Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3667 140949 140735 2026-10-07T20:02:34Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261007)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 140949 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Afurika y’Epfo'''</big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" |- | align="center" width="140px" | [[File:Flag of South Africa.svg|125px]] | align="center" width="140px" | [[File:Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg|125px]] |- | align="center" width="140px" | <span style="color:grey">Ibendera ry’Afurika y’Epfo</span> | align="center" width="140px" | [[Ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko za Leta y’u Afurika y’Epfo|<span style="color:grey">Ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko za Leta y’u Afurika y’Epfo</span>]] |} |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[File:South Africa (orthographic projection).svg|300px]] |} {{Databox|excludeProperties=Q258}} '''Afurika y'Epfo''', ku izina ryayo ryemewe n'amategeko ni '''Repubulika y'Afurika y'Epfo (Republic of South Africa – RSA)''', ni igihugu giherereye mu majyepfo y'umugabane wa [[Afurika]]. Kigizwe n'intara icyenda. Mu majyepfo gihana imbibi n'inyanja ku nkombe zifite uburebure bwa kilometero 2,798 zogerwa n'Inyanja ya Atalantika y'Amajyepfo n'Inyanja y'u Buhinde. Mu majyaruguru gihana imbibi na [[Namibiya]], [[Botswana]] na [[Zimbabwe]], mu burasirazuba no mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba kigahana imbibi na [[Mozambike]] na [[Eswatini]], kandi kizengurutse igihugu cya [[Lesoto|Lesotho]]. Gifite ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 1,221,037, kikaba gituwe n'abaturage barenga miliyoni 63, bityo kikaba ari igihugu cya gatandatu gituwe n'abaturage benshi ku mugabane wa Afurika. [[Dosiye:Cape-town-port-boats.jpg|center|thumb|320x320px|cape town]] == Izina == === Inkomoko y'izina === Izina "Afurika y'Epfo" rikomoka ku mwanya w'iki gihugu ku mugabane wa Afurika, kuko giherereye ku mpera y'amajyepfo yawo. Igihe cyashingwaga, cyiswe Ubumwe bw'Afurika y'Epfo (Union of South Africa) mu [[Icyongereza|Cyongereza]] na Unie van Zuid-Afrika mu Kidage (Dutch), bigaragaza ko cyaturutse ku ihuzwa ry'ubukoloni bune bwari buyobowe n'u [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]]. Kuva mu mwaka wa 1961, izina ryemewe n'amategeko mu Cyongereza ryabaye Repubulika y'Afurika y'Epfo (Republic of South Africa), naho mu rurimi rw'[[Ikinyafurikansi]] (Afrikaans) ryitwa Republiek van Suid-Afrika. Kugeza ubu, iki gihugu gifite amazina yemewe mu ndimi zacyo 12 zemewe n'amategeko.<ref name="en42">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/na-approves-south-african-sign-language-12th-official-language|title=The NA Approves South African Sign Language as the 12th Official Language |website=Parliament of South Africa |date=3 May 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222131030/https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/na-approves-south-african-sign-language-12th-official-language |archive-date= 22 December 2023 }}</ref> Ijambo Mzansi, rikomoka ku izina uMzantsi ryo mu rurimi rw'[[Ikigisosa|Ikixhosa]] risobanura "Amajyepfo", ni izina rikunze gukoreshwa mu mvugo ya buri munsi bavuga Afurika y'Epfo.<ref name="en43">{{cite book|editor1-first=Sarah|editor2-first=Achille|last=Livermon|first=Xavier|title=Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis|chapter=Sounds in the City|year=2008|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham|isbn=978-0-8223-8121-1|page=283|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C|quote=''Mzansi'' is another black urban vernacular term popular with the youth and standing for South Africa.|editor-last=Nuttall|editor2-last=Mbembé|access-date=5 January 2016|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502074447/https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C|url-status=live}}</ref> Hari kandi amashyaka amwe n'amwe ashyigikira ihame rya Pan-Afurikanisime akoresha izina Azania, nubwo iri jambo rikomoka mu [[Ikigereki|Kigereki]] aho kidakomoka mu ndimi nyafurika.<ref name="en44">{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|title=South African Party Says Call Their Country 'Azania'|last=Taylor|first=Darren|newspaper=VOA|access-date=18 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624200956/http://www.voanews.com/content/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|url-status=live}}</ref> === Amazina mu ndimi zemewe === :izina mu [[cyongereza]] : Republic of South Africa :izina mu [[kinyafurikansi]] : Republiek van Suid-Afrika :izina mu [[kindebele]] (amajyepfo) : IRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika :izina mu [[kigisosa]] : IRiphabliki yaseMzantsi Afrika :izina mu [[kizulu]] : IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika :izina mu [[gisotho]] (amajyaruguru) : Rephaboliki ya Afrika-Borwa :izina mu [[gisotho]] (amajyepfo) : Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa :izina mu [[gitswana]] : Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa :izina mu [[giswati]] : IRiphabhulikhi yeNingizimu Afrika :izina mu [[kivenda]] : Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe[[File:Boulders_Beach,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|Boulders Beach, South Africa]]izina mu [[gitsonga]] : Riphabliki ra Afrika Dzon == Amateka == === Amateka ya kera (Prehistory) === Afurika y'Epfo ibarizwamo hamwe mu hantu ha kera cyane ku isi habonetse ibisigazwa by'ibimenyetso by'amateka (archaeology) n'ibisigazwa by'abakurambere b'abantu (hominin fossils).<ref name="en1">{{cite book|last= Wymer|first= John|author2= Singer, R|year= 1982|title= The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa|url= https://archive.org/details/middlestoneageat0000sing|location= Chicago|publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-76103-9}}</ref> Abashakashatsi mu by'amateka ya kera bavumbuye ibisigazwa byinshi mu buvumo butandukanye bwo mu ntara ya Gauteng, buzwi ku izina rya Cradle of Humankind ("Igicumbi cy'Ikiremwamuntu"), ahantu hemewe na UNESCO nk'Umurage w'Isi. Muri ibyo bibanza harimo Sterkfontein, imwe mu hantu habonetse ibisigazwa byinshi by'abakurambere b'abantu kurusha ahandi ku isi, ndetse na Swartkrans, Gondolin Cave, Kromdraai, Cooper's Cave na Malapa. Igisigazwa cya mbere cy'umukurambere w'umuntu cyavumbuwe muri Afurika, kizwi nka Taung Child, cyabonetse hafi ya Taung mu mwaka wa 1924. Ibindi bisigazwa byabonetse ahitwa Makapansgat muri Limpopo, Cornelia na Florisbad muri Free State, Border Cave muri KwaZulu-Natal, Klasies River Caves muri Eastern Cape, ndetse na Pinnacle Point, Elandsfontein na Die Kelders Cave muri Western Cape.<ref name="en2">{{cite journal |last1=Marean |first1=Curtis W. |title=Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (Western Cape Province, South Africa) in context: The Cape Floral kingdom, shellfish, and modern human origins |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=September 2010 |volume=59 |issue=3–4 |pages=425–443 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.011 |pmid=20934095 |bibcode=2010JHumE..59..425M }}</ref> Ibi byavumbuwe bigaragaza ko amoko atandukanye y'abakurambere b'abantu yabaye muri Afurika y'Epfo guhera hafi ku myaka miliyoni eshatu ishize.<ref name="en3">{{cite web|url= http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/6/79.06.02.x.html|title= Hominid Evolution|publisher= Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute|first= Stephen P.|last= Broker|access-date= 19 June 2008|archive-date= 7 April 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080407181350/http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/6/79.06.02.x.html|url-status= live}}</ref> Muri ayo moko harimo Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus sediba, Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, Homo rhodesiensis, Homo helmei, Homo naledi, ndetse n'abantu b'iki gihe (Homo sapiens). Abantu b'iki gihe bamaze nibura imyaka 170,000 batuye mu majyepfo ya Afurika.<ref name="en4">{{cite book| title = An Encyclopedia of World History| editor-last = Langer| editor-first = William L.| edition = 5th| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| location = Boston| year = 1972| isbn = 978-0-395-13592-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9 9]| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9 }}</ref> Nanone, abashakashatsi bavumbuye ibikoresho bya kera byakozwe mu mabuye (pebble tools) mu kibaya cy'uruzi rwa Vaal, bikaba ari ibimenyetso by'ibikorwa by'abantu ba kera muri ako karere. === Igihe cyabanjirije ubukoloni === Abaturage ba mbere bari batuye mu majyepfo ya Afurika ni Abasan (San) n'Abakhoikhoi (Khoikhoi). Abasan ahanini batungwaga no guhiga no kwegeranya imyaka yimeza, mu gihe Abakhoikhoi bo, uretse guhiga no kwegeranya, banororaga amatungo.<ref name="en5">{{Cite journal|title=Khoisan hunter-gatherers have been the largest population throughout most of modern-human demographic history|first1=Hie Lim|last1=Kim|first2=Aakrosh|last2=Ratan|first3=George H.|last3=Perry|first4=Alvaro|last4=Montenegro|first5=Webb|last5=Miller|first6=Stephan C.|last6=Schuster|date=4 December 2014|journal=Nature Communications|volume=5|issue=1|pages=5692|doi=10.1038/ncomms6692|doi-access=free|pmid=25471224 |pmc=4268704 |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.5692K |hdl=11449/130054|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Abantu b'Abakhoisan bashobora kuba bakomoka ku bantu ba mbere bafite imiterere y'umuntu w'iki gihe bageze mu majyepfo ya Afurika mbere y'imyaka 150,000 ishize. Nyuma yaho, benshi muri bo basimbuwe cyangwa bashyirwa mu yandi moko bitewe n'ikwirakwira ry'Ababantu (Bantu Expansion) ryabaye hagati y'imyaka 2,000 na 1,500 ishize. Abantu bavuga indimi z'Ababantu batangiye kwimukira mu majyepfo baturutse mu burengerazuba bwa Afurika ahagana mu mwaka wa 3000 Mbere ya Yezu (BCE).<ref name="en6">{{Cite journal|title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals|first1=Rebecca|last1=Grollemund|first2=Simon|last2=Branford|first3=Koen|last3=Bostoen|first4=Andrew|last4=Meade|first5=Chris|last5=Venditti|first6=Mark|last6=Pagel|date=27 October 2015|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=112|issue=43|pages=13296–13301|doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112|doi-access=free |pmid=26371302|pmc=4629331 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G }}</ref> Mu kinyejana cya kane n'icya gatanu, abaturage bavuga indimi z'Ababantu bari bamaze gutura mu majyepfo y'u[[Umugezi wa Limpopo|ruzi rwa Limpopo]], ubu rukaba rugize umupaka wa Afurika y'Epfo na Botswana na Zimbabwe. Bari abahinzi, aborozi kandi bazi gukoresha ibyuma. Ahantu ha mbere hazwi hakorerwaga ibyuma muri KwaZulu-Natal hateganywa ko hashinzwe ahagana mu mwaka wa 1050. Itsinda ryageze kure mu majyepfo ni iry'Abaxhosa (Xhosa), ururimi rwabo rukaba rwarafashe bimwe mu biranga indimi z'Abakhoisan. Mu rugendo rwabo rwo kwimuka, abo baturage bo mu Gihe cy'Ibyuma basimbuye cyangwa binjiza mu muryango wabo abaturage bari bahatuye mbere. Mu ntara ya Mpumalanga habonetse uruziga rw'amabuye n'ibindi bimenyetso bya kera birimo ahazwi nka Adam's Calendar, bikekwa ko byubatswe n'Ababakone, ishami ry'Abasotho bo mu Majyaruguru. Ahagana mu mwaka wa 1220, abayobozi b'umuryango wa K2 bimukiye ku musozi wa Mapungubwe, aho bashinze [[umurwa]] mukuru w'Ubwami bwa Mapungubwe, abaturage basanzwe batura munsi yawo. Imihango yo gusaba imvura yari ifite uruhare rukomeye mu butegetsi bwabo, kandi ahantu henshi hakorerwaga iyo mihango haracyagaragara muri ako karere. Mu mwaka wa 1250, umurwa mukuru wa Mapungubwe wari utuwe n'abaturage bagera ku 5,000, ubwami bukaba bwarafite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 30,000 kandi bukungukira cyane ku bucuruzi bwakorwaga n'ibihugu byo ku Nyanja y'u Buhinde. Impamvu zatumye ubwo bwami busenyuka ahagana mu mwaka wa 1300 ntizizwi neza, ariko guhinduka kw'inzira z'ubucuruzi zerekeza ku ruzi rwa [[Umugezi wa Zambezi|Zambezi]] byagize uruhare mu kuzamuka kw'Ubwami bwa Great Zimbabwe. Nyuma y'ibyo, umusozi wa Mapungubwe waratereranywe, abaturage baho baratatana.<ref name="en7">{{Cite book |last1=Chirikure |first1=Shadreck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&pg=PT6 |title=Mapungubwe Reconsidered: A Living Legacy: Exploring Beyond the Rise and Decline of the Mapungubwe State |last2=Delius |first2=Peter |last3=Esterhuysen |first3=Amanda |last4=Hall |first4=Simon |last5=Lekgoathi |first5=Sekibakiba |last6=Maulaudzi |first6=Maanda |last7=Neluvhalani |first7=Vele |last8=Ntsoane |first8=Otsile |last9=Pearce |first9=David |date=2015-10-01 |publisher=Real African Publishers Pty Ltd. |isbn=978-1-920655-06-8 |language=en}}</ref> Hagati y'ikinyejana cya 15 n'icya 17, imikoranire hagati y'Abashona ba mbere, abandi Bashona bimukiye nyuma ndetse n'abavuga Ikinyasotho mu karere ka Soutpansberg yatumye havuka ururimi n'ubwoko bw'Abavenda (Venda).<ref name="en8">{{Cite journal |last=Huffman|first=Thomas|date=2022|title=The origins of Tshivenda: an archaeological challenge to historical linguistics|url=https://journals.co.za/doi/full/10.10520/ejc-nmsa_sah_v35_n1_a1|journal=Southern African Humanities|volume=35|issue=1|pages=|doi=}}</ref> Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 17, itsinda ry'Abasingo (Singo) rikomoka ku Bwami bwa Rozvi ryimukiye mu majyepfo, rishinga icyicaro cyarwo i Dzata, cyabaye umurwa mukuru w'Ubwami bwa Venda. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 18, ubwami bwatangiye gusenyuka bitewe n'ihinduka ry'inzira z'ubucuruzi. Mu miryango yakomeje kugira imbaraga harimo Ramabulana Singo mu burengerazuba bwa Soutpansberg, na Tshivhase Singo hamwe na Mphaphuli Singo mu burasirazuba bwaho. === Ubushakashatsi bw'Abanyaporutigari === Mu mwaka wa 1487, umushakashatsi w'Umunyaportigali Bartolomeu Dias yayoboye urugendo rwa mbere rw'Abanyaburayi rwageze ku nkombe z'amajyepfo ya Afurika.<ref name="en9">{{cite book|last=Domville-Fife|first=C.W.|title=The encyclopedia of the British Empire the first encyclopedic record of the greatest empire in the history of the world ed|year=1900|publisher=Rankin|location=London|page=25|url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopediaofbr01domvuoft#page/24/mode/2up}}</ref> Ku wa 4 Ukuboza 1487, yageze ku cyambu cya Walfisch Bay (ubu cyitwa Walvis Bay muri Namibiya). Yakomeje akurikiye inkombe z'iburengerazuba bwa Afurika y'Epfo, ariko nyuma y'itariki ya 8 Mutarama 1488 inkubi z'umuyaga zamubujije gukomeza akurikira inkombe, bituma arenga agace k'amajyepfo ya Afurika atakabonye. Mu kwezi kwa Gicurasi 1488 yageze ku ruzi yise Rio do Infante, bikekwa ko ari uruzi rwa Groot River rw'ubu. Agarutse yabonye ikinyura yise Cabo das Tormentas ("Umutwe w'Inkubi z'Umuyaga"), ariko Umwami John II wa [[Porutigali]] aza kukihindurira izina akita Cabo da Boa Esperança (Cape of Good Hope), kubera ko cyafunguraga inzira y'ubucuruzi bugana mu Burasirazuba bw'u Buhinde. Uru rugendo rwa Dias rwaje kwamamara cyane binyuze mu gisigo Os Lusíadas, cyanditswe na Luís de Camões mu mwaka wa 1572.<ref name="en10">{{Cite news |title=The Lusiads {{!}} Portuguese epic, 16th century, epic poem {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Lusiads |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910060626/https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Lusiads |archive-date=2025-09-10 |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwaka wa 1497, Vasco da Gama yahagurutse i Lisbon yerekeza mu rugendo rwamugejeje mu Buhinde mu 1498 anyuze ku Cape of Good Hope, bityo afungura inzira y'ubucuruzi bwo mu nyanja hagati y'u [[Burayi]] na [[Aziya]]. Mu rugendo rwe yanyuze ku nkombe z'igice ubu kigize Afurika y'Epfo, ariko ahagarara ku butaka bwa Mozambike y'ubu. === Ubukoloni bw'Abaholandi n'Abongereza muri Cape === Abaholandi bageze bwa mbere ku nkombe z'amajyepfo ya Afurika mu mwaka wa 1595. Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 17, ubwo ububasha bwa Porutigali mu bwikorezi bwo mu nyanja bwagendaga bugabanuka, abacuruzi b'Abongereza n'Abaholandi batangiye guhatanira kwigarurira ubucuruzi bw'ibirungo bwari bwariganjemo na Porutigali. Guhera mu mwaka wa 1601, sosiyete y'Abongereza y'Ubucuruzi n'u Buhinde (British East India Company) yajyaga ihagarara ku Cape ishaka ibiribwa n'amazi yo guha amato, ariko nyuma ihitamo gukoresha ibirwa bya Ascension na Saint Helena nk'ibyambu byo kuruhukiraho. Mu mwaka wa 1647, abakozi babiri ba Sosiyete y'Abaholandi y'Ubucuruzi n'u Buhinde (Dutch East India Company) bakoze impanuka y'ubwato kuri Cape maze bahamara amezi menshi. Babashije kubaho babikesha amazi meza, inyama bahawe n'abaturage bahasangaga ndetse no guhinga ku butaka bwera. Basubiye mu [[Ubuholandi|Buholandi]] batangaza ko Cape yari ahantu heza ho kubaka ikigo cyo kubikamo ibiribwa no gutegurira amato akora ingendo ndende. Mu mwaka wa 1652, nyuma y'imyaka hafi 150 inzira ya Cape imenyekanye, Jan van Riebeeck yashinze ikigo cyo gutanga ibiribwa n'ibikoresho ku mato ku Cape of Good Hope, ahaje kuvamo umujyi wa Cape Town, abihagarariye Sosiyete y'Abaholandi y'Ubucuruzi n'u Buhinde.<ref name="en11">{{cite web|url=http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/timeline/t-19saf.htm|title=African History Timeline|publisher=West Chester University of Pennsylvania|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=7 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107070748/http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/timeline/t-19saf.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nyuma y'aho Cape yabaye ubuturo bw'abaturage benshi b'Abaholandi bigenzuraga, bazwi nka Free Burghers. Abacuruzi b'Abaholandi banazanye [[imbata]] ibihumbi baturutse muri [[Indonesiya]], [[Madagasikari]] no mu burasirazuba bwa Afurika. Uku kuvanga abaturage kwatumye havuka itsinda rishya rizwi nka Cape Coloureds, benshi muri bo bakaba barakoresheje ururimi rw'Ikidage cy'Abaholandi (Dutch) kandi bakemera Ubukristo. Guhera mu kinyejana cya 17, havutse amakimbirane hagati y'Abakhoisan n'Abaholandi bapfaga ubutaka n'indi mitungo, ayo makimbirane akomeza imyaka myinshi. Kwaguka kw'Abaholandi berekeza iburasirazuba kwatumye barwana n'Abaxhosa, kuko impande zombi zashakaga kugenzura urwuri rwo hafi y'uruzi rwa Great Fish River. Abahinzi b'Abaholandi bigenga bari batuye ku mipaka bitwaga Boers, naho bamwe muri bo bitwaga Trekboers kubera imibereho yabo yo kwimuka bimwe na bimwe. Boers bashyizeho imitwe yitwaje intwaro yitwaga commandos, ndetse bagirana ubufatanye n'Abakhoisan mu guhangana n'ibitero by'Abaxhosa. Impande zombi zagabye ibitero byinshi byamennye amaraso, ariko nta ruhande rwabashije gutsinda burundu urundi, bityo urugomo no kwiba amatungo bikomeza kuba ikibazo mu gihe kirekire. Mu myaka ya 1795–1803, u Bwongereza bwigaruriye Cape Town kugira ngo butayirekera u [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]]. Mu 1803, Cape yasubiye mu maboko y'Abaholandi igihe gito, ariko mu 1806 yongera kwigarurirwa n'u Bwongereza.<ref name="en12">{{cite book| last = Keegan| first = Timothy| title = Colonial South Africa and the Origins of the Racial Order| year = 1996| url = https://archive.org/details/colonialsouthafr0000keeg| url-access = registration|edition= 1996|pages= [https://archive.org/details/colonialsouthafr0000keeg/page/85 85–86]| publisher = David Philip Publishers (Pty) Ltd| isbn = 978-0-8139-1735-1}}</ref> Nyuma y'Intambara za Napoleon, Cape yemerewe ku mugaragaro kuba igice cy'Ubwami bw'u Bwongereza. Guhera mu 1818, Abongereza benshi batangiye kwimukira muri Afurika y'Epfo, maze mu 1820 hagera itsinda rinini ry'abimukira ryari rigamije kongera umubare w'abakozi b'Abanyaburayi no gukomeza kurinda imipaka y'ubukoloni ibitero by'Abaxhosa. === Mfecane n'ikwaguka ry'ubukoloni === Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 19 habaye igihe cy'imvururu n'imihindagurikire gikomeye kizwi nka Mfecane ("gusenyuka" cyangwa "gutatanywa"), cyaranzwe n'intambara, kwimuka kw'abaturage no kuvuka kw'ubwami bushya. Ibi byatewe n'ihurirana ry'ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, imihindagurikire y'ibidukikije ndetse n'ikwaguka ry'ubukoloni bw'Abanyaburayi. Ubwami butandukanye bwahanganiye kugenzura inzira z'ubucuruzi n'urwuri, bituma havuka ubwami bwa Ndwandwe na Mthethwa. Ndwandwe yatsinze Mthethwa, ariko nyuma ubwami bwayo burasenyuka, maze umwe mu bayobozi ba Mthethwa ari we Shaka ashinga kandi akomeza Ubwami bw'Abazulu (Zulu Kingdom). Muri icyo gihe kandi havutse Ubwami bwa Gaza, bwahanganye n'Abazulu. Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 19, Abaholandi benshi bavuye muri Cape Colony bahunga ubutegetsi bw'Abongereza. Abo bimukira, bazwi nka Voortrekkers, bimukiye mu turere twaje kuba Natal, Free State na Transvaal. Nyuma yo gutsinda Abazulu mu Ntambara ya Blood River yabaye ku wa 16 Ukuboza 1838, bashinze za repubulika z'Ababuru zirimo Natalia Republic, South African Republic na Orange Free State. Hagati mu gihugu, Cape Colony yakomeje kwaguka yigarurira ubutaka bw'Ababatswana n'Abagriqua, mu gihe Ubwami bwa Matabele bwariyongereye bukagaba ibitero ku Bwami bwa Venda. Ivumburwa rya diamant mu mwaka wa 1867 n'irya zahabu mu 1884 ryatangije igihe cyiswe Mineral Revolution, cyihutishije iterambere ry'ubukungu, kwiyongera kw'abimukira no gukaza ubukoloni bw'Abongereza ku baturage kavukire. Kurwanira kugenzura ayo mabuye y'agaciro byagize uruhare rukomeye mu mibanire hagati y'Abanyaburayi n'Abanyafurika, ndetse no hagati y'Ababuru n'Abongereza.<ref name="en13">{{cite book|author=Williams, Garner F|title=The Diamond Mines of South Africa, Vol II|year=1905|publisher=B. F Buck & Co.|location=New York|pages=Chapter XX|url=http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/williams_diamond_mines_2/page_285|access-date=27 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010200842/http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/williams_diamond_mines_2/page_285|archive-date=10 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ku wa 16 Gicurasi 1876, Perezida Thomas François Burgers wa Repubulika y'Afurika y'Epfo yatangaje intambara ku bwoko bw'Abapedi. Umwami Sekhukhune yatsinze ingabo za Boers inshuro nyinshi, ariko nyuma y'uko Abongereza bagabye ibitero bikurikirana, bamutsinze mu Ugushyingo 1879 bifashishije ingabo z'Abongereza, Ababuru n'Abaswazi.<ref name="en14">{{Cite web|title=South African Military History Society – Journal- THE SEKUKUNI WARS|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol025hk.html|access-date=15 August 2020|website=samilitaryhistory.org|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723053419/http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol025hk.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Muri uwo mwaka wa 1879, habaye Intambara y'Abongereza n'Abazulu (Anglo-Zulu War). U Bwongereza bwifuzaga gushyiraho ihuriro ry'ibihugu muri Afurika y'Epfo nk'iryari rimaze kugerwaho muri [[Kanada]]. Mu 1874, Henry Bartle Frere yoherejwe muri Afurika y'Epfo nk'Intumwa Nkuru y'u Bwongereza kugira ngo ashyire mu bikorwa uwo mugambi. Nubwo Abazulu batsinze Abongereza mu Ntambara ya Isandlwana, nyuma batsinzwe burundu, bituma Ubwami bw'Abazulu butakaza ubwigenge bwabwo.<ref name="en15">{{cite book | last = Knight | first = Ian | title = Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s2mbl5xPOcUC&q=Zulu+Victory:+The+Epic+of+Isandlwana+and+the+cover-up | isbn = 9781447202233 | publisher = Pan Macmillan | date = 6 May 2011 | access-date = 26 December 2023 | archive-date = 28 June 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240628010915/https://books.google.com/books?id=s2mbl5xPOcUC&q=Zulu+Victory:+The+Epic+of+Isandlwana+and+the+cover-up | url-status = live }}</ref> === Intambara z'Ababuru n'ubwigenge === Repubulika z'Ababuru zashoboye guhangana n'igerageza ry'u Bwongereza ryo kuzigarurira mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Ababuru (1880–1881), zikoresheje uburyo bwo kurwana bw'udutsiko (guerrilla warfare) bwari bubereye imiterere y'ako karere. Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Ababuru (1899–1902), Abongereza bagarutse bafite ingabo nyinshi, uburambe n'ingamba nshya. Nubwo bahuye n'igihombo gikomeye, amaherezo batsinze biturutse ku gukoresha amayeri yo gutwika imitungo no gushyira abaturage mu nkambi z'ifungwa (concentration camps), aho abaturage b'Ababuru bagera ku 27,000 bapfiriye bazize indwara n'imibereho mibi.<ref name="en16">{{cite news|title=5 of the worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html|work=The Independent|date=19 January 2016|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=27 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927142647/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html|url-status=live }}</ref> Nyuma y'izo ntambara, abaturage bo mu mijyi ya Afurika y'Epfo bariyongereye cyane, kandi abahinzi benshi b'Ababuru bahungiye mu mijyi yo muri Transvaal na Orange Free State, aho bamwe baje kwitwa "Abazungu bakennye" (poor whites). Muri icyo gihe, politiki y'Abazungu bo muri Afurika y'Epfo yarwanyaga ubutegetsi bw'u Bwongereza, igamije kugera ku bwigenge. Mu gihe cy'ubukoloni bw'Abaholandi n'Abongereza, ivangura rishingiye ku moko ryakorwaga ahanini mu buryo butanditse, ariko hashyizweho amategeko agenga aho abaturage kavukire bagombaga gutura n'uko bagendaga, harimo Native Location Act yo mu 1879 n'amategeko yabasabaga gutwara impushya z'inzira (pass laws). Nyuma y'imyaka umunani Intambara ya Kabiri y'Ababuru irangiye, ndetse n'imyaka ine y'imishyikirano, Itegeko rya Afurika y'Epfo ryo mu 1909 (South Africa Act 1909) ryashinzwe Ubumwe bw'Afurika y'Epfo (Union of South Africa) ku wa 31 Gicurasi 1910, riha igihugu ubwigenge bugarukira ku rwego runaka. Ubu bumwe bwari bugizwe n'ubukoloni bwa Cape, Transvaal, Natal, hamwe na Orange Free State. Mu 1913, hashyizweho Itegeko ry'Ubutaka bw'Abasangwabutaka (Natives Land Act), ryagabanyije cyane uburenganzira bw'Abirabura bwo gutunga ubutaka, kuko icyo gihe bemerewe kugenzura hafi 7% gusa by'ubutaka bw'igihugu.<ref name="en17">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm|title=Native Land Act|publisher=South African Institute of Race Relations|date=19 June 1913|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014095049/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm|archive-date=14 October 2010 }}</ref> Nyuma, ubuso bwagenewe abaturage kavukire bwaje kongerwaho gato. Mu 1931, Ubumwe bw'Afurika y'Epfo bwabonye ubwigenge busesuye ku Bwami bw'u Bwongereza binyuze mu Statute of Westminster, yakuyeho ububasha bw'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'u Bwongereza bwo gushyiraho amategeko muri Afurika y'Epfo. Mu 1934, South African Party na National Party byishyize hamwe bishinga United Party, mu rwego rwo kunga Abafurikana n'Abazungu bavuga Icyongereza. Icyakora, mu 1939 iryo shyaka ryaracitse kubera kutumvikana ku kwinjira kw'Afurika y'Epfo mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose ku ruhande rw'u Bwongereza.<ref name="en18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/national-party-np|title=National Party (NP) &#124; South African History Online|website=www.sahistory.org.za|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=8 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508083820/https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/national-party-np|url-status=live}}</ref> === Igihe cya Apartheid === Mu 1948, National Party yatsinze amatora maze ifata ubutegetsi. Yakomeje kandi ishimangira politiki y'ivanguramoko yari yaratangiye mu gihe cy'ubukoloni bw'Abaholandi n'Abongereza. Hashingiwe ku mategeko ya Indian Act yo muri Kanada, abaturage bashyizwe mu byiciro bitatu: Abazungu, Abirabura, n'Abahinde n'Abavangavanze (Coloureds), buri tsinda rigenerwa uburenganzira n'imbogamizi zitandukanye. Guverinoma yari iyobowe n'Abazungu bake yashyizeho ku mugaragaro politiki y'ivanguramoko yiswe Apartheid. Mu gihe Abazungu babagaho ubuzima bwiza bugereranywa n'ubwo mu bihugu byateye imbere byo mu Burengerazuba, Abirabura bo bakomeje guhezwa mu bijyanye n'uburezi, amafaranga binjizaga, amazu ndetse n'icyizere cyo kubaho igihe kirekire. Mu 1955, Freedom Charter yemejwe n'ihuriro rya Congress Alliance, isaba ko habaho igihugu kitagira ivangura rishingiye ku moko. Ku wa 31 Gicurasi 1961, Afurika y'Epfo yabaye repubulika nyuma ya referandumu yemerewe gusa Abazungu.<ref name="en19">{{cite web|title=Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/hendrik-frensch-verwoerd|publisher=South African History Online|quote=On 5 October 1960 a referendum was held in which White voters were asked: "Do you support a republic for the Union?" – 52 percent voted 'Yes'.|access-date=9 March 2013|archive-date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129002322/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/hendrik-frensch-verwoerd|url-status=live}}</ref> Intara ya Natal yiganjemo abayobokaga u Bwongereza yarwanyije uwo mwanzuro. Elizabeth II yambuwe izina ry'Umwamikazi wa Afurika y'Epfo, maze Charles Robberts Swart aba Perezida wa mbere wa Repubulika. Mu 1983, itegekonshinga rya P. W. Botha ryakuyeho umwanya wa Minisitiri w'Intebe, rishyiraho Perezida ufite ububasha bukomeye. Muri uwo mwaka wa 1961, Afurika y'Epfo yanikuye mu muryango wa Commonwealth of Nations kubera igitutu cy'ibihugu biwugize. Nubwo Apartheid yarwanywaga n'abaturage bo mu gihugu no ku rwego mpuzamahanga, guverinoma yakomeje kuyishyigikira. Inzego z'umutekano zakandamizaga abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, mu gihe imitwe nka African National Congress (ANC), Azanian People's Organisation na Pan-Africanist Congress yakoraga ibikorwa byo kurwanya ubutegetsi birimo intambara y'udutsiko no gusenya ibikorwa remezo. Kubera politiki y'ivanguramoko, ibihugu byinshi byahagaritse ubucuruzi n'Afurika y'Epfo, biza no kuyifatira ibihano mpuzamahanga no gukuramo ishoramari ryabyo. === Nyuma ya Apartheid === Mu 1974, Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith, yashyizweho umukono na Mangosuthu Buthelezi na Harry Schwarz, yashyize imbere amahame yo guhererekanya ubutegetsi mu mahoro no guha abaturage bose uburenganzira bungana.<ref name="en20">{{Cite web |title=Russia, China And Palestine – Part III |url=https://crescent.icit-digital.org/articles/russia-china-and-palestine-part-iii |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=Crescent International}}</ref> Mu 1993, Perezida F.W. de Klerk yatangiye ibiganiro na [[Nelson Mandela]] bigamije kurangiza Apartheid no gushyiraho ubutegetsi bushingiye kuri demokarasi. Mu 1990, guverinoma ya National Party yatangiye gukuraho Apartheid ikuraho ibihano byari byarafatiwe ANC n'indi mitwe ya politiki. Nelson Mandela yafunguwe nyuma yo kumara imyaka 27 muri gereza. Nyuma y'ibiganiro n'amatora ya referandumu yo mu 1992, Afurika y'Epfo yakoze [[amatora]] rusange ya mbere mu 1994, atsindwa ku bwiganze na ANC. Nyuma y'ayo matora, igihugu cyongeye kwinjira muri Commonwealth of Nations ndetse kiba umunyamuryango wa [[Umuryango Ugamije Iterambere ry’Afurika y’amajyepfo|Southern African Development Community]] (SADC). Nyuma ya Apartheid, Afurika y'Epfo yakomeje kugira ituze rya politiki nubwo yahuye n'ibibazo birimo ubushomeri n'ubusumbane bukabije mu bukungu. Igihugu cyagize kandi ibihe by'urugomo, birimo imyigaragambyo yo mu 2008 yibasiraga abanyamahanga, yahitanye abantu barenga 60 ikanahungisha abarenga 100,000.<ref name="en21">{{cite journal|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2193949/|title=Broke-on-Broke Violence|journal=Slate |date=20 June 2008 |access-date=6 July 2011|archive-date=8 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908002524/http://www.slate.com/id/2193949/|url-status=live|last1=Chance |first1=Kerry }}</ref> Mu 2012, habaye [[ubwicanyi]] bwa Marikana, bwabaye bwo bwicanyi bukomeye bwakozwe n'inzego z'umutekano ku baturage kuva imyigaragambyo ya Soweto.<ref name="en22">{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/south-african-police-open-fire-on-striking-mine-workers-several-injured/2012/08/16/c9c99e3c-e7ad-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120817062827/http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/south-african-police-open-fire-on-striking-mine-workers-several-injured/2012/08/16/c9c99e3c-e7ad-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html|archive-date=17 August 2012|title=South African police open fire as striking miners charge, killing and wounding workers|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=16 August 2012|access-date=16 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu gihe cya Perezida Jacob Zuma, ruswa n'iyigarurirwa ry'inzego za Leta byabaye ikibazo gikomeye. Ifungwa rye by'agateganyo mu 2021 ryateje imvururu zahitanye abantu 354.<ref name="en23">{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=John |date=2021-07-15 |title=South Africa Sees the Best of Times and the Worst of Times |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/south-africa-sees-best-times-and-worst-times |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604133942/https://www.cfr.org/blog/south-africa-sees-best-times-and-worst-times |url-status=live }}</ref> Kuva mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21, ishyaka ANC ryagiye ritakaza imbaraga mu matora. Mu matora rusange yo mu 2024, ku nshuro ya mbere ryananiwe kubona ubwiganze busesuye mu [[Inteko ishinga amategeko|Nteko Ishinga Amategeko]].<ref name="en24">{{Cite web |last1=Chothia |first1=Farouk |last2=Byaruhanga |first2=Catherine |date=2024-05-31 |title=South Africa election result: Will ANC share power with MK party or DA? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyeek2xlgzzo |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601124426/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyeek2xlgzzo |url-status=live }}</ref> Nyuma y'ayo matora, Perezida Cyril Ramaphosa yashyizeho Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Igihugu (Government of National Unity) ifatanyije n'andi mashyaka, harimo Democratic Alliance.<ref name="en25">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=South Africa's ANC moves closer to forming coalition government |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240614-south-africa-s-anc-reaches-last-minute-deal-for-coalition-government |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615221341/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240614-south-africa-s-anc-reaches-last-minute-deal-for-coalition-government |url-status=live }}</ref> == Imiterere y'igihugu == Afurika y'Epfo iherereye mu majyepfo y'umugabane wa Afurika, ikagira inkombe z'inyanja zifite uburebure burenga kilometero 2,500, zihana imbibi n'Inyanja ya Atalantika y'Amajyepfo ndetse n'Inyanja y'u Buhinde. Ifite ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 1,219,912, bikayigira igihugu cya 24 kinini ku isi.<ref name="en26">{{Cite web|title=Demographic Yearbook – 2015 |date=2016 |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2015.htm|access-date=12 December 2017|website=United Nations Statistics Division |archive-date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708191849/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2015.htm|url-status=live }}</ref> Uretse ibirwa bya Prince Edward, igihugu kiri hagati ya dogere 22° na 35° z'amajyepfo (S) na dogere 16° na 33° z'iburasirazuba (E). Igice kinini cy'imbere mu gihugu kigizwe n'ikibaya kinini kiri ku butumburuke buri hagati ya metero 1,000 na 2,100 hejuru y'inyanja. Iki kibaya kiri hejuru cyane mu burasirazuba, kikagenda kigabanuka buhoro buhoro werekeza iburengerazuba, amajyaruguru n'amajyepfo y'iburengerazuba. Gikikijwe n'umusozi muremure uzwi nka Great Escarpment, aho igice cyawo cyo mu burasirazuba kandi kiri hejuru cyane cyitwa [[Drakensberg]].<ref name="en27">Encyclopædia Britannica (1975); Micropaedia Vol. III, p. 655. Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers, Chicago.</ref> Umusozi wa Mafadi, uherereye muri Drakensberg, ni wo muremure kurusha indi muri Afurika y'Epfo, ufite ubuhagarike bwa metero 3,450 hejuru y'inyanja.<ref name="en28">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 151. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> Umupaka uhuza intara ya KwaZulu-Natal na Lesotho unyura ku gice kiri hejuru cyane cya Great Escarpment, kigera ku butumburuke burenga metero 3,000. Igice cy'amajyepfo n'icy'amajyepfo y'iburengerazuba cy'iki kibaya, hamwe n'ikibaya kiri munsi yacyo, kizwi nka Great Karoo, akarere kagizwe ahanini n'ibihuru byo mu butayu kandi gatuwe n'abaturage bake. Mu majyaruguru, Great Karoo ikomeza ihinduka Bushmanland, na yo ikaza kugana mu Butayu bwa Kalahari buri mu majyaruguru y'iburengerazuba bw'igihugu. Igice cyo hagati no mu burasirazuba cy'ikibaya kizwi nka Highveld, kikaba gifite imvura ihagije, ubutaka bwera ndetse kikaba ari cyo gice gikorwamo [[ubuhinzi]] bw'ubucuruzi ku rugero runini. Aha ni na ho hari intara ya Gauteng, ifite abaturage benshi kurusha izindi. Mu majyaruguru ya Highveld hari Bushveld, igenda imanuka ikagera mu kibaya cya Limpopo Lowveld. Agace k'inkombe kari munsi ya Great Escarpment, guhera mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, kagizwe na Limpopo Lowveld, gakomeza muri Mpumalanga Lowveld, munsi ya Mpumalanga Drakensberg. Aka gace karangwa n'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'imvura nke ugereranyije na Highveld, kandi ubuhinzi ntibuhakorwa cyane. Muri aka karere ni ho haherereye Pariki y'Igihugu ya Kruger (Kruger National Park), imwe mu z'ingenzi muri Afurika, ifite ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 19,633.<ref name="en29">{{Cite web|title=Kruger National Park|url=http://www.africa.com/south-africa/travel/what-to-do/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218164142/http://www.africa.com/south-africa/travel/what-to-do/|archive-date=18 December 2014|access-date=16 December 2014|publisher=Africa.com}}</ref> Mu majyepfo n'amajyepfo y'iburengerazuba, munsi ya Great Escarpment, hari imisozi ya Cape Fold Mountains, irambuye ibangikanye n'inkombe z'inyanja. Hagati y'imisozi ya Outeniqua na Langeberg mu majyepfo n'umusozi wa Swartberg mu majyaruguru hari akarere kitwa Little Karoo, kagizwe n'ibihuru byo mu butayu busa n'ubwa Great Karoo, nubwo igice cyegereye Swartberg kibona imvura nyinshi bityo kikaba gikorwamo ubuhinzi kurushaho. Little Karoo izwi cyane kubera ubworozi bw'imbuni (ostriches), cyane cyane hafi y'umujyi wa Oudtshoorn. Agace k'inkombe kari hagati y'imisozi ya Outeniqua na Langeberg n'Inyanja yitiriwe Atalantika kazwi nka Garden Route. Aka karere kagwa imvura ihagije umwaka wose kandi karimo amashyamba manini kurusha ahandi muri Afurika y'Epfo. Mu majyepfo y'iburengerazuba bw'igihugu hari Cape Peninsula, igice kigize amaherezo y'amajyepfo y'inkombe z'igihugu. Iki gice gifite [[ikirere cya Mediterane]], kikaba ari cyo gice rukumbi cyo munsi y'[[Ubutayu bwa sahara|Ubutayu bwa Sahara]] cyakira imvura nyinshi mu gihe cy'itumba. Mu burengerazuba bw'inkombe, uhereye mu majyaruguru ya Cape Peninsula, hari akarere ka Swartland na Malmesbury Plain, kazwi cyane mu buhinzi bw'[[ingano]] bushingiye ku mvura y'itumba.<ref name="en30">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 113. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> Mu majyaruguru yaho hari Namaqualand, igenda irushaho gukama yegereye Uruzi rwa Orange.<ref name="en31">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 19. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> Nubwo aka karere kagwa imvura nke, iyo imvura yaguye mu gihe cy'itumba, mu mpeshyi (Kanama–Nzeri) huzura indabo z'amoko menshi zigakwira mu bibaya, bikaba kimwe mu bintu bikurura ba mukerarugendo benshi ku isi. Afurika y'Epfo ifite kandi ibirwa byo mu Nyanja y'Amajyepfo bizwi nka Prince Edward Islands, bigizwe na Marion Island ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 290 na Prince Edward Island ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 45. == Ikirere == Afurika y'Epfo ifite ikirere giciriritse muri rusange, bitewe n'uko ikikijwe n'Inyanja ya Atalantika n'Inyanja y'u Buhinde ku mpande eshatu, ikaba iri mu gice cy'amajyepfo y'Isi gifite ikirere kidakabije, ndetse n'uko ubutumburuke bw'igihugu bugenda bwiyongera werekeza mu majyaruguru no hagati mu gihugu. Imiterere y'ubutaka n'ingaruka z'inyanja bituma igihugu kigira ubwoko butandukanye bw'ikirere. Mu majyaruguru y'iburengerazuba hari ubutayu bwa Namib bufite ubushyuhe n'ubukame bukabije, mu gihe mu burasirazuba, ku mupaka wa [[Mozambike]] n'Inyanja y'u Buhinde, hari ikirere cy'ubushyuhe n'imvura nyinshi (subtropical). Igihe cy'itumba muri Afurika y'Epfo kiba hagati ya Kamena na Kanama. Mu majyepfo y'iburengerazuba, ikirere gisa n'icya Mediterane, kirangwa n'imvura mu itumba n'impeshyi ishyushye kandi yumye. Aka karere kazwi cyane kubera urusobe rw'ibimera rwa fynbos, kandi ni na ko gakorerwamo divayi nyinshi z'Afurika y'Epfo. Karangwa kandi n'[[umuyaga]] uhuha hafi umwaka wose, ibintu byatumye kera amato menshi akora impanuka igihe yanyuraga ku Cape of Good Hope. Mu burasirazuba bw'inkombe z'amajyepfo, imvura igwa neza mu mezi yose y'umwaka, bigatuma hahora hari ibimera byinshi n'ubutaka butoshye. Intara ya Free State irangwa n'ubutaka buringaniye kuko iherereye ku kibaya kinini cyo hagati mu gihugu. Mu majyaruguru y'uruzi rwa Vaal, akarere ka Highveld kagira imvura ihagije kandi ubushyuhe ntibukabije nk'ubwo mu bice byo ku nkombe. Umujyi wa Johannesburg, uherereye hagati ya Highveld ku butumburuke bwa metero 1,740 hejuru y'inyanja, ugwa imvura igera kuri milimetero 760 ku mwaka. Igihe cy'itumba muri aka karere kirakonja, nubwo urubura rugwa gake. Ahantu hakonja kurusha ahandi ku mugabane wa Afurika y'Epfo ni Buffelsfontein mu ntara ya Eastern Cape, aho mu mwaka wa 2013 handitswe ubushyuhe bwa −20.1 °C.<ref name="en32">{{Cite web|date=1 July 2018|title=These are the lowest ever temperatures recorded in South Africa|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/lowest-temperature-recorded-south-africa/|access-date=11 September 2020|website=The South African|language=en-US|archive-date=11 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911142956/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/lowest-temperature-recorded-south-africa/|url-status=live }}</ref> Nubwo ibirwa bya Prince Edward Islands bikonja kurushaho muri rusange, Buffelsfontein ni ho hamaze gupimwa ubushyuhe bwo hasi cyane ku mugabane w'igihugu. Ku rundi ruhande, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwemewe n'amategeko bwapimwe muri Vioolsdrif muri Mutarama 1993, bugera kuri 48.8 °C, nubwo hari inyandiko zivuga ko mu 1948 higeze gupimwa 51.7 °C hafi ya Upington, ariko ibyo ntibyemewe ku mugaragaro kuko ibikoresho byakoreshejwe bitari bisanzwe.<ref name="en33">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMdzAAAAMAAJ|title=South Africa yearbook|publisher=South African Communication Service|year=1997|isbn=9780797035447|page=3|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-date=24 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124000311/https://books.google.com/books?id=SMdzAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live }}</ref> [[Imihindagurikire y' ikirere|Imihindagurikire y'ikirere]] ikomeje kugira ingaruka zikomeye muri Afurika y'Epfo, zirimo izamuka ry'ubushyuhe n'ihindagurika ry'imvura. Ibiza biterwa n'ikirere, nk'amapfa n'inkongi z'umuriro, biragenda byiyongera kandi bikarushaho gukaza ubukana. Ibi bishyira mu kaga umutungo kamere, amazi, umusaruro w'ubuhinzi, ubuzima bw'abaturage n'[[urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima]]. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) bugaragaza ko bitarenze 2050, ubushyuhe bushobora kwiyongera hafi ya 1 °C ku nkombe z'inyanja, naho mu bice by'imbere mu gihugu nk'Northern Cape bukiyongera kurenga 4 °C. Akarere ka Cape Floral Region, kazwi cyane kubera ibimera byihariye, gashobora kuzibasirwa cyane n'iyi mihindagurikire, bikaba byanashyira amoko menshi y'ibimera n'inyamaswa mu kaga ko kuzimira. Afurika y'Epfo yasohoye raporo z'igihugu ku mihindagurikire y'ikirere mu 2011 no mu 2016. Ni kimwe mu bihugu bisohora imyuka myinshi ya carbone dioxyde (CO₂) ku isi, cyane cyane kubera gukoresha [[amakara]] na peteroli nk'isoko rikuru ry'ingufu. Mu rwego rwo kubahiriza amasezerano mpuzamahanga yo kurengera ibidukikije, igihugu cyiyemeje ko imyuka ihumanya ikirere kizayigeza ku rwego rwo hejuru hagati ya 2020 na 2025, hanyuma igatangira kugabanuka. == Politiki == === Ubutegetsi n'umukuru w'igihugu === Afurika y’Epfo igendera ku mfashanyigisho y'inteko ishinga amategeko (parliamentary republic), ariko ifite umwihariko: * Perezida: Ni umukuru w’igihugu akaba n'umukuru w’guverinoma. Agomba kuba afite icyizere cy’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kugira ngo agume ku gutegeka. * Gutora Perezida: Nyuma y'amatora y'inteko, Abadepite (National Assembly) batora umwe mu bagize inteko akaba Perezida. * Manda: Perezida amara imyaka 5 ku ntebe, kandi ashobora kuyobora manda ebyiri gusa.<ref name="en34">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2006/04/06/when-enough-is-enough|title=Term Limits in Africa|newspaper=The Economist|date=6 April 2006|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019194644/http://www.economist.com/node/6772433|url-status=live }}</ref> * Cabinet: Perezida ashyiraho Icyegera cye (Deputy President) na ba Minisitiri. Inteko iramutse imukupye icyizere (''motion of no confidence''), Perezida na guverinoma ye bashobora gukurvaho. * Uburenganzira bw'Itegeko Nshinga: Inzego zose (Itafata ibyemezo, Ishinga amategeko, n'Ubutabera) zitwarwa n'Itegeko Nshinga. Inkiko nkuru zifite ububasha bwo kuburizamo ibyemezo cyangwa amategeko anyuranyije naryo. === Inteko ishinga amategeko === Inteko ifite inzu ebyiri: # National Assembly (Inzu yo Pasi): Igizwe n'abadepite 400 batorwa ku mfashanyigisho y'ijanisha ry'amajwi amashyaka yaboneye (''party-list proportional representation'') buri myaka 5. # National Council of Provinces (Inzu yo Mu hisi): Igizwe n'abajyanama 90 (buri ntara mu ziri 9 itora abantu 10). === Amatora yo ku wa 29 Gicurasi 2024 === Aya matora yabaye amateka kuko ishyaka rya ANC yatakaje ubwiganze mu nteko ku buryo bw'umwihariko kuva Apartheid yagera ku musozo:<ref name="en35">{{Cite news |last=Akinwotu |first=Emmanuel |date=1 June 2024 |title=In a historic election, South Africa's ANC loses majority for the first time |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/06/01/nx-s1-4987616/south-africa-election-results |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=NPR}}</ref> * ANC: Yabonye 40% (imyanya 159). * DA (Democratic Alliance): Yabonye 22% (imyanya 87) - Ishyaka rikuru rirwanya ubutegetsi. * uMkhonto weSizwe (MK): Yabonye 14.6% (imyanya 58) - Ryashinzwe na Jacob Zuma. * EFF (Economic Freedom Fighters): Yabonye 9.5% (imyanya 39) - Ryashinzwe na Julius Malema.<ref name="en36">{{Cite news |last=Usher |first=Barbara Plett |date=14 June 2024 |title=A landmark moment in South Africa for a humbled ANC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cw55w4z3gqeo |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=BBC}}</ref> <blockquote>Nyuma y'amatora, ANC yafatanyije na DA n'ayandi mashyaka mato gukora Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Igihugu (Government of National Unity).</blockquote> === Imirwa mikuru === Afurika y’Epfo ntabwo ifite umurwa mukuru umwe utenganwa mu buryo bw'itegeko. Ubutegetsi bugabanyije mu mijyi itatu:<ref name="en37">{{cite web |title=South Africa's Three Capital Cities |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africas-three-capital-cities |publisher=Government of South Africa |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref> * Cape Town (Umurwa mukuru w'amategeko): Ibyicaro by'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko. * Pretoria (Umurwa mukuru w'ubutegetsi): Ibyicaro vya Perezida, Cabinet, n'ambasade z'amahanga. * Bloemfontein (Umurwa mukuru w'ubutabera): Ibyicaro by'Urukiko Rusange rwayo (''Supreme Court of Appeal''). ''(Nyamara, Urukiko Rurembereye rw'Itegeko Nshinga ruherereye i Johannesburg kuva mu 1994).'' === Amategeko n'inkiko === Amategeko ya Afurika y'Epfo ashingiye ku mbata y'imvange y'amateka babayemo: # Roman-Dutch law: Amategeko yazanywe n'Abaholandi mu bihe bya Koni.<ref name="en38">{{cite web|url=http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm|title=Researching South African Law|access-date=23 June 2008|first1=Pamela|last1=Snyman|first2=Amanda|last2=Barratt|name-list-style=amp|date=2 October 2002|publisher=w/ Library Resource Xchange|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617154356/http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm|archive-date=17 June 2008 }}</ref> # English Common law: Amategeko y'Abongereza yazanywe mu kinyejana cya 19. Urutonde rw'inkiko, uhereye ku rwego rwo hejuru: * Constitutional Court: Urukiko rurembereye (i Johannesburg). * Supreme Court of Appeal: Urukiko rugenewe ibindi bibazo bitari ibyo mu Itegeko Nshinga (i Bloemfontein). * High Court: Inkiko zisumbuye mu turere dutandukanye. * Magistrates' Courts: Inkiko z'ibanze ziburanisha ibyaha bito n'imbatshwa z'ubucuruzi ziciriritse. === Imyigaragambyo, imiyoborere n'uburenganzira bwa muntu === * Imyigaragambyo: Kuva mu 2004, iki gihugu cyagize imyigaragambyo myinshi mu baturage (harimo n'iy'urugomo), ku buryo gushaka kuvugwa ko ari cyo gihugu gihura n'imyigaragambyo myinshi mu isi.<ref name="en39">{{cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=Peter |title=Protests and Police Statistics: Some Commentary |url=https://www.amandla.org.za/protests-and-police-statistics-some-commentary-by-prof-peter-alexander/ |work=Amandla |date=27 March 2012 |access-date=8 April 2024 |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128234908/https://www.amandla.org.za/protests-and-police-statistics-some-commentary-by-prof-peter-alexander/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * Icyerekezo cy'Ibrahim Index (2022): Afurika y’Epfo yaje ku mwanya wa 6 mu bihugu 48 bya Afurika yo munsi ya Sahara.<ref name="en40">{{cite web|title=South Africa's recent performance in the Ibrahim Index of African Governance|url=http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/south-africa/|publisher=Mo Ibrahim Foundation|access-date=16 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218132708/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/south-africa/|archive-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref> Yagize amanota meza mu Gutegekesha Itegeko, Mu Bweranda, n'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, ariko igira amanota make mu Mutekano. * Uburenganzira bw'Abahuje Igitsina: Mu 2006, yabaye imwe mu nshingano za mbere mu isi yemereye gushyingiranwa ku bahuje igitsina (''same-sex marriage'').<ref name="en41">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6159991.stm|title=SA marriage law signed|work=BBC News|date=30 November 2006|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120235651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6159991.stm|url-status=live }}</ref> == Ubukungu == Afurika y'Epfo ifite ubukungu buvanze (mixed economy) burangwa n'urwego rw'imari rwateye imbere, inganda zitandukanye, ndetse n'umutungo kamere mwinshi. Ni cyo gihugu gifite ubukungu bunini muri Afurika, kandi kizwi nk'igihugu cyateye imbere cyane mu rwego rw'inganda, ikoranabuhanga n'ubukungu butandukanye ku mugabane wa Afurika. Mu mwaka wa 2026, umusaruro mbumbe w'igihugu (GDP) warengeje miliyari 450 z'amadolari ya Amerika, kandi gifite umwe mu musaruro mbumbe ku muturage (GDP per capita) uri hejuru cyane muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara. [[Ifaranga]] ry'Afurika y'Epfo, Rand (ZAR), ni ryo rikoreshwa cyane mu bucuruzi bw'ivunjisha muri Afurika. Isoko ry'imari ry'i Johannesburg (Johannesburg Stock Exchange – JSE) ni ryo rinini ku mugabane wa Afurika, kandi mu mwaka wa 2026 ryari ku mwanya wa 16 ku isi mu gaciro k'amasosiyete aribarizwaho, gafite agaciro kagera kuri tiriyoni 1.53 z'amadolari ya Amerika.<ref name="en46">{{Cite web |title=JSE Trading Hours & Market Holidays [2023]|url=https://www.tradinghours.com/markets/jse|access-date=2023-03-26|website=www.tradinghours.com|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195115/https://www.tradinghours.com/markets/jse|url-status=live}}</ref> Afurika y'Epfo ni na yo gihugu rukumbi cyo muri Afurika kiri mu muryango wa G20, kandi ni umunyamuryango wa BRICS, ibintu bigaragaza uruhare rukomeye gifite mu bukungu bw'isi.<ref name="en45">{{Cite web |title=South Africa's membership of BRICS has tangible benefits for South Africans|url=https://www.thedtic.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/BRICS-Benefits-to-South-Africa.pdf|website=The Department of Trade Industry and Competition}}</ref> Afurika y'Epfo ni kimwe mu bihugu bikomeye mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga, aho ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bifite uruhare runini mu bukungu bwacyo. Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa hanze cyane birimo amabuye y'agaciro, ibinyabiziga, imashini, umusaruro w'ubuhinzi ndetse n'ibicuruzwa by'inganda.<ref name="en47">{{cite web |title=South Africa|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042951/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa|archive-date=10 January 2021|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA}}</ref> Abafatanyabikorwa bayo bakomeye mu bucuruzi barimo [[Ubushinwa]], Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi (EU), [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]], [[Ubudage]], [[Ubuyapani]], u [[Ubuhinde|Buhinde]] n'Ubwami bw'Abongereza. Iki gihugu kandi cyungukira ku masezerano y'ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga arimo Isoko Rusange ry'Ubucuruzi muri Afurika (AfCFTA) n'itegeko rya African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), bikomeza kugiha umwanya ukomeye nk'igicumbi cy'ubucuruzi n'ishoramari muri Afurika. Nubwo nyuma y'iherezo rya politiki y'ivanguramoko (Apartheid) mu 1994 hashyizweho amavugurura menshi mu bukungu, Afurika y'Epfo iracyahanganye n'ibibazo bikomeye by'imibereho n'ubukungu. Muri byo harimo ubushomeri buri ku rwego rwo hejuru, ubukene bukabije, ndetse n'ubusumbane bukabije mu kwinjiza amafaranga, aho igihugu kiri mu bifite ikinyuranyo kinini hagati y'abakire n'abakene ku isi. Abaturage barenga kimwe cya kabiri babaho munsi y'umurongo w'ubukene, kandi igipimo cya Gini coefficient, gipima ubusumbane mu kwinjiza amafaranga, kiri mu biri hejuru cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga.<ref name="en48">{{Cite web|url=https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|publisher=World Bank |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: South Africa |date=April 2020 |access-date=7 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420193850/https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en49">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-ZA&most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=World Bank Open Data |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404210056/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-ZA&most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live }}</ref> Guverinoma yakomeje gushyiraho ingamba zigamije guhagarariza ubukungu, gukurura ishoramari, no kugabanya ubusumbane, zirimo gutanga inkunga z'imibereho (social grants) no gushyiraho umushahara fatizo ku rwego rw'igihugu (national minimum wage). Nubwo izo ngamba zatanze umusaruro mu bice bimwe, iterambere rikomeje kugenda buhoro kandi ntiryagera ku baturage bose ku buryo bungana. === Inganda na serivisi === Urwego rwa serivisi ni rwo rugira uruhare runini mu bukungu bwa Afurika y'Epfo, rutanga hafi 70% by'Umusaruro Mbumbe w'Igihugu (GDP) kandi rukaba rwanatanga akazi ku mubare munini w'abaturage. Umujyi wa Johannesburg ni wo kigo gikomeye cy'imari muri Afurika, ukaba ubarizwamo amabanki manini ku mugabane, ibigo mpuzamahanga byinshi, ndetse n'Isoko ry'Imigabane rya Johannesburg (Johannesburg Stock Exchange), rifite agaciro k'isoko kageraga kuri tiriyoni 1.36 z'amadolari ya Amerika mu mwaka wa 2023. Iryo soko ryihariye hafi 90% by'agaciro k'amasoko y'imigabane yose muri Afurika. Urwego rw'imari rwa Afurika y'Epfo ni rwo rwateye imbere cyane muri Afurika. Amabanki akomeye nka Standard Bank, First National Bank (FNB), Absa, na Nedbank akorera muri Afurika no mu bindi bihugu byo ku isi. Politiki y'ifaranga n'umutekano w'urwego rw'imari bicungwa na Banki Nkuru ya Afurika y'Epfo (South African Reserve Bank), ari na yo banki nkuru ya mbere yashinzwe muri Afurika. Ubucuruzi nabwo bufite uruhare runini mu bukungu bw'igihugu. Afurika y'Epfo ifite isoko rinini ry'ubucuruzi muri Afurika kandi iza ku mwanya wa gatandatu ku isi mu kugira umubare munini w'amaduka manini acururizwamo (shopping centres). Ni na ho havuye urunigi rwa resitora Nando's, rumaze gukwira mu bihugu birenga 20 ku isi.<ref name="en52">{{cite web |last=Seth Thorne|date=25 July 2024|title=The men behind Nando's – South Africa's global Peri-Peri chicken empire|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/784074/the-men-behind-nandos-south-africas-global-peri-peri-chicken-empire/|website=BusinessTech|access-date=April 5, 2026}}</ref> [[Inganda]] zikora ibintu (manufacturing) zikomeza kuba inkingi ikomeye y'ubukungu, zitanga hafi 13% bya GDP kandi zigaha akazi abantu barenga miliyoni 1.7.<ref name="en50">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2010/06/05/jobless-growth|title=South Africa, Jobless growth – The Economist|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> Afurika y'Epfo ifite urwego rw'inganda ruteye imbere kandi rutandukanye kurusha urw'ibindi bihugu bya Afurika. Inganda zikora imodoka ni zo ziza ku isonga, aho ibigo nka Toyota, Volkswagen, BMW, Ford, Mercedes-Benz, na Nissan bifite inganda nini ziteranyirizwamo imodoka. Igihugu gikora imodoka zirenga 600,000 buri mwaka, kikaba ari cyo cya mbere muri Afurika mu gukora imodoka, kandi nyinshi zoherezwa ku masoko yo mu Burayi, Aziya no mu bindi bihugu bya Afurika.<ref name="en51">{{Cite web |title=Automotive - BDO|url=https://www.bdo.co.za/en-za/industries/consumer-markets/automotive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718132112/https://www.bdo.co.za/en-za/industries/consumer-markets/automotive|archive-date=2025-07-18|access-date=2025-11-05|website=www.bdo.co.za|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Izindi nganda zikomeye zirimo izitunganya imiti n'ibinyabutabire, ibyuma, ibikoresho by'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, imashini, gutunganya ibiribwa n'ibinyobwa, imyenda, ndetse n'ibikoresho bya gisirikare. Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro bukomeje kuba imwe mu nkingi z'ubukungu bw'igihugu. Bugira uruhare rwa 7–8% bya GDP, kandi bwinjiza amafaranga arenga kimwe cya kabiri cy'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Afurika y'Epfo ni kimwe mu bihugu bikomeye ku isi mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro. Ni cyo gihugu cya mbere ku isi mu gutunganya platine, chrome, manganese, na vanadium, kandi kiri mu bihugu bikomeye mu gucukura amakara, ubutare bw'icyuma (iron ore), diyama, uranium, titanium, na zahabu. Afurika y'Epfo ifite umutungo munini cyane w'amabuye y'agaciro ufite agaciro karenga tiriyoni 2.5 z'amadolari ya Amerika, kandi iri mu bihugu icumi bya mbere ku isi bifite amabuye y'agaciro menshi atandukanye.<ref name="en53">{{Cite web |title=Critical Minerals and Metals Strategy South Africa 2025|url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202505/critical-minerals-and-metals-strategy-south-africa-2025.pdf|website=www.gov.za}}</ref> Ifite kandi hafi 88% by'ububiko bwa platine ku isi, 80% bya manganese, na 72% bya chromite.<ref name="en53" /> Nubwo ubuhinzi butanga gusa hagati ya 2–3% bya GDP, bufite uruhare rukomeye mu gutanga akazi, kubungabunga umutekano w'ibiribwa, guteza imbere icyaro no kongera ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Afurika y'Epfo ni kimwe mu bihugu bya mbere ku isi mu guhinga no kohereza mu mahanga imbuto za citrus (nk'[[amacunga]] n'[[indimu]]), inzabibu, divayi, [[Ikigori|ibigori]], ubwoya bw'[[intama]], mohair, n'ibikomoka ku nguni. Ni cyo gihugu cya mbere ku isi mu gukora mohair n'inyama z'inguni, kandi kiri mu bihugu bya mbere mu gutunganya amapera, amacunga n'[[isukari]]. Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'umusaruro w'ubuhinzi woherezwa mu mahanga, bigatuma Afurika y'Epfo iba kimwe mu bihugu bikomeye mu kohereza ibikomoka ku buhinzi mu gice cy'Isi cy'Amajyepfo. === Ubukerarugendo === [[Ubukerarugendo]] ni imwe mu nkingi z'ingenzi z'ubukungu bwa Afurika y'Epfo. Bugira uruhare rwa hafi 3.3% by'Umusaruro Mbumbe w'Igihugu (GDP) kandi butanga akazi ku bantu bagera kuri miliyoni 1.8, bingana n'ibice birenga 10% by'abakozi bose mu gihugu. Mu mwaka wa 2024, Afurika y'Epfo yakiriye abakerarugendo mpuzamahanga bagera kuri miliyoni 8.9 binjiye banyuze ku mipaka n'ibyambu bitandukanye. Mu 2025, ikinyamakuru ''The Daily Telegraph'' cyayishyize mu bihugu bikunzwe cyane ku isi mu bukerarugendo ndetse kiba igihugu cya mbere muri Afurika no mu karere k'Inyanja y'u Buhinde mu gukundwa n'abagenzi.<ref name="en54">{{cite web |author=Sibuliso Duba|date=25 July 2025|title=SA ranked fourth-best country in the world as tourism flourishes|url=https://www.capetownetc.com/news/sa-ranked-fourth-best-country-in-the-world-as-tourism-flourishes/|access-date=27 July 2025|publisher=CapeTown ETC}}</ref> Afurika y'Epfo izwi cyane kubera imiterere y'ubutaka butandukanye, [[inyamaswa]] nyinshi zo mu gasozi, n'umurage ukungahaye w'umuco n'amateka. Iki gihugu gifite bimwe mu byiza nyaburanga bizwi cyane muri Afurika, birimo Pariki y'Igihugu ya Kruger, imwe mu pariki nini kandi zisurwa cyane ku mugabane; Umusozi wa Table Mountain, umwe mu Bitangaza Birindwi by'Isi by'Ibinyabuzima (New7Wonders of Nature); umuhanda nyaburanga wa Garden Route; imisozi ya Drakensberg; ikibaya cya Blyde River Canyon; ndetse n'inyanja nziza zo mu Ntara za Western Cape na KwaZulu-Natal. Gusura inyamaswa zo mu gasozi (Safari) ni kimwe mu bikurura ba mukerarugendo benshi, bikaba bishyigikiwe n'urusobe rwa pariki z'igihugu, za pariki z'abikorera ndetse n'ahantu harinzwe h'ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja. Imijyi minini na yo yakira miliyoni z'abashyitsi buri mwaka. Cape Town, ikunze gushyirwa ku rutonde rw'imijyi myiza cyane ku isi, ni yo soko rikuru ry'ubukerarugendo muri Afurika y'Epfo. Irazwi cyane kubera V&A Waterfront, Table Mountain, Cape Point, n'uturere twegereye dukorerwamo divayi twa Cape Winelands. Johannesburg, umurwa mukuru w'ubucuruzi n'imari, ifite ahantu hakurura ba mukerarugendo harimo Ingoro Ndangamurage ya Apartheid (Apartheid Museum), Constitution Hill, na Gold Reef City. Umujyi wa Durban uzwi cyane kubera ikirere gishyushye, inyanja nziza n'umuhanda wa Golden Mile ukora ku nkengero z'inyanja. Ubukerarugendo bushingiye kuri divayi (Wine Tourism) nabwo bwateye imbere cyane, aho imizabibu n'inganda za divayi zo mu turere twa Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, na Paarl biri mu hantu hasurwa cyane mu gice cy'Amajyepfo y'Isi. Afurika y'Epfo ifite Ahantu 12 ndangamurage z'Isi za UNESCO (UNESCO World Heritage Sites), zigaragaza akamaro k'iki gihugu mu kubungabunga ibidukikije, amateka n'umuco.<ref name="en55">{{Cite web |title=Tourism |url=https://www.gcis.gov.za/sites/default/files/docs/Tourism.pdf |website=www.statssa.gov.za}}</ref> Muri zo harimo Robben Island, Cradle of Humankind, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Cape Floral Region Protected Areas, Mapungubwe National Park, Maloti-Drakensberg Park, na Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape. Izi ndangamurage zikomeza gukurura ba mukerarugendo baturutse impande zose z'isi kandi zigira uruhare rukomeye mu iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'igihugu.[[Dosiye:Ciudad_del_Cabo_desde_Cabeza_de_León,_Sudáfrica,_2018-07-22,_DD_34.jpg|thumb|Ciudad del Cabo desde Cabeza de León, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-22, DD 34]] == Ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga == Afurika y'Epfo ni kimwe mu bihugu bya Afurika byatanze umusanzu ukomeye mu iterambere ry'ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga. Mu 2025, cyashyizwe ku mwanya wa 61 ku Isi mu rutonde rw'Ibihugu Bigaragaza Udushya n'Ubushakashatsi (''Global Innovation Index'').<ref name="en56">{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Mu Ukuboza 1967, umuganga ubaga umutima Christiaan Barnard yakoze ku nshuro ya mbere ku isi igikorwa cyo gusimbuza umutima w'umuntu n'uw'undi muntu (human-to-human heart transplant) mu Bitaro bya Groote Schuur. Iki gikorwa cyabaye intambwe ikomeye mu [[Ubuvuzi|buvuzi]] bw'isi. Abandi banyasiyansi bakomoka muri Afurika y'Epfo bagize uruhare rukomeye mu iterambere ry'ubumenyi harimo: * Max Theiler, wakoze urukingo rw'indwara ya Yellow Fever (umuriro w'umuhondo). * Allan MacLeod Cormack, wagize uruhare rukomeye mu guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rya CT Scan (Computed Tomography) rikoreshwa mu gusuzuma indwara imbere mu mubiri. * Aaron Klug, yateje imbere uburyo bwo gukoresha electron microscopy mu bushakashatsi ku miterere y'utunyangingo. Kubera ibyo bikorwa by'indashyikirwa, Allan MacLeod Cormack na Aaron Klug bahawe Igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel. Mu mwaka wa 2002, Sydney Brenner na we yahawe Igihembo cya Nobel kubera ubushakashatsi bwe bw'ingenzi mu molekulari biyoloji (Molecular Biology). Mu rwego rw'ikoranabuhanga, Mark Shuttleworth yashinze Thawte, kimwe mu bigo bya mbere byatanze serivisi z'umutekano wa interineti (Internet Security).<ref name="en57">{{Cite web |title=About Thawte - SSL and Code Signing Certificates from Thawte, Inc. |url=https://www.thawte.com/about/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=www.thawte.com}}</ref> Nyuma yaje no kuba umwe mu Banyafurika ba mbere bakoze urugendo rwo mu isanzure (space). Afurika y'Epfo ifite kandi urwego rw'ubushakashatsi mu by'inyenyeri n'isanzure (Astronomy) ruteye imbere. Ni ho hari Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), ari yo telesikopi nini cyane ikoresha urumuri (optical telescope) mu gice cy'Amajyepfo y'Isi.<ref name="en58">{{cite web |date=2 April 2011 |title=SKA announces Founding Board and selects Jodrell Bank Observatory to host Project Office |url=http://www.skatelescope.org/news/2nd-april-news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029041532/http://www.skatelescope.org/news/2nd-april-news/ |archive-date=29 October 2012 |access-date=14 April 2011 |publisher=SKA 2011}}</ref> Iki gihugu kandi kirimo kubaka Karoo Array Telescope, igice cy'umushinga mpuzamahanga wa Square Kilometre Array (SKA), uzaba umwe mu mishinga minini cyane ku isi mu bushakashatsi bw'isanzure. Mu rwego rw'ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare, Afurika y'Epfo yatanze umusanzu ukomeye mu gukora imodoka za gisirikare zirinda abasirikare ibisasu bishyingurwa mu butaka (landmines) n'ibindi bisasu byaturikirizwa kure (MRAP – Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected vehicles).<ref name="en59">{{Cite web |last=FinGlobal |date=2020-06-11 |title=South African inventions: What is South Africa famous for? |url=https://www.finglobal.com/2020/06/11/south-african-inventions/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=FinGlobal |language=en-US}}</ref> Izi modoka zaje kuba urugero rwakurikijwe n'ibihugu byinshi byo ku isi. Iki gihugu kandi cyateje imbere ikoranabuhanga ryerekana amakuru y'indege n'intwaro ku kirahure cy'ingofero y'umupilote (Helmet-Mounted Display Technology), rifasha umupilote kubona amakuru y'ingenzi atarebye ku bipimo byo mu ndege. Byongeye kandi, kajugujugu y'intambara Denel Rooivalk, yakozwe muri Afurika y'Epfo, yabaye kajugujugu ya mbere y'intambara ku isi yakoze neza ikizunguruka cya dogere 360° (360-degree loop), bikagaragaza urwego rwo hejuru rw'ubushobozi bw'igihugu mu ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare. == Ubwikorezi == Afurika y'Epfo ni cyo gihugu gifite ibikorwaremezo by'ubwikorezi binini kandi biteye imbere kurusha ibindi muri Afurika. Ifite urusobe ruhujwe rw'imihanda, gari ya moshi, ibibuga by'indege, ibyambu n'imiyoboro itwara ibikomoka kuri peteroli na gaz. Igihugu gifite ibilometero bisaga 750,000 by'imihanda, bikaba ari urusobe rw'imihanda runini muri Afurika ndetse rukaba ruri ku mwanya wa 12 ku isi.<ref name="en60">{{Cite web |title=SANRAL |url=https://www.nra.co.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=96 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915122331/https://www.nra.co.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=96 |archive-date=2018-09-15 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.nra.co.za}}</ref> Ikigo cya Leta cyitwa South African National Roads Agency (SANRAL) ni cyo gishinzwe kubungabunga no guteza imbere imihanda y'igihugu. Mu mihanda y'ingenzi harimo N1, N2, N3 na N4, ihuza imijyi minini y'igihugu kandi ikaba iri mu mihanda mpuzamahanga nka Cape to Cairo Highway, ihuza Amajyepfo n'Amajyaruguru ya Afurika. Urusobe rwa gari ya moshi rureshya n'ibilometero 36,000, rukaba ari rwo runini muri Afurika ndetse rukaza ku mwanya wa karindwi ku isi. Gutwara imizigo bikorwa cyane n'ikigo Transnet Freight Rail, naho gutwara abagenzi bikorwa n'ikigo Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA). Hari kandi Gautrain, gari ya moshi yihuta ihuza Johannesburg na Pretoria, ikaba ari yo serivisi ya gari ya moshi yihuta yonyine muri Afurika y'Epfo.<ref name="en61">{{Cite web |title=High-speed trains for South Africa are coming: Ramaphosa |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/797467/high-speed-trains-for-south-africa-are-coming-ramaphosa/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Afurika y'Epfo ifite ibibuga by'indege birenga 1,500, bikaba biri mu mubare munini cyane ku isi kandi ari byo byinshi kurusha ibindi bihugu bya Afurika.<ref name="en62">{{Cite web |title=Department of Transport: National Airports Development Plan: NADP March 2024 |url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202604/54520gen3893.pdf |website=www.gov.za}}</ref> Ikibuga cy'Indege Mpuzamahanga cya O.R. Tambo giherereye i Johannesburg ni cyo kinini kandi gikoreshwa cyane muri Afurika, kikaba ari na cyo cyinjirirwamo n'abagenzi benshi baturuka cyangwa bajya mu mahanga.<ref name="en63">{{Cite web |author1=Theafricalogistics |date=2019-07-08 |title=Top 10 largest airports in Africa |url=https://theafricalogistics.com/2019/07/08/top-10-largest-airports-in-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402230217/https://theafricalogistics.com/2019/07/08/top-10-largest-airports-in-africa/ |archive-date=2 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Africa Logistics |language=en-US}}</ref> Ibindi bibuga bikomeye ni Cape Town International Airport, King Shaka International Airport, na Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport. Urwego rw'indege rwa Afurika y'Epfo ni rwo rwateye imbere cyane ku mugabane wa Afurika. Rukorerwamo n'amasosiyete y'indege arimo South African Airways, Airlink, FlySafair, CemAir, na LIFT, atanga serivisi z'imbere mu gihugu ndetse n'izihuza Afurika y'Epfo n'ibindi bihugu. Mu rwego rw'ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi, Afurika y'Epfo ifite ibyambu bikomeye birimo Durban, Cape Town, Gqeberha, Richards Bay, Saldanha Bay, na East London.<ref name="en64">{{Cite news |title=The bottleneck |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2016/03/19/the-bottleneck |access-date=2025-07-24 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Icyambu cya Durban ni cyo cyambu gikomeye kurusha ibindi byo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara mu kwakira no kohereza kontineri, kandi kiri ku mwanya wa kane mu gice cy'Amajyepfo y'Isi. Icyambu cya Richards Bay na cyo kiri mu byambu binini ku isi byoherezamo ibicuruzwa byinshi, cyane cyane amabuye y'agaciro n'ibindi bicuruzwa byinshi. Ibikorwa by'ibyambu byose bicungwa n'ikigo Transnet National Ports Authority, gifite uruhare rukomeye mu koroshya ubwikorezi bw'ibicuruzwa imbere mu gihugu no guteza imbere ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. == Indanganturo == {{Reflist}} {{Afurika}} [[Category:Afurika y’Epfo]] [[Category:Afurika]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] am825nzxy7u2ycg4t39stxoa7qsnrhi 0 6169 140955 140754 2026-10-08T00:06:59Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Denis Sassou Nguesso | image = Denis Sassou Nguesso on April 29, 2026 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Denis Sassou Nguesso ku ya 29 Mata 2026 | birth_date = 23 Ugushyingo 1943 | birth_place = Edou, Oyo, [[Repubulika ya Kongo]] | nationality = Umunyekongo | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Repubulika ya Kongo]] | term = 1979–1992; kuva ku ya 25 Ukwakira 1997 | predecessor = Pascal Lissouba | party = Parti congolais du travail (PCT) | spouse = Antoinette Sassou Nguesso }} '''Denis Sassou Nguesso''' (yavutse ku ya 23 Ugushyingo 1943 i Edou) ni umusirikare akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa [[Repubulika ya Kongo]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva mu 1997, nyuma yo kuba yarakiyoboye bwa mbere kuva mu 1979 kugeza mu 1992. Ni umwe mu bayobozi b'ibihugu bamaze igihe kirekire ku butegetsi muri Afurika. Mu gihe cya manda ye ya mbere, yayoboye ishyaka rimwe rya gikomunisiti, Parti congolais du travail (PCT). Mu 1990, yemeye amashyaka menshi, ariko mu 1992 atsindwa amatora ya perezida. Yagarutse ku butegetsi mu 1997, inyeshyamba ze, Cobras, zifashijwe n'ingabo za [[Angola]], zimaze guhirika Perezida Pascal Lissouba mu ntambara y'abenegihugu. Kuva icyo gihe, yatsinze amatora ya 2002, 2009, 2016, 2021 na 2026, kandi mu 2015 yahinduye Itegeko Nshinga kugira ngo ashobore kongera kwiyamamaza. Ubutegetsi bwe bwakunze kuvugwamo ibirego bya ruswa no kunyereza umutungo wa leta. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere == Sassou Nguesso yavukiye i Edou, umudugudu uri hafi y'Oyo mu majyaruguru ya Kongo, mu bwoko bw'Abambochi <ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=République du Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) : information indiquant s'il existe des signes distinctifs visibles entre les membres de l'ethnie Mbochi et les autres ethnies en termes d'apparence, de pratiques et de styles de vie; information indiquant s'il est possible de déterminer par son nom l'appartenance d'une personne à l'ethnie Mbochi |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/469cda50c.html |website=refworld.org |date=2007-02-23}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Congo-Brazzaville : Denis Sassou Nguesso, le joueur de poker |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/140289/politique/congo-brazzaville-denis-sassou-nguesso-le-joueur-de-poker/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2012-08-30}}</ref>. Ni bucura bw'abana ba Julien Nguesso, wari umutware w'abahigi, na Émilienne Mouebara <ref name="E12">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Antoine Daniel Kongo |title=Congo-Brazzaville: Denis Sassou Nguesso, premier président de la Nouvelle République |url=http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201603240843.html |website=allAfrica |date=2016-03-24 |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Germaine Mapanga |title=Denis Sassou Nguesso " Lékufé ", notable à 10 ans |url=http://lesechos-congobrazza.com/politique/3163-denis-sassou-nguesso-lekufe-notable-a-10-ans |website=allAfrica |date=2017-06-26 |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Denis Sassou-Nguesso |url=https://www.parismatch.com/bio/denis-sassou-nguesso |website=parismatch.com |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza i Fort-Rousset (ubu ni Owando), hanyuma mu ishuri nderabarezi rya Dolisie kuva mu 1956 kugeza mu 1960 <ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liste des présidents de la République du Congo Brazzaville |url=http://www.consulatgeneralcongo.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31&Itemid=167 |website=Consulate General of Congo in Tunis |date=2014-08-17}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Mu 1960, mbere gato y'uko igihugu kibona ubwigenge, Sassou Nguesso yinjiye mu gisirikare <ref name="E15">{{cite web |author=Barry Turner |title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2010: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YpLlDQAAQBAJ&q=Isidore+Mvouba+1954&pg=PA352 |website=Springer |date=2009}}</ref>. Yahawe imyitozo ya gisirikare muri [[Aligeriya]], hanyuma mu ishuri ry'abasirikare barwanira ku butaka rya Saint-Maixent, mu [[Ubufaransa]] <ref name="E14" />. Yabaye umwe mu basirikare bakuru ba mbere b'umutwe w'abasirikare barwanira mu kirere wa mbere w'ingabo za Kongo, washinzwe na Marien Ngouabi mu 1965; nyuma yayoboye uwo mutwe, ingabo n'akarere ka gisirikare ka [[Brazzaville]], hanyuma ishami ry'ubutasi <ref name="E14" /><ref name="E17">{{cite web |author=Brigitte NOUAILLE-DEGORCE |title=NGOUABI MARIEN (1938–1977) |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/marien-ngouabi/ |website=Universalis |date=1999-01-19 |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Yabaye koloneli mu 1978, nyuma aba jenerali mu 1989 <ref name="E14" />. == Intangiriro y'umwuga wa politiki == Mu 1968, Sassou Nguesso yagize uruhare muri kudeta yahiritse Perezida Alphonse Massamba-Débat, ishyira Marien Ngouabi ku butegetsi, maze aba umwe mu bagize Inama y'Igihugu y'Impinduramatwara <ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=LISTE DES MEMBRES FONDATEURS DU CONSEIL NATIONAL DE LA RÉVOLUTION (21 décembre 1968) |url=http://congo-liberty.com/?p=24588 |website=congo-liberty.com |access-date=2021-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807111149/http://congo-liberty.com/?p=24588 |archive-date=2021-08-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=LISTE DES MEMBRES FONDATEURS DU CONSEIL NATIONAL DE LA RÉVOLUTION (21 décembre 1968) |url=http://congo-liberty.com/?p=24588 |website=congo-liberty.com |access-date=2021-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807111149/http://congo-liberty.com/?p=24588 |archive-date=2021-08-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 1969, yatorewe kuba umwe mu bagize komite nkuru ya mbere y'ishyaka rishya rya gikomunisiti, Parti congolais du travail (PCT) <ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Accession de Marien Ngouabi à la présidence de la République du Congo |url=https://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve/1052 |website=perspective.usherbrooke.ca |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Gicurasi 1973, yagizwe umuyobozi w'umutekano wa leta, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Ingabo n'Umutekano afite imyaka 32 <ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Journal officiel de la république populaire du congo |url=https://www.sgg.cg/JO/1973/congo-jo-1973-11.pdf |website=Journal officiel de la république populaire du congo}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Sabine Cessou |title=Congo-Brazzaville: Denis Sassou-Nguesso en dix dates |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20151023-congo-brazzaville-denis-sassou-nguesso-dix-dates-referendum |website=RFI |date=2015-10-23 |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Werurwe 1977, Perezida Ngouabi yarishwe <ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Michel Arseneault |title=Il y a 40 ans, la mort d'un président au marxisme 'bien tempéré' à Brazzaville |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170317-congo-il-y-40-ans-assassinat-brazzaville-president-marien-ngouabi-marxisme-bien-tem |website=RFI |date=2017-03-17 |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Komite ya gisirikare ya PCT iyobowe na Sassou Nguesso yahise ifata ubutegetsi; yayoboye igihugu by'agateganyo, mbere yo guha umwanya Jenerali Joachim Yhombi-Opango, akaguma kuba visi-perezida wa mbere wa komite na Minisitiri w'Ingabo <ref name="E33" /><ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Accession de Denis Sassou-Nguesso à la présidence de la République populaire du Congo |url=https://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve/1275 |website=perspective.usherbrooke.ca |access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref>. == Manda ya mbere (1979–1992) == Ku ya 8 Gashyantare 1979, Sassou Nguesso yagizwe perezida w'agateganyo, hanyuma ku ya 31 Werurwe 1979 yemezwa nk'umuyobozi wa komite nkuru ya PCT na Perezida wa Repubulika <ref name="E37" /><ref name="E39">{{cite web |title=Le premier congrès extraordinaire du parti congolais du travail |url=http://www.particongolaisdutravail.org/histoire-suite1.html |website=particongolaisdutravail.org |access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref>. Nubwo yafatwaga nk'uri ku ruhande rw'Ubumwe bw'Abasoviyeti, yagiranye umubano ukomeye n'Ubufaransa, kandi ikigo cy'Abafaransa cya peteroli Elf Aquitaine cyagize uruhare rukomeye mu bucukuzi bwa peteroli ya Kongo <ref name="E33" /><ref name="E43">{{cite web |title=Le pétrole congolais d'Elf, huile de la Françafrique |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/evasion-fiscale/article/2018/04/10/le-petrole-congolais-d-elf-huile-de-la-francafrique_5283337_4862750.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2018-04-10}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1986 kugeza mu 1987, yayoboye Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'Afurika (OUA). Mu 1990, yemeye amashyaka menshi, maze mu 1991 Inama y'Igihugu imwambura ububasha bwo kuyobora, akomeza kuba umukuru w'igihugu w'icyubahiro gusa <ref name="E46">{{cite web |language=en |author=Kenneth B. Noble |title=Congo Political Conference Gives Africa a Democratic Model |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/25/world/congo-political-conference-gives-africa-a-democratic-model.html |website=The New York Times |date=1991-06-25 |access-date=2021-08-24}}</ref>. Mu matora ya perezida yo muri Kanama 1992, yabaye uwa gatatu n'amajwi 17%, ashyigikira Pascal Lissouba watsinze icyiciro cya kabiri <ref name="E47">{{cite web |title=CONGO-BRAZZAVILLE |url=https://media.africaportal.org/documents/paper41.pdf |access-date=2021-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814204328/https://media.africaportal.org/documents/paper41.pdf |archive-date=2021-08-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E49">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Congo Chambre parlementaire : Sénat - Élections tenues en 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-f/reports/arc/1370_92.htm |website=archive.ipu.org |access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref>. == Intambara z'abenegihugu no kugaruka ku butegetsi == Mu Ugushyingo 1993, intambara y'abenegihugu yadutse nyuma y'impaka ku byavuye mu matora y'abadepite, imitwe yitwaje intwaro ishyigikiye Lissouba irwana n'iya Bernard Kolélas (Ninjas) n'iya Sassou Nguesso (Cobras) <ref name="E50">{{cite web |title=Chambre parlementaire: Assemblée nationale |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-f/reports/arc/1071_93.htm |website=archive.ipu.org |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref><ref name="E51">{{cite web |title=Congo-Brazzaville: Bulletin spécial d'IRIN sur les milices au Congo |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/congo/congo-brazzaville-bulletin-sp%C3%A9cial-dirin-sur-les-milices-au-congo |website=reliefweb.int |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Sassou Nguesso yamaze amezi arindwi i Paris mu 1996, agaruka muri Mutarama 1997 kwitegura amatora ya perezida <ref name="E52">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Entre arbitraire et impunite: les droits de l'homme au Congo-Brazzaville |url=http://www.fidh.org/rapports/congo.htm |date=April 1998 |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114133125/http://www.fidh.org/rapports/congo.htm |archive-date=2007-11-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku ya 5 Kamena 1997, ingabo za leta zagose inzu ye i Brazzaville, bituma intambara ya kabiri y'abenegihugu yaduka hagati y'ingabo za leta n'umutwe we, Cobras <ref name="E53">{{cite web |author=Patrice Yengo |title=" Chacun aura sa part " : les fondements historiques de la (re)production de la " guerre " à Brazzaville |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1998_num_38_150_1811 |website=Cahiers d'Études africaines |date=1998}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Nzeri, ingabo za Angola zinjiye mu ntambara zimushyigikiye, maze mu Ukwakira Lissouba ahunga igihugu; ku ya 25 Ukwakira 1997, Sassou Nguesso yarahiriye kuba Perezida <ref name="E52" /><ref name="E53" />. Yakuyeho Itegeko Nshinga rya 1992, arisimbuza itegeko ryamuhaye ububasha bwinshi <ref name="E56">{{cite web |title=Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, United Kingdom |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3df4aadc0.pdf |date=October 2002 |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Imirwano yakomeje kugeza ku masezerano y'amahoro yo mu Ukuboza 1999, ishyira iherezo ku ntambara yasize abantu bari hagati ya 8 000 na 10 000 bapfuye n'abagera ku 800 000 bavuye mu byabo <ref name="E57">{{cite web |author=Hanlie de Beer |title=Congo-Brazzaville: The deep end of the Pool |url=https://issafrica.org/research/papers/congo-brazzaville-the-deep-end-of-the-pool |website=Institute for Security Studies |date=1999-09-02 |access-date=2021-08-14}}</ref><ref name="E59">{{cite web |title=ACCORD DU 29 DECEMBRE 1999 A BRAZZAVILLE |url=https://www.peaceau.org/uploads/congobraz-29-12-1999.pdf |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. == Perezida kuva mu 1997 == Mu matora ya perezida yo ku ya 10 Werurwe 2002, umukandida w'ingenzi utavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi akaba yarivanyemo, Sassou Nguesso yatsinze n'amajwi 89,41% <ref name="E60">{{cite web |language=en |title=Congolese Opposition Leader Withdraws From Presidential Race – 2002-03-09 |url=https://www.voanews.com/archive/congolese-opposition-leader-withdraws-presidential-race-2002-03-09 |website=Voice of America |access-date=2021-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814204327/https://www.voanews.com/archive/congolese-opposition-leader-withdraws-presidential-race-2002-03-09 |archive-date=2021-08-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E61">{{cite web |title=CONGO ELECTION PRESIDENTIELLE 10 MARS 2002 |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1411900/625_tmpphpogQZdH.pdf |access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2006, yatorewe kuyobora Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe <ref name="E62">{{cite web |language=fr |title=UA: Denis Sassou Nguesso au lieu d'Omar el-Béchir |url=https://www.dw.com/fr/ua-denis-sassou-nguesso-au-lieu-domar-el-b%C3%A9chir/a-2886664 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2006-01-24 |access-date=2021-08-14}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2009, yongeye gutorwa n'amajwi 78,61%, mu gihe abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bari baretse kwitabira amatora <ref name="E64">{{cite web |title=Congo leader in pardon for ex-president at start of new term |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g_1c-B0FlV37Bpumy0UGd69KnElw |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225075845/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g_1c-B0FlV37Bpumy0UGd69KnElw |archive-date=2014-02-25 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>. Mu 2015, yateguye kamarampaka ku Itegeko Nshinga rishya ryamwemereraga kongera kwiyamamaza; ryemejwe n'amajwi 92,96%, ariko abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bavuga ko ubwitabire bwari buke <ref name="E65">{{cite web |title=Congo Republic president says expects referendum over third term |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-president-idUSKBN0MN25N20150327}}</ref><ref name="E66">{{cite web |title=More than 90% vote to allow Congo leader's bid to extend rule |url=https://news.yahoo.com/more-90-vote-allow-congo-leaders-bid-extend-071858967.html}}</ref><ref name="E67">{{cite web |language=en |title=Congo referendum should be annulled due to low turnout, opposition says |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-politics-idUSKCN0SK1C120151026 |website=Reuters |date=2015-10-26 |access-date=2022-07-23}}</ref>. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2016 (60%) <ref name="E68">{{cite web |language=en |author=Christian Elion |title=Congo's Sassou Nguesso wins re-election, opposition vows protests |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-election-idUSKCN0WQ0MQ |website=Reuters |date=2016-03-24 |access-date=2021-08-15}}</ref>, mu 2021 (88,57%) <ref name="F58">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Congo : Denis Sassou Nguesso réélu président avec 88,57% des voix selon les résultats provisoires |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/presidentielle-au-congo-denis-sassou-nguesso-reelu-president-avec-8857-des-voix-selon-les |website=TV5MONDE - Informations |date=2021-03-23 |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref><ref name="F59">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Election au Congo-Brazzaville : Denis Sassou-Nguesso réélu sans surprise avec 88,57 % des voix |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/03/23/au-congo-brazzaville-denis-sassou-nguesso-reelu-sans-surprise-avec-88-57-des-voix_6074196_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-03-23 |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref> no mu Werurwe 2026 (94,82%) <ref name="E72">{{cite web |author=Louis Okamba |title=Republic of Congo's president reelected to fifth term, provisional results show |url=https://apnews.com/article/republic-of-congo-president-election-a7e32fea3127f90dabfc838eedd83d21 |website=AP |date=2026-03-17 |access-date=2026-03-17}}</ref><ref name="F70">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Congo-Brazzaville: Denis Sassou-Nguesso déclaré vainqueur de la présidentielle pour la cinquième fois consécutive |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260317-congo-brazzaville-denis-sassou-nguesso-%C3%A9lu-pr%C3%A9sident-pour-la-cinqui%C3%A8me-fois-cons%C3%A9cutive |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Mu matora ya 2021, umukandida wa kabiri, Guy-Brice Parfait Kolélas, yapfuye azize COVID-19 bukeye bw'amatora <ref name="F59" />. Nk'umuyobozi w'akanama k'Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe gashinzwe ikibazo cya [[Libiya]], yagize uruhare mu gushaka umuti w'icyo kibazo, ndetse muri Ukuboza 2024 asura Tripoli na Benghazi <ref name="E73">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frédéric Ange Touré |title=La Libye au cœur d'une rencontre entre Denis Sassou N'Guesso et le Cheikh Farhat Jaâbiri |url=https://lejournaldelafrique.com/lafrique-daujourdhui/la-libye-au-coeur-dune-rencontre-entre-denis-sassou-nguesso-et-le-cheikh-farhat-jaabiri/ |website=Le Journal de l'Afrique |date=2021-06-20 |access-date=2021-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627222341/https://lejournaldelafrique.com/lafrique-daujourdhui/la-libye-au-coeur-dune-rencontre-entre-denis-sassou-nguesso-et-le-cheikh-farhat-jaabiri/ |archive-date=2021-06-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F63">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Visite en Libye de Sassou Nguesso, président du Haut comité de l'UA: quel rôle pour l'Afrique dans la réconciliation? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241212-visite-libye-sassou-nguesso-pr%C3%A9sident-du-haut-comit%C3%A9-ua-quel-r%C3%B4le-pour-l-afrique-dans-la-r%C3%A9conciliation |website=RFI |date=2024-12-12 |access-date=2025-05-24}}</ref>. Yashishikarije guverinoma z'u [[Rwanda]] n'iya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] kuganira kugira ngo intambara yo mu burasirazuba bwa Kongo irangire <ref name="F64">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En tête-à-tête - Conflit en RD Congo : pour Denis Sassou-Nguesso, "une guerre régionale" est possible |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/%C3%A9missions/en-t%C3%AAte-%C3%A0-t%C3%AAte/20250216-conflit-en-rd-congo-pour-denis-sassou-nguesso-une-guerre-r%C3%A9gionale-est-possible |website=France 24 |date=2025-02-16 |access-date=2025-05-24}}</ref>. Yateguye kandi inama y'Ibibaya Bitatu (''Sommet des trois Bassins'') i Brazzaville mu Ukwakira 2023, igamije kurengera amashyamba y'inzitane <ref name="F65">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Quels sont les enjeux du sommet des Trois Bassins forestiers tropicaux qui s’est ouvert à Brazzaville ? |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/quels-sont-les-enjeux-du-sommet-des-trois-bassins-forestiers-tropicaux-qui-s-est-ouvert-a-brazzaville-26-10-2023-2540920_3826.php |website=Le Point |date=2023-10-26 |access-date=2025-05-24}}</ref>. Kuva muri Nzeri 2025, ayoboye inama y'abakuru b'ibihugu bya CEMAC <ref name="F68">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sommet de la Cémac: Denis Sassou-Nguesso succède à Faustin-Archange Touadéra à la tête de l'organisation |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250911-sommet-de-la-cemac-denis-sassou-nguesso-succ%C3%A8de-%C3%A0-faustin-archange-touad%C3%A9ra-%C3%A0-la-t%C3%AAte-de-l-organisation |website=RFI |date=2025-09-11 |access-date=2025-09-12}}</ref>. == Ibirego bya ruswa == Mu Mata 2007, imiryango ya Sherpa na Survie yareze mu Bufaransa abakuru b'ibihugu bitanu b'Afurika n'imiryango yabo, barimo Sassou Nguesso, ibashinja guhisha umutungo wanyerejwe muri leta, mu rubanza ruzwi nka « imitungo yabonetse mu buryo butemewe » (''biens mal acquis'') <ref name="F71">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Chronologie de l'affaire dite des "biens mal acquis" |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/chronologie-de-l-affaire-dite-des-biens-mal-acquis-176396 |website=TV5MONDE |date=2017-06-21 |access-date=2022-07-15}}</ref>. Mu 2010, Urukiko rusesa imanza rw'Ubufaransa rwemeye ko ikirego gikurikiranwa. Mu Nyakanga 2007, umuryango Global Witness wagaragaje ko umuhungu we, Denis Christel Sassou Nguesso, yaba yarakoresheje amafaranga y'ubucuruzi bwa peteroli mu kugura ibintu by'agaciro i Paris na Dubai <ref name="E78">{{cite web |title=Denis christel sassou nguesso credit card |url=http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_get.php/439/en/denis_christel_sassou_nguesso_credit_card_bill.pdf |website=www.globalwitness.org |access-date=2025-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191741/http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_get.php/439/en/denis_christel_sassou_nguesso_credit_card_bill.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2021, izina rye ryagaragaye mu nyandiko zizwi nka ''Pandora Papers'', zavuze ko mu 1998, nyuma gato yo gusubira ku butegetsi, handitswe ikigo cyitwa Inter African Investment mu birwa bya Virginie by'Abongereza, ahantu hazwiho kudasoresha <ref name="F61">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal de l'Afrique - "Pandora papers" : plusieurs chefs d'État africains cités par une enquête journalistique |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/%C3%A9missions/journal-de-l-afrique/20211004-plusieurs-chefs-d-etat-africains-cit%C3%A9s-dans-les-pandora-papers |website=France 24 |date=2021-10-04 |access-date=2021-10-05}}</ref><ref name="E82">{{cite web |language=en |author=Kate Hairsine |title=Pandora Papers expose African leaders' offshore secrets |url=https://www.dw.com/en/pandora-papers-expose-african-leaders-offshore-secrets/a-59399552 |website=dw.com |date=2021-04-10 |access-date=2025-04-11}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye yahakanye uruhare urwo ari rwo rwose muri icyo kibazo <ref name="F62">{{cite web |language=fr |title=«Pandora Papers»: le gouvernement congolais dément l'implication du président Sassou-Nguesso |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20211006-pandora-papers-le-gouvernement-congolais-d%C3%A9ment-l-implication-du-pr%C3%A9sident-sassou-nguesso |website=RFI |date=2021-10-06 |access-date=2022-03-20}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2026, yavuzwe mu kibazo cya ruswa gifitanye isano n'ikigo cya peteroli cyo muri Noruveje, Petronor; guverinoma ye ibyita gusebanya <ref name="F77">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Deux Norvégiens et Petronor inculpés pour «corruption aggravée» à «grande échelle» au Congo-Brazzaville |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260126-deux-norv%C3%A9giens-inculp%C3%A9s-de-corruption-pour-le-versement-de-pots-de-vin-au-pr%C3%A9sident-congolais-sassou-nguesso |website=rfi |date=2026-01-26 |access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref>. Ku butegetsi bwe, ubukungu bwagiye buzamuka, ariko igihugu gifite umwenda munini, kandi abaturage benshi baracyabaho mu bukene nubwo igihugu gikungahaye kuri peteroli n'amabuye y'agaciro <ref name="F78">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Congo-Brazzaville n’en a pas fini avec ses dettes cachées |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/07/11/le-congo-brazzaville-n-a-pas-fini-avec-ses-dettes-cachees_5488215_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-07-11 |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref><ref name="F81">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Denis Sassou N'Guesso « Je n'ai pas pillé les richesses du Congo » |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/denis-sassou-n-guesso-je-n-ai-pas-pille-les-richesses-du-congo_773835.html |website=LExpress.fr |date=2009-07-10 |access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Sassou Nguesso yashakanye na Antoinette Tchibota <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le RDPS fait faux bond à Denis et Antoinette Sassou avec le ’NON" au changement de Constitution |url=http://www.congopage.com/Le-RDPS-fait-faux-bond-a-Denis-et-Antoinette-Sassou-avec-le-NON-au-chengement-de-Constitution |website=CongoPage |date=2015-05-27}}</ref>. Afite abana benshi; umukobwa we, Édith Lucie, yashakanye na Perezida wa [[Gabon]], Omar Bongo, mu 1989 <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=CONGO/FRANCE • Sassou lègue l'héritage d'Edith à ses petits-enfants - 06/10/2011 - La Lettre du Continent |url=https://www.africaintelligence.fr/afrique-centrale/2011/10/06/sassou-legue-l-heritage-d-edith-a-ses-petits-enfants,93372254-gra |website=Africa Intelligence |date=2011-10-04 |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Repubulika ya Kongo]] 1i5zs7k7qxhmw5ntoltmvsqo2l1r2wo 3 8348 140946 134472 2026-10-07T16:55:44Z CeylonChingu 19089 /* Welcome to Wiki Project Med! */ new section 140946 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Heckert GNU white.svg|right|thumb|]] '''Welcome to Kinyarwanda Wikipedia, [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]]'''! As you may have discovered already, a significant proportion of the contributors to this site know little or no Kinyarwanda. We hope you will contribute, no matter what your language skills are. Feel free to contact me for guidance. '''Enjoy'''! --'' [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] <small>([[User talk:Deborahjay|Talk]]) 12:09, 5 May 2020 (UTC)</small>'' == Comment heading and signature == To improve the comment you wrote on [[User talk:WikiBayer]], I suggest the following in Edit source mode: * For the Level 2 heading (between the paired equals signs: '''<nowiki>== . ==</nowiki>''', replace the dot ''<small>(a placeholder in my edit) </small>'' with a heading. This separates your new comment from what precedes it, and will appear in the Table of Contents on this page. * Always remember to sign your comments on Talk pages. Recommended: four tilde signs '''<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>''', which adds your linked User name and User talk page, and the date/time stamp. The same information appears in the page's Edit history (Reba amateka), which is the source I used to fill in the earlier missing signature. Another thought: see [[User:WikiBayer]]'s user page, especially the "Babel boxes" that show languages and proficiency level. Since '''rw''' doesn't appear, it's possible you might want to repeat your message in English on that Talk page - though Google Translate (which I used) seems reliable. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 12:31, 5 May 2020 (UTC)'' == Overview article for developing a small Wikipedia == Take a look at this article in Meta-Wiki: '''[[:m:Manual for small and new Wikipedias|Manual for small and new Wikipedias]]'''. Here today in RW WP I focused on the Science/Biology pages of the Vital articles, and then wrote on the Talk page with some links. (My ordinary edits were quite repetitive, as the Edit summaries show.) ''-- Cheers, [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 14:49, 17 July 2020 (UTC)'' :I really appreciate, this let me take a lot at it [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[User talk:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 19:20, 17 July 2020 (UTC) == Model edits == I just made a number of changes to the [[Akarere ka Kayonza]] page which you can study and use as a model. They're all in one edit with a condensed Edit summary: [https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akarere_ka_Kayonza&type=revision&diff=72541&oldid=72538 (click here to view)]. Hope this helps! ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 12:47, 18 July 2020 (UTC)'' :Wow thanks a lot that model looks more better than the previous version [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[User talk:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 20:44, 18 July 2020 (UTC) == Page name needed == Preparing to import the page '''[[:w:List of Rwandans]]''' from the English Wikipedia. What page name to use here? ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 17:11, 24 July 2020 (UTC)'' <br> These are the needed translations: * List of Rwandans (or: List of Rwandan people) = [[Lisite y'Abanyarwanda]] * This is a list of notable people from Rwanda. = Iyi ni lisite y'abantu b'ibyamamare mu Rwanda. I'll use these to create a page in the RW WP with the content from the EN WP. Improvements can of course be made later. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 18:08, 24 July 2020 (UTC)'' ==Translations== * List of Rwandans (or: List of Rwandan people): lisite y'Abanyarwanda * This is a list of notable people from Rwanda : Iyi ni lisite y'abantu b'ibyamamare mu Rwanda [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[User talk:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 10:41, 28 July 2020 (UTC) :Thank you for the above. As you'll see the new page '''[[Lisite y'Abanyarwanda]]''' has English section headings and descriptions from the source WP page. Those need translation into Kinyarwanda. You might also add descriptions for notable people in red (who have no page yet), and of course add notable Rwandan people who are missing from the list. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 11:20, 28 July 2020 (UTC)'' :(From previous section): '''See also:''' [[Category talk:Umuntu#Two subcategories needed]] for two more en:rw translation requests. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 14:19, 27 July 2020 (UTC)'' == New User needs guidance == Greetings, [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro]]! Recently I've noticed edits by '''[[User:Cnyirahabihirwe123]]''' that show a need for guidance: * Some Edit summaries use the #WPWP and #WPWPRW hashtags but no image was added * See new pages she's created - I can help with format but not to check for proper page naming, content and categories. At this point I'm suggesting a speaker of iKinyarwanda be involved. I'll be glad to help follow up. ''-- Cheers, [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 08:11, 25 August 2020 (UTC)''<br> '''Edited to add''': I wrote [[User talk:Cnyirahabihirwe123#The WPWP hashtags in Edit summary|this]] on her User talk page. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 08:21, 25 August 2020 (UTC)'' : Greetings Mrs.[[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]], I am going to follow up and engage her on the above issues to give her a proper guidance. Thanks alot.... [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[User talk:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 00:24, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Final Call for Candidates for AffCom - June 2021 == [[File:Affiliations Committee logo black.svg|border|thumb|[[:m:Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]] (AffCom) logo]] <!--T:1--> ''This is an [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|update]] from the [[:m:Affiliations Committee|Wikimedia Affiliations Committee]]. [[:m:Affiliations Committee/MassMessages/Final Call for Candidates for AffCom - June 2021|Translations]] are available.'' This is a final Call for Candidates for the June 2021 '''[[:m:Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]''' election. If you are interested in running, please post your application and follow '''all four steps''' [[:m:Affiliations Committee/Candidates/June 2021|on the nomination page]] '''by 30 June 2021 23:59 hours UTC'''. If you know somebody you think may be interested, please share this with them and encourage them to consider it. If you have any questions about this process or the requirements, please email '''affcom@wikimedia.org''' before the application deadline or reach out to any of [[:m:Affiliations_Committee#who-we-are|the current members]]. On behalf of the AffCom elections committee, --- [[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ([[User talk:FULBERT|talk]]) 14:37, 22 June 2021 (UTC) ==Feedback== [[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ,thanks for the ALERT ,am wondering if a member of an affiliate group, whose recognition application is still in the pipeline is allowed to apply too?[[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 10:40, 23 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:FULBERT@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=21599386 --> == According to your email == <!-- > Hello [[Eihel]], i hope you are doing well? I am a wikipedian from Rwanda ,kindly asking for your help in improving the home page for rw.wikipedia.org ,,,,,,Thanks a lot --> Hello Ndahiro derrick, All main pages are protected as you can see [https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intangiriro&action=info here]. Only administrators can modify them and I am not an administrator, on any project or globally. Moreover, I do not speak Kinyarwanda. So I am not very helpful. You can ask someone who speaks the language to help you. As a first step, you can also ask for help from a global administrator. Cordially. —[[Umukoresha:Eihel|Eihel]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Eihel|talk]]) 12:08, 16 July 2021 (UTC) == [[Intangiriro/ikizamini]] == Mwaramutse! Please look at [[Intangiriro/ikizamini]] and tell me what you think. I have adapted it from [https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lle:Ovdasiidu se.wikipedia.org]. I have used some imigongo images so please let me know if these are not appropriate (since I do not know the culture well) and I can change them. *Content = [[Intangiriro/ikizamini]] *formatting = [[Inyandikorugero:Intangiriro/ikizamini/styles.css]] [[Umukoresha:Evolution and evolvability|Evolution and evolvability]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]) 12:54, 8 August 2021 (UTC) Greetings,[[Umukoresha:Evolution and evolvability|Evolution and evolvability]], I have looked at it, It is so impressive, cant wait to see the final results,,, Be blessed ```` == Campaigns Product Update #1 == * '''We will be hosting our first Campaigns Product Office hour''' with the Product team on '''September 9, 2021 at 3 PM UTC''' (join us on Zoom: https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87427100681) . The Office hour will focus on the introduction of the Product team and its choice of of a first feature focused on Event Registration. For more information see: [[Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team#Office%20Hours|https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Programs_Team#Office_Hours]] * '''We have published our first document about the first feature''': '''event registration'''.  You can find the document on Meta: [[Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration]] . We provided first responses to initial feedback last week. If you responded before, consider reviewing the talk page and adding to the conversation. * '''We had several presentations at Wikimania:''' ** Ilana Fried presented the Campaign Product team as part of a larger conversation about Wikimedia Foundation Product Strategy. Campaigns product start at 18:12 time:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57GzJ4GEvCQ&t=1103s&ab_channel=WikimediaFoundation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57GzJ4GEvCQ&t=1103] ** Alex Stinson facilitated a session on the role of partners in International Campaigns:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OS1k8_6QWPY '''What is next?''' At the office hours, we will share our first version of the designs for the Registration feature, and be asking for feedback. Additionally we will be onboarding our engineering team who will be building the registration feature. Please invite  other organizers to subscribe to this newsletter or to unsubscribe at: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers   The Campaign Product Team <!-- Message sent by User:Astinson (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=21958270 --> == Campaigns Product Update #2 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! We are excited to share our updates: *'''Request for Feedback''': We have shared our project principles, wireframes for the desktop version, and open questions for you about the team’s event registration project. See the latest status updates [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Status_Updates '''here'''.] :Wireframes are design tools that imagine the future interface of the software. We haven’t built anything yet. We need your feedback on these designs so that we can make better product decisions. You can give feedback on the talk page regarding the design and features of the wireframes. We would love to hear your comments to help us establish the next necessary steps for the project. :[[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Feedback_on_project_principles_&_wireframes_(October_2021)|'''''Please share with us your feedback!''''']] *'''Presentations''': The Campaign Product team participated in [[m:WikiArabia/2021|WikiArabia 2021]] and [[m:WikiConference North America/2021|WikiConference North America 2021]] to give a brief introduction on how the team works. Senior Program Strategist [[User:Astinson (WMF)|Alex Stinson]] gave an overview about campaigns and how we can scale the organizing experience within the Movement. Senior Product Manager [[User:IFried (WMF)|Ilana Fried]] gave an introduction about the Product Team and the project wireframes of the first campaign software solution: the on-wiki registration tool. View the recorded presentation [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AYknkmHGyI&t=751s '''here'''.] *'''Team update''': We have hired our first team engineer, [[User:JCarvalho (WMF)|JCarvalho]] and our campaign organizing fellow, [[User:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal]]. Newsletter updates will be done by [[User:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal]] and she will be coordinating with you! We hope to have the rest of the engineering team onboard soon! For those of who missed the last Campaign Office Hour, you may [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jT8fRUWjfI watch the recording] to know more about the Campaign Product Team. '''What is next?''' :'''Testers Needed'''! We will be partnering with [https://yux.design/ '''YUX'''], a design research agency, to learn how our team can improve the experience of Wikimedia campaign organizers and participants in Africa. For this reason, we are looking for community members who are willing to be part of the rapid testing sessions. Preferably, we want organizers and editors who have worked in an African context. If you would like to participate in testing, please email {{email|ibrazal-ctr|wikimedia.org}}. :'''Upcoming Conferences'''. [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021|'''Wiki Indaba 2021''']]. This year, the conference will be held virtually on November 5-7, 2021 with the theme "'''''Rethink + Reset : Visions of the future'''''". Read more about the conference [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021|here]] or [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021/Registration Information| register]] to join the event. We will be presenting the registration features on Sunday November 7. :We will also be attending [[m:Wikimedia CEE Online Meeting 2021/Programme/Submissions/Building Organizer Tools for the Future of Campaigns|'''Wikimedia CEE Online Meeting 2021''']], which will be held virtually again this year on November 5-7, 2021. We will be presenting the registration tool on November 6 as part of our communication and sharing process. :'''Translation Support'''. We are also beginning to translate the updates on Registration. If you think your language community would benefit from updates, please translate [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Status_Updates|here]]. ''Invite other organizers to [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers| subscribe]] to this newsletter for updates!'' The Campaign Product Team </div> [[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:26, 28 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=22200025 --> == Affiliations Committee (AffCom) Call for candidates - January 2022 == ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Translations/Call for candidates - January 2022|Translations]] are available.'' The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]''' – the committee responsible for guiding volunteers in establishing Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups – is looking for new members! The main role of the AffCom is to guide groups of volunteers that are interested in forming Wikimedia affiliates. We review applications from new groups, answer questions and provide advice about the different Wikimedia affiliation models and processes, review affiliate bylaws for compliance with requirements and best practices, and update the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees as well as advise them on issues connected to chapters, thematic organizations and Wikimedia user groups. The committee consists of five to fifteen members, selected at least once every year, to serve two-year terms. Being a part of the AffCom requires communication with volunteers all over the world, negotiating skills, cultural sensitivity, and the ability to understand legal texts. We look for a mix of different skill sets in our members. ;Responsibilities * Availability of up to 5-8 hours per month * Participate in monthly one and two-hour voice/video meetings * Commitment to carry out assigned tasks in a given time. * Facilitate and support communications * Affiliate Support and growth ;;Required and Recommended Abilities, Skills, Knowledge for Affiliations Committee Members Strong interpersonal relationship among members of the committee and also with the Wikimedia community members. Across all committee members, there are additional relevant skills as well as requirements which help to support the committee and its sustainability which include both required and relevant general skills ;;;Required * Fluency in English * Availability of up to 5 hours per week, and the time to participate in a monthly one and two-hour voice/video meetings. * Willingness to use one's real name in committee activities (including contacts with current and potential affiliates) when appropriate. * Strong track record of effective collaboration * International orientation ;;;Relevant for all members * Public Communications (English writing and speaking skills) * Skills in other languages are a major plus. * Understanding of the structure and work of affiliates and the Wikimedia Foundation. * Documentation practices * Interviewing experience * Experience with, or in, an active affiliate is a major plus. * Teamwork: Project and people management skills to coordinate and collaborate with different parties on a shared plan and see it through to completion. * Problem-Solving: Ability to evaluate various solutions, consider multiple interests and points of view, revisit unresolved issues, seek compromise and work and communicate across languages and cultures. Given the expectations for maintaining the course in 2022 and preparing for potential 2022 transitions as part of the Movement Strategy implementation process, it is important that we are also clear about two different skill sets critical to committee support at this time. The first skillset is oriented to understanding affiliate dynamics and organizational development patterns to successfully process affiliate applications for recognition; the other is oriented to conflict prevention and intervention support for affiliates in conflict. ;;;Relevant to Affiliate Recognitions * Administration & Attention to detail * Readiness to participate in political discussions on the role and future of affiliates, models of affiliation, and similar topics. * Awareness of the affiliates ecosystem and models and understanding of community building, organizational development, and group dynamics ;;;Relevant to Conflict Prevention & Intervention * Communication skills for active listening, clear instruction and turn-taking. * Stress Management skills for maintaining patience and positivity * Emotional intelligence to maintain awareness of emotions of oneself and others to practice empathy, impartiality, and mutual respect. * Facilitation, negotiation, and mediation skills to guide diverse individuals and groups toward cooperation. * Ability to work within a team Do you have relevant skills and interest to support movement affiliates? We are looking for people who are excited by the challenge of empowering volunteers to get organized and form communities that further our mission around the world. In exchange, committee members will gain the experience of supporting their world-wide colleagues to develop their communities as well as personal development in guiding organizational development, facilitating affiliate partnerships, and professional communications. ;Selection process As a reflection of our commitment to openness, transparency, and bilateral engagement with the Wikimedia community, the 2022 member selection process will include a public review and comment period and a self-assessment survey for candidates to share their skills and their experience. This self-assessment information will help the committee to identify the skill sets relevant and supportive to our affiliate support processes. We invite you to apply for membership to the committee and join us in supporting the affiliates. The data shared in the self-assessment will only be made available to the committee and the relevant staff support. The nomination, candidate Q&A, and endorsements will still take place posted on Meta for public review at [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Candidates/January 2022|January 2022 page]]. Here the global community is welcome to provide comments and feedback about each candidate. Once the nomination window closes 31 January 2022, the sitting members who are not candidates for re-election in this cycle will deliberate and then vote, taking into account all inputs from the meta page, self-assessment, advisors, Wikimedia Foundation staff and board liaisons, and committee member discussion. A final decision will be made in late-February 2022, with new members to be notified for onboarding in February. ;How to apply If you are interested in joining the committee, please: '''Step 1'''. Post your application [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Candidates/January 2022|on the nomination page]] by '''31 January 2022'''. Your application must include the following information: # Your full name and Wikimedia username # A statement describing your relevant education, experience, abilities, skills, knowledge, availability, and motivation for joining the committee. '''Step 2'''. Complete the '''self-assessment survey''' between '''January 1, 2021''' and '''January 31, 2021.''' * The privacy statement that applies to the survey can be found [[foundation:AffCom_Elections_Self-Assessment_Survey_Privacy_Statement|here]]. * '''''NOTE:''' The survey will take 15 mins. Please do not close your browser. If you need a break, you are advised to keep the browser open. In case of losing the link, please reach out to mkaur-ctr{{at}}wikimedia.org'' * This survey must be completed before Steps 3 & 4, as it will provide more background as to the type of work and expectations of members of AffCom. '''Step 3'''. Answers the following questions: * '''''NOTE:''''' Questions 1-3 are required for all candidates. * Question 4 & 5 should be answered by those interested in joining the Recognitions subcommittee. * Question 6 & 7 should be answered by those interested in joining the Conflicts Intervention subcommittee. * If you are willing to nominate yourself for both subcommittees, answer all questions. # What roles have you served across any Wikimedia projects and affiliates that you think have prepared you for this role? # AffCom members need to manage time, confidentiality, conflicts of interest, and diverse situations across the global movement. How do you envision managing these? # Members of AffCom serve on one of two subcommittees: Recognitions OR Conflicts Intervention. Which one of these are you most interested in serving on? #If you are interested in serving on the Recognitions subcommittee, what do you think makes a group of Wikimedians ready to function together as an affiliate? #If you are interested in serving on the Recognitions subcommittee, what do you think are the benefits and responsibilities of functioning as formal affiliates? #If you are interested in serving on the Conflicts Intervention subcommittee, please describe your experience working with conflicts resolution. #If you are interested in serving on the Conflicts Intervention subcommittee, please describe how you have helped build consensus and support diversity. '''Step 4'''. Once you have completed the above, send an email announcing your application to '''affcom{{@}}wikimedia.org''' before the application deadline. If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact me and/or the committee as a whole. We are happy to chat or have a webinar call with anyone about our work if this helps them decide to apply. Please distribute this call among your networks, and do apply if you are interested! On behalf of the committee, --[[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ([[User talk:FULBERT|talk]]) 13:18, 19 December 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:FULBERT@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=22360659 --> == Affiliations Committee (AffCom) Call for advisors - January 2022 == ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Translations/Call for advisors 2022|Translations]] are available.'' The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]''' – the committee responsible for guiding volunteers in establishing Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups – is looking for advisors! The main role of the Affiliations Committee is to guide groups of volunteers that are interested in forming Wikimedia affiliates. We review applications from new groups, answer questions and provide advice about the different Wikimedia affiliation models and processes, review affiliate bylaws for compliance with requirements and best practices, and advise the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees on issues connected to chapters, thematic organizations and Wikimedia user groups. We are looking for advisors who are excited by the challenge of empowering volunteers to get organized and form communities that further our mission around the world. In exchange, committee advisors selected will gain the experience of supporting their world-wide colleagues to develop their communities as well as personal development in guiding organizational development, facilitating affiliate partnerships, and professional communications. AffCom advisors can engage with the committee in a variety of capacities: ;Consultant Individuals with extensive movement experience can be engaged as Consultants for specific cases or initiatives by AffCom. ;Trainer Individuals with specific expertise may be engaged for short-term projects for training AffCom or Affiliates. They might also lead the Capacity Building initiatives for AffCom or affiliates. ;Observer AffCom can request specific or all advisors to act as an observer in different cases to ensure neutrality & compliance with guidelines. ;AffCom Support '''Development of Policies:''' While advisors cannot create legally binding policies for the committee, they can help create policies that provide direction and support for the committee. '''Planning and Implementing Community Relations:''' The advisors are long-term wikimedians & also include influential community leaders who can be effective at spreading the word about initiatives and services. '''Supporting Subcommittees:''' The advisors can support subcommittees that have assigned tasks in specific areas. '''Other Tasks:''' Advisors can be engaged to address a specific need. Such engagements are usually short-lived and are disbanded as soon as their specific goals are met. ;Key skills We look for a healthy mix of different skill sets in our advisors, including the following key skills and experience: # Strong understanding of the structure and work of Wikimedia affiliates and the Wikimedia Foundation. # Readiness to participate in political discussions on the role and future of affiliates, models of affiliation, and similar topics. # Availability of up to 2 hours per week, and the time to participate in a monthly two-hour voice/video meeting # International orientation and ability to work and communicate with other languages and cultures. # Knowledge of different legal systems and experience in community building and organizing are a plus. # Fluency in English is required; skills in other languages are a major plus. # Experience with or in an active Wikimedia affiliate is a major plus. # Strong track record of effective collaboration (such as evidenced skills at facilitation, mediation, negotiation, and so forth) is a major plus. # Willingness to use one's real name in committee activities (including contacts with current and potential affiliates) when appropriate. ;Selection process As a reflection of our commitment to openness, transparency, and bilateral engagement with the Wikimedia community, the 2022 advisors selection process will include a public review and comment period. All applications must be posted on Meta between '''January 01 and January 31, 2022''' at [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Advisors/2022| the nomination page]], and the community will be invited to provide comments and feedback about each candidate. At the end of the nomination period, the applications will be voted on by the members of the committee, taking into account comments put forward by the committee's members, advisors, Wikimedia Foundation staff and board liaisons, and the community. A final decision will be made in February 2022, with new advisors expected to begin later that month. ;How to apply If you are interested in advising the committee, please submit your candidacy on [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Advisors/2022|the nomination page]] between January 01 to January 31, 2022. Your application must include the following information: # Your full name and Wikimedia username # A statement describing your relevant experience, skills, and motivation for joining the committee as an advisor. # The advisor role you would like to serve # Answers to the following three questions: ## How do you think affiliates work best together to partner on effective projects and initiatives? ## What do you see as the role of affiliates in the Wikimedia movement in the next three years? ## What do you feel you will bring as an advisor to the committee that makes you a uniquely qualified candidate? If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact the committee. We are happy to chat or have a phone call with anyone about our work if this helps them decide to apply. Please distribute this call among your networks, and do apply if you are interested! On behalf of the committee, --[[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ([[User talk:FULBERT|talk]]) 13:17, 19 December 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:FULBERT@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=22360659 --> :Thanks a lot for the notice , am sharing this with my felllow Wikimedians in Rwanda …regards [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 14:26, 19 December 2021 (UTC) == Affiliations Committee (AffCom) Member & Advisor Elections - Final Reminder for January 2022 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Translations/Member & Advisor elections final reminder for January 2022|Translations]] are available.'' This is a friendly reminder that the '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]''' – which is responsible for guiding volunteers in establishing and sustaining Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups – is seeking new members and advisors! The deadline to post your application on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Candidates/January 2022|Member nomination page]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Advisors/2022|Advisor nomination]] is 31 January 2022. If you know somebody you think may be interested, please share and encourage them to consider applying. If you have any questions please email affcom@wikimedia.org before the application deadline or reach out to any of the current members. Good luck to all the candidates! On behalf of the committee,<br> [[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ([[User talk:FULBERT|talk]]) 17:32, 25 January 2022 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:FULBERT@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=22650505 --> == Campaigns Product Update #3 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! We are excited to share our updates: *'''Proposal to create new namespaces''': We have proposed to create two namespaces, which are “'''Event'''” and “'''Event talk'''.” This way, we can easily create an Event Center that pulls data from event pages. This Event Center may include tools to create event pages with registration support, a calendar of events, and event statistics, among other features. More importantly, the Event Center will highlight organizing as an essential part of the Wikimedia movement. Please give us feedback on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296280 Phabricator] or [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration#Feedback_on_March_2022_update|Meta]] about our proposal to create two new namespaces. *'''Engineering updates''': We are excited that we have finished hiring for our engineering team! Three engineers and an engineering manager have joined our team since our last update. In the last few months, they have conducted technical planning and launched the building phase of the project. They are now building the registration tool. You can see the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|updated team on meta]]. *'''Design updates''': We conducted usability tests with a small group of testers for early feedback on the desktop wireframes. After collecting this feedback, we have developed a new version for desktop wireframes, which will be ready to share in the next few weeks. These desktop wireframes display the user flow of two experiences: one for organizers who want to add registration to their event pages, and another for participants who want to register for an event. Additionally, the design team is also currently working on the first version of mobile wireframes, which will be shared during the next office hour. ::1. View the latest desktop wireframes in '''Figma''' for [https://www.figma.com/proto/h0iZo5Tj6LHpsFDsInWiG0/Pilot---Event-Registration?node-id=1899%3A44995&scaling=min-zoom&page-id=1472%3A36710&starting-point-node-id=1899%3A44995&show-proto-sidebar=1&hide-ui=1 Campaign Organizer Prototype] and [https://www.figma.com/proto/h0iZo5Tj6LHpsFDsInWiG0/Pilot---Event-Registration?node-id=1998%3A49612&scaling=min-zoom&page-id=1472%3A36710&starting-point-node-id=1998%3A49612&show-proto-sidebar=1&hide-ui=1 Participant Registration Prototype]. ::2. [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration#Feedback_on_project_principles_&_wireframes_(October_2021)|Leave us some feedback]] on the desktop wireframes. Note that we haven’t posted the newest version of the desktop wireframes on the project page yet, but we will soon (and you can feel free to add feedback on any version you have seen). *'''Ambassador updates''': Three product ambassadors for the Arabic, French and Swahili communities have now joined our team! They will help us collect feedback from Wikimedia communities about the project and understand the needs of organizers, through gathering first-hand information. These ambassadors are immersed as actual members of these communities, so they will also help us identify the needs of the organizers in our pilot communities. The ambassadors are: [[m:User:Bachounda (WMF)|'''M. Bachounda''']] for Arabic communities, [[m:User:Geugeor-WMF|'''Georges Fodouop''']] for French communities, and [[m:User:AMtavangu (WMF)|'''Antoni Mtavangu''']] for Swahili communities. '''What is next?''' :'''Next Office Hour''': We will be holding an office hour on '''March 31, 2022''' at 15:00 UTC, which will be conducted via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82046580320 '''Zoom''']. We invite everyone to attend, and we really hope to see you! The focus will be on the Registration Tool. The team will also be providing community updates on the usability test findings and design highlights for the wireframes. We will also share our current Project timeline and answer any questions you may have. [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 03|Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!]] :In a few months, we are expecting to have the early testable version of the tool. By then, the team will be doing the first round of general testing and gathering feedback. We are looking forward to adding more features on the tool such as communication support, potentially by the end of this year. If you know other organizers that might be interested in following these developments, please recommend that they [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Subscribers|subscribe to the newsletter]]. We want to receive as much feedback as we can. Thank you! '''The Campaign Product Team''' </div> [[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:26, 22 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23033286 --> == Campaign Product Team Office Hour - March 31, 2022 == Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers! The Campaign Product Team will be hosting the next office hour to share exciting updates on the Registration Tool and new proposed namespaces for events. We will also be sharing community updates on the usability tests and design highlights of the latest mobile and desktop wireframes. Join us and share your thoughts on these developments! :Date: '''March 31, 2022''' :Time: 15:00 UTC :Zoom Link: https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82046580320 You may also watch [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jT8fRUWjfI Campaigns Office Hour: Introducing the Campaigns Product Team] to learn more about the Team and the previous wireframes. Feel free to send a message to '''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org''' if you want to receive an email reminder for this meeting. Thank you. '''The Campaign Product Team''' [[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:37, 30 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23066888 --> == A Barnstar for You == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" |{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]]|[[File:Tireless Contributor Barnstar.gif|100px]]}} | rowspan="2" | | style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" |'''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" |You have contributed immensely to our community (online and offline) and this is my way of saying thank you.[[Umukoresha:MrTallBoy|MrTallBoy]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MrTallBoy|talk]]) 19:27, 6 Kamena 2022 (UTC) |} :Thanks a lot [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 08:31, 2 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC) == Stefania Turkewich == Thank you for this, Ndahiro derrick! [[Umukoresha:Nicola Mitchell|Nicola Mitchell]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Nicola Mitchell|talk]]) 19:51, 23 Kamena 2022 (UTC) :Hello Ndahiro derrick, Can you proofread the additions I've made, and improve their language, when you can find the time? Thank you for all of this! [[Umukoresha:Nicola Mitchell|Nicola Mitchell]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Nicola Mitchell|talk]]) 09:48, 30 Kamena 2022 (UTC) ::Sure, Let me take a look [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 08:32, 2 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC) == Event Registration Tool: Demo and Invitation to Test == Hello Subscribers! [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''The Campaigns Product  Team''']] from the Wikimedia Foundation will be hosting two office hours to  demo the new [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], and train organizers how to  use it. In these office hours, you will learn how to: * Create an event page in the new event namespace (as an event organizer) * Enable registration on your event page (as an event organizer) * Collect data on who registered for your event (as an event organizer) * Register for an event on the event page (as an event participant) You can attend one office hour or both, depending on your availability on the following dates: * Session 1: '''Thursday, July 21, 2022 at 5:00 PM UTC''' * Session 2: '''Saturday, July 23, 2022 at 12:00 PM UTC''' These events will be multilingual, with live interpretations in '''Arabic''', '''English''', '''French''', '''Italian''', and '''Portuguese''', and '''Swahili'''. Note that Portuguese will be available on the 21st, but not the 23rd. We strongly encourage you to join and share your feedback on the tool. Your feedback will help us improve the tool so that Wikimedians can have a better event experience. To register, please reply to this email or [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 07|'''''sign-up to our page''''']], by adding your signature. Thank you! <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> [[Umukoresha:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal (WMF)]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:IBrazal (WMF)|talk]]) 06:12, 18 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC) == Campaign Product Team Office Hour - July 21, 2022 == Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers! The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']] will be having an office hour today, '''July 21, 2022 at 17:00 UTC''' via '''Zoom''' to demo the first release of the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']]. You may join the office hour using this [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/83538569035 '''meeting link''']. We look forward to your participation. Thank you. Best, The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']] [[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:46, 21 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23512297 --> :Well received [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 15:52, 21 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC) ==Merchandise Giveaway Nomination – Successful== [[File:BlueIEditShirt-plainBackground.jpeg|A Wikimedia t-shirt!|150px|right|link=]] Hey Ndahiro derrick, You have been [[:meta:Merchandise giveaways/Nominations/Ndahiro derrick|successfully nominated]] to receive a free t-shirt from the Wikimedia Foundation through our [[:meta:Merchandise giveaways|Merchandise Giveaway program]]. Congratulations and thank you for your hard work! Please email us at merchandise@wikimedia.org and we will send you full details on how to accept your free shirt. Thanks! ''On behalf of the Merchandise Giveaway program,'' -- [[Umukoresha:Janbery|janbery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Janbery|talk]]) 23:04, 31 Kanama 2022 (UTC) == Campaigns Product Update #4 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! We are excited to share our updates: *<div style = "text-align:left; color: #192980; font-size: 1em;>'''Event Registration v0'''</div> :We have successfully launched '''Event Registration tool V0''' on beta cluster and collected feedback from the first batch of testers. This tool is part of a more comprehensive organizing solution, the '''Event Center''', which hopes to support movement organizers. Through this registration solution, organizers can collect useful data on campaign participants and their needs while respecting participant privacy. :'''Testing update'''. In our first round of feedback collection, testers were composed of different types of organizers around the movement with a language focus on Arabic, French, English, and Swahili communities. Most of the testers successfully created their test event registrations and signed up for a test event registration created by other organizers. '''''Simple''''', '''''easy to use''''', and '''''aids in managing event participants''''' were the common feedback we received from first-time users. In contrast, access and proper localization of the tool were the points for improvement identified. We are working on V1, which will include '''communication support''' and integration with the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ '''Programs and Event Dashboard''']. This will be released on Meta-Wiki soon. We hope to address accessibility during this launch and improve localization problems once the tool has been deployed in local wikiprojects. :[https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Main_Page ''The tool is still available for testing on the beta cluster'']. Feel free to leave feedback on our project talk page or this [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe53MNV9CKVBAF3SV2q97baufizH7b_2QJ47H1w0Upvoh4QFQ/viewform form]. *<div style = "text-align:left; color: #192980; font-size: 1em;>'''Organizer Lab'''</div> Looking for a way to learn how to effectively organize around sustainability? Join the beta version of the Organizer Lab on WikiLearn to understand how to effectively organize a global campaign around sustainability and climate change! Applications are open from '''September 22 - October 19, 2022'''. The Organizer Lab will be a '''9-week online learning experience from the end of October until mid December''' that prepares participants to obtain knowledge about the topics that they wish to create, a call to action for strategic knowledge gaps, as well as more generalized Wikimedia organizing and campaign/event design skills. :[[m:Campaigns/Organizer_Lab|'''Read more about the program''']]! <br> '''What's Next''': *'''Organizer Lab Information Session'''. We invite you to join our information session for the Organizer Lab on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1664546421 '''September 30, 2022 at 14:00 UTC'''] via '''Zoom'''. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89032870014 ''Join this session!'']<br> *'''Organizer User Rights'''. We are reaching out to a pool of administrators from Arabic, French and Swahili communities to collect feedback on what is the best way to define organizer user rights, what privileges to give to community organizers, and what are the limitations of these privileges. Feel free to reach out to our [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|product ambassadors]] or send an email to '''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org''' if you are interested to be part of these conversations. <br> ---- '''Community Feedback''': <center>''"Participants have been always asking the organizers are asked by participants whether they are registered, now participants will just look directly if they are registered, Thank you for creating the system"'' <br> - French Organizer <br><br> ''“I think that the platform will facilitate the process of promoting events and searching for participants”''<br> - Arabic Organizer </center><br> ---- <br> Thank you! '''The Campaigns Product Team''' </div> [[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 06:30, 21 Nzeri 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23684552 --> == Campaigns Product Team Office Hour - December 2022 == Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|Wikimedia Foundation Campaigns Team]] invites you to join our upcoming office hours. In each session, we will introduce V1 of [[m:Event Center/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], so you can begin '''using it for real events on Meta-wiki'''. <br> In V1, the following new features will be includedː * Support for the organizer to specify an event timezone * Automatic confirmation emails after participants have registered * Private registration: the option for participants to register and only display their registered username to organizers of the event and we will teach you how you can use it yourself. <br> <u>'''Office Hour Sessions''':</u> * '''1st Session''': '''December 5, 2022''' @ '''18:00 UTC''' via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87853269514 Zoom] * '''2nd Session''': '''December 10, 2022''' @ '''12:00 UTC''' via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87853269514 Zoom] :[[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 12|'''''Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!''''']] <br> These office hours will be multilingual, with live interpretations in Arabic, English, French, and Swahili. Email us @ ''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org'' or [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 12|'''sign-up here''']] if you want to receive a reminder for this meeting. <br><br> Thank you. '''The Campaigns Product Team''' <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=24091515 --> == Organizer Tools Office Hours & Event Discovery Project == ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/fr|Lire ce message en français]])'''; ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/es|Ver este mensaje en español]]'''); ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/sw|Angalia ujumbe huu kwa Kiswahili]]'''); ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/ar|إقرأ هذه الرسالة بالعربي]]''') <small> {{int:please-translate}} </small>. [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team|The Campaigns team]] at the Wikimedia Foundation has some updates to share with you, which are: We invite you to attend our upcoming community office hours to learn about organizer tools, including the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration|Event registration tool]] (which has [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#September 18, 2023: October office hours & upcoming features|new and upcoming features]]). '''The office hours are on the following dates, and you can join one or both of them:''' *'''Saturday, October 7 at 12:00 UTC''' ('''[[m:Event:Organizer Tools Office Hour 5/Session A|Register here]]''') **Languages available: Arabic, English, French, Swahili *'''Tuesday, October 10 at 18:00 UTC''' ('''[[m:Event:Organizer Tools Office Hour 5/Session B|Register here]]'''). **Languages available: Arabic, English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Swahili '''We have launched a new project: [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event Discovery|Event Discovery]]'''. This project aims to make it easier for editors to learn about campaign events. '''We need your help to understand how you would like to discover events on the wikis, so that we can create a useful solution. Please share your feedback on our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event Discovery|project talk page]]'''. ; Thank you, and we hope to see you at the upcoming office hours! [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 19:54, 24 Nzeri 2023 (UTC) <small>You are receiving this message because you subscribed to this [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Subscribers|list]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:EUwandu-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=25632558 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Group photo - Edu Wiki conference 2023, Belgrade, Serbia.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Group photo of the 2023 EduWiki Conference in Belgrade, organized by Wikipedia & Education User Group]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;"> '''Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#Affiliate_Recognition_and_Derecognition|Recognition of Cyprus, Botswana, Niger, and Telugu user groups]] '''Affiliate Activities Report''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#Affiliate_Activities_Report|Reports from Belgium, South African, and Ukrainian chapters]] '''AffCom Movement Contribution''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement with the new Affiliates Strategy and Movement Charter drafts]] '''AffCom Administration''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#AffCom_Administration|New AffCom members and advisors]] </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:56, 18 Mata 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=26293156 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Affiliations Committee News (April-June 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Wikimedia-Summit-2024-Friday-128.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom group photo at Wikimedia Summit 2024 in Berlin, Germany]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 2|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 2}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliates Strategy Updates: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Adoption of a new affiliate health criteria and changes to User Groups recognition process]] Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Madagascar, Senegal, Republic of Congo, and Namibia user groups]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Six active conflicts, no new reports for Q4]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimedia Summit and ESEAP Conference]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom_Administration|Officers elections and departing members]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Upcoming AffCom Events|AffCom at Wikimania 2024]] </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:30, 15 Nyakanga 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=27021225 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (July-September 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Wikimania 2024 - Lviv - Day 3 - AffCom meets community.webm|256px|right|thumb|AffCom session at Wikimania 2024]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 3|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 3}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliates Strategy Update: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Implementation status of a new affiliate health criteria and changes to User Groups recognition process]] Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Togo, Wayúu, and Singapore user groups]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimania]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Results of the officers elections]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Upcoming AffCom Events|AffCom at WikiIndaba and a strategy meetup]] Other Movement News: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Other_Movement_News|Regional conferences, mental health support, and new committee support inbox]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:55, 7 Ukwakira 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=27273724 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (October-December 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Affiliations Committee 2024 05.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom at its Strategic Retreat in Frankfurt]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliates Strategy Update: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Notes from the 2024 AffCom strategic retreat]] Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|User group application pause lifted]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue4_#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at WikiIndaba]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Mari Avetisyan appointed new AffCom secretary]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:04, 5 Gashyantare 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=28060527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2025)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:WMB meeting in Belo Horizonte in 2023 (day 02) 059.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Wikimedia Brasil, the latest chapter to be recognized by AffCom]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;"> Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Brasil and four user groups]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 5#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimedia+Libraries and Wikisource conferences]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Welcoming new AffCom voting and advisory members]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Upcoming_AffCom_Events|AffCom at ESEAP Strategy Summit]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:30, 26 Mata 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=28324741 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (April-June 2025)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:MNL25 - day one 08.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom session at the ESEAP Strategy Summit 2025 in Manila, the Philippines]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Aotearoa New Zealand and Assamese Wikimedia Community User Group]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 6#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at the ESEAP Strategy Summit]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Results of the AffCom officers election]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Upcoming_AffCom_Events|Meet AffCom at Wikimania]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 06:25, 5 Kanama 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=28820920 --> == Affiliations Committee News (July-December 2025) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:At Wikimania 2025 127.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom at Wikimania 2025 in Nairobi, Kenya]]<br> <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Georgia: recognized & announced September 2025]] Recognition Status Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#Recognition Status Report|Updates of affiliate applications]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 7#AffCom at WikiConference North America|AffCom at WikiConference North America]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom and EDs Discuss Affiliate Ecosystem|AffCom and EDs Discuss Affiliate Ecosystem]] AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom Administrative Updates|AffCom at Wikimania]]</div> </div> Affiliations Committee News (July-December 2025) <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7|This newsletter is best translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]</div><section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 11:11, 13 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Buszmail@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=29907013 --> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2026-03-07 14:55:15. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[Umukoresha:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Leaderbot|talk]]) 19:42, 28 Gashyantare 2026 (UTC)</div> == Join the LDH General Assembly | April 18, 2026 == We are delighted to invite you to the General Assembly of the [[m:Wikimedia Language Diversity Hub|'''Language Diversity Hub''']] (LDH) on Saturday, '''April 18th, 2026''', at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776517200 13:00 UTC]'''. === About the General Assembly === The General Assembly (GA) is a community-wide consultation and engagement space. It is the primary forum through which LDH connects with the broader language and Wikimedia communities. The GA is designed to: * Keep community members informed about LDH activities, decisions, and ongoing work. * Gather feedback and perspectives from across the language and Wikimedia ecosystem. * Create open pathways for participation, collaboration, and community-driven input. === How to participate === Everyone is welcome! If you work on language access, language diversity, or Wikimedia projects in any language community, this is a space for you. * '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfFCqPF3H-Yax0t-AbgRasoDdXLom23n2SsZR5fw74bxMuPCQ/viewform Register here to attend]''' [[File:LDH General Assembly E-flyer.jpg|frameless|center|280px|link=https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfFCqPF3H-Yax0t-AbgRasoDdXLom23n2SsZR5fw74bxMuPCQ/viewform]] Looking forward to your participation, Language Diversity Hub Team, 18:21, 20 werurwe 2026 (UTC) ''<small>You can opt out of our distribution list by removing your username from [[m:MassMessage/Lists/LDH|this list]]</small>'' (This message was sent to [[:Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Oscar .@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MassMessage/Lists/LDH&oldid=30182212 --> == Programme submissions open: Language Diversity Conference, Accra 2026 == [[File:Official logo for language diversity conference 03.png|frameless|250px|right]] The '''[[m:Language Diversity Conference|Language Diversity Conference 2026]]''' will take place '''2–4 October 2026 in Accra, Ghana''', under the theme: ''Strengthening Language Communities in the Open Knowledge Movement''. The Programming Team is inviting the following types of session proposals: * '''Lightning talks''' – 10-minute short presentations on any relevant topic * '''Presentations''' – 20–25 minutes (including audience Q&A) * '''Workshops and tutorials''' – 50 or 110-minute interactive sessions (e.g. on Content Translation, Wikidata, or other topics) * '''Panel discussions''' – 50-minute panels; collaborations with others are encouraged Submissions will be evaluated by the Programme Committee based on: * Potential impact and expected outcomes * Relevance to the conference theme or focus areas Sessions may be recorded and made publicly available. If you prefer not to be filmed, you may indicate this during submission. '''→ [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/langdiv/cfp Submit your proposal on Eventyay]''' For more information, or questions, contact: languagediversitycon{{@}}gmail.com <!-- Message sent by User:~~~~~ on behalf of the Language Diversity Hub --> (This message was sent to [[:Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Oscar .@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MassMessage/Lists/LDH&oldid=30405990 --> == Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2026) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <!-- == Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2026) == --> <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. [[File:AffCom_and_GRDC_members_at_APP_meeting,_Lisbon_2026_01_(cropped).jpg|220px|right|thumb|AffCom and GRDC members at APP meeting, Lisbon, Portugal]] <div style="column-count:1;"> Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|This past quarter, AffCom recognized no new Affiliates due to the pause in recognizing new affiliates.]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#AffCom Conflict Intervention|AffCom is currently addressing eight ongoing affiliate conflict cases received in previous quarters.]] Affiliate Recognition Pause Extension: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Affiliate Recognition Pause Extension|The Wikimedia Foundation, together with the AffCom, has extended the pause on new affiliate recognition until September 1, 2026.]] New Affiliate Model Development Efforts: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#New Affiliate Model Development Efforts|The Affiliations Committee held collaborative meetings with the Global Resource Distribution Committee (GRDC) to explore the development of a new affiliations model.]] Towards a Healthy Ecosystem of Wikimedia Organizations: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Towards a Healthy Ecosystem of Wikimedia Organizations: Updates on the Movement Organizations Pilot, GRDC, and AffCom|Two major pilot initiatives were launched to address long-standing questions about the roles of movement organizations and the future of resource allocation.]] <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]</div><section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:50, 03 May 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Buszmail@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=30057452 --> == Language Diversity Hub evaluation survey: your input needed! == The Wikimedia Foundation is evaluating hub pilots to understand their work, outcomes, and future direction. As part of this, we're gathering feedback on how hub services and activities have contributed to concrete, measurable outcomes. You're receiving this because you're part of the Language Diversity Hub audience group, and we'd value your perspective. Your feedback will help inform the evaluation and strengthen our understanding of the Hub's impact. The survey takes about 10–15 minutes, and we kindly ask that you respond by '''10 August 2026.''' '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_6KXVndZhZvlSoUS Survey Link]''' The Foundation is not collecting personal data through this survey. Responses will be reviewed and consolidated by audience group — analyzed collectively rather than attributed to individuals. Thank you for contributing. Your feedback helps ensure this evaluation reflects the perspectives of communities, affiliates, and others connected to the Hub. Questions? Contact strategy2030@wikimedia.org. Sincerely, Oscar on behalf of the [[Wikimedia Language Diversity Hub]], 21:22, 7 Kanama 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Oscar .@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MassMessage/Lists/LDH&oldid=30514061 --> == Welcome to Wiki Project Med! == {| cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#EAF2FF; border:1px solid #4a0000;" | [[File:Medical translation.svg|250x250px]] | Hi '''{{PAGENAME}}'''! Thank you for your recent contributions to [[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:Wiki_Project_Med_Foundation|Wiki Project Med]]. We are glad to have you as part of our translation task force, helping make reliable medical information accessible to more people worldwide, both online and offline. Please check this onboarding course [https://sites.google.com/wikiprojectmed.org/mdwiki-onboarding-course/] to learn more about our translation process. '''After every translation, please ensure the following steps are done:''' *Confirm that you have chosen the best title or properly translated the title. *Add suitable categories. *Check that the infobox is correctly translated and complete. *Make sure you have followed your language-specific Wikipedia guidelines. *After publishing your translation, if you receive any comments from the reviewers please reply and coordinate with them. Following this checklist helps us collaborate positively and effectively with local Wikipedia reviewers. If you have any questions or need support, please feel free to get in touch. Thank you for contributing your time and skills to this important work. -- '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' Team |} [[Umukoresha:CeylonChingu|CeylonChingu]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:CeylonChingu|talk]]) 16:55, 7 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC) hiblq88n63k1eq2hsfy06s4uwp72351 0 8535 140931 140481 2026-10-07T13:49:56Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 140931 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Water_samples_Rwanda.jpg|thumb|ishusho yerekana ubwuzuzanye hagati yumugabo numugore]] Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2018, igihugu cy'Afurika cy'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] kiza mu bihugu 5 bya mbere mu '''buringanire'''. Igitekerezo cy'uburinganire bwiganje muri iki gihugu cyavutse nyuma ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yakorewe abatutsi]] yabaye mu 1994. Leta yiyemeje kubungabunga uburenganzira bungana bwabagore n'abagabo bitabangamiye amahame y'uburinganire no kuzuzanya mu iterambere ry'igihugu. Ibi bitekerezo bigaragazwa binyuze mu ruhare rw’abagore b’u Rwanda muri guverinoma, kubahiriza uburezi bw’umugore n’uruhare rw’umugore mu buvuzi bw’u Rwanda. Iki gihugu kandi cyafashe ingamba zihamye zo kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina muri jenoside, rishyiraho gahunda y'ibikorwa by'igihugu nyuma y'Umwanzuro w'Umuryango w'Abibumbye 1325, kandi uharanira ko ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rirangira. == Uburinganire muri guverinoma yu Rwanda == [[Dosiye:Intore_zi_irwanda.jpg|thumb|Uburinga mu mirimo kubitsina byombi]] Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yashyizweho kugira nibura 30 ku ijana [[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda|by'abadepite]] babe [[Umugore|abagore]]. Mu nteko ishinga amategeko ya 80, abanyamuryango 46 bari igitsina gore mu 2003. Muri guverinoma y'u Rwanda, harimo Minisiteri y'Uburinganire n'Iterambere ry'Umuryango, ibiro bishinzwe kugenzura uburinganire, ndetse no kwiyemeza ingengo y’imari ishingiye ku gitsina iteza imbere uburinganire. Guverinoma ishyigikiye gahunda nka Women for Women International Rwanda, yibanda ku bagore b'igihugu kwigenga mu bukungu. Guverinoma kandi yateje imbere uburinganire mu Rwanda ikoresheje Minisiteri y’uburinganire n’iterambere ry’umuryango. Mu mpinduka imwe ikomeye, abagore bahawe uburenganzira bumwe n’abagabo bwo kuzungura ubutaka no mu bindi bintu nko mu myanya imwe n'imwe ya leta, mu gisirikare, no mu burezi. == Gufatwa ku ngufu muri jenoside == [[File:Godelieve_Mukasarasi_colored.jpg|thumb|Godelieve Mukasarasi]] Gufata ku ngufu byakoreshejwe muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo]] mu [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Rwanda]] n’abagabo b’Abahutu kugira ngo babone imbaraga no kugenzura abagore [[Abatutsi|b’abatutsi]]. Iki gikorwa ndetse cyatewe inkunga n'abayobozi nk'intwaro y'intambara. Minisitiri w’abahutu w’umuryango n’ibibazo by’umugore mu Rwanda, Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, yashishikarije abagabo b’Abahutu mu kuboneza urubyaro hagamijwe gufata ku ngufu. Mu magambo ya Nyiramasuhuko yagize ati: "Mbere yo kwica abo bagore, ugomba kubasambanya ku gahato." Umuryango w’abibumbye uvuga ko abagore bagera ku 250.000 kugeza 500.000 bafashwe ku ngufu mu gihe cya jenoside. Iyi mibare irashobora kuba yoroheje mugihe urebye ipfunwe rishingiye ku ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu Rwanda. Igihe u Rwanda rwatangiraga gutunganya ibyaha byakozwe mu gihe cya jenoside, amategeko y'u Rwanda yashyize mu majwi gufata ku ngufu nk'icyaha cya kane. Iki cyiciro gisa nuburemere bwo kwiba umutungo, utitaye ku ihungabana rikomeye aba bagore bashobora kuba bafite. Ushinzwe imibereho myiza y'abaturage Godeliève Mukasarasi yamenye ako karengane maze akoranya abarokotse ku ngufu muri jenoside kugira ngo batange ubuhamya bwabo mu Nteko. Ibikorwa bya Mukasarasi byemereye abadepite kubona ubukana bwo gufata ku ngufu mu ntambara na jenoside. Abashingamateka bo mu Rwanda bahinduye iki gikorwa mu mategeko ya jenoside bava mu cyiciro cya kane bagihindura icyaha cyo mu cyiciro cya mbere. Icyiciro cya mbere kingana no kwica umuntu kugirango akomeze impamvu za jenoside. Kwemeza ko gufata ku ngufu ari intwaro muri jenoside bishimangira iterambere ry’igihugu mu buringanire. Godelieve Mukasarasi yatangije kandi gahunda yiswe SEVOTA yo gufasha abagore n'abana bagezweho ningaruka zo gufatwa ku ngufu muri jenoside binyuze mu ihahamuka. SEVOTA isobanura Ubufatanye bwo Kubabara kw'abapfakazi n'imfubyi bigamije Akazi no Kwiteza imbere. Porogaramu ye ikoresha ubuhanzi nubusabane bwitsinda rito kugirango ifashe abagore nabana gusangira ubunararibonye no guca ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. Iyi gahunda kandi ifasha gushyiraho umubano hagati yabana bavutse kubera gufatwa kungufu muri jenoside na ba nyina. SEVOTA iha abategarugori n’abacitse ku icumu ibikoresho byo kuvuga ku ngufu n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, ikora kugira ngo ikureho isoni z’abaturage no kuzana imbaraga. == Umwanzuro w’umuryango w’abibumbye 1325 mu Rwanda == [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Umuryango w’abibumbye]] wasohoye Icyemezo 1325 mu 2000 kugira ngo hemezwe ubwitange bwabo ku buringanire mpuzamahanga. Iyi nyandiko yakozwe nyuma y’amahano ya jenoside yo mu Rwanda kandi yibanda ku buryo ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ryagize uruhare mu makimbirane. Umwanzuro 1325 werekana cyane cyane uburyo ihohoterwa nka jenoside ribabaza cyane abagore n’abana. Aba bagore baba mu bihugu birimo amakimbirane nabo bagomba kugira uruhare runini mubikorwa byo guhosha umutekano. Umwanzuro urasobanura uburyo abagore bakeneye kugira ijambo rigaragara muri guverinoma zabo, bakwiriye kurindwa ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina no gufata ku ngufu, bakeneye kurengerwa n’amategeko ku bitero bishingiye ku gitsina, kandi bagomba guhabwa uruhare muri gahunda z’ubutabazi bwihutirwa. Ibihugu byinshi byashyize mu bikorwa Icyemezo 1325 binyuze muri gahunda z’igihugu ziyemeje guhagarika ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. U Rwanda rwashyize mu bikorwa umwanzuro 1325 mu mwaka wa 2010 hagamijwe guca ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. Gahunda y'ibikorwa by'igihugu yanakoze ku mibanire y'abagabo n'abagore nyuma ya jenoside no kubyara ubukungu burambye ku bagore mu gihugu hose. Hariho ugushidikanya ku buryo Umwanzuro 1325 ugira ingaruka ku bagore baba mu turere tutishora muri politiki izwi cyane. Intsinzi yapimwe muri gahunda y'ibikorwa by'igihugu ntabwo yagize ibisubizo bifatika bifitanye isano nicyemezo. == Iterambere ry'uburezi == U Rwanda rwateje imbere uburezi bw'abakobwa kuva jenoside yabaye. Mu 2004, Task Force ishinzwe uburezi bw’abakobwa (GETF) yashinzwe muri [[Minisiteri y'uburezi mu Rwanda|minisiteri y’uburezi]] hagamijwe guteza imbere uburezi ku bakobwa bakiri bato. Hashyizweho gahunda zo gufasha kwigisha abagore bashobora kuba barigeze kuba barangije amashuri kandi bikabemerera kwiga amashuri bangiwe. Izi gahunda zuburinganire mu burezi ntabwo ari iz'abakobwa gusa nubwo; gahunda zashyizwe mu bikorwa zemerera abahungu n’abakobwa kuganira ku burezi bw’umugore. Ikigo cya Aikiah nicyo kigo cya mbere cy’abagore bose mu Rwanda kandi gishyigikira uburinganire hagati y’uburinganire bw'umugore n’umugabo "bategura abanyeshuri babo kuba ejo hazaza h’igihugu." == Uburinganire hagati yuburinganire nubuvuzi == U Rwanda rwagize impinduka nyinshi mu guteza imbere uburinganire kuri bose, hamwe n’icyiciro kimwe bakoze kugira ngo bateze imbere ubuvuzi. Malariya, agakoko gatera SIDA na kolera byigeze kugaragara mu Rwanda. Icyakora, kuva itsembabwoko ryabaye mu 1994, u Rwanda rukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo ibintu bishoboke. Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yafatanije na Harvard's Public In Health ndetse n'umuvugizi w’ubuzima ku isi Paul Farmer. Hamwe niyi nkunga, guverinoma yu Rwanda yongeye gushyiraho gahunda y’ubuzima. Guteza imbere ubuzima bw’umugore byayobowe na minisitiri w’ubuzima mu Rwanda, [[Agnes Binagwaho]]. Binagwaho yashimangiye uburinganire muri gahunda y’ubuzima aharanira ko abakobwa bakiri bato bahabwa urukingo rwa HPV Byongeye kandi, u Rwanda rumwe rw’umuryango w’abibumbye ruyobora amatsinda y’ibiganiro ku buzima bw’imyororokere ndetse no kuringaniza imbyaro kugira ngo bigishe abagore bo muri kaminuza ibijyanye n’ubuzima. == Kurangiza ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina == N'ubwo u Rwanda rwemeje itegeko ku gufatwa ku ngufu kwabashakanye mu 2009, haracyari akazi ko guhagarika ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu gihugu. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2015, 21 ku ijana by'abagore bo mu Rwanda bahuye n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina no mu mibonano mpuzabitsina mu gihe cy’amezi 12. Iyi mibare iracyari intambwe nini kuva igihe umubare munini wabagore bafashwe kungufu mugihe cya jenoside. Hashyizweho imiryango nk’Urugaga rw’Abagore mu Rwanda mu rwego rwo gufasha kurwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na BioMed Central burasesengura igipimo cy’ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafatanyabikorwa mu Rwanda nyuma ya jenoside, cyane cyane mu myaka ya 2005 na 2010. Muri iki gihe, ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina risobanurwa nk’ihohoterwa ry’umubiri, amarangamutima, imitekerereze, cyangwa igitsina mu mibanire. Nk’uko bitangazwa na BioMed Central, 34 ku ijana by'abagore bo mu Rwanda bavuga ko bari bafitanye umubano kandi bakarokoka ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu 2005. Uyu mubare wazamutse ugera kuri 56 ku ijana mu 2010. Uku kwiyongera gushobora guterwa no kugabanya agasuzuguro ku bijyanye n’ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafatanyabikorwa mu Rwanda. Abagore bumva bamerewe neza mugihe basangira ibyababayeho. Byongeye kandi, abayobozi ba politiki b’abagore biyongereye cyane nyuma ya jenoside yabaye mu 2003, bivuguruza uruhare rw’uburinganire mu gihugu hose. BioMed Central yasanze kandi umubare w’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ry’abafatanyabikorwa ryashoboraga kwiyongera bitewe n’umubare ugaragara w’abagore bakomeye muri societe yu Rwanda. Izi nyigisho zombi zerekana ihinduka rito mu mahame mbonezamubano yerekeye ku ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. Ubundi bushakashatsi bwakozwe n'abashakashatsi bo mu mashami muri kaminuza y'u Rwanda, Kigali, kaminuza ya Umeå, Suwede, na kaminuza ya Gothenburg, muri Suwede, bwakoze iperereza ku ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafatanyabikorwa ba hafi mu Rwanda. Aya makuru yerekana ko nubwo leta yu Rwanda yafashe icyemezo cyo kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ry’abafatanyabikorwa, amahame mbonezamubano ku bagore yari agihuye n’inshingano gakondo zishingiye ku gitsina. Izi ngingo zinyuranye zagize ingaruka ku buryo abagore bakoresha umutungo igihe bahuye n’ihohoterwa. Ubu bushakashatsi bugaragaza kandi ko kurandura burundu ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, impinduka zigomba kuva mu muryango w’u Rwanda kimwe na politiki yashyizwe mu bikorwa. == Guteza imbere uburinganire == Abagore bo mu Rwanda na bo bagiye gukora kugira ngo icyuho cy’imishahara gishingiye ku gitsina kiveho. Mu 2018, Abanyarwanda binjiza amafaranga mirongo inani n'umunani ugereranyije n'idorari ry'umugabo, Ibi bigashyira u Rwanda ku mwanya wa 25 mu buringanire bw’ubukungu hagati y’uburinganire. [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ldc9cd8pbwhbkvk54b0iflukwbvfxcd 0 10017 140934 139104 2026-10-07T13:52:02Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 140934 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Mitchells-plain-schoolkids.jpg|thumb|Ishuri ryabana Muri cape toun ]] [[Dosiye:Rwanda Classroom edited.png|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Flickr - usaid.africa - Basic education programs build skills for the future in Rwanda.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Early Childhood Education USAID Africa.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Uburezi.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Ahazaza.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Sugar Interface.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:SugarLab.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Gukosora abanyeshuri.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Wiki clubs closing ceremony 08.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Wiki clubs closing ceremony 48.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Abanyeshuri.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Diego Suarez Antsiranana urban public primary school (EPP) Madagascar.jpg|thumb]] '''Uburezi muri Afurika y’Epfo''' bugengwa n’amashami abiri y’igihugu, ari yo ishami ry’uburezi bw’ibanze (DBE)<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Basic_Education</ref>, rishinzwe amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye, n’ishami ry’Amashuri makuru n'Amahugurwa (DHET), rishinzwe amashuri makuru n’imyuga.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education</ref> amahugurwa. Mbere ya 2009, ayo mashami yombi yari ahagarariwe mu ishami rimwe ry'uburezi.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_school</ref>Ishami rya DBE rivuga ku mashuri ya Leta, amashuri yigenga (nanone ishami ryita amashuri yigenga ), ibigo byita ku bana bato (ECD), n'amashuri akeneye bidasanzwe. Amashuri ya leta hamwe n’ishuri ryigenga bizwi hamwe nk’ishuri risanzwe, hafi 97% y’amashuri yo muri Afrika yepfo.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Education_(South_Africa)</ref>Ishami rya DHET ryita ku yandi mashuri makuru n’amahugurwa (FET) ubu azwi ku izina rya Tekiniki n’imyuga n’imyuga (TVET).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_education</ref>amashuri makuru y’ibanze akuze n’amahugurwa (ABET), n’ibigo by'amashuri makuru (HE).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_education</ref>[[Intara]] icyenda zo muri Afrika yepfo nazo zifite amashami y’uburezi ashinzwe gushyira mu bikorwa politiki y’ishami ry’igihugu no gukemura ibibazo byaho.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa</ref>Mu mwaka wa 2010, gahunda y’ibanze y’uburezi yari igizwe n’abanyeshuri 12,644.208, amashuri 30.586, n’abarimu 439.394. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150928051110/http://www.education.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=VlqIdHT7qZ8%3D&tabid=93&mid=1952</ref> Muri 2009, amashuri makuru n’amahugurwa yari agizwe n’abanyeshuri 837.779 bo mu bigo bya HE, abanyeshuri 420.475 bo mu bigo bya FET bigenzurwa na leta na 297.900 mu bigo bigenzurwa na leta.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130927135637/http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=137426</ref>Muri 2013, leta ya Afrika yepfo yakoresheje 21% yingengo yigihugu mu burezi. Hafi ya 10% yingengo yuburezi ni ayisumbuye. == Imiterere na Mabwiriza == Ishami ry’uburezi bw’ibanze riyobowe n’umuyobozi mukuru, Hubert Mathanzima Mweli, Amabwiriza yaryo ikorwa na minisitiri Angie Motshekga<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Motshekga</ref> na minisitiri wungirije Reginah Mhaule<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginah_Mhaule</ref>. Ishami ry’Amashuri Makuru n'Amahugurwa riyobowe n'umuyobozi mukuru, Gwebs Qonde, Amabwiriza yaryo ikorwa na minisitiri Blade Nzimande <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Nzimande</ref>na minisitiri wungirije Buti Manamela.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buti_Manamela</ref>Inzego zombi ziterwa inkunga n’imisoro ya leta. Ishami ry’uburezi bwibanze ryishyura igice cyimishahara yabarimu mumashuri ya leta, ariko amashuri yigenga aterwa inkunga wenyine. Amashuri ya leta arashobora, mubihe bimwe, kuzuza amafaranga yabo binyuze mumisanzu y'ababyeyi. . Mubisanzwe Inteko Nyobozi y'Ishuri (SGB) ishinzwe gukusanya inkunga mumashuri. Inteko Nyobozi y'Ishuri mumashuri abanza igizwe n'ababyeyi, abarimu n'abakozi bunganira. Mu mashure yisumbuye, igizwe n'ababyeyi, abarimu, abakozi bunganira n'abiga.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_government</ref> == Sisitemu yuburezi bwibanze (amashuri abanza nayisumbuye) Afurika yepfo == DBE yashyize kumugaragaro amanota mubice bibiri "bande" yiswe Uburezi Rusange n'Amahugurwa (GET), ikubiyemo icyiciro cya 0 wongeyeho icyiciro cya 1 kugeza ku cya 9, hamwe n'Amashuri Makuru n'Amahugurwa (FET), akubiyemo icyiciro cya 10-12 kimwe no kutari hejuru amashuri yimyuga yimyuga. KUBONA (Itsinda rusange ryigisha no guhugura) rigabanijwemo "icyiciro" cyitwa Icyiciro cya Fondasiyo (icyiciro cya 0 wongeyeho icyiciro cya 1 kugeza ku cya 3), Icyiciro cyo hagati (icyiciro cya 4 kugeza ku cya 6), nicyiciro cya mbere (icyiciro cya 7 kugeza 9) .Imiterere yubuyobozi bwibigo byinshi bisanzwe muri Afrika yepfo ntibigaragaza kugabana amatsinda nibice. Kubwimpamvu zamateka, amashuri menshi ni "amashuri abanza" (icyiciro cya R wongeyeho icyiciro cya 1 kugeza 7) cyangwa "amashuri yisumbuye", bizwi kandi nkayisumbuye (icyiciro cya 8 kugeza 12). == Amanota atemewe == [[Dosiye:Grouping of South African school grades into phases, bands and schools.png|thumb|Ubururu: AMASHURI ABANZA Umutuku : AMASHURI YISUMBUYE ]] Amashuri amwe yo murugo hamwe nishuri ryigenga bitanga amahitamo yo kurangiza umwaka wongeyeho nyuma yicyiciro cya 12, rimwe na rimwe bizwi nkicyiciro cya 13 cyangwa "post-matric". Gahunda y’ishuri rya leta ya Afrika yepfo ntabwo ifite icyiciro cya 13, ariko igize igice cyamasomo atari muri Afrika yepfo rimwe na rimwe agakurikirwa namashuri yigenga muri Afrika yepfo.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130927223524/http://www.love2learn.co.za/about7.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rosewaywaldorf.co.za/learning/high-school/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-14 |archive-date=2022-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214161224/http://www.rosewaywaldorf.co.za/learning/high-school/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>Icyiciro cya Fondasiyo ya DBE gikubiyemo icyiciro kibanziriza ishuri kizwi ku izina rya R, "kwakira". Icyiciro cya R ni itegeko, ariko ntabwo amashuri abanza yose atanga amanota R. Grade R nayo ishobora kwitabira amashuri abanza. Ayandi manota ashobora kurangirira mumashuri abanziriza ishuri harimo icyiciro cya 00 nicyiciro cya 000 (nubwo amazina ya 000 na 00 adakoreshwa kwisi yose). Icyiciro cya R rimwe na rimwe cyitwa Grade 0 (bisobanurwa ngo "grade naught"), <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140226124222/http://www.sprogs.co.za/resources/kids-questions-answers/child-%e2%80%98school%e2%80%99-gr-000-send-he%e2%80%99s-6-turning-7-gr-1</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140222201657/http://www.sprogs.co.za/resources/kids-questions-answers/is-there-a-difference-between-gr-0-and-gr-00</ref>cyane cyane mumashuri yera mbere, aho imikoreshereze yahoze ari rusange. == Ikigereranyo cy'abiga == Raporo y’ibarurishamibare ya DBE yo mu mwaka wa 2010 (yasohotse mu 2012), ugereranyije hari abiga 30 kuri buri mwarimu, 480 biga ku ishuri, n’abarimu 16 ku ishuri. Umubare w'abiga kuri buri mwarimu urasa hafi mu ntara zose, ariko ikigereranyo cy'abiga kuri buri shuri kiratandukanye kuri buri ntara. Kurugero, i Gauteng hari abiga 800 kuri buri shuri na 28 mwishuri, mugihe muburasirazuba bwa Cape hari 350 biga kuri buri shuri na 12 mwishuri.I mibare ivuguruye ya 2013 (yatangajwe muri 2015) irahari.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/Education%20Statistic%202013.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-14 |archive-date=2017-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516181632/http://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/Education%20Statistic%202013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amafaranga yishuri hamwe nibisohoka == Amashuri yo muri Afrika yepfo ahabwa inkunga na reta kubikorwa byayo, nko kubungabunga ikibanza, amafaranga yubuyobozi, umushahara, [[Igitabo|ibitabo]] nibikoresho byuburezi, nibikorwa bidasanzwe. Amashuri menshi yuzuza inkunga ya leta hamwe nandi masoko yinjiza, nkamafaranga yishuri yishyurwa nababyeyi, ibikorwa byo gukusanya inkunga, no kwakira impano. Mubisanzwe, amafaranga yishuri abuza abana bakennye kwiga amashuri akize. Nta karimbi k'amafaranga ishuri rishobora gushiraho. Ababyeyi barashobora gusaba ishuri kugirango bagabanye amafaranga yishuri cyangwa igice. Amashuri menshi akize atanga ubufasha bwamafaranga kumubare muto wabanyeshuri (urugero, niba ababyeyi barangije), ariko ntabwo byemewe n'amategeko<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/government/schoolfees.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-14 |archive-date=2021-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123213510/https://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/government/schoolfees.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130128084627/http://www.southafrica.info/about/education/schooling-231106.htm</ref>.Abana bo mumashuri yo muri Afrika yepfo basabwa kugura no kwambara imyenda yishuri nubwo akenshi bishoboka kubigura. Amashuri menshi atanga ibikorwa bidasanzwe nkimikino itandukanye nibikorwa byumuco, bisaba amafaranga yo kubungabunga. Amashuri menshi agumana ibibuga byayo by'imikino. Ingano y'inkunga itangwa na leta igenwa ahanini n'urwego rw'ubukene bw'abaturanyi iryo shuri riherereyemo, ndetse n'ubushomeri ndetse n'uburere rusange bw'abaturage muri ako gace. Kubera iyo mpamvu, amashuri yo mu turere dukize cyane agomba gukusanya amafaranga menshi ahandi kugirango akomeze uburinganire bumwe, ariko amashuri yo mu turere dukize akenshi usanga yinjiza menshi cyane kuburyo amashuri yabo ari menshi cyane kuruta ayandi mashuri akize. Ingano yinkunga ya leta kumwana biterwa na "quintille" yishuri. Muri 2009, amashuri yo muri quintille 1 (abakene cyane) na quintille 2 yakiriye R807 na R740 kumwana kumwaka, naho amashuri yo muri quintille 4 na quintile 5 (abakire) yakiriye R404 na R134 kumwana kumwaka. Amashuri yo muri quintile 1-3 arashobora gusaba gutondekwa nkishuri "Ntamafaranga"; 5% by'amashuri yose ni quintille 5, naho 15% mumashuri yose ni quintille 4. <ref>http://www.create-rpc.org/pdf_documents/Policy_Brief_7.pdf</ref> == Icyigeranyo cy'amafaranga y'ishuri == Amashuri ntasabwa gutangaza amafaranga yishuri kumugaragaro, kandi amashuri menshi arabihisha, ariko hano hari ingero zamafaranga yishuri mumashuri atari ayigenga muri Afrika yepfo. * Umuturirwa muremure, Bellville: R15200 kumwana kumwaka <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030743/http://www.settlers.org.za/assets/circular/2012/schoolfees_2013.pdf</ref> * Urwibutso rwa Parike, Kraaifontein: R9000 ku mwana ku mwaka<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130703053824/http://hsmp.co.za/home.html?http%3A%2F%2Fhsmp.co.za%2Fskoolfonds.html</ref> == Amafaranga y'ishuri Kubakene == Amashuri ntashobora kwanga kwinjira mubana batuye hafi yishuri. Amashuri ntashobora kwanga kwinjira mubana cyangwa kwanga gutanga amakarita ya raporo nubwo ababyeyi babo birengagije kwishyura amafaranga yishuri, ariko amashuri yemerewe kurega ababyeyi kubera ko batishyuye amafaranga yishuri. Kuva mu 1996, abana bafite ababyeyi bakennye cyane basonewe mumashuri amwe cyangwa yose. Kuva mu 1998, formula niyi ikurikira. Niba amafaranga yinjiza hamwe nababyeyi ari munsi yikubye inshuro icumi amafaranga yishuri yumwaka, umwana asonewe byemewe n'amategeko. <ref>http://www.create-rpc.org/pdf_documents/Policy_Brief_7.pdf</ref>Niba amafaranga yinjiza arenze inshuro icumi amafaranga yishuri ariko munsi yikubye inshuro mirongo itatu yishuri, umwana afite uburenganzira bwo kugabanyirizwa amafaranga yishuri. Mubikorwa, ayo mabwiriza afasha imiryango ikennye cyane, ntabwo ari abakozi bakora nimiryango iciriritse.Imfubyi n'abana b'ababyeyi bahabwa inkunga zishingiye ku bukene na bo basonewe amafaranga y'ishuri.<ref>http://www.create-rpc.org/pdf_documents/Policy_Brief_7.pdf</ref> Kuva mu 2006, Ishami ry’Uburezi ritanga uburyo bukurikira ku bakene 40% b’ishuri. Niba ishuri ritishyuye amafaranga yishuri, ishami ryuburezi ryongera inkunga kugirango ryuzuze amafaranga yishuri. Ubusanzwe byari biteganijwe kongera iyi nkunga kumashuri akennye cyane 60% mumwaka wa 2009. Inkunga ireba gusa abana bo mu itsinda rya GED, kandi abana bifuza kurangiza icyiciro cya 10-12 bagomba kwishyura amafaranga yose.Mu mwaka wa 2008, abiga bagera kuri miliyoni 5 mu mashuri 14.264 bungukiwe na gahunda y'ishuri rya No Fee, kandi benshi muri bo bari mu burasirazuba bwa Cape, KwaZulu-Natal na Limpopo. Ntabwo amashuri yose yujuje ibyangombwa byo kuyikoresha. == Amashuri yigenga == Amashuri yigenga, azwi kandi nk'ishuri ryigenga, ni amashuri adafite leta. Mubisanzwe bafite kandi bigakorwa nicyizere, itorero cyangwa umuryango, cyangwa nisosiyete iharanira inyungu. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For-profit_corporation</ref>Amashuri yigenga yose yo muri Afrika yepfo ntabwo yishyuza amashuri yisumbuye. Amashuri amwe yigenga nayo ahabwa inkunga na leta, bitewe nabaturage bakorewe hamwe namafaranga yatanzwe == References == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Uburezi|Afurika y’Epfo]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika y’Epfo]] q95cx0al18hp1wc0v1aihjee8a1n720 0 10140 140943 127400 2026-10-07T14:10:09Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* */ Gukosora imyandikire 140943 wikitext text/x-wiki == Igishanga cya Nyandungu ==[[File:Igishanga mu Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Igishanga mu Rwanda]] Mumyaka yashize uwumvaga [[Nyandungu Urban Wetland Eco-Tourism Park|nyandungu]] yayumvaga ari nk'igishanga cyibasirwa n'imyuzure igishanga giteye ubwoba<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukerarugendo/ahantu/article/igishanga-cya-nyandungu-kigiye-gushyirwamo-ubusitani-abantu-bajye-baharuhukira</ref> kandi bamwe bagikoreshaga nk'ikimoteri kuko bamenagamo imyanda yo mungo zabo cyari igishanga ubonako ntakerekezo gifite. Muri icyogihe ibinyabuzima byari biri muri icyo gishanga harimo nk'inyoni n'ibindi byatangiye guhunga, utuyira nyabagendwa turasibama kubera imyuzure ikabije n'isayo byamanurwaga n'imvura ituruka hirya no hino muri [[Kigali]]. Hakorerwaga kandi ubuhinzi butita kubidukikije ikigishanga cyari cyarakamye kubera kutitabwaho no gucukuramo [[Ibumba|ibumba.]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://panorama.rw/index.php/2021/11/11/rema-icyanya-cya-nyandungu-kizatangira-gukora-mu-kuboza/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-07 |archive-date=2021-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116173833/https://panorama.rw/index.php/2021/11/11/rema-icyanya-cya-nyandungu-kizatangira-gukora-mu-kuboza/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubukungu == [[Dosiye:Outside of Nyandungu Eco Tourism Park.jpg|thumb|Amarembo yinjira mu gishanga cya Nyandungu.]] Mu mwaka wa 2015 nibwo hatekerejwe umushinga wabyazwa muri iki gishanga murwego rwo kubungabunga [[Ibidukikije|ibidukikije,]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thesourcepost.com/index.php/2021/11/04/dutembere-mu-gishanga-cya-nyandungu-ahantu-nyaburanga-habungabunga-ibidukikije/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-07 |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520201135/https://thesourcepost.com/index.php/2021/11/04/dutembere-mu-gishanga-cya-nyandungu-ahantu-nyaburanga-habungabunga-ibidukikije/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ndetse no kukibyaza umusaruro kigakurura ba mukerarugendo basura [[Umujyi wa Kigali|umujyi wa kigali]] aribwo hafatwaga ingamba zo kugihinduramo [[Pariki|pariki y'ubukerarugendo]] bubungabunga ibidukikije ikongerwa muzari zisanzwe mu [[Rwanda]]. imirimo yo kugitunganya yatangiye muri 2016. == Akamaro kicyigishanga == Muguhindura iki gishanga hatekerejwe kubungabunga bw'urusobe rw'[[Ibinyabuzima n'inyamaswa byo mu Rwanda|ibinyabuzima]],kubakamo ibikorwa remezo ndetse no kubibyaza<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/ahantu-nyaburanga/article/nyandungu-yabaye-nshya-igishanga-cyarasazuwe-kigiye-gukoreshwa-nka-pariki-yo |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-07 |archive-date=2022-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502161837/https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/ahantu-nyaburanga/article/nyandungu-yabaye-nshya-igishanga-cyarasazuwe-kigiye-gukoreshwa-nka-pariki-yo |url-status=dead }}</ref> umusaruro bigakurura ba [[Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda|Mukerarugendo]] bakatwinjiriza amadovizi mu gihugu cyacu ikigishanga kandi hateganyijwe guterwamo ibiti bisa nkibiri gucika birimo;‘umugote’, ‘igikakarubamba’, ‘imiravumba’, ‘iminyinya’, ‘ikirogora’, ‘umubirizi’, ‘igicuncu’, ‘igitenetene’,Ndetse n‘umukunde.[[Dosiye:Guidance in Nyandungu Eco Tourism Park.jpg|thumb|Icyapa kiranga ibice bitandukanye bigize iki gishanga.]] kugirango bizifashshwe mugusobanurira abakiri bato ibyo aribyo hari kandi ubusitani bwo kwicaramo ndetse n'utuyira twa siporo turi kubuso bwa kirometero 10 hatewemo kandi imiti imwe n'imwe yo mubimera yakoreshwaga n'abakera mubuvuzi gakondo nyuma yo gutunganywa kw'iki Gishanga kandi byatumye bimwe mubinyabuzima byari byarahunze birimo nk'inyoni n'ibindi bigarukamo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isangostar.rw/ibyegeranyo/tuhamenye/article/tuhamenye-nyandungu-wetland-eco |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-07 |archive-date=2022-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126150852/https://www.isangostar.rw/ibyegeranyo/tuhamenye/article/tuhamenye-nyandungu-wetland-eco |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Inyungu Rusange == Iki gishanga gifitiye igihugu akamaro cyane cyane [[Umujyi wa Kigali|umujyi wa kigali]] ndetse n'abagituriye kuko kigizwe n'urusobe rw '[[Ibinyabuzima n'inyamaswa byo mu Rwanda|ibinyabuzima]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://panorama.rw/index.php/2021/11/11/rema-icyanya-cya-nyandungu-kizatangira-gukora-mu-kuboza/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-07 |archive-date=2021-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116173833/https://panorama.rw/index.php/2021/11/11/rema-icyanya-cya-nyandungu-kizatangira-gukora-mu-kuboza/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ndetse n'ibyatsi bitanga imiti myinshi itandukanye yifashishwa mukuvura [[Indwara y’igisebe cy’umufunzo|indwara]] zimwe nazimwe ikigishanga kirimo kandi ahantu ho kuruhukira,aho gufatira amafunguro,aho gukinira ikinamico,ndetse n'utuyira twa siporo z'abanyamaguru ndetse n'amagare.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fonerwa.org/kin/kubungabunga-igishanga-cya-nyundungu-ndetse-no-kubakamo-pariki-yubukerarugendo |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-07 |archive-date=2022-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703211746/http://www.fonerwa.org/kin/kubungabunga-igishanga-cya-nyundungu-ndetse-no-kubakamo-pariki-yubukerarugendo |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Inyoni ziri muri iki gishanga == Muri ikigishanga harimo amoko [[Inyoni|y'inyoni]] asaga 70 ndetse n'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima bitandukanye n'amoko y'ibiti menshi atandukanye harimo natanga imiti n'ibindi byingirakamaro k'ubuzima bwa muntu. == Aho giherereye == Nyandungu Urban Wetland Eco-Tourism Park, ni uburyo iki gishanga kiri gutunganywamo, ni igishanga giherereye mu Mirenge ya Ndera ho mu [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Karere ka Gasabo]] na Nyarugunga muri [[Akarere ka Kicukiro|Kicukiro]], == Reba == jq8oy00u96o55c464yf24ggkrcakiph 140944 140943 2026-10-07T14:12:40Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* Akamaro kicyigishanga */ 140944 wikitext text/x-wiki == Igishanga cya Nyandungu ==[[File:Igishanga mu Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Igishanga mu Rwanda]] Mumyaka yashize uwumvaga [[Nyandungu Urban Wetland Eco-Tourism Park|nyandungu]] yayumvaga ari nk'igishanga cyibasirwa n'imyuzure igishanga giteye ubwoba<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukerarugendo/ahantu/article/igishanga-cya-nyandungu-kigiye-gushyirwamo-ubusitani-abantu-bajye-baharuhukira</ref> kandi bamwe bagikoreshaga nk'ikimoteri kuko bamenagamo imyanda yo mungo zabo cyari igishanga ubonako ntakerekezo gifite. Muri icyogihe ibinyabuzima byari biri muri icyo gishanga harimo nk'inyoni n'ibindi byatangiye guhunga, utuyira nyabagendwa turasibama kubera imyuzure ikabije n'isayo byamanurwaga n'imvura ituruka hirya no hino muri [[Kigali]]. Hakorerwaga kandi ubuhinzi butita kubidukikije ikigishanga cyari cyarakamye kubera kutitabwaho no gucukuramo [[Ibumba|ibumba.]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://panorama.rw/index.php/2021/11/11/rema-icyanya-cya-nyandungu-kizatangira-gukora-mu-kuboza/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-07 |archive-date=2021-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116173833/https://panorama.rw/index.php/2021/11/11/rema-icyanya-cya-nyandungu-kizatangira-gukora-mu-kuboza/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubukungu == [[Dosiye:Outside of Nyandungu Eco Tourism Park.jpg|thumb|Amarembo yinjira mu gishanga cya Nyandungu.]] Mu mwaka wa 2015 nibwo hatekerejwe umushinga wabyazwa muri iki gishanga murwego rwo kubungabunga [[Ibidukikije|ibidukikije,]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thesourcepost.com/index.php/2021/11/04/dutembere-mu-gishanga-cya-nyandungu-ahantu-nyaburanga-habungabunga-ibidukikije/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-07 |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520201135/https://thesourcepost.com/index.php/2021/11/04/dutembere-mu-gishanga-cya-nyandungu-ahantu-nyaburanga-habungabunga-ibidukikije/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ndetse no kukibyaza umusaruro kigakurura ba mukerarugendo basura [[Umujyi wa Kigali|umujyi wa kigali]] aribwo hafatwaga ingamba zo kugihinduramo [[Pariki|pariki y'ubukerarugendo]] bubungabunga ibidukikije ikongerwa muzari zisanzwe mu [[Rwanda]]. imirimo yo kugitunganya yatangiye muri 2016. == Akamaro kicyigishanga == Muguhindura iki gishanga hatekerejwe kubungabunga bw'urusobe rw'[[Ibinyabuzima n'inyamaswa byo mu Rwanda|ibinyabuzima]],kubakamo ibikorwa remezo ndetse no kubibyaza<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/ahantu-nyaburanga/article/nyandungu-yabaye-nshya-igishanga-cyarasazuwe-kigiye-gukoreshwa-nka-pariki-yo |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-07 |archive-date=2022-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502161837/https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/ahantu-nyaburanga/article/nyandungu-yabaye-nshya-igishanga-cyarasazuwe-kigiye-gukoreshwa-nka-pariki-yo |url-status=dead }}</ref> umusaruro bigakurura ba [[Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda|Mukerarugendo]] bakatwinjiriza amadovizi mu gihugu cyacu ikigishanga kandi hateganyijwe guterwamo ibiti bisa nkibiri gucika birimo;‘umugote’, ‘igikakarubamba’, ‘imiravumba’, ‘iminyinya’, ‘ikirogora’, ‘umubirizi’, ‘igicuncu’, ‘igitenetene’,Ndetse n‘umukunde.[[Dosiye:Guidance in Nyandungu Eco Tourism Park.jpg|thumb|Icyapa kiranga ibice bitandukanye bigize iki gishanga.]] kugirango bizifashishwe mugusobanurira abakiri bato ibyo aribyo hari kandi ubusitani bwo kwicaramo ndetse n'utuyira twa siporo turi kubuso bwa kirometero 10 hatewemo kandi imiti imwe n'imwe yo mubimera yakoreshwaga n'abakera mubuvuzi gakondo nyuma yo gutunganywa kw'iki Gishanga kandi byatumye bimwe mubinyabuzima byari byarahunze birimo nk'inyoni n'ibindi bigarukamo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isangostar.rw/ibyegeranyo/tuhamenye/article/tuhamenye-nyandungu-wetland-eco |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-07 |archive-date=2022-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126150852/https://www.isangostar.rw/ibyegeranyo/tuhamenye/article/tuhamenye-nyandungu-wetland-eco |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Inyungu Rusange == Iki gishanga gifitiye igihugu akamaro cyane cyane [[Umujyi wa Kigali|umujyi wa kigali]] ndetse n'abagituriye kuko kigizwe n'urusobe rw '[[Ibinyabuzima n'inyamaswa byo mu Rwanda|ibinyabuzima]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://panorama.rw/index.php/2021/11/11/rema-icyanya-cya-nyandungu-kizatangira-gukora-mu-kuboza/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-07 |archive-date=2021-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116173833/https://panorama.rw/index.php/2021/11/11/rema-icyanya-cya-nyandungu-kizatangira-gukora-mu-kuboza/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ndetse n'ibyatsi bitanga imiti myinshi itandukanye yifashishwa mukuvura [[Indwara y’igisebe cy’umufunzo|indwara]] zimwe nazimwe ikigishanga kirimo kandi ahantu ho kuruhukira,aho gufatira amafunguro,aho gukinira ikinamico,ndetse n'utuyira twa siporo z'abanyamaguru ndetse n'amagare.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fonerwa.org/kin/kubungabunga-igishanga-cya-nyundungu-ndetse-no-kubakamo-pariki-yubukerarugendo |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-07 |archive-date=2022-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703211746/http://www.fonerwa.org/kin/kubungabunga-igishanga-cya-nyundungu-ndetse-no-kubakamo-pariki-yubukerarugendo |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Inyoni ziri muri iki gishanga == Muri ikigishanga harimo amoko [[Inyoni|y'inyoni]] asaga 70 ndetse n'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima bitandukanye n'amoko y'ibiti menshi atandukanye harimo natanga imiti n'ibindi byingirakamaro k'ubuzima bwa muntu. == Aho giherereye == Nyandungu Urban Wetland Eco-Tourism Park, ni uburyo iki gishanga kiri gutunganywamo, ni igishanga giherereye mu Mirenge ya Ndera ho mu [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Karere ka Gasabo]] na Nyarugunga muri [[Akarere ka Kicukiro|Kicukiro]], == Reba == lgs9ppnqxje3pjoe5ix6e1btdvk65r2 0 14109 140924 97634 2026-10-07T13:45:21Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 140924 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Air pollution, bord du Canal de l'Esplanade, fumée noire, inversion atmosphérique Lille Bois Citadelle 25 février 2019a 06.jpg|thumb|Ibihumanya Ikirere]] '''Guhumana kw' ikirere''' [[Dosiye:Ikirere cyaburera.jpg|thumb|Ikirere cyanduyye]] ni ukwanduza ikirere bitewe no kuba hari ibintu byangiza ikirere byangiza ubuzima bw’abantu n’ibindi binyabuzima, cyangwa bikangiza ikirere cyangwa ibikoresho. [1] Nukwanduza no mu nzu cyangwa hanze kuzengurutse haba mubikorwa bya shimi, ibintu byumubiri cyangwa ibinyabuzima bihindura ibintu biranga ikirere. [2] Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwimyuka ihumanya ikirere, nka gaze (harimo ammonia, monoxide carbone, dioxyde de sulfure, okiside ya nitrous, metani, dioxyde de carbone na chlorofluorocarbone), uduce (haba kama n’ibinyabuzima), na molekile y’ibinyabuzima. Ihumana ry’ikirere rishobora gutera abantu indwara, allergie, ndetse n’urupfu ku bantu; irashobora kandi kwangiza ibindi binyabuzima nk’inyamaswa n’ibihingwa by’ibiribwa, kandi bishobora kwangiza ibidukikije (urugero, imihindagurikire y’ikirere, kugabanuka kwa ozone cyangwa kwangirika kw'imiturire) cyangwa ibidukikije byubatswe (urugero, imvura ya aside). [3] Ihumana ry’ikirere rishobora guterwa nibikorwa byabantu nibintu bisanzwe. Ubwiza bw’ikirere bufitanye isano rya hafi n’ikirere cy’isi n’ibinyabuzima ku isi. benshi mu bagize uruhare mu guhumanya ikirere na bo ni isoko y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ni ukuvuga gutwika amavuta y’ibimera. Ihumana ry’ikirere ni ikintu gikomeye cy’indwara ziterwa n’umwanda, harimo indwara zandurira mu myanya y'ubuhumekero, indwara z'umutima, COPD, inkorora na [[kanseri]] y'ibihaha. [Ibimenyetso bigenda byiyongera byerekana ko ihumana ry’ikirere rishobora kuba rifitanye isano no kugabanya amanota ya IQ, kutamenya neza, ibyago byinshi by’indwara zo mu mutwe nko kwiheba [8] ndetse n’ubuzima bubi bwa perinatal.] bigera kure, ariko cyane cyane bigira ingaruka kumyanya yubuhumekero yumubiri hamwe na sisitemu yumutima. Umuntu ku giti cye ku myuka ihumanya ikirere biterwa n'ubwoko bwanduye umuntu ahura nazo, urugero rw'imiterere, hamwe n'ubuzima bw'umuntu ndetse na genetiki. [[Dosiye:Air pollution, bord du Canal de l'Esplanade, fumée noire, inversion atmosphérique Lille Bois Citadelle 25 février 2019a 03.jpg|thumb|Imyuka Ihumanya ikirere]] Ihumana ry’ikirere ryo hanze riterwa no gukoresha peteroli y’ibinyabuzima ryonyine ritera abantu ~ miliyoni 3.61 bapfa buri mwaka, bigatuma riba umwe mu bagize uruhare runini mu rupfu rw’abantu, [6] [13] hamwe na ozone ya antropogene na PM2.5 bitera ~ miliyoni 2.1. ] Muri rusange, ihumana ry’ikirere ritera impfu z’abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 7 ku isi buri mwaka, cyangwa ku isi hose bivuze ko umuntu yatakaje igihe cyo kubaho (LLE) cy’imyaka 2.9, [16] kandi ni cyo kibazo kinini ku isi cyangiza ubuzima bw’ibidukikije, kikaba kitaragaragaje iterambere rikomeye. kuva byibura 2015. Ihumana ry’ikirere mu ngo hamwe n’ubuziranenge bw’ikirere bwo mu mijyi byashyizwe ku rutonde rw’ibibazo bibiri by’isi byangiza isi ku isi muri raporo ya 2008 y’ikigo cya Blacksmith Institute ku isi cyanduye cyane. Umubare w’ibibazo bihumanya ikirere ni munini: 90% byabatuye isi bahumeka umwuka mubi ku rugero runaka. Nubwo ingaruka zubuzima ari nyinshi, uburyo ikibazo gikemurwa bifatwa nkibidashoboka cyangwa birengagijwe. Gutakaza umusaruro hamwe nubuzima bwangirika bwatewe n’umwanda w’ikirere bivugwa ko bizatwara ubukungu bw’isi miliyoni 5 z'amadolari y’Amerika ku mwaka ibikorwa bya muntu, nubwo rimwe na rimwe bigengwa mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro kandi bigakurikiranwa. Uburyo butandukanye bwo kurwanya umwanda n’ingamba birahari kugira ngo ikirere kigabanuke. Hashyizweho amategeko menshi mpuzamahanga ndetse n’igihugu kugira ngo agabanye ingaruka mbi ziterwa n’ikirere. Amategeko y’ibanze, iyo akozwe neza, yatumye habaho iterambere ryinshi mubuzima rusange. Zimwe muri izo mbaraga zagenze neza ku rwego mpuzamahanga, nka Protokole ya Montreal, [33] yagabanije irekurwa ry’imiti yangiza ya ozone yangiza, na Protokole ya [[Helsinki]] yo mu 1985, [34] yagabanyije imyuka y’umwuka, [35] mu gihe izindi , nk'ibikorwa mpuzamahanga ku bijyanye n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere,ntibyagenze neza. 2pznecwt977cmhpbplw7hw63iye6ix8 0 14136 140919 131076 2026-10-07T13:42:20Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 140919 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Shenzhenshi.jpg|thumb]] '''Amazu rusange''' ni uburyo bwo gutura mu nzu aho ubusanzwe umutungo ufitwe ninzego za leta, haba hagati cyangwa iz'ibanze. Nubwo intego rusange yimiturire rusange ari ugutanga amazu ahendutse, ibisobanuro, imvugo, ibisobanuro byubukene, nibindi bipimo byo kugabana biratandukanye mubice bitandukanye. Muri Amerika, iterambere ryimiturire rusange rishyirwa mubikorwa nkimishinga yimiturire ifitwe nubuyobozi bushinzwe imiturire yumujyi cyangwa amazu rusange yatewe inkunga na federasiyo akoreshwa na HUD. [[Dosiye:Guangzhou dusk panorama.jpg|thumb]] Amazu mbonezamubano ni amazu akodeshwa ashobora gutunga no gucungwa na leta, nimiryango idaharanira inyungu, cyangwa guhuza byombi, mubisanzwe hagamijwe gutanga amazu ahendutse. Amazu mbonezamubano muri rusange ashyirwaho na guverinoma binyuze muburyo bumwe-bwo kugerageza cyangwa hakoreshejwe ingamba z'ubuyobozi zikeneye amazu. Umuntu arashobora kubona amazu yimibereho nkumuti ushobora gukemura ubusumbane bwamazu. [[Dosiye:São Paulo Vista de um viaduto.jpg|thumb]] Intego zamazu zihenze nazo zishobora kugerwaho hifashishijwe inkunga. Amazu y'inkunga afite kandi akoreshwa na ba nyir'ubwite bahabwa inkunga mu rwego rwo gutanga amazu ahendutse. Ba nyir'ubwite barashobora kuba ba nyirinzu ku giti cyabo cyangwa inyungu cyangwa ibigo bidaharanira inyungu. Amateka Umuhanda uhana imbibi mu 1890; nyuma yimyaka itatu, Inama Njyanama yintara ya Londres yatangiye gukuraho amazu. [[Dosiye:Urban living - Valentine Place - geograph.org.uk - 4260134.jpg|thumb]] Amazu mbonezamubano yariho rimwe na rimwe mbere yiterambere rigezweho. Kera cyane iracyakoreshwa ni ikinyejana cya 16 Fuggerei i Augsburg, muri Bavariya. Inkomoko yimiturire igezweho ya komini iri mubwiyongere bukabije bwabaturage bo mumijyi yatewe na Revolution yinganda yo mu kinyejana cya 19. Mu mijyi minini y'icyo gihe, abantu benshi batanze ibitekerezo ku mibereho, nka Octavia Hill na Charles Booth batanze raporo ku gusebanya, indwara n'ubusambanyi byavutse. Henry Mayhew, wasuye Bethnal Green, yanditse muri The Morning Chronicle: [[Dosiye:Black Country Living Museum - geograph.org.uk - 3044537.jpg|thumb]] ... imihanda ntiyakozwe, akenshi inzira nyabagendwa gusa, amazu mato kandi adafite urufatiro, yagabanijwe kandi akenshi azenguruka inkiko zidafite amabuye. Kubura amazi n’umwanda hafi ya byose byarushijeho kuba bibi n’ibidendezi byakozwe no gucukura amatafari. Ingurube n'inka mu mbuga zinyuma, ubucuruzi bwangiza nko guteka, gushonga muremure, cyangwa gutegura inyama z'injangwe, no kubaga amazu, ivumbi, hamwe n '"ibiyaga byubutaka bwijoro" byiyongereye ku mwanda. [4] [[Dosiye:Kigali2018Cropped.jpg|thumb]] Bamwe mu bagiraneza batangiye gutanga amazu mu nyubako zikodeshwa, kandi bamwe mu bafite uruganda bubatse imidugudu yose ku bakozi babo, nka Saltaire mu 1853 na Port Sunlight mu 1888. Hari mu 1885, nyuma ya raporo ya komisiyo ishinzwe ubwami mu Bwongereza, ni bwo leta yabanje gufata inyungu. Ibyo byatumye Itegeko rigenga imiturire y’abakozi bo mu 1885, riha imbaraga Inama z’ibanze guhagarika imitungo itari myiza no kubashishikariza kuzamura imiturire mu turere batuyemo. [[Dosiye:Kigali night life.jpg|thumb]] Umujyi wa Londres Corporation wubatse inzu mu muhanda wa Farringdon mu 1865. [5] Umushinga wa mbere munini w’imyubakire nini ku isi [6] wubatswe i Londres kugira ngo usimbure imwe mu midugudu izwi cyane y’umurwa mukuru - Old Nichol. [7] Abantu bagera ku 6.000 bari buzuye mu mihanda yuzuye, aho umwana umwe kuri bane yapfiriye mbere y’amavuko ye. Arthur Morrison yanditse Umwana ukomeye wa Jago, inkuru yubuzima bwumwana uri mucyaro, byateje abantu benshi. Kubaka umutungo w’umupaka byatangiye mu 1890 n’inama y’imirimo ya Metropolitan kandi birangira n’inama y’intara ya Londres yari iherutse gushingwa mu 1900. [8] [[Dosiye:Kigali city.jpg|thumb]] Intsinzi yuyu mushinga yatumye inama nyinshi zaho zitangira gahunda nkiyi yo kubaka mu ntangiriro yikinyejana cya 20. Urugendo rwubuhanzi nubukorikori hamwe nibitekerezo byubusitani bwa Ebenezer Howard byatumye habaho utuzu tw’inama Njyanama y’Intara ya Londere nka mbere Totterdown Fields nyuma Wormholt na Old Oak. Intambara ya mbere y'isi yose yatanze mu buryo butaziguye imbaraga nshya, igihe ubuzima bubi bw'umubiri ndetse n'imiterere y'abasirikare benshi bo mu mijyi binjiye mu gisirikare cy'Ubwongereza byagaragaye biteye ubwoba. Mu 1916, 41% by'abasirikare ntibari bakwiriye gukora. Ibyo byatumye habaho ubukangurambaga buzwi ku izina ry’amazu abereye intwari maze mu 1919 Guverinoma ibanza guhatira inama gutanga amazu, ibafasha kubikora binyuze mu gutanga inkunga, hashingiwe ku itegeko rigenga imiturire 1919. [9] Imishinga yo guturamo rusange yageragejwe mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe by’Uburayi na Amerika mu myaka ya za 1930, ariko ikwira hose ku isi nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose. Afurika '''Afurika y'Epfo''' [[Dosiye:Port_elizabeth_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|Imiturire muri south africa ]] Ivanguramoko ryo muri Afurika y'Epfo ryagaragaje umubare munini w'ubukene mu Banyafurika y'Epfo b'Abirabura kubera ivangura rishingiye ku moko n'ivangura, bityo guverinoma ya nyuma ya apartheid ishaka kubaka amazu y’imibereho y’imiryango ikennye y’abirabura, mu mijyi ifite amahirwe y’ubukungu. [1] Gahunda yo kwiyubaka no kwiteza imbere no guca intege New Ground yatanze amazu arenga miliyoni 3.5 kuva 1995 kugeza 2020, ariko ntiyujuje ibyifuzo, kandi yubatswe kure y’imijyi yimbere, bituma amacakubiri ashingiye ku moko. [10] [11] Ibura ry'amazu ryagereranijwe ko rifite miliyoni 3.7 mu 2021. [12] Ishami rishinzwe gutuza abantu, ryorohereza abateza imbere amazu yigihugu.yashatse kuva mu cyitegererezo cy’amazu yibanze ku majyambere akajya kureba muri rusange, harimo na serivisi. [[Dosiye:New_York_City_(New_York,_USA),_Empire_State_Building_--_2012_--_6448.jpg|thumb|New York City (New York, USA), Muri america ]] '''Amerika''' '''Burezili''' [[Dosiye:Cidade_Maravilhosa.jpg|thumb|Cidade Maravilhosa muri Barazili]] Amazu mbonezamubano muri Eunápolis, Berezile. Muri Werurwe 2009, Minha Casa Minha Vida ("Inzu yanjye, Ubuzima bwanjye"), gahunda y’imiturire y’imibereho myiza ya guverinoma ya Berezile, yatangijwe muri Werurwe 2009 ifite ingengo y’imari ingana na miliyari 36 z’amadolari y’Amerika (miliyari 18 US $) yo kubaka amazu miliyoni. Icyiciro cya kabiri cya gahunda, cyashyizwe muri gahunda ya guverinoma yihutisha iterambere (PAC, Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento) cyatangajwe muri Werurwe 2010. [15] Iki cyiciro cyahanuye iyubakwa ry’amazu miliyoni ebyiri. Amafaranga yose y’imitungo ya Minha Casa Minha Vida yatanzwe na banki rusange ya Berezile, Caixa Econômica Federal. [16] Banki yateye inkunga iterambere kandi itanga inguzanyo kumiryango yujuje ibyangombwa. Kugeza muri Nzeri 2018, amazu miliyoni 4.5 yubatswe arahabwa abaturage. Uyu mushinga wanenzwe kubera ko washyizwe hamwe n’ubuziranenge bw’amazu. Amazu yubatswe kure yumujyi rwagati kugirango agabanye ibiciro byamazu bigatuma kugabanya isoko ryumurimo; ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku mazu yatoranijwe ku bushake bw'umushinga MCMV i Rio de Janeiro bwerekanye ko bishoboka ko umuntu yakoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe ku bashaka akazi ariko amafaranga ntiyagize ingaruka ku bari basanzwe bafite akazi. Kanada [[Dosiye:Teepees_sit_at_Fort_Calgary_during_Canada_day_celebrations_in_Calgary,_Alberta_-_2022.jpg|thumb|Kanada]] Ingingo nyamukuru: Amazu rusange muri Kanada Moss Park muri Downtown Toronto. Imiturire Jeanne-Mance muri Downtown Montreal. [[Dosiye:Kigali beaty.jpg|thumb]] Muri Kanada, ubusanzwe amazu rusange ni agace k’amazu yubatswe n’intego yubatswe n’ikigo cya leta, bakunze kwita amazu y’abaturage, hamwe n’amazu yoroshye yo gucunga. Imijyi myinshi yo muri Kanada iracyafite iterambere rinini cyane ryuzuzanya mu baturanyi-bakozi, sisitemu ikaba yarangiritse muri Amerika ndetse no mu Bwongereza. Nyamara, ibigo byinshi byamazu ya leta biracyatanga inyubako nimiryango itandukanye kuva kumazu kugiti cye kugeza mumiryango yo mumijyi ndetse no hagati yo hagati no mu magorofa maremare haba mu bakozi ndetse no mu cyiciro cyo hagati kibamo umubare munini w'Abanyakanada bafite amikoro make; . Nyuma yo kwegereza abaturage amazu rusange y’amakomine y’ibanze, ikigo gishinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage (SHSC) cyashinzwe mu Ntara ya Ontario mu 2002 kugira ngo gitange serivisi z’amatsinda ku batanga amazu y’imibereho (amazu rusange, amazu adaharanira inyungu n’amazu ya koperative). Nisosiyete idaharanira inyungu itanga abatanga amazu ya Ontario hamwe nabashinzwe serivisi kugura byinshi, ubwishingizi, ishoramari na serivisi zamakuru byongerera agaciro ibikorwa byabo. [[Dosiye:Kigali city Rwanda.jpg|thumb|170x170px]] Vuba aha, [ryari?] Habayeho intambwe iganisha ku guhuza amazu rusange namazu yisoko nibindi bikoreshwa. Gahunda yo kuvugurura imitungo nko muri Eastntown izwi cyane ya Vancouver, Parike ya Regent, i Toronto, na Rochester Heights muri Ottawa, igamije gutanga amacumbi meza kubaturage bafite amikoro make, no kubahuza n’abaturage benshi. Intego ya gahunda yo kwiyubaka akenshi ni ukurushaho kuyinjiza mumurongo gakondo wimihanda, kunoza imyidagaduro nibyiza byumuco. Icyakora, abatuye muri iyo miryango bakunze kugira uruhare runini muri gahunda kandi bakagira ibitekerezo bitandukanye ku iyubakwa. Mu mwaka wa 2014, Vancouver, imaze igihe kinini ifatwa nk'imwe mu mijyi ihendutse ku isi, [19] yahinduye ubusobanuro bw'amazu mbonezamubano isobanura amazu akodeshwa aho byibuze 30 ku ijana by'amazu atuwemo n'imiryango idashobora kwishyura ubukode bw'isoko, kubera kubura amafaranga. Mexico Abantu benshi bamenyereye Miguel Alemán. [[Dosiye:Ciudad.de.Mexico.City.Distrito.Federal.DF.Paseo.Reforma.Skyline.jpg|thumb|Mexico Miguel Alemán.]] Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose irangiye, ikungahaye ku ishoramari ry’Amerika ndetse no kwiyongera kwa peteroli, Mexico yari ifite ubwiyongere bwa mbere bw’abaturage, aho abimukira mu cyaro ari bo mujyi wa Mexico. Mario Pani Darqui, umwubatsi w'icyamamare icyo gihe, yashinzwe kubaka umushinga wa mbere munini munini w'amazu rusange. Yubatswe na Dirección de Pensiones Civiles y Retiro (ibiro byigihugu bishinzwe pansiyo, uyumunsi ISSSTE), Centre Urbano (cyangwa benshi bamenyereye) Perezidae Alemán (1947–50) muri Colonia del Valle na Centro Urbano (cyangwa benshi) Benito Juárez (1951) –52) muri Koloniya y'Abaroma, yazanye ibitekerezo byemewe na Ville Radieuse ya Le Corbusier mumyenda yo mumujyi. Umushinga we waje nyuma, Conjunto Urbano Tlatelolco Nonoalco yubatswe mu 1960–65, wari ugamije guteza imbere kamwe mu turere dukennye cyane two mu mujyi, Santiago Tlatelolco, wari uhindutse akajagari. Kubwamahirwe, nyuma yigihe gito, aho guha amazu yabatuye abahoze muri Tlatelolco, ruswa yarabaye kandi amazu menshi yahawe abakozi ba leta. [[Dosiye:Ivy House and Northgate House, Highgate Hill - geograph.org.uk - 3525292.jpg|thumb]] Mu gihe umutingito wo mu 1985, ibigo bya Benito Juárez na Nonoalco-Tlaltelolco byangiritse cyane, inyubako zimwe zirasenyuka. Uyu munsi benshi mu bamenyereye Benito Juárez barasenyutse. Mexico ifite uburambe mu mishinga yimiturire kuva ku butegetsi bwa Porfirio Díaz (1877–1880, 1884–1911). Kimwe muri ibyo biracyasigaye kandi niBarrio wa Loreto muri San Ángel, Álvaro Obregón mu mujyi wa Mexico, wari umushinga w'abakozi bo mu ruganda rukora impapuro. Porto Rico Ingingo nkuru: Amazu rusange muri Porto Rico [[Dosiye:San_Juan_skyline.jpg|thumb|Amazu rusange muri Porto Rico]] Abaturanyi bo muri Porto Rico bakunze kugabanywamo amoko atatu: barrio, urbanización (urbanisation) na público yo guturamo (amazu rusange). Urbanización ni ubwoko bwamazu aho ubutaka butezwa imbere mubufindo, akenshi nuwitezimbere wigenga, kandi hubatswe amazu yumuryango umwe. Vuba aha, hubatswe ibice bitari umuryango umwe, nka condominium n'inzu zo mu mujyi nabyo biri muri iki cyiciro. . Ku rundi ruhande, amazu ni amazu y’amazu yubatswe ku nkunga ya leta, cyane cyane binyuze muri gahunda za Minisiteri ishinzwe imiturire n’iterambere ry’imijyi muri Amerika (HUD) na Minisiteri y’ubuhinzi muri Amerika (USDA). Ibi byari bisanzwe bigizwe nimiryango myinshi mumazu yimiturire yitwa Barriada cyangwa Caserío (kandi vuba aha ni Residencial Publico), kandi aho ibibuga byose byo hanze bigizwe nibice bisangiwe. [[Dosiye:Grounds of Kigali Genocide Memorial with City in the Distance - Kigali - Rwanda.jpg|thumb|237x237px]] Kwiyongera ariko, iterambere ryamazu rusange ririmo kubakwa rigizwe nizindi nzu zisanzwe zamazu yimiryango myinshi hamwe nibibuga byose byo hanze bigizwe nibice bisangiwe hanze, urugero, amazu rusange ashobora kuba agizwe nibice byuburaro bwimiryango imwe. Hanyuma, inzu itari muri urbanizacion cyangwa iyiterambere ryimiturire rusange bivugwa ko iri muri (kandi kugirango ibe igice) barrio. Muri Porto Rico, barrio nayo ifite ubusobanuro bwa kabiri kandi butandukanye cyane busobanura ibisobanuro byemewe: agace ka geografiya komini igabanijwemo intego zubutegetsi. Ni muri urwo rwego, urbanizaciones kimwe n’iterambere ry’imiturire rusange (kimwe na barriyo imwe cyangwa nyinshi mu buryo buzwi) zishobora kuba ziri muri kamwe muri utwo turere 901. Leta zunz'ubumwe Ingingo nyamukuru: Amazu yatanzwe muri Amerika Inzu y'amagorofa 20 John F. Hylan mu gice cya Bushwick cya Brooklyn, Umujyi wa New York. Imishinga ya Gardens ya Ramona i Los Angeles, muri Californiya. [[Dosiye:Downtown Kigali 2010.JPG|thumb]] Mu kinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda na mbere ya makumyabiri, uruhare rwa leta mu miturire y'abakene ahanini rwashyizeho ibipimo ngenderwaho. Atlanta, Inzu ya Techwood Homes yo muri Jeworujiya, yeguriwe mu 1935, niwo mushinga wa mbere w’imiturire rusange mu gihugu. Imiryango myinshi yimiturire yatejwe imbere guhera mu 1930 kandi amazu ya mbere yabaturage yari asanzwe avanwa mucyaro, icyifuzo cyashimangiwe n’abubatsi bigenga ko kuri buri gice cyamazu rusange yubatswe, igice cyamazu yigenga kizasenywa. Ibi kandi byagabanije impungenge z’ikigo mu gukuraho cyangwa guhindura uturere bakunze gufatwa nk’indwara, kandi bikagaragaza ingamba z’isuku zigenda zitera imbere. Byongeye kandi, amazu rusange, hamwe na Porogaramu nkuru y’imihanda, yashenye amazu ashaje, atujuje ubuziranenge y’abaturage bafite ibara muri Amerika. Ariko, kuza kw'imiryango y'ihema by'agateganyo mugihe cy'ihungabana rikomeye byateje impungenge Ubuyobozi. Porogaramu rusange y’imiturire rusange yashyizweho n’itegeko ryo mu 1937, aho ibikorwa "byakomezaga cyane cyane ku bukode bw’abakode." kuruta uko byari bimeze mu myaka ya za 70. Abanyamerika benshi bahuza iminara minini, igorofa n’amazu rusange, ariko imishinga yo hambere yari hasi cyane, nubwo Le Corbusier superblock zafashwe mbere yintambara ya kabiri yisi yose. [[Dosiye:Kigali-Rwanda.jpg|thumb]] Igikorwa kidasanzwe cyo gutura muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika ni uguteza imbere amazu yo mu rwego rwo hejuru yatewe inkunga mu gihe cy’amasezerano mashya (1940–42) ayobowe n’ishami rishinzwe imiturire ya mutuelle nyir'ikigo gishinzwe imirimo iyobowe na Coloneli Lawrence Westbrook. Iyi mishinga umunani yaguzwe n’abaturage nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose kandi guhera mu 2009 imishinga irindwi ikomeje gukora nk'amasosiyete y’imiturire hagati y’abaturage bayo. Iyi mishinga iri mumateka make cyane yo gutsinda mumateka yimiturire rusange yabanyamerika. [[Dosiye:Gloria Hotel, Kigali, Rwanda.jpg|thumb]] Amazu rusange yubatswe gusa n'umugisha w'ubuyobozi bw'inzego z'ibanze, kandi imishinga hafi ya yose ntiyigeze yubakwa ku kibaya kibisi, ahubwo binyuze mu kuvugurura uturere dushaje. Isenywa ryamazu no kwirukana abaturage babo bafite amikoro make byahoraga bitera ibibazo mubaturanyi hafi yisoko ryimitungo "yoroshye". Amazu, amazu cyangwa ibindi bice byo guturamo mubisanzwe biterwa inkunga kubukode-bwinjiza-amafaranga (RGI). Bamwe mubaturage ubu bakiriye amafaranga avanze, hamwe nabafashijwe hamwe nubukode bwisoko, mugihe bagenera amazu uko aboneka. Impinduka zikomeye muri gahunda zabaye mu 1969, hamwe n’igice cya Brooke Ivugurura. Ubukode ubu bwashyizwe kuri 25% yubukode is yinjiza bivuye ko gahunda yatangiye gukorera "abapangayi bakennye cyane." [[Dosiye:Kigali city rwanda.jpg|thumb]] Ishami rya Leta ry’imyubakire n’iterambere ry’imijyi (HUD) muri gahunda ya HOPE VI yo mu 1993 ryakemuye impungenge z’imitungo ibabaje ndetse n’ibihungabanya umutekano hamwe n’imishinga yo kuvugurura no gutera inkunga imishinga yo kuvugurura amazu rusange kugira ngo igabanye ubukana bwayo kandi yemererwe abapangayi bafite imishahara ivanze. [27] 28] Imishinga ikomeje kuba ikirangirire mu ihohoterwa, gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, n’uburaya, cyane cyane muri New Orleans, Washington, D.C. Chicago na Detroit, bigatuma hajyaho itegeko ryo muri 1996 ryitwa "imyigaragambyo imwe uri hanze", ryemerera kwirukana abapangayi. bahamwe n'ibyaha, cyane cyane bifitanye isano n'ibiyobyabwenge, cyangwa gusa bitewe no kuburanishwa ku byaha bimwe na bimwe. Ibindi bigerageza gukemura ibyo bibazo harimo 1974 [30] Igice cya 8 Gahunda yimiturire, ishishikariza abikorera kubaka amazu ahendutse, hamwe n’imiturire rusange. Iyi mfashanyo irashobora "gushingira kumushinga", gutanga inkunga, cyangwa "gushingira kubakodesha", itanga abapangayi inyemezabuguzi, byemewe na banyiri amazu. Aziya Ubushinwa "Inzu ishaje rusange" muri Pengpu Xincun, Shanghai. Inzu ikodeshwa mu Ntara ya Ningnan, Sichuan. [[Dosiye:2016 Bahai House of Worship Langenhain 3 ks01.jpg|thumb]] Sisitemu y’imiturire rusange yashyizweho igihe Ishyaka rya gikomunisiti ry’Abashinwa ryatangiraga ubukungu bwateganijwe mu myaka ya za 1950 mu rwego rwo Kuzamuka kwinshi. Sisitemu yatewe inkunga n'ingengo y'imari ya guverinoma yo hagati kandi yayoborwaga kandi igabanywa n'ibigo bya Leta. Abari mu mazu rusange ubusanzwe bari abakozi b'ibigo n'umuryango wabo, bagombaga kwishyura ubukode ku giciro gito cyane. Ingano n'ubwoko bw'icyumba ingo zakiriye zaterwaga n'izina ry'akazi cyangwa urwego rw'ubuyobozi. Guverinoma yo hagati yasanze bigoye kubungabunga amazu rusange kubera ubukode buke yakiriye; politiki yo gukwirakwiza yari igamije kuba "uburinganire" mu by'ukuri yarangiritse. [[Dosiye:Menard Ganter House, Galveston.jpg|thumb]] Guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yacuruzaga isoko ry’amazu nyuma y’ivugurura ry’ubukungu ryatangiye mu 1978 na Deng Xiaoping. Amazu rusange yubatswe mbere y’ivugurura ry’ubukungu yashyizwe mu rwego rwa "Inzu rusange za kera" (Igishinwa: 老公 房). "Inzu za Leta zishaje", ntabwo, zagombaga kugurishwa ku giti cyazo, ariko urugo rwashoboraga kugurisha nyuma yo kugura nyir'inyubako (ntabwo ari umutungo), kandi ibyo bikorwa byagombaga gusuzumwa n’ubuyobozi bw’imiturire n’aho Komisiyo ishinzwe kugenzura no gucunga umutungo wa Leta. Icyakora, uburyo bwo gutanga dosiye mu buryo butemewe na politiki idasobanutse byaviriyemo ibibazo bya ruswa n'amakimbirane yo mu miryango. [33] [[Dosiye:Appenzell houses 20210528.jpg|thumb]] Igitekerezo cyamazu yubukode buhendutse gishobora gukomoka kumatangazo ya politiki yo mu 1998, [ibisobanuro bikenewe] ariko ntibyatangiye rwose kugeza 2006 kubera inkunga nke nibibazo byubuyobozi. Gutanga amazu ahendutse ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigize gahunda y’imyaka cumi na gatanu y’Ubushinwa, igamije kubaka amazu miliyoni 36 mu mwaka wa 2015. Amafaranga y’iyi gahunda azagabanywa hagati y’abikorera ndetse na Leta kandi biteganijwe ko agera kuri tiriyari eshanu n'ishoramari mpuzamahanga ry'Ubushinwa. Hong Kong Ingingo nyamukuru: Amazu rusange muri Hong Kong [[Dosiye:Hong_Kong_Harbour_Night_2019-06-11.jpg|thumb|Muri Hong Kong]] Clague Garden Estate, umutungo rusange wamazu muri Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong Muri Hong Kong, amazu rusange ni imwe muri politiki nkuru y’imiturire ya guverinoma. Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cyabaturage ba Hong Kong miliyoni 7.5 baba mu mazu rusange. Ibintu bibiri nyamukuru bitanga amazu rusange ni ikigo gishinzwe imiturire hamwe na societe yimiturire. Ubwoko bw'amazu rusange akunze kugaragara muri Hong Kong ni amazu akodeshwa rusange (PRH) hamwe n'amagorofa yo kugurisha agurishwa yatanzwe muri gahunda yo gutunga amazu (HOS). Mu mwaka wa 2016, ingo zigera kuri 31 ku ijana z'ingo za Hong Kong zabanaga mu magorofa ya PRH mu gihe 15 ku ijana babaga mu mazu agurishwa ku nkunga (y'ubwoko bwose). [[Dosiye:Grover-Chambers House -- Galveston.jpg|thumb]] Inkomoko y’amazu manini manini muri Hong Kong ashobora guturuka kuri gahunda yo kwimura abantu yatangijwe na guverinoma ya Hong Kong mu myaka ya za 1950 mu rwego rwo guhangana n’ubwiyongere bw’imiturire y’imiturire, bwagaragaye bitewe n’impunzi nyinshi z’impunzi zikurikira Impinduramatwara y'Abakomunisiti mu Bushinwa. Imidugudu y’abatutsi yafatwaga nk’umutekano muke kubera ko ishobora kwibasirwa n’umuriro uteye ubwoba, harimo n’umuriro wo mu 1953 wabereye i Shek Kip Mei watumye abantu barenga 50.000 batagira aho baba. [38] [[Dosiye:Summer House at Burford House - geograph.org.uk - 5758617.jpg|thumb]] Imitungo minini yo gutuza yubatswe mu myaka ya za 1950 na 1960. Mu 1973, guverinoma ya Sir Murray MacLehose yatangije gahunda y’imyaka icumi y’imiturire, yari igamije guha abaturage bose "amazu meza" mu myaka icumi ishize. Guverinoma kandi yatangije gahunda yo gutunga amazu (HOS) mu 1976 kugira ngo ingo zinjiza amafaranga make zigure amazu. Amazu menshi yimiturire rusange yubatswe muri gahunda nshya ziterambere ryumujyi. Mu myaka ya za 1980, igice kinini cyimiturire ya mbere (kuva 1950 na mbere ya 1960) nacyo cyongeye kubakwa muburyo bugezweho. Amazu rusange akomeje guhangayikishwa na guverinoma ya Hong Kong, inzira yo kubaka ibice bigera kuri 330.000 hagati ya 2022 na 2032. [40] Indoneziya [[Dosiye:Best Lucas House - Galveston.jpg|thumb]] Indoneziya yafashe gahunda ya Million Amazu kubantu batishoboye. Iyi gahunda yashyizwe mu bikorwa kuva mu 2015 kugira ngo igere ku ntego ikomeye yo kubaka amazu miliyoni 10. Umubare w'amazu ni 70 ku ijana ku bantu bafite amikoro make na 30 ku ijana ku bantu badafite amikoro make. Iyi gahunda ni umuryango uhuriweho na guverinoma yo hagati, guverinoma zo mu karere, abashinzwe imitungo itimukanwa n’abaturage. Porogaramu igamije kugera kuri miliyoni imwe yimiturire buri mwaka. [41] Mu mwaka wa 2015, hubatswe amazu agera ku 700.000, yiyongera agera ku 800.000 muri 2016 ndetse na 904.000 mu mpera za 2017. [43] Ubuyapani Ingingo nyamukuru: Danchi Danchi. [[Dosiye:Dorset House B^B accommodation, Lyme Regis - geograph.org.uk - 5807500.jpg|thumb]] Ikigo cy’Ubuyapani gishinzwe imiturire (JHC), ubu kizwi ku izina rya Urban Renaissance Agency (UR), cyashinzwe mu 1955. Mu myaka ya za 1950, 1960, na 1970, JHC yubatse danchi nyinshi mu duce two mu nkengero kugira ngo ibyifuzo by’amazu byiyongera muri uyu mwanya. -Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose yazamutse mu bukungu. Yinjije umushahara w’Abayapani ubuzima bukikije umuryango wa kirimbuzi bitandukanye n’amazu menshi mbere yintambara. [[Dosiye:Hakatere Station Accommodation Buildings, New Zealand 05.jpg|thumb]] Ubwishyu bwubukode bwa danchi buhendutse cyane kuruta ubw'inzu cyangwa inguzanyo, ariko kuri danchi rusange abashaka gukodesha bagomba kwitabira ubufindo kugirango bahabwe inzu ifunguye. Abatuye muri UR danchi ntibagomba kwishyura amafaranga y'ingenzi cyangwa amafaranga yo kuvugurura amasezerano, bigatuma amazu aba ahendutse kuruta amazu agereranywa nubwo ubukode buri kwezi bungana. [47] Singapore Ingingo nyamukuru: Amazu rusange muri Singapore [[Dosiye:Hakatere Station Accommodation Buildings, New Zealand 08.jpg|thumb]] Muri Singapuru, gahunda yimiturire rusange, cyane cyane igenamigambi niterambere ryamazu mashya rusange no kugabana amazu akodeshwa no kugurisha amazu asanzwe afite, bicungwa ninama ishinzwe imiturire niterambere. Imicungire ya buri munsi y’imiturire rusange yahawe Inama Njyanama y’Umujyi iyobowe n’abadepite baho. Muri 2018, 78.7% by'Abanya Singapuru baba mu iterambere rusange ry’imiturire rusange, guhera ku bice bya sitidiyo kugeza ku mazu nyobozi yatanzwe na HDB, ikintu gikomeye muri Singapuru gifite kimwe mu bipimo by’imitungo myinshi - hejuru ya 90% by'abatuye - muri isi. [48] Vietnam [[Dosiye:Wooden house, Saint-Gervais-les-Bains (P1070936).jpg|thumb]] Kuva mu myaka ya za 1960 kugeza 1980, Vietnam yubatse Khu tập thể (KTT), amazu y’imyubakire y’abasosiyalisiti ku nkengero z’imijyi y’abakozi ba Leta, abakozi b’amasosiyete ya Leta, n’abasirikare. Ivugurura ry’isoko mu mpera za 1980 ryatumye KTT yegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo igice, cyagurishijwe ku baturage binjiza amafaranga make kandi yo hagati. Kuva icyo gihe KTT yarangiritse, kubera kubura amafaranga ya komini yo gusana no kuyitaho, kandi niyo yibasiwe no gusenya, kwimurwa, no kuvugurura abaturage binjiza amafaranga menshi. [49] [[Dosiye:Brampton House and End House - geograph.org.uk - 3214696.jpg|thumb]] Mu myaka ya za 2010, Vietnam yazamutseho ibiciro by’imitungo, aho amazu ahendutse yagabanutseho 7% by’imiturire yose kuva 2014 kugeza 2016, naho ibiciro by’amazu byazamutseho 90% hagati ya 2017 na 2020. [50] [51] Abashinzwe iterambere ntibashishikajwe n’imishinga y’imiturire kubera ko idatanga inyungu, kabone n’ubwo abakozi basabwa kwiyongera, Minisiteri y’ubwubatsi rero isaba inkunga yo kubaka amazu 294.600 y’imiturire mu gihe cya 2021 - 2025. Uburayi [[Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu by’i Burayi|Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi]] [[Dosiye:Mount Stuart House 2018-08-25.jpg|thumb]] Nk’uko bigaragara mu mpapuro zaganiriweho na Komisiyo y’Uburayi mu mwaka wa 2018, mu 2015, 11.3% by’abatuye Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi babaga mu ngo zikoresha 40% cyangwa zirenga z’amafaranga yinjiza mu nzu. Muri Mutarama 2019, uwahoze ari Perezida wa Komisiyo y’Uburayi, Romano Prodi, yatangaje ko "ishoramari rusange mu bikorwa remezo by’imibereho mu gihe cy’Uburayi ryageze ku myaka 20 ishize. Ikinyuranyo cy’ishoramari mu bikorwa by’imirenge kivugwa ko kigera kuri miliyari 100 kugeza kuri 150 z'amayero, ibyo bikaba byerekana ko byibuze byibuze miliyari 1.5 z'amayero hagati ya 2018 na 2030. "[54] Imishinga yimiturire i Burayi irashobora kuboneka mumijyi, ndetse no mumujyi. [[Dosiye:Parliament House Melbourne 2010.jpg|thumb]] Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi wagendaga utera inkunga amazu ahendutse, akoresha ingufu kandi agerwaho n’imisanzu y’amafaranga ya CEB ndetse na EIB binyuze mu kigega cy’ibihugu by’i Burayi gishinzwe ishoramari. Inkunga ya leta yari iteganijwe kwerekezwa cyane cyane ku miturire ihendutse naho icya kabiri mu burezi no kwiga ubuzima bwabo bwose, ubuzima ndetse n’ubuvuzi bwigihe kirekire. Otirishiya Ingingo nyamukuru: Gemeindebau Karl Marx-Hof, amazu rusange ya kera muri Vienne. [[Dosiye:Plano October 2015 26 (Magnolia House).jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Seaview House, Millport, Cumbrae, Scotland.jpg|thumb]] Amazu rusange yari ikibazo gikomeye kuva ishingwa rya Repubulika y’Ubudage na Otirishiya mu 1918. Abaturage bahuye n’ikibazo kidashidikanywaho cyane cyane ku bijyanye n’ibiribwa na lisansi. Ibi byatumye umubare munini wabantu batishoboye bimukira hafi yimijyi, akenshi bubaka amazu yigihe gito kugirango wegere aho bashobora gukura ibiryo. Biswe Siedler ('abimukira'). Igihe ibintu bya politiki byahagararaga hashyizweho Repubulika ya mbere ya Otirishiya muri Nzeri 1919, umutwe wa Siedler watangiye gushinga amashyirahamwe asanzwe nk’ishyirahamwe rya Otirishiya rishinzwe gutuza n’ubusitani buto. Intsinzi y'amatora y'Ishyaka Riharanira Demokarasi no Kurengera Ibidukikije muri Otirishiya mu matora ya Viennese Gemeinderat (inteko ishinga amategeko y'umujyi) yatumye Vienne itukura. Bimwe muri gahunda yabo kwari ugutanga amazu meza kubakozi bakora muri Viennese bagize ishingiro ryababashyigikiye. Niyo mpamvu ijambo ry'ikidage Gemeindebau (mu bwinshi: Gemeindebauten) ryerekeye "inyubako ya komini". Muri Otirishiya, bivuga inyubako zo guturamo zubatswe na komine, ubusanzwe kugirango zitange amazu rusange. Ibi byagize uruhare runini mubwubatsi n'umuco wa Vienne kuva 1920. Ububiligi [[Dosiye:Seaview House, Millport, Cumbrae, Scotland.jpg|thumb]] Amazu mbonezamubano ni inshingano z'uturere two mu Bubiligi. Uturere ntitufite amazu ataziguye, ibigo byigenga byimibereho byigenga bikora. Guverinoma igenga kandi ahanini itera inkunga aya mashyirahamwe. Munsi yumubare runaka winjiza, abantu bemerewe gutura mumibereho. Kubera ko mu Bubiligi hari ikibazo kinini cy’amazu y’imibereho, hashyirwaho ibindi bintu byihutirwa, nko kubyara abana. Amazu yimibereho agera kuri 6.5% yisoko ryamazu yububiligi. Ibi biri hasi cyane ugereranije nibihugu duturanye nku Buholandi n'Ubufaransa. Kugeza muri 2018 Flanders, Wallonia na Bruxelles bashinzwe amazu 280.687, abantu 212.794 bari kurutonde rwabategereje. Kubantu bari kurutonde rwabategereje hari ibindi bishoboka nkinkunga hamwe n’ibigo bikodesha imibereho muri Flanders. Danemark [[Dosiye:The Sunset Hill House, Sugar Hill, NH.jpg|thumb]] Muri Danimarike, amazu rusange yitwa alment boligbyggeri kandi afite kandi acungwa n’imiryango igera kuri 700 yiyobora, demokarasi n’imiryango idaharanira inyungu hamwe n’abayikodesha ubwabo. Amenshi mu mashyirahamwe y’imiturire rusange muri Danimarike yashinze imizi mu mateka ya mbere y’amashyirahamwe y’abakozi kandi kuri ubu agizwe na 20% by’imiturire yose hamwe n’amashami agera ku 7.500 mu gihugu hose. Ubusanzwe umunyamuryango w’ishyirahamwe ryimiturire asabwa kubona ubukode kandi bahabwa ibijyanye nuburebure bwabanyamuryango. [58] [59] [[Dosiye:Southeast side of Sweed House.png|thumb]] Nubwo inyubako zifite kandi zigacungwa n’imiryango yigenga kandi yigenga mu bukungu, Leta ya Danemark iragenzura cyane amazu rusange muri iki gihugu. Dukurikije amategeko, amakomine arashobora kubona 25% yubukode, ubusanzwe akayabika kubakene, abashomeri, abamugaye cyangwa abarwayi bo mumutwe cyangwa irindi tsinda rishingiye ku mibereho itangwa na komini. Mu myaka yashize, aya mabwiriza yashyizeho 'ahantu hatuwe cyane' mu gihugu. Amazu rusange ya Danemark ntabwo yigeze abuza kwinjiza amafaranga, ariko mu myaka yashize amategeko mashya ya leta yashyizeho itegeko kuri benshi muribo gutonesha abakodesha akazi rwose no kwanga abashomeri cyangwa abakozi bakora igihe gito. Iyi ni imbaraga nshya leta yashyizeho kugira ngo irwanye ghettoisation, ubu ikaba ari ikibazo cyemewe ku mugaragaro mu gihugu hose. [58] [[Dosiye:Woodside Park Road - Barnet 1.jpg|thumb]] Kimwe no muri Suwede, politiki ya leta n’amakomine yakozwe mu myaka icumi yambere yikinyejana cya 21, yatumye abikorera ku giti cyabo biyongera. Mu turere twinshi, abaturage basabwe kwigurira amazu yabo bwite, bityo bagahindura neza uko umutungo uhagaze. Kwegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo imiturire rusange byatangijwe muri gahunda y’ibitekerezo na guverinoma y’iburyo yo mu ntangiriro yikinyejana cya 21 kandi byatangijwe nyuma yimyaka mike nyuma y’ifungwa ryahoze ari Minisiteri y’imiturire mu 2001. [60] Minisiteri yahoze ari minisiteri yongeye gufungurwa nka Minisiteri ishinzwe imiturire, imijyi n’icyaro mu Kwakira 2011, igihe hashyirwaho guverinoma nshya y’ubumwe iyobowe n’imibereho-demokarasi. [61] Finlande [agashusho] [[Dosiye:Clarion_Hotel_Helsinki_as_seen_from_Verkkokauppa_in_Jätkäsaari,_Helsinki,_Finland,_2022_August.jpg|thumb|Muri Finlande]] Iki gice gikeneye kwaguka. Urashobora gufasha mukongeraho. (Kanama 2019) Inyubako yimyubakire rusange kumuhanda wa Sandelsinkatu muri Siilinjärvi, Finlande [[Dosiye:Phillips-Sale House -- Victoria Texas.jpg|thumb]] Umushinga wambere wamazu rusange muri Finlande yari i Helsinki. Mu 1909, amazu ane yimbaho yakozwe nububatsi A. Nyberg yubatswe kuri Kirstinkuja (ahahoze ari Kristiinankatu) kubakozi bo mumujyi. Abahatuye bari imiryango ikora cyane ifite abana benshi. Amazu yari afite impuzandengo yabantu batanu kuri buri cyumba, rimwe na rimwe bagera ku munani. Amazu mato yari afite amazi atemba, ipantaro hamwe n'akabati. Igorofa yose yari ifite umusarani wacyo muri selire. Amatara y'amashanyarazi yashyizweho mu 1918. Amazu nubuzima bwimiryango yabakozi i Helsinki kuva 1909 kugeza 1985 byerekanwe mungoro ndangamurage hafi ya parike yimyidagaduro ya Linnanmäki. Mu mwaka wa 2008, Helsinki yatangije politiki y’imyubakire ya mbere, agamije guca burundu abadafite aho baba ashyira imbere amazu atagabanijwe. Hatewe inkunga n’amakomine, leta, n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, hamwe n’ubuzima n’ubuvuzi, gahunda yagabanije abadafite aho baba 35% hagati 2008 na 2019. [63] Ubufaransa [[Dosiye:View_of_the_Seine_in_Paris_in_september_2006.jpg|thumb|Ubufaransa]] Ingingo nyamukuru: Amazu rusange mubufaransa na HLM Amazu rusange ya rue Jean Fautrier muri arrondissement ya 13 ya Paris. Nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, abaturage bariyongereye ku kigero cyari kitazwi, kwimuka mu cyaro byariyongereye, mu gihe ibyangijwe n'intambara byagabanije amazu mu mijyi myinshi. Ibiciro by'ubukode byazamutse ku buryo bugaragara, kandi guverinoma yashyizeho itegeko mu 1948 kugira ngo ribabuze, rirangiza neza inyungu z’ubukungu ziva mu ishoramari ry’amazu. Ubukode bwagiye buhoro buhoro kugeza igihe impaka zabaye mu myaka ya za 1980 zatumye itegeko ry’ubukode ririho ryo mu 1989 rishyira mu gaciro mu buryo bwa tewolojiya nyir'inzu n'imibanire y'abapangayi. Icyakora, habaye ikibazo gikomeye cyo kutagira aho baba mu itumba ryo mu 1953–4 kandi amategeko akenewe yagiye akangurwa buhoro buhoro atanga umusaruro mwinshi wo kubaka hafi ya za 1960. Ba nyir'amazu bari isoko y'ubuhanga kimwe n'abashinzwe kubaka bafite aho bahurira n'inzego z'igihugu ndetse n'iz'ibanze. Inganda zubaka icyo gihe ntizihagije kuburyo hakenewe inkunga ya politiki. [[Dosiye:Houses in Istanbul 4.jpg|thumb]] Ntabwo ari bibi kuvuga amazu yimibereho yubufaransa nkamazu rusange. Inkomoko y’imiturire y’imibereho y’Abafaransa iri mu bikorera, hamwe n’imfashanyo ya mbere ya Leta yahawe amasosiyete adaharanira inyungu na loi Siegfried mu 1793. Igitekerezo cya mbere cy’abasosiyalisiti cyatejwe imbere na bamwe mu bakoresha b’Abafaransa mu gice cya 2 cy’ikinyejana cya 19. Amasosiyete y’imiturire rusange yakurikiranye mbere y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose. Haracyariho amazu atandukanye yimibereho yimibereho, rusange, abikorera hamwe na koperative. Imiryango ifite amazu yimibereho yose ifite amabwiriza asa kandi kubona inguzanyo za leta ariko hari itandukaniro rikomeye. [[Dosiye:Wegner House -- Galveston.jpg|thumb]] Guverinoma yatangije gahunda nyinshi z’ubwubatsi, harimo gushinga imijyi mishya (villes nouvelles) n’umugi mushya hamwe na HLM (Habitation à Loyer Modéré, "amazu akodeshwa make"). Leta yari ifite amafaranga nuburyo bwemewe bwo kubona ubwo butaka kandi bushobora gutanga inyungu zimwe mubigo byubatse amazu manini manini yamagorofa. Ubwiza nabwo bwagenzuwe neza, bivamo amazu meza cyangwa meza yo hejuru kurwego rwo muri 1950 na 1960. Kubaka HLMs byaganiriweho cyane na politiki. Ibintu byinshi bito byateye imbere ubu nibisanzwe. Iyi nzu ubu ikunze kwitwa l'habitat social, urwego rwagutse gato kuruta amazu. [[Dosiye:House, Gross Mohrdorf (P1090109).jpg|thumb]] Ubufaransa buracyafite ubu buryo, itegeko riherutse gutuma buri mujyi ufite nibura 20% HLM. Muri iki gihe HLM ihagarariye hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'isoko ry'ubukode (46% muri 2006). Amazu mbonezamubano ntabwo arimuntu utishoboye ari umwe mubitsinda. Igice cyinkunga irashobora gutangwa nitsinda ryabakoresha-abakozi kugirango batange amazu kubakozi baho. Intego ya 20% irashobora gushiramo amazu yo hagati kugirango amatsinda arusheho kuba meza, nubwo intego yayo ari ugutanga imibereho. Kwishyira ukizana hamwe n’ifatizo ry’imiturire y’imibereho ni ibibazo by’amacakubiri ndetse n’uburyo igenzura ry’imiturire ryaho. Iyi miturire yamye ari ibikorwa byabakinnyi benshi kandi ivugurura ryinzego zibanze ziherutse guhindura imiterere ya politiki. [[Dosiye:Sydney (AU), Opera House -- 2019 -- 3054.jpg|thumb]] Mugihe bashoboye guha imiryango iciriritse aho kuba muri gahunda yo gutanga amazu akunzwe, iyi sisitemu yanatumye hashyirwaho ghetto zo mumujyi, hamwe nikibazo cyo gusenyuka. Habayeho ikibazo kirekire cyo gukena buhoro buhoro abapangayi babana [69] Hano, ibyiciro byambuwe abaturage, ahanini bikomoka ku bimukira kandi bafite ibibazo byinshi bidafite akazi, birashoboka ko mu bihe byashize byari gusigara biva mu bakire; imijyi yo mu mijyi, rimwe na rimwe ikaba irimo ibibazo byinshi mu mibereho n’urugomo. Ibi bigira ingaruka kumyubakire yimibereho ariko ifite imiterere ihanitse kandi iracyatera impagarara zikomeye. [[Dosiye:Alpine House, Kew Gardens, 2018 edit.jpg|thumb]] Gukemura iki kibazo mu mizi yacyo byose ariko biroroshye, kandi politiki yo kuvanga imibereho irashobora gusenya abaturage bigaragara ko bigoye mugutezimbere. Ibi ntabwo byizeye ibisubizo. Hasabwe kandi gukemura ikibazo cyo kugera kuri sisitemu n’abantu batishoboye hakoreshejwe uburyo bushya aho amatsinda amwe ashobora gusaba urukiko gucumbikirwa aramutse yanze, "uburenganzira ku miturire". Ibi bikunda gukaza umurego impaka zerekeye itangwa ry’imiturire, ugomba gucumbikirwa. Imigenzo y’Abafaransa yo kugabura amazu y’imibereho rusange - amazu ya buri wese arashidikanywaho n’amategeko agenga amarushanwa y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi abuza inkunga usibye abatishoboye. Ibyo ari byo byose, sisitemu ifite akamaro kanini mu gutanga ubwubatsi, nubwo itari hamwe n’ibirenga bigaragara mu ihohoterwa ry’inguzanyo iherutse ahandi. Ubudage Ingingo nyamukuru: Plattenbau [[Dosiye:Aerial_view_of_Berlin_(32881394137).jpg|thumb|Ubudage]] Hagati ya 1925 na 1930 Ubudage niho haberaga imishinga mishya y’imiturire rusange ya komini, cyane cyane i Berlin, Hamburg, Cologne na Frankfurt. Iyi mitungo yimiturire (Siedlungen), yakozwe nkimibereho iteye ubwoba yimiterere yimijyi yabanjirije intambara. Uburenganzira bwo gutura neza bwanditswe mu Itegeko Nshinga rya 1919 Weimar, ariko amazu make yubatswe kugeza ubukungu bwifashe neza mu 1925. [citation needed] Imiturire mishya yubudage yari ifite igorofa rito, ntirenze inkuru eshanu, no mumujyi. Abaturage bahawe amahirwe yo kubona urumuri, umwuka, n'izuba. Ingano, imiterere, icyerekezo hamwe nuburyo bwububiko bwamazu rusange yubudage yamenyeshejwe nubunararibonye bwa Viennese, [[Abadage]], Urugaga rw’umujyi wa Garden City City mu Bwongereza, uburyo bushya bwo gukora inganda n’inganda ndetse n’ubuhanga bwo kubaka mbere yo guhimba, Gukoresha udushya ibyuma n'ikirahure, hamwe na politiki igenda itera imbere-yubuntu ya Demokarasi ishingiye ku mibereho. [[Dosiye:House of Nagendranath Bose (2020) 03.jpg|thumb]] Mu 1930 mu mujyi w’inganda wa Dessau, Laubenganghäuser ('Amazu afite Balcony Access') yateguwe n’umuyobozi wa Bauhaus Hannes Meyer muri koperative y’amazu yashakaga amazu ashobora kureka mu gihe kitarenze kimwe cya kane cy’amafaranga yinjira. Gukora ku ngengo yimari idahwitse byashishikarije amafaranga no guhanga udushya, nko gukoresha inzira ya balkoni kugirango igere ku magorofa aho kugira koridoro y'imbere no gukoresha neza umwanya w'imbere mu nyubako 47 m2 (510 sq ft). [71] [72] ] Bruno Taut, Inzu ya Cabin ya nyirarume Tom, Wilskistrasse, Berlin. [[Dosiye:Storington -Lockhart-Moogk House 1.jpg|thumb]] Abubatsi Martin Wagner, Bruno Taut n'abandi bubatse amazu y’imyubakire ya Berlin Modernism, ubu akaba ari Umurage w’isi, ugizwe n’amazu ibihumbi yubatswe muri Berlin no hafi yayo, harimo n’umutungo wa Horseshoe (witiriwe imiterere), n’umutungo wa Cabin wa nyirarume Tom (witwa nyuma ya resitora yaho). [73] I Frankfurt, umwubatsi Ernst May ayoboye umushinga w’amazu rusange ya Frankfurt, aho hubatswe amazu arenga 12.000 1925–1930. Gicurasi yayoboye ikigo cye kinini cy’ubushakashatsi kugira ngo akore iperereza, urugero, uburyo bwo gutembera mu kirere mu buryo butandukanye, mu buhanga bwo kubaka, n'ibindi. Ernst Gicurasi. [74] Berlin-Marzahn, Ubudage bunini bwa Neubaugebiet ("Agace gashya k'iterambere"), 1987. [[Dosiye:Schweizerhaus Schloßpark Ritzebüttel 2013 edit (MK).jpg|thumb]] Usibye ubushakashatsi bwa tekiniki Gicurasi yanasohoye ibinyamakuru bibiri maze itangira umushinga ukomeye w’umubano rusange, hamwe na firime, amasomo ndetse n’imurikagurisha rusange, kugirango Neues Bauen yemerwe na rubanda. Mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1920, amahame yo kugera kuri Licht angana, Luft und Sonne ('umucyo, ikirere n'izuba') n'ingaruka z'imibereho ya Existenzminimum yemewe na leta ("urwego rwo hasi rwo kubaho") yabaye ikibazo cy'impaka zamamaye hirya no hino. Ubudage. Imwe mu ngaruka zitaziguye zamenyekanye ni ukumenyekanisha imiturire y'Abanyamerika: umusore Catherine Bauer yitabiriye imwe mu nama yo muri Gicurasi mu 1930, yandika igitabo cye gikomeye cyitwa Modern Housing (1934) ashingiye ku bushakashatsi bwakorewe i Frankfurt hamwe n’umwubatsi w’Ubuholandi JJP Oud. [75] Umuvuduko ukabije w’Abanazi bariyongereye watumye iki gihe kirangira mu 1933. Benshi mu mpuguke mu bijyanye n’imiturire rusange mu Budage bari bafite impuhwe za demokarasi cyangwa abakomunisiti kandi birukanwa mu gihugu. [[Dosiye:Living House Ozurgeti.jpg|thumb]] Mu Budage bw'Iburasirazuba, ubuyobozi bw'abakomunisiti bubatse amazu ya monolithic Plattenbau n'inzu. Amazu mashya menshi yo guturamo guhera mu myaka ya za 1960 yubatswe muri ubu buryo, kubera ko bwari uburyo bwihuse kandi buhendutse bwo gukemura ikibazo cy’ibura ry’amazu mu gihugu, cyari cyatewe n’ibitero by’ibisasu mu gihe cy’intambara ndetse n’impunzi nyinshi z’Abadage baturutse mu burasirazuba. [citation ikenewe] Hongiriya Ingingo nyamukuru: Panelház Panelház i Budapest-Kispest. [[Dosiye:Sopsokha, Bhutan 02.jpg|thumb]] Panelház (ifishi ngufi: panel) nizina ryubwoko bwamazu yamagorofa (inyubako yibibaho) muri Hongiriya. Nubwoko bwimiturire nyamukuru yubatswe mugihe cyabasosiyaliste. Kuva 1959 kugeza 1990 muri Hongiriya hubatswe amagorofa 788.000. Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 2, hafi kimwe cya gatanu cyabatuye igihugu cyose, batuye muri ayo magorofa. Guverinoma ya Hongiriya hamwe n’amakomine y’ibanze batangiye gahunda yo kuvugurura mu myaka ya za 2000. Muri porogaramu bashizemo izo nyubako, basimbuza inzugi n'amadirishya bishaje ibirahuri byinshi bya termo, bavugurura uburyo bwo gushyushya kandi basiga amabara inyubako mu buryo bushimishije. Irilande [[Dosiye:Stanbridge House, Sheltered Accommodation - geograph.org.uk - 4090601.jpg|thumb]] Muri Irilande, amazu rusange hamwe n’ahantu hahagarara (ibibanza bikoreshwa n’abaturage ba nyakwigendera b'abagenzi) byubatswe n'abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze kandi bizwi nk'icumbi ry’ibanze. Isosiyete ya Dublin hamwe n’icyahoze ari Njyanama y’Intara ya Dublin yatanze umugabane w’intare ku miturire y’inzego z’ibanze za Irilande, hamwe na County Longford ifite umubare munini w’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze n’amazu yigenga muri leta. [[Dosiye:Rymill House from cnr Hutt and Flinders Streets, Adelaide.jpg|thumb]] Amazu manini y’imibereho yubatswe mu myaka ya za 1930 na 1960, aho byombi byakurikijwe nyuma yo gutuzwa. Abakenguzamateka bavuga ko Ikigo c'igihugu gishinzwe imyubakire cyibanze cyane ku itangwa ry'amazu, kandi kikananirwa gutanga ibicuruzwa n'ibindi bikorwa. Guverinoma yateje imbere kugura abapangayi ku buryo bunoze, kandi ahantu henshi hahoze ari amazu y’imibereho ubu ni ay'abikorera ku giti cyabo cyangwa hafi ya yose. Amashyirahamwe yimiturire, cyangwa imiryango yigenga, idaharanira inyungu, ubu ifite uruhare runini mugukodesha amazu yimibereho. [[Dosiye:Student accommodation, Lanfranc House - geograph.org.uk - 3641903.jpg|thumb]] Kubera ko leta ya Irlande ifite ubushobozi bwo kuguza igabanuka politiki ya leta ishyigikira uruhare runini mu gutera inkunga abikorera ku giti cyabo amashyirahamwe yimiturire aho kuba inkunga yatanzwe n’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze. Muri iki gihe Irilande ifite ikibazo cyo kubura amazu n’imibereho n’inama njyanama, kandi ifite ikibazo cy’imiturire n’abatagira aho baba. Ubuholandi Mu Buholandi, ubukode bw'amazu akodeshwa ahendutse buguma hasi binyuze mu kugenzura no kugenzura leta. Ubu bwoko bwamazu buzwi nka sociale huurwoningen. [[Dosiye:Dwellings of different countries.jpg|thumb]] Mubikorwa ibi bigerwaho nimiryango idaharanira inyungu yimishinga yimishinga cyangwa amashyirahamwe (toegelaten instellingen). Kubera guhuza kenshi umubare wiyi miryango wagabanutse ugera kuri 430 muri 2009. Bacunga amazu miliyoni 2.4. Ibyinshi mu byumba bikodeshwa bikodeshwa mu Buholandi bifite imiryango nkiyi. Kuva politiki yahinduka mu 1995 amashyirahamwe yimiturire yigenga yigenga mu bijyanye n’amafaranga, yibanda ku ruhare rwabo nka ba rwiyemezamirimo. Mu makomine menshi yo mu Buholandi habayeho ubushobozi buke bwimiturire yimibereho mumyaka mirongo ishize. Mu mijyi myinshi nka Amsterdam, La Haye, Rotterdam na Utrecht ijanisha ryimiturire yegereyegere cyangwa irenga 50%. Igenzura rusange (imari) rikorwa n'ikigega gikuru gishinzwe imiturire (Centraal Fonds Volkshuisvesting). [80] [[Dosiye:Station House student accommodation - geograph.org.uk - 2748184.jpg|thumb]] Politiki y’imiturire y’Ubuholandi ishingiye ku gitekerezo cyo kugera ku isi hose amazu ahendutse kuri bose no gukumira amacakubiri. Kugeza mu 2020, guverinoma y'Ubuholandi iragerageza kubaka amazu 10,000 yo kubamo abadafite aho baba, mu 2022. [81] Hariho ikigega c'ingwate yo gutunga amazu kugira ngo gishyigikire ingwate y'igihugu ishinzwe gutanga inguzanyo, itanga uburyo bwo kubona imari no kugura amazu akorerwamo na nyirayo. Rumaniya Ingingo nyamukuru: Sisitemu (Romania) Guverinoma yubatse amazu i Bucharest, muri Rumaniya. [[Dosiye:White House lawn.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:House in Vieux-Limoilou in winter.jpg|thumb]] Igishushanyo cy’imijyi myinshi yo muri Rumaniya cyiganjemo amazu asanzwe yubatswe muri politiki yahoze ari guverinoma ya gikomunisiti yo kubaka umunara. Guhera mu 1974, gahunda yari igizwe ahanini no gusenya no kongera kubaka imidugudu, imigi, n'imijyi yari isanzweho, yose cyangwa igice, intego yari ifite yo guhindura Rumaniya "umuryango w’abasosiyalisiti wateye imbere mu bihugu byinshi". Mu mwaka wa 2012, amazu miliyoni 2.7 yatangiriye mu gihe cy’abakomunisiti, bangana na 37% by’amazu yose muri Rumaniya naho hafi 70% mu mijyi no mu mijyi. Nyuma y’abikorera ku giti cyabo nyuma y’abakomunisiti, igipimo cy’abafite amazu muri ubu buryo bw’amazu cyageze kuri 99.9%. Amashyirahamwe mashya ya ba nyir'urugo (HOAs) yamaganwe imbere n’ingaruka ziterwa n’imisanzu itishyurwa, kubura ubushobozi ndetse n’imikorere yashyizweho ya serivisi isanzwe ituye muri HOAs, akenshi byateje imiyoborere mibi. Ku rundi ruhande, HOAs yamaganwe hanze n’uburyo budahwitse bwo gukemura ibibazo by’imbere mu gihugu, nk’uburyo bwihuse bw’urukiko bwihuse bwo kutubahiriza inshingano, ubufasha bw’amafaranga ku miryango itishoboye ndetse n’abikorera ku giti cyabo batiteguye gufata imicungire y’agakingirizo. [84] Espanye [[Dosiye:Seville_place_d_espagne.jpg|thumb|Espanye]] Amazu rusange, yatsindiye igihembo cyibidukikije, muri El Astillero, Cantabria, Espanye. Kuba Abesipanyoli badashaka gukodesha amazu, no kugabanya amafaranga leta yakoresheje mu myaka ya za 1980, byagabanije amazu rusange yakodeshwaga muri Esipanye. Amazu rusange yakodeshwaga yari asanzwe mugihe cya Franco (1939–75). Haje kubaho demokarasi n’Itegeko Nshinga ryo mu 1978, uburenganzira bwo gutura bwarahawe ingwate, kandi imicungire y’imiturire ishingiye ahanini ku turere twigenga. Ibi byavuyemo amategeko atandukanye, atuma ikibazo gishingiye cyane mukarere. [[Dosiye:Melrose, Dingleton Road, Eildon House Eribe knitwear.jpg|thumb]] Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, gahunda ya viviendas de protección oficial (VPO) yakoreshejwe henshi, igizwe ninama njyanama zemerera abubatsi n’abateza imbere kubaka mu bibanza rusange cyangwa hamwe n’inguzanyo rusange kugira ngo igice runaka cy’amazu gikomeze guterwa inkunga kandi kugenzurwa n'abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze. Ibi bizwi nka VPO de promoción privada ('yateje imbere abikorera ku giti cyabo'), bitandukanye na VPO de promoción pública ('yatejwe imbere ku mugaragaro'), aho umutungo wose ufite kandi ucungwa n'ubuyobozi bwa leta. Amazu yatejwe imbere kumugaragaro akorerwa hafi ya nyirayo-umwuga, ntabwo akodeshwa, kandi 11% byimiturire mumwaka wa 2010. [85] Gahunda nshya (Plan estatal español de vivienda y rehabilitación para el período 2009–2012) yashyizwe ahagaragara na guverinoma ya Rodríguez Zapatero, igamije gutuma amazu agera kuri miliyoni aboneka mu mazu rusange, ashingiye ku iyubakwa rishya no kuvugurura amazu adakoreshwa. [[Dosiye:Balatonakali traditional house at square.jpg|thumb]] Ibice byinshi by’imijyi ya Espagne byaraguwe [mu magambo akenewe] mu myaka 20 ishize hamwe n’imishinga ishingiye cyane ku mishinga y’imiturire rusange n’abaturage, yashimangiye akamaro kayo mu mashuri makuru y’imyubakire, yakemuye ikibazo hifashishijwe iterambere ry’inzobere nyinshi. amasomo na gahunda yo gushinga, nka [[Madrid]] UPM -Kubera ko leta ya Irlande ifite ubushobozi bwo kuguza igabanuka politiki ya leta ishyigikira uruhare runini mu gutera inkunga abikorera ku giti cyabo amashyirahamwe yimiturire aho kuba inkunga yatanzwe n’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze. Muri iki gihe Irilande ifite ikibazo cyo kubura amazu n’imibereho n’inama njyanama, kandi ifite ikibazo cy’imiturire n’abatagira aho baba. Ubuholandi [[Dosiye:Alkmaar,_North-Holland_-_ghost_town_due_to_Coronavirus_crisis_08.jpg|thumb|Alkmaar, North-Holland - Ubuholandi]] Mu Buholandi, ubukode bw'amazu akodeshwa ahendutse buguma hasi binyuze mu kugenzura no kugenzura leta. Ubu bwoko bwamazu buzwi nka sociale huurwoningen. [[Dosiye:Pilikula Guthu House 3.jpg|thumb]] Mubikorwa ibi bigerwaho nimiryango idaharanira inyungu yimishinga yimishinga cyangwa amashyirahamwe (toegelaten instellingen). Kubera guhuza kenshi umubare wiyi miryango wagabanutse ugera kuri 430 muri 2009. Bacunga amazu miliyoni 2.4. Ibyinshi mu byumba bikodeshwa bikodeshwa mu Buholandi bifite imiryango nkiyi. Kuva politiki yahinduka mu 1995 amashyirahamwe yimiturire yigenga yigenga mu bijyanye n’amafaranga, yibanda ku ruhare rwabo nka ba rwiyemezamirimo. Mu makomine menshi yo mu Buholandi habayeho ubushobozi buke bwimiturire yimibereho mumyaka mirongo ishize. Mu mijyi myinshi nka Amsterdam, La Haye, Rotterdam na Utrecht ijanisha ryimiturire yegereyegere cyangwa irenga 50%. Igenzura rusange (imari) rikorwa n'ikigega gikuru gishinzwe imiturire (Centraal Fonds Volkshuisvesting). [80] Politiki y’imiturire y’Ubuholandi ishingiye ku gitekerezo cyo kugera ku isi hose amazu ahendutse kuri bose no gukumira amacakubiri. Kugeza mu 2020, guverinoma y'Ubuholandi iragerageza kubaka amazu 10,000 yo kubamo abadafite aho baba, mu 2022. [81] Hariho ikigega c'ingwate yo gutunga amazu kugira ngo gishyigikire ingwate y'igihugu ishinzwe gutanga inguzanyo, itanga uburyo bwo kubona imari no kugura amazu akorerwamo na nyirayo. Rumaniya Ingingo nyamukuru: Sisitemu (Romania) [[Dosiye:Roman_Theatre_in_Orange_2008.jpg|thumb|Rumaniya]] Guverinoma yubatse amazu i Bucharest, muri Rumaniya. [[Dosiye:More generation house waldstadt Karlsruhe.jpg|thumb]] Igishushanyo cy’imijyi myinshi yo muri Rumaniya cyiganjemo amazu asanzwe yubatswe muri politiki yahoze ari guverinoma ya gikomunisiti yo kubaka umunara. Guhera mu 1974, gahunda yari igizwe ahanini no gusenya no kongera kubaka imidugudu, imigi, n'imijyi yari isanzweho, yose cyangwa igice, intego yari ifite yo guhindura Rumaniya "umuryango w’abasosiyalisiti wateye imbere mu bihugu byinshi". Mu mwaka wa 2012, amazu miliyoni 2.7 yatangiriye mu gihe cy’abakomunisiti, bangana na 37% by’amazu yose muri Rumaniya naho hafi 70% mu mijyi no mu mijyi. Nyuma y’abikorera ku giti cyabo nyuma y’abakomunisiti, igipimo cy’abafite amazu muri ubu buryo bw’amazu cyageze kuri 99.9%. Amashyirahamwe mashya ya ba nyir'urugo (HOAs) yamaganwe imbere n’ingaruka ziterwa n’imisanzu itishyurwa, kubura ubushobozi ndetse n’imikorere yashyizweho ya serivisi isanzwe ituye muri HOAs, akenshi byateje imiyoborere mibi. Ku rundi ruhande, HOAs yamaganwe hanze n’uburyo budahwitse bwo gukemura ibibazo by’imbere mu gihugu, nk’uburyo bwihuse bw’urukiko bwihuse bwo kutubahiriza inshingano, ubufasha bw’amafaranga ku miryango itishoboye ndetse n’abikorera ku giti cyabo batiteguye gufata imicungire y’agakingirizo. [84] Espanye Amazu rusange, yatsindiye igihembo cyibidukikije, muri El Astillero, Cantabria, Espanye. [[Dosiye:A beautiful house in São Paulo.jpg|thumb]] Kuba Abesipanyoli badashaka gukodesha amazu, no kugabanya amafaranga leta yakoresheje mu myaka ya za 1980, byagabanije amazu rusange yakodeshwaga muri Esipanye. Amazu rusange yakodeshwaga yari asanzwe mugihe cya Franco (1939–75). Haje kubaho demokarasi n’Itegeko Nshinga ryo mu 1978, uburenganzira bwo gutura bwarahawe ingwate, kandi imicungire y’imiturire ishingiye ahanini ku turere twigenga. Ibi byavuyemo amategeko atandukanye, atuma ikibazo gishingiye cyane mukarere. [[Dosiye:Chapelle armentieres 393 397 rte nationale.jpg|thumb]] Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, gahunda ya viviendas de protección oficial (VPO) yakoreshejwe henshi, igizwe ninama njyanama zemerera abubatsi n’abateza imbere kubaka mu bibanza rusange cyangwa hamwe n’inguzanyo rusange kugira ngo igice runaka cy’amazu gikomeze guterwa inkunga kandi kugenzurwa n'abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze. Ibi bizwi nka VPO de promoción privada ('yateje imbere abikorera ku giti cyabo'), bitandukanye na VPO de promoción pública ('yatejwe imbere ku mugaragaro'), aho umutungo wose ufite kandi ucungwa n'ubuyobozi bwa leta. Amazu yatejwe imbere kumugaragaro akorerwa hafi ya nyirayo-umwuga, ntabwo akodeshwa, kandi 11% byimiturire mumwaka wa 2010. [85] [[Dosiye:The Priory Student Accommodation, Springfield Mount, Leeds - geograph.org.uk - 4986534.jpg|thumb]] Gahunda nshya (Plan estatal español de vivienda y rehabilitación para el período 2009–2012) yashyizwe ahagaragara na guverinoma ya Rodríguez Zapatero, igamije gutuma amazu agera kuri miliyoni aboneka mu mazu rusange, ashingiye ku iyubakwa rishya no kuvugurura amazu adakoreshwa. Ibice byinshi by’imijyi ya Espagne byaraguwe [mu magambo akenewe] mu myaka 20 ishize hamwe n’imishinga ishingiye cyane ku mishinga y’imiturire rusange n’abaturage, yashimangiye akamaro kayo mu mashuri makuru y’imyubakire, yakemuye ikibazo hifashishijwe iterambere ry’inzobere nyinshi. amasomo na gahunda yo gushinga, nka Madrid UPM -f bimwe mubigega byiza kuva mubukode rusange kugeza kumurimo wigenga. [[Dosiye:Casa histórica de Boroujerdi, Kashan, Irán, 2016-09-19, DD 32.jpg|thumb]] Kuva mu mwaka wa 2000, hashyizweho "inzandiko zishingiye ku guhitamo" (CBL) [95] kugira ngo zifashe mu buryo bw'imiturire mu buryo bwihuse uko abapangayi bimukiye. Ibi birashobora gutonesha abenegihugu kurenza abatari abashaka gukodesha. Mu turere tumwe na tumwe tw’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze, kubera ikibazo cy’amazu y’inama njyanama, imitungo itatu kuri ine irashobora kugenwa mu manza z’ibanze (abatuye ahantu habi huzuye abantu, bafite ubuvuzi cyangwa imibereho myiza, cyangwa bakeneye inkunga y’umuryango) cyangwa abasaba amazu batagira aho baba gutegeka kuzuza inshingano z’inama njyanama zo gucumbikira abantu bakeneye ubufasha. Ijanisha ryumutungo washyizwe kumatsinda atishoboye rizatandukana bitewe nibisabwa amazu yinama njyanama. Inzego zose z’ibanze zifite ingamba z’imiturire kugira ngo amazu y’inama njyanama arekurwe kandi yuzuze inshingano z’inama njyanama; gukorana n'abantu bakeneye ubufasha; kandi ugire uruhare mu iterambere ry’imiturire, kuvugurura abaturanyi, no kwishyira hamwe kwabaturage. [[Dosiye:House 8.jpg|thumb]] Guverinoma y’umurimo 1997–2010 yifuje kwimura amazu y’inama njyanama y’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze. Ubwa mbere, ibi byanyuze mu Kwimura Kinini ku bushake (LSVT) byimigabane kuva mu nama kugera mu mashyirahamwe yimiturire (HAs). Ntabwo umutungo w’inama njyanama washoboraga kwimurwa, kimwe no mu nzego zimwe na zimwe z’ibanze, amazu y’imiturire yari ameze nabi kandi yari afite agaciro k’imari shingiro ugereranije n’umwenda wasigaye uva mu bikorwa byo kubaka - mu by’ukuri, imigabane y’inama njyanama yari ifite uburinganire bubi. Mu turere tumwe na tumwe tw’ubuyobozi, abapangayi banze uburyo bwo kwimura. [[Dosiye:The Priory Student Accommodation, Springfield Mount, Leeds - geograph.org.uk - 4986527.jpg|thumb]] Guverinoma ishinzwe umurimo yashyizeho "inzira ya gatatu": Ishami rishinzwe gucunga intwaro (ALMO), aho ububiko bw’amazu bugumana n’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze ariko bugacungwa n’umuryango udaharanira inyungu ku burebure bw’ubuyobozi bukuru. Yatangije kandi gahunda ya Amazu meza, ikigega cy’imari kugirango izane amazu yimibereho kugeza kurwego rwumubiri rugezweho. Kugira ngo ukoreshe iki kigega, umuyobozi, yaba ALMO cyangwa HA, yagombaga kugera ku ntera ya 2 cyangwa 3 uhereye ku igenzura ryakozwe na komisiyo y'ubugenzuzi. Ibi byari bigamije kuzamura ibipimo byubuyobozi. Ba nyirinama Njyanama ntibashobora kubona iyi nkunga, indi mpamvu yo kwimura imicungire yimiturire yinama njyanama kuri ALMO cyangwa HA. [[Dosiye:Sydney dotm banner 1.jpg|thumb]] Guverinoma kuva mu ntangiriro ya za 90 nazo zashishikarije "manda ivanze" mu bice bishya ndetse no ku "nyubako nshya" amazu y’imiturire, itanga uburyo butandukanye bwo gutunga no gukodesha, hagamijwe guhuza ibikorwa by’ubwubatsi binyuze mu gushyiramo "amazu y’imibereho" na "bihendutse. amazu "amahitamo. Raporo y'ubushakashatsi iherutse [100] yavuze ko ibimenyetso bifatika byo kuvanga manda bikomeza kuba bike. Abatuye amazu yimibereho barashobora gupfobya kandi bagahatirwa gukoresha umuryango wumukene utandukanye kandi utorohewe kuruta umuryango abadafite uburenganzira bwo gukoresha kandi amazu yimibereho ashobora kuba adahari. [[Dosiye:Student Accommodation - geograph.org.uk - 5408823.jpg|thumb]] Nyuma yo kwemeza politiki yo kugabanya ubukana mu mwaka wa 2010 icyitegererezo cy’umutekano w’umutekano cyagumishijwe n’ubuyobozi bwatanzwe nk’Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Ecosse n’Inteko za Welsh na Irilande y'Amajyaruguru. Benshi mubakodesha amazu yimibereho yo mubwongereza bafite uburenganzira bwo guhinduranya amazu nundi ukodesha nubwo ba nyirinzu batandukanye. Ibi byitwa "guhanahana amakuru". Guhera mu 2017, mu Bwongereza, abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze barashobora gusenya ingo zidafite amazu mu bukode bwaho, mu gihe muri otcosse amazu y’imibereho yakomeje kuba politiki ya mbere yatoranijwe. Inzu ndangamurage idafite aho kuba, mu 2020 Ubwongereza bwanditse byibuze 976 mu bantu batagira aho baba. Muri 2019 Ubwongereza na Wales byagereranije ko hapfuye abantu 778 hiyongereyeho 7.2% mu mwaka ushize. [[Dosiye:River bank of Don Khon with stilt wooden houses at golden hour from Don Det Laos.jpg|thumb]] Icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti Reba kandi: Khrushchyovka Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti, amazu menshi yubatswe nyuma y'intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose ubusanzwe yari afite amagorofa 3-5, hamwe n'amagorofa mato. Muri utu turere, intego yari iyo kuzigama umwanya no gukora ibyumba byinshi bishoboka. Ubwubatsi bwatangiye mu myaka ya za 70 bwatoneshaga amagorofa 9- na 16 yamazu ya beto yimiturire ya komine mumijyi minini, inkuru 7-12 mumijyi mito mito. Iyi mishinga yimiturire iracyakoreshwa mubihugu bimwe na bimwe, cyane cyane mubihugu byo mu Burayi bwo hagati n’iburasirazuba, kandi ibyinshi muri byo bigenda bivugururwa buhoro. Oceania Australiya Ingingo nyamukuru: Amazu rusange muri Ositaraliya [[Dosiye:Sydney_Opera_House_-_Dec_2008.jpg|thumb|Australiya ]] Amazu rusange azamuka cyane mu mujyi wa Sydney imbere mu mujyi wa Waterloo, iminara ibiri muri cumi n'umwe muri iyo mitungo itatu itandukanye yakwirakwiriye mu mujyi wa Sydney imbere mu mujyi wa Waterloo, Redfern na Surry Hills. [[Dosiye:Petworth House, West Sussex - geograph.org.uk - 4901337.jpg|thumb]] Amazu rusange muri Ositaraliya atangwa ninzego zubutegetsi bwa leta, hamwe ninkunga itangwa na leta na reta. Muri Ositaraliya hari amazu arenga 300.000 yimiturire rusange, igizwe namazu yubucucike buke kumitungo iteganijwe gutegurwa iherereye mu nkengero z’umugi, ndetse n’amazu maremare yo mu mujyi rwagati muri Melbourne na Sydney. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, amazu yo guturamo no gutabara abadafite aho baba yeguriwe abikorera ku giti cyabo, kandi mu myaka yashize iyi nzu yagurishijwe kugira ngo birinde amafaranga yo kuyitaho no kubyaza umusaruro. [[:en:Public_housing|kurikirana imvano]] h186rnu3atinzilx8ircr9xfr9qwh4d 0 14247 140928 110861 2026-10-07T13:47:05Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 140928 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:St. Peter, Munich, service in Lent.jpg|thumb|161x161px|Abakristu mukiliziya kuwa gatatu wivu]][[Dosiye:Ivu rya kinyarwanda.jpg|thumb|ivu|190x190px]] [[Dosiye:Saint Michael Catholic Church (Mechanicsburg, Ohio), interior, sanctuary, decorated for Lent.jpg|thumb|152x152px|Imiteguro ya kiliziya kuwa gatatu wivu]] [[Dosiye:Catholic church with cemetry at Lent near Nijmegen - panoramio.jpg|thumb|193x193px|Kiliziya]] Umunsi w’uwa Gatatu w’ivu washyizweho muri 591. Ni umunsi abakristu ba [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] batangiriraho igisibo cy’iminsi mirongo ine bazirikana ibabara rya Yezu Kristu gisozwa ku munsi wa Pasika hizihizwa izuka rya Yezu. == Tumenye Inkomoko y’uwa Gatatu w’ivu == Kuri uyu munsi wa none benshi mu bizihiza uyu muhango wo kwisiga Ivu ni Abakristu ba Kiliziya Gatolika aho benshi muri bo bizera ko uyu muhango wo kwisiga cyangwa kwicara ku ivu wahozeho.Ku wa 22 Gashyantare niwo munsi wa gagatu w’ivu. Imyemerere ni ikintu kimwe gihatse ibindi ku Isi ndetse iyi ngingo benshi mu batuye Isi ntabwo bajya bayihurizaho bitewe n'uburyo bimwe biba bisa n'ibifite urujijo.<ref name=":0">https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/126325/wavuye-mu-gitaka-uzasubira-mu-kindi-inkomoko-yuwa-gatatu-wivu-wizihizwa-muri-kiliziya-gato-126325.html</ref>Mu ntangiriro z’ ikinyejana cya 11 ni ho ibikorwa byakorwaga kuri uyu munsi usanga bidatandukanye cyane n’ibyo muri iki gihe. Kuri ubu uwa Gatatu w’ivu urangwa n’isigwa ry’ivu rishushanyije mu musaraba ku gahanga ku bakristu bikorwa mu gitambo cya Missa, iryo vu rikaba riva mu mashami y’imikindo y’umunsi wa Mashami y’umwaka ushize.<ref name=":0" />Kuri uyu munsi wa none birasa n'ibigoye ndetse kikaba n'ikibazo kuko mu bihugu byinshi kubera icyorezo cya Covid-19 muri za Kiziliya Gatolika nyinshi ntabwo uyu muhango uri kugira uburemere nk'ubwo wari usanzwe ugira mu minsi yo ha mbere. == Ibyo Bashingiraho == Bavugako Mu [[Isezerano rya Kera|isezerano rya kera]], ivu ryari ikimenyetso cyo kwihana cyangwa cy’agahinda.Mu gihe cyo ha mbere umuhango wo gusigwa ivu ntabwo wahise uhuzwa n’itangira ry’igisibo. Wahujwe n’itangira ry’igisibo ahagana mu mwaka wa 300. Muri Kiliziya zinyuranye wabaga umunsi wo gufungira amasakaramentu abakristu banyuranye, no guca abakoze ibyaha byafatwaga nk’ibikomeye.Ahagana mu Kinyejana cya 7, ku wa Gatatu w’ivu, Abakristu bahabwaga Penetensiya, hanyuma bagashyirwa ku mugaragaro na Musenyeri mu bihannye, bakitegura kwakira imbabazi ku wa Kane Mutagatifu.Nyuma yo kubarambikaho ibiganza n’ivu boherezwaga mu miryango yabo.<ref name=":0" /> Abihanaga babaga mu nkengero z’imiryango yabo mu minsi mirongo ine bakisiga ivu, bakitwikira imifuka, bakiyiriza, bakanabuzwa ibintu bitandukanye nko koga cyangwa kogosha umusatsi, hari Diyosezi zimwe zivuga ko hari Penetensiya zamaraga imyaka myinshi cyangwa ubuzima bwose. == Amasomo nyuma yogusigwa ivu == Ivugururamategeko 30,15-20 Dore uyu munsi nshyize imbere yawe ubugingo n’amahirwe, urupfu n’ibyago; kuko uyu munsi ngutegeka gukunda Uhoraho Imana yawe, kugenda mu nzira ze, kwita ku mategeko ye, ku mabwiriza ye no ku migenzo ye. Nukora utyo uzagira ubugingo, uzororoka ugwire, kandi uhoraho Imana yawe azaguhera umugisha mu gihugu ugiyemo kugira ngo ucyigarurire. Ariko umutima wawe nuraruka, ntumwumvire, ukemera kujya kunamira imana zindi kandi ukazikorera, uyu munsi nkubwiye neruye yuko muzarimbuka, muzime rwose, mwoye kubaho igihe kirekire mu gihugu ugiye kwinjiramo umaze kwambuka Yorudani, kugira ngo ucyigarurire.<ref name=":0" />Ivanjili ya Mutagatifu Luka 9,22-25 Yungamo avuga ko umwana w’umuntu agomba kuzababara cyane, agacibwa n’abakuru b’umuryango, n’abatware b’abaherezabitambo, n’abigishamategeko, akicwa, kandi akazazuka ku munsi wa gatatu. Nuko akabwira bose, ati"Niba hari ushaka kunkurikira, yiyibagirwe ubwe, aheke umusaraba we, maze ankurikire! Kuko uzashaka gukiza ubugingo bwe, azabubura; naho uzahara ubugingo bwe ari jye agirira, azabukiza. Umuntu watunga iby’isi yose, ariko akabura ubugingo bwe, cyangwa akabwangiza, byaba bimumariye iki?. == Ishakiro == [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] jco9cjqwkr4n5458qaoshqye5cpc3ix 0 14401 140930 135872 2026-10-07T13:48:15Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 140930 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:LL-Q33573 (kin)-Nirere evangeline-Rutare.wav|thumb|right|alt=PRONOUNCIATION OF RUTARE|UMURENGE WA RUTARE]] [[Dosiye:GicumbiDist.png|thumb]] Rutare, ni umwe mu mirenge (21) igize [[Akarere ka Gicumbi]] kavuga ko kazagira umujyi wunganira umurwa mukuru wako, hakaba hitaruye cyane umuhanda wa kaburimbo werekeza i Byumba, aho umuntu uva i Kigali akatira mu kuboko kw’iburyo yerekeza ku kiyaga cya Muhazi. == Amateka == Abatuye i Rutare bavuga ko uwo mujyi washinzwe mu mwaka wa 1934 n’Abarabu bazaga muri Afurika y’uburasirazuba bagamije ubucuruzi. Rutare iruta ubukuru umujyi wa Byumba washinzwe mu 1936, ariko na yo ikaba yarabayeho nyuma y’indi mijyi mito mito nka Kabarore (Gatsibo) na Kiramuruzi kuko ngo ari iyo muri 1930. === Bizimana Jean Baptiste === Bizimana Jean Baptiste w’imyaka 72 wabaye Senateri muri Sena y’u Rwanda kuva muri 2003-2011, ni umuturage w’i Rutare wari ufite sewabo witwaga Sebahutu wabaye umwiru ku ngoma y’umwami Yuhi V Musinga, yasize amubwiye byinshi ku mateka y’i Rutare. ==== Rutare ni irimbi ry’Abami n’Abagabekazi b’u Rwanda ==== Nubwo imibiri yashoboye kuhaboneka ari uwa Kigeli IV Rwabugiri n’Umugabekazi Nyirayuhi V Kanjogera, i Rutare ngo hatabarijwe (hashyinguwe) abami batandatu n’abagabekazi bane. Bizimana avuga ko umwami wa mbere watabarijwe i Rutare ari Kigeli I Mukobanya, bivugwa ko yategetse mu myaka ya 1378-1411, uwa kabiri akaba ari Mutara I Nsoro II Semugeshi (1543-1576), uwa gatatu akaba ari umuhungu wa Semugeshi witwaga Kigeli II Nyamuheshera (1576-1609). Umwami wa kane watabarijwe i Rutare akaba ari Kigeli III Ndabarasa (1708-1741), uwa gatanu aba Mutara II Rwogera (1830-1853), hanyuma hakaza Kigeli IV Rwabugiri watabarijwe ahitwa i Munanira, we imva ye (iriba) ikaba yarubakiwe ikiriho kugeza n’ubu. Mu bagabekazi (ba nyina b’abami) batabarijwe i Rutare mu bice bitandukanye bigize uwo murenge, hari Nyirakigeli I Nyanguge akaba ari nyina wa Kigeli I Mukobanya, hakaba na Nyirakigeli III Rwesero akaba ari nyina wa Kigeli III Ndabarasa. Undi mugabekazi watabarijwe i Rutare ni Nyiramibambwe III Nyiratamba nyina wa Mibambwe III Sentabyo, hanyuma hakaza na Nyirayuhi V Kanjogera wabaye [[umugabekazi]] w’abami babiri kuko yabanje kuba Nyiramibambwe IV Rutarindwa, aza gukomeza kuba umugabekazi ku ngoma ya Yuhi V Musinga. Bizimana akomeza agira ati “Aba bami ni bo baremaremye u Rwanda, ahantu batabarijwe ubundi hagombye gusigasirwa hagashyirwa ikimenyetso kigaragara, Abanyarwanda n’abanyamahanga bakajya baza kuhareba”. Agira ati “Icya mbere cyakorwa ni ukuhashyira ibyapa bisa neza biyobora ba mukerarugendo, gutunganya inzira zijyayo, ndetse no guhugura abaturage baho bamwe bajijutse bakajya bakira abashyitsi”. Uyu muyobozi akomeza avuga ko ibi bizajyana no gufatanya n’abaturage guteza imbere ibikorwa remezo n’ibibyara umusaruro ukenewe. == Reba == <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/amateka/article/menya-abami-n-abagabekazi-batabarijwe-i-rutare-muri-gicumbi-ahaberaga-igiterane</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} rsm94hssxv71uzd425wctx8j4lgfbue 0 14435 140929 137693 2026-10-07T13:47:45Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 140929 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Guava ID.jpg|thumb|Amapera]] [[Dosiye:Pear fruits.jpg|thumb|Ipera]] [[Dosiye:Small Guava plant 02.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Igiti cy'amapera]] [[Dosiye:Unripe guava fruit.jpg|left|thumb|Ubuhinzi bw'Amapera]] Amapera ni rumwe mu mbuto zifite intungamubiri zinafatiye runini ubuzima bwacu.Nizo mbuto ahari zidahenda ku isoko ndetse usanga zarimejeje ahantu henshi kuko naho witumye waziriye ziramera, Amapera ari mu mbuto z’ingenzi zikize kuri [[vitamini C]]. ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko amapera akubye 4 vitamini C iboneka mu macunga. Iyi vitamini izwiho kongerera ingufu ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri wacu ikanawurinda indwara ziterwa na mikorobi.Amapera arinda ibyago byo kurwara [[kanseri]] zinyuranye.Ibi biterwa nuko arimo lycopene, quercetin, na ya vitamini C byose bizwiho kurwanya kanseri. By umwihariko amapera azwiho kurwanya kanseri ya porositate n’iy’amabereBitewe nuko amapera akize kuri fibre ni imbuto nziza ku barwayi ba diyabete.Nubwo aryohera ariko arimo isukari nkeya kandi za fibre zifasha kuringaniza igipimo cy’isukari mu maraso.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/amapera/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228162447/https://umutihealth.com/amapera/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dosiye:Psidium guajava en tequisquiapan.jpg|thumb|Amapera]] === Ibyiza by'amapera === Amapera aringaniza igipimo cya sodiyumu na kalisiyumu mu mubiri bityo akaba meza mu kurinda umuvuduko udasanzwe w’amaraso. Ikindi ni uko afasha mu kugabanya cholesterol mbi izwiho kongera ibyago byo kurwara umutima, ahubwo agafasha mu kongera cholesterol nziza Ipera rimwe gusa riguha 12% bya fibre ukeneye ku munsi bityo amapera ni meza mu gufasha igogorwa ry’ibiryo. Ibi biyaha ingufu zo kurwanya kwituma impatwe, bitandukanye nibyo bayavugaho ko ahubwo atera kwituma impatwe.Kubera vitamini A irimo amapera azwiho gufasha mu mikorere myiza y’amaso. Ntarinda kutareba neza gusa ahubwo anatuma amaso areba neza cyane. Afite ubushobozi bwo kurinda indwara y’ishaza no kutareba neza. Ku bagore batwite amapera abongerera vitamini B9, twabonye ko ari nziza mu gufasha umwana uri mu nda akazakura neza, adafite ibibazo mu mikorere y’umubiri we.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230228162447/https://agakiza.org/Wari-uzi-akamaro-k-amapera-mu-buzima-bwawe.html</ref> [[Dosiye:Guava Leaves.jpg|thumb|Ibibabi by'amapera]] === Ibibabi === Ibibabi by’amapera bizwiho kurwanya indwara zinyuranye z’amenyo. Si ibyo gusa kuko binarinda kubyimbirwa bikanica mikorobi zinyuranye. Ku bw’ibyo rero kubihekenya no kunywa amazi yabyo birwanya kubyimba ishinya, ib isebe byo mu kanwa no kuribwa amenyo Niba wakoze ukananirwa cyane, uriye amapera wumva stress igiye. Biterwa na magnesium ibamo izwiho kuruhura imikaya, no kugarura akanyabugabo mu mubiri. Mu mapera dusangamo #vitamini B3 na B6 zizwiho kugirira akamaro bwonko bikaruhura imitsi.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/urusobe-rw-ubuzima/article/ibibabi-by-amapera-bigabanya-ibinure-bibi-mu-mubiri-bikanavura-indwara-zitandukanye</ref> === Amapera adahiye === Amapera mabisi azwiho gufasha mu gutakaza ibiro. Iyo uyariye ku bwinshi bikurinda kurya cyane kandi iyo ari mabisi nta sukari nyinshi iba irimo. Umutobe w’amapera adahiye kimwe no guhekenya ibibabi byayo bizwiho kuvura inkorora n’utundi turwara duterwa na virusi. Bifasha mu kubasha gusohora igikororwa kandi ibihaha bigahumeka neza Ipera rimwe ku munsi ryagufasha guhorana itoto!! Ibi wabigeraho bitewe nuko kuba akize kuri vitamini A, C na antioxidants nka carotene na lycopene. Ibi birwanya iminkanyari ku ruhu. Twayavugaho byinshi kuko anazwiho kurwanya igicuri n’indwara zifitanye isano na cyo, no kurwanya indwara zinyuranye ziterwa na [[bagiteri]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/impamvu-ukwiye-guhora-urya-amapera-namababi-yayo/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228162449/https://yegob.rw/impamvu-ukwiye-guhora-urya-amapera-namababi-yayo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amapera nayo arakize muri vit. A, B, C, E.Afite n’imyunyu ngugu, calcium, manyeziyumu, potasiyumu, zinc, cuivre, manganèse. Iryo tunda rikingira kanseri rigabanya urugimbu mu maraso, rikagabanya umuvuduko urenze w’amaraso. Uriye amapera 3 ku munsi wagira ubushobozi bwo kurwanya itabi ushaka kurireka. N’itunda ritera imbaraga, rikenewe ku muntu ukirutse indwara zikomeye.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] bzz53a5e8y08ljb5nrlqeluhhfqmtl6 0 14993 140920 92609 2026-10-07T13:43:06Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 140920 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ubukerarugendo''' ni ingendo zishimisha cyangwa zigamije ubucuruzi,kandi nigikorwa cyubucuruzi cyo gutanga no gutera inkunga izo ngendo. Umuryango w’ubukerarugendo ku isi usobanura ubukerarugendo muri rusange, mu magambo arenga "imyumvire isanzwe y’ubukerarugendo ko igarukira gusa mu biruhuko gusa", nk 'abantu "bagenda kandi baguma ahantu hatari ibidukikije bisanzwe mu gihe kitarenze umwaka ukurikiranye kwidagadura kandi bitarenze amasaha 24, ubucuruzi nizindi ntego ". [3] Ubukerarugendo bushobora kuba ubw'imbere mu gihugu (mu gihugu cy’abagenzi) cyangwa mpuzamahanga, kandi ubukerarugendo mpuzamahanga bugira ingaruka zinjira kandi zisohoka ku buringanire bw'igihugu. [[Dosiye:Time Square-New York City.jpg|thumb|Times Square ni ihuriro ry’akarere ka Broadway ikinamico n’ahantu nyaburanga ndangamuco i Midtown Manhattan, Umujyi wa New York. Ihuriro ry'abanyamaguru kandi rifite kimwe mu bipimo ngarukamwaka byitabirwa na ba mukerarugendo ku isi, bagera kuri miliyoni 60. [1]]] Umubare w’ubukerarugendo wagabanutse bitewe n’ubukungu bwifashe nabi cyane (ubukungu bwifashe nabi mu mpera za 2000) hagati y’igice cya kabiri cy’umwaka wa 2008 n’impera za 2009, kandi bitewe n’ikwirakwizwa rya virusi ya grippe H1N1 2009, [4] [5] ariko buhoro buhoro gukira kugeza icyorezo cya COVID-19 gishyize iherezo ritunguranye kumikurire. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku bukerarugendo ku isi ryagereranije ko abinjira mu bukerarugendo mpuzamahanga ku isi bashobora kugabanuka ku kigero cya 58% bakagera kuri 78% mu 2020, bigatuma igihombo cya miliyoni 0.9-1.2 z'amadolari y'Amerika yinjira mu bukerarugendo mpuzamahanga. [6] Ku isi hose, ibicuruzwa mpuzamahanga byinjira mu bukerarugendo (ibintu by'ingendo mu rwego rwo kwishyura) byiyongereye kugera kuri tiriyari 1.03 z'amadolari y'Amerika (miliyari 740) mu 2005, bihuye n'ubwiyongere bw'ukuri bwa 3.8% guhera mu 2010. [7] Ku nshuro ya mbere mu mwaka wa 2012. ba mukerarugendo mpuzamahanga barenze ba miliyari 1 ba mukerarugendo ku isi. Amasoko akomoka mu Bushinwa, Uburusiya, na Berezile yariyongereye cyane mu myaka icumi ishize. Ubukerarugendo ku isi bugizwe na c. 8% by'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi. Ibyuka bihumanya kimwe n’izindi ngaruka zikomeye z’ibidukikije n’imibereho ntabwo buri gihe bigirira akamaro abaturage baho nubukungu bwabo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, amashyirahamwe menshi ateza imbere ubukerarugendo yatangiye kwibanda ku bukerarugendo burambye kugira ngo agabanye ingaruka mbi ziterwa n’ubukerarugendo bugenda bwiyongera. Ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku bukerarugendo ku isi ryashimangiye ibyo bikorwa biteza imbere ubukerarugendo mu rwego rw’iterambere rirambye, binyuze muri gahunda nk’umwaka mpuzamahanga w’ubukerarugendo burambye bw’iterambere ry’iterambere mu 2017, [11] na gahunda nk’ubukerarugendo kuri SDGs byibanda ku buryo SDG 8, SDG 12 na SDG 14 bigira uruhare mu bukerarugendo mu gushyiraho ubukungu burambye. Ubukerarugendo bugeze ku ntera nshya hamwe n’inganda zigenda ziyongera mu bukerarugendo bwo mu kirere kimwe n’inganda zigezweho hamwe n’amato atwara abagenzi, hari inzira nyinshi zitandukanye z’ubukerarugendo. Iyindi nganda nshya yubukerarugendo nubukerarugendo busanzwe. == Etymology == Ijambo umukerarugendo rikoreshwa mu Cyongereza ryakoreshejwe mu 1772 [13] n'ubukerarugendo mu 1811. [14] [15] Aya magambo akomoka ku ijambo gutembera, rikomoka ku [[Icyongereza|cyongereza]] cya kera cyitwa turian, kiva mu cyongereza cya kera cy’igifaransa, kiva mu [[Ikilatini|kilatini]] cyitwa tornare - "gufungura umusarani", ubwacyo kikaba gikomoka kuri tornos ya kera yo mu Bugereki (τόρνος) - "umusarani". [16] === Ibisobanuro === Mu 1936, Umuryango w’ibihugu wasobanuye umukerarugendo w’amahanga nk "umuntu ugenda mu mahanga byibuze amasaha makumyabiri nane". Umusimbuye, [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Umuryango w’abibumbye]], yahinduye iki gisobanuro mu 1945, ashyiramo igihe ntarengwa cy’amezi atandatu. Mu 1941, Hunziker na Kraft basobanuye ubukerarugendo nk '"igiteranyo cy’ibintu n’umubano bituruka ku ngendo no gutura by’abatari abenegihugu, kubera ko biterekeza ku gutura burundu kandi ntaho bihuriye n’igikorwa cyo kwinjiza amafaranga''.'' ''<big>" Mu 1976, Umuryango w’ubukerarugendo mu Bwongereza wasobanuye ugira uti: "Ubukerarugendo ni urugendo rw’agateganyo, mu gihe gito abantu berekeza aho berekeza hanze y’aho basanzwe batuye kandi bakorera ndetse n’ibikorwa byabo mu gihe cyo kuguma kuri buri cyerekezo. Harimo kugenda mu ntego zose. "</big>'' Mu 1994, Umuryango w’abibumbye wagaragaje uburyo butatu bw’ubukerarugendo mu byifuzo byabwo ku mibare y’ubukerarugendo: [22] * '''Ubukerarugendo bwo mu gihugu, burimo abatuye igihugu runaka bagenda gusa muri iki gihugu''' * '''Ubukerarugendo bwinjira, burimo abadatuye ingendo mu gihugu runaka''' * '''Ubukerarugendo bwo hanze, burimo abaturage bagenda mu kindi gihugu''' * '''Andi matsinda yavuye mu matsinda yavuzwe haruguru''' * '''Ubukerarugendo bw'igihugu, ihuriro ry'ubukerarugendo bwo mu gihugu no hanze''' * '''Ubukerarugendo bwo mu karere, ihuriro ry'ubukerarugendo bwo mu gihugu no mu gihugu''' * '''Ubukerarugendo mpuzamahanga, ihuriro ry'ubukerarugendo bwinjira no hanze''' Amagambo ubukerarugendo ningendo rimwe na rimwe akoreshwa kimwe. Ni muri urwo rwego, ingendo zifite ibisobanuro bisa n'ubukerarugendo ariko bisobanura urugendo rufite intego. Ijambo ubukerarugendo na ba mukerarugendo rimwe na rimwe rikoreshwa mu buryo bworoshye, mu kwerekana inyungu nke mumico cyangwa ahantu hasuwe. Ibinyuranye, umugenzi akoreshwa nkikimenyetso cyo gutandukanya. Sosiyologiya y’ubukerarugendo yize indangagaciro z'umuco zishimangira iryo tandukaniro n'ingaruka zabyo ku mibanire y'ibyiciro. === Ibicuruzwa byubukerarugendo === Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku bukerarugendo rivuga ko ibicuruzwa by'ubukerarugendo ari: [26]''<small>amarangamutima ku bashobora kuba abakiriya. Igicuruzwa cy’ubukerarugendo kiragurwa kandi kigurishwa binyuze mu nzira zo kugabura kandi gifite ubuzima-buzima ".</small>'' * ''<small>Ibicuruzwa byubukerarugendo bikubiyemo serivisi zitandukanye zirimo: [27]</small>'' * ''<small>Serivisi zo gucumbika kuva murugo ruhendutse kugeza kuri hoteri yinyenyeri eshanu</small>'' * ''<small>Serivise zo kwakira abashyitsi zirimo ibiryo n'ibinyobwa bitanga serivisi</small>'' * ''<small>Serivise z'ubuzima nka massage</small>'' * ''<small>Uburyo bwose bwo gutwara, kubika no gukodesha</small>'' * ''<small>Ibigo byingendo, ingendo ziyobowe nuyobora ba mukerarugendo</small>'' * ''<small>Ibikorwa byumuco nkinzibutso z’amadini, inzu ndangamurage, n’ahantu h'amateka</small>'' * ''<small>Guhaha</small>'' === Ubukerarugendo mpuzamahanga === [[Dosiye:International-tourist-arrivals-by-world-region.svg|thumb|Abakerarugendo baza mu karere ku mwaka]] Ubukerarugendo mpuzamahanga ni ubukerarugendo bwambuka imipaka y'igihugu. Kuba isi ihinduka ubukerarugendo ibikorwa bizwi cyane byo kwidagadura ku isi. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku bukerarugendo risobanura ba mukerarugendo nk'abantu "bagenda kandi bakaguma ahantu hatari hasanzwe hasanzwe mu gihe kitarenze umwaka umwe ukurikirana mu myidagaduro, mu bucuruzi no mu zindi ntego". Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) rivuga ko icyarimwe abantu bagera ku 500.000 bari mu ndege icyarimwe. Mu mwaka wa 2010, ubukerarugendo mpuzamahanga bwageze ku madorari y'Abanyamerika 919B, bwiyongeraho 6.5% mu mwaka wa 2009, buhuye n'ubwiyongere nyabwo bwa 4.7%. Mu mwaka wa 2010, ku isi hose hari abakerarugendo barenga miliyoni 940. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2016 uwo mubare wariyongereye ugera kuri miliyoni 1.235, bituma miliyari 1,220 USD zikoreshwa. Ikibazo cya COVID-19 cyagize ingaruka mbi mubukerarugendo mpuzamahanga bidindiza cyane icyerekezo rusange cyiyongera. Ubukerarugendo mpuzamahanga bugira ingaruka zikomeye ku bidukikije, bukaba bwarushijeho kwiyongera ku bibazo byatewe n'ingendo zo mu kirere ariko no ku bindi bibazo, birimo ba mukerarugendo bakize bazana imibereho ishimangira ibikorwa remezo byaho, amazi n'imyanda n'ibindi. === Ishingiro === Urufatiro rwubukungu bwubukerarugendo ni umutungo w’umuco, umutungo w’umuco ndetse n’imiterere y’urugendo. Umurage ndangamurage wisi ukwiye kuvugwa cyane cyane uyumunsi kuko nubukerarugendo nyabwo. Ariko n'ubutegetsi bw'igihugu buriho cyangwa bwahozeho burashobora gufata icyemezo cyubukerarugendo. Kurugero, gushimisha umuryango wibwami wubwongereza bizana ba mukerarugendo babarirwa muri za miriyoni mu Bwongereza buri mwaka bityo ubukungu bukaba hafi miliyoni 550 zama pound ku mwaka. Umuryango wa Habsburg urashobora kuvugwa mu Burayi bwo hagati. Dukurikije ibigereranyo, ikirango cya Habsburg kigomba kubyara ubukerarugendo bwa miliyoni 60 z'amayero ku mwaka kuri Vienne yonyine. Ihame ry'ubukerarugendo "Habsburg aragurisha" rirakurikizwa. [33] [34] Ubukerarugendo busanzwe busaba ba mukerarugendo kumva ko bashishikajwe nuburambe nyabwo bwaho basuye. Nk’uko Dean MacCannell abitangaza ngo ubukerarugendo busaba ko ba mukerarugendo bashobora kubona ko ba mukerarugendo ari ukuri kandi ko batandukanye n'ubunararibonye bwabo bwite 113 ubwabo ntabwo: ni ukuvuga ko ari "un-exotic," cyangwa ibisanzwe. [36] [isoko nziza ikenewe] Ku bwa MacCannell, ubukerarugendo bwose bugezweho bwibonera "ukuri" na "exotic" nk "" iterambere rito "ugereranije n'iki gihe - ni ukuvuga uburambe bwa mukerarugendo. == Amateka == === Kera === Gutembera hanze y’umuntu waho kwidagadura ahanini byagarukiraga mu byiciro bikize, rimwe na rimwe bakajya mu bice bya kure by’isi, kureba inyubako nini n’ibikorwa by’ubuhanzi, kwiga indimi nshya, kwibonera imico mishya, kwishimira kamere nziza no kuryoha bitandukanye. ibiryo. Shulgi akiri muto ariko, abami bashimye kuba barinze imihanda kandi bakubaka inzira z’abagenzi. Urugendo rwo kwinezeza rushobora kuboneka muri Egiputa nko mu 1500 mbere ya Yesu. Ba mukerarugendo b'Abaroma ba kera muri Repubulika basuraga spas na resitora zo ku nkombe nka Baiae. Bari bazwi cyane mu bakire. Abanyaroma bo mu rwego rwo hejuru bakundaga kumara igihe cyabo ku butaka cyangwa ku nyanja bakajya muri villa yabo ya urbana cyangwa villa maritima. Inzu nyinshi zari i Campania, hafi ya Roma no mu majyaruguru ya Adriatike nko muri Barcola hafi ya Trieste. Pausanias yanditse Ibisobanuro bye mu Bugereki mu kinyejana cya kabiri nyuma ya Yesu. Mu Bushinwa bwa kera, abanyacyubahiro rimwe na rimwe bagiraga intego yo gusura umusozi wa Tai, ndetse rimwe na rimwe, imisozi Yera yose uko ari itanu. === Hagati === [[Dosiye:"A Tour Guide to the Famous Places of the Capital" from Akizato Rito's Miyako meisho zue (1787).jpg|thumb|Umukerarugendo w’umuyapani wageze mu duce tuzwi cyane ]] Mu bihe bya nyuma ya kera, amadini menshi, harimo Ubukirisitu, Budisime, n'Ubuyisilamu yari yaratsimbataje imigenzo yo gutembera. Umugani wa Canterbury (nko mu 1390s), ukoresha urugendo rutagatifu nk'igikoresho cyo kubumba, ukomeje kuba icyitegererezo cy'ubuvanganzo bw'icyongereza, naho Urugendo rugana iburengerazuba (nko mu 1592), rufite umwanya wa nyuma mu bitabo by'Abashinwa, rufite ingendo z'Ababuda kuri ihuriro ryibisobanuro byayo. Mu Butaliyani bwo hagati, Petrarch yanditse inkuru ishushanya ivuga ko yazamutse muri Mont Ventoux 1336 yashimye igikorwa cy’ingendo anenga frigida incuriositas ('kubura amatsiko akonje'); iyi konti ifatwa nkimwe mubihe byambere bizwi byurugendo bikorwa kubwinyungu zayo. [39] Umusizi wo muri Burundiya, Michault Taillevent [fr] yaje guhimba ibyo yibutse biteye ubwoba by'urugendo rwo mu 1430 yanyuze mu misozi ya Jura. Mu Bushinwa, 'ibitabo byandika ku ngendo' (遊記 文學; yóujì wénxué) byamenyekanye cyane ku ngoma y'indirimbo (960–1279). Abanditsi b'ingendo nka Fan Chengda (1126–1193) na Xu Xiake (1587–1641) bashyizemo amakuru menshi y’imiterere y’imiterere n’imiterere y’imiterere y’imiterere y’inyandiko zabo, mu gihe 'inyandiko y’umunsi' Inyandiko y’umusozi wa Kibuye Umusozi wanditswe n'umusizi uzwi cyane akaba n'umunyapolitiki Su Shi (1037–1101) yerekanye ibitekerezo bya filozofiya na morale nkintego nyamukuru. [43] === Urugendo runini === [[Dosiye:Willem van Haecht Władysław Vasa.JPG|thumb|Igikomangoma Ladislaus Sigismund wo muri Polonye yasuye Ingoro ya Cornelis van der Geest i Buruseli mu 1624]] Ubukerarugendo bugezweho bushobora gukomoka ku cyahoze cyitwa Grand Tour, cyari urugendo gakondo ruzenguruka u Burayi (cyane cyane Ubudage n'Ubutaliyani), byakozwe n'abasore bo mu rwego rwo hejuru bo mu Burayi bakennye, cyane cyane baturutse mu bihugu by’Uburengerazuba n'Amajyaruguru. Mu 1624, igikomangoma gikiri gito cya Polonye, Ladislaus Sigismund Vasa, imfura ya Sigismund III, yatangiye urugendo azenguruka u Burayi, nk'uko byari bimenyerewe mu banyacyubahiro bo muri Polonye. [44] Yanyuze mu turere two mu Budage bw'uyu munsi, mu Bubiligi, mu Buholandi, aho yishimiye kugota Breda n'ingabo za Esipanye, Ubufaransa, Ubusuwisi mu Butaliyani, Otirishiya, na Repubulika ya Ceki. Ryari urugendo rwo kwigisha [45] kandi kimwe mubyavuyemo ni ugutangiza opera y'Ubutaliyani muri Commonwealth ya Polonye - Lituwaniya. Umugenzo wateye imbere kuva mu 1660 kugeza haje inzira nini ya gari ya moshi nini mu myaka ya za 1840 kandi muri rusange yakurikizaga urugendo rusanzwe. Byari amahirwe yo kwiga n'umuhango wo gutambuka. Nubwo ahanini bifitanye isano nabanyacyubahiro b’abongereza hamwe nabaherwe bakize ba nyakubahwa, ingendo nkizo zakozwe nabasore bakize bo mubihugu by’abaporotestanti bo mu majyaruguru y’Uburayi ku mugabane wa Afurika, kandi guhera mu gice cya kabiri cy’ikinyejana cya 18 bamwe mu rubyiruko rwo muri Amerika yepfo, Amerika, ndetse n’abandi basore bo mu mahanga bifatanya na bo. .Umuco wariyongereye kugirango ushyiremo benshi murwego rwo hagati nyuma ya gari ya moshi nubwato bworoheje urugendo, kandi Thomas Cook yatumye "Urugendo rwo guteka" ruba ijambo. Urugendo runini rwabaye ikimenyetso nyacyo kubanyeshuri bo mucyiciro cyo hejuru mu kinyejana cya 18 na 19. Muri kiriya gihe, ibitekerezo bya Johann Joachim Winckelmann byerekeranye no hejuru y’umuco gakondo byamenyekanye cyane kandi bishimwa mu bihugu by’uburayi. Abahanzi, abanditsi, n'abagenzi (nka Goethe) bemeje ko ibihangano bya kera by’Ubutaliyani, Ubufaransa, n'Ubugereki bitanga ingero nziza. Kubera izo mpamvu, Grand Tour yerekeje cyane muri ibyo bigo, aho abanyeshuri bo mu cyiciro cyo hejuru bashoboraga kubona ingero zidasanzwe zubuhanzi namateka. Ikinyamakuru New York Times giherutse gusobanura Urugendo Rukuru muri ubu buryo: Imyaka magana atatu irashize, abasore b'Abongereza bakize batangiye gufata urugendo nyuma ya Oxbridge banyuze mu Bufaransa no mu Butaliyani bashaka ubuhanzi, umuco n'imizi y'umuco w’iburengerazuba. Hamwe namafaranga atagira imipaka, amasano ya aristocratique n'amezi (cyangwa imyaka) yo kuzerera, batanze amashusho, yatunganije ubuhanga bwabo bwururimi kandi avangwa nubutaka bwo hejuru bwumugabane. - Byose, Mat., Amasomo yavuye mu rugendo rukomeye. "New York Times 5 Nzeri 2008. Agaciro kambere k’uruzinduko runini, byizerwaga ko rwashyizwe mu murage haba ku murage ndangamuco wa kera na Renaissance, ndetse no mu muryango w’abakomeye kandi bafite ikinyabupfura ku mugabane w’Uburayi. === Kugaragara kwingendo zo kwidagadura === Iki gice gikeneye izindi nyandiko zerekana kugenzura. (Gashyantare 2013) Slatina Spa muri Slatina, Repubulika ya Srpska, BiH izwi cyane kubera imiterere yayo kandi yari imaze gukurura ba mukerarugendo kuva mu 1870. Ingendo zo kwidagadura zajyanye na Revolution y’inganda mu Bwongereza - igihugu cya mbere cy’Uburayi cyateje imbere igihe cyo kwidagadura ku baturage biyongera mu nganda. Ku ikubitiro, ibi byarebaga ba nyiri imashini zibyara umusaruro, oligarchy yubukungu, abafite uruganda nabacuruzi. Aba bari bagize itsinda rishya ryo hagati. Cox & Kings niyo sosiyete yambere yingendo zashinzwe mu 1758. [48] Inkomoko yabongereza yiyi nganda nshya igaragarira mumazina menshi. I Nice, mu Bufaransa, kamwe mu turere twa mbere kandi twubatswe neza mu biruhuko kuri Riviera y’Abafaransa, esplanade ndende ku nkombe y’inyanja izwi kugeza ubu yitwa Promenade des Anglais; mu yandi ma resitora menshi y’amateka yo ku mugabane w’Uburayi, amahoteri ashaje, yubatswe neza afite amazina nka Hotel Bristol, Hotel Carlton, cyangwa Hotel Majestic - byerekana ubwiganze bw’abakiriya b’Ubwongereza. Umupayiniya wubucuruzi bwikigo gishinzwe ingendo, igitekerezo cya Thomas Cook cyo gutanga ingendo cyaje kuri we mugihe yari ategereje stagecoach kumuhanda wa Londere i Kibworth. Hafunguwe umuhanda wa gari ya moshi wagutse wa Midland County, yateguye kujyana itsinda ry’abakangurambaga 540 bava kuri sitasiyo ya Leicester Campbell ku giterane cyabereye i Loughborough, ku birometero 18 uvuye. Ku ya 5 Nyakanga 1841, Thomas Cook yateguye isosiyete ya gari ya moshi kwishyuza amashiringi imwe kuri buri muntu; ibi byari bikubiyemo amatike ya gari ya moshi nibiryo byurugendo. Cook yishyuwe umugabane wibiciro byasabwaga abagenzi, kubera ko amatike ya gari ya moshi, kubera ko amasezerano yemewe n’isosiyete n’abagenzi, atashoboraga gutangwa ku giciro cye bwite. yamamajwe ku baturage muri rusange; Cook ubwe yemeye ko habaye gari ya moshi zabanje, zitabigenewe, abikorera ku giti cyabo. Mu mpeshyi eshatu zikurikira yateguye akanasohokana na societe yubushyuhe hamwe nabana biga ku cyumweru. Mu 1844, Isosiyete ya Gariyamoshi ya Midland Counties yemeye kugirana amasezerano na we burundu, aramutse abonye abagenzi. Iyi ntsinzi yatumye atangira ubucuruzi bwe akora ingendo za gari ya moshi kugira ngo yishimire, afata ijanisha ry'ibiciro bya gari ya moshi. Mu 1855, yateguye urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga, ubwo yafataga itsinda rivuye i Leicester yerekeza muri Calais kugira ngo rihure n’imurikagurisha ryabereye i Paris. Umwaka ukurikira, yatangiye "ingendo nini zizenguruka" mu Burayi. Mu myaka ya 1860 yajyanye ibirori mu Busuwisi, Ubutaliyani, Misiri, na Amerika. Cook yashizeho "ingendo zigenga zirimo", aho umugenzi yagiye yigenga ariko ikigo cye cyishyuye ingendo, ibiryo, nicumbi mugihe cyagenwe munzira zose zatoranijwe. Nibyo yatsindiye ku buryo amasosiyete ya gari ya moshi yo muri ottcosse yahagaritse inkunga hagati ya 1862 na 1863 kugira ngo bagerageze ubucuruzi bwabo bwo kuzenguruka. == Indangamurongo == https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism 3ls7xkgys2ir80c5d1pf9bub4uphvwr 0 15050 140926 110120 2026-10-07T13:46:13Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 140926 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag of Egypt(Moving).gif|thumb]] '''Ibrahim Ayesh''' ni umukinnyi wu [[Umupira w’amaguru|mupira w'amaguru]] wu munyamisiri ukinira ikipe ya Ghazl El Mahalla yo mu cyiciro cya mbere mu egiputa ho mu [[Misiri]], akina nku mukinnyi wo hagati. <ref>{{Cite web |title=كووورة: الموقع العربي الرياضي الأول |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=142544 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=www.kooora.com}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=FilGoal {{!}} لاعب {{!}} إبراهيم عايش |url=https://www.filgoal.com/players/130992 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=FilGoal.com |language=ar}}</ref> == Ubuzima == [[Dosiye:Football Pallo valmiina-cropped.jpg|thumb]] Ibrahim Ayesh yavutse ku ya 16 Ugushyingo 1998 mu Misiri. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=أرقام إبراهيم عايش {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B4/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8/edi1xann3feuj3vszju2tzpt6 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=صفحة اللاعب إبراهيم عايش اخبار ومباريات وصور وفيديوهات - الأهلي.كوم |url=https://el-ahly.com/Pages/PlayerPage?pid=4701 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=el-ahly.com}}</ref> Yatangiye umwuga we mu kibaya cya Tigris mu 2018. Mu 2022 yimuriwe muri Aswan SC naho mu 2023 yimurirwa muri Ghazl El Mahalla. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=FilGoal {{!}} لاعب {{!}} إبراهيم عايش |url=https://www.filgoal.com/players/130992 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=FilGoal.com |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.filgoal.com/players/130992 "FilGoal | لاعب | إبراهيم عايش"]. ''FilGoal.com'' (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-03</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]</ref> <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-01 |title=رسميا.. أسوان يضم إبراهيم عايش لاعب وادى دجلة لمدة موسمين |url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2022/8/1/رسميا-أسوان-يضم-إبراهيم-عايش-لاعب-وادى-دجلة-لمدة-موسمين/5855403 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=اليوم السابع}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-30 |title=غزل المحلة يضم إبراهيم عايش وطارق سامى قبل غلق باب الانتقالات الشتوية |url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2023/1/30/غزل-المحلة-يضم-إبراهيم-عايش-وطارق-سامى-قبل-غلق-باب/6065700 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=اليوم السابع}}</ref> == Reba == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wo mu misiri]] hn1tlr9emhp8hxyk4g8sbsu8egyudj0 0 15430 140927 93307 2026-10-07T13:46:38Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 140927 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ubu ntibigoye ko buri wese amenya ingaruka z'ihindagurika ry'ikirere, mu Rwanda gusa mu mwaka umwe hapfuye abantu 250 bazize ibiza, isi yose muri iki gihe yugarijwe n'ingaruka zo gushyuha k'umubumbe, kandi niba ntagikozwe ingaruka zizarushaho kuba mbi.''' '''Kwangiza ikirere cy'isi byakozwe kandi biracyakorwa ahanini n'ibihugu bicye bikize cyane n'ibindi bikorwa by'abatuye isi muri rusange ku rugero rutandukanye.''' Ariko ingaruka zabyo zitugeraho twese, n'intambara yo kurengera isi isaba umuhate wa buri gihugu yaba ikinini nk'Ubushinwa cyangwa igito nk'u Rwanda. * G20: Imihindagurikire y'ikirere na Covid biri imbere ku murongo w'ibyigirwa mu nama * Papa asaba ko haboneka inyishu "ruhasha" ku bihe mu butumwa kuri BBC yonyene * COP26: Arnold Schwarzenegger arakajwe n'imigambi y'abategetsi b'isi ku kirere I Gicumbi mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda, Damascène Balinda atuye mu murenge wa Byumba muri aka karere k'imisozi miremire, yagiye abona ingaruka z'uko bagiye batsemba amashyamba yarengeraga ubutaka bw'iyi misozi. Buri mwaka iki gihugu 'cy'imisozi 1,000' gitakaza toni miliyoni 15 z'ubutaka butwara n'isuri. Leta ivuga ko ibyo bitikiza umusaruro wagombaga gutunga abantu bagera ku bihumbi 40 ku mwaka. Mu nama y'ibihugu bikize cyane (G20) yaberega i Roma - perezida w'u Rwanda yari yatumiwemo - yavuze ko u Rwanda rwashyizeho umugambi mugari wo "kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ari nabyo ahanini bitera ubushyuhe bw'isi". Ubu, umushinga wa leta w'imyaka itandatu uzatwara miliyari 30Frw wiswe Green Gicumbi uri gusubiza iriya misozi ubuzima utera amashyamba, unubaka amaterasi. Nyuma y'imyaka ibiri utangiye, abatuye muri iyi misozi bavuga ko uyu mushinga urimo kubaha icyizere. Immaculée Murorunkwere ati: "Habaga hahagaze nk'uko hariya hakurya hahagaze, maze agafumbire kose washyizemo kakicunshumukira kakigendera. Twebwe rero ba ruguru tukaruhira ubusa, [ariko] ubu turahinga imboga zikera, ibishyimbo bikera." Nyuma y'imyaka ibiri uyu mushinga utangiye, Felix Ndayambaje ukuriye [[Akarere ka Gicumbi]] avuga ko koko inyungu ziri kuboneka. Ati: "Bamaze gukora amaterasi hegitari hafi kuri 500, hari no gusazura amashyamba ku misozi itandukanye, ibiti [bishaje] bakabikiramo, tugacamo imiringoti, harimo no kugabanya iyi myuka ihumanya ikirere aho batanze imbabura zizigama inkwi muri iyi mirenge yose yegereye umupaka, mu ngo hafi ya zose barazitanze." Ndayambaje avuga ko ibi byazanye impinduka nziza mu kurwanya isuri, gukumira ibiza, no mu buzima bw'abaturage. Ati: "Twari dufite umuhigo ko buri rugo rugomba gutera ibiti bitatu by'imbuto ziribwa bivangwa n'ibihingwa kandi twarawesheje turanarenza, rero ndumva nubwo uyu mushinga ufite imyaka itandatu twebwe twihaye ko mu 2024 uzaba warahinduye byinshi, cyane cyane Gicumbi y'icyatsi." Uru ni urugero ruto cyane rw'akamaro k'umuhate wo kurengera isi muri uru rugamba iriho, ariko ni urugamba rusaba amikoro menshi. == 'Africa siyo kibazo ariko yagira uruhare mu gisubizo' - Kagame == Leta ivuga ko mu myaka 10 iri imbere ikeneye miliyari 100Frw yo gushora mu mishinga yo kurwanya ihindagurika ry'ikirere. Minisitiri ushinzwe ibidukikije Dr Jeanne d'Arc Mujawamariya avuga ko muri uru rugamba Abanyarwanda bagomba no guhindura imyumvire mubyo bakora byose. Ati: "Ingaruka zo gukuraho ishyamba ziba nyinshi cyane kurusha gukuraho urukuta rw'inzu, abantu bagomba kureka kubona ishyamba nk'ikintu kidafite akamaro." Mu nama yaberaga i Roma, ku cyumweru Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] yagize ati: "Africa siyo ntandaro y'ihinduka ry'ikirere, ariko dushobora kugira uruhare mu gisubizo, kandi twiteguye gukora uruhare rwacu." Mu gihe amafaranga ibihugu byateye kandi ahanini bigitera iki kibazo byemeye guha ibikennye mu gihangana n'iki kibazo bitayatanga nk'uko byayemeye, haracyari ingorane ku bihugu byinshi bikennye zo gukora imishinga nka Green Gicumbi. == Amashakiro == https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-59122986 aj6hqf1hcemh3p2r68hnotio07ocn15 0 17363 140922 115138 2026-10-07T13:44:09Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 140922 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Umutiba.jpg|thumb|umuttiba|367x367px]] == Umutiba == Umutiba ni ikintu kiboshye mu migwegwe mu birere by'inshina cyangwa nahandi bitewe nuko bawukora umutiba twavugako ari inzu bororeramo [[Uruyuki|inzuki]] hanyuma zigattanga [[ubuki]]<ref>https://rwandamagazine.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/bakora-ibigega-bikoze-mu-migano-bibika-amazi-amafoto</ref> == Reba == m4viyw5ymeqad0ekbgdu9yyib3793wt 0 17388 140958 140772 2026-10-08T00:56:18Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = John Dramani Mahama | image = John Mahama in Yokohama (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = John Dramani Mahama | birth_date = 29 Ugushyingo 1958 | birth_place = Damongo, [[Gana]] | nationality = Umunyagana | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Gana (Legon), Ishuri rikuru ry'ubumenyi bw'imibereho rya Moscou | occupation = Umwarimu, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Gana]] | term = 2012–2017; kuva ku ya 7 Mutarama 2025 | predecessor = Nana Akufo-Addo | party = National Democratic Congress (NDC) | spouse = Lordina Mahama | children = 5 }} '''John Dramani Mahama''' (yavutse ku ya 29 Ugushyingo 1958 i Damongo) ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Gana]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva muri Mutarama 2025, nyuma yo kuba yarakiyoboye kuva mu 2012 kugeza mu 2017. Umuyoboke w'ishyaka rya National Democratic Congress (NDC), yabaye umudepite, Minisitiri w'Itumanaho, hanyuma Visi-Perezida ku butegetsi bwa John Atta Mills. Yabaye Perezida ku ya 24 Nyakanga 2012, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Mills, aba visi-perezida wa mbere usimbuye perezida upfuye ndetse n'umukuru w'igihugu wa mbere wa Gana wavutse nyuma y'ubwigenge bwa 1957. Yatsinzwe amatora ya 2016 n'aya 2020 na Nana Akufo-Addo, ariko yongera gutorwa mu 2024, aba perezida wa mbere wa Gana utorewe manda ya kabiri itakurikiranye n'iya mbere. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Mahama ni Umugonja ukomoka i Bole, mu ntara ya Savannah; yavukiye i Damongo, mu karere ka Gonja y'Iburengerazuba <ref name="E12">{{cite web |author=Charles Quist-Adade |title=Africa's Many Divides and Africa's Future:Pursuing Nkrumah's Vision of Pan-Africanism in an Era of Globalization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MpXWCgAAQBAJ&dq=john+mahama+gonja&pg=PA70 |website=Cambridge Scholars Publishing}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Guang people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Guang-people |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-08-07}}</ref><ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Mahama: Achievements, Date of Birth, Biography, & Age |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Mahama |website=Britannica |date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-13}}</ref>. Se, Emmanuel Adama Mahama, wari umuhinzi w'umuceri akaba n'umwarimu, yari umudepite wa mbere wa Gonja y'Iburengerazuba n'umuyobozi wa mbere w'Intara y'Amajyaruguru ku butegetsi bwa Kwame Nkrumah, hanyuma aba umujyanama wa Perezida Hilla Limann <ref name="E15">{{cite web |language=en |author=Emmanuel Ayamga |title='That's my dad in smock' – Mahama shares photo of his father among Nkrumah's Ministers |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/john-mahama-shares-photo-of-his-father-among-kwame-nkrumahs-ministers/6pbhlb8 |website=Pulse Ghana |date=2022-03-06 |access-date=2024-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716144711/https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/john-mahama-shares-photo-of-his-father-among-kwame-nkrumahs-ministers/6pbhlb8 |archive-date=2024-07-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza i Accra, mu ishuri rya Newtown n'irya Achimota, n'amashuri yisumbuye muri Ghana Secondary School i Tamale. Yize muri Kaminuza ya Gana i Legon, abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya mbere mu mateka mu 1981, n'impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya nyuma ya kaminuza mu itumanaho mu 1986. Yize kandi ubumenyi bw'imitekerereze y'imibereho mu ishuri rikuru ry'ubumenyi bw'imibereho rya Moscou, mu Bumwe bw'Abasoviyeti, ahabona impamyabumenyi mu 1988 <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Dramani Mahama Biography |url=http://www.ghanatoghana.com/Ghanahomepage/john-dramani-mahama-biography |website=ghanatoghana.com |date=2011-01-16 |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912122210/http://www.ghanatoghana.com/Ghanahomepage/john-dramani-mahama-biography |archive-date=2012-09-12 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=John Dramani Mahama Biography |url=http://www.ghanatoghana.com/Ghanahomepage/john-dramani-mahama-biography |access-date=2012-07-24}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Dramani Mahama, Biography |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/John-Dramani-Mahama-1349 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref>. == Umwuga mbere ya politiki == Nyuma ya kaminuza, Mahama yabaye umwarimu mu mashuri yisumbuye <ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=John Mahama biography, plus links to book reviews and excerpts. |url=http://www.bookbrowse.com/biographies/index.cfm/author_number/2199/john-mahama |website=BookBrowse |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1991 kugeza mu 1995, yakoraga muri ambasade y'Ubuyapani i [[Accra]], ashinzwe amakuru, umuco n'ubushakashatsi <ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Ghana |url=http://www.johnmahama.org/node/1 |website=johnmahama. |access-date=2015-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231801/http://www.johnmahama.org/node/1 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1995 kugeza mu 1996, yakoreye umuryango urwanya ubukene Plan International muri Gana <ref name="E23" />. == Umwuga wa politiki == Mu matora ya 1996, Mahama yatorewe kuba umudepite uhagarariye Bole/Bamboi <ref name="E20">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Mahama: Biography, Education, Age, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Mahama |website=britannica |access-date=2023-08-12}}</ref>. Muri Mata 1997, yagizwe Minisitiri wungirije w'Itumanaho, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Itumanaho kuva mu Ugushyingo 1998 kugeza muri Mutarama 2001 ku butegetsi bwa Jerry Rawlings <ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Dramani Mahama - My Story - The beginning |url=https://www.johnmahama.org/my-story |website=www.johnmahama.org |access-date=2024-10-16}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |title=John Mahama Biography |url=http://people.peacefmonline.com/profiles/245/biography/ |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728052946/http://people.peacefmonline.com/profiles/245/biography/ |archive-date=2012-07-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2000 no mu 2004 <ref name="E23" />. Mu 2003, yabaye umwe mu bagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko Nyafurika <ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Upcoming Events |url=http://www.ceibs.edu/today/events/55601.shtml |website=ceibs education |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Mu matora ya 2008, yatorewe kuba Visi-Perezida iruhande rwa John Atta Mills, arahira ku ya 7 Mutarama 2009 <ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=John Dramani Mahama Biography: Profile |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/politicians/john_dramani_mahama/biography/ |website=peacefmonline |access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref>. Yayoboye itsinda ry'igihugu rishinzwe imicungire y'ubukungu, n'inama zishinzwe ingabo na polisi <ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |title=Is John Mahama truly an opposition leader? |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Is-John-Mahama-truly-an-opposition-leader-1749854 |website=GhanaWeb |date=2023-04-15 |access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref><ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=John Dramani Mahama |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/person/John-Dramani-Mahama-1349}}</ref>. == Manda ya mbere (2012–2017) == Ku ya 24 Nyakanga 2012, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Perezida John Atta Mills, Mahama yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Gana imbere ya Perezida w'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, Georgina Wood <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Lomé Mensah |title=Ghana: La présidente de la Cour Suprême en poste |url=http://www.afriquemidi.com/Ghana-La-presidente-de-la-Cour-Supreme-en-poste_a89.html |website=AfriqueMidi.com |date=2016-06-04 |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111203103/http://www.afriquemidi.com/Ghana-La-presidente-de-la-Cour-Supreme-en-poste_a89.html |archive-date=2016-11-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Ghana's President John Atta Mills dies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18972107 |website=BBC News |date=2012-07-24 |access-date=2012-07-24}}</ref>. Mu matora yo ku ya 7 n'iya 8 Ukuboza 2012, yatsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 50,70%, imbere ya Nana Akufo-Addo (47,74%) <ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Ghana election: John Mahama declared winner |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20661599 |website=BBC News |date=2012-12-10}}</ref>, maze arahira ku ya 7 Mutarama 2013 <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ghana: jour d'investiture pour John Dramani Mahama malgré le recours de l'opposition |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20130107-ghana-jour-investiture-president-john-dramani-mahama-recours-opposition-nana-akufo-addo |website=RFI |date=2013-01-08}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |author=Michael Ofori Amanfo Boateng |title=11 Heads of States to attend Mahama's inauguration |url=http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201212/99293.php |website=myjoyonline. |access-date=2015-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222102/http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201212/99293.php |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ishyaka rya Akufo-Addo ryareze ibyavuye mu matora, ariko ku ya 29 Kanama 2013 Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rutesha agaciro ikirego cyabo <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jérôme Perrot |title=Ghana, le défi démocratique |url=http://www.lejournalinternational.fr/Ghana-le-defi-democratique_a1271.html |website=Le Journal International |date=2013-09-22}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Dr. John Dramani Mahama, President |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/president.php |website=ghanaweb. |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Ku ya 30 Werurwe 2014, Mahama yatorewe kuyobora Umuryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO) <ref name="E33">{{cite web |title=Mahama named West African bloc head |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/03/30/mahama-named-west-african-bloc-head |website=News |date=2014-03-30 |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Mu 2015, Gana yahuye n'ikibazo gikomeye cy'ibura ry'amashanyarazi, kizwi ku izina rya « ''dumsor'' », cyagize ingaruka ku bukungu kandi gitera imyigaragambyo <ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=On the Causes and Effects of Exchange Rate Volatility on Economic Growth: Evidence from Ghana |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2017.1247330 |website=Journal of African Business |date=2016-11-28 |access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ghana : quels défis économiques ?: |url=https://www.cairn.info/ghana-quels-defis-economiques-2019--1000000148901-page-1.htm?ref=doi |website=CrossRef |date=2019-06-03 |access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref>. Mu 2016, umunyamakuru Manasseh Azure Awuni yagaragaje ko Mahama yahawe imodoka y'agaciro k'amadolari 100 000 n'umushoramari wo muri [[Burukina Faso]]; komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu (CHRAJ) yasanze yarishe amabwiriza ajyanye n'impano, ariko ko atari ruswa kuko yari yarashyikirije leta iyo modoka <ref name="E40">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana's president and the $100,000 Burkinabe car gift controversy |url=https://www.africanews.com/2016/06/16/ghana-s-president-and-the-100000-burkinabe-car-gift-controversy/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-08-13 |access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref><ref name="E41">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ford gift saga: Mahama violated gift policy; but .. - CHRAJ |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/mahama-violated-gift-policy-but-not-culpable-for-bribery-chraj.html |website=Daily Graphic |date=2016-09-29 |access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref><ref name="E42">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ford Saga: Mahama Breached 'Gift Policy' – CHRAJ |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/723140/ford-saga-mahama-breached-gift-policy-chraj.amp |website=Modern Ghana |date=2016-09-29 |access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref>. Mu matora yo mu Ukuboza 2016, yatsinzwe na Akufo-Addo, amubona n'amajwi 44,4% kuri 53,5%, maze yemera gutsindwa <ref name="E36">{{cite web |title=Ghana: Akufo-Addo wins presidential election |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/ghana-akufo-addo-wins-presidential-election-161209172455364.html |access-date=2016-12-16}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction du Monde |title=Le nouveau président ghanéen investi |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/01/07/le-nouveau-president-ghaneen-investi_5059307_3212.html#CzS55u3zu6XPmgBd.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2017-01-07}}</ref>. Yabaye perezida wa mbere wa Gana utongeye gutorerwa manda ya kabiri ikurikiranye <ref name="E5" />. Muri uko kwezi, yari mu itsinda rya CEDEAO ryahuzaga Perezida Yahya Jammeh na [[Adama Barrow]] muri [[Gambiya]] <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Notre succès en Gambie témoigne de la pertinence de la CEDEAO – Mahama |url=https://citifmonline.com/2017/02/our-success-in-the-gambia-signifies-ecowas-relevance-mahama/}}</ref><ref name="E37">{{cite web |language=en |title=Happy to be part of The Gambia success - Mahama |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/lifestyle/2017/February-19th/happy-to-be-part-of-the-gambia-success-mahama.php |website=Myjoyonline.com |date=2017-02-19 |access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref>. == Hagati ya manda zombi == Muri Gashyantare 2019, NDC yamutanze nk'umukandida mu matora ya 2020 <ref name="E43">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana's ex-President Mahama nominated to contest 2020 election |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ghana-politics-idUSKCN1QG246 |website=Reuters |date=2019-02-27 |access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref><ref name="E44">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nii Larte Lartey |title=Mahama sweeps 95% votes to become NDC flagbearer for 2020 |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/02/mahama-sweeps-95-votes-to-become-ndc-flagbearer-for-2020/ |website=Citinewsroom |date=2019-02-23 |access-date=2020-12-08}}</ref>; ku ya 4 Ukuboza 2020, we na Akufo-Addo basinye amasezerano y'amahoro <ref name="E47">{{cite web |language=en |author=Juliet Akyaa Safo |title=Akufo-Addo, Mahama sign Election Peace Pact 2020 |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/akufo-addo-mahama-sign-election-peace-pact-2020.html |website=Daily Graphic |date=2020-12-04 |access-date=2020-12-08}}</ref>, ariko Akufo-Addo yongera gutsinda n'amajwi 51,6% <ref name="E49">{{cite web |author=Ekow Dontoh |title=Ghana's President Vows to Restore Growth After Election Win |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-09/ghana-s-president-akufo-addo-wins-re-election-with-52-of-vote |website=Bloomberg News |date=2020-12-09 |access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref>. Ku ya 14 Gicurasi 2023, Mahama yongeye gutorwa nk'umukandida wa NDC mu matora ya 2024, n'amajwi 98,9% <ref name="E51">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mahama wins NDC presidential primary, calls for unity |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/john-mahama-wins-ndcs-presidential-primary.html |website=Daily Graphic |date=2023-05-14 |access-date=2023-05-14}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=He was a bit wild - John Mahama's wife |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/He-was-a-bit-wild-John-Mahama-s-wife-142278}}</ref>. == Manda ya kabiri (kuva mu 2025) == Mu matora ya perezida yo ku ya 7 Ukuboza 2024, Mahama yatsinze Visi-Perezida Mahamudu Bawumia, wemeye gutsindwa bukeye <ref name="E55">{{cite web |language=en |title=#GhanaPolls2024: Bawumia concedes defeat to Mahama |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2024/12/bawumia-concedes-defeat-congratulates-mahama/ |date=2024-12-08 |access-date=2024-12-08}}</ref>; komisiyo y'amatora yemeje itsinzi ye n'amajwi 56,55% <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=«Ce n’est plus un novice»: au Ghana, John Mahama remporte la présidentielle avec 56% des voix |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241209-ce-n-est-plus-un-novice-au-ghana-john-mahama-remporte-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-avec-56-des-voix |website=RFI |date=2024-12-10}}</ref>. Yarahiye ku ya 7 Mutarama 2025 <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ghana: John Mahama, le retour au pouvoir d'un ancien président |url=https://www.boursedirect.fr/fr/actualites/categorie/politique/ghana-john-malama-le-retour-au-pouvoir-d-un-ancien-president-afp-914f68433529179cfbbe4c02e0bf7d4bd94ae78b}}</ref><ref name="E56">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana's John Mahama returns as president |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/01/07/ghanas-john-mahama-returns-as-president/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-01-07 |access-date=2025-01-07}}</ref>. Itegeko Nshinga rya Gana ntirimwemerera kongera kwiyamamaza mu 2028. Mu bikorwa bye bya mbere, yatangije iperereza ku mushinga wa Katederali y'igihugu wari wemejwe n'uwo yasimbuye, wanengwaga ikiguzi cyawo <ref name="E57">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana to probe former president's huge cathedral project |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250115-ghana-to-probe-former-president-s-huge-cathedral-project |website=France 24 |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-01-15}}</ref>, kandi abuza abayobozi ba leta ingendo zitari ngombwa <ref name="E58">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana bans first-class travel for government officials |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/02/10/ghana-bans-first-class-travel-for-government-officials/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-02-10 |access-date=2025-02-11}}</ref>. Ku ya 22 Mata 2025, yahagaritse ku mirimo Perezida w'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, Gertrude Torkornoo, maze ku ya 1 Nzeri 2025 aramwirukana nyuma y'inama ya komite yakoze iperereza <ref name="E59">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana: President Mahama suspends Chief Justice Gertrude Torkornoo |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/04/22/ghana-president-mahama-suspends-chief-justice-gertrude-torkornoo/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref><ref name="E60">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana chief justice sacked over allegations of misuse of public funds |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czxyxe55yjdo |website=BBC |date=2025-09-02 |access-date=2025-09-02}}</ref>. Mu 2025, yasabye inganda za peteroli kwihutisha ubucukuzi bwa peteroli muri Gana, mu gihe yiyemezaga no kongera ingufu zisukuye <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ghana: le président Mahama appelle les investisseurs à "pomper du pétrole comme s'il n'y avait pas de lendemain" |url=https://www.connaissancedesenergies.org/afp/ghana-le-president-mahama-appelle-les-investisseurs-pomper-du-petrole-comme-sil-ny-avait-pas-de-lendemain-250513 |website=www.connaissancedesenergies.org |date=2025-05-13 |access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mahama yashakanye na Lordina Mahama, bafitanye abana batanu <ref name="E62">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mahama's son, Asiedu Nketia's nephew: Four Ghanaian footballers who are related to politicians |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Mahama-s-son-Asiedu-Nketia-s-nephew-Four-Ghanaian-footballers-who-are-related-to-politicians-1545800 |website=GhanaWeb |date=2022-05-25 |access-date=2022-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813180720/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Mahama-s-son-Asiedu-Nketia-s-nephew-Four-Ghanaian-footballers-who-are-related-to-politicians-1545800 |archive-date=2023-08-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yavukiye mu Itorero ry'Abaperesibiteriyani, ariko mu 2001 yinjira mu Itorero rya Assemblies of God, iry'umugore we <ref name="E22" /><ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=He was a bit wild - John Mahama's wife |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/le-principal-parti-d-opposition-choisit-john-dramani-mahama-pour-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-de-2024/7092829.html}}</ref>. Umuryango we urimo Abakristo n'Abayisilamu <ref name="E63">{{cite web |title=John Dramani Mahama Sworn-in As New President of Ghana, Calls For Unity Among Ghanaians |url=http://www.gbcghana.com/index.php?id=1.977333 |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002102354/http://www.gbcghana.com/index.php?id=1.977333 |archive-date=2013-10-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yanditse mu binyamakuru byinshi, harimo ''The New York Times'' <ref name="E17" /><ref name="E66">{{cite web |title=BRING BACK OUR GIRLS: African Heads of State Send Support to Nigeria |url=http://www.ebony.com/news-views/bring-back-our-girls-african-heads-of-state-send-support-to-nigeria-304#.axzz31cRnVxcy |website=EBONY |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>, kandi akunda umuziki wa Afrobeat, cyane cyane uwa Fela Kuti <ref name="E70">{{cite web |title=Ghana's Mahama: writer, music fan and president-elect |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/321487/ghanas-mahama-writer-music-fan-and-president-elect |website=Philippine Daily Inquirer |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Murumuna we ni umucuruzi Ibrahim Mahama <ref name="E71">{{cite web |author=Magdalene Teiko Larnyoh |title=A wholly-owned Ghanaian cement company, Dzata Cement to offer competitive price as cement price goes up |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/a-wholly-owned-ghanaian-cement-company-dzata-cement-to-offer-competitive-price-as/z6s811w |website=Business Insider Africa |date=2021-05-12 |access-date=2021-10-05}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Gana]] 1tae08cxapksomnt5s61yqc4ylra2mm 0 17593 140942 118694 2026-10-07T14:03:00Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* */ gukosora imyandikire 140942 wikitext text/x-wiki Ihuriro ry’ibihugu by’i Burayi rishinzwe gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe mucyongereza: European Platform for Rehabilitation (EPR) ni ihuriro ry’abatanga serivisi ku bafite ubumuga biyemeje gutanga serivisi nziza.<ref>https://www.epr.eu/</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://d-wisenetwork.eu/en/partners |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-01-18 |archive-date=2024-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118074949/https://d-wisenetwork.eu/en/partners |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.epr.eu/who-we-are/epr-structures/</ref><ref>https://www.developmentaid.org/organizations/view/34113/european-platform-for-rehabilitation-epr</ref> == Intego == Kwiga no guhanga udushya hamwe<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Platform_for_Rehabilitation</ref> == Icyerekezo == Umuryango aho buri muntu ashobora gufatanya gukora serivise nziza zizana amahirwe angana kuri bose, kwishyira hamwe kw'abaturage hamwe n'ubuzima bwiza. == Inshingano == Ni ukubaka ubushobozi bw'abanyamuryango bayo gutanga serivisi zirambye, zinoze binyuze mu kwigira no guhugura. EPR itegura ibikorwa mubyerekeranye n'uburere bw'imyuga n'amahugurwa, akazi, gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe, [[ubuvuzi]], ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, ubuzima bwigenga, ICT n'[[IKORANABUHANGA (ubusobanuro)|Ikoranabuhanga]] rifasha, n'ibindi.<ref>https://www.devex.com/organizations/european-platform-for-rehabilitation-epr-123126</ref> === Ubumuga no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe === EPR ishimangira UNCRPD kumva ubumuga, ko "ari igitekerezo kigenda gihinduka", ko "Abafite ubumuga barimo abafite ubumuga bw'igihe kirekire bw'umubiri, ubw'ubwenge, cyangwa ibyumviro bishobora gukorana n'inzitizi zitandukanye bishobora kubabuza uruhare rwabo rwose kandi neza muri sosiyete ku buryo bungana n'abandi ”, kandi ngo“ ubumuga ni ikintu cy'agaciro k’abantu batandukanye ”. EPR ibona ko ubumuga atari ikintu cyihariye cy'umuntu ku giti cye ahubwo ko ari ibisubizo by'imikoranire y'uwo muntu ku bidukikije, nk'uko byagaragaye mu rwego mpuzamahanga rw'imikorere.<ref name=":0">https://www.epr.eu/who-we-are/epr-at-a-glance/</ref> EPR ifite imyumvire yagutse kandi yuzuye kubisobanuro byo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe kandi ikabizirikana mubikorwa byurusobe. Kuri EPR, gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe harimo ibikorwa byose bikorana n’abantu bafite ubumuga n’abandi mu bihe bigoye kugira ngo babaha imbaraga kandi bibashoboze kubona uburenganzira bwabo, bashyirwe mu mibereho yose kandi bafite ubuzima bwiza bushoboka. Irimo serivisi zose zikora kugirango ibyo bigerweho kandi mubuzima bwumuntu. EPR ibona ko serivisi zita ku buzima busanzwe zirimo gukumira no gutabara hakiri kare, kuvura indwara; kwita ku mibereho, inkunga n’imiturire no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe; gusana imyuga, kwigisha imyuga n'amahugurwa; inkunga y'akazi. == Ibikorwa == Ibikorwa bya EPR birenze guhanahana gakondo. Inzobere mu banyamuryango ba EPR ziterana kugirango zipime kandi zisesengure imikorere ya serivisi; kuzamura ireme rya serivisi nubuzima bwiza kubakiriya, kimwe no kugira ingaruka nziza kuburambe bwabo bw'akazi. Abanyamuryango ba EPR bafatanya gukora no kugerageza ibicuruzwa bishya, ibikoresho nuburyo bwo guhuza neza ibyifuzo byabakiriya, abakoresha nabaterankunga.<ref name=":0" /> == Ibyingenzi Byibanze == EPR ituma serivisi zitezimbere binyuze mukwiga, guhugura no guhuza, EPR yorohereza udushya binyuze mu guteza imbere umutungo n'imishinga, EPR iha abanyamuryango gukemura ibibazo bigira ingaruka kumitangire ya serivisi, Urusobe rwa EPR rwishyirahamwe rishya riratera imbere, EPR ishora abanyamuryango mugutezimbere politiki bakuye mubuhanga bwabo, EPR ikura politiki yayo binyuze mumisanzu igamije nubufatanye bufatika. == Imiterere ya EPR == EPR ni umuryango uyobowe na demokarasi n'inzego zawo zigenga. Ihuriro ryanditswe mu mategeko y’Ububiligi nk’umuryango udaharanira inyungu (ASBL / VZV, Reg. No 864922670).<ref name=":0" /> == Indanganturo == [[Ikiciro:Umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta]] [[Ikiciro:Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu by’i Burayi]] [[Ikiciro:Umuryango w’Abibumye]] [[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]] [[Ikiciro:Uburenganzira bwa muntu]] qlrmgaxewbjhar7x6v3m9ba97psyoow 0 17616 140941 135680 2026-10-07T13:58:18Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 140941 wikitext text/x-wiki '''D-WISE Network''' ni ubufatanye mpuzamahanga bwatejwe imbere na Fundación ONCE bwibanze ku ruhare rw’ubukungu bw’imibereho mu kwinjiza abakozi bafite ubumuga (D-WISE). <ref>https://d-wisenetwork.eu/</ref><ref name=":0">https://www.epr.eu/wp-content/uploads/D-WISE-Network-EPR-Webinar-22.10.21-Report.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.fundaciononce.es/es/comunicacion/noticias/d-wise-network-y-epr-apuestan-por-el-empleo-de-calidad-para-las-personas-con</ref> == Amateka == Nyuma yo guhura bwa mbere i [[Madrid]] muri Nyakanga 2017, mu Kuboza 2018 Fundación ONCE yateje imbere itangizwa ry’ikigo cy’ibihugu by’i Burayi gishinzwe gutanga akazi ku buryo bwuzuye ndetse na SDG hagamijwe gukangurira abantu, kubaka ubufatanye bw’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi no gukora ubushakashatsi ku miterere rusange n’ibibazo bihuriweho. yimibereho yubukungu nisosiyete ikoresha ijanisha ryinshi ryabafite ubumuga i Burayi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://d-wisenetwork.eu/en/who-we-are |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-01-18 |archive-date=2024-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118214451/https://d-wisenetwork.eu/en/who-we-are |url-status=dead }}</ref> Uyu mushinga watewe inkunga n’ikigega cy’imibereho cy’ibihugu by’i Burayi mu rwego rw’abafite ubumuga Hub Europe, washyizweho n’ihuriro ry’imiryango itandatu ikora mu rwego rw’ubukungu bw’imibereho ikoresha ababana n’ubumuga baturutse mu Bubiligi, Ubuholandi, Siloveniya, Ubufaransa, Suwede na Espanye. Ku rwego rw’Uburayi, amashyirahamwe y’urusobe Ihuriro ry’ibihugu by’i Burayi rishinzwe gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe (EPR), Ishyirahamwe ry’ibihugu by’i Burayi ritanga serivisi ku bafite ubumuga (EASPD). Byongeye kandi, Workability International, Ihuriro ry’abafite ubumuga bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi (EDF), [[Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu by’i Burayi|Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi]] Ushinzwe Imirimo (EUSE) hamwe n’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’ubucuruzi n’abafite ubumuga w’umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku murimo (ILO) bakora nk'indorerezi. Nyuma yimyaka ibiri yibikorwa, Observatoire yu Burayi ishinzwe Imirimo Yuzuye na SDGs ni umushinga uhuriweho, uzakora nka D-WISE Network. === Incamake === Nyakanga 2017: Guhura bwa mbere i Madrid Ukuboza 2018: Inama yo gutangiza i Buruseli Igice cya mbere cya 2019: Ikusanyamakuru ryatanzwe nabafatanyabikorwa bigihugu Igice cya kabiri cya 2019: Gutegura raporo igereranya Gicurasi-Ukwakira 2019: Gusura urubuga ahantu h’abafatanyabikorwa mu Burayi Ukwakira 2019: Amahugurwa ahuriweho n’ibiganiro by’abafatanyabikorwa bose i Paris Kamena 2020: Amahugurwa ahuriweho n’abafatanyabikorwa. Gutangaza Raporo Yubushakashatsi bugereranije Ugushyingo 2020: Gutangaza ibyifuzo bya politiki hamwe nubushakashatsi bwakozwe Ukuboza 2020: Itangizwa rya D-WISE Network izina rishya, ikirango nurubuga Gashyantare 2021: Inama y'abanyamuryango ba D-WISE Mata 2021: Ibiganiro n'abadepite Estrella Durá, Stelios Kympouropoulos na Katrin Langensiepen. Ikiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo ku bukungu mbonezamubano na Komiseri w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi Nicolas Schmit. Ukwakira 2021: Webinar ku bufatanye n’ibihugu by’i Burayi bigamije gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe Werurwe-Mata 2022: Genda mu Burayi gusura Imishinga myinshi irimo Imishinga Nzeri 2022: Abanyamuryango bateraniye i Buruseli. Abanyamuryango batatu bashya binjira mumurongo wa D-WISE. Ibirori byo murwego rwo hejuru hamwe nuhagarariye komisiyo yu Burayi Ukwakira 2022: Gutangaza Raporo Yingaruka Zimibereho ya D-Bwenge == Intego: == * Gusesengura uburyo urwego rwubukungu mbonezamubano rukoresha ijanisha ryinshi ryabakozi bafite ubumuga bigira uruhare runini mubikorwa byabo no kwinjiza imibereho muburayi.<ref name=":0" /> * Gusuzuma uburyo busanzwe bw’akazi ku bafite ubumuga mu bukungu bw’imibereho no guhuza n’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga (UN CRPD). * Gucukumbura ibikenewe muri politiki no gutanga ibyifuzo kubafata ibyemezo. * Kugira uruhare muri gahunda ya Loni 2030 igamije iterambere rirambye n'intego zirambye z'iterambere (SDGs) == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umuryango]] [[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]] [[Ikiciro:Uburenganzira bwa muntu]] 7kpsnh8koimsb9kgcj70ncma6l0erft 0 18033 140940 117220 2026-10-07T13:56:49Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 140940 wikitext text/x-wiki Akiwacu Colombe yabaye [[Nyampinga w'u Rwanda|nyampinga]] w'uRwanda muri 2014 aho yarihataniraga na bagenzi be 14, akaba yarahagarariye [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|intara y'Uburasirazuba]].[https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/56277/akiwacu-colombe-yegukanye-ikamba-rya-miss-rwanda-2014-amafoto-56277.html] Ku itariki 23 Gashyantare 2014. Akiwacu Colombe yanditse amateka yinjira mu bakobwa bazahora bibukwa babaye ba Nyampinga b'u Rwanda. lkamba yambitswe hashize imyaka ibiri iri rushanwa ritaba cyane ko yaje asimbura Aurore Kayibanda wari wararyambitswe muri 2012.[https://mobile.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/miss-akiwacu-colombe-yasabye-abakobwa-kudacibwa-intege-n-ihagarara-rya-miss] Inkomoko 1<nowiki/>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/56277/akiwacu-colombe-yegukanye-ikamba-rya-miss-rwanda-2014-amafoto-56277.html 2<nowiki/>https://mobile.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/miss-akiwacu-colombe-yasabye-abakobwa-kudacibwa-intege-n-ihagarara-rya-miss ky5jltztjqjt63pzmp7tg2bpjhy3u4p 0 18177 140937 138617 2026-10-07T13:53:21Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 140937 wikitext text/x-wiki Dative Kayitesi ni umuyobozi w' akarere ka Rutsiro, akaba umunyapolitike w' umunyarwandakazi akande numwe mu bayobozi b' uturere bakiri bato, kumyaka 39 yatorewe kuyobora akarere. <ref>https://igihe.com/politiki/article/urugendo-rwa-meya-kayitesi-umwe-mu-bato-bafite-inzozi-ndende-muri-politiki</ref> == Imirimo yakoze == Kayitesi Dative yabaye umuhuzabikorwa w' inama y' igihugu y' [[Umugore|abagore]] kurwego rw' [[intara]] y' uburengerazuba, yabaye umuyobozi mu ishami ry' imari muri IPRC Karongi. <ref>https://www.igihe.com/ubuzima/article/akarere-ka-karongi-kamaze-kumenya-aho-abana-bako-ibihumbi-12-bagwingiye</ref> == Amashuri == KAYITESI Dative nk' umunyarwanda yize amashuri abanza, ayisumbuye ndetse yiga kaminuza aho yize ibyerekeye n' icungamari. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} m67wmntenwa1i9g3634x6fqwpm8jiox 0 18209 140918 137711 2026-10-07T13:41:41Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 140918 wikitext text/x-wiki Ni umunyarwandakazi ukina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] akaba akinira ikipe y'igihugu cy'u Rwanda Amavubi.<ref>https://igihe.com/umuco/ibitabo/article/yigobotoye-ibikomere-bya-jenoside-ubuhamya-bwa-rutayisire-chantal-wanditse</ref>Akaba kandi akinira ikipe y'abagore y'umujyi wa kigali ( [[AS Kigali]]).<ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/imikino/football/article/as-kigali-wfc-yashyikirijwe-igikombe-cya-shampiyona</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Rwandan]] [[Ikiciro:Woman]] [[Ikiciro:Sport]] [[Ikiciro:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Football players]] rq7m4c82hcsm1wwg0udbofj8d03dsb7 0 18622 140932 105598 2026-10-07T13:50:32Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 140932 wikitext text/x-wiki Umurenge wa KARENGE ni umurenge uherereye mu karere ka [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|RWAMAGANA]] [[intara]] Y'IBURASIRAZUBA.uyu murenge ukaba uzwi cyane mubijyanye n'ubuhinzi bw'urutoki. = UMUYOBOZI = Umunyamqbqnga nshingwabikorwa wa karenge yitwa Mr.BAHATI Bonny TEL:0783406793 = UTUGARI TUGIZE KARENGE = Umurenge wa karenge ugizwe nutugari turindwi(7): # bicaca # byimana # kabasore # karenge # kangamba # nyabubare # nyamatete.<ref>https://muhaziyacu.rw/ingenzi/umuhinde-rwamagana-yubatse-ikigo-cyishuri-agiha-akarere/</ref> jnk56zewvzkxs9nzvmgojr9rm71ckt5 0 18751 140936 136093 2026-10-07T13:53:01Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 140936 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Nyanza-Mwami-Kings-Palace-Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Nyanza-Mwami-Kings-Palace-Rwanda|291x291px]] Ingoro y’Abami iherereye mu Karere ka Nyanza mu murenge wa [[Busasamana]] mu ntara ya Majyepfo  kuri kirometero 5 uvuye mu mugi wa Nyanza. Ingoro y’Umwami [[Mutara III Rudahigwa]] itanga ishusho isesenguye y’imiterere y’ubutegetsi bwa cyami.<ref>https://www.rwandaheritage.gov.rw/ishami-rishinzwe-guteza-imbere-inganda-zubuhanzi-na-ndangamuco</ref> Ingoro y'amateka y'ibwami Inyanza mu Rukari.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqhFhrQbTJc</ref> == Amashakiro == [[Dosiye:Rwanda_cultural_home.jpg|thumb|ingoro y;umwami]] <references /> 0l3dbeobnzbz000sdhis1i7syhyig2w 0 19906 140933 127529 2026-10-07T13:51:03Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 140933 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:RutsiroDist.png|thumb]] Rutsiro ni akarere kashyizwe mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|ntara y'Uburengerazuba]], mu Rwanda. Ni akarere gatuwe n'abaturage benshi b'ingeri zitandukanye, kakaba gafite amateka akomeye ndetse n'ubuzima busanzwe bukomeje gutera imbere. Rutsiro ifite ibyiza by'ubutaka birimo imisozi n'ibiyaga byiza, bituma ari ahantu heza ho gusura. Uretse ibyiza by'ubutaka, Rutsiro izwi kandi ku kuba igice gikomeye mu buhinzi, aho abaturage bayo bakora ubuhinzi bw'ibinyomoro, ibirayi, imyumbati, n'ibindi. Rutsiro ifite ibikorwa byinshi by'iterambere, harimo imishinga y'ubuhinzi no kongera umusaruro, ndetse n'uburezi butanga amahirwe ku bana b'aho. Hariho kandi ibikorwa bya leta n'abafatanyabikorwa batandukanye mu rwego rwo guteza imbere ubuzima, ibikorwa remezo, n'ubucuruzi mu karere. Kugeza ubu, Rutsiro irimo kugenda iterambere ryihuse, kandi igira uruhare mu buryo bwagutse mu kwigisha abaturage uburyo bwo guhangana n'ibibazo by'ubuzima, kurwanya ubukene no guharanira impinduka mu buzima bwabo. '''Ibiranga Ibidukikije n'Ubukungu bwa Rutsiro''' Rutsiro ni akarere kagaragara mu ntara y'Iburengerazuba y'u Rwanda, kakaba gafite ibyiza by'ubutaka n'ibikorwa by'ubukungu bitandukanye. Bimwe mu biranga ibidukikije n'ubukungu bwa Rutsiro ni ibi bikurikira: # [[Dosiye:Mountain in Rutsiro district, western Rwanda.jpg|thumb]]'''Imisozi n'Ubwiza Bw'ibirunga''' Rutsiro ikungahirwa cyane ku misozi myiza, bituma ikaba ari ahantu heza ho gukora ubuhinzi no korora. Ibi biterwa n'ubutaka bworoshye kandi bufite ubutaka bwiza bwo guhingamo imyaka. Imisozi itandukanye kandi itanga amahirwe ku bikorwa by'ubukerarugendo, aho ushobora gusura [[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|ibirunga]] n'ahantu hifuzwa cyane. # '''Ibiyaga''' Akarere ka Rutsiro gafite ibiyaga bigaragara nk'ikiyaga cya Kivu kiri ku ruhande rwacyo, aho amazi meza ya Kivu atanga amahirwe yo gukora [[uburobyi]] n'ibindi bikorwa by'ubukerarugendo. Ibi biyaga ni ahantu ho kwidagadura, ndetse bitanga n'amahirwe mu bukungu bw'ubucuruzi, cyane cyane mu bikorwa by'ubucuruzi bw'amafi. # [[Dosiye:Rustiro tea plantations.jpg|thumb]]'''Ubuhinzi bw'Ibinyampeke''' Abaturage ba Rutsiro bakora cyane ubuhinzi, cyane cyane guhinga ibinyampeke n'ibindi byera ku misozi. Bimwe mu bihingwa bibarizwa muri Rutsiro harimo ibigori, ibishyimbo, ibihingwa bya kawa, n'ibindi. Rutsiro ni akarere gafite umubare munini w'abahinzi, aho ibikorwa by'ubuhinzi bifite uruhare runini mu iterambere ry'akarere. # '''Ubworozi''' Mu karere ka Rutsiro, ubworozi ni imwe mu nkingi y'ubukungu. Abaturage bo muri ako karere borora inka, intama, ingurube, ndetse n'amatungo magufi. Ibyo bitanga amata n'inyama ku baturage ndetse bikanagira uruhare mu kongera ubukungu bw'akarere binyuze mu masoko atandukanye. # [[Dosiye:The 3rd beautiful Rwandan Bridge to prosperity at Rutsiro district, cfr 0788836386.jpg|thumb]]'''Ubukerarugendo''' Rutsiro ikungahirwa n'ubukerarugendo, cyane cyane ku misozi n'ahantu nyaburanga. Urugero rwiza rw'ubukerarugendo ni ibiyaga, aho abashyitsi bashobora gukora ingendo zo ku mazi no kwidagadura. Hari kandi inyamaswa n'ibinyabuzima byinshi byiza mu bice bitandukanye bya Rutsiro, bizwi nk'ahantu heza ho gutemberera. # [[Dosiye:A Kivu belt Road in Rutsiro District, Western Province of Rwanda. Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb]][[Dosiye:An aerial of the Kivu belt Road in the Western Province of Rwanda on June 17, 2019. Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb]]'''Ubwubatsi n'Iterambere ry'ibikorwaremezo''' Rutsiro ikomeje guteza imbere ibikorwaremezo, harimo ibikorwa byo kubaka imihanda, amashuri, ibitaro, n'amavuriro. Ibi bikorwa bifasha mu gutuma abaturage bagira ubuzima bwiza, kandi bituma abaturage bahabwa amahirwe yo gukora ibikorwa by'ubucuruzi n'ubushakashatsi. Mu ncamake, Rutsiro ni akarere gashyigikira iterambere ry'ubukungu, abakozi b'ubuhinzi n'ubworozi, ndetse n'ubukerarugendo. Ibi byose bigira uruhare mu iterambere rihamye rya Rutsiro, kakaba ari ahantu heza ho gutura no gukora ibikorwa bitandukanye by'ubukungu === Imiterere n'Ubushobozi bw'Ubuzima bwo mu Baturage === # '''Imiyoborere Myiza''' Ubuyobozi bwa Rutsiro bufite intego yo kurushaho guteza imbere umuco w'imiyoborere myiza. Bifashishije urwego rwa ''Ubushobozi n'Ibyemezo'', bakora ibishoboka byose mu rwego rwo kugarura ibyiza ku baturage, no kuzamura igipimo cy'imiyoborere. # '''Ubushake bwo Gufasha Abaturage''' Ubuyobozi bw'akarere ka Rutsiro bufite ubushake bwo kugera ku baturage ndetse no kubagira inama z'iterambere. Bitabira imishyikirano n'abaturage, bakumva ibitekerezo byabo ndetse bakanashaka amahirwe yo gukora iterambere ryabo. # '''Guteza Imbere Uburenganzira bw'Abaturage''' Ubuyobozi bw'akarere bwa Rutsiro bufite uruhare mu kurengera uburenganzira bw'abaturage, kandi bwita ku guharanira ko habaho uburinganire hagati y'abantu, gukemura amakimbirane no gushyiraho ibikenewe mu rwego rwo kubungabunga imibereho myiza. # '''Gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda za Leta''' Ubuyobozi bwa Rutsiro bufasha mu gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda zose za Leta, zirimo izijyanye n’uburezi, ubuzima, ubuhinzi, n'ibikorwa by'iterambere rusange. # '''Kwitabira Ibikorwa by'Iterambere''' Ubuyobozi bwa Rutsiro bukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo bubyaze umusaruro ibikorwa by'iterambere bishingiye ku buhinzi, ubworozi, ubukerarugendo, ndetse no kongera imihanda n'ibikorwaremezo byifuzwa na leta. Mu ncamake, ubuyobozi bwa Rutsiro bugaragaza imbaraga mu kubaka umutekano, gukemura ibibazo by'iterambere, ndetse no guteza imbere imibereho myiza y'abaturage. Ubuyobozi bukomeza kubakira ku miyoborere myiza no gushyira imbere gahunda z'iterambere mu buryo bwuzuzanya na politiki za Leta. Akarere ka Rutsiro ni ahantu heza hifitemo ibyiza byinshi by'ubutaka, ibidukikije, n'ubukungu butandukanye. Ifite imisozi ihanamye, ibiyaga bitangaje nka Kivu, ndetse n'ahantu nyaburanga hatanga amahirwe menshi y'ubukerarugendo. Abaturage ba Rutsiro bakora cyane ubuhinzi n'ubworozi, aho ibikorwa byo guhinga ibinyampeke, kawa, n'ibindi bihingwa bifite uruhare runini mu iterambere ry'akarere. Ubuyobozi bwa Rutsiro bukora kugira ngo bubyaze umusaruro ibikorerwa mu karere, kandi bwita ku iterambere ry'imibereho myiza y'abaturage. Gahunda za Leta zijyanye n'uburezi, ubuzima, n'ibikorwaremezo zishyirwa mu bikorwa neza, bigatuma Rutsiro ikomeza gutera imbere mu buryo buhamye. Mu buryo bw'imiyoborere, Rutsiro itanga icyerekezo cyo kugera ku ntego z'iterambere rirambye, aho ubuyobozi buharanira imiyoborere myiza, uburenganzira bw'abaturage, no guteza imbere imishinga y'iterambere. Ibi byose bituma Rutsiro iba ahantu heza ho gutura no gukora ibikorwa bitandukanye by'ubukungu, ikaba ari akarere kigaragara nk'ahazaza heza h'iterambere mu Rwanda. 5qgvckyvz9y4wgpc3qudomozde4gvmd 0 19911 140938 120900 2026-10-07T13:55:33Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 140938 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Umupira w’amaguru|Umupira w'amaguru]] mu Rwanda ni umwe mu mikino ikundwa cyane, ndetse ukaba ufite amateka n'iterambere byihariye. Uyu mukino ugaragaza uruhare runini mu muryango nyarwanda, ndetse ugira ingaruka nziza ku muco, imibereho, n'ubukungu bw'igihugu. Dore amakuru arambuye kuri '''umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda''':<ref>umupira mu rwanda</ref> === 1. Amateka y'Umupira mu Rwanda === * '''Intangiriro''': Umupira w'amaguru watangiye kumenyekana mu Rwanda mu myaka ya 1930, ubwo abanyamahanga bari bakiri mu gihugu bashyiraga imbaraga mu gutanga amasomo no gukina umupira. Amashuri ya gisirikare n'amashuri y'abakoloni yakundaga gukoresha uyu mukino, bituma urubyiruko rw'u Rwanda rwatangira gukunda umupira w'amaguru. * '''Ishyirwaho rya FERWAFA''': Mu 1972, ishyirahamwe ry'umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda, FERWAFA (Fédération Rwandaise de Football Association), ryashinzwe. Uru rwego rwagiye rugira uruhare runini mu guteza imbere uyu mukino no gushyiraho amategeko n'amarushanwa atandukanye. === 2. Amakipe Akomeye mu Rwanda === * [[Dosiye:Rayon Sport Uniform.JPG|thumb|ikipe ya Rayon Sport]]'''APR FC''': APR FC (Armée Patriotique Rwandaise Football Club) ni ikipe y’ingabo z’u Rwanda, yashinzwe mu 1993. Iyi kipe imaze kwegukana ibikombe byinshi muri shampiyona y’u Rwanda, kandi niyo kipe ifite abakunzi benshi mu gihugu. * '''Rayon Sports''': Rayon Sports ni indi kipe ikundwa cyane mu Rwanda. Yashinzwe mu 1968, kandi ni imwe mu makipe afite amateka akomeye. Rayon Sports yagiye igaragaza imbaraga mu marushanwa yo mu gihugu no hanze yacyo, yegukana ibikombe bikomeye, kandi irakunzwe cyane. * '''Kiyovu Sports''': [[S.C. Kiyovu Sports|Kiyovu Sports]], yashinzwe mu 1968, nayo ni ikipe ikomeye mu Rwanda. Ni imwe mu makipe afite umubare munini w’abafana mu gihugu, kandi yagiye igaragaza ubushobozi mu mikino itandukanye. === 3. Amarushanwa ya Shampiyona === * '''Shampiyona y'u Rwanda (Rwanda Premier League)''': Shampiyona y’umupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda yitwa Rwanda Premier League (RPL), yashinzwe mu 1962. Iyi shampiyona imaze imyaka myinshi ibera umukino wa mbere ku rwego rw'igihugu. Amakipe 16 yitabira shampiyona ya Rwanda Premier League, harimo amakipe akomeye nk'APR FC, Rayon Sports, Kiyovu Sports, na Mukura VS. * '''Ibikombe by'Igihugu''': U Rwanda rufite kandi '''Igikombe cy'Abami''' (Rwanda Cup), aho amakipe yo mu Rwanda ahatana mu guhatanira iki gikombe. Ni amarushanwa akunzwe cyane, akaba ari uburyo bwo guhuza amakipe atandukanye mu gihugu. === 4. Ikipe y'Igihugu: Amavubi === * '''Amavubi''' ni ikipe y'igihugu y'umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda. Yatangiye gukina ku rwego * mpuzamahanga mu 1962. Nubwo igice cya mbere cy'ubuzima bw'iyi kipe kitari cyiza, * Amavubi yagize ibikorwa byiza muri za 2000s.[[Dosiye:Iranzi amavubi 2016.jpg|thumb]]'''Imikino ya CHAN''': Amavubi yitabiriye irushanwa rya '''CHAN''' (African Nations Championship), aho yagiye yitabira imikino ya CHAN mu 2016, 2020, 2022. Iki ni irushanwa rigamije guha amahirwe amakipe y'ibihugu bigizwe n'abakinnyi bakina mu gihugu cyabo gusa. * '''Igikombe cya Afurika (AFCON)''': Amavubi yagize uruhare mu '''Igikombe cya Afurika''' (AFCON) mu 2004, aho yageze mu matsinda, bigaragaza ko umupira mu Rwanda urimo gutera imbere. Ni nko kubona u Rwanda rukina n'amakipe akomeye muri Afurika. === 5. Imikorere ya FERWAFA === * '''Uruhare rwa FERWAFA''': FERWAFA ni ishyirahamwe ry'umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda. Rifite inshingano zo gutegura amarushanwa, gushyiraho amategeko, kugenzura ibikorwa by'amakipe, no guteza imbere urubyiruko mu mikino. Iki kigo cyakoze byinshi mu gutegura gahunda zo kuzamura urwego rw'umupira mu Rwanda. * '''Ishuri ry'Umupira w'Amaguru''': FERWAFA yashyizeho gahunda zo gushyiraho amahugurwa y'abatoza, kugira ngo bazamure urwego rw'umupira w'amaguru mu gihugu. Ibi byafashije kugira abatoza b'inararibonye ndetse n'abakinnyi bakomeza kugera ku rwego rwisumbuye. === 6. Impano n'Iterambere === * '''Abakinnyi b'ikirangirire''': Abakinnyi b’Abanyarwanda nka '''Olivier Karekezi''', '''Eric Nshimiyimana''', '''Jimmy Mulisa''', na '''Meddie Kagere''' bari bamamaye mu Rwanda ndetse no mu makipe yo hanze. U Rwanda rukomeje kugaragaza impano mu mupira, kandi benshi mu bakinnyi bagiye banyura mu makipe akomeye mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yacyo. * '''Ubushobozi bw'ibibuga''': Ibibuga by'umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda, nk'ikibuga cya '''Amahoro Stadium''' giherereye mu mujyi wa Kigali, ni ibibuga byuzuye ibisabwa kugira ngo imikino mpuzamahanga ibereho. U Rwanda rukomeje kongera ubushobozi bw'ibibuga, hagamijwe kuzamura ireme ry'imikino. === 7. Ibikorwa by'Iterambere === * [[Dosiye:INTERNAL SETTINGS OF AMAHORO STADIUM IN RWANDA.jpg|thumb|AMAHORO STADIUM]]'''Ubukerarugendo''': Umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda ushyigikira ubukerarugendo, cyane cyane ku mikino y'amajyepfo y'Afurika, aho Rwanda izwi cyane ku buryo amakipe n'abafana bagenda baje mu gihugu. * '''Ubukungu''': Umupira w'amaguru utanga amahirwe yo gukora ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi, harimo kugurisha amatike, ibikorwa byo kwamamaza, ndetse no gutanga amahirwe ku bakinnyi kuzamura umwuga wabo. === 8. Ibibazo n'Ibikenewe: === * Nubwo umupira mu Rwanda ukomeje gutera imbere, hari imbogamizi zinyuranye zirimo: ** '''Kubura ibikenewe mu myitozo''': Bimwe mu bibazo by'iterambere ry'umupira ni ukubura ibikoresho bihagije mu myitozo, ibibuga bihenze, n'ibikoresho bikenewe mu gutanga amahugurwa. ** '''Kongera ubushobozi bw'amakipe''': Ibikenewe n'amikoranire myiza ku rwego rw'ibihugu byo hanze ya Afurika. === 9. Imikorere y'Amahugurwa n'Ubumenyi: === * Ku rwego rw'igihugu, hashyizweho gahunda zo gufasha abatoza, abanyeshuri n'abakinnyi bakiri bato kugira ngo babone amahugurwa, mu rwego rwo kubafasha kugera ku rwego rwisumbuye rw'umupira w'amaguru. === 10. Ibikorwa byo Kwiga no Kuzamura Abakinnyi: === U Rwanda rufite gahunda nyinshi zo gufasha abakinnyi bato gukomeza kwiga, ariko no kugera ku nzozi zabo zo gukina ku rwego mpuzamahanga. === Iterambere ry'Imyitozo n'Ubushobozi bw'Amahugurwa === * '''Amashuri y'umupira w'amaguru''': Mu rwego rwo kuzamura impano z'abakinnyi bato, hashyizweho amashuri y'umupira w'amaguru n'ibigo by'amahugurwa. Abakinnyi bakiri bato batangiye kugerwaho hakiri kare n'amahugurwa y'umwuga kugira ngo bagere ku rwego rw'ikirangirire. ** '''Centre of Excellence''' (ikigo cy'icyitegererezo) ni kimwe mu bigo byahindutse urugero rwiza mu Rwanda mu gufasha urubyiruko. Abakinnyi bakiri bato bigishwa ibijyanye no gukina, imyitozo, ndetse n'imyitwarire myiza y'umukinnyi. * '''Ishuri rya Ruhago''': Ishuri rya '''Ruhago Academy''' ni rimwe mu mashuri y'umupira w'amaguru rigezweho mu Rwanda, rifasha abatoza, abakinnyi, n'abafite inyota y'umupira kumenya byinshi ku mikino n'ubumenyi bw'ikoranabuhanga mu mupira w'amaguru. Iri shuri rikomeje kuba urufunguzo mu kuzamura urwego rw'iyi siporo. === 2. Imikoranire n'Abafatanyabikorwa Mpuzamahanga === * '''Amakipe n'ibigo byo hanze''': U Rwanda rufite umubano n’amakipe yo hanze y’igihugu ndetse n’ibigo by’imyitozo by’umupira w’amaguru. Amakipe yo mu bihugu nka Uganda, Kenya, na Tanzaniya akomeje gutanga ubufasha mu rwego rwo gushyigikira gahunda zo guteza imbere uyu mukino. * '''Imikino mpuzamahanga''': Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, u Rwanda ruri gukorana n’amakipe n’ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga mu rwego rwo kunoza imikorere y’umupira w’amaguru. By'umwihariko, habaho imikino n'amakipe atandukanye yo muri Afurika no hanze yayo, aho bategura ubufatanye bwiza mu kuzamura urwego rw'umupira. === 3. Ibikorwa byo Guteza Imbere Abakinnyi b’Abanyafurika === * '''Ubushobozi bw'amakipe y'u Rwanda''': Amakipe y'u Rwanda akunze kugaragaza ubushobozi bwiza mu marushanwa ya Afurika. Kandi, kubera uburyo amakipe n'abakinnyi b'Abanyarwanda bahura n’amakipe akomeye, bituma igihugu cyongera kumenyekana ndetse kigashora imari mu kuzamura urwego rw’umupira. * '''Amarushanwa mpuzamahanga''': Amakipe nk'APR FC na Rayon Sports yagiye agaragaza imbaraga mu mikino ya '''CAF Champions League''' ndetse no mu '''CAF Confederation Cup''', ibi bikaba byaratumye u Rwanda rwunguka byinshi mu rwego rw’amahirwe yo gukina ku rwego rw’umugabane wa Afurika. === 4. Imbogamizi n'Ibikenewe mu Iterambere === * '''Kubura ibikoresho bihagije''': Nubwo hari intambwe ishimishije mu iterambere ry'umupira, ibikoresho bihenze biracyari ikibazo. Amakipe y'u Rwanda akenshi abura ibikoresho bihagije byo gutoza no gukina neza, harimo ibibuga, ibikoresho by'imyitozo, n'ibikoresho bya tekiniki. * '''Ubushobozi bw'abatoza''': Abatoza b'umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda bakeneye amahugurwa menshi kugira ngo babashe gufasha abakinnyi gukina ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Gukora ubufatanye n'abatoza b'inararibonye bo mu bihugu byo hanze ni kimwe mu byafasha mu kuzamura urwego. === 5. Umupira w'Amaguru mu Bikorwa by'Ubukerarugendo === * '''Ibikorwa by'ubukerarugendo''': Umupira w'amaguru ufite uruhare runini mu kuzamura ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda. Mu mikino y’amakipe y’ibihugu, abashyitsi bazanwa no kumva no kureba imikino myiza y’umupira w’amaguru. Abafana baturutse hanze y'igihugu bagenda bakundira u Rwanda, bigatuma hari inyungu mu bijyanye n'ubukerarugendo. * '''Ibikorwa by'ubucuruzi''': Amakipe atandukanye yo mu Rwanda akoreshwa mu buryo bwo gukurura abafana no gushyigikira ubucuruzi. Kugeza ubu, amwe mu makipe arimo Rayon Sports n'APR FC afite abaterankunga bakomeye, ndetse buri mukino bakina ukaba ufite uruhare mu kuzamura ibikorwa by'ubucuruzi no guteza imbere umupira. === 6. Urubyiruko n'Uburyo bwo Kwiga Umupira === * '''Uburezi n'imyigire''': Abakinnyi b'umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda barashishikarizwa gukora neza mu mashuri yabo kugira ngo badahura n'imbogamizi mu gihe bagize impinduka mu mwuga wabo. Hari gahunda nyinshi zo guhuza imyigire n'umupira, aho abakinnyi biga imyuga n'ubumenyi mu rwego rwo kwitegura neza ubuzima bwabo nyuma y'umupira. * '''Amahirwe y'abakinnyi bato''': Inyongera y'imikino y'abato n'amahugurwa biba umusingi ukomeye mu kuzamura abakinnyi bato. Gahunda zo gutegura imikino y’abato zigiye kuba ikiraro gikomeye, bigafasha mu guhanga impano nshya zishobora kuzamura urwego rw’umupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda. === 7. Gukomeza Kugabanya Ibihe by'Imbogamizi === * '''Ibibazo by’imyitwarire''': Umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda, nk'ahandi hose ku isi, uracyafite imbogamizi zishingiye ku myitwarire y'abakinnyi n’abafana. Gukora gahunda zo kugabanya amakimbirane n'ibibazo by’imyitwarire ku bibuga bizatanga umusaruro mu kuzamura imikorere y’amakipe. * '''Ihinduka ry’imikino ya shampiyona''': Ni ngombwa ko shampiyona y’u Rwanda yongera kuzamurwa, hagakomeza ibikorwa byiza byo gushyigikira ubukungu bw'uyu mukino. Kunoza uburyo bwo gucunga amakipe, kwishyura neza abakinnyi, no guteza imbere imyitozo ni byiza bizafasha mu gutuma shampiyona irushaho gutera imbere. === 8. Guteza Imbere Ubuvanganzo bw'Umuco mu Mupira === * '''Kwigisha urubyiruko''': Gukomeza kubigisha urubyiruko kugira ngo umupira w'amaguru ube igikoresho cyiza cyo guteza imbere imyitwarire myiza n’ubumwe mu muryango, ni ibintu by’ingirakamaro. By'umwihariko, umupira w'amaguru urashobora kugira uruhare runini mu gukemura ibibazo byo kutumvikana hagati y'abana ndetse no kubigisha gukorera hamwe mu buryo bwubaka. 5gjny09c6u2lu956uk1xkfr6bvkqoik 0 19973 140954 139039 2026-10-07T23:48:14Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140954 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarah Oyinkansola Aderibigbe''' Sarah Oyinkansola Aderibigbe (wavutse ku ya 14 Kamena 2002), uzwi cyane nka '''Ayra Starr''', ni umuririmbyi akaba n’umwanditsi w’indirimbo wo muri [[Nijeriya]]. Yamenyekanye ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu mwaka wa '''2022''' ubwo yasohoraga indirimbo '''“Rush”'''. Iyo ndirimbo yagiye ku rutonde rw’indirimbo zikunzwe mu bihugu bitandukanye birimo [[Ubusuwisi]], [[Irilande]] n’[[Ubwongereza]], aho yageze ku mwanya wa 24. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=The Scoove |first=Africa |date=February 28, 2021 |title=Ayra Starr breaks new Record as "Rush" hits 100 Million views on YouTube |url=https://thescoove.africa/ayra-starr-breaks-new-record-as-rush-hits-100-million-views-on-youtube/ |website=The Scoove Africa |access-date=April 3, 2025 |archive-date=April 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404170507/https://thescoove.africa/ayra-starr-breaks-new-record-as-rush-hits-100-million-views-on-youtube/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yanamuhesheje kandi guhabwa '''nominasiyo mu bihembo bya Grammy ku nshuro ya 66''' nk’umunyafurika witwaye neza. <ref name=":1"/> Mu ntangiriro za 2021, Starr yatangiye umwuga we asohora umuzingo wambere windirimbo wiswe Ayra Starr ndetse nindirimbo yambere yari iriho yise " Away ", yamaze ibyumweru bibiri bikurikiranye kuri numero ya kane kurutonde rwa TurnTable Top 50 ya Nijeriya; iyi indirimbo kandi yageze ku mwanya wa 17 kuri Billboard Top Triller Global chart. Yakurikiwe no kumurika alubumu ye ya mbere ya studio, 19 & Dangerous (2021). yashyizwe mu byiciro nka Afropop na R&B, yakiriwe neza kandi itanga ibyiciro bibiri bya mbere muri Nijeriya. Indirimbo ya mbere yise " Umusamariya uva amaraso " yageze ku mbonerahamwe ya Top 50, iba indirimbo ya mbere y’umuhanzi w’umugore igeze ku mwanya wa mbere. Muri Kanama muri uwo mwaka, Starr yashyizwe ku mwanya wa gatatu ku bahanzi bitezwe muri Billboard . <ref name="NBS2">{{cite magazine|title=Next Big Sound Chart|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/next-big-sound-25/2021-08-21|magazine=Billboard|access-date=21 August 2021|archive-date=21 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821064614/https://www.billboard.com/charts/next-big-sound-25/2021-08-21|url-status=live}}</ref> Muri 2024, Starr yasohoye alubumu ye ya kabiri, ''Umwaka nujuje imyaka 21'' . == Ubuzima n'umwuga == === Ubuzima bwo hambere === Oyinkansola Sarah Aderibigbe yavutse ku ya 14 Kamena 2002 i Cotonou [[Bene|muri Bénin]], akurira aho no muri i Lagos, muri Nijeriya. <ref name="Hypebae3">{{cite web |last1=Obi |first1=Ify |date=18 March 2021 |title=Nigerian Singer Ayra Starr Is Making Her Mark on Music |url=https://hypebae.com/2021/3/ayra-starr-oyinkansola-aderibigbe-nigerian-beninese-lagos-teen-singer-songwriter-debut-ep-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412131506/https://hypebae.com/2021/3/ayra-starr-oyinkansola-aderibigbe-nigerian-beninese-lagos-teen-singer-songwriter-debut-ep-interview |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |work=HYPEBAE}}</ref>Ni Umunyanijeriyakazi wo mumuco waba Yoruba, <ref>{{Cite web |last=ETUKUDO |first=Itoro |date=2023-05-11 |title=How I came about the name, Ayra Starr |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/how-i-came-about-the-name-ayra-starr/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=The ICIR- Latest News, Politics, Governance, Elections, Investigation, Factcheck, Covid-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref> hamwe n'ababyeyi bombi bo muri Leta ya Kwara . Yakuriye mu ndimi nyinshi, yiga Yoruba kandi yiga [[Igifaransa|n'Igifaransa]] mu myaka ye ya mbere i Bénin, azi kandi neza [[icyongereza]] nururimi rwa Nigeriya Pidgin akoresha kenshi mu mirimo ye no mu mikoranire y'abanyamakuru. Umuryango we wimutse kenshi bitewe nubucuruzi bwa se, byatumye bigorana kurema ubucuti burambye nabandi bana mumashuri yisumbuye. <ref name="Hypebae3" /> Aderibigbe ni uwa kabiri mu bana batanu. Mukuru we Dami (wavutse 2000) yabaye umucuranzi wa gitari na nutunganya umuziki; barumuna be barimo Ade, Tolulope, na Jesutunmise. <ref name="Legitnewsng">{{Cite news |last=Muhonji |first=Muhunya |date=4 May 2023 |title=Ayra Starr’s biography: age, real name, family, boyfriend |url=https://www.legit.ng/ask-legit/biographies/1532572-ayra-starrs-biography-age-real-family-boyfriend/ |access-date=1 November 2025 |work=[[legit.ng]] |language=en}}</ref> Umuziki wari ingenzi mubuzima bwumuryango. Nyina, wahoze ari umuririmbyi, na Dami bagize uruhare rukomeye mukubagenderaho. Afite imyaka icumi, yinjiye muri korari y'ishuri atangira kwandika indirimbo hamwe na Dami, bayobowe na nyina na nyirasenge. Abavandimwe be nabo bashinze itsinda kandi bahoraga binjira mumarushanwa yumuziki waho bari batuye. <ref name="Hypebae3" /> Nubwo Aderibigbe yakundaga ubuhanzi akiri ingimbi, ise yari yaramusabye gushyira imbere amasomo mbere yuko apfa. Yize muri kaminuza <ref name="Rollingstone1">{{Cite web |last=Conteh |first=Mankaprr |date=13 August 2021 |title=The Sharp and Swift Ascent of Ayra Starr |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/arya-star-interview-1211965/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928190332/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/arya-star-interview-1211965/ |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=12 September 2021}}</ref> Cours Sonou muri Cotonou ahabwa impamyabumenyi ya BA mu mibanire mpuzamahanga na siyanse ya politiki . <ref name="Rollingstone1" /> Mu myaka ya kaminuza, yakunze gutotezwa nabanyeshuri bigana kubera imyaka ye ndetse nisura. Kugira ngo ahangane n'ibyiyumvo yagize byo gutukwa, yitabaje umuziki. "Numvaga Nicki Minaj ngiye ku ishuri maze nkumva meze nka Nicki Minaj wa kabiri." <ref name="Hypebae3" />Nyina wa Aderibigbe yashyigikiraga cyane ibyifuzo bye bya muzika kandi buri gihe yamushishikarizaga gukora umwuga wo kuririmba. <ref name="NME"/> === 2018–2020: Intangiriro yumwuga === Ubunararibonye bwa Starr bwarimo guhatana akiri umwana kuri televiziyo ya Nigeriya yerekana impano ya ''Maltina Dance All'', aho yarangije ku mwanya wa kabiri kandi yatsindiye televiziyo nk'igihembo, ibyo umuryango we wabonaga ari ikimenyetso cyerekana impano ye hakiri kare. <ref name="TLBF">{{Cite news |last=Wright |first=Andrew |title=On the Rise: Ayra Starr |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/features/interviews/ayra-starr-on-the-rise |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808170329/https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/features/interviews/ayra-starr-on-the-rise |archive-date=8 August 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021 |work=[[The Line of Best Fit]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2024 |title=“Dare To Dream” Review—Ayra Starr Documentary Connects The Past To The Future |url=https://culturecustodian.com/dare-to-dream-review-ayra-starr-documentary-connects-the-past-to-the-future/ |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.)}}</ref> Mu myaka y’ishuri, yakoze mashup ibyitwa nko kuvanga indirimbo ebyiri arizo One Direction '" Inkuru y'Ubuzima Bwanjye " na " Sade " ya Adekunle Gold mu gitaramo cy'ishuri. Nk’uko Starr abitangaza ngo iki gitaramo cyateye ababyeyi n'abarimu amarira, maze ashishikarizwa gufatana uburemere umuziki, ibyo bikaba byararanze ibyo yaje kuvuga ko ari "[[itangiriro]]". Muri 2018 <ref name="TLBF" />, Starr yasinyanye na Quove Models, ikigo gishinzwe kwerekana imideli i Lagos . Nyuma yaje kwigana ibigo nka Studio ya Mazelle, Ikinyamakuru cyuzuye cyimyambarire, na Esperanza Woman. Nyuma yaje kuvuga ko umuziki n’imyambarire ari inyungu zuzuzanya byaje bisanzwe kuri we. <ref name="Notionmag">{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Niall |date=15 November 2021 |title=Ayra Starr: Afropop's Bold New Leader {{!}} Notion Interview |url=https://notion.online/ayra-starr-afropops-bold-new-leader-interview/ |access-date=20 November 2021 |work=Notion}}</ref> Muri icyo gihe kimwe, yatangiye no guteza imbere umwuga we wo kuririmba binyuze kuri murandasi. Muri 2019, yatangiye gushyira hanze indirimbo zisubiyemo b zabahanzi nka Andra Day na 2Face Idibia kumbuga nkoranyambaga. <ref name="NME"/> Muri uwo mwaka, Starr yanakinnye mu gitaramo cy’imivugo aho yerekanaga amashusho ya Jorja Smith " Ntunyitegereze ndira ", yibutsa ko bamwe mu bari bateraniye aho barize mu gihe cye. <ref name="NMETalks">{{Cite news |last=Holden |first=Finlay |date=17 August 2021 |title=Ayra Starr talks NME through her ‘Firsts’ |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/ayra-starr-interview-firsts-3015579 |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=NME}}</ref> Yahisemo izina rya stage "Ayra Starr" kubera ko ryasobanuraga "gukanguka no guhumura amaso," <ref name="Schonmag">{{Cite news |last=Sibanda |first=Thandie |date=25 February 2021 |title=interview {{!}} ayra starr |url=https://schonmagazine.com/interview-ayra-starr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417104159/https://schonmagazine.com/interview-ayra-starr/ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=Schön! Magazine}}</ref> kandi agaragara mu mashusho y’indirimbo ya Eri Ife yise" Umugore w'ejo hazaza.Nubwo yakomeje kwamamara kuri murandasi ntiyakomeje gushidikanya ku bijyanye no gukurikirana umuziki ndetse anatekereza ku micungire y’umuziki kugira ngo ashyigikire amashusho y’umuvandimwe we Dami . Nkumuntu warukiri kwiga, yashimwe [[:en:Mavin_Records|Mavin Records]], byatumye abarimu bamutangarira kubona amashusho ye muri telephone zabo yakozwe nikigo cyumuziki gikorera abahanzi bazwi nka Di'Ja na Korede Bello. <ref name="ayraradar">{{Cite news |last=Gunn |first=Charlotte |date=31 August 2022 |title=On The Radar: Ayra Starr |url=https://www.musicweek.com/interviews/read/on-the-radar-ayra-starr/086464 |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=[[Music Week]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Ikiciro:Short description is different from Wikidata]] == Other ventures ==    '''Sarah Oyinkansola Aderibigbe''' Sarah Oyinkansola Aderibigbe (wavutse ku ya 14 Kamena 2002), uzwi cyane nka '''Ayra Starr''', ni umuririmbyi n’umwanditsi w’indirimbo wo muri Nijeriya. Yamenyekanye ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu '''2022''' ubwo yasohoraga indirimbo '''“Rush”'''. Iyo ndirimbo yagiye ku rutonde rw’indirimbo zikunzwe mu bihugu bitandukanye birimo Ubusuwisi, Irilande n’Ubwongereza, aho yageze ku mwanya wa 24. <ref name=":0"/> Yanamuhesheje kandi guhabwa '''nominasiyo mu bihembo bya Grammy ku nshuro ya 66''' nk’umunyafurika witwaye neza. <ref name=":1"/> Mu ntangiriro za 2021, Starr yatangiye umwuga we asohora umuzingo wambere windirimbo wiswe Ayra Starr ndetse nindirimbo yambere yari iriho yise " Away ", yamaze ibyumweru bibiri bikurikiranye kuri numero ya kane kurutonde rwa TurnTable Top 50 ya Nijeriya; iyi indirimbo kandi yageze ku mwanya wa 17 kuri Billboard Top Triller Global chart. Yakurikiwe no kumurika alubumu ye ya mbere ya studio, 19 & Dangerous (2021). yashyizwe mu byiciro nka Afropop na R&B, yakiriwe neza kandi itanga ibyiciro bibiri bya mbere muri Nijeriya. Indirimbo ya mbere yise " Amaraso y'umusamariya " yageze ku mbonerahamwe ya Top 50, iba indirimbo ya mbere y’umuhanzi w’umugore igeze ku mwanya wa mbere. Muri Kanama muri uwo mwaka, Starr yashyizwe ku mwanya wa gatatu ku bahanzi bitezwe muri Billboard . <ref name="NBS2">{{cite magazine|title=Next Big Sound Chart|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/next-big-sound-25/2021-08-21|magazine=Billboard|access-date=21 August 2021|archive-date=21 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821064614/https://www.billboard.com/charts/next-big-sound-25/2021-08-21|url-status=live}}</ref> Muri 2024, Starr yasohoye alubumu ye ya kabiri, ''Umwaka nujuje imyaka 21'' . == Ubuzima n'umwuga == === Ubuzima bwo hambere === Oyinkansola Sarah Aderibigbe yavutse ku ya 14 Kamena 2002 i Cotonou, [[Bene|muri Bénin]], akurira hagati aho no i Lagos, muri Nijeriya. <ref name="Hypebae3"/>Ni Umunyanijeriya kandi ni umurage wa Yoruba, <ref>{{Cite web |last=ETUKUDO |first=Itoro |date=2023-05-11 |title=How I came about the name, Ayra Starr |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/how-i-came-about-the-name-ayra-starr/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=The ICIR- Latest News, Politics, Governance, Elections, Investigation, Factcheck, Covid-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref> hamwe n'ababyeyi bombi bo muri Leta ya Kwara . Yakuriye mu ndimi nyinshi, yiga Yoruba kandi yiga [[Igifaransa]] mu myaka ye ya mbere i Bénin, kandi azi neza icyongereza na Nigeriya Pidgin, akoresha kenshi mu mirimo ye no mu mikoranire y'abanyamakuru. Umuryango we wimukiye kenshi, bitewe nubucuruzi bwa se, byatumye bigorana kurema ubucuti burambye mumashuri yisumbuye. <ref name="Hypebae3" /> Aderibigbe ni uwa kabiri mu bana batanu. Mukuru we Dami (wavutse 2000) yabaye umucuranzi wa gitari na nutunganya umuziki; barumuna be barimo Ade, Tolulope, na Jesutunmise. <ref name="Legitnewsng"/> Umuziki wari ingenzi mubuzima bwumuryango. Nyina, wahoze ari umuririmbyi, na Dami bagize uruhare rukomeye mukubagenderaho. Afite imyaka icumi, yinjiye muri korari y'ishuri atangira kwandika indirimbo hamwe na Dami, bayobowe na nyina na nyirasenge. Abavandimwe be nabo bashinze itsinda kandi bahoraga binjira mumarushanwa yumuziki waho bari batuye. <ref name="Hypebae3" /> Nubwo Aderibigbe yakundaga ubuhanzi akiri ingimbi, ise yari yaramusabye gushyira imbere amasomo mbere yuko apfa. Yize muri kaminuza <ref name="Rollingstone1"/> Cours Sonou muri Cotonou ahabwa impamyabumenyi ya BA mu mibanire mpuzamahanga na siyanse ya politiki . <ref name="Rollingstone1" /> Mu myaka ya kaminuza, yakunze gutotezwa nabanyeshuri bigana kubera imyaka ye ndetse nisura. Kugira ngo ahangane n'ibyiyumvo yagize byo gutukwa, yitabaje umuziki. "Numvaga Nicki Minaj ngiye ku ishuri maze nkumva meze nka Nicki Minaj wa kabiri." <ref name="Hypebae3"/>Nyina wa Aderibigbe yashyigikiraga cyane ibyifuzo bye bya muzika kandi buri gihe yamushishikarizaga gukora umwuga wo kuririmba.<ref name="NME"/> === 2018–2020: Intangiriro yumwuga === Ubunararibonye bwa Starr bwarimo guhatana akiri umwana kuri televiziyo ya Nigeriya yerekana impano ya ''Maltina Dance All'', aho yarangije ku mwanya wa kabiri kandi yatsindiye televiziyo nk'igihembo, ibyo umuryango we wabonaga ari ikimenyetso cyerekana impano ye hakiri kare. <ref name="TLBF"/> <ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2024 |title=“Dare To Dream” Review—Ayra Starr Documentary Connects The Past To The Future |url=https://culturecustodian.com/dare-to-dream-review-ayra-starr-documentary-connects-the-past-to-the-future/ |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.)}}</ref> Mu myaka y’ishuri, yakoze mashup ibyitwa nko kuvanga indirimbo ebyiri arizo One Direction '" Inkuru y'Ubuzima Bwanjye " na " Sade " ya Adekunle Gold mu gitaramo cy'ishuri. Nk’uko Starr abitangaza ngo iki gitaramo cyateye ababyeyi n'abarimu amarira, maze ashishikarizwa gufatana uburemere umuziki, ibyo bikaba byararanze ibyo yaje kuvuga ko ari "itangiriro". Muri 2018 <ref name="TLBF" />, Starr yasinyanye na Quove Models, ikigo gishinzwe kwerekana imideli i Lagos . Nyuma yaje kwigana ibigo nka Studio ya Mazelle, Ikinyamakuru cyuzuye cyimyambarire, na Esperanza Woman. Nyuma yaje kuvuga ko umuziki n’imyambarire ari inyungu zuzuzanya byaje bisanzwe kuri we. <ref name="Notionmag"/> Muri icyo gihe kimwe, yatangiye no guteza imbere umwuga we wo kuririmba binyuze kuri murandasi. Muri 2019, yatangiye gushyira hanze indirimbo zisubiyemo b zabahanzi nka Andra Day na 2Face Idibia kumbuga nkoranyambaga.<ref name="NME">{{Cite web |date=16 February 2021 |title=Ayra Starr: Nigerian teen leading her generation's sonic revolution |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/ayra-starr-nigerian-teen-leading-her-generations-sonic-revolution-2880834 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417095939/https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/ayra-starr-nigerian-teen-leading-her-generations-sonic-revolution-2880834 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> Muri uwo mwaka, Starr yanakinnye mu gitaramo cy’imivugo aho yerekanaga amashusho ya Jorja Smith " Ntunyitegereze ndira ", yibutsa ko bamwe mu bari bateraniye aho barize mu gihe cye. <ref name="NMETalks"/> Yahisemo izina rya stage "Ayra Starr" kubera ko ryasobanuraga "gukanguka no guhumura amaso," <ref name="Schonmag"/> kandi agaragara mu mashusho y’indirimbo ya Eri Ife yise" Umugore w'ejo hazaza.Nubwo yakomeje kwamamara kuri murandasi ntiyakomeje gushidikanya ku bijyanye no gukurikirana umuziki ndetse anatekereza ku micungire y’umuziki kugira ngo ashyigikire amashusho y’umuvandimwe we Dami . Nkumuntu warukiri kwiga, yashimwe [[:en:Mavin_Records|Mavin Records]], byatumye abarimu bamutangarira kubona amashusho ye muri telephone zabo yakozwe nikigo cyumuziki gikorera abahanzi bazwi nka Di'Ja na Korede Bello. <ref name="ayraradar"/> Ukuboza 2019, Starr yashyize ahagaragara indirimbo yumwimerere yitwa "Ibyangiritse" kurupapuro rwe rwa Instagram . Mu masaha atatu, uwashinze Mavin Don Jazzy yamwoherereje ubutumwa butaziguye bugaragaza ko ashimishijwe n'umuziki we kandi amutumira guhura. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=Oladoyinbo |date=13 February 2024 |title=How I Got Signed By Don Jazzy |url=https://devone.com.ng/2024/02/how-ayra-starr-got-signed-to-don-jazzys-marvin-records-must-read.html |access-date= |website=DevOne Africa |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423132509/https://www.devone.com.ng/2024/02/how-ayra-starr-got-signed-to-don-jazzys-marvin-records-must-read.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="NME"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onyango |first=Alfayo |date=2 April 2021 |title=Arya Starr: Nigerian teen music sensation |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/news/2001408298/arya-starr-nigerian-teen-music-sensation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402132222/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/news/2001408298/arya-starr-nigerian-teen-music-sensation |archive-date=2 April 2021 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=[[The Standard (Kenya)]]}}</ref> Nyuma Starr yabibonye yari kurya ibinyampeke maze abonye ubutumwa avuza induru yishimye, nuko nyirasenge amufasha gutanga igisubizo. <ref name="TLBF"/> Don Jazzy yavumbuye page ye abinyujije kumuntu wamukurikinaga kumbuga nkoranyambaga wakundaga gusangiza abandi ibihangano byabahanzi bakiri bato. Abonye ubutumwa bwe bwa mbere butabonye igisubizo, yamuvugishije abinyujije kuri musaza we. <ref name="donjazzysign">{{Cite news |last=ADEKUNLE |first=MUSA |date=28 September 2025 |title=Why I signed Ayra Starr to Mavin Records - Don Jazzy |url=https://guardian.ng/life/music/why-i-signed-ayra-starr-to-mavin-records-don-jazzy/ |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News}}</ref> Isomo rya mbere rya Starr kuri Studiyo ya Mavin kwari ukumenyekanisha amajwi yabigize umwuga. Yiyemereye ko yari afite ubwoba bwinshi muri ibyo bihe; we na murumuna we bizihizaga bucece igihe cyose Don Jazzy yabaga avuye mucyumba, hanyuma akongera guhimba agarutse. <ref name="Rollingstone1"/> Nyuma yaje gutekereza ku miterere ya Mavin nkumuryango aho gushingira ku bucuruzi. <ref name="Rollingstone1" />, muri 2020 yafatiye amajwi muri Studiyo ya Mavin i Lagos hamwe na ba producer Louddaaa, Don Jazzy, na Dayogrey. <ref name="Rollingstone1" /> [[Dosiye:Ayra_Starr_performs_Rush_at_Shoke_Shoke_Festival.webm|right|thumb| Ayra Starr akora "Rush" mu iserukiramuco rya Shoke Shoke muri Kenya, 2023.]] Umuzingo wambere yikoreye yise umukino wa wagutse wasohotse ku ya 22 Mutarama 2021 abinyujije kuri Mavin Records.<ref name="Apple">{{Cite web |last=Asejemu |first=Mojisola |date=10 January 2025 |title=Ayra Starr Net Worth 2025, New Songs and Achievements |url=https://www.naijapickup.com/mp3-music/artistes/ayra-starr/ |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=Np media |language=en-us |archive-date=24 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324064638/https://www.naijapickup.com/mp3-music/artistes/ayra-starr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> yasobanuwe nk "amateka y’urukundo cyangwa ibihe bishingiye ku rukundo" kandi "ahuza ibintu bya R&amp;amp;B / neo-roho na Afropop percussion." <ref name="Pulse">{{Cite news |last=Alake |first=Motolani |date=22 January 2021 |title=Ayra Starr sounds like a disruptor with a soul of 'lamba' on her self-titled debut [Pulse EP Review] |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/review-ayra-starr-ayra-starr-ep/xlbmdm3 |access-date=12 April 2021 |work=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> Starr yavuze ko icyifuzo cye muri aya majwi ari ugukora umuziki uzumvikana n'abumva ndetse n'abakuru. <ref name="eighteenmag">{{Cite news |date=25 February 2021 |title=Ayra Starr |url=http://1883magazine.com/ayra-starr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413083834/http://1883magazine.com/ayra-starr/ |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=13 April 2021 |work=1883 Magazine}}</ref> Kuvanga no kumenya neza umuzingo wizo ndirimbo byakozwe na Ikon, Louddaaa na Johnny Drille . Starr yanditse imwe mu ndirimbo kuri uwo muzingo wenyine kandi afatanya kwandika eyne zisigaye hamwe na murumuna we Dami. <ref name="Apple" /> Nyuma gato yo gusohoka, uwo muzingo wabaye alubumu ya mbere kuri Nigeriya iTunes na Apple Music . Kugeza muri Werurwe 2021, wageze ku mwanya umwe kuri Apple Music mu bindi bihugu 4, yumvwa munshuro zirenga miliyoni 15 muri Spotify, YouTube na Audio Mack . Uyu mushinga wabyaye inzira " Away " wageze ku mwanya wa kane kuri <nowiki><i id="mw7w">TurnTable</i></nowiki> Top 50 yo muri Nijeriya na 17 muri Amerika <nowiki><i id="mw8Q">Billboard</i></nowiki> Top Triller Global . Amashusho y'indirimbo ayiherekeza kandi yerekanwe ku rubuga rwa MTV Base <ref name="TurnTable">{{Cite web |title=Turntable Charts |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/Charts/Top50 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928190330/https://www.turntablecharts.com/Charts/Top50 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> rwa ''Naija'' Top 10 ''.'' <ref name="OkayAfrica">{{Cite news |date=27 January 2021 |title=The 9 Best Nigerian Songs of the Month (January) |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/nigerian-music-songs-best-january/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504023657/https://www.okayafrica.com/nigerian-music-songs-best-january/ |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=6 April 2021 |work=[[OkayAfrica]]}}</ref> Starr yasohoye verisiyo ya remix ya "Ija" na " Away " irimo Tokimonsta na Lilo hagati ya Werurwe na Mata. Muri kiriya gihe kimwe, Umuzingo ''Twelve AM'' ya Crayon wasohotse hamwe nijwi rye mundirimbo "Muri Sync." <ref>{{Cite news |last=Alake |first=Motolani |date=26 March 2021 |title=Rema, Ayra Starr, Bella Shmurda feature on Crayon's new EP, 'Twelve AM' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/stream-crayon-twelve-am/8rtfk02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413072323/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/stream-crayon-twelve-am/8rtfk02 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=13 April 2021 |work=Pulse Nigeria |language=en-NG}}</ref> Yakinnye muri " UC Berkeley " Ishyirahamwe ry’abanyeshuri bo muri Nijeriya ryerekana umuco wiswe Olori Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okobz |first=Ralph |date=20 April 2021 |title=Watch Ayra Starr's Captivating UC Berkeley Performance |url=https://notjustok.com/news/ayra-starr-uc-berkeley-performance-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503132542/https://notjustok.com/news/ayra-starr-uc-berkeley-performance-watch/ |archive-date=3 May 2021 |access-date=5 May 2021 |website=[[NotJustOk]]}}</ref> Muri Mata 2021 , amashusho y’indirimbo ye "DITR" yasohotse kuri YouTube abinyujije kuri Mavin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2021 |title=New Video: Ayra Starr – DITR |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/04/ayra-starr-ditr-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928190332/https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/04/ayra-starr-ditr-video/ |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=5 May 2021 |website=[[BellaNaija]]}}</ref> Muri Kamena 2021, hasohotse amashusho yindirimbo yindi ndirimbo yitwa "Sare". Amashusho yindirimbo yombi yayobowe na Afolabi Olalekan. Ku ya 11 Nyakanga 2021, Starr yaririmbye shampiyona yanyuma ya ''Nigeriya Idol'' . <ref>{{Cite news |last=Edeme |first=Victoria |date=11 July 2021 |title=Ice Prince, Ayra Starr, others perform at Nigerian Idol Grand Finale |url=https://punchng.com/ice-prince-ayra-starr-others-perform-at-nigrian-idol-grand-finale/ |access-date=27 July 2021 |work=Punch Newspapers}}</ref> Ku ya 6 Kanama 2021, Album ye ya mbere ya studio, yise ''19 &amp;amp; Dangerous'' yashyizwe ahagaragara. Kuri iyi alubumu, yakoranye na bagenzi be bahoze bakorana Louddaaa na Don Jazzy, bombi bakaba baragize uruhare mu gutanga umusaruro kuri EP ''Ayra Starr'', ndetse n'abafatanyabikorwa bashya, London na Andre Vibez. Iyi alubumu yerekanye bwa mbere gufatanwa amajwi hamwe nabahanzi babatumirwa nka Fousheé na CKay . <ref>{{Cite news |title=Ayra Starr Set To Release Visual For "Beggie Beggie" with Ckay |url=https://wapbeatz.com/news/ayra-starr-set-to-release-visual-for-beggie-beggie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928190332/https://wapbeatz.com/news/ayra-starr-set-to-release-visual-for-beggie-beggie/ |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=wapBeatz.com}}</ref> Yahuye niyakirwa ryiza hamwe nabashima benshi amajwi yayo nkayambere muri Afropop na R&B. Yabyaye ibitego bibiri bya mbere mirongo ine kuri ''TurnTable'' Top 50, isumba izindi ni " Umusamariya Wamaraso ", iyo indirimbo yonyine, yabaye iya Starr ya mbere ya mbere ku mbonerahamwe. Indirimbo yazamutse muri Top 50 mu byumweru byinshi, kandi, ku mbonerahamwe yo ku ya 27 Nzeri 2021, yageze ku mwanya wa mbere, bituma Starr aba umuhanzi w'umugore wa mbere ubikora ufite indirimbo wenyine. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Badewa |first=Collins |date=19 July 2021 |title=Rave News Digest: Ayra Starr Announces Album Release Date, Colin Kaepernick Writing A Book, Giroud + More |url=https://www.stylerave.com/ayra-starr-album-release-date/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=Style Rave}}</ref> ' [ ''4'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=DNA Mix: Throwback |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000y75k |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730090510/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000y75k |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |publisher=[[BBC Radio 1Xtra]] |via=[[Wayback Machine]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mike |first=Steven |date=6 August 2021 |title=Ayra Starr 19 & Dangerous Album |url=https://ivorymp3.com/ayra-starr-19-dangerous-album/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928190331/https://ivorymp3.com/ayra-starr-19-dangerous-album/ |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=ivoryMP3}}</ref>​ Muri Nzeri 2021, yagizwe ambasaderi w’ikirango muri Pepsi Nigeriya. Bukeye, Starr yaririmbye mugihe cyo kwerekana imbonankubone ya ''Big Brother Naija'' . <ref name="Pepsi">{{Cite news |date=4 September 2021 |title=Pepsi unveils new ambassadors Ayra Starr and Rema #ForTheLoveOfMusic |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/09/pepsi-unveils-new-ambassadors-ayra-starr-and-rema-fortheloveofmusic/ |access-date=10 September 2021 |work=Vanguard News}}</ref> Yakoranye na Check kuri "Akaga", indirimbo ya kabiri kuri alubumu ye ''Bravo'' . Mu bihembo bya 8 bya Afurika Muzik Magazine Awards, yatorewe igihembo cyiza cy'umuhanzi mushya. Muri Werurwe 2022, Starr yiswe "Up Now" na serivise yo gutunganya umuziki Audiomack . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-22 |title=Ayra Starr Is #UpNow |url=https://audiomack.com/world/post/ayra-starr-is-upnow-announcement |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Audiomack World |language=en}}</ref> Ku ya 16 Nzeri 2022, Starr yasohoye " Rush " nkimwe mundirimbo zigize album ya ''19 &amp;amp; Dangerous'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-09-16 |title=Ayra Starr Releases "Rush" Her First Single Of The Year |url=https://guardian.ng/life/ayra-starr-releases-rush-her-first-single-of-the-year/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/>mu turere twinshi, harimo Ubusuwisi, Irilande n'Ubwongereza, aho yageze ku mwanya wa 24. Yabaye indirimbo yambere icuranzwe cyane kuri spotify yakozwe numugore wenyine wumunyanijeriya kandi yanatumye aba umunyafurika wambere wumugore urenze miliyoni ijana kundirimbo imwe yarebwe kuri yutube kandi yanatumye Starr ahamagarwa bwambere muri Grammy Awards ya 66 ngarukamwaka mu bihembo byiza bya muzika nyafurika . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=2024 GRAMMY Nominations: See The Full Nominees List {{!}} GRAMMY.com |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2024-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.grammy.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayra Starr's "Rush" To The Top: The Afrobeats Singer On Numerology, The Male Gaze & The Power Of Kelly Rowland {{!}} GRAMMY.com |url=https://grammy.com/news/ayra-starr-interview-2024-grammys-best-african-music-performance-videos |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=grammy.com}}</ref>​''​'' Kuya 10 Ugushyingo2022 yagaragaye mu ndirimbo ya Wizkid ya gatanu kuri alubumu yitwa urukundo rwinshi kwiyemera gucye. Indirimbo yageze ku mwanya wa 1 mu ndirimbo zigezweho kuri Billboard, kandi yerekanwe ku mwanya wa 5 ku mbonerahamwe y’indirimbo za Billboard US Afrobeats . Ku ya 4 Werurwe 2023, Starr yerekeje ku mbuga nkoranyambaga atangaza ko umuziki we wakoreshejwe mu rwego rwo gufata amajwi ya filime ''Creed III'' . <ref name="Aliyu">{{Cite news |date=4 March 2023 |title=Ayra Starr gushes as her song gets featured in Hollywood's,Creed III |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ayra-starr-gushes-as-her-song-gets-featured-in-hollywoods-creed-iii/ |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=tribuneonlineng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-20 |title=Nigerian singer Ayra Starr names Cristiano Ronaldo among her idols |url=https://soccerbrief.co.uk/nigerian-singer-ayra-starr-names-cristiano-ronaldo-among-her-idols/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=SoccerBrief.co.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ku ya 13 Nyakanga 2023, Starr yatangaje ko azayobora urugendo rwe rwa mbere ruzenguruka isi rwiswe 21: The World Tour . Muri urwo ruzinduko harimo guhagarara <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ayra Starr Announces First Headlining World Tour / Reveals Dates - That Grape Juice |url=https://thatgrapejuice.net/2023/07/ayra-starr-announces-first-headlining-world-tour-reveals-dates/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=thatgrapejuice.net}}</ref> [[Amerika ya Ruguru]], Afurika, [[Burayi|Uburayi]] na [[Ositaraliya]]. Ku ya 27 <ref name=":2" /> Ukwakira 2023, yagaragaye ku ndirimbo ya David Guetta yitwa " Big FU ", hamwe n'umuraperi Lil Durk . Yageze ku mwanya wa 23 ku ndirimbo za Afrobeats zo muri Amerika na No 18 kuri Nouvelle-Zélande Top 40 yambere. <ref>{{Cite web |title=David Guetta dévoile un nouveau morceau "Big FU" |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2023-11-03 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=[[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Top 40]]}}</ref> === 2024 - ubungubu: ''Umwaka nujuje imyaka 21'' === Mu mpera za 2023, Starr yatangiye gukora kuri alubumu ye ya kabiri yo muri studio, ''Umwaka nujuje imyaka 21'' . Umushinga wagaragaje ubwihindurize bukomeye mubukorikori bwe, bugaragaza insanganyamatsiko yo kwishakisha, urukundo, intimba no guha imbaraga. Starr yasobanuye ko umutwe wa alubumu watewe inkunga no kuba yarakuze, asobanura ko "atari imyaka gusa, ahubwo ko ari imikurire, kwivumbura, n'amasomo nize mu nzira." Amahugurwa yo gufata amajwi yabereye kuri Studiyo ya Mavin i Lagos akomeza mu 2024, hamwe n’umusanzu watanzwe na Louddaaa, London, na Johnny Drille, ndetse na producer Rvssian watowe na Grammy. Starr yavuze ko gufata amajwi ari "urugendo rwo kugerageza no kwigaragaza, aho nemereye kuba umunyantege nke." <ref>{{Cite news |last=Magnocavallo |first=Fabio |date=30 May 2024 |title=Ayra Starr |url=https://www.euphoriazine.com/blog/2024/05/covers-ayra-starr-the-year-i-turned-21/ |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=EUPHORIA.}}</ref> Mugihe cyo gutunganya alubumu, Starr yatangiye kubaka imbaraga n'amahirwe akomeye n'abafatanyabikorwa. Ku ya 5 Werurwe 2024, umuhanzi w’umunyamerika uririmba injyana ya R&B , Chris Brown, yatangaje ko mu 2024 Starr azaba kimwe mu bikorwa byo gutangiza uruzinduko rwe rwa 11:11 muri Amerika ya Ruguru, bishimangira kuba mpuzamahanga ahari <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chris Brown Announces "The 11:11 Tour" Dates With Muni Long and Ayra Starr |url=https://www.rap-up.com/2024/03/05/chris-brown-announces-the-1111-tour-dates-with-muni-long-and-ayra-starr/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Rap-Up |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426220053/https://www.rap-up.com/2024/03/05/chris-brown-announces-the-1111-tour-dates-with-muni-long-and-ayra-starr/ |archive-date=2024-04-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ku ya 8 Mata 2024, producer Rvssian wo muri Jamayike yasohoye indirimbo " Santa ", ku bufatanye n’umuhanzi Starr hamwe n’umuhanzi Rauw Alejandro wa reggaeton. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=LaMezcla |date=2024-04-08 |title=Rvssian Rauw Alejandro & Ayra Starr Release New Single "Santa" |url=https://lamezcla.com/rvssian-rauw-alejandro-ayra-starr-release-new-single-santa/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501024755/https://lamezcla.com/rvssian-rauw-alejandro-ayra-starr-release-new-single-santa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inzira yahindutse yamenyekanye cyane, ihuza Afropop, reggaeton, na Dancehall. Byatumye kandi Starr aba umuhanzi wambere wigitsina gore wo muri Nigeriya wageze kuri miliyoni 20 zabantu bamwumva kuri Spotify. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-30 |title=Ayra Starr achieves 2 career milestones on Spotify |url=https://notjustok.com/news/ayra-starr-career-milestones-on-spotify/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaseline |date=2024-04-30 |title=Ayra Starr reaches 2 career milestones on Spotify |url=https://www.pkauto.ca/post/op49500cd11/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501182722/https://www.pkauto.ca/post/op49500cd11/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Muri uko kwezi, Starr yitabiriye ibirori bya Fenty i Londres, aho yahuriye na Rihanna . Imikoranire yabo, yafashwe muri videwo ikwirakwizwa cyane, yateje kwibaza ku bufatanye bushoboka. <ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2024 |title=Rihanna & Ayra Starr Finally Meet at FENTY X PUMA London Launch - That Grape Juice |url=https://thatgrapejuice.net/2024/04/rihanna-ayra-starr-finally-meet-at-fenty-x-puma-london-launch/ |access-date=9 July 2024 |work=thatgrapejuice.net}}</ref> Rihanna, wavumbuye umuziki wa Starr abinyujije kuri mubyara we, yagaragaje ko yishimiye Starr anabaza ibijyanye no gukorana na Starr na Tems. Nyuma Starr yagize icyo avuga ku mikoranire, agaragaza ko yishimiye ko Rihanna ashimishijwe kandi ko yiteguye gukorana n'abahanzi bombi mu bihe biri imbere. <ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2024 |title=Why I want a song with Ayra Starr – Rihanna |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/04/why-i-want-a-song-with-ayra-starr-rihanna/ |access-date=9 July 2024 |work=Vanguard}}</ref> Mbere yo gusohora TYIT21, Starr yabanje gusohora izindi ndirimbo nyinshi ari wenyine. "Rhythm & Blues" yasohotse ku ya 13 Nzeri 2023, yinjiye mu nsanganyamatsiko z’urukundo na karahanyuze, mu gihe "Commas" yasohotse ku ya 2 Gashyantare 2024, yagaragaje icyizere n'ubwigenge mu bijyanye n'amafaranga. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayra Starr's New Single Has Her Staying Focused On Her "Commas" – Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/ayra-starr-commas-new-single/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref> "Santa", yasohotse ku ya 8 Mata 2024, yabaye inzira ihagaze neza, ishimirwa injyana yayo ishimishije ndetse n'amagambo akinisha. Buri ndirimbo yari iherekejwe n'amashusho yindirimbo zigaragara ziyobowe nabayobozi bakomeye bo muri Afrika, byubaka gutegereza alubumu yuzuye. ''Umwaka nujuje imyaka 21'' wasohotse kumugaragaro ku ya 31 Gicurasi 2024, binyuze muri Mavin Records. Iyi alubumu igaragaramo ubufatanye n'abahanzi nka Seyi Vibez, Coco Jones, Giveon, Asake, Anitta na Rauw Alejandro. Indirimbo nka "Umugore w'umukomando," zirimo Coco Jones na Anitta, zigaragaza ubushobozi bwa Starr bwo guhuza injyana ya Afrobeat nuburyo bwa pop bwiburengerazuba. Avuga kuri ubwo ku bufatanye, yagize ati: "Buri muhanzi yazanye ikintu kidasanzwe, ansunika gushakisha impande nshya z'ubuhanzi bwanjye." Imaze gusohoka, alubumu yatangiriye ku mwanya wa mbere ku mbonerahamwe ya Album ya Nijeriya maze yinjira muri <nowiki><i id="mwAcA">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 kuri No 195, bituma Starr aba umuhanzi w’umugore wa mbere wo muri Nijeriya wageze kuri iyi ntambwe. Abakenguzamateka bashimye umusaruro wayo udasanzwe hamwe no kuvuga inkuru hamwe. ''Pitchfork'' yavuze ko iyo alubumu ari "umurimo utinyitse kandi werekana neza unasobanura Afropop igezweho." Inndirimbo nka "21" zashimiwe cyane kubwimbaraga zamarangamutima, mugihe "Abana Bameze neza" yagaragazaga amajwi yumuryango wa Starr, bigatuma abamwumva bamenya neza ubuzima bwe bwite. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Chokrane |first=Boutayna |title=Ayra Starr: The Year I Turned 21 |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/ayra-starr-the-year-i-turned-21/ |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=Pitchfork}}</ref> Nyuma yo kumurika alubumu, Starr yakoze ibitaramo mpuzamahanga bikomeye kandi ashyigikira abahanzi bamenyekanye mu ngendo zikomeye. Yabashije kuba nk'igikorwa cyo gutangiza urugendo rwa Chris Brown mu 2024 11:11 Yerekeje mu mijyi 26 yo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru kuva muri Kamena kugeza Kanama, aho yerekanaga inndirimbo nshya kuva kuri ''mu mwaka nujuje imyaka 21'' . Muri kamena 2024, Starr yakoze amateka nkumuhanzi wambere wumugore wumunyafurika witwaye neza kuri Glastonbury Festival ya Pyramid Stage. <ref name="Glastonbury">{{Cite news |last=Savage |first=Mark |date=25 June 2024 |title=Ayra Starr on her 'crazy' Glastonbury debut and meeting Rihanna |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd11vjg2y1vo |access-date=9 November 2025 |work=www.bbc.com}}</ref> Yayoboye kandi Afro Nation Detroit muri Kanama. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Claxton |first=Christopher |date=19 August 2024 |title=Afrobeats to the World: 4 Best Moments at Afro Nation Detroit |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/afro-nation-detroit-2024-recap-best-moments/rb-meets-afrobeats-with-partynextdoor/ |access-date=9 November 2025 |work=Billboard}}</ref> Abakenguzamateka berekanye ''umwaka nujuje imyaka 21'' nkisobanura ubuzima bwa Starr, aho ''Billboard'' yayishimye "nk'insanganyamatsiko yerekana gukura no nintumbero zihura n'imico yose." Starr yakoranye na Coldplay ku ndirimbo "Ibyiyumvo byiza" yo muri alubumu ya ''Moon Music'' ya Coldplay kandi yari igikorwa cyo gushyigikira itsinda rya Muzika rya Spheres World Tour muri Ositaraliya na Nouvelle-Zélande. Muri Gashyantare 2025, Starr yatangije umwaka n'indirimbo ye ya mbere yise "Urukundo Rwose", ashyiraho urwego ruzaba umwe mu myaka ye yihinduka rye. <ref name="uproxx">{{Cite news |last=Pointer |first=Flisadam |date=11 February 2025 |title=Ayra Starr Has ’All The Love’ To Give On Her Affirming New Single |url=https://uproxx.com/music/ayra-starr-all-the-love-lyric-video/ |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=[[UPROXX]]}}</ref> uko kwezi, yakoze amateka muri MOBO Awards yabereye muri Utilita Arena ya Newcastle ku ya 18 Gashyantare, aba umugore wa mbere mu myaka 16 wegukanye igihembo cyitwa amategeko meza ya muzika nyafurika . Yatsindiye kandi amategeko mpuzamahanga meza . <ref name="Mobos">{{Cite news |last=Baisie |first=Seli |date=19 February 2025 |title=MOBO Awards: Ayra Starr makes history as first woman to win Best African Act |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/entertainment/ayra-starr-2/2025/ |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=Ghana Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Muri Mata yabaye umuhanzi wa mbere w’umugore wo muri Nijeriya wabonye icyemezo cya Diamond cyo mu [[Ikilatini|kilatini]] cyatanzwe n’ishyirahamwe ry’inganda zandika amajwi muri Amerika kubera ubufatanye bwe 2024 na "Santa" na Rvssian na Rauw Alejandro, binjije miliyoni zirenga 35 mukurebwa. <ref name="NationNG">{{Cite news |last=Fasan |first=Yewande |date=2 February 2025 |title=Ayra Starr makes history as first Nigerian woman to receive RIAA Diamond Single |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ayra-starr-makes-history-as-first-nigerian-woman-to-receive-riaa-diamond-single/ |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=The Nation Newspaper}}</ref> Ku ya 25 Mata, yasohoye " Gimme Dat " irimo [[Wiz kid|Wizkid]], yerekana "911" ya Wyclef Jean na Mary J. Blige . Muri Kamena, Starr yatsindiye igihembo cye cya mbere cya BET kubera igihembo mpuzamahanga cyiza mu birori byabereye mu nzu mberabyombi ya Peacock i Los Angeles ku ya 9 Kamena, atoranya abatoranijwe barimo Black Sherif wo muri [[Gana]], mugenzi we wo muri Nijeriya witwa [[Rema]], na [[Tyla]] na Uncle Waffles wo muri Afurika y'Epfo. Urugendo rwe rwo mu mpeshyi 2025 rwatangiye ku ya 20 Kamena hamwe n’igitaramo cyabereye mu iserukiramuco rya Summerjam <ref name="Betawards25">{{Cite news |date=10 June 2025 |title=Ayra Starr makes history with first BET award for Best International Act |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/ayra-starr-makes-history-with-first-bet-award-for-best-international-act/ |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=Vanguard News}}</ref> New Jersey, hakurikiraho kugaragara mu iserukiramuco ry’umuziki ryitiriwe Mutagatifu Kitts ku ya 28 Kamena na Montreal International Jazz Festival ku ya 1 Nyakanga. Kuva ku ya 7 Nyakanga, yinjiye mu itsinda ry’abongereza Coldplay ku matariki menshi ya sitade kuri Muzika yabo ya Spheres World Tour, atangirana nabo murugendo rw’amajoro atatu kuri Stade ya Downsview, muri Toronto ku ya 7, 8, na 12 Kanama kuri Stade ya Downsview. Izebguruka ryakomereje kuri sitade ya Wembley muri London kuya 22 na 23 Kanama, aho Coldplay yakinnye amateka yerekana amateka ikuraho iminsi icumi icuranga kuri stade yigihugu cyUbwongereza. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clifford |first=Elizabeth |date=2 July 2025 |title=Ayra Starr announces ongoing Summer 2025 Tour |url=https://notjustok.com/news/ayra-starr-announces-ongoing-summer-2025-tour/ |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=NotjustOk}}</ref> Hagati muri Nyakanga, Starr yasinyanye amasezerano n’ubuyobozi mpuzamahanga na Roc Nation ya Jay-Z mu gihe asigaye yasinywe na Mavin Records kugira ngo asohore umuziki. Ubufatanye bufatika bwateguwe kugirango akoreshe imbaraga zo kumenyekana ku rwego mpuzamahanga, cyane cyane ku isoko ry’Amerika. Iri tangazo ryagaragaye ku ya 16 Nyakanga, ryemeje ko Roc Nation izagenzura imurikagurisha rye ku isi, kuzenguruka, gutumaho, ndetse n'amasezerano yemeza, cyane cyane muri Amerika n'Uburayi. <ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2025 |title=Ayra Starr signs management deal with Jay-Z's Roc Nation |url=https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2025/07/ayra-starr/ |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=Vanguard Allure}}</ref> Ku ya 25 Nyakanga, yasohoye " Umubiri ushyushye ", indirimbo yinjizwamo imbyino yakozwe na Ragee na The Elements, yashimiwe n'basesenguzi, hamwe na ''Billboard'' yayise "igikonjo cyihuta cya divayi". Iyi ndirimbo yaranze isohoka rye rya mbere munsi yubuyobozi bwa Roc Nation<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rys |first=Heran Mamo,Dan |date=30 July 2025 |title=African Fresh Picks: Tyla & Wizkid, Ayra Starr, Odeal, Burna Boy, Asake & Tiakola, Fireboy DML & More |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/best-new-african-songs-tyla-wizkid-ayra-starr-burna-boy-1236031172/ |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=Billboard}}</ref> kandi ihinduka ihatanira igihembo cy'impeshyi. Ku ya 27 Nzeri, Starr yaririmbye mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga ry’abenegihugu muri Parike Nkuru ya New York ari kumwe kuruhembe na Cardi B na Shakira, ndetse na Tyla, Mariah Umuhanga, na Camilo. Iri serukiramuco ryakiriwe na Ambasaderi w’umuturage w’isi Hugh Jackman hamwe na Bill Nye, Adam Lambert, Danai Gurira, na Liza Koshy, ryanyuze ku isi hose ku bantu barenga 60.000 bari bitabiriye ibyatsi binini . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch The Weeknd, Shakira, Tyla, Ayra Starr, Mariah the Scientist, and Camilo Perform at the Global Citizen Festival on September 27 |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/enquiries/press/2025/watch-the-weeknd-shakira-tyla-ayra-starr-mariah-the-scientist-an/ |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=Global Citizen |language=en}}</ref> Mu gitaramo cye, Starr yazanye mugenzi we wo muri Nijeriya Rema nk'umushyitsi utunguranye, maze bakorera hamwe "Rush", bakurikirwa na Rema yise " Calm down " na " Uruhinja (Ni Icyaha) ". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shakira, Cardi B, ROSÉ, Tyla, Rema, Ayra Starr, Mariah the Scientist, Camilo & Elyanna Light Up the 2025 Global Citizen Festival |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/enquiries/press/2025/shakira-cardi-b-rose-tyla-rema-ayra-starr-mariah-the-scientist-c/ |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=Global Citizen |language=en}}</ref> Icyi ggihe cyabaye kimwe mubintu byavuzwe cyane mu birori. Nyuma yiyi mikoranire yakataraboneka, Starr na Rema bashyize ahagaragara ubufatanye bwabo bwa mbere nkabahanzi bafatanije kuyobora bise "Ninde uriya mukobwa" ku ya 17 Ukwakira. Iyi ndirimbo yakozwe na Ragee hamwe n’ubundi bufasha bwaturutse muri The Elements, yahujije imbyino, R&B, n’iburasirazuba bwo hagati mu bunararibonye bwa Afro-Dance. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Farrell |first=Margaret |date=17 October 2025 |title=Ayra Starr & Rema Share New Single "Who's Dat Girl?" |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2326796/ayra-starr-rema-whos-dat-girl/music/ |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=[[Stereogum]] |language=en}}</ref> == Ubuhanzi == === Imiterere yumuziki === Muri Nzeri 2021, Starr yagizwe ambasaderi w’ikirango cya '''Pepsi Nigeria'''. Mu Kwakira 2021, yagaragaye mu rukurikirane rwa televiziyo '''The Cover'''.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 October 2021 |title=The Cover October 2021: Ayra Starr |url=https://acceleratetv.com/the-cover-october-2021-ayra-starr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024115811/https://acceleratetv.com/the-cover-october-2021-ayra-starr/ |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021 |publisher=AccelerateTv}}</ref> Yongeye kugaragara muri Fall/Winter 2021 issue of ''ODDA<ref>{{cite news |last1=Perella |first1=Vincent |date=13 November 2021 |title=The Celestial Being: Ayra Starr |url=https://oddamagazine.com/project/the-celestial-being-ayra-starr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115111838/http://oddamagazine.com/project/the-celestial-being-ayra-starr/ |archive-date=15 November 2021 |access-date=20 November 2021 |work=ODDA Magazine}}</ref>'' Muri uwo mwaka kandi, yagaragaye mu nyandiko ya '''Notion'''.<ref name="Notionmag2">{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Niall |date=15 November 2021 |title=Ayra Starr: Afropop's Bold New Leader {{!}} Notion Interview |url=https://notion.online/ayra-starr-afropops-bold-new-leader-interview/ |access-date=20 November 2021 |work=Notion}}</ref> Nyuma yaho, muri Gashyantare 2025 yasinyiye amasezerano yo kwamamaza ikirango '''New Balance''' hamwe n’umuhanzi n’umukinnyi '''Jaden Smith''', aba umwe mubagaragaza urukurikirane rushya rw’imyambaro ya siporo. Ubundi bufatanye bwe bwatangiriye kuri '''Maybelline New York''', aho ahagarariye uruganda rw’ibirungo byo kwisiga muri Afurika yo munsi y’Ubutayu bwa Sahara hamwe na '''Darling Nigeria'''.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 November 2023 |title=Ayra Starr as Maybelline Ambassador , Asake ft H.E.R, Thandi Ntuli's "Rainbow Revisited" |url=https://www.marmaladecollective.com/ayra-starr-as-maybelline-ambassador-asake-ft-h-e-r-thandi-ntulis-rainbow-revisited/ |access-date=24 October 2025 |work=Marmalade Collective |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 July 2022 |title=Darling Nigeria Welcomes Ayra Starr Home – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/07/28/darling-nigeria-welcomes-ayra-starr-home/ |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> * Chris Brown - Urugendo rwa 11:11 (2024) * Coldplay - Umuziki wurwego ruzenguruka isi (2024–2025) == Ibihembo yatsindiye naho yagiye ahatana == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Award ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Recipient(s) and nominees(s) ! scope="col" |Category ! scope="col" |Result ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ref. |- ! scope="row" |African Entertainment Awards USA |2021 | rowspan="5" |Herself |Best New Artist | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="net-honours-class-of-2021">{{Cite web |title=Net Honours – The Class of 2021 |url=https://thenet.ng/net-honours-class-of-2021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621172630/https://thenet.ng/net-honours-class-of-2021/ |archive-date=21 June 2021 |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today |language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |African Muzik Magazine Awards |2021 |Best Newcomer | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ezeh |first=Mario |date=18 May 2014 |title=Afrimma Nominees |url=https://afrimma.com/afrimma-nominees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015194525/https://afrimma.com/afrimma-nominees/ |archive-date=15 October 2021 |access-date=17 October 2021 |publisher=AFRIMMA}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Mobo Awards |2021 |Best African Music Act | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;&quot;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Okonofua |first=Odion |date=11 November 2021 |title=Rema and Ayra Starr nominated for the 2021 MOBO Awards |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/rema-and-ayra-starr-nominated-for-the-2021-mobo-awards/znq86p3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928190336/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/rema-and-ayra-starr-nominated-for-the-2021-mobo-awards/znq86p3 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2025 |Best African Music Act |{{won}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;&quot;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pilley |first=Max |date=2025-02-18 |title=Here are all the winners from the MOBO Awards 2025 |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/here-are-all-the-winners-from-the-mobo-awards-2025-3839156 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> |- |Best International Act |{{won}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Net Honours |2021 |"Away" |Most Played R&B Song | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;&quot;" |<ref name="net-honours-class-of-2021" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | rowspan="3" |Herself |Breakout Artist of the Year (Female) |{{won}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Gabriel Myers |date=2022-07-04 |title=NET Honours People's Choice Awards: All the winners |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/net-honours-peoples-choice-awards-all-winners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715221250/https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/net-honours-peoples-choice-awards-all-winners |archive-date=15 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Music in Africa}}</ref> |- |Most Searched Musician (Female) |{{nom}} |- ! rowspan="9" scope="row" |The Headies | rowspan="8" |2022 |Next Rated |{{nom}} | rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Gabriel Myers |date=2022-09-05 |title=Headies 2022: All the winners |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/headies-2022-all-winners |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Music in Africa}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |"Beggie Beggie" <small>(feat. CKay)</small> |Best R&B Single | {{nom}} |- |Best Collaboration | {{nom}} |- |"Toxic" |Best Vocal Performance (Female) | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"Bloody Samaritan" |Best Afrobeats Single of the Year | {{nom}} |- |Headies' Viewer's Choice | {{win}} |- | rowspan="2" |''19 &amp;amp; Dangerous'' |Best Afrobeats Album | {{nom}} |- |Album of the Year | {{nom}} |- |2024 |"Last Heartbreak Song" <small>(with Giveon)</small> |Best R&amp;amp;B Single |{{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2025 |title=17th Headies Award Winners |url=https://theheadies.com/the-17th-headies-award-winners/ |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=The Headies |archive-date=2 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502160017/https://theheadies.com/the-17th-headies-award-winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! rowspan="8" scope="row" |BET Awards |2022 | rowspan="2" |Herself |Best New International Act | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2022 |title=Pheelz and Ayra Starr Make History With BET 2022 Award Nominations |url=https://tooxclusive.com/pheelz-and-ayra-starr-make-history-with-bet-2022-nominations/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=Tooxclusive |archive-date=2023-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000807/https://tooxclusive.com/pheelz-and-ayra-starr-make-history-with-bet-2022-nominations/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2023 |Best International Act | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | |- | rowspan="3" |2024 |"Commas" |BET Her Award |{{nom}} | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-01 |title=BET Awards 2024: See The Full Winners List |url=https://www.bet.com/article/7nl4ms/bet-awards-2024-see-the-full-winners-list |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=BET |archive-date=2025-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006102915/https://www.bet.com/article/7nl4ms/bet-awards-2024-see-the-full-winners-list |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |Herself |Best New Artist | {{nom}} |- |Best International Act | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |2025 |Best New Artist |{{nom}} | rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atkinson |first=Katie |date=2025-06-10 |title=2025 BET Awards Winners List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2025-bet-awards-winners-1235993777/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> |- |Best Female R&amp;amp;B/Pop Artist |{{nom}} |- |Best International Act |{{won}} |- ! scope="row" |The Future Awards Africa |2022 | rowspan="1" |Herself |Prize for Music |{{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! rowspan="4" scope="row" |MTV Video Music Awards | rowspan="2" |2023 |"Rush" |Best Afrobeats |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | |- |"2 Sugar" <small>(with [[Wiz kid|Wizkid]])</small> |Best Afrobeats |{{nom}} |- |2024 |"Last Heartbreak Song" <small>(feat. Giveon)</small> |Best Afrobeats |{{nom}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=2024-08-06 |title=Taylor Swift Leads MTV VMAs Nominations With 10, as Post Malone, Sabrina Carpenter, Ariana Grande and Eminem Also Get a Big Look |url=https://variety.com/2024/music/news/mtv-vmas-nominations-taylor-swift-post-malone-awards-1236096620/ |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2025 |"Last Heartbreak Song" |Push Performance of the Year |{{nom}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Walden |date=2025-09-07 |title=MTV VMAs 2025 Winners: See the Full List Here |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/mtv-vmas-2025-winners-see-the-full-list-here/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Grammy Awards |2024 |"Rush" | rowspan="2" |Best African Music Performance |{{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":1"/> |- |2026 |"Gimme Dat" |{{pending}} | style="text-align: center;" | |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |3Music Awards | rowspan="7" |2024 |"Sability" |African Song of the Year |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-30 |title=3Music Awards 2024: All the winners |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/3music-awards-2024-all-winners |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Music in Africa}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |Herself |African Act of the Year |{{nominated}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |MTV Europe Music Awards |Best New |{{nom}} | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shumba |first=Ano |date=2024-10-08 |title=Tyla and Ayra Starr lead Africa with four 2024 MTV EMAs nods |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/tyla-and-ayra-starr-lead-africa-four-2024-mtv-emas-nods |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Music in Africa}}</ref> |- |Best Afrobeats |{{nom}} |- |Best Push |{{nom}} |- ! scope="row" |MTN Liberia Music Awards |International Artist of the Year |{{won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fofana |first=Amadu |date=2024-10-28 |title=MTN Liberia Music Awards 2024: All the nominees |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/mtn-liberia-music-awards-2024-all-nominees |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Music in Africa}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |TurnTable Music Awards |Outstanding Achievement in Live Performance |{{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The TurnTable 2024 Music Awards |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/magazine/6th/134 |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=TurnTable Charts |publisher=TurnTable}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |South African Music Awards |2025 |''The Year I Turned 21'' |Rest of Africa |{{pending}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaanakgomo |first=Constance |date=2025-08-28 |title=Black Motion dominates #SAMA31 nominations with four nods |url=https://www.news24.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/music/embargoed-7pm-black-motion-dominates-sama31-nominations-with-four-nods-20250828-1015 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=[[News24 (website)|News24]]}}</ref> |} == Reba == 2ifp0uzkgg7u1gd9t9ehknuw5j56i8x 0 21226 140917 126107 2026-10-07T13:41:01Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 140917 wikitext text/x-wiki '''kigo cya Rosewood''' cyari ikigo Cyiterambere ry’ababana n' ubumuga giherereye ahitwa [[:en:Rosewood_Lane_(Owings_Mills)|Rosewood Lane]] muri [[:en:Owings_Mills,_Maryland|Owings Mills]], [[:en:Maryland|Maryland]] == Amateka == Muri Werurwe 1888, Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Maryland yemeje "Itegeko ryo gushyiraho no gushyiramo ishuri ry’ubuhungiro n’amahugurwa ya Feeble Minded of the State of Maryland" (Umutwe 183, Ibyakozwe na 1888) ryahaye ububasha Inama y’abashyitsi cumi na barindwi yo kuyobora ikibanza cy’ishuri "kizakira, cyita kandi cyigisha abantu bose badafite ubwenge, badafite ubwenge n’abatagira ubwenge. N'ubwo iri tegeko rikomeye, amadolari ibihumbi icumi yonyine niyo yagenewe ubutaka n’inyubako, nyuma y’amafaranga ibihumbi bitanu by’amadolari nyuma y’umwaka. Ubuhungiro bwagombaga kuba ubuntu kubana bose batishoboye bafite hagati yimyaka irindwi na cumi nirindwi, bishyuza amadorari magana abiri na mirongo itanu kubandi bana bose.<ref>https://slate.com/technology/2014/03/baltimores-rosewood-scandal-wealthy-families-sprang-asylum-inmates-to-be-servants.html</ref> Kubera amazu adahagije hamwe n’amafaranga yatanzwe hamwe n’umubare w’abasaba kwemererwa (ugereranyije n’inama y’ubuzima ya Leta mu 1884 kuri 1,319) Inama y’abashyitsi yagombaga gushyiraho politiki ibuza kwinjira. Byashyizweho n'Inama y'Ubutegetsi mu 1899, politiki yo kwinjira yagarukiye gusa ku "bashobora guhura n'amahugurwa runaka hagamijwe ko batezwa imbere mu buryo bw'ingirakamaro no kwibeshaho, mu yandi magambo ni ishuri ryigisha kandi ntirigumane.<ref>https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.94.5.1013</ref> Gusa abana b'abazungu bari hagati yimyaka irindwi na cumi n'irindwi. Abahungu bigishijwe guhinga, guhinga no kubaza mu gihe abakobwa bize ubudozi, gukaraba, amata [[Imboga|n'imboga]], ndetse n'amahugurwa ya serivisi zo mu rugo. Hamwe nubu buhanga, twizeraga ko abagororwa bari kwibeshaho nibarekurwa bafite imyaka cumi nirindwi<ref>https://thedailyrecord.com/2014/03/18/the-baltimore-lawyer-who-caused-a-scandal-at-rosewood/</ref> Amahugurwa yagize indi ntego nayo, kubera ko Inama y'Ubutegetsi yakunze kwerekana icyifuzo giteye isoni cyo gusaba ubuhungiro kwibeshaho. Ibyinshi mu biryo byakuze cyangwa byororerwa mu murima ukikije kandi hafi imyenda yose hamwe nimyenda yo kumeza byakozwe nabakobwa. Imyenda yose hamwe nogukora isuku byakozwe nabagororwa ndetse nakazi kabo ndetse gakoreshwa mugihe cyo gucukura inyubako nshya mumwaka wa 1892 na 1900.Umurima wakomeje gukora kugeza muri za 1960.<ref>https://thedailyrecord.com/2014/03/18/the-baltimore-lawyer-who-caused-a-scandal-at-rosewood/</ref> === Ikinyejana cya 20 === Mu 1900, Inama y'Ubutegetsi yasabye ko hubakwa ishuri ryihariye ry '"ibara ry’ibara rifite intege nke" ndetse n’inyubako y’inyongera ku bana b'igicuri. Ibyiringiro byanyuma byagezweho mugihe Thom Cottage yubatswe mu 1896 binyuze mubuterankunga. Ikindi cyizere cyagaragaye igihe mu 1894 na 1907 Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Maryland yemeje umushinga w'itegeko ryo kwimurira abarwayi bose b'abasazi kandi bafite ibitekerezo bidafite imbaraga kuva mu nyubako z’intara mu bigo bya Leta. Mugihe ibi byateje igitutu ku gihingwa gifatika kuri Rosewood, cyanatumye inkunga ya leta ikomeza. Kuva mu 1911 kugeza 1933, abarwayi 166, cyane cyane [[Umugore|abagore]] n’abakobwa, basize Rosewood munsi yanditswe na habeas corpus; bakorewe icuruzwa ryabantu, ryaguzwe nabakire nkabakozi batewe inkunga nabakozi badahembwa, bakunze kuvurwa kandi akenshi bagatereranwa n "abarezi babo." [[Leo Kanner]] yamaganye aya mahano imbere y’ishyirahamwe [[American Psychiatric Association|ry’abanyamerika ryita ku barwayi bo mu mutwe]] mu 1937. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bering |first=Jesse |date=March 17, 2014 |title=Baltimore's Rosewood scandal: Wealthy families sprang asylum inmates to be servants |url=https://slate.com/technology/2014/03/baltimores-rosewood-scandal-wealthy-families-sprang-asylum-inmates-to-be-servants.html |access-date=October 15, 2018 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanner |first=Leo |date=March 1, 1938 |title=Habeas corpus releases of feebleminded persons and their consequences |url=https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.94.5.1013 |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=1013–1033 |doi=10.1176/ajp.94.5.1013 |issn=0002-953X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Monroe |first=Rachel |date=March 19, 2014 |title=The Dark Past of Baltimore's Rosewood Mental Hospital |url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/the-dark-past-of-baltimores-rosewood-mental-hospital/ |access-date=March 9, 2019 |work=Baltimore Fishbowl |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Danny |date=March 18, 2014 |title=The Baltimore lawyer who caused a scandal at Rosewood |url=https://thedailyrecord.com/2014/03/18/the-baltimore-lawyer-who-caused-a-scandal-at-rosewood/ |access-date=March 9, 2019 |work=[[Daily Record (Maryland)|The Daily Record]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Mu muco uzwi == Filime ishimishije ya 2017 ''Ikigo'' gishingiye kubigo bya Rosewood. Filime yavuzwe nabayikora kugirango bashingire kubyabaye. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Fischer |first=Maria |date=March 3, 2017 |title=James Franco plays a Charles Manson-esque doctor in this real-life horror story |url=http://www.revelist.com/movies/james-franco-the-institute/7051 |access-date=March 30, 2017 |work=Revelist |archive-date=March 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331114916/http://www.revelist.com/movies/james-franco-the-institute/7051 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldstein |first=Gary |date=March 2, 2017 |title=Review: Co-star/co-director James Franco's gothic thriller 'The Institute' is more silly than chilly |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-mini-institute-review-20170302-story.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209100320/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-mini-institute-review-20170302-story.html |archive-date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=February 21, 2025 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> == Reba == f5asvp48vf5px5dlvwlnfbpbhcitgal 0 22249 140921 138266 2026-10-07T13:43:39Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 140921 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nyirarumaga''' ni umwe mu bagore b’ingenzi cyane mu mateka ya gakondo nyarwanda. Yabaye [[Umugabekazi]] w’ingoboka ku ngoma ya [[Ruganzu II Ndoli]], umwami wategetse u Rwanda mu kinyejana cya 16. Nyirarumaga yavukaga mu muryango w’Abasinga, kandi yari azwi cyane kubera ubwenge, ubwitange n’ubuhanga mu buhanzi bw’ubusizi. Mu mateka y’u Rwanda afatwa nk’umubyeyi w’ubusizi nyarwanda, kuko yagize uruhare rukomeye mu gutuma ubusizi bukoreshwa mu kubika amateka y’igihugu no gusingiza abami. <ref>https://artsandculture.google.com/story/how-nyirarumaga-39-s-poetry-kept-rwanda-39-s-past-alive-rwanda-cultural-heritage-academy/qAVx7QXrzPdJ_A?hl=en</ref> == Amateka yamuranze == Nyirarumaga yabaye umuntu ukomeye mu buzima bwa Ruganzu II Ndoli. Igihe se wa Ruganzu yari amaze kwicwa n’abanzi, umwana we yahungiye i Karagwe (aho muri Tanzaniya y’ubu). Nyirarumaga yamubereye umurinzi n’umujyanama, ndetse aza kugirwa nyina w’ingoboka w’umwami (umugabekazi). Yagize uruhare rukomeye mu kumufasha kugaruka mu Rwanda no kongera kubaka igihugu cyari cyarasenyutse. Mu mateka bavuga ko yigeze no gukiza ubuzima bwa Ruganzu Ndoli igihe yari agoswe n’abashakaga kumwica, ndetse akababazwa cyane kuko yigeze no gutakaza urutoki kubera kwanga kuvuga aho umwami yari yihishe. <ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/12136/news/rwanda/rwandan-history-the-revival-of-rwanda-under-the-leadership-of-ruganzu-ii-ndoli/amp?utm_source=chatgpt.com</ref> == Ubuhanzi == Mu buhanzi, Nyirarumaga ni we watangije uburyo bw’ubusizi bwitwa Impakanizi. Ubu ni ubusizi bwavugaga amateka y’abami n’igihugu, aho buri [[mwami]] yongerwaga mu gisigo nk’aho wongera isaro ku runigi. Ibi byari uburyo bwo kubika amateka y’u Rwanda mu magambo, kuko icyo gihe nta nyandiko zari zihari. Umwe mu mirimo ye izwi cyane ni igisigo cyitwa '''“'''Umunsi ameza imiryango yose'''”''', cyavugaga inkomoko y’ingoma n’umuco w’Abanyarwanda. Ubu buryo bwo gusiga amateka mu bisigo bwaje kuba inkingi ikomeye y’umuco nyarwanda. <ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/202602190394.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com</ref> Nyirarumaga kandi yashyizeho Intebe y’Abasizi, aho abasizi b’ibwami bateraniraga bagahimba ibisigo by’amateka n’ibisingiza abami. Aho hantu hari ku musozi wa Kiruri mu karere ka Huye, ahafatwaga nk’ahera ku basizi. Abahanzi bazamukaga kuri uwo musozi mu gitondo bakicara mu bwigunge bagahimba ibisigo, hanyuma bakamanuka bakabigeza ku bami n’abantu. Uwo muco w’ubusizi wagize uruhare rukomeye mu kubika amateka y’u Rwanda mu buryo bw’imivugo n’inkuru. <ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/32509/entertainment/cinema/poet-rumaga-to-turn-historic-kiruri-mountain-into-cultural-tourism-hub/amp?utm_source=chatgpt.com</ref> Kubera uruhare rwe mu mateka n’umuco, Nyirarumaga afatwa nk’umwe mu bagore b’intwari mu mateka y’u Rwanda. Uyu munsi izina rye rikomeje kubahwa mu bikorwa bitandukanye by’umuco n’ubusizi, ndetse hari n’ibihembo n’ibirori byitiriwe izina rye bigamije guteza imbere ubusizi n’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda. Umurage yasize ni uko ubusizi bwabaye igikoresho cyo kubika amateka, gusigasira umuco no gukomeza kwigisha ibisekuru bizaza amateka y’igihugu.<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/202403290019.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} ee350mpvil35mkfg620zkemit2itbwy 0 22364 140923 129841 2026-10-07T13:44:58Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 140923 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<big>Amateka ya Chantal Kayitesi</big>''' Chantal Kayitesi ni umwe mu Banyarwanda bafite inkuru ikomeye y'ubuzima, igaragaza ububabare n'ubutwari mubihe byabanjirije Jenocide yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994. Yari umwe mu barokotse ubwicanyi bwakorewe Abagogwe mu Majyaruguru y'u Rwanda hagati ya 1991 na 1993, aho benshi mu bagabo n'abahungu bishwe, [[Umugore|abagore]] n'abana bagahungira ahantu hatandukanye bashaka ubuhungiro.<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/168024/News/chantal-kayitesi-and-the-1993-mugali-rescue-mission</ref> Mugihe yari amaze gukubitwa bikome n'ingabo za leta, Chantal yasigaye atekereza ko ubuzima bwe burangiye. Icyakora, yahuriye n'ingabo za RPA (Inkotanyi) zamutabaraga zimwizeza umutekano. Uwo mwanya wabaye intangiriro y'ubuzima bushya kuri we<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/search?query=Mugihe+yari+amaze+gukubitwa+bikome+n%27ingabo+za+leta%2C+Chantal+yasigaye+atekereza+ko+ubuzima+bwe+burangiye.+Icyakora%2C+yahuriye+n%27ingabo+za+RPA+%28Inkotanyi%29+zamutabaraga+zimwizeza+umutekano.+Uwo+mwanya+wabaye+intangiriro+y%27ubuzima+bushya+kuri+we</ref>. Chantal yahise atanga amakuru ku bandi bagogwe bari bagiye kwicirwa ku rusengero rwa Mugali. Inkotanyi zateguye igikorwa cyo kubarokora zibasha kubakura aho bari bari mukaga. Zibajyana ahatekanye. Ibi byatumye abantu barenga 300 barokoka urupfu rwa rubategereje.<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/rwanda</ref> Nyuma y'aho, Chantal yakomeje kubaho ubuzima bushya, anatanga ubuhamya ku mateka mabi yabaye mu Rwanda. Anashimira Inkotanyi zamurokoye. Uyu munsi, afite icyifuzo cyo kwandika [[igitabo]] kizafasha abigihe kizaza kumenya amateka n'amasomo akomeye yakuye muri ibyo bihe.<ref>[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/search?query=Nyuma+y%27aho%2C+Chantal+yakomeje+kubaho+ubuzima+bushya%2C+anatanga+ubuhamya+ku+mateka+mabi+yabaye+mu+Rwanda.+Anashimira+Inkotanyi+zamurokoye.+Uyu+munsi%2C+afite+icyifuzo+cyo+kwandika+igitabo+kizafasha+abigihe+kizaza+kumenya+amateka+n%27amasomo+akomeye+yakuye+muri+ibyo+bihe. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/search?query=Nyuma+y%27aho%2C+Chantal+yakomeje+kubaho+ubuzima+bushya%2C+anatanga+ubuhamya+ku+mateka+mabi+yabaye+mu+Rwanda.+Anashimira+Inkotanyi+zamurokoye.+Uyu+munsi%2C+afite+icyifuzo+cyo+kwandika+igitabo+kizafasha+abigihe+kizaza+kumenya+amateka+n%27amasomo+akomeye+yakuye+muri+ibyo+bihe.]</ref> Inkuru ya Chantal Kayitesi ni urugero rw'ubutwari, ukwihangana n'icyizere, igaraza ko n'iyo bihe biba bibi gute, ubuzima bushobora kongera kubakwa bundi bushya.<ref>[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/search?query=Inkuru+ya+Chantal+Kayitesi+ni+urugero+rw%27ubutwari%2C+ukwihangana+n%27icyizere%2C+igaraza+ko+n%27iyo+bihe+biba+bibi+gute%2C+ubuzima+bushobora+kongera+kubakwa+bundi+bushya. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/search?query=Inkuru+ya+Chantal+Kayitesi+ni+urugero+rw%27ubutwari%2C+ukwihangana+n%27icyizere%2C+igaraza+ko+n%27iyo+bihe+biba+bibi+gute%2C+ubuzima+bushobora+kongera+kubakwa+bundi+bushya.]</ref> == Inkomoko == 5w2b2mvhwahcow785rwdylk8u16kdsj 0 22477 140925 137068 2026-10-07T13:45:43Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 140925 wikitext text/x-wiki == DJ Flixx == ''Ishimwe Cyomoro Fanny'' uzwi ku izina rya ''Dj Flixx''<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/en/news/top-female-djs-in-kigali-revolutionizing-rwandas-music-scene-1749480530920</ref> wamenyekanye mu kuvanga imiziki mu Rwanda, ni umukobwa w'umunyarwandakazi wavukiye mu karere ka Nyagatare, mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|ntara y'iburasirazuba]] y'u Rwanda.<ref name=":0">Si umwuga w’uburaya! Impanuro za DJ Flix ku bifuza kujya mu mwuga wo kuvanga imiziki</ref> == Ibitaramo yakozemo == Dj Flixx yakoze ku bitaramo bitandukanye harimo: The New year Groove cya 2025<ref name=":0" />, ndtese na Album Launch ya [[The Ben|The ben]] muri Uganda yitwa Plenty Love mu mwaka wa 2025.<ref>https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/the-ben-aherekejwe-na-kevin-kade-na-dj-flix-bageze-i-kampala-amafoto</ref> == Ishakiro == cx5atrtr28lhos80ccx5eeal837nvyh 0 23169 140951 140821 2026-10-07T20:03:43Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261007)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 140951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi | image = [[Dosiye:ASC Leiden - Rwanda 2021 - 032 - The Belgian monument for ten murdered Belgian Blue Helmets of the United Nations 1994 - Kigali.jpg|280px]] | caption = Inkingi 10 z'urwibutso rw'abasirikare b'Ababiligi ba MINUAR i Kigali | label1 = Igihugu | data1 = [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] | label2 = Intara | data2 = [[Kigali|Umujyi wa Kigali]] | label3 = Ubwoko | data3 = Urwibutso | label4 = Rwibuka | data4 = Abasirikare 10 b'Ababiligi ba MINUAR bishwe ku wa 7 Mata 1994 }} '''Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi''' (mu Gifaransa: ''Mémorial des gardiens de la paix Belges'') ni urwibutso ruri mu kigo cyahoze ari icya gisirikare cya ''Camp Kigali'' i [[Kigali]], mu [[Rwanda]]. Inkingi icumi zubatswe aho hantu zibutsa abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi b'ingabo za [[MINUAR]] bishwe ku wa 7 Mata 1994, igihe ubwicanyi bwatangiraga mu ntangiriro za [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. == Aho ruherereye == Uru rwibutso ni rumwe mu nzibutso zitubatswe ku kibanza rusange. Ni kimwe mu bibanza byinshi byo kwibuka biri mu Rwanda, byibutsa [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]]. Mu nzibutso z'igihugu harimo [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ntarama]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali]] n'[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyarubuye]].<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |title=Sites mémoriaux du génocide : Gisenyi, Murambi, Bisesero et Gisozi |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5753/ |website=UNESCO |language=en |access-date=2015-03-04}}</ref> Mu Rwanda habarurwa ibibanza by'urwibutso birenga 250 byanditswe, byibutsa Jenoside.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gisenyi Genocide Memorial Site - Rwanda |url=https://www.gorillaugandasafaris.com/gisenyi-genocide-memorial-site/ |website=Gorilla Trekking Uganda |language=en |access-date=2022-12-16}}</ref> == Amateka n'imiterere y'ibihe == Mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1950, mu gihe cy'ubwigenge bw'ibihugu byinshi by'Afurika, u Rwanda rwaranzwe n'ubwiyongere bw'amakimbirane mu muryango n'urugomo rushingiye ku moko. Ibyo byakomeje na nyuma y'uko igihugu kibona ubwigenge ku [[Ububiligi]] mu 1962.<ref name="onu">{{Cite web |title=Rapport de la commission indépendante d'enquête sur les actions de l'Organisation des Nations Unies lors du génocide de 1994 au Rwanda |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/395/48/PDF/N9939548.pdf |website=Umuryango w'Abibumbye |language=fr}}</ref> Muri Kanama 1993, kubera imbaraga z'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'Afurika (OUA) n'iza guverinoma zo mu karere mu gushaka amahoro, isinywa ry'[[Amasezerano y'amahoro ya Arusha]] ryasaga n'irirangije intambara (yatangiye mu 1990) hagati ya guverinoma y'u Rwanda y'icyo gihe na [[FPR Inkotanyi|FPR]].<ref name="onu" /> Mu Ukwakira 1993, Akanama k'Umutekano ka Loni kashyizeho Ubutumwa bw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye bwo gufasha u Rwanda ([[MINUAR]]), bwari bufite inshingano zo kubungabunga amahoro, gutanga ubufasha bw'ubutabazi no gushyigikira muri rusange inzira y'amahoro.<ref name="onu" /> Ku wa 6 Mata 1994, urupfu rw'Abaperezida b'u Burundi n'u Rwanda, mu ndege yahanuwe na misile, rwabaye imbarutso ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yari imaze amezi menshi itegurwa.<ref name="onu" /> Abishwe bagereranywa na miliyoni imwe. Mu gihe kitageze ku isaha igice nyuma y'uko indege ihanuka, bariyeri zagenzurwaga n'abarwanyi b'Abahutu, akenshi bafashijwe na [[Jandarumori y'u Rwanda|jandarumori]] cyangwa abasirikare, zarashyizweho kugira ngo zitahure Abatutsi zibice.<ref name="onu" /> Ku wa 7 Mata, [[Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines]] (RTLM) yatangaje ikiganiro gishinja FPR n'abasirikare b'Ababiligi ba MINUAR kuba ari bo bahanuye indege, itangira gushishikariza Abahutu kurimbura « inyenzi z'Abatutsi ».<ref name="onu" /> Nyuma y'aho kuri uwo munsi, Minisitiri w'Intebe [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]] n'abasirikare 10 b'Ababiligi b'ingabo za Loni zishinzwe kubungabunga amahoro bari bashinzwe kumurinda bishwe bunyamaswa n'abasirikare ba guverinoma y'u Rwanda. Nyuma y'iyicwa ry'abasirikare bayo, Ububiligi bwafashe icyemezo cyo gucyura ingabo zabwo za Loni.<ref name="onu" /> == Uko byagenze ku wa 6 n'uwa 7 Mata 1994 ku ruhande rw'abasirikare ba 2e Commando == <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em;"> '''Uko byagenze ku wa 6 n'uwa 7 Mata 1994 ku ruhande rw'abasirikare ba 2e Commando''' <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> 6 Mata, saa 20:30: Indege yari igeze ku kibuga cy'indege cya Kigali, itwaye Perezida w'u Rwanda [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] na Perezida w'u Burundi Cyprien Ntaryamira, yahanuwe na misile zirasirwa ku butaka, hapfa kandi abaminisitiri babiri b'u Burundi, umugaba mukuru w'ingabo z'u Rwanda, abandi bayobozi n'abakozi b'indege b'Abafaransa.<ref name="onu" /> Agahenge karahagaze mu buryo butunguranye. Ibihuha bikwirakwira ko Ababiligi ari bo bahanuye indege ya Perezida.<ref name="onu" /> Saa 22:00: Hashyizweho komite ishinzwe ibibazo byihutirwa. Jenerali [[Roméo Dallaire]], umuyobozi w'ingabo za MINUAR, ajya mu nama asangamo Koloneli [[Théoneste Bagosora]], umuyobozi w'ibiro bya Minisitiri w'Ingabo.<ref name="dallaire">{{Cite book |author=Roméo Dallaire |title=J'ai serré la main du diable |url=https://archive.org/details/jaiserrelamaindu0000dall |publisher=Libre Expression |year=2003 |language=fr}}</ref> Icyifuzo cy'uko Minisitiri w'Intebe Agathe Uwilingiyimana, ubundi wari ku isonga mu murongo w'abasimbura, yageza ijambo ku gihugu, cyaranzwe.<ref name="onu" /> 7 Mata, saa 01:18: Nyamara, ku itegeko rya Jenerali Dallaire, umuyobozi wa MINUAR ushinzwe agace ka Kigali, Koloneli [[Luc Marchal]], ashinga batayo ya 2 ya Commando y'Ababiligi guherekeza Minisitiri w'Intebe kuri Radiyo Rwanda no kurinda aho hantu.<ref name="dallaire" /> Yagombaga kugeza ijambo ku gihugu saa 05:30.<ref name="onu" /> Liyetona-Koloneli Joseph Dewez, umuyobozi wa batayo, agaragaza gushidikanya kuri ubwo butumwa mu bihe byari bikomeye cyane.<ref name="onu" /> Saa 02:16: Liyetona Thierry Lotin, wari ufite itsinda ry'abasirikare ba Mortiers ba batayo ya 2 ya Commando ku kibuga cy'indege n'amajipe yabo abiri bagiye gushyiramo lisansi, ahabwa ubwo butumwa. Agomba gufata amajipe ane (inshuro ebyiri z'iherekeza risanzwe).<ref name="onu" /> Saa 03:19: Mu nzira ajya gusohoza ubwo butumwa, Liyetona Lotin ahagarikwa kuri bariyeri, kuri kilometero imwe gusa uvuye mu rugo rwa Minisitiri w'Intebe. Atakaza igihe kinini aganira kandi ategereje umusirikare w'u Rwanda ushinzwe guhuza ibikorwa utigeze uza. Saa 05:12: Liyetona Lotin amaherezo ayoborwa mu wundi muhanda. Mu mujyi hose humvikana amasasu ahandi n'ahandi. Saa 05:42: Amajipe y'itsinda rya Mortiers agera aho yagombaga kujya. Abasirikare bahura n'abasirikare batanu ba MINUAR bo muri Ghana n'abajandarume batanu b'Abanyarwanda bari bashinzwe umutekano wa Minisitiri w'Intebe. Ako kanya, abasirikare b'u Rwanda bafite imodoka z'intambara n'abarinzi ba Perezida bagota aho bari, barasa ku rugo. Saa 05:47: Liyetona Lotin asuzuma uko ibintu bimeze. Ubutumwa bwo guherekeza Minisitiri w'Intebe kuri radiyo buhagarikwa. Itsinda rya Liyetona Lotin ntiryirwanaho, kuko abasirikare b'u Rwanda batari babarasaho. Liyetona-Koloneli Dewez na we ababwira kutarasa. Saa 06:03: Itsinda rimenyesha ko amajipe yaryo yangijwe. Saa 06:55: Abasirikare b'u Rwanda bategeka itsinda gushyira hasi intwaro no kwitanga. Liyetona-Koloneli Dewez agira inama Liyetona Lotin yo kutabikora, ahubwo agashaka ibiganiro. Saa 07:00: Umuyobozi wa kompanyi ya 2e Commando, wari nko ku birometero bibiri uvuye mu rugo rwa Minisitiri w'Intebe, asaba gutabara n'itsinda ryongerewe imbaraga. Ubuyobozi bwa batayo bwanga icyo cyifuzo. Saa 07:40: Minisitiri w'Intebe ahungira mu nzu yari hafi aho, aherekejwe n'abajandarume. Nyuma (saa 11:45), we n'umugabo we bavumbuwe n'itsinda ry'Abarinzi ba Perezida, baricwa. Saa 08:44: Liyetona Lotin amenyesha ubugome bw'abasirikare b'u Rwanda bamukikije. Batayo ya 2 isaba amabwiriza Koloneli Marchal, wumvaga ibiganiro kuri radiyo ya batayo. Saa 08:49: Liyetona-Koloneli Dewez asubiramo ko itsinda ridakwiye gushyira hasi intwaro, ariko bikaba byatinze: abasirikare bane bari bamaze kwamburwa intwaro no kuryamishwa hasi. Liyetona Lotin yitanga abyemerewe n'ubuyobozi bwa batayo n'ubw'agace. Itsinda ry'Ababiligi n'abasirikare bo muri Ghana bafatwa mpiri na Majoro [[Bernard Ntuyahaga]] wo mu biro bikuru by'ingabo z'u Rwanda. Batwarwa muri minibisi. Ahagana saa 09:00: Bagera i ''Camp Kigali'', ikigo cya gisirikare cy'u Rwanda kitari kure y'aho. Akigerayo, Liyetona Lotin ahura na Kapiteni Kodjo Apedo, ku biro bya Loni byari hafi aho. Uwo kapiteni yari umusirikare wa MINUAR ukomoka muri Togo, ushinzwe guhuza ibikorwa muri icyo kigo. Muri ako kanya, Majoro Ntuyahaga akwirakwiza ibihuha ko izo mfungwa z'Ababiligi ari zo zahanuye indege ya Perezida, akabyutsa uburakari bw'abasirikare b'u Rwanda bari aho. Imbaga yitwaje imigongo y'imbunda, amabuye n'imbunda, itangira gukubita no kwica izo mfungwa zitari zitwaje intwaro. Saa 09:06: Liyetona abasha kuvugana bwa nyuma n'abamukuriye kugira ngo abamenyeshe ibibazo arimo, akoresheje radiyo ya kapiteni wo muri Togo. Saa 09:08: Liyetona-Koloneli Dewez asaba ubuyobozi bw'agace ubufasha bwo gutabara. Koloneli Marchal amenyesha umwe mu bagize ibiro bya Jenerali Dallaire, asaba ko icyo kibazo kizaganirwaho n'abayobozi b'u Rwanda mu nama yari iteganyijwe saa 10:00.<ref name="dallaire" /> Hagati aho, abasirikare bane ba Liyetona Lotin bapfa bazize inkoni n'ibyuma by'imbunda (''baïonnettes''). Abandi, bakomeretse bikabije, bacika iyo mbaga bagera kuri Liyetona Lotin mu biro bya Loni. Bafungirana imbere batangira kwirwanaho ngo barokore ubuzima bwabo. Imyigaragambyo y'abasirikare (''mutinerie'') i ''Camp Kigali'' iba yose igihe abasirikare b'u Rwanda bamena ububiko bw'intwaro bw'ikigo kugira ngo bitwaze intwaro. Ibiro birasirwaho cyane, maze undi musirikare wa Para-Commando w'Umubiligi arapfa. Mu gihe igitero cyari gihagaze gato, Kapiteni Apedo n'abasirikare batanu bo muri Ghana bakurwa muri ibyo biro. Mbere gato ya saa 10:00: Jenerali Dallaire ava ku cyicaro cye ajya mu nama. Amara isaha mu nzira. Amenyeshwa ikibazo kirebana n'abasirikare b'Ababiligi ba MINUAR.<ref name="dallaire" /> Saa 10:40: Umusirikare w'u Rwanda ushaka kwinjira mu biro yamburwa intwaro akicwa na Liyetona Lotin wari wasigaranye pisitori ye. Habaho kurasana. Abasirikare b'u Rwanda barakomereka abandi barapfa. Saa 10:50: Ajya mu nama, Jenerali Dallaire anyura imbere y'irembo rya ''Camp Kigali'', kuri metero 30 gusa uvuye aho ibyo byaberaga. Abona imirambo y'abasirikare ba MINUAR iri hasi. Ategeka ko imodoka ihagarara, ariko umushoferi we w'Umunyarwanda aranga, amubwira ko bari mu kaga kuko hari imyigaragambyo y'abasirikare.<ref name="dallaire" /> Saa 10:55: Jenerali Dallaire agera aho inama yabereye, kuri metero 200 gusa uvuye aho ibyo byaberaga, ahahurira na Kapiteni Apedo n'abasirikare bo muri Ghana bari bemerewe kuva mu kigo.<ref name="dallaire" /> Bamumenyesha ibibera i ''Camp Kigali''. Igitangaje ni uko Jenerali Dallaire nta gikorwa na kimwe yakoze ngo akemure icyo kibazo. Ntiyanakivuzeho mu nama yamaze kugeza saa 12:15. Nk'uko yabyanditse mu gitabo cye ''J'ai serré la main du diable'', yageragezaga gusobanukirwa n'uko ibintu byari bimeze. Ahagana saa 13:00: Ibyuka biryana mu maso n'ibisasu bya gerenade bijugunywa binyuze mu mwobo wo ku gisenge. Ibyo bishyira iherezo ku kwirwanaho gutangaje kw'aba Para-Commandos b'Ababiligi.<ref name="onu" /> Nyuma ya saa sita, imirambo yabo yasahuwe kandi igacibwa ibice ijyanwa mu buruhukiro bw'ibitaro bya Kigali, igerekeranywa. Nimugoroba, Jenerali Dallaire ajya ku bitaro. Ntiyabasha kumenya umubare w'abasirikare be bapfuye.<ref name="dallaire" /> </div> </div> == Kwibuka Ababiligi bishwe == Nk'uko bivugwa mu mwanzuro wa 2150 w'Akanama k'Umutekano k'Umuryango w'Abibumbye (wemejwe n'abagize akanama bose mu 2014), werekeye gukumira no kurwanya jenoside, Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda yahitanye abantu bagera kuri miliyoni mu minsi 100. Muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, n'Abahutu n'abandi bantu barwanyaga jenoside barishwe.<ref name="onu" /> [[Dosiye:ASC Leiden - Rwanda 2021 - 032 - The Belgian monument for ten murdered Belgian Blue Helmets of the United Nations 1994 - Kigali.jpg|left|thumb|Inkingi z'Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi i ''Camp Kigali'']] Ububiligi bwo bubabazwa n'abantu 22 bwabuze: '''abasirikare 10 b'ingabo za Loni bari bashinzwe kurinda Minisitiri w'Intebe Agathe Uwilingiyimana''' (na we wishwe), n'abasivili 12 bishwe ahanini kubera ko bari Ababiligi.<ref name="onu" /> === Urutonde rw'Ababiligi 22 bishwe mu 1994 === Christine André | '''Bruno Bassinne'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hommages - Hulden |url=https://bel-memorial.org/tribute/tribute_1.php?INDIVIDUALS_ID=80753&RECOUP=80753 |website=bel-memorial.org |access-date=2024-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Note de synthèse du conseil communal du 3 septembre 2024 |url=https://www.namur.be/fr/ma-ville/vie-politique/conseil-communal/seances-du-conseil/03-09-2024/note-synthese-cc20240903-ville.pdf |website=Ville de Namur |language=fr |access-date=2026-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103215101/https://www.namur.be/fr/ma-ville/vie-politique/conseil-communal/seances-du-conseil/03-09-2024/note-synthese-cc20240903-ville.pdf |archive-date=2024-11-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | Claire Beckers-Bucyana | Katia Bucyana | Albert Craemers | '''Alain Debatty''' | Olivier Dulieu | '''Christophe Dupont''' | Michel Gigi | Antoine Godfriaux | Paul Kesenne | '''Yannick Leroy''' | Hélène Laveque | '''Stéphane Lhoir''' | '''Thierry Lotin''' | '''Bruno Meaux''' | '''Louis Plescia''' | '''Christophe Renwa''' | Annie Roland-Mugwaneza | Etienne Staelgraeve | '''Marc Uyttebroeck''' | Paul Van Vynckt<ref name="onu" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda : 1994 -2024 |url=https://beldefnews.mil.be/rwanda-1994-2024/?lang=fr |website=beldefnews.mil.be |language=fr |access-date=2024-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=De quoi sont morts nos soldats? |url=https://www.dhnet.be/archives-journal/2007/04/01/de-quoi-sont-morts-nos-soldats-YVBOM23H4BARTIUMVSBOS2E3ZE/ |website=DHnet |language=fr |access-date=2024-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Frédéric Crahay |title=Rwanda 1994 : Chronique d’un génocide en direct |journal=Témoigner. Entre histoire et mémoire |issue=128 |pages=4–5 |date=2019-04-02 |issn=2031-4183 |doi=10.4000/temoigner.8095 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/temoigner/8095 |language=fr |access-date=2024-11-03}}</ref> Icyapa cyo kwibuka cya guverinoma y'Ububiligi n'amabuye 10 yo kwibuka byashyizweho ku wa 7 Mata 2000 mu rwego rwo kwibuka '''abasirikare 10 b'Ababiligi bishwe''' i Kigali ku wa 7 Mata 1994, bari mu butumwa bw'amahoro mu Rwanda.<ref name="onu" /> Icyubahiro cyahawe na guverinoma y'Ububiligi, ku wa 7 Mata 2000.<ref name="onu" /> === Uruhare rw'itangazamakuru ry'urwango === Bagaragazwa nk'ibyitso bya FPR cyangwa nk'abagize uruhare mu iyicwa rya Perezida Habyarimana, Ababiligi bari mu banyamahanga bibasiwe cyane n'icengezamatwara ry'« itangazamakuru ry'urwango », cyane cyane [[Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines]] (RTLM) n'ikinyamakuru [[Kangura]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Bernard-Alexandre Merkel |title=The Rwandan Genocide: The Guilty Bystanders |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2010/01/14/the-rwandan-genocide-the-guilty-bystanders/ |website=E-International Relations |date=2010-01-14 |language=en |access-date=2024-11-03}}</ref> Itegurwa ry'itsembatsemba ry'Abatutsi ndetse n'umugambi wo kwibasira Ababiligi, cyane cyane abasirikare, byari byaramenyeshejwe muri « ''Genocide Fax'' ». Iyo fagisi yoherejwe na Roméo Dallaire ku cyicaro cya Loni i New York ku wa 11 Mutarama 1994, hafi amezi atatu mbere y'uko Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi itangira.<ref name="dallaire" /> Ivuga ku kiganiro umwanditsi wayo yagiranye n'umuyobozi mu barwanyi b'[[Interahamwe]] wari uzi imigambi ya jenoside, kandi ni ikimenyetso cy'uko umuryango mpuzamahanga wananiwe gukumira Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda. Ibice by'iyo « ''Genocide Fax'' » (mu Cyongereza): {{Quote|2. HE INFORMED US HE WAS IN CHARGE OF LAST SATURDAYS DEMONSTRATIONS WHICH AIMS WERE TO TARGET DEPUTIES OF OPPOSITION PARTIES COMING TO CEREMONIES AND BELGIAN SOLDIERS. THEY HOPED TO PROVOKE THE RPF BN TO ENGAGE (BEING FIRED UPON) THE DEMONSTRATORS AND PROVOKE A CIVIL WAR. DEPUTIES WERE TO BE ASSASSINATED UPON ENTRY OR EXIT FROM PARLIAMENT. BELGIAN TROOPS WERE TO BE PROVOKED AND IF BELGIANS SOLDIERS RESORTED TO FORCE A NUMBER OF THEM WERE TO BE KILLED AND THUS GUARANTEE BELGIAN WITHDRAWAL FROM RWANDA. 6. PRINCIPAL AIM OF INTERHAMWE IN THE PAST WAS TO PROTECT KIGALI FROM RPF. SINCE UNAMIR MANDATE HE HAS BEEN ORDERED TO REGISTER ALL TUTSI IN KIGALI. HE SUSPECTS IT IS FOR THEIR EXTERMINATION. EXAMPLE HE GAVE WAS THAT IN 20 MINUTES HIS PERSONNEL COULD KILL UP TO 1000 TUTSIS.}} == Uruhare rw'Ububiligi n'ingaruka == Muri Mata 1997, Sena y'Ububiligi yafashe icyemezo cyo gushyiraho komisiyo y'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yo gukora iperereza kuri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda. Imyanzuro y'iyo raporo igaragaza cyane cyane uruhare rusange:<ref name="onu" /> {{Quote|Komisiyo yemera ko, uretse abayobozi b'Abanyarwanda, abayobozi ba politiki n'aba gisirikare b'Ububiligi, b'Umuryango w'Abibumbye n'umuryango mpuzamahanga wose muri rusange bafite uruhare, rutaziguye cyangwa ruziguye, mu bice bimwe by'ibyago byabaye mu Rwanda nyuma ya 6 Mata 1994. (...) Ni urusobe rw'ibihe, uburangare, isuzuma ribi n'amakosa byatumye ayo makuba aba.}} Mu ijambo ry'amateka ryo ku wa 7 Mata 2000, mu gihe cyo kwibuka ku nshuro ya 6 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi i Kigali, [[Guy Verhofstadt]] (wari Minisitiri w'Intebe icyo gihe) yemereye imbere y'Abanyarwanda uruhare rw'Ububiligi muri Jenoside yo mu 1994:<ref name="onu" /> {{Quote|Mu izina ry'igihugu cyanjye, nunamiye abazize jenoside. Mu izina ry'igihugu cyanjye, mu izina ry'abaturage banjye, ndabasaba imbabazi.}} == Ubutabera nyuma ya Jenoside == Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, urwego rw'ubutabera rw'u Rwanda, rwari rwarazahajwe cyane n'intambara, ntirwashoboraga kuburanisha mu buryo bwuzuye abakekwagaho jenoside (hafashwe abakekwa barenga 120&nbsp;000, mu gihe urwego rw'ubutabera rwashoboraga kuburanisha nka 1&nbsp;000 gusa ku mwaka).<ref name="onu" /> Ububiligi bwatanze umusanzu mu [[Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda]] (TPIR/ICTR), rwashyizweho na Loni (Ugushyingo 1994 – Ukuboza 2015) rukagira icyicaro i Arusha (Tanzaniya). Umusaruro warwo w'abantu 61 bahamijwe ibyaha wagiye unengwa.<ref name="onu" /> Mu rwego rwo kwihutisha imanza no gushyira mu bikorwa inzira y'ubwiyunge bw'igihugu, guverinoma y'u Rwanda yashyizeho [[Inkiko Gacaca]], uburyo bw'ubutabera ku rwego rw'ibanze bushingiye ku mico gakondo.<ref name="onu" /> Nyuma yo kuburanisha imanza 1&nbsp;958&nbsp;634, Inkiko Gacaca zasojwe ku mugaragaro ku wa 18 Kamena 2012.<ref name="onu" /> Ububiligi ni cyo gihugu cya mbere cy'amahanga cyaburanishije kandi kigahamya ibyaha abakoze jenoside b'Abanyarwanda ku butaka bwacyo; imanza zaciwe n'inkiko z'igihugu z'Ububiligi zishingiye ku ihame ry'ububasha bw'inkiko ku isi yose (''compétence universelle'').<ref name="onu" /> === Urubanza rwa Butare Bane === Alphonse Higaniro, Vincent Ntezimana, Consolata Mukangango na Julienne Mukabutera bafatiwe ku butaka bw'Ububiligi bakurikiranyweho uruhare mu bwicanyi bwabereye muri Perefegitura ya Butare hagati ya Mata na Nyakanga 1994. Bahamijwe ibyaha n'Urukiko rwa Rubanda (''Cour d'assises'') rw'i Buruseli ku wa 8 Kamena 2001 ([[Ikigeragezo cya Butare Bane]]), bakatirwa igifungo kiri hagati y'imyaka 12 na 20.<ref name="onu" /> === Urubanza rwa Bernard Ntuyahaga === [[Bernard Ntuyahaga]], wahoze ari Majoro mu Ngabo z'u Rwanda (FAR), yakatiwe ku wa 5 Nyakanga 2007 n'Urukiko rwa Rubanda rw'i Buruseli igifungo cy'imyaka 20 kubera iyicwa ry'abasirikare 10 b'Ababiligi ba Loni, irya Minisitiri w'Intebe w'u Rwanda Agathe Uwilingiyimana n'iry'Abanyarwanda benshi, cyane cyane muri Perefegitura za Kigali na Butare. Amaze imyaka 20 muri gereza mu Bubiligi, Bernard Ntuyahaga yirukanywe asubizwa mu Rwanda mu Ukuboza 2018.<ref name="onu" /> Ibikorwa byo gukurikirana abandi bakekwaho jenoside byarakomeje.<ref name="onu" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === {{Commonscat|UNAMIR Belgian memorial in Kigali}} === Bibliyografiya === * Komisiyo y'iperereza y'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'Ububiligi * {{Cite book |author=Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le Génocide |title=Identification des sites du génocide d’avril à juillet 1994 |location=Kigali |publisher=CNLG |year=2019 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/IdentificationSitesGenocideAvrilJuillet1994.pdf |format=PDF |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abasirikare b'Ababiligi, Urwibutso rw'}} [[Ikiciro:Umujyi wa Kigali]] [[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]] al7qbk8febm9r0223t2dy82r4uo81x6 0 23186 140935 140796 2026-10-07T13:52:36Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 140935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Paul Biya | image = Paul Biya in December 14th, 2022.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Paul Biya mu 2022 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1933|2|13|df=y}} | birth_place = Mvomeka'a, Dja-et-Lobo, [[Kameruni]] | nationality = Umunyakameruni | alma_mater = Lycée Louis-le-Grand<br />Sciences Po Paris<br />Institut des hautes études d'outre-mer | occupation = Umunyapolitiki | known_for = Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Kameruni (1975–1982); umukuru w'igihugu ukuze kurusha abandi ku isi | title = Perezida wa Kameruni | term = Kuva ku wa 6 Ugushyingo 1982 | predecessor = Ahmadou Ahidjo | party = RDPC (mbere UNC) | spouse = Jeanne-Irène Biya (1961–1992)<br />Chantal Biya (kuva 1994) }} '''Paul Biya''' (amazina ye y'amavuko: '''Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo'''; wavutse ku wa 13 Gashyantare 1933 i Mvomeka'a, mu karere ka Dja-et-Lobo, muri [[Kameruni]]) ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyakameruni, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Kameruni kuva ku wa 6 Ugushyingo 1982. Mbere yaho, yabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe kuva mu 1975 kugeza mu 1982. Yazamutse mu nzego z'ubutegetsi ku gihe cya Perezida Ahmadou Ahidjo, amusimbura amaze kwegura mu buryo butunguranye mu 1982. Yakomeje ububasha bwe nyuma y'umugambi wa kudeta waburijwemo mu 1984. Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1990, ashyizweho igitutu, yemeye amashyaka menshi. Yongeye gutorwa mu 1992, 1997, 2004, 2011, 2018 na 2025, ariko abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi n'ibihugu by'Uburengerazuba bakavuga ko buri matora yarangwaga n'uburiganya. Afite imyaka irenga 90, ni we mukuru w'igihugu ukuze kurusha abandi ku isi, akaba n'uwa kabiri mu baperezida bamaze igihe kirekire ku butegetsi, nyuma ya Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo wa Gineya Ekwatoriyale. Ubutegetsi bwe bufatwa nk'ubw'igitugu. == Ubuzima == === Umuryango n'amashuri === Paul Biya yavukiye mu mudugudu wo mu majyepfo ya Kameruni, hagati mu ishyamba rya ekwateri, ahantu hari hayobowe n'Ubufaransa. Ni umuhungu wa Anastasie Eyenga Ellé na Étienne Mvondo Assam, umukateshiste wifuzaga ko azaba padiri, bituma amujyana mu ishuri gatolika rya Nden, hanyuma mu iseminari za Édéa na Akono<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Georges Dougueli |title=Le jour où Paul Biya a renoncé à devenir prêtre |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/446569/politique/jour-paul-biya-a-renonce-a-devenir-pretre/ |website=jeuneafrique.com}}</ref>. Ni Umugatolika ukomeye ku idini<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Une Afrique homophobe ? |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-raisons-politiques-2013-1-page-95.htm}}</ref>. Amaze kwiga amashuri yisumbuye muri lycée Général-Leclerc i Yaoundé, yakomereje i Paris muri lycée Louis-le-Grand<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Paul Biya, la gouvernance par l'absence |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2018/10/05/01003-20181005ARTFIG00244-cameroun-paul-biya-le-president-aux-35-annees-de-gouvernance-par-l-absence.php}}</ref>, muri Kaminuza ya Sorbonne, muri ''Institut d'études politiques'' (aho yakuye impamyabumenyi y'amategeko rusange mu 1961) no muri ''Institut des hautes études d'outre-mer''<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Shuimo Trust Dohyee |title=Paul Biya, “propriétaire absent” du Cameroun depuis 1982 |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/long-format/portrait-paul-biya-proprietaire-absent-du-cameroun-depuis-1982_231101_1 |website=Courrier international}}</ref>. Akiri umunyeshuri, yabaye umwenegihugu w'Ubufaransa, ariko nyuma arabureka asubiye muri Kameruni gukora mu butegetsi. === Ubuzima bwite === Mu 1961, yashakanye na Jeanne-Irène Biya, witabye Imana ku wa 29 Nyakanga 1992; barera umuhungu we Franck Biya, wavutse mu 1971<ref name="E93">{{cite web |title=Africa's Media, Democracy and the Politics of Belonging |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Tr6EUTxQWYC&dq=%22Jeanne+Ir%C3%A8ne+Biya%22+son&pg=PA213}}</ref>. Franck Biya avugwa nk'ushobora kuzamusimbura<ref name="E94">{{cite web |title=Cameroon: Is Franck Biya the president's son and successor? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/cameroon-is-franck-biya-the-presidents-son-and-successor/a-57052023 |date=2021-03-31 |access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref>. Ku wa 23 Mata 1994, yashakanye na Chantal Vigouroux, amurusha imyaka 36, babyarana Paul Junior na Brenda Biya<ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Candidate's biography :Paul Biya – 2004 Presidential Election |url=http://www.presidential2004.gov.cm/candidats.php?id_cand=10&module=bio&lang=en |website=www.presidential2004.gov.cm |access-date=2025-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121131006/http://www.presidential2004.gov.cm/candidats.php?id_cand=10&module=bio&lang=en |archive-date=2007-11-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Urugendo muri politiki == Mu Ukwakira 1962, yashyizwe mu biro bya Perezida Ahmadou Ahidjo nk'ushinzwe ubutumwa (''chargé de mission''). Mu 1965, yabaye umuyobozi w'ibiro bya Minisitiri w'Uburezi, Urubyiruko n'Umuco, hanyuma umunyamabanga mukuru w'iyo minisiteri. Mu 1967–1968, yabaye umuyobozi w'ibiro bya gisivili bya Perezida, hanyuma umunyamabanga mukuru w'ibiro bya Perezida afite ipeti rya minisitiri; mu Kamena 1970, agirwa Minisitiri wa Leta<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les figures du politique en Afrique |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAywnB3pQI0C&pg=PA72&dq=Paul+Biya+ministre+secr%C3%A9taire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+%C3%A0+la+pr%C3%A9sidence+en+1968 |website=Karthala Éditions |date=1999-01-01 |access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref>. Ku wa 30 Kamena 1975, Ahidjo yamugize Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Parcours de S.E. Paul BIYA |url=https://www.prc.cm/fr/le-president/parcours-paul-biya |website=www.prc.cm |access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref>. Itegeko ryo ku wa 29 Kamena 1979 ryamugize uzasimbura Perezida igihe habayeho icyuho. == Perezida wa Kameruni == === Gufata ubutegetsi n'umugambi wa kudeta wo mu 1984 === Ku wa 4 Ugushyingo 1982, Ahidjo yeguye mu buryo butunguranye, maze Paul Biya aba Perezida wa Repubulika ku wa 6 Ugushyingo 1982. Ahidjo n'uwamusimbuye ntibatinze guhangana. Ku wa 14 Nzeri 1984, Biya yatorewe kuyobora ishyaka rimwe rukumbi rya UNC, maze ku wa 24 Werurwe 1985 arihindura ''Rassemblement démocratique du peuple camerounais'' (RDPC). Ku wa 6 Mata 1984, yarokotse umugambi wa kudeta wakozwe n'abasirikare b'ingabo zirinda Repubulika<ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cameroun: le jour où Paul Biya a failli être renversé |url=https://www.slateafrique.com/85111/cameroun-retour-sur-le-putsch-manque-du-6-avril-1984 |website=Slate Afrique |access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref>. Bamwe mu bagerageje kumuhirika barafashwe, abandi baricwa. Ahidjo, washinjwe kugira uruhare muri uwo mugambi, yakatiwe igihano cy'urupfu adahari, nyuma Biya amuha imbabazi. Ihashywa ryibasiye cyane cyane uturere two mu majyaruguru, aho abantu amagana bishwe. === Ubukungu n'amashyaka menshi === Yatowe ari umukandida umwe rukumbi mu 1984 no mu 1988. Yemeye gahunda y'ivugurura ry'ubukungu yatanzwe n'Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari (FMI) na Banki y'Isi: kwegurira abikorera ibigo bya Leta, kugabanya amafaranga akoreshwa mu mibereho myiza; imishahara y'abakozi ba Leta yagabanyijweho 60 %<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Thomas Deltombe |title=Interminable fin de règne à Yaoundé |url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2011/10/DELTOMBE/21071 |website=Le Monde diplomatique |date=2011-10-01 |access-date=2018-11-02}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1990, nyuma y'ibikorwa byo kwanga kumvira ubutegetsi byiswe "Imigi yapfuye" (''Villes mortes'') n'imyigaragambyo, yihutishije ishyirwaho ry'amashyaka menshi, akuraho amategeko "arwanya ubugambanyi" yari yarashyizweho n'uwo yasimbuye, yemerera itangazamakuru ryigenga<ref name="F8" />. Mu matora ya mbere y'amashyaka menshi yo mu 1992, yatangajwe ko yatsinze John Fru Ndi ku majwi 40 % kuri 36 %, ibyavuye mu matora abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi banze<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Vivien Tonfack |title=Présidentielle de 1992 : Le Sdf se remémore de sa frustration |url=https://www.camer.be/46088/6:1/cameroun-presidentielle-de-1992-le-sdf-se-rememore-de-sa-frustration-cameroon.html |website=camer.be}}</ref>. Yongeye gutorwa mu 1997 (92,6 %) no mu 2004 (70,9 %). Kuva mu 1992, yagerageje gucamo ibice abamurwanya; mu 2025, Kameruni yari ifite amashyaka agera kuri 300, amwe aterwa inkunga na guverinoma<ref name="F4" />. === Ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga ryo mu 2008 === Mu Ukuboza 2007, yatangaje ko ashaka guhindura Itegeko Nshinga ryagabanyaga manda ya perezida kuri ebyiri. Uwo mushinga wanamuhaga ubudahangarwa imbere y'ubucamanza ku bikorwa yakoze ari ku butegetsi. Muri Gashyantare 2008, habaye imyigaragambyo yasabaga igabanuka ry'ibiciro n'iyegura rya Biya; yahashywe bikomeye, ihitana abantu bagera ku ijana, abandi ibihumbi barafungwa<ref name="F8" />. Ivugurura ryemejwe n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko mu 2008. Ku wa 21 Ukwakira 2011, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 78 %; ambasaderi wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, Robert Jackson, yamaganye "amakosa ku nzego zose"<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Paul Biya officiellement réélu président du Cameroun |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/10/21/paul-biya-reelu-president-du-cameroun_1592182_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2011-10-21 |access-date=2011-10-22}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Dépêche |title=Les États-Unis notent des « irrégularités » lors du scrutin présidentiel du 9 octobre |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20111020-cameroun-presidentielle-etats-unis-usa-irregularites-scrutin-presidentielle-9-octobre-election-paul-biya |website=France24.com |date=2011-10-20}}</ref>. === Ibibazo by'umutekano === Mu 2014, inyeshyamba za Boko Haram zaturutse muri [[Nijeriya]] zinjira muri Kameruni. Muri Gicurasi 2014, Biya na mugenzi we wa Cadi Idriss Déby batangaje intambara kuri Boko Haram, bohereza ingabo ku mupaka<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=en |author=Moki Edwin Kindzeka |title=Cameroon, Chad Deploy Troops to Fight Boko Haram |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/cameroon-chad-deploy-troops-to-fight-boko-haram/1922622.html |website=Voice of America |date=2014-05-26 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2018, Kameruni yatangaje ko Boko Haram yasubijwe inyuma, nubwo imirwano yakomeje mu turere tw'umupaka<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=en |title=Boko Haram has been repelled, Cameroon's leader declares |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-5294593e5c034405a225efc2fcbe6281 |website=AP News |date=2018-09-30 |access-date=2025-01-12}}</ref>. Mu Ugushyingo 2016, mu turere tuvuga [[Icyongereza]] two mu Majyaruguru y'Uburengerazuba n'Amajyepfo y'Uburengerazuba, abarimu n'abanyamategeko bigaragambije bamagana ishyirwa ry'abavuga [[Igifaransa]] muri utwo turere n'iyimikwa ry'amategeko y'Abaromani aho kuba ''common law''. Benshi basabaga gusubira ku butegetsi bwa federasiyo, abandi bake basaba ubwigenge bw'igihugu gishya bise "Ambazonia"; Biya yanze ibyo bisabwa byombi<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |author=VOA |title=Cinq choses à savoir sur la crise anglophone au Cameroun |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/cinq-choses-%C3%A0-savoir-sur-la-crise-anglophone-au-cameroun-/4593591.html |website=Voice of America |date=2018-09-30}}</ref>. Mu mpera za 2017, igice cy'abashaka kwitandukanya cyafashe intwaro. Ku wa 30 Ugushyingo 2017, nyuma y'iyicwa ry'abasirikare n'abapolisi, Biya yavuze ko Kameruni yibasiwe n'"agatsiko k'abaterabwoba", ijambo radio ya Leta yafashe nk'itangazwa ry'intambara<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Crise anglophone au Cameroun : Paul Biya dénonce une « bande de terroristes » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/498486/politique/crise-anglophone-au-cameroun-paul-biya-denonce-une-bande-de-terroristes/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2017-12-01 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Figaro.fr avec AFP |title=Cameroun : l'armée "sans état d'âme" avec les séparatistes |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2017/12/02/97001-20171202FILWWW00152-cameroun-l-armee-sans-etat-d-ame-avec-les-separatistes.php |website=Le Figaro |date=2017-12-02 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2018 no mu 2025 === Ku wa 7 Ukwakira 2018, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 71,3 %<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cameroun: Paul Biya réélu à la présidence avec 71,28 % |url=https://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20181022-cameroun-election-presidentielle-victoire-ecrasante-paul-biya |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref>, mu matora yaranzwe n'urugomo n'ubwitabire buke<ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=Cameroon's President Paul Biya wins seventh term |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45940414 |website=BBC News |date=2018-10-22 |access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref>. Mu 2020, guceceka kwe mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya COVID-19 kwaranenzwe<ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Cameroun, où le coronavirus progresse vite, le silence du président Biya pose question |url=https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2020/04/04/au-cameroun-ou-le-coronavirus-progresse-vite-le-silence-du-president-biya-pose-question |website=journaldemontreal.com |date=2020-04-04 |access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref>. Ku wa 13 Nyakanga 2025, afite imyaka 92, yatangaje ko aziyamamariza manda ya munani mu matora yo ku wa 12 Ukwakira 2025<ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |author=RFI |title=Cameroun : Paul Biya annonce sa candidature à la présidentielle pour un huitième mandat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250713-cameroun-paul-biya-annonce-sa-candidature-%C3%A0-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-pour-un-huiti%C3%A8me-mandat |website=rfi.fr |date=2025-07-13 |access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref><ref name="E36">{{cite web |language=en |title=Cameroon's presidential election gathers momentum as candidates file for the October vote |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/07/18/cameroons-presidential-election-gathers-momemtum-as-candidates-file-for-the-october-vote/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-07-18 |access-date=2025-07-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 27 Ukwakira, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwatangaje ko yatsinze ku majwi 53,66 %, imbere ya Issa Tchiroma Bakary, na we wavugaga ko ari we watsinze<ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Figaro avec AFP |title=Cameroun : Paul Biya, 92 ans et au pouvoir depuis 1982, réélu président pour la huitième fois |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/cameroun-paul-biya-92-ans-et-au-pouvoir-depuis-1982-reelu-president-pour-la-huitieme-fois-20251027 |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2025-10-27}}</ref><ref name="E37">{{cite web |language=en |title=Cameroon re-elects world's oldest president |url=https://news.sky.com/story/cameroon-re-elects-world8217s-oldest-president-13458733 |website=Sky News |date=2025-11-27 |access-date=2025-11-03}}</ref>. Nyuma y'amatora, habaye imyigaragambyo yamagana uburiganya<ref name="E38">{{cite web |author=Robbie Corey-Boulet |title=Cameroon security forces killed 48 in election protests, UN sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/cameroon-security-forces-killed-48-election-protests-un-sources-say-2025-11-04/ |website=Reuters |date=2025-11-04 |access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref>. Yarahiriye manda ya munani ku wa 6 Ugushyingo 2025, imyigaragambyo ikomeje<ref name="E39">{{cite web |title=Cameroon's 92-year-old president Paul Biya sworn in again as opposition cries foul |url=https://apnews.com/article/cameroon-president-biya-inauguration-09e4d8b9e722b1ef7309a8b978ed5d22 |website=AP News |date=2025-11-06 |access-date=2025-11-09}}</ref>; Issa Tchiroma yahise ahungira muri Gambiya<ref name="E40">{{cite web |language=en |title=Cameroon opposition leader flees to Gambia for 'safety' after disputed vote |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/23/cameroon-opposition-leader-flees-to-gambia-for-safety-after-disputed-vote |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2025-11-24}}</ref>. === Ubuzima bwe n'uzamusimbura === Kuva mu myaka ya 2010, kujya kenshi mu mahanga mu "ngendo bwite" byateje impungenge ku buzima bwe; inshuro nyinshi havuzwe ko yapfuye<ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Elisabeth Asen |title=Paul Biya, un président nonagénaire à la santé chancelante |url=https://www.dw.com/fr/cameroun-paul-biya-malade/a-70384394 |website=dw.com}}</ref>. Mu Nzeri n'Ukwakira 2024, yamaze iminsi 50 atagaragara mu ruhame<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Henri Fotso |title=Paul Biya est de retour au Cameroun – DW – 21/10/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/fr/paul-biya-est-de-retour-au-cameroun/a-70561504 |website=dw.com |access-date=2024-11-02}}</ref>; ku wa 9 Ukwakira, Minisitiri w'Ubutegetsi bw'Igihugu Paul Atanga Nji yabujije itangazamakuru kuvuga ku buzima bwa Perezida<ref name="E107">{{cite web |language=en |title=Cameroon bans media talk of president's health amid rumours |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241010-cameroon-bans-media-talk-of-president-s-health-amid-rumours |website=France 24 |date=2024-10-10 |access-date=2024-10-20}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2026, nyuma y'itora ry'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, Biya yasinye iteka risubizaho umwanya wa visi-perezida, uwo azishyiriraho ubwe, kugira ngo "hizerwe ukomeza kw'imirimo ya Leta" igihe habayeho icyuho; abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi babyise "kudeta ishingiye ku nzego"<ref name="F43">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Vice-président de Paul Biya : un silence qui dure et une liste de prétendants qui s’allonge |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1794956/politique/vice-president-de-paul-biya-un-silence-qui-dure-et-une-liste-de-pretendants-qui-sallonge/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Kanama 2026, afite imyaka 93, yagarutse i Yaoundé nyuma y'iminsi 74 ari mu mahanga, nta bisobanuro bitanzwe; ikinyamakuru ''Jeune Afrique'' cyavuze ko yabagiwe ivi i Genève<ref name="F44">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Après 74 jours d'absence, Paul Biya est de retour au Cameroun |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260820-apr%C3%A8s-74-jours-d-absence-paul-biya-est-de-retour-au-cameroun |website=rfi.fr |date=2026-08-23}}</ref><ref name="F45">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frédéric Couteau |title=Le genou tout neuf de Paul Biya |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/revue-de-presse-afrique/20260827-à-la-une-le-genou-tout-neuf-de-paul-biya |website=rfi.fr}}</ref>. == Isesengura n'inenge == Ubutegetsi bwe bukunze kwitwa ubw'igitugu<ref name="F49">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Thomas Vampouille |title=Cameroun : Biya réélu président pour un mandat |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2011/10/21/01003-20111021ARTFIG00611-cameroun-tensions-autour-de-la-reelection-attendue-de-biya.php |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2011-10-22}}</ref>. Imiryango nka Amnesty International yanenze ubutegetsi bwe kubuza abaturage uburenganzira bw'ibanze no guhohotera uburenganzira bwa muntu<ref name="F50">{{cite web |language=en |title=Cameroon : Blatant disregard for human rights |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGAFR170251997 |website=amnesty.org}}</ref>. Ifungwa ry'abanyamakuru, abanditsi, abayobozi b'amasendika n'abarwanashyaka ni kenshi<ref name="F8" />. Human Rights Watch yamaganye "ihashywa rikomeye" ry'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi<ref name="F56">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Monde avec AFP |title=Human Rights Watch accuse à nouveau le Cameroun de Paul Biya de réprimer toute opposition |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/22/human-rights-watch-accuse-a-nouveau-le-cameroun-de-paul-biya-de-reprimer-toute-opposition_6223519_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2024-03-22}}</ref>. Abamushyigikiye bo bavuga ko ku butegetsi bwe habayeho iterambere, nka demokarasi, irekurwa ry'imfungwa za politiki n'ubwinshi bw'abakandida<ref name="F53">{{cite web |language=fr |author=François Soudan |title=Cameroun : 1982-2012, de Biya à Biya |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/139428/politique/cameroun-1982-2012-de-biya-biya/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2012-11-12}}</ref>. Mu 2006, hatangijwe ibikorwa byo kurwanya ruswa byiswe ''Épervier'', byatumye abayobozi bakuru benshi bafungwa, nubwo bikekwa ko byakoreshejwe mu gukuraho abo bahanganye<ref name="F58">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Georges Dougueli |title=Fortunes diverses |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/200907/politique/fortunes-diverses/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2009-09-28}}</ref>. Transparency International yashyize Kameruni ku mwanya w'igihugu cyamunzwe na ruswa kurusha ibindi ku isi mu 1998 no mu 1999<ref name="F4" />, no ku mwanya wa 145 kuri 176 mu 2018<ref name="F3" />. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Ubutegetsi bwe bushyigikiwe n'Ubufaransa, buhereza Kameruni intwaro, butoza ingabo zayo kandi akaba ari bwo bushora imari nyinshi muri icyo gihugu<ref name="E41">{{cite web |title=France's Secret War in Cameroon Is Still Choking Its People |url=https://jacobin.com/2025/07/france-cameroon-colonialism-war-biya |website=Jacobin |date=2025-07-23}}</ref>. Mu 1986, yasubukuye umubano na Isiraheli, wari warahagaze kuva mu 1973<ref name="E46">{{cite web |title=Israel, Cameroon Restore Ties After 13-Year Break |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-08-27-mn-14197-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |date=1986-08-27 |access-date=2024-08-15}}</ref>; umutwe w'ingabo zihuta (BIR) uhabwa ibikoresho kandi utozwa na Isiraheli<ref name="E50">{{cite web |author=Lindsey Hilsum |title=On the border and in the crossfire: Cameroon's war with Boko Haram |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/13/on-the-border-and-in-the-crossfire-cameroons-war-with-boko-haram |website=The Guardian |date=2015-05-13 |access-date=2023-06-04}}</ref>. Ku wa 10 Ukwakira 2002, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga rw'Ubutabera rwemeje ko igice cya Bakassi cyari mu makimbirane na Nijeriya ari icya Kameruni; ihererekanya ry'icyo gice ryakozwe mu mahoro hakurikijwe amasezerano ya Greentree yo mu 2006<ref name="E57">{{cite web |title=A Success in the Resolution of Boundary Dispute |url=https://unowas.unmissions.org/cameroon-nigeria-mixed-commission-success-resolution-boundary-dispute |website=The Cameroon–Nigeria Mixed Commission |date=2019-07-09 |access-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518105340/https://unowas.unmissions.org/cameroon-nigeria-mixed-commission-success-resolution-boundary-dispute |archive-date=2024-05-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Paul Biya}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Kameruni]] tfuplco3i3j9moqwpovd5i13qeu0wly 0 23194 140962 140810 2026-10-08T01:48:20Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo | image = 2026 Teodoro Obiang (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Teodoro Obiang mu 2026 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|6|5|df=y}} | birth_place = Acoacán, Mongomo, [[Gineya Ekwatoriyale]] | nationality = Umunyagineya Ekwatoriyale | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Zaragoza (Esipanye) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika (2011–2012) | title = Perezida wa Gineya Ekwatoriyale | term = Kuva ku wa 3 Kanama 1979 | predecessor = Francisco Macías Nguema | party = Parti démocratique de Guinée équatoriale (PDGE) | spouse = Constancia Mangue (n'abandi) }} '''Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo''' (wavutse ku wa 5 Kamena 1942 i Acoacán, mu karere ka Mongomo, muri [[Gineya Ekwatoriyale]]) ni umunyapolitiki akaba n'uwahoze ari umusirikare wo muri Gineya Ekwatoriyale, uyoboye icyo gihugu kuva mu 1979, akaba ari Perezida wacyo wa kabiri kuva mu 1982. Amaze kwiga mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya Zaragoza muri Esipanye, yabaye mu myanya myinshi ku butegetsi bwa nyirarume Francisco Macías Nguema, harimo n'uw'umuyobozi wa gereza ya Playa Negra (''Black Beach''), izwiho guhohotera uburenganzira bwa muntu. Mu 1979, yahiritse Macías binyuze muri kudeta ya gisirikare. Mu 1987, yashinze ishyaka ''Parti démocratique de Guinée équatoriale'' (PDGE), ryabaye ishyaka rimwe rukumbi ryemewe kugeza mu 1992. Ku butegetsi bwe, Gineya Ekwatoriyale yabaye igihugu gikomeye mu gucukura peteroli kuva mu myaka ya 1990. Kuva mu 2011 kugeza mu 2012, yabaye Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika. Afatwa nk'umunyagitugu uyoboye ubutegetsi burangwa na ruswa ikabije, ikoreshwa nabi ry'ububasha, ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu n'ikimenyane<ref name="E2">{{cite web |language=en |title=Clan Obiang: The Eastern European Network of an African Dictator |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/investigation/clan-obiang-the-eastern-european-network-of-an-african-dictator |website=OCCRP |access-date=2025-11-23}}</ref><ref name="E4">{{cite web |author=Ana Lúcia Sá |title=The politics of autocratic survival in Equatorial Guinea: Co-optation, restrictive institutional rules, repression, and international projection |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adaa030 |website=African Affairs |date=2021}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |author=Austin S. Matthews |title=Elite strategy in resilient authoritarianism: Equatorial Guinea, 1979–2023 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2024.2343105 |website=Democratization |date=2024 |access-date=2024-04-30}}</ref>. Ni we mukuru w'igihugu utari umwami umaze igihe kirekire ku butegetsi ku isi, nyuma ya [[Paul Biya]] wa Kameruni. == Ubuzima == === Umuryango === Teodoro Obiang yavukiye mu muryango wo mu bwoko bw'Abesangui, ku wa 5 Kamena 1942, mu gace kari mu bukoloni bwa Esipanye, ku mupaka n'[[Gabon]] y'ubu<ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2007: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzQUDgAAQBAJ |website=Palgrave Macmillan UK |date=2006}}</ref>. Ni umwana wa gatatu mu bana icumi ba Santiago Nguema Eneme Obama na María Mbasogo Ngui, bombi b'Abanyagabon bari barimukiye muri Gineya ya Esipanye kugira ngo birinde umusoro w'umubiri no kungukira mu bukungu bwari bwifashe neza. Nyina amaze gupfa, we n'abavandimwe be barezwe na se n'umugore we mushya, Carmen Mikue Mbira<ref name="E7">{{cite web |author=GUINEA ECUATORIAL |title=La pareja presidencial asiste a la misa de réquiem de Doña Carmen Mikue - Página Oficial del Gobierno de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial |url=https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=5825 |website=www.guineaecuatorialpress.com |access-date=2026-01-21}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Ukuboza 1968, yashakanye na Constancia Mangue Nsue; umuhungu wabo, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue ("Teodorín"), ni Visi-perezida w'igihugu. Afite abandi bagore, kandi abana be benshi bari mu myanya ikomeye muri guverinoma<ref name="E4" />. === Amashuri === Yize amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye mu kigo cya Cardenal Cisneros cya Ebibeyin no mu kigo cya La Salle cya Bata. Kuva mu 1963 kugeza mu 1965, yize mu Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Zaragoza muri Esipanye, ahavana ipeti rya sous-lieutenant. == Urugendo mu gisirikare ku butegetsi bwa Macías == Mu 1969, nyirarume Perezida Francisco Macías Nguema yamugize lieutenant mu ngabo z'igihugu. Mu 1971, yazamuwe ku ipeti rya kapiteni kubera uruhare rwe mu kuvumbura umugambi wa kudeta, hanyuma aba komanda mu 1975. Mu 1979, yabaye Minisitiri wungirije w'Ingabo afite ipeti rya lieutenant-colonel. Mu myaka myinshi, yayoboye gereza ya Playa Negra n'urwego rwose rw'amagereza mu gihugu, aba na guverineri w'ikirwa cya Bioko n'umuyobozi w'ingabo z'igihugu. == Perezida wa Gineya Ekwatoriyale == === Kudeta ya 1979 === Nyuma y'aho Macías ategetse ko abantu benshi bo mu muryango wabo bicwa, barimo na murumuna wa Obiang, Obiang n'abandi bari hafi ya Macías bakeka ko yasaze. Ku wa 3 Kanama 1979, Obiang yamuhiritse muri kudeta yamenekeyemo amaraso, maze amushyikiriza urukiko ku byaha yakoze, harimo jenoside y'Ababubi; Macías yakatiwe urwo gupfa, aricwa arashwe ku wa 29 Nzeri 1979<ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=Dan Gardner |title=The Pariah President: Teodoro Obiang is a brutal dictator responsible for thousands of deaths. So why is he treated like an elder statesman on the world stage? |url=http://www.dangardner.ca/Featnov605.html |website=The Ottawa Citizen |date=2005-11-06 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612161320/http://www.dangardner.ca/Featnov605.html |archive-date=2008-06-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |author=Steve Bloomfield |title=Teodoro Obiang Nguema: A brutal, bizarre jailer |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/teodoro-obiang-nguema-a-brutal-bizarre-jailer-448575.html |website=The Independent |date=2007-05-13 |access-date=2010-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013221831/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/teodoro-obiang-nguema-a-brutal-bizarre-jailer-448575.html |archive-date=2011-10-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Obiang yatangaje ko ubutegetsi bushya buzatangira bundi bushya: yahaye imbabazi imfungwa za politiki, akuraho imirimo y'agahato, kandi yongera kwemera ubukirisitu bwari bwarabujijwe, ariko ntiyavuze ku ruhare rwe mu byaha by'ubutegetsi bwa Macías<ref name="E8" />. === Itegeko Nshinga rishya n'amatora === Mu 1982, igihugu cyasubiye ku butegetsi bwa gisivili mu izina, gishyiraho Itegeko Nshinga rishya; Obiang yatorewe kuba Perezida nta wundi bahanganye, ararahira ku wa 12 Ukwakira 1982. Yongeye gutorwa mu 1989 ari wenyine. Nyuma y'aho amashyaka menshi yemerewe mu 1992, yongeye gutorwa mu 1996 no mu 2002 ku majwi 98 %, mu matora indorerezi mpuzamahanga zavuze ko arimo uburiganya<ref name="E10">{{cite web |author=Steve Bloomfield |title=Teodoro Obiang Nguema: A brutal, bizarre jailer |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/teodoro-obiang-nguema-a-brutal-bizarre-jailer-448575.html |website=The Independent |date=2007-05-13 |access-date=2010-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219113546/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/teodoro-obiang-nguema-a-brutal-bizarre-jailer-448575.html |archive-date=2008-12-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |author=United States Central Intelligence Agency |title=The CIA World Factbook 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqanFyF6nI0C&pg=PA214 |website=Skyhorse Publishing Inc.}}</ref>; mu 2002, mu ntara imwe y'itora, yabonye 103 % by'amajwi<ref name="E24">{{cite web |author=Alexander Smoltczyk |title=Rich in Oil, Poor in Human Rights: Torture and Poverty in Equatorial Guinea |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,434691,00.html |website=Der Spiegel |date=2006-08-28 |access-date=2007-04-01}}</ref>. Mu 2009, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 97 %, nanone havugwa uburiganya n'iterabwoba<ref name="E12">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mark Tran |title=President Nguema of Equatorial Guinea on course to extend three-decade rule |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/30/president-equatorial-guinea-extends-rule |website=The Guardian |date=2009-11-30 |access-date=2010-10-21}}</ref>. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2016 no mu 2022. PDGE ifite ububasha hafi bwose, kandi Itegeko Nshinga riha Perezida ububasha bwagutse, harimo n'ubwo kuyobora binyuze mu mateka. Ubwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru bugarukira cyane: ibinyamakuru hafi ya byose ni ibya Leta cyangwa iby'umuhungu we Teodorín<ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=Equatorial Guinea media guide |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13317177 |website=BBC News |date=2011-05-06 |access-date=2026-02-28}}</ref>. Mu 2004, habaye umugambi wa kudeta wateguwe n'abacancuro b'abanyamahanga, uyobowe n'Umwongereza Simon Mann, waje gukatirwa gufungwa imyaka 34. Muri Nzeri 2022, Obiang yashyize umukono ku itegeko rikuraho igihano cy'urupfu, icyemezo cyashimwe ku rwego mpuzamahanga<ref name="E46">{{cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea Becomes 25th Africian Country to Abolish Death Penalty |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/equatorial-guinea-becomes-25th-african-country-to-abolish-death-penalty |website=Death Penalty Information Center |date=2022-09-20 |access-date=2024-10-03}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Umubano na [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] warazambye mu 1993, ambasade y'Amerika ifungwa mu 1996<ref name="E17">{{cite web |author=Peter Maass |title=A Touch of Crude |url=https://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2005/01/12_400.html |website=Mother Jones |access-date=2014-12-01}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ibitero byo ku wa 11 Nzeri 2001, Amerika yongeye kwita ku bihugu by'Afurika bicukura peteroli; mu ruzinduko rwe rwo mu 2006, Umunyamabanga wa Leta Condoleezza Rice yamwise "inshuti nziza"<ref name="E20">{{cite web |author=Larry Luxner |title=Equatorial Guinea Goes from Rags to Riches With Oil Boom |url=http://www.washdiplomat.com/01-08/a2_08_01.html |website=Washington Diplomat |date=August 2001 |access-date=2007-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044756/http://www.washdiplomat.com/01-08/a2_08_01.html |archive-date=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Remarks with Equatorial Guinean President Obiang Before Their Meeting |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2006/64434.htm |date=2006-04-12 |access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref>. Ambasade nshya y'Amerika yafunguwe mu 2013<ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=United States Dedicates New U.S. Embassy in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/218626.htm |website=U.S. Department of State |access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref>. Ku wa 26 Nzeri 2024, yasuye Moscou ahura na Perezida Vladimir Putin<ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea's president visits Russia for diplomatic talks |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/09/26/equatorial-guineas-president-visits-russia-for-diplomatic-talks/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-09-26}}</ref>. === Ubukungu n'umurwa mukuru mushya === Mu 1995, sosiyete ExxonMobil yavumbuye peteroli mu gihugu, maze Gineya Ekwatoriyale iba igihugu cya gatatu mu bihugu byo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara bicukura peteroli nyinshi, nyuma ya Nijeriya na Angola. Nubwo igihugu gifite umusaruro mbumbe ku muturage uri hejuru muri Afurika, ubukire bwacyo bugabanywa nabi cyane, ahanini buri mu maboko y'umuryango uri ku butegetsi<ref name="E34">{{cite web |author=Osmund Agbo |title=Teodoro Obiang Mbasogo: Resource curse and an African despot |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/503442-teodoro-obiang-mbasogo-resource-curse-and-african-despot-by-osmund-agbo.html |website=Premium Times |date=2021-12-31 |access-date=2023-08-01}}</ref>. Nk'uko ''Forbes'' ibivuga, Obiang afite umutungo wa miliyoni 600 z'amadolari<ref name="E58">{{cite web |title=Fortunes of Kings, Queens And Dictators |url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/05/03/cz_forbes_0522_royals_slide_8.html |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029180012/https://www.forbes.com/2006/05/03/cz_forbes_0522_royals_slide_8.html |archive-date=2017-10-29 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>. Mu 2012, yategetse kubaka umujyi mushya, Ciudad de la Paz (wahoze witwa Oyala), ku mugabane, kugira ngo usimbure Malabo ku mwanya w'umurwa mukuru<ref name="E35">{{cite web |language=en |author=Jacey Fortin |title=A Dazzling Capital City Rises Amid Poverty In Equatorial Guinea |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/poverty-stricken-equatorial-guinea-builds-expensive-capital-city-middle-nowhere-949224 |website=International Business Times |date=2012-12-19 |access-date=2024-10-24}}</ref>. Ku wa 2 Mutarama 2026, yasinye iteka rigira Ciudad de la Paz umurwa mukuru ku mugaragaro<ref name="E41">{{cite web |language=es |title=Decreto Ley por el que se declara la Ciudad de la Paz, Djibloho, capital de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial |url=https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticias/decreto_ley_por_el_que_se_declara_la_ciudad_de_la_paz_djibloho_capital_de_la_republica_de_guinea_ecuatorial |website=Guinea Ecuatorial |access-date=2026-01-22}}</ref>. == Impaka == === Uburenganzira bwa muntu === Mu 2006, yasinye iteka ribuza iyicarubozo, ariko imiryango nka Human Rights Watch na Amnesty International ikomeza kugaragaza iyicarubozo, gukubitwa, impfu zidasobanuwe n'ifungwa rinyuranyije n'amategeko mu magereza<ref name="E42">{{cite web |title=Organizational Reform & Institutional Capacity-Building |url=http://www.mpri.com/esite/index.php/content/services/organizational_reform_amp_institutional_capacity_building/ |website=MPRI |access-date=2013-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802044807/http://www.mpri.com/esite/index.php/content/services/organizational_reform_amp_institutional_capacity_building/ |archive-date=2009-08-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E43">{{cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/equatorial-guinea/report-2009 |website=Amnesty International |access-date=2013-05-05}}</ref>. Freedom House yamwise umwe mu banyagitugu "biba umutungo w'igihugu kurusha abandi" bakiriho<ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea: Ignorance worth fistfuls of dollars. |url=https://freedomhouse.org/blog/equatorial-guinea-ignorance-worth-fistfuls-dollars |website=Freedom House |date=2012-06-13 |access-date=2017-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623093439/https://freedomhouse.org/blog/equatorial-guinea-ignorance-worth-fistfuls-dollars |archive-date=2012-06-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2003, radiyo ya Leta yamwise "Imana y'igihugu" ifite "ububasha bwose ku bantu n'ibintu"<ref name="E49">{{cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea's 'God' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3098007.stm |website=BBC |date=2003-07-26 |access-date=2007-11-01}}</ref>. Mu 2024, ubutegetsi bwe bwahashye imyigaragambyo ku kirwa cya Annobón, buhagarika itumanaho na interineti kuri icyo kirwa. === Ruswa n'imitungo y'inyerezo === Ikinyamakuru ''Los Angeles Times'' cyagaragaje ko amasosiyete akomeye y'Abanyamerika acukura peteroli yishyuraga amafaranga kuri konti igenzurwa na Perezida muri banki ya Riggs i Washington. Mu Bufaransa, mu rubanza ruzwi nka "biens mal acquis", ubucamanza bwafatiriye ibintu mu nzu y'umuryango we iri ku muhanda wa Avenue Foch i Paris, ifite agaciro ka miliyoni 100 z'amayero<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biens mal acquis : saisie record chez Teodoro Obiang |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2012/02/24/biens-mal-acquis-saisie-record-chez-teodoro-obiang_798527/}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=en |author=Adam Whitnall |title=The brutal central African dictator whose playboy son faces French corruption trial |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/teodoro-obiang-nguema-mbasogo-equatorial-guinea-french-corruption-trial-a7238501.html |website=The Independent}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2021, umuhungu we Teodorín yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka itatu gisubitse n'ihazabu ya miliyoni 30 z'amayero<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Restitution des biens mal acquis : une première pour des crédits prévus dans le budget français |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/11/10/restitution-des-biens-mal-acquis-une-premiere-pour-des-credits-prevus-dans-le-budget-francais_6199333_3212.html |website=Le Monde et AFP}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2009, ubushinjacyaha bwa Esipanye bushinzwe kurwanya ruswa bwasabye iperereza ku iyezandonke ku makonti ye muri Esipanye<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mia Laporte |title=Angola Press |url=http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/fr_fr/noticias/africa/parquet-espagnol-pour-une-enquete-sur-les-comptes-president-Obiang,c658bf06-30c7-4f32-a388-aa01cadb69ad.html |website=portalangop.co.ao}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Gineya Ekwatoriyale]] todh98i6i4cxuyjwyf9dyc54150qo16 0 23198 140953 140734 2026-10-07T23:34:59Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Adama Barrow | image = Adama Barrow at the 15th OIC Summit.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Adama Barrow | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|2|16|df=y}} | birth_place = Mankamang Kunda, hafi ya Basse Santa Su, [[Gambiya]] | nationality = Umunyagambiya | occupation = Umucuruzi w'imitungo itimukanwa, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Gutsinda Yahya Jammeh mu matora yo mu 2016 | title = Perezida wa Gambiya | term = Kuva ku wa 19 Mutarama 2017 | predecessor = Yahya Jammeh | party = National People's Party (NPP; mbere UDP) | spouse = Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow<br />Sarjo Mballow }} '''Adama Barrow''' (wavutse ku wa 16 Gashyantare 1965 i Mankamang Kunda, muri [[Gambiya]]) ni umucuruzi n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyagambiya, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Gambiya kuva ku wa 19 Mutarama 2017. Ashyigikiwe n'ihuriro ry'amashyaka arindwi atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo ku wa 1 Ukuboza 2016, atsinda Yahya Jammeh wari umaze imyaka 22 ku butegetsi. Jammeh yanze kuva ku butegetsi, bituma Barrow ararahira ari muri ambasade ya Gambiya i Dakar, muri [[Senegali]], mbere y'uko igitero cya gisirikare cya CEDEAO gihatira Jammeh guhunga igihugu. Yongeye gutorwa mu Ukuboza 2021. == Ubuzima == === Amashuri n'umwuga === Adama Barrow yavukiye mu mudugudu wa Mankamang Kunda, mu nkengero z'umujyi wa Basse Santa Su, mu burasirazuba bwa Gambiya. Yize i Koba Kunda no mu [[Banjul]], hanyuma ahabwa buruse yo kwiga mu ishuri ryisumbuye ry'Abayisilamu<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Adama Barrow, le nouveau président gambien ? |url=http://www.senenews.com/2016/12/02/qui-est-adama-barrow-le-suppose-nouveau-president-gambien_173392.html |website=SeneNews.com |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>. Arangije amashuri, yakoreye ikigo cy'ingufu Alhagie Musa Njie & Sons, azamuka kugeza abaye umuyobozi ushinzwe kugurisha<ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Who Is Adama Barrow? |url=http://www.kaironews.com/who-is-adama-barrow |website=Kairo News |date=2016-09-01 |access-date=2016-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204055058/http://www.kaironews.com/who-is-adama-barrow/ |archive-date=2016-12-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 2000, yagiye i Londres, aho yize ibijyanye n'imitungo itimukanwa, akanakora nk'umuzamu kugira ngo yishyure amasomo; yavuze ko ubwo buzima bwamwubatse, ati: "Gukora amasaha 15 ku munsi byubaka umugabo"<ref name="E10" /><ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=en |title=Argos guard tackles Gambia strongman |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/argos-guard-tackles-gambia-strongman-wklq7dl2t |website=The Times |date=2016-11-20 |access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref>. Agarutse muri Gambiya, mu 2006 yashinze ikigo cy'imitungo itimukanwa Majum Real Estate, akiyobora kugeza mu 2016<ref name="E10" /><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title='No drama Adama' Barrow seeks to end Gambia's erratic Jammeh era |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gambia-election-barrow-idUSKBN13R2HH |website=Reuters |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2017-01-19}}</ref>. === Intangiriro muri politiki === Yatangiye politiki mu ishyaka ''National Reconciliation Party'' (NRP), hanyuma mu 2007 yinjira mu ishyaka ''United Democratic Party'' (UDP), ariko atsindwa amatora y'abadepite<ref name="E16">{{cite web |language=en |title=KNOW YOUR CANDIDATE: President Adama Barrow – The Fatu Network |url=https://fatunetwork.net/know-your-candidate-president-adama-barrow/ |date=2021-11-09 |access-date=2025-01-02}}</ref>. Mbere yo kwiyamamariza kuba Perezida, ntiyari yarigeze atorerwa umwanya uwo ari wo wose, ariko yari umubitsi wa UDP<ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Gambia's Yahya Jammeh loses election to Adama Barrow |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/gambia-yahya-jammeh-loses-election-adama-barrow-161202130519550.html |website=Aljazeera |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>. == Amatora yo mu 2016 n'ihererekanyabubasha == Ku wa 30 Ukwakira 2016, ihuriro ry'amashyaka arindwi atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi ryamutoranyije kuba umukandida waryo, maze ava muri UDP kugira ngo yiyamamaze nk'umukandida wigenga<ref name="E17">{{cite web |author=Mowat |title=North London Argos worker takes on hardline Islamist in bid to be next president of Gambia |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/734366/Adama-barrow-security-guard-Gambia-president |access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=UDP's Adama Barrow Resigns From UDP, Party Accepts His Resignation |url=http://www.freedomnewspaper.com/breaking-news-udps-adama-barrow-resigns-from-udp-party-accepts-his-resignation/ |website=Freedom Newspaper |date=2016-11-03 |access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref>. Yasezeranyije gusubiza Gambiya mu Muryango wa Commonwealth no mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga, kuvugurura inzego z'umutekano, no kuyobora guverinoma y'inzibacyuho akava ku butegetsi nyuma y'imyaka itatu<ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Gambia's Jammeh loses presidential election to Adama Barrow in shock election result |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38183906 |website=BBC News |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2016-12-05}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |author=Carley Petesch |title=Leader promises 'a new Gambia' after upset win |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/2e6e8d43ed25441996e0357f7defb790/ap-interview-election-winner-promises-new-gambia |website=Associated Press |date=2016-12-03 |access-date=2017-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223043100/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/2e6e8d43ed25441996e0357f7defb790/ap-interview-election-winner-promises-new-gambia |archive-date=2017-02-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Ukuboza 2016, yatsinze amatora ku majwi 43,3 %, imbere ya Yahya Jammeh (39,6 %) na Mama Kandeh (17,1 %)<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : le nouveau président Adama Barrow organise la transition |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20161204-gambie-barrow-president-elu-transition-jammeh |website=France 24 |date=2016-12-04 |access-date=2016-12-05}}</ref><ref name="E19" />. Mu ntangiriro, Jammeh yasaga n'uwemera ibyavuye mu matora, ariko ku wa 9 Ukuboza 2016 yatangaje ko abyanze "burundu"; Akanama gashinzwe umutekano ku isi ka Loni, Ubumwe bwa Afurika, CEDEAO n'abandi baramwamaganye<ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=Gambian leader Yahya Jammeh's poll rejection condemned |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38275511 |website=BBC News |date=2016-12-10 |access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref>. Barrow yahungiye muri Senegali kubera umutekano we<ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=Gambia crisis: Adama Barrow urges Jammeh to quit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38442817 |website=BBC News |date=2016-12-27}}</ref>. Ku wa 17 Mutarama 2017, Jammeh yatangaje ibihe bidasanzwe, maze bukeye bwaho Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yongera manda ye amezi atatu<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : à la veille de la fin de son mandat, Jammeh décrète l’état d’urgence - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170117-gambie-veille-fin-mandat-jammeh-decrete-etat-urgence-barrow |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2017-01-18}}</ref><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le mandat prolongé du président Jammeh fait perdurer l'impasse politique en Gambie |url=http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1011486/le-mandat-prolonge-du-president-jammeh-fait-perdurer-limpasse-politique-en-gambie |website=Radio-Canada.ca |access-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>. Ku wa 19 Mutarama 2017, Barrow yarahiriye kuba Perezida muri ambasade ya Gambiya i Dakar<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Monde Afrique |title=Adama Barrow, le nouveau président de Gambie, a prêté serment au Sénégal |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/01/19/en-direct-de-l-ambassade-de-gambie-a-dakar-pour-la-prestation-de-serment-d-adama-barrow_5065549_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2017-01-19}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |author=Callum Patton |title=Adama Barrow inaugurated as President of Gambia amid standoff with predecessor Yahya Jammeh |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/adama-barrow-inaugurated-president-gambia-amid-standoff-predecessor-yahya-jammeh-1602051 |website=International Business Times |date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref>. Uwo munsi, ingabo za Senegali, Nijeriya na Gana zinjiye muri Gambiya mu gikorwa cya gisirikare cya CEDEAO kugira ngo zihatire Jammeh kuva ku butegetsi; ingabo za Gambiya ntizabarwanyije<ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Ex-President Yahya Jammeh leaves The Gambia after losing election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38706426 |website=BBC News |date=2016-01-21 |access-date=2016-01-22}}</ref><ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Crise en Gambie sur la prise de pouvoir. Intervention des troupes sénégalaises |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/monde/gambie/crise-en-gambie-sur-la-prise-de-pouvoir-intervention-des-troupes-senegalaises-4745749 |website=Ouest-France |date=2017-01-18 |access-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ubuhuza bwa Alpha Condé wa Gineya na Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wa Moritaniya, Jammeh yemeye kuva ku butegetsi, ahunga igihugu ku wa 21 Mutarama 2017, ajya muri Gineya hanyuma muri [[Gineya Ekwatoriyale]]<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Gambie : le président sortant Yahya Jammeh accepte de quitter le pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/01/21/gambie-le-president-sortant-yahya-jammeh-annonce-qu-il-accepte-de-quitter-le-pouvoir_5066442_3212.html#PdcRF1kuSAWwlK5m.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2017-01-21}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Cyril Bensimon |title=Gambie : sous la pression de la Cédéao, le président sortant Yahya Jammeh part en exil |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/01/22/sous-la-pression-de-la-cedeao-le-president-sortant-yahya-jammeh-part-en-exil_5066827_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2017-01-21 |access-date=2017-01-22}}</ref>. Barrow yagarutse muri Gambiya ku wa 26 Mutarama 2017<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : Adama Barrow rentre au pays ce 26 janvier - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170125-gambie-adama-barrow-rentre-pays-le-26-janvier |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2017-01-26}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |author=Carley Petesch |title=Throngs cheer new president's triumphant return to Gambia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/gambias-new-president-adama-barrow-returning-to-nation/2017/01/26/58372f50-e3b6-11e6-a419-eefe8eff0835_story.html |website=The Washington Post |date=2017-01-26 |access-date=2017-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130044710/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/gambias-new-president-adama-barrow-returning-to-nation/2017/01/26/58372f50-e3b6-11e6-a419-eefe8eff0835_story.html |archive-date=2017-01-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>, maze ku wa 18 Gashyantare 2017 yongera kurahira muri Gambiya, muri sitade y'Ubwigenge i Bakau<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |author=La-Croix.com |title=La Gambie s’offre une double fête |url=http://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/La-Gambie-soffre-double-fete-2017-02-18-1200825725 |website=La Croix |access-date=2017-02-18}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |title=Adama Barrow sworn in on home soil as president |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/adama-barrow-sworn-home-soil-president-170218164133783.html |website=Al Jazeera |date=2017-02-18 |access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Gambiya == === Manda ya mbere === Ku wa 23 Mutarama 2017, yagize Fatoumata Tambajang Visi-perezida<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : une femme comme nouvelle vice-présidente |url=http://journalmetro.com/monde/1080154/gambie-une-femme-comme-nouvelle-vice-presidente/ |website=Métro |access-date=2017-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202032023/http://journalmetro.com/monde/1080154/gambie-une-femme-comme-nouvelle-vice-presidente/ |archive-date=2017-02-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yatangaje ko izina rirambuye ry'igihugu risubira kuba "Repubulika ya Gambiya" aho kuba "Repubulika ya Kisilamu ya Gambiya", nk'uko Jammeh yari yarabihinduye mu 2015<ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=The Gambia: President Adama Barrow pledges reforms |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-president-adama-barrow-pledges-reforms-170128194124520.html |website=Al Jazeera |date=2017-01-28 |access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref>. Mu ijambo rye ryo kurahira, yategetse ko imfungwa zose zafunzwe nta rubanza ku butegetsi bwa Jammeh zirekurwa; imfungwa 171 zo muri gereza ya Mile 2 zararekuwe<ref name="E34">{{cite web |title=President Adama Barrow orders release of 171 prisoners |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/president-adama-barrow-orders-release-171-prisoners-170220063108170.html |website=Al Jazeera |date=2017-02-20 |access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref>. Yahagaritse icyemezo cyo kuva mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga, maze Minisitiri w'Ubutabera Ba Tambadou atangaza ishyirwaho rya Komisiyo y'Ukuri, Ubwiyunge n'Indishyi ku bahohotewe ku butegetsi bwa Jammeh<ref name="E39">{{cite web |author=Jina Moore |title=Burundi Quits International Criminal Court |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/world/africa/burundi-international-criminal-court.html |website=The New York Times |date=2017-10-27 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref><ref name="E40">{{cite web |author=Pap Saine |title=Gambia to set up truth and reconciliation commission |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gambia-politics-idUSKBN16U2ZD |website=Reuters |date=2017-03-23}}</ref><ref name="E48">{{cite web |author=Yomi Kazeem |title=Gambia's new president has started fixing the country's decades-long culture of human rights abuse |url=https://qz.com/910308/gambia-will-remain-in-the-international-criminal-court-under-new-president-adama-barrow/ |website=Quartz |date=2017-02-14 |access-date=2017-06-15}}</ref>. Yahinduye kandi urwego rw'iperereza rw'igihugu (NIA) rwari ruzwiho guhohotera abantu<ref name="E35" />. Ku wa 10 Gashyantare 2017, yarokotse umugambi wo kumwica ubwo yari mu isengesho mu musigiti wa King Fahd i Banjul<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Agence congolaise de presse |url=http://acpcongo.com/acp/attentat-manque-contre-president-gambien-adama-barrow-a-banjul/}}</ref>. Ku wa 6 Mata 2017, ihuriro rye ryatsinze amatora y'abadepite<ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |author=La-Croix.com |title=Législatives en Gambie : premières élections post-Jammeh |url=http://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Legislatives-Gambie-premieres-elections-post-Jammeh-2017-04-06-1300837545 |website=La Croix |access-date=2017-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410214249/http://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Legislatives-Gambie-premieres-elections-post-Jammeh-2017-04-06-1300837545 |archive-date=2017-04-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Nzeri 2017, yasinye amasezerano mpuzamahanga avanaho igihano cy'urupfu<ref name="E42">{{cite web |title=Gambia: President Barrow Signs Abolition of Death Penalty Treaty |url=https://www.jollofnews.com/2017/09/21/gambia-president-barrow-signs-abolition-of-death-penalty-treaty/ |website=Jollof News |date=2017-09-21 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102173102/https://www.jollofnews.com/2017/09/21/gambia-president-barrow-signs-abolition-of-death-penalty-treaty/ |archive-date=2021-11-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 8 Gashyantare 2018, Gambiya yasubiye mu Muryango wa Commonwealth<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Anna Pujol Mazzini |title=La Gambie rejoint le Commonwealth après quatre ans d’absence |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/528455/politique/la-gambie-rejoint-le-commonwealth-apres-quatre-ans-dabsence/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2018-02-08 |access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref><ref name="E50">{{cite web |language=en |author=Abdur Rahman Alfa Shaban |title=The Gambia rejoins the Commonwealth after 2013 exit |url=https://www.africanews.com/2018/02/08/the-gambia-rejoins-the-commonwealth-after-2013-exit/ |website=Africanews |date=2018-02-08}}</ref>. === Imyigaragambyo ya "Three Years Jotna" === Nubwo yari yasezeranyije kuva ku butegetsi nyuma y'imyaka itatu, yaje kwisubiraho, avuga ko Itegeko Nshinga rimusaba kurangiza manda y'imyaka itanu<ref name="E51">{{cite web |author=Abdur Rahman Alfa Shaban |title=Unpacking Gambia's three-year pact: Constitution versus Coalition MoU |url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/01/28/unpacking-gambia-s-three-year-pact-constitution-vs-coalition-mou/ |website=Africanews |date=2020-01-28 |access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref><ref name="E54">{{cite web |author=Jason Burke |title=Outcry over crackdown in the Gambia as president refuses to quit |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/28/outcry-over-crackdown-in-the-gambia-as-president-adama-barrow-refuses-to-quit |website=The Guardian |date=2020-01-28 |access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref>. Mu 2019 no mu ntangiriro za 2020, habaye imyigaragambyo ikomeye yiswe "Three Years Jotna" ("Imyaka itatu irahagije"), imusaba kuva ku butegetsi; guverinoma yayibujije, abantu amagana barafungwa, abandi batatu barapfa<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tension politique en Gambie : des manifestants réclament le départ du Président Adama Barrow |url=https://www.afrik.com/tension-politique-en-gambie-des-manifestants-reclament-le-depart-du-president-adama-barrow |website=Afrik.com |date=2019-12-17 |access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref><ref name="E52">{{cite web |title=Gambia Arrests 137 in Protests Urging President to Step Down |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_gambia-arrests-137-protests-urging-president-step-down/6183255.html |website=Voice of America |date=2020-01-27 |access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref><ref name="E53">{{cite web |author=Emil Touray |title=3 dead in protest against Gambian head Barrow: hospital |url=https://news.yahoo.com/3-dead-protest-against-gambian-head-barrow-hospital-195826998.html |website=Yahoo News |date=2020-01-27 |access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref>. Ku wa 15 Gashyantare 2019, yirukanye Visi-perezida Ousainou Darboe n'abaminisitiri benshi ba UDP, maze nyuma y'amezi icumi ashinga ishyaka rye, ''National People's Party'' (NPP)<ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le vice-président de la Gambie limogé |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-47587516 |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref><ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=en |author=AfricaNews |title=Gambia president launches own party after rift with ruling coalition |url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/01/03/gambia-president-launches-own-party-after-rift-with-ruling-coalition// |website=Africanews |date=2020-01-03 |access-date=2020-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927083341/https://www.africanews.com/2020/01/03/gambia-president-launches-own-party-after-rift-with-ruling-coalition/ |archive-date=2023-09-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Umushinga w'Itegeko Nshinga rishya, wagabanyaga manda ya perezida ku ebyiri, wanzwe n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ku wa 22 Nzeri 2020, maze Barrow ashinjwa kuba ari we wateguye iryo tsindwa<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Parlement gambien rejette le projet de nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200923-parlement-gambien-rejette-projet-nouvelle-constitution |website=RFI |date=2020-09-23 |access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref><ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie: l'Assemblée rejette le projet de nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.africaradio.com/news/gambie-l-assemblee-rejette-le-projet-de-nouvelle-constitution-172959 |website=www.africaradio.com |access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri === Muri Nzeri 2021, yagiranye ubufatanye n'ishyaka rya Jammeh, ''Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction'' (APRC), nubwo Jammeh ubwe yabyamaganye<ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=ro |title=Gambian President and Ex-Dictator Form Coalition Ahead of Polls |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-05/gambian-president-and-ex-dictator-form-coalition-ahead-of-polls |website=www.bloomberg.com |access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref><ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=en |title=Gambia: Police Detain Top Official of Jammeh's Backed 'No Alliance Movement', Others |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202110260618.html |website=allAfrica.com |date=2021-10-26 |access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2021, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 53 %, atangira manda ya kabiri ku wa 19 Mutarama 2022<ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Théa Ollivier |title=En Gambie, Adama Barrow remporte la présidentielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/12/06/en-gambie-adama-barrow-remporte-la-presidentielle_6104890_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-12-06}}</ref><ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : Adama Barrow a prêté serment pour un deuxième mandat |url=https://www.senenews.com/actualites/politique/gambie-adama-barrow-a-prete-serment-pour-un-deuxieme-mandat_383235.html |website=sene.news}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Ukuboza 2022, guverinoma yatangaje ko yaburijemo umugambi wa kudeta, abasirikare benshi barafungwa<ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Gambie, le gouvernement dit avoir déjoué une tentative de coup d’Etat |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/12/22/en-gambie-le-gouvernement-dit-avoir-dejoue-une-tentative-de-coup-d-etat_6155385_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2022-12-22 |access-date=2022-12-27}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Adama Barrow ni Umuyisilamu, akaba afite abagore babiri: Fatoumatta Bah, bashakanye mu 1997, akaba Madamu wa Perezida, na Sarjo Mballow<ref name="E61">{{cite web |author=Oluwatobi Bolashodun |title=Meet the look-alike wives of new Gambian President Adama Barrow |url=https://gossip.naij.com/1083657-meet-alike-wives-gambian-president-adama-barrow-photos.html |website=Naij.com |date=January 2017 |access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="E62">{{cite web |author=F. Mbaye |title=Barrow confirms first wife will be country's First Lady |url=http://www.whatson-gambia.com/news/headline-news/1714-barrow-confirms-first-wife-will-be-country-s-first-lady# |website=WhatsOn-Gambia |date=2017-11-30 |access-date=2022-05-15}}</ref>. Ku wa 15 Mutarama 2017, umuhungu we Habibu w'imyaka umunani yapfuye nyuma yo kurumwa n'imbwa; Barrow ntiyabashije kujya mu muhango wo kumushyingura kuko yari ari muri Senegali<ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Décès d'un fils du président élu gambien Adama Barrow |url=http://www.voaafrique.com/a/deces-d-un-fils-du-president-elu-gambien-adama-barrow/3678520.html |website=VOA |access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref><ref name="E64">{{cite web |title=Gambia President-elect Adama Barrow's son killed by dog |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38641070 |website=BBC |date=2017-01-17 |access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref>. Avuga ko avanze amoko: Abasarahule, Abamandinka n'Abafula<ref name="E60">{{cite web |title=Gambia: Adama Barrow Speaks To JollofNews, Reaches Out To Gambians |url=https://jollofnews.com/2016/12/05/gambia-adama-barrow-speaks-to-jollofnews-reaches-out-to-gambians/ |website=JollofNews |date=2016-12-05 |access-date=2016-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220075813/https://jollofnews.com/2016/12/05/gambia-adama-barrow-speaks-to-jollofnews-reaches-out-to-gambians/ |archive-date=2016-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ashyigikira ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru y'Abongereza Arsenal<ref name="E66">{{cite web |author=Hugo Williams |title=Gambia elections: President-elect Adama Barrow's life story |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38185428 |website=BBC |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2016-12-27}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Adama Barrow}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Gambiya]] 8dj9ab66ratculcgrieoqo0s0schc98 0 23216 140966 140695 2026-10-08T07:23:05Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Kaminuza y'Abadivantisiti ya Lukanga]] 140966 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:90%;" |+ style="font-size:125%;" | Université de l'Assomption au Congo |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Dosiye:Universite Assomption Congo campus Butembo 02.png|260px]]<br/>Ikigo cya kaminuza i Bulengera, Butembo |- | Izina rigufi || UAC |- | Yashinzwe || 1982 |- | Ubwoko || Kaminuza yigenga ya Kiliziya Gatolika |- | Abayishinze || Abasomusiyonisiti (Augustins de l'Assomption) |- | Intego || ''Noverim me, noverim Te'' |- | Igihugu || [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] |- | Intara || Kivu y'Amajyaruguru |- | Umujyi || Butembo |- | Abanyeshuri || ~900 (2023) |- | Amashami || 5 |- | Urubuga || [https://www.uaconline.edu.cd uaconline.edu.cd] |} Université de l'Assomption au Congo (UAC), mu Kinyarwanda Kaminuza y'Asomusiyo muri Kongo, ni ishuri rikuru ryigenga ry'amashuri makuru na kaminuza riherereye mu mujyi wa Butembo, mu ntara ya Kivu y'Amajyaruguru, muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. Yashinzwe kandi iyoborwa n'Abasomusiyonisiti, umuryango w'abihayimana wa [[Kiliziya Gatolika]].<ref name="okapi">[https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/04/10/actualite/education/butembo-luac-une-universite-des-pretres-assomptionnistes-ouverte-la « Butembo : l'UAC, une université des prêtres Assomptionnistes, ouverte à la formation des laïcs »], Radio Okapi, 10 Mata 2023.</ref> == Amateka == [[Dosiye:Universite Assomption Congo campus Butembo 01.png|thumb|left|Inyubako za kaminuza i Butembo]] Mu 1982, Abasomusiyonisiti bakoreraga ubutumwa muri Diyosezi ya Butembo-Beni bashinze ishuri rya filozofiya ryitwa Philosophat Saint-Augustin de Bulengera, kugira ngo ritegure abihayimana bazakomeza kwiga tewolojiya. Kuva mu 1993 kugeza mu 2002, iryo shuri ryari ishami rya Butembo rya Philosophat Saint-Augustin y'i Kinshasa.<ref name="assumptio">[https://www.assumptio.org/en/what-do-we-do/our-mobilizing-works/ « Our mobilizing works »], Assumptio.</ref> Mu 2002, bisabwe na Minisiteri y'Amashuri Makuru, ryahinduye izina riba Institut supérieur Emmanuel d'Alzon de Butembo (ISEAB). Kubera intambara z'inyeshyamba, abanyeshuri ntibari bagishobora kujya i Kinshasa, maze Minisiteri yemera ko ishuri ryakira n'abalayiki.<ref name="okapi" /> Ku wa 18 Mata 2003, iteka rya minisitiri ryemereye ishuri gutanga impamyabumenyi (graduat) muri filozofiya, mu bumenyi n'ubuhanga bw'iterambere, no mu itumanaho.<ref name="assumptio" /> Ku wa 22 Ugushyingo 2018, ISEAB yahindutse kaminuza yuzuye yitwa Université de l'Assomption au Congo.<ref name="wiki-fr">Inyandiko ya [[:fr:Université de l'Assomption au Congo|Wikipedia y'igifaransa]] n'iy'[[:en:University of the Assumption in Congo|icyongereza]].</ref> {{clear}} == Imiyoborere == UAC iri munsi y'ubuyobozi bw'Abasomusiyonisiti. Yiyita kaminuza ya tekiniki yigenga ya Gatolika, ariko inyigisho zayo ntizishingiye ku idini. Mu 2023, umunyamabanga mukuru ushinzwe amasomo, Padiri Omer Kamate, yavuze ko ikibazo gikomeye ari ukubona abarimu bahoraho, kuko kaminuza ikoresha abarimu baturutse mu tundi turere.<ref name="okapi" /> Ikorana n'andi mashuri makuru, nka IFASIC mu itumanaho na Kaminuza ya Kinshasa (UNIKIN) mu yandi masomo.<ref name="whed">[https://whed.net/institutions/IAU-028440 « Université de l'Assomption au Congo »], World Higher Education Database (IAU).</ref> == Amashami == Kuva mu 2023, UAC ifite amashami (facultés) atanu:<ref name="okapi" /><ref name="whed" /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ishami !! Amasomo |- | Indimi n'ubumenyi bw'abantu || Filozofiya, itumanaho |- | Ubukungu n'imicungire || Ikoranabuhanga mu micungire, management, imicungire y'ibigo |- | Iterambere ry'imijyi n'icyaro || Iterambere ry'icyaro, iterambere ry'abaturage |- | Isomo ry'imitekerereze n'uburezi || Imitekerereze mu mashuri, imitekerereze mu buvuzi |- | Ubumenyi ngiro (Polytechnique) || Ubwubatsi, amashanyarazi, ubukanishi, ikoranabuhanga, ubugeni bw'inyubako |} Kaminuza ifite kandi ishuri ry'ikirenga (école doctorale) n'ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi. == Ibikorwaremezo == [[Dosiye:Butembo main street.JPG|thumb|right|Umujyi wa Butembo]] Ikigo gikuru cya UAC kiri ku musozi wa Bulengera, ugerwaho n'umuhanda w'ibumba; ikindi kigo kiri i Kambali, hafi ya Radio Moto Butembo-Beni. Abanyeshuri biga itumanaho bimenyerereza kuri Radio na Televiziyo Moto. Kaminuza ifite kandi laboratwari y'ikoranabuhanga, laboratwari y'ibinyabuzima (biotechnologie), umurima wo gutubura insina, na gahunda yo gucunga imyanda, harimo gukora amapave mu masashe.<ref name="okapi" /> === Abanyeshuri n'amafaranga y'ishuri === Mu 2023, UAC yari ifite abanyeshuri bagera kuri 900. Amafaranga yo kwiyandikisha ari hagati ya 340 na 500 by'amadolari y'Amerika, yishyurwa mu byiciro.<ref name="okapi" /> {{clear}} == Amafoto == <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> Dosiye:Butembo 2014.JPG|Butembo mu 2014 Dosiye:Sunset in Butembo (15145873881).jpg|Izuba rirenga i Butembo </gallery> == Reba kandi == * [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] * [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] * [[Kaminuza y'Abadivantisiti ya Lukanga]] == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Kaminuza]] [[Ikiciro:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] 9b2behoxdvx8htxly0l30azneng706t 0 23217 140956 140762 2026-10-08T00:22:41Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Hassan Sheikh Mohamud | image = His Excellency President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Hassan Sheikh Mohamud | birth_date = 29 Ugushyingo 1955 | birth_place = Jalalaqsi, intara ya Hiiraan, [[Somaliya]] | nationality = Umunyasomaliya | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Bhopal (Barkatullah University), University for Peace | occupation = Umwarimu wa kaminuza, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Somaliya]] | term = 2012–2017; kuva ku ya 23 Gicurasi 2022 | predecessor = Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed « Farmaajo » | party = Union for Peace and Development Party | spouse = Qamar Ali Omar | children = 7 }} '''Hassan Sheikh Mohamud''' (mu Gisomali: ''Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud''; yavutse ku ya 29 Ugushyingo 1955 i Jalalaqsi, mu ntara ya Hiiraan) ni umunyapolitiki akaba n'umwarimu wa kaminuza wa [[Somaliya]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva mu 2022, nyuma yo kuba yarakiyoboye bwa mbere kuva mu 2012 kugeza mu 2017. Mbere yo kwinjira muri politiki, yari umwarimu akaba n'umuyobozi muri SIMAD University, kaminuza yafatanyije gushinga i [[Mogadishu]]. Mu 2012, yatorewe n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kuba perezida, maze ikinyamakuru ''Time'' kimushyira mu bantu 100 bavuga rikijyana ku isi mu 2013. Manda ye ya mbere yaranzwe n'ibitero by'umutwe wa al-Shabaab no kunengwa kubera ruswa n'ikoreshwa nabi ry'ububasha. Yatsinzwe mu 2017, ashinga ishyaka rya Union for Peace and Development, maze yongera gutorwa mu 2022. Mu 2026, kongererwa igihe kwa manda ye byateje impaka zikomeye. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Hassan Sheikh Mohamud yavukiye mu ntara ya Hiiraan <ref name="E11">{{cite web |author=Moulid Hujale |title=Hassan Mohamud: The second coming of Somalia's new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/5/18/somalias-new-president |website=Al Jazeera |date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2023-12-09}}</ref>. Se akomoka mu muryango w'Abagaal, umwe mu miryango migari y'Abahawiye, naho nyina akomoka mu muryango wa Hawadle <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=The New President of Somaliland, who is Hassan Sheikh Mahmoud? |url=http://english.alshahid.net/archives/31546 |website=Al Shahid |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2013-02-21}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye iwabo <ref name="E12" /><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Hassan Sheikh Mohamud: Somalia's new president profiled |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19556383 |website=BBC |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-17}}</ref>. Mu 1978, yimukiye i Mogadishu, aho yize imyaka itatu mu ishuri rikuru ry'ubumenyingiro, abona impamyabumenyi mu ikoranabuhanga mu 1981 <ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=Profile of Somalia's Newly Elected President |url=http://dissidentnation.com/profile-of-somalias-newly-elected-president/ |website=Dissident Nation |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-13}}</ref><ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=Hassan Sheikh Mohamud - Resume |url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2012/09/profile-somalia-president-hassan-sheikh-mohamud/ |website=Raxanreeb |access-date=2012-09-15}}</ref>. Mu 1986, yagiye mu [[Ubuhinde]], yiga muri Kaminuza ya Bhopal (ubu yitwa Barkatullah University), aharangiriza impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu burezi bw'ubumenyingiro mu 1988 <ref name="E15" />. Mu 2001, yakurikiye amasomo y'ubuhuza n'ubwiyunge muri Eastern Mennonite University, muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] <ref name="E16">{{cite web |author=Bonnie Price Lofton |title=President of Somalia Welcomed Home as Alumnus of EMUs Summer Peacebuilding Institute |url=http://emu.edu/now/news/2014/08/president-of-somalia-welcomed-home-as-alumnus-of-emus-summer-peacebuilding-institute/ |website=EMU |date=2014-08-08 |access-date=2014-08-12}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2022, yamuritse igitabo cy'ubushakashatsi bw'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (PhD) mu mahoro, imiyoborere n'iterambere muri University for Peace, aba perezida wa mbere wa Somaliya ubikoze ari ku butegetsi <ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=UPEACE Doctoral Candidate Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Wins Somalia's Presidential Election |url=https://www.upeace.org/noticias/upeace-doctoral-candidate-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-wins-somalias-presidential-election |website=University for Peace |date=2022-05-15 |access-date=2022-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010125915/https://www.upeace.org/noticias/upeace-doctoral-candidate-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-wins-somalias-presidential-election |archive-date=2023-10-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Hassan Mohamud becomes Somalia's first sitting president to earn PhD |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2022/Oct/188400/hassan_mohamud_becomes_somalia_s_first_sitting_president_to_earn_phd.aspx |website=Hiiraan Online |date=2022-10-25 |access-date=2022-11-08}}</ref>. == Umwuga mbere ya politiki == Hassan yabanje kuba umwarimu mu ishuri ry'ubumenyingiro rya Lafole, hanyuma mu 1984 yinjira mu ishuri rikuru ryigisha abarimu b'ubumenyingiro rishamikiye kuri Kaminuza y'Igihugu ya Somaliya, aba umuyobozi w'ishami mu 1986 <ref name="E12" /><ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Somali election of Hassan Sheikh a 'great step' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19557884 |website=BBC |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-11}}</ref>. Ubwo intambara y'abenegihugu yadukaga mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1990, yagumye muri Somaliya, aba umujyanama w'imiryango itegamiye kuri leta n'ibigo by'Umuryango w'Abibumbye <ref name="E19" />. Kuva mu 1993 kugeza mu 1995, yari umukozi ushinzwe uburezi muri UNICEF mu majyepfo no hagati mu gihugu. Mu 1999, yafatanyije gushinga ikigo cy'imicungire n'ubuyobozi (SIMAD) i Mogadishu, cyaje kuba SIMAD University, akibera umuyobozi kugeza mu 2010 <ref name="E20">{{cite web |author=Mahmoud Mohamed |title=Profiles of Somalia's top presidential candidates |url=http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/08/17/feature-02 |website=Sabahi |date=2012-08-17 |access-date=2012-08-21}}</ref>. Yigishije kandi ikoranabuhanga muri Kaminuza ya Mogadishu <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalia: Profile of President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209110514.html}}</ref>. Mu 2011, yashinze ishyaka rya Peace and Development Party (PDP), maze muri Mata 2011 aritorerwa kuriyobora <ref name="E20" /><ref name="E21">{{cite web |author=Nasongo Willy |title=Somalia: new independent political party leader |url=http://english.alshahid.net/archives/20024 |website=Alshahid |date=2011-04-20 |access-date=2012-09-10}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2012, yabaye umudepite mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko nshya ya Leta Yunze Ubumwe ya Somaliya <ref name="E19" />. == Manda ya mbere (2012–2017) == === Itorwa === Ku ya 10 Nzeri 2012, abadepite bamutoreye kuba Perezida wa Somaliya <ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Somali lawmakers elect Mohamud as next president |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/somalia-politics-idUSL5E8KAIUR20120910 |website=Reuters |date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2012-09-10}}</ref>. Mu cyiciro cya mbere cy'amatora, Perezida Sharif Sheikh Ahmed wari ku butegetsi yabaye uwa mbere n'amajwi 64, Hassan akurikiraho n'amajwi 60 <ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Somalia: Sheikh Sharif vs Newcomer Sheikh Mahamoud in Final Round of Presidential Elections |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209101222.html |website=Garowe Online |date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2012-09-10}}</ref>; mu cyiciro cya kabiri, Hassan yatsinze Sharif ku majwi 190 kuri 79 <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalie : Hassan Cheikh Mohamoud élu |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2012/09/10/97001-20120910FILWWW00718-somalie-hassan-cheikh-mohamoud-elu.php}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalie : élection surprise d'un universitaire peu connu à la présidence |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/somalie-election-surprise-d-un-universitaire-peu-connu-a-la-presidence-10-09-2012-1504725_24.php}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=Somalia Federal Parliament elects Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as President |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Federal_Parliament_elects_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_as_President.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2012-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913095606/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Federal_Parliament_elects_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_as_President.shtml |archive-date=2012-09-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Nubwo habayeho ibirego bya ruswa n'igurwa ry'amajwi, Sharif yemeye ibyavuye mu matora <ref name="E26">{{cite web |language=en |author=IISS |title=Strategic Survey 2013: The Annual Review of World Affairs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vau7EAAAQBAJ |website=Taylor & Francis |date=2023-04-28}}</ref>. Itorwa rye ryashimwe n'umuryango mpuzamahanga, harimo Umuryango w'Abibumbye n'Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe <ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=Somalia's President-elect widely hailed |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-09/11/c_131843573.htm |website=Xinhua |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811171048/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-09/11/c_131843573.htm |archive-date=2013-08-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuba perezida ku ya 16 Nzeri 2012 <ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=President's inauguration marks 'new era' for Somalia, says UN envoy |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42900&Cr=Somali&Cr1= |website=UN News Centre |date=2012-09-16 |access-date=2012-09-17}}</ref>, maze ku ya 6 Ukwakira 2012 agira Abdi Farah Shirdon Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Somali president names political newcomer as PM -diplomats |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL6E8L60GZ20121006 |website=Reuters |date=2012-10-06 |access-date=2012-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217195634/http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL6E8L60GZ20121006 |archive-date=2014-12-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. === Ibitero byamwibasiye === Ku ya 12 Nzeri 2012, iminsi ibiri nyuma yo gutorwa, abiyahuzi n'abantu bitwaje intwaro bagabye igitero kuri hoteli Jazeera i Mogadishu, aho yari ari mu nama n'intumwa z'amahanga; Hassan ntiyakomeretse, akomeza ijambo rye imbere y'abanyamakuru <ref name="E32">{{cite web |title=Somalia: Newly elected President Hassan and foreign dignitaries survive multiple bomb blasts |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Newly_elected_President_Hassan_and_foreign_dignitaries_survive_multiple_bomb_blasts.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2012-09-12 |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917212452/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Newly_elected_President_Hassan_and_foreign_dignitaries_survive_multiple_bomb_blasts.shtml |archive-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |author=Bill Roggio |title=Shabaab suicide bombers attack new Somali president, Kenyan foreign minister |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2012/09/shabaab_suicide_bombers_attack.php |website=Long War Journal |date=2012-09-12 |access-date=2012-09-14}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |author=Gabe Joselow |title=Suicide Bombers Target New Somali President |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/new-somali-president-safe-after-explosion/1506278.html |website=Voice of America |date=2012-09-12 |access-date=2012-09-13}}</ref>. Umutwe wa al-Shabaab wigambye icyo gitero <ref name="E32" />. Ku ya 3 Nzeri 2013, igisasu cyaturikiye hafi y'imodoka zari ziherekeje perezida i Merca <ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=Somali President Unhurt in Bomb Attack |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/somali-president-unhurt-in-bomb-attack/1742168.html |website=VOA News |date=2013-09-03 |access-date=2013-09-11}}</ref>. Ku ya 7 Ukwakira 2015, abarwanyi ba al-Shabaab bishe mwishywa we, Dr Liban Osman, i Mogadishu <ref name="E36">{{cite web |title=Somali president's nephew killed in al-Shabab attack |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34465949 |website=BBC News |date=2015-10-07 |access-date=2015-11-21}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Werurwe 2025, al-Shabaab yongeye kugerageza kumwica ikoresheje ibisasu byatezwe ku muhanda hafi y'ingoro ya Villa Somalia <ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Somali militants target presidential convoy in bomb attack, president safe |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/somali-militants-target-presidential-convoy-bomb-attack-president-safe-2025-03-18/}}</ref>. === Politiki y'imbere mu gihugu === Ubutegetsi bwe bwashyize imbere guteza imbere serivisi z'ibanze nk'ubuzima n'uburezi, no kongera kubaka ibikorwa remezo birimo icyambu n'ikibuga cy'indege cya Mogadishu, imihanda, amashuri n'ibitaro <ref name="E38">{{cite web |title=2013-2015 - Somalia - Addendum to Country Brief |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/document/2013-2015-somalia-addendum-to-country-brief-34904 |website=AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK |date=2013-12-23 |access-date=2013-12-23}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye yasabye ko hakurwaho igihano cyo kubuza Somaliya kugura intwaro, cyari cyarashyizweho n'Akanama gashinzwe Umutekano ka Loni mu 1992, kugira ngo ingabo z'igihugu zibashe guhangana n'inyeshyamba z'abiyitirira Isilamu <ref name="E39">{{cite web |title=UN set to ease Somalia arms embargo |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/un-set-to-ease-somalia-arms-embargo/story-fn3dxix6-1226587316101 |website=The Australian |date=2013-02-28 |access-date=2013-03-06}}</ref><ref name="E42">{{cite web |author=Majid Ahmed |title=Somalia: Continuance of Arms Embargo Threatens Security Gains in Somalia |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201302210071.html |website=Sabahi |date=2013-02-20 |access-date=2013-03-06}}</ref>. Icyo gihano cyaroroshejwe by'agateganyo mu 2013, maze ku ya 5 Werurwe 2014 Akanama gashinzwe Umutekano kemeza ko iryo yoroshya rikomeza <ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=UN to lift Somalia arms embargo |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-1-163309-UN-to-lift-Somalia-arms-embargo |website=The News |date=2013-03-05 |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808082522/https://www.thenews.com.pk/ |archive-date=2020-08-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E47">{{cite web |title=UN Security Council Extends Arms Embargo lift on Somalia to eight months |url=http://horseedmedia.net/2014/03/06/un-security-council-extends-arms-embargo-somalia-eight-months/ |website=Horseed Media |date=2014-03-06 |access-date=2014-03-06}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2013, yasubukuye ibiganiro by'ubwiyunge na Somaliland, intara yiyomoye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, abisinyira i Ankara, muri Turukiya, na Perezida wa Somaliland Ahmed Mahamoud Silanyo <ref name="E48">{{cite web |title=Somalia: Hassan and President Silanyo meet in Turkey |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_President_Hassan_and_President_Silanyo_meet_in_Turkey_printer.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2013-04-13 |access-date=2013-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927114340/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_President_Hassan_and_President_Silanyo_meet_in_Turkey_printer.shtml |archive-date=2013-09-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2013, guverinoma ye yasinye amasezerano y'ubwiyunge n'ubuyobozi bwigenga bwa Jubaland i Addis Abeba, muri [[Etiyopiya]]. Manda ye ya mbere yaranzwe n'amakimbirane n'abaminisitiri b'intebe be: mu Ugushyingo 2013, yasabye Abdi Farah Shirdon kwegura, maze abadepite batangiza icyifuzo cyo kumweguza <ref name="E55">{{cite web |title=Somalia: Prime Minister asked to step down |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Prime_Minister_asked_to_step_down_printer.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2013-11-12 |access-date=2013-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025544/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Prime_Minister_asked_to_step_down_printer.shtml |archive-date=2013-12-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E58">{{cite web |title=Somali PM to face vote this week |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somali-PM-to-face-vote-this-week_printer.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2013-11-26 |access-date=2013-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030320/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somali-PM-to-face-vote-this-week_printer.shtml |archive-date=2013-12-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>; mu 2014, yagiranye andi makimbirane na Minisitiri w'Intebe Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed ku bijyanye n'ivugurura rya guverinoma <ref name="E68">{{cite web |title=Breaking: Somali PM reshuffles his cabinet |url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=5280 |website=Goobjoog |date=2014-10-25 |access-date=2014-11-07}}</ref><ref name="E70">{{cite web |title=SOMALIA: President Hassan says PM's cabinet reshuffle is "null and void" |url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/10/somalia-president-hassan-says-pms-cabinet-reshuffle-is-null-and-void/ |website=Raxanreeb |date=2014-10-25 |access-date=2014-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110205423/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/10/somalia-president-hassan-says-pms-cabinet-reshuffle-is-null-and-void/ |archive-date=2014-11-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro za 2016, ubutegetsi bwe bwagenzuraga igice gito cyane cy'igihugu, kandi ntiyabashije gukemura ikibazo cya Somaliland. Mu 2017, yatsinzwe amatora na Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed « Farmaajo » <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Hassan Cheikh Mohamoud élu président |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1299684/somalie-hassan-cheikh-mohamoud-elu-president-officiel.html}}</ref>. == Manda ya kabiri (kuva mu 2022) == Ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2022, Hassan yongeye gutorwa kuba perezida, atsinda ku cyiciro cya gatatu Perezida Farmaajo wari ku butegetsi, wari waramutsinze mu 2017 <ref name="F5" /><ref name="E110">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nimi Princewill |title=Former Somali president returns to power, vows to return Somalia to stability |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/16/africa/somalia-elects-new-president-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2022-05-16 |access-date=2022-05-20}}</ref>. Yiyemeje kugarura umutekano muri Somaliya <ref name="E111">{{cite web |author=Nimi Princewill |title=Former Somali president returns to power, vows to return Somalia to stability |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/16/africa/somalia-elects-new-president-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2022-05-16 |access-date=2022-05-16}}</ref>, maze arahira ku ya 23 Gicurasi 2022. Ku ya 15 Kamena 2022, yagize Hamza Abdi Barre Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="E112">{{cite web |author=Abdi Sheikh |title=Somali president nominates Barre as prime minister after delayed elections |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/somali-president-nominates-barre-prime-minister-after-delayed-elections-2022-06-15/ |website=Reuters |date=2022-06-15 |access-date=2022-08-22}}</ref>. Ku ya 28 Ugushyingo 2024, mu makimbirane ku matora y'intara ya Jubaland, umucamanza wo muri iyo ntara yasohoye impapuro zo kumuta muri yombi, amushinja ubugambanyi no gushaka guteza intambara; guverinoma nkuru na yo yasohoye impapuro zo guta muri yombi Perezida wa Jubaland, Ahmed Madobe <ref name="E115">{{cite web |language=en |title=Somalia and Jubaland issue warrants of arrest for their respective leaders |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/11/28/somalia-and-jubaland-issue-warrants-of-arrest-for-their-respective-leaders/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-11-28 |access-date=2024-11-28}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2026, mu kiganiro na Al Jazeera, yamaganye iyemezwa rya Somaliland nk'igihugu kigenga ryakozwe na Isirayeli, avuga ko ari ukwivanga mu bibazo by'igihugu cye kandi ko Somaliya itazemera ko Isirayeli ishyira ikigo cya gisirikare muri Somaliland <ref name="E113">{{cite web |title=Somalia's Mohamud slams Israel's interference, rejects base on Somaliland |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/8/somalias-mohamud-slams-israels-interference-rejects-base-on-somaliland |website=Aljazeera |access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref><ref name="E114">{{cite web |title=Somalia's Mohamud slams Israel's 'interference', rejects base on Somaliland |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/somalia-mohamud-slams-israel-interference-050457571.html |website=Yahoo News |access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref>. Ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2026, nubwo abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bavugaga ko manda ye irangiye uwo munsi, yatangaje ko Itegeko Nshinga ryavuguruwe ryongereye manda ya perezida kuva ku myaka ine ikagera ku myaka itanu, bityo manda ye ikazarangira ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2027 <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalie : le gouvernement annonce une période de transition à la fin d’un mandat présidentiel sans élections à l’horizon |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/05/15/somalie-le-gouvernement-annonce-une-periode-de-transition-a-la-fin-d-un-mandat-presidentiel-sans-elections-a-l-horizon_6689489_3212.html?search-type=classic&ise_click_rank=1}}</ref>. == Impaka == Manda ye ya mbere yanenzwe cyane kubera ruswa ikabije, kubuza itangazamakuru ubwisanzure no gukoresha nabi ububasha. Itsinda ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye rishinzwe kugenzura Somaliya ryashinje ubutegetsi bwe guha intwaro al-Shabaab, kandi raporo yo mu 2013 yavuze ko hari umugambi wo kunyereza umutungo wa leta <ref name="E9">{{cite web |language=en |author=Moulid Hujale |title=Hassan Mohamud: The second coming of Somalia's new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/5/18/somalias-new-president |website=Al Jazeera |date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2024-11-05}}</ref><ref name="E116">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mohamud Ali |title=Hassan Sheikh Mohamud: Who is Somalia's new leader? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-19556383 |website=BBC News |date=2022-05-16 |access-date=2024-11-05}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2023, yagize umukobwa we, Jehan Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, umujyanama we mu bibazo mpuzamahanga, ibyo bikaba byarateje impaka, ndetse ambasaderi wa Somaliya muri Arabiya Sawudite yegura avuga ko yasuzuguwe n'abo hafi ya perezida <ref name="E117">{{cite web |language=en |author=Najib Ahmed |title=Somalia: State-building as the elite's perverse incentive |url=https://africanarguments.org/2023/09/somalia-state-building-as-the-elites-perverse-incentive/ |website=African Arguments |date=2023-09-04 |access-date=2024-04-10}}</ref><ref name="E118">{{cite web |language=en |title=Somalia's president appoints daughter as foreign affairs advisor |url=https://somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalias-president-appoints-daughter-as-foreign-affairs-advisor/ |website=Somali Guardian |date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2024-04-10}}</ref>. Ku ya 30 Ugushyingo 2023, umuhungu we, Mohammed Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, yagonze umumotari w'Umunyaturukiya i Istanbul, ari mu modoka y'ambasade ya Somaliya; uwo mumotari yapfuye ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2023 <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Turquie: le fils du président somalien s'enfuit après un accident mortel |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2023/12/09/turquie-le-fils-du-president-somalien-senfuit-apres-un-accident-mortel/}}</ref><ref name="E119">{{cite web |title=İstanbul'da motokuryenin ölümüne neden olan Somali Cumhurbaşkanı'nın oğlu ifadesi alınmadan Türkiye'yi terketti |url=https://www.voaturkce.com/a/istanbul-da-motokuryenin-olumune-neden-somali-cumhurbaskaninin-oglu-ifadesi-alinmadan-turkiye-yi-terk-etti-/7390477.html |website=voaturkce.com |date=2023-12-09 |access-date=2023-12-13}}</ref><ref name="E121">{{cite web |language=tr |title=Somali Cumhurbaşkanı'nın oğlu hakkında soruşturma |url=https://www.anadolugazete.com.tr/genel/somali-cumhurbaskaninin-oglu-hakkinda-sorusturma-1276g.htm |website=Anadolu Gazete |date=2023-12-10 |access-date=2023-12-13}}</ref>. Urukiko rwabanje kumukatira igifungo cy'imyaka ibiri n'igice, nyuma gihindurwa ihazabu <ref name="E123">{{cite web |language=en |title=Turkey fines Somali president's son after courier's death in crash |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67998448 |date=2024-01-16 |access-date=2024-04-10}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Hassan Sheikh Mohamud yashakanye na Qamar Ali Omar, bafitanye abana barindwi <ref name="E15" />. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Somaliya]] 5yki19ajriv34m81nlud302045py3uz 0 23219 140939 140804 2026-10-07T13:56:05Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|1 */ 140939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Salva Kiir Mayardit | image = Salva Kiir Mayardit South Sudan 2015 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Salva Kiir mu 2015 | birth_date = 13 Nzeri 1951 | birth_place = Akon, Gogrial, Bahr el-Ghazal ([[Sudani y’Amajyepfo]]) | nationality = Umunyasudani y'Amajyepfo | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida wa mbere wa Sudani y'Amajyepfo | title = Perezida wa [[Sudani y’Amajyepfo]] | term = Kuva ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2011 | party = Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) }} '''Salva Kiir Mayardit''' (yavutse ku ya 13 Nzeri 1951 i Akon, mu karere ka Gogrial) ni umusirikare akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa [[Sudani y’Amajyepfo]], Perezida wa mbere w'icyo gihugu kuva cyabona ubwigenge ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2011. Akomoka mu bwoko bw'Abadinka. Yinjiye mu nyeshyamba za Anyanya mu ntambara ya mbere y'abenegihugu ya [[Sudani]], hanyuma aba umwungirije wa John Garang mu mutwe wa Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) mu ntambara ya kabiri. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Garang mu 2005, yamusimbuye ku buyobozi bwa SPLA, aba Perezida w'akarere kigenga ka Sudani y'Amajyepfo na Visi-Perezida wa mbere wa Sudani kugeza mu 2011. Ubutegetsi bwe bwaranzwe n'intambara y'abenegihugu yatangiye mu 2013 hagati y'abamushyigikiye n'aba Riek Machar wahoze ari visi-perezida we, yahitanye abantu bagera ku 400 000, ndetse n'ibirego bikomeye byo guhohotera uburenganzira bwa muntu. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere == Salva Kiir yavukiye mu mudugudu wa Akon, mu muryango w'aborozi b'Abadinka bo mu gace ka Awan-Chan, mu karere ka Gogrial, muri leta ya Warrap; icyo gihe ako gace kari mu Sudani yategekwaga n'Abongereza n'Abanyamisiri <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=H.E President Salva Kiir Mayardit |url=https://www.eahealth.org/he-president-salva-kiir-mayardit |website=eahealth.org |access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=Wël, PaanLuel |title=Salva Kiir Mayardit: The Joshua of South Sudan |url=https://paanluelwel.com/2016/02/14/salva-kiir-mayaardit-the-joshua-of-south-sudan/ |date=2016-02-24}}</ref>. Ni uwa munani mu bana icyenda ba nyina (abahungu batandatu n'abakobwa batatu) <ref name="E6" />. Se, Kuethpiny Thiik Atem (wapfuye mu 2007), yari umworozi w'inka wo mu muryango wa Payum, akagira abagore batatu n'abana 16; nyina, Awiei Rou Wol, yari umuhinzi wo mu muryango wa Payii <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=en |title=Salva Kiir Mayardit: The Joshua of South Sudan |url=https://paanluelwel.com/2016/02/14/salva-kiir-mayaardit-the-joshua-of-south-sudan/ |website=paanluelwel.com |date=2016-02-14 |access-date=2022-03-18}}</ref><ref name="E6" />. == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Mu 1967, Kiir yinjiye mu nyeshyamba za Anyanya zarwaniraga ubwigenge bw'amajyepfo ya Sudani mu ntambara ya mbere y'abenegihugu. Ubwo amasezerano ya [[Addis Ababa|Addis Abeba]] yasinywaga mu 1972, yari umusirikare mukuru wo ku rwego rwo hasi, maze yinjizwa mu ngabo za Sudani nk'uko ayo masezerano yabiteganyaga <ref name="E7">{{cite web |title=Profile: Salva Kiir |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4738295.stm |website=BBC News |date=2005-08-02 |access-date=2010-01-26}}</ref>. Mu 1983, ubwo intambara ya kabiri y'abenegihugu yadukaga, yinjiye mu mutwe wa Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) washinzwe na John Garang n'ingabo zawo, SPLA, aba umwungirije wa Garang <ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=Douglas H. Johnson |title=The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-PuCbRr4tcC&q=The+Root+Causes+of+Sudan%27s+Civil+Wars |website=Indiana University Press}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coopération : Félix Tshisekedi attendu ce dimanche à Juba pour un tête-à-tête avec son homologue Salva Kir |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/cooperation-felix-tshisekedi-attendu-ce-dimanche-juba-pour-un-tete-tete-avec-son-homologue |website=adiac-congo.com |access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref>. Mu 1997, yayoboye ingabo za SPLA mu gitero cyiswe ''Operation Thunderbolt'', cyatumye SPLA yigarurira igice kinini cy'intara ya Equatoria y'Iburengerazuba <ref name="F3" />. Mu 2004, ibihuha by'uko yaba agiye kuvanwa ku mwanya w'umugaba mukuru wa SPLA byenda gucamo uwo mutwe ibice <ref name="E7" />. == Mbere y'ubwigenge == Nyuma y'amasezerano y'amahoro rusange (''Comprehensive Peace Agreement'') yo muri Mutarama 2005, Garang yabaye Visi-Perezida wa Sudani, ariko apfa azize impanuka y'indege ya kajugujugu ku ya 30 Nyakanga 2005. Ku ya 11 Kanama 2005, Kiir yamusimbuye, aba Perezida w'akarere kigenga ka Sudani y'Amajyepfo na Visi-Perezida wa mbere wa Repubulika ya Sudani <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du sud: le président Kiir nomme son rival Machar vice-président |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/soudan-du-sud-le-president-kiir-nomme-son-rival-machar-vice-president-9211346 |website=rtbf.be |access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref><ref name="E7" />. Yafatwaga nk'uharanira ubwigenge kurusha Garang <ref name="F4" />. Mu Ukwakira 2009, yavuze ko kamarampaka yari iteganyijwe izaba ari uguhitamo hagati yo kuba « umuturage wo ku rwego rwa kabiri mu gihugu cyawe » cyangwa « umuntu wigenga mu gihugu cyawe kigenga » <ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=S. Sudan president makes first call for independence |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE59U1FT20091031 |website=Reuters |date=2009-10-31 |access-date=2010-01-26}}</ref>. Mu matora ya Mata 2010, yongeye gutorerwa kuyobora Sudani y'Amajyepfo n'amajwi 93%; nubwo ayo matora yanenzwe n'indorerezi mpuzamahanga, iyo tsinzi yafashwe nk'intambwe ya mbere iganisha ku kwigenga <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le premier président élu du Sud-Soudan prête serment |url=https://fr.news.yahoo.com/4/20100521/twl-soudan-sud-president-bd5ae06.html |website=yahoo.fr}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |author=Jeffrey Gettleman |title=Bashir Wins Election as Sudan Edges Toward Split |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/27/world/africa/27sudan.html?hp |website=The New York Times |date=2010-04-26}}</ref>. Perezida [[Omar El Bechir]] yongeye kumugira Visi-Perezida wa mbere wa Sudani <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Salva Kiir and Ali Osman appointed deputies of Sudan's President |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article35230 |website=Sudan Tribune |date=2010-05-29}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Sudani y'Amajyepfo == === Ubwigenge === Muri kamarampaka yabaye kuva ku ya 9 kugeza ku ya 15 Mutarama 2011, 98,83% by'abatoye bahisemo ubwigenge <ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=Over 99 Percent in Southern Sudan Vote for Secession |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/over-99-percent-in-southern-sudan-vote-for-secession/ |website=FOX News |date=2011-01-30 |access-date=2011-08-25}}</ref>. Ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2011, Sudani y'Amajyepfo yabaye igihugu cyigenga, Kiir aba Perezida wacyo wa mbere. Mu ijambo rye ry'irahira, yasabye abaturage « kubabarira nubwo tutazibagirwa » akarengane bakorewe na Sudani y'amajyaruguru <ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=South Sudan: Salva Kiir Calls for Forgiveness As South now South Sudan Gains Independence |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201107090061.html |date=2011-07-09 |access-date=2011-08-25}}</ref>, anatangaza imbabazi rusange ku mitwe yari yararwanyije SPLM <ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Salva Kiir takes oath, grants amnesty to rebels |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Salva-Kiir-takes-oath-grants,39479 |website=Sudan Tribune |date=2011-07-09 |access-date=2011-08-25}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ibyumweru bike, yaburiye abasirikare n'abapolisi ko gufata ku ngufu, iyicarubozo n'ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu bizakurikiranwa n'inkiko <ref name="E17">{{cite web |author=Waakhe Simon Wadu |title=Salva Kiir Warns Armed South Sudan Forces Over Human Rights Abuse |url=http://www.oyetimes.com/news/africa/12875-salva-kiir-warns-armed-south-sudan-forces-over-human-rights-abuse |website=Oye! Times |date=2011-08-01 |access-date=2011-08-18}}</ref>. === Politiki y'imbere mu gihugu === Muri Kamena 2013, yahagaritse ku mirimo abaminisitiri babiri bakekwagaho ruswa <ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=South Sudan gripped by power struggles – Africa |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2013/07/20137287019670555.html |website=Al Jazeera English |access-date=2014-01-21}}</ref>. Kuva mu mpera za 2012, nyuma y'ibihuha by'umugambi wo guhirika ubutegetsi, yavuguruye mu buryo butigeze bubaho ubuyobozi bwa guverinoma, ishyaka n'ingabo, yirukana abajenerali benshi <ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=South Sudan president sacks cabinet in power struggle |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/24/south-sudan-salva-kiir-sacks-cabinet |website=the Guardian |date=2013-07-24 |access-date=2023-01-19}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2013, yasheshe guverinoma yose, yirukana na Visi-Perezida Riek Machar, wari watangaje ko azahatanira umwanya wa perezida mu matora ya 2015 <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=South Soudan's Riek Machar eyes Salva Kiir's job, BBC News. Consulté le 31 juillet 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23470960}}</ref><ref name="E18" />. Machar yavuze ko iyo ari intambwe igana ku gitugu <ref name="E18" />. Hagati y'Ukuboza 2011 na Gashyantare 2012, imirwano hagati y'Abanuweri ba Lou n'Abamurle yahitanye abantu bagera kuri 800; kubura ubutabera kuri ubwo bwicanyi byanenzwe cyane <ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=World Report 2013: South Sudan |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/south-sudan |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2013-01-10 |access-date=2016-07-16}}</ref>. Ku butegetsi bwe kandi, abanyamakuru benshi barishwe: mu 2015, umunyamakuru Moi Peter Julius yarashwe i Juba, iminsi itatu nyuma y'uko Kiir avuga mu ruhame amagambo yafashwe nk'iterabwoba ku banyamakuru <ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |author=Zivile Raskauskite |title=South Sudan reporter killed in apparent targeted attack – Global Journalist |url=http://globaljournalist.org/2015/08/south-sudan-reporter-killed-in-apparent-targeted-attack/ |website=Global Journalist |date=2015-08-26 |access-date=2016-07-23}}</ref>, kandi abanyamakuru batanu ba radiyo Raja FM bishwe mu gitero cyagabwe ku modoka bari barimo <ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=Five journalists killed when gunmen ambush convoy in South Sudan – Committee to Protect Journalists |url=https://cpj.org/2015/01/five-journalists-killed-when-gunmen-ambush-convoy-.php |website=cpj.org |date=2015-01-27 |access-date=2016-07-23}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2023, abakozi batandatu b'ikigo cy'igihugu cy'itangazamakuru batawe muri yombi nyuma y'ikwirakwizwa ry'amashusho yerekana perezida mu muhango wo gutaha umuhanda, amashusho yateje impungenge ku buzima bwe; barekuwe nta cyaha baregwa <ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Six journalistes arrêtés après la diffusion d’une vidéo du président du Soudan du Sud s’urinant dessus |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/international/afrique/six-journalistes-arretes-apres-la-diffusion-d-une-video-du-president-du-soudan-du-sud-s-urinant-sur-lui-13592663.php |website=SudOuest.fr |access-date=2023-12-15}}</ref><ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=South Sudan journalists detained over video of President Salva Kiir 'wetting himself' |url=https://news.sky.com/story/south-sudan-journalists-detained-over-video-of-president-salva-kiir-wetting-himself-12781731 |website=Sky News |access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref><ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=Two journalists held over Kiir video freed |url=https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/two-journalists-held-over-viral-kiir-video-freed |website=Radio Tamazuj |access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref>. === Intambara y'abenegihugu === Ku ya 15 Ukuboza 2013, nyuma y'inama y'ishyaka SPLM, imirwano yadukiye i Juba mu ngabo zirinda perezida. Bukeye, Kiir yashinje Machar n'abandi bayobozi gutegura kudeta, ibyo Machar yahakanye. Ibyo byabaye intangiriro y'intambara y'abenegihugu, yarimo n'amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko hagati y'Abadinka (ubwoko bwa Kiir) n'Abanuweri (ubwoko bwa Machar) <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud : les vieux démons resurgissent |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/soudan-du-sud-les-vieux-demons-resurgissent-17-12-2013-1771276_24.php}}</ref><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud: dans les affrontements à Juba |url=http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2013/12/17/soudan-du-sud-reprise-des-combats-a-juba_967127}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |title=Final report of the African Union Commission of Inquiry on South Sudan – South Sudan - ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/final-report-african-union-commission-inquiry-south-sudan |website=reliefweb.int |date=2015-10-28 |access-date=2023-01-19}}</ref>. Kugeza muri Mata 2018, iyo ntambara yari imaze guhitana abantu bagera ku 400 000 <ref name="E36">{{cite web |title=Study estimates 190,000 people killed in South Sudan's civil war |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-unrest-toll/study-estimates-190000-people-killed-in-south-sudans-civil-war-idUSKCN1M626R |website=Reuters |date=2018-09-26 |access-date=2018-09-26}}</ref>. Mu 2017, ibice bimwe by'igihugu byibasiwe n'inzara, imiryango mpuzamahanga ivuga ko yatewe n'abantu kubera intambara <ref name="E40">{{cite web |author=George & John Clooney & Prendergast |title=South Sudan's government-made famine |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2017/03/09/south-sudans-government-made-famine/ |website=The Washington Post |date=2017-03-09 |access-date=2018-11-17}}</ref><ref name="E41">{{cite web |author=Dominic MacSorley |title=South Sudan famine results from failure of political will |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/south-sudan-famine-results-from-failure-of-political-will-1.3022458 |website=The Irish Times |date=2017-03-24 |access-date=2018-11-17}}</ref>; abayobozi ba Loni bashinje guverinoma ya Kiir kubuza ko ibiribwa bigera mu duce tumwe <ref name="E44">{{cite web |title=Famine declared in part of South Sudan by government and UN |url=http://www.whio.com/news/world/famine-declared-part-south-sudan-government-and/ZT9UT22sGQUWxH1w5rIjYJ/ |website=WHIO |date=2017-02-20 |access-date=2017-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105314/http://www.whio.com/news/world/famine-declared-part-south-sudan-government-and/ZT9UT22sGQUWxH1w5rIjYJ/ |archive-date=2017-02-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Nyuma y'amasezerano y'agahenge yasinywe i Khartoum muri Kamena 2018, byemejwe ko Machar asubira ku mwanya wa Visi-Perezida wa mbere <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud: le chef rebelle Riek Machar va retrouver son poste de vice-président |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1124537/sud-soudan-le-chef-rebelle-riek-machar-va-retrouver-son-poste-de-vice-president.html |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2018, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yongereye manda ya Kiir imyaka itatu, kugeza mu 2021 <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud: le mandat du gouvernement prolongé de trois ans |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180713-soudan-sud-mandat-gouvernement-prolonge-trois-anssalva-kiir}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud : prolongation du mandat du président Salva Kiir |url=http://fr.africanews.com/2018/07/12/soudan-du-sud-prolongation-du-mandat-du-president-salva-kiir// |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203024143/https://fr.africanews.com/2018/07/12/soudan-du-sud-prolongation-du-mandat-du-president-salva-kiir// |archive-date=2024-12-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2018, andi masezerano yasinyiwe i Khartoum yashyizeho guverinoma y'inzibacyuho <ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Point, magazine |title=Soudan du Sud: les belligérants signent un accord sur le partage du pouvoir |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/soudan-du-sud-les-belligerants-signent-un-accord-sur-le-partage-du-pouvoir-05-08-2018-2241622_24.php |website=Le Point |access-date=2018-08-05}}</ref>, Kiir aha imbabazi Machar n'indi mitwe yitwaje intwaro <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=en |title=Amnistie accordée aux rebelles du Soudan du Sud |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/afrique/region-45127574 |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2018-08-09 |access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>, maze ku ya 12 Nzeri 2018 amasezerano y'amahoro asinyirwa i Addis Abeba <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Soudan du Sud: les belligérants signent un nouvel accord de paix |url=http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2018/09/12/soudan-du-sud-les-belligerants-signent-un-nouvel-accord-de-paix_1678345 |website=Libération |date=2018-09-12 |access-date=2018-09-12}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ibiganiro byinshi <ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Florence Miettaux |title=Au Soudan du Sud, la mise en œuvre laborieuse de l’accord de paix |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/09/16/au-soudan-du-sud-la-mise-en-uvre-laborieuse-de-l-accord-de-paix_5510988_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-09-16}}</ref><ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Salva Kiir et Riek Machar s'engagent à former un gouvernement |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-50832135 |website=bbc.com |date=2019-12-18}}</ref>, guverinoma y'ubumwe bw'igihugu yashyizweho ku ya 12 Werurwe 2020 <ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud: le président Kiir dévoile le nouveau gouvernement |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/soudan-du-sud-le-president-kiir-devoile-le-nouveau-gouvernement-20200312site=lefigaro.fr |date=2020-03-12 |access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Mu Ukwakira 2011, Kiir yatangaje ko Sudani y'Amajyepfo isabye kwinjira mu Muryango w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (EAC) <ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=South Sudan readies for EAC membership which was later rejected |url=http://www.busiweek.com/11/the-eac-issues/eac-news/1891-south-sudan-readies-for-eac-membership |website=Busiweek.com |date=2011-10-17 |access-date=2011-12-06}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2011, yasuye Isirayeli ayishimira inkunga yahaye inyeshyamba mu ntambara ya mbere y'abenegihugu <ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Al Arabiya, 12/20/2011 |url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/12/20/183573.html |website=Alarabiya.net |date=2011-12-20 |access-date=2014-01-21}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |author=Daniel Pipes |title=South Sudan, Israel's New Ally |url=http://www.danielpipes.org/10486/south-sudan-israel-allies |website=danielpipes.org |date=2012-01-03 |access-date=2014-01-21}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2012, ingabo za Sudani y'Amajyepfo zateye ikigo cy'ubucukuzi bwa peteroli cya Heglig, ku mupaka na Sudani, bituma habaho intambara ngufi ku mupaka. Ku ya 27 Nzeri 2012, Kiir na Perezida Omar El Bechir basinyiye i Addis Abeba amasezerano umunani yatumye ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bya peteroli bisubukurwa, hashyirwaho n'agace katarimo ingabo ku mupaka <ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mireille Affa'a-Mindzie |title=Negotiating Peace in the Sudans: The Addis Ababa Agreement |url=https://theglobalobservatory.org/2012/10/negotiating-peace-in-the-sudans-the-addis-ababa-cooperation-agreement/ |website=IPI Global Observatory |date=2012-10-09 |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>. Nyuma y'itangira ry'intambara y'abenegihugu, Kiir yashinje Umuryango w'Abibumbye n'imiryango y'ubutabazi gushyigikira Machar <ref name="E31">{{cite web |author=Mugume Davis Rwakaringi |title=South Sudan Peace Protesters Rail Against UN |url=https://www.voaafrica.com/a/south-sudan-peace-protesters-against-un/1868885.html |website=Voice of America |date=2014-03-14 |access-date=2015-10-15}}</ref>. Ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 2023, yatorewe kuyobora Umuryango w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba mu gihe cy'umwaka umwe. Ku ya 5 Nyakanga 2023, yari yatangaje ko aziyamamariza amatora ya perezida <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud : Salva Kiir candidat aux élections de 2024 |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2023/07/05/soudan-du-sud-salva-kiir-candidat-aux-elections-de-2024/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-07-05 |access-date=2023-07-05}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Kiir ni Umukristo Gatolika <ref name="E48">{{cite web |language=en |title=South Sudan |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/south-sudan#:~:text=President%20Salva%20Kiir%20Mayardit,%20a,Abdelbagi,%20was%20also%20a%20Muslim. |website=United States Department of State |access-date=2024-10-19}}</ref>. Mu 2006, ubwo yasuraga White House, Perezida George W. Bush yamuhaye ingofero y'umukara yo mu bwoko bwa ''stetson''; kuva icyo gihe, ntajya agaragara mu ruhame atayambaye <ref name="E45">{{cite web |author=Colum Lynch |title=Where did Kiir get his ten-gallon hat? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/09/26/where-did-kiir-get-his-ten-gallon-hat/ |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] 6nqzkp7mm0jksozeu1s9yul6pqqc29w 0 23229 140950 140711 2026-10-07T20:03:31Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261007)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 140950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Umusonga | synonym = Kubyimba kwibihaha | image = Chest radiograph in influensa and H influenzae, posteroanterior, annotated.jpg | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = [[Chest radiograph|Chest X-ray]] of a pneumonia caused by [[influenza]] and ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'', with patchy consolidations, mainly in the right upper lobe (arrow) }} '''Umusonga''' ni indwara yo kubyimba mu bihaha yibasira cyane cyane udusaho duto tw’umwuka tuzwi nka alveoli.<ref name="RespText09">{{Cite book|editor-last=McLuckie|editor-first=A.|title=Respiratory disease and its management|url=https://archive.org/details/respiratorydisea0000mclu|year=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-84882-094-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/respiratorydisea0000mclu/page/51 51]}}</ref><ref name="AcuteCare09">{{Cite book|last=Leach, Richard E.|title=Acute and Critical Care Medicine at a Glance|edition=2nd|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-6139-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7u_wu5VCsVQC&pg=PT168|df=dmy-all|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180054/https://books.google.com/books?id=7u_wu5VCsVQC&pg=PT168|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bikunze kuba birimo inkorora ikura cyangwa yumye, kubabara mu gatuza, umuriro, no kugorwa no guhumeka.<ref name="Ash2007">{{Cite book|last=Ashby|first=Bonnie|last2=Turkington|first2=Carol|title=The encyclopedia of infectious diseases|edition=3rd|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|year=2007|page=242|isbn=978-0-8160-6397-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Xlyaipv3dIC&pg=PA242|access-date=2011-04-21|df=dmy-all|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180124/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Xlyaipv3dIC&pg=PA242|url-status=live}}</ref> Uburemere bw'iyi ndwara burahindagurika.<ref name="Ash2007" /> Ubusanzwe umusonga uterwa n'ubwandu bwa virusi cyangwa [[bagiteri]], kandi akenshi uterwa n'izindi mikorobe, imiti imwe n'imwe cyangwa indwara zimwe na zimwe nk'indwara ziterwa n'umubiri.<ref name="RespText09" /><ref name="Jeff2010">{{Cite book|last=Jeffrey C. Pommerville|title=Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology|edition=9th|publisher=Jones & Bartlett|location=Sudbury, MA|year=2010|page=323|quote=|isbn=978-0-7637-6258-2|oclc=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJNQwQB8IxIC&pg=PA323|access-date=|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180101/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJNQwQB8IxIC&pg=PA323|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo indwara ya cystic fibrosis, indwara idakira y’ibihaha (COPD), indwara ya sickle cell, asima, diyabete, umutima unanirwa, amateka yo kunywa itabi, ubushobozi buke bwo gukorora (nk'igihe umuntu arwaye indwara yo mu bwonko ), hamwe n'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri budakora neza . Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku bimenyetso no ku isuzuma ry'umubiri.<ref name=NIH2011Diag>{{cite web|title=How Is Pneumonia Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/diagnosis|website=NHLBI|access-date=3 March 2016|date=March 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133513/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/diagnosis|archive-date=7 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133513/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/diagnosis |date=7 March 2016 }}</ref> Imirasire yo mu gituza, ibizamini by'amaraso, no gupima amatembabuzi y'amata bishobora gufasha kwemeza ko indwara yanduye. Iyi ndwara ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe aho yavuye, nko kwandurira mu bitaro cyangwa kwakorewe mu muryango cyangwa kwandurira mu bitaro. Urukingo rwo kwirinda ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bw'umusonga rurahari.<ref name=NIH2011Pre>{{cite web|title=How Can Pneumonia Be Prevented?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/prevention|website=NHLBI|access-date=3 March 2016|date=March 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133901/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/prevention|archive-date=7 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133901/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/prevention |date=7 March 2016 }}</ref> Ubundi buryo bwo kwirinda burimo gukaraba intoki no kutanywa itabi. Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'impamvu nyamukuru. Umusonga w’ibihaha bikekwa ko uterwa na bagiteri uvurwa n’imiti yica udukoko . Iyo umusonga ukabije, umuntu wafashwe n’indwara muri rusange ajyanwa mu bitaro.<ref name=NIH2011>{{cite web|title=What Is Pneumonia?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu|website=NHLBI|access-date=2 March 2016|date=March 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229143108/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/|archive-date=29 February 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229143108/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/ |date=29 February 2016 }}</ref> Uburyo bwo kuvura umwuka wa ogisijeni bushobora gukoreshwa iyo urugero rwa ogisijeni ruri hasi.<ref name=NIH2011Tx>{{cite web|title=How Is Pneumonia Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/treatment|website=NHLBI|access-date=3 March 2016|date=March 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306030735/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/treatment|archive-date=6 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306030735/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/treatment |date=6 March 2016 }}</ref> Buri mwaka, umusonga wibasira abantu bagera kuri 450&nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu ku isi (7% by'abaturage) kandi bigatera impfu zigera kuri miliyoni 4.<ref name="Lancet11">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ruuskanen O, Lahti E, Jennings LC, Murdoch DR|title=Viral pneumonia|journal=Lancet|volume=377|issue=9773|pages=1264–75|date=April 2011|pmid=21435708|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61459-6|pmc=7138033}}</ref><ref name="CochraneTx13">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lodha R, Kabra SK, Pandey RM|title=Antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in children|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|page=CD004874|date=June 2013|pmid=23733365|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004874.pub4|pmc=7017636}}</ref> Mu kinyejana cya 20, ubwo imiti yica udukoko n'inkingo byatangiraga gukoreshwa, ubuzima bwarushijeho kuba bwiza cyane.<ref name="Lancet11" /> Nyamara, mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, ndetse no mu bakuze cyane, abakiri bato cyane n'abarwayi badakira, umusonga uracyari intandaro y'impfu nyinshi.<ref name="Lancet11" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=George|first=Ronald B.|title=Chest medicine : essentials of pulmonary and critical care medicine|year=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5273-2|page=353|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&pg=PA353|edition=5th|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502042842/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&pg=PA353|url-status=live}}</ref> Umusonga ukunze kugabanya igihe cyo kubabara mu bantu bari hafi gupfa, bityo witwa "inshuti y'uyu musaza". == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] sqoo503zsbbyf2mg3f2pmo0jpw8hsq2 0 23231 140952 140718 2026-10-07T20:04:43Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261007)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 140952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Imiriremibi | image = A malnourished child in an MSF treatment tent in Dolo Ado.jpg | image_size = 280px | image_thumbtime = | caption = Umwana ufite ikibazo k'imiriremibi muri Etsiyopiya mu gace ka Dolo Ado | symptoms = kugabanuka cyane kw'ibiro, guhora unaniwe, ndetse no kudakura neza ku bana }} '''Imirire mibi''' ni indwara iterwa no kurya indyo aho intungamubiri imwe cyangwa nyinshi zidahagije cyangwa zikaba nyinshi cyane ku buryo indyo itera ibibazo by'ubuzima. Bishobora kuba birimo karori, poroteyine, karubohidrati, ibinure, vitamine cyangwa imyunyungugu.<ref name=FFL2010>{{cite book|title=Facts for life|date=2010|publisher=United Nations Children's Fund|location=New York|isbn=978-92-806-4466-1|pages=61 and 75|edition=4th|url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=December 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212170249/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212170249/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf |date=December 12, 2018 }}</ref> Intungamubiri zidahagije zitwa '''imirire mibi''' cyangwa '''indyo yuzuye''' mu gihe irenze urugero zitwa imirire mibi.<ref name="Young2012">{{Cite book|last=Young|first=E.M.|title=Food and development|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-1-135-99941-4|pages=36–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805174628/https://books.google.com/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36|url-status=live}}</ref> Imirire mibi ikunze gukoreshwa mu gusobanura imirire mibi aho umuntu adahabwa karori, poroteyine, cyangwa intungamubiri zihagije.<ref name="Young2012" /><ref name="Jones2011">{{Cite book|title=Essentials of International Health|date=2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-6771-9|page=194|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805234948/https://books.google.com/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|umuntu atwite]] cyangwa mbere y’imyaka ibiri, bishobora kumuviramo ibibazo bidashira mu mikurire y’umubiri n’iy’ubwonko.<ref name=FFL2010 /> Kubura indyo yuzuye, bizwi nka inzara, bishobora kugira ibimenyetso birimo: uburebure bugufi, umubiri muto, imbaraga nke cyane, no kubyimba amaguru n'inda.<ref name=FFL2010 /><ref name="Young2012" /> Abantu bakunze kwandura indwara kandi bakunze kugira ibicurane.<ref name="Young2012" /> Ibimenyetso by'ibura ry'intungamubiri biterwa n'intungamubiri ntoya zibura.<ref name="Young2012" /> Kurya nabi akenshi biterwa no kutagira ibiryo byiza bihagije byo kurya. Ibi bikunze kujyana n'ibiciro by'ibiribwa biri hejuru ndetse n'ubukene.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health|url=http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/|website=WHO|access-date=July 4, 2014|archive-date=April 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412011306/https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412011306/https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/ |date=April 12, 2021 }}</ref> Kutanywa ibere bishobora gutera indwara nyinshi zandura nka: indwara yo mu gifu, umusonga, [[Marariya|malariya]], na serumu, ibyo bikaba byongera ibyifuzo by’intungamubiri.<ref name=WHO2014 /> Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ingenzi bw'imirire mibi: imirire mibi iterwa na poroteyine n'ingufu no kubura indyo yuzuye.<ref name="Jones2011" /> Imirire mibi iterwa n'ingufu za poroteyine ifite imiterere ibiri ikomeye: marasmus (kubura poroteyine na karori) na kwashiorkor (kubura poroteyine gusa).<ref name="Young2012" /> Ibura ry’intungamubiri rikunze kugaragara ririmo: kubura icyuma, iyode na vitamine A.<ref name="Young2012" /> Mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]], bitewe n’uko umubiri ukeneye byinshi, kubura ibinure bishobora kwiyongera.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Arora|editor-first=Mala|editor-last2=Konje|editor-first2=Justin C.|title=Recurrent pregnancy loss|date=2007|publisher=Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-006-1|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, imirire irenze urugero mu buryo bw'umubyibuho ukabije itangiye kugaragara mu miryango imwe n'iy'abantu badafite imirire myiza. Izindi mpamvu zitera imirire mibi zirimo kwiyica intege no kubagwa bariyatric.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last3=Prentice|first3=Andrew|editor-first=Benjamin|editor-last=Caballero|editor-first2=Lindsay|editor-last2=Allen|title=Encyclopedia of human nutrition|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-08-045428-3|page=68|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805141617/https://books.google.com/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease|date=2012|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4557-3812-0|page=324|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805182252/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324|url-status=live}}</ref> Imbaraga zo kunoza imirire ni zimwe mu nzira nziza zo gufasha mu iterambere . Konsa bishobora kugabanya igipimo cy'imirire mibi n'impfu mu bana, kandi imbaraga zo guteza imbere uyu muco zikongera igipimo cy'uko abana bonsa. Ku bana bato, gutanga ibiryo (usibye amashereka) hagati y'amezi atandatu n'imyaka ibiri byongera umusaruro.<ref name="Bh2013">Bhutta, ZA; Das, JK; Rizvi, A; Gaffey, MF; Walker, N; Horton, S; Webb, P; Lartey, A; Black, RE; Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review, Group; Maternal and Child Nutrition Study, Group (Aug 3, 2013). "Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?". Lancet. 382 (9890): 452–77. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4. PMID 23746776. </ref> Hari kandi ibimenyetso byiza bishyigikira ko abagore batwite ndetse no mu bana bato bo mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere bahabwa intungamubiri nyinshi.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Kugira ngo abantu babikeneye cyane babone ibiribwa, haba mu gutanga ibiribwa no gutanga amafaranga kugira ngo abantu bagure ibiribwa mu masoko yo mu gace batuyemo, biragira akamaro.<ref name=UK2012>{{cite web|title=An update of 'The Neglected Crisis of Undernutrition: Evidence for Action'|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf|website=www.gov.uk|publisher=Department for International Development|access-date=July 5, 2014|date=Oct 2012|archive-date=January 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121000810/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121000810/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf |date=January 21, 2017 }}</ref> Kugaburira abanyeshuri gusa ku ishuri ntibihagije.<ref name=UK2012 /> Gukemura ikibazo cy’imirire mibi ikabije mu rugo rw’umuntu ukoresheje ibiryo bivura byiteguye gukoreshwa birashoboka cyane.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Ku bantu bafite imirire mibi ikomeye iterwa n'izindi ngorane z'ubuzima, ni byiza kuvurirwa mu bitaro.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Ibi akenshi bikubiyemo gucunga isukari nke mu maraso n'ubushyuhe bw'umubiri, gukemura ikibazo cyo kubura amazi mu mubiri, no kugaburira buhoro buhoro.<ref name=Bh2013 /><ref name="WHO2003">{{Cite book|last=Ann Ashworth|title=Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children|url=https://archive.org/details/guidelinesforinp0000unse|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154609-6}}</ref> Imiti isanzwe ikoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara zandura akenshi irasabwa kubera ko hari ibyago byinshi byo kwandura.<ref name="WHO2003" /> Ingamba z'igihe kirekire zirimo: kunoza ubuhinzi, kugabanya ubukene, kunoza isuku, no guteza imbere abagore.<ref name=UK2012 /> Hari abantu 821&nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu bafite imirire mibi ku isi mu 2018 (10.8% by'abaturage bose). Iri ni igabanuka rya 176&nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu kuva mu 1990 ubwo 23% bari bafite imirire mibi, ariko hiyongeraho abantu bagera kuri 36&nbsp;miliyoni kuva mu 2015, ubwo 10.6% bari bafite imirire mibi.<ref name="FAO2010">{{Cite web|title=Global hunger declining, but still unacceptably high International hunger targets difficult to reach|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al390e/al390e00.pdf|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|access-date=July 1, 2014|date=September 2010|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224131507/http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al390e/al390e00.pdf|url-status=live}} </ref> Mu 2012, byagaragaye ko abandi bantu miliyari bari badafite vitamine n'imyunyungugu. Mu 2015, imirire mibi iterwa n’ingufu za poroteyine yagaragaye ko yahitanye abantu 323.000—igabanuka ugereranyije n’abapfuye 510.000 mu 1990.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet (London, England)|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281/|issn=1474-547X|access-date=2 August 2025|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620045540/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281/|url-status=live}}</ref> Izindi ntungamubiri zibura, zirimo kubura iyode no kubura amaraso mu by’ubutare, zitera izindi mfu 83.000.<ref name="GBD2015De" /> Mu 2010, imirire mibi ni yo yabaye intandaro ya 1.4% by'imyaka yose y'ubuzima yahinduwe n'ubumuga.<ref name=UK2012 /><ref name="Murray2012">{{Cite journal|last=Murray|first=CJ|title=Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2197–223|pmid=23245608|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4}}</ref> Hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'impfu mu bana bivugwa ko ziterwa n'imirire mibi, nubwo impfu zidakunze kwitwa ko ari zo. Mu 2010, byavuzwe ko byagize uruhare mu rupfu rw’abagore n’abana bagera kuri miliyoni 1.5,<ref name="Lim2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, etal|title=A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2224–60|date=December 2012|pmid=23245609|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8|pmc=4156511}}</ref> nubwo bamwe bavuga ko umubare wabo ushobora kuba urenga 3&nbsp;miliyoni.<ref name=Bh2013 /> Indi 165 y'inyongera&nbsp;Abana miliyoni babarirwaga mu kigero cyo kugabanuka mu mikurire bitewe n’imirire mibi mu 2013. Kubura imirire myiza bikunze kugaragara cyane mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Liz Young|title=World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development|date=2002|isbn=978-1-134-77494-4|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801015439/https://books.google.com/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|url-status=live}}</ref> Hari amatsinda amwe afite igipimo cyo hejuru cy’ababura imirire myiza, harimo abagore—cyane cyane iyo batwite cyangwa bonsa— abana bari munsi y’imyaka itanu, ndetse n’abageze mu za bukuru. Ku bageze mu za bukuru, imirire mibi ikunze kugaragara bitewe n’ibintu by’umubiri, imitekerereze n’imibereho.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Principles and practice of geriatric surgery|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-1-4419-6999-6|page=78|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805121936/https://books.google.com/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ishakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Ikiciro:Indwara]] gvs6gd0p616408kp2yx7u62jtkappty 0 23238 140961 140801 2026-10-08T01:07:24Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Laurent-Désiré Kabila | image = Visit of Laurent Désiré Kabila, President of the Democratic Republic of Congo, to the EC (cropped2).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Laurent-Désiré Kabila | birth_date = 27 Ugushyingo 1939 | birth_place = Jadotville (ubu ni Likasi), Kongo y'Ababiligi | death_date = 16 Mutarama 2001 (afite imyaka 61) | death_place = [[Kinshasa]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] | nationality = Umunyekongo | occupation = Inyeshyamba, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] | term = 17 Gicurasi 1997 – 16 Mutarama 2001 | predecessor = [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] | party = Parti de la révolution populaire (PRP), AFDL | spouse = Sifa Mahanya | children = 10 }} '''Laurent-Désiré Kabila''' (yavutse ku ya 27 Ugushyingo 1939 i Jadotville, ubu ni Likasi, apfa yishwe ku ya 16 Mutarama 2001 i [[Kinshasa]]), uzwi ku izina rya « ''Mzee'' » (« Umukambwe » mu Giswahili), yari inyeshyamba akaba n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyekongo, Perezida wa gatatu wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] kuva mu 1997 kugeza yishwe mu 2001. Yamenyekanye mu myaka ya 1960 nk'umwe mu barwanyaga ubutegetsi, mu myivumbagatanyo y'aba Simba, maze kuva mu 1967 kugeza mu 1986 ayobora agace k'inyeshyamba ka Fizi, mu Kivu y'Amajyepfo. Mu 1996, yabaye umuyobozi w'umutwe w'inyeshyamba wa AFDL, washyigikiwe n'u [[Rwanda]] n'[[Ubugande]], wahiritse [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] mu ntambara ya mbere ya Kongo, maze ahindura izina ry'igihugu, Zayire, kigasubirana izina rya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo. Mu 1998, yategetse ingabo z'amahanga kuva mu gihugu, bituma intambara ya kabiri ya Kongo itangira. Muri Mutarama 2001, yiciwe n'umwe mu barinzi be, maze asimburwa n'umuhungu we, Joseph Kabila. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere == Kabila yavukiye i Jadotville (ubu ni Likasi), muri Katanga, nubwo andi masoko avuga ko yavukiye i Baudouinville (ubu ni Moba) <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=en |title=Laurent Kabila |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Laurent-Kabila |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref><ref name="E3">{{cite web |author=Erik Kennes |title=Essai biographique sur Laurent Désiré Kabila: Cahiers 57-58-59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlMKDV-koBsC |website=Editions L'Harmattan |date=2003-10-01 |access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>. Se yari Umuluba, nyina akaba Umulunda. Yize amashuri yisumbuye i Élisabethville (ubu ni Lubumbashi); bivugwa ko yize no mu mahanga, i Paris, Tachkent, Belgrade cyangwa Dar es Salaam, ariko nta bimenyetso byabyo byabonetse <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'obscur M. Kabila |url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/l-obscur-m-kabila_493335.html |website=L'Express |date=1998-06-25}}</ref><ref name="E4">{{cite web |title=L'obscur M. Kabila |url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/l-obscur-m-kabila_493335.html |website=L'Express |date=1998-06-25 |access-date=2016-07-24}}</ref>. == Ibikorwa bya politiki n'inyeshyamba == Nyuma y'ubwigenge bwa Kongo mu 1960, ubwo Katanga yiyomoraga iyobowe na Moïse Tshombe, Kabila yari umwe mu bayobozi b'urubyiruko rw'ishyaka Balubakat, rwarwanyije uko kwiyomora. Mu 1963, yinjiye mu Komite y'Igihugu yo Kwibohora (CNL), ihuriro ry'abashyigikiye Patrice Lumumba, maze yoherezwa mu burasirazuba bwa Kongo gutegura imyivumbagatanyo, yari igice cy'iyitwaga iy'aba Simba. Mu 1965, yahuye n'impinduramatwara w'Umunyakiba Che Guevara, wari waje gufasha inyeshyamba; Guevara yavuze ko Kabila yari afite imico y'umuyobozi w'abaturage, ariko amunenga kutagaragaza ubushake buhagije mu mpinduramatwara no gukunda kuba kure y'urugamba <ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Mfi Hebdo |url=http://www.rfi.fr/Fichiers/MFI/PolitiqueDiplomatie/2264.asp |website=RFI |date=2009-07-06 |access-date=2010-05-02}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Laurent Kabila |url=https://www.economist.com/obituary/2001/01/18/laurent-kabila |website=The Economist |access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref>. Mu 1967, Kabila yashinze ishyaka rya Parti de la révolution populaire (PRP), maze ashyiraho mu misozi ya Fizi-Baraka, muri Kivu y'Amajyepfo, agace kigenga kayoborwaga n'ibitekerezo bya gikomunisiti, gashyigikiwe n'u[[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]]. Yashinjwe kwigwizaho umutungo binyuze mu bucuruzi bwa zahabu n'amahembe y'inzovu. Ako gace karasenyutse mu myaka ya 1980, maze Kabila ararigiswa. Muri icyo gihe, yagiranye umubano n'abayobozi b'akarere, barimo [[Yoweri Museveni]] na [[Julius Nyerere]], bamumenyekanishije kuri [[Paul Kagame]] <ref name="E7">{{cite web |title=Mfi Hebdo |url=http://www.rfi.fr/Fichiers/MFI/PolitiqueDiplomatie/2264.asp |website=RFI |date=2009-07-06 |access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref>. == Intambara ya mbere ya Kongo == Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994, abasirikare n'abarwanyi bayigizemo uruhare bahungiye muri Zayire, bituma inkambi z'impunzi zo ku mupaka ziba ibirindiro by'abarwanyi bashakaga gusubira gutera u Rwanda. Leta y'u Rwanda yafataga izo nkambi nk'ikibazo gikomeye cy'umutekano <ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=Antoine Lokongo |title=The suffering of Congo |url=https://web-b-ebscohost-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=6&sid=086db21c-cbe3-4424-8372-8050f2e512a3%40sessionmgr103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=3520628&db=aph |website=New African |date=September 2000 |access-date=2020-12-13}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 1996, umutwe wa Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du Congo-Zaïre (AFDL) washinzwe n'abanyapolitiki bane b'Abanyekongo bari mu buhungiro, ushyigikiwe n'u Rwanda, Ubugande na Angola; Kabila yabanje kuba umuvugizi wawo, hanyuma muri Mutarama 1997 aba umuyobozi wawo <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jean-Claude Willame |title=Laurent Désiré Kabila : les origines d’une anabase |url=http://www.politique-africaine.com/numeros/pdf/072068.pdf |website=Politique africaine |date=1998}}</ref>. Mu mezi make, AFDL yigaruriye igihugu hafi cyose <ref name="E9">{{cite web |author=J. Tyler Dickovick |title=The World Today Series: Africa 2012 |url=https://archive.org/details/africa20120000dick |website=Stryker-Post Publications}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ibiganiro by'amahoro byananiranye, Mobutu yahunze igihugu ku ya 16 Gicurasi 1997 <ref name="E10">{{cite web |language=en |author=Lynne Duke |title=Zaire's Mobutu Cedes Power, Flees Capital |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1997/05/17/zaires-mobutu-cedes-power-flees-capital/e6580be5-baa9-44a3-ac3e-41323f26ac91/ |website=The Washington Post |date=1997-05-17 |access-date=2025-07-21}}</ref>, maze ku ya 17 Gicurasi Kabila yitangaza Perezida. Yahinduye izina ry'igihugu, Zayire, kigasubirana izina rya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, maze arahira ku ya 29 Gicurasi 1997 <ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=en |author=James McBride, Mariel Ferragamo |title=Timeline: Eastern Congo: A Legacy of Intervention |url=https://www.cfr.org/timeline/eastern-congo-legacy-intervention |website=Council on Foreign Relations |access-date=2025-07-21}}</ref>. == Perezida (1997–2001) == Kabila yatangaje ko amatora atazaba mbere y'imyaka ibiri. Nubwo bamwe mu bihugu by'Iburengerazuba babanje kumufata nk'umuyobozi w'« igisekuru gishya », abamunenga bavugaga ko imiyoborere ye itandukanye gake n'iya Mobutu, irangwa n'igitugu, ruswa n'ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu, ndetse ko yashakaga gushyiraho umuco wo kumuramya <ref name="E12">{{cite web |author=Robert Edgerton |title=The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo |url=https://archive.org/details/troubledheartofa00edge |website=St. Martin's Press |date=2002-12-18}}</ref>. Yafunze abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, barimo Étienne Tshisekedi, n'abanyamakuru. Muri Nyakanga 1998, Kabila yategetse ingabo z'u Rwanda n'iz'Ubugande zari zaramufashije gufata ubutegetsi kuva mu gihugu. Ibyo byatumye intambara ya kabiri ya Kongo itangira: u Rwanda n'Ubugande byashyigikiye imitwe y'inyeshyamba ya Rassemblement congolais pour la démocratie (RCD) na Mouvement de libération du Congo (MLC), mu gihe Angola, Namibiya na Zimbabwe byashyigikiye Kabila. Mu 1999, yasheshe AFDL, ashyiraho Komite z'ubutegetsi bw'abaturage (CPP). == Iyicwa rye == Ku ya 16 Mutarama 2001, Kabila yarasiwe mu biro bye, mu ngoro ya Palais de Marbre i Kinshasa, n'umwe mu barinzi be, Rashidi Mizele, wahise yicwa <ref name="E13">{{cite web |author=Stuart Jeffries |title=Revealed: how Africa's dictator died at the hands of his boy soldiers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/11/theobserver |website=The Guardian |date=2001-02-11 |access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref>. Guverinoma yatangaje ko yari akiri muzima ubwo yajyanwaga kuvurirwa muri Zimbabwe, maze itangaza urupfu rwe ku ya 18 Mutarama <ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=Official SADC Trade, Industry, and Investment Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmfvAAAAMAAJ |website=Southern African Marketing Company |access-date=2021-05-17}}</ref>; ariko Minisitiri w'Ubuzima wari uhari yavuze ko yapfiriye aho. Nyuma y'icyumweru, umurambo we wagaruwe muri Kongo, maze umuhungu we, Joseph Kabila, aba Perezida ku ya 26 Mutarama 2001 <ref name="E15">{{cite web |author=Norimitsu Onishi |title=Glimpse of New President as Joseph Kabila Takes Oath in Congo |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/27/world/glimpse-of-new-president-as-joseph-kabila-takes-oath-in-congo.html |website=The New York Times |date=2001-01-27 |access-date=2018-05-22}}</ref>. Iperereza ryatumye abantu 135, barimo abana bane, baburanishwa n'urukiko rwa gisirikare; mu Mutarama 2003, Koloneli Eddy Kapend, mubyara wa Kabila wafatwaga nk'uwayoboye umugambi, n'abandi 25 bakatiwe igihano cy'urupfu, kitigeze gishyirwa mu bikorwa <ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Murder in Kinshasa |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/2011/10/20111027131838717148.html |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2016-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314123026/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/2011/10/20111027131838717148.html |archive-date=2017-03-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Abantu benshi bemeza ko urwo rubanza rwaranzwe n'amakosa, kandi ko benshi mu bakatiwe bari abere <ref name="E16" /><ref name="E17">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Arnaud Zajtman |title=Zone d'ombre autour d'un assassinat |website=France 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20100125-focus-rdc-justice-assassinat-republique-democratique-du-congo-kabila}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2021, Perezida [[Félix Tshisekedi]] yababariye abakatiwe bose, barimo Eddy Kapend <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Stanis Bujakera Tshiamala |title=Assassinat de Laurent-Désiré Kabila : Félix Tshisekedi gracie tous les condamnés |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1098490/societe/assassinat-de-laurent-desire-kabila-felix-tshisekedi-gracie-tous-les-condamnes/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-01-01}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |author=Stanis Bujakera Tshiamala |title=DRC: Tshisekedi pardons those convicted in the killing of Laurent-Désiré Kabila |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/57205/drc-tshisekedi-pardons-those-convicted-in-killing-of-laurent-desire-kabila/ |website=The Africa Report |date=2021-01-05 |access-date=2022-02-08}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Kabila yashakanye na Sifa Mahanya, babyarana abana benshi, barimo impanga Joseph na Jaynet Kabila. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] 4ygrntw8t42d28c9h2u350691y5ph3r 0 23240 140960 140803 2026-10-08T00:57:09Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Joseph Kabila | image = Joseph Kabila April 2016.jpg | caption = Joseph Kabila mu 2016 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|6|4|df=y}} | birth_place = Hewa Bora II, Fizi, Kivu y’Amajyepfo, [[Zayire]] | nationality = Umukongomani | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Makerere | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] | term = 26 Mutarama 2001 – 24 Mutarama 2019 | predecessor = [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] | party = PPRD | spouse = Olive Lembe di Sita }} '''Joseph Kabila Kabange''' (yavutse ku wa 4 Kamena 1971 i Hewa Bora II, muri teritwari ya Fizi, mu ntara ya Kivu y’Amajyepfo) ni umunyapolitiki w’Umukongomani wabaye Perezida wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] kuva ku wa 26 Mutarama 2001 kugeza ku wa 24 Mutarama 2019. Kuva mu 2019 ni senateri ubuziraherezo. Ni umuhungu wa Perezida [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]], yamusimbuye nyuma y’uko yicwa ku wa 16 Mutarama 2001, mu gihe cy’Intambara ya Kabiri ya Kongo. Afite imyaka 29, ni we Perezida muto kurusha abandi wayoboye igihugu. Yashinze ishyaka PPRD (''Parti du peuple pour la reconstruction et la démocratie'') mu 2002, ayobora Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho nyuma y’amasezerano y’amahoro ya Pretoria, atorwa mu 2006, yongera gutorwa mu 2011 mu matora yanenzwe cyane. Ashimirwa kuba yararangije Intambara ya Kabiri ya Kongo no kugarura umutekano mu gice kinini cy’igihugu, nubwo intambara yakomeje mu burasirazuba. Ubukungu bw’igihugu bwikubye inshuro eshanu ku butegetsi bwe, ariko ubukire ntibwasaranganyijwe, kandi ubutegetsi bwe bwaranzwe n’igitugu, ruswa n’ihohoterwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Kuba amatora yari ateganyijwe mu 2016 yarasubitswe byateje ikibazo gikomeye cya politiki. Mu 2019 yasimbuwe na [[Félix Tshisekedi]] mu ihererekanya ry’ubutegetsi rya mbere ry’amahoro mu mateka y’igihugu, nubwo amatora ya 2018 yashidikanyijweho cyane. Kuva mu 2023, ubutegetsi bwa Kinshasa bumushinja gushyigikira ihuriro AFC/M23. Arabihakana. Mu 2025 ubudahangarwa bwe bwakuweho, maze urukiko rwa gisirikare rumukatira igihano cy’urupfu adahari. Mu 2026 yafatiwe ibihano na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. == Ubuto n’amashuri == Joseph Kabila na mushiki we w’impanga Jaynet Kabila bavutse ku wa 4 Kamena 1971 i Hewa Bora II, mu misozi ya Fizi<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie du Président de la République |url=http://presidentrdc.cd/biographie.html |website=Présidence de la RDC |access-date=2026-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127193017/http://presidentrdc.cd/biographie.html |archive-date=2010-11-27 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>. Ni bamwe mu bana icumi ba [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] n’umugore we Sifa Mahanya<ref name="E1">{{cite web |author=Martina Schwikowski |title=DRC President Kabila: Reformer or corrupt authoritarian |url=https://www.dw.com/en/drc-president-joseph-kabila-reformer-or-corrupt-authoritarian/a-36935441 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2016-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-01}}</ref>. Icyo gihe se yayoboraga umutwe w’inyeshyamba zarwanyaga ubutegetsi bwa [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] muri Kivu y’Amajyepfo<ref name="E4">{{cite web |title=How Kabila lost his way: The performance of Laurent Désiré Kabila's government |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/angola/how-kabila-lost-his-way-performance-laurent-d%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-kabilas-government |website=ReliefWeb |date=1999-05-21 |access-date=2025-12-01}}</ref>. Mu mpera z’imyaka ya 1970, umuryango wahungiye muri [[Tanzaniya]], aho yize amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye i Mbeya no i Dar es Salaam<ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Profile: Joseph Kabange Kabila |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2006/08/24/profile-joseph-kabange-kabila |website=The New Humanitarian |date=2006-08-24 |access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>. Kubera ko se yari umwanzi w’ubutegetsi bwa Mobutu, yitwaga irindi zina, ''Hippolyte Kanambe Mtwale'', kugira ngo atamenyekana<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Pierre Yambuya déballe Joseph Kabila, mais… |website=Congo Indépendant |url=http://www.congoindependant.com/article.php?articleid=4387 |access-date=2026-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412092518/http://www.congoindependant.com/article.php?articleid=4387 |archive-date=2009-04-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yakuze avuga neza Icyongereza n’Igiswahili, ariko ubwo yabaga Perezida ntiyari azi neza Igifaransa cyangwa Ilingala<ref name="E2">{{cite web |author=Marc Jourdier |title=Joseph Kabila: DR Congo's young, enigmatic leader |website=Yahoo! News |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/joseph-kabila-dr-congos-young-enigmatic-leader-143831497.html |date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2025-02-02}}</ref>. Yize kandi muri Kaminuza ya Makerere muri [[Ubugande]]<ref name="E1" />. Inkomoko ye yabaye impaka: abatavuga rumwe na we bavugaga ko nyina yari Umututsi wo mu Rwanda cyangwa ko atari umwana wa Laurent-Désiré Kabila. Nta bimenyetso simusiga byigeze bibigaragaza. Guverinoma yasohoye amafoto y’umuryango n’ubuhamya bwa Sifa Mahanya bwemeza ko ari nyina<ref name="F4" />. Umushakashatsi Erik Kennes, mu gitabo cye ku buzima bwa Laurent-Désiré Kabila, na we yemeje ko ari umwana wa Kabila na Sifa Mahanya<ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coups de projecteur sur Laurent-Désiré Kabila Essai biographique sur Laurent-Désiré Kabila , Erik Kennes (en collaboration avec Munkana N'Ge) Kabila et la révolution congolaise, panafricanisme ou néocolonialisme ? , tome 1, Ludo Martens République démocratique du Congo, guerres sans frontières, de Joseph-Désiré Mobutu à Joseph Kabila , Olivier Lanotte |website=Archives.lesoir.be |url=http://archives.lesoir.be/pour-lire-coups-de-projecteur-sur-laurent-desire-kabila_t-20040109-Z0NXVN.html}}</ref>. == Mu gisirikare (1996–2001) == Mu Ukwakira 1996, se yatangije urugamba rwa AFDL rwo guhirika Mobutu, rwashyigikiwe n’u Rwanda, Ubugande na Angola<ref name="E4" />. Joseph Kabila yinjiye muri urwo rugamba, atozwa n’umusirikare w’Umunyarwanda [[James Kabarebe]]. Yayoboye umutwe w’ingabo za AFDL, kandi bivugwa ko yari ari mu rugamba rwo gufata Kisangani<ref name="E3">{{cite web |author=James McKinley |title=A Fallen City, Seeking Peace, Greets Rebels |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/17/world/a-fallen-city-seeking-peace-greets-rebels.html |website=The New York Times |date=1997-03-17 |access-date=2016-04-04}}</ref>. Nyuma y’intsinzi ya AFDL muri Gicurasi 1997, yakomereje amasomo ya gisirikare muri Kaminuza y’Igisirikare cy’Igihugu y’Ubushinwa i Beijing<ref name="E24" />. Yagizwe umwungirije w’umugaba mukuru w’ingabo za Kongo (FAC), ahabwa ipeti rya jenerali majoro<ref name="E24" />. Intambara ya Kabiri ya Kongo itangiye muri Kanama 1998, yabaye umugaba mukuru w’ingabo by’igihe gito, asimburwa na Eddy Kapend mu Ukwakira 1998<ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=POLITICS-D.R.CONGO: Rebels Control Power, Kabila Flees Capital |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/1998/08/politics-drcongo-rebels-control-power-kabila-flees-capital/ |website=Inter Press Service |date=1998-08-14 |access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref>. Mu 2000 yabaye umugaba mukuru w’ingabo zirwanira ku butaka<ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bref Apercu Biographique du Président de la République |url=http://www.presidentrdc.cd/biographie.html |website=RDCongo – Site Officiel du Président de la République}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Repubulika (2001–2019) == === Inzibacyuho (2001–2006) === Nyuma y’iyicwa rya se ku wa 16 Mutarama 2001, abari bamukikije bahisemo Joseph Kabila ngo amusimbure<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Joseph Kabila, le président silencieux |website=Le Figaro |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/12/22/01003-20161222ARTFIG00209-joseph-kabila-le-president-silencieux.php}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida ku wa 26 Mutarama 2001<ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Joseph Kabila Takes Power In Congo |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/joseph-kabila-takes-power-in-congo/ |website=CBS News |date=2001-01-23 |access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>. Icyo gihe yari atazwi cyane, kandi yari ayoboye igihugu cyari hafi gusenyuka, igice cy’uburasirazuba cyigaruriwe n’ingabo z’u Rwanda n’iz’Ubugande<ref name="E12">{{cite web |author=Ray Saurez |title=Joseph Kabila |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/joseph-kabila |website=PBS |date=2001-02-01 |access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref>. Mu cyumweru cya mbere yasuye Washington, Paris na Buruseli, ahura na Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] i Washington<ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Kabila meets Kagame in the US |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/17294/drc-kabila-meets-kagame-us |website=The New Humanitarian |date=2001-02-02 |access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2001 yasubukuye amasezerano y’amahoro ya Lusaka, yemerera ingabo za MONUC kuza mu gihugu, kandi muri Gicurasi 2001 akuraho itegeko ryabuzaga amashyaka ya politiki. Ibiganiro hagati y’Abakongomani byatumye mu 2003 hashyirwaho Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho, yarimo abayobozi b’imitwe ibiri minini y’inyeshyamba babaye ba visi-perezida. Ku wa 28 Werurwe 2004, abashyigikiye Mobutu bagerageje guhirika ubutegetsi bwe ariko birananirana<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tentative de coupd'Etat en RD Congo |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20040611.OBS0832/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-rd-congo.html |website=L'Obs |access-date=2026-09-01}}</ref>. === Manda ya mbere (2006–2011) === Mu 2006 yatsinze amatora ya perezida mu cyiciro cya kabiri, ahanganye na Jean-Pierre Bemba. Abatavuga rumwe na we bamushinjaga kutaba Umukongomani, ariko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ntirwabyemeye. Mu Ugushyingo 2008, umuryango Human Rights Watch watangaje ko abantu barenga 500 bishwe, abandi barenga 1 000 bagafungwa bakanakorerwa iyicarubozo kuva amatora ya 2006 abaye<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RD Congo : Le Président réprime brutalement l’opposition |url=https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2008/11/25/rd-congo-le-president-reprime-brutalement-lopposition |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2008-11-25 |access-date=2026-09-01}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri (2011–2016) === Mu 2011 komisiyo y’amatora (CENI) yatangaje ko yongeye gutsinda, ariko umukandida w’ishyaka ritavuga rumwe na Leta, Étienne Tshisekedi, yanze ibyavuye mu matora. Ikigo Carter Center n’indorerezi z’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi bavuze ko amatora yaranzwe n’amakosa menshi kandi atizewe<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Déclaration Post - électorale de la compilation et annonce des résultats provisoires de l'élection présidentielle |url=http://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/peace/democracy/Declaration_Post%20election_10Dec-1-1.pdf |website=The Carter Center |access-date=2026-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217211904/http://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/peace/democracy/Declaration_Post%20election_10Dec-1-1.pdf |archive-date=2011-12-17 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mission d'Observation Electorale de l'Union européenne |title=Mission d’observation électorale de l’Union Européenne en République Démocratique du Congo ELECTIONS PRESIDENTIELLE, LEGISLATIVES ET PROVINCIALES 2006 |website=Union européenne |url=http://www.moeuerdcongo.org/files/MOE%20RDC%202006%20-%20Rapport%20Final.pdf |date=2007-02-23 |access-date=2026-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206050424/http://www.moeuerdcongo.org/files/MOE%20RDC%202006%20-%20Rapport%20Final.pdf |archive-date=2011-02-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 22 Werurwe 2013, ubutegetsi bwatangaje ko bwaburijemo umugambi wo kumwica no guhirika ubutegetsi<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : assassinat de Kabila déjoué |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2013/03/22/97001-20130322FILWWW00665-rdc-assassinat-de-kabila-dejoue.php |website=Le Figaro |date=2013-03-22 |access-date=2026-09-15}}</ref>. === Ubukungu === Ubwo yageraga ku butegetsi, umwenda w’igihugu wanganaga na 150 % by’umusaruro mbumbe w’igihugu; nyuma waragabanutse cyane. Ubukungu bwikubye inshuro eshanu ku butegetsi bwe<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=en |title=He’s Handing Over the Presidency but Not Necessarily His Power |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/14/world/africa/kabila-congo-elections.html |website=New York Times |date=2018-12-14 |access-date=2025-04-18}}</ref>, ariko izamuka ryabwo ryagabanutse mu myaka ye ya nyuma. Ubukire bwavuye mu mabuye y’agaciro (kobalti, diyama, zahabu) ntibwasaranganyijwe, kandi igihe yavaga ku butegetsi abaturage benshi bari bakiri munsi y’umurongo w’ubukene<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=en |title=DRC: What is Joseph Kabila’s legacy after 18 years in power? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/25/drc-what-is-joseph-kabilas-legacy-after-18-years-in-power |website=Al Jazeera |date=2018-12-25 |access-date=2025-04-18}}</ref><ref name="F2" />. === Uburenganzira bwa muntu === Ku wa 22 Nyakanga 2015, Kenneth Roth, umuyobozi wa Human Rights Watch, yanenze cyane uburyo ubutegetsi bwa Kabila bwahohoteraga ababunenga<ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RD Congo : La répression contre la dissidence est la principale source d’inquiétude relative aux droits humains |url=https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2015/07/22/rd-congo-la-repression-contre-la-dissidence-est-la-principale-source-dinquietude |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=2026-09-01}}</ref>. Inzego zashinjwaga ihohotera zirimo Ingabo zirinda Perezida (''Garde républicaine''), igipolisi gishinzwe guhosha imyigaragambyo (LENI)<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=RDC : Boulevard des désillusions : la « rue » et la politique en RD Congo |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/fr/africa/central-africa/democratic-republic-congo/boulevard-broken-dreams-street-and-politics-dr-congo |website=International Crisis Group |date=2016-10-21}}</ref> n’urwego rw’iperereza (ANR), rwashinjwaga gushimuta abatavuga rumwe na Leta, abanyamakuru n’abaharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu<ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Georges Kapiamba |title=ACAJ : Le droit de vie et de mort de l’ANR sur les citoyens congolais doit immédiatement cesser |url=https://democratiechretienne.org/2012/09/14/acaj-le-droit-de-vie-et-de-mort-de-lanr-sur-les-citoyens-congolais-doit-immediatement-cesser/ |website=ACAJ |date=2012-09-14}}</ref>. Mu 2016, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi byafatiye ibihano abayobozi icyenda ba gisivili n’aba gisirikare<ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |author=HRW |title=RD Congo : Qui sont les 9 individus sanctionnés par l'UE et les États-Unis ? |url=https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2016/12/16/rd-congo-qui-sont-les-9-individus-sanctionnes-par-lue-et-les-etats-unis |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2016-12-16}}</ref>. Mu Ugushyingo 2018, iperereza rya RFI n’ikinyamakuru ''Le Monde'' ryagaragaje ko ubutegetsi bwagize uruhare mu iyicwa ry’impuguke ebyiri z’Umuryango w’Abibumbye muri Werurwe 2017<ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jérémy André |title=Au Congo, un cardinal face à la dictature |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2018/12/13/01003-20181213ARTFIG00352-au-congo-un-cardinal-face-a-la-dictature.php |website=Le Figaro}}</ref>. === Ibirego bya ruswa === Kabila n’umuryango we, cyane cyane mushiki we Jaynet n’umugore we Olive Lembe, bari bafite cyangwa bayoboraga ibigo birenga 70 by’ubucuruzi, birimo amabanki n’ibirombe, byinjizaga amamiliyoni amagana y’amadolari<ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : Bloomberg révèle l'empire économique bâti par la famille Kabila |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20161216-rdc-agence-bloomberg-revele-empire-economique-bati-famille-kabila-president |website=RFI |date=2016-12-16 |access-date=2026-09-01}}</ref><ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=en |author=Michael Kavanagh, Thomas Wilson et Franz Wild |title=With His Family’s Fortune at Stake, President Kabila Digs In |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-12-15/with-his-family-fortune-at-stake-congo-president-kabila-digs-in |website=Bloomberg |date=2016-12-15}}</ref>. Mu Ugushyingo 2021, iperereza ry’ibinyamakuru byinshi ryiswe ''Congo Hold-Up'' ryashinje umuryango wa Kabila kunyereza miliyoni 138 z’amadolari y’ingengo y’imari ya Leta hagati ya 2013 na 2018, ufashijwe n’ishami rya banki BGFIBank muri Kongo. Minisitiri w’Ubutabera yahise asaba ko hatangizwa iperereza<ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Anna Sylvestre-Treiner et Stanis Bujakera Tshiamala |title=Congo Hold-up : le gouvernement ordonne une enquête sur les agissements du clan Kabila |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1269907/politique/congo-hold-up-le-gouvernement-ordonne-une-enquete-sur-les-agissements-du-clan-kabila/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2026-09-01}}</ref><ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |title=« Congo Hold-up » : ouverture d’une information judiciaire visant le clan de Joseph Kabila |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/11/24/congo-hold-up-ouverture-d-une-information-judiciaire-visant-le-clan-de-joseph-kabila_6103445_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref>. === Ikibazo cya politiki n’ihererekanya ry’ubutegetsi (2016–2019) === Itegeko Nshinga ryamubuzaga kwiyamamariza manda ya gatatu, kandi manda ye yagombaga kurangira ku wa 20 Ukuboza 2016. Amatora yarasubitswe, maze Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rumwemerera kuguma ku butegetsi, nubwo abatavuga rumwe na Leta n’amahanga babyamaganye<ref name="F9" />. Ku gitutu cy’imbere mu gihugu n’icy’amahanga, ku wa 8 Kanama 2018 yatangaje ko atazongera kwiyamamaza, ashyigikira Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary nk’umukandida w’ihuriro ry’ubutegetsi<ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : l’ancien ministre Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary désigné candidat du parti présidentiel |url=https://abonnes.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/08/08/rdc-l-ancien-ministre-de-l-interieur-emmanuel-ramazani-shadary-designe-candidat-du-parti-presidentiel_5340511_3212.html |website=Le Monde |access-date=2018-08-08}}</ref>. Amatora yo ku wa 30 Ukuboza 2018 yateje impaka nyinshi. Martin Fayulu yanze ibyavuyemo, naho Inama y’Abepiskopi Gatolika (CENCO), yari ifite indorerezi 40 000, yavuze ko bidahuye n’ibyo yabonye. Indorerezi zigenga zemeje ko Fayulu ari we watsinze, kandi ko Kabila yahisemo gutangaza intsinzi y’umukandida wari kumufasha kurusha abandi. Muri Mutarama 2019, [[Félix Tshisekedi]] yemejwe n’Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga, arahirira kuba Perezida. == Nyuma y’ubuperezida == Kabila yavuye ku butegetsi ku wa 25 Mutarama 2019<ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : Félix Tshisekedi, investi président, jure de « défendre la Constitution » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/714840/politique/rdc-felix-tshisekedi-officiellement-investi-president-du-pays/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-01-24 |access-date=2026-09-01}}</ref>, aba senateri ubuziraherezo, ahabwa izina rya « Perezida w’icyubahiro »<ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Marie-France Cros |title=Par ce geste, Joseph Kabila prouve qu'il reste le véritable patron de la RDC |url=https://www.lalibre.be/actu/international/par-ce-geste-joseph-kabila-prouve-qu-il-reste-le-veritable-patron-de-la-rdc-5c6ee6cd7b50a60724e14095 |website=Lalibre.be |access-date=2026-09-01}}</ref>. Ihuriro rye FCC (''Front commun pour le Congo'') ryari rifite ubwiganze mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko, muri Sena no mu ntara, maze akekwa kugumana ubutegetsi mu ibanga<ref name="F39">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En RDC, les 100 premiers jours du président Tshisekedi dans l’ombre de Kabila |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/05/06/en-rdc-le-president-tshisekedi-dans-l-ombre-de-kabila_5458848_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-05-06 |access-date=2019-05-20}}</ref>. Yagiye kuba mu isambu ye ya Kingakati, hafi ya Kinshasa<ref name="F40">{{cite web |language=en |title=Life after power : Joseph Kabila, the gentleman farmer |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/16785/life-after-power-joseph-kabila-the-gentleman-farmer/ |website=The Africa Report}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2020, Tshisekedi yasheshe ubufatanye na FCC, akurura abadepite benshi ba Kabila mu ihuriro rishya ryitwa « Union sacrée ». Perezida w’Inteko Jeannine Mabunda yakuweho ku wa 10 Ukuboza 2020<ref name="F50">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RD Congo : comment Félix Tshisekedi a réussi à tourner la page Joseph Kabila |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20210206-rd-congo-comment-félix-tshisekedi-a-réussi-à-tourner-la-page-joseph-kabila |website=France 24 |date=2021-02-06 |access-date=2021-02-09}}</ref>, naho Minisitiri w’Intebe Sylvestre Ilunga Ilunkamba yeguzwa n’Inteko ku wa 27 Mutarama 2021<ref name="F52">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : comment les députés ont obtenu la destitution du Premier ministre, Sylvestre Ilunga Ilunkamba |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1111832/politique/rdc-le-premier-ministre-sylvestre-ilunga-ilunkamba-destitue-par-lassemblee-nationale/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2021-01-27}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2023, nyuma yo kwanga kwitabira amatora, yavuye muri Kongo mu ibanga. Yongeye kugaragara muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]] muri Mutarama 2024, aho yavugaga ko akora ubushakashatsi bwa dogitora muri Kaminuza ya Johannesburg<ref name="F53">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Stanis Bujakera Tshiamala et Romain Gras |title=Exclusif – Joseph Kabila annonce son retour en RDC « sans délai » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1676831/politique/exclusif-joseph-kabila-annonce-son-retour-en-rdc-sans-delai/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. === Ibirego bijyanye na M23 === Mu 2021, umutwe wa M23 wongeye gufata intwaro mu burasirazuba bwa Kongo. Leta ya Kongo n’impuguke za Loni bavuga ko ushyigikiwe n’u Rwanda, ariko u Rwanda rurabihakana<ref name="F55">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Dans l’est de la RDC, les rebelles du M23 intensifient leur emprise sur le Nord-Kivu |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/03/dans-l-est-de-la-rdc-les-rebelles-du-m23-intensifient-leur-emprise-sur-le-nord-kivu_6246508_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-07-04 |access-date=2025-06-27}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2024, Augustin Kabuya, umunyamabanga mukuru w’ishyaka UDPS rya Perezida, yashinje Kabila gushyigikira M23 n’Ihuriro AFC rya Corneille Nangaa. Abo ku ruhande rwa Kabila bamaganye ibyo birego bavuga ko ari ugukura amaso y’abaturage ku byo Leta yananiwe<ref name="F57">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: le chef du parti présidentiel accuse l'ex-président Joseph Kabila de soutenir le M23 |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240331-rdc-le-chef-du-parti-pr%C3%A9sidentiel-accuse-joseph-kabila-de-soutenir-le-m23 |website=Radio France Internationale |date=2024-03-31 |access-date=2025-06-27}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2024, Perezida Tshisekedi na we yamushinje gutegura imyivumbagatanyo, ariko ishyaka rye ribyita ibinyoma<ref name="F56">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Félix Tshisekedi : comment une crise grandit entre le Président de la RDC et son prédécesseur Joseph Kabila |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/cy768g2z277o |website=BBC |date=2024-08-07 |access-date=2025-06-27}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2025, Kabila yasohoye inyandiko mu kinyamakuru ''Sunday Times'', anenga Tshisekedi amushinja kuba nyirabayazana w’ikibazo cy’uburasirazuba<ref name="F53" />. Muri Mata 2025, Minisitiri w’Umutekano yahagaritse ibikorwa bya PPRD<ref name="F65">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En RDC, le gouvernement suspend les activités du parti de l’ex-président Joseph Kabila |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/04/21/en-rdc-le-gouvernement-suspend-les-activites-du-parti-de-l-ex-president-joseph-kabila_6598514_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref>, Minisiteri y’Ubutabera isaba ko akurikiranwa n’imitungo ye igafatirwa<ref name="F66">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pascal Mulegwa |title=RDC: après le retour annoncé de Kabila à Goma, Kinshasa prend une série de mesures contre lui et ses proches |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250420-rdc-apr%C3%A8s-le-retour-annonc%C3%A9-de-kabila-%C3%A0-goma-kinshasa-prend-une-s%C3%A9rie-de-mesures-contre-lui-et-ses-proches |website=RFI}}</ref>. Ku wa 22 Gicurasi 2025, Sena yamwambuye ubudahangarwa<ref name="F73">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : le Sénat lève les immunités de l'ancien président Joseph Kabila |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250522-rdc-le-s%C3%A9nat-l%C3%A8ve-les-immunit%C3%A9s-de-l-ancien-pr%C3%A9sident-joseph-kabila |website=RFI}}</ref>. Ku wa 25 Gicurasi 2025, yageze i Goma, umujyi wari mu maboko ya AFC/M23, ahura n’abayobozi b’amadini ari kumwe n’umuvugizi wa M23<ref name="F67">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le M23 confirme l’arrivée de Joseph Kabila à Goma |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2025/05/26/actualite/politique/le-m23-confirme-larrivee-de-joseph-kabila-goma |website=Radio Okapi |date=2025-06-26 |access-date=2025-06-27}}</ref><ref name="F76">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ex-DRC President Kabila holds talks in M23-held city of Goma: Reports |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/29/ex-drc-president-kabila-holds-talks-in-m23-held-city-of-goma-reports |website=Al Jazeera |date=2025-06-29 |access-date=2025-06-27}}</ref>. === Urubanza n’igihano cy’urupfu === Urubanza rwe rwatangiye ku wa 25 Nyakanga 2025 imbere y’Urukiko Rukuru rwa Gisirikare i Kinshasa, ariko ntiyitaba<ref name="F77">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: à peine ouvert, le procès de l'ex-président Joseph Kabila renvoyé au 31 juillet |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250724-rdc-le-proc%C3%A8s-de-l-ex-pr%C3%A9sident-joseph-kabila-s-ouvre-ce-25-juillet-devant-la-haute-cour-militaire |website=Radio France Internationale |date=2025-07-24 |access-date=2025-07-26}}</ref>. Yashinjwaga ubugambanyi, ibyaha by’intambara, ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu no kugira uruhare mu mutwe w’abigometse, kubera uruhare bivugwa ko yagize mu ishingwa rya AFC<ref name="F78">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Procès de Joseph Kabila en RDC : ce que contient le dossier d’accusation |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1709418/politique/proces-de-joseph-kabila-en-rdc-ce-que-contient-le-dossier-daccusation/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2025-07-25 |access-date=2025-07-26}}</ref>. Bamwe babonye urwo rubanza nk’intambwe mu kubahiriza amategeko<ref name="F79">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Procès Kabila en RDC: les parties civiles réclament des dizaines de milliards de dollars de réparations |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250822-procès-kabila-en-rdc-les-parties-civiles-réclament-des-dizaines-de-milliards-de-dollars-de-réparations |website=Radio France Internationale |date=2025-08-22 |access-date=2025-10-01}}</ref>, abandi barimo ishyaka rye na Moïse Katumbi bavuga ko ari uburyo bwa politiki bwo kumukura mu nzira<ref name="F81">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: vives réactions après la peine de mort requise contre Joseph Kabila pour ses liens présumés avec le M23 |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250824-rdc-vives-réactions-après-la-peine-de-mort-requise-contre-joseph-kabila-pour-ses-liens-présumés-avec-le-m23 |website=Radio France Internationale}}</ref><ref name="F82">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: l’ex-président Joseph Kabila sort du silence après la réquisition de peine de mort contre lui |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250902-rdc-l-ex-président-joseph-kabila-sort-du-silence-après-la-réquisition-de-peine-de-mort-contre-lui |website=Radio France Internationale}}</ref>. Ku wa 30 Nzeri 2025 yakatiwe adahari igihano cy’urupfu, ategekwa no kwishyura Leta miliyari 33 z’amadolari<ref name="F85">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: l’ex-président Joseph Kabila condamné à la peine de mort |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250930-rdc-l-ex-pr%C3%A9sident-joseph-kabila-condamn%C3%A9-%C3%A0-la-peine-de-mort |website=RFI}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2026, Ishami rishinzwe kugenzura imitungo y’abanyamahanga (OFAC) rya Minisiteri y’Imari ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ryamufatiye ibihano, rimushinja gushaka guhungabanya Leta ya Kongo ashyigikira M23 na AFC<ref name="F86">{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: Washington sanctionne l'ex-président Kabila l’accusant de «semer l’instabilité» en soutenant le M23 |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260430-rdc-washington-sanctionne-l-ex-pr%C3%A9sident-kabila-l-accusant-de-semer-l-instabilit%C3%A9-en-soutenant-le-m23 |website=RFI}}</ref><ref name="F87">{{cite web |language=en |title=Treasury Sanctions Former Democratic Republic of the Congo President for Ties to Armed Conflict |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0480 |website=département du Trésor des États-Unis}}</ref>. == Icyubahiro == Sitade ya Kalemie, mu ntara ya Tanganyika, yitiriwe izina rye. == Reba == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] ao0damhc4utu4aldjsfbm5d93sfkil4 0 23241 140959 140805 2026-10-08T00:56:34Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = John Magufuli | image = John Magufuli 2015.png | caption = John Magufuli mu 2015 | birth_date = 29 Ukwakira 1959 | birth_place = Chato, Tanganyika (ubu ni [[Tanzaniya]]) | death_date = 17 Werurwe 2021 (afite imyaka 61) | death_place = Dar es Salaam, [[Tanzaniya]] | nationality = Umunyatanzaniya | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Dar es Salaam | occupation = Umwarimu, umuhanga mu bya shimi, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Tanzaniya]] | term = 5 Ugushyingo 2015 – 17 Werurwe 2021 | predecessor = [[Jakaya Kikwete]] | party = Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) | spouse = Janeth Magufuli }} '''John Pombe Joseph Magufuli''' (29 Ukwakira 1959 – 17 Werurwe 2021) yari umunyapolitiki w’Umunyatanzaniya wabaye Perezida wa gatanu wa [[Tanzaniya]] kuva mu 2015 kugeza apfuye mu 2021, amezi make nyuma yo kongera gutorerwa manda ya kabiri. Mbere yaho yari yarabaye minisitiri inshuro nyinshi, cyane cyane uw’Imirimo rusange, aho yamenyekanye ku izina rya « Tingatinga » (« bulldozer » mu Giswahili) kubera kubaka imihanda myinshi. Kuva mu 2019 kugeza mu 2020 yayoboye Umuryango w’Iterambere ry’Afurika y’Amajyepfo (SADC). Yatowe ku isezerano ryo kurwanya ruswa no kugabanya amafaranga Leta isesagura, ashora imari nyinshi mu bikorwa remezo. Ku butegetsi bwe, ubukungu bwa Tanzaniya bwazamutse ku kigero cya 6 % ku mwaka, igihugu kiva mu cyiciro cy’ibihugu bikennye cyane. Icyakora ubutegetsi bwe bwaranzwe n’igitugu: ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru n’ubwo kuvuga byarabujijwe, abatavuga rumwe na Leta baratotezwa. Mu gihe cy’icyorezo cya COVID-19, yahakanye uburemere bwacyo, ahagarika ibipimo n’ingamba z’ubuzima. Yapfuye ku wa 17 Werurwe 2021; Leta yavuze ko yazize indwara y’umutima. Yasimbuwe na Visi-Perezida we, [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]]. == Ubuto n’amashuri == John Magufuli yavukiye mu muryango ukennye mu 1959 i Chato, mu majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bwa Tanzaniya (icyo gihe yitwaga Tanganyika), ku nkengero z’ikiyaga cya Victoria. Akiri umwana yaragiraga inka, akanacuruza amata n’amafi kugira ngo afashe umuryango we<ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Tanzanie: Mort de John Magufuli, le président qui défiait le Covid |website=Le Point |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/tanzanie-le-president-john-magufuli-est-decede-17-03-2021-2418336_3826.php |date=2021-03-17}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza i Chato kuva mu 1967 kugeza mu 1974, akomereza mu iseminari ya Katoke i Biharamulo no muri Lake Secondary School, hanyuma muri Mkwawa High School<ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=Hon. Dr. John P. Magufuli's CV |website=Tanzania Today |url=http://www.tanzaniatoday.co.tz/news/and-this-is-dr-john-pombe-magufuli-cv |access-date=2015-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204232451/http://www.tanzaniatoday.co.tz/news/and-this-is-dr-john-pombe-magufuli-cv |archive-date=2015-12-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yabonye impamyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya mbere mu burezi (shimi n’imibare) muri Kaminuza ya Dar es Salaam mu 1988, iy’icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu 1994 n’iy’ikirenga (dogitora) mu bya shimi mu 2009<ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Hon. Dr. John P. Magufuli (MP) |url=http://mow.go.tz/index.php/mow/about/dr-john-p-magufuli |website=Tanzania Ministry of Works |access-date=2015-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103132508/http://mow.go.tz/index.php/mow/about/dr-john-p-magufuli |archive-date=2015-11-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tanzanie : mort de John Magufuli, le président qui défiait le Covid |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/tanzanie-le-president-john-magufuli-est-decede-17-03-2021-2418336_3826.php |website=Le Point |date=2021-03-17 |access-date=2021-03-18}}</ref>. Yari Umukirisitu Gatolika<ref name="F1" />. == Urugendo rwa politiki == Yabanje kuba umwarimu w’ubumenyi bwa shimi n’imibare mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Sengerema, nyuma akora nk’umuhanga mu bya shimi muri koperative Nyanza Cooperative Union kuva mu 1989 kugeza mu 1995<ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Alumni of the Month—John Pombe Joseph Magufuli |url=https://www3.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/alumni/name/1 |website=University of Dar es Salaam |access-date=2021-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730160418/https://www3.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/alumni/name/1 |archive-date=2021-07-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu 1995 yatorewe kuba umudepite uhagarariye Chato mu ishyaka Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), ishyaka ryiganje mu gihugu, ahita agirwa Minisitiri wungirije w’Imirimo rusange<ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |author=William Shao |title=Magufuli the African giant—A peasant's son who became President |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/magufuli-the-african-giant-a-peasant-s-son-who-became-president-3327116 |website=The Citizen |date=2021-03-18 |access-date=2021-03-18}}</ref>. Yabaye Minisitiri w’Imirimo rusange (2000–2005), Minisitiri w’Ubutaka n’Imiturire (2006–2008), Minisitiri w’Ubworozi n’Uburobyi (2008–2010), yongera kuba Minisitiri w’Imirimo rusange (2010–2015)<ref name="E22">{{cite web |author=Hassan Muhiddin |title=JK's beefed up team |url=http://www.ippmedia.com/ipp/guardian/2006/01/05/57238.html |website=The Guardian |date=2006-01-05}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Magufuli: Tanzania's 'bulldozer' president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56293519 |website=BBC News |date=2021-03-17 |access-date=2021-03-17}}</ref>. Muri icyo gihe ni bwo yahawe izina rya « Tingatinga » kubera kubaka imihanda mishya<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tanzanie : le virage autoritaire de John Magufuli |website=Jeune Afrique |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/549073/politique/tanzanie-le-virage-autoritaire-de-john-magufuli/}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Repubulika == === Amatora ya 2015 === Ku wa 12 Nyakanga 2015, CCM yamutoranyije nk’umukandida wayo ku mwanya wa Perezida, nyuma y’amatora y’ibanze yari arimo abakandida 38<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tanzanie : le grand coup de balai de John Magufuli |website=Le Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/12/18/tanzanie-le-grand-coup-de-balai-de-john-magufuli_4834676_3212.html}}</ref>. Mu matora yo ku wa 25 Ukwakira 2015, yahanganye na Edward Lowassa wari ushyigikiwe n’amashyaka atavuga rumwe na Leta, atsinda n’amajwi 58 %. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida ku wa 5 Ugushyingo 2015, asimbura [[Jakaya Kikwete]], naho Samia Suluhu aba Visi-Perezida<ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ruling party wins Tanzania presidency |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34669468 |website=BBC News |date=2015-10-29 |access-date=2020-07-23}}</ref>. === Kugabanya amafaranga ya Leta no kurwanya ruswa === Akigera ku butegetsi, yafashe ingamba zo kugabanya amafaranga Leta isesagura: yabujije abayobozi ingendo zitari ngombwa zo mu mahanga n’ingendo z’indege mu cyiciro cy’icyubahiro, agabanya ingengo y’imari y’ibirori, anagabanya ingano y’intumwa zijya mu nama mpuzamahanga<ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=New Tanzanian President John Magufuli makes radical changes |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2015/11/26/new-tanzanian-president-john-magufuli-makes-radical-changes/ |website=Lusaka Times |date=2015-11-26 |access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref><ref name="F2" />. Umushahara we yawugabanyije uva ku madolari 15 000 ugera ku 4 000 ku kwezi<ref name="E31">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Ristel Tchounand |title=Tanzanie: touchant 4 fois moins que son prédécesseur, le président Magufuli dévoile son salaire |url=https://afrique.latribune.fr/politique/2017-10-04/tanzanie-touchant-4-fois-moins-de-que-son-predecesseur-le-president-magufuli-devoile-son-salaire-752872.html |website=La Tribune Afrique |date=2017-10-04 |access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref>. Mu 2015 yahagaritse ibirori by’umunsi w’ubwigenge, avuga ko ari « igisebo gukoresha amafaranga menshi twizihiza imyaka 54 y’ubwigenge mu gihe abaturage bacu bicwa na kolera », ahubwo amafaranga ashyirwa mu bikorwa by’isuku byo kurwanya kolera<ref name="E32">{{cite web |title=Magufuli strikes again: Uhuru Day scrapped |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/1840340-2969570-xr3dv6z/index.html |website=The Citizen |date=2015-11-24 |access-date=2018-04-25}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tanzanie : des mesures d’austérité à tous les étages |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/tanzanie/tanzanie-des-mesures-dausterite-a-tous-les-etages_3066253.html |website=Franceinfo |date=2015-12-08}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye yari igizwe na minisiteri 19 aho kuba 30<ref name="E35">{{cite web |author=Omar Mohammed |title=Tanzania's Magufuli finally names his cabinet—and it's almost half the size of his predecessor's |url=http://qz.com/570860/tanzanias-magufuli-finally-names-his-cabinet-and-its-half-the-size-of-his-predecessors/ |website=Quartz |date=2015-12-11 |access-date=2015-12-12}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Mata 2016, urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga yarukoreye mu [[Rwanda]], aho yahuye na Perezida [[Paul Kagame]], batangiza ikiraro gishya n’umupaka uhuriweho wa Rusumo, anitabira kwibuka ku nshuro ya 22 [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]<ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Tanzania: Magufuli's Visit to Rwanda to Positively Impact On Dar, Kigali |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201604130583.html |website=Daily News |date=2016-04-12 |access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref>. === Ubukungu n’ibikorwa remezo === Tanzaniya yavuguruye amategeko agenga amasezerano y’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, yiha uburenganzira bwo kuyasubiramo cyangwa kuyasesa mu gihe habayeho uburiganya. Impaka z’imisoro n’ikigo Acacia Mining, cyashinjwaga guhisha ingano nyakuri ya zahabu yacukurwaga, zarangiye Tanzaniya ihawe 16 % by’imigabane mu birombe byacyo<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La Tanzanie mise sur la Chine |url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2019/02/SERVANT/59566 |website=Le Monde diplomatique |date=2019-02-01 |access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref>. Mu 2017 yabujije kohereza mu mahanga amabuye y’agaciro atatunganyijwe<ref name="E39">{{cite web |author=Neil Hume |title=Acacia warns of mine closure unless Tanzania lifts export ban |url=https://www.ft.com/content/fe0a33b6-6e06-11e7-bfeb-33fe0c5b7eaa |website=Financial Times |date=2017-07-21 |access-date=2018-04-25}}</ref>. Icyakora, umunyapolitiki utavuga rumwe na Leta Zitto Kabwe yavuze ko iyo politiki yateye ubwoba abashoramari kandi igacogoza izamuka ry’ubukungu<ref name="F8" />. Guverinoma ye yashoye imari mu bikorwa remezo binini: umuhanda wa gari ya moshi (''Standard Gauge Railway''), urugomero rw’amashanyarazi rwa Julius Nyerere rwagombaga gukuba kabiri amashanyarazi y’igihugu, imihanda n’ibiraro byinshi, ndetse no kongerera ubushobozi sosiyete y’indege ya Air Tanzania<ref name="E47">{{cite web |author=Bob Karashani |title=Air Tanzania expansion on course as country receives Dreamliner |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Atcl-expansion-on-course-as-country-gets-dreamliner/2560-5325716-11yrthnz/index.html |website=The East African |date=2019-10-26 |access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tanzanie : John Magufuli, le président « bulldozer », disparaît à l’âge de 61 ans |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/03/19/tanzanie-john-magufuli-le-president-bulldozer-disparait-a-l-age-de-61-ans_6073700_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-03-19 |access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref>. Ku butegetsi bwe, ubukungu bwazamutse ku kigero cya 6 % ku mwaka nk’uko Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari (IMF) kibivuga, maze mu 2020 Tanzaniya iva mu cyiciro cy’ibihugu bifite amikoro make ijya mu cy’ibifite amikoro aciriritse<ref name="F9" />. === Igitugu n’ubwisanzure === Nubwo ishyaka rimwe ryari ryarayoboye igihugu kuva cyabona ubwigenge, Tanzaniya yafatwaga nk’igihugu kirimo demokarasi ugereranyije. Nyuma y’amatora ya 2015, aho abatavuga rumwe na Leta bari babonye 40 % by’amajwi, Magufuli yatangiye guhashya itangazamakuru, abatavuga rumwe na Leta n’abo bahanganye mu ishyaka rye<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Thierry Vircoulon |title=Mort du président Magufuli en Tanzanie: « Il va laisser un mauvais souvenir » |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210318-mort-du-pr%C3%A9sident-magufuli-en-tanzanie-il-va-laisser-un-mauvais-souvenir |website=RFI |date=2021-03-18 |access-date=2021-03-18}}</ref>. Itegeko rirwanya ibyaha bikorerwa kuri murandasi ryakoreshejwe mu gufunga abantu bashinjwa « gutuka Perezida » ku mbuga nkoranyambaga<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tanzanie : des internautes condamnés pour insulte au président sur les réseaux sociaux |website=Jeune Afrique |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/359758/societe/tanzanie-internautes-condamnes-insulte-president-reseaux-sociaux/}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2016, televiziyo esheshatu, radiyo 21 n’ibinyamakuru byinshi byarahagaritswe bishinjwa kunenga ubutegetsi<ref name="F11" />. Muri Werurwe 2018, abayobozi batandatu b’ishyaka Chadema, barimo umuyobozi waryo Freeman Mbowe, barafashwe<ref name="F11" />. Muri Nzeri 2018, yasabye abaturage kutitabira kuboneza urubyaro, ibyo bikanengwa n’imiryango irimo Amnesty International<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tanzania's president says women using birth control are too 'lazy' to feed a family |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/tanzania-president-john-magufuli-birth-control-lazy-feed-family-a8534316.html |website=Independent |access-date=2018-09-29}}</ref><ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Amnesty International condemns Tanzania's 'attack' on family planning |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/09/25/africa/tanzania-suspends-family-planning-advert-intl/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=2018-09-29}}</ref>. Mu matora ya 2020, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 84 %, naho ishyaka rye ritwara hafi 99 % by’imyanya mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko. Indorerezi nyinshi mpuzamahanga zavuze ko ayo matora yaranzwe n’uburiganya, ifatwa ry’abakandida n’abigaragambya, n’ifungwa ry’imbuga nkoranyambaga<ref name="F3" /><ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tanzanie: le président sortant John Magufuli, réélu avec 84% des voix, l’opposition proteste |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/10/31/tanzanie-le-president-sortant-john-magufuli-reelu-avec-84-des-voix-l-opposition-proteste_6058020_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2020-10-31 |access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref><ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Magufuli wins re-election in Tanzania; opposition cries foul |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/30/magufuli-wins-re-election-in-tanzania-says-electoral-commission |website=Al Jazeera |date=2020-10-30 |access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref>. === Icyorezo cya COVID-19 === Mu gihe cy’icyorezo cya COVID-19, Magufuli yanze gufata ingamba z’ubuzima zafatwaga ahandi ku isi, ategeka ko ibipimo bihagarara<ref name="E12">{{cite web |author=David Bell |title=Magufuli saved thousands |url=https://www.newsafrica.net/print-editions/2021/may-edition |website=NewsAfrica |date=May 2021 |access-date=2021-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723092923/https://www.newsafrica.net/2021/may-edition |archive-date=2021-07-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yavuze ko « virusi yarimbuwe n’Imana kubera amasengesho y’Abanyatanzaniya », kandi avuga ko ibipimo byakorewe ku ihene, ku ipapayi no ku ntama byagaragaje ko byanduye<ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tanzania: goat, paw paw, jackfruit test positive for coronavirus |website=Africanews |url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/05/06/tanzania-how-can-goat-papaya-pawpaw-test-positive-to-corona-morning-call/}}</ref>. Yanagaragaje ko adashira amakenga inkingo zakorewe mu Burayi no muri Amerika, ahitamo kwiringira amasengesho<ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Coronavirus in Africa - Not immune |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2020/03/26/africa-is-woefully-ill-equipped-to-cope-with-covid-19 |website=The Economist |date=2020-03-28}}</ref>. Imibare y’abanduye yarekeye gutangazwa, naho Tanzaniya isubira inyuma mu rutonde rw’ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru rwa ''Reporters sans frontières'', iva ku mwanya wa 75 mu 2015 igera ku wa 124 mu 2020<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Armel-Gilbert Bukeyeneza |title=En Tanzanie, l’omerta sur le coronavirus règne à l’approche de la présidentielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/09/03/en-tanzanie-l-omerta-sur-le-coronavirus-regne-a-l-approche-de-la-presidentielle_6050846_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2020-09-03 |access-date=2020-09-05}}</ref>. == Urupfu == Kuva mu mpera za Gashyantare 2021, ntiyongeye kugaragara mu ruhame, maze abatavuga rumwe na Leta n’abanyamakuru bamwe bavuga ko yanduye COVID-19<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tanzanie, l’opposition s’interroge sur la santé du président Magufuli |website=Le Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/03/11/en-tanzanie-l-opposition-s-interroge-sur-la-sante-du-president-magufuli_6072705_3212.html}}</ref><ref name="F3" />. Ku wa 17 Werurwe 2021, Visi-Perezida Samia Suluhu yatangaje kuri televiziyo ko Magufuli yapfuye afite imyaka 61, azize indwara y’umutima mu bitaro bya Emilio Mzena i Dar es Salaam. Samia Suluhu yahise amusimbura ku butegetsi<ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tanzanie : mort de John Magufuli, le président qui défiait le Covid |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/tanzanie-le-president-john-magufuli-est-decede-17-03-2021-2418336_3826.php |website=Le Point |date=2021-03-17}}</ref><ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président tanzanien John Magufuli est décédé |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/le-president-tanzanien-john-magufuli-est-decede-20210317 |website=Le Figaro |date=2021-03-17}}</ref>. Mu mpera za Werurwe, imihango yo kumusezeraho yitabiriwe n’abakuru b’ibihugu byinshi by’Afurika. Ku kibuga cya Uhuru i Dar es Salaam, abantu bagera kuri 40 bapfiriye mu mubyigano. Umurambo we wajyanywe i Zanzibar, Mwanza na Geita, ushyingurwa i Chato aho yavukiye<ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tanzanie: plus de 40 morts dans une bousculade lors d'un hommage au président Magufuli |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20210330-tanzanie-plus-de-40-morts-dans-une-bousculade-lors-d-un-hommage-au-pr%C3%A9sident-magufuli |website=France 24 |date=2021-03-30 |access-date=2021-03-30}}</ref>. Umunyamakuru Khalifa Said yavuze ko umurage we utavugwaho rumwe: bamwe bamubona nk’intwari yarwanyije ruswa n’ubukoloni bushya bw’ibigo by’amahanga, abandi bakamubona nk’umunyagitugu wasuzuguye amahame ya demokarasi<ref name="F9" />. == Reba == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Tanzaniya]] 2vlimtxpcri2q2egs3oh2vxg3jsiy3x 0 23244 140957 140833 2026-10-08T00:43:41Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Inkombe za Lomé | subheader = ''Plages de Lomé'' | image = [[File:Plage de Lomé au Togo (Afrique de l'Ouest).jpg|frameless|upright=1.1]] | caption = Inkombe ya Lomé | label1 = Ubwoko | data1 = Inkombe y'umusenyi | label2 = Igihugu | data2 = [[Togo]] | label3 = Umujyi | data3 = Lomé | label4 = Inyanja | data4 = Ikigobe cya Gineya ([[Inyanja]] ya Atalantika) | label5 = Aho biherereye | data5 = 6° 07′ 38″ N, 1° 14′ 12″ E }} '''Inkombe za Lomé''' (mu Gifaransa: ''Plages de Lomé'') ni inkombe z'umusenyi ziri ku nkengero z'umurwa mukuru wa [[Togo]], Lomé, ku Kigobe cya Gineya.<ref name="dth">{{Cite web |url=https://www.directtriphub.com/fr/lieu/plages-de-lome-et-baguida |title=Plages de Lomé et Baguida — plages, activités et conseils |website=DirectTripHub |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=fr}}</ref> Zirambuye ku birometero byinshi hagati y'icyambu cya Lomé mu burasirazuba n'uduce twa Baguida, Kpémé na Aného. == Imiterere == Zirangwa n'umusenyi woroshye, inyanja ikunze kugira imiraba n'imigezi ikomeye.<ref name="univ">{{Cite web |url=https://univ-lome.tg/decouvrir-la-ville-de-lome/ |title=Découvrir la ville de Lomé |website=Université de Lomé |date=2025-09-18 |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918234845/https://univ-lome.tg/decouvrir-la-ville-de-lome/ |archive-date=2025-09-18 |language=fr |url-status=live}}</ref> Ikirere ni icy'ubushyuhe bwo mu turere dushyuha, kiri hagati ya 25 °C na 30 °C umwaka wose.<ref name="univ"/> Ibice bimwe by'inkombe byibasiwe n'isuri, ihangana na yo ikorwa binyuze muri gahunda y'akarere ya WACA (''West Africa Coastal Areas Management Program'').<ref name="tourisme">{{Cite web |url=https://tourisme.gouv.tg/plages-de-lome-le-paradis-sable-du-togo-ou-locean-murmure-lame-africaine/ |title=Plages de Lomé : le paradis sablé du Togo, où l'océan murmure l'âme africaine |website=Ministère du Tourisme, de la Culture et des Arts (Togo) |date=2025-11-13 |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=fr}}</ref> == Ibikorwa == Inkombe zikoreshwa mu [[uburobyi]] gakondo, mu myidagaduro, mu mikino nk'umupira w'amaguru wo ku musenyi, ''surf'' na ''kitesurf'', ndetse no mu [[ubukerarugendo]].<ref name="dth"/><ref name="ta">{{Cite web |url=https://togoactualite.com/plage-de-lome-endroit-tres-prise-lomeens/ |title=La plage de Lomé, un endroit très prisé des Loméens |website=Togo Actualité |date=2016-05-07 |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fr.aroundus.com/p/174809956-plage-de-lome |title=Plage de Lomé - Plage publique à Lomé, Togo |website=AroundUs |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=fr}}</ref> Ni hamwe mu hantu nyamukuru abatuye umujyi baruhukira, kubera ko Lomé ifite pariki nke.<ref name="ta"/> Mu duce twa Kpémé na Aného, inyenzi zo mu nyanja ziza kuhatera amagi mu bihe bimwe by'umwaka.<ref name="tourisme"/> == Amateka == Ku nkombe za Lomé hari ibisigazwa by'ikiraro cy'icyuma kinjira mu nyanja (''wharf''), cyubatswe hagati ya 1901 na 1904 ku gihe cy'ubukoloni bw'Abadage, gifite uburebure bwa metero 300.<ref name="goethe">{{Cite web |url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/tg/fr/kul/sup/dsi/lom/20808990.html |title=Le wharf de Lomé |website=Goethe-Institut |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=fr}}</ref> Cyakoreshwaga mu gupakurura no gupakira ibicuruzwa n'abagenzi kugeza ubwo icyambu cya Lomé cyafungurwaga mu 1964.<ref name="goethe"/> == Umutekano == Kubera imigezi n'imiraba ikomeye, koga ahatarinzwe bishobora guteza akaga.<ref name="tourisme"/> == Reba nanone == * [[Togo]] * [[Ubukerarugendo]] == Inkomoko == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Togo]] [[Category:Ubukerarugendo muri Afurika]] hx0m6h9j79gt9zn4h2i0amzteerubwo 0 23248 140948 140843 2026-10-07T20:02:26Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261007)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 140948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Bed bugs|synonym=Cimicosis, bed bug bites, bedbugs, bed bug infestation|image=Bed bug, Cimex lectularius.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=An adult bed bug (''[[Cimex lectularius]]'') with the typical flattened oval shape|pronounce=|field=[[Family medicine]], [[dermatology]]|symptoms=None to prominent [[blisters]], itchy<ref name=And2006/><ref name=Ib2017/>|complications=|onset=Minutes to days after the bite<ref name=Ib2017/>|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Cimex]]'' (primarily ''[[Cimex lectularius]]'' and ''[[Cimex hemipterus]]'')<ref name=JAMA2009/>|risks=Travel, second-hand furnishings<ref name=Kolb2009/>|diagnosis=Based on finding bed bugs and symptoms<ref name=GP2009/>|differential=[[Allergy|Allergic reaction]], [[scabies]], [[dermatitis herpetiformis]]<ref name=Ib2017/>|prevention=|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Symptomatic]], [[bed bug eradication]]<ref name=Ib2017/>|medication=[[Antihistamine|Antihistamines]], [[corticosteroids]]<ref name=Ib2017/>|prognosis=|frequency=Relatively common<ref name=Dog2012/>|deaths=|named after=}}Udusimba tw'ibiheri ni ubwoko [[Inigwahabiri|bw'udukoko]] dutungwa n'amaraso y'abantu, akenshi nijoro.<ref name="CDC2017Trans">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/bedbugs/faqs.html|title=Bed Bugs FAQs|last=|first=|date=2 May 2017|website=|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922030210/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/bedbugs/faqs.html|archive-date=22 September 2018|url-status=live|access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref> Kurumwa kwazo bishobora gutera ingaruka nyinshi ku buzima zirimo uduheri ku ruhu, ingaruka zo mu mutwe, n'ibimenyetso by'ubwivumbure.<ref name="GP2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Doggett SL, Russell R|title=Bed bugs – What the GP needs to know|journal=Aust Fam Physician|volume=38|issue=11|pages=880–4|date=November 2009|pmid=19893834|doi=|url=}}</ref> Kurumwa udusimba tw'ibiheri bishobora gutera impinduka ku ruhu kuva ku duce tutagaragara kugeza ku duto tw'umutuku kugeza ku dusebe twinshi.<ref name="And2006">{{Cite book|last=James, William D.|last2=Berger, Timothy G.|title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology|url=https://archive.org/details/andrewsdiseaseso0000jame_10ed|publisher=Saunders Elsevier|location=|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7216-2921-6|oclc=|doi=|display-authors=etal|page=[https://archive.org/details/andrewsdiseaseso0000jame_10ed/page/446 446]}}</ref><ref name="Ib2017">{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=O|last2=Syed|first2=UM|last3=Tomecki|first3=KJ|title=Bedbugs: Helping your patient through an infestation.|journal=Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine|date=March 2017|volume=84|issue=3|pages=207–211|doi=10.3949/ccjm.84a.15024|pmid=28322676|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bishobora gufata iminota cyangwa iminsi kugira ngo bigaragare kandi muri rusange hari ubwoba bugaragara.<ref name="Ib2017" /> Hari abantu bashobora kumva bananiwe cyangwa bafite umuriro.<ref name="Ib2017" /> Ubusanzwe, ibice by'umubiri bidatwikiriye birafatwa n'ingaruka kandi akenshi kurumwa gatatu bikurikirana.<ref name="Ib2017" /> Ukurumwa n'udukoko two mu buriri ntabwo bizwi ko twanduza indwara iyo ari yo yose.<ref name="GP2009" /><ref name="CDC2017Trans" /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zidakunze kuba zirimo ahantu hari uruhu rwapfuye cyangwa vasculitis.<ref name="Ib2017" /> Udusimba tw'ibiheri duterwa ahanini n'ubwoko bubiri bw'udukoko two mu bwoko bwa ''Cimex'' : ''Cimex lectularius'' (udukoko dusanzwe two mu buriri) na ''Cimex hemipterus'', cyane cyane mu turere dushyuha.<ref name="JAMA2009">{{Cite journal|last=Jerome Goddard|last2=Richard deShazo|year=2009|title=Bed bugs (''Cimex lectularius'') and clinical consequences of their bites|journal=[[JAMA|Journal of the American Medical Association]]|volume=301|issue=13|pages=1358–1366|doi=10.1001/jama.2009.405|pmid=19336711|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ingano yabo iri hagati ya 1 na 7&nbsp;mm.<ref name="CDC2017Trans" /> Bikwirakwira mu kugendagenda hagati y’ahantu hahegereye cyangwa mu gutwarwa mu bintu by’umuntu ku giti cye.<ref name="Ib2017" /> Kwandura indwara akenshi ntibikunze guterwa [[Amazi, Isuku n'isukura|n’isuku]] nke ariko bikunze kugaragara cyane mu duce turimo ubucucike bwinshi.<ref name="Ib2017" /><ref name="Hild2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hildreth CJ, Burke AE, Glass RM|title=JAMA patient page. Bed bugs|journal=JAMA|volume=301|issue=13|pages=1398|date=April 2009|pmid=19336718|doi=10.1001/jama.301.13.1398|url=|doi-access=free}}</ref> Gusuzuma indwara bikubiyemo gushaka udukoko no kugaragaza ibimenyetso bihuye na byo.<ref name="GP2009" /> udusimba tw'ibiheri tumara igihe kinini ahantu hijimye kandi hihishe nko mu migozi ya matelas cyangwa mu mipfunyari y'urukuta.<ref name="Ib2017" /> Ubuvuzi bugamije ibimenyetso.<ref name="Ib2017" /> Gukuraho udukoko two mu buriri mu rugo akenshi biragoye, kimwe mu bituma udukoko two mu buriri dushobora kumara umwaka wose tutarigaburira.<ref name="Ib2017" /> Gusubiramo ubuvuzi bw'urugo bishobora kuba ngombwa.<ref name="Ib2017" /> Ubu buryo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba bukubiyemo gushyushya icyumba kugeza kuri {{Convert|50|C|F}} mu gihe kirenga iminota 90, gusukura isuku kenshi, kumesa imyenda ku bushyuhe bwinshi, no gukoresha imiti yica udukoko itandukanye.<ref name="Ib2017" /> udusimba tw'ibiheri tuboneka mu turere twose tw’isi.<ref name="CDC2017Trans" /> Igipimo cy'ubwandu bw'ibicurane kirakunze kugaragara, nyuma y'ubwiyongere kuva mu myaka ya 1990.<ref name="JAMA2009" /><ref name="Kolb2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kolb A, Needham GR, Neyman KM, High WA|title=Bedbugs|journal=Dermatol Ther|volume=22|issue=4|pages=347–52|year=2009|pmid=19580578|doi=10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01246.x|url=}}</ref><ref name="Dog2012">{{Cite journal|last=Doggett|first=SL|last2=Dwyer|first2=DE|last3=Peñas|first3=PF|last4=Russell|first4=RC|title=Bed bugs: clinical relevance and control options.|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|date=January 2012|volume=25|issue=1|pages=164–92|doi=10.1128/CMR.05015-11|pmid=22232375|pmc=3255965}}</ref> Impamvu nyazo z’ubwiyongere bw’iyi ndwara ntizisobanutse neza; inyigisho zirimo kwiyongera kw’ingendo z’abantu, guhanahana ibikoresho byakoreshejwe kenshi, kwibanda cyane ku kurwanya utundi dukoko, no kongera ubudahangarwa bw’imiti yica udukoko.<ref name="Kolb2009" /> udusimba tw'ibiheri tuzwiho kuba udukoko duto mu bantu mu myaka ibihumbi ishize.<ref name="Ib2017" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 9w6dnrjm59w4m7h67sw24i3svvmt3yc 0 23267 140965 140884 2026-10-08T07:22:58Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Kaminuza y'Abadivantisiti ya Lukanga]] 140965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Kaminuza Yigenga y'Ibihugu by'Ibiyaga Bigari y'i Butembo | subheader = ''Université libre des pays des Grands Lacs de Butembo'' | label1 = Impine | data1 = ULPGL-Butembo | label2 = Yashinzwe | data2 = 2001 | label3 = Ubwoko | data3 = Kaminuza yigenga y'abaporotesitanti | label4 = Intego | data4 = ''Foi, Science, Action'' | label5 = Aho iherereye | data5 = [[Butembo]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] | label6 = Urubuga | data6 = [https://ulpgl-butembo.ac ulpgl-butembo.ac] }} '''Kaminuza Yigenga y'Ibihugu by'Ibiyaga Bigari y'i Butembo''' ('''ULPGL-Butembo''') ni kaminuza yigenga y'abaporotesitanti iri i [[Butembo]], muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. Yashinzwe mu 2001. == Amateka == Yatangiye mu 2001 ari ishami rya ULPGL y'i [[Goma]], kaminuza yashinzwe n'amatorero yo mu [[Itorero rya Kristo muri Kongo]].<ref name="gpen" /><ref name="apropos" /> Ikorera i Makomo kuva mu 2007, kandi yahawe ubuzima gatozi n'ubwigenge n'iteka rya Minisitiri ryo ku wa 3 Gashyantare 2012.<ref name="apropos" /><ref name="prism" /> == Amashami == * Ubuhinzi n'ibidukikije * Ubuzima rusange * Tewolojiya * Ubukungu n'imicungire * Amategeko n'ubutegetsi * Imitekerereze n'uburezi<ref name="sante" /> == Reba kandi == * [[Kaminuza y'Abadivantisiti ya Lukanga]] * [[Butembo]] * [[Itorero rya Kristo muri Kongo]] == Imiyoboro yo hanze == * [https://ulpgl-butembo.ac Urubuga rwemewe] (fr) == Indanganturo == <references> <ref name="gpen">{{Cite web |url=https://gpenreformation.net/members/universite-libre-des-pays-des-grands-lacs-de-butembo-ulpgl-butembo/ |title=Universite Libre des Pays des Grands Lacs de Butembo (ULPGL-Butembo) |website=GPEN |date=2016-03-23 |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="apropos">{{Cite web |url=https://ulpgl-butembo.ac/apropos/ |title=À propos |website=ulpgl-butembo.ac |date=2025-10-28 |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="prism">{{Cite web |url=https://re.minesursi.gouv.cd/etablissement.php?id=1056 |title=Université libre des pays des Grands Lacs de Butembo |website=PRISM-RDC (MINESURSI) |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="sante">{{Cite web |url=https://ulpgl-butembo.ac/sante-publique/ |title=Santé Publique |website=ulpgl-butembo.ac |date=2025-10-28 |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=fr}}</ref> </references> [[Category:Kaminuza muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] [[Category:Butembo]] aqxvpyxwaknyz3nzyou5c0llom53g49 140967 140965 2026-10-08T07:57:37Z Score Beethoven 11559 Kwagura ingingo (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia: Université libre des pays des Grands Lacs de Butembo) 140967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Kaminuza Yigenga y'Ibihugu by'Ibiyaga Bigari y'i Butembo | subheader = ''Université libre des pays des Grands Lacs de Butembo'' | label1 = Impine | data1 = ULPGL-Butembo | label2 = Yashinzwe | data2 = 2001 | label3 = Ubwoko | data3 = Kaminuza yigenga y'abaporotesitanti | label4 = Intego | data4 = ''Foi, Science, Action'' | label5 = Aho iherereye | data5 = [[Butembo]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] | label6 = Urubuga | data6 = [https://ulpgl-butembo.ac ulpgl-butembo.ac] }} '''Kaminuza Yigenga y'Ibihugu by'Ibiyaga Bigari y'i Butembo''' ('''ULPGL-Butembo''') ni kaminuza yigenga y'abaporotesitanti iri i [[Butembo]], muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. Yashinzwe mu 2001. == Amateka == === Inkomoko === ULPGL yavukiye i [[Goma]] ku bushake bw'amatorero atandatu yo mu Itorero rya Kristo muri Kongo (ECC): CBCA, CELPA, Itorero ry'Abangilikani muri Kongo, CADAF, CMLC na CEBCE. Mu 1985 yabanje kuba Ishuri Rikuru rya Tewolojiya y'Abaporotesitanti (ISTP), nyuma iba Kaminuza Yigenga y'Ibihugu by'Ibiyaga Bigari.<ref name="gpen" /><ref name="apropos" /> Ishami ryayo ry'i Butembo ryatangiye mu 2001.<ref name="apropos" /> === Ubwigenge n'amashami mashya === Ikorera i Makomo kuva mu 2007. Iteka rya Minisitiri n° 021/MINESU/CAB.MIN/MML./CI/GM/2012 ryo ku wa 3 Gashyantare 2012 ryayihaye ubuzima gatozi n'ubwigenge nk'ikigo cyigenga cy'amashuri makuru. Nyuma yaho yafunguye ishami ry'amategeko (2012) n'iry'ubuhinzi (2016).<ref name="apropos" /><ref name="prism" /><ref name="coge" /> == Amashami == ULPGL-Butembo ifite amashami atandatu:<ref name="sante" /><ref name="apropos" /> * Ubumenyi bw'[[Ubuhinzi|ubuhinzi]] n'[[Ibidukikije|ibidukikije]] (DSAE) * Ubumenyi bw'ubuzima rusange (DSS) * Ubumenyi bw'umuntu n'umuryango, ishami rya tewolojiya y'abaporotesitanti (DSHS) * Ubukungu n'imicungire (DSEG) * Amategeko, politiki n'ubutegetsi (DSJPA) * [[Imitekerereze]] n'[[Uburezi|uburezi]] (DSPE) == Icyerekezo, intego n'indangagaciro == Intego yayo ni gutanga uburezi n'ubushakashatsi bufite ireme bigamije iterambere rusange, ifatanyije n'abaturage bo hafi yayo. Icyerekezo cyayo ni ukuba kaminuza ihiganwa, izwi mu gihugu no ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ifite ibigo by'ubushakashatsi. Mu ndangagaciro zayo harimo imyitwarire myiza, uburinganire n'ubutabera, gushyira imbere ubushobozi no kubaha agaciro k'umuntu. Intego yayo ni ''Foi, Science, Action'' (Ukwizera, Ubumenyi, Igikorwa).<ref name="apropos" /> == Ubushakashatsi n'ubufatanye == Abarimu n'abanyeshuri b'icyiciro cy'ikirenga basohora ubushakashatsi ku rubuga rwa kaminuza, nk'ubwerekeranye n'imyitwarire y'abaguzi (urugero rwa Brasimba i Beni) cyangwa ku miyoborere irambye mu by'ubuhinzi n'ibiribwa muri Kivu y'Amajyaruguru.<ref name="brasimba" /><ref name="memoire" /> Ifitanye ubufatanye na SYDIP ku buhinzi bw'[[Ikirayi|ibirayi]].<ref name="ibirayi" /> == Mu zindi kaminuza z'i Butembo == Butembo ifite amashuri makuru menshi, arimo Kaminuza Gatolika ya Graben, Kaminuza ya Leta ya Ruwenzori, Kaminuza Divina Gloria na ULPGL.<ref name="apropos" /> Indi kaminuza iri hafi ya Butembo ni [[Kaminuza y'Abadivantisiti ya Lukanga]]. == Reba kandi == * [[Kaminuza y'Abadivantisiti ya Lukanga]] * [[Université de l'Assomption au Congo]] * [[Butembo]] * [[Goma]] == Imiyoboro yo hanze == * [https://ulpgl-butembo.ac Urubuga rwemewe] (fr) == Indanganturo == <references> <ref name="gpen">{{Cite web |url=https://gpenreformation.net/members/universite-libre-des-pays-des-grands-lacs-de-butembo-ulpgl-butembo/ |title=Universite Libre des Pays des Grands Lacs de Butembo (ULPGL-Butembo) |website=GPEN |date=2016-03-23 |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="apropos">{{Cite web |url=https://ulpgl-butembo.ac/apropos/ |title=À propos |website=ulpgl-butembo.ac |date=2025-10-28 |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="prism">{{Cite web |url=https://re.minesursi.gouv.cd/etablissement.php?id=1056 |title=Université libre des pays des Grands Lacs de Butembo |website=PRISM-RDC (MINESURSI) |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="sante">{{Cite web |url=https://ulpgl-butembo.ac/sante-publique/ |title=Santé Publique |website=ulpgl-butembo.ac |date=2025-10-28 |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="coge">{{Cite web |last=Mumbere |first=Michée |title=Les membres du COGE de l'ULPGL Butembo autour de leur Président et Recteur |url=https://ulpgl-butembo.ac/2026/03/28/les-membres-du-coge-de-lulpgl-butembo-autour-de-leur-president-et-recteur-a-loccasion-de-la-nomination-du-nouveau-secretaire-general-academique/ |website=ulpgl-butembo.ac |date=2026-03-28 |access-date=2026-10-08 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="ibirayi">{{Cite web |last=Mumbere |first=Michée |title=Agriculture : À l'ULPGL Butembo, la variété de pomme de terre Carolis Rouge s'adapte bien au site Ararat |url=https://ulpgl-butembo.ac/2026/03/14/agriculture-a-lulpgl-butembo-la-variete-de-pomme-de-terre-carolis-rouge-sadapte-bien-au-site-ararat/ |website=ulpgl-butembo.ac |date=2026-03-14 |access-date=2026-10-08 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="brasimba">{{Cite web |last=Mumbere |first=Michée |title=Article scientifique : Influence du design de marque sur le comportement d'achat des consommateurs, le cas de la succursale de Brasimba Company à Beni |url=https://ulpgl-butembo.ac/2026/02/15/article-scientifique-influence-du-design-de-marque-sur-le-comportement-dachat-des-consommateurs-le-cas-de-la-succursale-de-brasimba-company-a-beni/ |website=ulpgl-butembo.ac |date=2026-02-15 |access-date=2026-10-08 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="memoire">{{Cite web |title=Prise en charge de personne vivant avec le VIH/sida en ville de Butembo |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/12/5181/m_Prise-en-charge-de-personne-vivant-avec-le-VIHsida-en-ville-de-Butembo23.html |website=Memoire Online |access-date=2026-10-08 |language=fr}}</ref> </references> [[Ikiciro:Kaminuza]] [[Ikiciro:Uburezi]] [[Ikiciro:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] p3872pycmv56v43hgqbpert8tdwqv62 0 23271 140963 140902 2026-10-08T01:49:51Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 140963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Thierry Prungnaud | birth_date = 5 Gicurasi 1956 | birth_place = Poitiers, [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umujandarume (GIGN) | known_for = Ubuhamya ku ruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]; igitero cya Marignane (1994) | notable_works = ''Silence turquoise'' (2012) }} '''Thierry Prungnaud''' (yavutse ku ya 5 Gicurasi 1956 i Poitiers) ni umujandarume w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]] wahoze mu mutwe w'intore wa GIGN. Yamenyekanye ku buhamya bwe ku ruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], aho yari mu ''Opération Turquoise'', ndetse no ku gitero cyo kubohora abari bafashwe bugwate mu ndege ya ''Air France'' i Marignane ku ya 26 Ukuboza 1994. == Mu Rwanda == Mbere ya jenoside, Prungnaud yahuguye mu [[Rwanda]] umutwe w'Ingabo zirinda Umukuru w'Igihugu (GISGP), wari wubakiye ku miterere ya GIGN. Mu 1994 yari mu ''Opération Turquoise''.<ref name="JA">{{Cite web |author=Pierre Boisselet |title=Génocide rwandais : Thierry Prungnaud, un héros censuré |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/139442/politique/g-nocide-rwandais-thierry-prungnaud-un-h-ros-censur/ |website=Jeune Afrique |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2012 yasohoye, afatanyije n'umunyamakuru Laure de Vulpian, igitabo ''Silence turquoise'', ashinja ingabo z'Ubufaransa kuba zararetse abasivili b'[[Abatutsi]] bakicwa. Avuga ko yasuzuguye amabwiriza bityo agashobora kurokora Abatutsi amagana.<ref name="JA" /> Jenerali [[Jean-Claude Lafourcade]], wayoboraga ''Opération Turquoise'', yahakanye ibyo avuga.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Jean Guisnel |title=La France au Rwanda : général Jean-Claude Lafourcade, « une monstrueuse légende s'installe dans l'opinion » |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/editos-du-point/jean-guisnel/la-france-au-rwanda-general-jean-claude-lafourcade-une-monstrueuse-legende-s-installe-dans-l-opinion-11-06-2010-465340_53.php |website=Le Point |date=2010-06-11 |language=fr}}</ref> Ubuhamya bwe nyuma bwashimangiwe n'undi musirikare w'Umufaransa, Guillaume Ancel. == Igitero cya Marignane == Ku ya 26 Ukuboza 1994, ku kibuga cy'indege cya Marignane hafi ya Marseille, yabaye umujandarume wa kabiri winjiye mu ndege ya ''Air France'' (urugendo 8969) yari yafashwe bugwate n'abarwanyi ba GIA. Yakomerekejwe n'amasasu arindwi n'igisasu cya gerenade, ariko abasha guhagarika batatu muri bane mu bari bafashe bugwate abantu, ararokoka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L'assaut de Marignane raconté par Thierry Prungnaud |url=http://www.gign.org/groupe-intervention/?page_id=407 |website=GIGN.org |language=fr |access-date=2026-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102081211/http://www.gign.org/groupe-intervention/?page_id=407 |archive-date=2014-01-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Muri filime ''L'Assaut'' (2011), uruhare rwe rwakinwe na Vincent Elbaz. == Imidari == Yahawe imidari myinshi, irimo ''Légion d'honneur'' (ku rwego rwa ''officier'', 2022), ''Médaille militaire'', ''Croix de la Valeur militaire'' n'Umudari w'Igihugu w'Amahoro w'u Rwanda. == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Paul Barril]] * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] * [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] * [[Christian Quesnot]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |author=Pierre Boisselet |title=Génocide rwandais : Thierry Prungnaud, un héros censuré |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/139442/politique/g-nocide-rwandais-thierry-prungnaud-un-h-ros-censur/ |website=Jeune Afrique |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author1=Thierry Prungnaud |author2=Laure de Vulpian |title=Silence turquoise : Rwanda 1992-1994, responsabilités de l'État français dans le génocide des Tutsi |publisher=Don Quichotte |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-35949-092-3 |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Prungnaud, Thierry}} [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] nip1yxpfe8a2ce0637h09xnyaeoq6wq 3 23278 140945 2026-10-07T16:54:15Z CeylonChingu 19089 /* Welcome to Wiki Project Med! */ new section 140945 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to Wiki Project Med! == {| cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#EAF2FF; border:1px solid #4a0000;" | [[File:Medical translation.svg|250x250px]] | Hi '''{{PAGENAME}}'''! Thank you for your recent contributions to [[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:Wiki_Project_Med_Foundation|Wiki Project Med]]. We are glad to have you as part of our translation task force, helping make reliable medical information accessible to more people worldwide, both online and offline. Please check this onboarding course [https://sites.google.com/wikiprojectmed.org/mdwiki-onboarding-course/] to learn more about our translation process. '''After every translation, please ensure the following steps are done:''' *Confirm that you have chosen the best title or properly translated the title. *Add suitable categories. *Check that the infobox is correctly translated and complete. *Make sure you have followed your language-specific Wikipedia guidelines. *After publishing your translation, if you receive any comments from the reviewers please reply and coordinate with them. Following this checklist helps us collaborate positively and effectively with local Wikipedia reviewers. If you have any questions or need support, please feel free to get in touch. Thank you for contributing your time and skills to this important work. -- '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' Team |} [[Umukoresha:CeylonChingu|CeylonChingu]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:CeylonChingu|talk]]) 16:54, 7 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC) 7gvov5w7ly9ma3ybgrou58lk90r60hz 140947 140945 2026-10-07T17:23:34Z Stevenndori289 10902 /* Welcome to Wiki Project Med! */ Subiza 140947 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to Wiki Project Med! == {| cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#EAF2FF; border:1px solid #4a0000;" | [[File:Medical translation.svg|250x250px]] | Hi '''{{PAGENAME}}'''! Thank you for your recent contributions to [[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:Wiki_Project_Med_Foundation|Wiki Project Med]]. We are glad to have you as part of our translation task force, helping make reliable medical information accessible to more people worldwide, both online and offline. Please check this onboarding course [https://sites.google.com/wikiprojectmed.org/mdwiki-onboarding-course/] to learn more about our translation process. '''After every translation, please ensure the following steps are done:''' *Confirm that you have chosen the best title or properly translated the title. *Add suitable categories. *Check that the infobox is correctly translated and complete. *Make sure you have followed your language-specific Wikipedia guidelines. *After publishing your translation, if you receive any comments from the reviewers please reply and coordinate with them. Following this checklist helps us collaborate positively and effectively with local Wikipedia reviewers. If you have any questions or need support, please feel free to get in touch. Thank you for contributing your time and skills to this important work. -- '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' Team |} [[Umukoresha:CeylonChingu|CeylonChingu]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:CeylonChingu|talk]]) 16:54, 7 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC) :Well Received !! [[Umukoresha:Stevenndori289|Stevenndori289]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Stevenndori289|talk]]) 17:23, 7 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC) 6cu20s0zqyl7ksj5mchlomptrw3v5bt 0 23279 140964 2026-10-08T07:22:49Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Kaminuza y'Abadivantisiti ya Lukanga (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 140964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Kaminuza y'Abadivantisiti ya Lukanga | subheader = ''Université adventiste de Lukanga'' | label1 = Impine | data1 = UNILUK | label2 = Yashinzwe | data2 = 1996 (ishami rya Kaminuza ya Griggs kuva mu 1994) | label3 = Ubwoko | data3 = Kaminuza yigenga y'[[Idini ry'Abadivantitsi b'umunsi wa Karindwi|Abadivantisiti b'Umunsi wa Karindwi]] | label4 = Aho iherereye | data4 = Lukanga, hafi ya [[Butembo]], [[Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru|Kivu y'Amajyaruguru]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] | label5 = Urubuga | data5 = [https://uniluk.org/ uniluk.org] }} '''Kaminuza y'Abadivantisiti ya Lukanga''' (mu Gifaransa: ''Université adventiste de Lukanga'', '''UNILUK''') ni kaminuza yigenga y'[[Idini ry'Abadivantitsi b'umunsi wa Karindwi]] iri i Lukanga, hafi y'umujyi wa [[Butembo]], mu [[Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru]], muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. Yakomotse ku ishami rya Kaminuza ya Griggs ryafunguwe mu 1994, yemererwa gukora mu 1996, ihabwa uburenganzira budasubirwaho mu 2006. == Amateka == === Inkomoko === Ikigo cy'Abadivantisiti cya Lukanga cyashinzwe mu 1965. Mu 1975 cyemewe nk'ishuri ryisumbuye n'iry'amashuri makuru ritanga impamyabumenyi mu burezi, hamwe n'amasomo abiri ya tewolojiya. Mu 1990 hiyongeraho ikigo cy'imyuga.<ref name="enc">{{Cite web |title=Adventist University of Lukanga (UNILUK) |url=https://encyclopedia.adventist.org/article?id=5FKK |website=Encyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventists |access-date=2026-10-07 |language=en}}</ref> === Ishami rya Kaminuza ya Griggs (1994–1996) === Mu 1994, Kaminuza y'Abadivantisiti yo muri Afurika yo Hagati (AUCA) yari i Mudende mu [[Rwanda]] yarafunze kubera [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. Abanyeshuri ba tewolojiya bari mu mwaka wa nyuma bakiriwe i Lukanga. Mu Ukwakira 1994, Kaminuza ya Griggs (yigishaga ku iyakure) yafunguye i Lukanga ishami rya tewolojiya, rifite abanyeshuri bagera kuri mirongo ine, riyobowe na Kasay Bisogho Laurent.<ref name="enc" /> === Ishingwa rya kaminuza (1995–1996) === Igitekerezo cyo gushinga kaminuza i Lukanga cyaganiriweho i Douala ku wa 6 Kamena 1995, no muri [[Abidjan]] ku wa 14 Ugushyingo 1995. Iteka ryo ku wa 22 Gashyantare 1996 ryayemereye gukora. Umwaka wa mbere w'amashuri watangiye ku wa 15 Ukwakira 1996, ufite abanyeshuri bagera ku 100, mu mashami arimo tewolojiya, ubukungu n'indimi. Umuyobozi wayo wa mbere yari Jose Dial.<ref name="enc" /><ref name="au">{{Cite web |last=Rios |first=Pablo |title=Universite Adventiste de Lukanga |url=https://adventistuniversities.com/places/universite-adventiste-de-lukanga/ |website=Adventist Universities |date=2016-03-13 |access-date=2026-10-07 |language=en}}</ref> === Imyaka y'intambara (1997–2003) === Kaminuza yakomeje gukora mu gihe cy'intambara ya AFDL n'iy'inyeshyamba zakurikiyeho. Yigeze kwitwa ''Adventist Wallace University'', mu rwego rwo kwibuka Elton Wallace. Abanyeshuri ba mbere bahawe impamyabumenyi muri Gicurasi 1998. Ikigo cyagabweho igitero n'aba Maï-Maï ku wa 18 Werurwe 2001, kandi mu 2003 hashyizweho agace katarangwamo intambara karinzwe na MONUC.<ref name="enc" /> === Iterambere (2002–2022) === Mu mpera za 2002, kaminuza yashyizwe munsi ya Diviziyo y'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'iyo Hagati y'Itorero. Ivuriro (''polyclinique'') ryafunguwe ku wa 27 Gicurasi 2007. Guhera mu 2008, amashami yose yageze ku rwego rwa ''licence''. Mu 2010, abanyeshuri bo mu mashami yafunzwe i Lubumbashi, [[Kinshasa]] na Kananga bimuriwe i Lukanga. Ishuri ry'ubuvuzi (''techniques médicales'') ryemerewe gukora ku wa 29 Kanama 2021.<ref name="enc" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nord-Kivu : l'université adventiste de Lukanga rouvre ses portes aux étudiants externes |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/03/28/actualite/education/nord-kivu-luniversite-adventiste-de-lukanga-rouvre-ses-portes-aux |website=Radio Okapi |date=2022-03-28 |access-date=2026-10-07 |language=fr}}</ref> == Uburenganzira bwo gukora == Iteka rya Perezida ryayihaye uburenganzira budasubirwaho ryasinywe ku wa 12 Kamena 2006 (n° 06/0106). Ku rwego rw'itorero, yemewe n'Ishyirahamwe ry'Abadivantisiti rishinzwe kwemeza amashuri (AAA) ku wa 7 Mata 2005.<ref name="enc" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Université adventiste de Lukanga |url=https://www.re.minesursi.gouv.cd/etablissement.php?id=1815 |website=PRISM-RDC (MINESURSI) |access-date=2026-10-07 |language=fr}}</ref> == Amasomo == Kaminuza itanga amasomo ku rwego rwa ''licence'' na ''master'', mu by'ubuzima rusange, [[Ubuforomo|ubuforomo]], uburezi n'imitekerereze, tewolojiya, [[Ubuhinzi|ubuhinzi]], ikoranabuhanga, ubukungu n'imari, n'imirire. Ifitanye isano na ISTM Lukanga na ISTA Lukanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Université adventiste de Lukanga |url=https://whed.net/institutions/IAU-019492 |website=WHED – IAU World Higher Education Database |access-date=2026-10-07 |language=en}}</ref> == Abayobozi == {| class="wikitable" ! Igihe !! Umuyobozi |- | 1994–1996 || Kasay Bisogho Laurent (ishami rya Griggs) |- | 1996–1998 || Jose Dial |- | 1998–2006 || Joseph Is'Evikondo (Masinda) |- | 2006–2014 || Kakule Mithimbo Paul |- | 2014–2018 || Benjamin Akyiano |- | 2018 || Amir Gulzar |- | Guhera mu Ugushyingo 2019 || Malembe Tatasi Fils |} <small>Inkomoko:</small><ref name="enc" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Kaminuza Yigenga y'Ibihugu by'Ibiyaga Bigari y'i Butembo]] * [[Université de l'Assomption au Congo]] * [[Idini ry'Abadivantitsi b'umunsi wa Karindwi]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [https://uniluk.org/ Urubuga rwa UNILUK] [[Ikiciro:Kaminuza]] [[Ikiciro:Uburezi]] [[Ikiciro:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] ncb2j87qmcbap7cxy2fsgj65ajtsp29