjiye i Ouagadougou, maze Sankara aba Perezida w'Inama y'Igihugu y'Impinduramatwara. Ku ya 4 Kanama 1984, igihugu cyiswe Burkina Faso. Ubutegetsi bwe bwambuye abatware gakondo ububasha bwabo, bubuha Komite zirengera Impinduramatwara (CDR), zari zishinzwe umutekano, uburere bwa politiki, isuku n'ubukungu mu turere. Ariko izo komite zashinjwe kwitwara nk'imitwe yitwaje intwaro itera ubwoba, ndetse no guhohotera amashyirahamwe y'abakozi <ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Laurent Zecchini |title=L'exécution de sept " conjurés " marque un tournant du régime du capitaine Sankara |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1984/06/14/l-execution-de-sept-conjures-marque-un-tournant-du-regime-du-capitaine-sankara_3025318_1819218.html |website=Le Monde |date=1984-06-14}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 1984, abantu barindwi bashinjwaga umugambi wo guhirika ubutegetsi barishwe nyuma yo gukatirwa n'urukiko rwa gisirikare <ref name="F12" />. === Politiki y'ubukungu n'imibereho === Sankara yagabanyije amafaranga leta yakoreshaga mu mirimo isanzwe, ashyira imbere ishoramari; abaminisitiri bategetswe kugendera mu modoka zoroheje za Renault 5 aho kugendera mu modoka z'agaciro kenshi. Yashakaga ubukungu butishingikiriza ku mfashanyo z'amahanga, avuga ko « uguha ibyo kurya ari na we ugutegeka ». Mu 1986, Burkina Faso yageze ku ntego yo guha buri muntu amafunguro abiri n'amazi litiro icumi ku munsi, maze intumwa ya Loni ishinzwe uburenganzira ku biribwa ivuga ko yatsinze inzara. Abakozi ba leta bashishikarijwe kwambara imyenda gakondo, ''Faso dan fani''. Kuva mu 1983 kugeza mu 1985, abaturage miliyoni ebyiri bakingiwe imbasa, mugiga n'iseru <ref name="E4">{{cite web |title=Speeding up child immunization |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/48240/WHF_1987_8(2)_p216-220.pdf |date=1987}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |language=en |title=Thomas Sankara: An African Revolutionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGDGBAAAQBAJ |website=Ohio University Press |date=2014-11-01}}</ref>, kandi ubutegetsi bwe bwubatse amazu menshi n'ibikorwa remezo <ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Africa's Che Guevara and Burkina Faso – African Agenda – A new perspective on Africa |url=http://africanagenda.net/africas-che-guevara-and-burkina-faso/ |website=africanagenda.net |date=2020-01-09}}</ref>. Mu kurwanya ubutayu, yatangije gahunda yo gutera ibiti miliyoni nyinshi no guca ibikorwa byo gutema amashyamba no gutwika ibihuru. Yashyize imbere kandi uburezi, mu gihugu cyari gifite abaturage 90% batazi gusoma no kwandika <ref name="E12">{{cite web |author=California Newsreel |title=Thomas Sankara: The Upright Man |url=http://newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0205 |website=Newsreel.org}}</ref>. Mu guharanira uburenganzira bw'abagore, yakuyeho inkwano n'umuco wo guhererekanya abapfakazi, ashyiraho imyaka ntarengwa yo gushyingirwa, abuza gukeba abakobwa kandi arwanya ubuharike <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pierre Lepidi |title=Thomas Sankara, le féministe |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/01/04/thomas-sankara-le-feministe_6024805_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2020-01-04 |access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, Sankara yanenze uburyo bw'imari ku isi, Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari (FMI) na Banki y'Isi, kandi Burkina Faso ntiyafashe inguzanyo za FMI. Mu nama y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'Afurika (OUA) yabereye i Addis Abeba muri Nyakanga 1987, yavuze ijambo ryamamaye, ahamagarira ibihugu by'Afurika kwanga hamwe kwishyura imyenda <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=VIDEO. Quand Sankara contestait avec humour la dette du Burkina Faso |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/archives/video-quand-sankara-contestait-avec-humour-la-dette-du-burkina-faso-09-07-2015-4931821.php |website=Le Parisien |date=2015-07-09 |access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref>. Yanenze cyane politiki y'Ubufaransa muri Afurika, by'umwihariko mu ruzinduko rwa Perezida François Mitterrand i Ouagadougou mu Ugushyingo 1986 <ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Discours d’orientation politique du 2 octobre 1983 (audio) |url=http://thomassankara.net/discours-dorientation-politique-du-2-octobre-1983-audio/ |website=thomassankara.net |access-date=2016-10-02}}</ref>; inkunga y'Ubufaransa yagabanutseho 80% hagati ya 1983 na 1985 <ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Bruno Jaffré |title=Mais qui a assassiné Thomas Sankara ? |url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2021/10/JAFFRE/63630 |website=Le Monde diplomatique |date=2021-10-01}}</ref>. Yagiranye umubano mwiza na Cuba, yohereza urubyiruko rugera kuri 600 kwigayo <ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pierre Lepidi |title=« Les Burkinabés formés à Cuba sont restés fidèles à Sankara et à la mission qu’il leur avait confiée » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/08/11/les-burkinabes-formes-a-cuba-sont-restes-fideles-a-sankara-et-a-la-mission-qu-il-leur-avait-confiee_6048706_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2020-08-11 |access-date=2020-08-14}}</ref>, ndetse na Jerry Rawlings wa [[Gana]] na Mouammar Kadhafi. Mu 1985, intambara ngufi yamuhuje na Mali ku bijyanye n'akarere ka Agacher <ref name="F17" />. == Iyicwa rye == Kuva mu 1985, umubano wa Sankara na Blaise Compaoré warazambye cyane, kugeza ubwo batari bakivugana <ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Carine Frenk |title=Qui a fait tuer Sankara ? A Ouagadougou, sur les traces d'un assassinat (2/6) |url=https://webdoc.rfi.fr/burkina-faso-qui-a-fait-tuer-sankara/chap-02/index.html |website=Radio France internationale |date=2017-10-09 |access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref>. Ku mugoroba wo ku ya 15 Ukwakira 1987, ubwo Sankara yari mu nama n'abagize ibiro bye mu nyubako ya Conseil de l'Entente i Ouagadougou, itsinda ry'abasirikare ryinjiye, ryica abamurindaga, hanyuma rimwica hamwe n'abandi bantu cumi na babiri <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui a fait tuer Sankara ? Le jour où Thomas Sankara est tombé (1/6) |url=https://webdoc.rfi.fr/burkina-faso-qui-a-fait-tuer-sankara/chap-01/ |website=RFI |date=2021-09-24 |access-date=2022-11-14}}</ref><ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Carine Frenk |title=Qui a fait tuer Sankara ? Le jour où Thomas Sankara est tombé (1/6) |url=http://webdoc.rfi.fr/burkina-faso-qui-a-fait-tuer-sankara/chap-01/index.html |website=Radio France internationale |date=2017-10-05 |access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref>. Nk'uko uwarokotse wenyine, Alouna Traoré, abivuga, Sankara yasohotse mbere y'abandi amanitse amaboko, avuga ati: « Ntimunyeganyege, ni jye bashaka » <ref name="F21" />. Muri iryo joro, Blaise Compaoré yafashe ubutegetsi, maze Sankara n'abo bapfanye bashyingurwa rwihishwa mu irimbi rya Dagnoën <ref name="F21" />. === Iperereza n'urubanza === Mu 2006, Komite ya Loni ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu yamaganye kuba nta rubanza cyangwa iperereza byari byarakozwe na leta ya Burukina Faso kuri urwo rupfu <ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Thomas Sankara : décision historique des Nations unies |url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/carnet/2006-04-11-Thomas-Sankara-decision-historique |website=Le Monde diplomatique |date=2006-04-11 |access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ihirikwa rya Compaoré mu 2014, umupfakazi wa Sankara, Mariam, yagarutse i Ouagadougou ku ya 14 Gicurasi 2015 kubazwa n'umucamanza <ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Yaya Boudani |title=La veuve de Sankara accueillie au Burkina Faso par une foule en liesse |url=https://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20150515-bukina-faso-veuve-sankara-mariam-retour-ouagadougou/ |website=Radio France internationale |date=2015-05-15}}</ref>. Ku ya 25 Gicurasi 2015, hatangiye gutaburura imibiri ikekwa kuba iya Sankara n'abo bapfanye <ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina : des ossements retrouvés dans la tombe supposée de Thomas Sankara |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/232948/politique/burkina-des-ossements-retrouv-s-dans-la-tombe-suppos-e-de-thomas-sankara/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2015-05-27 |access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref name="E65">{{cite web |title=Thomas Sankara remains: Burkina Faso begins exhumation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32875048 |website=BBC News |date=2015-05-25 |access-date=2016-05-31}}</ref>; isuzuma ryagaragaje ko umubiri we warashwe amasasu arenga icumi <ref name="E66">{{cite web |author=Ludovica Iaccino |title=Thomas Sankara: Body of Africa's Che Guevara riddled with bullets, autopsy reveals three decades after death |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/thomas-sankara-body-africas-che-guevara-riddled-bullets-autopsy-reveals-three-decades-after-1523905 |website=International Business Times UK |date=2015-10-14 |access-date=2016-05-31}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2015, ubutabera bwa gisirikare bwasohoye impapuro mpuzamahanga zo guta muri yombi Compaoré, wari mu buhungiro muri [[Kote Divuwari]] <ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Assassinat de Sankara : Blaise Compaoré rattrapé par la justice ? |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20151222-le-debat-burkina-faso-blaise-compaore-thomas-sankara |website=France 24 |date=2015-12-23 |access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Blaise Compaoré toujours poursuivi pour l’assassinat de Thomas Sankara |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/05/18/burkina-faso-blaise-compaore-toujours-poursuivi-pour-l-assassinat-de-thomas-sankara_4921267_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2016-05-18 |access-date=2018-06-27}}</ref>. Mu 2017, Perezida Emmanuel Macron w'Ubufaransa yemeye ko inyandiko z'ibanga z'Ubufaransa zerekeye urwo rupfu zishyikirizwa ubutabera bwa Burukina Faso <ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Assassinat de Sankara : Macron promet de « déclassifier » tous les documents |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/monde/assassinat-de-sankara-macron-promet-de-declassifier-tous-les-documents_1964429.html |website=lexpress.fr |date=2017-11-28 |access-date=2017-11-28}}</ref><ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina: bientôt un procès dans l'affaire de l'assassinat de Thomas Sankara |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20201017-burkina-bient%c3%b4t-proc%c3%a8s-l-affaire-l-assassinat-thomas-sankara |website=rfi.fr |date=2020-10-17 |access-date=2020-10-18}}</ref>. Urubanza rwatangiye ku ya 11 Ukwakira 2021 <ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Yaya Boudani |title=Burkina Faso: le procès de l’affaire Thomas Sankara fixé au 11 octobre 2021 |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210817-burkina-faso-le-proc%C3%A8s-de-l-affaire-thomas-sankara-fix%C3%A9-au-11-octobre-2021 |website=RFI}}</ref>. Ku ya 6 Mata 2022, Blaise Compaoré yahamwe n'icyaha cyo gutegeka iyicwa rya Sankara, akatirwa adahari igifungo cya burundu, kimwe na Gilbert Diendéré <ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique Burkina Faso : l’ancien président Blaise Compaoré condamné par contumace à la prison à perpétuité pour l’assassinat de Thomas Sankara |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/04/06/burkina-faso-l-ancien-president-blaise-compaore-condamne-par-contumace-a-la-prison-a-perpetuite-pour-l-assassinat-de-thomas-sankara_6120859_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2022-04-06 |access-date=2022-04-06}}</ref>. == Umurage == Sankara afatwa n'abatari bake muri Afurika nk'intwari, kandi akunze kugereranywa na Che Guevara na Patrice Lumumba. Mu 2019, ishusho ye yubatswe aho yiciwe i Ouagadougou <ref name="E78">{{cite web |language=en |author=Lynsey Chutel |title=Burkina Faso is restoring Thomas Sankara's legacy with a bronze statue |url=https://qz.com/africa/1564590/thomas-sankara-statue-unveiled-in-burkina-faso/ |website=Quartz Africa |date=2019-03-04 |access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref><ref name="E79">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso unveils 'corrected' Thomas Sankara statue |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52704979 |website=BBC |date=2020-05-18 |access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref>. Mu 2023, guverinoma ya Burukina Faso yamushyize mu ntwari z'igihugu <ref name="E80">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso: former president Thomas Sankara elevated to the rank of "national hero" |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/10/05/burkina-faso-former-president-thomas-sankara-elevated-to-the-rank-of-national-hero/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-10-05 |access-date=2023-10-05}}</ref>, kandi umuhanda munini wa Ouagadougou witwaga Boulevard Charles de Gaulle uhabwa izina rye <ref name="E81">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso names boulevard after Thomas Sankara on anniversary of his assassination |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/10/16/burkina-faso-names-boulevard-after-thomas-sankara-on-36th-anniversary-of-his-assassination// |website=Africanews.com |date=2023-10-16}}</ref>. Mu 2025, Sankara n'abo bapfanye bashyinguwe mu cyubahiro mu mva yubatswe aho bari biciwe, ku Conseil de l'Entente <ref name="E67">{{cite web |title=Thomas Sankara's mausoleum opens to honor revolutionary leader |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/05/19/thomas-sankaras-mausoleum-opens-to-honor-revolutionary-leader/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-05-19 |access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Sankara yashakanye na Mariam Sankara, babyarana abahungu babiri, Philippe na Auguste <ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Philippe Sankara : « J’ai souffert de la mort de mon père… et du silence autour de lui » |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/philippe-sankara-j-ai-souffert-de-la-mort-de-mon-pere-et-du-silence-autour-de-lui-15-10-2015-1973899_3826.php |website=Le Point Afrique}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Burukina Faso]] laow70ktmgh6vk2s84xvo22u9t863gz 0 23233 140725 2026-10-04T19:16:36Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Roch Marc Christian Kaboré | image = Roch Marc Christian Kaboré (04-06-2018).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Roch Marc Christian Kaboré mu 2018 | birth_date = 25 Mata 1957 | birth_place = [[Ouagadougou]], Volta ya Ruguru (ubu ni [[Burukina Faso]]) | nationality = Umunyaburukina | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Dijon | occupation = Umucungamari w'amabanki, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Burukina Faso]] | term = 29 Ukuboza 2015 – 24 Mu..." 140725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Roch Marc Christian Kaboré | image = Roch Marc Christian Kaboré (04-06-2018).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Roch Marc Christian Kaboré mu 2018 | birth_date = 25 Mata 1957 | birth_place = [[Ouagadougou]], Volta ya Ruguru (ubu ni [[Burukina Faso]]) | nationality = Umunyaburukina | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Dijon | occupation = Umucungamari w'amabanki, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Burukina Faso]] | term = 29 Ukuboza 2015 – 24 Mutarama 2022 | predecessor = Michel Kafando | party = Mouvement du peuple pour le progrès (MPP) | spouse = Sika Bella Kaboré | children = 3 }} '''Roch Marc Christian Kaboré''' (yavutse ku ya 25 Mata 1957 i [[Ouagadougou]]) ni umucungamari w'amabanki akaba n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyaburukina, wabaye Perezida wa [[Burukina Faso]] kuva ku ya 29 Ukuboza 2015 kugeza ahiritswe n'igisirikare ku ya 24 Mutarama 2022. Yize ubukungu mu Bufaransa, ayobora banki ya Banque internationale du Burkina (BIB), hanyuma aba minisitiri inshuro nyinshi ku butegetsi bwa Blaise Compaoré. Yabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe kuva mu 1994 kugeza mu 1996, mu gihe cy'igabanywa ry'agaciro k'ifaranga rya CFA, hanyuma aba Perezida w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kuva mu 2002 kugeza mu 2012. Mu 2014, yavuye mu ishyaka rya Compaoré, ashinga ishyaka rya Mouvement du peuple pour le progrès (MPP). Yatsinze amatora ya perezida ya 2015 ku cyiciro cya mbere, aba perezida wa mbere mu myaka 49 utari ufitanye isano n'igisirikare, yongera gutorwa mu 2020. Ubutegetsi bwe bwaranzwe n'ibitero by'imitwe y'iterabwoba, maze muri Mutarama 2022 ahirikwa na kudeta iyobowe na Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Kaboré yavukiye i Ouagadougou, mu muryango w'Abamosi b'Abakristo Gatolika. Se, Charles Bila Kaboré <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaboré : "mettons nous au travail" |url=http://www.bbc.com/afrique/region/2015/12/151201_profile_roch |website=BBC News Afrique}}</ref>, yari umwarimu waje kuba Minisitiri w'Imari n'uw'Ubuzima ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Maurice Yaméogo, hanyuma visi-guverineri wa Banki Nkuru y'Ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (BCEAO) <ref name="E7">{{cite web |title=Roch Marc Christian Kaboré |website=AllAfrica |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201512041786.html}}</ref>. Yize amashuri yisumbuye mu ishuri rya Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle i Ouagadougou, kuva mu 1968 kugeza mu 1975. Yize ubukungu muri Kaminuza ya Dijon, mu [[Ubufaransa]], ahabona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri mu 1979 n'iy'icyiciro cya gatatu mu micungire mu 1980 <ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Roch Marc Christian Kaboré |website=Assemblée nationale du Burkina Faso |url=http://www.an.bf/SiteAn/president/biographie.html}}</ref>. Muri icyo gihe, yari umuyoboke w'ihuriro ry'abanyeshuri b'Abirabura b'Abanyafurika mu Bufaransa (FEANF). == Umwuga mu mabanki na politiki == Agarutse mu gihugu, mu gihe cy'impinduramatwara ya [[Thomas Sankara]], Kaboré yari umuyoboke w'umutwe wa politiki w'ibumoso, ULC-R. Mu 1984, afite imyaka 27, yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru wa Banque internationale du Burkina (BIB), imwe mu banki nkuru z'igihugu, kugeza muri Nzeri 1989 <ref name="E7" /><ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Roch Marc Christian Kaboré |website=Petite Académie du Burkina Faso |url=http://www.petiteacademie.gov.bf/Personnalite/Personnalite.asp?CodePersonnalite=249 |access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref>. Muri uwo mwaka, Perezida Blaise Compaoré yamugize Minisitiri w'Ubwikorezi n'Itumanaho <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina : ce qu’il faut savoir sur Roch Marc Christian Kaboré |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/282904/politique/burkina-quil-faut-savoir-roch-marc-christian-kabore/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. Mu 1992, yatorewe kuba umudepite uhagarariye intara ya Kadiogo, hanyuma aba Minisitiri w'Imari n'Igenamigambi kuva mu 1992 kugeza mu 1993 <ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Ministre |url=https://www.finances.gov.bf/ministere/ministre |website=Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances du Burkina Faso |date=2019-05-18 |access-date=2020-08-13}}</ref>. Ku ya 20 Werurwe 1994, nyuma y'igabanywa ry'agaciro k'ifaranga rya CFA ryateje izamuka rikabije ry'ibiciro, Compaoré yamugize Minisitiri w'Intebe. Muri Gashyantare 1996, ubwo ishyaka rishya rya Congrès pour la démocratie et le progrès (CDP) ryashingwaga, yeguye ku mwanya wa Minisitiri w'Intebe, aba visi-perezida wa mbere w'iryo shyaka n'umujyanama wihariye wa perezida <ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Roch Marc Christian Kaboré |website=Africatime |url=http://www.africatime.com/burkina/nouvelle.asp?no_nouvelle=21588&no_categorie |access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref>. Ku ya 6 Kamena 2002, yatorewe kuyobora Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, asimbura Mélégué Traoré <ref name="E10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Rapport de la mission d'observation de l'élection présidentielle du 13 novembre 2005 |url=http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/BURKINA_RMO13112005.pdf |website=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie}}</ref>, kandi yongera gutorerwa uwo mwanya mu 2007 <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=List of candidates elected to the National Assembly in 2007 |website=Assemblée nationale du Burkina Faso |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810101731/http://www.an.bf/SiteAn/afficher.jsp?code=140}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2003, yabaye perezida wa CDP. === Kuva muri CDP no gushinga MPP === Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 2010, Kaboré yagiye ashyirwa ku ruhande muri CDP <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction B24 |title=10 infos sur un candidat : Roch Marc Christian Kaboré. |website=Burkina 24 |url=https://burkina24.com/2020/11/04/10-infos-sur-un-candidat-roch-marc-christian-kabore/}}</ref><ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Guy Sana |title=Assimi Kouanda meurt en exil : Le meilleur islamologue du Burkina « tué » par la politique |url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article105181 |website=Lefaso.net}}</ref>. Ku ya 6 Mutarama 2014, we n'abandi bayobozi bakomeye b'ishyaka, Simon Compaoré na Salif Diallo, beguye muri CDP, bamagana imiyoborere idaha abandi ijambo n'umugambi wo guhindura Itegeko Nshinga kugira ngo Blaise Compaoré ashobore kongera kwiyamamaza mu 2015 <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Christophe Boisbouvier |title=Roch Marc Christian Kaboré : «Une seule personne ne peut pas penser définitivement un pays» |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140108-burkina-faso-considerons-personne-penser-definitivement-pays-kabore-cdp-constitution |website=RFI |access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Burkina: vague de démissions au sein du parti de Compaoré |website=AFP |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i1g-5bKZWfeuMZjLsGjv9YJ-sIcA?docId=4e74958d-80ee-4bd4-b9b7-79784f3716fa&hl=en}}</ref>. Ku ya 25 Mutarama 2014, bashinze ishyaka rya Mouvement du peuple pour le progrès (MPP), riyoborwa na Kaboré <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : le premier meeting du nouveau parti MPP à Bobo Dioulasso |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140301-burkina-faso-le-premier-meeting-nouveau-parti-mpp-bobo-dioulasso-salif-diallo-roch-march-christian-kabore/ |website=RFI |access-date=2016-01-08}}</ref><ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=Roch Marc Christian Kaboré à la tête d'un nouveau parti d'opposition |website=Jeune Afrique |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20140126155330/salif-diallo-simon-compaore-congres-pour-la-democratie-et-le-progres-mouvement-du-peuple-burkina-faso-roch-marc-christian-kabore-a-la-tete-d-un-nouveau-parti-d-opposition.html}}</ref>. Mu mpera z'Ukwakira 2014, imyigaragambyo y'abaturage yahiritse Blaise Compaoré. == Perezida wa Burukina Faso == Mu matora ya perezida yo ku ya 29 Ugushyingo 2015, Kaboré yatsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 53,49%, imbere ya Zéphirin Diabré <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaboré élu président du Burkina Faso dès le premier tour |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20151201-kabore-elu-president-burkina-faso-premier-tour%20« |website=RFI |date=2015-12-01}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Kabore wins Burkina Faso presidential election |website=Yahoo! News |url=https://news.yahoo.com/kabore-wins-burkina-faso-presidential-vote-electoral-commission-003634457.html}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida ku ya 29 Ukuboza 2015, asimbura Michel Kafando wari perezida w'inzibacyuho <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Roch Marc Christian Kaboré prend les rênes du Burkina Faso |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20151229-roch-marc-christian-kabore-prend-renes-burkina-faso |website=RFI |access-date=2015-12-29}}</ref><ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso swears in new president, capping transition |website=Yahoo! News |url=https://news.yahoo.com/burkina-faso-swears-president-capping-transition-161614791.html}}</ref>. Yagize Paul Kaba Thiéba Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Paul Kaba Thieba nommé au poste de Premier Ministre |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160107-burkina-faso-paul-kaba-thieba-est-nomme-poste-premier-ministre |website=RFI |access-date=2016-01-08}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso's president names economist as prime minister |website=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-burkina-politics-idUSKBN0UL0PC20160107}}</ref>, ndetse afata n'inshingano za Minisitiri w'Ingabo kugeza mu 2017 <ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso president takes defence portfolio in new cabinet |website=Yahoo! News |url=https://news.yahoo.com/burkina-faso-president-takes-defence-portfolio-cabinet-154652280.html}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso president steps down from defence portfolio |website=Africanews |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/02/21/burkina-faso-president-names-steps-down-from-defence-portfolio/}}</ref>. Ibyumweru bibiri nyuma yo kurahira, ku ya 15 Mutarama 2016, igitero cy'iterabwoba cyagabwe kuri resitora na hoteli i Ouagadougou, cyigambwe n'umutwe wa Al-Qaïda mu Majyaruguru ya Afurika (AQMI), gihitana abantu mirongo itatu <ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Attaque de Ouagadougou: la faiblesse du renseignement en question? |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160118-burkina-attaque-ouagadougou-faiblesse-renseignement-question-compaore |website=RFI |date=2016 |access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref>. Ibindi bitero byakurikiyeho mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, hafi y'imipaka na [[Mali]] na [[Nigeri]] <ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: deux morts après l’attaque d’un poste de douane dans le Nord |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160902-burkina-faso-deux-morts-apres-attaque-poste-douane-le-nord |website=RFI |date=2016 |access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref><ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Attaque de Ouagadougou : qui sont les véritables commanditaires ? Par Leslie Varenne |url=http://www.ivoirebusiness.net/articles/attaque-de-ouagadougou-qui-sont-les-v%C3%A9ritables-commanditaires-par-leslie-varenne |website=Ivoirebusiness |date=2016-01-20 |access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye yashyizeho ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ubutasi, kandi Burukina Faso ifatanya n'ibihugu by'akarere mu itsinda rya G5 Sahel <ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina : objectif juin 2017 pour l'Agence nationale de renseignement |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/336844/politique/burkina-objectif-juin-2017-lagence-nationale-de-renseignement/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2016-07-01 |access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref><ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : le bilan des cent jours de Roch Kaboré |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/04/06/burkina-faso-le-bilan-des-cent-jours-de-roch-kabore_4896633_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2016-04-06 |access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2019, Minisitiri w'Intebe Thiéba yeguye, asimburwa na Christophe Dabiré <ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : l’économiste Christophe Dabiré nommé Premier ministre |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/712238/politique/burkina-faso-christophe-dabire-nomme-premier-ministre/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-01-21 |access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>. Ku ya 22 Ugushyingo 2020, Kaboré yongeye gutorwa ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 57,87% <ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |author=AFP-Agence France Presse |title=Burkina President Vows Push For Security At Inauguration |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/burkina-president-vows-push-for-security-at-inauguration-01609173303 |website=Barron's |date=2020-12-28 |access-date=2021-01-06}}</ref>. === Ihirikwa ry'ubutegetsi === Ku ya 14 Ugushyingo 2021, abarwanyi b'imitwe ya kisilamu bateye ikigo cya gisirikare cya Inata, bica abasirikare 53 n'abasivili 4; ibyo byateje imyigaragambyo isaba ko Kaboré yegura, kubera ko ubutegetsi bwe bwananiwe kurinda abaturage <ref name="F64">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: le président rejette le rapport d’enquête de l’armée sur le drame d’Inata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20211207-burkina-le-pr%C3%A9sident-rejette-le-rapport-d-enqu%C3%AAte-de-l-arm%C3%A9e-sur-le-drame-d-inata |website=RFI}}</ref><ref name="F65">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Nadoun Coulibaly |title=Burkina Faso : la grogne monte contre Roch Marc Christian Kaboré |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1267471/politique/burkina-faso-la-grogne-monte-contre-roch-marc-christian-kabore/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. Ku ya 23 Mutarama 2022, abasirikare bigometse, maze bukeye Kaboré afatwa, ahirikwa ku butegetsi, Itegeko Nshinga rihagarikwa, maze Liyetona-Koloneli Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba aba umukuru w'igihugu <ref name="F69">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat au Burkina Faso |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/societe-africaine/ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-burkina-faso_4927939.html |website=Franceinfo |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref><ref name="F70">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: des militaires annoncent à la télévision nationale la destitution du président Kaboré |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220124-burkina-faso-mutineries-arrestation-kabore-coup-etat-rumeurs |website=RFI |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref><ref name="E3">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso army says it has deposed President Kabore |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/24/burkina-faso-army-says-it-has-deposed-president-kabore |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref><ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso military says it has seized power |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60118993 |website=BBC News |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref>. Umutwe wa gisirikare wakoze kudeta watangaje ibaruwa yanditswe n'intoki n'uwahoze ari perezida, yegura « ku bw'inyungu z'igihugu » <ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=en |author=Anne Mimault And Thiam Ndiaga |title=Burkina Faso crowd celebrates West Africa's latest coup |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/burkina-faso-crowd-celebrates-west-africas-latest-coup-2022-01-25/ |website=Reuters |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-01-26}}</ref>. Nk'uko Perezida wa Kote Divuwari, [[Alassane Ouattara]], abivuga, Kaboré yahisemo kwegura kugira ngo yirinde imirwano hagati y'abasirikare <ref name="F74">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ouattara pour un accompagnement du Burkina dans sa lutte contre le terrorisme |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220130-ouattara-pour-un-accompagnement-du-burkina-dans-sa-lutte-contre-le-terrorisme |website=RFI |date=2022-01-30 |access-date=2022-01-31}}</ref><ref name="F75">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Roch Marc Christian Kaboré, un président lassé du pouvoir |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1307929/politique/burkina-faso-roch-marc-christian-kabore-un-president-lasse-du-pouvoir/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref>. Yabanje gufungirwa mu kigo cya gisirikare, hanyuma iwe <ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso president reportedly detained by military |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60109234 |website=BBC News |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-05}}</ref><ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=en |title=Former ruling party demands release of Kabore from house arrest |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/02/24/former-ruling-party-demands-release-of-kabore-from-house-arrest/ |website=Africanews |date=2022-02-24 |access-date=2022-02-24}}</ref>; nyuma y'igitutu cya CEDEAO, yararekuwe muri Mata 2022 <ref name="F77">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin Roger |title=Burkina Faso : Roch Marc Christian Kaboré a été libéré |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1336839/politique/burkina-faso-roch-marc-christian-kabore-libere/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref><ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso ex-President Roch Kabore allowed out of detention |website=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/burkina-faso-ex-president-roch-kabore-allowed-out-detention-2022-04-06/}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Kaboré yashakanye na Sika Bella Kaboré, bamenyaniye mu Bufaransa ari abanyeshuri; bashyingiranwe mu 1982, bafitanye abana batatu <ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=Benjamin Roger |title=Burkina : qui est Sika Bella Kaboré, la nouvelle première dame du Faso? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/285693/politique/burkina-sika-bella-kabore-nouvelle-premiere-dame-faso/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2015-12-09 |access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Burukina Faso]] 2mv65iy7iy0skbsiyckqxwvqgo96d6x 0 23234 140726 2026-10-04T19:57:12Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba | image = Le lieutenant-colonel Paul Henri Sandaogo Damiba, Ouagadougou le 27 janvier 2022 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba i Ouagadougou, ku ya 27 Mutarama 2022 | birth_date = 2 Mutarama 1981 | birth_place = [[Ouagadougou]], [[Burukina Faso]] | nationality = Umunyaburukina | alma_mater = École militaire (Paris), Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (CNAM) | occupation =..." 140726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba | image = Le lieutenant-colonel Paul Henri Sandaogo Damiba, Ouagadougou le 27 janvier 2022 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba i Ouagadougou, ku ya 27 Mutarama 2022 | birth_date = 2 Mutarama 1981 | birth_place = [[Ouagadougou]], [[Burukina Faso]] | nationality = Umunyaburukina | alma_mater = École militaire (Paris), Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (CNAM) | occupation = Umusirikare | title = Perezida w'inzibacyuho wa [[Burukina Faso]] | term = 31 Mutarama 2022 – 30 Nzeri 2022 | predecessor = [[Roch Marc Christian Kaboré]] }} '''Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba''' (yavutse mu Mutarama 1981 i [[Ouagadougou]]) ni umusirikare w'Umunyaburukina, wafite ipeti rya liyetona-koloneli, wabaye Perezida w'inzibacyuho wa [[Burukina Faso]] kuva ku ya 31 Mutarama kugeza ku ya 30 Nzeri 2022. Ku ya 24 Mutarama 2022, ayoboye umutwe wa gisirikare wiswe Mouvement patriotique pour la sauvegarde et la restauration (MPSR), yahiritse ku butegetsi Perezida [[Roch Marc Christian Kaboré]], amushinja kunanirwa kurwanya imitwe y'iterabwoba. Nyuma y'amezi umunani gusa, ku ya 30 Nzeri 2022, na we yahiritswe n'undi musirikare, Kapiteni [[Ibrahim Traoré]], maze ahungira muri [[Togo]]. Muri Mutarama 2026, yafatiwe i Lomé, yoherezwa muri Burukina Faso, aho akurikiranyweho ibyaha bitandukanye. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Damiba yavukiye i Ouagadougou mu Mutarama 1981 <ref name="E8">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Burkina Faso coup leader Lt-Col Damiba? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60141195 |website=BBC News |date=2022-01-26 |access-date=2022-01-27}}</ref>. Yize mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya Kadiogo (''Prytanée militaire de Kadiogo''), mu kiciro cyo mu 1992 <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Prytanée Militaire de Kadiogo – PMK – S'instruire pour mieux servir ! |url=https://www.pmk-bf.net/ |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref>, no mu ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Georges Namoano i Pô <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Accueil |url=https://amgn-bf.org/ |website=Académie militaire Georges Namoano - AMGN |access-date=2022-01-25}}</ref>. Yarangije amasomo mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya Paris (''École militaire''), aho yahuriye na [[Mamadi Doumbouya]], waje kuyobora [[Gineya]] <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |author=David Gormezano |title=Burkina Faso : la France a-t-elle joué un rôle dans le renversement du président Roch Kaboré ? |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20220125-burkina-faso-la-france-a-t-elle-jou%C3%A9-un-r%C3%B4le-dans-le-renversement-de-roch-kabor%C3%A9 |website=france24.com |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-01-25}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Order of February 12, 2019 granting the higher military studies certificate |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000038144219 |website=Legifrance |date=2022-02-12}}</ref>. Afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu bumenyi bw'ibyaha yakuye muri Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (CNAM) i Paris, n'impamyabumenyi y'impuguke mu micungire, ubuyobozi n'ingamba za gisirikare <ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Paul-Henri Damiba, leader of the Burkina Faso coup? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/25/burkina-faso-coup-leader-paul-henri-sandaogo-damiba |website=Al Jazeera |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-01-25}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2010 kugeza mu 2020, yitabiriye amahugurwa menshi ya gisirikare yateguwe na [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], nk'imyitozo ya Flintlock <ref name="E8" /><ref name="E18">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Burkina Faso coup leader Lt-Col Damiba? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60141195 |website=BBC News |date=2022-01-26 |access-date=2022-02-04}}</ref><ref name="E19">{{cite web |author=Nick Turse |title=Another U.S.-Trained Soldier Stages a Coup in West Africa |url=https://theintercept.com/2022/01/26/burkina-faso-coup-us-military/ |website=The Intercept |date=2022-01-26 |access-date=2022-01-28}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Damiba yahoze ari umwe mu bagize umutwe w'abarinzi ba perezida (''Régiment de sécurité présidentielle'', RSP) wa Blaise Compaoré, awuvamo mu 2011 nyuma y'imyivumbagatanyo y'abasirikare <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : qui est Paul-Henri Damiba, le chef de la junte |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/01/27/burkina-faso-qui-est-paul-henri-damiba-le-chef-de-la-junte_6111258_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2022-01-27 |access-date=2022-01-27}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Didier Ogbohou |title=Biographie: Qui est réellement Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba |url=https://africanolimit.net/biographie-qui-est-reellement-paul-henri-sandaogo-damiba/ |website=Africanolimit |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est le nouvel homme fort ? |url=http://lobservateur.bf/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=6300:qui-est-le-nouvel-homme-fort&Itemid=112 |website=L'Observateur Paalga |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-01-28}}</ref>. Mu 2019, yatanze ubuhamya mu rubanza rw'abagize uruhare muri kudeta yo mu 2015 <ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Fresh from promotion, Burkina Faso writer-colonel leads a coup |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/burkina-security-damiba-idAFL8N2U44X4 |website=Reuters |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-25}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2015 kugeza mu 2019, yayoboye abasirikare mu turere twa Sahel (i Dori) n'Amajyaruguru (i Ouahigouya), aho imitwe y'abarwanyi ba kisilamu yakoreraga <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Armées ouest-africaines et terrorisme : réponses incertaines ? |url=https://www.chasse-aux-livres.fr/prix/2383261351/armees-ouest-africaines-et-terrorisme-reponses-incertaines |website=www.chasse-aux-livres.fr}}</ref>. Mu 2021, yasohoye igitabo kivuga ku rugamba rwo kurwanya iterabwoba, ''Armées ouest-africaines et terrorisme : réponses incertaines ?'' <ref name="F7" /><ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso coup: Why soldiers have overthrown President Kaboré |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60112043 |website=BBC News |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-01-25}}</ref>. Yamenyekanye kubera ibikorwa bye mu rugamba rwo kurwanya iyo mitwe <ref name="E12">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso coup: Why soldiers have overthrown President Kaboré |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60112043 |website=BBC News |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-01-27}}</ref>, ndetse asaba ko guverinoma yakwitabaza abacancuro b'Abarusiya bo mu itsinda rya Wagner, ariko guverinoma ya Kaboré irabyanga <ref name="E13">{{cite web |language=en |author=Philip Jr. Obaji |title=African President Was Ousted Just Weeks After Refusing to Pay Russian Paramilitaries |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/burkina-faso-president-ousted-after-refusing-to-pay-wagner-mercenaries |website=The Daily Beast |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-01-27}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2021, nyuma y'igitero cy'iterabwoba ku kigo cya Inata cyahitanye abajandarume benshi, Perezida Kaboré yamugize umuyobozi w'akarere ka gatatu ka gisirikare, karimo Ouagadougou, Manga, Koudougou na Fada N'Gourma <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Didier Ogbohou |title=Biographie : Qui est réellement Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba |url=https://africanolimit.net/biographie-qui-est-reellement-paul-henri-sandaogo-damiba/ |website=Africanolimit |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref><ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba, leader of Burkina Faso's military takeover? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20220125-who-is-paul-henri-sandaogo-damiba-leader-of-burkina-faso-s-military-takeover |website=RFI |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba, leader of Burkina Faso's military takeover? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20220125-who-is-paul-henri-sandaogo-damiba-leader-of-burkina-faso-s-military-takeover |website=RFI |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref>. == Perezida w'inzibacyuho == Ku ya 24 Mutarama 2022, Damiba yayoboye kudeta yahiritse Perezida Kaboré na Minisitiri w'Intebe Lassina Zerbo <ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : des militaires annoncent à la télévision nationale la destitution du président Kaboré |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220124-burkina-faso-mutineries-arrestation-kabore-coup-etat-rumeurs |website=RFI |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coup d'État au Burkina Faso : Le Mouvement patriotique pour la sauvegarde et la Restauration – NetAfrique.net |url=https://netafrique.net/coup-detat-au-burkina-faso-le-mouvement-patriotique-pour-la-sauvegarde-et-la-restauration/ |website=netafrique.net |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso army says it has deposed President Kabore |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/24/burkina-faso-army-says-it-has-deposed-president-kabore |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref>. Abasirikare batangaje iseswa ry'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko na guverinoma, n'ihagarikwa ry'Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso military says it has seized power |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60118993 |website=BBC News |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref>. Iyo kudeta yakiriwe neza n'abaturage benshi, bamwe bazamura amabendera y'[[Uburusiya]] <ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Burkina Faso coup leader Lt-Col Damiba? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60141195 |website=BBC News |date=2022-01-26 |access-date=2022-02-04}}</ref><ref name="E37">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso Junta Leader Inaugurated as Nation's President |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/burkina-faso-junta-leader-inaugurated-as-nation-s-president-/6445496.html |website=VOA |date=2022-02-17 |access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref>. Ku ya 31 Mutarama, itegeko shingiro ryagaruye Itegeko Nshinga, rimuha umwanya wa Perezida <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : la junte rétablit la Constitution et modifie les institutions |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/burkina-faso-la-junte-retablit-la-constitution-et-modifie-les-institutions-20220131 |website=Le Figaro |date=2022-01-31 |access-date=2022-01-31}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso restores constitution, names coup leader president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/31/burkina-faso-restores-constitution-names-coup-leader-president |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2022-01-31}}</ref>; Inama y'Itegeko Nshinga yamwemeje ku ya 10 Gashyantare, maze arahira ku ya 16 Gashyantare 2022 <ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AfricaNews |title=Burkina Faso : déclaré président, le colonel Damiba doit prêter serment |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2022/02/10/burkina-faso-declare-president-le-colonel-damiba-doit-preter-serment/ |website=Africanews |date=2022-02-10 |access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina : le lieutenant-colonel Damiba investi président |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/burkina-le-lieutenant-colonel-damiba-investi-president-20220216 |website=LEFIGARO |date=2022-02-16 |access-date=2022-02-16}}</ref>. Ku ya 1 Werurwe, hemejwe amasezerano y'inzibacyuho y'imyaka itatu <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Charte constitutionnelle de la Transition : L'intégralité du document provisoire - leFaso.net |url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article111517 |website=lefaso.net |access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref><ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, la période de transition fixée à trois ans avant des élections |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/03/01/au-burkina-faso-le-chef-de-la-junte-fixe-a-trois-ans-la-periode-de-transition-avant-des-elections_6115637_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2022-03-01 |access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref>, maze ku ya 3 Werurwe agira Albert Ouédraogo Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Albert Ouédraogo, le nouveau Premier Ministre de la Transition ? |url=https://burkina24.com/2022/03/03/qui-est-albert-ouedraogo-le-nouveau-premier-ministre-de-la-transition/ |website=Burkina24.com - L'Actualité du Burkina Faso 24h/24 |date=2022-03-03 |access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref>. Nubwo yari yiyemeje kugarura umutekano, ubutegetsi bwe ntibwashoboye gutsinda imitwe y'iterabwoba, yaje kugenzura hafi 40% by'igihugu muri Nzeri 2022 <ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso army captain announces overthrow of military government |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220930-🔴-burkina-faso-army-captain-on-state-tv-announces-overthrow-of-military-government |website=France24 |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso army captain announces overthrow of military government |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/heavy-gunfire-heard-burkina-faso-capital-reuters-witnesses-2022-09-30/ |website=Reuters |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ibitero bikomeye, ku ya 12 Nzeri 2022 yirukanye Minisitiri w'Ingabo, yifatira iyo minisiteri <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : le ministre de la défense limogé et remplacé par le président Damiba |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/09/13/burkina-faso-le-ministre-de-la-defense-limoge-et-remplace-par-le-president-damiba_6141319_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2022-09-13 |access-date=2022-10-06}}</ref><ref name="E2">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso's military leader sacks defence minister amid jihadist attacks |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220913-burkina-faso-s-military-leader-sacks-defence-minister-amid-continued-attacks |website=France 24 |date=2022-09-13 |access-date=2022-09-13}}</ref>. Yakunze kugaragara yambaye ingofero itukura, bamwe babona ko yigana [[Thomas Sankara]] <ref name="E40">{{cite web |language=en |title=Fresh from promotion, Burkina Faso writer-colonel leads a coup |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/burkina-security-damiba-idAFL8N2U44X4 |website=Reuters |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref><ref name="E41">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso coup: New leader Damiba gives first speech |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60164531 |website=BBC News |date=2022-01-28 |access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref>. == Ihirikwa n'ubuhungiro == Ku ya 30 Nzeri 2022, abasirikare batishimiye imiyoborere ye, bayobowe na Kapiteni Ibrahim Traoré, baramuhiritse <ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Agnès Faivre |title=Au Burkina, le chef de la junte renversé par des militaires putschistes |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/tirs-barrages-television-interrompue-le-burkina-vers-un-nouveau-putsch-20220930_AZP5RFMWJZCT3NNKAZ6O3YCOTQ/ |website=Libération |access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref><ref name="E24" /><ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso's military leader Damiba deposed, army captain says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/30/burkina-faso-military-leader-damiba-deposed-coup-army |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref>. Ubutegetsi bushya bwabanje kumushinja kugerageza guhungira mu kigo cya gisirikare cy'Abafaransa kugira ngo ategure kudeta, ibyo arabihakana <ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Protesters attack French Embassy in Burkina Faso after coup |url=https://apnews.com/736918204f6d31ff631bdd145e0a2f9d |website=Associated Press |date=2022-10-01 |access-date=2022-10-02}}</ref>. Ku ya 2 Ukwakira 2022, nyuma y'ubuhuza bw'abayobozi b'amadini n'aba gakondo, yemeye kwegura, asaba ingwate zirindwi, zirimo umutekano we n'uw'abamushyigikiye, maze ahungira muri Togo <ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Direct. Burkina Faso : le chef de la junte destitué, le lieutenant-colonel Paul-Henri Damiba, a accepté de démissionner |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/burkina-faso/coup-d-etat-au-burkina-faso/burkina-faso-des-gaz-lacrymogenes-tires-devant-l-ambassade-de-france-pour-disperser-des-manifestants-favorables-aux-putschistes_5393296.html |website=Franceinfo |date=2022-10-02 |access-date=2022-10-02}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso's junta Damiba agrees to step down: Religious mediators |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2022/10/02/Burkina-Faso-s-junta-Damiba-agrees-to-step-down-Religious-mediators- |website=Agence France-Presse |date=2022-10-02 |access-date=2022-10-02}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |author=Natasha Booty |title=Burkina Faso coup: Ousted military ruler Damiba in Togo |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63111763 |website=BBC News |date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2022-10-03}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2024, yandikiye Ibrahim Traoré ibaruwa agaragaza impungenge ku iyongera ry'umutekano muke n'ihohoterwa rishobora gukorerwa abasivili <ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Damiba à Ibrahim Traoré : « Je ne peux pas garder le silence face aux exactions contre les civils » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1589598/politique/damiba-a-ibrahim-traore-je-ne-peux-pas-garder-le-silence-face-aux-exactions-contre-les-civils/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |access-date=2024-07-18}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |title=Damiba à Ibrahim Traoré : « Je ne peux pas garder le silence face aux exactions contre les civils » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1589598/politique/damiba-a-ibrahim-traore-je-ne-peux-pas-garder-le-silence-face-aux-exactions-contre-les-civils/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2024-07-17 |access-date=2024-07-18}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2024, ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare bwamushinje gutegura umugambi wo guhirika ubutegetsi <ref name="E34">{{cite web |language=es |title=La junta militar de Burkina Faso denuncia (otro) intento de desestabilización orquestado por naciones extranjeras |url=https://www.larazon.es/internacional/junta-militar-burkina-faso-denuncia-otro-intento-desestabilizacion-orquestado-naciones-extranjeras_2024092466f2a01efcf7b300013f855d.html |website=La Razón |date=2024-09-24 |access-date=2024-09-25}}</ref>, maze mu Ugushyingo 2024 avanwa mu ngabo hamwe n'abandi basirikare bakuru 15 <ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Manon Laplace |title=Burkina Faso : la grande purge d’Ibrahim Traoré dans l’armée |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1627913/politique/burkina-faso-la-grande-purge-dibrahim-traore-dans-larmee/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2024-11-07}}</ref>. Ku ya 16 Mutarama 2026, yafatiwe i Lomé, yoherezwa muri Burukina Faso, aho akurikiranyweho ibyaha birimo kunyereza umutungo wa leta n'ibikorwa byo guhungabanya umutekano <ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : l’ex-président de transition Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba extradé par le Togo |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/01/20/burkina-faso-l-ex-president-de-transition-paul-henri-sandaogo-damiba-extrade-par-le-togo_6663361_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-20}}</ref><ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : l'ex-putschiste Damiba arrêté au Togo et expulsé |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/burkina-faso-l-ex-putschiste-damiba-arrete-au-togo-et-expulse-20260119 |website=Le Figaro |date=2026-01-19 |access-date=2026-01-20}}</ref><ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En livrant l'ex-putschiste Damiba au Burkina, le Togo assume sa proximité avec les juntes sahéliennes |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/en-livrant-lex-putschiste-damiba-au-burkina-le-togo-assume-sa-proximite-avec-les-juntes-saheliennes-2806564 |website=TV5MONDE - Informations |date=2026-01-22 |access-date=2026-01-24}}</ref><ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=Former Burkina leader and alleged coup plotter arrested in Togo and expelled |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/20/former-burkina-leader-and-alleged-coup-plotter-arrested-in-togo-and-expelled/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-20}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Burukina Faso]] 40exloxducx41qicn96sqf00hnl2pzj 0 23235 140727 2026-10-04T20:01:18Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Blaise Compaoré | image = Blaise Compaoré 2014 White House.png | image_size = 220px | caption = Blaise Compaoré mu 2014 | birth_date = 3 Gashyantare 1951 | birth_place = Ziniaré, Volta ya Ruguru (ubu ni [[Burukina Faso]]) | nationality = Umunyaburukina, Umunyakotedivuwari (kuva mu 2016) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Burukina Faso]] | term = 15 Ukwakira 1987 – 31 Ukwakira 2014 | predecessor = Thomas Sa..." 140727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Blaise Compaoré | image = Blaise Compaoré 2014 White House.png | image_size = 220px | caption = Blaise Compaoré mu 2014 | birth_date = 3 Gashyantare 1951 | birth_place = Ziniaré, Volta ya Ruguru (ubu ni [[Burukina Faso]]) | nationality = Umunyaburukina, Umunyakotedivuwari (kuva mu 2016) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Burukina Faso]] | term = 15 Ukwakira 1987 – 31 Ukwakira 2014 | predecessor = [[Thomas Sankara]] | party = Congrès pour la démocratie et le progrès (CDP) | spouse = Chantal Compaoré (1985) | children = 1 }} '''Blaise Compaoré''' (yavutse ku ya 3 Gashyantare 1951 i Ziniaré) ni umusirikare akaba n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyaburukina, wabaye Perezida wa [[Burukina Faso]] kuva mu 1987 kugeza mu 2014, akaba ari we wayoboye icyo gihugu igihe kirekire kurusha abandi. Yari inshuti magara n'umwungirije wa [[Thomas Sankara]], wamugize Minisitiri w'Ubutabera mu 1985, ariko ku ya 15 Ukwakira 1987 ayobora kudeta yaguyemo Sankara, maze afata ubutegetsi. Yasimbuje politiki y'impinduramatwara ya Sankara iyo yise « ikosora », agarura umubano mwiza n'Ubufaransa na [[Kote Divuwari]]. Yatsinze amatora ya 1991, 1998, 2005 na 2010, atafatwaga nk'ayakozwe mu bwisanzure n'ubutabera. Mu Ukwakira 2014, umugambi we wo guhindura Itegeko Nshinga kugira ngo yongere kwiyamamaza wateje imyigaragambyo ikomeye y'abaturage, bimuhatira kwegura no guhungira muri Kote Divuwari. Muri Mata 2022, yakatiwe adahari igifungo cya burundu, nyuma yo guhamwa n'icyaha cyo kugira uruhare mu iyicwa rya Sankara. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere == Blaise Compaoré yavukiye i Ziniaré, mu majyaruguru ya [[Ouagadougou]], ku ya 3 Gashyantare 1951 <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=en |title=Profiles of people in power |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Mz-fXRsedPMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Profiles+of+People+in+Power%3A+The+World%27s+Government+Leaders |website=Routledge |date=2003}}</ref>. Ni imfura mu bana barindwi; se, Bila Maurice Compaoré, yari yarabaye umusirikare mu ngabo z'Abafaransa mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose. Yize mu ishuri Gatolika i Fada N'Gourma, hanyuma i Ouagadougou. Nyuma y'urupfu rw'ababyeyi be, yabaye inshuti magara y'umuryango wa Thomas Sankara, ndetse se wa Sankara amufata nk'umwana we. Mu 1971, nyuma y'imyigaragambyo y'abanyeshuri, yinjijwe ku ngufu mu gisirikare, maze ahitamo kuwugira umwuga. Mu 1973, yinjiye mu ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Yaoundé, muri [[Kameruni]], hanyuma akurikirana amahugurwa menshi mu [[Ubufaransa]] no muri Maroke. Mu 1981, yabaye umuyobozi w'ikigo cy'igihugu cy'imyitozo y'abakomando i Pô, maze mu 1982 aba kapiteni. == Mu butegetsi bwa Sankara == Ku ya 4 Kanama 1983, Compaoré yayoboye abasirikare b'i Pô bashyize Thomas Sankara ku butegetsi <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=en |author=Engels |title=Political transition in Burkina Faso: the Fall of Blaise Campaoré |url=https://gaj.ubiquitypress.com/articles/10.5334/gia.ai/ |website=Governance in Africa |date=2015-07-09}}</ref>. Ku butegetsi bwa Sankara, yari umwungirije, umwe mu bagize Inama y'Igihugu y'Impinduramatwara, Minisitiri wa Leta muri Perezidansi, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Ubutabera kuva mu 1985 <ref name="E3">{{cite web |title=Biographie du président |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813150939/http://presidence.bf/page.php?sid=8}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=AROUND THE WORLD; New Cabinet Named In Bourkina Fasso |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/02/world/around-the-world-new-cabinet-named-in-bourkina-fasso.html}}</ref>. Mu ntambara ya Agacher na [[Mali]] yo mu Ukuboza 1985, yayoboye abasirikare ba Burukina Faso <ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin Roger |title=Il y a trente ans éclatait la "guerre de Noël" entre le Mali et le Burkina Faso |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/288381/politique/il-y-a-quarante-ans-eclatait-la-guerre-de-noel-entre-le-mali-et-le-burkina/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2015-12-25 |access-date=2020-11-07}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Burukina Faso == === Kudeta yo mu 1987 === Ku ya 15 Ukwakira 1987, Compaoré yafashe ubutegetsi muri kudeta yaguyemo Thomas Sankara n'abandi bantu cumi na babiri. Yavuze ko Sankara « yagambaniye impinduramatwara », atangiza politiki y'« ikosora » (''rectification''), yagaruye umubano mwiza na Kote Divuwari n'Ubufaransa. Nyuma y'igihe gito, abandi bahoze ari bagenzi be mu butegetsi bwa Sankara, Henri Zongo na Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani, barishwe bashinjwa umugambi wo kumuhirika. Mu Mata 2006, Komite ya Loni ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu yamaganye Burukina Faso kubera kwanga gukora iperereza ku rupfu rwa Sankara <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Communication No. 1159/2003 : Burkina Faso. 11/04/2006. CCPR/C/86/D/1159/2003. (jurisprudence) |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/8d3fe6b44a5f39bdc1257172005150ec?Opendocument |website=United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |access-date=2009-06-16}}</ref>. === Amatora === Mu 1989, Compaoré yashinze ishyaka rya Organisation pour la démocratie populaire/Mouvement du travail (ODP/MT), ryaje kwihuza n'andi mashyaka cumi n'abiri, rikabyara Congrès pour la démocratie et le progrès (CDP) ku ya 5 Gashyantare 1996. Ku ya 1 Ukuboza 1991, yatorewe kuba Perezida mu matora yanzwe n'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, abaturage 25% gusa bakaba ari bo bitabiriye <ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso president re-elected by landslide |url=http://www.blnz.com/news/2010/11/23/Burkina_Faso_opposition_claims_election_75e0.html}}</ref>. Yongeye gutorwa ku ya 15 Ugushyingo 1998. Iminsi mike nyuma y'ayo matora, ku ya 13 Ukuboza 1998, umunyamakuru Norbert Zongo, wakoraga iperereza ku rupfu rw'umushoferi wa murumuna wa perezida, François Compaoré, yiciwe hamwe n'abandi bantu batatu; urwo rupfu rwateje imyigaragambyo ikomeye <ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RSF porte plainte contre Blaise Compaoré |url=http://www.rsf.org/RSF-porte-plainte-contre-Blaise.html |website=RSF |access-date=2009-06-20}}</ref><ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Burkina : le frère de Blaise Campaoré arrêté en France dans l'enquête sur l'assassinat d'un journaliste |url=http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2017/10/29/burkina-le-frere-de-blaise-compaore-arrete-en-france-dans-l-enquete-sur-l-assassinat-d-un-journalist_1606637 |website=Libération |date=2017-10-29}}</ref><ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina / Affaire Zongo : le frère de Blaise Campaoré interpellé en France |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20171029-burkina-faso-france-francois-compaore-interpelle-paris |website=RFI |date=2017-10-29}}</ref>. Mu 2005, nubwo Itegeko Nshinga ryavuguruwe mu 2000 ryagabanyaga manda za perezida, Inama y'Itegeko Nshinga yamwemereye kongera kwiyamamaza, maze ku ya 13 Ugushyingo 2005 yongera gutorwa n'amajwi 80,35% <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso: Compaore's decision to bid for re-election raises opposition hackles |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=48557&SelectRegion=West_Africa&SelectCountry=BURKINA_FASO |website=IRIN}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Brigitte Girardin a représenté la France à la cérémonie d’investiture de M. Blaise Compaoré (Ouagadougou, 20 décembre 2005) |url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/pays-zones-geo_833/burkina-faso_338/france-burkina-faso_1110/visites_8366/ceremonie-investiture-m.-blaise-compaore-20.12.05_27288.html |website=ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes |access-date=2009-06-16}}</ref>. Mu matora yo mu Ugushyingo 2010, yatorewe manda ya nyuma n'amajwi 80,15% <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président Compaoré réélu dès le premier tour au Burkina Faso |url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/2/le-president-compaore-reelu-des-le-premier-tour-au-burkina-faso_940139.html}}</ref>. Mu 2011, urupfu rw'umunyeshuri wakubiswe n'abapolisi i Koudougou rwateje imyigaragambyo n'imyivumbagatanyo y'abasirikare mu gihugu hose <ref name="F2" />. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Ubutegetsi bwa Compaoré bwashinjwe gushyigikira imitwe yitwaje intwaro mu karere: bwafashije Charles Taylor mu ntambara y'abenegihugu ya [[Liberiya]], buhereza intwaro inyeshyamba za RUF muri [[Siyera Lewone]], kandi bushyigikira inyeshyamba za Forces nouvelles muri Kote Divuwari. Nanone kandi, Compaoré yabaye umuhuza mu bibazo by'akarere: yayoboye ibiganiro hagati y'Abanyatogo mu 2006 <ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=en |author=Etienne Bassot |title=The situation in Togo on the eve of the 2007 parliamentary elections |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//NONSGML+COMPARL+PE-394.223+01+DOC+WORD+V0//EN&language=EN |website=European Parliament |access-date=2009-06-16}}</ref><ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=en |title=TOGO: Political agreement aims to end 12-year feud |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=60422 |website=IRIN |access-date=2009-06-16}}</ref><ref name="E43">{{cite web |title=TOGO: Political agreement aims to end 12-year feud |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=60422}}</ref>, ibiganiro byatumye hasinywa amasezerano y'amahoro ya Ouagadougou hagati ya Laurent Gbagbo na Guillaume Soro ku ya 4 Werurwe 2007 <ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=en |title=Côte d'Ivoire : New peace agreement |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=70514 |website=IRIN |access-date=2009-06-16}}</ref><ref name="E44">{{cite web |title=COTE D'IVOIRE: New peace agreement |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=70514}}</ref>, ndetse n'ibiganiro bijyanye na kudeta yo muri Mali mu 2012 <ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=Mali Tuareg rebels seize key garrison town of Gao |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17576263 |website=BBC News |date=2012-03-31 |access-date=2012-03-31}}</ref>. Mu 2014, BBC yavuze ko yari umufatanyabikorwa ukomeye w'Ubufaransa na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika mu karere <ref name="E42">{{cite web |author=Thomas Fessy |title=How Burkina Faso's Blaise Compaore sparked his own downfall |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29858965 |website=BBC News |date=2014-10-31 |access-date=2014-11-02}}</ref>. === Impinduramatwara yo mu 2014 === Mu Ukwakira 2014, Compaoré yashakaga guhindura ingingo ya 37 y'Itegeko Nshinga, igabanya umubare wa manda za perezida, kugira ngo yiyamamarize manda ya gatanu mu 2015 <ref name="F2" />. Ku ya 30 Ukwakira 2014, ubwo Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yiteguraga gutora iryo vugurura, imyigaragambyo ikomeye yadutse i Ouagadougou no mu yindi mijyi; abigaragambyaga batwitse inyubako y'Inteko, maze ihohoterwa ry'inzego z'umutekano rihitana nibura abantu 30 <ref name="F2" />. Bukeye, ku ya 31 Ukwakira 2014, Compaoré yeguye, kuko ingabo zitari zikimushyigikiye <ref name="F2" /><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Blaise Compaoré quitte le pouvoir |url=http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2014/10/31/direct-burkina-faso-l-opposition-appelle-de-nouveau-au-depart-de-campaore_1133166}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso general takes over as Compaore resigns |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-29851445 |website=BBC |date=2014-10-31 |access-date=2014-10-31}}</ref>. Afashijwe n'Ubufaransa, yahungiye muri Kote Divuwari <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina: comment la France a aidé Blaise Compaoré à fuir |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20141105-burkina-faso-blaise-compaore-france-exfiltration-cote-ivoire-hollande/ |access-date=2015-07-08}}</ref><ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Jeune Afrique : Exclusif. Burkina : comment la France a exfiltré Blaise |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20141104143847/}}</ref>, aho yahawe ubwenegihugu <ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina : la nationalité ivoirienne de Blaise Compaoré fait débat |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/304893/politique/burkina-nationalite-ivoirienne-de-blaise-compaore-debat/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2016-02-24 |access-date=2017-11-04}}</ref><ref name="E52">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso ex-leader Blaise Compaore becomes Ivorian |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35650193 |website=BBC |date=2016-02-24 |access-date=2026-05-13}}</ref>. == Urubanza rw'iyicwa rya Sankara == Kuva mu Ukuboza 2015, ubutabera bwa gisirikare bwa Burukina Faso bwasohoye impapuro mpuzamahanga zo kumuta muri yombi kubera uruhare akekwaho mu iyicwa rya Sankara <ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Affaire Sankara: mandat d’arrêt international contre Compaoré |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20151221-assassinat-sankara-mandat-arret-international-contre-compaore |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2015-12-22}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2021, yarezwe adahari <ref name="E49">{{cite web |title=Burkinabe ex-President Compaore charged in Thomas Sankara murder |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/13/burkina-faso-ex-president-blaise-compaore-charged-thomas-sankara-murder |website=Al Jazeera |date=2021-04-13}}</ref>, maze urubanza rutangira ku ya 11 Ukwakira 2021 <ref name="E50">{{cite web |title=Thomas Sankara trial in Burkina Faso: Who killed 'Africa's Che Guevara'? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58842427 |website=BBC News |date=2021-10-11 |access-date=2021-10-11}}</ref>; Compaoré yanze kujya kuburanira i Ouagadougou, kandi Kote Divuwari ntiyashoboraga kumwohereza kuko ari umwenegihugu wayo <ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : l’ex-président Blaise Compaoré sera jugé pour l’assassinat de Thomas Sankara |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/04/13/burkina-faso-l-ex-president-blaise-compaore-sera-juge-pour-l-assassinat-de-thomas-sankara_6076623_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr}}</ref><ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pierre Lepidi et Sophie Douce |title=Thomas Sankara et Blaise Compaoré, à la vie à la mort |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/10/11/burkina-faso-thomas-sankara-et-blaise-compaore-a-la-vie-a-la-mort_6097851_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr}}</ref>. Ku ya 6 Mata 2022, yahamwe n'ibyaha byo kugira uruhare mu bwicanyi no guhungabanya umutekano w'igihugu, akatirwa adahari igifungo cya burundu <ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Sophie Douce |title=Trente-quatre ans après l’assassinat de Thomas Sankara, la fin d’un procès historique au Burkina Faso |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/04/07/trente-quatre-ans-apres-l-assassinat-de-thomas-sankara-la-fin-d-un-proces-historique-au-burkina-faso_6121013_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2022-04-07}}</ref><ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : l’ancien président Blaise Compaoré condamné par contumace à la prison à perpétuité pour l’assassinat de Thomas Sankara |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/04/06/burkina-faso-l-ancien-president-blaise-compaore-condamne-par-contumace-a-la-prison-a-perpetuite-pour-l-assassinat-de-thomas-sankara_6120859_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2022-04-06 |access-date=2022-04-06}}</ref><ref name="E51">{{cite web |author=Declan Walsh |title=Ex-Leader of Burkina Faso Convicted in Killing of Thomas Sankara, His Predecessor |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/06/world/africa/burkina-faso-blaise-compaore-thomas-sankara.html |website=The New York Times |date=2022-04-06 |access-date=2022-04-06}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2022, Compaoré yagarutse by'igihe gito muri Burukina Faso ku butumire bwa [[Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba]], ariko ntiyatabwa muri yombi, hanyuma asubira muri Kote Divuwari <ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin Roger |title=POLITIQUE Blaise Compaoré sur le point de rentrer au Burkina Faso |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1359478/politique/blaise-compaore-sur-le-point-de-rentrer-au-burkina-faso/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2022-07-06}}</ref><ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin Roger |title=Burkina Faso – Damiba : « Nous n’avons pas le luxe de perdre du temps en polémiques » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1360469/politique/burkina-faso-damiba-nous-navons-pas-le-luxe-de-perdre-du-temps-en-polemiques/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. Muri uko kwezi, mu ibaruwa yashyizwe ahagaragara, yasabye imbabazi Abanyaburukina, atavuze neza ibyaha yakoze <ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Blaise Compaoré demande pardon au peuple et à la famille de Thomas Sankara |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1364945/politique/burkina-faso-blaise-compaore-demande-pardon-au-peuple-et-a-la-famille-de-thomas-sankara/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mu 1985, Compaoré yashakanye na Chantal Terrasson de Fougères, Umufaransa-Umunyakotedivuwari; bafitanye umukobwa umwe, Djamila. Kuva yahunga, aba i Abidjan <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=en |title=Côte d’Ivoire: un média enquête sur les folies des biens immobiliers de Blaise Compaoré au bord de la lagune Ebrié - AbidjanTV.net |url=http://abidjantv.net/actualites/cote-divoire-un-media-enquete-sur-les-folies-des-biens-immobiliers-de-blaise-compaore-au-bord-de-la-lagune-ebrie/,%20http://abidjantv.net/actualites/cote-divoire-un-media-enquete-sur-les-folies-des-biens-immobiliers-de-blaise-compaore-au-bord-de-la-lagune-ebrie/ |date=2022-04-12 |access-date=2022-05-23}}</ref><ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin Roge |title=L’attente solitaire et désespérée de Blaise Compaoré, l’ancien président burkinabé, dans sa villa ivoirienne |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/series-d-ete/article/2026/07/17/l-attente-solitaire-et-desesperee-de-blaise-compaore-l-ancien-president-burkinabe-dans-sa-villa-ivoirienne_6724240_3451060.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-07-16}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Burukina Faso]] 5qahrdwdc2qkcoif85c5z4dcwy6idbv 140746 140727 2026-10-05T02:31:13Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Blaise Compaoré | image = Blaise Compaoré 2014 White House.png | image_size = 220px | caption = Blaise Compaoré mu 2014 | birth_date = 3 Gashyantare 1951 | birth_place = Ziniaré, Volta ya Ruguru (ubu ni [[Burukina Faso]]) | nationality = Umunyaburukina, Umunyakotedivuwari (kuva mu 2016) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Burukina Faso]] | term = 15 Ukwakira 1987 – 31 Ukwakira 2014 | predecessor = [[Thomas Sankara]] | party = Congrès pour la démocratie et le progrès (CDP) | spouse = Chantal Compaoré (1985) | children = 1 }} '''Blaise Compaoré''' (yavutse ku ya 3 Gashyantare 1951 i Ziniaré) ni umusirikare akaba n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyaburukina, wabaye Perezida wa [[Burukina Faso]] kuva mu 1987 kugeza mu 2014, akaba ari we wayoboye icyo gihugu igihe kirekire kurusha abandi. Yari inshuti magara n'umwungirije wa [[Thomas Sankara]], wamugize Minisitiri w'Ubutabera mu 1985, ariko ku ya 15 Ukwakira 1987 ayobora kudeta yaguyemo Sankara, maze afata ubutegetsi. Yasimbuje politiki y'impinduramatwara ya Sankara iyo yise « ikosora », agarura umubano mwiza n'Ubufaransa na [[Kote Divuwari]]. Yatsinze amatora ya 1991, 1998, 2005 na 2010, atafatwaga nk'ayakozwe mu bwisanzure n'ubutabera. Mu Ukwakira 2014, umugambi we wo guhindura Itegeko Nshinga kugira ngo yongere kwiyamamaza wateje imyigaragambyo ikomeye y'abaturage, bimuhatira kwegura no guhungira muri Kote Divuwari. Muri Mata 2022, yakatiwe adahari igifungo cya burundu, nyuma yo guhamwa n'icyaha cyo kugira uruhare mu iyicwa rya Sankara. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere == Blaise Compaoré yavukiye i Ziniaré, mu majyaruguru ya [[Ouagadougou]], ku ya 3 Gashyantare 1951 <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=en |title=Profiles of people in power |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Mz-fXRsedPMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Profiles+of+People+in+Power%3A+The+World%27s+Government+Leaders |website=Routledge |date=2003}}</ref>. Ni imfura mu bana barindwi; se, Bila Maurice Compaoré, yari yarabaye umusirikare mu ngabo z'Abafaransa mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose. Yize mu ishuri Gatolika i Fada N'Gourma, hanyuma i Ouagadougou. Nyuma y'urupfu rw'ababyeyi be, yabaye inshuti magara y'umuryango wa Thomas Sankara, ndetse se wa Sankara amufata nk'umwana we. Mu 1971, nyuma y'imyigaragambyo y'abanyeshuri, yinjijwe ku ngufu mu gisirikare, maze ahitamo kuwugira umwuga. Mu 1973, yinjiye mu ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Yaoundé, muri [[Kameruni]], hanyuma akurikirana amahugurwa menshi mu [[Ubufaransa]] no muri Maroke. Mu 1981, yabaye umuyobozi w'ikigo cy'igihugu cy'imyitozo y'abakomando i Pô, maze mu 1982 aba kapiteni. == Mu butegetsi bwa Sankara == Ku ya 4 Kanama 1983, Compaoré yayoboye abasirikare b'i Pô bashyize Thomas Sankara ku butegetsi <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=en |author=Engels |title=Political transition in Burkina Faso: the Fall of Blaise Campaoré |url=https://gaj.ubiquitypress.com/articles/10.5334/gia.ai/ |website=Governance in Africa |date=2015-07-09 |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107062148/https://gaj.ubiquitypress.com/articles/10.5334/gia.ai/ |archive-date=2017-11-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku butegetsi bwa Sankara, yari umwungirije, umwe mu bagize Inama y'Igihugu y'Impinduramatwara, Minisitiri wa Leta muri Perezidansi, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Ubutabera kuva mu 1985 <ref name="E3">{{cite web |title=Biographie du président |url=http://presidence.bf/page.php?sid=8 |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813150939/http://presidence.bf/page.php?sid=8 |archive-date=2013-08-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=AROUND THE WORLD; New Cabinet Named In Bourkina Fasso |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/02/world/around-the-world-new-cabinet-named-in-bourkina-fasso.html}}</ref>. Mu ntambara ya Agacher na [[Mali]] yo mu Ukuboza 1985, yayoboye abasirikare ba Burukina Faso <ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin Roger |title=Il y a trente ans éclatait la "guerre de Noël" entre le Mali et le Burkina Faso |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/288381/politique/il-y-a-quarante-ans-eclatait-la-guerre-de-noel-entre-le-mali-et-le-burkina/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2015-12-25 |access-date=2020-11-07}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Burukina Faso == === Kudeta yo mu 1987 === Ku ya 15 Ukwakira 1987, Compaoré yafashe ubutegetsi muri kudeta yaguyemo Thomas Sankara n'abandi bantu cumi na babiri. Yavuze ko Sankara « yagambaniye impinduramatwara », atangiza politiki y'« ikosora » (''rectification''), yagaruye umubano mwiza na Kote Divuwari n'Ubufaransa. Nyuma y'igihe gito, abandi bahoze ari bagenzi be mu butegetsi bwa Sankara, Henri Zongo na Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani, barishwe bashinjwa umugambi wo kumuhirika. Mu Mata 2006, Komite ya Loni ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu yamaganye Burukina Faso kubera kwanga gukora iperereza ku rupfu rwa Sankara <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Communication No. 1159/2003 : Burkina Faso. 11/04/2006. CCPR/C/86/D/1159/2003. (jurisprudence) |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/8d3fe6b44a5f39bdc1257172005150ec?Opendocument |website=United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |access-date=2009-06-16}}</ref>. === Amatora === Mu 1989, Compaoré yashinze ishyaka rya Organisation pour la démocratie populaire/Mouvement du travail (ODP/MT), ryaje kwihuza n'andi mashyaka cumi n'abiri, rikabyara Congrès pour la démocratie et le progrès (CDP) ku ya 5 Gashyantare 1996. Ku ya 1 Ukuboza 1991, yatorewe kuba Perezida mu matora yanzwe n'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, abaturage 25% gusa bakaba ari bo bitabiriye <ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso president re-elected by landslide |url=http://www.blnz.com/news/2010/11/23/Burkina_Faso_opposition_claims_election_75e0.html}}</ref>. Yongeye gutorwa ku ya 15 Ugushyingo 1998. Iminsi mike nyuma y'ayo matora, ku ya 13 Ukuboza 1998, umunyamakuru Norbert Zongo, wakoraga iperereza ku rupfu rw'umushoferi wa murumuna wa perezida, François Compaoré, yiciwe hamwe n'abandi bantu batatu; urwo rupfu rwateje imyigaragambyo ikomeye <ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RSF porte plainte contre Blaise Compaoré |url=http://www.rsf.org/RSF-porte-plainte-contre-Blaise.html |website=RSF |access-date=2009-06-20}}</ref><ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Burkina : le frère de Blaise Campaoré arrêté en France dans l'enquête sur l'assassinat d'un journaliste |url=http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2017/10/29/burkina-le-frere-de-blaise-compaore-arrete-en-france-dans-l-enquete-sur-l-assassinat-d-un-journalist_1606637 |website=Libération |date=2017-10-29}}</ref><ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina / Affaire Zongo : le frère de Blaise Campaoré interpellé en France |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20171029-burkina-faso-france-francois-compaore-interpelle-paris |website=RFI |date=2017-10-29}}</ref>. Mu 2005, nubwo Itegeko Nshinga ryavuguruwe mu 2000 ryagabanyaga manda za perezida, Inama y'Itegeko Nshinga yamwemereye kongera kwiyamamaza, maze ku ya 13 Ugushyingo 2005 yongera gutorwa n'amajwi 80,35% <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso: Compaore's decision to bid for re-election raises opposition hackles |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=48557&SelectRegion=West_Africa&SelectCountry=BURKINA_FASO |website=IRIN}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Brigitte Girardin a représenté la France à la cérémonie d’investiture de M. Blaise Compaoré (Ouagadougou, 20 décembre 2005) |url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/pays-zones-geo_833/burkina-faso_338/france-burkina-faso_1110/visites_8366/ceremonie-investiture-m.-blaise-compaore-20.12.05_27288.html |website=ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes |access-date=2009-06-16}}</ref>. Mu matora yo mu Ugushyingo 2010, yatorewe manda ya nyuma n'amajwi 80,15% <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président Compaoré réélu dès le premier tour au Burkina Faso |url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/2/le-president-compaore-reelu-des-le-premier-tour-au-burkina-faso_940139.html}}</ref>. Mu 2011, urupfu rw'umunyeshuri wakubiswe n'abapolisi i Koudougou rwateje imyigaragambyo n'imyivumbagatanyo y'abasirikare mu gihugu hose <ref name="F2" />. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Ubutegetsi bwa Compaoré bwashinjwe gushyigikira imitwe yitwaje intwaro mu karere: bwafashije Charles Taylor mu ntambara y'abenegihugu ya [[Liberiya]], buhereza intwaro inyeshyamba za RUF muri [[Siyera Lewone]], kandi bushyigikira inyeshyamba za Forces nouvelles muri Kote Divuwari. Nanone kandi, Compaoré yabaye umuhuza mu bibazo by'akarere: yayoboye ibiganiro hagati y'Abanyatogo mu 2006 <ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=en |author=Etienne Bassot |title=The situation in Togo on the eve of the 2007 parliamentary elections |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//NONSGML+COMPARL+PE-394.223+01+DOC+WORD+V0//EN&language=EN |website=European Parliament |access-date=2009-06-16}}</ref><ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=en |title=TOGO: Political agreement aims to end 12-year feud |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=60422 |website=IRIN |access-date=2009-06-16}}</ref><ref name="E43">{{cite web |title=TOGO: Political agreement aims to end 12-year feud |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=60422}}</ref>, ibiganiro byatumye hasinywa amasezerano y'amahoro ya Ouagadougou hagati ya Laurent Gbagbo na Guillaume Soro ku ya 4 Werurwe 2007 <ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=en |title=Côte d'Ivoire : New peace agreement |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=70514 |website=IRIN |access-date=2009-06-16}}</ref><ref name="E44">{{cite web |title=COTE D'IVOIRE: New peace agreement |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=70514}}</ref>, ndetse n'ibiganiro bijyanye na kudeta yo muri Mali mu 2012 <ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=Mali Tuareg rebels seize key garrison town of Gao |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17576263 |website=BBC News |date=2012-03-31 |access-date=2012-03-31}}</ref>. Mu 2014, BBC yavuze ko yari umufatanyabikorwa ukomeye w'Ubufaransa na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika mu karere <ref name="E42">{{cite web |author=Thomas Fessy |title=How Burkina Faso's Blaise Compaore sparked his own downfall |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29858965 |website=BBC News |date=2014-10-31 |access-date=2014-11-02}}</ref>. === Impinduramatwara yo mu 2014 === Mu Ukwakira 2014, Compaoré yashakaga guhindura ingingo ya 37 y'Itegeko Nshinga, igabanya umubare wa manda za perezida, kugira ngo yiyamamarize manda ya gatanu mu 2015 <ref name="F2" />. Ku ya 30 Ukwakira 2014, ubwo Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yiteguraga gutora iryo vugurura, imyigaragambyo ikomeye yadutse i Ouagadougou no mu yindi mijyi; abigaragambyaga batwitse inyubako y'Inteko, maze ihohoterwa ry'inzego z'umutekano rihitana nibura abantu 30 <ref name="F2" />. Bukeye, ku ya 31 Ukwakira 2014, Compaoré yeguye, kuko ingabo zitari zikimushyigikiye <ref name="F2" /><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Blaise Compaoré quitte le pouvoir |url=http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2014/10/31/direct-burkina-faso-l-opposition-appelle-de-nouveau-au-depart-de-campaore_1133166}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso general takes over as Compaore resigns |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-29851445 |website=BBC |date=2014-10-31 |access-date=2014-10-31}}</ref>. Afashijwe n'Ubufaransa, yahungiye muri Kote Divuwari <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina: comment la France a aidé Blaise Compaoré à fuir |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20141105-burkina-faso-blaise-compaore-france-exfiltration-cote-ivoire-hollande/ |access-date=2015-07-08}}</ref><ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Jeune Afrique : Exclusif. Burkina : comment la France a exfiltré Blaise |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20141104143847/}}</ref>, aho yahawe ubwenegihugu <ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina : la nationalité ivoirienne de Blaise Compaoré fait débat |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/304893/politique/burkina-nationalite-ivoirienne-de-blaise-compaore-debat/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2016-02-24 |access-date=2017-11-04}}</ref><ref name="E52">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso ex-leader Blaise Compaore becomes Ivorian |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35650193 |website=BBC |date=2016-02-24 |access-date=2026-05-13}}</ref>. == Urubanza rw'iyicwa rya Sankara == Kuva mu Ukuboza 2015, ubutabera bwa gisirikare bwa Burukina Faso bwasohoye impapuro mpuzamahanga zo kumuta muri yombi kubera uruhare akekwaho mu iyicwa rya Sankara <ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Affaire Sankara: mandat d’arrêt international contre Compaoré |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20151221-assassinat-sankara-mandat-arret-international-contre-compaore |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2015-12-22}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2021, yarezwe adahari <ref name="E49">{{cite web |title=Burkinabe ex-President Compaore charged in Thomas Sankara murder |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/13/burkina-faso-ex-president-blaise-compaore-charged-thomas-sankara-murder |website=Al Jazeera |date=2021-04-13}}</ref>, maze urubanza rutangira ku ya 11 Ukwakira 2021 <ref name="E50">{{cite web |title=Thomas Sankara trial in Burkina Faso: Who killed 'Africa's Che Guevara'? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58842427 |website=BBC News |date=2021-10-11 |access-date=2021-10-11}}</ref>; Compaoré yanze kujya kuburanira i Ouagadougou, kandi Kote Divuwari ntiyashoboraga kumwohereza kuko ari umwenegihugu wayo <ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : l’ex-président Blaise Compaoré sera jugé pour l’assassinat de Thomas Sankara |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/04/13/burkina-faso-l-ex-president-blaise-compaore-sera-juge-pour-l-assassinat-de-thomas-sankara_6076623_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr}}</ref><ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pierre Lepidi et Sophie Douce |title=Thomas Sankara et Blaise Compaoré, à la vie à la mort |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/10/11/burkina-faso-thomas-sankara-et-blaise-compaore-a-la-vie-a-la-mort_6097851_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr}}</ref>. Ku ya 6 Mata 2022, yahamwe n'ibyaha byo kugira uruhare mu bwicanyi no guhungabanya umutekano w'igihugu, akatirwa adahari igifungo cya burundu <ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Sophie Douce |title=Trente-quatre ans après l’assassinat de Thomas Sankara, la fin d’un procès historique au Burkina Faso |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/04/07/trente-quatre-ans-apres-l-assassinat-de-thomas-sankara-la-fin-d-un-proces-historique-au-burkina-faso_6121013_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2022-04-07}}</ref><ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : l’ancien président Blaise Compaoré condamné par contumace à la prison à perpétuité pour l’assassinat de Thomas Sankara |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/04/06/burkina-faso-l-ancien-president-blaise-compaore-condamne-par-contumace-a-la-prison-a-perpetuite-pour-l-assassinat-de-thomas-sankara_6120859_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2022-04-06 |access-date=2022-04-06}}</ref><ref name="E51">{{cite web |author=Declan Walsh |title=Ex-Leader of Burkina Faso Convicted in Killing of Thomas Sankara, His Predecessor |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/06/world/africa/burkina-faso-blaise-compaore-thomas-sankara.html |website=The New York Times |date=2022-04-06 |access-date=2022-04-06}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2022, Compaoré yagarutse by'igihe gito muri Burukina Faso ku butumire bwa [[Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba]], ariko ntiyatabwa muri yombi, hanyuma asubira muri Kote Divuwari <ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin Roger |title=POLITIQUE Blaise Compaoré sur le point de rentrer au Burkina Faso |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1359478/politique/blaise-compaore-sur-le-point-de-rentrer-au-burkina-faso/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2022-07-06}}</ref><ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin Roger |title=Burkina Faso – Damiba : « Nous n’avons pas le luxe de perdre du temps en polémiques » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1360469/politique/burkina-faso-damiba-nous-navons-pas-le-luxe-de-perdre-du-temps-en-polemiques/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. Muri uko kwezi, mu ibaruwa yashyizwe ahagaragara, yasabye imbabazi Abanyaburukina, atavuze neza ibyaha yakoze <ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Blaise Compaoré demande pardon au peuple et à la famille de Thomas Sankara |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1364945/politique/burkina-faso-blaise-compaore-demande-pardon-au-peuple-et-a-la-famille-de-thomas-sankara/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mu 1985, Compaoré yashakanye na Chantal Terrasson de Fougères, Umufaransa-Umunyakotedivuwari; bafitanye umukobwa umwe, Djamila. Kuva yahunga, aba i Abidjan <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=en |title=Côte d’Ivoire: un média enquête sur les folies des biens immobiliers de Blaise Compaoré au bord de la lagune Ebrié - AbidjanTV.net |url=http://abidjantv.net/actualites/cote-divoire-un-media-enquete-sur-les-folies-des-biens-immobiliers-de-blaise-compaore-au-bord-de-la-lagune-ebrie/,%20http://abidjantv.net/actualites/cote-divoire-un-media-enquete-sur-les-folies-des-biens-immobiliers-de-blaise-compaore-au-bord-de-la-lagune-ebrie/ |date=2022-04-12 |access-date=2022-05-23}}</ref><ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin Roge |title=L’attente solitaire et désespérée de Blaise Compaoré, l’ancien président burkinabé, dans sa villa ivoirienne |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/series-d-ete/article/2026/07/17/l-attente-solitaire-et-desesperee-de-blaise-compaore-l-ancien-president-burkinabe-dans-sa-villa-ivoirienne_6724240_3451060.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-07-16}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Burukina Faso]] 8y90vcvbvxa9dv83mid3od4c14snzmz 0 23236 140728 2026-10-04T20:07:21Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Robert Mugabe | image = Robert Mugabe Official Portrait (4x5 cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Robert Mugabe | birth_date = 21 Gashyantare 1924 | birth_place = Kutama, Rodeziya y'Amajyepfo (ubu ni [[Zimbabwe]]) | death_date = 6 Nzeri 2019 (afite imyaka 95) | death_place = Singapore | nationality = Umunyazimbabwe | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Fort Hare, Kaminuza ya Londres | occupation = Umwarimu, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa Z..." 140728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Robert Mugabe | image = Robert Mugabe Official Portrait (4x5 cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Robert Mugabe | birth_date = 21 Gashyantare 1924 | birth_place = Kutama, Rodeziya y'Amajyepfo (ubu ni [[Zimbabwe]]) | death_date = 6 Nzeri 2019 (afite imyaka 95) | death_place = Singapore | nationality = Umunyazimbabwe | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Fort Hare, Kaminuza ya Londres | occupation = Umwarimu, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Zimbabwe]] | term = 31 Ukuboza 1987 – 21 Ugushyingo 2017 (Minisitiri w'Intebe 1980–1987) | predecessor = Canaan Banana | party = ZANU–PF | spouse = Sally Hayfron (1961–1992), Grace Mugabe (1996–2019) | children = 4 }} '''Robert Gabriel Karigamombe Mugabe''' (yavutse ku ya 21 Gashyantare 1924 i Kutama, apfa ku ya 6 Nzeri 2019 i Singapore) yari umunyapolitiki wa [[Zimbabwe]], wabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe kuva mu 1980 kugeza mu 1987, hanyuma Perezida wa Repubulika kuva mu 1987 kugeza mu 2017. Umwarimu wari ufite ibitekerezo bya gikomunisiti, yafatanyije gushinga ishyaka rya Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), maze ayobora urugamba rw'inyeshyamba rwo kurwanya ubutegetsi bw'Abazungu bake bwa Ian Smith muri Rodeziya, bimugira umwe mu « babyeyi b'ubwigenge » bwa Zimbabwe. Mu myaka ya mbere y'ubutegetsi bwe, yateje imbere cyane uburezi n'ubuzima, ariko ashinjwa ubwicanyi bwa ''Gukurahundi'' bwibasiye Abandebele mu myaka ya 1980. Kuva mu myaka ya 2000, ivugurura ry'ubutaka ryambuye ku ngufu abahinzi b'Abazungu, ihonyorwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu, ubushomeri n'izamuka rikabije ry'ibiciro byashegeshe igihugu, bituma ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba bimufatira ibihano. Mu Ugushyingo 2017, afite imyaka 93, yahatiwe kwegura nyuma ya kudeta y'igisirikare, maze apfa nyuma y'imyaka ibiri. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Robert Mugabe yavukiye ku ya 21 Gashyantare 1924 <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=en |title=Robert Mugabe - Biography & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Mugabe |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref>, akurira mu misiyoni Gatolika y'Abayezuwiti ya Kutama, mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa Salisbury (ubu ni [[Harare]]). Se, wari waraturutse muri Nyasaland (ubu ni [[Malawi]]), yataye umuryango Mugabe afite imyaka icumi, maze arerwa na nyina, Umushona <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Nicolas Champeaux |title=Robert Mugabe : du héros de la libération au despote solitaire |url=https://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190816-zimbabwe-robert-mugabe-combattant-liberte-devenu-dictateur-illumine |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2019-09-07}}</ref>. Yakuze akunda gusoma no kwiga <ref name="F2" />. Amaze kuba umwarimu afite imyaka 17, yize icyongereza n'amateka muri Kaminuza ya Fort Hare, muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]], aho yahuriye n'abayobozi b'ahazaza nka [[Julius Nyerere]] na Kenneth Kaunda; yarangije mu 1951. Nyuma yaho, yabonye impamyabumenyi zindi zirimo iy'ubukungu muri Kaminuza ya Londres, yize ari kure. Yigishije muri [[Zambiya]], hanyuma i [[Accra]], muri [[Gana]], aho yahuriye na Sally Hayfron, waje kuba umugore we. == Urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu == Mu 1960, Mugabe yagarutse muri Rodeziya y'Amajyepfo afite ibitekerezo bya gikomunisiti, yinjira mu ishyaka rya Joshua Nkomo ryaje kwitwa Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU). Mu 1963, yashinze ishyaka rye bwite, ZANU, hamwe na Ndabaningi Sithole na Herbert Chitepo, aba umunyamabanga mukuru waryo. ZAPU na ZANU byakomeje gutandukanywa n'amoko: Abandebele ku ruhande rumwe, Abashona ku rundi. Mu 1964, Mugabe yarafashwe, afungwa imyaka icumi; muri gereza, yize amategeko, maze mu 1974 aba umuyobozi wa ZANU <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Agnès Faivre |title=Robert Mugabe, l'homme qui vivait pour le pouvoir |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/robert-mugabe-l-homme-qui-vivait-pour-le-pouvoir-06-09-2019-2333984_3826.php |website=Le Point |access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref>. Muri icyo gihe, umuhungu we w'imyaka itatu yarapfuye, ariko ubutegetsi bwa Ian Smith bwanga ko ajya kumushyingura <ref name="F2" />. Amaze kurekurwa mu Ugushyingo 1974, Mugabe yahungiye muri [[Mozambike]], aho yayoboye ingabo za ZANU, ZANLA, mu ntambara y'inyeshyamba yo kurwanya ubutegetsi bwa Ian Smith, afashijwe na FRELIMO <ref name="F2" />. Iyo ntambara yahitanye abantu bari hagati ya 20 000 na 30 000 <ref name="F2" />. Mu Ukuboza 1979, amasezerano ya Lancaster House yatumye habaho amatora y'amoko yose mu 1980, ariko akomeza guha Abazungu uburenganzira bwihariye, harimo kimwe cya gatanu cy'imyanya mu Nteko n'umwanya wabo ku butaka mu gihe cy'imyaka icumi <ref name="F2" />. Muri Werurwe 1980, ishyaka rya ZANU ryatsinze amatora, ryegukana imyanya 57 kuri 80 yagenewe Abirabura. == Minisitiri w'Intebe (1980–1987) == Ku ya 18 Mata 1980, Zimbabwe ibonye ubwigenge, Mugabe yabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe, mu gihe Canaan Banana yabaye Perezida. Mu ijambo rye, yasabye ubwiyunge, avuga ko ikibi gikomeza kuba ikibi, cyaba gikozwe n'Umuzungu ku Mwirabura cyangwa n'Umwirabura ku Muzungu; yashyize n'abaminisitiri babiri b'Abazungu muri guverinoma <ref name="F2" />. Mu 1982, Salisbury yahinduriwe izina iba Harare. Ubutegetsi bwe bwashoye imari nyinshi mu buzima n'uburezi: hagati ya 1980 na 1988, umubare w'abana bakingiwe wavuye kuri 25% ugera kuri 67%, kandi abiga mu mashuri abanza bariyongera cyane nyuma y'uko uburezi bw'ibanze buba ubuntu <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Peter Makaye |title=Zimbabwe’s Socialist development experiment 1980-1989 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272716856_Zimbabwe%27s_Socialist_development_experiment_1980-1989 |website=IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science |date=2013}}</ref>. Mu 1983, imyivumbagatanyo mu ntara ya Matabeleland yashyize iherezo ku bufatanye bwa ZANU na ZAPU. Mugabe yohereje burigade ya gatanu y'ingabo, yari yaratojwe n'abarimu bo muri Koreya ya Ruguru; mu bikorwa byiswe ''Gukurahundi'', abasivili b'Abandebele babarirwa mu bihumbi barishwe <ref name="F2" /><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mugabe, le pire des dictateurs africains |url=https://www.slateafrique.com/1447/mugabe-pire-dictateur-africain}}</ref>. Mu 1987, amasezerano y'amahoro yatumye ZAPU yihuza na ZANU, havuka ishyaka rya ZANU–PF, maze Mugabe aba Perezida ufite ububasha bwagutse, umwanya wa Minisitiri w'Intebe ukurwaho. == Perezida wa Zimbabwe (1987–2017) == === Imyaka ya 1990 === Mu 1988, Mugabe yagize Joshua Nkomo visi-perezida <ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mugabe Now President of a One-Party Zimbabwe |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/01/world/mugabe-now-president-of-a-one-party-zimbabwe.html |website=The New York Times |date=1988-01-01 |access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1990, yemeye amabwiriza ya FMI na Banki y'Isi, agabanya amafaranga leta isohora n'imirimo myinshi ya leta, ibyo byateje ubushomeri n'umujinya mu baturage <ref name="F2" />. Mu 1998, mu ntambara ya kabiri ya Kongo, yohereje abasirikare 20 000 gushyigikira Laurent-Désiré Kabila muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. === Ivugurura ry'ubutaka === Igihe Mugabe yafataga ubutegetsi, 40% by'ubutaka bwo guhinga byari mu maboko y'abahinzi b'Abazungu 6 000 <ref name="F72">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : Robert Mugabe, l’homme qui n’aimait pas les Blancs (et inversement) – Jeune Afrique |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/227844/politique/zimbabwe-robert-mugabe-l-homme-qui-n-aimait-pas-les-blancs-et-inversement/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. Mu 2000, kamarampaka ku Itegeko Nshinga rishya ryari kwemera kwambura ubutaka nta ngurane yatsinzwe n'amajwi 54,7%; ariko Mugabe yashyize mu bikorwa iryo vugurura akoresheje imitwe y'abiyita abahoze ari abarwanyi, bigarurira imirima, bamwe mu bahinzi b'Abazungu baricwa <ref name="F70">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le saigneur du Zimbabwe |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/le-saigneur-du-zimbabwe_477039.html}}</ref><ref name="F71">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Robert Mugabe refuses to give up |url=http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=11020424}}</ref>. Abazungu benshi bavuye mu gihugu: umubare wabo wavuye ku 250 000 mu 1980 ugera ku 40 000 mu 2015 <ref name="F72" /><ref name="F73">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Zimbabwe, les fermiers blancs prennent leur revanche sur Mugabe / Slate Afrique |url=https://www.slateafrique.com/651393/fermiers-blancs-zimbabwe |website=Slate Afrique}}</ref>. Iryo vugurura ryagabanyije cyane umusaruro w'ubuhinzi, maze igihugu cyari kizwiho kohereza ibigori mu mahanga gitangira kubitumiza <ref name="F73" />. Mugabe yanavuze amagambo menshi yafashwe nk'ay'ivangura rishingiye ku ruhu ryibasira Abazungu <ref name="F72" />. === Igitugu n'ibihano mpuzamahanga === Kuva mu 2000, ubutegetsi bwe bwakaje ihonyorwa ry'abatavuga rumwe na bwo, cyane cyane ishyaka rishya rya Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) rya Morgan Tsvangirai, n'ubwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru <ref name="F74">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Résolution du Parlement européen sur la situation au Zimbabwe |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pv2/pv2?PRG=CALDOC&TPV=PROV&FILE=010906&TXTLST=1&POS=1&LASTCHAP=1&SDOCTA=13&Type_Doc=FIRST&LANGUE=FR}}</ref>. Mu 2005, mu gikorwa cyiswe ''Murambatsvina'', abantu bagera ku 700 000 birukanwe mu nzu zabo i Harare. Mu 2002, ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba byamufatiye ibihano, kandi Zimbabwe ihagarikwa mu Muryango wa Commonwealth, maze mu 2003 Mugabe ayivanamo burundu <ref name="F87">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : Mugabé quitte le Commonwealth |url=http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200312090621.html}}</ref><ref name="F88">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Union européenne : une enveloppe de 234 millions d'euros pour le Zimbabwe - JeuneAfrique.com |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/32586/politique/union-europ-enne-une-enveloppe-de-234-millions-d-euros-pour-le-zimbabwe/ |date=2015-02-16}}</ref>. Yamaganwe na Desmond Tutu, wamwise « igisekeje cy'umunyagitugu w'Umunyafurika » <ref name="F81">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mugabe : itinéraire d'un héros devenu dictateur |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/video/2015/02/21/mugabe-itineraire-d-un-heros-devenu-dictateur_4580983_3212.html}}</ref>, nubwo bamwe mu bayobozi b'Afurika bakomeje kumushyigikira kubera urugamba rwe rwo kurwanya ubukoloni <ref name="F79">{{cite web |language=fr |title=« Robert Mugabe, très populaire » - BBC Afrique |url=http://www.bbc.com/afrique/region/2015/10/151007_zimbabwe_mugabe}}</ref><ref name="F80">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La popularité paradoxale de Robert Mugabe - Hebdo - RFI |url=https://www.rfi.fr/hebdo/20150206-union-africaine-zimbabwe-popularite-paradoxale-robert-mugabe-idees |website=rfi.fr |date=2015-06-06 |access-date=2016-05-12}}</ref>. Yarwanyaga yivuye inyuma abaryamana bahuje ibitsina <ref name="F86">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mugabe chides homosexuals again |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/07/25/mugabe-chides-homosexuals-again/ |website=NewsDay (Zimbabwe)}}</ref>. Ubukungu bw'igihugu bwarashegeshwe: mu 2008, izamuka ry'ibiciro ryageze hafi kuri 165 000% ku mwaka, kandi bane mu bantu bakuru batanu nta kazi bari bafite <ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Robert Mugabe, le pouvoir à tout prix au Zimbabwe |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2008/03/28/robert-mugabe-le-pouvoir-a-tout-prix-au-zimbabwe_1028399_3212.html}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=A 84 ans, Mugabe candidat au despotisme éternel au Zimbabwe |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-monde/20080328.RUE3596/a-84-ans-mugabe-candidat-au-despotisme-eternel-au-zimbabwe.html}}</ref><ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le grenier est vide |url=http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/096/article_59809.asp}}</ref>. === Amatora ya 2008 n'aya 2013 === Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2008, icyiciro cya mbere cyatsinzwe na Morgan Tsvangirai n'amajwi 47,9%, kuri 43,2% ya Mugabe <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=en |author=Cris Chinaka |title=Zimbabwe's Tsvangirai wins vote : sources |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-election/zimbabwes-tsvangirai-wins-vote-sources-idUSL3014494020080430 |website=reuters.com}}</ref>. Nyuma y'urugomo rwakorewe abamushyigikiye, Tsvangirai yavuye mu cyiciro cya kabiri <ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L’opposition se retire de la course à la présidence<!-- Vérifiez ce titre --> |url=http://www1.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/102/article_67767.asp |website=rfi.fr}}</ref>, maze Mugabe atorwa wenyine; Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe wavuze ko ayo matora atubahirije amahame ya demokarasi, usaba ko hashyirwaho guverinoma y'ubumwe <ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : la pression se fait plus forte sur Mugabe |url=http://www.liberation.fr/monde/010129859-zimbabwe-la-pression-se-fait-plus-forte-sur-mugabe}}</ref><ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'Union africaine appelle à la formation d'un gouvernement d'union nationale au Zimbabwe |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2008/07/02/l-union-africaine-appelle-a-la-formation-d-un-gouvernement-d-union-nationale-au-zimbabwe_1065234_3212.html#ens_id=1009994}}</ref>. Ku ya 31 Nyakanga 2013, Mugabe yongeye gutorwa, nubwo hagaragaye amakosa menshi <ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : Robert Mugabe déclaré vainqueur, les résultats contestés |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/08/03/zimbabwe-l-opposition-va-contester-en-justice-le-resultat-des-elections_3457225_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref><ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Figaro.fr avec Reuters |title=Zimbabwe : Mugabe a prêté serment |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2013/08/22/97001-20130822FILWWW00254-zimbabwe-mugabe-a-prete-serment.php |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2013-08-22}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2014, yirukanye Visi-Perezida Joice Mujuru, amusimbuza [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] <ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président du Zimbabwe se débarrasse de ses opposants potentiels |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2014/12/09/le-president-du-zimbabwe-limoge-ses-opposants-potentiels_4537598_3212.html}}</ref>. === Kudeta yo mu 2017 === Mu 2017, Mugabe wari umaze kugira imyaka 93, yagaragaje ubushake bwo kuzasimburwa n'umugore we, Grace Mugabe. Ku ya 6 Ugushyingo 2017, yirukanye Visi-Perezida Mnangagwa, ibyo bitashimishije ingabo <ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Grace Mugabe prend l’avantage dans la guerre de succession au Zimbabwe |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/11/06/grace-mugabe-tente-un-coup-de-force-pour-prendre-la-tete-de-la-succession-au-zimbabwe_5210784_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2017-11-06 |access-date=2017-12-06}}</ref>. Ku ya 15 Ugushyingo 2017, ingabo zafashe ubutegetsi, Mugabe n'umugore we bafungirwa iwabo <ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : l'armée intervient contre des criminels proches de Mugabe |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2017/11/15/97001-20171115FILWWW00014-zimbabwe-l-armee-intervientcontre-des-criminels-proches-de-mugabe.php}}</ref><ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Zimbabwe se réveille dirigé par des militaires |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/11/15/le-zimbabwe-se-reveille-dirige-par-des-militaires-son-president-mugabe-en-detention_5215103_3212.html}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Ugushyingo, ibihumbi by'abaturage bigaragambije i Harare basaba ko yegura <ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe latest: Thousands celebrate end of Mugabe era |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42035981}}</ref>, maze ku ya 19 Ugushyingo ZANU–PF imwirukana ku buyobozi bwayo <ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : la Zanu-PF destituera Mugabe s'il ne démissionne pas d'ici lundi |url=https://www.europe1.fr/international/zimbabwe-la-zanu-pf-destituera-mugabe-sil-ne-demissionne-pas-dici-lundi-3496775 |website=Europe 1 |access-date=2017-11-19}}</ref>. Ku ya 21 Ugushyingo 2017, ubwo Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yatangiraga inzira yo kumweguza, Mugabe yatanze ibaruwa yegura <ref name="F44">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président Robert Mugabe démissionne |url=https://www.tvanouvelles.ca/2017/11/21/robert-mugabe-demissionne}}</ref>, asimburwa na Mnangagwa <ref name="F46">{{cite web |language=fr |title=As it happened: Mugabe resigns |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-42063744 |website=BBC News |access-date=2017-11-21}}</ref>. == Nyuma y'ubutegetsi n'urupfu == Mnangagwa yamwise « umubyeyi w'igihugu », kandi itariki y'amavuko ye, 21 Gashyantare, igirwa umunsi w'ikiruhuko <ref name="F49">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction Europe1.fr avec AFP |title=Zimbabwe : le nouveau président Mnangagwa rend hommage au "père de la nation" Mugabe |url=https://www.europe1.fr/international/zimbabwe-le-nouveau-president-mnangagwa-rend-hommage-au-pere-de-la-nation-mugabe-3501950 |website=europe1.fr}}</ref><ref name="F50">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe: le nouveau régime décrète jour férié l'anniversaire de Mugabe |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/insolite/zimbabwe-le-nouveau-regime-decrete-jour-ferie-l-anniversaire-de-mugabe-27-11-2017-2175462_48.php |website=lepoint.fr |date=2017-11-27 |access-date=2017-11-27}}</ref>. Ariko Mugabe yakomeje kuvuga ko yahiritswe na kudeta <ref name="F51">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : l'ex-président Mugabe qualifie dans un entretien son départ de "coup d'Etat" |url=https://www.europe1.fr/international/zimbabwe-lex-president-mugabe-qualifie-dans-un-entretien-son-depart-de-coup-detat-3600365 |website=Europe 1 |access-date=2018-03-16}}</ref>. Ku ya 6 Nzeri 2019, yaguye mu bitaro i Singapore, aho yari amaze amezi ane avurwa kanseri, afite imyaka 95 <ref name="F57">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Édouard Pflimlin, Robert Mugabe, ancien président du Zimbabwe, est mort, Le Monde, 6 septembre 2019 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/09/06/robert-mugabe-ancien-president-du-zimbabwe-est-mort_5507020_3210.html?}}</ref><ref name="F59">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : Robert Mugabe « souffrait d’un cancer à un stade avancé » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/833643/politique/zimbabwe-robert-mugabe-souffrait-dun-cancer-a-un-stade-avance/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2019-09-24 |access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref>. Nyuma y'impaka hagati ya guverinoma n'umuryango we, yashyinguwe mu mudugudu w'iwabo wa Kutama ku ya 28 Nzeri 2019 <ref name="F64">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Point, magazine |title=Zimbabwe: Mugabe sera finalement enterré plus tard, avec les "héros" de la nation |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/l-ex-president-mugabe-sera-finalement-enterre-avec-les-heros-de-la-nation-13-09-2019-2335515_24.php |website=Le Point |access-date=2019-09-14}}</ref><ref name="F65">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Point, magazine |title=Zimbabwe: l'ex-président Robert Mugabe enterré dans son village (AFP) |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/zimbabwe-l-ex-president-robert-mugabe-enterre-dans-son-village-afp-28-09-2019-2338307_24.php |website=Le Point |access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref>. ZANU–PF yamuhaye icyubahiro cy'« intwari y'igihugu » <ref name="F95">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : Zimbabwe : l'ancien président Robert Mugabe déclaré "héros national" |url=https://mobile.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-l-ancien-president-robert-mugabe-declare-heros-national_3606197.html#xtref=https://www.google.com/ |website=mobile.francetvinfo.fr |date=2019-09-06 |access-date=2019-09-07}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mu 1961, Mugabe yashakanye na Sally Hayfron, wakomokaga muri Gana; umwana wabo w'umuhungu, Michael, yapfuye mu 1966 <ref name="F2" />. Sally yapfuye mu 1992, maze mu 1996 Mugabe ashakana na Grace Marufu, bari bafitanye abana babiri, Bona na Robert, kandi babyarana undi mwana, Chatunga, mu 1997 <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=BBC NEWS - Africa |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123095912/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/744174.stm |website=Internet Archive}}</ref>. Yari Umukristo Gatolika. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Zimbabwe]] 3okw42hvr21xau2k9vv3dhrzo0b78b3 0 23237 140764 2026-10-05T07:05:45Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Mobutu Sese Seko | image = Mobutu (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Mobutu Sese Seko | birth_date = 14 Ukwakira 1930 | birth_place = Lisala, Kongo y'Ababiligi (ubu ni [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]) | death_date = 7 Nzeri 1997 (afite imyaka 66) | death_place = Rabat, Maroke | nationality = Umunyekongo, Umunyazayire | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyamakuru, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Zayire]] | term = 24 Ugu..." 140764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mobutu Sese Seko | image = Mobutu (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Mobutu Sese Seko | birth_date = 14 Ukwakira 1930 | birth_place = Lisala, Kongo y'Ababiligi (ubu ni [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]) | death_date = 7 Nzeri 1997 (afite imyaka 66) | death_place = Rabat, Maroke | nationality = Umunyekongo, Umunyazayire | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyamakuru, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Zayire]] | term = 24 Ugushyingo 1965 – 16 Gicurasi 1997 | predecessor = Joseph Kasa-Vubu | party = Mouvement populaire de la révolution (MPR) | spouse = Marie-Antoinette Gbiatibwa Yetene, Bobi Ladawa }} '''Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga''' (amazina y'amavuko: '''Joseph-Désiré Mobutu'''; yavutse ku ya 14 Ukwakira 1930 i Lisala, apfa ku ya 7 Nzeri 1997 i Rabat) yari umusirikare akaba n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyekongo, wayoboye [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] kuva mu 1965, akayihindurira izina ikitwa [[Zayire]] mu 1971, kugeza mu 1997. Yafashe ubutegetsi muri kudeta yo mu 1965, ashyiraho ubutegetsi bw'ishyaka rimwe, Mouvement populaire de la révolution (MPR), n'umuco wo kumuramya. Mu rwego rwa politiki y'« umwimerere » (''authenticité''), yahinduye amazina y'igihugu, ay'umugezi n'ay'ifaranga, ndetse n'amazina y'abaturage. Ku butegetsi bwe, uburenganzira bwa muntu bwarahonyowe cyane, kandi ruswa yari ikabije ku buryo ubutegetsi bwe bwiswe « ubutegetsi bw'abajura » (''kleptocratie''). Mu gihe cy'Intambara y'Ubutita, ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba, cyane cyane Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, Ubufaransa n'Ububiligi, byaramushyigikiye kubera ko yarwanyaga ubukomunisiti. Muri Gicurasi 1997, inyeshyamba za AFDL ziyobowe na Laurent-Désiré Kabila zaramuhiritse, maze apfira mu buhungiro muri Maroke nyuma y'amezi atatu. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere == Joseph-Désiré Mobutu yavukiye i Lisala mu 1930, mu bwoko bw'Abangbandi <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Chronology for Ngbandi in the Dem. Rep. of the Congo |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=&type=CHRON&coi=COD&rid=&docid=469f38813&skip=0 |website=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2013-05-15 |access-date=2013-05-15}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |author=Akrasih, Shirley |title=AFRICA AND DEMOCRACY Joseph Mobutu, Dictator of the DRC, and His Life-Saving Support from the US |url=http://sites.davidson.edu/cis485/?p=3164 |website=Davidson College |date=2012-02-28}}</ref>. Nyina, Marie Madeleine Yemo, yari umukozi wo mu rugo, naho se, Albéric Gbemani, yari umutetsi w'umucamanza w'Umubiligi <ref name="E14">{{cite web |author=Robert Edgerton |title=The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9n9aUHXtW4C&pg=PA198 |website=Macmillan}}</ref>. Se yapfuye Mobutu afite imyaka umunani. Yize mu ishuri ry'abafurere Gatolika i Coquilhatville (ubu ni Mbandaka) <ref name="E15">{{cite web |language=en |author=Thomas Bailey |title=Mobutu Sese Seko: The Rise and Fall of Congo's Infamous Dictator |url=https://www.thecollector.com/mobutu-congo-great-dictator/ |website=TheCollector |date=2024-05-09 |access-date=2025-04-13}}</ref>; yakundaga gusoma ibitabo by'amateka <ref name="E16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=«Mobutu»: un dictateur africain chouchou des démocrates occidentaux |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170516-mobutu-biographie-dictateur-africain-chou-chou-democrates-occidentaux |website=RFI |date=2017-05-16 |access-date=2026-07-19}}</ref>. Mu 1950, yinjiye mu ngabo z'abakoloni (''Force publique''), aho yabaye su-ofisiye, akazivamo mu 1956. Nyuma yaho, yabaye umunyamakuru mu kinyamakuru ''L'Avenir'' cy'i Léopoldville (ubu ni [[Kinshasa]]). Mu 1957, yahuye na Patrice Lumumba, maze mu ntangiriro za 1960 yinjira mu ishyaka rye, Mouvement national congolais (MNC). == Kujya ku butegetsi == Muri Nyakanga 1960, igihugu kibona ubwigenge, Mobutu yabaye umunyamabanga wa leta muri guverinoma ya Patrice Lumumba, hanyuma umugaba wungirije w'ingabo. Mu gihe cy'amakimbirane hagati ya Lumumba na Perezida Joseph Kasa-Vubu, ku ya 14 Nzeri 1960 Mobutu yakoze kudeta ya mbere, ahirika guverinoma ya Lumumba yari yaratowe, ashyigikiwe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika n'Ububiligi; guverinoma yashyizeho yatanze Lumumba muri Katanga, aho yiciwe ku ya 17 Mutarama 1961 <ref name="E2">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mobutu Sese Seko - Biography & Facts - Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mobutu-Sese-Seko |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2026-01-09}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |language=en |author=Greg Beyer |title=Patrice Lumumba: Hero & Martyr of the Congo |url=https://www.thecollector.com/patrice-lumumba-congo/ |website=TheCollector |date=2023-06-20 |access-date=2025-04-15}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 1961, yagizwe jenerali-majoro <ref name="E21">{{cite web |author=Ludo De Witte |title=The Assassination of Lumumba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Fl2lvKa_GEC |website=Verso Books |access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref>. Mu 1964–1965, ingabo zayobowe na Mobutu, zifashijwe n'Abanyamerika, zatsinze imyivumbagatanyo y'aba Simba n'iya Kwilu yari yigaruriye igice kinini cy'igihugu <ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mobutu's Ascension to Power – Innovative Research Methods |url=https://innovativeresearchmethods.org/mobutus-ascension-to-power/ |access-date=2025-04-15}}</ref>. Ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 1965, Mobutu yakoze kudeta ya kabiri yahiritse Perezida Kasa-Vubu, afata ubutegetsi ubwe <ref name="E2" />. Yatangaje ko nta bikorwa by'amashyaka bizabaho mu myaka itanu <ref name="E47">{{cite web |author=Howard W. French |title=Anatomy of an Autocracy: Mobutu's 32-Year Reign |url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/africa/051797zaire-mobutu.html |website=The New York Times on the Web |date=1997-05-17 |access-date=2012-07-05}}</ref>. Ububiligi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika ni byo byabaye ibya mbere mu kwemera ubutegetsi bwe <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le 24 novembre 1965, l’armée prenait le pouvoir |url=http://www.lepotentiel.com/afficher_article.php?id_edition=&id_article=18314}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Zayire == === Ubutegetsi bw'ishyaka rimwe === Muri Kamena 1966, abahoze ari abaminisitiri bane, barimo uwahoze ari Minisitiri w'Intebe Évariste Kimba, bamanitswe mu ruhame, bashinjwa umugambi wo guhirika ubutegetsi. Mu 1967, yashinze ishyaka rimwe ryemewe, Mouvement populaire de la révolution (MPR), rifite intero ivuga ko ritari « iburyo cyangwa ibumoso » <ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |title=Nelson Mandela is not a Blacks Sellout |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/nelson-mandela-is-not-a-blacks-sellout-20120719 |website=News24 |access-date=2025-04-15}}</ref>. Amashyirahamwe y'abakozi yahujwe mu rimwe rigenzurwa na leta <ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bridgette Kasuka |title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C |website=Bankole Kamara Taylor |date=2012-02-08}}</ref>. Yashyizeho imitwe myinshi y'ingabo ishinzwe kumurinda, nka Division spéciale présidentielle <ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bridgette Kasuka |title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C |website=Bankole Kamara Taylor |date=2012-02-08}}</ref>. Mu matora, yatorwaga ku majwi hafi yose; mu matora amwe, amajwi yarenze umubare w'abatora banditse <ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=EISA DRC: Elections under the Second Republic |url=https://eisa.org.za/wep/drcsecondrepublic.htm |website=www.eisa.org.za |access-date=2025-06-28}}</ref>. Mu 1983, yiyitiriye ipeti rya mareshali <ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=Mobutu grants amnesty to political prisoners in Zaire |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/05/19/Mobutu-grants-amnesty-to-political-prisoners-in-Zaire/5205422164800/ |website=UPI |access-date=2018-08-03}}</ref>. === Politiki y'« umwimerere » === Mu 1971, Mobutu yahinduye izina ry'igihugu, iry'umugezi wa Kongo n'iry'ifaranga, abyita « Zayire ». Yategetse abaturage gufata amazina y'Abanyafurika aho kuba ay'Abakristo, maze mu 1972 na we yiyita Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga, bisobanura « intwari ishobora byose, igenda itsinda » <ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Zaire: Continuity and Political Change in an Oppressive State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1V1AAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+warrior+who+knows+no+defeat+because+of+his+endurance+and+inflexible+will+and+is+all+powerful,+leaving+fire+in+his+wake+as+he+goes+from+conquest+to+conquest%22}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mobutu Dies in Morocco |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/news/09/0908/mobutu.shtml |website=BBC News |date=1997}}</ref>. Yaretse imyambaro ya gisirikare, yambara ikote ryiswe ''abacost'' (« hasi ikoti ») n'ingofero y'uruhu rw'ingwe <ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=en |author=Jay Nordlinger |title=Children of Monsters: An Inquiry into the Sons and Daughters of Dictators |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u3ULDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22toque+%22+Mobutu&pg=PT182 |website=Encounter Books |date=2017-01-10}}</ref>. === Ruswa n'ubukungu === Mu myaka ya mbere, ubukungu bwari bwifashe neza kubera umutungo kamere w'igihugu, ariko imishinga minini ihenze, igabanuka ry'igiciro cy'umuringa n'ubwigarurire bw'ibigo by'abanyamahanga bwiswe « zairianisation » mu 1973 byashegeshe ubukungu <ref name="E36">{{cite web |title=BBC: Timeline: Democratic Republic of Congo |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13286306}}</ref>. Mobutu yashyizeho uburyo bwo kugura abamushyigikira binyuze mu gutanga imyanya n'amafaranga <ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |author=William Reno |title=Sovereignty and Personal Rule in Zaire |url=https://journals.flvc.org/ASQ/article/view/136500 |website=African Studies Quarterly |date=1997}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |language=en |author=William Reno |title=Congo: From state collapseto 'absolutism', to state failure |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436590500368867 |website=Third World Quarterly |date=2006}}</ref>, kandi ruswa iba ikintu gisanzwe mu nzego zose <ref name="E39">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bridgette Kasuka |title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C&dq=%22Another+feature+of+Mobutu%27s+economic+mismanagement%2C+directly+linked+to+the+way+he+and+his+friends+siphoned+off+so+much+of+the+country%27s+wealth%2C+was+rampant+inflation.+The+rapid+decline+in+the+real+value+of+salaries+strongly+encouraged+a+culture+of+corruption+and+dishonesty+among+public+servants+of+all+kinds.%22&pg=PA175 |website=Bankole Kamara Taylor |date=2012-02-08}}</ref>. Abaturage benshi bari mu bukene, mu gihe we yakusanyije umutungo ugereranywa hagati ya miliyoni 50 na miliyari 5 z'amadolari <ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Mobutu: A Rich man In Poor Standing. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/03/mobutu-a-rich-man-in-poor-standing/49e66628-3149-47b8-827f-159dff8ac1cd/}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=James Brooke |title=Mobutu's village basks in his glory |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/29/world/mobutu-s-village-basks-in-his-glory.html/ |website=The New York Times |date=1988-09-29}}</ref>. Mu 1991, ikinyamakuru ''The Washington Post'' cyavuze ko yanyereje hafi miliyari 5 z'amadolari <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mobutu: A Rich man In Poor Standing |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/03/mobutu-a-rich-man-in-poor-standing/49e66628-3149-47b8-827f-159dff8ac1cd/}}</ref>. Yari afite amazu y'agaciro kenshi mu Burayi, ndetse yubakisha ingoro i Gbadolite, yiswe « Versailles y'ishyamba », n'ikibuga cy'indege gishobora kwakira indege ya Concorde, yakundaga gukodesha mu ngendo ze <ref name="E40">{{cite web |author=Robert Block |title=Mobutu goes cruising as his country burns: The cook's son is feeding Zaire to the crocodiles. Robert Block on an unpopular survivor |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/mobutu-goes-cruising-as-his-country-burns-the-cooks-son-is-feeding-zaire-to-the-crocodiles-robert-block-on-an-unpopular-survivor-1472846.html |website=The Independent |date=1993-02-14 |access-date=2015-03-28}}</ref><ref name="E41">{{cite web |title=Concorde supersonique jet / Gallery / Pictures |url=http://www.concorde-jet.com/e_photos.php?ref=club_concorde2136}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Mobutu yari inshuti ikomeye y'ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba mu kurwanya ubukomunisiti muri Afurika, ashyigikirwa cyane na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, Ubufaransa n'Ububiligi <ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zaire, Israel Sign Accords |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/zaire-israel-sign-accords |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |access-date=2026-06-28}}</ref>. Yagiranye kandi umubano ukomeye na Afurika y'Epfo y'ivanguraruhu, Isirayeli n'u[[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]] <ref name="E4" /><ref name="E61">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bridgette Kasuka |title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C&dq=Mobutu+m%C3%A3o+OR+helmsman&pg=PA182 |website=Bankole Kamara Taylor |date=2012-02-08}}</ref><ref name="E58">{{cite web |language=en |author=Robert G. Sutter |title=Historical Dictionary of Chinese Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6nrPFbQfygC&dq=Mobutu+China&pg=PA271 |website=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |date=2011-05-05}}</ref>. Mu ntambara y'abenegihugu ya [[Angola]], yashyigikiye inyeshyamba za FNLA na UNITA zarwanyaga MPLA. Mu 1977 no mu 1978, ubwo inyeshyamba zaturutse muri Angola zateraga intara ya Shaba, Ubufaransa n'Ububiligi byohereje ingabo zo kumutabara <ref name="E55">{{cite web |title=Zaire: A Country Study, Shaba I |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0186)}}</ref><ref name="E56">{{cite web |title=Zaire: A Country Study, Shaba II |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0187)}}</ref>. Perezida Ronald Reagan yamushimiye mu 1983 <ref name="E68">{{cite web |title=When He Was King: On the trail of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, Zaire's former Kleptocrat-in-Chief |url=http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/05.22.97/cover/mobutu-9721.html}}</ref>. == Ihirikwa n'urupfu == Intambara y'Ubutita imaze kurangira, ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba byaretse kumushyigikira <ref name="E70">{{cite web |title=Leaving Fire in His Wake |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021065501/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,161061,00.html}}</ref>. Muri Mata 1990, yemeye amashyaka menshi, maze Inama y'Igihugu yashyizeho itangira kunenga ubutegetsi bwe. Mu 1993, igihugu cyari gifite guverinoma ebyiri, imwe imushyigikiye n'indi iyobowe na Étienne Tshisekedi <ref name="E72">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bridgette Kasuka |title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C&dq=%22The+anti-Mobutu+government+was+headed+by+Laurent+Monsengwo+and+%C3%89tienne+Tshisekedi+of+the+Union+for+Democracy+and+Social+Progress%22&pg=PA183 |website=Bankole Kamara Taylor |date=2012-02-08}}</ref>. Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994, abasirikare n'abarwanyi bayigizemo uruhare bahungiye mu burasirazuba bwa Zayire, bitwikira impunzi, bituma akarere kose kajya mu mutekano muke <ref name="E73">{{cite web |language=en |author=Jeanne M. Haskin |title=The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ov17yKWSXD8C&dq=Mobutu+Hutu+OR+extremists&pg=PA77 |website=Algora Publishing |date=2005}}</ref>. Mu 1996, inyeshyamba za Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du Congo (AFDL), ziyobowe na Laurent-Désiré Kabila kandi zishyigikiwe n'u Rwanda n'[[Ubugande]], zatangiye intambara ya mbere ya Kongo. Nubwo Nelson Mandela yagerageje kumuhuza na Kabila <ref name="E75">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mark Coatney |title=No Negotiations |url=https://time.com/archive/6930193/no-negotiations/ |website=Time |date=1997-05-14 |access-date=2025-07-17}}</ref>, inyeshyamba zinjiye i Kinshasa ku ya 17 Gicurasi 1997, maze ku ya 23 Gicurasi igihugu cyongera kwitwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo <ref name="E76">{{cite web |author=J. Tyler Dickovick |title=The World Today Series: Africa 2012 |url=https://archive.org/details/africa20120000dick |website=Stryker-Post Publications}}</ref>. Mobutu yabanje guhungira muri [[Togo]], ariko Perezida Gnassingbé Eyadéma amusaba kuvayo nyuma y'iminsi mike <ref name="E77">{{cite web |title=Togo prods Mobutu to move on _ but to where? |url=https://apnews.com/ddd412eba59c464d6af9bcc55bdfc698 |website=AP NEWS |access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>; yahise ajya i Rabat, muri Maroke <ref name="E78">{{cite web |author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |title=Refworld Zaire: Information on events that occurred between 16 and 24 May 1997, including the rebel takeover |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aaab48.html |website=Refworld |access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>. Ku ya 7 Nzeri 1997, yaguye i Rabat azize kanseri ya porositate, afite imyaka 66, ashyingurwa mu irimbi ry'Abakristo ry'uwo mujyi <ref name="E79">{{cite web |language=en |author=Howard W. French |title=Mobutu Sese Seko, Zairian Ruler, Is Dead in Exile in Morocco at 66 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/08/world/mobutu-sese-seko-zairian-ruler-is-dead-in-exile-in-morocco-at-66.html |website=The New York Times |date=1997-09-08 |access-date=2025-04-12}}</ref><ref name="E80">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Il repose désormais dans un cimetière à Rabat Mobutu inhumé dans la plus grande discrétion |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/239276/Il_repose_desormais_dans_un_cimetiere_a_Rabat_Mobutu_inhume_dans_la_plus_grande_discretion.html |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |date=1997-09-15 |access-date=2025-04-13}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mu 1955, Mobutu yashakanye na Marie-Antoinette Gbiatibwa Yetene, wapfuye mu 1977; mu 1980, yashakanye na Bobi Ladawa <ref name="E82">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Destins de famille(s) – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/118918/archives-thematique/destins-de-famille-s/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2007-09-10 |access-date=2021-02-24}}</ref>. Yari afite abana benshi; umuhungu we w'imfura, Nyiwa, yateguraga kuzamusimbura, yapfuye mu 1994 <ref name="E44">{{cite web |title=Zaire: A Country Study, Establishment of a Personalistic Regime |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0146)}}</ref><ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=RDC: La mort prématurée de Manda Mobutu met un point final à l'histoire du "Zaïre" |url=http://www.lefaso.net/article.php3?id_article=5300 |access-date=2005-11-01}}</ref>. Umwe mu bahungu be, Nzanga Mobutu, yaje kuba umunyapolitiki. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] b825d5xz3wst4nvues4kk8g6104l5ei