Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4545 140879 133690 2026-10-07T05:20:02Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Élie Sagatwa]] na [[Déogratias Nsabimana]] 140879 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Juvénal Habyarimana 1980-09-25.jpg|thumb|President Juvenal Habyarimana]] '''Habyarimana Juvenal''' ( yavutse 8 Werurwe 1937 − [[Kigali]], yapfuye 6 Mata ya 1994) yari umunyapolitiki Rwanda moko Hutu, yari mu ntambara na moko abatutsi. Yiswe "Kudatsindwa" ( ''Kinani'' muri Kiñaruanda , ururimi nyamukuru rw'igihugu). {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Juvénal Habyarimana[[Dosiye:Juvénal Habyarimana (Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, USA - 1980).jpg|thumb]] |- ! colspan="2" | Perezida wa 3 w'u Rwanda |- |Igihe cyo gukora |Nko 5 Nyakanga nka 1973 - 6 nka Mata nka 1994 |- | Ababanjirije |[[Grégoire Kayibanda]] |- | Uzasimbura |[[Théodore Sindikubwabo]] |- |Minisitiri w’intebe |[[Sylvestre Nsanzimana]]<br>[[Dismas Nsengiyaremye]] (1992-1993)<br>[[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]] (1993-1994) |- ! colspan="2" |Amakuru yihariye |- |Amazina |''Kinani'' |- |Ivuka |Ya 8 Werurwe wa 1937 Gisenyi Ntara ( Intara y'Iburasirazuba , [[Rwanda-Urundi]]) |- |Urupfu |Ku itariki ya 6 Mata mu 1994 (imyaka 57) International Airport Kigali ([[Kigali]], [[Rwanda]]) |- |Impamvu y'urupfu |[[Misile]] yo mu kirere |- | Imva |Gbadolite |- |Ubwenegihugu |Rwanda |- |Ururimi kavukire |[[Kinyarwanda]] |- | Iyobokamana |[[Kiliziya Gatolika]] |- | Ishyaka rya politiki |[[Ihuriro ry’igihugu riharanira demokarasi n’iterambere]] |- ! colspan="2" |Umuryango |- | Uwo mwashakanye |Agathe Habyarimana |- | Abahungu |8 |- ! colspan="2" |Uburezi |- | Yize muri |Kaminuza ya Lovanium |- ! colspan="2" |Amakuru yumwuga |- | Umwuga |umunyapolitiki |- | Imyaka irakora |1963-1994 |- | Ishami rya gisirikare |Ingabo z’ingabo z’u Rwanda |- | Urutonde |Jenerali Majoro |- |Amakimbirane |* Iteka ry'ibendera ry'igihugu ([[Koreya y’Amajyaruguru]]) |- |Itandukaniro | |[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272580 hindura amakuru kuri Wikidata] |} Habyarimana yari perezida w’igitugu mu Rwanda kuva mu 1973 kugeza apfuye, agenda mu ndege ye bwite yicwa na misile. Urupfu rwe rwabaye mu gihe cy'intambara yo mu Rwanda kandi byongera amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko muri ako karere, bituma haza Jenoside yo mu Rwanda. == Ubuzima bwa politiki == [[File:Habyarimanna-VanAgt.jpg|thumb|Perezida w'u Rwanda, Juvénal Habyarimana na minisitiri w’intebe w’Ubuholandi Dries van Agt toasting. La Haye (Ubuholandi), ku ya 13 Gicurasi 1980]] Mu 5 Nyakanga ya 1973 , Leta uwurimo mwanya wa Minisitiri w'Ingabo mu Rwanda, yatanze coup guhirika Perezida wayo, Grégoire Kayibanda , n'ishyaka rye ku butegetsi, mu Parmehutu . Kayibanda yari mubyara we akaba na perezida wa mbere watowe mu nzira ya demokarasi. Ku butegetsi bushya, Habyarimana yafungiye mubyara we n'umugore we ahantu hihishe (bivugwa ko ari inzu hafi ya Kabgayi), aho bivugwa ko bishwe n'inzara nyuma y'imyaka itatu. ^{[ ''citation isabwa'' ]} Mu 1975 , Habyarimana yashinze ishyaka rya MRND (National Revolutionary Movement for Development) nk'umuyobozi, atangaza ko ariryo shyaka ryemewe n'amategeko mu gihugu. Igihugu cyagumye mu maboko y’ingabo kugeza igihe itegeko nshinga rishya ryemejwe mu 1978 na referendum. Muri icyo gihe, yongeye gutorwa nk'umukandida wenyine, ibintu byagarutsweho buri myaka itanu, byatangiye gukurikizwa mu 1983 na 1988. Ku ikubitiro, yari yaratsindiye Abahutu n'Abatutsi mu kwerekana ubuyobozi budashaka gushyira mu bikorwa politiki izashimisha abayishyigikiye gusa, cyane cyane Abahutu. Ariko umugabane we ntiwakomeje, akomeza kwerekana politiki yagaragazaga iz'uwamubanjirije, Kayibanda. Yongeye gushiraho ibipimo byo kubona imyanya ya kaminuza n'ibiro bya leta bibabaza abatutsi. Ubwo yatoneshaga itsinda ry’abayoboke rigabanuka, andi matsinda y’Abahutu yasuzuguwe n’umuyobozi w’igihugu cyabo yafatanyaga [[Abatutsi|n’abatutsi]] guca intege ubutegetsi bwe. Mu 1990 , kubera igitutu cyaturutse ahantu hatandukanye (Umufatanyabikorwa mukuru w’u Rwanda n’umuterankunga w’imari, [[Ubufaransa]] ; abatanga amafaranga menshi, IMF na Banki y’isi; hamwe n’abaturage bacyo basaba ko habaho ijwi ryinshi n’impinduka mu bukungu), yemeye kwemerera aya mahugurwa biturutse mu yandi mashyaka. ; [[Dosiye:Inzu akera.jpg|thumb|Inyubako ari Atuyemo]]Intambara y'abanyagihugu Ingingo nyamukuru: ''Intambara yo mu Rwanda'' [[Dosiye:Habyarimana stadium.png|thumb]] Mu Kwakira 1990, FPR ([[Ishyaka FPR-Inkotanyi|Rwanda Patriotic Front]]) yatangiye kwigomeka kuri guverinoma ya Habyarimana iturutse mu gihugu cy’abaturanyi cya Uganda, itera intambara y'abenegihugu. FPR yari ingabo zigizwe ahanini n’abatutsi baba mu mahanga bari barahoze mu gisirikare cya Uganda (benshi mu myanya ikomeye), batererana imbaga n’ingabo za Uganda bambuka umupaka. == Urupfu == Ku ya 6 Mata 1994, indege bwite ya habyarimana, indege ya Falcon 50 (impano ya Minisitiri w’intebe w’Ubufaransa Jacques Chirac ) yarashwe na misile ubwo yari igiye kugwa ku kibuga cy’indege cya Kigali. Abaperezida b’amoko abiri y’Abahutu ndetse n’ibihugu bituranye bapfuye bazize iyo mpanuka: Habyarimana ubwe, ukomoka mu Rwanda, na Cyprien Ntaryamira, ukomoka mu [[Uburundi|Burundi]], wamuherekeje mu rugendo. Mu bandi baguye muri iyo ndege harimo umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida, Koloneli [[Élie Sagatwa]], n'umugaba mukuru w'Ingabo z'u Rwanda, Jenerali [[Déogratias Nsabimana]]. N'ubwo uwanditse icyo gitero atarasobanurwa ku mugaragaro, byabaye mu rwego rw'intambara y'abenegihugu yatewe no gucikamo ibice hagati y'amoko ye n'Abatutsi, biganisha kuri [[jenoside mu Rwanda]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Habyarimana, Juvénal}} [[Category:Perezida wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda]] [[Category:Abanyarwanda]] [[Category:Abahutu]] [[Category:Abagabo]] euvbl2s2svvnoaycotbg3sehzny1oq4 0 6150 140901 134768 2026-10-07T06:08:12Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Paul Barril]] 140901 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Rwanda on the globe (Africa centered).svg|thumb|425x425px]] [[Dosiye:Flag Map of Rwanda (1961-2001).png|center|thumb|420x420px|rwanda]] [[Dosiye:Flag map of Rwanda.svg|thumb]] '''Jean Kambanda''' (19 Ukwakira 1955) wo muri MDR yari Minisitiri w'Intebe wa 5 wa Repubulika y’u [[Rwanda]] hagati y’itariki ya 9 Mata na 19 Nyakanga 1994. Yavukiye mu ntara ya [[Cyangugu]]. Ku ya 28 Gicurasi 1994, mu gihe cya jenoside, [[Paul Barril]] amasezerano yo gutanga intwaro n'amasasu no guhugura abasirikare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La justice enquête sur Paul Barril dans le dossier rwandais |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/06/27/la-justice-enquete-sur-paul-barril-dans-le-dossier-rwandais_3437879_3224.html |website=Le Monde |date=2013-06-27 |language=fr}}</ref> [[Dosiye:View across Lake Kivu to DR Congo - Cyangugu (Rusizi) - Rwanda (9008120973).jpg|center|thumb|Intara ya Cyangungu, Aho Kambanda yavukiye]] == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kambanda, Jean}} [[Category:Abanyarwanda]] [[Category:Abahutu]] [[Category:Abaminisitiri]] [[Category:Abagabo]] eyz6cp6uekbl1q4hfhatlx9hdp2adsf 0 7999 140857 114731 2026-10-06T18:18:05Z Stevenndori289 10902 Sida 140857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new)|name=Virusi itera SIDA|causes=[[Virusi Itera SIDA]] (HIV)<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|frequency=Miliyoni 1.7 z'abanduye bashya (2018)<ref name=UN2018/><br />Miliyoni 37.9 zabantu babana n'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA (2018)<ref name=UN2018/>|prognosis=Kubaho nk'abandi bantu bazima iyo wisuzumishije ugafata n'imiti igabanya ubukana<ref name=CDC21015Bas/><ref name=UN2012Vac/><br />Imyaka 11 yo kubaho iyo umuntu adafata imiti<ref name=UNAIDS2007/>|medication=|treatment=[[Imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA n'ubuvuzi bwayo]]<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|prevention=[[Imibonano ikingiye]], [[gusangira inshinge]], [[gusilamura]], [[imiti irinda ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA mbere yo gukeka ko wayandujwe - prophylaxis]], [[imiti irinda ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA nyuma yo gukeka ko wayandujwe prophylaxis]]<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|differential=|diagnosis=Gusuzuma no gupima amaraso<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|risks=Kwandura biciye mu maraso, amashereka n'imibonano <ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|duration=Ubuzima buramba<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|image=Red_Ribbon.svg|onset=|complications=[[Indwara z'ibyuririzi]]s, [[ibibyimba]]<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|symptoms='''Mu ikubitiro''': Kurwaragurika bisa nk'ibicurani bihoraho<ref name=WHO2015Fact/><br />'''Nyuma''': [[kwaguka kutunyabuzima turinda indwara mu mubiri tubyimba mu myanya yo mu mabinga no mu kwaha]], guhinda umuriro nkurwaye umushwiza, guta ibiro byinshi mu buryo butunguranye<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|synonyms=Indwara ya SIDA, ubwandu bw'agakoko gatera SIDA<ref name=AIDS2010GOV/><ref name=AETC-staging>{{cite web |title=HIV Classification: Sisiteme za CDC na WHO {{!}} Imfasha nyigisho ku ndwara ya SIDA n'ibigo by'amahugura ndetse nibigo ku rwego rw'igihugu bihuza ibikorwa ku makuru ajyanye nabyo(AETC NCRC) |url=https://aidsetc.org/guide/hiv-classification-cdc-and-who-staging-systems |website=aidsetc.org |publisher=Gahunda y'imfasha nyigisho namasomo ku ndwara ya SIDA n'ibigo by'amahugura |access-date=September 10, 2017 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018065658/https://aidsetc.org/guide/hiv-classification-cdc-and-who-staging-systems |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref>|field=[[Indwara zandura (ubuvuzi bwihariye)|Indwara zandura]], [[Ubumenyi bujyanye n'ubudahangarwa bwo mu muburi]]|alt=Riba itukura ihinnye nk'umuheto|caption=<nowiki>The [riba itukura#ikimenyetso cyo gushishikariza no kumenyekekanisha cy'umwimerera ku ndwara ya SIDA|riba itukura]] ni </nowiki>[[ikimenyetso kigamije gushishikariza no kumenyekanisha #ikimenyetso cyo gushishikariza no kumenyekekanisha cy'umwimerera ku ndwara ya SIDA|riba itukura|ikimenyetsol]] cyo kugaragaza [[ubufatanye nishyaka]] hamwe [[n'abanduye SIDA]] ndetse n'ababana n'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ambara Riba yawe itukura kuri uyu munsi wo kwizihiza umunsi wa Virusi Itera SIDA {{!}} UNAIDS |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2006/november/20061130redribbonen |website=www.unaids.org |publisher=UNAIDS Secretariat |access-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910221331/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2006/november/20061130redribbonen |archive-date=September 10, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>|image_size=220px|deaths=770,000 (2018)<ref name=UN2018/>}} [[Dosiye:HIV on macrophage.png|thumb|HIV on macrophage]] [[Dosiye:Human Immunodeficency Virus - stylized rendering.jpg|thumb|Human Immunodeficency Virus - stylized rendering]] [[Dosiye:Virión de VIH.svg|thumb|Human Immunodeficency Virus - stylized rendering]] == Iriburiro kuri Virusi Itera SIDA == [[Dosiye:Youths Against HIV AIDS ...YAHA.jpg|thumb|Youths Against HIV AIDS ...YAHA]] [[Dosiye:We are Facing AIDS by supporting the National HIV-AIDS Strategy-I am Facing AIDS by making the National HIV-AIDS Strategy REAL (5228820265).jpg|thumb|We are Facing AIDS by supporting the National HIV-AIDS Strategy]] [[Dosiye:Aids Day Awareness Seminer.jpg|thumb|Aids Day Awareness Seminer]] [[Dosiye:Red Ribbon.svg|thumb|Red Ribbon]] [[Dosiye:US Navy 040324-N-0130O-001 Hospital Corpsman 1st Class Jason Dillow, of Westminster, Md., draws blood from a Sailor's arm, for a routine human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) check.jpg|thumb|gupima]] [[Dosiye:HIV Virus Particles - 2.jpg|thumb|HIV Virus Particles ]] [[Dosiye:HIV Vaccine Awareness Ribbon - 2.jpg|thumb|HIV Vaccine Awareness Ribbon ]] [[Dosiye:HIV Vaccine Awareness Day- May 18th - 2.jpg|thumb|HIV Vaccine Awareness Ribbon ]] [[Dosiye:Symptoms of AIDS bg.svg|thumb|Symptoms of AIDS bg]] [[Dosiye:Symptoms of AIDS (hy).png|thumb|Symptoms of AIDS (hy)]] [[Dosiye:BrainToxoplasmosis MRI 8 22.png|thumb|BrainToxoplasmosis MRI ]] [[Dosiye:Quadro sintomatologico dell'AIDS.PNG|thumb|Quadro sintomatologico dell'AIDS]] [[Dosiye:Verlauf einer HIV-Infektion.svg|thumb|Verlauf einer HIV-Infektion]] [[Dosiye:HIV and AIDS Treatment (23749151771).jpg|thumb|HIV and AIDS Treatment (23749151771)]] Virusi itera SIDA ni agakoko kambura umubiri ubudahangarwa. Virusi ya SIDA ica umubiri intege ikawambura ubudahangarwa maze igatera ubwandu bw’indwara. Iyo itavuwe hakiri kare Virusi itera SIDA itera indwara zitandukanye bikarangwa no gucika intege k’umubiri ku buryo uba utakibasha guhangana n’indwara ari nabwo umurwayi bivugwa ko arwaye SIDA. Abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA iyo nta miti bafata igabanya ubukana bwayo bashobora kumara imyaka itatu gusa. Iyo umuntu yanduye virusi itera SIDA afashwe n’izindi ndwara z'ibyuririzi kandi nta miti igabanya ubukana anywa, icyizere cy’ubuzima ni umwaka umwe. Abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA baba bagomba gufata imiti kugira ngo bakumire gupfa vuba. Nyuma yo kwandura kwambere umuntu ashobora kutabona ibimenyetso byayo, cyangwa ashobora guhura nigihe gito cyindwara zimeze nk'ibicurane (grippe). Ubusanzwe, ibi bikurikirwa nigihe kirekire nta bimenyetso byigaragaza. Iyo ubwandu bugenda bwiyongera mu mubiri, bubangamira cyane ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, bikongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara zisanzwe nk'igituntu, kimwe n'izindi ndwara zibasira umubiri mu buryo butunguranye, ndetse n'ibibyimba bitamenyerewe ku bantu basanzwe bafite ubudahangarwa buhagije mu mubiri wabo. Ibi bimenyetso byigaragaza nyuma yaho ari nabyo bikomeye nibyo bituma umurwayi bivugwa ko yanduye SIDA kenshi bigaragazwa cyane no gutakaza ibiro byinshi kuburyo bugaragarira ijisho. [[Dosiye:HIV- 1 Virus Particles Budding From Cell (52532615321).jpg|thumb|HIV Virus Particles ]] [[Dosiye:HIV Vaccine Awareness Day- May 18th - 5.jpg|thumb|HIV Vaccine Awareness Ribbon ]] [[Dosiye:Apikal4D.gif|thumb|Apikal4D]] Virusi itera SIDA ikwirakwizwa cyane cyane n'imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye (harimo n'ibikorwa byo gutingana bashyira ibitsina mu kibuno nababishyira mu kanwa ku bahuje ibitsina), guterwa amaraso yanduye, inshinge zikoreshwa kwa muganga batera imiti mu mubiri w'umurwayi, umubyeyi utwite akaba yayanduza umwana atwite iyo adafashe imiti ku gihe, iyo umubyeyi abyaye, cyangwa binyuze mu konsa. Amatembabuzi asanzwe nk'amacandwe, ibyuya n'amarira, ntabwo byanduza virusi itera SIDA. Virusi itera sida ni imwe muri za virus zibarizwa mu itsinda ry'amavirusi azwi ku izina rya "retrovirus". [[Dosiye:HIV and total AIDS deaths worldwide.svg|thumb|HIV and total AIDS deaths worldwide]] [[Dosiye:AIDS and HIV prevalence 2008.svg|thumb|AIDS and HIV prevalence 2008]] [[Dosiye:Dr. Anthony S. Fauci Delivers Lecture- 30 Years of HIV-AIDS- A Personal Journey (5890993394).jpg|thumb|Dr. Anthony S. Fauci Delivers Lecture- 30 Years of HIV-AIDS- A Personal Journey (5890993394)]] [[Dosiye:HIV and AIDS awareness by Care For Healthy Life Initiative.jpg|thumb|HIV and AIDS awareness by Care For Healthy Life Initiative]] Uburyo bwo kwirinda virusi itera SIDA burimo imibonano mpuzabitsina ikingiye, gahunda zo gukoresha neza inshinge zujuje ubuziranenge, kuvura abanduye, hamwe no gukoresha imiti nka "prophylaxis" mbere na nyuma yo gukora iminonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye. Iyo ari umwana uvutse yanduye virusi itera SIDA we na nyina umubyara bahabwa imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA. Nta muti cyangwa urukingo rwa virusi itera SIDA ruhari; ariko, imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA ishobora gutuma umuntu abaho igihe kirekire byenda kungana kimwe nk'abantu basanzwe bazima batayanduye. Nibyiza gutangira gufata imiti no kwivuza no kwisuzumisha buri gihe ukimara kumenya ko wanduye. Hatabayeho kuvurwa, impuzandengo yo kubaho nyuma yo kwandura ni imyaka 11. [[Dosiye:Youths Against HIV AIDS... YAHA3.jpg|thumb|Youths Against HIV AIDS... YAHA3]] Muri 2018, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 37.9 babanaga na virusi itera SIDA bituma hapfa abantu 770.000. Abagera kuri miliyoni 20.6 muri bo baba mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo ya Afurika. Hagati y'igihe SIDA yamenyekanye (mu ntangiriro ya za 1980) na 2018, iyi ndwara yateje urupfu rw'abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 32 ku isi hose. Virusi itera SIDA ifatwa nk'icyorezo - icyorezo cy’indwara kiboneka ahantu hanini kandi kigenda gikwirakwira. [[Dosiye:I am Facing AIDS by making the National HIV-AIDS Strategy REAL (5228819141).jpg|thumb|I am Facing AIDS by making the National HIV-AIDS Strategy REAL (5228819141)]] Virusi itera sida yavuye mu zindi nyamaswa yerekeza ku bantu bo muri Afurika yo mu burengerazuba bwo hagati mu ntangiriro kugeza no hagati mu kinyejana cya 20. Ubwandu bwa SIDA bwamenyekanye bwa mbere n’ikigo cya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) mu 1981 kandi hamenyekana igitera SIDA - ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA - byagaragajwe mu ntangiriro y’imyaka icumi ya mbere y'uwo mwaka. Virusi itera SIDA yagize uruhare runini muri sosiyete, iba indwara ndetse n'isoko y'ivangura. Iyi ndwara kandi igira ingaruka zikomeye mu bukungu. Hariho imyumvire myinshi itavugwaho rumwe ku birebana na Virusi itera SIDA, nko kwizera ko yanduzwa gusa no guhuza ibitsina mu buryo busanzwe. Iyi ndwara yateje impaka nyinshi mu banyamadini, harimo n’umwanya wa Kiliziya Gatolika yo kudashyigikira ikoreshwa ry’agakingirizo mu rwego rwo kuyirinda. Yatumye habaho ubuvuzi budasanzwe ku rwego rwa kiganga, ku rwego mpuza mahanga ndetse igenerwa n'inkunga nyinshi zitandukanye kuva yamenyekana mu myaka ya za 1980. [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-HIV-AIDS.webm|thumbtime=0:14|thumb|Video summary (script)]]   == Ibimenyetso biranga agakoko gatera SIDA == Hariho ibyiciro bitatu by'ingenzi bigaragaza ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida: kuremba bikabije, kuremba bikurikiranye no kurwaragurika kenshi bidakira, no kugera mu cyiciro cyaho umubiri ubura ubudahangwara mu buryo bukabije. <ref name="M121">acika intege zo kubahiriza no gukomeza gufata imiti</ref> === kuremba bikabije === [[File:Symptoms_of_acute_HIV_infection.svg|alt=A diagram of a human torso labelled with the most common symptoms of an acute HIV infection|thumb| Ibimenyetso nyamukuru byanduye virusi itera sida]] Mu ikubitiro kwandura virusi itera sida icyo cyiciro cyitwa "Acute HIV/igihe virusi itera [[SIDA]] iba ifite ubukana bwinshi mu mubiri" cq kwandura mu gihe cy'ibanze aho virus iba ifite imbaraga nyinshi mu mubiri irimo gushaka gukwirakwira mu mubiri hose. Abantu benshi barwara ibicurane cyangwa indwara isa na "mononucleose" nyuma y'ibyumweru 2-4 nyuma yo kuyandura, naho abandi nta bimenyetso bifatika bafite. Ibimenyetso bibaho muri 40-90% byabantu bafite ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA kandi mubisanzwe harimo umuriro mwinshi ukabije uzamuka buri kanya, ibibyimba mu kanwa, kumuka no kuryana mu muhogo, guhubuka, kubabara umutwe, kunanirwa, cyangwa ibisebe byo mumunwa no mu/ku gitsina. Indwara z'uruhu zizana ibiheri bigaragara muri 20-50% y'abayanduye byigaragaza mu buryo bw'uduheri twinshi turi kumurongo umwe kandi twinshi tubyimbye gakeya kandi tudasanzwe. Abantu bamwe na bamwe barwara indwara zitandukanye muriki cyiciro. Ibimenyetso byo mu gifu, nko kuruka cyangwa impiswi bishobora kubaho. Ibimenyetso nko kurwara imitsi, ingingo zigacika inege. Igihe ibimenyetso byiyerekana biratandukanye, ariko mubusanzwe ni icyumweru kimwe cyangwa bibiri. Bitewe n'imiterere yabyo idasanzwe, ibi bimenyetso ntibifatwa nkibimenyetso simusiga byabanduye virusi itera SIDA. Ndetse nibibazo bibonwa na muganga cyangwa ibitaro bikunze gusuzumwa nabi nkimwe mundwara zandura zifite ibimenyetso byinshi byenda gusa. Niyo mpamvu, birasabwa ko virusi itera sida yakekerwa cyane mu bantu bagaragaza umuriro mwinshi udasobanutse ushobora kuba ufite isano n'ingaruka zo kwandura. <ref name="M118">Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 118.</ref> === kuremba bikurikiranye no kurwaragurika kenshi bidakira === Ibimenyetso byambere bikurikirwa nicyiciro cyitwa "clinical latency" cyangwa virusi idakira. Hatabayeho kuvurwa, iki cyiciro cya kabiri ku bantu banduye virusi itera sida bisanzwe ariko bativuje habe namba gishobora kumara imyaka igera kuri itatu kugeza ku myaka 20 (ugereranije, imyaka umunani). Mugihe mubisanzwe hari ibimenyetso bike cyangwa bitagaragaye mbere, hafi yiki cyiciro kirangiye abantu benshi bahura numuriro mwinshi udasanzwe, guta ibiro, ibibazo byigifu no kubabara imitsi. Hagati ya 50% na 70% byabantu nabo barwara utubyimba two mu kwaha duhora twizana, ibice by'umubiri byaguka cyangwa bibyimba mu buryo budasobanutse, kwaguka kurenze uburyo busanzwe kw'imyanya ndangagitsina (uretse mu kibuno) mumezi arenga atatu kugeza kuri atandatu. Nubwo abantu benshi banduye virusi itera SIDA bafite virusi itagaragara kandi mugihe hatabayeho kuvurwa amaherezo bizatera SIDA (kubura burundu ubudahangwarwa bw'umubiri kwirwanaho ku ndwara), umubare muto (hafi 5%) ugumana urugero rwinshi rw'utunyabuzima twubatse ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri w'umuntu twitwa CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T (T Helper Cells) udafite imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA irenze imyaka itanu. Abo bantu bashyizwe mu rwego rwa "HIV Controllers" cyangwa "long-term nonprogressors" (LTNP). Irindi tsinda rigizwe nabagumana uko virusi zigaragaza mu mubiri wabo muburyo butajya bumenyekana habe namba cyangwa butigaragaza byihuse kandi badakoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi ari nabo bakunze kwitwa "elite controllers" cyangwa udashobora kumenyekana udafite imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA bene abo bari ku kigero kiri kuri 1 kugeza kuri 300 y'abanduye. === Umubiri kubura ubudahangwara mu buryo bukabije === [[File:Symptoms_of_AIDS.svg|alt=Igishushanyo kigaragaza bimwe mu bimenyetso bikunze kugaragara ku bafite ubwandu bwa SIDA|thumb| Ibimenyetso nyamukuru bya sida.]] "Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS/SIDA)" bisobanuye icyiciro aho umubiri w'uwanduye virusi itera SIDA yaba yageze aho abura ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri mu buryo bukabije kugeza aho abasirikare barinda umubiri we indwara bitwa "CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T" baba bari munsi ya 200 ku gipimo gikoreshwa cya µL cyangwa kuba hari indwara zihariye ziterwa no kwandura virusi itera SIDA zamaze kwigaragaza mu buryo bufatika. Mugihe hatabayeho ubuvuzi bwihariye, ibi nibyo byigaragaza hafi kimwe cya kabiri cyabantu banduye virusi itera sida mu myaka icumi ya mbere. Ibintu byambere bikunze kugaragara byerekana ko umurwayi yageze muri iki cyiciro cyaho umuntu afatwa ko arwaye SIDA harimo "pneumocystis pneumonia" / UMUSONGA (40%), gutakaza ibiro byinshi mu buryo budasanzwe "cachexia" (20%), na "candidiasis esophageal" / indwara nutubyimba no kubabara mu kanwa ndetse no mu muhogo. Ibindi bimenyetso bikunze kugaragara harimo kwandura indwara zifata imyanya y'ubuhumekero. Ashobora ndetse no kwibasirwa n'indwara zitunguranye ziterwa n'udukoko nka bacteria, virusi, ibihumyo, n'udukoko dutandukanye zisanzwe zikumirwa zikarindwa na bwa budahangarwa bw'umubiri mu bantu bazima. Indwara zandura ziterwa ahanini n’ibinyabuzima bikunze kubaho mu bidukikije by’umuntu. Izi ndwara zirashobora kwanduza umubiri wose zikawibasira zikawuca inege. Ababana n'ubwandu bwa SIDA bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura kanseri zitandukanye ziterwa na virusi, harimo na sarcoma ya Kaposi, lymphoma ya Burkitt, lymphoma y'ibanze yo hagati, na kanseri y'inkondo y'umura. Sarcoma ya Kaposi ni kanseri ikunze kugaragara, iboneka ku 10% kugeza kuri 20% by'ababana na virusi itera SIDA. Kanseri ya kabiri ikunze kwibasirwa cyane ni lymphoma, ikaba ari yo nyirabayazana w'urupfu rw'abantu bagera kuri 16% babana n'ubwandu bwa SIDA kandi ni cyo kimenyetso cya mbere cya SIDA muri 3% kugeza kuri 4%. Izi kanseri zombi zifitanye isano na herpesvirus ya 8 (HHV-8). Kanseri y'inkondo y'umura igaragara cyane ku bafite sida kubera ko ifitanye isano na "papillomavirus" ya muntu (HPV). Kanseri ifata (ya layer/urububi ruhuza igice cy'imbere cy'amaso n'igice cyera cy'ijisho) nayo ikunze kugaragara ku banduye virusi itera SIDA. Byongeye kandi, ababana n'ubwandu bwa SIDA bakunze kugira ibimenyetso byo kwibasirwa n'umuriro mwinshi udasanzwe uzamuka buri kanya utajya ugabanyuka, ibyuya byinshi (cyane cyane nijoro), kubyimba "lymph node" / utubyimba two mu kwaha n'amabinga, guhorana ubukonje bukabije (imbeho, gutitira), intege nke, no gutakaza ibiro byinshi cyane. Indwara y'impiswi iza buri kanya ni ikindi kimenyetso gikunze kugaragara, kiboneka ku bantu 90% barwaye SIDA. Bashobora kandi kwanduzwa n'ibimenyetso bitandukanye byo mu mutwe ndetse no mu mitsi bidafitanye isano n'ubwandu bwa kanseri. == Uburyo virusi itera SIDA ikwirakwizwamo == Virusi itera SIDA ikwirakwizwa n'inzira eshatu z'ingenzi: guhuza ibitsina mu buryo budakingiye, ibice by'umubiri w'uwanduye indwara ya SIDA twahungabanye nk'ibisebe bivamo amatembabuzi n'amaraso, ndetse no kuva amaraso ku mubyeyi iyo atwite; ndetse no mu gihe umubyeyi atwite umwana ashobora kumwanduza, mu gihe cyo kubyara umubyeyi wanduye ava amaraso arimo abyara akivanga n'amaraso y'umwana binyuze ku mukonda/ikiriri, cyangwa konsa uruhinja ku mubyeyi wanduye. Nta kaga ko kwandura virusi itera sida binyuze mu mazirantoki, ururenda rw'amazuru/ibimyira, amacandwe, ibyuya, amarira, inkari, cyangwa kuruka keretse iyo byivanzemo n'amaraso yanduye virusi itera SIDA. Birashoboka kandi ko umuntu yakwandura impurirane y'ubwoko bwa virusi itera sida burenze bumwe bikunze kwitwa "HIV superinfection". === Imibonano mpuza bitsina === Uburyo bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera SIDA ni uburyo bwo guhuza ibitsina n'umuntu wanduye hakorwa imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye. Icyakora, umuntu wanduye virusi itera sida ufite virusi itagaragararira ibyuma biyipima bitewe no kuvurwa igihe kirekire, nta byago afite byo kwanduza abandi virusi itera SIDA binyuze mu gukorana nabo imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye. Kuba hari abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA itagaragarira ibyuma biyipima byamenyekanye cyane mu itangazo ry’Ubusuwisi ryo mu 2008 biteza impaka no kutabivugaho rumwe, kuva icyo gihe byaje gukorerwa ubushakashatsi bwimbitse biremezwa ko bibari ndetse bishoboka. Ku isi hose, uburyo bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera SIDA ni uburyo bwo guhuza ibitsina n'umuntu wanduye hakorwa imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye hagati y’abadahuje igitsina; ariko, uburyo bwo kwandura buratandukanye mu bihugu. Kugeza mu 2017, abantu benshi banduye virusi itera SIDA muri Amerika babaye mu bagabo baryamanye n'abagabo (82% by'abanduye virusi itera SIDA ku bagabo bafite imyaka 13 n'abayirengeje na 70% by'indwara nshya). Muri Amerika, abagabo bahuje ibitsina bafite imyaka 13 kugeza kuri 24 bangana na 92% by'abanduye virusi itera SIDA mu bagabo bose bari mu kigero cyabo na 27% by'indwara nshya mu bagabo bose bahuje ibitsina ndetse n'ibitsina byombi. Abagabo bagera ku 15% b’abagabo bahuje ibitsina banduye virusi itera SIDA, mu gihe 28% by’abagore bahindura ibitsina "transgender" banduye muri Amerika. Ku bijyanye n’imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye, ibigereranyo by’ingaruka zo kwandura virusi itera sida ku gikorwa cy’imibonano mpuzabitsina bigaragara ko byikubye inshuro enye kugeza ku icumi mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga make ugereranyije no mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga menshi. Mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga make, ibyago byo kwandura abagore ku bagabo bingana na 0.38% kuri buri gikorwa, naho kwanduza abagabo ku bagore ni 0,30% kuri buri gikorwa; ibigereranyo bihwanye n'ibihugu byinjiza amafaranga menshi ni 0,04% ku gikorwa cyo kwanduza abagore ku bagabo, na 0.08% kuri buri gikorwa cyo kwanduza abagabo n'abagore. Ibyago byo kwandura bivuye mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ni byinshi cyane, bivugwa ko 1,4-1.7% kuri buri gikorwa haba mu mibonano mpuzabitsina idahuje igitsina ndetse n'abaryamana bahuje igitsina. Nubwo ibyago byo kwandura biva mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ku bahuje ibitsina ari bike, biracyahari. Ibyago byo kwakira imibonano mpuzabitsina mu kanwa byavuzwe ko ari "hafi NTABYO"; ariko, byagaragaye ko hari abantu bake banduye binyuze muri ubwo buryo. Ibyago kuri buri gikorwa byagereranijwe kuri 0-0.04% ku bakira imibonano mpuza bitsina mu kanwa "oral sex". Mu bihe birimo uburaya mu bihugu bikennye cyane, ibyago byo kwandura abagore ku bagabo byagereranijwe ko ari 2,4% kuri buri gikorwa, naho kwanduza abagabo ku bagore ni 0,05% kuri buri gikorwa. Ibyago byo kwandura byiyongera iyo umuntu yanduye indwara zisanzwe zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina hamwe n’ibisebe byo mu gitsina. Ibisebe byo mu gitsina bigaragara ko byongera ibyago inshuro zigera kuri eshanu. Izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, nka mburugu, kilamidiya, tirikomunasi, na vaginose ya bagiteri, zifitanye isano no kwiyongera gake mu byago byo kwandura. Ubwiyongere bw'ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mu mubiri w'uwayanduye "viral load" ni ikintu cy’ingaruka zikomeye mu kwanduza virusi itera SIDA binyuze mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ndetse biciye mu kwandura hagati y'umwana na nyin/umubyeyi we. Mu mezi 2.5 y'ibanze mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ubwandu bw'umuntu bwikubye inshuro cumi n'ibiri bitewe (n'ubwiyongere bw'ubukana bwiyo virusi itera SIDA afite mu mubiri we) - "VIRAL LOAD". Niba umuntu ari mu cyiciro cye cyanyuma yaho yanduriye virusi itera SIDA, ibipimo byanduza bikubye inshuro umunani. Abakora imibonano mpuzabitsina bicuruza mu bikorwa by'uburaya (harimo n'abacuruza imibiri yabo by'umwuga byemewe "pornography") bafite ibyago byinsho byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA. Imibonano mpuzabitsina ikabije mu buryo bwo gukubana kw'ibitsina nta bunyerere cyangwa ububobere buhagije mu gitsina "rough sex" irashobora guteza kwiyongera kw'ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA. Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rikubiyemo ibikorwa byo gufata kungufu/gusambanya undi ku gahato no gusambanya abana bakiri bato "sexual assualt" naryo rishobora guteza ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA kubera ko udukingirizo tudakunze kwambarwa muri ibyo bikorwa by'ubugome bigatera gukomereka mu gitsina ku bagore n'abakobwa no ku gitsina ku bagabo n'abahungu cyangwa gukomereka mu kibuno kubakorerwa ibikorwa byo gufatwa ku ngufu n'abatinganyi bikongera ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ndetse bikaba byanatera ibyuririzi by'indwara zindi zandurira mu gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina akabirwarira hamwe n'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA. === Amatembabuzi === [[File:AIDS_Poster_If_You're_Dabbling_in_Drugs_1989.jpg|alt=A black-and-white poster of a young black man with a towel in his left hand with the words "If you are dabbling with drugs you could be dabbling with your life" above him|thumb| Icyapa cya CDC kuva mu 1989 cyerekana iterabwoba rya sida ijyanye no gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge]] Uburyo bwa kabiri bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera sida ni uburyo bunyuze mu maraso yanduye n'amatembabuzi yivanzemo ayo maraso yanduye. Kwandura biciye muri ubu buryo birashobora guterwa no gusangira inshinge mugihe cyo gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge bacisha mu kwitera inshinge mu mitsi, gukomeretswa n'inshinge mu gihe ruri guterwa ufite ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA, guterwa amaraso yanduye cyangwa ibikomoka ku maraso yanduye, cyangwa inshinge zikoreshwa mu buvuzi ariko zitujuje ubuzira nenge hamwe n’ibikoresho bidafite ubuziranenge "bidafite umutekano uhagije wo kubibika mu buryo bwiza mu byuma bibihanaguraho imyanda "sterilizers". Ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusangira urushinge mugihe cyo gutera ibiyobyabwenge mu mitsi hagati y'abakoresha ibyobya bwenge ubwabo biri hagati ya 0,63% na 2,4% kuri buri gikorwa, ugereranije ku gipimo cyo hagati "average" ni 0.8%. Ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida ku binyuze k'urushinge rwatewe umuntu wanduye virusi itera sida bivugwa ko ari 0.3% (hafi 1 kuri 333) kuri buri gikorwa kandi ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA binyuze ku rurenda rw'amatembabuzi ruvanzemo amaraso yanduye virusi itera SIDA ni 0.09% (hafi 1 kuri 1000) kuri buri gikorwa. Izi ngaruka zirashobora ariko kugera kuri 5% mugihe ayo maraso ari muri urwo rurenda rw'amatembabuzi yaturutse kumuntu ufite ubwikorezi bwinshi bwa virusi itera SIDA n'umwenge cyangwa igisebe ari kinini mu mubiri kuri wawundi wandujwe. Muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge bagejeje kuri 12% by'abanduye virusi itera SIDA mu 2009, ndetse no mu turere tumwe na tumwe abantu barenga 80% bitera ibiyobyabwenge banduye virusi itera SIDA. Virusi itera SIDA yanduza hafi 90% binyuze mu guterwa amaraso yanduye "blood transfusion". Mu bihugu byateye imbere ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ni bike cyane (munsi ya kimwe cya kabiri cya miliyoni) aho hakorwa uburyo bwo gutoranya abaterankunga no gusuzuma virusi itera sida mu maraso atangwa "blood donations"; urugero, mu Bwongereza ibyago bivugwa ko ari umwe muri miliyoni eshanu naho muri Amerika yari imwe muri miliyoni 1.5 muri 2008. Mu bihugu bikennye cyane, kimwe cya kabiri cy’amaraso ni yo yonyine ishobora gupimwa mu buryo bukwiye (guhera mu 2008), kandi bikaba bivugwa ko abagera kuri 15% banduye virusi itera SIDA muri utwo turere baturuka ku guterwa amaraso yanduye n'amatembabuzi avanze nayo maraso yanduye, bigereranywa kuri 5% na 10% byanduye kwisi. Birashoboka kwandura virusi itera sida mu guhinduranya ingingo z'umuburi zitangwa kwa muganga "implants", nubwo ibi bidasanzwe kubera kwipimisha mbere ko bikorwa. Gutera imiti hifashishijwe inshinge zidafite umutekano bigira uruhare muri virusi itera SIDA muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara. Mu 2007, hagati ya 12% na 17% byanduye muri kano karere byatewe no gukoresha inshinge zidafite umutekano zo kwa muganga. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima rivuga ko ibyago byo kwandura biturutse ku gutera inshinge muri Afurika ni 1,2%. Hari n'ingaruka zo kwandura virusi itera SIDA zikomoka ku kubaga indembe, kubyaza, no kuvura no kubaga amenyo muri kano karere. Abantu baterwaho ibishushanyo ku mibiri yabo "tattooing", gutobora ibice by'umubiri bitandukanye, no gukomeretsa ibice by'umubiri wabo binyuze mu ndasago "scarification" bafite ibyago byo kwandura nubwo nta bushakashatsi buhari bufatika bubyemeza. Imibu ndetse nutundi dukoko ntibishobora kuba impamvu yo gukwirakwiza ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA. === Umubyeyi kwanduza umwana === Virusi itera SIDA irashobora kwanduza umwana mu gihe umubyeyi amutwite, igihe cyo kubyara, cyangwa binyuze mu mashereka amwonsa, bigatuma umwana na we yandura virusi itera SIDA. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2008, kwandura virusi itera SIDA mu buryo bwiswe "verticle transmission" binyuze mu dukoko twa bagitiriya na virusi mu gihe umubyeyi atwite umwana cyangwa arimo kubyara ni 90% by'abana bayandura. Mugihe hatabayeho kuvurwa virusi itera SIDA ku mubyeyi wanduye, ibyago byo kwanduza umwana mbere cyangwa mugihe cyo kuvuka ni 20%, naho kubonsa amashereka ni 35%. Ubuvuzi butangwa ku mubyeyi ukimenya ko yanduye ariko atwite bugabanya ibyago byo kwanduza umwana we akimutwite no mu gihe cyo kumubyara kugeza munsi ya 5%. Imiti igabanya ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA iyo ifashwe na nyina cyangwa umwana bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura ku bonsa. Ibiryo bigaburirwa umwana iyo byivanzemo n'amaraso yanduye virusi itera SIDA mbere yo kubihekenya birashobora guteza ibyago byo kwandura virusi kuri uwo mwana. Niba umugore atavuwe virusi itera SIDA akamara imyaka ibiri yonsa uruhinja nabyo bitera ibyago byo kwanduza umwana we bigera kuri 17%. Bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’urupfu rw'impinja bukomoka ku kutonsa mu bice byinshi byo mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima rirasaba ko konsa byihariye hagati y'umubyeyi n'uwo mwana we umwe gusa cyangwa gutanga kwifashisha amata yo mu bikombe nk'imfashabere. Abagore bose bazwiho kuba banduye virusi itera SIDA bagomba gufata imiti igabanya ubukana ubuzima bwabo bwose. == Ubumenyi n'ubucukumbuzi bujyanye na Virusi == [[File:HI-virion-structure_en.svg|alt=diagram of microscopic viron structure|thumb| Igishushanyo cyimiterere ya virusi ya sida]] [[File:HIV-budding-Color.jpg|alt=A large round blue object with a smaller red object attached to it. Multiple small green spots are speckled over both.|thumb| Gusikana electron micrograph ya VIH-1, icyatsi kibisi, imera kuva lymphocyte yumuco .]] Virusi itera SIDA niyo nyirabayazana w'indwara zitera umuburi kubura ubudahangarwa ari nabyo byitwa "SIDA". Virusi itera SIDA ni ubwoko bwa "retrovirus" yibanda cyane mu kwangiza abasirikare barinda umubiri w'umuntu bitwa "CD4 ⁺ T Cells", "macrophage" na "dendritic cells" . Yangiriza byimazeyo mu buryo buziguye ndetse n'ubutaziguye abo basirikare batuma umubiri ugira ubudahangarwa bitwa "CD4 ⁺ T". Iyo virusi itera SIDA ibarizwa mu bwoko bwa "''Lentivirus"'', nabwo bubarizwa mu cyiciro cyitwa "''Retroviridae"'' . Virusi zo muri ubu bwoko bwa "Lentivirus" zisangiye ibintu byinshi biziranga imiterere yabyo ndetse n'ibijyanye n'ubutabire bw'ibinyabuzima bubiranga. Ibinyabuzima byinshi biri mu cyiciro cy'inyamaswa zonsa zikunze gufatwa no kwandura nama virusi ari muri ubu bwoko bwa "Lentiviruses" ari nabyo bikunze gutera indwara z'igihe kirekire ndetse zimara igihe mu mubiri zirimo gukura. Ubu bwoko bwa virusi zibarizwa muri "Lentiviruses" zigira ububasha bwo kwandura bwinjira mu mubiri ari imbumbe kandi bwiteguye kwanduza bwiyambitse urububi ruzirinda rwa "RNA GENOME". Iyo zinjiye mu mubiri ako kanya, rwa rububi ruzirinda rwa "RNA GENOME" ruhita ruhindagura imiterere yarwo "reverse transcribed" rugahinduka ADN ifite kopi ebyiri ya virusi nyayo itera uburwayi byitwa "reverse transciptase" bizanana na ya "GENOME" virusi mu bigize virusi. Nyuma yo kwihindagura yisanisha na ADN ziri mu mubiri mu buryo bwo gukora kopi zisa neza ihita yinjira mu dutafari twubatse umubiri twitwa "nucleus cells" tugahita twisanisha neza nkatwo mu rwego rwo kwiyorobeka no kwihisha mu mubiri binyuze mu buryo bwitwa "integrase" nibigize umubiri yinjiyemo. Virusi iyo imaze kwinjira neza muri twa dutafari tugize umubiri "cells" ihita yirinda kugira ibitero igaba ku mubiri ako kanya kugirango abasirikare baha ubudahangarwa mu mubiri batayivumbura bagatangira kuyirwanya. Hari nubwo virusi iyo imaze kwinjira mu mubiri ihita ikoresha ubundi buryo bwitwa "transcribed" ari nabwo bwo kubasha kwiyubura ikikoramo kopi nyinshi z'amavirusi bisa kimwe ya "RNA GENOMES" afite naza poroteyine z'ama virusi byishyize hamwe bikirema mu imbere muri za "cells" zigakomeza gutubuka gutyo zikaba nyinshi mu mubiri "VIRAL LOAD". Virusi itera SIDA ubu yamenyekanye ko ikwirakwira iciye mu basirikare barinda umubiri bawuha ubudahangarwa ba "CD4 ⁺ T" biciye mu nzira ebyiri zibangikanye: gukwirakwiza mu imbere muri "cells" ubwayo aribyo byitwa "cell-free spread" cyangwa gukwirakwizwa yanduza za "cells" zitandukanye ku bwinshi ari nabyo byitwa "cell-to-cell spread". Mu gukwirakwiza biciye mu buryo bwa "cell-free spread" virusi ziva mu ngirabuzimafatizo "virus particles bud" zituruka mu basirikare banduye ba "T cells", zinjira mu maraso/nandi matembabuzi avanze namaraso hanyuma zikanduza utundi dusirikare turinda umubiri kwandura twa "T cells" uko zijyenda zihura nazo gutyo gutyo kugeza zikwirakwiye mu mubiri hose. Iri kwirakwizwa rya virusi mu mubiri uko rigenda ryikoramo kopi nyinshi biri mu bintu birwanya bigaca inege imiti n'ubuvuzi bujyanye no kuvura amavirusi Ubwoko bubiri bwa virusi itera sida bwaranzwe na virusi y'ubwoko bwitwa "VIH-1" na "VIH-2". Virusi ya "VIH-1" ni virusi yavumbuwe bwa mbere (kandi yabanje kwitwa "LAV" cyangwa "HTLV-III"). Ni virusi ifite ubukana kandi yandura cyane, kandi niyo nyirabayazana w'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA ku isi yose ugereranije na virusi yo mu bwoko bwa "VIH-2" izwiho kwandurwa n'abantu bake. Kubera ubushobozi buke ugereranije bwo kwandura, ubwoko bwa virusi ya "VIH-2" igarukira muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba . == Indwara ya Pathophysiology == [[File:HIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm|alt=video of AIDS explanation|thumb|Gusobanura Virusi itera SIDA mu buryo bwihuse bworoshye]] [[File:Hiv_replication_cycle.gif|thumb| Uko virusi itera SIDA ijyenda yikoramo za kopi nyinshi]] Iyo virusi imaze kwinjira mu mubiri habaho igihe cyo gutubuka kwayo zikaba nyinshi mu buryo bwo kujyenda zikoramo kopi nyinshi byihuse, biganisha kuri virusi nyinshi mumaraso "VIRAL LOAD". Mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura virusi, urwego rwa virusi itera sida rushobora kugera kuri miliyoni nyinshi za virusi kuri mililitiro yamaraso mu mubiri. Iki gisubizo kijyana nigabanuka ryagaragaye mumibare y'abasirikare barinda umuburi indwara bitwa "CD4 T". Virusi ikomeza kugira ubukana kubera imiterere yayo yo gutuma havuka utundi dusirikare "cells" twitwa "CD8 T" tuza twica burundu twa dusirikare turinda umubiri kutandura indwara tukabyara za "antibody" zirwanya umubiri ziwuca intege, cyangwa "seroconversion" . Igisubizo gifatika mu isuzuma ryutwo dusirikare twa "CD8 ⁺ T" nicyo cyerekana uko ubwandu bw'indwara bujyenda bugabanyuka cyangwa bwiyongera mu mubiri nubwo bitarinda burundu virusi itera SIDA. Amaherezo, virusi itera SIDA irwanya ba basirikare barinda umubiri indwara ikajyenda ibica ibagabanya ubwinshi bakaba bakeya mu mubiri "CD4 ⁺ T" kugeza ubwo umubiri ubura ubudahangarwa bigatera indwara z'ibyuririzi kwibasira umubiri muburyo buzorohereye. Abasirikare ba "T Cells" ni ingirakamaro mubisubizo byubudahangarwa bw'umubiri kandi bitabaye ibyo, umubiri ntushobora kurwanya indwara cyangwa kwica udusirikare twamaze kuba kanseri mu mubiri. Uburyo abasirikare ba "CD4 ⁺ T cells" bagenda bashira mu mubiri bugiye butandukanye yaba mu ikubitiro umubiri ukinjiramo virusi itera SIDA ikikoramo kopi nyinshi ndetse no mu bihe bwo kurwaragurika cyane mu byiciro bitandukanye. Mu cyiciro cy'ibanze cyo kwandura virusi itera SIDA, hifashishwa udusirikare twanduye twabaye kanseri mu mubiri twa "CD8 ⁺ T" ari natwo tugira uruhare mu kugabanuka k'udusirikare turinda umubiri twa "CD4 ⁺ T", nubwo umubiri ubwawo wabigiramo uruhare mu gihe wirwanaho wica udukoko turi mu mubiri mu buryo bwitwa "apoptose" nayo ishobora kubitera. Iyo virusi ziyongereye mu mubiri; umurwayi akagera mu cyiciro cyo kuremba bikabije no kurwaragurika indwara z'ibyuririzi zitandukanye bituma habaho gutakaza buhoro buhoro ubushobozi bwimikorere yubudahangarwa bwo kubyara abasirikare bashya ba "T cells" ari nabyo bituma bagabanyuka cyane"CD4 ⁺ T". Nubwo ibimenyetso byo kubura ubudahangarwa biranga SIDA bitagaragara imyaka myinshi nyuma yuko umuntu yanduye, igice kinini cyo gutakaza abasirikare ba CD4 ⁺ T kibaho mugihe cyicyumweru cya mbere cy'ubwandu, cyane cyane mumitsi yo munda, kibamo uturemangingo turwanya indwara zo mu mubiri twita "lymphocytes" mu mubiri. Impamvu virusi itera SIDA yibanda cyane kuri ako gace ko munda "intestinal mucosa" ni ukubera ko virusi itera SIDA ikora za poroteyine z'ubwoko bwa "CCR5" ikoresha mu kwibasira yinjira ihungabanya abasirikare barinda umubiri indwara ba "CD4 ⁺ T" kandi ako gace k'imitsi yo munda kagizwe cyane nizo poroteyine kuruta za poroteyine ziba mu maraso. Imihindagurikire yihariye ihindura imiterere ya za poroteyine za "CCR5" iyo ziboneka mu buryo bwombi bwa "chromosomes" birinda cyane kwandura virusi y'ubwoko bwa VIH-1. Virusi itera SIDA ishakisha kandi ikarandura byimazeyo CCR5 zigaragaza mudusirikare turinda umubiri twa CD4 ⁺ T mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura iyo virusi kuko nibwo iba ifite ubukana bwinshi. Abasirikare barinda umubiri ba CD4 ⁺ T ni nako batangira kurwanya iyo virusi itera SIDA ari nako irushaho kubica bikihutisha kujya mu cyiciro cya kabiri cyo kuremba no kurwaragurika buri kanya bidakira "clinical latent phase". Uko virusi itera SIDA irushaho kwikoramo kopi nyinshi ikibasira umubiri wose ni nako umubiri ubura ubudahangarwa kurushaho. Ibyo byose bigateza uruvangitirane rw'ibibazo byo mu mubiri bituma habaho gusohoka kwa "pro-inflammatory cytokines". Ni nabyo ndetse bifitanye isano mu guteza indwara zo munda nk'igifu kubera urububi/igisenge kigize amara gikomeza kujyenda cyangirika cyane iyo habayeho kuremba cyane. == Gusuzuma == [[File:Hiv-timecourse.png|alt=A graph with two lines. One in blue moves from high on the right to low on the left with a brief rise in the middle. The second line in red moves from zero to very high then drops to low and gradually rises to high again|thumb|Igishushanyo rusange cyerekana isano iri hagati ya kopi ya virusi itera sida (virusi ya virusi) na CD4 ⁺ T ibara ugereranije n’impuzandengo ya virusi itera sida itavuwe. ]]Virusi itera SIDA isuzumwa hifashishijwe ibizamini bya laboratoire hanyuma bigakorwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso cyangwa ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe. Ikigo cya Leta zunzwe ubumwe z'Amerika cya "Preventive Services Task Force" gishishikariza abantu bose kuva ku myaka 15 kugeza ku myaka 65 kwisuzumisha virusi itera SIDA, harimo n'abagore bose batwite. Byongeye kandi, kwipimisha bishishikarizwa cyane abantu bafite ibyago byinsho byo kuyandura, cyane abasuzumwa bagasanga baranduye izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuza bitsina. Mu bice byinshi byisi, kimwe cya gatatu cyabanduye virusi itera SIDA babimenya ari uko igihe cyamaze kurenga bamaze gutaka ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri kuburyo bwigaragaza bukabije. {| class="wikitable floatright" |+Iminsi mike nyuma yo kwerekana ibikenewe kugirango ikizamini kibe cyuzuye !Kwipimisha amaraso ! Iminsi |- | Ikizamini cya Antibody <small>(</small> ikizamini <small>cyihuse, ELISA gen 3)</small> | 23–90 |- | Antibody na p24 kwipimisha antigen <small>(ELISA 4 gen)</small> | 18-45 |- | PCR | 10–33 |} === Kwipimisha virusi itera SIDA === [[File:HIV_Rapid_Test_being_administered.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HIV_Rapid_Test_being_administered.jpg|thumb|Agakoresho kihuta mugupima virusi itera SIDA kitwa "HIV Rapid Test" karimo gukoreshwa]] [[File:Oraquick.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oraquick.jpg|thumb|Oraquick]] Abantu benshi banduye virusi itera SIDA bakunze kurangwa n'imisemburo mu mubiri yabo irwanya ibice by'umubiri "antibodies" (ni ukuvuga seroconvert) bibaho mu byumweru bitatu kugeza kuri cumi na bibiri nyuma yo kwandura bwa mbere. Gupima virusi itera sida mbere ya seroconversion bikorwa mugupima HIV-RNA cyangwa p24 antigen. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ubwandu (positive) byabonetse nyuma yo gupima za "antibodies" cyangwa ibizamini bya PCR byemezwa na "antibody" itandukanye cyangwa na PCR. Gusuzuma no gupima "antibody" ku bana bari munsi y'amezi 18 bikunze gutanga ibisubizo bitari bya nyabyo kubera za "antibodies" bakomora ku babyeyi babo ziba zikiri mu mibiri yabo bana. Kubw'izo mpamvu, ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA bishobora gupimwa gusa hifashishije gupima PCR za HIV-RNA cyangwa ADN, cyangwa binyuze mu gupima antigen p24. Henshi ku isi hari icyuho n'ibura ry'ibikoresho bihagije byo gupima ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA hifashishijwe agakoresho ka PCR yizewe, kandi abantu mu bihugu byinshi bitishoboye bategereza kugeza ibimenyetso byigaragaje cyangwa umwana akuze bihagije kugirango bapimwe neza za "antibody". Muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara hagati ya 2007 na 2009, abaturage bari hagati ya 30% na 70% bari bafite amakuru ahagije kuri virusi itera SIDA. Muri 2009, hagati ya 3,6% na 42% by'abagabo n'abagore bo mu bihugu byo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara nibo babashije kwisuzumisha; ibi byagaragaje ubwiyongere bugaragara ugereranije nimyaka yashize. === Ibyiciro === Uburyo bubiri bw'ingenzi bwo kuvura bukoreshwa mu gushyira mu byiciro indwara zanduye virusi itera SIDA n'indwara zifitanye isano na virusi itera SIDA hagamijwe gukurikirana abanduye: gahunda y'ikigo mpuza mahanga gikurikirana ubuzima "WHO" gikurikirana umunsi kuwundi imiterere ya virusi itera SIDA n'indwara zigashamikiyeho, n'ikigo gikurikirana kinakakumira indwara zandura cya "CDC" uburyo gishyira mu byiciro ibirebana na virusi itera SIDA. Kubera ko gahunda y'ikigo cya "WHO" idasaba ibizamini bya laboratoire, ikwiranye n’imiterere y’imikoreshereze ihura n’ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, aho ishobora no gukoreshwa mu gufasha kuyobora imiyoborere y’amavuriro. Nubwo zi gahunda zitandukanye, sisitemu zombi zemerera kugereranya intego zimibare. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima ryatanze icyifuzo cya mbere ku gisobanuro kirebana na SIDA mu 1986. Kuva icyo gihe, OMS yakomeje gahunda yo kuvugurura ibyiciro bitandukanye inshuro nyinshi, igisobanuro giheruka cyemeranyijweho ku isi hose ubu OMS ikaba iheruka kugisohora mu 2007. Sisitemu ya OMS ikoresha ibyiciro bikurikira: * Icyiciro cy'ibanze cy'ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida: Birashobora kuba bidafite ibimenyetso cyangwa bifitanye isano no kuremba bikabije (kwandura mu gihe cy'ibanze aho virus iba ifite ingufu nyinshi mu mubiri irimo gushaka gukwirakwira mu mubiri hose). * Icyiciro cya I: Kwandura virusi itera sida bifitanye isano n'ibimenyetso byigaragaza bijyanye numubare w'abasirikare baha umubiri ubudahangarwa bitwa CD4 + T (uzwi kandi nka "CD4 count") urenga 500 kuri microlitre (µl cyangwa cubic mm) yamaraso. Bikunze kugirana isano no kubyimba k'utunyabuzima twa "lymph" turinda umuburi indwara (tuba mu kwaha, aho amaguru yombi ahera uturutse ku gice igihimba kirangiriraho ndetse no mu bice bitandukanya amatama ijosi) * Icyiciro cya II: Ibimenyetso byoroheje, bishobora kuba birimo uduheri twinshi duto duto kandi twegeranye twibanda ku bice bimwe by'uruhu hamwe n'indwara zandurira mu myanya y'ubuhumekero. CD4 ibara munsi ya 500 / µl * Icyiciro cya III: Ibimenyetso biri kurwego runini, bishobora kuba birimo impiswi idakira idasobanutse mugihe kirenze ukwezi, indwara ziterwa na n'agakoko ka bagiteri zirimo igituntu cyibihaha, hamwe na CD4 ibara munsi ya 350 / µl * Icyiciro cya IV ari nacyo SIDA: ibimenyetso bikomeye, birimo indwara cyangwa gufatwa n'ibimenyetso bya "[[:en:Toxoplasmosis|toxoplasmosis]] " yo mu bwonko, indwara ya kandida "candidiasis" ifata mu muhogo, mu buhumekero cyangwa ibihaha, na "sarcoma" ya Kaposi. CD4 ibara munsi ya 200 / µl Ikigo cyo muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) nacyo cyashyizeho uburyo bwo gushyira mu byiciro virusi itera SIDA, kandi byavuguruwe mu 2008 na 2014. Ubu buryo bushyira mu byiciro virusi itera SIDA hakurikijwe kubara abasirikare baha umubiri ubudahangarwa "CD4 count" no kugenzura ibimenyetso byigaragaza, kandi busobanura ubwandu mu matsinda atanu. Mu barengeje imyaka itandatu ni: * Icyiciro cya 0: igihe kiri hagati yo gufata ikizamini gipima ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA ntikiyigaragaze (negative) cyangwa kitamenyekanye cyakurikiranye n'ikizamini cyaje kugaragaza ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA (positive) kiri munsi yiminsi 180. * Icyiciro cya 1: CD4 ibara abasirikare bari hejuru ya 500 / µl kandi nta bimenyetso bya SIDA byigaragaza * Icyiciro cya 2: CD4 ibara abasirikare bari hagati ya 200 na 500 / µl kandi nta bimenyetso bya SIDA byigaragaza * Icyiciro cya 3: CD4 ibara abasirikare bangana cq bari munsi ya 200 / µl kandi hari ibimenyetso bya SIDA byigaragaza * Icyiciro kitazwi: Kuba nta makuru ahagije ahari yo kuba hari ibyatuma habaho gushyirwa mu byiciro bivuzwe haruguru. Mu rwego rwo kugenzura, isuzuma rya SIDA rikomeje gukorwa nubwo nyuma yo kuvurwa, umubare wa wabasirikare barinda umubiri ba "CD4 + T" wazamutse ukagera kuri 200 kuri µL yamaraso cyangwa izindi ndwara zishamikiye ku bimenyetso bigaragaza SIDA ziba zamaze gukira == Kwirinda == [[File:AIDS_Clinic,_McLeod_Ganj,_2010.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AIDS_Clinic,_McLeod_Ganj,_2010.jpg|alt=A run down a two-story building with a number of signs related to AIDS prevention|thumb|Ivuriro rito ku barwayi ba SIDA, [[:en:McLeod_Ganj|McLeod Ganj]], Himachal Pradesh, India, 2010]] === Guhuza ibitsina === [[File:FACING_AIDS_a_condom_and_a_pill_at_a_time_-_I_am_FACING_AIDS_because_people_I_-3_are_infected._(5202985364).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FACING_AIDS_a_condom_and_a_pill_at_a_time_-_I_am_FACING_AIDS_because_people_I_-3_are_infected._(5202985364).jpg|thumb|Abantu bambaye ibimenyetso bikangurira rubanda ku birebana n'indwara ya SIDA. Ibumoso: "Guhanga na SIDA ukoresheje agakingirizo cq imiti yo kwirinda ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA"; Iburyo: "Mpanganye na SIDA kuko abantu nkunda bamaze kuyandura"]] Gukoresha agakingirizo mu buryo buhoraho kandi igihe kirekire bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ku kigereranyo kingana na 80%. Iyo agakingirizo gakoreshwa buri gihe n’abashakanye muri bombi umwe ariwe wanduye undi ari atanduye bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ku kigereranyo kiri kuri 1% ku mwaka. Hariho ubushakashatsi bushimangira ko agakingirizo k'abagore gashobora gutanga urwego rumwe rwo kurinda. Gukoresha imiti yifashishwa mu gutuma mu gitsina hazamo ububobere yitwa "gel" nka "tenofovir"(yifashishwa mu kuvura indwara ya SIDA rimwe na rimwe indwara y'umwijima ya hepatitis B) igakoreshwa mbere yo gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina bijya bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura virusi itera SIDA kugera ku kigereranyo kingana na 40% mubagore bo muri Afrika. Binyuranye no gukoresha imiti yica intanga ngabo nka "nonoxynol-9" kuko iyo izwiho kongera ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA bitewe nuko ituma mu gitsina no mu nnyo hazamo udusebe. Gusilamura (abagabo) muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara "bigabanya kwandura virusi itera sida ku bagabo badahuje igitsina hagati ya 38% na 66% mu gihe cy'amezi 24". Kubera ubwo bushakashatsi, Ishami ry’Umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku buzima ndetse na UNAIDS bashishikarije abagabo kwisiramuza muri 2007 mu rwego rwo gukumira virusi itera SIDA binyuze ku bwandu buturuka ku mugore wanduye yanduza umugabo utanduye mu turere twa Afurika twiganjemo umubare munini wabanduye virusi itera SIDA. Icyakora, ntibivugwaho rumwe ku bijyanye nimba kwisilamuza birinda umugore utanduye virusi itera SIDA iyo aryamanye n'umugabo wanduye virusi itera SIDA usilamuye, ndetse nta mibare izwi cyangwa ifatika ivuga ko byarinda abahuje ibitsina b'abagabo bakora imibonano kwandura virusi itera SIDA mu bihugu byateye imbere. Umuryango mpuzamahanga urwanya virusi, urasaba ukanashishikariza ko abagabo bose bakora imibonano nabo badahuje igitsina bagomba kwisilamuza ndetse nabakora imibonano mpuzabitsina nabo bahuje igitsina ko byaganirwaho nkuburyo bwo guhitamo kwirinda virusi itera SIDA. Abahanga bamwe batinya ko hashobora kuvuka imyumvire ituma umubare munini wabantu wakwitabira ibikorwa byo gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye bitwaje ko gusilamurwa ari urukingo rubarinda ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA. Porogaramu zishishikariza kwifata no kurinda ubusugi n'ubumanzi ku bakobwa n'abahungu ntabwo bigaragara ko zigira umusaruro mwiza uhagije kandi ufatika mu kwirinda virusi itera SIDA. Hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko umusaruro wizo nyigisho udahagije habe namba. Inyigisho zihagije zitangwa ku bumenyi bw'imyororokere mu mashuri zishobora kugabanya imyitwarire ishobora guteza ibyago byinshi byo kwijandika no kwiyandarika mu bikorwa by'ubusambanyi. Umubare munini wurubyiruko rukomeje kwishora mubikorwa byinshi bishobora guteza ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA nubwo bahabwa inyigisho zihagije kuberana n'ubwandu bwiyo virusi, kuko babitesha agaciro ko kumva ko nabo bashobora kwandura. Ubujyanama butangwa no gupima kubizana kubihabwa ku bushake ntabwo bigabanya ibikorwa byo kwijandika no kwiyandarika mu busambanye kubamaze gupimwa bagasanga batanduye ahubwo bituma abapimwe bagasanga banduye bakunda gukoresha udukingirizo n'imibare ikazamuka mu buryo bwigaragaza. Serivisi zinoze zo kuboneza urubyaro bigaragara ko byongera umubare wo gukoresha imiti yo kuboneza urubyaro mu bagore bamaze kumenya ko bafite ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA. Nta makuru agahije azwi niba kuvura izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina bifite akamaro mu gukumira virusi itera SIDA. === Kwirinda mbere yo kwandura virusi itera SIDA === Gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mu bantu babana n'ubwandu bafite abasirikare barinda umubiri "CD4 count" bagejeje kuri 550 / µL ni uburyo bwiza cyane bwo kurinda kwanduza abo baryamana nabo (ingamba zizwi nko kuvura bisa nko kwirinda, cyangwa TASP). TASP ifitanye isano no kugabanuka inshuro 10 kugeza kuri 20 ibyago byo kwandura. Imiti irinda kwandura virusi itera sida yitwa "profhylaxis (PrEP)" ikoreshwa mbere yo gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina hamwe numuti ukoreshwa buri munsi wa "tenofovir", hakoreshejwe cq hatanakoreshejwe umuti wa "emtricitabine", bigabanya ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA hagati y'abantu bafite amahirwe menshi yo kwandura nk'abagabo bakora imibonano nabo bahuje igitsina ndetse n'abaryamana umwe abizi ko yanduye undi abizi ko atanduye ndetse no murubyiruko rwo muri Afurika. Bene ubu buryo bushobora kurinda nabakoresha inshinge bitera imiti/ibiyobyabwenge babicishije mu mitsi, nyuma y'ubushakashatsi bwakoze bukagaragaza ko habayeho kugabanyuka ku kigereranyo kivuye kuri 0.7 kugeza kuri 0.4 ku gipimo cy'imyaka 100 y'abantu "100 person years". Ikigo cy'Amerika gishinzwe gahunda zo kwirinda indwara gishishikariza ko abantu bafite ibyago byinsho byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ko bakwiye gukoresha imiti ya PrEP. Uburyo rusange bwo kwirinda muri gahunda z'ubuzima no kubwitaho bifite ingaruka nziza mu kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA. Gahunda zishyirwaho mu gukumira kwitera ibiyobyabwenge biciye mu mitsi hakoreshejwe inshinge no kuzisangira no gahunda zo gufasha kuvura abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge bagahabwa ingurane nziza zo kubavura "rehabilitation therapy" biri mu bintu bihambaye bigabanya ibyago by'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA. === Kwirinda nyuma yo gukeka ko wandujwe virusi itera SIDA === Imiti irinda ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA ifatwa mu masaha ari hagati ya 48 na 72 ku muntu ukeka ko cyangwa wahuye n'amaraso arimo ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA cq amavangiro yo mu gitsina yanduye; iyo miti yitwa "prophylaxis (PEP)". Gukoresha umuti ufata rimwe wa "zidovudine" bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida inshuro eshanu nyuma yo gukomeretswa n'urushinge. Kugeza mu 2013, gahunda yo gukoresha imiti irinda kwandura virusi itera SIDA muri Leta z'unze ubumwe z'Amerika yashyizeho imiti y'ubwoko butatu bwo kwifashisha ari bwo - "tenofovir, emtricitabine na raltegravir" - kuko ibyo bishobora kugabanya ingaruka kurushaho. Imiti ya "PEP" ishishikarizwa gufatwa byihutirwa cyane iyo habayeho igikorwa cyo gufatwa ku ngufu cq gusambanya umwana cyane iyo ukekwaho icyo cyaha akekwaho kuba yanduye virusi itera SIDA, ariko bikunze gutera impagarara no kutavugwaho rumwe cyane ukekwaho icyaha ubuzima bwe busanzwe butazwi nimba yaranduye cyangwa se ari muzima. Igihe cyo kwivuza gikunze kuba ibyumweru bine kandi bikunze kuba bifitanye isano n'ingaruka zizahaza uyikoresheje aho imiti ya "zidovudine" ikoreshwa, hafi 70% bagirwaho ingaruka yo kugira isesemi (24%), umunaniro (22%), guhangayika kumutima (13%) no kubabara umutwe (9%). === Kurinda umubyeyi kwanduza umwana === Gahunda yo kurinda umubyeyi kwanduza umwana virusi itera SIDA zishobora kugabanya ibyaho byo kwandura ku kigereranyayo kiri hagati ya 92-99%. Ibi ahanini bikubiyemo gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mugihe umubyeyi atwite na nyuma yo kuvuka k'umwana no gushyiraho gahunda yo gusimbura ibere umwana akagaburirwa hakoreshejwe insimbura bere nka bebelo aho kumwonsa. Iyo gahunda yo kwifashisha insimbura bere ishoboka, byoroshye kubigeraho, hari ingurane ndetse ari nta mabura kindi abikumira kandi kubigeraho bikaba byoroshye, umubyeyi usanganywe ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA agomba kwirinda byimazeyo konsa umwana we; ariko konsa umwana ni ibintu byingenzi muri ya mezi y'ibanze kugirango umwana abashe gukura neza iyo biri ngombwa. Iyo bibaye ngombwa ko umwana yonswa muri ayo mezi y'ibanze ni ngombwa ko umwana akomeza gufata imiti ya "prophylaxis" kugirango arindwe kwandura virusi itera SIDA ayanduzwa na nyina binyuze mu kumwonsa. Mu mwaka wa 2015, igihugu cya Cuba cyabaye icya mbere mu gukumira no kurinda umubyeyi kwanduza umwana virusi itera SIDA. === Urukingo === Kugeza ubu nta rukingo ruraboneka rwa virusi itera SIDA. Kugeza amagingo aya; urukingo rukiri mu igeragezwa ruhari rukoreshwa kandi rugaragaza ko rufite uburyo rugabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA ni urwitwa "RV 144", rwavumbuwe mu mwaka wa 2009 ndetse rugaragaza ko rugabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA kugeza ku kigereranyo kingana na 30%, ibi bikaba bitera ibyiringiro byejo hazaza mu muryango wubushakashatsi bwo gukora urukingo rukora neza kurushaho. Haracyakorwa izindi nkingo zigerageza zishingiye ku rukingo rwa "RV 144" ndetse birakomeje. == Umuti/Ubuvuzi == Kugeza ubu nta muti uhari, nta rukingo rurinda virusi itera SIDA. Umuti uyivura uhari ni ugizwe n'imiti ikomeye yizewe ku kigero kinini igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA yitwa (HAART - highly active antiretroviral therapy) ufasha kurinda ko indwara ya SIDA yihuta gukura no gukomera cyane ikwirakwiza ubukana buzahaza umuburi/ubuzima. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2010 abantu barenga miliyoni 6,6 bakiriye bene iyi miti mu bihugu bikennye n'ibiciriritse. Uyu muti ukubiyemo imiti ikumira ikanavura indwara z'ibyuririzi bya SIDA. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2020 mu kwezi kwa Werurwe, abarwayi babiri bari banduye virusi itera SIDA niba bamaze kuyikira burundu. Kwihutira gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mu cyumweru cya mbere nyuma yo kwisuzumisha bigaragaza ko bitanga amahirwe menshi n'icyizere cyiza mu kuyivura yaba mu bantu barangwa n'ubukene nabafite ubuzima buciriritse. === Imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA === [[File:Stribild_bottle_Dutch_labeling.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stribild_bottle_Dutch_labeling.jpg|alt=A white prescription bottle with the label Stribild. Next to it are ten green oblong pills with the marking 1 on one side and GSI on the other.|thumb|''[[:en:Stribild|Stribild]]'' – niyo ikunzwe gukoreshwa buri munsi nka "ART regime" igizwe na [[:en:Elvitegravir|elvitegravir]], [[:en:Emtricitabine|emtricitabine]], [[:en:Tenofovir|tenofovir]] nifasha gutera imbaraga umubiri [[:en:Cobicistat|cobicistat]]]] Imiti ikomeye yizewe ku kigero kinini igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA yitwa (HAART) ifatwa mu buryo bwo kuyivanga/gukomatanya bikunze kwitwa "cocktails" bukubiyemo imiti igera ku moko atatu iri mu byiciro bibiri by'imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi "antiretroviral agents". Mu ikubitir ryo kuvura habanza gukoreshwa uburyo bwa "non-nucleoside revers transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)" hiyongereyeho ubundi buryo bubiri bwa "nucleoside analog analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTIs)". NRTI zisanzwe zirimo: imiti ya zidovudine (AZT) cyangwa tenofovir (TDF) na lamivudine (3TC) cyangwa emtricitabine (FTC). Uhereye muri 2019, dolutegravir / lamivudine / tenofovir yashyizwe ku rutonde n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi nk’umurongo wa mbere uvura abantu bakuru, hamwe na tenofovir / lamivudine / efavirenz mu bundi buryo bwakwifashisha kuvura abantu bakuru. Gukomatanya imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi nka "protease inhibitor (PI)" bikoreshwa mu gihe imiti ifatwa mu buryo buvuzwe haruguru bitarimo gutanga umusaruro mwiza ufatika ku murwayi wanduye. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima na Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika batanga amabwiriza ashishikariza abantu gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA (harimo n'abagore batwite) bakayitangira kuyifata byihuse bakimara gupimwa, hatitawe ku mubare wabasirikare barinda umubiri "CD4 count". Iyo uwanduye atangiye gufata imiti ni byiza ko yirinda kuyihagarika cyangwa kurambirwa kuyifata. Abantu benshi bapimwa bagasanga baranduye bikunze kubaho byaratinze gutangira imiti kubera kwipimisha bakererewe. Uburyo bwiza bwo kwivuza ni uburyo bw'igihe kirekire bukoresha "Plasma HIV-RNA count" ibara munsi ya kopi 50 kuri buri mL. Ikigero gifatirwaho kumenya nimba ubuvuzi bwa virusi itera SIDA burimo gukora neza bupimwa mu gihe cy'ibyumweru bigera kuri bine (4) igisubizo cyaza kiri munsi ya kopi 50 kuri buri mL hakurikiraho gufata ibizamini buri mezi atatu cyangwa atandatu kandi ibyo biba bihagije. Igenzura ridahagije rifatwa ko za "plasma HIV-RNA count" rirenze kopi 400 kuri buri mL. Ukurikije ibi bipimo mu kuvura virusi itera SIDA bitanga icyizere mu kurwanya ubukana bwa bwayo mubantu barenga 95% mumwaka wambere wo kwisuzumisha no kwivuza. Inyungu zo kwivuza zirimo kugabanuka kw'ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mu mubiri kuburyo bitagera aho bizahaza ubuzima ku kigero cyo kubura ubudahangarwa mu mubiri ari nacyo cyiciro byitwa ko umuntu arwaye SIDA ndetse no kugabanya ibyaho byo gupfa vuba. Mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, abantu bavurwa mu buryo bwiza kandi hakiri kare bibatera kugira ubuzima buhagaze neza bw'umubiri no mu mitekerereze. Muzindi nyungu ziri mu kwivuza hakiri kare; bigabanya 70% by'ibyago byo kwandura igituntu ku banduye virusi itera SIDA. Izindi nyungu ziri mu kwivuza no gutangira imiti kare; bigabanya ibyaho byo kwanduza abaryamana n'uwanduye n'ibyago by'uko umubyeyi yakwanduza umwana atwite cyangwa mu gihe cyo kubyara cyangwa ku mwonsa. Kugirango umurwayi arusheho kumererwa neza biterwa n'uburyo yiha gahunda yo gufata imiti bijyanye n'imyifatire ye agomba guhindura mu mabwiriza ahabwa na muganga. Zimwe mu mpamvu zituma hatubahirizwa gahunda zo gufata imiti neza kandi ku gihe harimo; kubura uburyo bwo guhabwa imiti n'ibigo by'ubuvuzi/ubuzima, kubura gahunda zirimo gufasha abarwayi kwiyakira no kubaganiriza, uburwayi bw'imitekerereze no gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge. Amoko atandukanye y'ubuvuzi n'umubare mwinshi w'imiti ifatwa igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA n'ingaruka zo kubikoresha nabyo biri mu bintu bituma abanduye bacika intege zo kubahiriza no gukomeza gufata imiti ku gihe. Hamwe n'uko igiciro cy'iyo miti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA byabigiramo uruhare, 47% byabari bakeneye iyo miti bayibonaga kandi baturuka mu bantu babayeho mu bihugu bikennye n'ibiri mu buzima buciriritse mu mwaka wa 2010 ndetse ubwitabire bwo gufata imiti usanga bungana yaba mu bihugu bikennye ndetse n'ibihugu byateye imbere. Hari ingaruka ziterwa no gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA. Zimwe muri izo ngaruka harimo: umubiri kunanirwa gukora uturema ngingo dutuma umubiri ugira amavuta ahagije "lipodystrophy Syndrome", dyslipidemia, na diabete ifata urwagashya, cyane kubakoresha "protease inhibitor". Ibindi bimenyetso bikunze kugaragara harimo impiswi, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’indwara zifata umutima. Ubuvuzi bushya bugezweho buzwiho ingaruka nke kubafata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA. Imiti imwe n'imwe irashobora kuba ifitanye isano no gutera ubumuga buvukanwa bityo bikaba bidakwiriye abagore bateganya kubyara kuba bayikoresha. Imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA ihabwa abana bakiri bato itandukanye nihabwa abantu bakuze. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima rishishikariza kuvura abana bose bari munsi y’imyaka itanu; abana bari hejuru yimyaka itanu bavurwa kimwe nkabantu bakuru. Amabwiriza ya Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika ashishikariza kuvura abana bose bari munsi y’amezi 12 na buri wese ufite ibipimo bya "HIV RNA" bingana na 100.000 / mL ufite imyaka iri hagati y’umwaka umwe n’imyaka itanu. Ikigo cy’ubuvuzi cy’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EMA) cyasabye ko habaho uruhushya rwo kwamamaza ku miti ibiri mishya igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA (ARV), rilpivirine (Rekambys) na cabotegravir (Vocabria), kugira ngo ikoreshwe hamwe mu kuvura abantu bafite virusi itera SIDA yo mu bwoko bwa (HIV -1). Ubu bwoko bw'iyi iti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA nibwo bwa mbere buje mu buvuzi bwigihe kirekire hifashishwa gutera inshinge. Ibi bivuze ko aho kuba ibinini bya buri munsi, abantu batera inshinge buri kwezi cyangwa buri mezi abiri. Gukomatanya inshinge za Rekambys na Vocabria bigamije kubungabunga ubuvuzi ku babantu bakuru bafite virusi itera SIDA itagaragara mumaraso (ubwinshi bwa virusi itera SIDA bugaragara ku gipimo cya kopi 50 / ml) babifatanyije hamwe nubuvuzi bwabo bwa ARV, kandi mugihe virusi itigeze itera imbaraga zo kurwanya icyiciro runaka cy'imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA yitwa "non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTIs) na integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INI). === Indwara z'ibyuririzi === Ingamba zo gukumira indwara z'ibyuririzi ziratanga icyizere mu bantu benshi banduye virusi itera SIDA. Usibye kunoza indwara zubu, ubuvuzi hifashishijwe gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA biri mubigabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara z'ibyuririzi. Abakuze ndetse n'urubyiruko babana na virusi itera SIDA (ndetse no kubafata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA) kabone no ku batagaragara ko banduye igituntu cyangwa a ashobora kuba bafite umutwaro wo kuba baranduye igituntu bagomba gufata ubuvuzi bwa "isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT); bagakorerwa ikizamini cyuruhu gipima igituntu kugirango harebwe nimba hakenewe guhabwa ubuvuzi bwa IPT. Inkingo z'indwara z'umwijima za hepatitis A na B zishishikarizwa guhabwa abanduye virusi itera SIDA mbere ko bagira ibyago byo kwandura bene izo ndwara z'umwijima. Gukoresha imiti y'ubwoko bwa Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis bana bakivuka bari hagati yibyumweru bine na bitandatu byamavuko, no guhagarika konsa abana bavutse kubabyeyi banduye virusi itera SIDA, birashishikarizwa cyane ku badafite amikoro ahagije. Birashishikarijwe gukumira PCP mugihe abasirikare barinda umubiri ba CD4 babarwa ku gipimo kiri munsi ya 200 / uL no mubasanganywe PCP cyangwa abigeze kuyirwara. Abantu bafite ubudahangarwa mu mubiri "immunosuppression" buhagije bashishikarizwa gufata imiti ya toxoplasmose na MAC. Ingamba zikwiye zo gukumira zagabanije umuvuduko w’izi ndwara ku kigero cya 50% hagati ya 1992 na 1997. Urukingo rw’ibicurane n’urukingo rwa pneumococcal polysaccharide rukunze gusabwa ku bantu banduye virusi itera SIDA kandi bifite ingaruka nziza zigaragaza ku buzima bwabo iyo bayifashe. === Indyo === Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) ryatanze ibyifuzo bijyanye n'intungamubiri zikenewe ku bamaze kwandura virusi itera SIDA. Muri rusange indyo yuzuye ni nayo ishishikarizwa abanduye virusi itera SIDA. Gufata indyo yuzuye ifite intunga mubiri zihagije kurwego rwa RDA ku bantu bakuru banduye virusi itera SIDA ni inama nziza itangwa n'ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS); gufata cyane vitamine A, zinc, na iron bigira ingaruka zitari nziza ku buzima bwabamaze kwandura virusi itera SIDA kubantu bakuze nta nubwo ari byiza keretse niba hari ibigaragaza ko byagabanutse mu mubiri. Gufata indyo z'inyongera "diatary supplmentation" yuzuye kubantu banduye virusi itera SIDA kandi bafite imirire idahagije cyangwa indyo idahagije bifasha gushimangira ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri cyangwa kubafasha gukira indwara zimwe na zimwe; icyakora, ibimenyetso byerekana inyungu rusange muburwayi cyangwa kugabanya impfu zabazira indwara ya SIDA ntabwo bifitiwe ubushakashatsi kuri byo. Hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza inyungu k'ubuzima bwamaze kwandura visuri itera SIDA iyo bafashe indyo y'inyongera irimo intungamubiri ya "selenium". Ku bagore batwite n'abonsa banduye virusi itera SIDA, indyo z'inyongera zirimo amoko atandukanye ya za vitamine byongera umusaruro ku buzima bwiza ku babyeyi ndetse n'abana. Niba umubyeyi utwite cyangwa wonsa yagiriwe inama yo gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA kugira ngo yirinde kwanduza virusi itera SIDA umwana atwite/yonsa, gufata amoko atandukanye ya za vitamine ntizigomba gusimbuzwa ubwo buvuzi. Hariho ibimenyetso bimwe byerekana ko abana bato banduye virusi itera SIDA bafata indyo y'inyongera irimo vitamine A igabanya impfu ndetse ikongerera gukura neza. === Ubundi buryo bwo kuvura === Muri Leta z'unze ubumwe z'Amerika, abagera kuri 60% banduye virusi itera SIDA bakoresha uburyo butandukanye bw’ubuvuzi bwuzuzanya cyangwa ubundi buryo bw'inyongera, imikoreshereze yayo ntabwo ifitiwe ubushakashatsi bw'imbitse bwemeza imikorere yayo neza. Nta bimenyetso bihagije byemeza ikoreshwa ry'imiti gakondo cyangwa imiti ikomoka ku bimera. Nta bimenyetso bihagije bihari bishyigikira ikoreshwa ry'urumogi mu gutera ubushake bwo kurya no kubyibuha k'umubiri. Iriburiro [[Ikiciro:SIDA| ]] <ul> 1f3ls9yhw9n5xdefzhjg93wq6k030qf 0 8623 140880 139202 2026-10-07T05:20:28Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Élie Sagatwa]] 140880 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag of the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND).png|thumb]] '''Déogratias Nsabimana''' (23 Kanama 1945- yapfuye 6 Mata 1994)<ref>https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LXSL-9NZ/deogratias-nsabimana-1945-1994</ref> yahoze ari jenerali akaba n'umuyobozi mukuru w'ingabo z’u [[Rwanda]](FAR). {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Déogratias Nsabimana |- !Kwiyemerera |Rwanda |- !Serivisi / ishami |Ingabo z’u Rwanda |- !Urutonde |Jenerali Majoro |- !Amabwiriza yafashwe |Umugaba mukuru w'ingabo z'u Rwanda |- !Intambara / intambara |Jenoside yo mu Rwanda |- !Umubano |Interahamwe FDLR |- | colspan="3" |[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1270530 hindura amakuru kuri Wikidata] |} == Ubuzima == [[Dosiye:Rwandan_soldiers_singing_anti-AIDS_song.jpg|thumb|Ingabo z'u Rwanda ]] === Umwuga wa gisirikare === Mu Kwakira 1990, Urugaga rwo gukunda igihugu rw’u Rwanda (FPR), ingabo z’impunzi n’abatutsi bo mu Rwanda n’abatuye mu mahanga zambutse umupaka ziva muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]] maze zitera u Rwanda. Nsabimana yigaragaje cyane ku rugamba Kubera iyo mpamvu, muri Mata 1992, Nsabimana yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru w'ingabo z'u Rwanda. Muri uru ruhare, yashyigikiye iterambere ry’umutwe mushya w’abaparakomando. Nkumunyamuryango wa Network Zero (ishyirahamwe ryitumanaho ryabayobozi ba gisirikare na politiki), yafashije guhugura amakipe azapfa. Igihe hagaragaye ibimenyetso by’ubufatanye hagati y’ingabo z’u Rwanda n’interahamwe za Interahamwe, yavuze ko nta bumenyi yari afite kuri ubwo bufatanye. Ukuboza 1993, mu rwego rw’amasezerano ya Arusha, hashyizwe mu bikorwa amasezerano yo kugabana ubutegetsi, umutwe w’inyeshyamba zo mu Rwanda Patriotic Front (FPR) wabonye abasirikare bagera kuri 600 binjira i [[Kigali]]. Nsabimana yarwanyije Amasezerano ya Arusha. Umwaka wakurikiyeho, bivugwa ko Nsabimana yagize uruhare mu gusaba ububiko bwa [[Interahamwe]]. === Urupfu === Ku ya 6 Mata 1994, Nsabimana ari kumwe na Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana bari batashye bavuye mu biganiro byo mu rwego rwo hejuru i Dar es Salaam ubwo indege yabo, Dassault Falcon 50 yagwaga na misile ebyiri zo mu kirere no mu kirere maze igwa hanze y’ikigo cya perezida i Kigali. ndege yari itwaye cumi bwato, harimo Perezida Cyprien Ntaryamira w'u [[Uburundi|Burundi]].<ref>http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dossiers/rwanda/r1271.asp#P3515_490312</ref> Mu bandi bagenzi bari muri iyo ndege harimo Koloneli [[Élie Sagatwa]], umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida Habyarimana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crash of a Dassault Falcon 50 in Kigali: 12 killed |url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-dassault-falcon-50-kigali-12-killed |website=Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives |language=en}}</ref> Perezida w’u Rwanda wakurikiyeho, [[Paul Kagame]], yagaragaje ko yemera ko Nsabimana yagambaniye [[Juvénal Habyarimana|Habyarimana]], kandi ko yamukurikiye i Dar es Salaam kugira ngo akurikiranwe. saozn3fyn91ryqrzc49t9b7xfca7gxo 0 8899 140907 140423 2026-10-07T07:28:49Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Jean Hatzfeld]] 140907 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nyamata Genocide Herdenkingssite.jpg|thumb|Urwibutso rwa jenoside yakorewe abatutsi i Nyamata<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Urwibutso+rwa+jenocide+rwa+Nyamata&title=Special%3AMediaSearch&type=image </ref>]] [[Dosiye:Delegates Arrive with Genocide Commemoration Bouquets - Catholic Church Memorial - Nyamata - Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Urwibutso rwa jenoside yakorewe abatutsi muri Nyamata]] [[Dosiye:Interior of Catholic Church Genocide Memorial Site with Piled Clothes of Victims - Nyamata - Rwanda.jpg|thumb|urwibutso rwa jenoside yakorewe abatutsi rwa Nyamata]] [[Dosiye:Rwandan Genocide Murambi skulls.jpg|thumb|Urwibutso]]{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q24964550}}{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q24964550|useImage=[[File:Nyamata Genocide memorial.jpg|Nyamata_Genocide_memorial]]}} '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamata''' rwubatswe ku cyahoze ari urusengero mu birometero 30 uvuye mu majyepfo ya [[Kigali]] mu [[Rwanda]], hibukirwa [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|itsembabwoko ryo]] mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994. Imibiri y'abantu 50.000 yashyinguwe hano. <ref name="lp">[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/rwanda/sights/religious/nyamata-church Nyamata church], Lonely Planet, Retrieved 4 March 2016</ref> [[Dosiye:Nyamata_Memorial_Site_Rwanda.JPG|thumb|Urwibutso rwa Nyamata Rwanda]] == Aho ruherereye == Uru rwibutso ni rumwe mu hantu hatandatu hibukirwa [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi]] mu [[Rwanda]]. Abandi ni Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi, [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero]], [[Urwibutso rwa jenoside rwa Ntarama|Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ntarama]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali|Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigal]][[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali|i]], n'Urwibutso rwa Nyarubuye. <ref name="unesco">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5753/ Sites mémoriaux du génocide : Nyamata, Murambi, Bisesero et Gisozi], UNESCO, Retrieved 4 March 2015</ref> Hariho nizindi nzibutso zisaga 250 zanditswe zibitse imibiri y'abatutsi benshi bishwe muri jenoside yo mu [[Rwanda]]. == Amateka == [[File:Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg|thumb| Ibisigazwa by'imibiri mu rwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamata]] [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Itsembabwoko mu Rwanda]] ryatangiye muri Mata 1994. Abatutsi benshi bahungiye mu byitwaga amatorero yafatwaga nk'ahantu abantu babonera umutekano mu by'ukuri hatavogerwa. Abantu bagera ku 10,000 bahungiye muri uru rusengero barifungirana. Inkuta z'iyi nzu yari urusengero yerekana uburyo abakoze genocide baciye umwobo mu rukuta rw'iyo nzu kugira ngo grenade zishobore kujugunywa muri uru rusengero maze zice imbaga yari yaruhungiyemo. Nyuma y'ibyo, abantu bari imbere bararashwe abandi bicishwa imihoro. Igisenge cy'itorero cyerekana imyobo y'amasasu kandi igitambaro cy'urutambiro kiracyafite amaraso. Ibyinshi mu bisigazwa byarashyinguwe ariko hasigaye imyenda n'indangamuntu. <ref name="archive">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200720072109/http://www.genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/ Genocide Archive of Rwanda]</ref> Indangamuntu nizo zagaragazaga abantu nk'abatutsi cyangwa abahutu. Abantu bo muri aka gace kegeranye n'urusengero nyuma y'ubwicanyi bwakorewe kuri iryo torero nabo barishwe. Ibisigazwa byabantu 50.000 byashyinguwe hano. <ref name="lp"/> == Reba kandi == * [[Jean Hatzfeld]] * [[Nyamata]]  == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2014/jul/04/-sp-rwanda-genocide-nyamata-liberation-day-photography Umunsi wo Kwibohoza kwa Nyamata], urugendo rwa panoramic muri 2014, The Guardian * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200720072109/http://www.genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/ Ububiko bwa Jenoside yo mu Rwanda] {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} [[Category:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]] [[Category:Rwanda]] [[Category:Genocide]] [[Category:Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda]] tiqavv7ewil32nas2c87xuq371i5mf3 0 8960 140881 136212 2026-10-07T05:21:01Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] 140881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|excludeProperties=Q24964531|useImage=[[File:BiseseroGenocideMemorial25.jpg|BiseseroGenocideMemorial25]]}} [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/Bisesero_Memorial |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-04-17 |archive-date=2025-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804125628/https://genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/Bisesero_Memorial |url-status=dead }}</ref>ni urwibutso ruherereye hafi y’umujyi wa Kibuye, mu karere ka [[Akarere ka Karongi|Karongi]] mu Ntara y’Iburengerazuba bw’u [[Rwanda]], rukaba ruzwi cyane kubera amateka yihariye yaranze aka gace aho Abatutsi bahatuye bagaragaje ubutwari budasanzwe bwo kwirwanaho mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]], bakifashisha amabuye n’inkoni mu guhangana n’interahamwe zari zifite intwaro zikomeye; hagati y’ukwezi kwa Gicurasi na Kamena 1994, ibi bitero byarakomeje bikaza kuganisha ku bwicanyi ndengakamere bwahitanye Abatutsi barenga 40,000, ari na yo mpamvu uyu munsi uru rwibutso ari ahantu ho kuzirikana no guha icyubahiro abazize jenoside, ndetse rukaba n’ikimenyetso cy’ubutwari n’ubudaheranwa byaranze abaharwaniye ubuzima bwabo. == Inkuru irambuye == Mu kwezi kwa Gicurasi 1994, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ abaturage baturutse] <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>mu mirenge ituranye baza guhungira i Bisesero. Uko ubwicanyi bwibasiye [[Abatutsi]],bwagendaga bwiyongera uko bwije n'uko bukeye, abantu bakoze urugendo rw'ibirometero kugira ngo bajyane impunzi. Ubwo ubwicanyi bwatangiraga,abaturage ba Bisesero bari biteguye bihagije kurwana aho kugwa mu ntagondwa z'interahamwe. [[Dosiye:Bisesero Genocide Memorial - Near Karongi-Kibuye - Western Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Urwibusto rwa jenoside yakorewe abatutsi Bisesero ]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ Bitegetswe n'umusaza]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> umwe n'umuturage witwa Aminadabu Birara<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>, abatutsi ba Bisesero bateguye amayeri yo kurwanya interahamwe zaje gutera umudugudu wabo. Bisesero ni agace k'imisozi, abatutsi bategekwa kwifata hejuru y'umusozi witwa Muyira aho bashoboraga kubona interahamwe hejuru. Gusa abarwanyi b'abatutsi bari bemerewe ni abagabo n’abahungu bari bafite imbaraga zihagije zo guhangana, mu gihe abana n’abagore bitwikiriye inyuma y’umusozi umwe. Muri ako kanya intwaro ikomeye ku batutsi bahigwaga ba Bisesero yari amabuye n'amacumu make<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Jenoside ikomeye == Ku ya 13 Gicurasi, interahamwe zimaze kumenya ko abatutsi ba Bisesero biteguye kwirwanaho,interahamwe zashatse intwaro zikomeye (Mortar 81, 82 n’intwaro nyinshi ziremereye) ziva mu mpande zose z’u Rwanda ndetse n’ingabo nyinshi zirimo abasivili b’Abahutu boherejwe i [https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ Bisesero kurangiza abaturage.]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bageze i Bisesero, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ abatutsi barenga 4000]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> bari bateraniye hejuru y’umusozi wa Muyira bafite amabuye n'amacumu biteguye kwirwanaho. Mortar 81 na 82s zahanganye numusozi zirekura amasasu manini mu gihe intagondwa z'interahamwe zazamutse umusozi. Muri icyo gihe, abatutsi ba Bisesero bari bazi ko bagabweho igitero - ku muntu wese wagerageje kuzamuka hejuru yateraga amabuye n'amacumu mu rwego rwo kwirwanaho<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. [[Dosiye:Bisesero Genocide Memorial Centre 02.jpg|thumb|abacu bazize Jenoside]] N'ubwo abatutsi benshi bapfuye, abatutsi bake barokotse bagerageje gukomeza kwirwanaho kugeza ku ya 13 kamena igihe Abafaransa bafashaga interahamwe kwica abatutsi .<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre</ref> == Igitero cy'Abafaransa == Ku ya 27 Kamena, [[:en:Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre|Abafaransa bateye Bisesero]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre</ref> baje bavuga ko bafite umugambi wo kubungabunga umutekano no guhagarika jenoside. Bahageze bavugana n'umuntu Eric wahoze ari umwarimu muri kiriya gihe, yari azi [[igifaransa]]. Ibintu byari bikomeje gutera ubwoba n'ubwo abatutsi bavuga ko bavuye mu bwihisho bashaka ubufasha bw’ingabo z’Ubufaransa. Nyuma yaho (ingabo z'Ubufaransa) barabihakana bavuga ko bazagaruka nyuma y'iminsi itatu kugira ngo batabare. Umunyamakuru w'Umufaransa [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] wa ''Le Figaro'', wari kumwe n'ingabo z'Ubufaransa muri ''Opération Turquoise'', yiboneye ibyabereye i Bisesero icyo gihe, maze nyuma abyandikaho inkuru n'ibitabo. [[Dosiye:Bisesero Genocide Memorial Centre 03.jpg|alt=imibiri|thumb|285x285px|Imibiri ya Bazize Jenoside]] Ntibyatinze ingabo z'Ubufaransa zimaze kugenda, interehamwe zagarutse kurangiza ibyo zatangiye. Ku ikubitiro ubwicanyi bw'Abatutsi bwakomeje ku manywa, ariko kuri iyi nshuro baza kwica amanywa n'ijoro kugira ngo barangize abatutsi bose mbere yuko Abafaransa bagaruka nyuma y'iminsi 3. Ijoro ryo ku ya 30 Kamena Abafaransa baragarutse basanga hafi ya bose bishwe kandi wenda kimwe cya kane cy'ibihumbi bazima ariko bakomeretse cyane. Kugeza ubu urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero rwubatswe mu 1997 rufite inyubako eshatu zuzuyemo imibiri y'abazize jenocide kandi kuri ubu hakaba hakomeje kubakwa inzibutso aho hazashyingurwa imibiri 50-60.000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero == [[:en:Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre|Uru rwibutso]]<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre</ref> ni rumwe mu nzibutso zikomeye bibukiraho jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994. Ku wa 20 nzeri 2023 nibwo urwibutso rwa jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994 rwa Bisesero rwashyizwe mu nzibutso zikomeye n'izindi zirimo Murambi,[[Nyamata]] n'urwa Gisozi. Nyuma y'umwaka rushyizwemo; abarusura bavuye ku 4.592 mu 2023 bagera ku 10.170 mu 2024.<ref>https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/article/abasura-urwibutso-rwa-jenoside-rwa-bisesero-bikubye-kabiri-nyuma-yo-gushyirwa</ref> == Izindi nzibutso z'itsembabwoko mu Rwanda == Uru rwibutso ni kimwe mu bigo bitandatu bikomeye byo mu Rwanda bibuka itsembabwoko ry’abatutsi mu mwaka wa 1994. Ahandi ni [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali|Urwibutso rwa Kigali]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi|Urwibutso rwa Murambi]] n’[[Urwibutso rwa jenoside rwa Ntarama|Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ntarama]] n’ahandi i [[Nyamata]] na [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyarubuye|Nyarubuye]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5753/ |title=Sites mémoriaux du génocide : Nyamata, Murambi, Bisesero et Gisozi |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=2 Werurwe 2015}}</ref> Urwibutso ruherereye ku birometero 60 uvuye i Kibuye.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/noam-schimmel/rwanda-genocide_b_1656970.html |title=Bisesero: The Hill of Resistance |author=Noam Schimmel |publisher=Huffington Post |date=2012 |access-date=3 Werurwe 2016}}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} 1.https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ 2.https://www.nyungweforestnationalpark.org/bisesero-genocide-memorial-centre/ 3.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} 5j871b1l7izcnik55kbi2i6an745395 140882 140881 2026-10-07T05:21:16Z Score Beethoven 11559 Imihuza igana kuri [[Aminadabu Birara]] na [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] 140882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|excludeProperties=Q24964531|useImage=[[File:BiseseroGenocideMemorial25.jpg|BiseseroGenocideMemorial25]]}} [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/Bisesero_Memorial |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-04-17 |archive-date=2025-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804125628/https://genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/Bisesero_Memorial |url-status=dead }}</ref>ni urwibutso ruherereye hafi y’umujyi wa Kibuye, mu karere ka [[Akarere ka Karongi|Karongi]] mu Ntara y’Iburengerazuba bw’u [[Rwanda]], rukaba ruzwi cyane kubera amateka yihariye yaranze aka gace aho Abatutsi bahatuye bagaragaje ubutwari budasanzwe bwo kwirwanaho mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]], bakifashisha amabuye n’inkoni mu guhangana n’interahamwe zari zifite intwaro zikomeye; hagati y’ukwezi kwa Gicurasi na Kamena 1994, ibi bitero byarakomeje bikaza kuganisha ku bwicanyi ndengakamere bwahitanye Abatutsi barenga 40,000, ari na yo mpamvu uyu munsi uru rwibutso ari ahantu ho kuzirikana no guha icyubahiro abazize jenoside, ndetse rukaba n’ikimenyetso cy’ubutwari n’ubudaheranwa byaranze abaharwaniye ubuzima bwabo. == Inkuru irambuye == Mu kwezi kwa Gicurasi 1994, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ abaturage baturutse] <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>mu mirenge ituranye baza guhungira i Bisesero. Uko ubwicanyi bwibasiye [[Abatutsi]],bwagendaga bwiyongera uko bwije n'uko bukeye, abantu bakoze urugendo rw'ibirometero kugira ngo bajyane impunzi. Ubwo ubwicanyi bwatangiraga,abaturage ba Bisesero bari biteguye bihagije kurwana aho kugwa mu ntagondwa z'interahamwe. [[Dosiye:Bisesero Genocide Memorial - Near Karongi-Kibuye - Western Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Urwibusto rwa jenoside yakorewe abatutsi Bisesero ]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ Bitegetswe n'umusaza]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> umwe n'umuturage witwa [[Aminadabu Birara]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>, abatutsi ba Bisesero bateguye amayeri yo kurwanya interahamwe zaje gutera umudugudu wabo. Bisesero ni agace k'imisozi, abatutsi bategekwa kwifata hejuru y'umusozi witwa Muyira aho bashoboraga kubona interahamwe hejuru. Gusa abarwanyi b'abatutsi bari bemerewe ni abagabo n’abahungu bari bafite imbaraga zihagije zo guhangana, mu gihe abana n’abagore bitwikiriye inyuma y’umusozi umwe. Muri ako kanya intwaro ikomeye ku batutsi bahigwaga ba Bisesero yari amabuye n'amacumu make<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Jenoside ikomeye == Ku ya 13 Gicurasi, interahamwe zimaze kumenya ko abatutsi ba Bisesero biteguye kwirwanaho,interahamwe zashatse intwaro zikomeye (Mortar 81, 82 n’intwaro nyinshi ziremereye) ziva mu mpande zose z’u Rwanda ndetse n’ingabo nyinshi zirimo abasivili b’Abahutu boherejwe i [https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ Bisesero kurangiza abaturage.]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bageze i Bisesero, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ abatutsi barenga 4000]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> bari bateraniye hejuru y’umusozi wa Muyira bafite amabuye n'amacumu biteguye kwirwanaho. Mortar 81 na 82s zahanganye numusozi zirekura amasasu manini mu gihe intagondwa z'interahamwe zazamutse umusozi. Muri icyo gihe, abatutsi ba Bisesero bari bazi ko bagabweho igitero - ku muntu wese wagerageje kuzamuka hejuru yateraga amabuye n'amacumu mu rwego rwo kwirwanaho<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. [[Dosiye:Bisesero Genocide Memorial Centre 02.jpg|thumb|abacu bazize Jenoside]] N'ubwo abatutsi benshi bapfuye, abatutsi bake barokotse bagerageje gukomeza kwirwanaho kugeza ku ya 13 kamena igihe Abafaransa bafashaga interahamwe kwica abatutsi .<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre</ref> == Igitero cy'Abafaransa == Ku ya 27 Kamena, [[:en:Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre|Abafaransa bateye Bisesero]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre</ref> baje bavuga ko bafite umugambi wo kubungabunga umutekano no guhagarika jenoside. Bahageze bavugana n'umuntu Eric wahoze ari umwarimu muri kiriya gihe, yari azi [[igifaransa]]. Ibintu byari bikomeje gutera ubwoba n'ubwo abatutsi bavuga ko bavuye mu bwihisho bashaka ubufasha bw’ingabo z’Ubufaransa. Nyuma yaho (ingabo z'Ubufaransa) barabihakana bavuga ko bazagaruka nyuma y'iminsi itatu kugira ngo batabare. Umunyamakuru w'Umufaransa [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] wa ''Le Figaro'', wari kumwe n'ingabo z'Ubufaransa muri ''Opération Turquoise'', yiboneye ibyabereye i Bisesero icyo gihe, maze nyuma abyandikaho inkuru n'ibitabo. [[Dosiye:Bisesero Genocide Memorial Centre 03.jpg|alt=imibiri|thumb|285x285px|Imibiri ya Bazize Jenoside]] Ntibyatinze ingabo z'Ubufaransa zimaze kugenda, interehamwe zagarutse kurangiza ibyo zatangiye. Ku ikubitiro ubwicanyi bw'Abatutsi bwakomeje ku manywa, ariko kuri iyi nshuro baza kwica amanywa n'ijoro kugira ngo barangize abatutsi bose mbere yuko Abafaransa bagaruka nyuma y'iminsi 3. Ijoro ryo ku ya 30 Kamena Abafaransa baragarutse basanga hafi ya bose bishwe kandi wenda kimwe cya kane cy'ibihumbi bazima ariko bakomeretse cyane. Kugeza ubu urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero rwubatswe mu 1997 rufite inyubako eshatu zuzuyemo imibiri y'abazize jenocide kandi kuri ubu hakaba hakomeje kubakwa inzibutso aho hazashyingurwa imibiri 50-60.000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero == [[:en:Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre|Uru rwibutso]]<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre</ref> ni rumwe mu nzibutso zikomeye bibukiraho jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994. Ku wa 20 nzeri 2023 nibwo urwibutso rwa jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994 rwa Bisesero rwashyizwe mu nzibutso zikomeye n'izindi zirimo Murambi,[[Nyamata]] n'urwa Gisozi. Nyuma y'umwaka rushyizwemo; abarusura bavuye ku 4.592 mu 2023 bagera ku 10.170 mu 2024.<ref>https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/article/abasura-urwibutso-rwa-jenoside-rwa-bisesero-bikubye-kabiri-nyuma-yo-gushyirwa</ref> == Izindi nzibutso z'itsembabwoko mu Rwanda == Uru rwibutso ni kimwe mu bigo bitandatu bikomeye byo mu Rwanda bibuka itsembabwoko ry’abatutsi mu mwaka wa 1994. Ahandi ni [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali|Urwibutso rwa Kigali]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi|Urwibutso rwa Murambi]] n’[[Urwibutso rwa jenoside rwa Ntarama|Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ntarama]] n’ahandi i [[Nyamata]] na [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyarubuye|Nyarubuye]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5753/ |title=Sites mémoriaux du génocide : Nyamata, Murambi, Bisesero et Gisozi |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=2 Werurwe 2015}}</ref> Urwibutso ruherereye ku birometero 60 uvuye i Kibuye.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/noam-schimmel/rwanda-genocide_b_1656970.html |title=Bisesero: The Hill of Resistance |author=Noam Schimmel |publisher=Huffington Post |date=2012 |access-date=3 Werurwe 2016}}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} 1.https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ 2.https://www.nyungweforestnationalpark.org/bisesero-genocide-memorial-centre/ 3.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} 0yarq49nwq3fiihmq4zb22vno8zyrqw 0 9592 140872 136316 2026-10-06T21:57:00Z Score Beethoven 11559 Kunoza inyandiko: infobox, ibice, amashakiro ahujwe n'ibyiciro 140872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Thérèse Bishagara Kagoyire | birth_date = 25 Ukuboza 1952 | birth_place = [[u Rwanda]] | death_date = 8 Nyakanga 2019 (afite imyaka 66) | death_place = [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika]] | nationality = Umunyarwandakazi | education = Impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza (''Molecular Biology Sciences'') | occupation = Umushakashatsi, umwarimu, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Senateri uhagarariye [[Intara y'Iburengerazuba]] (2011–2019) }} '''Thérèse Bishagara Kagoyire''' (yavutse ku wa 25 Ukuboza 1952 – apfa ku wa 8 Nyakanga 2019) yari umushakashatsi mu by'ubuzima, umwarimu akaba n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyarwandakazi. Kuva mu Ukwakira 2011 kugeza apfuye, yari [[Sena y'u Rwanda|Senateri]] watorewe guhagararira [[Intara y'Iburengerazuba]] mu [[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'u Rwanda|Nteko Ishinga Amategeko]], Umutwe wa Sena.<ref name="newtimes2011">{{cite news |title=Who is who in the new Senate? |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/61895/National/who-is-who-in-the-new-senate |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |language=en}}</ref><ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |title=Second legislature of the Rwandan Senate |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_legislature_of_the_Rwandan_Senate |website=Wikipedia |language=en}}</ref> == Amashuri == Bishagara yari afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza (''Master's'') mu bijyanye n'ibinyabuzima, by'umwihariko ''Molecular Biology Sciences''.<ref name="teradig">{{cite web |title=Senateri Bishagara Kagoyire Thérèse witabye Imana ni muntu ki? |url=https://teradignews.rw/senateri-bishagara-kagoyire-therese-witabye-imana-ni-muntu-ki/ |website=Teradig News |date=2019-07 |language=rw}}</ref> == Imirimo yakoze == === Ubushakashatsi n'uburezi === * 1995–1996: Umuyobozi w'itsinda ry'ubushakashatsi muri PNLS/CNLS (ikigo cyarwanyaga [[SIDA|Virusi itera SIDA]]).<ref name="teradig" /> * 1996–2004: Umuyobozi wa [[Kigali Health Institute]] (KHI).<ref name="teradig" /> * 1999–2003: Umwarimu udahoraho muri [[Kaminuza Nkuru y'u Rwanda]] (NUR).<ref name="teradig" /> === Imiryango mpuzamahanga n'iy'ubuzima === * 2005–2006: Umujyanama mu bya tekiniki muri gahunda ya ''Population Services International'' (PSI).<ref name="teradig" /> * 2006: Umujyanama mu bya tekiniki muri ''Save the Children'' UK.<ref name="teradig" /> * 2008–2011: Umuyobozi ku rwego rw'igihugu w'umuryango [[Jhpiego]]/MCHIP ushamikiye kuri [[Johns Hopkins University]], ku nkunga ya [[USAID]].<ref name="teradig" /> === Imiryango y'abagore n'inama z'ubutegetsi === * Kuva 1997: Umwe mu bashinze FAWE Rwanda (''Forum for African Women Educationalists''), akaba yaranabaye mu nama y'ubutegetsi yawo.<ref name="teradig" /> * 2007–2011: Perezida wa ''Pro-Femmes/Twese Hamwe'' na COCAFEM/Great Lakes.<ref name="teradig" /> * 2007–2011: Umwe mu bagize inama y'ubutegetsi y'ikigega gishinzwe gutera inkunga ibikorwa by'iterambere mu nzego z'ibanze, cyaje guhinduka Ikigo gishinzwe iterambere mu nzego z'ibanze (LODA).<ref name="teradig" /> * 2007–2011: Umwe mu bagize inama y'ubutegetsi ya [[Kaminuza Yigenga ya Kigali]] (ULK).<ref name="teradig" /> * 2008–2011: Umwe mu bagize inama y'ubutegetsi ya ASSETIF (''Association d'Exécution des Travaux d'Intérêt Public'').<ref name="teradig" /> * 2008–2011: Umwe mu bagize inama y'ubutegetsi ya ''White Ribbon Alliance'', umuryango uharanira ubuzima bw'ababyeyi n'abana.<ref name="teradig" /> === Muri Sena === Mu Ukwakira 2011, Bishagara yatorewe kuba Senateri uhagarariye Intara y'Iburengerazuba muri manda ya kabiri ya Sena y'u Rwanda.<ref name="newtimes2011" /><ref name="enwiki" /> Muri Sena yari umwe mu bagize Komisiyo y'Ububanyi n'Amahanga, Ubutwererane n'Umutekano, kugeza apfuye.<ref name="kigalitoday">{{cite web |title=Senateri Bishagara Kagoyire Thérèse yitabye Imana |url=https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/senateri-bishagara-kagoyire-therese-yitabye-imana |website=Kigali Today |date=2019-07 |language=rw}}</ref> == Urupfu == Senateri Bishagara Kagoyire yitabye Imana ku wa Mbere, tariki ya 8 Nyakanga 2019, aguye mu bitaro bya [[Johns Hopkins Hospital|Johns Hopkins]] i [[Baltimore]] muri Leta ya [[Maryland]], muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika]], aho yari yaragiye kwivuriza.<ref name="kigalitoday" /><ref name="ktpress">{{cite web |title=Senator Bishagara Kagoyire Therese passes on |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2019/07/senator-bishagara-kagoyire-therese-passes-on/ |website=KT Press |date=2019-07 |language=en}}</ref> Umurambo we wagejejwe mu Rwanda, maze inshuti, umuryango n'abayobozi batandukanye bamusezeraho bwa nyuma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Funerals of Senator Bishagara Kagoyire Therese |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2019/07/funerals-of-senator-bishagara-kagoyire-therese/ |website=KT Press |date=2019-07 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Senator Kagoyire: Friends, family pay their last respects |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/168146/News/senator-kagoyire-friends-family-pay-their-last-respects |work=The New Times |date=2019-07 |language=en}}</ref> == Reba kandi == * [[Sena y'u Rwanda]] * [[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'u Rwanda]] == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therese_Bishagara_Kagoyire Therese Bishagara Kagoyire] kuri Wikipedia y'Icyongereza {{DEFAULTSORT:Bishagara Kagoyire, Thérèse}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi babanyapolitiki]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore babanyapolitike]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyapolitiki]] 5scfn8njv07m02vgcwe51687vmkkso1 140873 140872 2026-10-07T04:37:44Z Score Beethoven 11559 Fix CS1 date format (2019-07 → July 2019); move refs out of the lead 140873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Thérèse Bishagara Kagoyire | birth_date = 25 Ukuboza 1952 | birth_place = [[u Rwanda]] | death_date = 8 Nyakanga 2019 (afite imyaka 66) | death_place = [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika]] | nationality = Umunyarwandakazi | education = Impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza (''Molecular Biology Sciences'') | occupation = Umushakashatsi, umwarimu, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Senateri uhagarariye [[Intara y'Iburengerazuba]] (2011–2019) }} '''Thérèse Bishagara Kagoyire''' (yavutse ku wa 25 Ukuboza 1952 – apfa ku wa 8 Nyakanga 2019) yari umushakashatsi mu by'ubuzima, umwarimu akaba n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyarwandakazi. Kuva mu Ukwakira 2011 kugeza apfuye, yari [[Sena y'u Rwanda|Senateri]] watorewe guhagararira [[Intara y'Iburengerazuba]] mu [[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'u Rwanda|Nteko Ishinga Amategeko]], Umutwe wa Sena. == Amashuri == Bishagara yari afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza (''Master's'') mu bijyanye n'ibinyabuzima, by'umwihariko ''Molecular Biology Sciences''.<ref name="teradig">{{cite web |title=Senateri Bishagara Kagoyire Thérèse witabye Imana ni muntu ki? |url=https://teradignews.rw/senateri-bishagara-kagoyire-therese-witabye-imana-ni-muntu-ki/ |website=Teradig News |date=July 2019 |language=rw}}</ref> == Imirimo yakoze == === Ubushakashatsi n'uburezi === * 1995–1996: Umuyobozi w'itsinda ry'ubushakashatsi muri PNLS/CNLS (ikigo cyarwanyaga [[SIDA|Virusi itera SIDA]]).<ref name="teradig" /> * 1996–2004: Umuyobozi wa [[Kigali Health Institute]] (KHI).<ref name="teradig" /> * 1999–2003: Umwarimu udahoraho muri [[Kaminuza Nkuru y'u Rwanda]] (NUR).<ref name="teradig" /> === Imiryango mpuzamahanga n'iy'ubuzima === * 2005–2006: Umujyanama mu bya tekiniki muri gahunda ya ''Population Services International'' (PSI).<ref name="teradig" /> * 2006: Umujyanama mu bya tekiniki muri ''Save the Children'' UK.<ref name="teradig" /> * 2008–2011: Umuyobozi ku rwego rw'igihugu w'umuryango [[Jhpiego]]/MCHIP ushamikiye kuri [[Johns Hopkins University]], ku nkunga ya [[USAID]].<ref name="teradig" /> === Imiryango y'abagore n'inama z'ubutegetsi === * Kuva 1997: Umwe mu bashinze FAWE Rwanda (''Forum for African Women Educationalists''), akaba yaranabaye mu nama y'ubutegetsi yawo.<ref name="teradig" /> * 2007–2011: Perezida wa ''Pro-Femmes/Twese Hamwe'' na COCAFEM/Great Lakes.<ref name="teradig" /> * 2007–2011: Umwe mu bagize inama y'ubutegetsi y'ikigega gishinzwe gutera inkunga ibikorwa by'iterambere mu nzego z'ibanze, cyaje guhinduka Ikigo gishinzwe iterambere mu nzego z'ibanze (LODA).<ref name="teradig" /> * 2007–2011: Umwe mu bagize inama y'ubutegetsi ya [[Kaminuza Yigenga ya Kigali]] (ULK).<ref name="teradig" /> * 2008–2011: Umwe mu bagize inama y'ubutegetsi ya ASSETIF (''Association d'Exécution des Travaux d'Intérêt Public'').<ref name="teradig" /> * 2008–2011: Umwe mu bagize inama y'ubutegetsi ya ''White Ribbon Alliance'', umuryango uharanira ubuzima bw'ababyeyi n'abana.<ref name="teradig" /> === Muri Sena === Mu Ukwakira 2011, Bishagara yatorewe kuba Senateri uhagarariye Intara y'Iburengerazuba muri manda ya kabiri ya Sena y'u Rwanda.<ref name="newtimes2011">{{cite news |title=Who is who in the new Senate? |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/61895/National/who-is-who-in-the-new-senate |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |language=en}}</ref><ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |title=Second legislature of the Rwandan Senate |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_legislature_of_the_Rwandan_Senate |website=Wikipedia |language=en}}</ref> Muri Sena yari umwe mu bagize Komisiyo y'Ububanyi n'Amahanga, Ubutwererane n'Umutekano, kugeza apfuye.<ref name="kigalitoday">{{cite web |title=Senateri Bishagara Kagoyire Thérèse yitabye Imana |url=https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/senateri-bishagara-kagoyire-therese-yitabye-imana |website=Kigali Today |date=July 2019 |language=rw}}</ref> == Urupfu == Senateri Bishagara Kagoyire yitabye Imana ku wa Mbere, tariki ya 8 Nyakanga 2019, aguye mu bitaro bya [[Johns Hopkins Hospital|Johns Hopkins]] i [[Baltimore]] muri Leta ya [[Maryland]], muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika]], aho yari yaragiye kwivuriza.<ref name="kigalitoday" /><ref name="ktpress">{{cite web |title=Senator Bishagara Kagoyire Therese passes on |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2019/07/senator-bishagara-kagoyire-therese-passes-on/ |website=KT Press |date=July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Umurambo we wagejejwe mu Rwanda, maze inshuti, umuryango n'abayobozi batandukanye bamusezeraho bwa nyuma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Funerals of Senator Bishagara Kagoyire Therese |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2019/07/funerals-of-senator-bishagara-kagoyire-therese/ |website=KT Press |date=July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Senator Kagoyire: Friends, family pay their last respects |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/168146/News/senator-kagoyire-friends-family-pay-their-last-respects |work=The New Times |date=July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> == Reba kandi == * [[Sena y'u Rwanda]] * [[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'u Rwanda]] == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therese_Bishagara_Kagoyire Therese Bishagara Kagoyire] kuri Wikipedia y'Icyongereza {{DEFAULTSORT:Bishagara Kagoyire, Thérèse}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi babanyapolitiki]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore babanyapolitike]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyapolitiki]] 9pwng7krkdzg89j8850i2cgqpkqyubu 0 12789 140871 88570 2026-10-06T21:55:57Z Score Beethoven 11559 140871 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hagenimana Benjamin''' ni Umunyamakuru w'Imikino akaba Umusesenguzi mu [[Rwanda]] kuri radio B&B FM Umwezi == Urugendo Mwitangazamakuru == '''Benjamin Gicumbi''' ni umunyamakuru wakoze kuri Radio 10 mu biganiro by’imikino no kogeza imipira y’i Burayi, mbere gato y’uko agera kuri Radio 10 yabanje gukora kuri Radio Ishingiro ikorera mu mujyi wa Gicumbi ari naho yakuye izina Gicumbi unungubu akaba abarizwa kuri B&B FM.<ref>https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/umunyamakuru-w-imikino-uzwi-ku-izina-rya-benjamin-gicumbi-yapfukamye-yambika</ref> Uyu mugabo wamenyekanye cyane guhera mu mwaka wa 2016 ubwo yari avuye i Gicumbi agiye gukora kuri Radio 10, akundirwa bikomeye uko yogeza imikino y’i Burayi n’uburyo ageza amakuru y’imikino ku bakurikira ikiganiro yumvikanamo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mail.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/urugendo-rwa-hagenimana-benjamin-gicumbi-umunyamakuru-wabanje-kuba-umuyede |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-19 |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920180919/https://mail.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/urugendo-rwa-hagenimana-benjamin-gicumbi-umunyamakuru-wabanje-kuba-umuyede |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubuzima Bwihariye == Hagenimana yavukiye mu karere ka Nyamasheke mu ntara y’Iburengerazuba mu mwaka 1989, aba ari naho akurira. Amashuri abanza yayize ahitwa Rwabidege, aza kwiga icyiciro rusange cy’amashuri yisumbuye muri College Intwari de Mwezi hafi y’iwabo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mail.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/urugendo-rwa-hagenimana-benjamin-gicumbi-umunyamakuru-wabanje-kuba-umuyede |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-19 |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920180919/https://mail.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/urugendo-rwa-hagenimana-benjamin-gicumbi-umunyamakuru-wabanje-kuba-umuyede |url-status=dead }}</ref>Arangije icyiciro rusange cy’amashuri yisumbuye nibwo yagiye mu karere ka Rusizi, aho yari agiye kwiga ahitwa mu Gishoma, biba ubwa mbere yagiye mu modoka ndetse ananyura mu mujyi wa [[Kamembe]].Nk’umwana w’imfura mu muryango wakuze adafite Se agasigarana na nyina na barumuna be batatu, yafashe icyemezo cyo kujya gushakisha ubuzima mu mujyi wa [[Kigali,]] yawugezemo muri 2010 acumbikirwa na mubyara we wari warahamutanze.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mail.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/urugendo-rwa-hagenimana-benjamin-gicumbi-umunyamakuru-wabanje-kuba-umuyede |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-19 |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920180919/https://mail.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/urugendo-rwa-hagenimana-benjamin-gicumbi-umunyamakuru-wabanje-kuba-umuyede |url-status=dead }}</ref>Hagenimana avuga ko kuva yagera [[i Kigali]] yari umuntu ukunda umupira w’amaguru, ku buryo amafaranga make yakoreraga icyo gihe yayifashishaga ajya kureba imipira yaba iyo mu [[Rwanda]] ndetse no hanze.Kenshi iyo yabaga areba umupira yanabaga ari mu mpaka zikomeye, anabikundirwa bikomeye n’abo barebanaga umupira cyane cyane wo hanze.byo kuganira ku mupira mu tubari byatumye hari umuntu (yagize ibanga) wamubonyemo impano, amufasha kujya kuri Radio.Hagenimana atangira itangazamakuru yahereye kuri “Radio [[Amazing grace]]”, nuko uwari umuyede yinjira mu itangazamakuru mu mwaka 2012.<ref>https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/umunyamakuru-w-imikino-uzwi-ku-izina-rya-benjamin-gicumbi-yapfukamye-yambika</ref>Mu mwaka 2013 nibwo Hagenimana yagiye kuri radiyo Radio Ishingiro y’[[Igicumbi]], iki gihe yari agikorera no kuri Amazing Grace.Igikombe cy’Isi cya 2014 yacyogeje ari umwe cyose arakirangiza, iki gihe nibwo izina rye ryatangiye gukomera mu matwi y’abakunzi be.Icyo gihe [[Radio Rwanda]] yari ifite Rutamu, Flash ifite Rugangura na Rugimbana, Radio10 ifite ba Fuadi, Castar, Bayingana na Jean Luc ariko byampaye imbaraga zo gukora cyane kugira ngo mbashe kwigarurira abakunzi b’imikino b’i [[Gicumbi.]]”<ref>https://www.teradignews.rw/tag/benjamin-gicumbi/</ref>Muri 2016 nibwo Radio 10 yaje gushima uyu musore bahita bamurambagiza, bamujyana gufatanya na Fuadi Uwihanganye mu kiganiro cy’imikino cyitwa “10 Zone” ndetse no kogeza imipira itandukanye.Fuadi ni we wamuhamagaye ambwira ko hari umuntu uri bumuhamagare ngo baganire, nyuma y’akanya Castar na we yaramuhamagaye amubwira ko amushaka, yaje kujya kumureba baremeranya atangira akazi gutyo.Mu mwaka 2019 amaze imyaka ibiri kuri Radio10, uyu wari umusore yaje kubona imwe mu nkumi zari zije mu mirimo kuri iki gitangazamakuru, Umuhoza Delphine, bemeranya kubana, bararushinga.<ref>https://www.teradignews.rw/tag/benjamin-gicumbi/</ref> Hagenimana Benjamin yagize ati “Nyuma y’imyaka ine ndashimira Radio/TV10, mwampaye amahirwe yo gukoresha impano yanjye no kugaragara kurushaho. Mu minsi mike iri imbere turahurira mu kindi gitangazamakuru cy’imikino nikokijya kuri B&B FM. == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Umunyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Siporo]] q8vdaa4owfvic44rkps3r63p90ic5g8 140874 140871 2026-10-07T04:48:02Z Score Beethoven 11559 140874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Hagenimana Benjamin | other_names = Benjamin Gicumbi | birth_date = 1989 | birth_place = [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke|Nyamasheke]], [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba]], [[Rwanda]] | nationality = Umunyarwanda | occupation = Umunyamakuru w'imikino, umusesenguzi | years_active = 2012–ubu | employer = B&B FM Umwezi | spouse = Umuhoza Delphine (2019–) }} '''Hagenimana Benjamin''' ni Umunyamakuru w'Imikino akaba Umusesenguzi mu [[Rwanda]] kuri radio B&B FM Umwezi == Urugendo Mwitangazamakuru == '''Benjamin Gicumbi''' ni umunyamakuru wakoze kuri Radio 10 mu biganiro by’imikino no kogeza imipira y’i [[Burayi]], mbere gato y’uko agera kuri Radio 10 yabanje gukora kuri Radio Ishingiro ikorera mu [[Akarere ka Gicumbi|mujyi wa Gicumbi]] ari naho yakuye izina Gicumbi unungubu akaba abarizwa kuri B&B FM.<ref name="umuryango">{{Cite web |url=https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/umunyamakuru-w-imikino-uzwi-ku-izina-rya-benjamin-gicumbi-yapfukamye-yambika |title=Umunyamakuru w’imikino uzwi ku izina rya Benjamin Gicumbi yapfukamye yambika |website=Umuryango |access-date=2026-10-07}}</ref> Uyu mugabo wamenyekanye cyane guhera mu mwaka wa 2016 ubwo yari avuye i Gicumbi agiye gukora kuri Radio 10, akundirwa bikomeye uko yogeza imikino y’i Burayi n’uburyo ageza amakuru y’imikino ku bakurikira ikiganiro yumvikanamo.<ref name="igihe">{{Cite web |url=https://mail.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/urugendo-rwa-hagenimana-benjamin-gicumbi-umunyamakuru-wabanje-kuba-umuyede |title=Urugendo rwa Hagenimana Benjamin Gicumbi, umunyamakuru wabanje kuba umuyede |website=IGIHE |access-date=2022-09-19 |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920180919/https://mail.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/urugendo-rwa-hagenimana-benjamin-gicumbi-umunyamakuru-wabanje-kuba-umuyede |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubuzima Bwihariye == Hagenimana yavukiye mu [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke|karere ka Nyamasheke]] mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|ntara y’Iburengerazuba]] mu mwaka 1989, aba ari naho akurira. Amashuri abanza yayize ahitwa Rwabidege, aza kwiga icyiciro rusange cy’amashuri yisumbuye muri College Intwari de Mwezi hafi y’iwabo.<ref name="igihe" /> Arangije icyiciro rusange cy’amashuri yisumbuye nibwo yagiye mu [[Akarere ka Rusizi|karere ka Rusizi]], aho yari agiye kwiga ahitwa mu Gishoma, biba ubwa mbere yagiye mu modoka ndetse ananyura mu mujyi wa [[Kamembe]]. Nk’umwana w’imfura mu muryango wakuze adafite Se agasigarana na nyina na barumuna be batatu, yafashe icyemezo cyo kujya gushakisha ubuzima mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], yawugezemo muri 2010 acumbikirwa na mubyara we wari warahamutanze.<ref name="igihe" /> Hagenimana avuga ko kuva yagera i Kigali yari umuntu ukunda [[umupira w’amaguru]], ku buryo amafaranga make yakoreraga icyo gihe yayifashishaga ajya kureba imipira yaba iyo mu Rwanda ndetse no hanze. Kenshi iyo yabaga areba umupira yanabaga ari mu mpaka zikomeye, anabikundirwa bikomeye n’abo barebanaga umupira cyane cyane wo hanze. Byo kuganira ku mupira mu tubari byatumye hari umuntu (yagize ibanga) wamubonyemo impano, amufasha kujya kuri Radio. Hagenimana atangira itangazamakuru yahereye kuri “Radio Amazing Grace”, nuko uwari umuyede yinjira mu itangazamakuru mu mwaka 2012.<ref name="umuryango" /> Mu mwaka 2013 nibwo Hagenimana yagiye kuri radiyo Radio Ishingiro y’Igicumbi, iki gihe yari agikorera no kuri Amazing Grace. Igikombe cy’Isi cya 2014 yacyogeje ari umwe cyose arakirangiza, iki gihe nibwo izina rye ryatangiye gukomera mu matwi y’abakunzi be. Icyo gihe [[Radio Rwanda]] yari ifite Rutamu, Flash ifite Rugangura na Rugimbana, Radio10 ifite ba Fuadi, Castar, Bayingana na Jean Luc ariko byampaye imbaraga zo gukora cyane kugira ngo mbashe kwigarurira abakunzi b’imikino b’i Gicumbi.”<ref name="teradig">{{Cite web |url=https://www.teradignews.rw/tag/benjamin-gicumbi/ |title=Benjamin Gicumbi |website=Teradig News |access-date=2026-10-07}}</ref> Muri 2016 nibwo Radio 10 yaje gushima uyu musore bahita bamurambagiza, bamujyana gufatanya na Fuadi Uwihanganye mu kiganiro cy’imikino cyitwa “10 Zone” ndetse no kogeza imipira itandukanye. Fuadi ni we wamuhamagaye ambwira ko hari umuntu uri bumuhamagare ngo baganire, nyuma y’akanya Castar na we yaramuhamagaye amubwira ko amushaka, yaje kujya kumureba baremeranya atangira akazi gutyo. Mu mwaka 2019 amaze imyaka ibiri kuri Radio10, uyu wari umusore yaje kubona imwe mu nkumi zari zije mu mirimo kuri iki gitangazamakuru, Umuhoza Delphine, bemeranya kubana, bararushinga.<ref name="teradig" /> Hagenimana Benjamin yagize ati “Nyuma y’imyaka ine ndashimira Radio/TV10, mwampaye amahirwe yo gukoresha impano yanjye no kugaragara kurushaho. Mu minsi mike iri imbere turahurira mu kindi gitangazamakuru cy’imikino nikokijya kuri B&B FM.” == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hagenimana, Benjamin}} [[Ikiciro:Umunyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Siporo]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyamakuru]] rlubjk53dxi2lkgnoqghdtspclyndaz 140875 140874 2026-10-07T04:48:29Z Score Beethoven 11559 140875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Hagenimana Benjamin | other_names = Benjamin Gicumbi | birth_date = 1989 | birth_place = [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke|Nyamasheke]], [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba]], [[Rwanda]] | nationality = Umunyarwanda | occupation = Umunyamakuru w'imikino, umusesenguzi | years_active = 2012–ubu | employer = B&B FM Umwezi | spouse = Umuhoza Delphine (2019–) }} '''Hagenimana Benjamin''' ni Umunyamakuru w'Imikino akaba Umusesenguzi mu [[Rwanda]] kuri radio B&B FM Umwezi == Urugendo Mwitangazamakuru == Benjamin Gicumbi ni umunyamakuru wakoze kuri Radio 10 mu biganiro by’imikino no kogeza imipira y’i [[Burayi]], mbere gato y’uko agera kuri Radio 10 yabanje gukora kuri Radio Ishingiro ikorera mu [[Akarere ka Gicumbi|mujyi wa Gicumbi]] ari naho yakuye izina Gicumbi unungubu akaba abarizwa kuri B&B FM.<ref name="umuryango">{{Cite web |url=https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/umunyamakuru-w-imikino-uzwi-ku-izina-rya-benjamin-gicumbi-yapfukamye-yambika |title=Umunyamakuru w’imikino uzwi ku izina rya Benjamin Gicumbi yapfukamye yambika |website=Umuryango |access-date=2026-10-07}}</ref> Uyu mugabo wamenyekanye cyane guhera mu mwaka wa 2016 ubwo yari avuye i Gicumbi agiye gukora kuri Radio 10, akundirwa bikomeye uko yogeza imikino y’i Burayi n’uburyo ageza amakuru y’imikino ku bakurikira ikiganiro yumvikanamo.<ref name="igihe">{{Cite web |url=https://mail.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/urugendo-rwa-hagenimana-benjamin-gicumbi-umunyamakuru-wabanje-kuba-umuyede |title=Urugendo rwa Hagenimana Benjamin Gicumbi, umunyamakuru wabanje kuba umuyede |website=IGIHE |access-date=2022-09-19 |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920180919/https://mail.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/urugendo-rwa-hagenimana-benjamin-gicumbi-umunyamakuru-wabanje-kuba-umuyede |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubuzima Bwihariye == Hagenimana yavukiye mu [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke|karere ka Nyamasheke]] mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|ntara y’Iburengerazuba]] mu mwaka 1989, aba ari naho akurira. Amashuri abanza yayize ahitwa Rwabidege, aza kwiga icyiciro rusange cy’amashuri yisumbuye muri College Intwari de Mwezi hafi y’iwabo.<ref name="igihe" /> Arangije icyiciro rusange cy’amashuri yisumbuye nibwo yagiye mu [[Akarere ka Rusizi|karere ka Rusizi]], aho yari agiye kwiga ahitwa mu Gishoma, biba ubwa mbere yagiye mu modoka ndetse ananyura mu mujyi wa [[Kamembe]]. Nk’umwana w’imfura mu muryango wakuze adafite Se agasigarana na nyina na barumuna be batatu, yafashe icyemezo cyo kujya gushakisha ubuzima mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], yawugezemo muri 2010 acumbikirwa na mubyara we wari warahamutanze.<ref name="igihe" /> Hagenimana avuga ko kuva yagera i Kigali yari umuntu ukunda [[umupira w’amaguru]], ku buryo amafaranga make yakoreraga icyo gihe yayifashishaga ajya kureba imipira yaba iyo mu Rwanda ndetse no hanze. Kenshi iyo yabaga areba umupira yanabaga ari mu mpaka zikomeye, anabikundirwa bikomeye n’abo barebanaga umupira cyane cyane wo hanze. Byo kuganira ku mupira mu tubari byatumye hari umuntu (yagize ibanga) wamubonyemo impano, amufasha kujya kuri Radio. Hagenimana atangira itangazamakuru yahereye kuri “Radio Amazing Grace”, nuko uwari umuyede yinjira mu itangazamakuru mu mwaka 2012.<ref name="umuryango" /> Mu mwaka 2013 nibwo Hagenimana yagiye kuri radiyo Radio Ishingiro y’Igicumbi, iki gihe yari agikorera no kuri Amazing Grace. Igikombe cy’Isi cya 2014 yacyogeje ari umwe cyose arakirangiza, iki gihe nibwo izina rye ryatangiye gukomera mu matwi y’abakunzi be. Icyo gihe [[Radio Rwanda]] yari ifite Rutamu, Flash ifite Rugangura na Rugimbana, Radio10 ifite ba Fuadi, Castar, Bayingana na Jean Luc ariko byampaye imbaraga zo gukora cyane kugira ngo mbashe kwigarurira abakunzi b’imikino b’i Gicumbi.”<ref name="teradig">{{Cite web |url=https://www.teradignews.rw/tag/benjamin-gicumbi/ |title=Benjamin Gicumbi |website=Teradig News |access-date=2026-10-07}}</ref> Muri 2016 nibwo Radio 10 yaje gushima uyu musore bahita bamurambagiza, bamujyana gufatanya na Fuadi Uwihanganye mu kiganiro cy’imikino cyitwa “10 Zone” ndetse no kogeza imipira itandukanye. Fuadi ni we wamuhamagaye ambwira ko hari umuntu uri bumuhamagare ngo baganire, nyuma y’akanya Castar na we yaramuhamagaye amubwira ko amushaka, yaje kujya kumureba baremeranya atangira akazi gutyo. Mu mwaka 2019 amaze imyaka ibiri kuri Radio10, uyu wari umusore yaje kubona imwe mu nkumi zari zije mu mirimo kuri iki gitangazamakuru, Umuhoza Delphine, bemeranya kubana, bararushinga.<ref name="teradig" /> Hagenimana Benjamin yagize ati “Nyuma y’imyaka ine ndashimira Radio/TV10, mwampaye amahirwe yo gukoresha impano yanjye no kugaragara kurushaho. Mu minsi mike iri imbere turahurira mu kindi gitangazamakuru cy’imikino nikokijya kuri B&B FM.” == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hagenimana, Benjamin}} [[Ikiciro:Umunyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Siporo]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyamakuru]] 4j8bqzeocgp43aru15tzf37cw7pk0ad 0 12838 140856 135035 2026-10-06T18:14:35Z Stevenndori289 10902 Malaria 140856 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Malaria Parasite Connecting to Human Red Blood Cell (34034143483).jpg|thumb|Agakoko ka malariya mu ibara ry'ubururu kari kwinjira mu maraso mu nsoro y'umutuku, uko bigaragara muri mikorosikope.|271x271px]] '''Malariya Consortium''' ni umuryango udaharanira inyungu, [[:fr:Organisation_non_gouvernementale|utegamiye kuri Leta]] [[:fr:Organisation_non_gouvernementale|uzobereye]] mu kurwanya isi ya [[:fr:Association_à_but_non_lucratif|malariya]] n'izindi ndwara zanduza - cyane cyane izibasira abana bari munsi y’imyaka itanu. Icyicaro cyacyo kiri mu Bwongereza. Ryakozwe mu 2003, rikora muri Afurika no muri Aziya. Urutonde rwa [[:fr:GiveWell|GiveWell]] nkimwe mumiryango icyenda ikoresha amafaranga menshi kwisi. == umuryango == [[Dosiye:Trois kits de test de dépistage rapide positif pour le paludisme(malaria) sur table 03.jpg|thumb|Agakoresho gapima malariya mu buryo bwihuse kari kwerekana ibisubizo bitandukanye.]] Uyu muryango ukorana cyane na gahunda z’igihugu zo kurwanya malariya, [https://www.premiumtimesng.com/health/health-news/343884-group-targets-malaria-prevention-in-nigeria-two-other-countries.html Umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi], ndetse n’ubuyobozi bw’ubuzima bwa Leta, uturere n’uturere muri buri gihugu. <ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/health/health-news/343884-group-targets-malaria-prevention-in-nigeria-two-other-countries.html</ref><ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/health/health-news/343884-group-targets-malaria-prevention-in-nigeria-two-other-countries.html</ref>Iterwa inkunga cyane cyane n’impano zatanzwe n’abaterankunga n’abantu ku giti cyabo, nka [https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbeswealthteam/2022/01/19/americas-top-givers-2022-the-25-most-philanthropic-billionaires/ Fondasiyo ya Bill-na-Melinda-Gates]<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/health/health-news/343884-group-targets-malaria-prevention-in-nigeria-two-other-countries.html</ref><ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbeswealthteam/2022/01/19/americas-top-givers-2022-the-25-most-philanthropic-billionaires/</ref> == Ibikorwa == Malariya Consortium igabanya ikwirakwizwa rya malariya binyuze muri gahunda yo kwirinda imiti y’ibihe byasabwe n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi . Uyu muryango urasaba guha ubu buvuzi abana mu gihe cya malariya, mu turere usanga ari ibihe. Abana barenga miliyoni 25 bafite hagati y’amezi 3 na 59 bari kungukirwa no kwirinda <ref>https://www.latribune.fr/economie/international/humanitaire-quelles-sont-les-ong-les-plus-efficientes-en-matiere-de-dons-621764.html</ref><ref>https://www.latribune.fr/economie/international/humanitaire-quelles-sont-les-ong-les-plus-efficientes-en-matiere-de-dons-621764.html</ref>Uyu muryango ukwirakwiza ibiyobyabwenge, uhugura inzobere mu buzima, kandi ukurikirana aho usanga kurwanya imiti igabanya ubukana ari byinshi <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Owoseye |first=Ayodamola |date=2019-07-30 |title=Group targets malaria prevention in Nigeria, two other countries |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/health/health-news/343884-group-targets-malaria-prevention-in-nigeria-two-other-countries.html |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> , <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hazlegreaves |first=Steph |date=2021-08-17 |title=New mosquito control tools are critical |url=https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/new-mosquito-control-tools-are-critical/117719/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=Open Access Government |language=en-GB}} </ref> . Irasuzuma kandi akamaro ko kuvura cyangwa kugenzura ibikoresho binyuze mu bushakashatsi bwasohotse mu binyamakuru byasuzumwe<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4451166/</ref><ref>https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number</ref><ref>https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247%2821%2900240-8</ref> Iriburiro {{DEFAULTSORT:Malaria Consortium}} {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Health]] kqx7ewsfbn4nj5q6bhmvlxbfsdg4osq 0 13009 140858 111456 2026-10-06T18:25:37Z Stevenndori289 10902 Ibicurane 140858 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Rhinorrhea nasal congestion.jpg|thumb|Amazuru y'umuntu urwaye ibicurane arimo ibimwira.]] [[Dosiye:ReverseGeneticsFlu.svg|thumb|468x468px|ibicurane nuburyo bifata]] [[Dosiye:H1N1 Influenza Virus Particles (8411599236).jpg|thumb|virus itera gripe]] Ibicurane ni indwara yandura, yibasira cyane imyanya y’ubuhumekero; mu mazuru no umuhogo no mu bihaha, iterwa na virus yitwa myxovirus influenza cyangwa influenzavirus, yandurira mu mwuka igihe uyirwaye yitsamuye, avuze, cyangwa mu matembabuzi nk’amacandwe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/indwara-y-ibicurane/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-23 |archive-date=2022-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923234427/https://umutihealth.com/indwara-y-ibicurane/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Virusi]]<ref>Virusi</ref> ya influenza bitewe n’igihe cy’umwaka igenda ihindagurika.<ref name=":0" /> = Ibimenyetso by'iyi ndwara <ref name=":0" /> = * Umuriro uri hejuru (akenshi urenga degree 39 cyangwa 40) * Inkorora itazana igikororwa * Kubabara umutwe * Kokera mu muhogo * Kumva umerewe nabi mu mubiri, no gucika intege = Uko ivurwa = * Kuruhuka, Kuruhuka neza kandi bihagije bifasha ubudahangarwa bwawe kugira imbaraga zo kurwanya izi virusi zitera ibicurane<ref name=":0" /> * Kunywa amazi n’ibindi bisukika byinshi (nk’icyayi, imitobe, igikoma, n’ibindi). Aha wibanda ku bintu bishyushye cyane mu rwego rwo kurwanya umwuma mu mubiri<ref name=":0" /> * Ushobora gufata imiti yoroshya ibimenyetso. Mu gihe wumva ufite umuriro cyangwa warwaye umutwe ushobora gukoresha paracetamol, ibuprofen cyangwa aspirin (ku bana bato n’abakiri urubyiruko ntibagomba gufata aspirin).<ref name=":0" /> * Ushobora kandi no kwifashisha imiti irwanya ubwivumbure bw’umubiri imyinshi ikaba iba ari uruvange rw’imiti izimya umuriro hamwe n’iyivura ubwo bwivumbure. Ikunze kuboneka ni nka Coldcap, Doliprex, Febrilex, Dacold, Fervex, Paidoterin, Flucoldex hamwe n’indi inyuranye ikaba habaho iy’abakuru n’abato<ref name=":0" /> = Iriburiro = [[Ikiciro:Indwara]] <references /> [[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]] r06fk40gioswtsceeqkftul4hgt198n 0 18875 140876 138557 2026-10-07T04:49:44Z Score Beethoven 11559 Wikifier: intangiriro, imirongo y'imbere, <poem>, gukosora amashakiro 140876 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:YuhiVMusinga.jpg|thumb|Umwami Yuhi V Musinga]] '''Icyivugo cya Yuhi V Musinga''' ni [[icyivugo]] (igisigo cy'ubutwari umuntu yivugiramo ibigwi bye) kitirirwa [[Yuhi V Musinga]], [[umwami]] w'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] wo mu [[Abanyiginya]] wategetse kuva mu 1896 kugeza mu 1931. [[Ibyivugo]] ni bimwe mu bigize [[ubuvanganzo]] nyarwanda gakondo mu [[Ikinyarwanda]]; byavugwaga n'[[intore]] n'abarwanyi bagaragaza ubutwari bwabo ku rugamba. == Icyivugo == [[Dosiye:Le Mwami Yuhi V Musinga avec une partie de sa famille 1931.jpg|thumb|Umwami Yuhi V Musinga n'igice cy'umuryango we (1931)]] <poem style="font-style: italic;"> Uwo impuruza iratira indamutsa Wa rudakubana [[Icumu]] lindutira imikore Nabonye likunda kuvuna inkiko Inkazo mu rugerero nzirinda gukubana: Nzikotanira ahashisha abatasi Abatabazi mbatoza gukora intambara. Abishimanaga intanage Babona intabaza iranzanye Nayihinduye amashahu Ishisha ab'amakenga. Mbaye intwali y'ingabo Inganizi nzirusha gutabara Ziteranira n'ingimbi mu ngerero. Ingesa-binyita atora abakoni Ati: "Nimukulikire uwo ingoma irata! Ubwo ashyikiliye Rwego Ikaba izisumbya urubega, Igumya kurangwa n'amarere Mu Brambiei nta kihasigara!" Numvise ko ayirikana nk'intore, Intoki nziyirakaliza mu gifunga: Iyo mfuruta itwaza abakogoto. Ngishyikirana n'umufozi Mukumutera ndatinduka. Nkuye mu gitugu Ikuza limukubita nk'[[inkuba]], Limutebejemo ibigembe arataka, Limutungutse mu bitugu Impundaza ayihaza umutuku Uruti rumwesa hejuru y'umutana, Umutarati we arawugwira. Nti: "Uw'Ingabo itajorwa Injunga imuhejeje mu rugamba rw'inkwaya Ali ukuzisumbya inkubito!" Iy'Inkubita-ruguma irayirengera: Igumya kurangurura ijwi mu gitero, Uwo iturubitse icondo Imuciraho inkamba, Inkagwe azirekera asinda icumu. Ati: "Uw'ingabo y'Intwaza-bafozi Yinigiwe n'impundaza Impuruza ikiliho imulishyo!" Zimaze gushyikirana n'abakogoto Ntihagira ivuka: Nali nazivugiye imbere. Numva iy'Imbabaza-mahanga Irohera mu rugamba rw'imikore: Irugeze ku mukondo Na we agumya kurukongeza n'amakuza, Uwe amuheza muli ayo makuba. Amaze kumukuraho ibinyita Ati: "Uw'ingabo ya Nyimbuzi Imbaza imutambitse hagati y'inkwaya Inkomeli zirizera." Izo ngabo zigumya kuzimbanwa ababisha, Shebuja azingiza [[Mutara II Rwogera|Rwogera]]; Iya Rwogezwa-mu-mahina Ibonye ko urugamba ruhanikiye abatinyi, Igumya gutoza ingabo amarere. Uwayo imutambitse ku iteme Na we amwigiraho rutinywa, Ati: "Uw'ingabo ya Rutayegayezwa Muroheyeho nk'imfizi y'[[intare]] Nkibasumbya intambwe zo gutabara." Iya Rutera-bwoba Irwanira Gufata mpili; Uwo yuhiye impundaza ku isibo Agumya kumwesaho umurera Ati: "Uw'ingabo ya Murakaza-bagabo Mutambitse hagati y'ingamba Abagabo b'inganizi bagitinya kuvuna impuruza." Iy'Imputa-bigwi Yihutira kunesha inkwaya I Nkole tuyihindura imirambo: Imirera yihalira intambara. Mwene Ntare yihuta ayo gusiga intashya, Ajya guhebya abo kwa Mutana. Ni abasanzwe bahagalika umutima ko mbatera, Agitunguka batanguranwa kumubaza, Bati: "Ko wihungura ku matwi Ukaba wahindutse umutuku Utacyitangilije inkwaya Utazi ko wabaye inkomeli, Aho iyo Nkole wayisizemo abantu?" Ati: "Keretse abaduteye! Badutakishije bugisesa! Twasakiranye ncyugurura. Bajemo umusore w'igihame, Yirahiliye mu irembo Yivuga ngo ni Impamiliza-gushyitsa! Twasakiranye mu gitondo Ni we watumye ngenda nikunga, N'abankulikiraga yabakuyeho ibinyita! Nimuvane [[inka]] mu nzira: Mutewe n'Inzovu y'Icyubahiro Abangikanye n'Intwali-y'icyusa N'Incyaha-baganizi. Mwashilira ku murongo." </poem><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rw.amateka.net/yuhi-v-musinga/ |title=Yuhi V Musinga |website=Amateka.net |language=rw |access-date=2024-07-15 |archive-date=2024-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715104755/https://rw.amateka.net/yuhi-v-musinga/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/umurage/article/ni-ryari-bavuga-ko-umuntu-yishe-cyangwa-yataye-umuco |title=Ni ryari bavuga ko umuntu yishe cyangwa yataye umuco? |website=Kigali Today |language=rw}}</ref> == Reba kandi == * [[Ibyivugo]] * [[Mutara III Rudahigwa]] == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umuco]] [[Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda]] gfrqjeh062szqs6urzgb3gog33n0p7p 0 19699 140864 135409 2026-10-06T20:14:33Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502336|Headache]] to:rw #mdwikicx 140864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Headache|synonym=Cephalalgia, headache disorder|image=Migraine.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Person with a headache|pronounce=|field=[[Neurology]]|symptoms=[[Pain]] in the [[face]] or [[head]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=Primary, secondary<ref name=WHO2016/>|causes='''Primary''': [[Migraine]], [[tension-type headache]], [[cluster headache]]<ref name=WHO2016/><br>'''Secondary''': [[Medication overuse headache]], [[subarachnoid bleeding]], [[meningitis]], [[idiopathic intracranial hypertension]], [[vertebral dissection]], [[glaucoma]], [[sinusitis]], [[temporal arteritis]], [[brain tumor]]s, [[carbon monoxide poisoning]], [[cerebral venous sinus thrombosis]], [[eclampsia]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, potentially supported by [[medical imaging]] or [[lumbar puncture]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=~50% of people each year<ref name=WHO2016/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Kubabara umutwe''' ni ikimenyetso cy'ububabare mu maso cyangwa mu mutwe.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Baraness|first=L|last2=Baker|first2=AM|title=Acute Headache|date=January 2020|pmid=32119397|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Iyo bigarutse kenshi bizwi nk'indwara yo kubabara umutwe.<ref name="WHO2016">{{Cite web|title=Headache disorders Fact sheet N°277|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/en/|access-date=14 October 2020|date=April 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216184228/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/en/|archive-date=16 February 2016}}</ref> Kubabara umutwe kenshi bishobora kugira ingaruka ku mibanire n'abandi ndetse no ku kazi.<ref name="WHO2016" /> Hari kandi ibyago byinshi byo [[Indwara y'agahinda|kwiheba]] ku bafite umutwe ukomeye.<ref name="WHO2016" /> Kuribwa umutwe bishobora guterwa ahanini n'ikibazo runaka cyangwa bigaterwa n'ikibazo cyihishe inyuma.<ref name="WHO2016" /> Umutwe w'ibanze urimo umutwe ufata imitsi, umutwe ufata imitsi, n'umutwe ufata imitsi.<ref name="WHO2016" /> Umutwe ukurikiraho urimo kuribwa umutwe cyane hakoreshejwe imiti, kuva amaraso muri subarachnoid, meningitis, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso mu mutwe, gucikamo ibice by'uruti rw'umugongo, glaucoma, [[Sinizite|sinusiti]], arteritis y'igihe gito, [[Kanseri y’ubwonko|ibibyimba byo mu bwonko]], uburozi bwa monoxide ya karubone, eclampsia, na thrombosis ya sinus yo mu bwonko.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku bimenyetso n'ubushobozi bishobora guterwa n'ibishushanyo mbonera by'abaganga cyangwa gutobora uruhu rwo mu ruhu.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Kuvura umutwe biterwa n'impamvu nyamukuru, ariko akenshi bikubiyemo imiti igabanya ububabare.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Muri rusange, imiti yo mu bwoko bwa opiate ntiyemerwa.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Igice kinini (96%) cy'umutwe ntabwo gishyira ubuzima mu kaga.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'abantu bakuru bagira ikibazo cy'umutwe mu mwaka runaka naho abagera kuri 4% bakagira ikibazo cy'umutwe mu gihe kirenze kimwe cya kabiri cy'iminsi mu kwezi.<ref name="WHO2016" /> Kubabara umutwe cyane ni byo bikunze kugaragara cyane, bikagira ingaruka kuri 1.6&nbsp;miliyari z'abantu (21.8% by'abaturage) hagakurikiraho umutwe ufata abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 848 (11.7%).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4|pmc=4561509}}</ref> Kubabara umutwe bikunze kugaragara cyane ku bantu bari hagati y'imyaka 25 na 40.<ref name="Stat2020" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] cv3vjyev3gauugqd57kk1yn8l50n3o8 0 19800 140852 119964 2026-10-06T13:32:21Z ~2026-53592-53 19078 /* Amashakiro */ 140852 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Ibyivugo.jpg|thumb|Kwivuga]] Rutajabukwa n’imitima ingamba zimisha imituku rwa Nyilimbirima ndi [[Intwari z'u Rwanda|intwari]] inkotanyi yamenye. Yashinze urugamba rukora amaraso, ati « Rwampingane !» nti « Mukaragandekwe nangana n’ababisha iyo duhuye ndarakara !» Mugabo utera ababisha ubwoba wa Rutajoma ndi umushakamba rwose : abatwara inyamusozi narabagumiye. Rugarama rwa Gikore nabaye igisibya cy’umutsindo ; Ruhamanya akomeretse ndamwomora mwima Abarihira n’Abinika ; n’ihururu iturutse kwa Nyakamwe. Bari baje ari abarizo Ndabahakanira ko ntamuharishwa n’ibyuma Kandi twarabyirukanye : Ndamusezerera arisindagiza. Abaje kutuvuna basanze umuheto w’inkaka Wigenza mu nzira nk’ubukombe bw’intare Aho Abashakamba twaremye intambara neza. == Amashakiro == [[Ikiciro:iterambere]] [[Ikiciro:iterambere ry' U Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] t1sc1fa1etrp13njlmb6ahrdsekj2e3 0 23138 140889 140439 2026-10-07T05:42:27Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Milgitha Kösser]] 140889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kaduha | image = [[Dosiye:KaduhaGenocideMemorial17.jpg|280px]] | caption = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kaduha (Kanama 2025) | label1 = Igihugu | data1 = [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] | label2 = Intara | data2 = Amajyepfo | label3 = Akarere | data3 = [[Akarere ka Nyamagabe|Nyamagabe]] | label4 = Umurenge | data4 = Kaduha | label5 = Ubwoko | data5 = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside | label6 = Rwibuka | data6 = [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] (Mata 1994) | label7 = Aho ruherereye | data7 = {{Coord|-2.335637|29.522778|type:landmark_region:RW|display=inline}} }} '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kaduha''' rwibuka abazize ubwicanyi bwakorewe [[Abatutsi]] muri Mata 1994 muri paruwasi ya Kaduha, mu [[Akarere ka Nyamagabe]], mu Ntara y'Amajyepfo, mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda]].<!-- Ingingo y'Igifaransa ivuga « Akarere ka Nyaruguru » mu ntangiriro; Kaduha iri mu Karere ka Nyamagabe (Genocide Archive of Rwanda). --> == Aho ruherereye == === Aho biherereye === Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kaduha rwubatse mu Mudugudu wa Bamba, Akagari ka Kavumu, Umurenge wa Kaduha, [[Akarere ka Nyamagabe]], mu Ntara y'Amajyepfo, mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Gikongoro.<ref name="gar">{{Cite web |title=Kaduha Memorial |url=https://genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/Kaduha_Memorial |website=Genocide Archive of Rwanda |language=rw |access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref><!-- Ingingo y'Igifaransa yanditse nabi aho ruherereye (« secteur de Bamba », « région de Mayaga »); hano hakosowe hakurikijwe Genocide Archive of Rwanda. --> === Imiterere rusange === [[Dosiye:Communes of Rwanda in 1994.svg|thumb|Amakomini y'u Rwanda mu 1994]] Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kaduha ni rumwe mu [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|nzibutso n'imva rusange nyinshi]] ziri ku butaka bw'u Rwanda no hanze yabwo, zifitanye isano na Jenoside yakorewe [[Abatutsi]] mu 1994. Ubwo yarutahaga, [[Paul Kagame]] yashimangiye ko ari ngombwa kwibuka ibyabaye kugira ngo Jenoside itazongera kubaho ukundi. Yashishikarije Abanyarwanda guhangana n'ibibazo bateza imbere ubumwe, ubutabera, ubwiyunge, no kurwanya ubukene n'imiyoborere mibi.<ref name="irin">{{Cite web |author=IRIN News |title=Inauguration du Mémorial du génocide à Kaduha |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/fr/actualit%C3%A9s/2001/07/24/inauguration-du-m%C3%A9morial-du-g%C3%A9nocide-%C3%A0-kaduha |website=The New Humanitarian |date=2001-07-24 |language=fr |access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> == Amateka == [[Dosiye:KaduhaGenocideMemorial02.jpg|left|thumb|Imva rusange (Kanama 2025)]] Ubwicanyi bukomeye bwabereye i Kaduha ku wa 21 Mata 1994. Kaduha ni hamwe mu hantu h'ingenzi habereye ubwicanyi muri Perefegitura ya Gikongoro, nyuma ya Mushubi (7 Mata), [[Kibeho]] (14 Mata) na Muganza (16 Mata). Ibihumbi by'Abatutsi bari barigeze guhungira muri paruwasi za Kaduha, Cyanika na Kibeho mu bwicanyi bwo muri Noheli ya 1963–1964.<ref name="dumas">{{Cite journal |last=Dumas |first=Hélène |title=« Afin de mettre une marque en ce temps ». Kaduha, avril 1994 : un album de l’attestation |journal=Sensibilités |issue=10 |pages=28–45 |year=2021 |doi=10.3917/sensi.010.0028 |language=fr}}</ref> Igitero cyo ku wa 21 Mata 1994 cyibasiye kiliziya n'inyubako za paruwasi, ndetse n'ibigo nderabuzima n'amashuri byari hafi aho. Abatangabuhamya basobanura uko impunzi zakusanyirijwe i Kaduha babwirwa ko ari ukugira ngo zirindwe, hanyuma zikicwa. Claude Ndorimana warokotse, wigaga mu ishuri ry'ubuhinzi n'ubworozi rya Kaduha, yavuze ko yahungiye muri paruwasi ari kumwe n'umuryango we, amaze kumva ko bene wabo bishwe. Yatanze ubuhamya ku bwicanyi bwabereye mu ishuri no mu bitaro, no ku ishyingurwa ry'abishwe, barimo na murumuna we w'imyaka itandatu wari ukiri muzima. François Shikama, umuhinzi, na we yatanze ubuhamya ko yabonye abantu bicirwa kuri bariyeri yari hafi y'« Umuzungukazi » (Umubikira [[Milgitha Kösser|Milgitha]]) no kuri kiliziya.<ref name="dumas" /><ref name="cpcr">{{Cite web |title=Procès de Laurent Bucyibaruta du mercredi 8 juin 2022 |url=https://www.collectifpartiescivilesrwanda.fr/proces-de-laurent-bucyibaruta-du-mercredi-8-juin-2022-j19/ |website=Collectif des parties civiles pour le Rwanda |date=2022-06-09 |language=fr}}</ref> Imva rusange z'i Kaduha zabanje kuba imyobo impunzi zacukuye zibitegetswe n'abayobozi, bavuga ko ari imisarane, nyuma iza kujugunywamo imirambo y'abishwe. Hari ibihembo, nk'umuceri cyangwa amafaranga byatangwaga n'Umubikira Milgitha, byahabwaga abatwaraga imirambo.<ref name="cpcr" /> Ku rwibutso rwa Kaduha hakunze kubera imihango yo kwibuka. Itariki yo kwibuka ihindagurika buri mwaka bitewe na gahunda y'inzego z'ubuyobozi, ariko nk'uko abatangabuhamya babyemeza, yakabaye iya 21 Mata, umunsi Abatutsi bari bahungiye muri kiliziya bishwe.<ref name="gar" /><!-- Ingingo y'Igifaransa yanditse « 21 Nyakanga »; inkomoko (Genocide Archive of Rwanda) ivuga 21 Mata. --> {{clear}} == Ibiranga urwibutso == [[Dosiye:KaduhaGenocideMemorial04.jpg|thumb|352px|Amashuri, kiliziya n'ibitaro biri hafi y'urwibutso (Kanama 2025)]] Urwibutso rwa Kaduha rwubatswe ku bufatanye bw'abaturage.<ref name="irin" /> Ni ahantu ho kwibukira no gusura, kandi ni ingenzi mu bushakashatsi ku mateka ya Jenoside, cyane cyane kubera inyandiko n'amafoto byabitswe n'umubikira w'Umudage Milgitha Kösser (1936–2016). Yari umuyobozi w'ikigo nderabuzima cya Kaduha kuva mu 1973, akaba yarabaye umuhamya utagira icyo ashobora gukora ku wa 21 Mata 1994. Yakoze alubumu y'amafoto 193, yo hagati ya 1992 na 1995, agaragaza uburemere bw'ubwicanyi n'isenywa ry'ibintu, ndetse no gutesha agaciro imirambo, ahantu n'ibintu by'idini. Iyo alubumu ni inyandiko y'ingenzi yo gusobanukirwa n'ibyabereye i Kaduha.<ref name="dumas" /><ref name="politika">{{Cite web |title=Une traversée des mondes : matérialités et logiques du génocide des Tutsi |url=https://www.politika.io/fr/article/traversee-mondes-materialites-logiques-du-genocide-tutsi |website=Politika |language=fr |access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> Ubushakashatsi ku byabereye i Kaduha bugaragaza kandi uburyo abakoze Jenoside bagoretse ururimi: amagambo nka ''gutabara'' yakoreshwaga mu kuvuga kongera ingufu z'udutsiko tw'abicanyi. Imvugo zijyanye n'« akazi » cyangwa « inshingano z'ubuyobozi » zasobanuraga uburinzi bwo kuri bariyeri zicirwagaho abantu. N'amagambo yo mu birori yakoreshejwe mu kuvuga ibirori by'abicanyi.<ref name="dumas" /> Imiterere y'i Kaduha, ifite imisozi ihanamye n'imikoki miremire, yahinduye paruwasi umutego mu gihe cy'ubwicanyi, bituma guhunga bitashobokera abishwe batari bafite uko birwanaho.<ref name="politika" /> <!-- Ingingo y'Igifaransa ifite ibika bitatu by'inyongera (ku miterere y'ahantu nk'amashuri, kiliziya n'ibitaro; ku mvugo; no ku « nshingano ebyiri » z'urwibutso) bishingiye ku nyandiko rusange za CNLG zitavuga kuri Kaduha. Ntibyashyizwe hano kuko ari isesengura ridashingiye ku nkomoko zivuga kuri Kaduha. --> == Ibisobanuro n'inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Milgitha Kösser]] * Milgitha Kösser * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === {{Commonscat|Kaduha Genocide Memorial}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite journal |last=Dumas |first=Hélène |title=« Afin de mettre une marque en ce temps ». Kaduha, avril 1994 : un album de l’attestation |journal=Sensibilités |issue=10 |pages=28–45 |year=2021 |doi=10.3917/sensi.010.0028 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |author=Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le Génocide (CNLG) |title=Identification des sites du génocide d’avril à juillet 1994 |publisher=CNLG |location=Kigali |year=2019 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/IdentificationSitesGenocideAvrilJuillet1994.pdf |format=PDF |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaduha, Urwibutso rwa Jenoside}} [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Nyamagabe]] [[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]] nxch32nccwvj4xhxguiemyeld4roni9 0 23139 140909 140825 2026-10-07T07:41:32Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Boniface Ngulinzira]] 140909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyanza-Kicukiro | image = [[Dosiye:Nyanza-KicuciroGenocideMemorial30.jpg|280px]] | caption = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyanza-Kicukiro (Kanama 2025) | label1 = Igihugu | data1 = [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] | label2 = Intara | data2 = [[Kigali|Umujyi wa Kigali]] | label3 = Akarere | data3 = [[Akarere ka Kicukiro|Kicukiro]] | label4 = Aho ruri | data4 = Nyanza, Umurenge wa Kagarama, Akagari ka Rukatsa | label5 = Ubwoko | data5 = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside | label6 = Rwibuka | data6 = [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] (1994) | label7 = Aho ruherereye | data7 = {{Coord|-2.00076|30.09288|type:landmark_region:RW|display=inline}} }} '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyanza-Kicukiro''' ni urwibutso ruri i [[Kigali]], mu [[Akarere ka Kicukiro]], aho haruhukiye abazize [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]] basaga 100&nbsp;000. Aha hantu hafitanye isano rya hafi n'igenda ry'ingabo za MINUAR zari mu Ishuri ry'Imyuga (École technique officielle, ETO) rya Kicukiro ku wa 11 Mata 1994, n'ubwicanyi bwakurikiyeho ku musozi wa Nyanza. == Aho ruherereye == === Aho biherereye === Urwibutso ruri i Nyanza, mu Murenge wa Kagarama, mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bw'umujyi rwagati wa Kigali, hafi y'ishuri ''Integrated Polytechnic Regional College'' (IPRC), ryahoze ari École technique officielle ya Kicukiro (ETO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genocide Memorial Nyanza Kicukiro |url=https://mapcarta.com/N10931526438 |website=Mapcarta |language=en |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref> === Imiterere rusange === Urwibutso rwa Nyanza-Kicukiro ni ahantu ho kwibukira abazize [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu 1994. Ruri mu nzibutso z'igihugu zahariwe kwibuka ibyo byabaye. Ruri iruhande rw'[[Ubusitani bwa Nyanza|Ubusitani bw'urwibutso bwa Nyanza]], ubusitani bwo kwigisha amateka bwatashywe mu 2022.<ref name="gac">{{Cite web |title=Garden of Memory – Nyanza Kicukiro |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/garden-of-memory-nyanza-kicukiro-government-of-rwanda/-QG2Ywplz-RviQ |website=Google Arts & Culture / Rwanda Cultural Heritage Academy |date=2022-09-11 |language=en |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref> [[Dosiye:Communes of Rwanda in 1994.svg|thumb|Amakomini y'u Rwanda mu 1994]] Uru rwibutso ni rumwe mu [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|nzibutso]], imva rusange n'ahantu ho kwibukira biri hirya no hino mu [[Rwanda]] no mu mahanga, bifitanye isano na Jenoside yo mu 1994. Enye muri zo — [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamata|Nyamata]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi|Murambi]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali|Gisozi]] na [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero|Bisesero]] — zashyizwe mu Murage w'Isi wa UNESCO.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sites mémoriaux du génocide : Nyamata, Murambi, Gisozi et Bisesero |url=https://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/1586/ |website=UNESCO |language=fr |access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> == Amateka == [[Dosiye:Nyanza-KicuciroGenocideMemorial28.jpg|left|thumb|Icyapa cyanditseho amazina ku rwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyanza-Kicukiro (Kanama 2025)]] Ku wa 11 Mata 1994, nyuma y'igenda ry'ingabo z'Ababiligi za MINUAR zari zirinze École technique officielle ya Kicukiro, ibihumbi by'impunzi z'Abatutsi byategetswe kuva mu kigo cy'ishuri bijyanwa ku musozi wa Nyanza, aho byiciwe ku gicamunsi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=L’ETO de Kigali, mauvaise conscience de l’ONU au Rwanda |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/07/l-ecole-technique-officielle-de-kigali-mauvaise-conscience-de-l-onu-au-rwanda_5446874_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2019-04-07 |language=fr |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=View of a burial site in Nyanza, Rwanda |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/view-of-a-burial-site-in-nyanza-rwanda |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |language=en |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nyanza Memorial Site |url=https://www.gorillaugandasafaris.com/nyanza-memorial-site/ |website=Gorilla Trekking Uganda |language=en |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref><!-- Ingingo y'Igifaransa ikoresha kandi urubuga mindtrip.ai (rwandikwa na AI); ntirwashyizwe hano. --> Bivugwa ko hishwe abantu nibura 2&nbsp;000, barimo abana benshi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICT Sector Honours Genocide Victims at Nyanza Memorial |url=https://www.risa.gov.rw/news-detail/ict-sector-honours-genocide-victims-at-nyanza-memorial |website=Rwanda Information Society Authority |date=2023-04-11 |language=en |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nyanza Genocide Memorial Tour In Kigali |url=https://www.africanmeccasafaris.com/travel-guide/rwanda/towns-city/kigali/tours-activities/nyanza-genocide-memorial |website=AfricanMecca Safaris |language=en |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref> Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, imibiri y'abazize Jenoside yataburuwe mu bice bitandukanye by'umujyi yagiye ikusanyirizwa i Nyanza igashyingurwa mu cyubahiro. Muri Gicurasi 2022, imibiri mishya 9&nbsp;181 yashyinguwe mu cyubahiro kuri uru rwibutso.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rwanda: Over 9000 Genocide Victims Get Decent Burial |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202205270111.html |work=The New Times (via allAfrica) |date=2022-05-27 |language=en |access-date=2025-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527100546/https://allafrica.com/stories/202205270111.html |archive-date=2022-05-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Muri Mata 2021, ubuyobozi bw'Umujyi wa [[Kigali]] bwavugaga ko i Nyanza hashyinguye abantu basaga 96&nbsp;000,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genocide victims at Nyanza memorial honoured by City Authorities |url=https://www.kigalicity.gov.rw/news-detail/genocide-victims-at-nyanza-memorial-honoured-by-city-authorities0 |website=City of Kigali |date=2021-04-11 |language=en |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref> umubare wageze ku basaga 105&nbsp;000 nk'uko byatangajwe ku mugaragaro mu gihe cya ''Kwibuka31'' mu 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwibuka31 – At Nyanza-Kicukiro we honour over 105,000 victims |url=https://www.facebook.com/CityofKigali/posts/1109676151202191/ |website=City of Kigali (Facebook) |date=2025-04-07 |language=en |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref><!-- Inkomoko ni ubutumwa kuri Facebook. --> [[Ubusitani bwa Nyanza|Ubusitani bw'urwibutso]] buri iruhande rwarwo, bwatekerejwe n'umuryango Ibuka ufatanyije n'umunyabugeni Bruce Clarke, bwatashywe ku mugaragaro ku wa 11 Nzeri 2022 na [[Jeannette Kagame]].<ref name="gac" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=French artist explains origin of Nyanza-based Jardin de la Mémoire |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/FrenchArtistExplainsOriginOfJardinDeLaMemoireTnT13092022.pdf |format=PDF |website=The New Times (francegenocidetutsi.org) |date=2022-09-13 |language=en |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref> {{clear}} == Ibiranga urwibutso == [[Dosiye:Nyanza-KicuciroGenocideMemorial04.jpg|thumb|295px|Ubwinjiriro bw'urwibutso (Kanama 2025)]] Urwibutso rurimo imva rusange nyinshi zisizweho amakaro n'ibyapa byanditseho amazina y'abazize Jenoside.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monument Listing Names of Victims – Nyanza Genocide Memorial Site |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/facultyresearchandpublications/52383/items/1.0056098 |website=University of British Columbia Open Collections |date=2012-07-01 |language=en |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref> Buri mwaka rwakira imihango yo [[Kwibuka]] n'urugendo rwo kwibuka (''Walk to Remember'') ruhera kuri IPRC (yahoze ari ETO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commemoration at Nyanza-Kicukiro Genocide Memorial |url=https://www.parliament.gov.rw/news-detail?tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=34972 |website=Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'u Rwanda |date=2024-04-11 |language=en |access-date=2025-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901224447/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/news-detail?tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=34972 |archive-date=2025-09-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Urwibutso ruri ku rutonde rwa Ibuka, rugaragaza ko ruri i Kicukiro kandi rufite imva rusange enye z'ingenzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nyanza Genocide Memorial |url=https://www.ibuka.rw/visitMemorial |website=Ibuka |language=en |access-date=2025-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901221500/https://www.ibuka.rw/visitMemorial |archive-date=2025-09-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ibisobanuro n'inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Boniface Ngulinzira]] * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]] * [[Ubusitani bwa Nyanza]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === {{Commonscat|Nyanza-Kicukiro Genocide Memorial}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author=Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le Génocide (CNLG) |title=Identification des sites du génocide d’avril à juillet 1994 |publisher=CNLG |location=Kigali |year=2019 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/IdentificationSitesGenocideAvrilJuillet1994.pdf |format=PDF |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nyanza-Kicukiro, Urwibutso rwa Jenoside}} [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Kicukiro]] [[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]] 4guuzvstlcz24xm81gqm5xhna3ngc4n 0 23154 140887 140455 2026-10-07T05:37:39Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Charles Habonimana]] 140887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mayunzwe | image = [[Dosiye:Entrance of the Memorial 2.jpg|280px]] | caption = Ubwinjiriro bw'urwibutso rwa Mayunzwe (19 Kanama 2025) | label1 = Igihugu | data1 = [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] | label2 = Intara | data2 = [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Amajyepfo]] | label3 = Akarere | data3 = [[Akarere ka Ruhango|Ruhango]] | label4 = Umurenge | data4 = Mbuye | label5 = Ubwoko | data5 = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside | label6 = Rwibuka | data6 = [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] (1994) }} '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mayunzwe''' ni ahantu ho kwibukira haherereye i Mayunzwe, mu [[Akarere ka Ruhango]] ([[Intara y'amajyepfo|Intara y'Amajyepfo]], [[Rwanda]]). Rwunamira abazize [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]], kandi rwakira buri mwaka imihango yo ''[[Kwibuka]]''. Urwibutso rufitanye isano n'ahantu hitwa « Karuvariyo » (''Kaluvariyo''), ku musozi uri hafi aho, ahiciwe Abatutsi b'i Mayunzwe muri Mata 1994. == Aho ruherereye == === Aho biherereye === Urwibutso ruri i Mayunzwe, mu Murenge wa Mbuye ([[Akarere ka Ruhango]], Intara y'Amajyepfo). Aka gace kari mu burengerazuba bwa [[Kigali]], hafi ya Muhanga (yahoze yitwa Gitarama).<ref name="JusticeInfo">{{Cite web |author=Thierry Cruvellier |title=Mayunzwe remembers the “Calvary” of the Tutsis |url=https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/130536-mayunzwe-remembers-calvary-tutsis.html |website=Justice Info |date=2024-04-09 |language=en |access-date=2025-09-08}}</ref> === Imiterere rusange === [[Dosiye:Parking of the memorial2.jpg|left|thumb|Aho imodoka ziparika imbere mu rwibutso rwa Mayunzwe (19 Kanama 2025)]] [[Dosiye:Communes of Rwanda in 1994.svg|thumb|Amakomini y'u Rwanda mu 1994]] Urwibutso rwa Mayunzwe ni rumwe mu nzibutso, imva rusange n'ahantu ho kwibukira biri hirya no hino mu Rwanda no mu mahanga, bifitanye isano na Jenoside yo mu 1994. Muri izo nzibutso, enye — [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamata|Nyamata]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi|Murambi]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali|Gisozi]] na [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero|Bisesero]] — ziri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sites mémoriaux du génocide : Nyamata, Murambi, Gisozi et Bisesero |url=https://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/1586/ |website=UNESCO |language=fr |access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> {{clear}} == Amateka == Ku wa 24 Mata 1994, Abatutsi biciwe i Mayunzwe, cyane cyane ahitwa « Karuvariyo ». Amakuru yo muri ako gace agereranya ko uwo munsi hishwe abantu amagana.<ref name="RBA">{{Cite web |title=April 24, 1994: Tutsi massacre at Mayunzwe, Ruhango |url=https://rba.co.rw/post/April-24-1994-Tutsi-massacre-at-Mayunzwe-Ruhango |website=Rwanda Broadcasting Agency (RBA) |date=2020-04-24 |language=en |access-date=2025-09-08}}</ref><ref name="JusticeInfo" /><ref name="KT2023">{{Cite web |title=Mayunzwe: Bagiye kubaka inzira y’amateka ya Jenoside igana kuri « Karuvariyo » |url=https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/mayunzwe-bagiye-kubaka-inzira-y-amateka-ya-jenoside-igana-kuri-karuvariyo |website=Kigali Today |date=2023-05-26 |language=rw |access-date=2025-09-08}}</ref> Umwanditsi [[Charles Habonimana]], wavukiye i Mayunzwe, yarokotse ubwo bwicanyi maze abwandikaho igitabo ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'' (2019). Nyuma ya Jenoside, i Mayunzwe hubatswe urwibutso. Inyandiko z'ingengo y'imari zigaragaza imirimo yo kubaka no gusana urwibutso yatewe inkunga n'Akarere ka Ruhango.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruhango District – Annex II-1 (2018-2021): Construction of Mayunzwe Memorial |url=https://www.minecofin.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Minecofin/Publications/REPORTS/National_Budget/District_Budget/2018-19_Revised_Budgets/Ruhango_District/ANNEX_II-1.pdf |website=Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) |language=en |access-date=2025-09-08}}</ref> == Ibiranga urwibutso == Urwibutso rufitanye isano ya bugufi n'ahitwa « Karuvariyo », ku musozi uri hafi aho, ahiciwe abenshi mu bazize Jenoside b'i Mayunzwe ku wa 24 Mata 1994; ibigereranyo byo muri ako gace bivuga ko muri segiteri ya Mayunzwe honyine hishwe abarenga 850.<ref name="RBA" /> Mu bavugwa ko bayoboye cyangwa bashishikarije ubwicanyi harimo François Murekambanze, wari konseye wa segiteri, hamwe n'abicanyi baturutse ahandi.<ref name="RBA" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwibuka28: tariki ya 24 Mata 1994, uko Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yakozwe hirya no hino mu gihugu |url=https://www.minubumwe.gov.rw/news-detail/kwibuka28-tariki-ya-24-mata-1994-uko-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi-yakozwe-hirya-no-hino-mu-gihugu |website=MINUBUMWE |language=rw |access-date=2025-09-09}}</ref> <!-- Inkuru y'Igifaransa ivuga imva rusange ebyiri zabaruwe mu 1994 (I: 150, II: 110, ku wa 23 Mata 1994); inkomoko zatanzwe ni inyandiko zitatangajwe (« extrait communiqué par l’utilisateur ») n'inkuru ya Le Monde itavuga Mayunzwe. Ntibyashyizwe mu nyandiko. --> Aha hantu hakoreshwa buri gihe mu bikorwa byo kwibuka (''Kwibuka''), kandi hari umushinga wo kubaka « inzira y'amateka » igana kuri Karuvariyo.<ref name="JusticeInfo" /><ref name="KT2023" /> [[Dosiye:Road next to Entry Mayunzwe Genocide Memorial.jpg|left|thumb|Umuhanda uri imbere y'urwibutso rwa Mayunzwe (19 Kanama 2025)]] Urwibutso rwakira buri mwaka imihango yo ''Kwibuka'' (ijoro ryo kwibuka, gushyira indabo ku mva, urugendo rwo kwibuka) n'ibikorwa byo kwigisha amateka ya Jenoside bitegurwa n'inzego z'ibanze n'imiryango y'abarokotse.<ref name="JusticeInfo" /> [[Charles Habonimana]], mu gitabo cye ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'', avuga uko abo mu muryango we bishwe n'uko we yarokotse muri Mata 1994 aha hantu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Habonimana : « Je n’ai oublié ni les bruits, ni les mots, ni les images du génocide des Tutsi » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/757539/societe/charles-habonimana-je-nai-oublie-ni-les-bruits-ni-les-mots-ni-les-images-du-genocide-des-tutsi/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-04-02 |language=fr |access-date=2025-10-24}}</ref> {{clear}} == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]] * [[Akarere ka Ruhango]] * [[Charles Habonimana]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === {{Commonscat|Mayunzwe Genocide Memorial}} * {{Cite web |title=Mayunzwe remembers the “Calvary” of the Tutsis |url=https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/130536-mayunzwe-remembers-calvary-tutsis.html |website=Justice Info |language=en}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author=Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le Génocide |title=Identification des sites du génocide d’avril à juillet 1994 |location=Kigali |publisher=CNLG |year=2019 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/IdentificationSitesGenocideAvrilJuillet1994.pdf |format=PDF |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mayunzwe, Urwibutso rwa Jenoside}} [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Ruhango]] [[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]] ghrg57wugpl2a78bg3fp26xwds4r5yb 140888 140887 2026-10-07T05:38:41Z Score Beethoven 11559 /* Aho ruherereye */ 140888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mayunzwe | image = [[Dosiye:Entrance of the Memorial 2.jpg|280px]] | caption = Ubwinjiriro bw'urwibutso rwa Mayunzwe (19 Kanama 2025) | label1 = Igihugu | data1 = [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] | label2 = Intara | data2 = [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Amajyepfo]] | label3 = Akarere | data3 = [[Akarere ka Ruhango|Ruhango]] | label4 = Umurenge | data4 = Mbuye | label5 = Ubwoko | data5 = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside | label6 = Rwibuka | data6 = [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] (1994) }} '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mayunzwe''' ni ahantu ho kwibukira haherereye i Mayunzwe, mu [[Akarere ka Ruhango]] ([[Intara y'amajyepfo|Intara y'Amajyepfo]], [[Rwanda]]). Rwunamira abazize [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]], kandi rwakira buri mwaka imihango yo ''[[Kwibuka]]''. Urwibutso rufitanye isano n'ahantu hitwa « Karuvariyo » (''Kaluvariyo''), ku musozi uri hafi aho, ahiciwe Abatutsi b'i Mayunzwe muri Mata 1994. == Aho ruherereye == === Aho biherereye === Urwibutso ruri i Mayunzwe, mu Murenge wa Mbuye ([[Akarere ka Ruhango]], Intara y'Amajyepfo). Aka gace kari mu burengerazuba bwa [[Kigali]], hafi ya Muhanga (yahoze yitwa Gitarama).<ref name="JusticeInfo">{{Cite web |author=Thierry Cruvellier |title=Mayunzwe remembers the “Calvary” of the Tutsis |url=https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/130536-mayunzwe-remembers-calvary-tutsis.html |website=Justice Info |date=2024-04-09 |language=en |access-date=2025-09-08}}</ref> === Imiterere rusange === [[Dosiye:Parking of the memorial2.jpg|left|thumb|Aho imodoka ziparika imbere mu rwibutso rwa Mayunzwe (19 Kanama 2025)]] [[Dosiye:Communes of Rwanda in 1994.svg|thumb|Amakomini y'u Rwanda mu 1994]] Urwibutso rwa Mayunzwe ni rumwe mu nzibutso, imva rusange n'ahantu ho kwibukira biri hirya no hino mu Rwanda no mu mahanga, bifitanye isano na Jenoside yo mu 1994. Muri izo nzibutso, enye — [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamata|Nyamata]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi|Murambi]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali|Gisozi]] na [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero|Bisesero]] — ziri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sites mémoriaux du génocide : Nyamata, Murambi, Gisozi et Bisesero |url=https://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/1586/ |website=UNESCO |language=fr |access-date=2025-08-15}}</ref> {{clear}} == Amateka == Ku wa 24 Mata 1994, Abatutsi biciwe i Mayunzwe, cyane cyane ahitwa « Karuvariyo ». Amakuru yo muri ako gace agereranya ko uwo munsi hishwe abantu amagana.<ref name="RBA">{{Cite web |title=April 24, 1994: Tutsi massacre at Mayunzwe, Ruhango |url=https://rba.co.rw/post/April-24-1994-Tutsi-massacre-at-Mayunzwe-Ruhango |website=Rwanda Broadcasting Agency (RBA) |date=2020-04-24 |language=en |access-date=2025-09-08}}</ref><ref name="JusticeInfo" /><ref name="KT2023">{{Cite web |title=Mayunzwe: Bagiye kubaka inzira y’amateka ya Jenoside igana kuri « Karuvariyo » |url=https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/mayunzwe-bagiye-kubaka-inzira-y-amateka-ya-jenoside-igana-kuri-karuvariyo |website=Kigali Today |date=2023-05-26 |language=rw |access-date=2025-09-08}}</ref> Umwanditsi [[Charles Habonimana]], wavukiye i Mayunzwe, yarokotse ubwo bwicanyi maze abwandikaho igitabo ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'' (2019). Nyuma ya Jenoside, i Mayunzwe hubatswe urwibutso. Inyandiko z'ingengo y'imari zigaragaza imirimo yo kubaka no gusana urwibutso yatewe inkunga n'Akarere ka Ruhango.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruhango District – Annex II-1 (2018-2021): Construction of Mayunzwe Memorial |url=https://www.minecofin.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Minecofin/Publications/REPORTS/National_Budget/District_Budget/2018-19_Revised_Budgets/Ruhango_District/ANNEX_II-1.pdf |website=Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) |language=en |access-date=2025-09-08}}</ref> == Ibiranga urwibutso == Urwibutso rufitanye isano ya bugufi n'ahitwa « Karuvariyo », ku musozi uri hafi aho, ahiciwe abenshi mu bazize Jenoside b'i Mayunzwe ku wa 24 Mata 1994; ibigereranyo byo muri ako gace bivuga ko muri segiteri ya Mayunzwe honyine hishwe abarenga 850.<ref name="RBA" /> Mu bavugwa ko bayoboye cyangwa bashishikarije ubwicanyi harimo François Murekambanze, wari konseye wa segiteri, hamwe n'abicanyi baturutse ahandi.<ref name="RBA" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwibuka28: tariki ya 24 Mata 1994, uko Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yakozwe hirya no hino mu gihugu |url=https://www.minubumwe.gov.rw/news-detail/kwibuka28-tariki-ya-24-mata-1994-uko-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi-yakozwe-hirya-no-hino-mu-gihugu |website=MINUBUMWE |language=rw |access-date=2025-09-09}}</ref> <!-- Inkuru y'Igifaransa ivuga imva rusange ebyiri zabaruwe mu 1994 (I: 150, II: 110, ku wa 23 Mata 1994); inkomoko zatanzwe ni inyandiko zitatangajwe (« extrait communiqué par l’utilisateur ») n'inkuru ya Le Monde itavuga Mayunzwe. Ntibyashyizwe mu nyandiko. --> Aha hantu hakoreshwa buri gihe mu bikorwa byo kwibuka (''Kwibuka''), kandi hari umushinga wo kubaka « inzira y'amateka » igana kuri Karuvariyo.<ref name="JusticeInfo" /><ref name="KT2023" /> [[Dosiye:Road next to Entry Mayunzwe Genocide Memorial.jpg|left|thumb|Umuhanda uri imbere y'urwibutso rwa Mayunzwe (19 Kanama 2025)]] Urwibutso rwakira buri mwaka imihango yo ''Kwibuka'' (ijoro ryo kwibuka, gushyira indabo ku mva, urugendo rwo kwibuka) n'ibikorwa byo kwigisha amateka ya Jenoside bitegurwa n'inzego z'ibanze n'imiryango y'abarokotse.<ref name="JusticeInfo" /> [[Charles Habonimana]], mu gitabo cye ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'', avuga uko abo mu muryango we bishwe n'uko we yarokotse muri Mata 1994 aha hantu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Habonimana : « Je n’ai oublié ni les bruits, ni les mots, ni les images du génocide des Tutsi » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/757539/societe/charles-habonimana-je-nai-oublie-ni-les-bruits-ni-les-mots-ni-les-images-du-genocide-des-tutsi/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-04-02 |language=fr |access-date=2025-10-24}}</ref> {{clear}} == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]] * [[Akarere ka Ruhango]] * [[Charles Habonimana]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === {{Commonscat|Mayunzwe Genocide Memorial}} * {{Cite web |title=Mayunzwe remembers the “Calvary” of the Tutsis |url=https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/130536-mayunzwe-remembers-calvary-tutsis.html |website=Justice Info |language=en}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author=Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le Génocide |title=Identification des sites du génocide d’avril à juillet 1994 |location=Kigali |publisher=CNLG |year=2019 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/IdentificationSitesGenocideAvrilJuillet1994.pdf |format=PDF |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mayunzwe, Urwibutso rwa Jenoside}} [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Ruhango]] [[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]] t0tuwhd4rj4e6vl0liqdek4ka5s2ldu 0 23202 140897 140687 2026-10-07T05:56:05Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ivugurura n'iyagurwa ry'ingingo: infobox, imiterere, amashakiro (hashingiwe kuri fr.wikipedia) 140897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Dafroza Gauthier | image = Dafrosa gautier 1401327.jpg | caption = Dafroza Gauthier mu 2022 | birth_name = Dafroza Mukarumongi | birth_date = 4 Kanama 1954 | birth_place = [[Butare]], [[Rwanda]] | death_date = 3 Ukwakira 2026 (imyaka 72) | death_place = Reims, [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umunyarwandakazi, Umufaransakazi | occupation = Injeniyeri mu by'ubutabire, umurwanashyaka | known_for = Gukurikirana abakoze [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] bihishe mu Bufaransa | spouse = Alain Gauthier | relatives = [[Gaël Faye]] (umukwe) }} '''Dafroza Gauthier''', wavutse yitwa '''Dafroza Mukarumongi''' (4 Kanama 1954 – 3 Ukwakira 2026), yari injeniyeri mu by'ubutabire akaba n'umurwanashyaka w'Umufaransakazi ukomoka mu [[Rwanda]]. Yamenyekanye cyane kubera gukurikirana abagize uruhare muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] bahungiye mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]], kugira ngo bashyikirizwe ubutabera. Mu 2001, we n'umugabo we Alain Gauthier bashinze ihuriro ry'abaregera indishyi ku Rwanda (''Collectif des parties civiles pour le Rwanda'', CPCR). Ibikorwa byabo byatumye abagabo barindwi bagize uruhare muri jenoside bahamwa n'ibyaha burundu n'inkiko z'Ubufaransa. Umukwe we ni umuririmbyi akaba n'umwanditsi [[Gaël Faye]]. == Ubuzima == === Ubwana === Dafroza Mukarumongi yavukiye i Astrida (ubu ni [[Butare]]) ku ya 4 Kanama 1954, mu muryango w'[[Abatutsi]] b'abapasitori ukomoka mu majyepfo y'u Rwanda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda : Dafroza Gauthier, originaire de Reims, de retour sur ses terres à la veille du procès d'un génocidaire présumé |url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/grand-est/marne/reims/rwanda-dafroza-gauthier-originaire-de-reims-de-retour-sur-ses-terres-a-la-veille-du-proces-d-un-genocidaire-presume-2304382.html |website=France 3 Grand Est |date=2021-11-21 |language=fr}}</ref> Yahuye n'ihohoterwa rikiri muto: mu 1963, igihe yari afite imyaka icyenda, se yiciwe mu bwicanyi bwabereye i Gikongoro, maze we ahungira muri kiliziya ya [[Kibeho]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Gauthier, infatigables chasseurs de génocidaires rwandais |url=https://www.lunion.fr/id596693/article/2024-05-04/les-gauthier-infatigables-chasseurs-de-genocidaires-rwandais |website=L'Union |date=2024-05-04 |language=fr}}</ref> Yize amashuri yisumbuye i Butare, nyuma yiga muri ''Lycée de Kigali''.<ref name="igihe">{{Cite web |title=Ibuka yihanganishije umuryango wa Dafroza Gauthier witabye Imana |url=https://igihe.com/amakuru/article/ibuka-yihanganishije-umuryango-wa-dafroza-gauthier-witabye-imana |website=IGIHE |language=rw}}</ref> === Ubuhunzi n'ubuzima mu Bufaransa === Mu 1973, kubera ubwicanyi bwibasiye Abatutsi, yahunze igihugu. Yabanje kuba mu [[Uburundi]] hafi y'umujyi wa Kirundo, nyuma i [[Bujumbura]], maze muri Nzeri 1973 ajya mu [[Ububiligi]] aho yakiriwe na musaza we, akomeza amashuri.<ref name="KT">{{Cite web |title=Dafroza Gauthier: Izina abahekuye u Rwanda bumva bagakangarana |url=https://kigalitoday.com/Inkuru-Zicukumbuye/article/dafroza-gauthier-izina-abahekuye-u-rwanda-bumva-bagakangarana |website=Kigali Today |language=rw}}</ref> Mu 1975 yongeye guhura na Alain Gauthier, bari baramenyaniye i Butare aho yigishaga igifaransa. Bashyingiranwe mu 1977, ahabwa ubwenegihugu bw'Ubufaransa. Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1980 batura i Reims, aho babyariye abana batatu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda : les époux Gauthier, près de 30 ans de traque des génocidaires entre les mille collines et les tribunaux français |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20240409.OBS86856/les-epoux-gauthier-pres-de-30-ans-de-traque-des-genocidaires-entre-les-mille-collines-et-les-tribunaux-francais.html |website=Le Nouvel Obs |date=2024-04-09 |language=fr}}</ref> === Jenoside yo mu 1994 === Mu mpera za Gashyantare 1994 yasuye umuryango we i [[Kigali]], asanga umujyi wuzuye [[Interahamwe]] n'imvugo z'urwango za Radiyo RTLM, maze nyina amusaba gusubira i Burayi. Ku ya 8 Mata 1994, nyina Suzana Mukamusoni yarasiwe imbere ya kiliziya ya Charles Lwanga i [[Nyamirambo]]; iyo nkuru yayibwiwe na [[Padiri Henri Blanchard]].<ref name="LeMonde2026">{{Cite web |title=Dafroza Gauthier, après trente ans de traque des génocidaires rwandais réfugiés en France, est morte |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/10/03/dafroza-gauthier-apres-trente-ans-de-traque-des-genocidaires-rwandais-refugies-en-france-est-morte_6787817_3382.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-10-03 |language=fr}}</ref> Mu gihe cya jenoside, abantu bagera kuri 80 bo mu muryango wa nyina barishwe.<ref name="KT" /> == Guharanira ubutabera == === Ishingwa rya CPCR === Mu 1996, asubiye mu Rwanda, yumvise ubuhamya bw'abarokotse maze yiyemeza kubushyikiriza umunyamategeko i Paris. Mu 2001 yakurikiranye urubanza rw'« Abanyabutare bane » i [[Buruseli]], urubanza rwa mbere rwa jenoside rwabereye mu mahanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alain et Dafroza Gauthier, chasseurs de génocidaires |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Archives/2011-03-04/Alain-et-Dafroza-Gauthier-chasseurs-de-genocidaires.-Alain-et-Dafroza-Gauthier-chasseurs-de-genocidaires-_NP_-2011-03-04-623083 |website=La Croix |date=2011-03-04 |language=fr}}</ref> Mu Gushyingo 2001, we n'umugabo we bashinze CPCR.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dafroza Mukarumongi et Alain Gauthier, le couple qui traque les génocidaires rwandais réfugiés en France |url=https://www.humanite.fr/en-debat/genocide-rwandais/dafroza-mukarumongi-et-alain-gauthier-le-couple-qui-traque-les-genocidaires-rwandais-refugies-en-france |website=L'Humanité |date=2024-04-07 |language=fr}}</ref> Bajyaga mu Rwanda inshuro eshatu cyangwa enye mu mwaka gushaka ubuhamya bw'abarokotse, abahoze ari abicanyi n'imfungwa, bagakora amadosiye bashyikiriza ubutabera bw'Ubufaransa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=De France aux collines rwandaises, le combat d'un couple pour traquer les génocidaires |url=https://www.challenges.fr/societe/de-france-aux-collines-rwandaises-le-combat-d-un-couple-pour-traquer-les-genocidaires_747939 |website=Challenges |date=2021-01-27 |language=fr}}</ref> Ni bo batanze hafi ibirego byose (bigera kuri 30) byatanzwe mu Bufaransa ku Banyarwanda bakekwaho jenoside, barimo [[Laurent Bucyibaruta]], [[Félicien Kabuga]], [[Philippe Hategekimana]], [[Aloys Ntiwiragabo]], [[Agathe Habyarimana]], Padiri [[Wenceslas Munyeshyaka]] wa paruwasi ya [[Saint Famille]] na muganga [[Sosthène Munyemana]].<ref name="LeMonde2026" /> === Imanza === Ishyirwaho ry'ishami ry'urukiko rw'i Paris rishinzwe ibyaha bya jenoside (2012) ryihutishije imanza. Muri Gashyantare 2014, mu rubanza rwa mbere, urwa [[Pascal Simbikangwa]], Dafroza Gauthier yatanze ubuhamya; Simbikangwa yahamwe n'icyaha cya jenoside.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collectif de parties civiles : « sans la justice, le Rwanda ne pourra pas se reconstruire » |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/l-invite-de-7h50/collectif-de-parties-civiles-sans-la-justice-le-rwanda-ne-pourra-pas-se-reconstruire-6776018 |website=France Inter |date=2014-02-05 |language=fr}}</ref> Ku ya 30 Ukwakira 2024, muganga [[Eugene Rwamucyo]], wari mu ba mbere bareze mu 2007, yakatiwe imyaka 27 y'igifungo.<ref name="LeMonde2026" /> Kubera ibikorwa byabo, abashakanye ba Gauthier bakunze kwitwa « Aba-Klarsfeld b'u Rwanda ».<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Gauthier, une vie de combat au nom des victimes du génocide des Tutsi |url=https://www.la-croix.com/les-gauthier-une-vie-de-combat-au-nom-des-victimes-du-genocide-des-tutsi-20240406 |website=La Croix |date=2024-04-06 |language=fr}}</ref> === Kwibuka === Yakundaga gutanga ibiganiro mu mashuri no muri kaminuza, arwanya ihakana rya jenoside. Mu Gushyingo 2017, Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] yabahaye umudari w'ishimwe w'ubucuti budasanzwe. Mu 2023, filime mbarankuru n'igitabo cy'amashusho ''Rwanda, à la poursuite des génocidaires'' byavuze ku rugamba rwabo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dafroza et Alain Gauthier, on n'arrête pas le procès |url=https://www.liberation.fr/portraits/dafroza-et-alain-gauthier-on-narrete-pas-le-proces-20231112_HJJLAQQZXFG5NNP5CKIB7AMYXQ/ |website=Libération |date=2023-11-12 |language=fr}}</ref> == Urupfu == Dafroza Gauthier yapfuye ku ya 3 Ukwakira 2026 i Reims, afite imyaka 72, azize kanseri.<ref name="LeMonde2026" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dafroza Gauthier, campaigner for justice for genocide victims, dies at 72 |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/39422/lifestyle/people/dafroza-gauthier-campaigner-for-justice-for-genocide-victims-dies-at-72 |website=The New Times |language=en}}</ref> Umuryango [[Ibuka]] wihanganishije umuryango we.<ref name="igihe" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Gaël Faye]] * [[Padiri Henri Blanchard]] * [[Félicien Kabuga]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=Rwanda : «Il y aurait une centaine de génocidaires supposés en France» |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2020/07/24/rwanda-il-y-aurait-une-centaine-de-genocidaires-supposes-en-france_1795201/ |website=Libération |date=2020-07-24 |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author=Maria Malagardis |title=Sur la piste des tueurs rwandais |publisher=Flammarion |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-08-125094-9 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |author1=Thomas Zribi |author2=Damien Roudeau |title=Rwanda, à la poursuite des génocidaires |publisher=Les Escales / Steinkis |year=2023 |isbn=978-2-36569-724-8 |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gauthier, Dafroza}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore]] hldsnfn0dccjs8nkvp4hdtvodg14was 0 23251 140851 2026-10-06T12:38:36Z Score Beethoven 11559 Urupapuro rushya: Ekpessosso (rwahinduwe ruvuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 140851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | above = Ekpessosso | subheader = Ifatwa ry'ibuye ritagatifu | label1 = Andi mazina | data1 = Epé-Ekpé, Ekpesoso | label2 = Ubwoko | data2 = Umuhango gakondo, umwaka mushya | label3 = Abawukora | data3 = [[Abaguin]] | label4 = Aho ukorerwa | data4 = [[Glidji]], [[Togo]] | label5 = Igihe | data5 = Buri mwaka, muri Nzeri | label6 = Umurage wa UNESCO | data6 = 2025 }} '''Ekpessosso''' (nanone witwa '''Epé-Ekpé''' cyangwa '''Ifatwa ry'ibuye ritagatifu''') ni umuhango ukorwa buri mwaka n'[[Abaguin]] bo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa [[Togo]], bizihiza umwaka mushya gakondo. Kuva mu 2025, uri ku Rutonde ruhagarariye umurage ndangamuco udafatika w'abantu bose wa [[UNESCO]]. == Umuhango == Ukorwa buri kwezi kwa Nzeri i [[Glidji]], mu ntara ya Lacs. Mu ishyamba ritagatifu rya Gbatsomé, abaherezabitambo bakuru basohora ibuye ritagatifu; ibara ryaryo rifatwa nk'ubutumwa bw'imana ku mwaka ukurikiyeho.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/the-bearing-of-the-sacred-stone-or-the-rites-of-the-new-year-in-the-guin-country-in-togo-02241 |title=The bearing of the sacred stone or the rites of the New Year in the Guin country in Togo |publisher=UNESCO |language=en |access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> Umuhango urimo kwiyeza, kwambaza abakurambere, ifunguro ry'ubumwe na karinavali.<ref name="rot">{{cite web |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/medias/une-ceremonie-chargee-de-symboles |title=Une cérémonie chargée de symboles |publisher=République Togolaise |language=fr |access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> == Amateka == Amateka avugwa mu kanwa avuga ko Abaguin baturutse mu karere ka [[Accra]] (muri [[Ghana]]) mu kinyejana cya 17, bagashinga ubwami i [[Aného]] na Glidji.<ref name="unesco" /> == Kwandikwa muri UNESCO == Ku wa 11 Ukuboza 2025, i [[New Delhi]], Ekpessosso yanditswe ku rutonde rwa UNESCO.<ref name="decision">{{cite web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/decisions/20.COM/7.B.45 |title=Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 20.COM 7.B.45 |publisher=UNESCO |language=en |access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref><ref name="apa">{{cite news |url=https://fr.apanews.net/news/togo-ekpesoso-inscrit-au-patrimoine-culturel-immateriel-de-lhumanite/ |title=Togo : Ekpesoso inscrit au patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité |work=APAnews |date=2025-12-11 |language=fr}}</ref> Ni cyo kintu cya gatatu cya Togo kiri kuri urwo rutonde.<ref name="koaci">{{cite news |url=https://www.koaci.com/article/2025/12/13/togo/culture/togo-la-prise-de-la-pierre-sacree-ekpesoso-inscrite-a-lunesco_192801.html |title=Togo : la prise de la pierre sacrée « Ekpesoso » inscrite à l'UNESCO |work=Koaci |date=2025-12-13 |language=fr}}</ref> == Indanganturo == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == * [https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/02241 Ekpessosso] ku rubuga rwa UNESCO [[Ikiciro:Togo]] [[Ikiciro:Umuco]] [[Ikiciro:Amadini gakondo]] [[fr:Ekpessosso]] j1jwfpg3o3jnd4ju0y4e7snreywec0j 140853 140851 2026-10-06T16:34:39Z Score Beethoven 11559 Added photos from Commons (Category:Ekpessosso) 140853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | above = Ekpessosso | subheader = Ifatwa ry'ibuye ritagatifu | image = [[File:Anèho, Cérémonies rituelles et traditionnelles de Épé-Ekpé, départ de Akléma pour Glidji.jpg|frameless|upright=1.15]] | caption = Akléma ava Aného yerekeza i Glidji mu mihango ya Epé-Ekpé | label1 = Andi mazina | data1 = Epé-Ekpé, Ekpesoso | label2 = Ubwoko | data2 = Umuhango gakondo, umwaka mushya | label3 = Abawukora | data3 = [[Abaguin]] | label4 = Aho ukorerwa | data4 = [[Glidji]], [[Togo]] | label5 = Igihe | data5 = Buri mwaka, muri Nzeri | label6 = Umurage wa UNESCO | data6 = 2025 }} '''Ekpessosso''' (nanone witwa '''Epé-Ekpé''' cyangwa '''Ifatwa ry'ibuye ritagatifu''') ni umuhango ukorwa buri mwaka n'[[Abaguin]] bo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa [[Togo]], bizihiza umwaka mushya gakondo. Kuva mu 2025, uri ku Rutonde ruhagarariye umurage ndangamuco udafatika w'abantu bose wa [[UNESCO]]. == Umuhango == [[File:Cérémonie de la prise de la pierre sacrée en pays Guins au Togo.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Umuhango w'ifatwa ry'ibuye ritagatifu]] Ukorwa buri kwezi kwa Nzeri i [[Glidji]], mu ntara ya Lacs. Mu ishyamba ritagatifu rya Gbatsomé, abaherezabitambo bakuru basohora ibuye ritagatifu; ibara ryaryo rifatwa nk'ubutumwa bw'imana ku mwaka ukurikiyeho.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/the-bearing-of-the-sacred-stone-or-the-rites-of-the-new-year-in-the-guin-country-in-togo-02241 |title=The bearing of the sacred stone or the rites of the New Year in the Guin country in Togo |publisher=UNESCO |language=en |access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> Umuhango urimo kwiyeza, kwambaza abakurambere, ifunguro ry'ubumwe na karinavali.<ref name="rot">{{cite web |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/medias/une-ceremonie-chargee-de-symboles |title=Une cérémonie chargée de symboles |publisher=République Togolaise |language=fr |access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> == Amateka == [[File:Danse rituelle en pays guin.jpg|thumb|right|Imbyino gakondo y'Abaguin]] Amateka avugwa mu kanwa avuga ko Abaguin baturutse mu karere ka [[Accra]] (muri [[Ghana]]) mu kinyejana cya 17, bagashinga ubwami i [[Aného]] na Glidji.<ref name="unesco" /> == Kwandikwa muri UNESCO == Ku wa 11 Ukuboza 2025, i [[New Delhi]], Ekpessosso yanditswe ku rutonde rwa UNESCO.<ref name="decision">{{cite web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/decisions/20.COM/7.B.45 |title=Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 20.COM 7.B.45 |publisher=UNESCO |language=en |access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref><ref name="apa">{{cite news |url=https://fr.apanews.net/news/togo-ekpesoso-inscrit-au-patrimoine-culturel-immateriel-de-lhumanite/ |title=Togo : Ekpesoso inscrit au patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité |work=APAnews |date=2025-12-11 |language=fr}}</ref> Ni cyo kintu cya gatatu cya Togo kiri kuri urwo rutonde.<ref name="koaci">{{cite news |url=https://www.koaci.com/article/2025/12/13/togo/culture/togo-la-prise-de-la-pierre-sacree-ekpesoso-inscrite-a-lunesco_192801.html |title=Togo : la prise de la pierre sacrée « Ekpesoso » inscrite à l'UNESCO |work=Koaci |date=2025-12-13 |language=fr}}</ref> == Indanganturo == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == * [https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/02241 Ekpessosso] ku rubuga rwa UNESCO [[Ikiciro:Togo]] [[Ikiciro:Umuco]] [[Ikiciro:Amadini gakondo]] [[fr:Ekpessosso]] 7i61lpf5pr2etiodzbm2c2vmg9szlqg 0 23252 140854 2026-10-06T17:56:49Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513596|Endometriosis]] to:rw #mdwikicx 140854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Endometriosis|synonym=|image=Endometriosis.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Endometriosis as seen during [[laparoscopic surgery]]|pronounce=|field=[[Gynaecology|Gynecology]]|symptoms=[[Pelvic pain]], [[endometriosis and infertility|infertility]]<ref name=Bulletti2010/>|complications=|onset=30–40 years old<ref name=WH2014/><ref name=Mc2013/>|duration=Long term<ref name=Bulletti2010/>|types=|causes=Unknown<ref name=Bulletti2010/>|risks=Family history<ref name=WH2014/>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, [[medical imaging]], [[tissue biopsy]]<ref name=WH2014/>|differential=[[Pelvic inflammatory disease]], [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[interstitial cystitis]], [[fibromyalgia]]<ref name=Bulletti2010/>|prevention=[[combined oral contraceptive pill|Combined birth control pills]], exercise, avoiding alcohol and caffeine<ref name=WH2014/>|treatment=[[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAID]]s, continuous birth control pills, [[intrauterine device with progestogen]], surgery<ref name=WH2014/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=10% reproductive age females<ref name=WHOblue2020/>|deaths=~100 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 | author=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C }}</ref>|named after=}}'''Endometriosis''' ni indwara aho uturemangingo gisa n'ibiri muri endometrium, urwego rw'ingirabuzimafatizo rusanzwe rutwikira imbere muri nyababyeyi, rukurira hanze yarwo.<ref name="WHOblue2020">{{Cite book|title=Female genital tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours|url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Female-Genital-Tumours-2020|year=2020|editor-last=WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board|publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer|location=Lyon (France)|edition=5th|volume=4|isbn=978-92-832-4504-9|chapter=2. Endometriosis and related conditions|pages=170-173|access-date=2022-06-24|archive-date=2022-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617072036/https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Female-Genital-Tumours-2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Akenshi ibi biba ku dusabo tw’intanga, imiyoboro y’inda, n’ingirangingo zikikije nyababyeyi n’intanga ngore; icyakora, mu bihe bidasanzwe bishobora no kugaragara mu bindi bice by’umubiri.<ref name="WH2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/endometriosis|title=Endometriosis|website=womenshealth.gov|date=13 February 2017|access-date=20 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513091846/https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/endometriosis|archive-date=13 May 2017}}</ref> Ibimenyetso by'ingenzi ni ububabare bw'ikibuno no kutabyara.<ref name="Bulletti2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bulletti C, Coccia ME, Battistoni S, Borini A|title=Endometriosis and infertility|journal=Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics|volume=27|issue=8|pages=441–7|date=August 2010|pmid=20574791|pmc=2941592|doi=10.1007/s10815-010-9436-1}}</ref> Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'abarwaye bafite ububabare budakira mu kibuno, mu gihe 70% by'ububabare bubaho mu gihe cy'imihango.<ref name="Bulletti2010" /> Ububabare mu gihe cy'imibonano mpuzabitsina nabwo bukunze kugaragara.<ref name="Bulletti2010" /> Ubugumba bubaho kugeza kuri kimwe cya kabiri cy'abagore barwaye.<ref name="Bulletti2010" /> Ibimenyetso bidakunze kugaragara birimo ibimenyetso byo mu nkari cyangwa mu mara.<ref name="Bulletti2010" /> Abagore bagera kuri 25% nta bimenyetso bagira.<ref name="Bulletti2010" /> Endometriosis ishobora kugira ingaruka ku mibereho no mu mitekerereze.<ref name="Cul2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Culley L, Law C, Hudson N, Denny E, Mitchell H, Baumgarten M, Raine-Fenning N|title=The social and psychological impact of endometriosis on women's lives: a critical narrative review|journal=Human Reproduction Update|volume=19|issue=6|pages=625–39|date=1 November 2013|pmid=23884896|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmt027|doi-access=free}}</ref> Impamvu ntirasobanuka neza.<ref name="Bulletti2010" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo kuba ufite amateka y’iyi ndwara mu muryango.<ref name="WH2014" /> Uduce twa endometriosis duva amaraso buri kwezi, bigatera kubyimba no gukomereka.<ref name="Bulletti2010" /><ref name="WH2014" /> Ibibyimba biterwa na endometriosis si [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]].<ref name="WH2014" /> Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku bimenyetso bihujwe n'ishusho y'abaganga ; <ref name="WH2014" /> icyakora, biopsy ni bwo buryo bwizewe bwo gusuzuma indwara.<ref name="WH2014" /> Izindi mpamvu zitera ibimenyetso nk'ibi zirimo indwara yo kubyimba mu kibuno, indwara yo kurakara mu mara, cystite yo mu kibuno, na fibromyalgia.<ref name="Bulletti2010" /> Endometriosis ikunze kwigwa nabi, kandi abagore bakunze kubwirwa nabi ko ibimenyetso byabo ari ibisanzwe cyangwa ko ari ibintu byoroheje.<ref name="Cul2013" /> Ibimenyetso by'ukuri bigaragaza ko gukoresha imiti ikoreshwa mu kuboneza urubyaro igabanya ibyago byo kurwara endometriosis.<ref name="Ver2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vercellini P, Eskenazi B, Consonni D, Somigliana E, Parazzini F, Abbiati A, Fedele L|title=Oral contraceptives and risk of endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Human Reproduction Update|volume=17|issue=2|pages=159–70|date=1 March 2011|pmid=20833638|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmq042|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="WH2014" /> Gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri no kwirinda kunywa inzoga nyinshi nabyo bishobora kuba uburyo bwo kwirinda.<ref name="WH2014" /> Nta muti uhari wo kuvura indwara ya endometriosis, ariko uburyo butandukanye bwo kuvura bushobora kongerera ibimenyetso.<ref name="Bulletti2010" /> Ibi bishobora kuba birimo imiti igabanya ububabare, imiti igabanya ububabare cyangwa kubagwa.<ref name="WH2014" /> Umuti w'ububabare usabwa akenshi ni umuti urwanya ububabare utari uwa steroide (NSAID), nka naproxen.<ref name="WH2014" /> Gufata ikinini cyo kuboneza urubyaro buri gihe cyangwa gukoresha icyuma gishyirwa mu mura gifite progestogen nabyo bishobora kuba ingirakamaro.<ref name="WH2014" /> Umuti ugabanya imisemburo ya gonadotropin (agonist ya GnRH) ushobora kongera ubushobozi bw'abatabyara bwo gutwita.<ref name="WH2014" /> Gukuraho endometriosis bishobora gukoreshwa mu kuvura abafite ibimenyetso bidashoboka mu bundi buryo bwo kuvura.<ref name="WH2014" /> Endometriosis yibasira hafi 10% by'abagore bari mu kigero cyo kubyara.<ref name="WHOblue2020" /> Icyigereranyo kimwe kivuga ko abantu miliyoni 10.8 ari bo bagizweho ingaruka ku isi yose {{as of|2015|lc=y}}.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=Vos|first=Theo|last2=Allen|first2=Christine|last3=Arora|first3=Megha|last4=Barber|first4=Ryan M.|last5=Bhutta|first5=Zulfiqar A.|last6=Brown|first6=Alexandria|last7=Carter|first7=Austin|last8=Casey|first8=Daniel C.|last9=Charlson|first9=Fiona J.|last10=Chen|first10=Alan Z.|last11=Coggeshall|first11=Megan|last12=Cornaby|first12=Leslie|last13=Dandona|first13=Lalit|last14=Dicker|first14=Daniel J.|last15=Dilegge|first15=Tina|display-authors=29}}</ref> Andi masoko avuga ko abagore bari hagati ya 6–10% ari bo bibasiwe n’iki kibazo.<ref name="Bulletti2010" /> Endometriosis ikunze kugaragara cyane ku bantu bari mu kigero cy'imyaka mirongo itatu na mirongo ine; icyakora, ishobora gutangira ku bakobwa bafite imyaka umunani.<ref name="WH2014" /><ref name="Mc2013">{{Cite book|last=McGrath|first=Patrick J.|last2=Stevens|first2=Bonnie J.|last3=Walker|first3=Suellen M.|last4=Zempsky|first4=William T.|title=Oxford Textbook of Paediatric Pain|date=2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780199642656|page=300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xWyrAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA300|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181816/https://books.google.com/books?id=xWyrAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA300|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> Bitera impfu nke.<ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=((GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators))|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}</ref> Endometriosis yamenyekanye bwa mbere ko ari indwara itandukanye mu myaka ya 1920.<ref name="Bro2012" /> Mbere y'icyo gihe, endometriosis na adenomyosis byatekerezwagaho hamwe.<ref name="Bro2012" /> Ntibiramenyekana neza uwasobanuye bwa mbere iyi ndwara.<ref name="Bro2012">{{Cite book|vauthors=Brosens I|title=Endometriosis: Science and Practice|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781444398496|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu0gfwFUfz8C&pg=PA3|access-date=2020-08-04|archive-date=2021-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227101023/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu0gfwFUfz8C&pg=PA3|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] n9bkvnzcuote8mn1hvmy8whhd8da7kg 0 23253 140855 2026-10-06T17:58:33Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1504548|Postpartum psychosis]] to:rw #mdwikicx 140855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new)|name=Postpartum psychosis|synonym=Puerperal psychosis, peripartum psychosis|image=Figure 1. Incidence of Psychoses among Swedish First-Time Mothers.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Rate and timing of onset of psychoses among Swedish first-time mothers|pronounce=|field=[[Obstetrics]], [[psychiatry]]|symptoms=[[Hallucination|Hallucinations]], [[delusions]], [[mood swings]], [[confusion]], [[psychomotor agitation|restlessness]], [[personality changes]]<ref name=NHS2023>{{cite web | url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/post-partum-psychosis/ | title=Postpartum psychosis | date=11 February 2021 | access-date=6 January 2024 | archive-date=7 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307174658/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/post-partum-psychosis/ | url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307174658/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/post-partum-psychosis/ |date=7 March 2021 }}</ref>|complications=[[Suicide]], [[infanticide]]<ref name=Luc2021/>|onset=Within 2 weeks of delivery<ref name=Os2018/>|duration=1 to 12 months<ref name=Luc2021/>|types=|causes=Unclear<ref name=NHS2023 />|risks=First pregnancies, older age, loss of sleep, personal or family history of the condition or [[bipolar disorder]]<ref name=Li2018/><ref name=Os2018/>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms after ruling out other potential causes<ref name=Luc2021/>|differential=Normal adjustment after birth, [[postpartum depression]], [[post partum bleeding]], [[endometritis]], [[drug intoxication]], [[drug withdrawal]], [[autoimmune thyroiditis]], [[autoimmune encephalitis]], postpartum [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]]<ref name=Os2018/><ref name=Li2018/>|prevention=|treatment=[[Antipsychotic|Anti-psychotics]], [[lithium (medication)|lithium]], [[benzodiazepine]]s, [[electroconvulsive therapy]] (ECT)<ref name=Os2018 /><ref name=Li2018/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=1 to 2 per 1000 childbirths<ref name=Os2018/><ref name=Li2018/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara yo mu mutwe nyuma yo kubyara''' '''(PPP)''' iterwa no gutangira gutunguranye ibimenyetso byo mu mutwe nyuma gato yo kubyara, akenshi mu byumweru bibiri nyuma yo kubyara ariko mu gihe kitarenze ibyumweru 4.<ref name="Os2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Osborne LM|title=Recognizing and Managing Postpartum Psychosis: A Clinical Guide for Obstetric Providers|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America|volume=45|issue=3|pages=455–468|date=September 2018|pmid=30092921|pmc=6174883|doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2018.04.005}}</ref><ref name="Li2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rodriguez-Cabezas L, Clark C|title=Psychiatric Emergencies in Pregnancy and Postpartum|journal=Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=61|issue=3|pages=615–627|date=September 2018|pmid=29794819|pmc=6143388|doi=10.1097/GRF.0000000000000377}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubona cyangwa guhumurirwa ibintu bitariho ( ibintu bitagaragara ), ibitekerezo bidashoboka ko biba ukuri ( ibintu bidafite ishingiro ), imitekerereze idasanzwe ( mania ), kwiheba, guhangayika, cyangwa urujijo. Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo ibitekerezo bitagenda neza, kugorwa no gusinzira, hamwe n'imitekerereze n'ubwenge bihindagurika.<ref name="Os2018" /><ref name="Li2018" /> Muri rusange, umuntu ubwe ntasobanukiwe neza uburemere bw'iyi ndwara.<ref name="Li2018" /> Abarenga kimwe cya kabiri cy'abanduye nyuma baza gusanganwa indwara ya bipolar.<ref name="Li2018" /> Impamvu ntiramenyekana, nubwo ishobora kuba ifitanye isano n'impinduka mu misemburo, ibibazo by'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, ndetse n'imiterere y'uturemangingo.<ref name="Li2018" /><ref name="Os2018" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo gutwita bwa mbere, gusaza, kubura ibitotsi, n'amateka y'umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa mu muryango we arwaye PPP cyangwa indwara ya bipolar.<ref name="Li2018" /><ref name="Os2018" /> Imihangayiko mu buzima isa nkaho ntacyo ikora, ndetse n'ibimenyetso bifatika ku bibazo byo gutwita ntibigaragara.<ref name=Luc2021>{{Cite book |veditors=Hutner LA, Catapano LA, Nagle-Yang SM, Williams KE, Osborne LM |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1289371393 |title=Textbook of Women's Reproductive Mental Health |date=2021 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association Publishing |isbn=978-1-61537-386-4 |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=1289371393 |access-date=2024-01-06 |archive-date=2024-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111022154/https://search.worldcat.org/title/1289371393 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111022154/https://search.worldcat.org/title/1289371393 |date=2024-01-11 }}</ref> Nta bikoresho byo gusuzuma cyangwa gusuzuma bihari; <ref name="Os2018" /> bikorwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso bigaragara, bigenzurwa n'ibipimo biri muri DSM-V nyuma yo gukuraho izindi mpamvu zishobora kuba zarabayeho. Mu gitabo cy’isuzuma n’ibarurishamibare ku ndwara zo mu mutwe, Umubumbe wa V (DSM-V TR) kiri mu gihe gito cy’indwara yo mu mutwe aho "peripartum itangira", aho kuba ikintu cyihariye.<ref name="DSM5TR">{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5-TR™|date=2022|publisher=American Psychiatric Association Publishing|location=Washington, DC|isbn=9780890425763|page=108|edition=Fifth, text revision}}</ref><ref name=Luc2021 /> Bifatwa nk'ikibazo cyo mu mutwe gisaba kujya mu bitaro byihutirwa.<ref name="Os2018" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo imiti nka lithium, benzodiazepines, na antipsychotics, ndetse no kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe hakoreshejwe electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).<ref name="Os2018" /><ref name="Li2018" /> Mu gihe umugore yigeze kugira umuti wa lithium, ashobora gutangira gukoreshwa mu buryo bwo kwirinda ako kanya nyuma yo kubyara.<ref name="Li2018" /> Ibimenyetso byo mu mutwe, cyane cyane ibyo kwibeshya ko umuntu atamenye neza, bitera impungenge ku mutekano w'umwana na nyina; <ref name="Ga2023">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lewis G, Blake L, Seneviratne G|title=Delusional Misidentification Syndromes in Postpartum Psychosis: A Systematic Review|journal=Psychopathology|pages=285–294|date=September 2022|volume=56|issue=4|pmid=36116435|doi=10.1159/000526129|s2cid=252341410|doi-access=free}}</ref> iyo ndwara ikaba yatuma umwana apfa muri 4% by'abanduye ndetse ikaba ishobora no kwiyahura na nyina.<ref name="Li2018" /> Gutandukana Gutandukana bibaho kugeza kuri 20%. Ihungabana ryo mu mutwe nyuma yo kubyara ribaho ku mwana 1 kugeza kuri 2 ku bana 1000 bavutse.<ref name="Os2018" /><ref name="Li2018" /> Igipimo kigaragara kimwe mu mico itandukanye no mu byiciro bitandukanye by'imibereho . Kenshi na kenshi, igaragara mu gihe umuntu arwaye indwara ya bipolar izwi cyangwa nshya, izwi nka nyuma yo kuvuka.<ref name=Luc2021 /> Iyi ndwara yasobanuwe kuva mu 400 mbere ya Yesu na Hippocrates.<ref name="Os2018" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 3dp68seim6a36cmevwzhip00977gdt1 0 23254 140859 2026-10-06T19:34:08Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502144|Gastritis]] to:rw #mdwikicx 140859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Gastritis|synonym=|image=Gastritis helicobacter - intermed mag.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Micrograph]] showing gastritis. [[H&E stain]].|pronounce=|field=[[Gastroenterology]]|symptoms=Upper [[abdominal pain]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], bloating, loss of appetite, [[heartburn]]<ref name=NID2013/><ref name=Rosen2012/>|complications=[[Bleeding]], [[Peptic ulcer disease|stomach ulcer]]s, [[stomach tumor]]s, [[pernicious anemia]]<ref name=NID2013/><ref name=Var2014/>|onset=|duration=Short or long term<ref name=NID2013/>|types=|causes=''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'', [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAIDs]], [[Ethanol|alcohol]], [[smoking]], [[cocaine]], severe illness, [[autoimmune]] problems<ref name=NID2013/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Endoscopy]], [[upper gastrointestinal series]], blood tests, stool tests<ref name=NID2013/>|differential=[[Myocardial infarction]], [[pancreatitis|inflammation of the pancreas]], [[biliary colic|gallbladder problems]], [[peptic ulcer disease]]<ref name=Rosen2012/>|prevention=|treatment=[[Antacid]]s, [[H2 receptor antagonist|H2 blockers]], [[proton pump inhibitors]], [[antibiotic]]s<ref name=NID2013/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=~50% of people<ref name=Ferri2013/>|deaths=50,000 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>|named after=}}'''Igifu''' ni ukubyimba kw'uruti rw'igifu.<ref name="NID2013">{{Cite web|title=Gastritis|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/gastritis/Pages/facts.aspx|website=The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)|access-date=1 March 2015|date=November 27, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306172839/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/gastritis/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> Bishobora kubaho nk'igihe gito cyangwa bikaba igihe kirekire.<ref name="NID2013" /> Nta bimenyetso bishobora kubaho ariko iyo ibimenyetso bigaragaye, ububabare bukunze kugaragara ni ububabare bwo mu nda yo hejuru.<ref name="NID2013" /> Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kugaragara birimo isesemi no kuruka, kubyimba inda, kubura ubushake bwo kurya no kuribwa mu gifu.<ref name="NID2013" /><ref name="Rosen2012">{{Cite book|title=Rosen & Barkin's 5-Minute Emergency Medicine Consult|date=2012|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9781451160970|page=447|edition=4|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=3JNUG-m0650C&pg=PA447|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402085944/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3JNUG-m0650C&pg=PA447|archive-date=2015-04-02}}</ref> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kuva amaraso mu gifu, ibisebe byo mu gifu, n'ibibyimba byo mu gifu.<ref name="NID2013" /> Iyo habayeho ibibazo by’ubwiyongere bw’umubiri, [[Anemie|uturemangingo dutukura duke]] duterwa no kubura [[Vitamini B12|vitamine B12]] ihagije, indwara izwi nka anemia itera indwara.<ref name="Var2014">{{Cite journal|last=Varbanova|first=M.|last2=Frauenschläger|first2=K.|last3=Malfertheiner|first3=P.|title=Chronic gastritis - an update.|journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol|volume=28|issue=6|pages=1031–42|date=Dec 2014|doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2014.10.005|pmid=25439069}}</ref> Impamvu zikunze kugaragara zirimo kwandura ''Helicobacter pylori'' no gukoresha imiti igabanya ubushyuhe itari steroide ( NSAIDs ).<ref name="NID2013" /> Impamvu zidakunze kugaragara zirimo inzoga, kunywa itabi, kokayine, indwara zikomeye, ibibazo by’umubiri udafite ubushobozi bwo kwirwanaho, kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imirasire n’indwara ya Crohn.<ref name="NID2013" /><ref name="Mayo2014">{{Cite book|last=Hauser, Stephen|title=Mayo Clinic Gastroenterology and Hepatology Board Review|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199373338|pages=49|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=1bITBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305051031/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1bITBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|archive-date=2016-03-05}}</ref> Endoskopi, ubwoko bwa X-ray buzwi nka " upper gastrointestinal series", ibizamini by'amaraso, n'ibizamini by'umwanda bishobora gufasha mu gusuzuma indwara.<ref name="NID2013" /> Ibimenyetso bya gastritis bishobora kuba ikimenyetso cy'indwara y'umutima ifata imitsi.<ref name="Rosen2012" /> Izindi ndwara zifite ibimenyetso bisa zirimo kubyimba kwa pancreas, ibibazo by'agasabo k'inkari, n'indwara y'ibisebe byo mu gifu.<ref name="Rosen2012" /> Kwirinda ni ukwirinda ibintu bitera indwara.<ref name="Ferri2013">{{Cite book|last=Fred F. Ferri|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2013,5 Books in 1, Expert Consult - Online and Print,1: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2013|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323083737|page=417|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=OR3VERnvzzEC&pg=PA417|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074639/https://books.google.ca/books?id=OR3VERnvzzEC&pg=PA417|archive-date=2016-03-05}}</ref> Ubuvuzi burimo imiti nka antacids, H2 blockers, cyangwa proton pump inhibitors.<ref name="NID2013" /> Mu gihe cy'igitero gikomeye, kunywa lidocaine ifite viscous bishobora gufasha.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adams|title=Emergency Medicine: Clinical Essentials|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781455733941|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpoH-KYE93IC&pg=PP283|chapter=32|page=283|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815194518/https://books.google.ca/books?id=rpoH-KYE93IC&pg=PP283|archive-date=2016-08-15}}</ref> Iyo indwara ya gastritis iterwa na NSAIDs, ishobora guhagarara.<ref name="NID2013" /> Iyo ''H. pylori'' ihari ishobora kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imiti ivanze ya antibiyotike nka amoxicillin na clarithromycin.<ref name="NID2013" /> Ku bafite ikibazo cyo kubura amaraso mu mubiri, imiti igabanya ubukana bwa Vitamine B12 irasabwa kunyobwa cyangwa guterwa inshinge.<ref name="Var2014" /> Abantu bakunze kugira inama yo kwirinda ibiryo bibabangamira.<ref name="Hold2012">{{Cite book|editor-last=Webster-Gandy, Joan|editor-last2=Madden, Angela|editor-last3=Holdsworth, Michelle|title=Oxford handbook of nutrition and dietetics|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199585823|page=571|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DugwipyfHgC&pg=PA571|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908172055/https://books.google.com/books?id=8DugwipyfHgC&pg=PA571|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Bivugwa ko indwara ya gastrite yibasira hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'abantu ku isi yose.<ref name="Ferri2013" /> Mu 2013 habayeho abarwayi bashya bagera kuri miliyoni 90 b'iyi ndwara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4|pmc=4561509}}</ref> Uko abantu bagenda bakura niko indwara irushaho kugaragara.<ref name="Ferri2013" /> Iyo ndwara, hamwe n’indwara isa nayo mu gice cya mbere cy’amara kizwi nka duodenitis, yahitanye abantu 50.000 mu 2015.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref> ''H. pylori'' yavumbuwe bwa mbere mu 1981 na Barry Marshall na Robin Warren.<ref name="Wang2011">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=AY|last2=Peura|first2=DA|title=The prevalence and incidence of Helicobacter pylori-associated peptic ulcer disease and upper gastrointestinal bleeding throughout the world.|journal=Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America|date=October 2011|volume=21|issue=4|pages=613–35|pmid=21944414|doi=10.1016/j.giec.2011.07.011}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] ek8ok0ykik0htdlr0bwzbxbvl7zjdsw 0 23255 140860 2026-10-06T19:35:53Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1482017|Mastoiditis]] to:rw #mdwikicx 140860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Mastoiditis|synonym=|image=Gray1193WithArrow.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Side view of head, showing surface relations of bones. (Mastoid process labeled near center.)|pronounce=|field=[[Otorhinolaryngology|ENT surgery]]|symptoms=Redness, swelling, and tenderness behind the ear, fever, [[ear pain]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|complications=|onset=Age < 2 yrs<ref name=Stat2020/>|duration=|types=Acute, subacute, incipient<ref name=Stat2020/>|causes=Complication of a [[acute otitis media|middle ear infection]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and [[physical examination|examination]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|differential=[[Cellulitis]], [[otitis externa]], [[lymphadenopathy]], [[tumor]]s<ref name=Stat2020/>|prevention=[[Pneumococcal vaccine]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|treatment=[[Antibiotic]]s, surgery, [[steroids]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=Uncommon<ref name=Ky2018/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Mastoidite''' ni indwara ifata uturemangingo tw’umwuka turi mu gahanga inyuma y’ugutwi.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Sahi|first=D|last2=Nguyen|first2=H|last3=Callender|first3=KD|title=Mastoiditis|date=January 2020|pmid=32809712|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba umutuku, kubyimba, no kubabara inyuma y'ugutwi hamwe n'umuriro n'ububabare mu matwi.<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref name="Ky2018">{{Cite journal|last=Kynion|first=R|title=Mastoiditis.|journal=Pediatrics in review|date=May 2018|volume=39|issue=5|pages=267-269|doi=10.1542/pir.2017-0128|pmid=29716974}}</ref> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo meningite, ububabare bwo mu mutwe, na venous sinus thrombosis.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Indwara ya mastoidite ikunze kugaragara nk'ingaruka z'ubwandu bwo mu gutwi ko hagati.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ingorane birimo imikorere mibi y'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bishingiye ku bimenyetso n'isuzuma.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Gusuzuma ingoma yo mu matwi akenshi bigaragaza amabyi.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Gufata amashusho y’ubuvuzi bishobora kuba ingirakamaro mu bihe bitazwi neza.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ubuvuzi bukorwa hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko nka ceftriaxone cyangwa vancomycin mu mitsi.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Izindi ngamba zishobora gusabwa zirimo gukata ingoma yo mu matwi, imiyoboro ya tympanostomy, cyangwa gucibwamo mastoidectomy.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Indi miti ishobora gukoreshwa irimo steroide.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Indwara ya mastoidite ntikunze kubaho, yibasira abana bagera kuri 2.7 ku bana 100.000 buri mwaka.<ref name="Ky2018" /> Abana, cyane cyane abari munsi y'imyaka 2, ni bo bibasirwa cyane kurusha abantu bakuru.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Mbere y’uko haboneka imiti yica udukoko n’urukingo rwa pneumococcal, indwara yari ikunze kugaragara cyane.<ref name="Stat2020" /> == Amareferensi == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 8ch5rx0o8gxgas0zitx4ckdf3jo8ho1 0 23256 140861 2026-10-06T20:06:39Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1469565|Salbutamol]] to:rw #mdwikicx 140861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=418791908|drug_name=Salbutamol|image=Salbutamol.svg|width=200|alt=|image2=RS-salbutamol-from-xtal-3D-balls.png|caption=Salbutamol (top),<br />(''R'')-(−)-salbutamol (center) and<br />(''S'')-(+)-salbutamol (bottom) <!-- |type =<!-- Names -->|pronounce=|tradename=Ventolin, Proventil, ProAir, others<ref name="brands">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/salbutamol.html|title=Salbutamol|last=|first=|date=|website=Drugs.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330054502/http://www.drugs.com/international/salbutamol.html|archive-date=2016-03-30|url-status=live|access-date=April 11, 2016|df=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330054502/http://www.drugs.com/international/salbutamol.html |date=2016-03-30 }}</ref>|synonyms=|USAN=Albuterol|IUPAC_name=(''RS'')-4-[2-(''tert''-Butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol <!-- Clinical data -->|class=[[Beta2-adrenergic agonist|Beta₂-adrenergic agonist]]|uses=[[Asthma]] attacks<ref name=MSF2020>{{cite web |url=https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/salbutamol-albuterol-aerosol-16684638.html |access-date=24 August 2020 |title=Archive copy |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829043512/https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/salbutamol-albuterol-aerosol-16684638.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829043512/https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/salbutamol-albuterol-aerosol-16684638.html |date=29 August 2021 }}</ref>|side_effects=Headache, tremor, fast heart rate<ref name=MSF2020 />|interactions=<!-- notable interactions -->|pregnancy_AU=A|pregnancy_AU_comment=<ref>{{cite web | title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database | author=Thereaputic Goods Administration | publisher=Australian Government | url=https://www.tga.gov.au/prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database | date=2018-12-19 | access-date=2017-06-20 | archive-date=2016-12-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220210434/https://www.tga.gov.au/prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database | url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220210434/https://www.tga.gov.au/prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database |date=2016-12-20 }}</ref><ref name="Drugs.com Pregnancy" />|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com Pregnancy">{{cite web | title=Albuterol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=8 March 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/albuterol.html | access-date=21 December 2019 | archive-date=7 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207195603/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/albuterol.html | url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207195603/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/albuterol.html |date=7 December 2019 }}</ref>|pregnancy_category=|breastfeeding=|routes_of_administration=By mouth, inhalational, [[Intravenous therapy|IV]]|onset=<15 min (inhaled), <30 min (pill)<ref name=AHFS2015/>|duration_of_action=2–6 hrs<ref name=AHFS2015/>|defined_daily_dose=12 mg (by mouth or injection)<ref name=WHO2020DDDO>{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=R03CC02 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=4 September 2020 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129141431/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=R03CC02 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129141431/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=R03CC02 |date=29 January 2021 }}</ref><br>0.8 to 10 mg (by inhalation)<ref name=WHO2020DDDAir>{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=R03AC02 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=4 September 2020 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122002348/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=R03AC02 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122002348/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=R03AC02 |date=22 January 2021 }}</ref>|typical_dose=|dependency_liability=|addiction_liability=<!-- External links -->|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|albuterol}}|MedlinePlus=a607004 <!-- Legal data -->|legal_AU=S3/S4|legal_AU_comment=<ref>{{cite web|title=Poisons Standard October 2017|url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2017L01285/Html/Text#_Toc471222305|author=Thereaputic Goods Administration|publisher=Australian Government|access-date=2018-01-11|archive-date=2018-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111164951/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2017L01285/Html/Text#_Toc471222305|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111164951/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2017L01285/Html/Text#_Toc471222305 |date=2018-01-11 }}</ref>|legal_BR=<!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F-->|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_CA_comment=<ref>{{cite web|title=Prescription Drug List|publisher=Government of Canada|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/drug-products/prescription-drug-list/list.html|access-date=2017-06-20|archive-date=2017-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712134440/https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/drug-products/prescription-drug-list/list.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712134440/https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/drug-products/prescription-drug-list/list.html |date=2017-07-12 }}</ref>|legal_DE=<!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled-->|legal_DE_comment=|legal_NZ=<!-- Class A, B, C -->|legal_NZ_comment=|legal_UN=<!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV-->|legal_UN_comment=|legal_UK=POM|legal_UK_comment=|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_US_comment=|legal_status=<!--For countries not listed above-->|DailyMedID=Albuterol|licence_US=Albuterol|licence_CA=<!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) -->|licence_EU=<!-- EMA uses INN (or special INN_EMA) --> <!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|metabolism=[[Liver]]|elimination_half-life=3.8–6 hours|excretion=[[Kidney]] <!-- Chemical and physical data -->|C=13|H=21|N=1|O=3|chemical_formula=|SMILES=CC(C)(C)NCC(C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)CO)O|StdInChI=1S/C13H21NO3/c1-13(2,3)14-7-12(17)9-4-5-11(16)10(6-9)8-15/h4-6,12,14-17H,7-8H2,1-3H3|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI_comment=|StdInChIKey=NDAUXUAQIAJITI-UHFFFAOYSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|Jmol=|chirality=[[Racemic mixture]]|density=|density_notes=|melting_point=|melting_high=|melting_notes=|boiling_point=|boiling_notes=|solubility=|sol_units=|specific_rotation=}}'''Salbutamol''', izwi kandi ku izina '''rya albuterol''' kandi igurishwa nka '''Ventolin''' mu yandi mazina, ni umuti ufungura inzira z'ubuhumekero zo hagati n'izinini mu bihaha.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/albuterol.html|title=Albuterol|last=|first=|date=|website=Drugs.com|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208181121/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/albuterol.html|archive-date=2015-12-08|url-status=live|access-date=Dec 2, 2015}} </ref> Ikoreshwa mu kuvura asima, harimo indwara ya asima, kugabanuka k'imitsi y'amaraso bitewe n'imyitozo ngororamubiri, ndetse n'indwara zidakira zo mu bihaha (COPD).<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu kuvura urugero rwinshi rwa potasiyumu mu maraso.<ref name="Mah2005">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mahoney BA, Smith WA, Lo DS, Tsoi K, Tonelli M, Clase CM|title=Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=|issue=2|pages=CD003235|date=April 2005|pmid=15846652|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003235.pub2|pmc=6457842}}</ref> Salbutamol ikoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe hamwe n'icyuma gihumeka cyangwa imvange, ariko iboneka no mu binini, mu mazi no mu mitsi.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="starkey">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Starkey ES, Mulla H, Sammons HM, Pandya HC|title=Intravenous salbutamol for childhood asthma: evidence-based medicine?|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood|volume=99|issue=9|pages=873–7|date=September 2014|pmid=24938536|doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-304467|url=https://derbyhospitals-nhs.archive.knowledgearc.net/bitstream/handle/123456789/297/%2814%29%20Arch%20Dis%20Child.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908175627/https://derbyhospitals-nhs.archive.knowledgearc.net/bitstream/handle/123456789/297/%2814%29%20Arch%20Dis%20Child.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-09-08}} </ref> Itangira ry'imikorere y'iyi mashini ihumekwa rikunze kuba mu minota 15 kandi rimara amasaha abiri kugeza kuri atandatu.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kunyara, kuribwa umutwe, gutera k'umutima vuba, kuzerera no kumva uhangayitse.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kwiyongera kwa bronchospasm, umutima utera nabi, hamwe n'urugero rwa potasiyumu mu maraso.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ishobora gukoreshwa mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] no konsa, ariko umutekano wayo nturasobanuka neza.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Yaffe|first=Sumner J.|title=Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk|date=2011|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781608317080|page=32|edition=9th|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&pg=PA32|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208061118/https://books.google.ca/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&pg=PA32|archive-date=2015-12-08|df=}} </ref> Ni agonisti y’ikirahure cya <nowiki><sub id="mwbg">β2</sub></nowiki> adrenergic receptor ikora vuba, ikora mu gutuma imitsi yoroherwa n’imyakura igenda neza.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Salbutamol yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha patenti mu 1966 mu Bwongereza, itangira kugurishwa mu Bwongereza mu 1969.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Landau|first=Ralph|title=Pharmaceutical innovation: revolutionizing human health|date=1999|publisher=Chemical Heritage Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780941901215|page=226|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=IH4lPs6S1bMC&pg=PA226|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208072936/https://books.google.ca/books?id=IH4lPs6S1bMC&pg=PA226|archive-date=2015-12-08|df=}}</ref><ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=542|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA542|access-date=2019-03-03|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306085815/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA542|url-status=live}} </ref> Yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1982.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi rw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Salbutamol iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Igiciro cyo kugurisha mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere cy'umuti uhumeka ufite dose 200 kiri hagati {{US$|1.12}} na {{US$|2.64}} {{as of|2014|lc=yes}}.<ref name="ERC2014">{{Cite web|title=Salbutamol|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=708&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=5 December 2015|archive-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125302/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=708&searchYear=2014|url-status=live}} </ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ni hagati {{US$|25}} na {{US$|50}} ku giciro gisanzwe cy'ukwezi.<ref name="Ric2015">{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=448}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa cumi ukoreshwa cyane muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni 50.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}} </ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Albuterol - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=1 December 1981|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Albuterol|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=6 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106065652/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Albuterol|url-status=live}} </ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] fsqhx1gz3ghmdiwd29ys6c6npcb614o 140862 140861 2026-10-06T20:09:37Z Stevenndori289 10902 Salbutamol 140862 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Salbutamol''', izwi kandi ku izina '''rya albuterol''' kandi igurishwa nka '''Ventolin''' mu yandi mazina, ni umuti ufungura inzira z'ubuhumekero zo hagati n'izinini mu bihaha.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/albuterol.html|title=Albuterol|last=|first=|date=|website=Drugs.com|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208181121/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/albuterol.html|archive-date=2015-12-08|url-status=live|access-date=Dec 2, 2015}} </ref> Ikoreshwa mu kuvura asima, harimo indwara ya asima, kugabanuka k'imitsi y'amaraso bitewe n'imyitozo ngororamubiri, ndetse n'indwara zidakira zo mu bihaha (COPD).<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu kuvura urugero rwinshi rwa potasiyumu mu maraso.<ref name="Mah2005">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mahoney BA, Smith WA, Lo DS, Tsoi K, Tonelli M, Clase CM|title=Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=|issue=2|pages=CD003235|date=April 2005|pmid=15846652|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003235.pub2|pmc=6457842}}</ref> Salbutamol ikoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe hamwe n'icyuma gihumeka cyangwa imvange, ariko iboneka no mu binini, mu mazi no mu mitsi.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="starkey">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Starkey ES, Mulla H, Sammons HM, Pandya HC|title=Intravenous salbutamol for childhood asthma: evidence-based medicine?|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood|volume=99|issue=9|pages=873–7|date=September 2014|pmid=24938536|doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-304467|url=https://derbyhospitals-nhs.archive.knowledgearc.net/bitstream/handle/123456789/297/%2814%29%20Arch%20Dis%20Child.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908175627/https://derbyhospitals-nhs.archive.knowledgearc.net/bitstream/handle/123456789/297/%2814%29%20Arch%20Dis%20Child.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-09-08}} </ref> Itangira ry'imikorere y'iyi mashini ihumekwa rikunze kuba mu minota 15 kandi rimara amasaha abiri kugeza kuri atandatu.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kunyara, kuribwa umutwe, gutera k'umutima vuba, kuzerera no kumva uhangayitse.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kwiyongera kwa bronchospasm, umutima utera nabi, hamwe n'urugero rwa potasiyumu mu maraso.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ishobora gukoreshwa mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] no konsa, ariko umutekano wayo nturasobanuka neza.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Yaffe|first=Sumner J.|title=Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk|date=2011|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781608317080|page=32|edition=9th|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&pg=PA32|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208061118/https://books.google.ca/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&pg=PA32|archive-date=2015-12-08|df=}} </ref> Ni agonisti y’ikirahure cya <nowiki><sub id="mwbg">β2</sub></nowiki> adrenergic receptor ikora vuba, ikora mu gutuma imitsi yoroherwa n’imyakura igenda neza.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Salbutamol yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha patenti mu 1966 mu Bwongereza, itangira kugurishwa mu Bwongereza mu 1969.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Landau|first=Ralph|title=Pharmaceutical innovation: revolutionizing human health|date=1999|publisher=Chemical Heritage Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780941901215|page=226|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=IH4lPs6S1bMC&pg=PA226|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208072936/https://books.google.ca/books?id=IH4lPs6S1bMC&pg=PA226|archive-date=2015-12-08|df=}}</ref><ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=542|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA542|access-date=2019-03-03|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306085815/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA542|url-status=live}} </ref> Yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1982.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi rw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Salbutamol iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Igiciro cyo kugurisha mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere cy'umuti uhumeka ufite dose 200 kiri hagati {{US$|1.12}} na {{US$|2.64}} {{as of|2014|lc=yes}}.<ref name="ERC2014">{{Cite web|title=Salbutamol|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=708&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=5 December 2015|archive-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125302/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=708&searchYear=2014|url-status=live}} </ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ni hagati {{US$|25}} na {{US$|50}} ku giciro gisanzwe cy'ukwezi.<ref name="Ric2015">{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=448}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa cumi ukoreshwa cyane muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni 50.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}} </ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Albuterol - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=1 December 1981|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Albuterol|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=6 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106065652/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Albuterol|url-status=live}} </ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] hn65vhmk8mds9fv6e4e8b9tdk4kup2v 0 23257 140863 2026-10-06T20:11:54Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1508400|Constipation]] to:rw #mdwikicx 140863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Constipation|synonym=Costiveness,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/costiveness |title=Costiveness&nbsp;– Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411110846/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/costiveness |archive-date=11 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> dyschezia<ref name=Review09/>|image=Constipation.JPG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Constipation in a young child seen on X-ray. Circles represent areas of [[fecal matter]] (stool is white surrounded by black bowel gas).|pronounce=|field=[[Gastroenterology]]|symptoms=Infrequent or hard to pass [[bowel movements]], abdominal pain, bloating<ref name=Review09/><ref name=AGA2013/>|complications=[[Hemorrhoid|Hemorrhoids]], [[anal fissure]], [[fecal impaction]]<ref name=NIH2015/>|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Slow movement of stool within the colon, [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[celiac disease]], [[non-celiac gluten sensitivity]], [[pelvic floor]] disorders<ref name=NIH2015/><ref name=SymptomsCausesNIDDK/><ref name=MakhariaCatassi2015/>|risks=[[Hypothyroidism]], [[diabetes]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[gluten-related disorders]], [[colon cancer]], [[diverticulitis]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], certain medications<ref name=NIH2015/><ref name=SymptomsCausesNIDDK/><ref name=MakhariaCatassi2015/>|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Drinking enough fluids, eating more [[dietary fiber|fiber]], [[exercise]]<ref name=NIH2015/>|medication=[[Laxative]]s of the [[bulk forming agent]], [[Laxative#Hyperosmotic agents|osmotic agent]], [[stool softener]], or [[Laxative#Lubricant agents|lubricant type]]<ref name=NIH2015/>|prognosis=|frequency=2–30%<ref name=And2006/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Kwihagarika impatwe''' bivuga kwihagarika amara gake cyangwa bigoye gutambuka.<ref name="Review09">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chatoor D, Emmnauel A|title=Constipation and evacuation disorders|journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol|volume=23|issue=4|pages=517–30|year=2009|pmid=19647687|doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001}}</ref> Imboro ikunze gukomera kandi yumye.<ref name="NIH2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/constipation/all-content|title=Constipation|date=February 2015|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=14 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315085221/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/constipation/all-content|archive-date=15 March 2017}}</ref> Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubabara mu nda, kubyimba inda, no kumva nk'aho umuntu atararangiza burundu inzira y'amara.<ref name="AGA2013">{{Cite journal|last=American Gastroenterological Association|last2=Bharucha|first2=AE|last3=Dorn|first3=SD|last4=Lembo|first4=A|last5=Pressman|first5=A|title=American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation|journal=Gastroenterology|date=January 2013|volume=144|issue=1|pages=211–217|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.029|pmid=23261064|type=Review}}</ref> Ingorane ziterwa no kutagira impatwe zishobora kuba zirimo hemorrhoids, imiyoboro y'ikibuno cyangwa imyakura.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Inshuro isanzwe yo kwituma amara mu bantu bakuru ni hagati ya gatatu ku munsi na gatatu mu cyumweru.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Abana bakunze kugira amara inshuro eshatu kugeza kuri enye ku munsi mu gihe abana bato bakunze kugira amara abiri kugeza kuri atatu ku munsi.<ref name="Col2015">{{Cite journal|last=Colombo|first=Jennifer M.|last2=Wassom|first2=Matthew C.|last3=Rosen|first3=John M.|date=2015-09-01|title=Constipation and Encopresis in Childhood|journal=Pediatrics in Review|volume=36|issue=9|pages=392–401; quiz 402|doi=10.1542/pir.36-9-392|issn=1526-3347|pmid=26330473}}</ref> Impatwe ifite impamvu nyinshi.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Impamvu zikunze kugaragara zirimo kugenda buhoro kw'imyenge mu mara, indwara yo mu mara iterwa n'imitsi, n'indwara zo mu gice cy'imbere cy'uruti rw'umura.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Indwara zifitanye isano nazo zirimo [[umukoresha:Doc James/Hypothyroidism|hypothyroidism]], diyabete, indwara ya Parkinson, indwara ya celiac, indwara ya gluten idaterwa na celiac, kanseri y'inkondo y'umura, diverticulitis, n'indwara y'amara iterwa n'ububabare.<ref name="NIH2015" /><ref name="SymptomsCausesNIDDK">{{Cite web|title=Symptoms & Causes of Celiac Disease {{!}} NIDDK|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=24 April 2017|date=June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424175500/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes|archive-date=24 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="MakhariaCatassi2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Makharia A, Catassi C, Makharia GK|title=The Overlap between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Clinical Dilemma|journal=Nutrients|year=2015|volume=7|issue=12|pages=10417–26|pmid=26690475|doi=10.3390/nu7125541|pmc=4690093|type=Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bharucha|first=AE|last2=Pemberton|first2=JH|last3=Locke GR|first3=3rd|title=American Gastroenterological Association technical review on constipation.|journal=Gastroenterology|date=January 2013|volume=144|issue=1|pages=218–38|pmid=23261065|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028|pmc=3531555}}</ref> Imiti ijyanye no kuvura impatwe irimo imiti igabanya ubukana bw'impatwe, imiti igabanya aside imwe n'imwe, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'imiyoboro ya kalisiyumu, hamwe n'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'impatwe.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Mu bafata imiti igabanya ubukana bw'ibiyobyabwenge (opioids) bagera kuri 90% barwara impatwe.<ref name="Cad2014">{{Cite journal|last=Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health|title=Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate or Docusate (Calcium or Sodium) for the Prevention or Management of Constipation: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness|date=26 June 2014|pmid=25520993|journal=Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate or Docusate (Calcium or Sodium) for the Prevention or Management of Constipation: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness}}</ref> Kwihagarika impatwe bihangayikishije cyane iyo umuntu agabanutse ibiro cyangwa [[Anemie|afite amaraso make]], amaraso ari mu mwanda, hari amateka y'indwara y'ububyimbirwe bw'amara cyangwa kanseri y'amara mu muryango we, cyangwa se bitangiye gushya ku muntu ukuze.<ref name="Br2016">{{Cite journal|last=Brenner|first=DM|last2=Shah|first2=M|title=Chronic Constipation.|journal=Gastroenterology Clinics of North America|date=June 2016|volume=45|issue=2|pages=205–16|pmid=27261894|doi=10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.013}}</ref> Uburyo bwo kuvura impatwe biterwa n'impamvu nyamukuru n'igihe zimaze.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Ingamba zishobora gufasha zirimo kunywa ibinyobwa bihagije, kurya fibre nyinshi, no gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Iyo ibi bidakora neza, imiti yoroshya uburozi y’umuti utuma umubiri urushaho gukora neza, umuti utuma umubiri urushaho gukora neza, umuti woroshya umwijima, umuti woroshya umwijima, cyangwa ubwoko bw’amavuta yo kwisiga ashobora kuba ari ngombwa.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Imiti yoroshya ububabare muri rusange ikoreshwa mu gihe ubundi bwoko bw'imiti budakora neza.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Ubundi buryo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo biofeedback cyangwa mu bihe bidasanzwe byo kubaga.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Muri rusange, igipimo cy’indwara yo kutagira impatwe mu baturage ni 2–30 ku ijana.<ref name="And2006">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Andromanakos N, Skandalakis P, Troupis T, Filippou D|title=Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: Pathophysiology, evaluation and management|journal=Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology|volume=21|issue=4|pages=638–646|year=2006|pmid=16677147|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x}}</ref> Mu bageze mu zabukuru baba mu kigo cyita ku bageze mu za bukuru, igipimo cy’indwara yo kutagira impatwe kiri hagati ya 50–75%.<ref name="Cad2014" /> Abantu bakoresha, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, arenga {{US$|250{{nbsp}}million|link=yes}} ku miti ivura impatwe buri mwaka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Avunduk|first=Canan|title=Manual of gastroenterology : diagnosis and therapy|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781769747|page=240|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PekixjgbRlcC&pg=PA240|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911004050/https://books.google.com/books?id=PekixjgbRlcC&pg=PA240|archive-date=11 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] du263oiujh4xnh7vz801t14016svmyl 0 23258 140865 2026-10-06T20:15:43Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501271|Clubfoot]] to:rw #mdwikicx 140865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Clubfoot|synonym=Clubfeet, congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV)<ref name=Gib2013/>|image=Pied bot, varus équin (bilateral).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Bilateral clubfeet|pronounce=|field=[[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedics]], [[podiatry]]|symptoms=Foot that is rotated inwards and downwards<ref name=NIH2017/>|complications=|onset=During early pregnancy<ref name=Gib2013/>|duration=|types=|causes=Unknown<ref name=Gib2013/>|risks=[[Genetics]], [[Smoking and pregnancy|mother who smokes cigarettes]], males<ref name=Gib2013/>|diagnosis=[[Physical examination]], [[prenatal ultrasound|ultrasound during pregnancy]]<ref name=Gib2013/><ref name=Dob2009/>|differential=[[Pigeon toe|Metatarsus adductus]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Moses|first1=Scott|title=Clubfoot|url=http://www.fpnotebook.com/Ortho/Peds/Clbft.htm|website=www.fpnotebook.com|access-date=15 October 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015150501/http://www.fpnotebook.com/Ortho/Peds/Clbft.htm|archive-date=15 October 2017}}</ref>|prevention=|treatment=[[Ponseti method]] (manipulation, casting, cutting the [[Achilles tendon]], braces), French method, surgery<ref name=Gib2013/><ref name=Dob2009/>|medication=|prognosis=Good with proper treatment<ref name=Dob2009/>|frequency=1 to 4 in 1,000<ref name=Dob2009/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Ikirenge cy'ikirenge''' ni indwara ivuka aho ikirenge kimwe cyangwa byombi bizunguruka imbere no hepfo.<ref name="Gib2013">{{Cite journal|last=Gibbons|first=PJ|last2=Gray|first2=K|title=Update on clubfoot.|journal=Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health|date=September 2013|volume=49|issue=9|pages=E434–7|doi=10.1111/jpc.12167|pmid=23586398}}</ref><ref name="NIH2017">{{Cite web|title=Talipes equinovarus|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5112/talipes-equinovarus|website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)|access-date=15 October 2017|language=en|date=2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015145904/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5112/talipes-equinovarus|archive-date=15 October 2017}}</ref> Ikirenge n'ukuguru byafashwe bishobora kuba bito ugereranije n'ibindi.<ref name="Gib2013" /> Hafi 50% by'abarwayi b'ikirenge kibabara ibirenge byombi.<ref name="Gib2013" /><ref name="Sm2017">{{Cite journal|last=Smythe|first=Tracey|last2=Kuper|first2=Hannah|last3=Macleod|first3=David|last4=Foster|first4=Allen|last5=Lavy|first5=Christopher|date=March 2017|title=Birth prevalence of congenital talipes equinovarus in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health: TM & IH|volume=22|issue=3|pages=269–285|doi=10.1111/tmi.12833|issn=1365-3156|pmid=28000394|url=https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/3302660/6/CF%20birth%20prevalence%20systematic%20rv_REVIEW_clean.docx|doi-access=free|access-date=2019-12-12|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828042440/https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/3302660/6/CF|url-status=live}}</ref> Akenshi, ntabwo bifitanye isano n'ibindi bibazo.<ref name="Gib2013" /> Iyo hatabayeho kuvurwa, ikirenge gikomeza kuba kibi, kandi abantu bagenda ku mpande z'ibirenge byabo.<ref name="Dob2009">{{Cite journal|last=Dobbs|first=Matthew B.|last2=Gurnett|first2=Christina A.|title=Update on clubfoot: etiology and treatment|journal=Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research|date=18 February 2009|volume=467|issue=5|pages=1146–1153|doi=10.1007/s11999-009-0734-9|pmid=19224303|issn=1528-1132|pmc=2664438}}</ref> Ibi bishobora gutera ububabare no kugorwa no kugenda.<ref name="O2016">{{Cite journal|last=O'Shea|first=Ryan M.|last2=Sabatini|first2=Coleen S.|date=December 2016|title=What is new in idiopathic clubfoot?|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine|volume=9|issue=4|pages=470–477|doi=10.1007/s12178-016-9375-2|issn=1935-973X|pmc=5127955|pmid=27696325}}</ref> Impamvu nyayo akenshi ntimenyekana.<ref name="Gib2013" /><ref name="Dob2009" /> Ibintu byombi bigize imiterere y’umubiri n’ibidukikije byizewe ko bibigiramo uruhare.<ref name="Gib2013" /><ref name="Dob2009" /> Iyo impanga imwe isa ifashwe, hari amahirwe angana na 33% ko indi nayo izafatwa.<ref name="Gib2013" /> Uburyo bw'ibanze butuma imitsi cyangwa ingingo zo hasi zihungabana, bigatera ingingo gufungana.<ref name="Gib2013" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cummings|first=R. Jay|last2=Davidson|first2=Richard S.|last3=Armstrong|first3=Peter F.|last4=Lehman|first4=Wallace B.|date=February 2002|title=Congenital Clubfoot|journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume|language=en-US|volume=84|issue=2|pages=290–308|issn=0021-9355|doi=10.2106/00004623-200202000-00018|pmid=11861737}}</ref> Izindi ndwara zikunze kugaragara kuri 20% by'igihe, aho ikunze kugaragara cyane ari arthrogryposis na myelomeningocele.<ref name="Gib2013" /><ref name="Dob2009" /> Isuzuma rishobora gukorwa igihe umuntu avuka binyuze mu gusuzuma cyangwa mbere yo kuvuka mu gihe cyo gusuzuma hakoreshejwe ultrasound.<ref name="Gib2013" /><ref name="Dob2009" /> Uburyo bwa mbere bwo kuvura akenshi ni uburyo bwa Ponseti.<ref name="Gib2013" /> Ibi bikubiyemo kwimura ikirenge ukagishyira mu mwanya mwiza hanyuma ugatera icyuma, ibyo bigasubirwamo buri cyumweru.<ref name="Gib2013" /> Iyo umutsi wo mu nda umaze kumera neza, umutsi wo mu nda wa Achilles ukunze gucibwa, kandi imishumi irashyirwaho kugeza ku myaka ine.<ref name="Gib2013" /> Mu ntangiriro, igitambaro cyo gupfuka amaguru cyambarwa hafi buri gihe hanyuma kikambarwa nijoro gusa.<ref name="Gib2013" /> Mu manza zigera kuri 20%, hakenewe ubundi buryo bwo kubaga.<ref name="Gib2013" /> Ubuvuzi bushobora gukorwa n'abatanga serivisi z'ubuvuzi batandukanye kandi muri rusange bushobora kugerwaho mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere nta bushobozi buke.<ref name="Gib2013" /> Ikirenge kibaho ku bana 1 kugeza kuri 4 mu bana 1.000 bavutse ari bazima, bigatuma kiba kimwe mu bibazo bikunze kugaragara ku maguru.<ref name="Sm2017" /><ref name="Dob2009" /><ref name="O2016" /> Hafi 80% by'abanduye bagaragara mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere aho abantu batabona ubuvuzi buhagije.<ref name="Sm2017" /> Ikirenge cy'umugongo gikunze kugaragara cyane mu bana b'imfura n'abahungu.<ref name="Gib2013" /><ref name="Sm2017" /><ref name="O2016" /> Bikunze kugaragara cyane mu baturage ba Maori, kandi ntibikunze kugaragara cyane mu Bashinwa.<ref name="Dob2009" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] ffsi5w37oozuco2z8qvcxx4jfliwwzp 0 23259 140866 2026-10-06T20:35:07Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1506322|Chloramphenicol]] to:rw #mdwikicx 140866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=443513464|drug_name=Chloramphenicol|image=Chloramphenicol.svg|image2=Chloramphenicol-3D-vdW.png <!-- Names -->|pronounce=|tradename=Pentamycetin, Chloromycetin, others<ref name=Wood2009>{{cite book|last1=Woods|first1=Adrienne L.|title=Delmar nurse's drug handbook.|date=2008|publisher=Delmar|location=Clifton Park, N.Y.|isbn=9781428361065|page=296|edition=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MoIHiUja_oC&pg=PA296|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042621/https://books.google.ca/books?id=8MoIHiUja_oC&pg=PA296|archive-date=2016-03-05}}</ref>|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=2,2-dichloro-''N''-[(1''R'',2''R'')-1,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-nitrophenyl)propan-2-yl]acetamide<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5959#section=Top|publisher=PubChem|title=Chloramphenicol|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115131903/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5959#section=Top|archive-date=2016-11-15}}</ref> <!-- Clinical data -->|class=[[Antibiotic]]|uses=[[Meningitis]], [[plague (disease)|plague]], [[cholera]], [[typhoid fever]]<ref name=AHFS2015/>|side_effects=[[Bone marrow suppression]], nausea, diarrhea<ref name=AHFS2015/>|interactions=<!-- notable interactions -->|pregnancy_AU=A|pregnancy_US=C|breastfeeding=|routes_of_administration=[[Eye drop|Eye drops]], by mouth, [[intravenous therapy|IV]], [[intramuscular injection|IM]]|onset=|duration_of_action=|defined_daily_dose=3 grams<ref name=WHO2020DDD>{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01BA01 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=30 August 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728154107/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01BA01 |url-status=live }}</ref>|typical_dose=<!-- External links -->|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|chloramphenicol}}|MedlinePlus=a608008 <!-- Legal data -->|legal_AU=S3|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_UK=OTC|legal_US=Rx-only|licence_US=Chloramphenicol <!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=75–90%|protein_bound=60%|metabolism=[[Liver]]|elimination_half-life=1.6–3.3 hours|excretion=[[Kidney]] (5–15%), faeces (4%) <!-- Chemical and physical data -->|C=11|Cl=2|H=12|N=2|O=5|SMILES=c1cc(ccc1[C@H]([C@@H](CO)NC(=O)C(Cl)Cl)O)[N+](=O)[O-]|StdInChI=1S/C11H12Cl2N2O5/c12-10(13)11(18)14-8(5-16)9(17)6-1-3-7(4-2-6)15(19)20/h1-4,8-10,16-17H,5H2,(H,14,18)/t8-,9-/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=WIIZWVCIJKGZOK-RKDXNWHRSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}}}Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo isesemi, no gucibwamo.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web|title=Chloramphenicol|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloramphenicol.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 1, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624080341/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloramphenicol.html|archive-date=2015-06-24}}</ref> Ni gake cyane hashobora kubaho kugabanuka k'umusemburo w'amagufwa, bikaba byaviramo urupfu.<ref name="Ritter2024">{{Cite book|last=Ritter|first=James M.|last2=Flower|first2=Rod|last3=Henderson|first3=Graeme|last4=Loke|first4=Yoon Kong|last5=Robinson|first5=Emma|last6=Fullerton|first6=James|title=Rang & Dale's Pharmacology|date=2024|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7448-6|pages=712|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=66G_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA712|language=English|edition=10th|chapter=52. Antibacterial drugs|access-date=2024-01-30|archive-date=2024-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210062417/https://books.google.com/books?id=66G_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA712#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AHFS2015" /> Kugira ngo ugabanye ibyago byo kugira ingaruka mbi, igihe cyo kuvurwa kigomba kuba gito uko bishoboka kose.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Abantu bafite ibibazo by'umwijima cyangwa impyiko bashobora gukenera dose nke.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ku bana bato, indwara izwi nka "gray baby syndrome" ishobora kubaho, bigatuma igifu kibyimba kandi umuvuduko w'amaraso ukaba muke.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Gukoresha iyo ndwara hafi yo gutwita no mu gihe cyo konsa ubusanzwe ntibyemewe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chloramphenicol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/chloramphenicol.html|website=Multum Information Services|access-date=26 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908064750/http://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/chloramphenicol.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}}</ref> Chloramphenicol ni umuti urwanya udukoko twinshi ukunze guhagarika gukura kwa bagiteri binyuze mu guhagarika ikorwa rya poroteyine.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Chloramphenicol yavumbuwe nyuma yo gukurwa muri ''Streptomyces venezuelae'' mu 1947.<ref name="Pong1979" /> Imiterere yayo ya shimi yamenyekanye kandi yakozwe bwa mbere mu buryo bw'ubukorano mu 1949, bituma iba antibiyotike ya mbere yakorewe aho gukurwa mu turemangingo duto.<ref name="Pong1979">{{Cite book|last=Pongs|first=O.|editor-last=Hahn|editor-first=eFred E.|title=Mechanism of Action of Antibacterial Agents|date=1979|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-46403-4|pages=26–42|chapter=Chapter 3: Chloramphenicol|series=Antibiotics Volume V Part 1}}</ref> {{rp|26}}Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Igiciro cy’umuti uterwa mu mitsi mu bihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere ni hagati y’amadolari y’Amerika 0.40–1.90.<ref name="ERC2015">{{Cite web|title=Chloramphenicol|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=145&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=26 August 2015|archive-date=22 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122005530/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=145&searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, igipimo cyo guterwa mu mitsi kigura hafi $41.47.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chloramphenicol Prices, Coupons & Patient Assistance Programs - Drugs.com|url=https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/chloramphenicol|work=Drugs.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308142400/https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/chloramphenicol|archive-date=2017-03-08}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 4fr2nmyjok241igr5vmdgzeb04ubqvk 0 23260 140867 2026-10-06T20:37:41Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513513|Tuberous sclerosis]] to:rw #mdwikicx 140867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Tuberous sclerosis|synonym=Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC);<ref>{{cite web |title=Orphanet: Tuberous sclerosis complex |url=https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/805 |website=www.orpha.net |access-date=9 May 2024 |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508210704/https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/805 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bourneville Pringle syndrome<ref name=NORD2023/>|image=Patient with facial angiofibromas caused by tuberous sclerosis.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A case of tuberous sclerosis showing facial [[angiofibromas]] in the characteristic [[butterfly pattern]]|pronounce=TOO-bur-us skluh-ROH-sis<ref>{{cite web |title=Tuberous sclerosis - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberous-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20365969 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=9 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909000129/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberous-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20365969 |url-status=live }}</ref>|field=[[Neurology]], [[medical genetics]]|symptoms=[[Seizure]]s, [[intellectual disability]], [[Specific developmental disorder|developmental delay]], behavioral problems, [[autism]]<ref name=NINDS2023/>|complications=Kidney and lung problems<ref name=NINDS2023/>|onset=|duration=[[Life-long]]<ref name=NINDS2023/>|types=|causes=[[Genetic disorder]] ([[autosomal dominant]])<ref name=NINDS2023/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, supported by [[medical imaging]]<ref name=NINDS2023/>|differential=[[Focal cortical dysplasia]]<ref>{{cite web |title=TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS |url=https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/tuberous-sclerosis-diffdiagnoses.html |website=www.epilepsydiagnosis.org |access-date=9 September 2023 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021020645/https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/tuberous-sclerosis-diffdiagnoses.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|prevention=|treatment=[[Physical therapy]], [[occupational therapy]], [[speech therapy]], [[behavioral therapy]], [[antiepileptic medication]]<ref name=NINDS2023/>|medication=|prognosis=Variable<ref name=NINDS2023/>|frequency=1 in 6,000<ref name=NINDS2023/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara ya sclerosis y'ibibyimba''' ( '''TS''' ) ni indwara iterwa n'uturemangingo itera kwiyongera kw'ibibyimba bitari kanseri mu bwonko no mu zindi ngingo [[Umutima|nk'umutima]], amaso, ibihaha n'uruhu.<ref name="NINDS2023">{{Cite web|title=Tuberous Sclerosis Complex|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/tuberous-sclerosis-complex|website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|access-date=9 September 2023|language=en|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601124403/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/tuberous-sclerosis-complex|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bisanzwe birimo gucika intege, [[Handicap mental|ubumuga bwo mu mutwe]], gutinda mu mikurire, ibibazo by'imyitwarire, na autisme.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Ibibazo bikunze gutangira mu mwaka wa mbere w'ubuzima; nubwo bishobora kubaho nyuma.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo ibibazo by'impyiko n'ibihaha.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Iterwa n'impinduka mu miterere ya gene ya ''TSC1'' cyangwa ''TSC2'', ari na yo ikora poroteyine hamartine na tuberin, uko bikurikirana.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Nubwo ishobora kuragwa n'ababyeyi b'umuntu mu buryo busanzwe bwo kwigira ku mubiri, inyinshi muri zo ziba mu gihe cy'imikurire mishya.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Izi poroteyine zifatwa nk'izigabanya gukura kwa kanseri.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bishingiye ku bimenyetso kandi bigashyigikirwa n'amashusho y'abaganga.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Bishobora kandi kwemezwa no gupima imiterere y'uturemangingo.<ref name="ILAE2023">{{Cite web|title=TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS|url=https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/tuberous-sclerosis-overview.html|website=www.epilepsydiagnosis.org|access-date=9 September 2023|archive-date=3 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803034610/https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/tuberous-sclerosis-overview.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nta muti uhari, ubuvuzi bufasha mu buryo busanzwe.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Ibikorwa bishobora kuba birimo ubuvuzi bw'umubiri, ubuvuzi bw'akazi, ubuvuzi bwo kuvuga, n'ubuvuzi bw'imyitwarire.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Imiti igabanya igicuri, nka vigabatrin, ishobora gukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Ingaruka z'igihe kirekire zirahindagurika kandi biterwa n'uburemere bw'ibimenyetso.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Indwara ya sclerosis y'ibibyimba ishobora kwibasira abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 2 ku isi yose.<ref name="NORD2023">{{Cite web|title=Tuberous Sclerosis - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment {{!}} NORD|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/tuberous-sclerosis/|website=rarediseases.org|access-date=9 September 2023|archive-date=7 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607113656/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/tuberous-sclerosis/|url-status=live}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ifata abana bagera kuri 1 ku bana 6.000; mu gihe idakunze kugaragara cyane mu Burayi.<ref name="NINDS2023" /><ref name="NORD2023" /> Abagabo n'abagore barwara indwara imwe.<ref name="NORD2023" /> Byasobanuwe bwa mbere n'umuhanga mu by'imitsi w'Umufaransa Désiré-Magloire Bourneville mu 1880.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Brigo F, Lattanzi S, Trinka E, Nardone R, Bragazzi NL, Ruggieri M, Martini M, Walusinski O|display-authors=6|title=First descriptions of tuberous sclerosis by Désiré-Magloire Bourneville (1840-1909)|journal=Neuropathology|volume=38|issue=6|pages=577–582|date=December 2018|pmid=30215888|doi=10.1111/neup.12515|s2cid=52269610}}</ref> Izina ryerekeza ku kubyimba kudasanzwe mu bwonko, bishobora kuba bimeze nk'ibirayi.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] i2wyu9zzrcf04ow6367aj3fthzx4xjy 0 23261 140868 2026-10-06T21:00:55Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501413|Croup]] to:rw #mdwikicx 140868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Croup|synonym=Laryngotracheitis, subglottic laryngitis, obstructive laryngitis, laryngotracheobronchitis|image=Croup steeple sign.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=The [[steeple sign]] as seen on an AP neck X-ray of a child with croup|pronounce={{IPAc-en|k|r|uː|p}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Croup |url=https://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/croup |website=Macmillan |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820114315/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/croup |url-status=live }}</ref>|field=[[Pediatrics]]|symptoms="Barky" cough, [[stridor]], fever, stuffy nose<ref name=Au10/>|complications=|onset=|duration=Usually 1-2 days but can last up to 7 days<ref name=Croup09/>|types=|causes=Mostly viral<ref name=Au10/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms<ref name=PedN09/>|differential=[[Epiglottitis]], airway [[foreign body]], [[bacterial tracheitis]]<ref name=PedN09/><ref name=Cherry08/>|prevention=[[influenza vaccine|Influenza]] and [[diphtheria vaccine|diphtheria]] vaccination<ref name=Cherry08/>|treatment=|medication=[[corticosteroids|Steroids]], [[epinephrine]]<ref name=PedN09/><ref name=Cherry08/>|prognosis=|frequency=15% of children at some point<ref name=PedN09/><ref name=Cherry08/>|deaths=Rare<ref name=Au10/>|named after=}} '''Croup''', izwi kandi nka '''laryngotracheobronchitis''', ni ubwoko bw'indwara zo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero zikunze guterwa na virusi.<ref name="Au10">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rajapaksa S, Starr M|title=Croup – assessment and management|journal=Aust Fam Physician|volume=39|issue=5|pages=280–2|date=May 2010|pmid=20485713|doi=}}</ref> Ubwandu butera kubyimba imbere mu muyoboro w'amaraso, ibyo bikaba bibangamira guhumeka neza kandi bigatera ibimenyetso bisanzwe byo " gukorora ", stridor, n'ijwi rituje.<ref name="Au10" /> Umuriro n'izuru riva nabyo bishobora kuba biriho.<ref name="Au10" /> Ibi bimenyetso bishobora kuba byoroheje, biri hagati, cyangwa bikomeye.<ref name="Croup09">{{Cite journal|last=Johnson D|title=Croup|journal=BMJ Clin Evid|volume=2009|issue=|pages=|year=2009|pmid=19445760|pmc=2907784|doi=}}</ref> Akenshi bitangira cyangwa bikarushaho kuba bibi nijoro kandi ubusanzwe bifata umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri.<ref name="Thom2013">{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=M|last2=Vodicka, TA|last3=Blair, PS|last4=Buckley, DI|last5=Heneghan, C|last6=Hay, AD|last7=TARGET Programme, Team|title=Duration of symptoms of respiratory tract infections in children: systematic review.|journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)|date=Dec 11, 2013|volume=347|pages=f7027|pmid=24335668|doi=10.1136/bmj.f7027|pmc=3898587}}</ref><ref name="Au10" /><ref name="Croup09" /> Indwara ya Croup ishobora guterwa na virusi nyinshi zirimo parainfluenza na virusi ya grippe.<ref name="Au10" /> Ni gake cyane biterwa n'ubwandu bwa bagiteri, buzwi nka tracheitis ya bagiteri.<ref name="Cherry08">{{Cite journal|last=Cherry JD|title=Clinical practice. Croup|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=358|issue=4|pages=384–91|year=2008|pmid=18216359|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp072022}}</ref> Ubusanzwe indwara ya Croup ipimwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso nyuma y’uko impamvu zishobora kuba zikomeye kurushaho, nka epiglottitis cyangwa umubiri wo mu nzira z’ubuhumekero, zitagaragaye.<ref name="PedN09">{{Cite journal|last=Everard ML|title=Acute bronchiolitis and croup|journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am.|volume=56|issue=1|pages=119–33, x–xi|date=February 2009|pmid=19135584|doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2008.10.007}}</ref> Ubushakashatsi bw'inyongera—nk'ibipimo by'amaraso, X-rays, no gupima—ubusanzwe ntabwo bikenewe.<ref name="PedN09" /> Abantu benshi barwara indwara ya croup bashobora kwirindwa binyuze mu gukingira ibicurane na diphtheria.<ref name="Cherry08" /> Ubusanzwe Croup ivurwa n'umuti umwe wa steroide ukoreshejwe mu kanwa ( dexamethasone ku gipimo cya 0.15 kugeza 0.6 mg/kg).<ref name="Au10" /><ref name="Are2023">{{Cite journal|last=Aregbesola|first=A|last2=Tam|first2=CM|last3=Kothari|first3=A|last4=Le|first4=ML|last5=Ragheb|first5=M|last6=Klassen|first6=TP|title=Glucocorticoids for croup in children.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=10 January 2023|volume=1|issue=1|pages=CD001955|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001955.pub5|pmid=36626194}}</ref> Mu bihe bikomeye cyane, epinephrine ihumekwa na yo ishobora gukoreshwa.<ref name="Au10" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bjornson|first=C|last2=Russell|first2=K|last3=Vandermeer|first3=B|last4=Klassen|first4=TP|last5=Johnson|first5=DW|title=Nebulized epinephrine for croup in children.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=10 October 2013|volume=10|issue=10|pages=CD006619|pmid=24114291|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006619.pub3}}</ref> Kwinjira mu bitaro ni ngombwa ku muntu umwe kugeza kuri batanu ku ijana by'abarwayi.<ref name="CMAJ2013">{{Cite journal|last=Bjornson|first=CL|last2=Johnson|first2=DW|title=Croup in children.|journal=CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal|date=15 October 2013|volume=185|issue=15|pages=1317–23|pmid=23939212|doi=10.1503/cmaj.121645|pmc=3796596}}</ref> Indwara ya Croup ni indwara ikunze kwibasira abana bagera kuri 15% mu gihe runaka.<ref name="PedN09" /> Akenshi bibaho hagati y'amezi 6 n'imyaka 5 ariko bishobora kugaragara gake cyane ku bana bafite imyaka cumi n'itanu.<ref name="Croup09" /><ref name="PedN09" /><ref name="CMAJ2013" /> Bikunze kugaragara gato ku bagabo kurusha abagore.<ref name="CMAJ2013" /> Bikunze kubaho mu gihe cy'umuhindo.<ref name="CMAJ2013" /> Mbere yo gukingirwa, indwara yo mu nda yakundaga guterwa na diphtheria kandi akenshi yahitanaga abantu.<ref name="Cherry08" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Steele|first=Volney|title=Bleed, blister, and purge : a history of medicine on the American frontier|url=https://archive.org/details/bleedblisterpurg0000stee|url-access=registration|date=2005|publisher=Mountain Press|location=Missoula, Mont.|isbn=978-0-87842-505-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/bleedblisterpurg0000stee/page/324 324]}}</ref> Iyi mpamvu ubu irakunze kugaragara cyane mu bihugu by'Iburengerazuba bw'Isi bitewe n'uko urukingo rwa diphtheria rwagenze neza.<ref name="history">{{Cite book|last=Feigin, Ralph D.|title=Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases|publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia|year=2004|page=252|isbn=978-0-7216-9329-3|oclc=|doi=|access-date=}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] qkkjg3lj1838zxmt7f2jqnfu67m4jic 0 23262 140869 2026-10-06T21:05:03Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503131|Low back pain]] to:rw #mdwikicx 140869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Low back pain|synonym=Lower back pain, lumbago|image=Lumbar region in human skeleton.svg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Area of the back affected.|pronounce=Lumbago {{IPAc-en|l|ʌ|m|ˈ|b|eɪ|ɡ|oʊ}}|field=[[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedics]], [[rheumatology]], [[rehabilitation medicine]]|symptoms=|complications=|onset=20 to 40&nbsp;years of age<ref name=casazza_2012/>|duration=~65% get better in 6 weeks<ref name=menezes_2012/>|types=Acute (less than 6 weeks), sub-chronic (6 to 12 weeks), chronic (more than 12 weeks)<ref name=koes_2010/>|causes=Usually non-specific, occasionally significant underlying cause<ref name=casazza_2012/><ref name=NIH2015/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Medical imaging]] (if ''red flags'' )<ref name=manusov_2012_diag/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Continued normal activity, non-medication based treatments, NSAIDs<ref name=menezes_2012/><ref name=Qas2017/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=~25% in any given month<ref name=hoy_2012/><ref name=vos_2012/>|deaths=|video1=|named after=}} '''Ububabare bwo mu mugongo wo hasi''' ( '''LBP''' ) ni indwara ikunze kugaragara ku mitsi, imitsi, n'amagufwa y'umugongo.<ref name="NIH2015">{{Cite web|title=Low Back Pain Fact Sheet|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/backpain/detail_backpain.htm|website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|access-date=5 March 2016|date=November 3, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051951/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/backpain/detail_backpain.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Ububabare bushobora gutandukana uhereye ku kubabara gukabije guhoraho kugeza ku kumva ubabaye mu buryo butunguranye.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe igihe imara nk'ububabare bukabije (ububabare bumara munsi y'ibyumweru 6), ububabare budahoraho (ibyumweru 6 kugeza kuri 12), cyangwa ububabare budakira (ibyumweru birenga 12).<ref name="koes_2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Koes BW, van Tulder M, Lin CW, Macedo LG, McAuley J, Maher C|title=An updated overview of clinical guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care|journal=European Spine Journal|volume=19|issue=12|pages=2075–94|date=December 2010|pmid=20602122|pmc=2997201|doi=10.1007/s00586-010-1502-y}}</ref> Iyi ndwara ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe impamvu nyamukuru nk'ububabare buterwa n'imikorere, ububabare buterwa n'imikorere, cyangwa ububabare buterwa n'imvugo.<ref name="manusov_2012_diag">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Manusov EG|title=Evaluation and diagnosis of low back pain|journal=Primary Care|volume=39|issue=3|pages=471–9|date=September 2012|pmid=22958556|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2012.06.003}}</ref> Ibimenyetso akenshi biragenda neza mu byumweru bike uhereye igihe byatangiriye, aho abantu 40–90% baba bakize neza mu byumweru bitandatu.<ref name="menezes_2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=((da C Menezes Costa L)), Maher CG, Hancock MJ, McAuley JH, Herbert RD, Costa LO|title=The prognosis of acute and persistent low-back pain: a meta-analysis|journal=CMAJ|volume=184|issue=11|pages=E613–24|date=August 2012|pmid=22586331|pmc=3414626|doi=10.1503/cmaj.111271}}</ref> Mu bihe byinshi, impamvu yihariye itera iyi ndwara ntabwo imenyekana cyangwa ngo ishakishwe, aho ububabare bukekwa ko buterwa n'ibibazo by'imikorere nk'imitsi cyangwa ingingo.<ref name="casazza_2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Casazza BA|title=Diagnosis and treatment of acute low back pain|journal=American Family Physician|volume=85|issue=4|pages=343–50|date=February 2012|pmid=22335313}}</ref><ref name="NIH2015" /> Niba ububabare budashira iyo umuntu avuwe mu buryo busanzwe cyangwa bugaherekezwa n' "ibimenyetso bitukura" nko kugabanya ibiro mu buryo budasobanutse, umuriro, cyangwa ibibazo bikomeye byo kumva cyangwa kugenda, hashobora kuba ngombwa ko hakorwa isuzuma ryinyongera kugira ngo hamenyekane ikibazo gikomeye cy’ingenzi.<ref name="manusov_2012_diag" /> Kenshi na kenshi, ibikoresho byo gufata amashusho nka X-ray computed tomography ntabwo bifite akamaro kandi bifite ingaruka zabyo.<ref name="AHRQ_2013">{{Cite journal|title=Use of imaging studies for low back pain: percentage of members with a primary diagnosis of low back pain who did not have an imaging study (plain x-ray, MRI, CT scan) within 28 days of the diagnosis|url=http://www.qualitymeasures.ahrq.gov/content.aspx?id=38884|year=2013|access-date=11 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235722/http://www.qualitymeasures.ahrq.gov/content.aspx?id=38884|archive-date=4 October 2013|journal=&mdash;}}</ref><ref name="chou_2009_imaging">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chou R, Fu R, Carrino JA, Deyo RA|title=Imaging strategies for low-back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9662|pages=463–72|date=February 2009|pmid=19200918|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60172-0|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a2440a8e973defedbfad9f489f357ce33ea408a5|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701104436/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Imaging-strategies-for-low-back-pain:-systematic-Chou-Fu/a2440a8e973defedbfad9f489f357ce33ea408a5|url-status=live}}</ref> Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, gukoresha amashusho mu kuvura ububabare bwo hasi bwiyongereye.<ref name="deyo_2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Deyo RA, Mirza SK, Turner JA, Martin BI|title=Overtreating chronic back pain: time to back off?|journal=Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine|volume=22|issue=1|pages=62–8|year=2009|pmid=19124635|pmc=2729142|doi=10.3122/jabfm.2009.01.080102}}</ref> Ububabare bumwe na bumwe bw'umugongo wo hasi buterwa n'amadisiki yo mu gice cy'imbere cy'umutima yangiritse, kandi ikizamini cyo kuzamura amaguru agororotse ni ingirakamaro mu kumenya impamvu.<ref name="manusov_2012_diag" /> Ku bafite ububabare budakira, uburyo bwo gutunganya ububabare bushobora gukora nabi, bigatera ububabare bwinshi bitewe n’ibintu bitari bikomeye.<ref name="salzberg_2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Salzberg L|title=The physiology of low back pain|journal=Primary Care|volume=39|issue=3|pages=487–98|date=September 2012|pmid=22958558|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2012.06.014}}</ref> Kubanza gukoresha imiti idashingiye ku miti ni byiza.<ref name="Qas2017" /> Imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara zo mu mutwe (NSAIDs) irasabwa niba idakora neza.<ref name="Qas2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA|title=Noninvasive Treatments for Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=166|issue=7|pages=514–530|date=April 2017|pmid=28192789|doi=10.7326/M16-2367|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ibikorwa bisanzwe bigomba gukomeza uko ububabare bushoboka kandi imyitozo ngororamubiri ni ingirakamaro mu kubabara igihe kirekire.<ref name="menezes_2012" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kolber|first=MR|last2=Ton|first2=J|last3=Thomas|first3=B|last4=Kirkwood|first4=J|last5=Moe|first5=S|last6=Dugré|first6=N|last7=Chan|first7=K|last8=Lindblad|first8=AJ|last9=McCormack|first9=J|last10=Garrison|first10=S|last11=Allan|first11=GM|last12=Korownyk|first12=CS|last13=Craig|first13=R|last14=Sept|first14=L|last15=Rouble|first15=AN|title=PEER systematic review of randomized controlled trials: Management of chronic low back pain in primary care.|journal=Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien|date=January 2021|volume=67|issue=1|pages=e20-e30|doi=10.46747/cfp.6701e20|pmid=33483410}}</ref> Imiti irasabwa mu gihe cyose ifasha.<ref name="miller_2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Miller SM|title=Low back pain: pharmacologic management|journal=Primary Care|volume=39|issue=3|pages=499–510|date=September 2012|pmid=22958559|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2012.06.005}}</ref> Hari ubundi buryo butandukanye buhari ku bantu badakira neza bakoresheje uburyo busanzwe bwo kuvurwa. Opioide ishobora kuba ingirakamaro niba imiti yoroheje y'ububabare idahagije, ariko muri rusange ntabwo isabwa kubera ingaruka mbi.<ref name="NIH2015" /><ref name="miller_2012" /> Kubagwa bishobora kuba ingirakamaro ku bafite ububabare budakira buterwa n'amadisiki n'ubumuga cyangwa stenosis y'umugongo.<ref name="manusov_2012_surg" /><ref name="chou_2009_surgery">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chou R, Baisden J, Carragee EJ, Resnick DK, Shaffer WO, Loeser JD|title=Surgery for low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society Clinical Practice Guideline|journal=Spine|volume=34|issue=10|pages=1094–109|date=May 2009|pmid=19363455|doi=10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181a105fc}}</ref> Nta nyungu igaragara yabonetse ku zindi ndwara z’ububabare bw’umugongo wo hasi butari ubwazo.<ref name="manusov_2012_surg">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Manusov EG|title=Surgical treatment of low back pain|journal=Primary Care|volume=39|issue=3|pages=525–31|date=September 2012|pmid=22958562|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2012.06.010}}</ref> Ububabare bwo mu mugongo wo hasi bukunze kugira ingaruka ku byiyumvo, bishobora kongerwa n'inama cyangwa imiti igabanya ubukana.<ref name="miller_2012" /><ref name="henschke_2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Henschke N, Ostelo RW, van Tulder MW, Vlaeyen JW, Morley S, Assendelft WJ, Main CJ|title=Behavioural treatment for chronic low-back pain|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=|issue=7|pages=CD002014|date=July 2010|pmid=20614428|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002014.pub3|pmc=7065591}}</ref> Byongeye kandi, hari uburyo bwinshi bwo kuvura bushobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bw’umwimerere, ariko nta bimenyetso bihagije bihari kugira ngo umuntu abwizeze neza.<ref name="marlowe_2012" /> Ibimenyetso by’ubuvuzi bwa chiropractic <ref name="walker_2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Walker BF, French SD, Grant W, Green S|title=A Cochrane review of combined chiropractic interventions for low-back pain|journal=Spine|volume=36|issue=3|pages=230–42|date=February 2011|pmid=21248591|doi=10.1097/BRS.0b013e318202ac73}}</ref> no gukora ubuvuzi bw’umugongo biravanze.<ref name="marlowe_2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Marlowe D|title=Complementary and alternative medicine treatments for low back&nbsp;pain|journal=Primary Care|volume=39|issue=3|pages=533–46|date=September 2012|pmid=22958563|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2012.06.008}}</ref><ref name="dagenais_2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dagenais S, Gay RE, Tricco AC, Freeman MD, Mayer JM|title=NASS Contemporary Concepts in Spine Care: spinal manipulation therapy for acute low back pain|journal=The Spine Journal|volume=10|issue=10|pages=918–40|date=October 2010|pmid=20869008|doi=10.1016/j.spinee.2010.07.389}}</ref><ref name="rubinstein_2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW|title=Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low-back pain|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=|issue=2|pages=CD008112|date=February 2011|pmid=21328304|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008112.pub2|editor-last=Rubinstein|editor-first=Sidney M}}</ref><ref name="rubinstein_2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rubinstein SM, Terwee CB, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW|title=Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low-back pain|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=9|issue=9|pages=CD008880|date=September 2012|pmid=22972127|pmc=6885055|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008880.pub2|url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/2066/109576/1/109576.pdf|hdl=1871/48563|access-date=24 September 2019|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701124325/https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/109576/109576.pdf;jsessionid=A8BA2C50D1249EDDB021CFC13789FF72?sequence=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Hafi 9–12% by'abantu (632)&nbsp;miliyoni) bafite LBP mu gihe runaka, kandi hafi 25% bavuga ko bayirwaye mu gihe runaka mu gihe cy'ukwezi kumwe.<ref name="hoy_2012" /><ref name="vos_2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, etal|title=Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2163–96|date=December 2012|pmid=23245607|pmc=6350784|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2}}</ref> Abantu bagera kuri 40% bafite LBP mu gihe runaka mu buzima bwabo,<ref name="hoy_2012" /> aho biteganijwe ko bagera kuri 80% mu bantu bo mu bihugu byateye imbere.<ref name="malhotra_2011">{{Cite book|last=Vinod Malhotra|last2=Yao, Fun-Sun F.|last3=Fontes, Manuel da Costa|title=Yao and Artusio's Anesthesiology: Problem-Oriented Patient Management|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Hagerstwon, MD|year=2011|pages=Chapter 49|isbn=978-1-4511-0265-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOhuwkoN15MC&pg=PT1390|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185118/https://books.google.com/books?id=qOhuwkoN15MC&pg=PT1390|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ingorane akenshi zitangira hagati y'imyaka 20 na 40.<ref name="casazza_2012" /> Abagabo n'abagore bagerwaho n'ingaruka zingana.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Ububabare bw'umugongo wo hasi bukunze kugaragara cyane ku bantu bari hagati y'imyaka 40 na 80, kandi umubare w'abantu barwaye wiyongera uko abaturage bagenda bakura.<ref name="hoy_2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hoy D, Bain C, Williams G, March L, Brooks P, Blyth F, Woolf A, Vos T, Buchbinder R|display-authors=6|title=A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain|journal=Arthritis and Rheumatism|volume=64|issue=6|pages=2028–37|date=June 2012|pmid=22231424|doi=10.1002/art.34347}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] l2vc71ltryri4a76g1u60mezjbrg3qe 0 23263 140870 2026-10-06T21:14:27Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1506145|Hormone replacement therapy]] to:rw #mdwikicx 140870 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uburyo bwo kuvura imisemburo''' ( '''HRT''' ), buzwi kandi nka '''ubuvuzi bw'imisemburo mu gihe cyo gucura''', ni uburyo bwo kuvura imisemburo bukoreshwa mu kuvura [[Gucura k’umugore|ibimenyetso]] bifitanye isano no [[Gucura k’umugore|gucura]].<ref name="Cran2023">{{Cite journal|last=Crandall|first=CJ|last2=Mehta|first2=JM|last3=Manson|first3=JE|title=Management of Menopausal Symptoms: A Review.|journal=JAMA|date=7 February 2023|volume=329|issue=5|pages=405-420|doi=10.1001/jama.2022.24140|pmid=36749328}}</ref> Ibi birimo ubushyuhe bwinshi, ibyuya byo mu ijoro, kuma kw'imyanya ndangagitsina, n'ibibazo byo kwiyumva nabi.<ref name="NHS2024About">{{Cite web|title=About hormone replacement therapy (HRT)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/about-hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/|website=nhs.uk|publisher=NHS|access-date=6 March 2024|language=en|date=21 July 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019213424/https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/about-hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/|url-status=live}}</ref> Muri rusange ni uburyo bwo kuvura ibi bimenyetso busabwa <ref name="Cran2023" /> Gukoresha muri rusange mu kwirinda ibibazo by'ubuzima by'igihe kirekire, nka [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]], indwara z'umutima, cyangwa indwara yo gucika kw'amagufwa, ntibyemewe.<ref name="Gart2022">{{Cite journal|last=Gartlehner|first=G|last2=Patel|first2=SV|last3=Reddy|first3=S|last4=Rains|first4=C|last5=Coker-Schwimmer|first5=M|last6=Kahwati|first6=L|title=Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Persons: An Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force|journal=Evidence Synthesis|date=November 2022|pmid=36413605|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK586478/|access-date=8 March 2024|archive-date=27 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227161529/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK586478/|url-status=live}}</ref> Gukoresha bigirwa inama y'igihe gito kandi bishobora gukorwa mu nzira zitandukanye.<ref name="Gart2022" /><ref name="HRT2024Type">{{Cite web|title=Types of hormone replacement therapy (HRT)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/types-of-hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/|website=nhs.uk|publisher=NHS|access-date=6 March 2024|language=en|date=21 July 2023|archive-date=17 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117022137/https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/types-of-hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo indwara y'agasabo k'inkari, gucika imitsi, kunanirwa kwihagarika inkari, no kugabanya amaraso ; ariko nta gihinduka mu byago byose byo kugira ingaruka mbi cyangwa urupfu.<ref name="Gart2022" /> Ibimenyetso by'ishingiro bishyigikira inyungu nini kurusha ingaruka mbi ku bari munsi y'imyaka 60.<ref name="Gart2022" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Langer|first=RD|last2=Hodis|first2=HN|last3=Lobo|first3=RA|last4=Allison|first4=MA|title=Hormone replacement therapy – where are we now?|journal=Climacteric|date=February 2021|volume=24|issue=1|pages=3–10|doi=10.1080/13697137.2020.1851183|pmid=33403881|s2cid=230783545|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=“The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society” Advisory|first=Panel|title=The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society.|journal=Menopause (New York, N.Y.)|date=1 July 2022|volume=29|issue=7|pages=767-794|doi=10.1097/GME.0000000000002028|pmid=35797481}}</ref> Gukoresha iyi miti ntibyemewe ku bantu bafite ibibazo by'umwijima cyangwa [[Kanseri y’ibere|kanseri y'ibere]].<ref name="NHS2024About" /> Irimo estrogen na progestogen.<ref name="Stu2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, Gompel A, Lumsden MA, Murad MH, Pinkerton JV, Santen RJ|title=Treatment of Symptoms of the Menopause: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline|journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.|volume=100|issue=11|pages=3975–4011|date=November 2015|pmid=26444994|doi=10.1210/jc.2015-2236|url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/113696/1/113696.pdf|doi-access=free|access-date=2024-02-20|archive-date=2018-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723124809/http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/113696/1/113696.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Progestogen ikoreshwa, keretse iyo nyababyeyi yakuweho, kugira ngo hirindwe ibyago byinshi byo kurwara kanseri y'inkondo y'umura.<ref name="Gart2022" /> Androgens, kimwe na testosterone, rimwe na rimwe na zo zirakoreshwa.<ref name="HRT2024Type" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura imisemburo bukoreshwa kuva mu myaka ya 1890.<ref name="Stef2005">{{Cite journal|last=Stefanick|first=Marcia L.|title=Estrogens and progestins: background and history, trends in use, and guidelines and regimens approved by the US Food and Drug Administration|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|date=December 2005|volume=118|issue=12|pages=64–73|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.059}}</ref> Guhera mu 2024, ibiciro muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika biratandukanye kuva kuri 10 USD kugeza kuri 500 USD, bitewe n'ubwoko.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HRT Cost: Hormone Replacement Therapy Pricing Explained|url=https://www.goodrx.com/conditions/estrogen-replacement/hrt-cost|website=GoodRx|access-date=8 March 2024|archive-date=2 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302161633/https://www.goodrx.com/conditions/estrogen-replacement/hrt-cost|url-status=live}}</ref> Kwinjira kwa estrogen, estradiol, mu rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi ya OMS byamaganywe mu 2023, hamwe n'inama zo gutekereza cyane ku kuyishyiramo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=eEML - Electronic Essential Medicines List|url=https://list.essentialmeds.org/medicines/931|website=list.essentialmeds.org|access-date=8 March 2024|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207130325/https://list.essentialmeds.org/medicines/931|url-status=live}}</ref> Gusimbuza imisemburo isa n’iy’ibinyabuzima byamamaye cyane mu myaka ya za 2000 aho bavugaga ko ari "umwimerere" cyane; icyakora, inyungu n’umutekano ntibirasobanuka neza, kandi kuyikoresha ntibyemewe.<ref name="Stef2005" /><ref name="Cob2017">{{Cite journal|last=Cobin|first=RH|last2=Goodman|first2=NF|last3=AACE Reproductive Endocrinology Scientific|first3=Committee.|title=Position Statement on Menopause – 2017 Update|journal=Endocrine Practice|date=1 July 2017|volume=23|issue=7|pages=869–880|doi=10.4158/EP171828.PS|pmid=28703650|url=https://www.aace.com/files/position-statements/ep171828ps.pdf|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140024/https://www.aace.com/files/position-statements/ep171828ps.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ML2010">{{Cite journal|pmid=20508582|year=2010|title=Bioidentical hormones|volume=52|issue=1339|pages=43–44|journal=[[The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics]]}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] rldcwer0x70uus1qmb2qw45hii1n5hm 0 23264 140877 2026-10-07T05:04:43Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Élie Sagatwa (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 140877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Élie Sagatwa | death_date = 6 Mata 1994 | death_place = [[Ikibuga mpuzamahanga cy'indege cya kigali|Kanombe]], [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda]] | death_cause = Ihanurwa ry'indege ya Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana|Habyarimana]] | nationality = Umunyarwanda | occupation = Umusirikare | title = Koloneli | employer = Ingabo z'u Rwanda (FAR) | known_for = Umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] }} '''Élie Sagatwa''' (yapfuye ku ya 6 Mata 1994 i [[Kigali]]) yari umusirikare w'[[Rwanda|Umunyarwanda]] ufite ipeti rya koloneli mu Ngabo z'u Rwanda (FAR). Yari umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] kandi yari mu bantu ba hafi b'ubutegetsi bwe mbere ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. Yaguye mu [[Ku ya 6 Mata 1994 igitero cyagabwe mu Rwanda|ihanurwa ry'indege ya Perezida]] ryabaye ku ya 6 Mata 1994. == Ubuzima bwe == === Umwuga wa gisirikare === Élie Sagatwa yari koloneli mu Ngabo z'u Rwanda (''Forces armées rwandaises'', FAR). Yakoraga nk'umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]].<ref name="HRW1999">{{Cite web |author=Alison Des Forges |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm |website=Human Rights Watch |date=March 1999 |language=en}}</ref> Nk'uko [[Human Rights Watch]] ibivuga, Sagatwa yari umwe mu bantu bari bafite ijambo rikomeye mu bari hafi ya Perezida, nubwo atagaragaraga cyane nk'abandi bayobozi ba politiki cyangwa b'ubukungu b'ubutegetsi.<ref name="HRW1999" /> Iyo raporo kandi ivuga ko Ingabo zirinda Umukuru w'Igihugu (''Garde présidentielle''), umutwe wari ufite intwaro nyinshi kandi wigenga cyane mu Ngabo z'u Rwanda, wari uyobowe na Koloneli Sagatwa kugeza apfuye.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Alison Des Forges |title=April 1994: The Month That Would Not End |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno4-7-02.htm |website=Human Rights Watch |date=March 1999 |language=en}}</ref> === Akazu === Élie Sagatwa avugwa mu bagize ''[[Akazu]]'', izina ryahawe itsinda ry'abantu ba hafi ya Perezida Habyarimana n'umugore we [[Agathe Kanziga]], abashakashatsi benshi babona nk'itsinda ryari rifite ububasha bukomeye mu butegetsi bwa Repubulika ya Kabiri y'[[Rwanda]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Emmanuel Viret |title=Akazu |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/akazu-0.html |website=Sciences Po, Mass Violence and Resistance |date=2010-03-08 |language=fr}}</ref> Ubushakashatsi bwa Alison Des Forges kuri Human Rights Watch bumugaragaza nk'umwe mu bantu bo mu bari hafi ya Perezida bakoreraga inyuma y'amarido y'ubutegetsi.<ref name="HRW1999" /> Mu buhamya bwatanzwe imbere y'Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR) rwakoreraga mu [[Umujyi wa Arusha|mujyi wa Arusha]] muri [[Tanzaniya]], na ho avugwa nk'umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida Habyarimana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, transcript, ICTR-01-73 |url=https://ucr.irmct.org/LegalRef/CMSDocStore/Public/English/Transcript/NotIndexable/ICTR-01-73/TRS18354R0000622425.DOC |website=United Nations International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals |language=en}}</ref> === Urupfu === [[File:Falcon 50 - 9XR-NN - BRU - 19930807.jpg|thumb|Indege ''Falcon 50'' (9XR-NN) ya Perezida w'u Rwanda, ifotowe i [[Buruseli]] mu [[Ububiligi]] mu 1993. Ni yo Élie Sagatwa yaguyemo ku ya 6 Mata 1994.]] Ku ya 6 Mata 1994, Élie Sagatwa yari mu ndege ''Dassault Falcon 50'' yari itwaye Perezida w'u Rwanda Juvénal Habyarimana na Perezida w'[[Uburundi]] Cyprien Ntaryamira, hamwe n'umugaba mukuru w'Ingabo z'u Rwanda, Jenerali [[Déogratias Nsabimana]]. Iyo ndege yarashwe na misile igihe yari yegereye [[Ikibuga mpuzamahanga cy'indege cya kigali|ikibuga cy'indege cya Kigali]] i Kanombe, maze abari bayirimo bose barapfa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the Investigation into the Causes and Circumstances of and Responsibility for the Attack of 06/04/1994 against the Falcon 50 Rwandan Presidential Aeroplane |url=https://www.minijust.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Minijust/Publications/Reports/National_reports/Report_on_the_attack_on_Falcon_50_Presidential_Plane.pdf |format=PDF |website=Minisiteri y'Ubutabera, Repubulika y'u Rwanda |date=2010 |language=en}}</ref> Urutonde rw'abagenzi rugaragaza Élie Sagatwa nka koloneli akaba n'umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida. Ikigo ''Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives'' na cyo kimubara mu bagenzi baguye muri iyo mpanuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crash of a Dassault Falcon 50 in Kigali: 12 killed |url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-dassault-falcon-50-kigali-12-killed |website=Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives |language=en}}</ref> Ihanurwa ry'iyo ndege rifatwa nk'imbarutso ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu Rwanda, yakozwe n'abahezanguni b'[[Abahutu]] barimo [[Interahamwe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Massacre of the Tutsi Minority |url=https://www.ushmm.org/en/genocide-prevention/countries/rwanda/massacre-of-the-tutsi-minority |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |language=en}}</ref> == Reba kandi == * [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] * [[Déogratias Nsabimana]] * [[Théoneste Bagosora]] * [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]] * [[Interahamwe]] * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sagatwa, Elie}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] s4ynm40w5cpkc7w13i22w538xzmlzwv 140890 140877 2026-10-07T05:42:49Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ivugurura ry'umusozo w'ingingo (Inyandiko, Reba kandi) 140890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Élie Sagatwa | death_date = 6 Mata 1994 | death_place = [[Ikibuga mpuzamahanga cy'indege cya kigali|Kanombe]], [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda]] | death_cause = Ihanurwa ry'indege ya Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana|Habyarimana]] | nationality = Umunyarwanda | occupation = Umusirikare | title = Koloneli | employer = Ingabo z'u Rwanda (FAR) | known_for = Umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] }} '''Élie Sagatwa''' (yapfuye ku ya 6 Mata 1994 i [[Kigali]]) yari umusirikare w'[[Rwanda|Umunyarwanda]] ufite ipeti rya koloneli mu Ngabo z'u Rwanda (FAR). Yari umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] kandi yari mu bantu ba hafi b'ubutegetsi bwe mbere ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. Yaguye mu [[Ku ya 6 Mata 1994 igitero cyagabwe mu Rwanda|ihanurwa ry'indege ya Perezida]] ryabaye ku ya 6 Mata 1994. == Ubuzima bwe == === Umwuga wa gisirikare === Élie Sagatwa yari koloneli mu Ngabo z'u Rwanda (''Forces armées rwandaises'', FAR). Yakoraga nk'umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]].<ref name="HRW1999">{{Cite web |author=Alison Des Forges |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm |website=Human Rights Watch |date=March 1999 |language=en}}</ref> Nk'uko [[Human Rights Watch]] ibivuga, Sagatwa yari umwe mu bantu bari bafite ijambo rikomeye mu bari hafi ya Perezida, nubwo atagaragaraga cyane nk'abandi bayobozi ba politiki cyangwa b'ubukungu b'ubutegetsi.<ref name="HRW1999" /> Iyo raporo kandi ivuga ko Ingabo zirinda Umukuru w'Igihugu (''Garde présidentielle''), umutwe wari ufite intwaro nyinshi kandi wigenga cyane mu Ngabo z'u Rwanda, wari uyobowe na Koloneli Sagatwa kugeza apfuye.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Alison Des Forges |title=April 1994: The Month That Would Not End |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno4-7-02.htm |website=Human Rights Watch |date=March 1999 |language=en}}</ref> === Akazu === Élie Sagatwa avugwa mu bagize ''[[Akazu]]'', izina ryahawe itsinda ry'abantu ba hafi ya Perezida Habyarimana n'umugore we [[Agathe Kanziga]], abashakashatsi benshi babona nk'itsinda ryari rifite ububasha bukomeye mu butegetsi bwa Repubulika ya Kabiri y'[[Rwanda]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Emmanuel Viret |title=Akazu |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/akazu-0.html |website=Sciences Po, Mass Violence and Resistance |date=2010-03-08 |language=fr}}</ref> Ubushakashatsi bwa Alison Des Forges kuri Human Rights Watch bumugaragaza nk'umwe mu bantu bo mu bari hafi ya Perezida bakoreraga inyuma y'amarido y'ubutegetsi.<ref name="HRW1999" /> Mu buhamya bwatanzwe imbere y'Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR) rwakoreraga mu [[Umujyi wa Arusha|mujyi wa Arusha]] muri [[Tanzaniya]], na ho avugwa nk'umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida Habyarimana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, transcript, ICTR-01-73 |url=https://ucr.irmct.org/LegalRef/CMSDocStore/Public/English/Transcript/NotIndexable/ICTR-01-73/TRS18354R0000622425.DOC |website=United Nations International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals |language=en}}</ref> === Urupfu === [[File:Falcon 50 - 9XR-NN - BRU - 19930807.jpg|thumb|Indege ''Falcon 50'' (9XR-NN) ya Perezida w'u Rwanda, ifotowe i [[Buruseli]] mu [[Ububiligi]] mu 1993. Ni yo Élie Sagatwa yaguyemo ku ya 6 Mata 1994.]] Ku ya 6 Mata 1994, Élie Sagatwa yari mu ndege ''Dassault Falcon 50'' yari itwaye Perezida w'u Rwanda Juvénal Habyarimana na Perezida w'[[Uburundi]] Cyprien Ntaryamira, hamwe n'umugaba mukuru w'Ingabo z'u Rwanda, Jenerali [[Déogratias Nsabimana]]. Iyo ndege yarashwe na misile igihe yari yegereye [[Ikibuga mpuzamahanga cy'indege cya kigali|ikibuga cy'indege cya Kigali]] i Kanombe, maze abari bayirimo bose barapfa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the Investigation into the Causes and Circumstances of and Responsibility for the Attack of 06/04/1994 against the Falcon 50 Rwandan Presidential Aeroplane |url=https://www.minijust.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Minijust/Publications/Reports/National_reports/Report_on_the_attack_on_Falcon_50_Presidential_Plane.pdf |format=PDF |website=Minisiteri y'Ubutabera, Repubulika y'u Rwanda |date=2010 |language=en}}</ref> Urutonde rw'abagenzi rugaragaza Élie Sagatwa nka koloneli akaba n'umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida. Ikigo ''Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives'' na cyo kimubara mu bagenzi baguye muri iyo mpanuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crash of a Dassault Falcon 50 in Kigali: 12 killed |url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-dassault-falcon-50-kigali-12-killed |website=Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives |language=en}}</ref> Ihanurwa ry'iyo ndege rifatwa nk'imbarutso ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu Rwanda, yakozwe n'abahezanguni b'[[Abahutu]] barimo [[Interahamwe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Massacre of the Tutsi Minority |url=https://www.ushmm.org/en/genocide-prevention/countries/rwanda/massacre-of-the-tutsi-minority |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |language=en}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] * [[Déogratias Nsabimana]] * [[Théoneste Bagosora]] * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |author=Alison Des Forges |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/ |website=Human Rights Watch |date=March 1999 |language=en}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author=Alison Des Forges |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda |publisher=Human Rights Watch |location=New York |year=1999 |language=en}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sagatwa, Elie}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] pyo1kt9az0vb47d3v0fqhq0g25wxpfc 0 23265 140878 2026-10-07T05:14:35Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Patrick de Saint-Exupéry (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia) 140878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Patrick de Saint-Exupéry | image = Patrick de Saint-Exupéry à Reims le 9 mars 2026.jpg | caption = I Reims, muri Werurwe 2026 | birth_date = 16 Nzeri 1962 | birth_place = Boulogne-Billancourt, [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umunyamakuru, umwanditsi | employer = ''Le Figaro'', ''XXI'' | notable_works = ''L'Inavouable'' (2004) | awards = Prix Albert-Londres (1991) }} '''Patrick de Saint-Exupéry''' (yavutse ku ya 16 Nzeri 1962) ni umunyamakuru akaba n'umwanditsi w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]]. Azwi cyane ku nkuru yanditse ku [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu [[Rwanda]] no ku bitabo bivuga ku ruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri iyo jenoside. == Umwuga == [[File:P.de Saint Exupéry.Photo Ph.BRIZARD.jpg|thumb|left|Muri Gicurasi 2008]] Yatangiye itangazamakuru afite imyaka 19, akorera ''France-Soir'' na ''L'Express'', maze kuva mu 1989 aba umunyamakuru w'amakuru y'amahanga wa ''Le Figaro''. Yatangaje inkuru zo muri [[Liberiya]], [[Afurika y’Epfo]], [[Kambodiya]], [[Irani]], [[Rwanda]] n'ahandi, kandi kuva mu 2000 kugeza mu 2004 yari umunyamakuru wa ''Le Figaro'' mu [[Uburusiya]]. Mu 1991 yahawe igihembo cya ''Prix Albert-Londres''. Mu 2008 yashinze, afatanyije na Laurent Beccaria, ikinyamakuru ''XXI'', na nyuma ''Ebdo'' mu 2017, cyahagaze mu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le journal « Ebdo » s'arrête trois mois après son lancement |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/actualite-medias/article/2018/03/22/le-journal-ebdo-s-arrete-trois-mois-apres-son-lancement-son-editeur-en-cessation-de-paiement_5274848_3236.html |website=Le Monde |date=2018-03-22 |language=fr}}</ref> == U Rwanda == Mu 1994 yageze mu Rwanda anyuze ku ruhande rwa [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]], hanyuma mu gihe cy'''Opération Turquoise'' ari kumwe n'ingabo z'Abafaransa, yibonera ibyabereye i [[Bisesero]]. Inkuru yanditse icyo gihe no mu 1998 zatumye Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'Ubufaransa ishyiraho komisiyo yo gucukumbura ku Rwanda.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Stephen Smith |title=L'infamante accusation de "complicité" de la France est portée sans preuves |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2004/04/17/l-infamante-accusation-de-complicite-de-la-france-est-portee-sans-preuves_361502_1819218.html |website=Le Monde |date=2004-04-17 |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2004 yasohoye igitabo ''L'Inavouable : la France au Rwanda'', cyongeye gusohoka mu 2009 cyitwa ''Complices de l'inavouable''. Abajenerali [[Christian Quesnot]] na Éric de Stabenrath bamureze gusebanya kubera icyo gitabo, maze inkiko zimuhamya icyo cyaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cour de cassation, Chambre criminelle, 10 mai 2016, 15-80.760 |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/juri/id/JURITEXT000032535998 |website=Légifrance |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2021, mu gitabo ''La Traversée'', yanyomoje igitekerezo cy'uko habayeho « jenoside ya kabiri ».<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrick de Saint-Exupéry : « Considérer qu'il y a eu un génocide en RDC, c'est réécrire l'histoire » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/03/11/patrick-de-saint-exupery-considerer-qu-il-y-a-eu-un-genocide-en-rdc-c-est-reecrire-l-histoire_6072800_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-03-11 |language=fr}}</ref> == Ibitabo == * ''L'Inavouable : la France au Rwanda'', Les Arènes, 2004. * ''Complices de l'inavouable'', Les Arènes, 2009. * ''La Fantaisie des Dieux'' (afatanyije na Hippolyte), Les Arènes, 2014. * ''La Traversée'', Les Arènes, 2021. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Saint-Exupery, Patrick de}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyamakuru]] [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] m66b0re7dfryt2xfla1zu5qnq6t9jba 140891 140878 2026-10-07T05:43:38Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ivugurura ry'umusozo w'ingingo (Inyandiko, Reba kandi) 140891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Patrick de Saint-Exupéry | image = Patrick de Saint-Exupéry à Reims le 9 mars 2026.jpg | caption = I Reims, muri Werurwe 2026 | birth_date = 16 Nzeri 1962 | birth_place = Boulogne-Billancourt, [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umunyamakuru, umwanditsi | employer = ''Le Figaro'', ''XXI'' | notable_works = ''L'Inavouable'' (2004) | awards = Prix Albert-Londres (1991) }} '''Patrick de Saint-Exupéry''' (yavutse ku ya 16 Nzeri 1962) ni umunyamakuru akaba n'umwanditsi w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]]. Azwi cyane ku nkuru yanditse ku [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu [[Rwanda]] no ku bitabo bivuga ku ruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri iyo jenoside. == Umwuga == [[File:P.de Saint Exupéry.Photo Ph.BRIZARD.jpg|thumb|left|Muri Gicurasi 2008]] Yatangiye itangazamakuru afite imyaka 19, akorera ''France-Soir'' na ''L'Express'', maze kuva mu 1989 aba umunyamakuru w'amakuru y'amahanga wa ''Le Figaro''. Yatangaje inkuru zo muri [[Liberiya]], [[Afurika y’Epfo]], [[Kambodiya]], [[Irani]], [[Rwanda]] n'ahandi, kandi kuva mu 2000 kugeza mu 2004 yari umunyamakuru wa ''Le Figaro'' mu [[Uburusiya]]. Mu 1991 yahawe igihembo cya ''Prix Albert-Londres''. Mu 2008 yashinze, afatanyije na Laurent Beccaria, ikinyamakuru ''XXI'', na nyuma ''Ebdo'' mu 2017, cyahagaze mu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le journal « Ebdo » s'arrête trois mois après son lancement |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/actualite-medias/article/2018/03/22/le-journal-ebdo-s-arrete-trois-mois-apres-son-lancement-son-editeur-en-cessation-de-paiement_5274848_3236.html |website=Le Monde |date=2018-03-22 |language=fr}}</ref> == U Rwanda == Mu 1994 yageze mu Rwanda anyuze ku ruhande rwa [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]], hanyuma mu gihe cy'''Opération Turquoise'' ari kumwe n'ingabo z'Abafaransa, yibonera ibyabereye i [[Bisesero]]. Inkuru yanditse icyo gihe no mu 1998 zatumye Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'Ubufaransa ishyiraho komisiyo yo gucukumbura ku Rwanda.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Stephen Smith |title=L'infamante accusation de "complicité" de la France est portée sans preuves |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2004/04/17/l-infamante-accusation-de-complicite-de-la-france-est-portee-sans-preuves_361502_1819218.html |website=Le Monde |date=2004-04-17 |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2004 yasohoye igitabo ''L'Inavouable : la France au Rwanda'', cyongeye gusohoka mu 2009 cyitwa ''Complices de l'inavouable''. Abajenerali [[Christian Quesnot]] na Éric de Stabenrath bamureze gusebanya kubera icyo gitabo, maze inkiko zimuhamya icyo cyaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cour de cassation, Chambre criminelle, 10 mai 2016, 15-80.760 |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/juri/id/JURITEXT000032535998 |website=Légifrance |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2021, mu gitabo ''La Traversée'', yanyomoje igitekerezo cy'uko habayeho « jenoside ya kabiri ».<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrick de Saint-Exupéry : « Considérer qu'il y a eu un génocide en RDC, c'est réécrire l'histoire » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/03/11/patrick-de-saint-exupery-considerer-qu-il-y-a-eu-un-genocide-en-rdc-c-est-reecrire-l-histoire_6072800_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-03-11 |language=fr}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] * [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero]] * [[Aminadabu Birara]] * [[Christian Quesnot]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=Patrick de Saint-Exupéry : « Le rôle de la France au Rwanda, c'est une affaire d'État » |url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/monde/patrick-de-saint-exupery-le-role-de-la-france-au-rwanda-c-est-une-affaire-d-etat-23-05-2021-12754054.php |website=Le Télégramme |date=2021-05-23 |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * ''L'Inavouable : la France au Rwanda'', Les Arènes, 2004. * ''Complices de l'inavouable'', Les Arènes, 2009. * ''La Fantaisie des Dieux'' (afatanyije na Hippolyte), Les Arènes, 2014. * ''La Traversée'', Les Arènes, 2021. {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Saint-Exupery, Patrick de}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyamakuru]] [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] ll83teerp22et8flu4wr8akoq9jp6fh 140900 140891 2026-10-07T06:02:53Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Thierry Prungnaud]] 140900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Patrick de Saint-Exupéry | image = Patrick de Saint-Exupéry à Reims le 9 mars 2026.jpg | caption = I Reims, muri Werurwe 2026 | birth_date = 16 Nzeri 1962 | birth_place = Boulogne-Billancourt, [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umunyamakuru, umwanditsi | employer = ''Le Figaro'', ''XXI'' | notable_works = ''L'Inavouable'' (2004) | awards = Prix Albert-Londres (1991) }} '''Patrick de Saint-Exupéry''' (yavutse ku ya 16 Nzeri 1962) ni umunyamakuru akaba n'umwanditsi w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]]. Azwi cyane ku nkuru yanditse ku [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu [[Rwanda]] no ku bitabo bivuga ku ruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri iyo jenoside. == Umwuga == [[File:P.de Saint Exupéry.Photo Ph.BRIZARD.jpg|thumb|left|Muri Gicurasi 2008]] Yatangiye itangazamakuru afite imyaka 19, akorera ''France-Soir'' na ''L'Express'', maze kuva mu 1989 aba umunyamakuru w'amakuru y'amahanga wa ''Le Figaro''. Yatangaje inkuru zo muri [[Liberiya]], [[Afurika y’Epfo]], [[Kambodiya]], [[Irani]], [[Rwanda]] n'ahandi, kandi kuva mu 2000 kugeza mu 2004 yari umunyamakuru wa ''Le Figaro'' mu [[Uburusiya]]. Mu 1991 yahawe igihembo cya ''Prix Albert-Londres''. Mu 2008 yashinze, afatanyije na Laurent Beccaria, ikinyamakuru ''XXI'', na nyuma ''Ebdo'' mu 2017, cyahagaze mu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le journal « Ebdo » s'arrête trois mois après son lancement |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/actualite-medias/article/2018/03/22/le-journal-ebdo-s-arrete-trois-mois-apres-son-lancement-son-editeur-en-cessation-de-paiement_5274848_3236.html |website=Le Monde |date=2018-03-22 |language=fr}}</ref> == U Rwanda == Mu 1994 yageze mu Rwanda anyuze ku ruhande rwa [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]], hanyuma mu gihe cy'''Opération Turquoise'' ari kumwe n'ingabo z'Abafaransa, yibonera ibyabereye i [[Bisesero]]. Inkuru yanditse icyo gihe no mu 1998 zatumye Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'Ubufaransa ishyiraho komisiyo yo gucukumbura ku Rwanda.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Stephen Smith |title=L'infamante accusation de "complicité" de la France est portée sans preuves |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2004/04/17/l-infamante-accusation-de-complicite-de-la-france-est-portee-sans-preuves_361502_1819218.html |website=Le Monde |date=2004-04-17 |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2004 yasohoye igitabo ''L'Inavouable : la France au Rwanda'', cyongeye gusohoka mu 2009 cyitwa ''Complices de l'inavouable''. Abajenerali [[Christian Quesnot]] na Éric de Stabenrath bamureze gusebanya kubera icyo gitabo, maze inkiko zimuhamya icyo cyaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cour de cassation, Chambre criminelle, 10 mai 2016, 15-80.760 |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/juri/id/JURITEXT000032535998 |website=Légifrance |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2021, mu gitabo ''La Traversée'', yanyomoje igitekerezo cy'uko habayeho « jenoside ya kabiri ».<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrick de Saint-Exupéry : « Considérer qu'il y a eu un génocide en RDC, c'est réécrire l'histoire » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/03/11/patrick-de-saint-exupery-considerer-qu-il-y-a-eu-un-genocide-en-rdc-c-est-reecrire-l-histoire_6072800_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-03-11 |language=fr}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Thierry Prungnaud]] * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] * [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero]] * [[Aminadabu Birara]] * [[Christian Quesnot]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=Patrick de Saint-Exupéry : « Le rôle de la France au Rwanda, c'est une affaire d'État » |url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/monde/patrick-de-saint-exupery-le-role-de-la-france-au-rwanda-c-est-une-affaire-d-etat-23-05-2021-12754054.php |website=Le Télégramme |date=2021-05-23 |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * ''L'Inavouable : la France au Rwanda'', Les Arènes, 2004. * ''Complices de l'inavouable'', Les Arènes, 2009. * ''La Fantaisie des Dieux'' (afatanyije na Hippolyte), Les Arènes, 2014. * ''La Traversée'', Les Arènes, 2021. {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Saint-Exupery, Patrick de}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyamakuru]] [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] ozypfzd6buk9juvbstqj2togaabx646 140903 140900 2026-10-07T06:12:18Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Vincent Duclert]] 140903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Patrick de Saint-Exupéry | image = Patrick de Saint-Exupéry à Reims le 9 mars 2026.jpg | caption = I Reims, muri Werurwe 2026 | birth_date = 16 Nzeri 1962 | birth_place = Boulogne-Billancourt, [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umunyamakuru, umwanditsi | employer = ''Le Figaro'', ''XXI'' | notable_works = ''L'Inavouable'' (2004) | awards = Prix Albert-Londres (1991) }} '''Patrick de Saint-Exupéry''' (yavutse ku ya 16 Nzeri 1962) ni umunyamakuru akaba n'umwanditsi w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]]. Azwi cyane ku nkuru yanditse ku [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu [[Rwanda]] no ku bitabo bivuga ku ruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri iyo jenoside. == Umwuga == [[File:P.de Saint Exupéry.Photo Ph.BRIZARD.jpg|thumb|left|Muri Gicurasi 2008]] Yatangiye itangazamakuru afite imyaka 19, akorera ''France-Soir'' na ''L'Express'', maze kuva mu 1989 aba umunyamakuru w'amakuru y'amahanga wa ''Le Figaro''. Yatangaje inkuru zo muri [[Liberiya]], [[Afurika y’Epfo]], [[Kambodiya]], [[Irani]], [[Rwanda]] n'ahandi, kandi kuva mu 2000 kugeza mu 2004 yari umunyamakuru wa ''Le Figaro'' mu [[Uburusiya]]. Mu 1991 yahawe igihembo cya ''Prix Albert-Londres''. Mu 2008 yashinze, afatanyije na Laurent Beccaria, ikinyamakuru ''XXI'', na nyuma ''Ebdo'' mu 2017, cyahagaze mu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le journal « Ebdo » s'arrête trois mois après son lancement |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/actualite-medias/article/2018/03/22/le-journal-ebdo-s-arrete-trois-mois-apres-son-lancement-son-editeur-en-cessation-de-paiement_5274848_3236.html |website=Le Monde |date=2018-03-22 |language=fr}}</ref> == U Rwanda == Mu 1994 yageze mu Rwanda anyuze ku ruhande rwa [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]], hanyuma mu gihe cy'''Opération Turquoise'' ari kumwe n'ingabo z'Abafaransa, yibonera ibyabereye i [[Bisesero]]. Inkuru yanditse icyo gihe no mu 1998 zatumye Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'Ubufaransa ishyiraho komisiyo yo gucukumbura ku Rwanda.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Stephen Smith |title=L'infamante accusation de "complicité" de la France est portée sans preuves |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2004/04/17/l-infamante-accusation-de-complicite-de-la-france-est-portee-sans-preuves_361502_1819218.html |website=Le Monde |date=2004-04-17 |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2004 yasohoye igitabo ''L'Inavouable : la France au Rwanda'', cyongeye gusohoka mu 2009 cyitwa ''Complices de l'inavouable''. Abajenerali [[Christian Quesnot]] na Éric de Stabenrath bamureze gusebanya kubera icyo gitabo, maze inkiko zimuhamya icyo cyaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cour de cassation, Chambre criminelle, 10 mai 2016, 15-80.760 |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/juri/id/JURITEXT000032535998 |website=Légifrance |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2021, mu gitabo ''La Traversée'', yanyomoje igitekerezo cy'uko habayeho « jenoside ya kabiri ».<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrick de Saint-Exupéry : « Considérer qu'il y a eu un génocide en RDC, c'est réécrire l'histoire » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/03/11/patrick-de-saint-exupery-considerer-qu-il-y-a-eu-un-genocide-en-rdc-c-est-reecrire-l-histoire_6072800_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-03-11 |language=fr}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Vincent Duclert]] * [[Thierry Prungnaud]] * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] * [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero]] * [[Aminadabu Birara]] * [[Christian Quesnot]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=Patrick de Saint-Exupéry : « Le rôle de la France au Rwanda, c'est une affaire d'État » |url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/monde/patrick-de-saint-exupery-le-role-de-la-france-au-rwanda-c-est-une-affaire-d-etat-23-05-2021-12754054.php |website=Le Télégramme |date=2021-05-23 |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * ''L'Inavouable : la France au Rwanda'', Les Arènes, 2004. * ''Complices de l'inavouable'', Les Arènes, 2009. * ''La Fantaisie des Dieux'' (afatanyije na Hippolyte), Les Arènes, 2014. * ''La Traversée'', Les Arènes, 2021. {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Saint-Exupery, Patrick de}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyamakuru]] [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] ljadp0ipvrd0sigi3v83mcs7dng8xcj 0 23266 140883 2026-10-07T05:22:35Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Aminadabu Birara (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 140883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Aminadabu Birara | image = Plaque Place Aminadabu Birara - Paris XVIII (FR75) - 2022-02-09 - 1.jpg | caption = Icyapa cy'ahantu hamwitiriwe i Paris | birth_date = 1926 | birth_place = [[Bisesero]], [[Rwanda]] | death_date = 25 Kamena 1994 (imyaka 68) | death_place = Bisesero, [[Akarere ka Karongi|Karongi]], [[Rwanda]] | nationality = Umunyarwanda | occupation = Umworozi | known_for = Kuyobora ubwirwanaho bw'Abatutsi i Bisesero muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] }} '''Aminadabu Birara''' (1926 – 25 Kamena 1994) yari umworozi w'Umunyarwanda wo mu misozi ya [[Bisesero]], uzwiho kuba yarayoboye ubwirwanaho bw'[[Abatutsi]] i Bisesero mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. Yiciwe muri iyo misozi ku ya 25 Kamena 1994. == Ubuzima == Aminadabu Birara yavukiye i Bisesero, mu misozi y'Iburengerazuba bw'u [[Rwanda]], mu 1926. Yari umworozi kimwe n'abagabo benshi bo muri ako karere. Yarokotse ubwicanyi bwibasiye Abatutsi mu 1959, 1962, 1963 no mu 1973, bituma aba umuntu wubashywe mu karere kubera ubunararibonye bwe mu kurinda Abatutsi ba Bisesero.<ref name="LeMonde2022">{{Cite web |title=Rwanda : qui était Aminadabu Birara, héros de la résistance tutsi honoré à Paris |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/05/13/rwanda-qui-etait-aminadabu-birara-heros-de-la-resistance-tutsi-honore-a-paris_6125939_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2022-05-13 |language=fr}}</ref> == Ubwirwanaho bwa Bisesero == [[File:Bisesero Genocide Memorial - Near Karongi-Kibuye - Western Rwanda.jpg|thumb|[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero]]]] Jenoside itangiye muri Mata 1994, Abatutsi ibihumbi bahungiye mu misozi ya Bisesero. Birara, wari ufite imyaka 68, yabaye umwe mu bayobozi b'ubwirwanaho. Yasabye abaturage kujya ku mpinga z'imisozi kugira ngo babone abateye kandi babatere amabuye, ashyiraho n'amatsinda y'abarwanyi bitwaje amacumu, amabuye n'inkoni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In The Mountains of Western Rwanda, a Resistance Led By Elders |url=https://sfi.usc.edu/news/2022/04/33091-mountains-western-rwanda-resistance-led-elders |website=USC Shoah Foundation |date=2022-04-07 |language=en}}</ref> Ayo matsinda yari ashyizwe ahantu hatandukanye ku misozi, Birara akayahuza.<ref name="LeMonde2022" /> Yiciwe i Bisesero ku ya 25 Kamena 1994, ahitanywe n'igisasu cya gerenade.<ref name="LeMonde2022" /> Abantu barenga 50 000 biciwe i Bisesero, abarokotse bakaba batageze ku 1 000.<ref name="Ibuka">{{Cite web |title=Communiqué de presse |url=https://www.ibuka-france.org/communique-de-presse-4/ |website=Ibuka France |date=2021-11-19 |language=fr}}</ref> == Kwibukwa == Ku ya 19 Ugushyingo 2021, Inama Njyanama y'umujyi wa [[Paris]] yemeje ku bwumvikane bwa bose ko ahantu hamwe mu karere ka 18 ka Paris hitirirwa Aminadabu Birara.<ref name="Ibuka" /> ''Place Aminadabu-Birara'' yatashywe ku ya 13 Gicurasi 2022, iba ahantu ha cumi na hamwe mu Bufaransa hibukirwa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda : inauguration d'une place Aminadabu Birara, résistant à Bisesero, à Paris |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220513-rwanda-inauguration-d-une-place-aminadabu-birara-r%C3%A9sistant-%C3%A0-bisesero-%C3%A0-paris |website=RFI |date=2022-05-13 |language=fr}}</ref> == Reba kandi == * [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero]] * [[Tharcisse Sinzi]] * [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Birara, Aminadabu}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] jys51logoemwxghinwxgxqyqtxyavcn 140892 140883 2026-10-07T05:43:51Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ivugurura ry'umusozo w'ingingo (Inyandiko, Reba kandi) 140892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Aminadabu Birara | image = Plaque Place Aminadabu Birara - Paris XVIII (FR75) - 2022-02-09 - 1.jpg | caption = Icyapa cy'ahantu hamwitiriwe i Paris | birth_date = 1926 | birth_place = [[Bisesero]], [[Rwanda]] | death_date = 25 Kamena 1994 (imyaka 68) | death_place = Bisesero, [[Akarere ka Karongi|Karongi]], [[Rwanda]] | nationality = Umunyarwanda | occupation = Umworozi | known_for = Kuyobora ubwirwanaho bw'Abatutsi i Bisesero muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] }} '''Aminadabu Birara''' (1926 – 25 Kamena 1994) yari umworozi w'Umunyarwanda wo mu misozi ya [[Bisesero]], uzwiho kuba yarayoboye ubwirwanaho bw'[[Abatutsi]] i Bisesero mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. Yiciwe muri iyo misozi ku ya 25 Kamena 1994. == Ubuzima == Aminadabu Birara yavukiye i Bisesero, mu misozi y'Iburengerazuba bw'u [[Rwanda]], mu 1926. Yari umworozi kimwe n'abagabo benshi bo muri ako karere. Yarokotse ubwicanyi bwibasiye Abatutsi mu 1959, 1962, 1963 no mu 1973, bituma aba umuntu wubashywe mu karere kubera ubunararibonye bwe mu kurinda Abatutsi ba Bisesero.<ref name="LeMonde2022">{{Cite web |title=Rwanda : qui était Aminadabu Birara, héros de la résistance tutsi honoré à Paris |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/05/13/rwanda-qui-etait-aminadabu-birara-heros-de-la-resistance-tutsi-honore-a-paris_6125939_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2022-05-13 |language=fr}}</ref> == Ubwirwanaho bwa Bisesero == [[File:Bisesero Genocide Memorial - Near Karongi-Kibuye - Western Rwanda.jpg|thumb|[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero]]]] Jenoside itangiye muri Mata 1994, Abatutsi ibihumbi bahungiye mu misozi ya Bisesero. Birara, wari ufite imyaka 68, yabaye umwe mu bayobozi b'ubwirwanaho. Yasabye abaturage kujya ku mpinga z'imisozi kugira ngo babone abateye kandi babatere amabuye, ashyiraho n'amatsinda y'abarwanyi bitwaje amacumu, amabuye n'inkoni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In The Mountains of Western Rwanda, a Resistance Led By Elders |url=https://sfi.usc.edu/news/2022/04/33091-mountains-western-rwanda-resistance-led-elders |website=USC Shoah Foundation |date=2022-04-07 |language=en}}</ref> Ayo matsinda yari ashyizwe ahantu hatandukanye ku misozi, Birara akayahuza.<ref name="LeMonde2022" /> Yiciwe i Bisesero ku ya 25 Kamena 1994, ahitanywe n'igisasu cya gerenade.<ref name="LeMonde2022" /> Abantu barenga 50 000 biciwe i Bisesero, abarokotse bakaba batageze ku 1 000.<ref name="Ibuka">{{Cite web |title=Communiqué de presse |url=https://www.ibuka-france.org/communique-de-presse-4/ |website=Ibuka France |date=2021-11-19 |language=fr}}</ref> == Kwibukwa == Ku ya 19 Ugushyingo 2021, Inama Njyanama y'umujyi wa [[Paris]] yemeje ku bwumvikane bwa bose ko ahantu hamwe mu karere ka 18 ka Paris hitirirwa Aminadabu Birara.<ref name="Ibuka" /> ''Place Aminadabu-Birara'' yatashywe ku ya 13 Gicurasi 2022, iba ahantu ha cumi na hamwe mu Bufaransa hibukirwa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda : inauguration d'une place Aminadabu Birara, résistant à Bisesero, à Paris |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220513-rwanda-inauguration-d-une-place-aminadabu-birara-r%C3%A9sistant-%C3%A0-bisesero-%C3%A0-paris |website=RFI |date=2022-05-13 |language=fr}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero]] * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Tharcisse Sinzi]] * [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=In The Mountains of Western Rwanda, a Resistance Led By Elders |url=https://sfi.usc.edu/news/2022/04/33091-mountains-western-rwanda-resistance-led-elders |website=USC Shoah Foundation |date=2022-04-07 |language=en}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author1=Tharcisse Sinzi |author2=Thomas Zribi |title=Combattre : récit d'un résistant face au génocide des Tutsi |publisher=Tallandier |year=2025 |isbn=979-1-021-06298-6 |language=fr}} * {{Cite web |author=François Robinet |title=Les rescapés de Bisesero : résister, échapper, survivre au génocide des Tutsi |url=https://aoc.media/analyse/2022/09/04/les-rescapes-de-bisesero-resister-echapper-survivre-au-genocide-des-tutsi/ |website=AOC |date=2022-09-05 |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Birara, Aminadabu}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] 2rru0emlog2coy41e443c166ffr8wbt 0 23267 140884 2026-10-07T05:25:22Z Score Beethoven 11559 Traduction concise de [[:fr:Université libre des pays des Grands Lacs de Butembo]], sources reprises de l'article français 140884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Kaminuza Yigenga y'Ibihugu by'Ibiyaga Bigari y'i Butembo | subheader = ''Université libre des pays des Grands Lacs de Butembo'' | label1 = Impine | data1 = ULPGL-Butembo | label2 = Yashinzwe | data2 = 2001 | label3 = Ubwoko | data3 = Kaminuza yigenga y'abaporotesitanti | label4 = Intego | data4 = ''Foi, Science, Action'' | label5 = Aho iherereye | data5 = [[Butembo]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] | label6 = Urubuga | data6 = [https://ulpgl-butembo.ac ulpgl-butembo.ac] }} '''Kaminuza Yigenga y'Ibihugu by'Ibiyaga Bigari y'i Butembo''' ('''ULPGL-Butembo''') ni kaminuza yigenga y'abaporotesitanti iri i [[Butembo]], muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. Yashinzwe mu 2001. == Amateka == Yatangiye mu 2001 ari ishami rya ULPGL y'i [[Goma]], kaminuza yashinzwe n'amatorero yo mu [[Itorero rya Kristo muri Kongo]].<ref name="gpen" /><ref name="apropos" /> Ikorera i Makomo kuva mu 2007, kandi yahawe ubuzima gatozi n'ubwigenge n'iteka rya Minisitiri ryo ku wa 3 Gashyantare 2012.<ref name="apropos" /><ref name="prism" /> == Amashami == * Ubuhinzi n'ibidukikije * Ubuzima rusange * Tewolojiya * Ubukungu n'imicungire * Amategeko n'ubutegetsi * Imitekerereze n'uburezi<ref name="sante" /> == Reba kandi == * [[Butembo]] * [[Itorero rya Kristo muri Kongo]] == Imiyoboro yo hanze == * [https://ulpgl-butembo.ac Urubuga rwemewe] (fr) == Indanganturo == <references> <ref name="gpen">{{Cite web |url=https://gpenreformation.net/members/universite-libre-des-pays-des-grands-lacs-de-butembo-ulpgl-butembo/ |title=Universite Libre des Pays des Grands Lacs de Butembo (ULPGL-Butembo) |website=GPEN |date=2016-03-23 |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="apropos">{{Cite web |url=https://ulpgl-butembo.ac/apropos/ |title=À propos |website=ulpgl-butembo.ac |date=2025-10-28 |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="prism">{{Cite web |url=https://re.minesursi.gouv.cd/etablissement.php?id=1056 |title=Université libre des pays des Grands Lacs de Butembo |website=PRISM-RDC (MINESURSI) |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="sante">{{Cite web |url=https://ulpgl-butembo.ac/sante-publique/ |title=Santé Publique |website=ulpgl-butembo.ac |date=2025-10-28 |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=fr}}</ref> </references> [[Category:Kaminuza muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] [[Category:Butembo]] mfne2lgfr5e5j003t6cmzswwaj2z3nk 0 23268 140885 2026-10-07T05:33:29Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Christian Quesnot (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 140885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Christian Quesnot | birth_date = 24 Gicurasi 1938 | birth_place = Vire, [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umusirikare | title = Jenerali | known_for = Umuyobozi w'ibiro bya gisirikare bya Perezida w'Ubufaransa (1991–1995) }} '''Christian Quesnot''' (yavutse ku ya 24 Gicurasi 1938 i Vire) ni jenerali w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]]. Kuva mu 1991 kugeza mu 1995 yayoboye ibiro bya gisirikare bya Perezida w'Ubufaransa François Mitterrand, bituma agira uruhare rukomeye muri politiki ya gisirikare y'Ubufaransa mu [[Rwanda]] mbere no mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Yinjiye mu gisirikare mu 1960 mu ishami ry'ubwubatsi (''Génie''), aba injeniyeri w'imihanda n'ibiraro. Yakoze cyane mu mutwe w'abasirikare b'abaparakomando b'ubwubatsi (17^e RGP), ayobora ibikorwa bya gisirikare muri [[Cade]] (1979–1980) no mu murwa mukuru wa [[Libani]], Beyrouth (1983–1984). Yabaye jenerali mu 1987, nyuma aba jenerali w'ingabo (''général d'armée'') mu 1995. == Uruhare mu Rwanda == Kuva muri Mata 1991 kugeza muri Nzeri 1995, Quesnot yari umuyobozi w'ibiro bya gisirikare bya Perezida Mitterrand. Mbere ya jenoside, yafataga [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]] nk'« Abakhmer b'abirabura » bashaka gushinga « Tutsiland » kuva muri [[Ubugande]] kugeza mu [[Uburundi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Note adressée au Président de la République le 1er juillet 1992 |url=http://78.217.242.21/fgt/showfile.php?file=Quesnot1erjuillet1992.pdf |website=Fondation Genocidio Tutsi |language=fr}}</ref> Mu nyandiko yandikiye Perezida mu gihe cya jenoside, yasabye ko Ubufaransa bukomeza gushyigikira ubutegetsi bwariho mu Rwanda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Note du Général Quesnot - 6 mai 1994 |url=http://78.217.242.21/fgt/showfile.php?file=Quesnot6mai1994StrategieIndirecte.pdf |website=Fondation Genocidio Tutsi |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2008, raporo ya Komisiyo Mucyo yamushyize ku rutonde rw'abantu 33 b'Abafaransa bavugwaho kugira uruhare rukomeye muri jenoside. Yareze Minisitiri w'Ubutabera w'u Rwanda, Tharcisse Karugarama, icyaha cyo gusebanya, ariko icyo kirego nticyagira icyo kigeraho.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Vincent Hugeux |title=Le baroud d'honneur du général |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/le-baroud-d-honneur-du-general_824584.html |website=L'Express |language=fr}}</ref> Yareze kandi umunyamakuru [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] kubera igitabo ''Complices de l'inavouable'', maze mu 2014 urukiko ruhamya Saint-Exupéry icyaha cyo gusebanya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cour de cassation, Chambre criminelle, 10 mai 2016, 15-80.760 |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/juri/id/JURITEXT000032535998 |website=Légifrance |language=fr}}</ref> == Nyuma y'igisirikare == Mu 1995 yagizwe umuyobozi w'ikigo SISIE (''Services Industries Stratégies International et Environnement'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Quesnot, Jean-Pierre Souviron |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/19/12/1995/LesEchos/17047-162-ECH_christian-quesnot-jean-pierre-souviron.htm |website=Les Échos |date=1995-12-19 |language=fr}}</ref> Kugeza muri Mata 2008 yayoboraga ikinyamakuru ''Défense nationale et sécurité collective''. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Quesnot, Christian}} [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] dd3yqu3n3us5hx3u7srrwq3ygg54fhl 140893 140885 2026-10-07T05:44:01Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ivugurura ry'umusozo w'ingingo (Inyandiko, Reba kandi) 140893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Christian Quesnot | birth_date = 24 Gicurasi 1938 | birth_place = Vire, [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umusirikare | title = Jenerali | known_for = Umuyobozi w'ibiro bya gisirikare bya Perezida w'Ubufaransa (1991–1995) }} '''Christian Quesnot''' (yavutse ku ya 24 Gicurasi 1938 i Vire) ni jenerali w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]]. Kuva mu 1991 kugeza mu 1995 yayoboye ibiro bya gisirikare bya Perezida w'Ubufaransa François Mitterrand, bituma agira uruhare rukomeye muri politiki ya gisirikare y'Ubufaransa mu [[Rwanda]] mbere no mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Yinjiye mu gisirikare mu 1960 mu ishami ry'ubwubatsi (''Génie''), aba injeniyeri w'imihanda n'ibiraro. Yakoze cyane mu mutwe w'abasirikare b'abaparakomando b'ubwubatsi (17^e RGP), ayobora ibikorwa bya gisirikare muri [[Cade]] (1979–1980) no mu murwa mukuru wa [[Libani]], Beyrouth (1983–1984). Yabaye jenerali mu 1987, nyuma aba jenerali w'ingabo (''général d'armée'') mu 1995. == Uruhare mu Rwanda == Kuva muri Mata 1991 kugeza muri Nzeri 1995, Quesnot yari umuyobozi w'ibiro bya gisirikare bya Perezida Mitterrand. Mbere ya jenoside, yafataga [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]] nk'« Abakhmer b'abirabura » bashaka gushinga « Tutsiland » kuva muri [[Ubugande]] kugeza mu [[Uburundi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Note adressée au Président de la République le 1er juillet 1992 |url=http://78.217.242.21/fgt/showfile.php?file=Quesnot1erjuillet1992.pdf |website=Fondation Genocidio Tutsi |language=fr}}</ref> Mu nyandiko yandikiye Perezida mu gihe cya jenoside, yasabye ko Ubufaransa bukomeza gushyigikira ubutegetsi bwariho mu Rwanda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Note du Général Quesnot - 6 mai 1994 |url=http://78.217.242.21/fgt/showfile.php?file=Quesnot6mai1994StrategieIndirecte.pdf |website=Fondation Genocidio Tutsi |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2008, raporo ya Komisiyo Mucyo yamushyize ku rutonde rw'abantu 33 b'Abafaransa bavugwaho kugira uruhare rukomeye muri jenoside. Yareze Minisitiri w'Ubutabera w'u Rwanda, Tharcisse Karugarama, icyaha cyo gusebanya, ariko icyo kirego nticyagira icyo kigeraho.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Vincent Hugeux |title=Le baroud d'honneur du général |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/le-baroud-d-honneur-du-general_824584.html |website=L'Express |language=fr}}</ref> Yareze kandi umunyamakuru [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] kubera igitabo ''Complices de l'inavouable'', maze mu 2014 urukiko ruhamya Saint-Exupéry icyaha cyo gusebanya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cour de cassation, Chambre criminelle, 10 mai 2016, 15-80.760 |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/juri/id/JURITEXT000032535998 |website=Légifrance |language=fr}}</ref> == Nyuma y'igisirikare == Mu 1995 yagizwe umuyobozi w'ikigo SISIE (''Services Industries Stratégies International et Environnement'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Quesnot, Jean-Pierre Souviron |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/19/12/1995/LesEchos/17047-162-ECH_christian-quesnot-jean-pierre-souviron.htm |website=Les Échos |date=1995-12-19 |language=fr}}</ref> Kugeza muri Mata 2008 yayoboraga ikinyamakuru ''Défense nationale et sécurité collective''. == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] * [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |author=Vincent Hugeux |title=Le baroud d'honneur du général |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/le-baroud-d-honneur-du-general_824584.html |website=L'Express |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Quesnot, Christian}} [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] bkazfn4zuyg8i1v2c4lu1ymm1ov5cy9 140899 140893 2026-10-07T06:02:46Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Thierry Prungnaud]] 140899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Christian Quesnot | birth_date = 24 Gicurasi 1938 | birth_place = Vire, [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umusirikare | title = Jenerali | known_for = Umuyobozi w'ibiro bya gisirikare bya Perezida w'Ubufaransa (1991–1995) }} '''Christian Quesnot''' (yavutse ku ya 24 Gicurasi 1938 i Vire) ni jenerali w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]]. Kuva mu 1991 kugeza mu 1995 yayoboye ibiro bya gisirikare bya Perezida w'Ubufaransa François Mitterrand, bituma agira uruhare rukomeye muri politiki ya gisirikare y'Ubufaransa mu [[Rwanda]] mbere no mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Yinjiye mu gisirikare mu 1960 mu ishami ry'ubwubatsi (''Génie''), aba injeniyeri w'imihanda n'ibiraro. Yakoze cyane mu mutwe w'abasirikare b'abaparakomando b'ubwubatsi (17^e RGP), ayobora ibikorwa bya gisirikare muri [[Cade]] (1979–1980) no mu murwa mukuru wa [[Libani]], Beyrouth (1983–1984). Yabaye jenerali mu 1987, nyuma aba jenerali w'ingabo (''général d'armée'') mu 1995. == Uruhare mu Rwanda == Kuva muri Mata 1991 kugeza muri Nzeri 1995, Quesnot yari umuyobozi w'ibiro bya gisirikare bya Perezida Mitterrand. Mbere ya jenoside, yafataga [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]] nk'« Abakhmer b'abirabura » bashaka gushinga « Tutsiland » kuva muri [[Ubugande]] kugeza mu [[Uburundi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Note adressée au Président de la République le 1er juillet 1992 |url=http://78.217.242.21/fgt/showfile.php?file=Quesnot1erjuillet1992.pdf |website=Fondation Genocidio Tutsi |language=fr}}</ref> Mu nyandiko yandikiye Perezida mu gihe cya jenoside, yasabye ko Ubufaransa bukomeza gushyigikira ubutegetsi bwariho mu Rwanda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Note du Général Quesnot - 6 mai 1994 |url=http://78.217.242.21/fgt/showfile.php?file=Quesnot6mai1994StrategieIndirecte.pdf |website=Fondation Genocidio Tutsi |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2008, raporo ya Komisiyo Mucyo yamushyize ku rutonde rw'abantu 33 b'Abafaransa bavugwaho kugira uruhare rukomeye muri jenoside. Yareze Minisitiri w'Ubutabera w'u Rwanda, Tharcisse Karugarama, icyaha cyo gusebanya, ariko icyo kirego nticyagira icyo kigeraho.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Vincent Hugeux |title=Le baroud d'honneur du général |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/le-baroud-d-honneur-du-general_824584.html |website=L'Express |language=fr}}</ref> Yareze kandi umunyamakuru [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] kubera igitabo ''Complices de l'inavouable'', maze mu 2014 urukiko ruhamya Saint-Exupéry icyaha cyo gusebanya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cour de cassation, Chambre criminelle, 10 mai 2016, 15-80.760 |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/juri/id/JURITEXT000032535998 |website=Légifrance |language=fr}}</ref> == Nyuma y'igisirikare == Mu 1995 yagizwe umuyobozi w'ikigo SISIE (''Services Industries Stratégies International et Environnement'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Quesnot, Jean-Pierre Souviron |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/19/12/1995/LesEchos/17047-162-ECH_christian-quesnot-jean-pierre-souviron.htm |website=Les Échos |date=1995-12-19 |language=fr}}</ref> Kugeza muri Mata 2008 yayoboraga ikinyamakuru ''Défense nationale et sécurité collective''. == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Thierry Prungnaud]] * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] * [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |author=Vincent Hugeux |title=Le baroud d'honneur du général |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/le-baroud-d-honneur-du-general_824584.html |website=L'Express |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Quesnot, Christian}} [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] lyk0owp8nwsl0663mk8q6ecprfr5z9k 140911 140899 2026-10-07T08:02:01Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Jean Varret]] 140911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Christian Quesnot | birth_date = 24 Gicurasi 1938 | birth_place = Vire, [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umusirikare | title = Jenerali | known_for = Umuyobozi w'ibiro bya gisirikare bya Perezida w'Ubufaransa (1991–1995) }} '''Christian Quesnot''' (yavutse ku ya 24 Gicurasi 1938 i Vire) ni jenerali w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]]. Kuva mu 1991 kugeza mu 1995 yayoboye ibiro bya gisirikare bya Perezida w'Ubufaransa François Mitterrand, bituma agira uruhare rukomeye muri politiki ya gisirikare y'Ubufaransa mu [[Rwanda]] mbere no mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Yinjiye mu gisirikare mu 1960 mu ishami ry'ubwubatsi (''Génie''), aba injeniyeri w'imihanda n'ibiraro. Yakoze cyane mu mutwe w'abasirikare b'abaparakomando b'ubwubatsi (17^e RGP), ayobora ibikorwa bya gisirikare muri [[Cade]] (1979–1980) no mu murwa mukuru wa [[Libani]], Beyrouth (1983–1984). Yabaye jenerali mu 1987, nyuma aba jenerali w'ingabo (''général d'armée'') mu 1995. == Uruhare mu Rwanda == Kuva muri Mata 1991 kugeza muri Nzeri 1995, Quesnot yari umuyobozi w'ibiro bya gisirikare bya Perezida Mitterrand. Mbere ya jenoside, yafataga [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]] nk'« Abakhmer b'abirabura » bashaka gushinga « Tutsiland » kuva muri [[Ubugande]] kugeza mu [[Uburundi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Note adressée au Président de la République le 1er juillet 1992 |url=http://78.217.242.21/fgt/showfile.php?file=Quesnot1erjuillet1992.pdf |website=Fondation Genocidio Tutsi |language=fr}}</ref> Mu nyandiko yandikiye Perezida mu gihe cya jenoside, yasabye ko Ubufaransa bukomeza gushyigikira ubutegetsi bwariho mu Rwanda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Note du Général Quesnot - 6 mai 1994 |url=http://78.217.242.21/fgt/showfile.php?file=Quesnot6mai1994StrategieIndirecte.pdf |website=Fondation Genocidio Tutsi |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2008, raporo ya Komisiyo Mucyo yamushyize ku rutonde rw'abantu 33 b'Abafaransa bavugwaho kugira uruhare rukomeye muri jenoside. Yareze Minisitiri w'Ubutabera w'u Rwanda, Tharcisse Karugarama, icyaha cyo gusebanya, ariko icyo kirego nticyagira icyo kigeraho.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Vincent Hugeux |title=Le baroud d'honneur du général |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/le-baroud-d-honneur-du-general_824584.html |website=L'Express |language=fr}}</ref> Yareze kandi umunyamakuru [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] kubera igitabo ''Complices de l'inavouable'', maze mu 2014 urukiko ruhamya Saint-Exupéry icyaha cyo gusebanya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cour de cassation, Chambre criminelle, 10 mai 2016, 15-80.760 |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/juri/id/JURITEXT000032535998 |website=Légifrance |language=fr}}</ref> == Nyuma y'igisirikare == Mu 1995 yagizwe umuyobozi w'ikigo SISIE (''Services Industries Stratégies International et Environnement'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Quesnot, Jean-Pierre Souviron |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/19/12/1995/LesEchos/17047-162-ECH_christian-quesnot-jean-pierre-souviron.htm |website=Les Échos |date=1995-12-19 |language=fr}}</ref> Kugeza muri Mata 2008 yayoboraga ikinyamakuru ''Défense nationale et sécurité collective''. == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jean Varret]] * [[Thierry Prungnaud]] * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] * [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |author=Vincent Hugeux |title=Le baroud d'honneur du général |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/le-baroud-d-honneur-du-general_824584.html |website=L'Express |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Quesnot, Christian}} [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] 5kyp1s1ka4wbb8tqiexzrejc2f9w29j 0 23269 140886 2026-10-07T05:36:35Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Charles Habonimana (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 140886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Charles Habonimana | birth_date = 1982 | birth_place = Mayunzwe, [[Akarere ka Ruhango|Ruhango]], [[Rwanda]] | nationality = Umunyarwanda | education = [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]], [[Kaminuza yigenga ya kigali|ULK]] | occupation = Umwanditsi, umuyobozi | employer = ''Rwanda Airports Company'' | notable_works = ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'' (2019) }} '''Charles Habonimana''' (yavutse mu 1982) ni umwanditsi n'umuyobozi w'Umunyarwanda warokotse [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. Ni we wanditse igitabo cy'ubuhamya ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'' (2019), kandi mu 2020 yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru w'ikigo ''Rwanda Airports Company'' gishinzwe ibibuga by'indege mu Rwanda. == Ubuzima == Charles Habonimana yavukiye i Mayunzwe, mu [[Akarere ka Ruhango]] ([[Intara y'amajyepfo|Intara y'Amajyepfo]]), mu muryango w'abahinzi w'abana icyenda.<ref name="NYPL">{{Cite web |title=Moi, le dernier Tutsi – Habonimana, Charles, 1982- |url=https://mobile.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/b21778426 |website=New York Public Library |language=en}}</ref> Jenoside itangira yari afite imyaka 12. Ababyeyi be, batandatu mu bavandimwe be n'abenshi mu muryango we barishwe; we na mushiki we Yvonne ni bo bonyine barokotse. Yarokotse kubera ko umuyobozi w'abicanyi bo mu gace yari yafashe icyemezo cyo kumugumisha ari muzima nk'« Umututsi wa nyuma », ngo azereke ab'igihe kizaza uko Abatutsi basaga.<ref name="JA">{{Cite web |title=Charles Habonimana : « Je n'ai oublié ni les bruits ni les mots ni les images du génocide des Tutsi » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/757539/societe/charles-habonimana-je-nai-oublie-ni-les-bruits-ni-les-mots-ni-les-images-du-genocide-des-tutsi/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-04-02 |language=fr}}</ref> Nyuma ya jenoside yakomeje amashuri, abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri muri [[Kaminuza yigenga ya kigali|Kaminuza Yigenga ya Kigali]] (ULK) n'iy'icyiciro cya gatatu muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]]. == Umwuga == Yakoze imirimo itandukanye y'ubuyobozi, harimo kuba umuyobozi w'abakozi mu kigo EUCL gishinzwe ingufu. Ku ya 25 Kamena 2020, Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] yamugize umuyobozi mukuru wa ''Rwanda Airports Company''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kagame Appoints Charles Habonimana as Managing Director, Rwanda Airports Company |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/06/kagame-appoints-charles-habonimana-as-managing-director-rwanda-airports-company/ |website=KT Press |date=2020-06-25 |language=en}}</ref> == Kwibuka == [[File:Moi, le dernier Tutsi.jpg|thumb|Igifuniko cy'igitabo ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'']] Kuva mu 2012 kugeza mu 2016 yayoboye GAERG, umuryango w'abahoze ari abanyeshuri ba kaminuza barokotse jenoside,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The new president of GAERG assumes office |url=https://medium.com/@gaergrwanda/the-new-president-of-gaerg-assumes-office-e025ae8e9e80 |website=GAERG |date=2016-09-04 |language=en}}</ref> kandi akunze gutanga ubuhamya mu bihe bya [[Kwibuka]]. Mu 2019 yasohoye, afatanyije na Daniel Le Scornet, igitabo ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'' (Plon), kivuga ku iyicwa ry'umuryango we n'iry'Abatutsi bo mu cyaro cye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moi, le dernier Tutsi |url=https://www.lisez.com/livres/moi-le-dernier-tutsi/9782259277198 |website=Plon |date=2019-03-21 |language=fr}}</ref> Cyamuritswe i [[Kigali]] muri Mata 2019, kandi cyagarutsweho n'itangazamakuru ndetse n'ubushakashatsi ku nkuru z'abana barokotse jenoside.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Génocide rwandais : ceux qui témoignent et ceux qui se taisent |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/04/05/genocide-rwandais-ceux-qui-temoignent-et-ceux-qui-se-taisent_5446240_3232.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-04-05 |language=fr}}</ref> == Reba kandi == * [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mayunzwe]] * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Habonimana, Charles}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] d0bqtgfrw9k2fvsztd0eiqs3nmxg296 140894 140886 2026-10-07T05:44:55Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ivugurura ry'umusozo w'ingingo (Inyandiko, Reba kandi) 140894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Charles Habonimana | birth_date = 1982 | birth_place = Mayunzwe, [[Akarere ka Ruhango|Ruhango]], [[Rwanda]] | nationality = Umunyarwanda | education = [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]], [[Kaminuza yigenga ya kigali|ULK]] | occupation = Umwanditsi, umuyobozi | employer = ''Rwanda Airports Company'' | notable_works = ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'' (2019) }} '''Charles Habonimana''' (yavutse mu 1982) ni umwanditsi n'umuyobozi w'Umunyarwanda warokotse [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. Ni we wanditse igitabo cy'ubuhamya ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'' (2019), kandi mu 2020 yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru w'ikigo ''Rwanda Airports Company'' gishinzwe ibibuga by'indege mu Rwanda. == Ubuzima == Charles Habonimana yavukiye i Mayunzwe, mu [[Akarere ka Ruhango]] ([[Intara y'amajyepfo|Intara y'Amajyepfo]]), mu muryango w'abahinzi w'abana icyenda.<ref name="NYPL">{{Cite web |title=Moi, le dernier Tutsi – Habonimana, Charles, 1982- |url=https://mobile.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/b21778426 |website=New York Public Library |language=en}}</ref> Jenoside itangira yari afite imyaka 12. Ababyeyi be, batandatu mu bavandimwe be n'abenshi mu muryango we barishwe; we na mushiki we Yvonne ni bo bonyine barokotse. Yarokotse kubera ko umuyobozi w'abicanyi bo mu gace yari yafashe icyemezo cyo kumugumisha ari muzima nk'« Umututsi wa nyuma », ngo azereke ab'igihe kizaza uko Abatutsi basaga.<ref name="JA">{{Cite web |title=Charles Habonimana : « Je n'ai oublié ni les bruits ni les mots ni les images du génocide des Tutsi » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/757539/societe/charles-habonimana-je-nai-oublie-ni-les-bruits-ni-les-mots-ni-les-images-du-genocide-des-tutsi/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-04-02 |language=fr}}</ref> Nyuma ya jenoside yakomeje amashuri, abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri muri [[Kaminuza yigenga ya kigali|Kaminuza Yigenga ya Kigali]] (ULK) n'iy'icyiciro cya gatatu muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]]. == Umwuga == Yakoze imirimo itandukanye y'ubuyobozi, harimo kuba umuyobozi w'abakozi mu kigo EUCL gishinzwe ingufu. Ku ya 25 Kamena 2020, Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] yamugize umuyobozi mukuru wa ''Rwanda Airports Company''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kagame Appoints Charles Habonimana as Managing Director, Rwanda Airports Company |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/06/kagame-appoints-charles-habonimana-as-managing-director-rwanda-airports-company/ |website=KT Press |date=2020-06-25 |language=en}}</ref> == Kwibuka == [[File:Moi, le dernier Tutsi.jpg|thumb|Igifuniko cy'igitabo ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'']] Kuva mu 2012 kugeza mu 2016 yayoboye GAERG, umuryango w'abahoze ari abanyeshuri ba kaminuza barokotse jenoside,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The new president of GAERG assumes office |url=https://medium.com/@gaergrwanda/the-new-president-of-gaerg-assumes-office-e025ae8e9e80 |website=GAERG |date=2016-09-04 |language=en}}</ref> kandi akunze gutanga ubuhamya mu bihe bya [[Kwibuka]]. Mu 2019 yasohoye, afatanyije na Daniel Le Scornet, igitabo ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'' (Plon), kivuga ku iyicwa ry'umuryango we n'iry'Abatutsi bo mu cyaro cye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moi, le dernier Tutsi |url=https://www.lisez.com/livres/moi-le-dernier-tutsi/9782259277198 |website=Plon |date=2019-03-21 |language=fr}}</ref> Cyamuritswe i [[Kigali]] muri Mata 2019, kandi cyagarutsweho n'itangazamakuru ndetse n'ubushakashatsi ku nkuru z'abana barokotse jenoside.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Génocide rwandais : ceux qui témoignent et ceux qui se taisent |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/04/05/genocide-rwandais-ceux-qui-temoignent-et-ceux-qui-se-taisent_5446240_3232.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-04-05 |language=fr}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mayunzwe]] * [[Akarere ka Ruhango]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=Moi, le dernier Tutsi |url=https://www.lisez.com/livres/moi-le-dernier-tutsi/9782259277198 |website=Plon |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author1=Charles Habonimana |author2=Daniel Le Scornet |title=Moi, le dernier Tutsi |publisher=Plon |location=Paris |year=2019 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |author=Yudit Kiss |title=More Nights Than Days: A Survey of Writings of Child Genocide Survivors |publisher=Central European University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-963-386-618-4 |language=en}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Habonimana, Charles}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] 0rikzon2lw4qeapyifqkdxici88fs8f 140895 140894 2026-10-07T05:45:59Z Score Beethoven 11559 140895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Charles Habonimana | birth_date = 1982 | birth_place = Mayunzwe, [[Akarere ka Ruhango|Ruhango]], [[Rwanda]] | nationality = Umunyarwanda | education = [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]], [[Kaminuza yigenga ya kigali|ULK]] | occupation = Umwanditsi, umuyobozi | employer = ''Rwanda Airports Company'' | notable_works = ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'' (2019) }} '''Charles Habonimana''' (yavutse mu 1982) ni umwanditsi n'umuyobozi w'Umunyarwanda warokotse [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. Ni we wanditse igitabo cy'ubuhamya ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'' (2019), kandi mu 2020 yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru w'ikigo ''Rwanda Airports Company'' gishinzwe ibibuga by'indege mu Rwanda. == Ubuzima == Charles Habonimana yavukiye i Mayunzwe, mu [[Akarere ka Ruhango]] ([[Intara y'amajyepfo|Intara y'Amajyepfo]]), mu muryango w'abahinzi w'abana icyenda.<ref name="NYPL">{{Cite web |title=Moi, le dernier Tutsi – Habonimana, Charles, 1982- |url=https://mobile.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/b21778426 |website=New York Public Library |language=en}}</ref> Jenoside itangira yari afite imyaka 12. Ababyeyi be, batandatu mu bavandimwe be n'abenshi mu muryango we barishwe; we na mushiki we Yvonne ni bo bonyine barokotse. Yarokotse kubera ko umuyobozi w'abicanyi bo mu gace yari yafashe icyemezo cyo kumugumisha ari muzima nk'« Umututsi wa nyuma », ngo azereke ab'igihe kizaza uko Abatutsi basaga.<ref name="JA">{{Cite web |title=Charles Habonimana : « Je n'ai oublié ni les bruits ni les mots ni les images du génocide des Tutsi » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/757539/societe/charles-habonimana-je-nai-oublie-ni-les-bruits-ni-les-mots-ni-les-images-du-genocide-des-tutsi/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-04-02 |language=fr}}</ref> Nyuma ya jenoside yakomeje amashuri, abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri muri [[Kaminuza yigenga ya kigali|Kaminuza Yigenga ya Kigali]] (ULK) n'iy'icyiciro cya gatatu muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]]. == Umwuga == Yakoze imirimo itandukanye y'ubuyobozi, harimo kuba umuyobozi w'abakozi mu kigo EUCL gishinzwe ingufu. Ku ya 25 Kamena 2020, Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] yamugize umuyobozi mukuru wa ''Rwanda Airports Company''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kagame Appoints Charles Habonimana as Managing Director, Rwanda Airports Company |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/06/kagame-appoints-charles-habonimana-as-managing-director-rwanda-airports-company/ |website=KT Press |date=2020-06-25 |language=en}}</ref> == Kwibuka == [[File:Moi, le dernier Tutsi.jpg|thumb|Igifuniko cy'igitabo ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'']] Kuva mu 2012 kugeza mu 2016 yayoboye GAERG, umuryango w'abahoze ari abanyeshuri ba kaminuza barokotse jenoside,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The new president of GAERG assumes office |url=https://medium.com/@gaergrwanda/the-new-president-of-gaerg-assumes-office-e025ae8e9e80 |website=GAERG |date=2016-09-04 |language=en}}</ref> kandi akunze gutanga ubuhamya mu bihe bya [[Kwibuka]]. Mu 2019 yasohoye, afatanyije na Daniel Le Scornet, igitabo ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'' (Plon), kivuga ku iyicwa ry'umuryango we n'iry'Abatutsi bo mu cyaro cye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moi, le dernier Tutsi |url=https://www.lisez.com/livres/moi-le-dernier-tutsi/9782259277198 |website=Plon |date=2019-03-21 |language=fr}}</ref> Cyamuritswe i [[Kigali]] muri Mata 2019, kandi cyagarutsweho n'itangazamakuru ndetse n'ubushakashatsi ku nkuru z'abana barokotse jenoside.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Génocide rwandais : ceux qui témoignent et ceux qui se taisent |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/04/05/genocide-rwandais-ceux-qui-temoignent-et-ceux-qui-se-taisent_5446240_3232.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-04-05 |language=fr}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mayunzwe]] * [[Akarere ka Ruhango]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=Moi, le dernier Tutsi |url=https://www.lisez.com/livres/moi-le-dernier-tutsi/9782259277198 |website=Plon |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author1=Charles Habonimana |author2=Daniel Le Scornet |title=Moi, le dernier Tutsi |publisher=Plon |location=Paris |year=2019 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |author=Yudit Kiss |title=More Nights Than Days: A Survey of Writings of Child Genocide Survivors |publisher=Central European University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-963-386-618-4 |language=en}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Habonimana, Charles}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] b2oecykxd7vx53mempjeqnmqbi16gg2 0 23270 140896 2026-10-07T05:46:43Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Milgitha Kösser (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 140896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Milgitha Kösser | other_names = Mama Milgitha | birth_date = 1936 | death_date = Gashyantare 2016 | nationality = Umudage | occupation = Umubikira, umuyobozi w'ivuriro | known_for = Gukusanya inyandiko n'amafoto ku Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi i Kaduha }} '''Milgitha Kösser''' (1936 – Gashyantare 2016) yari umubikira w'[[Ubudage|Umudage]] wakoreye mu [[Rwanda]], ayobora ivuriro rya Kaduha. Azwiho kuba yarabaye umutangabuhamya w'ubwicanyi bwabereye kuri paruwasi ya Kaduha mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], no kuba yarakusanyije inyandiko n'amafoto byabwo. == Ubuzima == Milgitha Kösser yabaga i Kaduha, muri Perefegitura ya Gikongoro (ubu ni mu [[Akarere ka Nyamagabe]]). Kuva mu 1973 yayoboraga ivuriro rya Kaduha, ryari hamwe na paruwasi, amashuri n'ibitaro byatashywe mu 1986.<ref name="Politika">{{Cite web |title=Une traversée des mondes : matérialités et logiques du génocide des Tutsi |url=https://www.politika.io/fr/article/traversee-mondes-materialites-logiques-genocide-tutsi |website=Politika |date=2023-09-11 |language=fr}}</ref> == Jenoside i Kaduha == [[File:KaduhaGenocideMemorial01.jpg|thumb|[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kaduha]]]] Mu gihe cya jenoside, yanze kuva ku ivuriro yari ashinzwe. Yiboneye ubwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi ku ya 21 Mata 1994 muri kiliziya, mu nyubako za paruwasi no hafi yazo.<ref name="Dumas">{{Cite journal |author=Hélène Dumas |title=« Afin de mettre une marque en ce temps » |journal=Sensibilités |year=2021 |url=https://shs.cairn.info/journal-sensibilites-2021-2-page-28 |language=fr}}</ref> Mu rwibutso rwa Kaduha hashyinguwe imibiri y'abantu 47 311.<ref name="Politika" /> Ku ya 23 Kamena 1994, abana bari bahishwe mu ivuriro bavanywe yo n'umuryango ''Terre des hommes'', yari yaburiye ubwo yanyuraga mu [[Uburundi]] mbere yo gusubira mu Budage ku ya 26 Kamena 1994.<ref name="Dumas" /> == Inyandiko yakusanyije == Nyuma ya jenoside, yakoze alubumu y'amafoto 193 yo kuva mu 1992 kugeza mu 1995, igaragaza ubwicanyi, isenywa ry'inyubako n'ihohoterwa ry'imibiri n'ahantu h'ubutagatifu. Umuhanga mu mateka Hélène Dumas yifashishije iyo alubumu mu bushakashatsi bwe kuri Kaduha.<ref name="Dumas" /> Ku ya 12 Gicurasi 2006, yakoze urutonde rw'abantu 103 barokokeye ku ivuriro, barimo abana 74.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiche du document numéro 30040 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/fgtshow.php?num=30040 |website=France Génocide Tutsi |date=2022-05-13 |language=fr}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kaduha]] * [[Akarere ka Nyamagabe]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=Une traversée des mondes : matérialités et logiques du génocide des Tutsi |url=https://www.politika.io/fr/article/traversee-mondes-materialites-logiques-genocide-tutsi |website=Politika |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite web |author=Milgitha Kösser |title=Kaduha Album 1994 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/MilghithaKoesserKaduhaAlbum1994.pdf |format=PDF |year=1994 |language=fr}} * {{Cite journal |author=Hélène Dumas |title=« Afin de mettre une marque en ce temps » |journal=Sensibilités |year=2021 |url=https://shs.cairn.info/journal-sensibilites-2021-2-page-28 |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kosser, Milgitha}} [[Ikiciro:Abadage]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore]] 3lhe8o8nbfcno72r0sw5g1ltj3lc46w 0 23271 140898 2026-10-07T06:02:28Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Thierry Prungnaud (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 140898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Thierry Prungnaud | birth_date = 5 Gicurasi 1956 | birth_place = Poitiers, [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umujandarume (GIGN) | known_for = Ubuhamya ku ruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]; igitero cya Marignane (1994) | notable_works = ''Silence turquoise'' (2012) }} '''Thierry Prungnaud''' (yavutse ku ya 5 Gicurasi 1956 i Poitiers) ni umujandarume w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]] wahoze mu mutwe w'intore wa GIGN. Yamenyekanye ku buhamya bwe ku ruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], aho yari mu ''Opération Turquoise'', ndetse no ku gitero cyo kubohora abari bafashwe bugwate mu ndege ya ''Air France'' i Marignane ku ya 26 Ukuboza 1994. == Mu Rwanda == Mbere ya jenoside, Prungnaud yahuguye mu [[Rwanda]] umutwe w'Ingabo zirinda Umukuru w'Igihugu (GISGP), wari wubakiye ku miterere ya GIGN. Mu 1994 yari mu ''Opération Turquoise''.<ref name="JA">{{Cite web |author=Pierre Boisselet |title=Génocide rwandais : Thierry Prungnaud, un héros censuré |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/139442/politique/g-nocide-rwandais-thierry-prungnaud-un-h-ros-censur/ |website=Jeune Afrique |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2012 yasohoye, afatanyije n'umunyamakuru Laure de Vulpian, igitabo ''Silence turquoise'', ashinja ingabo z'Ubufaransa kuba zararetse abasivili b'[[Abatutsi]] bakicwa. Avuga ko yasuzuguye amabwiriza bityo agashobora kurokora Abatutsi amagana.<ref name="JA" /> Jenerali [[Jean-Claude Lafourcade]], wayoboraga ''Opération Turquoise'', yahakanye ibyo avuga.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Jean Guisnel |title=La France au Rwanda : général Jean-Claude Lafourcade, « une monstrueuse légende s'installe dans l'opinion » |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/editos-du-point/jean-guisnel/la-france-au-rwanda-general-jean-claude-lafourcade-une-monstrueuse-legende-s-installe-dans-l-opinion-11-06-2010-465340_53.php |website=Le Point |date=2010-06-11 |language=fr}}</ref> Ubuhamya bwe nyuma bwashimangiwe n'undi musirikare w'Umufaransa, Guillaume Ancel. == Igitero cya Marignane == Ku ya 26 Ukuboza 1994, ku kibuga cy'indege cya Marignane hafi ya Marseille, yabaye umujandarume wa kabiri winjiye mu ndege ya ''Air France'' (urugendo 8969) yari yafashwe bugwate n'abarwanyi ba GIA. Yakomerekejwe n'amasasu arindwi n'igisasu cya gerenade, ariko abasha guhagarika batatu muri bane mu bari bafashe bugwate abantu, ararokoka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L'assaut de Marignane raconté par Thierry Prungnaud |url=http://www.gign.org/groupe-intervention/?page_id=407 |website=GIGN.org |language=fr}}</ref> Muri filime ''L'Assaut'' (2011), uruhare rwe rwakinwe na Vincent Elbaz. == Imidari == Yahawe imidari myinshi, irimo ''Légion d'honneur'' (ku rwego rwa ''officier'', 2022), ''Médaille militaire'', ''Croix de la Valeur militaire'' n'Umudari w'Igihugu w'Amahoro w'u Rwanda. == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] * [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] * [[Christian Quesnot]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |author=Pierre Boisselet |title=Génocide rwandais : Thierry Prungnaud, un héros censuré |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/139442/politique/g-nocide-rwandais-thierry-prungnaud-un-h-ros-censur/ |website=Jeune Afrique |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author1=Thierry Prungnaud |author2=Laure de Vulpian |title=Silence turquoise : Rwanda 1992-1994, responsabilités de l'État français dans le génocide des Tutsi |publisher=Don Quichotte |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-35949-092-3 |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Prungnaud, Thierry}} [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] 6zttuhmybsoxnof3bhsebje93k7txye 140902 140898 2026-10-07T06:08:37Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Paul Barril]] 140902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Thierry Prungnaud | birth_date = 5 Gicurasi 1956 | birth_place = Poitiers, [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umujandarume (GIGN) | known_for = Ubuhamya ku ruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]; igitero cya Marignane (1994) | notable_works = ''Silence turquoise'' (2012) }} '''Thierry Prungnaud''' (yavutse ku ya 5 Gicurasi 1956 i Poitiers) ni umujandarume w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]] wahoze mu mutwe w'intore wa GIGN. Yamenyekanye ku buhamya bwe ku ruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], aho yari mu ''Opération Turquoise'', ndetse no ku gitero cyo kubohora abari bafashwe bugwate mu ndege ya ''Air France'' i Marignane ku ya 26 Ukuboza 1994. == Mu Rwanda == Mbere ya jenoside, Prungnaud yahuguye mu [[Rwanda]] umutwe w'Ingabo zirinda Umukuru w'Igihugu (GISGP), wari wubakiye ku miterere ya GIGN. Mu 1994 yari mu ''Opération Turquoise''.<ref name="JA">{{Cite web |author=Pierre Boisselet |title=Génocide rwandais : Thierry Prungnaud, un héros censuré |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/139442/politique/g-nocide-rwandais-thierry-prungnaud-un-h-ros-censur/ |website=Jeune Afrique |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2012 yasohoye, afatanyije n'umunyamakuru Laure de Vulpian, igitabo ''Silence turquoise'', ashinja ingabo z'Ubufaransa kuba zararetse abasivili b'[[Abatutsi]] bakicwa. Avuga ko yasuzuguye amabwiriza bityo agashobora kurokora Abatutsi amagana.<ref name="JA" /> Jenerali [[Jean-Claude Lafourcade]], wayoboraga ''Opération Turquoise'', yahakanye ibyo avuga.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Jean Guisnel |title=La France au Rwanda : général Jean-Claude Lafourcade, « une monstrueuse légende s'installe dans l'opinion » |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/editos-du-point/jean-guisnel/la-france-au-rwanda-general-jean-claude-lafourcade-une-monstrueuse-legende-s-installe-dans-l-opinion-11-06-2010-465340_53.php |website=Le Point |date=2010-06-11 |language=fr}}</ref> Ubuhamya bwe nyuma bwashimangiwe n'undi musirikare w'Umufaransa, Guillaume Ancel. == Igitero cya Marignane == Ku ya 26 Ukuboza 1994, ku kibuga cy'indege cya Marignane hafi ya Marseille, yabaye umujandarume wa kabiri winjiye mu ndege ya ''Air France'' (urugendo 8969) yari yafashwe bugwate n'abarwanyi ba GIA. Yakomerekejwe n'amasasu arindwi n'igisasu cya gerenade, ariko abasha guhagarika batatu muri bane mu bari bafashe bugwate abantu, ararokoka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L'assaut de Marignane raconté par Thierry Prungnaud |url=http://www.gign.org/groupe-intervention/?page_id=407 |website=GIGN.org |language=fr}}</ref> Muri filime ''L'Assaut'' (2011), uruhare rwe rwakinwe na Vincent Elbaz. == Imidari == Yahawe imidari myinshi, irimo ''Légion d'honneur'' (ku rwego rwa ''officier'', 2022), ''Médaille militaire'', ''Croix de la Valeur militaire'' n'Umudari w'Igihugu w'Amahoro w'u Rwanda. == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Paul Barril]] * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] * [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] * [[Christian Quesnot]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |author=Pierre Boisselet |title=Génocide rwandais : Thierry Prungnaud, un héros censuré |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/139442/politique/g-nocide-rwandais-thierry-prungnaud-un-h-ros-censur/ |website=Jeune Afrique |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author1=Thierry Prungnaud |author2=Laure de Vulpian |title=Silence turquoise : Rwanda 1992-1994, responsabilités de l'État français dans le génocide des Tutsi |publisher=Don Quichotte |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-35949-092-3 |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Prungnaud, Thierry}} [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] 49zpgzwhbmwsid91cs7af4sqxx5af27 0 23272 140904 2026-10-07T06:14:05Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Paul Barril (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia) 140904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Paul Barril | birth_date = 13 Mata 1946 | birth_place = Vinay, [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umujandarume (kapiteni), umucuruzi w'umutekano | title = Kapiteni | known_for = GIGN; uruhare rwe mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994 }} '''Paul Barril''' (yavutse ku ya 13 Mata 1946 i Vinay) ni kapiteni w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]] wahoze mu ijandarumori, wungirije umuyobozi w'umutwe w'intore wa GIGN. Nyuma yashinze ibigo byigenga by'umutekano. Azwi cyane kubera impaka zishingiye ku ruhare rwe mu [[Rwanda]] mbere no mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. == Umwuga == Kuva mu 1974 kugeza mu 1982 yari umwungirije wa Christian Prouteau mu buyobozi bwa GIGN; mu 1979 yoherejwe muri [[Arabiya Sawudite]] gufasha guhosha ifatwa ry'Umusigiti Mutagatifu wa Maka. Mu 1982 yafatanyije na Prouteau gushinga ishami rirwanya iterabwoba ryo mu biro bya Perezida François Mitterrand. Nyuma yo kuva mu gisirikare, yashinze ibigo by'umutekano ''Epsylon'' na ''SECRETS'', akorera ibihugu bitandukanye bya [[Afurika]], harimo [[Kote Divuwari]].<ref name="Parisien">{{Cite web |title=Paul Barril, au cœur des secrets d'État |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/archives/paul-barril-au-coeur-des-secrets-d-etat-24-01-2013-2507179.php |website=Le Parisien |date=2013-01-24 |language=fr}}</ref> == Uruhare mu Rwanda == Barril yivugaga ko yari umujyanama wa Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]]. Mu 1989 yitabajwe mu ivugurura ry'inzego z'iperereza z'u Rwanda, kandi yari hafi y'umugore wa Perezida, [[Agathe Habyarimana]], n'abagize [[Akazu]].<ref name="Matin">{{Cite web |title=Mise en examen incertaine de l'ex-capitaine Paul Barril |url=https://www.lematin.ch/story/mise-en-examen-incertaine-de-lex-capitaine-paul-barril-222684876180 |website=Le Matin |date=2021-03-23 |language=fr}}</ref> Nyuma y'[[Ku ya 6 Mata 1994 igitero cyagabwe mu Rwanda|ihanurwa ry'indege ya Perezida]], Agathe Habyarimana yamuhaye akazi ko gukora iperereza kuri icyo gitero. Yabwiye itangazamakuru ko afite « agasanduku k'umukara » k'indege, ndetse ashyigikira igitekerezo cy'uko [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]] ari yo yagabye icyo gitero; nyuma, mu 2012, yahakanye ko yigeze agira ako gasanduku.<ref name="Parisien" /> Ku ya 28 Gicurasi 1994, mu gihe cya jenoside, yasinyanye na Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Guverinoma y'agateganyo, [[Jean Kambanda]], amasezerano yo gutanga intwaro n'amasasu no guhugura abasirikare. Ayo masezerano yabonetse mu isaka ryakozwe iwe n'umucamanza Marc Trévidic mu 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda : le capitaine, l'avion et le génocide |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20130124183226/rwanda-fpr-paul-kagame-justice-francaiserwanda-le-capitaine-l-avion-et-le-genocide.html |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2013-01-24 |language=fr}}</ref> Ku ya 25 Kamena 2013, imiryango FIDH, LDH na Survie yamureze icyaha cy'ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside, maze ku ya 27 Kamena 2013 ubucamanza bw'i [[Paris]] butangiza iperereza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La justice enquête sur Paul Barril dans le dossier rwandais |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/06/27/la-justice-enquete-sur-paul-barril-dans-le-dossier-rwandais_3437879_3224.html |website=Le Monde |date=2013-06-27 |language=fr}}</ref> Iryo perereza ntiryageze ku rubanza.<ref name="Matin" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] * [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] * [[Jean Kambanda]] * [[Thierry Prungnaud]] * [[Vincent Duclert]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=Paul Barril visé par une plainte pour complicité de génocide au Rwanda |url=http://www.la-croix.com/Actualite/Monde/Paul-Barril-vise-par-une-plainte-pour-complicite-de-genocide-au-Rwanda-2013-06-25-978333 |website=La Croix |date=2013-06-25 |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * Paul Barril, ''Missions très spéciales'', Presses de la Cité, Paris, 1984. * Paul Barril, ''Guerres secrètes à l'Élysée'', Albin Michel, Paris, 1996. * {{Cite book |author=Alison Des Forges |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda |publisher=Human Rights Watch |location=New York |year=1999 |isbn=1-56432-171-1 |language=en}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Barril, Paul}} [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] 1i3ec29fdg3q31cuef98s8622d2qz5w 0 23273 140905 2026-10-07T06:14:07Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Vincent Duclert (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 140905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Vincent Duclert | image = Vincent Duclert (2021).png | caption = Vincent Duclert mu 2021 | birth_date = 26 Gashyantare 1961 | birth_place = Neuilly-sur-Seine, [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umuhanga mu mateka, umwarimu wa kaminuza | known_for = Kuyobora komisiyo y'abahanga mu mateka ku ruhare rw'Ubufaransa mu Rwanda (2019–2021) | notable_works = ''La France, le Rwanda et le génocide des Tutsi (1990-1994)'' (2021) }} '''Vincent Duclert''' (yavutse ku ya 26 Gashyantare 1961 i Neuilly-sur-Seine) ni umuhanga mu mateka w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]], umwarimu n'umugenzuzi mukuru w'uburezi. Ni inzobere muri jenoside, cyane cyane jenoside yakorewe Abanyarumeniya na [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu [[Rwanda]], ndetse no mu kibazo cya Dreyfus. Kuva mu 2019 kugeza mu 2021 yayoboye komisiyo y'abahanga mu mateka yashyizweho na Perezida w'Ubufaransa Emmanuel Macron ngo isesengure uruhare rw'Ubufaransa mu Rwanda. == Ubuzima n'umwuga == Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu mateka muri Kaminuza ya Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne mu 2009, ku nyandiko ivuga ku ruhare rw'abahanga mu kibazo cya Dreyfus. Yigishije mu ishuri rikuru ''École des hautes études en sciences sociales'' (EHESS), kandi kuva mu 2017 ayobora ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi Cespra. Mu 2013 yagizwe umugenzuzi mukuru w'uburezi bw'igihugu. Yanditse ibitabo byinshi ku kibazo cya Dreyfus, kuri Jean Jaurès no kuri jenoside yakorewe Abanyarumeniya. Mu 2016 yayoboye ubutumwa bwo kwiga ku bushakashatsi no ku myigishirize ya jenoside mu Bufaransa. == Komisiyo ku Rwanda == Ku ya 5 Mata 2019, Perezida Emmanuel Macron yamushyize ku buyobozi bwa komisiyo y'abahanga mu mateka ishinzwe gusesengura, hifashishijwe ububiko bw'inyandiko z'Ubufaransa, uruhare rw'Ubufaransa mu Rwanda hagati ya 1990 na 1994. Kuba abahanga nka Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau na Hélène Dumas batari muri iyo komisiyo byateje impaka.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Romain Gras |title=Génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda – Vincent Duclert : « L'Élysée ne m'a pas imposé les noms des membres de la commission » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/761434/politique/genocide-des-tutsi-au-rwanda-vincent-duclert-lelysee-ne-ma-pas-impose-les-noms-des-membres-de-la-commission/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=April 2019 |language=fr}}</ref> Ku ya 26 Werurwe 2021, komisiyo yashyikirije Perezida raporo yayo, izwi nka « Raporo Duclert ». Iyo raporo yemeza ko Ubufaransa bufite « inshingano zikomeye kandi ziremereye » mu byabaye, ariko igahakana ko bwagize ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside. Duclert yavuze ko ubuyobozi bw'Ubufaransa butigeze bwumva neza uko ibintu byari bimeze, bwirengagiza imiburo ku ihezanguni ry'ubutegetsi bwa [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], kandi yamaganye igitekerezo cya « jenoside ebyiri ».<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vincent Duclert : « Le dossier rwandais a été contaminé par le mensonge, la manipulation et la passion » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/03/26/vincent-duclert-le-dossier-rwandais-a-ete-contamine-par-le-mensonge-la-manipulation-et-la-passion_6074605_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-03-26 |language=fr}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] * [[Komisiyo y’amateka y’Abafaransa ku ruhare rw’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda]] * [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] * [[Paul Barril]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |author=David Servenay |title=Génocide au Rwanda : la bataille des archives entre historiens et militaires français |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/05/rwanda-la-bataille-des-archives-entre-historiens-et-militaires-francais_5446155_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-04-05 |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author=Commission de recherche sur les archives françaises relatives au Rwanda et au génocide des Tutsi |title=La France, le Rwanda et le génocide des Tutsi (1990-1994) |publisher=Armand Colin |year=2021 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |editor=Vincent Duclert |title=Le génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda : devoir de recherche et droit à la vérité |publisher=Seuil |location=Paris |year=2023 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |author=Vincent Duclert |title=La France face au génocide des Tutsi : le grand scandale de la Ve République |publisher=Tallandier |location=Paris |year=2024 |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duclert, Vincent}} [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] ffjn882gyernlm0yxwkzcpsvmjmbru4 140912 140905 2026-10-07T08:04:13Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Jean Varret]] 140912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Vincent Duclert | image = Vincent Duclert (2021).png | caption = Vincent Duclert mu 2021 | birth_date = 26 Gashyantare 1961 | birth_place = Neuilly-sur-Seine, [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umuhanga mu mateka, umwarimu wa kaminuza | known_for = Kuyobora komisiyo y'abahanga mu mateka ku ruhare rw'Ubufaransa mu Rwanda (2019–2021) | notable_works = ''La France, le Rwanda et le génocide des Tutsi (1990-1994)'' (2021) }} '''Vincent Duclert''' (yavutse ku ya 26 Gashyantare 1961 i Neuilly-sur-Seine) ni umuhanga mu mateka w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]], umwarimu n'umugenzuzi mukuru w'uburezi. Ni inzobere muri jenoside, cyane cyane jenoside yakorewe Abanyarumeniya na [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu [[Rwanda]], ndetse no mu kibazo cya Dreyfus. Kuva mu 2019 kugeza mu 2021 yayoboye komisiyo y'abahanga mu mateka yashyizweho na Perezida w'Ubufaransa Emmanuel Macron ngo isesengure uruhare rw'Ubufaransa mu Rwanda. == Ubuzima n'umwuga == Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu mateka muri Kaminuza ya Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne mu 2009, ku nyandiko ivuga ku ruhare rw'abahanga mu kibazo cya Dreyfus. Yigishije mu ishuri rikuru ''École des hautes études en sciences sociales'' (EHESS), kandi kuva mu 2017 ayobora ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi Cespra. Mu 2013 yagizwe umugenzuzi mukuru w'uburezi bw'igihugu. Yanditse ibitabo byinshi ku kibazo cya Dreyfus, kuri Jean Jaurès no kuri jenoside yakorewe Abanyarumeniya. Mu 2016 yayoboye ubutumwa bwo kwiga ku bushakashatsi no ku myigishirize ya jenoside mu Bufaransa. == Komisiyo ku Rwanda == Ku ya 5 Mata 2019, Perezida Emmanuel Macron yamushyize ku buyobozi bwa komisiyo y'abahanga mu mateka ishinzwe gusesengura, hifashishijwe ububiko bw'inyandiko z'Ubufaransa, uruhare rw'Ubufaransa mu Rwanda hagati ya 1990 na 1994. Kuba abahanga nka Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau na Hélène Dumas batari muri iyo komisiyo byateje impaka.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Romain Gras |title=Génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda – Vincent Duclert : « L'Élysée ne m'a pas imposé les noms des membres de la commission » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/761434/politique/genocide-des-tutsi-au-rwanda-vincent-duclert-lelysee-ne-ma-pas-impose-les-noms-des-membres-de-la-commission/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=April 2019 |language=fr}}</ref> Ku ya 26 Werurwe 2021, komisiyo yashyikirije Perezida raporo yayo, izwi nka « Raporo Duclert ». Iyo raporo yemeza ko Ubufaransa bufite « inshingano zikomeye kandi ziremereye » mu byabaye, ariko igahakana ko bwagize ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside. Duclert yavuze ko ubuyobozi bw'Ubufaransa butigeze bwumva neza uko ibintu byari bimeze, bwirengagiza imiburo ku ihezanguni ry'ubutegetsi bwa [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], kandi yamaganye igitekerezo cya « jenoside ebyiri ».<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vincent Duclert : « Le dossier rwandais a été contaminé par le mensonge, la manipulation et la passion » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/03/26/vincent-duclert-le-dossier-rwandais-a-ete-contamine-par-le-mensonge-la-manipulation-et-la-passion_6074605_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-03-26 |language=fr}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jean Varret]] * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] * [[Komisiyo y’amateka y’Abafaransa ku ruhare rw’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda]] * [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] * [[Paul Barril]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |author=David Servenay |title=Génocide au Rwanda : la bataille des archives entre historiens et militaires français |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/05/rwanda-la-bataille-des-archives-entre-historiens-et-militaires-francais_5446155_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-04-05 |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author=Commission de recherche sur les archives françaises relatives au Rwanda et au génocide des Tutsi |title=La France, le Rwanda et le génocide des Tutsi (1990-1994) |publisher=Armand Colin |year=2021 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |editor=Vincent Duclert |title=Le génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda : devoir de recherche et droit à la vérité |publisher=Seuil |location=Paris |year=2023 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |author=Vincent Duclert |title=La France face au génocide des Tutsi : le grand scandale de la Ve République |publisher=Tallandier |location=Paris |year=2024 |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duclert, Vincent}} [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] 4dbji3wdepohjgzn22gftmokqxfaupb 140915 140912 2026-10-07T08:05:16Z Score Beethoven 11559 140915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Vincent Duclert | image = Vincent Duclert (2021).png | caption = Vincent Duclert mu 2021 | birth_date = 26 Gashyantare 1961 | birth_place = Neuilly-sur-Seine, [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umuhanga mu mateka, umwarimu wa kaminuza | known_for = Kuyobora komisiyo y'abahanga mu mateka ku ruhare rw'Ubufaransa mu Rwanda (2019–2021) | notable_works = ''La France, le Rwanda et le génocide des Tutsi (1990-1994)'' (2021) }} '''Vincent Duclert''' (yavutse ku ya 26 Gashyantare 1961 i Neuilly-sur-Seine) ni umuhanga mu mateka w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]], umwarimu n'umugenzuzi mukuru w'uburezi. Ni inzobere muri jenoside, cyane cyane jenoside yakorewe Abanyarumeniya na [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu [[Rwanda]], ndetse no mu kibazo cya Dreyfus. Kuva mu 2019 kugeza mu 2021 yayoboye komisiyo y'abahanga mu mateka yashyizweho na Perezida w'Ubufaransa Emmanuel Macron ngo isesengure uruhare rw'Ubufaransa mu Rwanda. == Ubuzima n'umwuga == Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu mateka muri Kaminuza ya Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne mu 2009, ku nyandiko ivuga ku ruhare rw'abahanga mu kibazo cya Dreyfus. Yigishije mu ishuri rikuru ''École des hautes études en sciences sociales'' (EHESS), kandi kuva mu 2017 ayobora ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi Cespra. Mu 2013 yagizwe umugenzuzi mukuru w'uburezi bw'igihugu. Yanditse ibitabo byinshi ku kibazo cya Dreyfus, kuri Jean Jaurès no kuri jenoside yakorewe Abanyarumeniya. Mu 2016 yayoboye ubutumwa bwo kwiga ku bushakashatsi no ku myigishirize ya jenoside mu Bufaransa. == Komisiyo ku Rwanda == Ku ya 5 Mata 2019, Perezida Emmanuel Macron yamushyize ku buyobozi bwa komisiyo y'abahanga mu mateka ishinzwe gusesengura, hifashishijwe ububiko bw'inyandiko z'Ubufaransa, uruhare rw'Ubufaransa mu Rwanda hagati ya 1990 na 1994. Kuba abahanga nka Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau na Hélène Dumas batari muri iyo komisiyo byateje impaka.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Romain Gras |title=Génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda – Vincent Duclert : « L'Élysée ne m'a pas imposé les noms des membres de la commission » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/761434/politique/genocide-des-tutsi-au-rwanda-vincent-duclert-lelysee-ne-ma-pas-impose-les-noms-des-membres-de-la-commission/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=April 2019 |language=fr}}</ref> Ku ya 26 Werurwe 2021, komisiyo yashyikirije Perezida raporo yayo, izwi nka « Raporo Duclert ». Iyo raporo yemeza ko Ubufaransa bufite « inshingano zikomeye kandi ziremereye » mu byabaye, ariko igahakana ko bwagize ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside. Duclert yavuze ko ubuyobozi bw'Ubufaransa butigeze bwumva neza uko ibintu byari bimeze, bwirengagiza imiburo ku ihezanguni ry'ubutegetsi bwa [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], kandi yamaganye igitekerezo cya « jenoside ebyiri ».<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vincent Duclert : « Le dossier rwandais a été contaminé par le mensonge, la manipulation et la passion » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/03/26/vincent-duclert-le-dossier-rwandais-a-ete-contamine-par-le-mensonge-la-manipulation-et-la-passion_6074605_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-03-26 |language=fr}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jean Varret]] * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] * [[Komisiyo y’amateka y’Abafaransa ku ruhare rw’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda]] * [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] * [[Paul Barril]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |author=David Servenay |title=Génocide au Rwanda : la bataille des archives entre historiens et militaires français |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/05/rwanda-la-bataille-des-archives-entre-historiens-et-militaires-francais_5446155_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-04-05 |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author=Commission de recherche sur les archives françaises relatives au Rwanda et au génocide des Tutsi |title=La France, le Rwanda et le génocide des Tutsi (1990-1994) |publisher=Armand Colin |year=2021 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |editor=Vincent Duclert |title=Le génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda : devoir de recherche et droit à la vérité |publisher=Seuil |location=Paris |year=2023 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |author=Vincent Duclert |title=La France face au génocide des Tutsi : le grand scandale de la Ve République |publisher=Tallandier |location=Paris |year=2024 |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duclert, Vincent}} [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] rhud6glwdwl00ln0xt1m3cc1zoam7sv 140916 140915 2026-10-07T08:05:40Z Score Beethoven 11559 /* Ingingo zijyanye */ 140916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Vincent Duclert | image = Vincent Duclert (2021).png | caption = Vincent Duclert mu 2021 | birth_date = 26 Gashyantare 1961 | birth_place = Neuilly-sur-Seine, [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umuhanga mu mateka, umwarimu wa kaminuza | known_for = Kuyobora komisiyo y'abahanga mu mateka ku ruhare rw'Ubufaransa mu Rwanda (2019–2021) | notable_works = ''La France, le Rwanda et le génocide des Tutsi (1990-1994)'' (2021) }} '''Vincent Duclert''' (yavutse ku ya 26 Gashyantare 1961 i Neuilly-sur-Seine) ni umuhanga mu mateka w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]], umwarimu n'umugenzuzi mukuru w'uburezi. Ni inzobere muri jenoside, cyane cyane jenoside yakorewe Abanyarumeniya na [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu [[Rwanda]], ndetse no mu kibazo cya Dreyfus. Kuva mu 2019 kugeza mu 2021 yayoboye komisiyo y'abahanga mu mateka yashyizweho na Perezida w'Ubufaransa Emmanuel Macron ngo isesengure uruhare rw'Ubufaransa mu Rwanda. == Ubuzima n'umwuga == Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu mateka muri Kaminuza ya Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne mu 2009, ku nyandiko ivuga ku ruhare rw'abahanga mu kibazo cya Dreyfus. Yigishije mu ishuri rikuru ''École des hautes études en sciences sociales'' (EHESS), kandi kuva mu 2017 ayobora ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi Cespra. Mu 2013 yagizwe umugenzuzi mukuru w'uburezi bw'igihugu. Yanditse ibitabo byinshi ku kibazo cya Dreyfus, kuri Jean Jaurès no kuri jenoside yakorewe Abanyarumeniya. Mu 2016 yayoboye ubutumwa bwo kwiga ku bushakashatsi no ku myigishirize ya jenoside mu Bufaransa. == Komisiyo ku Rwanda == Ku ya 5 Mata 2019, Perezida Emmanuel Macron yamushyize ku buyobozi bwa komisiyo y'abahanga mu mateka ishinzwe gusesengura, hifashishijwe ububiko bw'inyandiko z'Ubufaransa, uruhare rw'Ubufaransa mu Rwanda hagati ya 1990 na 1994. Kuba abahanga nka Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau na Hélène Dumas batari muri iyo komisiyo byateje impaka.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Romain Gras |title=Génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda – Vincent Duclert : « L'Élysée ne m'a pas imposé les noms des membres de la commission » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/761434/politique/genocide-des-tutsi-au-rwanda-vincent-duclert-lelysee-ne-ma-pas-impose-les-noms-des-membres-de-la-commission/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=April 2019 |language=fr}}</ref> Ku ya 26 Werurwe 2021, komisiyo yashyikirije Perezida raporo yayo, izwi nka « Raporo Duclert ». Iyo raporo yemeza ko Ubufaransa bufite « inshingano zikomeye kandi ziremereye » mu byabaye, ariko igahakana ko bwagize ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside. Duclert yavuze ko ubuyobozi bw'Ubufaransa butigeze bwumva neza uko ibintu byari bimeze, bwirengagiza imiburo ku ihezanguni ry'ubutegetsi bwa [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], kandi yamaganye igitekerezo cya « jenoside ebyiri ».<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vincent Duclert : « Le dossier rwandais a été contaminé par le mensonge, la manipulation et la passion » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/03/26/vincent-duclert-le-dossier-rwandais-a-ete-contamine-par-le-mensonge-la-manipulation-et-la-passion_6074605_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-03-26 |language=fr}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jean Varret]] * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Komisiyo y’amateka y’Abafaransa ku ruhare rw’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda]] * [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] * [[Paul Barril]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |author=David Servenay |title=Génocide au Rwanda : la bataille des archives entre historiens et militaires français |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/05/rwanda-la-bataille-des-archives-entre-historiens-et-militaires-francais_5446155_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-04-05 |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author=Commission de recherche sur les archives françaises relatives au Rwanda et au génocide des Tutsi |title=La France, le Rwanda et le génocide des Tutsi (1990-1994) |publisher=Armand Colin |year=2021 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |editor=Vincent Duclert |title=Le génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda : devoir de recherche et droit à la vérité |publisher=Seuil |location=Paris |year=2023 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |author=Vincent Duclert |title=La France face au génocide des Tutsi : le grand scandale de la Ve République |publisher=Tallandier |location=Paris |year=2024 |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duclert, Vincent}} [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] k54lhgq5h5b9hb1m6u209dbd86rvfuw 0 23274 140906 2026-10-07T07:28:28Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Jean Hatzfeld (yahinduwe ivuye kuri en.wikipedia na fr.wikipedia) 140906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jean Hatzfeld | image = Jean Hatzfeld IMG 3542.jpg | caption = Jean Hatzfeld | birth_date = 14 Nzeri 1949 | birth_place = Madagasikari | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umunyamakuru, umwanditsi | employer = ''Libération'' | known_for = Ibitabo by'ubuhamya ku [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] i [[Nyamata]] | notable_works = ''Dans le nu de la vie'' (2000), ''Une saison de machettes'' (2003), ''La Stratégie des antilopes'' (2007) | awards = Prix Femina essai (2003), Prix Médicis (2007) }} '''Jean Hatzfeld''' (yavutse ku ya 14 Nzeri 1949 muri Madagasikari) ni umunyamakuru akaba n'umwanditsi w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]]. Yamenyekanye cyane ku nkuru z'intambara yanditse, cyane cyane ku ntambara yo muri Bosiniya, no ku ruhererekane rw'ibitabo by'ubuhamya ku [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], byanditswe ashingiye ku buhamya bw'abarokotse n'abicanyi bo mu misozi ya [[Nyamata]]. == Ubuzima n'umwuga == Ni umwuzukuru w'umuhanga mu mateka ya kera witwa na we Jean Hatzfeld. Yakuriye i Chambon-sur-Lignon mu Bufaransa, umudugudu wamenyekanye kubera kwakira no guhisha Abayahudi ibihumbi mu gihe cy'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jean Hatzfeld : « La bienheureuse enfance n'a pas voulu de moi » |url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/jean-hatzfeld-bienheureuse-enfance-na-voulu-deux |website=Le Temps |date=2015-11-11 |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 1975 yatangiye gukorera ikinyamakuru ''Libération'' nk'umunyamakuru w'imikino, nyuma aba umunyamakuru w'amakuru mpuzamahanga. Urugendo rwe rwa mbere i Beyrouth muri [[Libani]] rwatumye aba umunyamakuru w'intambara; mu myaka 22 yatangaje inkuru ku ntambara zo muri [[Afurika]], mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati no muri Bosiniya.<ref name="LeMonde">{{Cite web |title=Jean Hatzfeld, la voix des grands blessés |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2018/09/09/jean-hatzfeld-la-voix-des-grands-blesses_5352546_3260.html |website=Le Monde |date=2018-09-09 |language=fr}}</ref> == Ibitabo ku Rwanda == Yageze mu [[Rwanda]] nk'umunyamakuru nyuma gato ya jenoside, atangazwa no kubona uko itangazamakuru ryananiwe kumva guceceka kw'abarokotse. Yahisemo kumara igihe kinini i Nyamata, mu [[Akarere ka Bugesera|Bugesera]], akorana n'[[Abatutsi]] barokotse.<ref name="LeMonde" /> * ''Dans le nu de la vie'' (2000) ni ubuhamya bw'abarokotse cumi na bane bo mu misozi ya Nyamata. * ''Une saison de machettes'' (2003) ishingiye ku biganiro yagiranye n'itsinda ry'[[Abahutu]] bagize uruhare muri jenoside, bari bafungiye muri gereza ya Rilima. * ''La Stratégie des antilopes'' (2007) ivuga ku mibanire y'abarokotse n'abicanyi bavuye muri gereza. * ''Englebert des collines'' (2014) na ''Un papa de sang'' (2015) bivuga ku buzima nyuma ya jenoside, ndetse no ku bana b'abarokotse n'ab'abicanyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Génocide rwandais : « Un papa de sang » de Jean Hatzfeld |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/260667/culture/genocide-rwandais-un-papa-de-sang-de-jean-hatzfeld/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2015-09-03 |language=fr}}</ref> Bimwe muri ibyo bitabo byahinduwe mu ndimi nyinshi, ndetse bikinwa no mu makinamico. ''Une saison de machettes'' yahawe ibihembo bya ''Femina essai'' na ''Joseph Kessel'' mu 2003, naho ''La Stratégie des antilopes'' ihabwa ''Prix Médicis'' mu 2007. == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamata]] * [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=Together Again |author=Jean Hatzfeld |url=https://www.theparisreview.org/letters-essays/5873/together-again-jean-hatzfeld |website=The Paris Review |language=en}} === Ibitabo === * ''Dans le nu de la vie : récits des marais rwandais'', Paris, Seuil, 2000. * ''Une saison de machettes'', Paris, Seuil, 2003. * ''La Stratégie des antilopes'', Paris, Seuil, 2007. * ''Englebert des collines'', Paris, Gallimard, 2014. * ''Un papa de sang'', Paris, Gallimard, 2015. {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hatzfeld, Jean}} [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyamakuru]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] debe30yiubvekkhiyppy90xigzxindh 0 23275 140908 2026-10-07T07:41:22Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Boniface Ngulinzira (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 140908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Boniface Ngulinzira | birth_date = 12 Nyakanga 1950 | birth_place = [[Rwanda]] | death_date = 11 Mata 1994 (imyaka 43) | death_place = Nyanza ya Kicukiro, [[Kigali]] | nationality = Umunyarwanda | occupation = Umunyapolitiki, umuhanga mu ndimi, umwarimu wa kaminuza | title = Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga (1992–1993) | party = MDR | known_for = Kuyobora intumwa za Guverinoma mu mishyikirano y'amasezerano y'amahoro ya Arusha }} '''Boniface Ngulinzira''' (12 Nyakanga 1950 – 11 Mata 1994) yari umunyapolitiki w'Umunyarwanda, umwe mu bashinze ishyaka MDR rivuguruye ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bwa Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]]. Nka Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga (1992–1993), yayoboye intumwa za Guverinoma mu mishyikirano y'amasezerano y'amahoro ya Arusha na [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]]. Yiciwe i Nyanza ya Kicukiro ku ya 11 Mata 1994, mu ntangiriro za [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. == Umwuga == Ngulinzira yari umuhanga mu ndimi n'uburezi. Kuva mu 1974 yakoze mu Biro by'Uburezi (''Bureau pédagogique''), aba umuyobozi wabyo mu 1984–1985, nyuma aba umuyobozi mukuru w'umuco muri Minisiteri y'Amashuri Makuru (1985–1989), n'umunyamabanga mukuru ushinzwe uburezi mu biro bya Perezida wa Repubulika (1989–1991). Mu 1991–1992 yayoboye inama y'ubuyobozi ya ORINFOR. Nyuma ya minisiteri, yabaye umwarimu w'indimi z'Afurika muri Kaminuza Nkuru y'u Rwanda. == Ubuzima bwa politiki == Ubwo amashyaka menshi yemerwaga mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1990, yari mu bashinze MDR rivuguruye. Mu 1991 yirukanywe mu biro bya Perezida, nyuma yo kubazwa impamvu yinjiye mu ishyaka ritari MRND. Mu 1992 yagizwe Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga muri Guverinoma ihuriweho n'amashyaka, bityo ayobora intumwa za Leta mu mishyikirano ya Arusha. Abashyigikiye Habyarimana bamushinje « kugurisha igihugu » kuri FPR; mu ijambo rye ry'urwango ryo ku Kabaya mu 1992, [[León Mugesera]] yamwise « inyenzi ». Muri Mata 1993, Minisitiri w'Intebe mushya [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]] yamusabye kuguma kuri minisiteri, ariko arabyanga; amasezerano ya Arusha yashyizweho umukono muri Kanama 1993. == Urupfu == Ku ya 7 Mata 1994, nyuma y'ihanurwa ry'indege ya Perezida, Ngulinzira n'umuryango we bahungiye mu ishuri ETO Kicukiro, aho ingabo z'Ababiligi za MINUAR zari zikambitse. Ku ya 11 Mata 1994, izo ngabo zavuye kuri ETO, zisiga impunzi zigera ku 3 000 mu maboko y'Interahamwe n'abasirikare. Abo bantu, barimo Ngulinzira, bajyanywe i Nyanza ya Kicukiro baricwa.<ref name="LeMonde">{{Cite web |title=L'École technique officielle de Kigali, mauvaise conscience de l'ONU au Rwanda |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/07/l-ecole-technique-officielle-de-kigali-mauvaise-conscience-de-l-onu-au-rwanda_5446874_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-04-07 |language=fr}}</ref> Umugore we n'abana be barokotse jenoside. Ashyinguye mu [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyanza-Kicukiro]]. Mu 2004, umuryango we n'abandi barokokeye kuri ETO bareze Leta y'Ububiligi. Mu 2018, Urukiko rw'Ubujurire rw'i [[Buruseli]] rwemeje ko icyemezo cyo kuva kuri ETO cyafashwe n'ubuyobozi bwa MINUAR, atari ubw'Ububiligi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Génocide des Tutsis au Rwanda : l'État belge blanchi en appel dans le massacre de l'ETO |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/578317/societe/genocide-des-tutsis-au-rwanda-letat-belge-blanchi-en-appel-dans-le-massacre-de-leto/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2018-06-08 |language=fr}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Ubwicanyi bw'Ishuri rya ETO]] * [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyanza-Kicukiro]] * [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]] * [[Luc Marchal]] * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |author=Colette Braeckman |title=Kicukiro se souvient de l'abandon des casques bleus belges |url=http://blog.lesoir.be/colette-braeckman/2014/04/06/kicukiro-se-souvient-de-labandon-des-casques-bleus-belges/ |website=Le Soir |date=2014-04-06 |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author=Florida Mukeshimana-Ngulinzira |title=Boniface Ngulinzira : un autre Rwanda possible |publisher=L'Harmattan |location=Paris |year=2001 |isbn=2-7384-9778-0 |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ngulinzira, Boniface}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] qbmalxrd50ufxzde1f6lbnrb55o3se3 0 23276 140910 2026-10-07T07:58:46Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Antoine Mugesera (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 140910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Antoine Mugesera | nationality = Umunyarwanda | occupation = Umushakashatsi, umwanditsi | known_for = Ubushakashatsi ku mateka y'itotezwa ry'Abatutsi mbere ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]; yahoze ayobora Ibuka | notable_works = ''The Persecution of Rwandan Tutsi Before the 1990-1994 Genocide'' (2014) }} '''Antoine Mugesera''' ni umushakashatsi akaba n'umwanditsi w'Umunyarwanda, inzobere mu mateka ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu [[Rwanda]]. Yahoze ari perezida w'umuryango Ibuka uharanira inyungu z'abarokotse jenoside. == Ubuzima n'umwuga == Antoine Mugesera yavukiye kandi akurira mu Rwanda. Nyuma ya jenoside, yibanze ku bushakashatsi ku mateka y'u Rwanda, cyane cyane ku gihe cyabanjirije jenoside yo mu 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antoine Mugesera |url=https://www.izuba.info/antoine-mugesera,001.html |website=Izuba |language=fr}}</ref> Ubushakashatsi bwe bwerekana amateka n'impamvu zatumye jenoside ishoboka, binyuze mu itotezwa ryakorewe [[Abatutsi]] kuva mu 1959. Yayoboye umuryango Ibuka, kandi atanga ubuhamya ku butwari bwa Damas Gisimba, warokoreye abana n'abandi bantu benshi mu kigo cye cy'imfubyi i [[Nyamirambo]] mu gihe cya jenoside.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antoine Mugesera's Tribute: Damas Gisimba |url=https://sfi.usc.edu/video/antoine-mugeseras-tribute-damas-gisimba |website=USC Shoah Foundation |language=en}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Dafroza Gauthier]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=A testimony of Antoine Mugesera |url=https://genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/A_testimony_of_Antoine_Mugesera |website=Genocide Archive of Rwanda |language=en}} * {{Cite web |title=Antoine Mugesera |url=https://shs.cairn.info/publications-de-Antoine-Mugesera--663749 |website=Cairn.info |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author=Antoine Mugesera |title=The Persecution of Rwandan Tutsi Before the 1990-1994 Genocide |publisher=Dialogue Editions |location=Kigali |year=2014 |language=en}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mugesera, Antoine}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] esz2nc3pwssmz45xukk99n4u8o5eas3 0 23277 140913 2026-10-07T08:04:32Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Jean Varret (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 140913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jean Varret | birth_date = 1935 | birth_place = [[Paris]], [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umusirikare | title = Jenerali (''général de corps d'armée'') | known_for = Kurwanya politiki ya François Mitterrand mu [[Rwanda]] mbere ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] | notable_works = ''Souviens-toi'' (2023) }} '''Jean Varret''' (yavutse mu 1935 i [[Paris]]) ni jenerali w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]], wahoze ayobora ishami ry'ubufatanye mu bya gisirikare (''Mission militaire de coopération''). Yarwanyije politiki ya Perezida François Mitterrand mu [[Rwanda]] mbere ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], ava mu gisirikare mu 1993. Mu 2021, raporo ya komisiyo yayobowe na [[Vincent Duclert]] yemeje ko imiburo ye yari ifite ishingiro. == Umwuga == Akomoka mu muryango w'abasirikare, yize mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya La Flèche no muri Saint-Cyr. Mu myaka 40 y'umwuga we mu bakomando b'abaparakomando, yakoreye muri [[Aligeriya]], [[Gabon]], Santrafurika no muri [[Cade]]. Nyuma yayoboye ''Centre des hautes études militaires'', maze Perezida Mitterrand amushyira ku buyobozi bw'ubufatanye mu bya gisirikare n'ibihugu by'Afurika. == U Rwanda == Nk'umuyobozi w'ubufatanye mu bya gisirikare, yaburiye ubutegetsi bw'i Paris ku ihezanguni ry'ubutegetsi bwa [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], ariko ntiyumvwa. Yavuye ku mirimo ye mu 1993, yanga kwikorera uruhare mu byemezo by'Ibiro bya Perezida ku Rwanda.<ref name="RFI">{{Cite web |title=Génocide au Rwanda : le général Jean Varret a tenté d'alerter le pouvoir mitterrandien, en vain |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/invit%C3%A9-afrique/20230413-g%C3%A9nocide-au-rwanda-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-jean-varret-a-tent%C3%A9-d-alerter-le-pouvoir-mitterrandien-en-vain |website=RFI |date=2023-04-13 |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2021, raporo ya komisiyo ya Duclert yagaragaje ko imiburo ye yari ifite ishingiro; Varret yavuze ko iyo raporo « ituma havaho impaka z'ubusa zamaze imyaka 26 ».<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le général Jean Varret : « Le rapport Duclert sur le Rwanda permet de sortir de vingt-six ans de débats stériles » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2021/03/29/le-general-jean-varret-le-rapport-duclert-sur-le-rwanda-permet-de-sortir-de-vingt-six-ans-de-debats-steriles_6074803_3210.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-03-29 |language=fr}}</ref> Muri Gicurasi 2021, yaherekeje Perezida Emmanuel Macron mu [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali]]. Mu 2023 yasohoye, afatanyije n'umunyamakuru Laurent Larcher, igitabo ''Souviens-toi'' cy'ibyo yibuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Souviens-toi – Général Jean Varret, Laurent Larcher |url=https://arenes.fr/livre/souviens-toi/ |website=Les Arènes |language=fr}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] * [[Vincent Duclert]] * [[Christian Quesnot]] * [[Roméo Dallaire]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=Génocide des Tutsi du Rwanda : l'indignation du général Varret |url=https://afrikarabia.com/wordpress/genocide-des-tutsi-du-rwanda-lindignation-du-general-varret/ |website=Afrikarabia |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author1=Jean Varret |author2=Laurent Larcher |title=Souviens-toi : mémoires à l'usage des générations futures |publisher=Les Arènes |year=2023 |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Varret, Jean}} [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] 7olaf7xb32dfwmx2qm0r1dt02k2b1ux 140914 140913 2026-10-07T08:05:02Z Score Beethoven 11559 /* Ingingo zijyanye */ 140914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jean Varret | birth_date = 1935 | birth_place = [[Paris]], [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umusirikare | title = Jenerali (''général de corps d'armée'') | known_for = Kurwanya politiki ya François Mitterrand mu [[Rwanda]] mbere ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] | notable_works = ''Souviens-toi'' (2023) }} '''Jean Varret''' (yavutse mu 1935 i [[Paris]]) ni jenerali w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]], wahoze ayobora ishami ry'ubufatanye mu bya gisirikare (''Mission militaire de coopération''). Yarwanyije politiki ya Perezida François Mitterrand mu [[Rwanda]] mbere ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], ava mu gisirikare mu 1993. Mu 2021, raporo ya komisiyo yayobowe na [[Vincent Duclert]] yemeje ko imiburo ye yari ifite ishingiro. == Umwuga == Akomoka mu muryango w'abasirikare, yize mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya La Flèche no muri Saint-Cyr. Mu myaka 40 y'umwuga we mu bakomando b'abaparakomando, yakoreye muri [[Aligeriya]], [[Gabon]], Santrafurika no muri [[Cade]]. Nyuma yayoboye ''Centre des hautes études militaires'', maze Perezida Mitterrand amushyira ku buyobozi bw'ubufatanye mu bya gisirikare n'ibihugu by'Afurika. == U Rwanda == Nk'umuyobozi w'ubufatanye mu bya gisirikare, yaburiye ubutegetsi bw'i Paris ku ihezanguni ry'ubutegetsi bwa [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], ariko ntiyumvwa. Yavuye ku mirimo ye mu 1993, yanga kwikorera uruhare mu byemezo by'Ibiro bya Perezida ku Rwanda.<ref name="RFI">{{Cite web |title=Génocide au Rwanda : le général Jean Varret a tenté d'alerter le pouvoir mitterrandien, en vain |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/invit%C3%A9-afrique/20230413-g%C3%A9nocide-au-rwanda-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-jean-varret-a-tent%C3%A9-d-alerter-le-pouvoir-mitterrandien-en-vain |website=RFI |date=2023-04-13 |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2021, raporo ya komisiyo ya Duclert yagaragaje ko imiburo ye yari ifite ishingiro; Varret yavuze ko iyo raporo « ituma havaho impaka z'ubusa zamaze imyaka 26 ».<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le général Jean Varret : « Le rapport Duclert sur le Rwanda permet de sortir de vingt-six ans de débats stériles » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2021/03/29/le-general-jean-varret-le-rapport-duclert-sur-le-rwanda-permet-de-sortir-de-vingt-six-ans-de-debats-steriles_6074803_3210.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-03-29 |language=fr}}</ref> Muri Gicurasi 2021, yaherekeje Perezida Emmanuel Macron mu [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali]]. Mu 2023 yasohoye, afatanyije n'umunyamakuru Laurent Larcher, igitabo ''Souviens-toi'' cy'ibyo yibuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Souviens-toi – Général Jean Varret, Laurent Larcher |url=https://arenes.fr/livre/souviens-toi/ |website=Les Arènes |language=fr}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Vincent Duclert]] * [[Christian Quesnot]] * [[Roméo Dallaire]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=Génocide des Tutsi du Rwanda : l'indignation du général Varret |url=https://afrikarabia.com/wordpress/genocide-des-tutsi-du-rwanda-lindignation-du-general-varret/ |website=Afrikarabia |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author1=Jean Varret |author2=Laurent Larcher |title=Souviens-toi : mémoires à l'usage des générations futures |publisher=Les Arènes |year=2023 |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Varret, Jean}} [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] rd0rpwuwaffg319ejjn3ccftt0pbwnl