Gender equality in Rwanda

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="rw">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>rwwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Itangazamakuru</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Ibidasanzwe</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Ibiganiro</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Umukoresha</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Ibiganiro by'umukoresha</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">Dosiye</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">Ibiganiro kuri dosiye</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediyaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Inyandikorugero</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Ubufasha</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Ibiganiro ku bufasha</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Ikiciro</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Ibiganiro ku byiciro</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Gender equality in Rwanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8557</id>
    <redirect title="Uburinganire mu Rwanda" />
    <revision>
      <id>141153</id>
      <parentid>73754</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:35:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EmausBot</username>
        <id>1282</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Correction d’une double redirection depuis [[Uburinganire bw'ibitsina byombi mu Rwanda]] vers [[Uburinganire mu Rwanda]]</comment>
      <origin>141153</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36" sha1="s9cdj8xess49tn7ypzakk0bow50om4x" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Uburinganire mu Rwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>s9cdj8xess49tn7ypzakk0bow50om4x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diyosezi Gatolika ya Gikongoro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141062</id>
      <parentid>140491</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T03:46:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Célestin Hakizimana]]</comment>
      <origin>141062</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2234" sha1="h5pfby3h0m6rmkjs88o8lfge433pwyh" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Cathedral Parish of Byumba.jpg|thumb|Kiliziya|288x288px]]
'''Diyosezi Gatolika ya Gikongoro''' ( Mu Kilatiini: ''Ghikongoroën(sis'') ni diyosezi iherereye mu mujyi wa Gikongoro mu Karere k'Ubutumwa ka Kiliziya ka [[Arikidiyosezi Gatolika ya Kigali|Kigali]] mu [[Rwanda]]. 
[[Dosiye:Interior_of_Catholic_Cathedral_-_Huye_(Butare)_-_Rwanda_-_03_(9009560242).jpg|thumb|Diyoseze gatolika ya Gikongoro|290x290px]]
ibamo paruwasi ya Kibeho, aho Bikira Mariya yabonekeye abantu mu myaka ya za 1980. Ingoro y'amabonekerwa ya [[Bikira Mariya w'Ikibeho|Bikira Mariya Nyina wa Jambo wa Kibeho]] ubu irahari kandi ni ahantu hahurira abakora ingendo nyobokamana. Iyi Diyosezi irimo na paruwasi nini Gatolika i Kaduha na Cyanika. Amateka avuga ko Gikongoro yari intara ikennye cyane mu Rwanda. Gikongoro ubu ni igice cy'Intara y'Amajyepfo.

Umwepiskopi wa mbere w'iyi diyosezi, [[:en:Augustin_Misago|Augustin Misago]], yashyizweho igice kubera ko yari yarize kandi yandika ku mabonekerwa ya [[Kibeho]] igihe yari Umuyobozi wa [[:en:Nyakibanda_Major_Seminary|Seminari Nkuru ya Nyakibanda]] . Mu 1999, Guverinoma y'u [[Rwanda]] yashinje Musenyeri Misago uruhare muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]], maze amara amezi 14 muri gereza mu gihe urubanza rwe rwabaga. Amaherezo yaje kugirwa umwere muri Kamena 2000 maze yemererwa gusubira mu mirimo ye yo kuba umwepiskopi.
[[Dosiye:Panorama_of_Interior_of_Catholic_Cathedral_-_Huye_(Butare)_-_Rwanda_(9008175467).jpg|thumb|Yashinzwe nka Diyosezi ya Gikongoro ivuye kuri diyoseze ya Butare|305x305px]]

== Amateka ==
* Ku wa 30 Werurwe 1992: Yashinzwe nka Diyosezi ya Gikongoro ivuye kuri [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Butare|Diyosezi ya Butare]]

== Ubuyobozi ==
* Abepiskopi ba Gikongoro (umuhango wa Kiliziya Gatolika ya Roma)
** Musenyeri [[:en:Augustin_Misago|Augustin Misago]] (1992-2012)
** Musenyeri [[Célestin Hakizimana]] (2015 - ubungubu)

== Reba kandi ==
* [[Kiriziya Gatorika mu Rwanda|Kiliziya Gatolika mu Rwanda]]

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/giko0.htm GCatholic.org] [yiyitiriye ]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dgiko.html Inzego z'Abagatolika] [ziyitiriye ]

[[Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>h5pfby3h0m6rmkjs88o8lfge433pwyh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saint Famille</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8925</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141064</id>
      <parentid>134746</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T04:01:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Célestin Hakizimana]]</comment>
      <origin>141064</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4416" sha1="tqxr3bivyhy4kmmkvlw7ja9fbnw2xdo" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Saint famille.jpg|thumb|395x395px|'''Saint famille''']]

== Aho iherereye ==
[[Dosiye:Ste.-Famille Church - Genocide Site - Viewed through Trees - Kigali - Rwanda.jpg|thumb|335x335px|Saint Famille Parish]]
Iherereye mu kiyovu, mugi wa Kigali rwagati mu [[Akarere ka Nyarugenge|karere ka Nyarugenge]], mu murwa mukuru w'u [[Rwanda]].

== Amateka ==
Kiriziya ya Ste Famille ni paruwasi yitiriwe umuryango Mutagatifu Nazareti; ikaba yarashinzwe kuwa 21 Ugushyingo 1913 yashinzwe n'abapadiri b'umuryango w'Abamisiyoneri b'Afurika barimo; Padiri Max Theodor Franz Donders, Padiri Xavier Zumbiehl na Furere Alfred Bruder. Iyi paruwasi yashinzwe ari iya 10 mu mwaka umwe na paruwasi Rambura, ikaba yarahimbaje yubile y'imyaka 100 ku itariki ya 19 Ugushyingo 2013. Kuva paruwasi yashingwa kugeza uyu munsi, imaze kubyarira kiliziya paruwasi 12, abapadiri 23 barimo Umusenyeri 1 wa Diyoseze ya Gikongoro bari mu butumwa hirya no hino muri kiliziya hakaba harimo 5 bitabye Imana.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203117/https://eglisecatholiquerwanda.org/sainte-famille&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Église Saint-Charles-Borromée de Québec.jpg|thumb|Kiliziya]]
Guhera mu mwaka wa 1961 abapadiri bera basimbuwe n'abapadiri ba Diyosezi, Padiri Michel RWABIGWI akaba ariwe wabaye padiri mukuru wambere mu ba padiri ba Diyosezi. kuva Ste Famille yashingwa abafurere 9 nibo bayihawemo ubutumwa n'abapadiri 110 babiri muri bo bakaba barabaye abasenyeri. Paruwasi ya Ste Famille yagiye igira ibihe bitandukanye kandi muribyo harimo ibibi n'ibyiza muri byo twavuga nk'inzara yatewe n'intambara ya mbere niya kabiri by'isi ndetse na jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu mwaka wa 1994.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203117/https://eglisecatholiquerwanda.org/sainte-famille&lt;/ref&gt; Paruwasi ya Sainte Famille na centre National de pastorale Saint Paul ni amwe mumazu ya Kiliziya akomeye mu mugi wa Kigali akaba yarahungiwemo n'umubare munini w'abatutsi bari bizeye kurokoka bizeye kwakirwa neza n'abakozi b'Imana gusa siko byagenze kuko bagambaniwe nabo bari basanze harimo nabihaye Imana.&lt;ref&gt;https://cnlg.gov.rw/index.php?id=87&amp;L=1&amp;tx_news_pi1&amp;#x5B;news&amp;#x5D;=4276&amp;tx_news_pi1&amp;#x5B;controller&amp;#x5D;=News&amp;tx_news_pi1&amp;#x5B;action&amp;#x5D;=detail&amp;cHash=051190c5c04872e4044631bb05f49d3d&lt;/ref&gt; Icyakora ku kigo cya Saint Paul, Padiri [[Célestin Hakizimana]] yafashije kurokora Abatutsi bagera ku 2 000 bari bahahungiye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bishop Hakizimana, the Catholic priest behind the survival of 2000 Tutsis at St. Paul |url=https://www.topafricanews.com/2018/07/10/bishop-hakizimana-the-catholic-priest-behind-the-survival-of-2000-tutsis-at-st-paul/ |website=Top Africa News |date=2018-07-10 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Indi mishinga ya Saint Famille ==
[[File:Paroisse ste famille.jpg|thumb|Paroisse ste famille]]
Muri Kamena 2012 nibwo St Famille yatangije kubaka St Famille Hotel Ltd ahahoze amacumbi hazwi nka procure mu gikari cya kiliziya yitiriwe umuryango Mutagatifu &quot;St Famile&quot; ikaba ari umutungo bwite wa [[Arikidiyosezi Gatolika ya Kigali|Arikidiyosezi ya Kigali]]. St Famille Hotel Ltd yatangiye gukorerwamo mu mwaka wa 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/kigali-kiliziya-gatolika-yujuje-hotel-ifite-agaciro-ka-miliyari-umunani |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-21 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204034/https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/kigali-kiliziya-gatolika-yujuje-hotel-ifite-agaciro-ka-miliyari-umunani |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Église de la Sainte-Famille.jpg|thumb|Église de la Sainte-Famille]]

Sainte Famille Hotel igizwe n'ibyumba 67 biri mu byiciro bitandukanye. Ifite salle z'inama  harimo na salle ishobora kwakira abantu bari hagati ya 600 na 700, ikagira izindi salle 2 ntoya zishobora kwakira abantu bari hagati ya 50 na 80, ifite kandi aho barira (restaurent) inogeye ijisho ndetse n'igikoni kiri ku rwego mpuzamahanga aho umuntu ahabwa amafunguro atetse uko abyifuza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://caritas-cdjp-kigali.rw/index.php?informations&amp;id=285&amp;ca |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-24 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205550/http://caritas-cdjp-kigali.rw/index.php?informations&amp;id=285&amp;ca |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Reba ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Amateka]]</text>
      <sha1>tqxr3bivyhy4kmmkvlw7ja9fbnw2xdo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Intangiriro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9002</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141009</id>
      <parentid>140997</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T12:59:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barre décorative : jaune décalé à droite et rétréci</comment>
      <origin>141009</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31128" sha1="snnvpo5lddj6qqqkfad7bk716ra95aq" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
&lt;!-- ==== IKAZE (HERO) ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;overflow:hidden;border-radius:16px;padding:28px 24px 22px;color:#fff;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#0b5f8f 0%,#00A1DE 45%,#20603D 100%);box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.15)&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:1.05em;opacity:0.95&quot;&gt;Murakaza neza kuri&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,'Linux Libertine','Times New Roman',serif;font-size:2.6em;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;margin:4px 0&quot;&gt;Wikipediya mu Kinyarwanda&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:1.08em;max-width:46em&quot;&gt;Inkoranyabumenyi yubakwa n'abayikoresha, mu rurimi rwacu. Buri wese ashobora kuyisoma no kuyandikamo ku buntu.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:14px;padding:8px 16px;border-radius:10px;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.22);font-size:1.05em&quot;&gt;Ubu ifite ingingo '''[[Special:Statistics|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}&lt;/span&gt;]]''' zanditswe mu Kinyarwanda&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:14px&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:Random|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🎲 Ingingo itunguranye&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:NewPages|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🆕 Ingingo nshya&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:Categories|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🗂️ Ibyiciro&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:CreateAccount|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;✍️ Fungura konti&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;right:-30px;top:-30px;width:150px;height:150px;border-radius:50%;background:radial-gradient(circle,#FAD201 0%,rgba(250,210,1,0.55) 45%,rgba(250,210,1,0) 70%)&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;height:6px;border-radius:3px;margin-top:6px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#00A1DE 0%,#00A1DE 75%,#FAD201 82%,#FAD201 87%,#20603D 92%,#20603D 100%)&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== IMBUGA (PORTAILS) ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-brush-pencil.svg|48px|link=Portail:Arts|alt=Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Arts|Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubuhanzi, amateka, indimi&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-genius.svg|48px|link=Portail:Sciences|alt=Ubumenyi]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Sciences|Ubumenyi]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubumenyi bwimbitse n’ibintu karemano&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-news.svg|48px|link=Portail:Société|alt=Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Société|Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Politiki, ubukungu, idini&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-gear.svg|48px|link=Portail:Technologies|alt=Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Technologies|Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Mudasobwa, ubwubatsi, inganda&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Noto Emoji Oreo 1f3c0.svg|48px|link=Portail:Vie quotidienne et loisirs|alt=Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Vie quotidienne et loisirs|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Siporo, ibiryo, umuziki&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO Y'ICYUMWERU + ISHUSHO ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 440px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #00A1DE;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#00A1DE&quot;&gt;📖 Ingingo y'icyumweru&lt;/h2&gt;
{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 8 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki ya Nyungwe]]
'''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Pariki y'Igihugu ya Nyungwe]]''' (izwi kandi nka Ishyamba rya Nyungwe) ni pariki iherereye mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka w'u Burundi, aho ikomereza muri Pariki ya Kibira. Ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019, ikaba ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, kandi ni rimwe mu mashyamba y'imvura ya kera kurusha ayandi muri Afurika. Kuva muri Nzeri 2023, iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ni kimwe mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika. Giherereye ku mupaka uhuza [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], muri Albertine Rift, ishami ry'iburengerazuba rya Rift ya Afurika. Amazi yacyo asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, rutemba rugana mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika. Uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku kiyaga ni Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]
'''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Pariki y'Igihugu y'Ibirunga]]''' ni pariki iherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'Ubugande. Irinda igice cy'u Rwanda cy'urunigi rw'ibirunga rwa Virunga, harimo ibirunga bitanu birimo [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]] na Sabyinyo. Izwi cyane ku isi kubera [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu birunga]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|right|180px|link=Ikinyarwanda]]
'''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' ni ururimi gakondo rw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ijambo « ikinyarwanda » rishobora kandi gusobanura umuco n'imico ikomoka mu Rwanda. Kivugwa mu Rwanda no mu nkengero zarwo, cyane cyane mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubugande. Gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikinyarwanda|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Traditional food from Rwanda.jpg|right|180px|link=Umuganura]]
'''[[Umuganura]]''' ni umuhango nyarwanda wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama, aho Abanyarwanda bizihiza ibyo bagezeho mu buhinzi, mu bworozi no mu burumbuke. Gukomera kuri uyu muhango ni ugusigasira umurage w'u Rwanda, kuko umuganura ukubiyemo indangagaciro zirimo kwishimira umusaruro, gukunda umurimo n'igihugu.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Umuganura|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Honeybee landing on milkthistle02.jpg|right|180px|link=Uruyuki]]
'''[[Uruyuki]]''' (ubuke: inzuki; mu kilatini: ''Apis'') ni agasimba k'inigwahabiri kadafite amagufwa, gafite umubiri ugizwe n'ibice bitatu: umutwe, igituza n'inda. Ku mutwe hariho uduhembe tubiri tuzifasha kumenya ibizikikije n'amaso manini abiri. Mu muzinga umwe hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Uruyuki|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Muhazi Lake.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ni ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Igice kinini cyacyo kiri mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, naho impera yacyo y'iburengerazuba igakora umupaka hagati y'Intara y'Amajyaruguru na [[Kigali]]. Ni ikibaya cyuzuyemo amazi kiryamye kuva iburasirazuba ugana iburengerazuba.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Maasai boys in hunting gear.jpg|right|180px|link=Abamasayi]]
'''[[Abamasayi]]''' ni ubwoko bw'abantu batuye mu majyaruguru, hagati no mu majyepfo ya Kenya, no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya. Bari mu baturage bazwi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga, bitewe n'aho batuye hafi ya pariki nyinshi zo mu karere k'Ibiyaga Bigari bya Afurika, n'imigenzo yabo, imyambarire n'imitako byabo bwite.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Abamasayi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
{{#switch: {{#expr: ({{CURRENTWEEK}} + 4) mod 8 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki ya Nyungwe]]
'''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Pariki y'Igihugu ya Nyungwe]]''' (izwi kandi nka Ishyamba rya Nyungwe) ni pariki iherereye mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka w'u Burundi, aho ikomereza muri Pariki ya Kibira. Ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019, ikaba ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, kandi ni rimwe mu mashyamba y'imvura ya kera kurusha ayandi muri Afurika. Kuva muri Nzeri 2023, iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ni kimwe mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika. Giherereye ku mupaka uhuza [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], muri Albertine Rift, ishami ry'iburengerazuba rya Rift ya Afurika. Amazi yacyo asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, rutemba rugana mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika. Uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku kiyaga ni Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]
'''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Pariki y'Igihugu y'Ibirunga]]''' ni pariki iherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'Ubugande. Irinda igice cy'u Rwanda cy'urunigi rw'ibirunga rwa Virunga, harimo ibirunga bitanu birimo [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]] na Sabyinyo. Izwi cyane ku isi kubera [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu birunga]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|right|180px|link=Ikinyarwanda]]
'''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' ni ururimi gakondo rw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ijambo « ikinyarwanda » rishobora kandi gusobanura umuco n'imico ikomoka mu Rwanda. Kivugwa mu Rwanda no mu nkengero zarwo, cyane cyane mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubugande. Gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikinyarwanda|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Traditional food from Rwanda.jpg|right|180px|link=Umuganura]]
'''[[Umuganura]]''' ni umuhango nyarwanda wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama, aho Abanyarwanda bizihiza ibyo bagezeho mu buhinzi, mu bworozi no mu burumbuke. Gukomera kuri uyu muhango ni ugusigasira umurage w'u Rwanda, kuko umuganura ukubiyemo indangagaciro zirimo kwishimira umusaruro, gukunda umurimo n'igihugu.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Umuganura|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Honeybee landing on milkthistle02.jpg|right|180px|link=Uruyuki]]
'''[[Uruyuki]]''' (ubuke: inzuki; mu kilatini: ''Apis'') ni agasimba k'inigwahabiri kadafite amagufwa, gafite umubiri ugizwe n'ibice bitatu: umutwe, igituza n'inda. Ku mutwe hariho uduhembe tubiri tuzifasha kumenya ibizikikije n'amaso manini abiri. Mu muzinga umwe hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Uruyuki|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Muhazi Lake.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ni ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Igice kinini cyacyo kiri mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, naho impera yacyo y'iburengerazuba igakora umupaka hagati y'Intara y'Amajyaruguru na [[Kigali]]. Ni ikibaya cyuzuyemo amazi kiryamye kuva iburasirazuba ugana iburengerazuba.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Maasai boys in hunting gear.jpg|right|180px|link=Abamasayi]]
'''[[Abamasayi]]''' ni ubwoko bw'abantu batuye mu majyaruguru, hagati no mu majyepfo ya Kenya, no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya. Bari mu baturage bazwi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga, bitewe n'aho batuye hafi ya pariki nyinshi zo mu karere k'Ibiyaga Bigari bya Afurika, n'imigenzo yabo, imyambarire n'imitako byabo bwite.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Abamasayi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #C99A00;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#C99A00&quot;&gt;📷 Ishusho y'icyumweru&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;
{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 8 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:NYUNGWE CLOUDS.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ibicu hejuru y'ishyamba rya Nyungwe]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ibicu hejuru y'ishyamba rya [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) female 2.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ingagi y'ingore yo mu birunga (Gorilla beringei beringei) — reba Ingagi zo mu birunga]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ingagi y'ingore yo mu birunga (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') — reba [[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Umuseke ku Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Umuseke ku [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Golden monkey (Cercopithecus kandti) eating.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Inkende y'izahabu (Cercopithecus kandti) irya]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Inkende y'izahabu (''Cercopithecus kandti'') irya&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ikirunga cya Sabyinyo muri Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ikirunga cya Sabyinyo muri [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Rough chameleon (Trioceros rudis).jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Uruvu (Trioceros rudis) rwo mu Rwanda]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Uruvu (''Trioceros rudis'') rwo mu Rwanda&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Aho imirima y'icyayi ihurira n'ishyamba rya Nyungwe]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Aho imirima y'icyayi ihurira n'ishyamba rya [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) yawn.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ingagi yo mu birunga yasamye]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ingagi yo mu birunga yasamye&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== WARI UZI KO + FASHA ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 440px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #20603D;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#20603D&quot;&gt;💡 Wari uzi ko…&lt;/h2&gt;
{{#ifexpr: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 2 }} = 0
|
* … ko '''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe]]''' ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, rifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019?
* … ko '''[[Umuganura]]''' wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama?
* … ko '''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]''' irinda ibirunga bitanu by'urunigi rwa Virunga?
* … ko '''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' kivugwa no mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]?
* … ko '''[[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]]''' ari cyo kirunga kirekire kurusha ibindi mu birunga bya Virunga, gifite metero 4 507?
* … ko '''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]]?
* … ko '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' kiri ku mupaka uhuza [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]?
|
* … ko kuva muri Nzeri 2023 '''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]''' iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO?
* … ko amazi y''''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, akajya mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika?
* … ko mu muzinga umwe w''''[[Uruyuki|inzuki]]''' hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi?
* … ko '''[[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]''' ziri mu bwoko bw'inyamaswa buri gucika cyane ku isi?
* … ko '''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ari ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]?
* … ko '''[[Abamasayi]]''' batuye muri Kenya no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya?
* … ko uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ari Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke?
}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #7A4BB0;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#7A4BB0&quot;&gt;🤝 Fasha Wikipediya&lt;/h2&gt;
Wikipediya mu Kinyarwanda ikeneye abanditsi! Ushobora gutangira uyu munsi:
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Special:CreateAccount|Fungura konti]] ku buntu (si itegeko, ariko birafasha).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kosora amakosa, wongere amakuru n'[[Ubufasha:Footnotes|inkomoko]] mu ngingo zisanzwe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hindura ingingo ziva mu zindi ndimi ukoresheje [[Special:ContentTranslation|igikoresho cyo guhindura]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kwitoza mbere: gerageza ku [[Wikipedia:About the sandbox|rupapuro rw'igerageza]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px;font-size:0.92em&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Community Portal|Urubuga rw'abanditsi]] · [[Special:RecentChanges|Impinduka ziheruka]] · [[Special:WantedPages|Ingingo zikenewe]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO ZIKUNZWE ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #00A1DE;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#00A1DE&quot;&gt;⭐ Ingingo zasomye cyane&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:2.1&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Rwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imirenge y’u Rwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Burundi]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Nijeriya]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Afurika y’Epfo]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Pariki ya Nyungwe]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikawa]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikinyarwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikirundi]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imigani migufi y’Ikinyarwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Fred Rwigema]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imihindagurikire y’ibihe]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[SIDA]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ubukirisitu]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Islamu]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== IMISHINGA YA WIKIMEDIA ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #72777d;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);margin-top:16px&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#54595d&quot;&gt;🌐 Imishinga ifitanye isano na Wikipediya&lt;/h2&gt;
Wikipediya icungwa na [[Wikimedia Foundation|Fondasiyo ya Wikimediya]], umuryango udaharanira inyungu unacunga n'indi mishinga y'ubuntu:
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px 12px;margin-top:8px&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Commons-logo.svg|36px|link=commons:|alt=Commons]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[commons:|Commons]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amafoto n’amajwi by’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikidata-logo.svg|36px|link=d:|alt=Wikidata]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[d:|Wikidata]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ububiko bw’amakuru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wiktionary-logo.svg|36px|link=wikt:|alt=Wiktionary]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[wikt:|Wiktionary]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Inkoranyamagambo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikiquote-logo.svg|36px|link=q:|alt=Wikiquote]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[q:|Wikiquote]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amagambo yavuzwe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikibooks-logo.svg|36px|link=b:|alt=Wikibooks]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[b:|Wikibooks]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ibitabo by’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikisource-logo.svg|36px|link=s:|alt=Wikisource]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[s:|Wikisource]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Inyandiko z’umwimerere&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikispecies-logo.svg|36px|link=species:|alt=Wikispecies]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[species:|Wikispecies]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikiversity logo 2017.svg|36px|link=v:|alt=Wikiversity]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[v:|Wikiversity]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Kwiga ku buntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg|36px|link=voy:|alt=Wikivoyage]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[voy:|Wikivoyage]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubuyobozi bw’ingendo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikinews-logo.svg|36px|link=n:|alt=Wikinews]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[n:|Wikinews]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amakuru y’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|36px|link=m:|alt=Meta-Wiki]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[m:|Meta-Wiki]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Guhuza imishinga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg|36px|link=mw:|alt=MediaWiki]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[mw:|MediaWiki]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Porogaramu ya wiki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== MU ZINDI NDIMI ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:0.95em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;'''Wikipediya mu zindi ndimi:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[:rn:|Ikirundi]] · [[:sw:|Igiswahili]] · [[:lg:|Luganda]] · [[:ln:|Lingala]] · [[:af:|Icyafurikansi]] · [[:ha:|Igihawusa]] · [[:ig:|Icyigibo]] · [[:wo:|Ikiwolofu]] · [[:ar:|Icyarabu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[:fr:|Igifaransa]] · [[:en:|Icyongereza]] · [[:de:|Ikidage]] · [[:es:|Icyesipanyolo]] · [[:nl:|Igiholandi]]&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>snnvpo5lddj6qqqkfad7bk716ra95aq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141010</id>
      <parentid>141009</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T13:04:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barre décorative : le jaune se déplace de gauche à droite du lundi au dimanche</comment>
      <origin>141010</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31307" sha1="sx72wcr70lnquvdyl3r71cv7wi46950" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
&lt;!-- ==== IKAZE (HERO) ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;overflow:hidden;border-radius:16px;padding:28px 24px 22px;color:#fff;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#0b5f8f 0%,#00A1DE 45%,#20603D 100%);box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.15)&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:1.05em;opacity:0.95&quot;&gt;Murakaza neza kuri&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,'Linux Libertine','Times New Roman',serif;font-size:2.6em;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;margin:4px 0&quot;&gt;Wikipediya mu Kinyarwanda&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:1.08em;max-width:46em&quot;&gt;Inkoranyabumenyi yubakwa n'abayikoresha, mu rurimi rwacu. Buri wese ashobora kuyisoma no kuyandikamo ku buntu.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:14px;padding:8px 16px;border-radius:10px;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.22);font-size:1.05em&quot;&gt;Ubu ifite ingingo '''[[Special:Statistics|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}&lt;/span&gt;]]''' zanditswe mu Kinyarwanda&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:14px&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:Random|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🎲 Ingingo itunguranye&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:NewPages|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🆕 Ingingo nshya&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:Categories|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🗂️ Ibyiciro&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:CreateAccount|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;✍️ Fungura konti&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;right:-30px;top:-30px;width:150px;height:150px;border-radius:50%;background:radial-gradient(circle,#FAD201 0%,rgba(250,210,1,0.55) 45%,rgba(250,210,1,0) 70%)&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;height:6px;border-radius:3px;margin-top:6px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#00A1DE 0%,#00A1DE {{#expr:(5+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#FAD201 {{#expr:(12+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#FAD201 {{#expr:(17+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#20603D {{#expr:(22+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#20603D 100%)&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== IMBUGA (PORTAILS) ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-brush-pencil.svg|48px|link=Portail:Arts|alt=Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Arts|Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubuhanzi, amateka, indimi&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-genius.svg|48px|link=Portail:Sciences|alt=Ubumenyi]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Sciences|Ubumenyi]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubumenyi bwimbitse n’ibintu karemano&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-news.svg|48px|link=Portail:Société|alt=Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Société|Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Politiki, ubukungu, idini&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-gear.svg|48px|link=Portail:Technologies|alt=Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Technologies|Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Mudasobwa, ubwubatsi, inganda&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Noto Emoji Oreo 1f3c0.svg|48px|link=Portail:Vie quotidienne et loisirs|alt=Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Vie quotidienne et loisirs|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Siporo, ibiryo, umuziki&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO Y'ICYUMWERU + ISHUSHO ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 440px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #00A1DE;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#00A1DE&quot;&gt;📖 Ingingo y'icyumweru&lt;/h2&gt;
{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 8 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki ya Nyungwe]]
'''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Pariki y'Igihugu ya Nyungwe]]''' (izwi kandi nka Ishyamba rya Nyungwe) ni pariki iherereye mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka w'u Burundi, aho ikomereza muri Pariki ya Kibira. Ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019, ikaba ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, kandi ni rimwe mu mashyamba y'imvura ya kera kurusha ayandi muri Afurika. Kuva muri Nzeri 2023, iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ni kimwe mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika. Giherereye ku mupaka uhuza [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], muri Albertine Rift, ishami ry'iburengerazuba rya Rift ya Afurika. Amazi yacyo asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, rutemba rugana mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika. Uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku kiyaga ni Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]
'''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Pariki y'Igihugu y'Ibirunga]]''' ni pariki iherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'Ubugande. Irinda igice cy'u Rwanda cy'urunigi rw'ibirunga rwa Virunga, harimo ibirunga bitanu birimo [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]] na Sabyinyo. Izwi cyane ku isi kubera [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu birunga]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|right|180px|link=Ikinyarwanda]]
'''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' ni ururimi gakondo rw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ijambo « ikinyarwanda » rishobora kandi gusobanura umuco n'imico ikomoka mu Rwanda. Kivugwa mu Rwanda no mu nkengero zarwo, cyane cyane mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubugande. Gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikinyarwanda|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Traditional food from Rwanda.jpg|right|180px|link=Umuganura]]
'''[[Umuganura]]''' ni umuhango nyarwanda wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama, aho Abanyarwanda bizihiza ibyo bagezeho mu buhinzi, mu bworozi no mu burumbuke. Gukomera kuri uyu muhango ni ugusigasira umurage w'u Rwanda, kuko umuganura ukubiyemo indangagaciro zirimo kwishimira umusaruro, gukunda umurimo n'igihugu.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Umuganura|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Honeybee landing on milkthistle02.jpg|right|180px|link=Uruyuki]]
'''[[Uruyuki]]''' (ubuke: inzuki; mu kilatini: ''Apis'') ni agasimba k'inigwahabiri kadafite amagufwa, gafite umubiri ugizwe n'ibice bitatu: umutwe, igituza n'inda. Ku mutwe hariho uduhembe tubiri tuzifasha kumenya ibizikikije n'amaso manini abiri. Mu muzinga umwe hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Uruyuki|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Muhazi Lake.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ni ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Igice kinini cyacyo kiri mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, naho impera yacyo y'iburengerazuba igakora umupaka hagati y'Intara y'Amajyaruguru na [[Kigali]]. Ni ikibaya cyuzuyemo amazi kiryamye kuva iburasirazuba ugana iburengerazuba.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Maasai boys in hunting gear.jpg|right|180px|link=Abamasayi]]
'''[[Abamasayi]]''' ni ubwoko bw'abantu batuye mu majyaruguru, hagati no mu majyepfo ya Kenya, no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya. Bari mu baturage bazwi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga, bitewe n'aho batuye hafi ya pariki nyinshi zo mu karere k'Ibiyaga Bigari bya Afurika, n'imigenzo yabo, imyambarire n'imitako byabo bwite.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Abamasayi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
{{#switch: {{#expr: ({{CURRENTWEEK}} + 4) mod 8 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki ya Nyungwe]]
'''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Pariki y'Igihugu ya Nyungwe]]''' (izwi kandi nka Ishyamba rya Nyungwe) ni pariki iherereye mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka w'u Burundi, aho ikomereza muri Pariki ya Kibira. Ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019, ikaba ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, kandi ni rimwe mu mashyamba y'imvura ya kera kurusha ayandi muri Afurika. Kuva muri Nzeri 2023, iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ni kimwe mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika. Giherereye ku mupaka uhuza [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], muri Albertine Rift, ishami ry'iburengerazuba rya Rift ya Afurika. Amazi yacyo asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, rutemba rugana mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika. Uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku kiyaga ni Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]
'''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Pariki y'Igihugu y'Ibirunga]]''' ni pariki iherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'Ubugande. Irinda igice cy'u Rwanda cy'urunigi rw'ibirunga rwa Virunga, harimo ibirunga bitanu birimo [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]] na Sabyinyo. Izwi cyane ku isi kubera [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu birunga]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|right|180px|link=Ikinyarwanda]]
'''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' ni ururimi gakondo rw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ijambo « ikinyarwanda » rishobora kandi gusobanura umuco n'imico ikomoka mu Rwanda. Kivugwa mu Rwanda no mu nkengero zarwo, cyane cyane mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubugande. Gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikinyarwanda|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Traditional food from Rwanda.jpg|right|180px|link=Umuganura]]
'''[[Umuganura]]''' ni umuhango nyarwanda wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama, aho Abanyarwanda bizihiza ibyo bagezeho mu buhinzi, mu bworozi no mu burumbuke. Gukomera kuri uyu muhango ni ugusigasira umurage w'u Rwanda, kuko umuganura ukubiyemo indangagaciro zirimo kwishimira umusaruro, gukunda umurimo n'igihugu.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Umuganura|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Honeybee landing on milkthistle02.jpg|right|180px|link=Uruyuki]]
'''[[Uruyuki]]''' (ubuke: inzuki; mu kilatini: ''Apis'') ni agasimba k'inigwahabiri kadafite amagufwa, gafite umubiri ugizwe n'ibice bitatu: umutwe, igituza n'inda. Ku mutwe hariho uduhembe tubiri tuzifasha kumenya ibizikikije n'amaso manini abiri. Mu muzinga umwe hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Uruyuki|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Muhazi Lake.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ni ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Igice kinini cyacyo kiri mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, naho impera yacyo y'iburengerazuba igakora umupaka hagati y'Intara y'Amajyaruguru na [[Kigali]]. Ni ikibaya cyuzuyemo amazi kiryamye kuva iburasirazuba ugana iburengerazuba.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Maasai boys in hunting gear.jpg|right|180px|link=Abamasayi]]
'''[[Abamasayi]]''' ni ubwoko bw'abantu batuye mu majyaruguru, hagati no mu majyepfo ya Kenya, no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya. Bari mu baturage bazwi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga, bitewe n'aho batuye hafi ya pariki nyinshi zo mu karere k'Ibiyaga Bigari bya Afurika, n'imigenzo yabo, imyambarire n'imitako byabo bwite.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Abamasayi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #C99A00;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#C99A00&quot;&gt;📷 Ishusho y'icyumweru&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;
{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 8 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:NYUNGWE CLOUDS.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ibicu hejuru y'ishyamba rya Nyungwe]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ibicu hejuru y'ishyamba rya [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) female 2.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ingagi y'ingore yo mu birunga (Gorilla beringei beringei) — reba Ingagi zo mu birunga]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ingagi y'ingore yo mu birunga (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') — reba [[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Umuseke ku Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Umuseke ku [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Golden monkey (Cercopithecus kandti) eating.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Inkende y'izahabu (Cercopithecus kandti) irya]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Inkende y'izahabu (''Cercopithecus kandti'') irya&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ikirunga cya Sabyinyo muri Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ikirunga cya Sabyinyo muri [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Rough chameleon (Trioceros rudis).jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Uruvu (Trioceros rudis) rwo mu Rwanda]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Uruvu (''Trioceros rudis'') rwo mu Rwanda&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Aho imirima y'icyayi ihurira n'ishyamba rya Nyungwe]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Aho imirima y'icyayi ihurira n'ishyamba rya [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) yawn.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ingagi yo mu birunga yasamye]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ingagi yo mu birunga yasamye&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== WARI UZI KO + FASHA ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 440px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #20603D;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#20603D&quot;&gt;💡 Wari uzi ko…&lt;/h2&gt;
{{#ifexpr: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 2 }} = 0
|
* … ko '''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe]]''' ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, rifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019?
* … ko '''[[Umuganura]]''' wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama?
* … ko '''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]''' irinda ibirunga bitanu by'urunigi rwa Virunga?
* … ko '''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' kivugwa no mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]?
* … ko '''[[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]]''' ari cyo kirunga kirekire kurusha ibindi mu birunga bya Virunga, gifite metero 4 507?
* … ko '''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]]?
* … ko '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' kiri ku mupaka uhuza [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]?
|
* … ko kuva muri Nzeri 2023 '''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]''' iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO?
* … ko amazi y''''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, akajya mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika?
* … ko mu muzinga umwe w''''[[Uruyuki|inzuki]]''' hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi?
* … ko '''[[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]''' ziri mu bwoko bw'inyamaswa buri gucika cyane ku isi?
* … ko '''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ari ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]?
* … ko '''[[Abamasayi]]''' batuye muri Kenya no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya?
* … ko uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ari Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke?
}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #7A4BB0;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#7A4BB0&quot;&gt;🤝 Fasha Wikipediya&lt;/h2&gt;
Wikipediya mu Kinyarwanda ikeneye abanditsi! Ushobora gutangira uyu munsi:
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Special:CreateAccount|Fungura konti]] ku buntu (si itegeko, ariko birafasha).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kosora amakosa, wongere amakuru n'[[Ubufasha:Footnotes|inkomoko]] mu ngingo zisanzwe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hindura ingingo ziva mu zindi ndimi ukoresheje [[Special:ContentTranslation|igikoresho cyo guhindura]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kwitoza mbere: gerageza ku [[Wikipedia:About the sandbox|rupapuro rw'igerageza]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px;font-size:0.92em&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Community Portal|Urubuga rw'abanditsi]] · [[Special:RecentChanges|Impinduka ziheruka]] · [[Special:WantedPages|Ingingo zikenewe]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO ZIKUNZWE ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #00A1DE;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#00A1DE&quot;&gt;⭐ Ingingo zasomye cyane&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:2.1&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Rwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imirenge y’u Rwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Burundi]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Nijeriya]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Afurika y’Epfo]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Pariki ya Nyungwe]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikawa]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikinyarwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikirundi]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imigani migufi y’Ikinyarwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Fred Rwigema]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imihindagurikire y’ibihe]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[SIDA]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ubukirisitu]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Islamu]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== IMISHINGA YA WIKIMEDIA ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #72777d;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);margin-top:16px&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#54595d&quot;&gt;🌐 Imishinga ifitanye isano na Wikipediya&lt;/h2&gt;
Wikipediya icungwa na [[Wikimedia Foundation|Fondasiyo ya Wikimediya]], umuryango udaharanira inyungu unacunga n'indi mishinga y'ubuntu:
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px 12px;margin-top:8px&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Commons-logo.svg|36px|link=commons:|alt=Commons]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[commons:|Commons]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amafoto n’amajwi by’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikidata-logo.svg|36px|link=d:|alt=Wikidata]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[d:|Wikidata]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ububiko bw’amakuru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wiktionary-logo.svg|36px|link=wikt:|alt=Wiktionary]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[wikt:|Wiktionary]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Inkoranyamagambo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikiquote-logo.svg|36px|link=q:|alt=Wikiquote]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[q:|Wikiquote]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amagambo yavuzwe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikibooks-logo.svg|36px|link=b:|alt=Wikibooks]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[b:|Wikibooks]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ibitabo by’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikisource-logo.svg|36px|link=s:|alt=Wikisource]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[s:|Wikisource]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Inyandiko z’umwimerere&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikispecies-logo.svg|36px|link=species:|alt=Wikispecies]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[species:|Wikispecies]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikiversity logo 2017.svg|36px|link=v:|alt=Wikiversity]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[v:|Wikiversity]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Kwiga ku buntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg|36px|link=voy:|alt=Wikivoyage]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[voy:|Wikivoyage]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubuyobozi bw’ingendo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikinews-logo.svg|36px|link=n:|alt=Wikinews]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[n:|Wikinews]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amakuru y’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|36px|link=m:|alt=Meta-Wiki]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[m:|Meta-Wiki]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Guhuza imishinga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg|36px|link=mw:|alt=MediaWiki]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[mw:|MediaWiki]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Porogaramu ya wiki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== MU ZINDI NDIMI ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:0.95em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;'''Wikipediya mu zindi ndimi:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[:rn:|Ikirundi]] · [[:sw:|Igiswahili]] · [[:lg:|Luganda]] · [[:ln:|Lingala]] · [[:af:|Icyafurikansi]] · [[:ha:|Igihawusa]] · [[:ig:|Icyigibo]] · [[:wo:|Ikiwolofu]] · [[:ar:|Icyarabu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[:fr:|Igifaransa]] · [[:en:|Icyongereza]] · [[:de:|Ikidage]] · [[:es:|Icyesipanyolo]] · [[:nl:|Igiholandi]]&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sx72wcr70lnquvdyl3r71cv7wi46950</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Agaseke</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9053</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141068</id>
      <parentid>127125</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T04:37:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Clemy Keza</username>
        <id>18414</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Amakosa y’imyandikire</comment>
      <origin>141068</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3469" sha1="kgrhhsg34ropj4td387mzzwxn0a5cmu" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Agaseke k'Ibwami.jpg|thumb|Ubundi bwoko bw'agaseke]]

[[Dosiye:Agaseke 01.jpg|thumb|Agaseke batwaramo Ingemu]]

[[Dosiye:Agaseke22.jpg|thumb|Agaseke ]]

[[Dosiye:Uduseke3.jpg|thumb|Uduseke]]

[[Dosiye:Ababyinnyi bambaye inshabure.jpg|thumb]]

== Agaseke ==
[[Dosiye:Igiseke.jpg|thumb|Agaseke]]
Agaseke mu [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]] gafatwa nk'igikoresho cy' [[Umuco nyarwanda|Umuco]] kuko gakoreshwa cyane kandi bagakora mu bimera bya kimeza mu Rwanda&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://azizilife.com/agaseke-kamahoro-association/&lt;/ref&gt; . Kakoreshwa kandi mu birori gakondo, nko kubyina cyamgwa gutanga impano. Ubundi ni igikoresho kigaragaza umuco ku bubyo iyo umuntu agiye guha umuntu yubashye impano usanga yayifunze mu gaseke. Nko mu muhango w'ubukwe bwa [[kinyarwanda]] cyangwa mu gusaba no gukwa, usanga umukazana aha nyirabukwe igiseke nk'ikimenyetso cyo kumushimira ndetse no kumwubaha, akaba aricyo apfunyikamo impano yamugeneye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ikindi Agaseke ni ikimenyetso cy’amahoro n’ubumwe mu muco w’u [[Rwanda]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.google.com/search?q=agaseke+meaning&amp;sca_esv=63fe5d3f66683875&amp;sxsrf=AHTn8zrD2hVxCYBssVGhE-hfCthuLdZ_hQ%3A1742912367191&amp;ei=b7viZ8ayC8bAxc8P0aqV0Q0&amp;oq=agaseke+kabohwa&amp;gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiD2FnYXNla2Uga2Fib2h3YSoCCAMyCBAAGIAEGKIEMggQABiABBiiBDIIEAAYgAQYogQyCBAAGIAEGKIEMggQABiABBiiBEjaMFAAWKMUcAF4AJABAJgBtQKgAdQEqgEFMi0xLjG4AQHIAQD4AQGYAgOgAuwEwgILEAAYgAQYsAMYogSYAwCIBgGQBgWSBwcxLjAuMS4xoAfrBrIHBTItMS4xuAfmBA&amp;sclient=gws-wiz-serp&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ibikoze agaseke ==
Agaseke bakaboha n'intoki bakakaboha mubyatsi byinshi bitandukanye. Muri byo harimo inshinge, imigwegwe n'ibindi.......&lt;ref&gt;https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=AOaemvLwSLLYXY4--oSdGALHD41lXpygWA:1629800060789&amp;source=univ&amp;tbm=isch&amp;q=Agaseke&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjJ77WttsnyAhVCZcAKHZ_hCkkQjJkEegQIBxAC&amp;biw=1207&amp;bih=579&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubukungu ==
Agaseke ni bimwe mu bicuruzwa [[u Rwanda]] rusigaye rwohereza hanze y'igihugu, kuko gakunzwe cyane n'abanyamahanga. Abenshi bagakoresha nk'[[Umuco nyarwanda|Umutako]] wo mu nzu, abandi bakabikamo ibintu byinshi bitandukanye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.kigalicity.gov.rw/index.php?id=29 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-08-24 |archive-date=2021-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925032246/https://www.kigalicity.gov.rw/index.php?id=29 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akamaro ==
Agaseke gakoreshwa ibintu byinshi bitandukanye bitewe n'ugatunze. Nko mu [[Rwanda]] gafatwa nk'Umuco kuko bagaturamo umuntu iyo bamusuye, bakabikamo ibyo kurya bitegura gutunganya nk'inyanya, ibishyimbo, ibitunduru, amasaka n'ibindi&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/192115&lt;/ref&gt;[[Dosiye:Imigwegwe.jpg|thumb|Imigwegwe]]

== Ibidukikije ==
Mu [[Rwanda]] bahinga ibihingwa byinshi bitandukanye, ariko sibyo byonyine bifitiye abaturage akamaro&lt;ref&gt;https://www.overstock.com/Home-Garden/Set-of-2-Imigwegwe-Plant-Fibers-Black-and-Tea-Plateau-Baskets-Rwanda/5745199/product.html&lt;/ref&gt; Nk'uko tubizi ntabwo ibimera byose ari uko babihinga mu [[Rwanda|Rwanda,]] hari ibimera byinshi byimeza kandi bikagira akamaro. Muri byo harimo ibimera bizwi nk'imigwegwe akaba ari ibimera bikora ibintu byinshi, muri byo hakaba harimo nko kuboha uduseke twamamaye mu [[Rwanda]] ndetse no hanze yarwo kubera ubwiza n'umwihariko watwo. Si uduseke gusa hari kandi n'imisambi bicaraho, ndetse n'indi mitako itandukanye ibohwa mu byatsi byimeza tuzi nk'imigano.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.no41.org/blog/how-its-made-imigwegwe&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rebera hano ==</text>
      <sha1>kgrhhsg34ropj4td387mzzwxn0a5cmu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sonia mugabo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9201</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141049</id>
      <parentid>111581</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T22:11:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Damas Gisimba]]</comment>
      <origin>141049</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2823" sha1="gardexp3po31jurh90juwp5r3v9twf3" xml:space="preserve">Sonia Mugabo ni Umunyarwanda kazi wihangiye imirimo akaba umunyamideri ndetse akaba numwe mu bagore babikora nk'umwuga mu Rwanda. Niwe washinze ikigo '''''Sonia Mugabo''''' akaba akibereye n'umuyobozi mukuru ndetse n'umuhanzi w'imideri''.''&lt;ref&gt;https://soniamugabo.co/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
[[Dosiye:Buena Vista University logotext.svg|thumb|244x244px|Ikirango cya Kaminuza ya Buena Vista, Sonia yizeho]]
Sonia Mugabo yavutse tariki 5 zukwa gatanu 1990 avukira I kigali. Muri genocide yo 1994 yabaye afite imyaka ine, aho yaje guhura nihungabana ryinshi nyuma yo kurokokera mu kigo cy'imfubyi cya [[Damas Gisimba|Gisimba]] n'umuryango we mugari muri jenocide yakorewe abatutsi&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/opinions/today-i-will-share-my-testimony-sonia-mugabo&lt;/ref&gt;. Akaba yarize amashuri yisumbuye muri greenhills academy&lt;ref&gt;https://www.roundsquare.org/school/green-hills-academy-kigali-rwanda/&lt;/ref&gt;, aza gukomereza amashuri ye muri buena vista university&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bvu.edu/&lt;/ref&gt; mu gihugu cya leta zunze ubumwe za america, akaba yarize ibigendanye n'itumanaho n'imideri (communication and design).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bvu.edu/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rwiyemezamirimo ==
[[Dosiye:LANDAU - Fashion House - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Sonia's fashion house]]
Sonia Mugabo ni umunyarwandakazi uzwiho cyane guhanga imideri, akaba yaranashinze ikigo gikomeye akitirira izina rye kuva muri 2011. Ikigo cya sonia Mugabo cy'itabiriye amarushanywa menshi yo kumurika imideri ndetse bikaba byaramuhaye namahirwe yo kuba ku rutonde rwakozwe na forbes magazin ikinyamakuru cyo muri leta zunze ubumwe za america kigaragaza abagore mirongo itatu babashoramari mu bigendanye n'imideri bakomeye muri america.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.linkedin.com/company/forbes-magazine/?lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apage%3Ad_flagship3_profile_view_base%3Bn1B%2BnHy0TJOOwpqwdv2G0A%3D%3D&amp;licu=urn%3Ali%3Acontrol%3Ad_flagship3_profile_view_base-background_details_company&lt;/ref&gt;


Sonia Mugabo w'umunyamideri ukomeye azwiho gukora imideri ndetse no kuyimurika akora imyenda yabadamu ndetse nabagabo myiza kandi igaragaza cyane umuco wacu muri Africa ndetse no kwikwiza mu muco nyarwanda, abifuza iyo myenda kandi bashobora kuyitumiza aho baba bari hose murwanda ndetse no mumahanga biciye ku mbuga nkoranya mbaga, sibyo gusa ahubwo Sonia yanashinze ihuriro ryabamurika imideri ye akorana nabo ndetse bagashobora no kwiteza imbere&lt;ref&gt;https://www.linkedin.com/company/soniamugabo/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibindi wareba ==
[[Dosiye:Marriott hotels logo14.svg|thumb|156x156px|Sonia yafunguye ishami muri Kigali Marriot Hotel]]
Iduka rya Sonia Mugabo muri Marriot [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/206702/ Hotel]  

Sonia Mugabo design official  [https://soniamugabo.co/ wesbsite]

== Aho byakuwe ==

[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore mu bucuruzi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Imideli]]</text>
      <sha1>gardexp3po31jurh90juwp5r3v9twf3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Agahozo Alphonsine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10461</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141060</id>
      <parentid>88266</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T03:44:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Clemy Keza</username>
        <id>18414</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141060</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1810" sha1="3r65i96by59k35ry3a6dg1khcb2mzo5" xml:space="preserve">Agahozo Alphonsine ni umukinnyi w'umunyarwandakazi ukina umukino wo koga. Ni umwe mu bakobwa bitabiriye [https://web.archive.org/web/20220511014847/https://igihe.com/imikino/tokyo-2020/article/agahozo-yasezerewe-mu-mikino-olempike-nubwo-yabaye-uwa-mbere-mu-isibo-yo-koga imikino Olempike]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imikino/tokyo-2020/article/agahozo-yasezerewe-mu-mikino-olempike-nubwo-yabaye-uwa-mbere-mu-isibo-yo-koga |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-11 |archive-date=2022-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511014847/https://igihe.com/imikino/tokyo-2020/article/agahozo-yasezerewe-mu-mikino-olempike-nubwo-yabaye-uwa-mbere-mu-isibo-yo-koga |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; yabereye i Londres mu Bwongereza mu 2012 no mu 2020 yabereye i Tokyo mu Buyapani, aho yari ahagarariye u Rwanda mu cyiciro cy'abagore cyo Koga metero 50 bakoresheje uburyo bwo koga bwitwa freestyle.

== Ubuzima bwe n'umwuga wo koga ==
Alphonsine Agahozo yavukiye i Nyarugenge, mu mujyi wa Kigali, mu Rwanda, ku wa 18 Ukwakira 1997.

Mu mwaka wa 2012, yitabiriye imikino Olempike yabereye i Londres mu Bwongereza. Yaserukiye u Rwanda mu cyiciro cy'abagore cyo koga metero 50 hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa freestyle. Yasoje iri rushanwa ari ku mwanya wa 58, ntiyabasha kugera mu cyiciro cya kimwe cya kabiri (1/2) cy'irushanwa.

Yongeye guhagararira u Rwanda mu mikino Olempike ya 2020 yabereye i Tokyo mu Buyapani, aho yitabiriye irushanwa ry'abagore ryo koga metero 50 hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa freestyle.

== Imikino Olempike ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Umwaka
!Umujyi wakiriye
!Imikino
!Icyiciro cy'irushanwa
!Ibyavuye mu irushanwa
|-
|2012
|Londres, Ubwongereza
|Koga metero 50
|Abagore, Freestyle
|Umwanya wa 58
|-
|2020
|Tokyo, Ubuyapani
|Koga metero 50
|Abagore, Freestyle
|Umwanya wa 72
|}

== Reba aha ==</text>
      <sha1>3r65i96by59k35ry3a6dg1khcb2mzo5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141063</id>
      <parentid>141060</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T04:01:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Clemy Keza</username>
        <id>18414</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kongeramo amakuru</comment>
      <origin>141063</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2349" sha1="kw6n98qh4xg264m7r9ex4usqiqrq6m6" xml:space="preserve">Agahozo Alphonsine ni umukinnyi w'umunyarwandakazi ukina umukino wo koga. Ni umwe mu bakobwa bitabiriye [https://web.archive.org/web/20220511014847/https://igihe.com/imikino/tokyo-2020/article/agahozo-yasezerewe-mu-mikino-olempike-nubwo-yabaye-uwa-mbere-mu-isibo-yo-koga imikino Olempike]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imikino/tokyo-2020/article/agahozo-yasezerewe-mu-mikino-olempike-nubwo-yabaye-uwa-mbere-mu-isibo-yo-koga |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-11 |archive-date=2022-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511014847/https://igihe.com/imikino/tokyo-2020/article/agahozo-yasezerewe-mu-mikino-olempike-nubwo-yabaye-uwa-mbere-mu-isibo-yo-koga |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; yabereye i Londres mu Bwongereza mu 2012 no mu 2020 yabereye i Tokyo mu Buyapani, aho yari ahagarariye u Rwanda mu cyiciro cy'abagore cyo Koga metero 50 bakoresheje uburyo bwo koga bwitwa freestyle.

== Ubuzima bwe n'umwuga wo koga ==
Alphonsine Agahozo yavutse mu mwaka wa 1996.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/alphonsine-agahozo Alphonsine AGAHOZO]&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu mwaka wa 2012, yitabiriye imikino Olempike yabereye i Londres mu Bwongereza. Yaserukiye u Rwanda mu cyiciro cy'abagore cyo koga metero 50 hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa freestyle. Yasoje iri rushanwa ari ku mwanya wa 58, ntiyabasha kugera mu cyiciro cya kimwe cya kabiri (1/2) cy'irushanwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/189203/Sports/alphonsine-agahozo-olympianas-experience-at-tokyo-2020-and-aspirations-forparis-2024 Alphonsine Agahozo: Olympian’s experience at Tokyo 2020 and aspirations forParis 2024 - The New Times]&lt;/ref&gt;

Yongeye guhagararira u Rwanda mu mikino Olempike ya 2020 yabereye i Tokyo mu Buyapani, aho yitabiriye irushanwa ry'abagore ryo koga metero 50 hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa freestyle.

== Imikino Olempike&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.igihe.com/imikino/tokyo-2020/article/agahozo-yasezerewe-mu-mikino-olempike-nubwo-yabaye-uwa-mbere-mu-isibo-yo-koga Agahozo yasezerewe mu Mikino Olempike nubwo yabaye uwa mbere mu isibo yo koga metero 50 - IGIHE.com]&lt;/ref&gt; ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Umwaka
!Umujyi wakiriye
!Imikino
!Icyiciro cy'irushanwa
!Ibyavuye mu irushanwa
|-
|2012
|Londres, Ubwongereza
|Koga metero 50
|Abagore, Freestyle
|Umwanya wa 58
|-
|2020
|Tokyo, Ubuyapani
|Koga metero 50
|Abagore, Freestyle
|Umwanya wa 72
|}

== Reba aha ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kw6n98qh4xg264m7r9ex4usqiqrq6m6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141065</id>
      <parentid>141063</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T04:17:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Clemy Keza</username>
        <id>18414</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Andi makuru</comment>
      <origin>141065</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2494" sha1="4ucjc2dlcyh1d2afav3o0hukk7yyd6n" xml:space="preserve">Agahozo Alphonsine ni umukinnyi w'umunyarwandakazi ukina umukino wo koga. Ni umwe mu bakobwa bitabiriye [https://web.archive.org/web/20220511014847/https://igihe.com/imikino/tokyo-2020/article/agahozo-yasezerewe-mu-mikino-olempike-nubwo-yabaye-uwa-mbere-mu-isibo-yo-koga imikino Olempike]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imikino/tokyo-2020/article/agahozo-yasezerewe-mu-mikino-olempike-nubwo-yabaye-uwa-mbere-mu-isibo-yo-koga |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-11 |archive-date=2022-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511014847/https://igihe.com/imikino/tokyo-2020/article/agahozo-yasezerewe-mu-mikino-olempike-nubwo-yabaye-uwa-mbere-mu-isibo-yo-koga |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; yabereye i Londres mu Bwongereza mu 2012 no mu 2020 yabereye i Tokyo mu Buyapani, aho yari ahagarariye u Rwanda mu cyiciro cy'abagore cyo Koga metero 50 bakoresheje uburyo bwo koga bwitwa freestyle.

== Ubuzima bwe n'umwuga wo koga ==
Alphonsine Agahozo yavutse tariki 18 Nyakanga mu mwaka wa 1996.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418010648/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ag/alphonsine-agahozo-1.html Alphonsine Agahozo Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com]&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu mwaka wa 2012, yitabiriye imikino Olempike yabereye i Londres mu Bwongereza. Yaserukiye u Rwanda mu cyiciro cy'abagore cyo koga metero 50 hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa freestyle. Yasoje iri rushanwa ari ku mwanya wa 58, ntiyabasha kugera mu cyiciro cya kimwe cya kabiri (1/2) cy'irushanwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/189203/Sports/alphonsine-agahozo-olympianas-experience-at-tokyo-2020-and-aspirations-forparis-2024 Alphonsine Agahozo: Olympian’s experience at Tokyo 2020 and aspirations forParis 2024 - The New Times]&lt;/ref&gt;

Yongeye guhagararira u Rwanda mu mikino Olempike ya 2020 yabereye i Tokyo mu Buyapani, aho yitabiriye irushanwa ry'abagore ryo koga metero 50 hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa freestyle.

== Imikino Olempike&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.igihe.com/imikino/tokyo-2020/article/agahozo-yasezerewe-mu-mikino-olempike-nubwo-yabaye-uwa-mbere-mu-isibo-yo-koga Agahozo yasezerewe mu Mikino Olempike nubwo yabaye uwa mbere mu isibo yo koga metero 50 - IGIHE.com]&lt;/ref&gt; ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Umwaka
!Umujyi wakiriye
!Imikino
!Icyiciro cy'irushanwa
!Ibyavuye mu irushanwa
|-
|2012
|Londres, Ubwongereza
|Koga metero 50
|Abagore, Freestyle
|Umwanya wa 58
|-
|2020
|Tokyo, Ubuyapani
|Koga metero 50
|Abagore, Freestyle
|Umwanya wa 72
|}

== Reba aha ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4ucjc2dlcyh1d2afav3o0hukk7yyd6n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibihumyo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14038</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141185</id>
      <parentid>130223</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:54:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1510782|Scabies]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141185</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11331" sha1="4g4brev1z7g0p8uub9m8h4jk9590dht" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Scabies|synonym=Seven-year itch&lt;ref name=Ga2003/&gt;|image=Scabies-burrow.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Magnified view of a burrowing trail of the scabies mite. The scaly patch on the left was caused by scratching and marks the mite's entry point into the skin. The mite has burrowed to the top-right, where it can be seen as a dark spot at the end.|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]], [[dermatology]]|symptoms=[[itchiness]], [[papular|pimple]]-like rash&lt;ref name=CDC2010Sym/&gt;|complications=|onset=2–6 weeks (first infection), ~1 day (subsequent infections)&lt;ref name=CDC2010Sym/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Sarcoptes scabiei]]'' [[mite]] spread by close contact&lt;ref name=CDC2010Epi/&gt;|risks=Crowded living conditions (child care facilities, group homes, prisons), lack of access to water&lt;ref name=CDC2010Epi/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO/&gt;|diagnosis=Based on symptoms&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;|differential=[[Seborrhoeic dermatitis|Seborrheic dermatitis]], [[dermatitis herpetiformis]], [[pediculosis]], [[atopic dermatitis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0323076999|chapter=Chapter S|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=|treatment=|medication=[[Permethrin]], [[crotamiton]], [[lindane]], [[ivermectin]]&lt;ref name=CDC2010Tx2/&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=204 million / 2.8% (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara y'uruhu''' (izwi kandi nka &quot; '''shrill&quot; y'imyaka irindwi''' ) ni indwara y'uruhu yandura iterwa n'udusimba twa ''Sarcoptes scabiei''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Gates|first=Robert H.|title=Infectious disease secrets|year=2003|publisher=Elsevier, Hanley Belfus|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-56053-543-0|pages=355|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYdw4vnanR0C&amp;pg=PA355|edition=2nd|access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829045111/https://books.google.com/books?id=hYdw4vnanR0C&amp;pg=PA355|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Epidemiology &amp; Risk Factors|url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/epi.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=18 May 2015|date=November 2, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429174735/http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/epi.html|archive-date=29 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara ni ukurya cyane no kugira uduheri nk'uduheri.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parasites – Scabies Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/disease.html|website=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=18 May 2015|date=November 2, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502183303/http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/disease.html|archive-date=2 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rimwe na rimwe, utwobo duto dushobora kugaragara ku ruhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym&quot; /&gt; Mu kwandura kwa mbere, umuntu wanduye akunze kugaragaza ibimenyetso mu byumweru bibiri kugeza kuri bitandatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym&quot; /&gt; Mu gihe cy'ubwandu bwa kabiri, ibimenyetso bishobora gutangira mu masaha 24.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym&quot; /&gt; Ibi bimenyetso bishobora kugaragara ku mubiri wose cyangwa ahantu hamwe na hamwe nko mu maboko, hagati y'intoki, cyangwa mu rukenyerero.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym&quot; /&gt; Umutwe ushobora kugira ingaruka, ariko ibi akenshi biba ku bana bato gusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym&quot; /&gt; Ubushye bukunze kwiyongera nijoro, cyangwa nyuma yo kwiyuhagira bishyushye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bolog2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bolognia|first=Jean L.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QZSEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA733|title=Dermatology Essentials|last2=Schaffer|first2=Julie V.|last3=Duncan|first3=Karynne O.|last4=Ko|first4=Christine|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-323-70971-2|language=en|chapter=71. Infestations: scabies|pages=733-737|access-date=2024-02-12|archive-date=2024-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212215641/https://books.google.com/books?id=4QZSEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA733#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gushwanyaguza bishobora gutera kwangirika k'uruhu ndetse n'ubwandu bw'inyongera bwa bagiteri mu ruhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym&quot; /&gt;

Indwara y'ibihumyo iterwa n'ubwandu bw'udusimba tw'ingore ''twa Sarcoptes scabiei &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwYQ&quot;&gt;var.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' ''hominis'', ectoparasite.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot; /&gt; Udukoko twinjira mu ruhu kugira ngo tubeho kandi dushyiremo amagi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso by'ibihumyo biterwa n'ingaruka z'ubwivumbure ku dukoko.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym&quot; /&gt; Akenshi, udukoko turi hagati ya 10 na 15 ni two twonyine twibasiwe n’ubwandu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym&quot; /&gt; Ibisebe bikunze gukwirakwira mu gihe kirekire umuntu yanduye ahuye n'uruhu rwe (nibura iminota 10) nk'uko bishobora kubaho mu gihe cy'imibonano mpuzabitsina cyangwa kubana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dressler|first=C|last2=Rosumeck|first2=S|last3=Sunderkötter|first3=C|last4=Werner|first4=RN|last5=Nast|first5=A|title=The Treatment of Scabies.|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International|date=14 November 2016|volume=113|issue=45|pages=757–62|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2016.0757|pmid=27974144|pmc=5165060}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikwirakwira ry'indwara rishobora kubaho nubwo umuntu yaba ataragaragaza ibimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parasites - Scabies Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/treatment.html|website=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=18 May 2015|date=November 2, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428090806/http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/treatment.html|archive-date=28 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imibereho yuzuye abantu, nk'iboneka mu bigo byita ku bana, mu ngo z'abantu benshi no muri za gereza, byongera ibyago byo kwandura.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot; /&gt; Uduce dufite ikibazo cyo kubura amazi natwo dufite igipimo cyo hejuru cy’indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/scabies/en/|title=WHO -Water-related Disease|access-date=2010-10-10|publisher=World Health Organization|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022044958/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/scabies/en/|archive-date=2010-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara y'ibihumyo ni ubwoko bukomeye bw'indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe ikunze kubaho gusa ku bantu bafite ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri buke kandi abantu bashobora kugira udukoko tubarirwa muri za miriyoni, bigatuma twanduzanya cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot; /&gt; Muri ibi bihe, kwandura bishobora gukwirakwira mu gihe umuntu akoze ku kintu runaka cyangwa mu bintu byanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot; /&gt; Udukoko ni duto cyane kandi akenshi ntitugaragara neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso n'ibimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Scabies|url=http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/scabies/en/|website=World Health Organization|access-date=18 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518131204/http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/scabies/en/|archive-date=18 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hari imiti myinshi ivura abanduye, harimo permethrin, crotamiton, na lindane creams hamwe na ivermectin pills.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Tx2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parasites – Scabies Medications|url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/health_professionals/meds.html|website=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=18 May 2015|date=November 2, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430075605/http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/health_professionals/meds.html|archive-date=30 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guhuza ibitsina mu kwezi gushize n'abantu babana mu nzu imwe na bo bagomba kuvurwa icyarimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Tx&quot; /&gt; Muri rusange, gusubiramo imiti nyuma y'icyumweru ni byo byitezwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bolog2022&quot; /&gt; Ibiryamirwa n'imyenda byakoreshejwe mu minsi itatu ya nyuma bigomba kumeswa mu mazi ashyushye hanyuma bikanikwa mu cyuma cyumisha amazi gishyushye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Tx&quot; /&gt; Kubera ko agakoko kadamara iminsi irenga itatu katari mu ruhu rw'umuntu, ntabwo ari ngombwa koza cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Tx&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora gukomeza mu byumweru bibiri kugeza kuri bine nyuma yo kuvurwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Tx&quot; /&gt; Niba nyuma y'iki gihe ibimenyetso bikomeje, bishobora kuba ngombwa ko umuntu yisubiraho.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Tx&quot; /&gt;

Indwara y'uruhu yitwa &quot;scabies&quot; ni imwe mu ndwara eshatu z'uruhu zikunze kugaragara mu bana, hamwe n'indwara z'uruhu ziterwa n'udukoko two mu bwoko bwa &quot;ringworms &quot; n'udukoko twa bagiteri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clinic2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Andrews RM, McCarthy J, Carapetis JR, Currie BJ|title=Skin disorders, including pyoderma, scabies, and tinea infections|journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am.|volume=56|issue=6|pages=1421–40|date=December 2009|pmid=19962029|doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2009.09.002|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guhera mu 2015, byagize ingaruka ku bantu bagera kuri 204&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu (2.8% by'abatuye isi).&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bikunze kugaragara mu bagabo n'abagore bombi.&lt;ref name=&quot;LancetEpi2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vos|first=T|title=Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2163–96|pmid=23245607|pmc=6350784|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2|url=http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010059240|access-date=July 30, 2020|archive-date=January 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112111243/http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010059240|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abakiri bato n'abakuze ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ikunze kandi kugaragara cyane mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere no mu turere dushyuha.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ijambo scabies rikomoka kuri ''[[Template:Lang-la]]'', &quot;gushwanyaguza&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mosby's Medical, Nursing &amp; Allied Health Dictionary|date=1994|publisher=Mosby-Year Book Inc|isbn=9780801672255|page=1395|edition=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi nyamaswa ntizikwirakwiza ibihumyo by'abantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot; /&gt; Kwandura mu zindi nyamaswa akenshi guterwa n'udukoko dutandukanye gato ariko dufitanye isano kandi tuzwi nka sarcoptic mange.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Georgis' Parasitology for Veterinarians|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781455739882|page=68|edition=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CFLBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA68|df=|access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829045116/https://books.google.com/books?id=7CFLBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA68|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>4g4brev1z7g0p8uub9m8h4jk9590dht</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Startimes Rwanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14574</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141029</id>
      <parentid>137589</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:58:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141029</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1969" sha1="1jhrbn86j4o8pgh0k1g18co5ljxuqhx" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Femme commerciale.jpg|thumb|'''Startimes Rwanda''']]
'''Startimes Rwanda'''  yatangiye gukora 1988 mu gihugu cyu bushinwa ni sosiyete cyangwa campani itangaza amakuru atandukanye mu mupira wa amaguru, mu Rwanda, muri Africa n’iburayi ndetse no ku isi yose, binyuze kuma  dekoderi yayo, nka Magic Sports CH 265 na CH 251 hamwe n 'abakoresha antene y’igisahani. Startimes Rwanda igaragaza imikino ya CAF Champions League na CAF Confederations Cup yerekana kuri shene zitandukanye za Siporo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://igihe.com/amakuru/article/startimes-yongereye-umubare-wa-shene-z-igifaransa-n-icyongereza-kuri-nova&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/featured/startimes-decoder-prices-now-lowest-price-ever-rwanda&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://umuryango.rw/inkuru-z-amamaza/article/startimes-yagabanyije-bikomeye-igiciro-cya-dekoderi-yayo-kugira-ngo-buri-wese&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;https://www.ktpress.rw/2021/06/startimes-decoder-has-been-reduced-sgnificantly-now-at-only-rwf-3000/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://www.jobinrwanda.com/employer/startimes-rwanda&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;https://mucuruzi.com/2-job-positions-at-startimes-rwanda-deadline-3-december-2021/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/kwamamaza/article/poromosiyo-ya-noheli-nezerwa-na-startimes-ugura-tv-nshya-uhabwe-impano&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/kwamamaza/article/icyumweru-cy-imikino-kuri-startimes-haraca-uwambaye-hagati-ya-apr-fc-na-rayon-sports&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Digital TV ===
StarTimes ni Ikigo  muri Afurika gicuruza ibijyanye n’iyerekanamashusho (Digital TV) ikaba ifite abakiriya bakoresha antenne z’ibisahane (Dish) basaga miliyoni 13 ndetse n’abakoresha antene z’udushami (DTT) barenga miliyoni 20 mu bihugu birenga 30. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Siporo]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuyobozi muri Siporo]]</text>
      <sha1>1jhrbn86j4o8pgh0k1g18co5ljxuqhx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Erisa Ssekisambu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15945</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141030</id>
      <parentid>121721</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:58:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141030</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7462" sha1="ccmui3ibsw6r30at2gr70kik8ueur6b" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Football training session.jpg|thumb|Umupira w'amaguru]]
'''Erisa Ssekisambu''' (wavutse ku ya 28 Kanama 1995) ni umukinnyi ukina  [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]], ukinira mu ikipe ya [[S.C. Kiyovu Sports|Kiyovu sports]]  muri [[Shampiyona y’ icyiciro cya mbere mu mupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda|Shampiyona y'u Rwanda]] &lt;ref name=&quot;kawowo.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Isabirye |first=David |date=1 November 2018 |title=Striker Ssekisambu joins KPL big spenders Gor Mahia |url=http://kawowo.com/2018/11/01/striker-ssekisambu-joins-kpl-big-spenders-gor-mahia/ |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=Kawowo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 November 2018 |title=DONE DEAL: Former Vipers SC Striker, Erisa Sekisambu Joins Kenya Premier League side, Gor Mahia |url=https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2018/11/01/done-deal-former-vipers-sc-striker-erisa-sekisambu-joins-kenya-premier-league-side-gor-mahia/ |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=Galaxyfm.co.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; ndetse n'ikipe [[Imisambi ya Uganda|y'igihugu ya Uganda]] nk'umukinnyi wo hagati mu kibuga.

== Umwuga ==
Ssekisambu yagiye agaragara mu makipe atandukanye yo muri Uganda nka SC Villa, Express FC, Uganda Revenue Authority SC, Vipers SC ndetse  yakinnye muri  KCCA FC. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Erisa Sekisambu - All Matches - Mundial 11 - Stats - Results - Figures - News - H2H |url=http://www.mundial11.com/en/all-player-matches/76116/all |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083332/http://www.mundial11.com/en/all-player-matches/76116/all |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== SC Villa ===

=== Express ===
Ssekisambu yinjiye muri Express muri Mutarama 2012. Yakinnye umukino we wa mbere ku ya 22 Gashyantare 2012 na Water FC umukino urangira ari 0–0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water FC 0 v Express FC 0 |url=https://www.whoscored.com/Matches/694610/Show/Uganda-Super-League-2012-2013-Water-FC-Express-FC |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=Whoscored.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yatsinze igitego cya mbere yatsinze Masaka Local Council FC ku ya 29 Gicurasi 2012 naho Express yatsinze igitego 1-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Masaka LC vs. Express - 29 May 2012 |url=https://gh.soccerway.com/matches/2012/05/29/uganda/super-league/masaka-local-council-fc/express/1285930/ |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=Gh.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Uganda Revenue Authority SC ===
Muri Kamena 2012, Ssekisambu yinjiye muri Uganda Revenue Authority SC avuye muri Express fc. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=URA snap up Lutimba, Sekisambu from Express |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1302802 |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=Newvision.co.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== SC Villa ===
Ssekisambu yagarutse muri SC Villa muri 2015. Yakinnye na Soana FC nku mukino  w'ambere agarutse muri SC Villa . Yatsinze igitego cya mbere cya shampiyona na Express maze umukino urangira utsinze na SC Villa 2–1.

=== Vipers SC ===
Muri Nyakanga 2015, Ssekisambu yimukiye muri Vipers SC muri 2015., &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Erisa Sekisambu Completes Dream Move to Vipers {{!}} The Official Website of Vipers Sports Club {{!}} viperssc.com |url=http://viperssc.com/erisa-sekisambu-completes-dream-move-to-vipers/ |access-date=23 May 2018 |website=viperssc.com |language=en-US |archive-date=23 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523191445/http://viperssc.com/erisa-sekisambu-completes-dream-move-to-vipers/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kiyonga |first=Ismael |date=2 July 2015 |title=Erisa Sekisambu joins Vipers on 3 year deal |url=http://kawowo.com/2015/07/02/erisa-sekisambu-joins-vipers-on-3-year-deal/ |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=Kawowo Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakinnye umukino  wa mbere na Bidco FC, Vipers SC yatsinze igitego 1-0. Yatsinze igitego cya mbere kuri Vipers SC yatsinze Saints FC. Ssekisambu yarangije shampiyona yatsinze ibitego 16 nubwo hari abanyabwenge bavuga ko yatsinze 17 muri shampiyona ya Uganda Premier League yo muri 2015–16 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 May 2016 |title=Robert Ssentongo scoops league top scorer's boot with a brace on final day |url=https://bigeye.ug/robert-ssentongo-scoops-league-top-scorers-boot-brace-final-day/ |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=Bigeye.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sekisambu yatsinze igitego cyamateka kuri Vipers SC na Enyimba FC ku ya 12 Gashyantare 2016 mu cyiciro kibanza. icyiciro cya CAF Champions League umukino ubanza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 February 2016 |title=CAF Champions League: Erisa Sekisambu scores historical goal for Vipers |url=https://fufa.co.ug/caf-champions-league-erisa-sekisambu-scores-historical-goal-for-vipers/ |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=Fufa.co.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gor Mahia ===
Ku ya 1 Ugushyingo 2018, hatangajwe ko Ssekisambu yinjiye mu ikipe ya Gor Mahia [[Kenya|yo muri Kenya]] ku masezerano y'imyaka ibiri. &lt;ref name=&quot;kawowo.com&quot;/&gt; Ku ya 16 Gashyantare 2019 yatsinze Hattrick ye ya mbere kuri Gor Mahia na Mount Kenya United. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shame as Gor Mahia reward hat-trick hero Erisa Ssekisambu with club ball |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ke/news/shame-as-gor-mahia-reward-hat-trick-hero-erisa-ssekisambu/qzqfx1ip579412tds4h9tjlq6 |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga mpuzamahanga ==
Ku ya 20 Kamena 2015, yakinnye bwa mbere muri [[Imisambi ya Uganda|Uganda]] na [[Tanzaniya]] maze atsinda ibitego 2 ku ncuro ya mbere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strack-Zimmermann |first=Benjamin |title=Tanzania vs. Uganda (0:3) |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/13353/Tanzania_Uganda.html |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=National-football-teams.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yari umwe mu ba star bamurika muri Final ya CHAN 2016 yabereye mu Rwanda ubwo yatsindaga ibitego 2-2 na [[Mali]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 December 2016 |title=Airtel - FUFA Awards 2016: All is set on the D-Day |url=https://fufa.co.ug/airtel-fufa-awards-2016-all-is-set-on-the-d-day/ |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=Fufa.co.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Shampiyona y’ibihugu by’Afurika muri 2014, Erisa niwe watsinze ibitego byinshi muri [[Imisambi ya Uganda|Uganda]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Professionals to boost Uganda Kobs ahead of Olympic qualifier - Xinhua &amp;#124; English.news.cn |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-05/27/c_134273439.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122140714/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-05/27/c_134273439.htm |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=2 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imibare yumwuga ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ikipe
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Igihe
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Urutonde
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Igikombe
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | AFC
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Igiteranyo
|-
! Porogaramu
! Intego
! Afasha
! Porogaramu
! Intego
! Afasha
! Porogaramu
! Intego
! Afasha
! Porogaramu
! Intego
! Afasha
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Umwuga wose
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
|}

=== Mpuzamahanga ===
{{Updated|match played 4 June 2016}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT Stats&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/59700.html |title= Erisa Sekisambu |website=National-Football-Teams.com |access-date=15 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Imisambi ya Uganda|Uganda]]
|-
! Umwaka
! Porogaramu
! Intego
|-
| 2015
| 9
| 3
|-
| 2016
| 7
| 1
|-
| 2017
| 1
| 0
|-
! Igiteranyo
! 17
! 4
|}

=== Umuntu ku giti cye ===

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda]]</text>
      <sha1>ccmui3ibsw6r30at2gr70kik8ueur6b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tony Odur</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15971</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141031</id>
      <parentid>140224</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:58:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141031</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5017" sha1="s6mej9acbkd8rahb2ikopth4o5rclup" xml:space="preserve">'''Tony Odur''' (wavutse 7 Ukuboza 1984) Ni umukinnyi ukina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri [[Uganda]] uheruka gukinira Katwe United yo muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-08-21 |title=Tony Odur aims at Top Scorer boot |url=http://www.mondaytimes.co.ug/details.php?option=acat&amp;a=1586#.UwDKpTeUe1s |access-date=2015-09-25 |publisher=Mondaytimes.co.ug |archive-date=2015-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926014318/http://www.mondaytimes.co.ug/details.php?option=acat&amp;a=1586#.UwDKpTeUe1s |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Odur kandi yagiye agaragara mu [[Imisambi ya Uganda|ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru ya Uganda]]. Muri Werurwe 2010, Odur yatsinze ibitego bitazibagirana yakinnye [[Uburundi|n'Uburundi]] mu majonjora ya CHAN.

== muri 2014 muri CAF muri Champion League ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;observer1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=The Ugandan... |date=2010-03-30 |title=The Observer |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=7864&amp;catid=44 |access-date=2015-09-25 |publisher=Observer.ug |archive-date=2014-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221205527/http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=7864&amp;catid=44 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu marushanwa ya CAF Champions League muri 2014, KCCA FC vs El Merriekih Tony Odur yari ku rupapuro, rw'amanota rw'abatsinze igitego kimwe n'ikindi cyatsinzwe na mugenzi we Herman Wasswa kugira ngo batsindiye hanze muri sudani, ishingiye kuri El Merriekih mu mukino wa 1, yatsinze   igitego  mu mikino ya 2 aho KCAA FC yatsinzwe na El Merriekih mu rugo, kampala, igiteranyo cya 3-2 bishyigikira KCCA FC gukomeza. &lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20140217070530/http://www.kawowo.com/index.php/football/17232/kcc-fc-player-rating-kcc-fc-1-2-el-merriekh-caf-cl.html KCC FC Player Rating: KCC FC 1-2 El Merriekh | CAF CL]&lt;/ref&gt;Murin shampiyona ya CAF champions league yo muri 2014 na Nkana bakina na  KCCA FC, Odur yatsinze igitego kumunsi wa 26 mu mukino urangira banganyije 2-2, kandi ibi byatumye aba umukinnyi wenyine wa KCCA watsinze ibitego mu mikino itatu mu mikino ya CAF Champions league muri 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=10-Man KCCA FC Hold Nkana |url=http://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2014/03/02/10-man-kcca-fc-hold-nkana |access-date=2015-09-25 |publisher=Galaxyfm.co.ug |archive-date=2015-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926025515/http://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2014/03/02/10-man-kcca-fc-hold-nkana |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2003 kugeza ubu ==
Odur yagaragaye muri 2003 nku musore ushimishije muri Express FC. Hamwe nu muto witwa Mark Mwambo, kuva aho yaretse umukino, wo hagati, bari abana bashya kuri bariyeri yavuye ku ntebe muri Shampiyona ya makipe ya CECAFA muri uwo mwaka kugirango bahindure umukino. &lt;ref name=&quot;observer1&quot;/&gt; Bombi ni bo bavuganaga muri kiriya gihe kandi birashimishije cyane iyo shampiyona irangiye, bafashije Express gutwara igikombe cya Kakungulu. Ariko gukomera cyane ni byiza gutinda kunganya, Odur yatsinze ku mukino wanyuma wa Kakungulu muri 2004 na KCC. &lt;ref name=&quot;observer1&quot; /&gt;

Ariko, ibibazo bya Odur byabaye iikinyabupfura gicye. Faruuk Ssimbwa, wahoze ari umuyobozi muri Express hagati ya 2005 na 2007 yatangarije [ikinyamakuru Uganda] ko Odur yari umuhanga nuko atumvira. Ati: &quot;Yari umukinnyi wifuzwaga  gushaka gufata ikipe, ariko ntashobonte niba adahawe icyo ashaka.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;observer2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=The Ugandan... |date=2010-03-30 |title=The Observer |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=7864:-tony-odur-recovers-lost-time |access-date=2015-09-25 |publisher=Observer.ug |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111159/http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=7864:-tony-odur-recovers-lost-time |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nimwe mumpamvu yarange kureka ikipe akajya muri Bunamwaya. Yagize kandi ibizamini by'igeragezwa  muri [[Danimarike]] nubwo atatsinze, kandi Tony yagize ati: &quot;Nkeneye kongera kurasa amahirwe nk'aya niyo mpamvu nkora cyane.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;observer2&quot;/&gt;

Muri Mata 2014, Tony yagiye muri Viyetinamu gukomeza akazi ki nzozi ze, zo gukinira ahandi hanze ya Shampiyona, bityo yerekeza mu ikipe ikorera muri Viyetinamu, Sai Gon FC kugira nakore igeragezwa muri Mata 2014.  Muri 2014 Tony yabuze umukino ukomeye mu gikombe cya Uganda, kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza na kaminuza ya Sc victoria kuri stade ya phillip omondi, kubera imvune yo mu ivi ariko KCCF yatsinze uyu umukino ibitego 2-1 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muneza |first=Stephen |date= |title=Uganda Cup semi-final: KCC vs SC Victoria University |url=http://www.redpepper.co.ug/uganda-cup-semi-final-kcc-vs-sc-victoria-university/ |access-date=2015-09-25 |publisher=Redpepper.co.ug |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085641/http://www.redpepper.co.ug/uganda-cup-semi-final-kcc-vs-sc-victoria-university/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibyagezweho n'icyubahiro ==

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda]]</text>
      <sha1>s6mej9acbkd8rahb2ikopth4o5rclup</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ben Malango</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16059</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141032</id>
      <parentid>126694</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:58:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141032</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6502" sha1="0kp0sjwjgpi0ienmn5am10bj5d9r24n" xml:space="preserve">'''Ben Malango''', uzwi ku izina ryuzuye rya '''Ben Malango Ngita''', (wavutse10  Ku ya 10 Ugushyingo 1993) ni umukinnyi uri mpuzamahanga ukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka  i Kinshasa muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Repuburika Iharanaira Demokarasi ya congo]]  . Akina nka rutahizamu muri [[Katari|Qatar]] SC no ikipe y'igihugu ya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]  .

== Ubuzima ==

=== Muri ikipe ===

==== Urubyiruko n'amahugurwa ====
Ben Malango Ngita yavutse ku ya 10 Ugushyingo 1993 i Masina, muri komini mu burasirazuba bwa [[Kinshasa]], [[umurwa]] mukuru n'umujyi munini wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] . Yatangiye gukina umupira wamaguru mu ikipe yoroheje ya Jack Trésor Kinshasa, bamarana imyaka ye ya mbere yo kwitoza.

==== Gutangira muri Don Bosco (2013-2016) ====
Muri 2013, ubwo yari afite imyaka 20, Malango yagiye i Lumumbashi, agamije kwinjira muri Cercle Sportif Don Bosco, yazamuwe mu ntera mu cyiciro cya mbere cya Kongo . Yavumbuwe mu ba bigize umwuga akina imikino ya shampiyona ya DRC muri  2013-2014, aho iyi kipe yaje ku mwanya wa kabiri mu itsinda ryayo, ihuza na nyampinga uzaza, ya muri TP Mazembe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Résumé - Linafoot - République Démocrate du Congo - Résultats, calendriers, classements et news. - Soccerway |url=https://fr.soccerway.com/national/congo-dr/super-ligue/2014/regular-season/group-a/g6472/ |access-date=2019-10-19 |website=fr.soccerway.com |archive-date=2019-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214140425/https://fr.soccerway.com/national/congo-dr/super-ligue/2014/regular-season/group-a/g6472/ |url-status=dead }}.&lt;/ref&gt; . Ibi bimufasha kugera kuri play-off, azayirangiza kumwanya wa kane &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Résumé - Linafoot - République Démocrate du Congo - Résultats, calendriers, classements et news. - Soccerway |url=https://fr.soccerway.com/national/congo-dr/super-ligue/2014/championship-round/r24639/ |access-date=2019-10-19 |website=fr.soccerway.com |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135502/http://fr.soccerway.com/national/congo-dr/super-ligue/2014/championship-round/r24639/ |url-status=dead }}.&lt;/ref&gt; .

==== Ibyahishuwe kuri TP Mazembe (2016-2019) ====
Ben Malango amaze gutsinda ibitego umunani ndetse na bane bamufasha mu cyiciro cya mbere cya shampiyona, Ben Malango ntiyigeze ahunga y’ikipe yitwaye neza muri iki gihugu, TP Mazembe, yatangaje ko izinjira mu Gushyingo 2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ben MALANGO NGITA signe au TPM! |url=https://www.tpmazembe.com/fr/actualite/9012/ben-malango-ngita-signe-au-tpm |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=www.tpmazembe.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt; .
[[Dosiye:TP Mazembe April 2011.jpg|thumb|Bamwe mubakinnyi bakinanye muri TP Mazembe]]
Ku ya 19 Ugushyingo 2017, yegukanye igikombe cya Confederation Cup muri 2017, yatsinze ikipe ya Supersport United yo muri Afurika y'Epfo &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20171210223832/http://fr.soccerway.com/international/africa/caf-confederation-cup/2017/s13310/final-stages/ Résultats de la Coupe de la CAF 2017] sur ''soccerway.com''&lt;/ref&gt; . Byagaragaye ko yatsinze igitego muri kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza umukino wa mbere yakinnye n'ikipe [[Maroke|ya Maroc]] FUS [[Rabat]]  .

Akina kandi umukino wanyuma wa Afurika muri Super Cup muri 2017 na 2018 . Muri 2017, ikipe ye yatsinzwe na Mamelodi Sundowns  . Muri 2018, ikipe ye yongeye gutsindwa, kuri iyi nshuro na Wydad AC  .

Yageze no muri kimwe cya kane kirangiza muri Champions League muri 2018 hamwe ni yi kipe, hanyuma kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza muri 2019 . Yatsinze ibitego birindwi muri iri rushanwa yo muri 2018 &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191023045004/https://www.transfermarkt.fr/ben-malango/leistungsdatendetails/spieler/488875 Statistiques en club de Ben Malango], sur ''transfermarkt.fr''&lt;/ref&gt; . Yatsinze igitego cyatsinzwe n'ikipe ya [[:en:UD_Songo|UD Songo]] yo muri [[Mozambike]] , nyuma yikubye kabiri ikipe ya ES Sétif yo muri [[Alijeriya]]  .

Mu Gushyingo 2018, ubwo [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru muri Afrika|CAF]] yashyize ahagaragara urutonde rwa batoranijwe mu byiciro bitandukanye by’imihango itandukanye ya CAF muri  2018, Ben Malango yashyizwe mu cyiciro cy’umukinnyi witwaye neza muri Afurika w’umwaka hamwe n’abandi bakinnyi bagera 33 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-30 |title=Caf- Awards 2018 : Ben Malango, Jean Marc Makusu et Florent Ibenge nommés |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2018/11/30/actualite/sport/caf-awards-2018-ben-malango-jean-marc-makusu-et-florent-ibenge-nommes |access-date=2019-10-21 |website=Radio Okapi |language=fr}}.&lt;/ref&gt; .

==== Imikino ngororamubiri ya Raja (2019-2021) ====
 

== Ibihembo ==

== Icyubahiro cyawe ==

* Abatsinze ibitego byinshi muri Shampiyona ya DRC 2016-2017 (ibitego 18) &lt;ref name=&quot;record&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ben MALANGO, record en vue ! |url=https://www.tpmazembe.com/fr/actualite/10246/ben-malango-record-en-vue |access-date=2019-10-22 |website=www.tpmazembe.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt; .
* Uwatsinze igitego 2 muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo Shampiyona yumupira wamaguru 2017-2018|Shampiyona ya DRC 2017-2018]] (ibitego 17) &lt;ref name=&quot;record&quot; /&gt; .
* Abatsinze ibitego byinshi mu gikombe cya Confederation Cup muri 2017 (ibitego 6), na 2021 (ibitego 6).
* Uwatsinze igitego 2 muri [[CAF Champions League 2018|2018 CAF Champions League]] (ibitego 7).
* Yiswe na L'Union de Footballeurs du Congo mu ikipe isanzwe y'umwaka wa 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eventsrdc.com |date=2018-01-03 |title=UFC RDC : 22 joueurs nominés pour l’équipe-type de l’année 2017 |url=https://www.eventsrdc.com/ufc-rdc-22-joueurs-nomines-pour-lequipe-type-de-lannee-2017/ |access-date=2019-10-22 |website=Eventsrdc.com |language=fr-FR}}.&lt;/ref&gt; .
* Yatowe muri CAF Awards igihembo cyumukinnyi mwiza ukina muri Afrika muri 2017.
* Yatowe muri CAF Awards igihembo cyumukinnyi witwaye neza muri Afurika muri 2018 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-30 |title=Caf- Awards 2018 : Ben Malango, Jean Marc Makusu et Florent Ibenge nommés |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2018/11/30/actualite/sport/caf-awards-2018-ben-malango-jean-marc-makusu-et-florent-ibenge-nommes |access-date=2019-10-22 |website=Radio Okapi |language=fr}}.&lt;/ref&gt; .
* Raja CA Umukinnyi wukwezi muri Mata 2021 .
* Abatsinze ibitego byinshi mumahanga mumateka ya Raja CA.
* Uwatsinze igitego 2 muri [[Shampiyona yumupira wamaguru muri Maroc 2019-2020|Shampiyona ya 2020-2021]] (ibitego 16).

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>0kp0sjwjgpi0ienmn5am10bj5d9r24n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gladys Bokese</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16064</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141033</id>
      <parentid>113178</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:58:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141033</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1794" sha1="87mbz8oh1c6q46pwffr0lshl1qjihr5" xml:space="preserve">'''Gladys Bokese''' (yavutse Ku ya 10 Nzeri 1983) Ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru wumupira wamaguru ukomoaka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Repuburika Iharanaira Demokarasi ya congo]](DRC)  i [[Kinshasa]] . Akina nka myugariro wo hagati.&lt;ref&gt;https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/cameroon-top-group-congo-qualify.64811&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.transfermarkt.com/gladys-bokese/profil/spieler/78617&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eurosport.com/football/gladys-bokese_prs79249/person.shtml&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://m.footballdatabase.eu/en/player/details/10578-gladys-bokese&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.footballdatabase.eu/fr/joueur/details/10578-gladys-bokese&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima ==
Umukinnyi mpuzamahanga wa congo, yitabiriye igikombe cy’ibihugu by’Afurika muri 2006 hamwe n’ikipe ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo . Yakiriye ikarita itukura mu mukino wahuje [[Kameruni]] kubera gukubita cyane Achille Webo mu gihe CAN muri 2006. Yatsindiye igikombe cya mbere cy’ibihugu by’Afurika muri 2009 hamwe n’abakinnyi baho muri [[Kote Divuwari|Kote Divawari]].

Bokese ari mu ba kapiteni b'ibyamamare b'ikipe y'icyatsi n'umweru y'umurwa mukuru wa DRC, Daring Club Motema Pembe (DMCP).
Yayoboye ikipe ye inshuro nyinshi mu marushanwa y'igihugu, Igikombe cya Congo na Shampiyona y'umupira w'amaguru yabatijwe VSL-Vodacom Super League, ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga igikombe cya CAF, C2 ndetse rimwe muri CAF Champions League .

== clubs ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable alternance&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!'''Umwaka'''
! '''Club'''
! '''Igihugu'''
|-
| 2003-2011
| DC Motema Pembe
|Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo
|-
| 2012-2014
| Umukinnyi wa siporo wa Sahel
|Tuniziya
|-
| 2013-2015
| Ingwe ya Dolisie
|[[Kongo|Repubulika ya Kongo]]
|-
|}

== Reba ==
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>87mbz8oh1c6q46pwffr0lshl1qjihr5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jonathan Bolingi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16068</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141034</id>
      <parentid>121734</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:58:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141034</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4629" sha1="eo7s9s7qyoovwcp1yj807zsnrkuu650" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:2018-02-22 Entrainement excel jonathan bolingi.jpg|thumb|Jonathan Bolingi]]
'''Jonathan Bolingi Mpangi Merikani''', (yavutse Ku ya 30 Kamena 1994) i [[Kinshasa]], ni umukinnyi ukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Repuburika Iharanaira Demokarasi ya congo]] (DRC). Akina nka rutahizamu muri Buriram United . Ni umuhungu wa Mpangi Merikani &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-01-23 |title=Football africain : ces joueurs dont le CHAN a changé la vie – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/519445/societe/football-africain-ces-joueurs-dont-le-chan-a-change-la-vie/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;, wahoze ari umunyezamu wa DCMP .

Jonathan Bolingi yegukanye igikombe cya Shampiyona cy’[[umupira w'amaguru]] muri Afurika muri 2016 hamwe n’igihugu cye &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; ndetse na CAF Champions League muri 2015 hamwe n’ikipe ya Tout Puissant Mazembe yo muri Kongo.

== Ubuzima ==

=== Umwuga wa ikipe ===
[[Dosiye:2018-02-22_Entrainement_excel-3.jpg|left|thumb| Amahugurwa ya Royal Excel Mouscron, Gashyantare  muri 2018]]
Ageze i Lubumbashi mu mwaka wo muri  2010 nyuma y’igihe gito yamaze muri Kimbangu Sport, yatijwe mu ikipe ya Don Bosco aho yatwaye igikombe cya Congo kandi agaragaza ko ari umuntu watanze rutahizamu w’[[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|umucuruzi]] Chico Ushindi. Yatsinze ibitego bibiri mu cyiciro kibanza cy'igikombe cya Congo na Tshipepele mu mukino wo kugaruka afite intsinzi nini (7-0), nyuma atsinda igitego muri kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza na AS Dauphins Noirs de [[Goma]] kugira ngo atsinde (4- 1). Yatsinze kabiri, Ku ya 30 Werurwe 2013 kurwanya Amerika Tshinkunku m'ugihe cya 3rd Umunsi wa ''Linafoot'', kubwi ntsinzi ya Don Bosco (3-0).

Muri mwambaro ya Jomo Cosmos ( yo muri [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika y'Epfo]] ), mu mikino icyenda ya mbere ya shampiyona, yahiye ubwoba kuri konti, yandikisha ibitego 23 byose cyangwa bisi zose hamwe 2.5 kuri buri mukino. Ikipe yo muri Afurika yepfo, yakoresheje se Mpangi Merikani w'imyaka 25, yifuza kubona serivisi zayo, ariko ntabashe kubona amasezerano ya Don Bosco . Kugaruka kwe i Lubumbashi byanze bikunze, nubwo uru ruzinduko rudasanzwe muri Afrika yepfo, kuko uyu mukinnyi rwose yari uwa TP Mazembe .

Kuva hejuru ya metero 85, Jonathan Bolingi (ku bilo 74) arashobora gukina kumurongo wose w'ibitero. Umwirondoro we ushukisha vuba Patrice Carteron udatezuka kumwinjiza mubakozi be.

Yatsinze igitego cye cya mbere muri CAF Champions League Ku ya 9 Werurwe 2014 ahanganye na Astres FC ya Douala ( [[Kameruni]] ), agarutse  nyuma yo kungukirwa n'ikosa ryakozwe n'umuzamu wa Kameruni. Yatsinze Supercup ya Congo na MK Etanchéité atsinda igitego cya kabiri kuri TP Mazembe ariko ikibabaje kuri we, yarakomeretse kandi byabaye ngombwa aha abandi. Yatsinze ibitego bi tatu na AS Bantou Ku ya 5 Ukwakira 2014 , kumunsi 1 wa Linafoot, harimo ibitego bibiri by'umutwe, kugirango batsinde cyane (7-0).  Ku ya 9 Ukuboza 2014 , yatsinze igitego kimwe rukumbi cya Mazembe yatsinze AS Dauphins Noirs muri Goma ayoboye umupira wa Kabaso Chongo muri 93 iminota .
Yakurikiranwe n'amakipe menshi yo mu [[Ububiligi|bubiligi]], amaherezo yasinyiye Ku ya 31 Mutarama 2017 kuri Standard de Liège ku nguzanyo ihitamo kugura &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-02-01 |title=Transfert: Bope, Bolingi et Luyindama (Mazembe) prêtés au Standard de Liège |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2017/02/01/actualite/sport/transfert-bope-bolingi-et-luyindama-mazembe-pretes-au-standard-de-liege |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=Radio Okapi |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Yatsinze igitego cye cya mbere hamwe na Standard de Liège yatsinze KV Kortrijk reuge agaruka gukina &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-02-16 |title=Standard : Premier match et premier but pour Bolingi |url=https://footrdc.com/a-la-une/standard-premier-match-premier-but-bolingi/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=Foot RDC |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205533/https://footrdc.com/a-la-une/standard-premier-match-premier-but-bolingi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Yasinyanye by'imazeyo na Standard de Liège kuri1 Ku ya 18 Gicurasi 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-05-18 |title=Foot-Transferts : Le Standard lève l’option d’achat de Bolingi, Bope et Luyindama |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2017/05/18/actualite/sport/foot-transferts-le-standard-leve-loption-dachat-de-bolingi-bope-et |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=Radio Okapi |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

=== Umwuga wo guhitamo ===

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>eo7s9s7qyoovwcp1yj807zsnrkuu650</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marvel Bope</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16070</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141035</id>
      <parentid>122216</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:58:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141035</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3550" sha1="f3tfgq0y9718dp1lk7erqsf6c1g67xs" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Football trainning.jpg|thumb|Umupira wamaguru]]
'''Marvel Bope Bokadi''', (yavutse Ku ya 21 Gicurasi 1996) i [[Kinshasa]], muri congo, ni umukinnyi ukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] ukina ari mpuzamahanga ukomoka muri  [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|congo]] . Akina nk'umukinnyi ukina hagati cyangwa myugariro kuri Standard de Liège .

== Ubuzima ==

=== Muri ikipe ===
Hamwe n'ikipe TP Mazembe, yatsindiye igikombe cya Afurika Champions League muri 2015, yatsinze ikipe ya USM [[Aligeriya|Algeria]] ku mukino wa nyuma. Uku kwimikwa kumwemerera kwitabira igikombe cyisi cya ma kipe muri 2015 cyateguwe mu [[Ubuyapani|Buyapani]] . Mu gihugu cye kavukire, ubuhanga bwe bwa tekinike bwamuhesheje izina rya [[Zinedine Zidane|Zidane]]  .

7Ku ya 31 Mutarama 2017 , yasinyiye kuri Standard de Liège ku ntizanyo ahitamo kugurwa. Merveille arimo gukina umukino we wa mbere wo gukina na Rouches na Union Saint-Gilloise (2-2). Ku ya 18 Gicurasi 2017, Standard yashyizeho uburyo bwo kwimura bwa nyuma [[Jonathan Bolingi]], Christian Luyindama na Merveille Bope Bokadi, bose babanje kugurizwa na Ikipe ya Tout Puissant &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=18 mai 2017 |title=Le Standard lève les options de Bokadi, Luyindama et Bolingi |url=https://www.dhnet.be/sports/football/division-1a/standard/le-standard-leve-les-options-de-bokadi-luyindama-et-bolingi-591d7502cd70022542e4774c |access-date= |website=dhnet.be |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; .
Ufite imikino umunani mu mikino icyenda ya mbere ya shampiyona yo muri 2017-2018, yagize ikibazo cyo gucika imbere mu rugendo yerekeza muri Anderlecht ku 1 Ukwakira. Abanyekongo ntibasubiye mu kibuga kugeza ku ya 3 Gashyantare 2019 igihe Anderlecht yamwakiriye, asimbuye mu izamu hagati mugenzi we Christian Luyindama wari wavuye i Galatasaray &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Giovanni Zidda |date=4 février 2019 |title=Bokadi de retour pour le Clasico 16 mois après sa blessure... lors du Clasico: &quot;Le staff m'a fait confiance&quot; |url=https://www.rtbf.be/sport/football/belgique/jupilerproleague/detail_bokadi-de-retour-pour-le-clasico-16-mois-apres-sa-blessure-lors-du-clasico-le-staff-m-a-fait-confiance?id=10136182 |access-date= |website=rtbf.be |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Ku ya 19 Nzeri, yakinnye umukino we wa mbere wa Europa League na Vitória Guimarães (intsinzi 2-0), bituma ahuza hagati na Konstantinos Laifis . Muri 2019, yarekuwe azize imvune mu cyiciro cya mbere cya shampiyona y’Ububiligi yakinnye na Lommel ku ya 26 Nzeri. Yasuzumwe ikindi cyacitse cy'imbere y'imbere, iki gihe mu ivi ry'iburyo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=28 septembre 2019 |title=Mauvaise nouvelle pour le Standard: Merveille Bokadi blessé pour au moins 6 mois ! |url=https://www.dhnet.be/sports/football/division-1a/standard/mauvaise-nouvelle-pour-le-standard-merveille-bokadi-blesse-pour-au-moins-6-mois-5d8f6ca59978e25f6453ff40 |access-date= |website=dhnet.be |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Hatarashira imyaka ibiri, Merveille na we yararwaye imitsi ya Achilles yongeye kumukomeza kumara amezi menshi  . Nubwo ibyo byose byahindutse, buri gihe abonye umwanya we muri Liège cumi n'umwe.

=== Mu ikipe y'igihugu ===
Hamwe no gutoranya Abanyekongo, yitabiriye irushanwa rya Toulon muri 2013 nyuma rishyirwaho bwa mbere kuri Stade des Martyrs na [[Angola]] kuri Ku ya 26 Werurwe 2016 (Gutsinda 2-1). Merveille yahise yitabira Shampiyona y’ibihugu by’Afurika muri 2016 yabereye mu [[Rwanda]], atsinda igitego yatsinze Angola  . DR Congo yatsinze irushanwa itsinze [[Mali]] kumukino wanyuma.

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>f3tfgq0y9718dp1lk7erqsf6c1g67xs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Florent Ibenge</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16087</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141036</id>
      <parentid>121666</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:58:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141036</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4281" sha1="hhms70r9kxj5l5syxs5mjr2v2yml88i" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Florent_Ibengé_2016.jpg|thumb| Ibenge Florent]]
'''Jean-Florent Ikwange Ibenge''' (yavutse Ku ya 4 Ukuboza 1961) yahoze ari umukinnyi mpuzamahanga ukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri congo, wahindutse umutoza, yavukiye i Mbandaka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] .

== Ubuzima ==
[[Dosiye:Florent_Ibengé.jpg|alt=Ibenge coacher|thumb| Ibenge kuri stade y'abahowe Imana]]
izina ba muhimba ni Coach Endroit, uzwi ku izina rya Florent Ibenge, amazina ye nyakuri ni Jean Florent Ibenge Ikwange, ufite ubwenegihugu bwa Kongo, wavukiye i Mbandaka mu cyahoze ari intara ya Ekateri yo muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], ku ya 4 Ukuboza 1961, afite abavandimwe na bashiki bacu. akaba Umukunzi [[umupira w'amaguru]] kuva akiri muto, yikubita ku rutugu hamwe n'umupira w'amaguru wahoze muri Zairian (ingwe ya Zaire) maze ava muri Zaire yerekeza i [[Burayi]] mu myaka 12 kubera impamvu zo kwiga, mu gihe yakinaga umupira. muri 2004, yatoje nk'umutoza, muri 2008 aba umutoza wungirije mu ikipe y'igihugu ya Kongo, nyuma gato yo kwitwara neza ku mugabane wa [[Aziya]], muri 2012 asinyana amasezerano na AS Vita Club maze yibutswa nk'umutoza w'igihugu muri 2015 muri CAN gukinisha kuva aho yakinnye uruhare rwabatoza kabiri.
[[Dosiye:VClub 2013.jpg|thumb|Florent muri AS Vita Club]]
ni muri 2020 nibwo umutoza Ibenge yavuye muri AS Vita Club kubera ibikorwa yaramaze kugeraho byo muri Afurika.

== Ibengé yavuye muri AS Vita Club ==
Umutoza wa AS V. Club, Jean Florent Ibenge, ubwo yatandukanaga &lt;ref&gt;https://www.radiookapi.net/2021/06/30/actualite/sport/foot-rdc-jean-florent-ibenge-quitte-v-club/&lt;/ref&gt; n'ikipe ya [[Kinshasa]], amaze imyaka myinshi atoza. Ibi byatangajwe ku wa gatatu tariki ya 30 Kamena 2021 ku mbuga na Perezida wa AS Vita Club, Bestine Kazadi .
[[Dosiye:Avec Florent Ibenge.jpg|thumb|Florent ibenge]]
Ati: “Nshuti nshyigikiye, ndatangaza kugenda ku mutoza wacu Jean-Florent Ibenge. Mu izina rya AS V. Club, turamushimira serivisi yatanzwe kandi tumwifurije gutsinda” ibi bikaba byavuzwe na Madamu Kazadi, nta yandi makuru arambuye.

Jean Florent Ibenge yabanye na AS Vita Club kuva muri 2013

Dore amateka ye:

* 2014 yari ku mukino wa nyuma wa CAF Champion League;
* Shampiyona ya DR Congo muri 2015 na 2018;
* Yegukanye igikombe cya DR Congo Super Cup muri 2015;
* Umukino wa nyuma wa CAF Confederation Cup muri 2018.

== Ibenge ==
Mu gihe cya Ibenge, Les léopards ya DRC yashoboye kwinjira mu myaka itatu kuva muri 2016 kugeza 2018 muri 50 ba mbere ku isi ku rutonde rwa FIFA &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FIFA.com |title=Le Classement mondial FIFA/Coca-Cola - Associations - RD Congo - Hommes |url=http://fr.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/associations/association=cod/men/index.html |access-date=2019-03-26 |website=FIFA.com |language=fr |archive-date=2019-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102516/https://fr.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/associations/association=cod/men/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Ariko, iyi kipe yabuze igikombe cyisi cya 2018 ihuza 2-2 na [[Tunisiya|Tuniziya]] iwayo mugihe amanota yari 2-0 hasigaye iminota 15. Nubwo intsinzi yatsinze [[Libiya]] na Gineya muminsi yanyuma, Ingwe izabura isi. Ibenge asa nkaho yatakaje flair.

== Ibihembo ==

=== Umukinnyi ===

=== Umutoza ===

==== Muri ikipe ====
* Igikombe cyumupira wamaguru cya Sudani
** '''Ba nyampinga''' : 2021-2022

[[Ishyirahamwe ryimikino rya Vitoria|AS Vita Club]]

* muri CAF Champion League:
** ku mukipno wa nyuma: 2014
* Irushanwa rya DR Congo:
** '''shampiyona muri''': 2015, 2018 na 2021
* DR Congo Supercup:
** '''Uwatsinze''': 2015
* Igikombe cya Confederation:
** ku mukino wa nyuma: 2018


RS Berkane

* Igikombe cya Confederation:
** '''Uwatsinze''': 2021-22
* Igikombe cy'Intebe:
** '''Uwatsinze''': 2022

==== Mu guhitamo ====

* '''DR Congo'''
** Igikombe cya Afurika:
*** Icya gatatu: 2015
** Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika:
*** '''Uwatsinze''': 2016

=== Itandukaniro ryumuntu ===
Urubuga rwihariye Four FourTwo ruhuza Florent Ibenge 50 umutoza  ku isi muri 2015 &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/fourfourtwos-50-best-football-managers-world-2015-50-46-0 50 Best Football Managers in the World] sur fourfourtwo.com.&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>hhms70r9kxj5l5syxs5mjr2v2yml88i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mulota Patou Kabangu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16096</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141037</id>
      <parentid>121392</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:58:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141037</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2727" sha1="8m7hhmhsmndxiiwkukjczongober1r0" xml:space="preserve">'''Mulota Patou Kabangu''' (yavutse Ku ya 31 Ukuboza 1985) ni umukinnyi ukina [[Umupira w’amaguru|wumupira]] [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|wamaguru]] ukomoka (DRC)  i [[Kinshasa]] . Akina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati cyangwa rutahizamu. Kuri ubu akinira ikipe y'[[umupira w'amagur]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;u ya Saint Eloi Lupopo i Lubumbashi.
Yaje kumenyekana cyane muri CAF Champions League muri  2010, yatsindiye n'ikipe ye, ndetse no mu gikombe cy'isi cya FIFA cya ikipe muri 2010, aho TP Mazembe yageze ku mukino wa nyuma na Inter Milan . Yinjiye mu ikipe yo mu Bubiligi RSC Anderlecht ku ya 1 Mutarama 2012. Intizanyo ye ntiyongerewe asubira muri TP Mazembe muri Kamena 2012 . Muri 2017 yinjiye muri Daring Club Motema Pembe. Muri 2021, asinyina na FC Saint Eloi Lupopo

== Ubuzima ==
Kabangu yavukiye i [[Kinshasa]] . Yatangiye bwa mbere muri club yaho, umujyi wa Kin . Muri 2009, yinjiye muri TP Mazembe . Uyu mwaka, yatsindiye igikombe cya shampiyona ya Congo. Mu mwaka wa 2010, TP Mazembe yegukanye igikombe cya Shampiyona, yujuje ibisabwa mu gikombe cy'isi cya ikipe .

Ku ya 14 Ugushyingo 2010 , yatsinze igitego cya mbere muri kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza mu gikombe cyisi cya ikipe . Ikipe ya mutoje, TP Mazembe, yatsinze 2–0 na SC Internacional yo muri [[Burezile]]. TP Mazembe niyo kipe yambere yaba [[Burayi|Abanyaburayi]] cyangwa Abanyamerika yepfo bakinnye umukino wanyuma w'igikombe cyisi cya FIFA .

Muri Mutarama 2012 , yasinyiye ikipe y'Ububiligi RSC Anderlecht . Arakina bike. Akenshi ku ntebe, ahitamo kuva mu ikipe y'[[Ububiligi]].

Ku ya 30 Kamena 2013 , Kabangu yinjiye muri Qatar Stars League, muri ikipe ya Al Ahli SC .

Muri 2017, yinjiye muri Tout Puissant Mazembe, ikipe ye yitoreza.

== Intego mpuzamahanga ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!intego
! itariki
! Stade
! uwo duhanganye
! amanota
! ibisubizo
! amarushanwa
|-
| 1.
|5 septembre 2010
| Stade ya Frederic-Kibasa-Maliba, Lubumbashi
|Senegali
| 2-4
| 1-3
| URASHOBORA 2012
|-
| 2.
|5 septembre 2010
| Stade ya Frederic-Kibasa-Maliba, Lubumbashi
|Senegali
| 2-4
| '''2-4'''
| URASHOBORA 2012
|-
| 3.
|5 juin 2011
| Stade Anjalay, Belle Vue
|Maurice
| 2-1
| 2-1
| URASHOBORA 2012
|}

== Imikino yo gukina ==

== Ibihembo ==

* [[Dosiye:TP Mazembe April 2011.jpg|thumb|Abakinnyi ba TP Mazembe]]Nyampinga wa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo muri 2007, 2009 na 2011 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Uwatsindiye igikombe cya CAF Super Cup muri 2010 na 2011 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Uwatsinze CAF Champions League muri 2009 na 2010 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* 2010 Umukinnyi wanyuma wigikombe cyisi cya FIFA i Abu Dhabi hamwe na TP Mazembe na Inter Milan
* Nyampinga w’Ububiligi muri 2012 hamwe na RSC Anderlecht

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>8m7hhmhsmndxiiwkukjczongober1r0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Felicien Kabundi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16110</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141038</id>
      <parentid>121393</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:58:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141038</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1117" sha1="ldnofuuxmdz19do3tqt0wh842pmn4n4" xml:space="preserve">'''Félicien Kabundi Tshiamalenga''' ( yavutse Ku ya 15 Gicurasi 1980) ni umukinnyi ukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|congo]] (DRC) i Kananga . Akina nka myugariro wi nyuma. Yahindutse igihangange cyo muri Sudani muri ikipe ya Al Hilal Omdurman .

Yitabiriye igikombe cy’Afurika cyo muri 2006 hamwe n’ikipe ya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] .


== Umwuga ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable alternance&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Imibare ya buri muntu  , 
! '''Umwaka'''
! ikipe
! '''Igihugu'''
|-
| 2004
| AS Vita Club
|Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo
|-
| 2005
| Mutagatifu Eloi Lupopo
|Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo
|-
| 2006-2009
| TP Mazembe
|Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo
|-
| 2008
| Uwera Eloi Lupopo (inguzanyo)
|Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo
|-
| 2009-
| Al Hilal Omdurman
|Sudani
|}

== Ibihembo ==

* Uwatsinze CAF Champions League muri 2009 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Nyampinga wa DR Congo muri 2007 na 2009 hamwe na TP Mazembe

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>ldnofuuxmdz19do3tqt0wh842pmn4n4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dioko Kaluyituka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16118</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141039</id>
      <parentid>121654</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:58:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141039</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3176" sha1="r8nq9cny3j86xhqb9jzic2ejyj5lv9g" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Dioko Kaluyituka.jpg|thumb|Dioko]]
'''Alain Dioko Kaluyituka''', (yavutse Ku ya 2 Mutarama 1987) , ni umukinnyi ukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|wa Kino-congo]] wakinnye nkimbere-imbere .


== Umwuga ==

=== Umwuga wa ikipe ===
Yatojwe muri Vita Club i [[Kinshasa]], yagize ibihe byiza bya kabiri hamwe na dolphine y'umukara, wa mugurishije kuri TP Mazembe . Yigaragaza vuba muri iyi ikipe, hamwe no kwihuta gukubita no gutondeka neza. Ni intwari ya CAF Champions League muri 2009, na CAF Champions League 2010 yatsinzwe n'ikipe ye. Ariko  mugihe cy'igikombe cy'isi cya FIFA muri 2010, aho [[Amavubi]] yageze bidasanzwe kumukino wanyuma na Inter Milan (gutsindwa 0-3). Muri iri rushanwa, Kaluyituka yagize ubwoba bwo kurinda Amerika yepfo amakipe yo muri [[Megizike|Mexico]] yo muri Pachuca na Sport yo muri Berezile Internacional &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-09-14 |title=Kaluyituka Dioko Alain |url=http://www.rdcongoleopardsfoot.com/player/kaluyituka-dioko-alain/ |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=Rdcongoleopardsfoot.com |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2022-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926204818/http://www.rdcongoleopardsfoot.com/player/kaluyituka-dioko-alain/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; . Yatowe nk'umukinnyi wa kabiri witwaye neza muri iri rushanwa nyuma ya Andrés D'Alessandro .

Yasinyanye na Al Ahli SC muri katari muri 2011, ahita yigaragaza nk'umukinnyi watsinze ibitego byinshi muri iyi kipe akaba n'umwe mu batsinze ibitego byinshi muri shampiyona (nubwo yahageze muri shampiyona). Ariko, ntashobora kubuza gusezererwa kw'ikipe ye shampiyona irangiye. Yagurijwe rero muri ikipe, ya Al Kharitiyath, kugirango agume muri cyiciro cya mbere . Asanga ikipe ya Al Ahli nyuma yo kuzamuka kwe byihuse mu ntore za [[Katari|katari.]]

Yasoje shampiyona yo muri 2013-2014 nk'umukinnyi watsinze ibitego byinshi muri shampiyona ya katari n'ibitego 22, imbere y'abakinnyi nka Saez, Dagano, Youssef Msakni, Adriano, na Nene .
[[Dosiye:Al-Ahli Sana'a.png|thumb|Ikirango cya AL Ahli SC]]
Muri shampiyona yo muri 2014-2015, nubwo hari ba rutahizamu benshi nka Hamdi Harbaoui, Issam Jemâa, Imoh Ezekiyeli, Romarinho, Sebastián Quintana, Paulinho, cyangwa Younis Mahmoud, yarangije gutsinda ibitego byinshi ku nshuro ya kabiri yikurikiranya, atsinda ibitego 25. Yatowe kandi umukinnyi mwiza wa shampiyona.

Muri 2015, yavuye mu ikipe ya Al Ahli SC yinjira mu ikipe ya Al-Gharafa . Muri 2016, yagurijwe umwaka umwe muri Lekhwiya SC, imwe mu makipe meza muri [[katari]].

=== Umwuga mpuzamahanga ===

== Ibihembo ==

* '''TP Mazembe'''
** Uwatsindiye CAF Champions League muri 2009 na 2010
** shampiyona  wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] muri 2007 na 2009
** 2010 Igikombe cyisi cya kabiri
** 2010 Club y[[umupira w'amaguru]] wa sifa
* '''Al Ahli SC'''
** Umukinnyi watsinze ibitego byinshi muri katari Super League muri 2013 n'ibitego 25
** Qatar Stars League Umukinnyi mwiza 2014
* '''Mu ikipe y'igihugu'''
** Uwatsindiye Shampiyona y’ibihugu by’Afurika mu 2009 hamwe n’ikipe ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>r8nq9cny3j86xhqb9jzic2ejyj5lv9g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Deo Kanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16123</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141040</id>
      <parentid>121397</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:58:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141040</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2689" sha1="dfpj6wg7voc0tixlmdhgxibtw0sawdc" xml:space="preserve">'''Déo Gracia Kanda Mukoko''' (yavutse Ku ya 11 Kanama 1989) ni umukinnyi ukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri Congo [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|(DRC)]]  i Matad.

Akina nku wo hagati ibumoso muri sukari ya Mtibwa

== Ubuzima ==
Umukinnyi wihuta cyane kandi ni umu tekinike nubwo afite metero 1,71, nu mwe mu byiringiro bikomeye bya congo byigihe cye.

=== Daring Club Motema Pembe ===
[[Dosiye:TP Mazembe April 2011.jpg|thumb|Abakinnyi bakinanye na Deo muri TP Mazembe]]
Yatangiye umwuga we muri Daring Club Motema Pembe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.congofootcitoyen.com/congo-foot-article.php?id=51 |title=''Deo Kanda'' |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-date=2007-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527043122/http://www.congofootcitoyen.com/congo-foot-article.php?id=51 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; mbere yo kwinjira muri TP Mazembe .

=== TP Mazembe ===
Ku ya 13 Ugushyingo 2010 , yatsinze igitego cyo kunganya na Esipagne Espérance de Tunis [[Tunisiya|yo muri Tuniziya]] mu kugaruka kwa nyuma kwa CAF Champions League (amanota ya nyuma 1-1) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.afrik.com/article21261.html |title=Deo Kanda : &quot;Un rêve devenu réalité&quot; |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-date=2011-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813131100/http://www.afrik.com/article21261.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Yitabira ikipe ya batarengeje imyaka 23 mu majonjora ya CAF mu marushanwa y'[[umupira w'amaguru]] yaberaga i Londres ndetse no mu majonjora yo gukina imikino ya Afurika muri 2011 .

=== Raja Casablanca ===
Muri 2013, yavuye muri Tout Puissant Mazembe yerekeza muri Raja Casablanca .

I Raja Casablanca, yitabiriye igikombe cyisi cya FIFA muri 2013 .

=== AS Vita ikipe ===
Muri 2014, yasinyanye muri  AS Vita Club .

=== Subira kuri TP Mazembe ===
Muri 2015 yagarutse muri Tout Puissant Mazembe.Yakinnye umukino we wa mbere na FC Saint Eloi Lupopo .

== Ibihembo ==

=== Muri ikipe ===
'''[[TP Mazembe]]'''
* Igikombe cyiza cya CAF
** Uwatsinze ( '''1''' ): 2010 .
* Irushanwa rya DR Congo
** Uwatsinze ( '''2''' ) 2011 na 2012
** ku mukino wa nyuma( '''1''' ): 2010 .
* Igikombe cyisi
** ku mukino wa nyuma ( '''1''' ): 2010

'''Raja wa Casablanca'''

* Igikombe cy'Intebe
** ku mukino wa nyuma( '''1''' ): 2013
* Igikombe cyisi
** ku mukino wa nyuma ( '''1''' ): 2013

'''AS Vita Club'''

* Shampiyona
** ku mukino wa nyuma ( '''1''' ): 2014

* Shampiyona ya Tanzaniya
** Uwatsinze ( '''2''' ) : 2020, 2021
* Igikombe cya Tanzania
** Uwatsinze ( '''2''' ) : 2020, 2021
* Igikombe cya Tanzania
** Uwatsinze ( '''1''' ) : 2020
** ku mukino wa nyuma ( '''1''' ) : 2021

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>dfpj6wg7voc0tixlmdhgxibtw0sawdc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>John Kasusula</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16130</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141041</id>
      <parentid>121398</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:58:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141041</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6155" sha1="cwbfgn9mby7el6cv7bh6cbpycr3tgpl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Footballeur|nom=Jean Kasusula|image=|légende=|nom de naissance=Jean Kasusula Kilitsho|période pro=[[2003 en football|2003]] -|date de naissance={{date de naissance|5|08|1982|âge=oui}}|lieu de naissance=[[Kisangani]] ([[Zaïre]])|nationalité={{COD-d}} [[République démocratique du Congo|Congolais (RDC)]]|date de décès=|lieu de décès=|taille={{Taille|m=1.76}}|position=Arrière gauche|parcours junior={{deux colonnes
                         | [[2001 en football|2001]]|{{RDC-d}} [[CS Makiso]]
                         | [[2002 en football|2002]]|{{nobr|{{RDC-d}} [[AS Kabasha|Kabasha Goma FC]]}}
}}|parcours pro={{trois colonnes
                         | [[2003 en football|2003]]-|{{RDC-d}} [[TP Mazembe]]| 213 {{0}}(4)
}}|sélection nationale={{trois colonnes
                         | [[2009 en football|2009]]- | {{COD football}}| {{0}}17 {{0}}(0)
}}|date de mise à jour=23 octobre 2014|taille image=}}
{| class=&quot;infobox_v2 noarchive&quot; 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;entete footballblack&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#99cc99;color:#000000;&quot; |Jean Kasusula
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;&quot; |    
   |-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |ibimuranga
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;u&gt;Amazina&lt;/u&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jean Kasusula Kilitsho
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ubwenegihugu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Congolais (RDC)]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Amavuko
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;time datetime=&quot;1982-08-05&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien bday&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1982-08-05&quot;&gt;5 kamena 1982&lt;/time&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;(imyaka 40 )&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kisangani (Zayire)
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Uburebure
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |metero 1,76
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;u&gt;igihe&lt;/u&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2003
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |umyanya
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |ibumoso iruhande
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |igihugu
|-
   | style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; |'''umwaka'''
| colspan=&quot; 2
   &quot; |'''ikipe'''
|-
   | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2001
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; CS Makiso
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2002
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; Kabasha Goma FC&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |muri ikpe y'igihugu
|-
   |'''umwaka'''
|'''ikipe'''
|ibindi
|-
   | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2003-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; TP Mazembe
| class=&quot;data&quot; |213 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(4)
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |ikipe y'igihugu 
|-
      |'''umwaka'''
|'''ikipe'''
|ibindi
|-
      | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2009-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; RD Congo&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;17 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(0)
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;color:#555555;&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;navigation-only&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 2px #99cc99 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;&quot; |
|}
[[Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox]]
[[Catégorie:Pas d'image locale ni d'image sur Wikidata]]
[[Catégorie:Utilisation du paramètre parcours pro dans le modèle infobox Footballeur]]
'''Jean Kasusula Kilitsho''', (yavutse Ku ya 5 Kanama 1982) i Kisangani, ni umukinnyi w[[umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri congo (DRC). Akina nka myugariro.

== Ubuzima ==
[[Dosiye:TP_Mazembe_April_2011.jpg|left|thumb| Kasusula mugihe cy'umukino]]
Jean Kasusula yatangiye umwuga we muri Kisangani ikipe yaho ya AS Makiso muri 2002. Nyuma yinjiye muri Kabasha Goma FC.

Mu 2003, yinjiye muri Tout Puissant Mazembe, imwe mu makipe akomeye mu gihugu.

Muri 2009, mugihe cy'igikombe cyisi cyatsinze igitego yatsinze Auckland City FC .

== Imikino yo gukina ==
Kasusula azwiho umusaraba mwiza no gutera imigeri kubusa.

== Imibare ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!''ibihe''
! Imikino
! intego
! DR Congo
|-
| 2003-2004 
|
|
|
|-
| 2004-2005 
|
|
|
|-
| 2005-2006
| 20
| 0
|
|-
| 2007-2008
| 33
| 0
|
|-
| 2008-2009
| 28
| 1
|
|-
| 2009-2010
| 32
| 0
| 1
|-
| 2010-2011
| 30
| 0
| 2
|-
| 2011-2012
| 32
| 1
| 1
|-
| 2012-2013
| 34
| 1
| 7
|-
| 2013-2014
| 28
| 3
| 9
|-
| 2014-2015
| 32
| 3
| 6
|-
| 2015-2016
| 21
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2016-2017
| 7
| 1
| 0
|}

== Ibihembo ==

* Uwatsinze CAF Champions League muri 2009 na 2010 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Uwatsindiye igikombe cya CAF Super Cup muri 2010 na 2011 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* 2010 Umukinnyi wanyuma wigikombe cyisi cya FIFA hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Uwatsindiye Shampiyona y’umupira wamaguru muri Afurika 2009 hamwe na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo
* Icya gatatu mu gikombe cya Afurika cya 2015
* Uwatsindiye Igikombe cya Congo muri 2016 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Uwatsindiye Igikombe cya Confederation 2017

== Inyandiko ==

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>cwbfgn9mby7el6cv7bh6cbpycr3tgpl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nelson Munganga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16152</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141042</id>
      <parentid>126763</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:58:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141042</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2995" sha1="rc07birrg7tem1rj8zim51u9owm976u" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Mini football game.jpg|thumb|Umupira wamaguru]]
'''Nelson Omba Munganga''', (yavutse ku ya 27 Werurwe 1993) i [[Kinshasa]], ni umukinnyi mpuzamahanga ukina   [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|muri Kongo]] ukina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati hamwe n'ikipe yo  muri [[Maroke]] ya  MC Oujda .

== Ubuzima ==
Yakiriye bwa mbere mu ikipe yo muri DR Congo, ku ya 6 Nzeri 2019, ahanganye na [[Kameruni]] . Uyu mukino watsinzwe n'amanota 0-2 ni umwe mu majonjora yo gushaka itike yo kuzakina igikombe cya Afurika cyo muri 2015  .

Muri Mutarama 2015, yakinnye mu cyiciro cya nyuma cy'igikombe cya Afurika cyabereye muri [[Gineya Ekwatoriyale|Gineya ya Ekwatoriya]] . Yitabiriye imikino ibiri muri iri rushanwa, na Cape Veride mu matsinda, hanyuma akina   Congo muri kimwe cya kane kirangiza. DR Congo iri ku mwanya wa gatatu muri CAN, itsinze igihugu cyakiriye muri &quot;ku mukino wa nyuma ubanza&quot;, nyuma yo kurata penariti &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statistiques en équipe nationale |url=https://www.transfermarkt.fr/nelson-munganga/nationalmannschaft/spieler/265505 |website=transfermarkt.fr |access-date=2023-04-08 |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408131601/https://www.transfermarkt.fr/nelson-munganga/nationalmannschaft/spieler/265505 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Muri Mutarama 2016, yitabiriye Shampiyona y’ibihugu by’Afurika, yateguwe mu [[Rwanda]] . Akina imikino itanu muri iri rushanwa. Nyuma yaje kwitwara neza atsinda igitego   cya mbere hamwe na DR Congo, na [[Angola]] mu matsinda. DR Congo yatsinze irushanwa itsinze [[Mali]] ku mukino wa nyuma, n'amanota ya nyuma ari 3-0  .
[[Dosiye:Caf llogo.svg|thumb|Logo ya CAF]]
Muri uwo mwaka, yitabiriye Igikombe cya COSAFA muri 2016 . Yitabiriye imikino ibiri muri iri rushanwa, atsinda igitego muri kimwe cya kane kirangiza na [[Mozambike]]  .

== Ibihembo ==

=== Mu ikipe y'igihugu ===

* Icya gatatu mu gikombe cya Afurika cy’ibihugu muri 2015 hamwe na DR Congo
* Uwatsinze Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika muri 2016 hamwe na DR Congo

=== Muri ikipe ===

* Umukinnyi wanyuma wa CAF Champions League muri 2014 hamwe na AS Vita Club
* Umukino wanyuma wigikombe cya Confederation muri 2018 hamwe na AS Vita Club
* shampiyo wa DR Congo muri 2015 na 2018 hamwe na AS Vita Club
* Uwatsindiye igikombe cyo muri DR Congo muri 2015 hamwe na AS Vita Club

== Imibare ==

=== Intego z'ikipe y'igihugu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;
!Oya
! Itariki
! Ikibanza
! Murwanya
! Intego
! Igisubizo
! Irushanwa
|-
| 1.
| Ku ya 21 Mutarama 2016
| [[Stade Huye|Stade ya Huye]], [[Butare]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
|Angola
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4-2
| Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika 2016
|-
| 2.
| Ku ya 19 Kamena 2016
| Sitade y'Ubwigenge, Windhoek, [[Namibiya]]
|mozambique
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–0
| Igikombe cya COSAFA 2016
|}

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>rc07birrg7tem1rj8zim51u9owm976u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kanku Mulekelayi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16159</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141043</id>
      <parentid>121402</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:58:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141043</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5297" sha1="bzrug1uscga5t43c6tjw4b6dsm0kytl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Footballeur|nom=Kanku Mulekelayi|image=|taille image=|légende=|nom de naissance=|période pro=|club actuel=[[TP Mazembe]]|numéro en club=24|date de naissance={{date de naissance|1|04|1980|âge=oui}}|lieu de naissance=[[Lubumbashi]] ([[République démocratique du Congo|RD Congo]])|nationalité={{COD-d}} [[République démocratique du Congo|Congolais (RDC)]]|taille={{taille|m=1.68}}|position=[[Milieu de terrain]]|parcours pro={{trois colonnes
                         | [[1999 en football|1999]]-[[2003 en football|2003]]|{{COD (1997-2003)-d}} [[FC Saint Éloi Lupopo]]|
                         | [[2003 en football|2003]]-[[2004 en football|2004]]|{{COD (1997-2003)-d}} [[TP Mazembe]]|
                         | [[2004 en football|2004]]-[[2006 en football|2006]]|{{RSA-d}} [[Ajax Cape Town Football Club|Ajax Cape Town]]|
                         | [[2006 en football|2006]]-[[2010 en football|2010]]|{{COD-d}} [[TP Mazembe]]|
	                 }}|sélection nationale={{trois colonnes
	                 | [[2000 en football|2000]]-[[2004 en football|2004]]|{{COD football (2003-2006)}}|16 (2)
	                 }}}}
{| class=&quot;infobox_v2 noarchive&quot; 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;entete footballblack&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#99cc99;color:#000000;&quot; |Kanku Mulekelayi
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;&quot; |  
   |-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |Uko ameze
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ikipe
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |TP Mazembe
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Inomero
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |24
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |Ibi mugize
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ubwenegihugu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Congolais (RDC)]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Amavuko
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;time datetime=&quot;1980-04-01&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien bday&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1980-04-01&quot;&gt;1 Mata 1980&lt;/time&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;(Imyaka 43 )&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lubumbashi ([[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|RD Congo]])
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Uburebure
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Metero 1,68
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Poste
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Hagati mu kibuga
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |umwuga
|-
   |'''Umwaka'''
|'''Ikpe'''
|Ibindi
|-
   | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |1999-2003
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(1997-2003).svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(1997-2003).svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; FC Saint Éloi Lupopo
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2003-2004
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(1997-2003).svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(1997-2003).svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; TP Mazembe
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2004-2006
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Afurika y'Epfo]]&lt;/span&gt; Ajax Cape Town
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2006-2010
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; TP Mazembe
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |Mu ikipe y'igihugu
|-
      |'''Umwaka'''
|'''Ikipe'''
|Ibindi
|-
      | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2000-2004
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(2003-2006).svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(2003-2006).svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; RD Congo&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;data&quot; |16 (2)
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;color:#555555;&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;navigation-only&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 2px #99cc99 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;&quot; |
|}
[[Dosiye:TP Mazembe April 2011.jpg|thumb|Abakinnyi ba TP Mazembe]]
[[Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox]]
[[Catégorie:Pas d'image locale ni d'image sur Wikidata]]
[[Catégorie:Utilisation du paramètre parcours pro dans le modèle infobox Footballeur]]
'''Kanku Mulekelayi''',(Yavutse Ku ya 1 Mutarama 1980)  i Lubumbashi, niumukinnyi ukina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] ukina nku mukinnyi wo hagati wa TP Mazembe .

== Ibihembo ==

* Uwatsinze CAF Champions League muri 2009 na 2010 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Uwatsinze Supercup ya CAF muri 2010 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* shampiyona wa DR Congo muri 2007 na 2009 hamwe na TP Mazembe

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>bzrug1uscga5t43c6tjw4b6dsm0kytl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Firmin Mubele</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16164</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141028</id>
      <parentid>118400</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:58:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141028</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3003" sha1="temesvgspdfupxtkgutlexhnx0vrk7h" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Stade rennais vs SM Caen, July 22nd 2017 - Mubele (3).jpg|thumb|Firmin Mubele]]
'''Firmin Mubele Ndombe''', (Yavutse Ku ya 17 Mata 1994) , ni umukinnyi mpuzamahanga ukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|congo]] (DRC) ukina mu b'imbere .

== Ubuzima ==

=== Muri ikipe ===
Yageze ku mukino wa nyuma wa CAF Champions League muri 2014 hamwe na AS Vita Club, batsinzwe na ES Sétif yo muri [[Aligeriya|Alijeriya]] . Mu iri rushanwa, yatsinze ibitego bitatu mu ikipe ya Kaizer Chiefs [[Afurika y’Epfo|yo muri Afurika yepfo]] mu cyiciro cya nyuma  .

Mu idirishya ryo kwimura impeshyi muri 2015 yimukiye muri Al Ahli SC .

Ku ya 30 Mutarama 2017 , yimuriwe kuri Stade Rennes, basinyana amasezerano y'imyaka itatu n'igice &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=Firmin Ndombe Mubele rejoint le Toulouse F.C. |url=http://www.tfc.info/firmin-mubele-rejoint-le-tfc |access-date=30 janvier 2018 |archive-date=2018-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213213442/http://www.tfc.info/firmin-mubele-rejoint-le-tfc |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; .
Firmin yakinnye umukino  wa mbere na Angers SCO, agaruka ku munota 70 mu mwanya wa Yoann Gourcuff .

Yatsinze igitego  cya mbere mu mabara ye mashya yakinnye na Olympique Lyonnais kumunsi wa 31 wa Ligue 1 . (1-1)

Ku ya 30 Mutarama 2018 , yatijwe muri Toulouse FC kugeza shampiyona irangiye ahitamo kugurwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Firmin Ndombe Mubele rejoint le Stade Rennais F.C. |url=http://www.staderennais.com/firmin-mubele-nouvel-attaquant-rouge-et-noir |access-date=30 janvier 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Ku ya 7 Kamena 2018 , yimuriwe kumugaragaro muri Toulouse FC &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=Je viens de m'engager officiellement avec Toulouse. |url=https://www.lesviolets.com/actu/mubele-je-viens-de-m-engager-officiellement-avec-toulouse-,45419.html |access-date=7 juin 2018 |archive-date=2018-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629050141/https://www.lesviolets.com/actu/mubele-je-viens-de-m-engager-officiellement-avec-toulouse-,45419.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Ku ya 2 Nyakanga 2019 , yatijwe muri FK Astana igihembwe 1 ahitamo kugurwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Firmin Mubele prêté au FC Astana |url=https://www.tfc.info/fr/firmin-mubele-prete-au-fc-astana |access-date=2 juillet 2019 |website=tfc.info |archive-date=2019-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702120229/https://www.tfc.info/fr/firmin-mubele-prete-au-fc-astana |url-status=dead }}.&lt;/ref&gt; .

=== Mu ikipe y'igihugu ===

== Imibare ==

== Ibihembo ==
* Uwatsindiye igikombe cya shampiyona ya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] muri 2015 .
* Umukinnyi wa nyuma wa CAF Champions League muri 2014 hamwe na AS Vita Club.

=== Ibihembo bya buri muntu ===

* Yatowe nk'u mukinnyi mwiza ukina muri Afurika ku ya 8 Mutarama 2015.
* Yatsinze ibitego byinshi muri CAF Champions League muri 2014 n'i bitego 6.

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>temesvgspdfupxtkgutlexhnx0vrk7h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Trésor Mputu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16165</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141027</id>
      <parentid>121403</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:58:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141027</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3620" sha1="h9rx0hvtpgi5wi763cgqiy3xt6gmrai" xml:space="preserve">'''Trésor Mputu Mabi''', uzwi ku izina &quot;Sekibi&quot;, (yavutse Ku ya 10 Ukuboza 1985 i [[Kinshasa]] (yahoze ari  Zayire )), yahoze ari umukinnyi ukina ari  mpuzamahanga [[umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri  [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|congo]] wakinnye nkumukinnyi wo hagati mu kibuga . Afatwa nk'umwe mu bakinnyi beza [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|b'Abanyekongo]] mu bihe byose, niba atari byiza, ndetse n'umwe mu bakinnyi beza bakina ku mugabane wa [[Afurika]].

== Umwuga wa ikipe ==

=== Intangiriro ===
Mu 2007, yavumbuwe   na TP Mazembe, Igikombe cya CAF na CAF Champions League, aho yambitswe umudali rya mbere ry'atsinze ibitego byinshi muri iri rushanwa n'ibitego 9, kandi yatowe nk'umukinnyi witwaye neza kurusha abandi ku isi na IFFHS ( Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry’[[umupira w'amaguru]] &amp; Imibare) yo gutsinda ibitego 20 muri mpuzamahanga muri 2007. Muri 2009, yatsitse muri CAF Champions League hamwe na TP Mazembe &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-07-24 |title=Foot-Afrique : Trésor Mputu bat son propre record des buts |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/sport/2012/07/24/foot-afrique-tresor-mputu-bat-son-propre-record-des-buts |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=Radio Okapi |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi yitabira igikombe cy'isi cy'amakipe muri 2009 aho ikipe ye yarangije amarushanwa 6. umwanya hamwe n'imikino 2 no gu tsindwa 2. Muri  Werurwe 2010 , Mputu yatorewe kuba umukinnyi mwiza wa Afurika w'umwaka wao muri 2009, akina ku mugabane &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; .

Uwahoze ari umuyobozi w'ikipe ya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], Claude Le Roy, asobanura ko Mputu aruta rutahizamu wa [[Kameruni]], Samuel Eto'o we ubwe yatoje mu gikombe cy'isi cya FIFA muri 1998 ubwo yari umutoza wa Kameruni .

=== Inyungu ziva muri Arsenal nandi makipe ===
Muri Ugushyingo 2007 , Ikipe ya Arsenal yo mu [[Bwongereza]], irerekana inyungu muri Mputu. Inyungu zemejwe na perezida w'ikipe ya TP Mazembe, Moïse Katumbi Chapwe na federasiyo y'umupira w'amaguru ya congo, batangaza ko iyimurwa ryegereje. Uyu mukinnyi rwose yagiye i Londres mu igeragezwa ry'iminsi icumi, umutoza wa Gunners, Arsene Wenger, avuga ko ari umukinnyi uhanga kandi ko byamushimishije kugeza ubu, ariko nta gukurikirana byakurikiranwe. Biragaragara ko yanzwe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arsenal : ça se précise pour Trésor Mputu |url=http://www.footmercato.net/premier-league/transferts/arsenal-ca-se-precise-pour-tresor-mputu_16225 |access-date=26 juillet 2012 |website=footmercato.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Muri 2009, Standard de Liège yahisemo kumwimura, yabonye amasezerano niyi kipe ikomeye yo mu [[Bubiligi]].   perezida wa TP Mazembe yamubujije kwimurwa, amutegeka kutagenda.

Andi makipe yerekanye ko ashishikajwe n’umukinnyi, amakipe y’[[Ubwongereza]] ( Blackburn, Hull City, Tottenham ), [[ubufaransa]] ( Nantes ), [[ubugereki]] ( Olympiakos ), [[Tuniziya]] ( Club Sportif Sfaxien, Espérance Sportif de Tunis, Club Africain, Étoile Sportif du Sahel ) na Ikipe ya [[Turukiya]] Galatasaray .

=== Guhagarikwa ===

== Inyandiko ==
Trésor Mputu niwe watsinze ibitego byinshi mu mateka y'ibikombe by'amakipe yo muri Afurika, afite ibitego 41 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Record pour Mputu |url=http://fr.cafonline.com/football/news/14850-record-pour-mputu.html |access-date=26 juillet 2012 |website=fr.cafonline.com |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203045/http://fr.cafonline.com/football/news/14850-record-pour-mputu.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ari imbere yu munyamisiri Mahmoud Al-Khatib, ibitego 37.

== Imibare ==

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>h9rx0hvtpgi5wi763cgqiy3xt6gmrai</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kapela Mbiyavanga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16195</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141026</id>
      <parentid>140086</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:58:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141026</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2962" sha1="dg0roz0vs3le32kt9agmbic3qnapwvs" xml:space="preserve">'''Kapela Mbiyavanga''', (yavutseKu ya 12 Gashyantare 1976 i [[Kinshasa]]) ni umukinnyi uri mpuzamahanga ukina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira wamaguru]] [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|wa congo]], ubu ni umutoza  wa União SC do Uíge yo muri [[Angola]], ukina muri Girabola 

== Ubuzima ==

=== Umwuga wa ikipe ===
[[Dosiye:Mini football game.jpg|thumb|Umupira w'amaguru]]
Mu 1994, icyo gihe yari afite imyaka 18, yinjijwe muri DC Motema Pembe, ikipe iri mu gihugu cye kavukire. Yakinnye ibihe bitanu byose hamwe niyi kipe, atwara Linafoot eshatu, n'igikombe cyabatwaye igikombe muri 1994 .

Amaze kuva muri iyo kipe mu idirishya ryo kwimura imbeho 2000, yinjiye muri Atlético Pétroles Luanda yo muri [[Angola]]. Mu mwaka wa mbere, yatsindiye Girabola n'i gikombe cya Angola. Yasubiyemo iyi mikorere shampiyona ikurikira. Mu 2002, yongeyeho Supercopa ya Angola.

Yageze kandi muri iyi kipe muri kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza muri CAF Champions League muri 2001 . Yagaragaye cyane muri iri rushanwa, atsinda igitego mu matsinda yakinnye n'ikipe yo mu Misiri ya Al Ahly, nyuma inshuro ebyiri muri kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza n'ikipe yo muri Afurika y'Epfo ya Mamelodi Sundowns &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230409093840/https://www.transfermarkt.fr/kapela-mbiyavanga/leistungsdaten/spieler/628545 Statistiques de Kapela Mbiyavanga] sur ''transfermarkt.fr''&lt;/ref&gt; .

Muri 2005, yatrijwe igihembwe mu ikipe ya Maritzburg yo muri [[Afurika y'Epfo]]. Yagurijwe kandi muri 1 ° de Agosto muri 2007. Mu 2008, yimuriwe muri Kabuscorp SC, club aho yagiye mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru nk'umukinnyi muri 2010.

Muri uwo mwaka, yabaye umutoza wungirije wa Kabuscorp SC, umwanya yari afite umwaka umwe. Yaje kuba umutoza wa União SC do Uíge muri shampiyona ya 2011/2012. Yongeye kuba umutoza w'iyi kipe muri Gicurasi 2014 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 mai 2014 |title=Mbiyavanga Kapela nouveau entraîneur d'União Uíge |url=http://www.abola.pt/nnh/ver.aspx?id=475805 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030202/http://www.abola.pt/nnh/ver.aspx?id=475805 |archive-date=8 mai 2014 |access-date=7 mai 2014 |publisher=[[A Bola (journal)|A Bola]] |language=portugais}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

=== Umwuga mpuzamahanga ===

=== nk'umukinnyi ===
{| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#f7f8ff&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! width=&quot;190&quot; |Club
! width=&quot;170&quot; | Igihugu
! width=&quot;120&quot; | Umwaka
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| DC Motema Pembe
|Zayire
| 1994 - 1999
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| Atletico Petroleos Luanda
|Angola
| 2000 - 2005
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| Maritzburg United FC &lt;small&gt;(inguzanyo)&lt;/small&gt;
|Afurika y'Epfo
| 2005 - 2006
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| Atletico Petroleos Luanda
|Angola
| 2006 - 2007
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| CD Primeiro de Agosto &lt;small&gt;(inguzanyo)&lt;/small&gt;
|Angola
| 2007 - 2008
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| Kabuscorp SC do Palanca
|Angola
| 2008 - 2010
|}

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>dg0roz0vs3le32kt9agmbic3qnapwvs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bedi Mbenza</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16196</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141017</id>
      <parentid>121408</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:57:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141017</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6364" sha1="fx2ya8vubwz3ajhln7w7syragp35mbx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Footballeur|nom=Bedi Mbenza|image=|taille image=|légende=|nom de naissance=Hugues Bedi Mbenza|période pro={{date|2007}}-|date de naissance={{date|22 septembre 1984||âge=oui}}|lieu de naissance=[[Kinshasa]]|nationalité={{RDC-d}} [[République démocratique du Congo]]|date de décès=|lieu de décès=|taille={{Taille|m=1.79}}|position=[[Milieu de terrain]]|pied=|parcours senior={{trois colonnes
   |[[2007 en football|2007]]-[[2011 en football|2011]] | {{COD-d}} [[TP Mazembe]] |107 {{0}}(4)
   |[[2011 en football|2011]]-[[2013 en football|2013]] | {{BEL-d}} [[Royal Sporting Club Anderlecht|RSC Anderlecht]] |{{0}}14 {{0}}(0)
   |[[2013 en football|2013]]-[[2015 en football|2015]]|{{TUN-d}} [[Club africain (football)|Club africain]] |{{0}}36 {{0}}(2)
   |[[2015 en football|2015]]-[[2016 en football|2016]]| {{nobr|{{COD-d}} [[FC Renaissance du Congo]]}}| {{0}}28 {{0}}(1)
   |2018-|{{RDC-d}} [[JS Groupe Bazano]]
   }}|sélection nationale={{trois colonnes
   |[[2009 en football|2009]]- |{{COD football}}|{{0|00}}7 {{0}}(2)
   }}|date de mise à jour=14 janvier 2013}}
{| class=&quot;infobox_v2 noarchive&quot; 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;entete footballblack&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#99cc99;color:#000000;&quot; |Bedi Mbenza
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |Ibi muranga
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;u&gt;Amazina&lt;/u&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Hugues Bedi Mbenza
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ubwenegihugu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|République démocratique du Congo]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Amavuko
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;time datetime=&quot;1984-09-22&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1984-09-22&quot;&gt;22 Nzeri 1984&lt;/time&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;(38)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Kinshasa]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |uburebure
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1,79
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;u&gt;Igihe&lt;/u&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;time datetime=&quot;2007&quot; class=&quot;date-lien&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot;&gt;2007&lt;/time&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Umwanya
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Hagati mu kibuga
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |Mu ngimbi
|-
   |'''umwaka'''
|'''ikipe'''
|i
|-
   | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2007-2011
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; TP Mazembe
| class=&quot;data&quot; |107 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(4)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2011-2013
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Ububiligi]]&lt;/span&gt; RSC Anderlecht
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;14 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(0)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2013-2015
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Tuniziya]]&lt;/span&gt; Club africain
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;36 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(2)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2015-2016
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; FC Renaissance du Congo&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;28 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(1)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2018-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; JS Groupe Bazano
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |ikipe y'iguhugu
|-
      |'''umwaka'''
|'''ikipe'''
|ibindi
|-
      | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2009-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; RD Congo&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;00&lt;/s&gt;7 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(2)
|}
[[Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox]]
[[Catégorie:Pas d'image locale ni d'image sur Wikidata]]
'''Hugues Bedi Mbenza''' (Yavutse ku ya 11 Nzeri 1984 i [[Kinshasa]]) [[Umupira w’amaguru|numupira wamaguru]] mpuzamahanga wa congo    Akina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati .

== Ubuzima ==
Hugues yatangiye umupira w'amaguru muri 2006, muri AC Mosi. Muri 2007, yinjiye muri TP Mazembe . Muri 2009, yatsindiye CAF Champions League na CAF Supercup . Mu gikombe cy'isi cyo muri 2009, yatsinze igitego batsinzwe  Pohang Steelers ku mupira yari ahawe na [[Trésor Mputu]] . Mu mwaka wo muri 2010, yatsindiye igikombe cya Shampiyona na Espérance de Tunis . Mu gikombe cyisi cya ikipe 2010 yongeye gutsinda na CF Pachuca .
[[Dosiye:TP Mazembe April 2011.jpg|thumb|Abakinnyi bakinanye muri TP Mazembe]]
Mu 2011, yinjiye mu ikipe yo mu [[Bubiligi]] ya RSC Anderlecht aho yakinnye imikino 14.

Muri 2013, yinjiye muri Club Africain de [[Tunisiya]] yakinnye imikino 36 atsinda ibitego 2.

Muri Kamena 2015, nta masezerano, yinjiye muri FC Renaissance du Congo.

== Ibihembo ==

* shampiyona  [[Ububiligi|w'Ububiligi]] hamwe na RSC Anderlecht muri 2012
* Uwatsinze CAF Champions League muri 2009 na 2010 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Uwatsindiye igikombe cya CAF Super Cup muri 2009 na 2010 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* shampiyona wa DR Congo muri 2007,2009 na 2011 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Uwatsinze Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika 2009 hamwe na DR Congo

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>fx2ya8vubwz3ajhln7w7syragp35mbx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mayanga Maku</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16205</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141047</id>
      <parentid>118434</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:59:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:CAF_Champions_League_Trophy.jpg|CAF_Champions_League_Trophy.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:CAF Champions League Trophy.jpg|]].</comment>
      <origin>141047</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4495" sha1="q8maofd6qn8tamuo0d2qbyny5kaolus" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Footballeur|image=Maku Mayanga.jpg|légende=Mayanga Maku (1974).|taille={{Taille|m=1.74}}|sélection nationale={{deux colonnes
| 1970-1979 | {{ZAI football}}
}}|carrière entraîneur={{deux colonnes
| 2001 | {{COD football}}
}}}}
{| class=&quot;infobox_v2 noarchive&quot; 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;entete footballblack&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#99cc99;color:#000000;&quot; |Mayanga Maku
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;&quot; |[[Dosiye:Maku Mayanga.jpg|link=Fichier:Maku Mayanga.jpg|alt=Image illustrative de l’article Mayanga Maku|280x280px|Mayanga Maku (1974).]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mwepu
   |-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |Ibi muranga
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |ubwenegihugu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;wd_p27&quot;&gt;[[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Congolais]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Amavuko
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;wd_p569&quot;&gt;&lt;time datetime=&quot;1948-10-31&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1948-10-31&quot;&gt;31 Ukwakira1948&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;(74 )&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Kinshasa]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Uburebure
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1,74
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |umwanya
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |rutahizamu
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |mu ngimbi
|-
      | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
|-
!igihembwe
!ikipe
!
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;time datetime=&quot;1968&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1968&quot;&gt;1968&lt;/time&gt;-&lt;time datetime=&quot;1982&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot;&gt;1982&lt;/time&gt;
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Congo_Kinshasa_1966.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Congo_Kinshasa_1966.svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]&lt;/span&gt; AS Vita Club
| class=&quot;data&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap; text-align:center&quot; |
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |igihugu
|-
      |'''umwka'''
|'''ikipe'''
|ib
|-
      | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |1970-1979
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Zaire_(1971–1997).svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Zaire_(1971–1997).svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Zayire]]&lt;/span&gt; Zayire&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |Parcours entraîneur
|-
   |'''umwaka'''
|'''ikipe'''
|ibindi  
|-
   | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2001
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; RD Congo&lt;/span&gt;
|}
[[Dosiye:Football trainning.jpg|thumb|Umupira w'amaguru]]
[[Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox]]
[[Catégorie:Image locale différente de celle de Wikidata]]
'''Jean Adelard Mayanga Maku''' (yavutse Ku ya 31 Ukwakira 1948 muri Mbandaka) yari umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru kuva muri za 1970 muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Zaire]] . Yakinaga nka rutahizamu.

== Ubuzima ==
Yakinnye kuva muri 1968 kugeza 1982 muri AS Vita Club, aho yiganjemo amarushanwa yi gihugu ndetse atwara igikombe cya Afrika cya Champion ikipe muri 1973 .
yari Umukinnyi mpuzamahanga wa Zayire kuva muri 1970 kugeza 1979, yarushanwe muri CAN muri 1972 ( 4, atsinda ibitego 3), CAN muri 1974 (yatsinze, n'ibitego 3), ni gikombe cyisi muri 1974 ( 1 kuzenguruka, imikino 3 yakinnye, ibitego 0)  .

Yatoje muri make ikipe ya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] muri 2001  .

Amaze gukinira mu [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]], cyane   mu mikino Olempike de Charleroi, yarahatuye. Umuhungu we Albert &quot;Alba&quot; Pemba Mayanga na we yari umukinnyi w'[[umupira w'amaguru]] mu rukurikirane rw'igihugu cy'Ububiligi. Abishywa be Michaël na Jordan Mayanga nabo bakinnye mu cyiciro cy’igihugu cy’[[Ububiligi]].

== Ibihembo ==

* Uwatsindiye igikombe cya Afurika muri 1974 hamwe nikipe ya Zayire
* Uwatsindiye Igikombe Nyafurika cya Champions Club muri 1973 hamwe na AS Vita Club
* Inshuro 7 uwatsindiye Igikombe cya Zayire hamwe na AS Vita Club
* Inshuro 8 nyampinga wa Zaire hamwe na AS Vita Club

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== amahuza yo hanze ==

* Ressources relatives au sport : 
** FBref 
** FootballDatabase 
** Mondefootball 
** (en) National Football Teams 
** (mul) Transfermarkt   
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>q8maofd6qn8tamuo0d2qbyny5kaolus</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ricky Mavuba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16206</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141046</id>
      <parentid>122095</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:59:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:CAF_Champions_League_Trophy.jpg|CAF_Champions_League_Trophy.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:CAF Champions League Trophy.jpg|]].</comment>
      <origin>141046</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2052" sha1="qshapy9mpx76ywy0z3ll9heo8d6fvmy" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N0622-0031, Fußball-WM, Zaire - Brasilien 0-3.jpg|thumb|Ricky Mavuba|274x274px]]
'''Ricky Mavuba Mafuila Ku Mbundu''', witwa '''Ricky Mavuba''', (yavukiye Ku ya 15 Ukuboza 1949   yapfuye Ku ya 30 Ugushyingo 1996) yahoze ari umukinnyi mpuzamahanga [[Umupira w’amaguru|w'umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri Zayire (ubu ni [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] )  . Ni se wa Rio Mavuba .

== Ubuzima ==
Ku myaka 15-17, Ricky Mavuba yakinnye mu byiciro bya komini kuri stade rusange ya Komine Matete (uyumunsi Stade Jean Kembo). Muri kiriya gihe (1964-1968), imbaga yi yi mikino yo hanze b'amwitaga Larousse, nkaho twavuga umuntu w'ibitabo, intiti cyangwa umuntu ukomeye w'[[umupira w'amaguru]].
[[Dosiye:Mini football game.jpg|thumb|Umupira wamaguru]]
Mu 1968, afite imyaka 19, yatangiriye bwa mbere muri Vita Club mu cyiciro cya mbere cy’Umujyi wa [[Kinshasa]], nku mukinnyi wo hagati wa gabye igitero muri sisitemu 4-2-4. Hagati mu kibuga, Mavuba aha sanga Kibonge Gento, inyenyeri ikomeye ya Kinshasa, na Diantela, umukinnyi mpuzamahanga hafi yo kurangiza umwuga we.

Inzobere mu kurasa ku izamu na virtuoso yo kurwanya ibitero, Ricky Mavuba agaragazwa no kurutondeka neza kwe, pasiporo ye yogejwe hamwe nu mfu ruka ye rimwe , bikarangirira mu rushundura. Ibi amaherezo bizamuhesha izina rya Ndoki ya Ndombe (Umupfumu w'umwirabura) na bakunzi ba Green na Black Club.
Mu 1970, igihe Kibonge yigaragaje nk'umukinnyi mwiza ku 10, ukina umukino wa Diantela hanyuma Diantela asubira inyuma, Ricky Mavuba na Maufranc Ma mbwene bahise batangira kwishyira mu kibuga hagati ya V Club.

== Umwuga ==

* umukinnyi wo hagati mu kibuga  kuri AS Vita Club .

== Ibingwi ==

=== Muri ikipe ===

* Uwatsinze muri 1973 muri Afrika Champions League hamwe na ikipe ya AS Vita Club

* '''igikombe cy'isi''' :
** Icyiciro cya nyuma : 1974
* '''Igikombe cya Afurika''' :
** Uwatsinze muri 1968 na [[Gana]] muri [[Etiyopiya]] (1-0).
** Uwatsinze muri 1974 na [[Zambiya]] muri Egiputa (2-2, hanyuma 2-0).

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>qshapy9mpx76ywy0z3ll9heo8d6fvmy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zola Matumona</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16208</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141016</id>
      <parentid>140037</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:57:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141016</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2388" sha1="hw7x8zzpgttoe5zgwnvyobttk8czoaf" xml:space="preserve">'''Zola Matumona Pitshu''' (Yavutse Ku ya 26 Ugushyingo 1981 i [[Kinshasa]] ) ni umukinnyi ukina ari mpuzamahanga ukina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira]] w'amaguru ukomoka muri congo. Akina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati muri FC Renaissance.

== Ubuzima ==

=== Umwuga wa ikipe ===
[[Dosiye:Football training session.jpg|thumb|Umupira w'amaguru]]
Yageze muri AS Vita Club Kinshasa (imwe mu ma kipe akomeye ya DR Congo) nyuma yo kumara igihe muri ikipe yo mu cyiciro cya kabiri Styles du Congo. Yahise aba umukunzi w'abashyigikiye ikipe y'icyatsi n'umukara bamwitaga &quot;Icyumba&quot; yerekeza ku mukino, ugereranije n'umukinnyi w'umudage, Karl-Heinz Rummenigge &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://congobiographie.com/biographie/sport/zola-matumona |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928204902/https://congobiographie.com/biographie/sport/zola-matumona |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; . Yahamaze ibihembwe bitanu, yegukana igikombe cya shampiyo [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|wa congo]], ibikombe byinshi bya [[Kinshasa]], yitabira CAF Champions League ndetse na CAF Cup hamwe ni kipe ye. Yatsindiye kandi igihembo cy'umukinnyi mwiza muri Kongo inshuro nyinshi mbere yo kuva mu ikipe ye. Yageze muri FC Bruxelles muri 2007 amafaranga  bya mayero 60 000  .
Yahagaritse ku bushake amasezerano yagiranye niyi kipe nyuma y’amagambo y’ivangura yavuzwe na perezida waryo. Nk’uko uwunganira uyu mukinnyi yabitangaza, Johan Vermeersch yari yatutse Matumona amusobanurira ko &quot;ntiyari akiri mu gihugu cye kandi yagombaga kwibagirwa ibiti n'i bitoki imbere y'abakozi n'a bandi bakinnyi. Uyu muyobozi yemeza ibyo yavuze ariko asobanura ko ari &quot;urwenya&quot;.

Uyu mukinnyi yaje gusubukura amasezerano ye amuhuza niyi kipe kugeza muri 2009 nyuma yikiganiro na perezida wasabye imbabazi kumugaragaro kubyo yavuze.

== ikipe ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable alternance&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!'''Umwaka'''
! '''ikipe'''
! '''Igihugu'''
|-
| 2001-2006
| AS Vita Club
|Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo
|-
| 2006-2009
| FC Bruxelles
|Ububiligi
|-
| 2009-2012
| RAEC Mons
|Ububiligi
|-
| 2013-2014
| CD Primeiro de Agosto
|Angola
|-
| 2014-2016
| Ikipe yumupira wamaguru ya Congo Renaissance
|Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo
| 2016-
| Birmingham City
|&lt;/img&gt; Ubwongereza
|}

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>hw7x8zzpgttoe5zgwnvyobttk8czoaf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lema Mabidi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16229</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141015</id>
      <parentid>118540</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:57:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141015</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2009" sha1="32hhaera3qvoxtjhzperdgtyoi05jq5" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Mini football game.jpg|thumb|Umupira w'amaguru]]
'''Lema Mabidi''', uzwi ku izina rya '''Chikito''', (yavutse Ku ya 11 Kamena 1993 i [[Kinshasa]] ahari  [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Zayire]]), ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ukina ari mpuzamahanga ukomoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|congo]] . Akina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati hagati muri AS Vita Club .

== Ubuzima ==

=== Muri ikipe ===

==== Intangiriro muri DRC ====
Yavutse Ku ya 11 Kamena 1993 i [[Kinshasa]], Lema yatangiye gukinira ikipe  yo mujyi yavukiyemo, ni Sharks XI FC kandi Mabidi yamenyanye n'isi yu mwuga ubwo yakinaga muri Shampiyona y'igihugu ya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] afite imyaka cumi n'itandatu, Lema yatsindiye muri 2009 Amarushanwa ya karito ya Malebo.
Lema Mabidi yitiriwe ''Chikito'' akomeza kuguma mu ikipe ya Sharks FC mu bihembwe bine kugeza muri 2013 ubwo AS Vita Club yamwimuriye afite imyaka 20, Lema yakomeje iterambere rye maze agera mu ikipe y'igihugu muri uwo mwaka muri DRC . Nyuma y'umwuga mwiza, yageze ku mukino wa nyuma wa CAF Champions League muri 2014 hamwe na AS Vita Club. Yatsinze ibitego bibiri mu mukino ubanza yakinnye n'ikipe ya [[Aligeriya|Alijeriya]] muri ES Sétif  . Ku mukino wa nyuma w'icyiciro cya kabiri, yongeye gutsinda igitego akoresheje amashoti maremare rikomeye  . Muri iki gihembwe, Mabidi yahise akurura amakipe yo hanze hanze ya DR Congo.

==== Ubunyamwuga muri Tuniziya ====
Nyuma ya CAN yo muri 2015 no mu gihe cyo kwimura imbeho, amakipe menshi yo muri [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika yepfo]] yashimishijwe nu mwirondoro we, ariko yasinyiye muri Club Sportif Sfaxien, shampiyona ye ya mbere hamwe niyi kipe yo muri [[Tuniziya]] izatangira nabi, Mabidi ntago yatangiye, nta gitego atsinda. ariko akomeza gutanga ubufasha kandi, nyuma y'ikibazo cyimishahara, afata FIFA kandi yiyemeje Nzeri 2015 Ikipe ya [[Maroke]]  muri Raja Casablanca .

==== Kwimurira Raja CA. ====

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>32hhaera3qvoxtjhzperdgtyoi05jq5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bawaka Mabele</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16232</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141014</id>
      <parentid>121410</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:57:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141014</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4021" sha1="o9re0mkf2t3cdkeueq6jte7sjf6qj1z" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Footballeur|nom=Bawaka Mabele|image=|taille image=|légende=|nom de naissance=Modeste Bawaka Mabele|période pro=|club actuel=|numéro en club=|date de naissance={{date de naissance|9|06|1988|âge=oui}}|nationalité={{COD-d}} [[République démocratique du Congo|Congolais (RDC)]]|taille={{Taille|m=1.72}}|position=[[Défenseur (football)|Arrière droit]]|parcours pro={{trois colonnes
                         | [[2007 en football|2007]]-[[2013 en football|2013]]|{{COD-d}} [[TP Mazembe]]|104 (0)
                                 |[[2013 en football|2013]]-|{{COD-d}} [[AS Vita Club]]|36 (0)}}|sélection nationale={{trois colonnes
	                 | [[2009 en football|2009]]-|{{COD football}}|1 (0)
	                 }}}}
{| class=&quot;infobox_v2 noarchive&quot; 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;entete footballblack&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#99cc99;color:#000000;&quot; |Bawaka Mabele
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |Biographie
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;u&gt;Amazina&lt;/u&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Modeste Bawaka Mabele
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ubwenegihugu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Congolais (RDC)]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Amavuko
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;time datetime=&quot;1988-06-09&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien bday&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1988-06-09&quot;&gt;9 Kamena [[1988]]&lt;/time&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;(34 )&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Kinshasa]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Uburebure
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1,72
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Umwanya
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |I buryo
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |mu mwuga
|-
   |'''Umwaka'''
|'''ikipe'''
|ib
|-
   | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2007-2013
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; TP Mazembe
| class=&quot;data&quot; |104 (0)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2013-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; AS Vita Club
| class=&quot;data&quot; |36 (0)
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |mu gihugu
|-
      |'''umwaka'''
|'''ikipe'''
|ib
|-
      | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2009-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; RD Congo&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;data&quot; |1 (0)
|}
[[Dosiye:TP Mazembe April 2011.jpg|thumb|Abakinnyi ba TP Mazembe]]
[[Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox]]
[[Catégorie:Pas d'image locale ni d'image sur Wikidata]]
[[Catégorie:Utilisation du paramètre parcours pro dans le modèle infobox Footballeur]]
'''Bawaka Mabele''' (Yavutse Ku ya 9 Kamena 1988) ni ukinnyi ukina umupira [[Umupira w’amaguru|w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|congo]] . Akina nk'iburyo inyuma muri AS Vita Club .

== Ibihembo ==

* Uwatsinze CAF Champions League muri 2009 no muri  2010 hamwe na TP Mazembe 
* Uwatsinze Supercup ya CAF muri 2010 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* shampiyona ya DR Congo muri 2009 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Icya gatatu mu gikombe cya Afurika cyo muri  2015
* Umukinnyi wa nyuma wa CAF Champions League muri 2014 hamwe na AS Vita Club
* Nyampinga wa DR Congo muri 2015 hamwe na AS Vita Club

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>o9re0mkf2t3cdkeueq6jte7sjf6qj1z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Robert Kidiaba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16234</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141013</id>
      <parentid>121411</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:57:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141013</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1910" sha1="8c8kxhvqjqsrw6vw501pri9wy277a1f" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Muteba Kidiaba.jpg|thumb|Robert Kidiaba]]
'''Robert Kidiaba Muteba''' (yavutse Ku ya 1 Gashyantare 1976 ) i Lubumbashi ni umukinnyi [[Umupira w’amaguru|ukina umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|congo]], kuva 2002, yakiniraga TP Mazembe nkumuzamu . Yari  Mpuzamahanga, yahamagawe inshuro 61 mu ikipe y'igihugu hagati ya 2002 na 2015 . 

== Ubuzima ==
Yagize uruhare mu gutoranya Abanyekongo mu gikombe cy’Afurika cyo muri 2004, cyarangije ku mwanya wa nyuma mu itsinda ryo mu cyiciro cya mbere cy’irushanwa, bityo ntabura amahirwe yo kujya muri kimwe cya kane kirangiza &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CAN 2004 : l'inoubliable première du Rwanda |url=https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Can-2004-l-inoubliable-premiere-du-rwanda/767165 |access-date=2021-02-15 |website=France Football}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ikora parade idasanzwe kandi azwiho &quot;kubyina&quot; iyo Mazembe itsinze.
[[Dosiye:TP Mazembe April 2011.jpg|center|thumb|Abandi bakinnyi bakinanaga na Robert muri TP Mazembe]]
Muri Ukwakira 2011 , Kidiaba yakomerekeje ku rutugu rw'iburyo kandi igihe cye kirangiye, yashoboraga gusubira mu kibuga gusa muri 2012 kandi byabaye ngombwa ko atakaza umukino wanyuma w'a majonjora yo guhatanira itike yo kuzakina igikombe cya Afurika muri 2012 na [[Kameruni]] .

== Ibihembo ==

* Uwatsinze Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika 2009 hamwe n'ikipe ya Congo
* Uwatsindiye CAF Champions League muri 2009, 2010 na 2015 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Uwatsinze Supercup ya CAF muri 2010 na 2011 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Umukinnyi wanyuma wigikombe cyisi cya FIFA Club muri 2010 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Nyampinga wa DR Congo muri 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012 na 2013 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Uwatsindiye igikombe cya DR Congo muri 2013 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Icya gatatu mu gikombe cy'Afurika cya 2015 hamwe n'ikipe ya Congo

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>8c8kxhvqjqsrw6vw501pri9wy277a1f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joel Kimwaki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16237</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141012</id>
      <parentid>121412</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141012</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1882" sha1="podhwv2kq5wbsff707a9tpbwm9y7d5e" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Joël_Kimwaki_2016.jpg|thumb|Ifoto ya Kimwaki]]
'''Joël Kimwaki Mpela''' (yavutse Ku ya 14 Ukwakira 1986 ) Ni umukinnyi ukina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]]  ukina ari mpuzamahangaUkokoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|congo]], . Akina nka myugariro, kuri ubu akina muri na FC Renaissance .

== Ubuzima ==
Kimwaki yatangiye umwuga muri Daring Club Motema Pembe i Kinshasa.
[[Dosiye:TP Mazembe April 2011.jpg|thumb|Abakinnyi ba TP Mazembe bakinanye na Kimwaki]]
Muri 2010, Kimwaki yasinye na TP Mazembe . Yakinnye mu gikombe cyisi cya Club muri 2010, aho yakinnye umukino wa nyuma na Inter Milan (gutsindwa 3–0).

== Mu ikipe y'igihugu ==
Kimwaki yakinnye bwa mbere na [[Libiya]] muri CHAN yo muri 2009 (intsinzi 2-0).

Yitabiriye CHAN  muri 2009 hamwe n itsinda rya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]].

Muri 2015, yahamagawe na [[Florent Ibenge]] guhatanira CAN muri  2015 .

yatsinze igitego  cya mbere yatsinze [[Kongo|Congo]] .

Yitabiriye CHAN muri 2016 hamwe nitsinda rya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] ryatsinze.

== Ibihembo ==
'''Muri ikipe'''

* Uwatsinze [[Shampiyona ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] muri 2008 hamwe na DCMP
* Uwatsindiye Igikombe cya Congo muri 2009 hamwe na DCMP
* 2010, Umukinnyi wa nyuma wi gikombe cy'isi
* Uwatsindiye igikombe cya shampiyona ya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] muri 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 na 2016 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Uwatsinze CAF Champions League muri 2010 na 2015 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Uwatsindiye igikombe cya CAF Super Cup muri 2010 na 2015 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Umukinnyi wanyuma wigikombe [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru muri Afrika|cyumupira wamaguru muri Afrika]] muri 2013 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Uwatsindiye Igikombe cya Confederation muri 2017

'''Mu ikipe y'igihugu'''

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana]]</text>
      <sha1>podhwv2kq5wbsff707a9tpbwm9y7d5e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Guy Lusadisu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16366</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141045</id>
      <parentid>139573</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:59:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:CAF_Champions_League_Trophy.jpg|CAF_Champions_League_Trophy.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:CAF Champions League Trophy.jpg|]].</comment>
      <origin>141045</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1796" sha1="eq5rl7cqbvi4n112uuk0ivixv52f3go" xml:space="preserve">'''Guy Lusadisu''' [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|ni umunyekongo]] wahoze akina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] wa bigize umwuga. Aheruka gukina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati muri AS Vita Club.

Muri Gashyantare 2019, yagizwe umutoza mukuru wa AS Maniema Union &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2019 |title=Maniema Union: Guy Lusadisu nommé entraîneur principal |url=https://www.eventsrdc.com/maniema-union-guy-lusadisu-nomme-entraineur-principal/ |website=eventsrdc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Umwuga ==
[[Dosiye:Football trainning.jpg|thumb|Umupira w'amaguru]]

=== Kugaragara mpuzamahanga ===

: ''Amanota n'ibisubizo urutonde rwa mbere DR DR.'' 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;
!Oya.
! Itariki
! Ikibanza
! Murwanya
! Intego
! Igisubizo
! Irushanwa
|-
| 1.
| Ku ya 6 Ugushyingo 2015
| Estádio 11 de Novembro, Luanda, [[Angola]]
| Zambiya
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
| Nshuti
|-
| 2.
| Ku ya 17 Mutarama 2016
| [[Stade Huye|Stade ya Huye]], [[Butare]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
| Etiyopiya
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
| Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika 2016
|}

=== Umutoza ===
[[Dosiye:VClub 2013.jpg|thumb|Ikipe ya AS Vita Club]]
Muri 2017 yatangiye umwuga we nk'umutoza wa AS PJSK ikipe ya bigenewe ya AS Vita Club Kandi yafashijwe na Francis Makenda wa musimbuye nyuma yo kuva muri iyi kipe muri 2019 akajya muri AS Maniema Union

== Ibihembo ==

; AS Vita Club

'''Uwatsinze'''

* Urutonde 1 2014-15

'''Finalist'''

* CAF Champion League: 2014

; TP Mazembe

'''Uwatsinze'''

* Linafoot (2): 2011, 2012
* CAF Champion League (2): 2009, 2010
* CAF Super Cup (2): 2010, 2011

'''ku mukino wanyuma'''

* Igikombe cyisi cya FIFA: 2010

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>eq5rl7cqbvi4n112uuk0ivixv52f3go</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Guy Lusadis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16367</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141018</id>
      <parentid>139574</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:57:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141018</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1801" sha1="g5zwzktrc0e26edvbvhwa7uqctdnade" xml:space="preserve">'''Guy Lusadisu''' [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|ni umunyekongo]] wahoze akina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] wa bigize umwuga. Aheruka gukina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati muri AS Vita Club.
Muri Gashyantare 2019, yagizwe umutoza mukuru wa AS Maniema Union &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2019 |title=Maniema Union: Guy Lusadisu nommé entraîneur principal |url=https://www.eventsrdc.com/maniema-union-guy-lusadisu-nomme-entraineur-principal/ |website=eventsrdc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Umwuga ==

=== Kugaragara mpuzamahanga ===

: ''Amanota n'ibisubizo urutonde rwa mbere DR DR.'' 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;
!Oya.
! Itariki
! Ikibanza
! Murwanya
! Intego
! Igisubizo
! Irushanwa
|-
| 1.
| Ku ya 6 Ugushyingo 2015
| Estádio 11 de Novembro, Luanda, [[Angola]]
| Zambiya
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
| Nshuti
|-
| 2.
| Ku ya 17 Mutarama 2016
| [[Stade Huye|Stade ya Huye]], [[Butare]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
| Etiyopiya
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
| Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika 2016
|}

=== Umutoza ===
Muri 2017 yatangiye umwuga we nk'[[Umuhoza Emma Pascaline|umutoza]] wa AS PJSK [[ikipe]] ya bigenewe ya AS Vita Club Kandi yafashijwe na Francis Makenda wa musimbuye nyuma yo kuva muri iyi ikipe muri 2019 akajya muri AS Maniema Union

== Ibihembo ==

; AS Vita Club 

'''Uwatsinze'''

* Urutonde 1 2014-15

'''Finalist'''

* CAF Champion League: 2014

; TP Mazembe

'''Uwatsinze'''

* Linafoot (2): 2011, 2012
* [[Dosiye:TP Mazembe April 2011.jpg|thumb|Bamwe mubakinnyi bakinanye muri TP Mazembe]]CAF Champion League (2): 2009, 2010
* CAF Super Cup (2): 2010, 2011

'''ku mukino wanyuma'''

* Igikombe cyisi cya FIFA: 2010

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>g5zwzktrc0e26edvbvhwa7uqctdnade</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Guy Lusdis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16368</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141019</id>
      <parentid>140249</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:57:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141019</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1719" sha1="6yvuz3us0h01spj9u01rs0kkavuqkum" xml:space="preserve">'''Guy Lusadisu''' [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|ni umunyekongo]] wahoze akina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] wa bigize umwuga. Aheruka gukina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati muri AS Vita Club.
Muri Gashyantare 2019, yagizwe umutoza mukuru wa AS Maniema Union &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2019 |title=Maniema Union: Guy Lusadisu nommé entraîneur principal |url=https://www.eventsrdc.com/maniema-union-guy-lusadisu-nomme-entraineur-principal/ |website=eventsrdc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Umwuga ==

=== Kugaragara mpuzamahanga ===

: ''Amanota n'ibisubizo urutonde rwa mbere DR DR.'' 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;
!Oya.
! Itariki
! Ikibanza
! Murwanya
! Intego
! Igisubizo
! Irushanwa
|-
| 1.
| Ku ya 6 Ugushyingo 2015
| Estádio 11 de Novembro, Luanda, [[Angola]]
| Zambiya
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
| Nshuti
|-
| 2.
| Ku ya 17 Mutarama 2016
| [[Stade Huye|Stade ya Huye]], [[Butare]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
| Etiyopiya
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
| Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika 2016
|}

=== Umutoza ===
Muri 2017 yatangiye umwuga we nk'[[Umuhoza Emma Pascaline|umutoza]] wa AS PJSK [[ikipe]] ya bigenewe ya AS Vita Club Kandi yafashijwe na Francis Makenda wa musimbuye nyuma yo kuva muri iyi [[ikipe]] muri 2019 akajya muri AS Maniema Union

== Ibihembo ==

; AS Vita Club

'''Uwatsinze'''

* Urutonde 1 2014-15

'''Finalist'''

* CAF Champion League: 2014

; TP Mazembe

'''Uwatsinze'''

* Linafoot (2): 2011, 2012
* CAF Champion League (2): 2009, 2010
* CAF Super Cup (2): 2010, 2011

'''ku mukino wanyuma'''

* Igikombe cyisi cya FIFA: 2010

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>6yvuz3us0h01spj9u01rs0kkavuqkum</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Guy Lusdisu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16369</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141020</id>
      <parentid>139780</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:57:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141020</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1726" sha1="i3a0r6tal3cnvsuy7i045xslk7ns42m" xml:space="preserve">'''Guy Lusadisu''' [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|ni umunyekongo]] wahoze akina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] wa bigize umwuga. Aheruka gukina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati muri AS Vita Club.
Muri Gashyantare 2019, yagizwe umutoza mukuru wa AS Maniema Union &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2019 |title=Maniema Union: Guy Lusadisu nommé entraîneur principal |url=https://www.eventsrdc.com/maniema-union-guy-lusadisu-nomme-entraineur-principal/ |website=eventsrdc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Umwuga ==

=== Kugaragara mpuzamahanga ===

: ''Amanota n'ibisubizo urutonde rwa mbere DR DR.'' 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;
!Oya.
! Itariki
! Ikibanza
! Murwanya
! Intego
! Igisubizo
! Irushanwa
|-
| 1.
| Ku ya 6 Ugushyingo 2015
| Estádio 11 de Novembro, Luanda, [[Angola]]
| Zambiya
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
| Nshuti
|-
| 2.
| Ku ya 17 Mutarama 2016
| [[Stade Huye|Stade ya Huye]], [[Butare]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
| Etiyopiya
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
| Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika 2016
|}

=== Umutoza ===
Muri 2017 yatangiye umwuga we nk'[[Umuhoza Emma Pascaline|umutoza]] wa AS PJSK [[ikipe]] ya bigenewe ya AS Vita Club Kandi yafashijwe na Francis Makenda wa musimbuye nyuma yo kuva muri iyi [[ikipe]] muri 2019 akajya gukina muri AS Maniema Union

== Ibihembo ==

; AS Vita Club

'''Uwatsinze'''

* Urutonde 1 2014-15

'''Finalist'''

* CAF Champion League: 2014

; TP Mazembe

'''Uwatsinze'''

* Linafoot (2): 2011, 2012
* CAF Champion League (2): 2009, 2010
* CAF Super Cup (2): 2010, 2011

'''ku mukino wanyuma'''

* Igikombe cyisi cya FIFA: 2010

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>i3a0r6tal3cnvsuy7i045xslk7ns42m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Guy Lusdisuu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16370</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141021</id>
      <parentid>140217</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:57:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141021</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1728" sha1="cue5mcvp3x7vj5myhuj8jyuregmc4xm" xml:space="preserve">'''Guy Lusadisu''' [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|ni umunyekongo]] wahoze akina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] wa bigize umwuga. Aheruka gukina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati muri AS Vita Club.

Muri Gashyantare 2019, yagizwe umutoza mukuru wa AS Maniema Union &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2019 |title=Maniema Union: Guy Lusadisu nommé entraîneur principal |url=https://www.eventsrdc.com/maniema-union-guy-lusadisu-nomme-entraineur-principal/ |website=eventsrdc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Umwuga ==

=== Kugaragara mpuzamahanga ===

: ''Amanota n'ibisubizo urutonde rwa mbere DR DR.'' 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;
!Oya.
! Itariki
! Ikibanza
! Murwanya
! Intego
! Igisubizo
! Irushanwa
|-
| 1.
| Ku ya 6 Ugushyingo 2015
| Estádio 11 de Novembro, Luanda, [[Angola]]
| Zambiya
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
| Nshuti
|-
| 2.
| Ku ya 17 Mutarama 2016
| [[Stade Huye|Stade ya Huye]], [[Butare]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
| Etiyopiya
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
| Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika 2016
|}

=== Umutoza ===
Muri 2017 yatangiye umwuga we nk'[[Umuhoza Emma Pascaline|umutoza]] wa AS PJSK [[ikipe]] ya bigenewe ya AS Vita Club ndetse yafashijwe na Francis Makenda wa musimbuye nyuma yo kuva muri iyi [[ikipe]] muri 2019 akajya gukina muri AS Maniema Union

== Ibihembo ==

; AS Vita Club

'''Uwatsinze'''

* Urutonde 1 2014-15

'''Finalist'''

* CAF Champion League: 2014

; TP Mazembe

'''Uwatsinze'''

* Linafoot (2): 2011, 2012
* CAF Champion League (2): 2009, 2010
* CAF Super Cup (2): 2010, 2011

'''ku mukino wanyuma'''

* Igikombe cyisi cya FIFA: 2010

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>cue5mcvp3x7vj5myhuj8jyuregmc4xm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Luyeye Mvete</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16382</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141022</id>
      <parentid>121418</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:57:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141022</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4460" sha1="ampr55y1m93rn2tbqpe1100zhmyyk0l" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox_v2 noarchive&quot; 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;entete footballblack&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#99cc99;color:#000000;&quot; |Luyeye Mvete
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |IBIMUGIZE
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Izina
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ghislain Luyeye Mvete
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ubwenegihugu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Congolais (RDC)]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Amavuko
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;time datetime=&quot;1981-04-28&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien bday&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1981-04-28&quot;&gt;28  Mata 1981&lt;/time&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;(41)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Kinshasa]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|RDC]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Uburebure
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1,79
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Umwanya
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Rutahizamu
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |umwuga
|-
   |'''Umwaka'''
|'''Ikipe'''
|ibindi
|-
   | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2005
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(2003-2006).svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(2003-2006).svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; DC Motema Pembe
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2006-2010
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; TP Mazembe
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2011-2013
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; AS Vita Club
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2013-2015
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; AS Rojolu
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2015-2017
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Congo Brazzaville]]&lt;/span&gt; Diables noirs de Brazzaville
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |igihugu
|-
      |'''Umwaka'''
|'''Ikipe'''
| '''&lt;u&gt;ibindi&lt;/u&gt;'''     
|-
      | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2011
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; RD Congo
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;00&lt;/s&gt;4 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(0)
|}
[[Dosiye:TP Mazembe April 2011.jpg|thumb|Abakinnyi bakinanye muri TP Mazembe ]]
'''Ghislain Luyeye Mvete''', Yavutse Ku ya 6 Ukuboza 1979 i [[Kinshasa]], ni umukinnyi ukina ari mpuzamahanga ukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri congo. Yakoresheje umwuga we hafi ya TP Mazembe .

== Ubuzima ==
Yitabiriye hamwe na TP Mazembe mu gikombe cy'isi cya FIFA Club muri 2009 . Yakinnye imikino ibiri muri iri rushanwa &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mondefootball.fr/fiche_du_joueur/luyeye-mvete/klub-wm-2009/tp-mazembe/3/ Luyeye Mvete » CM des clubs 2009], sur ''mondefootball.fr''&lt;/ref&gt; .

Mvete yakiriye amatora ane mu ikipe ya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] mu mwaka muri  2011. Yakinnye umukino  wa mbere ku ya 8 Mutarama 2011, mu mukino wa gicuti na Kenya (intsinzi 1-0)  .

== Ibihembo ==

; DC Motema Pembe

* '''Irushanwa rya DR Congo''' ( '''1''' ):
** Nyampinga: 2005 .

; Tout Puissant Mazembe

* '''Irushanwa rya DR Congo''' ( '''3''' ):
** Nyampinga: 2006, 2007 na 2009 .

* '''CAF Champion League''' ( '''2''' ):
** Uwatsinze: 2009 na 2010 .

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>ampr55y1m93rn2tbqpe1100zhmyyk0l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kasongo Ngandu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16388</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141023</id>
      <parentid>121421</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:57:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141023</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2433" sha1="6bctkyrq0et6t6niw59c8qo144qpcl1" xml:space="preserve">'''Isaac Ngandu Kasongo''', (Yavutse Ku ya 6 Ukuboza 1979 i [[Kinshasa]] ( Zayire )), ni umukinnyi umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri congo. Yakinnye henshi mu mwuga we muri TP Mazembe .

== Umwuga wa ikipe ==
[[Dosiye:TP Mazembe April 2011.jpg|thumb|Abakinnyi ba TP Mazembe]]
Kasongo yatangiye umwuga we mu mupira w'amaguru muri 1997 muri ikipe ya kabiri ya SC Cilu . Muri shampiyona yo muri 2001, hamwe niyi kipe, yabaye shampiyo wa LIFBACO kandi yi tabira icyiciro cya nyuma cya shampiyona y'igihugu muri 2002, aho ikipe ya Lukala yarangije ku mwanya wa kane  .
Muri 2002, yaburaniye TP Mazembe  . Mu gihe cye cya mbere hamwe'ibikona“, Yageze ku mukino wa nyuma w'igikombe cy'igihugu kandi yari umuyobozi w'irushanwa rya Lubumbashi kugeza rihagaritswe. Muri shampiyona yo muri 2004, Kasongo yabaye visi-kapiteni w’igihugu kandi yitwara neza i Lumbumbashi  . Nyuma yaho, Kasongo na Mazembe begukanye igikombe cya shampiyona inshuro enye (2006, 2007, 2009 na 2011) ndetse batwara inshuro ebyiri igikombe cya Shampiyona ny'afurika ( 2009, 2010 ). Yakinnye muri CAF Supercup muri 2010 na 2011. Hagati aho, Kasongo yatsinze igitego mu mukino wa mbere wa Champions League 2010 na Espérance .

== Umwuga mpuzamahanga ==
Kasongo Ngandu yari mu ikipe ya DR Congo kuva 2004. Yari umwe mu bagize ikipe ya Kongo mu gikombe cy’Afurika cyo muri  2006, cyaje kugera muri kimwe cya kane kirangiza, aho yakuwemo na Misiri, yaje gutsinda irushanwa  . Muri CHAN yo muri 2011 no mu marushanwa ya gicuti ya Nil Basin, yabereye i Cayiro muri Mutarama 2011. Mu mukino wo guhatanira umwanya wa gatatu mu marushanwa ya Cayiro, Abanyekongo batsinze Abanyakenya ku manota make. Kasongo yabaye umwanditsi w'igitego cy'onyine, bityo afungura amazamu y'ibitego bye kurwego rw'ikipe y'igihugu.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Arubatse, afite abahungu babiri n'umukobwa.

== Intego mpuzamahanga ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Oya.
! Itariki
! Ikibanza
! uwo duhanganye
! intego
! Igisubizo
! Amarushanwa
|-
| 1
| Ku ya 17 Mutarama 2011
| Sitade y'Abarabu, Kairo, Misiri
|Misiri
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–0
| Irushanwa rya Nil Basin 2011
|-
|}

== Ibihembo ==

* Uwatsinze CAF Champions League muri 2009 na 2010 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Uwatsinze Supercup ya CAF muri 2010 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Nyampinga wa DR Congo muri 2006, 2007 na 2009 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* LIFKAT muri 2006 na 2007 hamwe na TP Mazembe

== Reba ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>6bctkyrq0et6t6niw59c8qo144qpcl1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mbomboko Fiston Ngoy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16395</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141024</id>
      <parentid>121423</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:57:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141024</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3943" sha1="qyz8v7q5gcn8gwe59fmu86m69v13m5v" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Footballeur|nom=Mbomboko Fiston Ngoy|image=|taille image=|légende=|nom de naissance=|période pro=|club actuel=|numéro en club=|date de naissance={{date de naissance|21|05|1977|âge=oui}}|lieu de naissance=|nationalité={{COD-d}} [[République démocratique du Congo|Congolais (RDC)]]|taille=|position=Milieu de terrain|parcours pro={{trois colonnes
                         | [[1997 en football|1997]]-[[2012]]|{{COD-d}} [[TP Mazembe]]|
	                 | [[2007 en football|2007]] |{{prêt}} {{AZE-d}} [[Qabala|Gabala]]| 11 (4)
                         }}|sélection nationale={{trois colonnes
	                 | [[2004 en football|2004]]-[[2007 en football|2007]]|{{COD football}}|4 (0)
	                 }}}}
{| class=&quot;infobox_v2 noarchive&quot; 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;entete footballblack&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#99cc99;color:#000000;&quot; |Mbomboko Fiston Ngoy
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |ubuzima
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |ubwenegihugu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Congolais (RDC)]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |amavuko
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;time datetime=&quot;1977-05-21&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien bday&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1977-05-21&quot;&gt;21 gicurasi 1977&lt;/time&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;(45 )&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Congo]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |umwanya
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |hagati
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |umwuga
|-
   |'''umwaka'''
|'''ikipe'''
|ib
|-
   | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |1997-2012
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; TP Mazembe
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2007
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;cursor:help;&quot; title=&quot;Prêté à&quot;&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Azaribayijan]]&lt;/span&gt; Gabala
| class=&quot;data&quot; |11 (4)
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |igihugu
|-
      |'''umwaka'''
|ikipe
| '''&lt;u&gt;ib&lt;/u&gt;'''     
|-
      | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2004-2007
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; RD Congo&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;data&quot; |4 (0)
|}
[[Dosiye:TP Mazembe April 2011.jpg|thumb|Abakinnyi ba TP Mazembe]]
[[Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox]]
[[Catégorie:Pas d'image locale ni d'image sur Wikidata]]
[[Catégorie:Utilisation du paramètre parcours pro dans le modèle infobox Footballeur]]
'''Mbomboko Fiston Ngoy''' yahoze ari umukinnyi w' [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] . Yabaye muri TP Mazembe kuva muri  2003. Bomboko yapfuye mu ijoro ryo ku ya 4 Kamena 2024, afite imyaka 47, nyuma y’umuriro wibasiye mu kabari i Lubumbashi.

== Ibihembo ==

* Uwatsinze CAF Champions League muri 2009 na 2010 hamwe na TP Mazembe

* Uwatsindiye igikombe cya CAF Super Cup muri 2010 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* shampiyona wa DR Congo muri 2006, 2007 na 2009 hamwe na TP Mazembe 

== amahuza yo hanze ==

* Ressources relatives au sport : 
** FootballDatabase 
** (en) National Football Teams 
** (mul) Transfermarkt   
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>qyz8v7q5gcn8gwe59fmu86m69v13m5v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emmanuel Ngudikama</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16396</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141044</id>
      <parentid>126699</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:59:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:CAF_Champions_League_Trophy.jpg|CAF_Champions_League_Trophy.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:CAF Champions League Trophy.jpg|]].</comment>
      <origin>141044</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3076" sha1="5chtubq67plp2l4cwfapcozpczzawad" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Football trainning.jpg|thumb|Umupira w'amaguru]]
'''Emmanuel Christian Ngudikama Kila''' (Yavutse Ku ya 7 Nzeri 1987 i [[Kinshasa]]) ni umukinnyi mpuzamahanga ukina umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri congo  .

== Ubuzima ==

=== Muri ikipe ===
Ngudikama yatangiye umwuga we mukuru muri FC Les Stars i Kinshasa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-04-17 |title=CHAN-RDC: La Fecofa a diminué le nombre des présélectionnés pour le Championnat d'Afrique des Nations- Côte d'Ivoire 2009 |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/sport/2008/04/17/chan-rdc-la-fecofa-a-diminue-le-nombre-des-preselectionnes-pour-le-championnat-dafrique-des-nations-cote-divoire-2009 |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=Radio Okapi |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;, mbere yo kwinjira muri AS Vita Club mu mpera muri  2009 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toute l'actualité sportive de la RDC |url=http://sportrdc.afrikblog.com/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=sportrdc.afrikblog.com |language=fr |archive-date=2020-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810213208/http://sportrdc.afrikblog.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; .
[[Dosiye:VClub 2013.jpg|thumb|Ikipe ya AS Vita Club]]
Muri shampiyona ye ya mbere muri AS Vita Club, Ngudikama yatsindiye shampiyona y'igihugu . Yamenyekanye kandi ari muri Shampiyona ny'afurika . Muri 2014, yageze ku mukino wa nyuma wa Champions League, atsindwa n'ikipe ya [[Alijeriya]] yitwa ES Sétif &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230413145212/https://www.transfermarkt.fr/emmanuel-ngudikama/leistungsdatendetails/spieler/145722/saison/2013/wettbewerb/ACL/verein/2225 Statistiques de Ngudikama lors de la Ligue des champions 2014] sur ''transfermarkt.fr''&lt;/ref&gt; . Nyuma, muri 2018, yageze ku mukino wa nyuma w'igikombe cya Confederation Cup, atsindwa n'ikipe yo muri  Maroke ya Raja de Casablanca . Yagaragaye cyane mu matsinda, atsinda ibitego bibiri mu ikipe ya kote divuwari ya ASEC Mimosas &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230413145212/https://www.transfermarkt.fr/emmanuel-ngudikama/leistungsdatendetails/spieler/145722/saison/2017/wettbewerb/CAFC/verein/2225 Statistiques de Ngudikama lors de la Coupe de la Confédération 2018] sur ''transfermarkt.fr''&lt;/ref&gt; .

=== Ikipe y'igihugu ===
Ku ya 3 Werurwe 2010, Ngudikama yakiriwe bwa mbere mu ikipe ya DR Congo, mu mukino wa gicuti na [[Nijeriya|Nigeriya]] (gutsindwa 5-2)  .

Mu ntangiriro za 2016, yitabiriye icyiciro cya nyuma cya Shampiyona y’ibihugu by’Afurika yateguriwe mu [[Rwanda]] . Muri iri rushanwa, yakinnye imikino itatu, harimo na kimwe cya kabiri yatsinze kuri penaliti yakina na [[Gineya]] . Icyakora, ntabwo yakinnye umukino wa nyuma yatsinzwe na DR Congo kuri [[Mali]]  .

Muri rusange, yakiriye batanu hamwe na DR Congo  .

== Ibihembo ==

* Uwatsinze Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika muri 2016 hamwe nikipe ya DR Congo
* Umukinnyi wanyuma wa Afrika Champions League muri 2014 hamwe na AS Vita Club
* Umukino wanyuma wigikombe cya Confederation muri 2018 hamwe na AS Vita Club
* Nyampinga wa DR Congo muri 2010, 2015 na 2018 hamwe na AS Vita Club

== Reba ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>5chtubq67plp2l4cwfapcozpczzawad</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eric Miala Nkulukuta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16401</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141025</id>
      <parentid>113107</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T19:57:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg|Trophée_de_la_Ligue_des_champions_de_la_CAF.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Trophée de la</comment>
      <origin>141025</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4373" sha1="osa55v0pti970pjet44ta88o1yqbeu1" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox_v2 noarchive&quot; 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;entete footballblack&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#99cc99;color:#000000;&quot; |Eric Miala Nkulukuta
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;&quot; |[[Dosiye:Miala_Nkulukutu.jpg|link=Fichier:Miala_Nkulukutu.jpg|alt=Image illustrative de l’article Eric Miala Nkulukuta|290x290px]]    
   |-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |Situation actuelle
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |ikipe
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |CS Don Bosco
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |iNumero
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |4
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |ibimuranga
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ubwenegihugu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|[fr→rw]Drapeau : République démocratique du Congo]]&lt;/span&gt; [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Congolais]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Naissance
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;time datetime=&quot;1982-09-06&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien bday&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1982-09-06&quot;&gt;6 nzeri 1982&lt;/time&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;(40)&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Uburemure
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |metero 1,71
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Poste
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |myugariro
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |umwuga
|-
   |'''umwaka'''
|'''ikipe'''
|ibi
|-
   | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2002-2007
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|[fr→rw]Drapeau : République démocratique du Congo]]&lt;/span&gt; DC Motema Pembe
| class=&quot;data&quot; |57 (0)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2007-2014
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|[fr→rw]Drapeau : République démocratique du Congo]]&lt;/span&gt; TP Mazembe
| class=&quot;data&quot; |118 (2)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2014-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|[fr→rw]Drapeau : République démocratique du Congo]]&lt;/span&gt; CS Don Bosco
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |ikipe
|-
      |'''umwaka'''
|'''ikipe'''
|ib
|-
      | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2004-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|[fr→rw]Drapeau : République démocratique du Congo]]&lt;/span&gt; RD Congo&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;data&quot; |24 (0)
|}
[[Dosiye:TP Mazembe April 2011.jpg|thumb|Abakinnyi ba kinana na Eric muri TP Mazembe]]
'''Eric Miala Nkulukuta''', (yavutse Ku ya 6 Nzeri 1982 i Kinshasa) ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri congo. kuri ubu akina muri CS Don Bosco i Lubumbashi.

== Ubuzima ==

=== DC Motema Pembe ===
Nkulukuta yinjiye muri DCMP muri 2002 mu bihe bibiri (imikino 56 n'ibitego 0)

=== TP Mazembe ===
Yinjiye muri TP Mazembe muri 2007 kandi yitabira CAF Champions League muri 2007,2009,2010, 2011,2012, ebyiri muri zo zatsinzwe na TP Mazembe muri (2009,2010).

=== Igihe cya 11/12 ===
Yatsinze igitego kuri AS Veti Club hamwe n'umupira uturutse kure kuri metero 35.

=== Igihe cya 12/13 ===
Yatsinze igitego batsinze Saint Eloi Lupopo ku mupira yari ahawe na [[Guy Lusdisuu|Guy Lusadisu]] .

=== Igihe cya 13/14 ===
Nkulukuta akina gake na ikipe ye bizamutera kuva muri iyi kipe.

=== Igihe cya 14/15 ===
Ku ya 30 Kanama 2014 , Nkulukuta yinjiye muri CS Don Bosco.

== Imibare ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Igihe
! ikipe
! Imikino
! Intego
|-
| 2002-2003
|DC Motema Pembe
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2004-2005
|DC Motema Pembe
| 19
| 0
|-
| 2006-2007
|DC Motema Pembe
| 28
| 0
|-
| 2007-2008
|TP Mazembe
| 32
|
|-
| 2009-2010
|TP Mazembe
| 37
| 1
|-
| 2011-2012
|TP Mazembe
| 28
| 0
|-
| 2012-2013
|TP Mazembe
| 14
| 1
|-
| 2013-2014
|TP Mazembe
| 7
| 0
|}

== Ibingwi ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>osa55v0pti970pjet44ta88o1yqbeu1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akamaro k'ibidukikije</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17399</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141054</id>
      <parentid>136669</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T02:35:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Clemy Keza</username>
        <id>18414</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Clemy Keza moved page [[Akamaro k` ibidukikije]] to [[Akamaro k'ibidukikije]]: imyandikire</comment>
      <origin>136669</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1634" sha1="mnve1ij6yft16fkxraychqa1qyyrsbs" xml:space="preserve">== Umumaro w`amashyamba ==
Amashyamba afitiye akamaro kanini ibinyabuzima bituye kwisi: Mumashyamba habonekamo amako menshi anyuranye y`ibinyabuzima. akamaro kamashyamba ntikarondoreka; amashyamba ni indiri y`inyamaswa ni inyoni, amashyamba kandi atanga amadovize (amafaranga ya mahanga) bityo agakurura bamukerarugendo mugihugu. Amashyamba ayungurura umwuka duhumeka ndetse amababi yibimera yakira umwuka mubi dusohora akaduha umwuka mwiza duhumeka.[https://elearning.reb.rw/course/view.php?id=510&amp;section=1]

Abantu bakenera amashyamba mubuzima bwa burimutsi mumirimo myinshi igiye itandukanye; benshi barara kubitanda  bikozwe mubiti, bamwe bagakoresha inkwi mugutegura amafunguro yaburimutsi.., sibyo gusa usanga  no mubikoresho bifashisha mukubaka inzu usanga higanjemo ibiti cyango ibikomoka kubiti. Uretse amagorofa ahambaye acyena ibisenge bikoze mubyuma,andi amazu menshi usanga ibisenge byayo bikozwe mubiti cyangwa mumbaho.Hari nabavugako inzu yubakishijwe mubiti iramba kurusha iyubakishijwe amatafari ya rukarakara.

== Mu Rwanda ibyafatwaga nkibyagiza ibidukikije n`amashyamba ==
Ibikorwa bimwe nabimwe byangiza ibidukikije mu Rwanda; gutema ibiti cyangwa amashyamba adakunze, guhumanya ikirere hatwikwa ibiparasitike byo mumyanda, imyotsi ituruka kubinyabiziga, ninganda zitubahiriza amabwiriza yubuzima. ibindi kandi ninko kwangiza ibishanga hamenywamo imyanda, cyangwa gufuriramo,gukora ubuhinzi butita kubidukikije,no kudatera amaterasi yindinganire kuburyo amazi yatwara ubutaka.[https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/mu-rwanda-ibyafatwaga-nk-ibyangiza-ibidukikije-bisigaye-bibyazwa-umusaruro]</text>
      <sha1>mnve1ij6yft16fkxraychqa1qyyrsbs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141056</id>
      <parentid>141054</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T02:42:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Clemy Keza</username>
        <id>18414</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Amakosa y’imyandikire</comment>
      <origin>141056</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1671" sha1="fcoxcldadpaxoca6odxs99812znprir" xml:space="preserve">== Umumaro w'amashyamba ==
Amashyamba afitiye akamaro kanini ibinyabuzima bituye ku isi: Mu mashyamba habonekamo amoko menshi anyuranye y`ibinyabuzima. Akamaro k'amashyamba ntikarondoreka; amashyamba ni indiri y'inyamaswa n'inyoni, amashyamba kandi atanga amadovize (amafaranga y'amahanga) bityo agakurura ba mukerarugendo mu gihugu. Amashyamba ayungurura umwuka duhumeka ndetse amababi y'ibimera yakira umwuka mubi dusohora akaduha umwuka mwiza duhumeka.[https://elearning.reb.rw/course/view.php?id=510&amp;section=1]

Abantu bakenera amashyamba mu buzima bwa buri mutsi mu mirimo myinshi igiye itandukanye; benshi barara ku bitanda  bikozwe mu biti, bamwe bagakoresha inkwi mu gutegura amafunguro ya buri munsi.., si ibyo gusa; usanga  no mu bikoresho bifashisha mu kubaka inzu usanga higanjemo ibiti cyangwa ibikomoka ku biti. Uretse amagorofa ahambaye akenera ibisenge bikozwe mu byuma, andi mazu menshi usanga ibisenge byayo bikozwe mu biti cyangwa mu mbaho. Hari n'abavuga ko inzu yubakishijwe ibiti iramba kurusha iyubakishijwe amatafari ya rukarakara.

== Mu Rwanda ibyafatwaga nk'ibyagiza ibidukikije n'amashyamba ==
Ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe byangiza ibidukikije mu Rwanda; gutema ibiti cyangwa amashyamba adakuze, guhumanya ikirere hatwikwa ibiparasitike byo mu myanda, imyotsi ituruka ku binyabiziga, n'inganda zitubahiriza amabwiriza y'ubuzima. Ibindi kandi ni nko kwangiza ibishanga hamenwamo imyanda, cyangwa gufuriramo, gukora ubuhinzi butita ku bidukikije, no kudatera amaterasi y'indinganire ku buryo amazi yatwara ubutaka.[https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/mu-rwanda-ibyafatwaga-nk-ibyangiza-ibidukikije-bisigaye-bibyazwa-umusaruro]</text>
      <sha1>fcoxcldadpaxoca6odxs99812znprir</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Police training school gishari</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>18478</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141011</id>
      <parentid>117175</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T17:56:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Musinga Og Official</username>
        <id>19110</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|1 */</comment>
      <origin>141011</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1157" sha1="grlfwg1j0m3hdwh21kfse8jjs3mq03c" xml:space="preserve">= &lt;u&gt;POLICE TRAINING SCHOOL GISHARI&lt;/u&gt; =
iki kigo cya police giherereyemu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|ntara y'iburasirazuba]] [[Akarere ka Rwamagana|akarere ke Rwamagana]] umurenge wa Gishari akagari ka Bwinsanga  umudugudu wa shaburondo
[[Dosiye:Gishari_police_training_school.jpg|thumb|Gishari police training school]]
kikaba cyarashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2000 gitanga amasomo kubaporisi

kikaba gifite umumaro mwinshi kuko gitanga service z'umutekano mu gihugu.si ibyo gusa kuko gifite na kaminuza zigisha amasomo atandukanye&lt;ref&gt;https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police_training_school_gishari&amp;veaction=edit&lt;/ref&gt;

ABAYOBOZI
[[Dosiye:Rwanda_National_Police.png|thumb|Rwanda National Police]]
[[Dosiye:Meeting_at_the_office_of_the_Inspector_General_of_Police.jpg|thumb|Meeting at the office of the Inspector General of Police]]
commando wacyo ni CP NIYONSHUTI,commandat police traininc school ni CPE RUZIGAMANZI&lt;ref&gt;https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police_training_school_gishari&amp;veaction=edit&lt;/ref&gt;

== &lt;u&gt;AMASHAKIRO&lt;/u&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://police.gov.rw/home/police-schools/police-training-school-gishari/&lt;/ref&gt; ==

[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Rwamagana]]</text>
      <sha1>grlfwg1j0m3hdwh21kfse8jjs3mq03c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akamaro k'umuco</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>18884</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141067</id>
      <parentid>135407</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T04:25:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Clemy Keza</username>
        <id>18414</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Amakosa mato y'imyandikire</comment>
      <origin>141067</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1967" sha1="n6aawjrlk8znamjriqvo89mw20bi5hd" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Ikinimba.jpg|thumb|408x408px|Umuco w'ikinimba]]

== Akamaro ==
[[Dosiye:Intore zacu.jpg|thumb|Intore mu muco nyarwanda|296x296px]]
Umuco witwa '''imboneragihugu'''. Umuco ni wo uranga abantu ndetse ukababumbatira. Umuco ni yo ndorerwamo y’igihugu cyangwa y’akarere, abahatuye bakireberamo, bakamenya uko basa; ndetse n’abandi bakabareberamo, bakabamenya uko babaho, icyo bakunda kurya no kunywa, uko bitwara mu mvugo no mu ngiro, bakaboneraho kubegera, kubana na bo cyangwa se kubitarura: wajya i Burya-sazi ukazimira bunguri, utajya ibwami ukabeshywa menshi, waba utazi umurera ukamureresaho ‘amasiha’, kandi ntujye mu bajiji utari umujiji .&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvYhdXSDo54&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibindi ==
Umuco mu Rwanda, ari wo wa ba sogokuruza, utuma abatuye igihugu n’abari hanze yacyo bakomeza kwitwa abanyarwanda aho bari hose. Nasanze umuco ubumbatira imiryango: umugabo, umugore, abana n’abo bafitanye isano bose, bakagirana ubumwe bunuka. Bituma iyo usanze abavandimwe bavumbitse akarenge ukuramo akawe inzira zikigendwa, maze wakwiha kwizubaza cyangwa kuzarira, akawe kagatokombera.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/umurage/article/ni-ryari-bavuga-ko-umuntu-yishe-cyangwa-yataye-umuco&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://rw.amateka.net/akamaro-nuburanga-byumuco/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-15 |archive-date=2024-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715152728/https://rw.amateka.net/akamaro-nuburanga-byumuco/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Umuco ubumbatira umurenge n’akarere, ahantu aho ari ho hose, hakabumbatira abantu bahakomoka cyangwa bahatuye. Bakagira ibyo bahuriyeho bibaranga, wahagera uri umuvantara ukabanza gusiganuza, washaka kumenya akari i Murore cyangwa kubaza impigi n’ikiyihatse, bakakubwira ko ‘i Rukara hirirwa ntihararwa’, naho ‘i Ruhande rwa Mpandahande hakaba mw’itetero ry’intiti’.

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Umuco]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>n6aawjrlk8znamjriqvo89mw20bi5hd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Agahanga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19913</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141066</id>
      <parentid>120907</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T04:19:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Clemy Keza</username>
        <id>18414</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Amakosa mato y'imyandikire</comment>
      <origin>141066</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="384" sha1="r4ekpqfxx1rus76xtfqpn8kmkdmkq5j" xml:space="preserve">== Agahanga ni igice cy'umubiri kiri mu maso, kikaba kigaragara imbere y'uruhu hejuru y'amatama. Ni ahantu huzuyemo imitsi, utwenge, ndetse n'amahoteri y'amaso. Iyo umuntu agize ikibazo cy'agahanga, bishobora gutuma habaho ibibazo by'umuvuduko w'amaraso cyangwa kwikora ku bindi bice by'umubiri. ==
[[Dosiye:Anthroplogy - human skull of a boy.JPG|center|thumb|378x378px|[[AGAHANGA]]]]</text>
      <sha1>r4ekpqfxx1rus76xtfqpn8kmkdmkq5j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akamaro k'amata</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21507</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141051</id>
      <parentid>137370</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T02:18:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Clemy Keza</username>
        <id>18414</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nongeyemo amakuru, reference, ndetse mpindura n'amwe mu makosa y'imyandikire</comment>
      <origin>141051</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5005" sha1="369nsftxow6jawjb51tq72p90uo7b8v" xml:space="preserve">Amata ni kimwe mubyo kurya byihagije ku ntungamubiri n'ibifitiye umubiri akamaro ku buryo ashobora gutunga yaba umwana cyangwa umuntu mukuru igihe kirekire adakeneye ikindi kintu.

Amata arimo amoko menshi. harimo amata akomoka ku nyamaswa, ku bantu, amata ya soya, ay'utubuto duto twa almond, aya coconut n'andi ava mu bindi.

Amata y'inka nk'amwe mu akundwa na benshi, usanga nayo anyobwa mu buryo butandukanye. Hari anyobwa arimo ibinure bike, anyobwa atarimo ibinure (fat-free milk), ikivuguto, n'andi.

== Intungamubiri ziba mu mata ==
Amata abamo intungamubiri nyinshi, harimo: 

* Ibinure
* Proteine
* Ibinyasukari
* Vitamin A
* Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6 na B12
* Folate
* Vitamin D
* Kalisiyumu
* Manyesiyumu
* Fosifore (phosphorous)
* Zinc
* Selenium
* Choline (soma: Koline)

== Akamaro k'amata ku buzima ==
Amata afitiye umubiri w'umuntu akamaro kanini, twavugamo nk'ibinure bigize amata, ibi ni ingenzi cyane kuko bituma umubiti ugira imbaraga ukaba wabasha gukora imisemburo yo kuwurinda ibishobora kuwangiza, ndetse bikanawurinda ubukonje.

Ibinure kandi hari vitamine zibikenera kugira ngo zibashe gukora neza mu mubiri akamaro kazo.

Proteyine ziboneka mu mata, ni kimwe mu bifasha umubiri w'umuntu gusana ahangiritse, kongera ubudahangarwa by'umubiri, gukomeza imikaya n'amagufwa, ndetse n'indi mikorere myiza y'umubiri.

Izi vitamin n'izindi ntungamubiri ziba mu mata zigira akamaro gatandukanye tutarondora. Kamwe muriko ni:

Vitamin A iba mu mata, ituma amata agira akamaro cyane mu gukomeza amenyo, gukomeza imikaya y'amaso, kurwanya indwara y'amaso yo kutabona neza nijoro, kugira uruhu rwiza n'ibindi.

Umuganga w'umuhanga mu kuvura amagufwa, Frorence Piquet, atanga inama yo kwihata cyane ibikomoka ku mata kuko bikungahaye&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://www.igihe.com/ubuzima/inama/article/kunywa-amata-cyane-bigira-akamaro#:~:text=Kimwe%20no%20kurya%20ibirimo%20umunyu,akamungwa%20akavunika%20ku%20buryo%20bworoshye. https://www.igihe.com/ubuzima/inama/article/kunywa-amata-cyane-bigira-akamaro#:~:text=Kimwe%20no%20kurya%20ibirimo%20umunyu,akamungwa%20akavunika%20ku%20buryo%20bworoshye.]&lt;/ref&gt; ku myunyungugu (calcium) ituma amagufwa akomera kandi bikanayarinda korohera no kumungwa ngo abe yavunika uko umuntu agenda akura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Vitamin B1 igira akamaro cyane mu kurinda indwara y'imitsi, ifasha mu mikorere y'umutima n'imitsi y'amaraso, ituma umubiri ugira ingufu, ni vitamine zirinda ubusaza, kurinda amaso kurwara ishaza, ifasha mu mikorere myiza y'uruhu, amaso, imisatsi, umunwa ndetse n'umwijima. iyi vitamine kandi inafasha umubiri guhangana na stress.&lt;ref&gt;[https://umutihealth.com/vitamini-b1/ Vitamini B1 ifitiye akamaro umubiri wacu mu mikorere ya buri munsi]&lt;/ref&gt;

Vitamin B2 irinda uburwayi bwo kubura amaraso (anemia) kuko ifasha umubiri kwinjiza ubutare.&lt;ref&gt;[https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/menya-akamaro-k-amata-ku-mubiri-w-umuntu Menya akamaro k’amata ku mubiri w’umuntu - Umuryango.rw]&lt;/ref&gt;

Vitamin B3 ifasha umutima gukora neza ikanagabanya choresterol mbi mu mubiri&lt;ref&gt;[https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/menya-akamaro-k-amata-ku-mubiri-w-umuntu Menya akamaro k’amata ku mubiri w’umuntu - Umuryango.rw]&lt;/ref&gt;

Vitamin B5 ifasha mu gukora uturemangingo dufasha mu guhanahana amakuru ku bwonko, ituma umutima ukora neza, ikanakomeza amagufwa. Iyi vitamin kandi ituma inda ibyara (uterus) ikura neza &lt;ref&gt;[https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/menya-akamaro-k-amata-ku-mubiri-w-umuntu Menya akamaro k’amata ku mubiri w’umuntu - Umuryango.rw]&lt;/ref&gt;

Vitamin D ifasha mu kuringaniza umuvuduko w'amaraso, ituma umutima ukora neza, ifasha mu kurinda indwara zituma umubiri wirwanya (autoimmune diseases) ndetse inafasha umubiri kwinjiza kalisiyumu no kuringaniza imyunyungugu mu mubiri&lt;ref&gt;[https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/menya-akamaro-k-amata-ku-mubiri-w-umuntu Menya akamaro k’amata ku mubiri w’umuntu - Umuryango.rw]&lt;/ref&gt;

Abahanga bahamya ko bitewe n'uko amwe mu mafunguro cyangwa ibiribwa abantu bafata biba byuzuyemo aside (acid) bigira uruhare mu gukura imyunyungugu mu magufwa bityo akaba yakwangirika byoroshye. Banavuga kandi ko kurya umunyu mwinshi nabyo biri mu byangiza amagufwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.igihe.com/ubuzima/inama/article/kunywa-amata-cyane-bigira-akamaro#:~:text=Kimwe%20no%20kurya%20ibirimo%20umunyu,akamungwa%20akavunika%20ku%20buryo%20bworoshye. Kunywa amata cyane bigira akamaro gakomeye ku magufa - IGIHE.com]&lt;/ref&gt;

Kunywa amata rero n'ibiyakomokaho ni kimwe mu bisubizo bituma amagufwa atangirika. ikindi harimo no kurya nk'imboga za epinari, kwirinda kurya umunyu mwinshi cyane cyane uwakorewe mu nganda, ndetse ukanakora imyitozo ngororamubiri. ibi byose birinda amagufwa kwangirika no koroha.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.igihe.com/ubuzima/inama/article/kunywa-amata-cyane-bigira-akamaro#:~:text=Kimwe%20no%20kurya%20ibirimo%20umunyu,akamungwa%20akavunika%20ku%20buryo%20bworoshye. Kunywa amata cyane bigira akamaro gakomeye ku magufa - IGIHE.com]&lt;/ref&gt;
== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>369nsftxow6jawjb51tq72p90uo7b8v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141052</id>
      <parentid>141051</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T02:19:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Clemy Keza</username>
        <id>18414</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Clemy Keza moved page [[Akamaro ka mata]] to [[Akamaro k'amata]]: Amakosa y'imyandikire</comment>
      <origin>141051</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5005" sha1="369nsftxow6jawjb51tq72p90uo7b8v" xml:space="preserve">Amata ni kimwe mubyo kurya byihagije ku ntungamubiri n'ibifitiye umubiri akamaro ku buryo ashobora gutunga yaba umwana cyangwa umuntu mukuru igihe kirekire adakeneye ikindi kintu.

Amata arimo amoko menshi. harimo amata akomoka ku nyamaswa, ku bantu, amata ya soya, ay'utubuto duto twa almond, aya coconut n'andi ava mu bindi.

Amata y'inka nk'amwe mu akundwa na benshi, usanga nayo anyobwa mu buryo butandukanye. Hari anyobwa arimo ibinure bike, anyobwa atarimo ibinure (fat-free milk), ikivuguto, n'andi.

== Intungamubiri ziba mu mata ==
Amata abamo intungamubiri nyinshi, harimo: 

* Ibinure
* Proteine
* Ibinyasukari
* Vitamin A
* Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6 na B12
* Folate
* Vitamin D
* Kalisiyumu
* Manyesiyumu
* Fosifore (phosphorous)
* Zinc
* Selenium
* Choline (soma: Koline)

== Akamaro k'amata ku buzima ==
Amata afitiye umubiri w'umuntu akamaro kanini, twavugamo nk'ibinure bigize amata, ibi ni ingenzi cyane kuko bituma umubiti ugira imbaraga ukaba wabasha gukora imisemburo yo kuwurinda ibishobora kuwangiza, ndetse bikanawurinda ubukonje.

Ibinure kandi hari vitamine zibikenera kugira ngo zibashe gukora neza mu mubiri akamaro kazo.

Proteyine ziboneka mu mata, ni kimwe mu bifasha umubiri w'umuntu gusana ahangiritse, kongera ubudahangarwa by'umubiri, gukomeza imikaya n'amagufwa, ndetse n'indi mikorere myiza y'umubiri.

Izi vitamin n'izindi ntungamubiri ziba mu mata zigira akamaro gatandukanye tutarondora. Kamwe muriko ni:

Vitamin A iba mu mata, ituma amata agira akamaro cyane mu gukomeza amenyo, gukomeza imikaya y'amaso, kurwanya indwara y'amaso yo kutabona neza nijoro, kugira uruhu rwiza n'ibindi.

Umuganga w'umuhanga mu kuvura amagufwa, Frorence Piquet, atanga inama yo kwihata cyane ibikomoka ku mata kuko bikungahaye&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://www.igihe.com/ubuzima/inama/article/kunywa-amata-cyane-bigira-akamaro#:~:text=Kimwe%20no%20kurya%20ibirimo%20umunyu,akamungwa%20akavunika%20ku%20buryo%20bworoshye. https://www.igihe.com/ubuzima/inama/article/kunywa-amata-cyane-bigira-akamaro#:~:text=Kimwe%20no%20kurya%20ibirimo%20umunyu,akamungwa%20akavunika%20ku%20buryo%20bworoshye.]&lt;/ref&gt; ku myunyungugu (calcium) ituma amagufwa akomera kandi bikanayarinda korohera no kumungwa ngo abe yavunika uko umuntu agenda akura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Vitamin B1 igira akamaro cyane mu kurinda indwara y'imitsi, ifasha mu mikorere y'umutima n'imitsi y'amaraso, ituma umubiri ugira ingufu, ni vitamine zirinda ubusaza, kurinda amaso kurwara ishaza, ifasha mu mikorere myiza y'uruhu, amaso, imisatsi, umunwa ndetse n'umwijima. iyi vitamine kandi inafasha umubiri guhangana na stress.&lt;ref&gt;[https://umutihealth.com/vitamini-b1/ Vitamini B1 ifitiye akamaro umubiri wacu mu mikorere ya buri munsi]&lt;/ref&gt;

Vitamin B2 irinda uburwayi bwo kubura amaraso (anemia) kuko ifasha umubiri kwinjiza ubutare.&lt;ref&gt;[https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/menya-akamaro-k-amata-ku-mubiri-w-umuntu Menya akamaro k’amata ku mubiri w’umuntu - Umuryango.rw]&lt;/ref&gt;

Vitamin B3 ifasha umutima gukora neza ikanagabanya choresterol mbi mu mubiri&lt;ref&gt;[https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/menya-akamaro-k-amata-ku-mubiri-w-umuntu Menya akamaro k’amata ku mubiri w’umuntu - Umuryango.rw]&lt;/ref&gt;

Vitamin B5 ifasha mu gukora uturemangingo dufasha mu guhanahana amakuru ku bwonko, ituma umutima ukora neza, ikanakomeza amagufwa. Iyi vitamin kandi ituma inda ibyara (uterus) ikura neza &lt;ref&gt;[https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/menya-akamaro-k-amata-ku-mubiri-w-umuntu Menya akamaro k’amata ku mubiri w’umuntu - Umuryango.rw]&lt;/ref&gt;

Vitamin D ifasha mu kuringaniza umuvuduko w'amaraso, ituma umutima ukora neza, ifasha mu kurinda indwara zituma umubiri wirwanya (autoimmune diseases) ndetse inafasha umubiri kwinjiza kalisiyumu no kuringaniza imyunyungugu mu mubiri&lt;ref&gt;[https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/menya-akamaro-k-amata-ku-mubiri-w-umuntu Menya akamaro k’amata ku mubiri w’umuntu - Umuryango.rw]&lt;/ref&gt;

Abahanga bahamya ko bitewe n'uko amwe mu mafunguro cyangwa ibiribwa abantu bafata biba byuzuyemo aside (acid) bigira uruhare mu gukura imyunyungugu mu magufwa bityo akaba yakwangirika byoroshye. Banavuga kandi ko kurya umunyu mwinshi nabyo biri mu byangiza amagufwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.igihe.com/ubuzima/inama/article/kunywa-amata-cyane-bigira-akamaro#:~:text=Kimwe%20no%20kurya%20ibirimo%20umunyu,akamungwa%20akavunika%20ku%20buryo%20bworoshye. Kunywa amata cyane bigira akamaro gakomeye ku magufa - IGIHE.com]&lt;/ref&gt;

Kunywa amata rero n'ibiyakomokaho ni kimwe mu bisubizo bituma amagufwa atangirika. ikindi harimo no kurya nk'imboga za epinari, kwirinda kurya umunyu mwinshi cyane cyane uwakorewe mu nganda, ndetse ukanakora imyitozo ngororamubiri. ibi byose birinda amagufwa kwangirika no koroha.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.igihe.com/ubuzima/inama/article/kunywa-amata-cyane-bigira-akamaro#:~:text=Kimwe%20no%20kurya%20ibirimo%20umunyu,akamungwa%20akavunika%20ku%20buryo%20bworoshye. Kunywa amata cyane bigira akamaro gakomeye ku magufa - IGIHE.com]&lt;/ref&gt;
== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>369nsftxow6jawjb51tq72p90uo7b8v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akamaro k'ibiribwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21665</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141057</id>
      <parentid>128399</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T02:44:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Clemy Keza</username>
        <id>18414</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Clemy Keza moved page [[Akamaro k ibiribwa]] to [[Akamaro k'ibiribwa]]: Amakosa y'imyandikire</comment>
      <origin>128399</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1994" sha1="n9lm9vixoemxal2uzy9qb13p7lex57p" xml:space="preserve">AKAMARO K UTUREMANGINGO

==== Uturemangingondodo cyangwa Fibres mu ndimi z’amahanga ni ubwoko bw’ibiribwa bibarirwa mu binyamasukari, bikaba ari ingenzi mu mubiri w’umuntu kuko bifasha igogora ry’ibiryo ndetse no kugabanya ibyago byo kurwara indwara zitandukanye zirimo iz’umutima, diyabete, kanseri ndetse n’izindi ndwara zangiza amara. ====
Abahanga mu by’ubuzima bagaragaza ko utu turemangingondodo cyangwa Fibres zigabanijemo ibice bibiri ari byo: Uturemangingondodo tuyenga mu mazi (Fibres Soluble) dufasha mu kugabanya ingano ya Cholesterol igihe yabaye nyinshi mu mubi, n’uturemangingondodo tutayenga ni ukuvuga tutivanga mu mazi tugafasha ibindi biryo guca mu rwungano ngogozi tugasukura amara ndetse tukanayarinda kwangirika kwa hato na hato.

Ushobora kwibaza ingano y’utu turemangingondodo ukwiye gufata ku munsi, dore igisubizo:&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/sobanukirwa-akamaro-k-uturemangingondodo-79780

&lt;/ref&gt;

Amakuru dukesha ikigo cy’abahanga mu by’ubuvuzi Institute of medicine avuga ko nibura: Abagore bagomba gufata garama g 25 ku munsi, Abagabo bagomba gufata g 38, Abana bari hagati y’imyaka 5-11 bagomba gufata g 20, Abana bari hagati y’imyaka 12-16 bagomba g25 naho guhera ku myaka 16 kuzamura bagomba gufata g30. &lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/sobanukirwa-akamaro-k-uturemangingondodo-79780&lt;/ref&gt;

Ese utu turemangingondodo wadukurahe?

Hamwe mu ho abashakashatsi bagaragaje hashobora kubonek fibre ni: Inkeri, amacunga,indimu,imineke,inanasi,pome,karoti,ibijumba,ibirayi, amashu, amashaza n’ibishyimbo, Soya,ibigori,ubunyobwa, amapera n’imboga. Abashakashatsi bavuga ko uramutse ufashe ibi biribwa neza ntaho ushobora guhurira n’ikibazo cy’impatwe, indwara zifata amara, diabete n’izindi.&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/sobanukirwa-akamaro-k-uturemangingondodo-79780&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/sobanukirwa-akamaro-k-uturemangingondodo-79780#google_vignette&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>n9lm9vixoemxal2uzy9qb13p7lex57p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141059</id>
      <parentid>141057</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T02:47:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Clemy Keza</username>
        <id>18414</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Amakosa y’imyandikire</comment>
      <origin>141059</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2004" sha1="4miyvsuiwsm7jvygahui3d15l8c5iim" xml:space="preserve">AKAMARO K'UTUREMANGINGO

==== Uturemangingondodo cyangwa Fibres mu ndimi z’amahanga ni ubwoko bw’ibiribwa bibarirwa mu binyamasukari, bikaba ari ingenzi mu mubiri w’umuntu kuko bifasha igogora ry’ibiryo ndetse no kugabanya ibyago byo kurwara indwara zitandukanye zirimo iz’umutima, diyabete, kanseri ndetse n’izindi ndwara zangiza amara. ====
Abahanga mu by’ubuzima bagaragaza ko utu turemangingondodo cyangwa Fibres zigabanijemo ibice bibiri ari byo: Uturemangingondodo tuyenga mu mazi (Fibres Soluble) dufasha mu kugabanya ingano ya Cholesterol igihe yabaye nyinshi mu mubi, n’uturemangingondodo tutayenga ni ukuvuga tutivanga mu mazi tugafasha ibindi biryo guca mu rwungano ngogozi tugasukura amara ndetse tukanayarinda kwangirika kwa hato na hato.

Ushobora kwibaza ingano y’utu turemangingondodo ukwiye gufata ku munsi, dore igisubizo:&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/sobanukirwa-akamaro-k-uturemangingondodo-79780

&lt;/ref&gt;

Amakuru dukesha ikigo cy’abahanga mu by’ubuvuzi Institute of medicine avuga ko nibura: Abagore bagomba gufata garama g 25 ku munsi, Abagabo bagomba gufata g 38, Abana bari hagati y’imyaka 5-11 bagomba gufata g 20, Abana bari hagati y’imyaka 12-16 bagomba g25 naho guhera ku myaka 16 kuzamura bagomba gufata g30. &lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/sobanukirwa-akamaro-k-uturemangingondodo-79780&lt;/ref&gt;

Ese utu turemangingondodo wadukurahe?

Hamwe mu ho abashakashatsi bagaragaje hashobora kuboneka fibre ni: Inkeri, amacunga, indimu, imineke, inanasi, pome, karoti, ibijumba, ibirayi, amashu, amashaza n’ibishyimbo, Soya, ibigori, ubunyobwa, amapera n’imboga. Abashakashatsi bavuga ko uramutse ufashe ibi biribwa neza ntaho ushobora guhurira n’ikibazo cy’impatwe, indwara zifata amara, diabete n’izindi.&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/sobanukirwa-akamaro-k-uturemangingondodo-79780&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/sobanukirwa-akamaro-k-uturemangingondodo-79780#google_vignette&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4miyvsuiwsm7jvygahui3d15l8c5iim</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyanika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23137</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141070</id>
      <parentid>140438</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T06:06:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Joseph Niyomugabo]]</comment>
      <origin>141070</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7229" sha1="i1go2upi51xreakyjpys1pv6oq1i1kh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title   = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyanika
| image   = [[Dosiye:Cyanika Genocide Memorial11.jpg|280px]]
| caption = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyanika (Kanama 2025)
| label1  = Igihugu
| data1   = [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
| label2  = Intara
| data2   = Amajyepfo
| label3  = Akarere
| data3   = [[Akarere ka Nyamagabe|Nyamagabe]]
| label4  = Umurenge
| data4   = Cyanika
| label5  = Ubwoko
| data5   = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside
| label6  = Rwibuka
| data6   = [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] (Mata 1994)
| label7  = Aho ruherereye
| data7   = {{Coord|-2.441042|29.603279|type:landmark_region:RW|display=inline}}
}}
'''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyanika''' rwibuka ubwicanyi bwakorewe [[Abatutsi]] muri Mata 1994 i Cyanika, mu majyepfo y'u [[Rwanda]], mu [[Akarere ka Nyamagabe]], mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda]].

== Amateka n'aho ruherereye ==
[[Dosiye:Cyanika Genocide Memorial18.jpg|left|thumb|Imbere mu rwibutso (imibiri y'abazize Jenoside ibitswe mu byumba biri inyuma y'imiryango) (Kanama 2025)]]
Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyanika ni rumwe mu [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|hantu henshi mu Rwanda hagenewe kwibuka abazize]] Jenoside yo mu 1994.

Ruherereye mu [[Akarere ka Nyamagabe]], hafi ya Murambi, mu [[Rwanda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;viebach&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Julia Viebach |title=Mediating ‘Absence-Presence’ at Rwanda’s Genocide Memorials: Of Caretaking, Memory and Proximity to the Dead |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:80f4e15a-84fa-4f12-84c6-7ae62492e83f/files/mc8f684f63f5988ddc4cb5186140aace9 |format=PDF |website=Oxford University Research Archive |language=en |access-date=2025-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uru rwibutso rwibuka abazize Jenoside yakorewe [[Abatutsi]] mu 1994. Rwatashywe mu 2012 na [[Jeannette Kagame]], kandi ni ahantu ho kunamira no kwibuka ibihumbi by'Abatutsi biciwe muri aka karere.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2012a&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |author=Times Reporter |title=First Lady opens Cyanika Genocide memorial |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/75353/first-lady-opens-cyanika-genocide-memorial |work=The New Times |date=2012-06-24 |language=en |access-date=2025-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Urwibutso ruruhukiyemo imibiri y'abazize Jenoside isaga 35&amp;nbsp;000, kandi ni ahantu abarokotse n'imiryango yabuze ababo bibukira kandi bagatekereza ku bugome bwakozwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2012a&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Times Reporter |title=Over 30,000 Genocide victims to get decent burial at new site |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/68087/National/over-30000-genocide-victims-to-get-decent-burial-at-new-site |work=The New Times |date=2012-02-20 |language=en |access-date=2025-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Damascene, ukora ku rwibutso rwa Cyanika, yabwiye umushakashatsi Julia Viebach mu 2014 ati:&lt;ref name=&quot;viebach&quot; /&gt;
{{Blockquote|Iyo nje ku rwibutso, numva ndi hafi cyane ya bashiki banjye na basaza banjye biciwe hano. Iyo mfite ibibazo, mpungira ku rwibutso, nzi ko abavandimwe banjye bari mu bapfuye.}}
Mu Ukwakira 2019, mu muhango wabereye ku rwibutso rwa Cyanika, Minisitiri w'Ubutabera, Johnston Busingye, yongeye gushimangira ko Leta itazihanganira abahisha amakuru y'aho imibiri y'abazize Jenoside iri, ashimangira akamaro ko gukorera mu mucyo n'ubutabera ku miryango y'abazize Jenoside.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Government will no longer tolerate people who withhold information about the whereabouts of genocide victims – Minister Busingye Johnston |url=https://www.minijust.gov.rw/news-detail/the-government-will-no-longer-tolerate-people-who-withhold-information-about-the-whereabouts-of-genocide-victims-minister-busingye-johnston |website=Minisiteri y'Ubutabera |language=en |access-date=2025-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{clear}}

== Amateka y'ubwicanyi ==
[[Dosiye:Cyanika Genocide Memorial27.jpg|thumb|310px|Ahari kimwe mu byobo imirambo y'abishwe yashyizwemo hakoreshejwe imashini isunika itaka (« Caterpillar »). Iyo mibiri yimuriwe mu nyubako nshya yubatswe mu 2012 (Kanama 2025)]]
Muri Jenoside, Kiliziya Gatolika ya Cyanika yabaye ahantu h'ubwicanyi aho Abatutsi benshi bari bahahungiye biciwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Major |first=Laura |title=Unearthing, untangling and re-articulating genocide corpses in Rwanda |journal=Critical African Studies |issue=2 |pages=164–181 |date=2015-05-04 |issn=2168-1392 |doi=10.1080/21681392.2015.1028206 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21681392.2015.1028206 |language=en |access-date=2025-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Padiri mukuru wa paruwasi, [[Joseph Niyomugabo]], yanze gutererana impunzi, nawe aricwa muri Mata 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clergyman who sacrificed life for flock honoured |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/72030/National/clergyman-who-sacrificed-life-for-flock-honoured |website=The New Times |date=2012-04-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibisobanuro n'inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]]
* [[Joseph Niyomugabo]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
{{Commonscat|Cyanika Genocide Memorial}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200720072109/http://www.genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/ Ububiko bw'amateka ya Jenoside mu Rwanda]

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite web |author=Elisabeth King |title=Memory Controversies in Post-Genocide Rwanda: Implications for Peacebuilding |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1095&amp;context=gsp |website=digitalcommons.usf.edu |language=en |access-date=2025-03-18}}
* {{Cite web |author=Julia Viebach |title=Mediating ‘Absence-Presence’ at Rwanda’s Genocide Memorials: Of Caretaking, Memory and Proximity to the Dead |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:80f4e15a-84fa-4f12-84c6-7ae62492e83f/files/mc8f684f63f5988ddc4cb5186140aace9 |website=Oxford University Research Archive |date=November 2019 |language=en |access-date=2025-03-18}}
* {{Cite book |last=Longman |first=Timothy |title=Memory and Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2017 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/memory-and-justice-in-postgenocide-rwanda/ |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Korman |first=Rémi |title=Les universitaires et intellectuels rwandais à l'épreuve du génocide des Tutsi : première mémoire, première histoire |journal=Framespa |url=https://journals.openedition.org/framespa/13693 |language=fr |access-date=2025-03-18}}
* {{Cite web |title=Preparation and execution of the genocide against Tutsi in Rwanda |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/GenocidePlanificationCnlgJanuary2021.pdf |website=francegenocidetutsi.org |date=February 2021 |language=en |access-date=2025-03-18}}
* {{Cite book |last=Denis |first=Philippe |title=The Genocide against the Tutsi, and the Rwandan Churches: Between Grief and Denial |location=Woodbridge |publisher=James Currey |series=Religion in Transforming Africa, 9 |year=2022 |isbn=9781847012906 |url=https://boydellandbrewer.com/9781800103818/the-genocide-against-the-tutsi-and-the-rwandan-churches/ |language=en |access-date=2025-09-17}}

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cyanika, Urwibutso rwa Jenoside}}
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Nyamagabe]]
[[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]]</text>
      <sha1>i1go2upi51xreakyjpys1pv6oq1i1kh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Antoine Mugesera</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23276</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141048</id>
      <parentid>140910</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T22:10:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Damas Gisimba]]</comment>
      <origin>141048</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2302" sha1="32lc84352lm8edgkv8qozuudvue0k8x" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name          = Antoine Mugesera
| nationality   = Umunyarwanda
| occupation    = Umushakashatsi, umwanditsi
| known_for     = Ubushakashatsi ku mateka y'itotezwa ry'Abatutsi mbere ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]; yahoze ayobora Ibuka
| notable_works = ''The Persecution of Rwandan Tutsi Before the 1990-1994 Genocide'' (2014)
}}
'''Antoine Mugesera''' ni umushakashatsi akaba n'umwanditsi w'Umunyarwanda, inzobere mu mateka ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu [[Rwanda]]. Yahoze ari perezida w'umuryango Ibuka uharanira inyungu z'abarokotse jenoside.

== Ubuzima n'umwuga ==
Antoine Mugesera yavukiye kandi akurira mu Rwanda. Nyuma ya jenoside, yibanze ku bushakashatsi ku mateka y'u Rwanda, cyane cyane ku gihe cyabanjirije jenoside yo mu 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Antoine Mugesera |url=https://www.izuba.info/antoine-mugesera,001.html |website=Izuba |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubushakashatsi bwe bwerekana amateka n'impamvu zatumye jenoside ishoboka, binyuze mu itotezwa ryakorewe [[Abatutsi]] kuva mu 1959.

Yayoboye umuryango Ibuka, kandi atanga ubuhamya ku butwari bwa [[Damas Gisimba]], warokoreye abana n'abandi bantu benshi mu kigo cye cy'imfubyi i [[Nyamirambo]] mu gihe cya jenoside.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Antoine Mugesera's Tribute: Damas Gisimba |url=https://sfi.usc.edu/video/antoine-mugeseras-tribute-damas-gisimba |website=USC Shoah Foundation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Dafroza Gauthier]]
* [[Damas Gisimba]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=A testimony of Antoine Mugesera |url=https://genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/A_testimony_of_Antoine_Mugesera |website=Genocide Archive of Rwanda |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=Antoine Mugesera |url=https://shs.cairn.info/publications-de-Antoine-Mugesera--663749 |website=Cairn.info |language=fr}}

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite book |author=Antoine Mugesera |title=The Persecution of Rwandan Tutsi Before the 1990-1994 Genocide |publisher=Dialogue Editions |location=Kigali |year=2014 |language=en}}

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mugesera, Antoine}}
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]</text>
      <sha1>32lc84352lm8edgkv8qozuudvue0k8x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mburugu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23281</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141000</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T12:04:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ndahiro derrick</username>
        <id>8075</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457109|Syphilis]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141000</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12246" sha1="fyo9s0ths8mta9pk23y3kzqsv5tcco4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Syphilis|synonym=|image=Treponema pallidum.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Electron micrograph]] of ''Treponema pallidum''|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Firm, painless, non-itchy [[skin ulcer]]&lt;ref name=Goldman2020/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' usually spread by sex&lt;ref name=Ferri2022/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=[[serological testing|Blood tests]], [[dark field microscopy]] of infected fluid&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;|differential=Many other diseases&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;|prevention=[[Condom]]s, [[Sexual abstinence|not having sex]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;|treatment=[[Antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tx/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=45.4 million / 0.6% (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;&lt;!-- incidence table --&gt;|deaths=107,000 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Death/&gt;|video1=|named after=}}{{Infobox medical condition|name=Syphilis|synonym=|image=Treponema pallidum.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Electron micrograph]] of ''Treponema pallidum''|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Firm, painless, non-itchy [[skin ulcer]]&lt;ref name=Goldman2020/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' usually spread by sex&lt;ref name=Ferri2022/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=[[serological testing|Blood tests]], [[dark field microscopy]] of infected fluid&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;|differential=Many other diseases&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;|prevention=[[Condom]]s, [[Sexual abstinence|not having sex]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;|treatment=[[Antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tx/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=45.4 million / 0.6% (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;&lt;!-- incidence table --&gt;|deaths=107,000 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Death/&gt;|video1=|named after=}}
'''Mburugu''' ni [[Indwara zandurira mu mibonanompuzabitsina|indwara yandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina]] iterwa na [[bagiteri]] ''ya Treponema pallidum'' subspecies ''pallidum''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldman2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ghanem|first=Khalil G.|last2=Hook|first2=Edward W.|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor-last2=Schafer|editor-first2=Andrew I.|title=[[Goldman-Cecil Medicine]]|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-55087-1|pages=1983–1989|edition=26th|volume=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1983|language=en|chapter=303. Syphilis|access-date=8 May 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630075942/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1983|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birashoboka ko nta bimenyetso bihari.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21May2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Syphilis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/syphilis|website=www.who.int|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=16 August 2024|language=en|date=21 May 2024|archive-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817212041/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/syphilis|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bitabaye ibyo, biratandukanye bitewe n'icyiciro muri bine kirimo (icy'ibanze, icya kabiri, icyahishe, n'icya gatatu).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferri2022&quot; /&gt; 

Icyiciro cya mbere gikunze kugaragaramo chancre imwe ( igisebe cyo ku ruhu gikomeye, kidatera ububabare, kandi kidatera gushyuha akenshi kiri hagati ya santimetero imwe cyangwa ebyiri (1&amp;nbsp;cm) na 2&amp;nbsp;cm) mu murambararo nubwo hashobora kuba hari ibisebe byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Syphilis – CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm|website=CDC|access-date=3 February 2016|date=November 2, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206003059/http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm|archive-date=6 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Mburugu ya kabiri, habaho uduheri twinshi, akenshi dufata ibiganza n'ibirenge.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Hashobora kandi kuba hari ibisebe mu kanwa cyangwa mu gitsina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Mu ndwara ya syphilis igaragara mu gihe cy'imyaka myinshi, ibimenyetso byayo ni bike cyangwa ntibigaragare na gato.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Muri Mburugu yo mu cyiciro cya gatatu, hari ishinya (ibibyimba byoroshye bitari kanseri), ibibazo by'imitsi, cyangwa ibimenyetso by'umutima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kent08&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kent ME, Romanelli F|title=Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=42|issue=2|pages=226–36|date=February 2008|pmid=18212261|doi=10.1345/aph.1K086|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sirifi izwi nka &quot; umuyigana ukomeye &quot; kuko ishobora gutera ibimenyetso bisa n'ibindi ndwara byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferri2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-75571-9|pages=1452=1454|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VW4yEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1452|language=en|chapter=Syphilis|access-date=7 May 2023|archive-date=1 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701145038/https://books.google.com/books?id=VW4yEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1452|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt;

Indwara ya syphilis ikunze gukwirakwira binyuze mu [[Imibonano mpuzabitsina|mibonano mpuzabitsina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Ishobora kandi kwanduzwa n'umubyeyi ku mwana mu gihe atwite cyangwa avutse, bigatera syphilis kuvukana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wood09&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Woods CR|title=Congenital syphilis-persisting pestilence|journal=Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.|volume=28|issue=6|pages=536–7|date=June 2009|pmid=19483520|doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e3181ac8a69|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi ndwara ziterwa na bagiteri ''ya Treponema'' zirimo yaws (ubwoko ''busanzwe'' ), pinta (ubwoko busanzwe ''bwa carateum'' ), na syphilis idakomoka ku gitsina (ubwoko busanzwe ''bwa endemicum'' ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kent08&quot; /&gt; Izi ndwara eshatu ntabwo akenshi zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pinta|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pinta/|website=NORD|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816031132/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pinta/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe isuzuma rikorwa hakoreshejwe ibizamini by'amaraso ; bagiteri zishobora no kumenyekana hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi y'umurima w'umwijima.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (Amerika) gisaba abagore bose batwite kwipimisha.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka zo kwandura syphilis mu mibonano mpuzabitsina zishobora kugabanuka hakoreshejwe [[agakingirizo]] ka latex cyangwa polyurethane.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Sirifi ishobora kuvurwa neza hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Syphilis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/syphilis.htm|website=CDC|access-date=3 February 2016|date=June 4, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221200405/http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/syphilis.htm|archive-date=21 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antibiyotike ikunzwe cyane mu manza nyinshi ni benzathine benzylpenicillin iterwa mu mitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bafite allergie ikomeye ya penisiline, doxycycline cyangwa tetracycline bashobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bafite neurosyphilis, benzylpenicillin cyangwa ceftriaxone ni byo byiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Mu gihe cyo kuvurwa, abantu bashobora kugira umuriro, kuribwa umutwe, no kubabara imitsi, ibyo bikaba ari ingaruka izwi nka Jarisch-Herxheimer.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt;

Mu 2022, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 8 banduye sirupe ku bantu bakuru bari hagati y’imyaka 15 na 49 ku isi yose.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21May2024&quot; /&gt; Mu myaka 20 ishize hagaragaye ukwiyongera gukomeye kw'abandura ku isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghanem2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ghanem KG, Ram S, Rice PA|title=The Modern Epidemic of Syphilis|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=382|issue=9|pages=845–54|date=February 2020|pmid=32101666|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1901593}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2015, hafi 45.4&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni banduye syphilis,&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; hamwe n’abanduye miliyoni esheshatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;New2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newman|first=L|last2=Rowley|first2=J|last3=Vander Hoorn|first3=S|last4=Wijesooriya|first4=NS|last5=Unemo|first5=M|last6=Low|first6=N|last7=Stevens|first7=G|last8=Gottlieb|first8=S|last9=Kiarie|first9=J|last10=Temmerman|first10=M|title=Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting.|journal=PLOS One|date=2015|volume=10|issue=12|pages=e0143304|pmid=26646541|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0143304|pmc=4672879|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1043304N}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu mwaka wa 2015, byateje impfu zigera ku 107.000, zigabanuka ugereranyije n’izari 202.000 mu 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Loz2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|journal=Lancet|date=15 December 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30050819|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2557786|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519152712/https://zenodo.org/record/2557786|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma yo kugabanuka cyane bitewe n’uko penisiline yabonekaga mu myaka ya 1940, igipimo cy’ubwandu cyariyongereye kuva mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana mu bihugu byinshi, akenshi kikajyana na [[Virusi itera SIDA/SIDA|virusi itera]] SIDA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kent08&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music08&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Franzen|first=C|title=Syphilis in composers and musicians--Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana|journal=[[European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases]]|date=December 2008|volume=27|issue=12|pages=1151–7|pmid=18592279|doi=10.1007/s10096-008-0571-x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bikekwa ko biterwa n’ubwiyongere bw’ubusambanyi, uburaya, igabanuka ry’ikoreshwa ry’udukingirizo, n’imibonano mpuzabitsina idahwitse mu bagabo bakorana imibonano mpuzabitsina n’abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Coffin2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Coffin|first=L. S.|last2=Newberry|first2=A.|last3=Hagan|first3=H.|last4=Cleland|first4=C. M.|last5=Des Jarlais|first5=D. C.|last6=Perlman|first6=D. C.|title=Syphilis in Drug Users in Low and Middle Income Countries|journal=The International Journal on Drug Policy|date=January 2010|volume=21|issue=1|pages=20–7|pmid=19361976|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.02.008|pmc=2790553}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gao2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gao|first=L|last2=Zhang, L|last3=Jin, Q|title=Meta-analysis: prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis among MSM in China|journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections|date=September 2009|volume=85|issue=5|pages=354–8|pmid=19351623|doi=10.1136/sti.2008.034702}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Karp2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Karp|first=G|last2=Schlaeffer, F|last3=Jotkowitz, A|last4=Riesenberg, K|title=Syphilis and HIV co-infection|journal=European Journal of Internal Medicine|date=January 2009|volume=20|issue=1|pages=9–13|pmid=19237085|doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2008.04.002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>fyo9s0ths8mta9pk23y3kzqsv5tcco4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141001</id>
      <parentid>141000</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T12:07:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ndahiro derrick</username>
        <id>8075</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457109|Syphilis]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141001</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12248" sha1="jz3z4y4ymcyhdojrww67j909e0w5zgn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Syphilis|synonym=|image=Treponema pallidum.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Electron micrograph]] of ''Treponema pallidum''|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Firm, painless, non-itchy [[skin ulcer]]&lt;ref name=Goldman2020/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' usually spread by sex&lt;ref name=Ferri2022/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=[[serological testing|Blood tests]], [[dark field microscopy]] of infected fluid&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;|differential=Many other diseases&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;|prevention=[[Condom]]s, [[Sexual abstinence|not having sex]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;|treatment=[[Antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tx/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=45.4 million / 0.6% (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;&lt;!-- incidence table --&gt;|deaths=107,000 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Death/&gt;|video1=|named after=}}{{Infobox medical condition|name=Syphilis|synonym=|image=Treponema pallidum.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Electron micrograph]] of ''Treponema pallidum''|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Firm, painless, non-itchy [[skin ulcer]]&lt;ref name=Goldman2020/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' usually spread by sex&lt;ref name=Ferri2022/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=[[serological testing|Blood tests]], [[dark field microscopy]] of infected fluid&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;|differential=Many other diseases&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;|prevention=[[Condom]]s, [[Sexual abstinence|not having sex]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;|treatment=[[Antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tx/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=45.4 million / 0.6% (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;&lt;!-- incidence table --&gt;|deaths=107,000 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Death/&gt;|video1=|named after=}}
'''Mburugu''' ni [[Indwara zandurira mu mibonanompuzabitsina|indwara yandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina]] iterwa na [[bagiteri]] ''ya Treponema pallidum'' subspecies ''pallidum''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldman2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ghanem|first=Khalil G.|last2=Hook|first2=Edward W.|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor-last2=Schafer|editor-first2=Andrew I.|title=[[Goldman-Cecil Medicine]]|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-55087-1|pages=1983–1989|edition=26th|volume=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1983|language=en|chapter=303. Syphilis|access-date=8 May 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630075942/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1983|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birashoboka ko nta bimenyetso bihari.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21May2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Syphilis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/syphilis|website=www.who.int|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=16 August 2024|language=en|date=21 May 2024|archive-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817212041/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/syphilis|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bitabaye ibyo, biratandukanye bitewe n'icyiciro muri bine kirimo (icy'ibanze, icya kabiri, icyahishe, n'icya gatatu).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferri2022&quot; /&gt; 

Icyiciro cya mbere gikunze kugaragaramo chancre imwe ( igisebe cyo ku ruhu gikomeye, kidatera ububabare, kandi kidatera gushyuha akenshi kiri hagati ya santimetero imwe cyangwa ebyiri (1&amp;nbsp;cm) na 2&amp;nbsp;cm) mu murambararo nubwo hashobora kuba hari ibisebe byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Syphilis – CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm|website=CDC|access-date=3 February 2016|date=November 2, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206003059/http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm|archive-date=6 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Mburugu ya kabiri, habaho uduheri twinshi, akenshi dufata ibiganza n'ibirenge.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Hashobora kandi kuba hari ibisebe mu kanwa cyangwa mu gitsina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Mu ndwara ya syphilis igaragara mu gihe cy'imyaka myinshi, ibimenyetso byayo ni bike cyangwa ntibigaragare na gato.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Muri Mburugu yo mu cyiciro cya gatatu, hari ishinya (ibibyimba byoroshye bitari kanseri), ibibazo by'imitsi, cyangwa ibimenyetso by'umutima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kent08&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kent ME, Romanelli F|title=Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=42|issue=2|pages=226–36|date=February 2008|pmid=18212261|doi=10.1345/aph.1K086|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sirifi izwi nka &quot; umuyigana ukomeye &quot; kuko ishobora gutera ibimenyetso bisa n'ibindi ndwara byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferri2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-75571-9|pages=1452=1454|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VW4yEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1452|language=en|chapter=Syphilis|access-date=7 May 2023|archive-date=1 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701145038/https://books.google.com/books?id=VW4yEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1452|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt;

Indwara ya syphilis ikunze gukwirakwira binyuze mu [[Imibonano mpuzabitsina|mibonano mpuzabitsina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Ishobora kandi kwanduzwa n'umubyeyi ku mwana mu gihe atwite cyangwa avutse, bigatera syphilis kuvukana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wood09&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Woods CR|title=Congenital syphilis-persisting pestilence|journal=Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.|volume=28|issue=6|pages=536–7|date=June 2009|pmid=19483520|doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e3181ac8a69|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi ndwara ziterwa na bagiteri ''ya Treponema'' zirimo yaws (ubwoko ''busanzwe'' ), pinta (ubwoko busanzwe ''bwa carateum'' ), na syphilis idakomoka ku gitsina (ubwoko busanzwe ''bwa endemicum'' ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kent08&quot; /&gt; Izi ndwara eshatu ntabwo akenshi zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pinta|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pinta/|website=NORD|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816031132/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pinta/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe isuzuma rikorwa hakoreshejwe ibizamini by'amaraso ; bagiteri zishobora no kumenyekana hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi y'umurima w'umwijima.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (Amerika) gisaba abagore bose batwite kwipimisha.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka zo kwandura syphilis mu mibonano mpuzabitsina zishobora kugabanuka hakoreshejwe [[agakingirizo]] ka latex cyangwa polyurethane.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Sirifi ishobora kuvurwa neza hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Syphilis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/syphilis.htm|website=CDC|access-date=3 February 2016|date=June 4, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221200405/http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/syphilis.htm|archive-date=21 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antibiyotike ikunzwe cyane mu manza nyinshi ni benzathine benzylpenicillin iterwa mu mitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bafite allergie ikomeye ya penisiline, doxycycline cyangwa tetracycline bashobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bafite neurosyphilis, benzylpenicillin cyangwa ceftriaxone ni byo byiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Mu gihe cyo kuvurwa, abantu bashobora kugira umuriro, kuribwa umutwe, no kubabara imitsi, ibyo bikaba ari ingaruka izwi nka Jarisch-Herxheimer.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt;

Mu 2022, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 8 banduye sirupe ku bantu bakuru bari hagati y’imyaka 15 na 49 ku isi yose.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21May2024&quot; /&gt; Mu myaka 20 ishize hagaragaye ukwiyongera gukomeye kw'abandura ku isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghanem2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ghanem KG, Ram S, Rice PA|title=The Modern Epidemic of Syphilis|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=382|issue=9|pages=845–54|date=February 2020|pmid=32101666|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1901593}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2015, hafi 45.4&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni banduye syphilis,&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; hamwe n’abanduye miliyoni esheshatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;New2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newman|first=L|last2=Rowley|first2=J|last3=Vander Hoorn|first3=S|last4=Wijesooriya|first4=NS|last5=Unemo|first5=M|last6=Low|first6=N|last7=Stevens|first7=G|last8=Gottlieb|first8=S|last9=Kiarie|first9=J|last10=Temmerman|first10=M|title=Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting.|journal=PLOS One|date=2015|volume=10|issue=12|pages=e0143304|pmid=26646541|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0143304|pmc=4672879|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1043304N}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu mwaka wa 2015, byateje impfu zigera ku 107.000, zigabanuka ugereranyije n’izari 202.000 mu 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Loz2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|journal=Lancet|date=15 December 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30050819|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2557786|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519152712/https://zenodo.org/record/2557786|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nyuma yo kugabanuka cyane bitewe n’uko penisiline yabonekaga mu myaka ya 1940, igipimo cy’ubwandu cyariyongereye kuva mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana mu bihugu byinshi, akenshi kikajyana na [[Virusi itera SIDA/SIDA|virusi itera]] SIDA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kent08&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music08&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Franzen|first=C|title=Syphilis in composers and musicians--Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana|journal=[[European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases]]|date=December 2008|volume=27|issue=12|pages=1151–7|pmid=18592279|doi=10.1007/s10096-008-0571-x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bikekwa ko biterwa n’ubwiyongere bw’ubusambanyi, uburaya, igabanuka ry’ikoreshwa ry’udukingirizo, n’imibonano mpuzabitsina idahwitse mu bagabo bakorana imibonano mpuzabitsina n’abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Coffin2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Coffin|first=L. S.|last2=Newberry|first2=A.|last3=Hagan|first3=H.|last4=Cleland|first4=C. M.|last5=Des Jarlais|first5=D. C.|last6=Perlman|first6=D. C.|title=Syphilis in Drug Users in Low and Middle Income Countries|journal=The International Journal on Drug Policy|date=January 2010|volume=21|issue=1|pages=20–7|pmid=19361976|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.02.008|pmc=2790553}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gao2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gao|first=L|last2=Zhang, L|last3=Jin, Q|title=Meta-analysis: prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis among MSM in China|journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections|date=September 2009|volume=85|issue=5|pages=354–8|pmid=19351623|doi=10.1136/sti.2008.034702}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Karp2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Karp|first=G|last2=Schlaeffer, F|last3=Jotkowitz, A|last4=Riesenberg, K|title=Syphilis and HIV co-infection|journal=European Journal of Internal Medicine|date=January 2009|volume=20|issue=1|pages=9–13|pmid=19237085|doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2008.04.002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>jz3z4y4ymcyhdojrww67j909e0w5zgn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141002</id>
      <parentid>141001</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T12:07:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ndahiro derrick</username>
        <id>8075</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457109|Syphilis]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141002</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12249" sha1="ckju69dqc3nqrq81bo7z1urz3b34gwg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Syphilis|synonym=|image=Treponema pallidum.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Electron micrograph]] of ''Treponema pallidum''|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Firm, painless, non-itchy [[skin ulcer]]&lt;ref name=Goldman2020/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' usually spread by sex&lt;ref name=Ferri2022/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=[[serological testing|Blood tests]], [[dark field microscopy]] of infected fluid&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;|differential=Many other diseases&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;|prevention=[[Condom]]s, [[Sexual abstinence|not having sex]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;|treatment=[[Antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tx/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=45.4 million / 0.6% (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;&lt;!-- incidence table --&gt;|deaths=107,000 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Death/&gt;|video1=|named after=}}{{Infobox medical condition|name=Syphilis|synonym=|image=Treponema pallidum.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Electron micrograph]] of ''Treponema pallidum''|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Firm, painless, non-itchy [[skin ulcer]]&lt;ref name=Goldman2020/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' usually spread by sex&lt;ref name=Ferri2022/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=[[serological testing|Blood tests]], [[dark field microscopy]] of infected fluid&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;|differential=Many other diseases&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;|prevention=[[Condom]]s, [[Sexual abstinence|not having sex]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;|treatment=[[Antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tx/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=45.4 million / 0.6% (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;&lt;!-- incidence table --&gt;|deaths=107,000 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Death/&gt;|video1=|named after=}}
'''Mburugu''' ni [[Indwara zandurira mu mibonanompuzabitsina|indwara yandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina]] iterwa na [[bagiteri]] ''ya Treponema pallidum'' subspecies ''pallidum''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldman2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ghanem|first=Khalil G.|last2=Hook|first2=Edward W.|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor-last2=Schafer|editor-first2=Andrew I.|title=[[Goldman-Cecil Medicine]]|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-55087-1|pages=1983–1989|edition=26th|volume=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1983|language=en|chapter=303. Syphilis|access-date=8 May 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630075942/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1983|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birashoboka ko nta bimenyetso bihari.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21May2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Syphilis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/syphilis|website=www.who.int|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=16 August 2024|language=en|date=21 May 2024|archive-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817212041/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/syphilis|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bitabaye ibyo, biratandukanye bitewe n'icyiciro muri bine kirimo (icy'ibanze, icya kabiri, icyahishe, n'icya gatatu).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferri2022&quot; /&gt; 

Icyiciro cya mbere gikunze kugaragaramo chancre imwe ( igisebe cyo ku ruhu gikomeye, kidatera ububabare, kandi kidatera gushyuha akenshi kiri hagati ya santimetero imwe cyangwa ebyiri (1&amp;nbsp;cm) na 2&amp;nbsp;cm) mu murambararo nubwo hashobora kuba hari ibisebe byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Syphilis – CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm|website=CDC|access-date=3 February 2016|date=November 2, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206003059/http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm|archive-date=6 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Mburugu ya kabiri, habaho uduheri twinshi, akenshi dufata ibiganza n'ibirenge.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Hashobora kandi kuba hari ibisebe mu kanwa cyangwa mu gitsina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Mu ndwara ya syphilis igaragara mu gihe cy'imyaka myinshi, ibimenyetso byayo ni bike cyangwa ntibigaragare na gato.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Muri Mburugu yo mu cyiciro cya gatatu, hari ishinya (ibibyimba byoroshye bitari kanseri), ibibazo by'imitsi, cyangwa ibimenyetso by'umutima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kent08&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kent ME, Romanelli F|title=Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=42|issue=2|pages=226–36|date=February 2008|pmid=18212261|doi=10.1345/aph.1K086|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sirifi izwi nka &quot; umuyigana ukomeye &quot; kuko ishobora gutera ibimenyetso bisa n'ibindi ndwara byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferri2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-75571-9|pages=1452=1454|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VW4yEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1452|language=en|chapter=Syphilis|access-date=7 May 2023|archive-date=1 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701145038/https://books.google.com/books?id=VW4yEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1452|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt;

Indwara ya syphilis ikunze gukwirakwira binyuze mu [[Imibonano mpuzabitsina|mibonano mpuzabitsina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Ishobora kandi kwanduzwa n'umubyeyi ku mwana mu gihe atwite cyangwa avutse, bigatera syphilis kuvukana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wood09&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Woods CR|title=Congenital syphilis-persisting pestilence|journal=Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.|volume=28|issue=6|pages=536–7|date=June 2009|pmid=19483520|doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e3181ac8a69|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi ndwara ziterwa na bagiteri ''ya Treponema'' zirimo yaws (ubwoko ''busanzwe'' ), pinta (ubwoko busanzwe ''bwa carateum'' ), na syphilis idakomoka ku gitsina (ubwoko busanzwe ''bwa endemicum'' ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kent08&quot; /&gt; Izi ndwara eshatu ntabwo akenshi zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pinta|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pinta/|website=NORD|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816031132/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pinta/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe isuzuma rikorwa hakoreshejwe ibizamini by'amaraso ; bagiteri zishobora no kumenyekana hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi y'umurima w'umwijima.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (Amerika) gisaba abagore bose batwite kwipimisha.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka zo kwandura syphilis mu mibonano mpuzabitsina zishobora kugabanuka hakoreshejwe [[agakingirizo]] ka latex cyangwa polyurethane.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Mburugu ishobora kuvurwa neza hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Syphilis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/syphilis.htm|website=CDC|access-date=3 February 2016|date=June 4, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221200405/http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/syphilis.htm|archive-date=21 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antibiyotike ikunzwe cyane mu manza nyinshi ni benzathine benzylpenicillin iterwa mu mitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bafite allergie ikomeye ya penisiline, doxycycline cyangwa tetracycline bashobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bafite neurosyphilis, benzylpenicillin cyangwa ceftriaxone ni byo byiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Mu gihe cyo kuvurwa, abantu bashobora kugira umuriro, kuribwa umutwe, no kubabara imitsi, ibyo bikaba ari ingaruka izwi nka Jarisch-Herxheimer.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt;

Mu 2022, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 8 banduye sirupe ku bantu bakuru bari hagati y’imyaka 15 na 49 ku isi yose.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21May2024&quot; /&gt; Mu myaka 20 ishize hagaragaye ukwiyongera gukomeye kw'abandura ku isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghanem2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ghanem KG, Ram S, Rice PA|title=The Modern Epidemic of Syphilis|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=382|issue=9|pages=845–54|date=February 2020|pmid=32101666|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1901593}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2015, hafi 45.4&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni banduye syphilis,&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; hamwe n’abanduye miliyoni esheshatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;New2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newman|first=L|last2=Rowley|first2=J|last3=Vander Hoorn|first3=S|last4=Wijesooriya|first4=NS|last5=Unemo|first5=M|last6=Low|first6=N|last7=Stevens|first7=G|last8=Gottlieb|first8=S|last9=Kiarie|first9=J|last10=Temmerman|first10=M|title=Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting.|journal=PLOS One|date=2015|volume=10|issue=12|pages=e0143304|pmid=26646541|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0143304|pmc=4672879|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1043304N}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu mwaka wa 2015, byateje impfu zigera ku 107.000, zigabanuka ugereranyije n’izari 202.000 mu 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Loz2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|journal=Lancet|date=15 December 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30050819|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2557786|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519152712/https://zenodo.org/record/2557786|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nyuma yo kugabanuka cyane bitewe n’uko penisiline yabonekaga mu myaka ya 1940, igipimo cy’ubwandu cyariyongereye kuva mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana mu bihugu byinshi, akenshi kikajyana na [[Virusi itera SIDA/SIDA|virusi itera]] SIDA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kent08&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music08&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Franzen|first=C|title=Syphilis in composers and musicians--Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana|journal=[[European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases]]|date=December 2008|volume=27|issue=12|pages=1151–7|pmid=18592279|doi=10.1007/s10096-008-0571-x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bikekwa ko biterwa n’ubwiyongere bw’ubusambanyi, uburaya, igabanuka ry’ikoreshwa ry’udukingirizo, n’imibonano mpuzabitsina idahwitse mu bagabo bakorana imibonano mpuzabitsina n’abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Coffin2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Coffin|first=L. S.|last2=Newberry|first2=A.|last3=Hagan|first3=H.|last4=Cleland|first4=C. M.|last5=Des Jarlais|first5=D. C.|last6=Perlman|first6=D. C.|title=Syphilis in Drug Users in Low and Middle Income Countries|journal=The International Journal on Drug Policy|date=January 2010|volume=21|issue=1|pages=20–7|pmid=19361976|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.02.008|pmc=2790553}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gao2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gao|first=L|last2=Zhang, L|last3=Jin, Q|title=Meta-analysis: prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis among MSM in China|journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections|date=September 2009|volume=85|issue=5|pages=354–8|pmid=19351623|doi=10.1136/sti.2008.034702}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Karp2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Karp|first=G|last2=Schlaeffer, F|last3=Jotkowitz, A|last4=Riesenberg, K|title=Syphilis and HIV co-infection|journal=European Journal of Internal Medicine|date=January 2009|volume=20|issue=1|pages=9–13|pmid=19237085|doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2008.04.002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>ckju69dqc3nqrq81bo7z1urz3b34gwg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indwara y'Impiswi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23282</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141003</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T12:18:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ndahiro derrick</username>
        <id>8075</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458265|Hand, foot, and mouth disease]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141003</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11106" sha1="oqz7rwqt1ujuwkznla5sbjapiy62ewi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Hand, foot, and mouth disease|synonym=Enteroviral vesicular stomatitis with exanthem|image={{Photomontage
|photo1a          =Hand Foot Mouth Disease.png
|photo2a          =Hand foot and mouth disease on child feet.jpg
|size             =320
|spacing          =3
|color            =#FFFFFF
|border           =1
|color_border     =}}|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=*{{align|left|Top: Spots around mouth}}&lt;br&gt;
*{{align|left|Bottom: Spots on feet}}|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=[[Fever]], [[maculopapular rash|flat discolored spots or bumps]] that may blister&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;|complications=[[Onychomadesis|Temporary loss of nails]], [[viral meningitis]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Comp/&gt;|onset=2–6 days post exposure&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;|duration=1 week&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;|types=|causes=[[Coxsackievirus]] A16, [[Enterovirus 71]]&lt;ref name=Repass2014/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, viral culture&lt;ref name=CDC2015Diag/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Hand washing|Handwashing]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Cau/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison's&quot;/&gt;|medication=[[Analgesic|Pain medication]] such as [[ibuprofen]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tx/&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=As outbreaks&lt;ref name=Kam2013/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara y'amaboko, ibirenge n'umunwa''' ( '''HFMD''' ) ni indwara ikunze kwandura iterwa n'itsinda rya virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe bitangirana n'umuriro no kumva utameze neza muri rusange.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Michaels|first=Marian `G.|last2=Williams|first2=John V.|editor-last=Zitelli|editor-first=Basil J.|editor-last2=McIntire|editor-first2=Sara C.|editor-last3=Nowalk|editor-first3=Andrew J.|editor-last4=Garrison|editor-first4=Jessica|title=Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis|date=2023|publisher=Elsevier|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-77788-9|page=459|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy1LEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA459|language=en|chapter=13. Infectious diseases|access-date=December 19, 2022|archive-date=December 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219161843/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy1LEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA459|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bikurikirwa n'umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri nyuma y'aho habayeho utudomo cyangwa utubyimba dushobora kugaragara ku biganza, ku birenge no ku kanwa ndetse rimwe na rimwe n'amaguru, ku matako no mu nda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kam2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kaminska|first=K|last2=Martinetti|first2=G|last3=Lucchini|first3=R|last4=Kaya|first4=G|last5=Mainetti|first5=C|title=Coxsackievirus A6 and Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: Three Case Reports of Familial Child-to-Immunocompetent Adult Transmission and a Literature Review|journal=Case Reports in Dermatology|volume=5|issue=2|pages=203–209|year=2013|pmid=24019771|doi=10.1159/000354533|pmc=3764954}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ooi|first=MH|last2=Wong|first2=SC|last3=Lewthwaite|first3=P|last4=Cardosa|first4=MJ|last5=Solomon|first5=T|title=Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71|journal=Lancet Neurology|volume=9|issue=11|pages=1097–1105|year=2010|pmid=20965438|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70209-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara nyuma y'iminsi 2-6 umuntu yanduye iyi virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe ibibyimba bihita byisubiraho ubwabyo mu gihe cy'icyumweru kimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=Gavin|last2=Irving|first2=William L.|last3=Moss|first3=Peter J.|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor-last2=Randall|editor-first2=David|editor-last3=Waterhouse|editor-first3=Mona|title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5|page=519|edition=10th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA517|language=en|chapter=20. Infectious disease|access-date=December 10, 2022|archive-date=October 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013164951/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA517|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kubura inzara n'ibinono by'urutoki bishobora kubaho nyuma y'ibyumweru bike, ariko bizasubira gukura uko igihe kigenda gihita.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Comp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) Complications|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/complications.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511222120/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/complications.html|archive-date=May 11, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Virusi zandura binyuze mu gukoranaho n'umuntu ku giti cye, binyuze mu mwuka uturuka mu gukorora no mu mwanda w'umuntu wanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Causes &amp; Transmission|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/transmission.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514150205/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/transmission.html|archive-date=May 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu byanduye nabyo bishobora gukwirakwiza indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot; /&gt; Virusi ya Coxsackie A16 ni yo ikunze kugaragara cyane, naho virusi ya enterovirus 71 ikaba ari yo ikunze kugaragara cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morris2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Morris-Jones|first=Rachael|editor-last=Morris-Jones|editor-first=Rachael|title=ABC of Dermatology|date=2019|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|location=Hoboken|isbn=978-1-119-48899-6|page=120|edition=7th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm2fDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=14. Viral infections|access-date=June 9, 2022|archive-date=May 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516161949/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm2fDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi ndwara za coxsackievirus na enterovirus na zo zishobora kuba ari zo zitera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Repass2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Repass GL, Palmer WC, Stancampiano FF|title=Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome|journal=Cleve Clin J Med|volume=81|issue=9|pages=537–43|date=September 2014|pmid=25183845|url=http://www.ccjm.org/content/81/9/537.long|doi=10.3949/ccjm.81a.13132|doi-access=free|access-date=September 24, 2014|archive-date=August 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828100821/https://www.ccjm.org/content/81/9/537.long|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PLOS2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Y|last2=Zhu|first2=R|last3=Qian|first3=Y|last4=Deng|first4=J|title=The characteristics of blood glucose and WBC counts in peripheral blood of cases of hand foot and mouth disease in China: a systematic review|journal=PLOS One|volume=7|issue=1|pages=e29003|year=2012|pmid=22235257|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0029003|pmc=3250408|bibcode=2012PLoSO...729003L}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hari abantu bashobora kwanduzanya virusi nubwo nta bimenyetso by'indwara bafite.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hand Foot and Mouth Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/signs-symptoms.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516032600/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/signs-symptoms.html|archive-date=May 16, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi nyamaswa ntizirimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishobora gukorwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Diag&quot; /&gt; Rimwe na rimwe, ikizamini cyo mu muhogo cyangwa mu ntebe gishobora gupimwa virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/diagnosis.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514142722/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/diagnosis.html|archive-date=May 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gukaraba intoki bishobora gukumira ikwirakwira ry’iyi ndwara, kandi abanduye ntibagomba kujya ku kazi, ku irerero cyangwa ku ishuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot; /&gt; Nta miti cyangwa urukingo birwanya virusi bihari, ariko hari ingamba zo guteza imbere iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pour2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pourianfar HR, Grollo L|title=Development of antiviral agents toward enterovirus 71 infection|journal=J Microbiol Immunol Infect|volume=48|issue=1|pages=1–8|date=February 2014|pmid=24560700|doi=10.1016/j.jmii.2013.11.011|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fang|first=Chih-Yeu|last2=Liu|first2=Chia-Chyi|date=2018|title=Recent development of enterovirus A vaccine candidates for the prevention of hand, foot, and mouth disease|journal=Expert Review of Vaccines|volume=17|issue=9|pages=819–831|doi=10.1080/14760584.2018.1510326|issn=1744-8395|pmid=30095317}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inshuro nyinshi nta buvuzi bwihariye busaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison's&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Longo|first=Dan L.|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|edition=18th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imiti yoroshye y'ububabare nka [[ibuprofen]] cyangwa gel yo kuvura indwara zo mu kanwa ishobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Rimwe na rimwe, abana badashobora kunywa bihagije bahabwa amazi yo mu mitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention &amp; Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/prevention-treatment.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515044612/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/prevention-treatment.html|archive-date=May 15, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni gake cyane, meningite cyangwa encephalitis ishobora gutuma indwara irushaho kuba mbi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Comp&quot; /&gt;

HFMD ibaho mu bice byose by'isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot; /&gt; Ikunze kugaragara mu ndwara nto zifata abana bato mu mashuri y'incuke cyangwa mu mashuri y'incuke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kam2013&quot; /&gt; Icyorezo gikomeye cyatangiye kugaragara muri Aziya kuva mu 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot; /&gt; Akenshi bibaho mu mezi y'impeshyi, icyi n'impeshyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Outbreaks|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/outbreaks.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517180547/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/outbreaks.html|archive-date=May 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe bibaho mu bana bari munsi y'imyaka itanu ariko rimwe na rimwe bishobora kubaho no mu bantu bakuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kam2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Sym&quot; /&gt; HFMD ntigomba kwitiranywa n'indwara y'uburenge (izwi kandi nka indwara y'ibirenge), yibasira cyane amatungo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2007/070814c.htm|title=Foot and Mouth Disease update: further temporary control zone established in Surrey|publisher=[[DEFRA|Defra]]|date=2007-08-14|access-date=2007-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000836/http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2007/070814c.htm|archive-date=2007-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>oqz7rwqt1ujuwkznla5sbjapiy62ewi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141004</id>
      <parentid>141003</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T12:24:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ndahiro derrick</username>
        <id>8075</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458265|Hand, foot, and mouth disease]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141004</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11107" sha1="svhxdkg9yu0mbrn96ufgzgwf8nq2xt7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Hand, foot, and mouth disease|synonym=Enteroviral vesicular stomatitis with exanthem|image={{Photomontage
|photo1a          =Hand Foot Mouth Disease.png
|photo2a          =Hand foot and mouth disease on child feet.jpg
|size             =320
|spacing          =3
|color            =#FFFFFF
|border           =1
|color_border     =}}|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=*{{align|left|Top: Spots around mouth}}&lt;br&gt;
*{{align|left|Bottom: Spots on feet}}|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=[[Fever]], [[maculopapular rash|flat discolored spots or bumps]] that may blister&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;|complications=[[Onychomadesis|Temporary loss of nails]], [[viral meningitis]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Comp/&gt;|onset=2–6 days post exposure&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;|duration=1 week&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;|types=|causes=[[Coxsackievirus]] A16, [[Enterovirus 71]]&lt;ref name=Repass2014/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, viral culture&lt;ref name=CDC2015Diag/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Hand washing|Handwashing]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Cau/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison's&quot;/&gt;|medication=[[Analgesic|Pain medication]] such as [[ibuprofen]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tx/&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=As outbreaks&lt;ref name=Kam2013/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara y'amaboko, ibirenge n'umunwa''' ( '''HFMD''' ) ni indwara ikunze kwandura iterwa n'itsinda rya virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe bitangirana n'umuriro no kumva utameze neza muri rusange.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Michaels|first=Marian `G.|last2=Williams|first2=John V.|editor-last=Zitelli|editor-first=Basil J.|editor-last2=McIntire|editor-first2=Sara C.|editor-last3=Nowalk|editor-first3=Andrew J.|editor-last4=Garrison|editor-first4=Jessica|title=Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis|date=2023|publisher=Elsevier|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-77788-9|page=459|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy1LEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA459|language=en|chapter=13. Infectious diseases|access-date=December 19, 2022|archive-date=December 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219161843/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy1LEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA459|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bikurikirwa n'umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri nyuma y'aho habayeho utudomo cyangwa utubyimba dushobora kugaragara ku biganza, ku birenge no ku kanwa ndetse rimwe na rimwe n'amaguru, ku matako no mu nda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kam2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kaminska|first=K|last2=Martinetti|first2=G|last3=Lucchini|first3=R|last4=Kaya|first4=G|last5=Mainetti|first5=C|title=Coxsackievirus A6 and Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: Three Case Reports of Familial Child-to-Immunocompetent Adult Transmission and a Literature Review|journal=Case Reports in Dermatology|volume=5|issue=2|pages=203–209|year=2013|pmid=24019771|doi=10.1159/000354533|pmc=3764954}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ooi|first=MH|last2=Wong|first2=SC|last3=Lewthwaite|first3=P|last4=Cardosa|first4=MJ|last5=Solomon|first5=T|title=Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71|journal=Lancet Neurology|volume=9|issue=11|pages=1097–1105|year=2010|pmid=20965438|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70209-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara nyuma y'iminsi 2-6 umuntu yanduye iyi virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe ibibyimba bihita byisubiraho ubwabyo mu gihe cy'icyumweru kimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=Gavin|last2=Irving|first2=William L.|last3=Moss|first3=Peter J.|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor-last2=Randall|editor-first2=David|editor-last3=Waterhouse|editor-first3=Mona|title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5|page=519|edition=10th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA517|language=en|chapter=20. Infectious disease|access-date=December 10, 2022|archive-date=October 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013164951/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA517|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kubura inzara n'ibinono by'urutoki bishobora kubaho nyuma y'ibyumweru bike, ariko bizasubira gukura uko igihe kigenda gihita.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Comp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) Complications|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/complications.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511222120/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/complications.html|archive-date=May 11, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Virusi zandura binyuze mu gukoranaho n'umuntu ku giti cye, binyuze mu mwuka uturuka mu gukorora no mu mwanda w'umuntu wanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Causes &amp; Transmission|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/transmission.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514150205/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/transmission.html|archive-date=May 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu byanduye nabyo bishobora gukwirakwiza indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot; /&gt; Virusi ya Coxsackie A16 ni yo ikunze kugaragara cyane, naho virusi ya enterovirus 71 ikaba ari yo ikunze kugaragara cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morris2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Morris-Jones|first=Rachael|editor-last=Morris-Jones|editor-first=Rachael|title=ABC of Dermatology|date=2019|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|location=Hoboken|isbn=978-1-119-48899-6|page=120|edition=7th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm2fDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=14. Viral infections|access-date=June 9, 2022|archive-date=May 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516161949/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm2fDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi ndwara za coxsackievirus na enterovirus na zo zishobora kuba ari zo zitera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Repass2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Repass GL, Palmer WC, Stancampiano FF|title=Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome|journal=Cleve Clin J Med|volume=81|issue=9|pages=537–43|date=September 2014|pmid=25183845|url=http://www.ccjm.org/content/81/9/537.long|doi=10.3949/ccjm.81a.13132|doi-access=free|access-date=September 24, 2014|archive-date=August 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828100821/https://www.ccjm.org/content/81/9/537.long|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PLOS2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Y|last2=Zhu|first2=R|last3=Qian|first3=Y|last4=Deng|first4=J|title=The characteristics of blood glucose and WBC counts in peripheral blood of cases of hand foot and mouth disease in China: a systematic review|journal=PLOS One|volume=7|issue=1|pages=e29003|year=2012|pmid=22235257|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0029003|pmc=3250408|bibcode=2012PLoSO...729003L}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hari abantu bashobora kwanduzanya virusi nubwo nta bimenyetso by'indwara bafite.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hand Foot and Mouth Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/signs-symptoms.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516032600/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/signs-symptoms.html|archive-date=May 16, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi nyamaswa ntizirimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishobora gukorwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Diag&quot; /&gt; Rimwe na rimwe, ikizamini cyo mu muhogo cyangwa mu ntebe gishobora gupimwa virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/diagnosis.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514142722/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/diagnosis.html|archive-date=May 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gukaraba intoki bishobora gukumira ikwirakwira ry’iyi ndwara, kandi abanduye ntibagomba kujya ku kazi, ku irerero cyangwa ku ishuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot; /&gt; Nta miti cyangwa urukingo birwanya virusi bihari, ariko hari ingamba zo guteza imbere iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pour2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pourianfar HR, Grollo L|title=Development of antiviral agents toward enterovirus 71 infection|journal=J Microbiol Immunol Infect|volume=48|issue=1|pages=1–8|date=February 2014|pmid=24560700|doi=10.1016/j.jmii.2013.11.011|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fang|first=Chih-Yeu|last2=Liu|first2=Chia-Chyi|date=2018|title=Recent development of enterovirus A vaccine candidates for the prevention of hand, foot, and mouth disease|journal=Expert Review of Vaccines|volume=17|issue=9|pages=819–831|doi=10.1080/14760584.2018.1510326|issn=1744-8395|pmid=30095317}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inshuro nyinshi nta buvuzi bwihariye busaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison's&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Longo|first=Dan L.|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|edition=18th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imiti yoroshye y'ububabare nka [[ibuprofen]] cyangwa gel yo kuvura indwara zo mu kanwa ishobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Rimwe na rimwe, abana badashobora kunywa bihagije bahabwa amazi yo mu mitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention &amp; Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/prevention-treatment.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515044612/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/prevention-treatment.html|archive-date=May 15, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni gake cyane, meningite cyangwa encephalitis ishobora gutuma indwara irushaho kuba mbi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Comp&quot; /&gt;

HFMD ibaho mu bice byose by'isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot; /&gt; Ikunze kugaragara mu ndwara nto zifata abana bato mu mashuri y'incuke cyangwa mu mashuri y'incuke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kam2013&quot; /&gt; Icyorezo gikomeye cyatangiye kugaragara muri Aziya kuva mu 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot; /&gt; Akenshi bibaho mu mezi y'impeshyi, icyi n'impeshyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Outbreaks|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/outbreaks.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517180547/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/outbreaks.html|archive-date=May 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe bibaho mu bana bari munsi y'imyaka itanu, ariko rimwe na rimwe bishobora kubaho no mu bantu bakuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kam2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Sym&quot; /&gt; HFMD ntigomba kwitiranywa n'indwara y'uburenge (izwi kandi nka indwara y'ibirenge), yibasira cyane amatungo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2007/070814c.htm|title=Foot and Mouth Disease update: further temporary control zone established in Surrey|publisher=[[DEFRA|Defra]]|date=2007-08-14|access-date=2007-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000836/http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2007/070814c.htm|archive-date=2007-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>svhxdkg9yu0mbrn96ufgzgwf8nq2xt7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141005</id>
      <parentid>141004</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T12:26:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ndahiro derrick</username>
        <id>8075</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Ndahiro derrick moved page [[Indwara z'amaboko, ibirenge n'umunwa]] to [[Indwara y'Impiswi]]</comment>
      <origin>141004</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11107" sha1="svhxdkg9yu0mbrn96ufgzgwf8nq2xt7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Hand, foot, and mouth disease|synonym=Enteroviral vesicular stomatitis with exanthem|image={{Photomontage
|photo1a          =Hand Foot Mouth Disease.png
|photo2a          =Hand foot and mouth disease on child feet.jpg
|size             =320
|spacing          =3
|color            =#FFFFFF
|border           =1
|color_border     =}}|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=*{{align|left|Top: Spots around mouth}}&lt;br&gt;
*{{align|left|Bottom: Spots on feet}}|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=[[Fever]], [[maculopapular rash|flat discolored spots or bumps]] that may blister&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;|complications=[[Onychomadesis|Temporary loss of nails]], [[viral meningitis]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Comp/&gt;|onset=2–6 days post exposure&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;|duration=1 week&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;|types=|causes=[[Coxsackievirus]] A16, [[Enterovirus 71]]&lt;ref name=Repass2014/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, viral culture&lt;ref name=CDC2015Diag/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Hand washing|Handwashing]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Cau/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison's&quot;/&gt;|medication=[[Analgesic|Pain medication]] such as [[ibuprofen]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tx/&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=As outbreaks&lt;ref name=Kam2013/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara y'amaboko, ibirenge n'umunwa''' ( '''HFMD''' ) ni indwara ikunze kwandura iterwa n'itsinda rya virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe bitangirana n'umuriro no kumva utameze neza muri rusange.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Michaels|first=Marian `G.|last2=Williams|first2=John V.|editor-last=Zitelli|editor-first=Basil J.|editor-last2=McIntire|editor-first2=Sara C.|editor-last3=Nowalk|editor-first3=Andrew J.|editor-last4=Garrison|editor-first4=Jessica|title=Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis|date=2023|publisher=Elsevier|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-77788-9|page=459|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy1LEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA459|language=en|chapter=13. Infectious diseases|access-date=December 19, 2022|archive-date=December 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219161843/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy1LEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA459|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bikurikirwa n'umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri nyuma y'aho habayeho utudomo cyangwa utubyimba dushobora kugaragara ku biganza, ku birenge no ku kanwa ndetse rimwe na rimwe n'amaguru, ku matako no mu nda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kam2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kaminska|first=K|last2=Martinetti|first2=G|last3=Lucchini|first3=R|last4=Kaya|first4=G|last5=Mainetti|first5=C|title=Coxsackievirus A6 and Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: Three Case Reports of Familial Child-to-Immunocompetent Adult Transmission and a Literature Review|journal=Case Reports in Dermatology|volume=5|issue=2|pages=203–209|year=2013|pmid=24019771|doi=10.1159/000354533|pmc=3764954}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ooi|first=MH|last2=Wong|first2=SC|last3=Lewthwaite|first3=P|last4=Cardosa|first4=MJ|last5=Solomon|first5=T|title=Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71|journal=Lancet Neurology|volume=9|issue=11|pages=1097–1105|year=2010|pmid=20965438|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70209-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara nyuma y'iminsi 2-6 umuntu yanduye iyi virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe ibibyimba bihita byisubiraho ubwabyo mu gihe cy'icyumweru kimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=Gavin|last2=Irving|first2=William L.|last3=Moss|first3=Peter J.|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor-last2=Randall|editor-first2=David|editor-last3=Waterhouse|editor-first3=Mona|title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5|page=519|edition=10th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA517|language=en|chapter=20. Infectious disease|access-date=December 10, 2022|archive-date=October 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013164951/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA517|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kubura inzara n'ibinono by'urutoki bishobora kubaho nyuma y'ibyumweru bike, ariko bizasubira gukura uko igihe kigenda gihita.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Comp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) Complications|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/complications.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511222120/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/complications.html|archive-date=May 11, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Virusi zandura binyuze mu gukoranaho n'umuntu ku giti cye, binyuze mu mwuka uturuka mu gukorora no mu mwanda w'umuntu wanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Causes &amp; Transmission|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/transmission.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514150205/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/transmission.html|archive-date=May 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu byanduye nabyo bishobora gukwirakwiza indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot; /&gt; Virusi ya Coxsackie A16 ni yo ikunze kugaragara cyane, naho virusi ya enterovirus 71 ikaba ari yo ikunze kugaragara cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morris2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Morris-Jones|first=Rachael|editor-last=Morris-Jones|editor-first=Rachael|title=ABC of Dermatology|date=2019|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|location=Hoboken|isbn=978-1-119-48899-6|page=120|edition=7th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm2fDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=14. Viral infections|access-date=June 9, 2022|archive-date=May 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516161949/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm2fDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi ndwara za coxsackievirus na enterovirus na zo zishobora kuba ari zo zitera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Repass2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Repass GL, Palmer WC, Stancampiano FF|title=Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome|journal=Cleve Clin J Med|volume=81|issue=9|pages=537–43|date=September 2014|pmid=25183845|url=http://www.ccjm.org/content/81/9/537.long|doi=10.3949/ccjm.81a.13132|doi-access=free|access-date=September 24, 2014|archive-date=August 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828100821/https://www.ccjm.org/content/81/9/537.long|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PLOS2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Y|last2=Zhu|first2=R|last3=Qian|first3=Y|last4=Deng|first4=J|title=The characteristics of blood glucose and WBC counts in peripheral blood of cases of hand foot and mouth disease in China: a systematic review|journal=PLOS One|volume=7|issue=1|pages=e29003|year=2012|pmid=22235257|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0029003|pmc=3250408|bibcode=2012PLoSO...729003L}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hari abantu bashobora kwanduzanya virusi nubwo nta bimenyetso by'indwara bafite.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hand Foot and Mouth Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/signs-symptoms.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516032600/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/signs-symptoms.html|archive-date=May 16, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi nyamaswa ntizirimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishobora gukorwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Diag&quot; /&gt; Rimwe na rimwe, ikizamini cyo mu muhogo cyangwa mu ntebe gishobora gupimwa virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/diagnosis.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514142722/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/diagnosis.html|archive-date=May 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gukaraba intoki bishobora gukumira ikwirakwira ry’iyi ndwara, kandi abanduye ntibagomba kujya ku kazi, ku irerero cyangwa ku ishuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot; /&gt; Nta miti cyangwa urukingo birwanya virusi bihari, ariko hari ingamba zo guteza imbere iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pour2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pourianfar HR, Grollo L|title=Development of antiviral agents toward enterovirus 71 infection|journal=J Microbiol Immunol Infect|volume=48|issue=1|pages=1–8|date=February 2014|pmid=24560700|doi=10.1016/j.jmii.2013.11.011|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fang|first=Chih-Yeu|last2=Liu|first2=Chia-Chyi|date=2018|title=Recent development of enterovirus A vaccine candidates for the prevention of hand, foot, and mouth disease|journal=Expert Review of Vaccines|volume=17|issue=9|pages=819–831|doi=10.1080/14760584.2018.1510326|issn=1744-8395|pmid=30095317}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inshuro nyinshi nta buvuzi bwihariye busaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison's&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Longo|first=Dan L.|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|edition=18th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imiti yoroshye y'ububabare nka [[ibuprofen]] cyangwa gel yo kuvura indwara zo mu kanwa ishobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Rimwe na rimwe, abana badashobora kunywa bihagije bahabwa amazi yo mu mitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention &amp; Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/prevention-treatment.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515044612/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/prevention-treatment.html|archive-date=May 15, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni gake cyane, meningite cyangwa encephalitis ishobora gutuma indwara irushaho kuba mbi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Comp&quot; /&gt;

HFMD ibaho mu bice byose by'isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot; /&gt; Ikunze kugaragara mu ndwara nto zifata abana bato mu mashuri y'incuke cyangwa mu mashuri y'incuke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kam2013&quot; /&gt; Icyorezo gikomeye cyatangiye kugaragara muri Aziya kuva mu 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot; /&gt; Akenshi bibaho mu mezi y'impeshyi, icyi n'impeshyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Outbreaks|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/outbreaks.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517180547/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/outbreaks.html|archive-date=May 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe bibaho mu bana bari munsi y'imyaka itanu, ariko rimwe na rimwe bishobora kubaho no mu bantu bakuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kam2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Sym&quot; /&gt; HFMD ntigomba kwitiranywa n'indwara y'uburenge (izwi kandi nka indwara y'ibirenge), yibasira cyane amatungo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2007/070814c.htm|title=Foot and Mouth Disease update: further temporary control zone established in Surrey|publisher=[[DEFRA|Defra]]|date=2007-08-14|access-date=2007-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000836/http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2007/070814c.htm|archive-date=2007-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>svhxdkg9yu0mbrn96ufgzgwf8nq2xt7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141007</id>
      <parentid>141005</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T12:27:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ndahiro derrick</username>
        <id>8075</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141007</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11063" sha1="t0r89lspgbi6gfqx4j86m3x3192v8fp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Hand, foot, and mouth disease|synonym=Enteroviral vesicular stomatitis with exanthem|image={{Photomontage
|photo1a          =Hand Foot Mouth Disease.png
|photo2a          =Hand foot and mouth disease on child feet.jpg
|size             =320
|spacing          =3
|color            =#FFFFFF
|border           =1
|color_border     =}}|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=*{{align|left|Top: Spots around mouth}}&lt;br&gt;
*{{align|left|Bottom: Spots on feet}}|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=[[Fever]], [[maculopapular rash|flat discolored spots or bumps]] that may blister&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;|complications=[[Onychomadesis|Temporary loss of nails]], [[viral meningitis]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Comp/&gt;|onset=2–6 days post exposure&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;|duration=1 week&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;|types=|causes=[[Coxsackievirus]] A16, [[Enterovirus 71]]&lt;ref name=Repass2014/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, viral culture&lt;ref name=CDC2015Diag/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Hand washing|Handwashing]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Cau/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison's&quot;/&gt;|medication=[[Analgesic|Pain medication]] such as [[ibuprofen]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tx/&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=As outbreaks&lt;ref name=Kam2013/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''impiswi''' ni indwara ikunze kwandura iterwa n'itsinda rya virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe bitangirana n'umuriro no kumva utameze neza muri rusange.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Michaels|first=Marian `G.|last2=Williams|first2=John V.|editor-last=Zitelli|editor-first=Basil J.|editor-last2=McIntire|editor-first2=Sara C.|editor-last3=Nowalk|editor-first3=Andrew J.|editor-last4=Garrison|editor-first4=Jessica|title=Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis|date=2023|publisher=Elsevier|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-77788-9|page=459|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy1LEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA459|language=en|chapter=13. Infectious diseases|access-date=December 19, 2022|archive-date=December 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219161843/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy1LEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA459|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bikurikirwa n'umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri nyuma y'aho habayeho utudomo cyangwa utubyimba dushobora kugaragara ku biganza, ku birenge no ku kanwa ndetse rimwe na rimwe n'amaguru, ku matako no mu nda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kam2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kaminska|first=K|last2=Martinetti|first2=G|last3=Lucchini|first3=R|last4=Kaya|first4=G|last5=Mainetti|first5=C|title=Coxsackievirus A6 and Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: Three Case Reports of Familial Child-to-Immunocompetent Adult Transmission and a Literature Review|journal=Case Reports in Dermatology|volume=5|issue=2|pages=203–209|year=2013|pmid=24019771|doi=10.1159/000354533|pmc=3764954}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ooi|first=MH|last2=Wong|first2=SC|last3=Lewthwaite|first3=P|last4=Cardosa|first4=MJ|last5=Solomon|first5=T|title=Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71|journal=Lancet Neurology|volume=9|issue=11|pages=1097–1105|year=2010|pmid=20965438|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70209-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara nyuma y'iminsi 2-6 umuntu yanduye iyi virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe ibibyimba bihita byisubiraho ubwabyo mu gihe cy'icyumweru kimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=Gavin|last2=Irving|first2=William L.|last3=Moss|first3=Peter J.|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor-last2=Randall|editor-first2=David|editor-last3=Waterhouse|editor-first3=Mona|title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5|page=519|edition=10th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA517|language=en|chapter=20. Infectious disease|access-date=December 10, 2022|archive-date=October 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013164951/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA517|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kubura inzara n'ibinono by'urutoki bishobora kubaho nyuma y'ibyumweru bike, ariko bizasubira gukura uko igihe kigenda gihita.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Comp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) Complications|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/complications.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511222120/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/complications.html|archive-date=May 11, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Virusi zandura binyuze mu gukoranaho n'umuntu ku giti cye, binyuze mu mwuka uturuka mu gukorora no mu mwanda w'umuntu wanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Causes &amp; Transmission|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/transmission.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514150205/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/transmission.html|archive-date=May 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu byanduye nabyo bishobora gukwirakwiza indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot; /&gt; Virusi ya Coxsackie A16 ni yo ikunze kugaragara cyane, naho virusi ya enterovirus 71 ikaba ari yo ikunze kugaragara cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morris2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Morris-Jones|first=Rachael|editor-last=Morris-Jones|editor-first=Rachael|title=ABC of Dermatology|date=2019|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|location=Hoboken|isbn=978-1-119-48899-6|page=120|edition=7th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm2fDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=14. Viral infections|access-date=June 9, 2022|archive-date=May 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516161949/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm2fDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi ndwara za coxsackievirus na enterovirus na zo zishobora kuba ari zo zitera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Repass2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Repass GL, Palmer WC, Stancampiano FF|title=Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome|journal=Cleve Clin J Med|volume=81|issue=9|pages=537–43|date=September 2014|pmid=25183845|url=http://www.ccjm.org/content/81/9/537.long|doi=10.3949/ccjm.81a.13132|doi-access=free|access-date=September 24, 2014|archive-date=August 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828100821/https://www.ccjm.org/content/81/9/537.long|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PLOS2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Y|last2=Zhu|first2=R|last3=Qian|first3=Y|last4=Deng|first4=J|title=The characteristics of blood glucose and WBC counts in peripheral blood of cases of hand foot and mouth disease in China: a systematic review|journal=PLOS One|volume=7|issue=1|pages=e29003|year=2012|pmid=22235257|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0029003|pmc=3250408|bibcode=2012PLoSO...729003L}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hari abantu bashobora kwanduzanya virusi nubwo nta bimenyetso by'indwara bafite.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hand Foot and Mouth Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/signs-symptoms.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516032600/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/signs-symptoms.html|archive-date=May 16, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi nyamaswa ntizirimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishobora gukorwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Diag&quot; /&gt; Rimwe na rimwe, ikizamini cyo mu muhogo cyangwa mu ntebe gishobora gupimwa virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/diagnosis.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514142722/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/diagnosis.html|archive-date=May 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gukaraba intoki bishobora gukumira ikwirakwira ry’iyi ndwara, kandi abanduye ntibagomba kujya ku kazi, ku irerero cyangwa ku ishuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot; /&gt; Nta miti cyangwa urukingo birwanya virusi bihari, ariko hari ingamba zo guteza imbere iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pour2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pourianfar HR, Grollo L|title=Development of antiviral agents toward enterovirus 71 infection|journal=J Microbiol Immunol Infect|volume=48|issue=1|pages=1–8|date=February 2014|pmid=24560700|doi=10.1016/j.jmii.2013.11.011|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fang|first=Chih-Yeu|last2=Liu|first2=Chia-Chyi|date=2018|title=Recent development of enterovirus A vaccine candidates for the prevention of hand, foot, and mouth disease|journal=Expert Review of Vaccines|volume=17|issue=9|pages=819–831|doi=10.1080/14760584.2018.1510326|issn=1744-8395|pmid=30095317}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inshuro nyinshi nta buvuzi bwihariye busaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison's&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Longo|first=Dan L.|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|edition=18th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imiti yoroshye y'ububabare nka [[ibuprofen]] cyangwa gel yo kuvura indwara zo mu kanwa ishobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Rimwe na rimwe, abana badashobora kunywa bihagije bahabwa amazi yo mu mitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention &amp; Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/prevention-treatment.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515044612/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/prevention-treatment.html|archive-date=May 15, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni gake cyane, meningite cyangwa encephalitis ishobora gutuma indwara irushaho kuba mbi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Comp&quot; /&gt;

HFMD ibaho mu bice byose by'isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot; /&gt; Ikunze kugaragara mu ndwara nto zifata abana bato mu mashuri y'incuke cyangwa mu mashuri y'incuke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kam2013&quot; /&gt; Icyorezo gikomeye cyatangiye kugaragara muri Aziya kuva mu 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot; /&gt; Akenshi bibaho mu mezi y'impeshyi, icyi n'impeshyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Outbreaks|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/outbreaks.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517180547/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/outbreaks.html|archive-date=May 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe bibaho mu bana bari munsi y'imyaka itanu, ariko rimwe na rimwe bishobora kubaho no mu bantu bakuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kam2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Sym&quot; /&gt; HFMD ntigomba kwitiranywa n'indwara y'uburenge (izwi kandi nka indwara y'ibirenge), yibasira cyane amatungo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2007/070814c.htm|title=Foot and Mouth Disease update: further temporary control zone established in Surrey|publisher=[[DEFRA|Defra]]|date=2007-08-14|access-date=2007-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000836/http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2007/070814c.htm|archive-date=2007-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>t0r89lspgbi6gfqx4j86m3x3192v8fp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141008</id>
      <parentid>141007</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T12:27:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ndahiro derrick</username>
        <id>8075</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141008</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11281" sha1="nar5tqjrjuukkmfkrj9ogliw5nd2l80" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Indwara y'impiswi
| synonym       = Enteroviral vesicular stomatitis with exanthem
| image         = {{Photomontage
|photo1a          =Hand Foot Mouth Disease.png
|photo2a          =Hand foot and mouth disease on child feet.jpg
|size             =320
|spacing          =3
|color            =#FFFFFF
|border           =1
|color_border     =}}
| image_size    = 
| image_thumbtime = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = *{{align|left|Top: Spots around mouth}}&lt;br&gt;
*{{align|left|Bottom: Spots on feet}}
| pronounce     = 
| field         = [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
| symptoms      = [[Fever]], [[maculopapular rash|flat discolored spots or bumps]] that may blister&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;
| complications = [[Onychomadesis|Temporary loss of nails]], [[viral meningitis]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Comp/&gt;
| onset         = 2–6 days post exposure&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;
| duration      = 1 week&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;
| types         = 
| causes        = [[Coxsackievirus]] A16, [[Enterovirus 71]]&lt;ref name=Repass2014/&gt;
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = Based on symptoms, viral culture&lt;ref name=CDC2015Diag/&gt;
| differential  = 
| prevention    = [[Hand washing|Handwashing]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Cau/&gt;
| treatment     = [[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison's&quot;/&gt;
| medication    = [[Analgesic|Pain medication]] such as [[ibuprofen]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tx/&gt;
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = As outbreaks&lt;ref name=Kam2013/&gt;
| deaths        = 
| named after   = 
}}

'''impiswi''' ni indwara ikunze kwandura iterwa n'itsinda rya virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe bitangirana n'umuriro no kumva utameze neza muri rusange.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Michaels|first=Marian `G.|last2=Williams|first2=John V.|editor-last=Zitelli|editor-first=Basil J.|editor-last2=McIntire|editor-first2=Sara C.|editor-last3=Nowalk|editor-first3=Andrew J.|editor-last4=Garrison|editor-first4=Jessica|title=Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis|date=2023|publisher=Elsevier|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-77788-9|page=459|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy1LEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA459|language=en|chapter=13. Infectious diseases|access-date=December 19, 2022|archive-date=December 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219161843/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy1LEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA459|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bikurikirwa n'umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri nyuma y'aho habayeho utudomo cyangwa utubyimba dushobora kugaragara ku biganza, ku birenge no ku kanwa ndetse rimwe na rimwe n'amaguru, ku matako no mu nda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kam2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kaminska|first=K|last2=Martinetti|first2=G|last3=Lucchini|first3=R|last4=Kaya|first4=G|last5=Mainetti|first5=C|title=Coxsackievirus A6 and Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: Three Case Reports of Familial Child-to-Immunocompetent Adult Transmission and a Literature Review|journal=Case Reports in Dermatology|volume=5|issue=2|pages=203–209|year=2013|pmid=24019771|doi=10.1159/000354533|pmc=3764954}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ooi|first=MH|last2=Wong|first2=SC|last3=Lewthwaite|first3=P|last4=Cardosa|first4=MJ|last5=Solomon|first5=T|title=Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71|journal=Lancet Neurology|volume=9|issue=11|pages=1097–1105|year=2010|pmid=20965438|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70209-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara nyuma y'iminsi 2-6 umuntu yanduye iyi virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe ibibyimba bihita byisubiraho ubwabyo mu gihe cy'icyumweru kimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=Gavin|last2=Irving|first2=William L.|last3=Moss|first3=Peter J.|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor-last2=Randall|editor-first2=David|editor-last3=Waterhouse|editor-first3=Mona|title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5|page=519|edition=10th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA517|language=en|chapter=20. Infectious disease|access-date=December 10, 2022|archive-date=October 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013164951/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA517|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kubura inzara n'ibinono by'urutoki bishobora kubaho nyuma y'ibyumweru bike, ariko bizasubira gukura uko igihe kigenda gihita.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Comp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) Complications|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/complications.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511222120/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/complications.html|archive-date=May 11, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Virusi zandura binyuze mu gukoranaho n'umuntu ku giti cye, binyuze mu mwuka uturuka mu gukorora no mu mwanda w'umuntu wanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Causes &amp; Transmission|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/transmission.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514150205/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/transmission.html|archive-date=May 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu byanduye nabyo bishobora gukwirakwiza indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot; /&gt; Virusi ya Coxsackie A16 ni yo ikunze kugaragara cyane, naho virusi ya enterovirus 71 ikaba ari yo ikunze kugaragara cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morris2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Morris-Jones|first=Rachael|editor-last=Morris-Jones|editor-first=Rachael|title=ABC of Dermatology|date=2019|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|location=Hoboken|isbn=978-1-119-48899-6|page=120|edition=7th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm2fDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=14. Viral infections|access-date=June 9, 2022|archive-date=May 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516161949/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm2fDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi ndwara za coxsackievirus na enterovirus na zo zishobora kuba ari zo zitera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Repass2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Repass GL, Palmer WC, Stancampiano FF|title=Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome|journal=Cleve Clin J Med|volume=81|issue=9|pages=537–43|date=September 2014|pmid=25183845|url=http://www.ccjm.org/content/81/9/537.long|doi=10.3949/ccjm.81a.13132|doi-access=free|access-date=September 24, 2014|archive-date=August 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828100821/https://www.ccjm.org/content/81/9/537.long|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PLOS2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Y|last2=Zhu|first2=R|last3=Qian|first3=Y|last4=Deng|first4=J|title=The characteristics of blood glucose and WBC counts in peripheral blood of cases of hand foot and mouth disease in China: a systematic review|journal=PLOS One|volume=7|issue=1|pages=e29003|year=2012|pmid=22235257|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0029003|pmc=3250408|bibcode=2012PLoSO...729003L}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hari abantu bashobora kwanduzanya virusi nubwo nta bimenyetso by'indwara bafite.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hand Foot and Mouth Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/signs-symptoms.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516032600/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/signs-symptoms.html|archive-date=May 16, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi nyamaswa ntizirimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishobora gukorwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Diag&quot; /&gt; Rimwe na rimwe, ikizamini cyo mu muhogo cyangwa mu ntebe gishobora gupimwa virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/diagnosis.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514142722/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/diagnosis.html|archive-date=May 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gukaraba intoki bishobora gukumira ikwirakwira ry’iyi ndwara, kandi abanduye ntibagomba kujya ku kazi, ku irerero cyangwa ku ishuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Cau&quot; /&gt; Nta miti cyangwa urukingo birwanya virusi bihari, ariko hari ingamba zo guteza imbere iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pour2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pourianfar HR, Grollo L|title=Development of antiviral agents toward enterovirus 71 infection|journal=J Microbiol Immunol Infect|volume=48|issue=1|pages=1–8|date=February 2014|pmid=24560700|doi=10.1016/j.jmii.2013.11.011|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fang|first=Chih-Yeu|last2=Liu|first2=Chia-Chyi|date=2018|title=Recent development of enterovirus A vaccine candidates for the prevention of hand, foot, and mouth disease|journal=Expert Review of Vaccines|volume=17|issue=9|pages=819–831|doi=10.1080/14760584.2018.1510326|issn=1744-8395|pmid=30095317}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inshuro nyinshi nta buvuzi bwihariye busaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison's&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Longo|first=Dan L.|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|edition=18th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imiti yoroshye y'ububabare nka [[ibuprofen]] cyangwa gel yo kuvura indwara zo mu kanwa ishobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Rimwe na rimwe, abana badashobora kunywa bihagije bahabwa amazi yo mu mitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention &amp; Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/prevention-treatment.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515044612/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/prevention-treatment.html|archive-date=May 15, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni gake cyane, meningite cyangwa encephalitis ishobora gutuma indwara irushaho kuba mbi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Comp&quot; /&gt;

HFMD ibaho mu bice byose by'isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot; /&gt; Ikunze kugaragara mu ndwara nto zifata abana bato mu mashuri y'incuke cyangwa mu mashuri y'incuke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kam2013&quot; /&gt; Icyorezo gikomeye cyatangiye kugaragara muri Aziya kuva mu 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot; /&gt; Akenshi bibaho mu mezi y'impeshyi, icyi n'impeshyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Outbreaks|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/outbreaks.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517180547/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/outbreaks.html|archive-date=May 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe bibaho mu bana bari munsi y'imyaka itanu, ariko rimwe na rimwe bishobora kubaho no mu bantu bakuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kam2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Sym&quot; /&gt; HFMD ntigomba kwitiranywa n'indwara y'uburenge (izwi kandi nka indwara y'ibirenge), yibasira cyane amatungo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2007/070814c.htm|title=Foot and Mouth Disease update: further temporary control zone established in Surrey|publisher=[[DEFRA|Defra]]|date=2007-08-14|access-date=2007-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000836/http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2007/070814c.htm|archive-date=2007-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>nar5tqjrjuukkmfkrj9ogliw5nd2l80</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indwara z'amaboko, ibirenge n'umunwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23283</id>
    <redirect title="Indwara y&#039;Impiswi" />
    <revision>
      <id>141006</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T12:26:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ndahiro derrick</username>
        <id>8075</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ndahiro derrick moved page [[Indwara z'amaboko, ibirenge n'umunwa]] to [[Indwara y'Impiswi]]</comment>
      <origin>141006</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31" sha1="0i974tgw7mtu5ug0an0ac9j45uddp2h" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Indwara y'Impiswi]]</text>
      <sha1>0i974tgw7mtu5ug0an0ac9j45uddp2h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Damas Gisimba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23284</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141050</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T22:11:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Damas Gisimba (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>141050</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5570" sha1="orlhg93lt2984faxl7raa4149fe3tny" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Damas Gisimba Mutezintare
| image = Damas Gisimba Mutezintare, the Director of the Gisimba Memorial Centre shows photos of around 325 children who were rescued during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Kigali on April 16, 2019. Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg
| caption = Damas Gisimba yerekana amafoto y'abana barokowe muri Jenoside (Kigali, 2019)
| birth_date = 15 Ukwakira 1961
| birth_place = [[Goma]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Zayire]]
| death_date = 4 Kamena 2023 (imyaka 61)
| death_place = [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
| nationality = Umunyarwanda
| occupation = Umuyobozi w'ikigo cy'imfubyi
| known_for = Kurokora abantu basaga 400 muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi
}}
'''Damas Gisimba Mutezintare''' (15 Ukwakira 1961 – 4 Kamena 2023) yari Umunyarwanda wayoboraga ikigo cy'imfubyi cya Gisimba i [[Nyamirambo]], mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]]. Mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]], yahishe kandi arokora abantu bagera kuri 400, abenshi muri bo bakaba bari abana. Yahawe ibihembo bitandukanye, birimo Umudari w'Umurinzi.

== Ubuzima ==
Damas Gisimba yavukiye i [[Goma]], muri Zayire (ubu ni [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]), akaba imfura mu muryango we. Se, Pierre-Chrysologue Gisimba, yari yarahunze u Rwanda nyuma yo kwamagana ku mugaragaro ubwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi mu 1959; umuryango wamaze imyaka igera kuri 20 mu buhungiro.&lt;ref name=&quot;libe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Malagardis |first=Maria |title=Au Rwanda, «tout le pays pleure la mort» de Damas Gisimba, véritable héros pendant le génocide |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/au-rwanda-tout-le-pays-pleure-la-mort-de-damas-gisimba-veritable-heros-pendant-le-genocide-20230605_L6MAXE3HGFCZJM7YGD5P6DAPJE/ |website=Libération |date=2023-06-05 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ababyeyi be, Peter na Dancilla Gisimba, bashinze ikigo cy'imfubyi i Nyamirambo mu 1980, gitangirana n'abana 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;gariwo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Damas Mutezintare Gisimba (1961-2023) |url=https://it.gariwo.net/giusti/genocidio-ruanda/damas-mutezintare-gisimba-22184.html |website=Gariwo |language=it |access-date=2026-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma y'urupfu rwa se mu 1986, Damas yabaye umuyobozi w'icyo kigo.&lt;ref name=&quot;libe&quot;/&gt;

== Uruhare muri Jenoside ==
Jenoside itangiye muri Mata 1994, Gisimba yacumbikiye mu kigo abantu bahigwaga, abahisha no mu gisenge cy'inzu, kandi yanga ko [[Interahamwe]] zibageraho.&lt;ref name=&quot;gariwo&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ktpress&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tabaro |first=Jean de la Croix |title=Big-Hearted Hero Damas Gisimba Dies At 62 |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2023/06/big-hearted-hero-damas-gisimba-dies-at-62/ |website=KT Press |date=2023-06-04 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igihe abicanyi bagabaga igitero, umumisiyoneri w'Umunyamerika Carl Wilkens yaraje arabafasha, maze abari bahahungiye bimurirwa ahatekanye.&lt;ref name=&quot;gariwo&quot;/&gt; Abo Gisimba yarokoye barimo abana basaga 300 n'abantu bakuru bagera kuri 80.&lt;ref name=&quot;libe&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dumas |first=Hélène |title=Trajectoires de persécution enfantines et micropolitiques du réapparentement au sein du Centre Mémorial Gisimba. Kigali, 1994-2015 |journal=Annales de démographie historique |volume=145 |issue=1 |pages=175–206 |date=2023 |doi=10.3917/adh.145.0175 |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-annales-de-demographie-historique-2023-1-page-175.htm |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nyuma ya Jenoside ==
Ikigo cyakomeje kwakira imfubyi kugeza ubwo Leta itegetse ko gifungwa mu 2012; cyahindutse urwibutso n'ikigo gifasha abana mu masomo (''Gisimba Memorial Centre'').&lt;ref name=&quot;libe&quot;/&gt; Mu 2018, umufotozi w'Umunyamerika Brandon Stanton yakusanyije amafaranga yo kubaka ibigo bya Gisimba mu Rwanda no muri [[Ubugande]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ktpress&quot;/&gt;

=== Ibihembo ===
* 2007 : yiswe « Umukiranutsi mu mahanga » (''Juste parmi les nations'').&lt;ref name=&quot;libe&quot;/&gt;
* 2011 : igihembo cya UNESCO, yashyikirijwe n'umukinnyi wa filime Clive Owen, ambasaderi wa [[Aegis Trust]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gariwo&quot;/&gt;
* 2013 : izina rye ryashyizwe mu Busitani bw'Abakiranutsi bwa Padova, mu [[Ubutaliyani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gariwo&quot;/&gt;
* 2015 : Umudari w'Umurinzi w'Igihango, yashyikirijwe na Perezida [[Paul Kagame]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ktpress&quot;/&gt;
* Umudari w'Umurinzi utangwa na Perezida wa Repubulika.&lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kuteesa |first=Hudson |title=Rwanda: Damas Gisimba - Genocide Hero Dies at 61 |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202306050148.html |website=The New Times (AllAfrica) |date=2023-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urupfu ==
Damas Gisimba yapfuye ku wa 4 Kamena 2023 mu bitaro bya Nyarugenge i Kigali, afite imyaka 61.&lt;ref name=&quot;ktpress&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes&quot;/&gt; Yashyinguwe ku wa 10 Kamena 2023 mu irimbi rya Rusororo, nyuma ya misa yabereye muri paruwasi ya Mutagatifu Karoli Lwanga i Nyamirambo.&lt;ref name=&quot;igihe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mazuru |first=Jean Jill |title=In memoriam : Damas Gisimba, un homme, une nation, une légende ! |url=https://fr.igihe.com/In-memoriam-Damas-Gisimba-un-homme-une-nation-une-legende.html |website=IGIHE |date=2023-06-12 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Zura Karuhimbi]]
* [[Antoine Mugesera]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=Eyewitness Testimony: Damas Gisimba |url=https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/cases/rwanda/rwanda-video-gallery/eyewitness-testimony-damas-gisimba |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |language=en}}

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gisimba, Damas}}
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]</text>
      <sha1>orlhg93lt2984faxl7raa4149fe3tny</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akamaro ka mata</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23285</id>
    <redirect title="Akamaro k&#039;amata" />
    <revision>
      <id>141053</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T02:19:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Clemy Keza</username>
        <id>18414</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Clemy Keza moved page [[Akamaro ka mata]] to [[Akamaro k'amata]]: Amakosa y'imyandikire</comment>
      <origin>141053</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29" sha1="enu7f9girnq7hocp90zbif5a4lh2fzs" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Akamaro k'amata]]</text>
      <sha1>enu7f9girnq7hocp90zbif5a4lh2fzs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akamaro k` ibidukikije</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23286</id>
    <redirect title="Akamaro k&#039;ibidukikije" />
    <revision>
      <id>141055</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T02:35:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Clemy Keza</username>
        <id>18414</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Clemy Keza moved page [[Akamaro k` ibidukikije]] to [[Akamaro k'ibidukikije]]: imyandikire</comment>
      <origin>141055</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="c5qpy89eopi56kva3oa9uxxg2gxyhx7" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Akamaro k'ibidukikije]]</text>
      <sha1>c5qpy89eopi56kva3oa9uxxg2gxyhx7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akamaro k ibiribwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23287</id>
    <redirect title="Akamaro k&#039;ibiribwa" />
    <revision>
      <id>141058</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T02:44:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Clemy Keza</username>
        <id>18414</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Clemy Keza moved page [[Akamaro k ibiribwa]] to [[Akamaro k'ibiribwa]]: Amakosa y'imyandikire</comment>
      <origin>141058</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32" sha1="t4mgqkld29kaamz0ag9ozzk7vvilp1f" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Akamaro k'ibiribwa]]</text>
      <sha1>t4mgqkld29kaamz0ag9ozzk7vvilp1f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Célestin Hakizimana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23288</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141061</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T03:45:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Célestin Hakizimana (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>141061</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4482" sha1="0tzt9ngcuohehlk73atbc231aa7kdb8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Célestin Hakizimana
| birth_date = 14 Kanama 1963
| birth_place = [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
| nationality = Umunyarwanda
| occupation = Umupadiri, Umwepiskopi wa [[Kiliziya Gatolika]]
| known_for = Kurokora Abatutsi bari bahungiye kuri Saint-Paul muri Jenoside (1994)
}}
'''Célestin Hakizimana''' (wavutse ku wa 14 Kanama 1963) ni umupadiri w'Umunyarwanda wa [[Kiliziya Gatolika]], wagizwe Umwepiskopi wa [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Gikongoro]] mu 2014. Mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]], yari umuyobozi w'ikigo cya Saint-Paul i [[Kigali]], aho yafashije kurokora Abatutsi bagera ku 2 000 bari bahahungiye.

== Ubuzima n'amashuri ==
Célestin Hakizimana yavukiye muri paruwasi ya [[Saint Famille]] i Kigali, ku wa 14 Kanama 1963. Yize amashuri yisumbuye mu iseminari nto ya Mutagatifu Visenti i Rulindo (1977–1983) n'i Ndera (1983–1984), hanyuma yiga filozofiya na tewolojiya mu Iseminari Nkuru ya Nyakibanda i [[Butare]].&lt;ref name=&quot;vatican&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rinunce e nomine |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2014/11/26/0892/01923.html |website=Sala Stampa della Santa Sede |date=2014-11-26 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahawe ubupadiri ku wa 21 Nyakanga 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;ch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bishop Célestin Hakizimana |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bhazik.html |website=Catholic-Hierarchy |date=2025-01-11 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuva mu 2003 kugeza mu 2010, yakoze amasomo y'ikirenga i Napoli mu [[Ubutaliyani]], abona impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (dogitora) muri tewolojiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;vatican&quot;/&gt;

== Imirimo ==
Nyuma yo guhabwa ubupadiri, yabaye padiri wungirije i Rutongo (1991–1992), ahagararira uburezi gatolika muri diyosezi (1992–1994), hanyuma ayobora ikigo cy'igihugu cya Saint-Paul i Kigali (1994–1996). Kuva mu 1998 kugeza mu 2003 yayoboye umuryango GEMECA-Rwanda, naho kuva mu 2011 aba Umunyamabanga Mukuru w'Inama y'Abepiskopi Gatolika mu Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;vatican&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dioc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saint-Père a nommé l'Abbé Célestin Hakizimana, Evêque de Gikongoro |url=https://www.diocesegikongoro.com/saint-pere-a-nomme-labbe-celestin-hakizimana-eveque-de-gikongoro/ |website=Diocèse de Gikongoro |date=2014-11-26 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku wa 26 Ugushyingo 2014, Papa Fransisiko yamugize Umwepiskopi wa Gikongoro; yahawe ubwepiskopi ku wa 24 Mutarama 2015, kuri sitade ya Nyagisenyi i Gikongoro.&lt;ref name=&quot;vatican&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ch&quot;/&gt; Kuva ku wa 16 Werurwe 2018 kugeza ku wa 25 Werurwe 2021, yanayoboye by'agateganyo Diyosezi ya [[Cyangugu]] nk'umuyobozi wa Kitumwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ch&quot;/&gt;

== Uruhare muri Jenoside ==
[[File:Ste.-Famille Church - Genocide Site - Kigali - Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Kiliziya ya [[Saint Famille]] i Kigali, hafi y'ikigo cya Saint-Paul]]
Mu gihe cya Jenoside, Padiri Hakizimana yari ku kigo cya Saint-Paul i Kigali, aho Abatutsi bagera ku 2 000 bahungiye mu gihe cy'amezi arenga abiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;igl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mgr Célestin Hakizimana payait les Interahamwe pour ne pas tuer les Tutsi |url=https://infosgrandslacs.info/productions/mgr-celestin-hakizimana-payait-les-interahamwe-pour-ne-pas-tuer-les-tutsi |website=Infos Grands Lacs |date=2018-07-13 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;topaf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bishop Hakizimana, the Catholic priest behind the survival of 2000 Tutsis at St. Paul |url=https://www.topafricanews.com/2018/07/10/bishop-hakizimana-the-catholic-priest-behind-the-survival-of-2000-tutsis-at-st-paul/ |website=Top Africa News |date=2018-07-10 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yabahaye ibyo kurya n'amazi, ahagarara ku irembo yambaye ikanzu kugira ngo yamagane [[Interahamwe]], kandi ahisha urutonde rw'impunzi, aha abicanyi urutonde rw'amazina y'impimbano.&lt;ref name=&quot;topaf&quot;/&gt; Yahaga Interahamwe amafaranga, ibyo kurya n'ibyo kunywa ngo zidakora ubwicanyi, nyamara zagarukaga kenshi zigatwara abantu bagera kuri 20 zikajya kubicira ahandi.&lt;ref name=&quot;igl&quot;/&gt; Abari basigaye barokowe n'ingabo za [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;igl&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;topaf&quot;/&gt;

Yashimiwe ibikorwa bye, ahabwa umudari, inka icumi n'izindi mpano.&lt;ref name=&quot;igl&quot;/&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Gikongoro]]
* [[Saint Famille]]
* [[Damas Gisimba]]

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hakizimana, Célestin}}
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]
[[Ikiciro:Abayobozi b'amadini n'amatorero]]
[[Ikiciro:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]</text>
      <sha1>0tzt9ngcuohehlk73atbc231aa7kdb8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joseph Niyomugabo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23289</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141069</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T06:05:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Joseph Niyomugabo (ishingiye kuri African Rights na The New Times)</comment>
      <origin>141069</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3450" sha1="i24yzy0650bvdlkla4myxv00f0h6m0p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Joseph Niyomugabo
| birth_date = 1941
| birth_place = Muko, Gikongoro, [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
| death_date = Mata 1994
| death_place = Cyanika, Gikongoro
| nationality = Umunyarwanda
| occupation = Umupadiri wa [[Kiliziya Gatolika]]
| known_for = Kwanga gutererana impunzi z'Abatutsi i Cyanika muri Jenoside
}}
'''Joseph Niyomugabo''' (1941 – Mata 1994) yari umupadiri w'Umunyarwanda wa [[Kiliziya Gatolika]], wayoboraga paruwasi ya Cyanika (Gikongoro). Mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]], yanze gutererana Abatutsi bari bahungiye kuri paruwasi ye, maze yicwa n'abicanyi.

== Ubuzima ==
Joseph Niyomugabo yavukiye muri komini Muko, i Gikongoro, mu 1941. Yize mu iseminari nto ya [[Kabgayi]] guhera mu 1956, hanyuma mu Iseminari Nkuru ya Nyakibanda; yize filozofiya i [[Roma]] na tewolojiya mu [[Ububiligi]], aba umupadiri ku wa 28 Nyakanga 1968 i Orval, mu Bubiligi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;He Never Ceased to Amaze Me&quot;: A Tribute to Father Joseph Niyomugabo |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/NyomugaboJoseph.pdf |publisher=African Rights |date=April 2012 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1973, kubera ihohoterwa ryakorerwaga Abatutsi, yahungiye i [[Bujumbura]] mu [[Uburundi]] hamwe n'abanyeshuri yigishaga, agumana na bo kugeza mu 1976. Nyuma yaho yize i [[Paris]] muri Kaminuza ya Sorbonne (1976–1979).&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;/&gt; Yigishije kandi ayobora iseminari nto ya Kansi, akora muri paruwasi ya Gisagara, hanyuma muri Nzeri 1985 aba padiri mukuru wa paruwasi ya Cyanika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clergyman who sacrificed life for flock honoured |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/72030/National/clergyman-who-sacrificed-life-for-flock-honoured |website=The New Times |date=2012-04-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uruhare muri Jenoside ==
[[File:Cyanika Genocide Memorial11.jpg|thumb|[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyanika]]]]
Mbere ya Jenoside, Padiri Niyomugabo yari azwi nk'umubwiriza wamaganaga ivangura ryakorerwaga Abatutsi, bigatuma abategetsi b'aho bamwanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;/&gt; Muri Mata 1994, ubwo abandi bapadiri bahungiraga i Butare, we yanze gutererana impunzi z'Abatutsi zari zahungiye kuri paruwasi ya Cyanika, nubwo bagenzi be bamusabaga kugenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;/&gt; Yaziteyeho ibyo kurya, amazi n'aho kuba.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;/&gt;

== Urupfu ==
Nyuma y'ubwicanyi bwabereye i Cyanika ku wa 21 Mata 1994, yihishe mu bubiko bw'imiti bw'ikigo nderabuzima. Ku wa 24 Mata 1994 yarafashwe, arakorerwa iyicarubozo maze aricwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;/&gt; Ikinyamakuru ''The New Times'' cyo kivuga ko yishwe ku wa 21 Mata 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;/&gt; Nyina, abavandimwe be n'abandi bo mu muryango we na bo bishwe muri Jenoside.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;/&gt;

Imibiri ye yabonetse muri Mutarama 1995, maze ishyingurwa mu cyubahiro mu [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyanika|rwibutso rwa Cyanika]] ku wa 26 Gashyantare 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;/&gt;

== Kwibuka ==
Muri Mata 2012, umuryango African Rights washyize ahagaragara raporo imwibuka ishingiye ku buhamya bw'abarokotse. Abarokotse basabye ko ubutwari bwe bwamenyekana na Kiliziya Gatolika, u Rwanda n'amahanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;/&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyanika]]
* [[Célestin Hakizimana]]
* [[Damas Gisimba]]

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Niyomugabo, Joseph}}
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]
[[Ikiciro:Abayobozi b'amadini n'amatorero]]</text>
      <sha1>i24yzy0650bvdlkla4myxv00f0h6m0p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pentobarbital</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23290</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141071</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T07:34:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1504220|Pentobarbital]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141071</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1908" sha1="bdfi8efx0uw0u8rwhdijxhiiy3rdi3z" xml:space="preserve">'''Pentobarbital''' ni umuti wakoreshejwe mu kuvura indwara y'igicuri, gushyuha gukabije, kuvura ibibazo byo gusinzira by'igihe gito, kubaga, no gutera umuntu muri koma .  Ikoreshwa mu gutera imitsi cyangwa imitsi.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020&gt;{{cite web |title=Pentobarbital Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/pentobarbital.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=11 December 2020 |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161914/https://www.drugs.com/international/pentobarbital.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161914/https://www.drugs.com/international/pentobarbital.html |date=30 June 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Uburyo bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe umunwa bwarahagaritswe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.  Itangira mu munota umwe iyo ishyizwe mu mitsi, mu minota 25 iyo igeze mu mitsi.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020 /&gt; Iyo ishyizwe mu mitsi ingaruka zimara iminota 15.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020 /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gusinzira, kuruka, no kuribwa umutwe.  Ingaruka mbi zikomeye zirimo kurota mu mutwe, gukoresha nabi, guhagarika guhumeka, no kubura umwuka.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020 /&gt; Gukoresha ntabwo byemewe mu gihe utwite.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020 /&gt; Iri mu muryango w'imiti ya barbiturate.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020 /&gt; Ikora binyuze mu kongera imikorere ya GABA mu bwonko.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020 /&gt;

Pentobarbital yatangiye gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1930 na John Lundy .  Zakoreshejwe nabi cyane mu myaka ya 1970 kandi zizwi nka &quot;amakoti y'umuhondo&quot; bitewe n'ibara ryazo.  Ikoreshwa mu kwica inyamaswa mu buryo bw’uburozi ndetse no muri leta zimwe na zimwe [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|zo muri Amerika]] mu kwica abanyabyaha.   Urupfu rwa Marilyn Monroe mu 1962 rwatewe no kunywa pentobarbital na chloral hydrate birenze urugero. 

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>bdfi8efx0uw0u8rwhdijxhiiy3rdi3z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Icyorezo cy'umusonga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23291</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141072</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T07:37:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1504453|Pneumonic plague]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141072</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3725" sha1="pa8fgbt5sn8qknlpnkya8pko3cx5qi5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Pneumonic plague|synonym=|image=Yersinia pestis.jpg|caption=A scanning electron micrograph depicting a mass of ''Yersinia pestis'' bacteria.|field=Infectious disease|symptoms=Fever, headache, shortness of breath, cough&lt;ref name=CDC2015/&gt;|complications=|onset=3 to 7 days&lt;ref name=WHO2016Fact/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Yersinia pestis]]''&lt;ref name=WHO2017/&gt;|risks=[[Rodent]]s&lt;ref name=WHO2017/&gt;|diagnosis=[[Sputum]] testing&lt;ref name=CDC2015/&gt;|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=CDC2015/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=Rare&lt;ref name=WHO2016Fact/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara y'ibihaha''' ni indwara ikomeye iterwa n'agakoko [[Bagiteri|kitwa]] ''Yersinia pestis'' .  Ibimenyetso birimo umuriro, kuribwa umutwe, guhumeka nabi, kubabara mu gatuza no gukorora.  Ubusanzwe bitangira nyuma y'iminsi itatu kugeza kuri irindwi nyuma yo kugaragara.  Ni bumwe mu bwoko butatu bw'indwara y'ibicurane, ubundi bubiri bukaba indwara y'ibicurane n'indwara y'ibicurane.&lt;ref name=WHO2017&gt;{{cite web|title=Plague|url=http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/plague/en/|website=www.who.int|access-date=14 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319114939/http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/plague/en/|archive-date=19 March 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319114939/http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/plague/en/ |date=19 March 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ubwoko bw'indwara y'ibihaha bushobora kubaho nyuma y'ubwandu bwa mbere bw'indwara y'ibihaha cyangwa sepsis.  Bishobora kandi guterwa no guhumeka ibitonyanga by’umwuka biturutse ku wundi muntu cyangwa injangwe yanduye indwara y’ibihaha.  Itandukaniro riri hagati y’ubwoko bw’indwara ya plague ni aho yanduriye; mu ndwara ya plague y’ibihaha, indwara iba mu bihaha, mu ndwara ya plague y’ibihaha, no mu ndwara ya septicemic iri mu maraso.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Gupima ni ugupima amaraso, amatembabuzi, cyangwa amazi yo mu gace k'imitsi.&lt;ref name=CDC2015&gt;{{cite web|title=FAQ Plague|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/faq/|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=13 March 2017|language=en-us|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314062829/https://www.cdc.gov/plague/faq/|archive-date=14 March 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314062829/https://www.cdc.gov/plague/faq/ |date=14 March 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nubwo inkingo zirimo gukorwa, mu bihugu byinshi ntabwo ziraboneka ku isoko.   Kwirinda ni ukwirinda gukora ku mbeba zanduye, abantu, cyangwa injangwe.&lt;ref name=CDC2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Birasabwa ko abanduye bashyirwa mu kato ku bandi.  Icyorezo cy'ibihaha kivura hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko.&lt;ref name=CDC2015 /&gt;

Icyorezo cya Denda kigaragara mu mbeba muri Afurika, Amerika na Aziya.  Icyorezo cy'umusonga ni kibi cyane kandi ntigikunze kugaragara nk'icyorezo cy'umusonga.  Umubare wose w’abantu banduye ubwoko bwose bw’indwara y’icyorezo mu 2013 wari 783.  Iyo icyorezo cy’ibihaha kidavuwe, hafi ya buri gihe kiba cyica.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Bamwe bakeka ko indwara y’ibihaha ya diyabete ari yo ahanini yateye indwara y’umwijima yahitanye abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 50 mu myaka ya 1300.&lt;ref name=WHO2016Fact&gt;{{cite web|title=Plague|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/|website=World Health Organization|access-date=14 March 2017|date=September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424065540/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/|archive-date=24 April 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424065540/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/ |date=24 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>pa8fgbt5sn8qknlpnkya8pko3cx5qi5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indwara yo kudakora neza mu mutwe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23292</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141073</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T07:40:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1512698|Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141073</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29861" sha1="egkytz7miemylu3osa76fero0w2ecp1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder|synonym=Attention-deficit disorder, hyperkinetic disorder (ICD-10)|image=Primary Laos2.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=An image of children|caption=People with ADHD may find it more difficult than others to focus on and complete tasks such as schoolwork.|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]], [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=Difficulty paying [[attention]], excessive activity, [[impulsivity|difficulty controlling behavior]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|complications=|onset=Before age 6–12&lt;ref name=CDC/&gt;|duration=&gt;6 months&lt;ref name=CDC/&gt;|types=|causes=Both [[Genetic disorder|genetic]] and [[environmental factors]]&lt;ref name=nimh/&gt;&lt;ref name=Koo2019/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms after other possible causes ruled out&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;|differential=Normally active young child, [[conduct disorder]], [[oppositional defiant disorder]], [[learning disorder]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[fetal alcohol spectrum disorder]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ferri |first=Fred F. |title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders |date=2010 |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby |isbn=978-0323076999 |edition=2nd |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=Chapter A  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zubler, MD, FAAP |first1=Jennifer |last2=Weitzman, MD, FAAP |first2=Carol |last3=Sloane, DO |first3=Mark |last4=Singh, MPA |first4=Natasha |last5=Senturias, MD, FAAP |first5=Yasmin N. |last6=Kosofsky, MD, PhD |first6=Barry |last7=Kable, PhD |first7=Julie |last8=Fernandez-Baca, MA |first8=Daniel |last9=Dang, MPH |first9=Elizabeth |last10=Chasnoff, MD, FAAP |first10=Ira |last11=Bertrand PhD |first11=Jacquelyn |last12=Balachova PhD |first12=Tatiana |last13=Hagan Jr. MD, FAAP |first13=Joseph F. |title=Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure |url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/138/4/e20151553.full.pdf |journal=Pediatrics |year=2016 |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages=e20151553 |publisher=American Journal of Pediatrics |doi=10.1542/peds.2015-1553 |pmid=27677572 |pmc=5477054 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320042016/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/138/4/e20151553.full.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=|treatment=[[psychotherapy|Counseling]], lifestyle changes, medications&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;|medication=[[Stimulant|Stimulants]], [[atomoxetine]], [[guanfacine]], [[clonidine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Coghill DR, Banaschewski T, Soutullo C, Cottingham MG, Zuddas A |date=November 2017 |title=Systematic review of quality of life and functional outcomes in randomized placebo-controlled studies of medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=1283–1307 |doi=10.1007/s00787-017-0986-y |pmc=5656703 |pmid=28429134}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jain R, Katic A |s2cid=3807877 |date=August 2016 |title=Current and Investigational Medication Delivery Systems for Treating Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder |journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders |volume=18 |issue=4 |doi=10.4088/PCC.16r01979 |pmid=27828696}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=51.1 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Indwara yo kudakora neza kw'ibitekerezo''' ( '''ADHD''' ) ni [[Indwara zo mu mutwe|indwara yo mu mutwe]] yo mu bwoko bw'imikurire y'ubwonko.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid23299717&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sroubek A, Kelly M, Li X|date=February 2013|title=Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=Neuroscience Bulletin|volume=29|issue=1|pages=103–10|doi=10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6|pmc=4440572|pmid=23299717}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Caroline2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=PaO3jsaGkeYC&amp;pg=PA133|title=Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|year=2010|isbn=9780387717982|veditors=Caroline SC|pages=133|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829104348/https://books.google.com/books?id=PaO3jsaGkeYC&amp;pg=PA133&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irangwa no kugorwa no kwita ku bintu, gukora ibintu byinshi cyane, no gukora utitaye ku ngaruka zishobora guterwa n’imyaka y’umuntu.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder|date=March 2016|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|website=National Institute of Mental Health|access-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723192735/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|archive-date=23 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=American Psychiatric Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|year=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|location=Arlington|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|pages=59–65|edition=5th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bamwe mu bantu bafite ADHD nabo bagaragaza ingorane zo kugenzura amarangamutima cyangwa ibibazo bijyanye n'imikorere y'ubuyobozi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Faraone SV, Rostain AL, Blader J, Busch B, Childress AC, Connor DF, Newcorn JH|date=February 2019|title=Practitioner Review: Emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - implications for clinical recognition and intervention|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8917161f5885c81c9d4790f6ac76162fc07e0ad7|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines|volume=60|issue=2|pages=133–150|doi=10.1111/jcpp.12899|pmid=29624671|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827233718/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Practitioner-Review%3A-Emotional-dysregulation-in-for-Faraone-Rostain/8917161f5885c81c9d4790f6ac76162fc07e0ad7|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tenenbaum RB, Musser ED, Morris S, Ward AR, Raiker JS, Coles EK, Pelham WE|date=April 2019|title=Response Inhibition, Response Execution, and Emotion Regulation among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder|journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology|volume=47|issue=4|pages=589–603|doi=10.1007/s10802-018-0466-y|pmc=6377355|pmid=30112596}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lenzi F, Cortese S, Harris J, Masi G|date=January 2018|title=Pharmacotherapy of emotional dysregulation in adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis|url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/414373/1/MAIN_TEXT_R1_CLEANED_FINAL.doc|journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews|volume=84|pages=359–367|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.010|pmid=28837827|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726104959/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/414373/1/MAIN_TEXT_R1_CLEANED_FINAL.doc|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Kugira ngo umuntu amenye ibimenyetso, ibimenyetso bigomba kugaragara mbere y'uko ageza ku myaka cumi n'ibiri, bikamara amezi arenga atandatu, kandi bigatera ibibazo nibura ahantu habiri (nk'ishuri, mu rugo, cyangwa mu myidagaduro).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|website=Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)|title=Symptoms and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html|publisher=Division of Human Development, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=29 September 2014|access-date=3 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107202516/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html|archive-date=7 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lake2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dulcan|first=Mina K.|last2=Lake|first2=MaryBeth|chapter=Axis I Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence: Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders|chapter-url={{google books|HvTa2nArhOsC|pages=23|plainurl=yes}}|title=Concise Guide to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|url={{google books|HvTa2nArhOsC|plainurl=yes}}|via=Google Books|edition=4th illustrated|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|isbn=978-1-58562-416-4|date=2011|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HvTa2nArhOsC&amp;pg=PA34 34]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku bana, ibibazo byo kwita ku bana bishobora gutuma badatsinda neza mu ishuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Byongeye kandi, hari isano iri hagati y’izindi ndwara zo mu mutwe n’ikoreshwa nabi ry’ibiyobyabwenge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Erskine HE, Norman RE, Ferrari AJ, Chan GC, Copeland WE, Whiteford HA, Scott JG|title=Long-Term Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A&amp;nbsp;Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=55|issue=10|pages=841–50|date=October 2016|pmid=27663939|doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2016.06.016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo bitera ubumuga, cyane cyane muri sosiyete ya none, abantu benshi bafite ADHD bashobora gukomeza kwita ku mirimo babona ko ishimishije cyangwa ifite akamaro (izwi nka hyperfocus ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Koo2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kooij JJ, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, Jaeschke R, Bitter I, Balázs J, etal|title=Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD|journal=European Psychiatry|volume=56|pages=14–34|date=February 2019|pmid=30453134|doi=10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wal2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Walitza S, Drechsler R, Ball J|title=[The school child with ADHD]|language=DE|journal=Therapeutische Umschau|volume=69|issue=8|pages=467–73|date=August 2012|pmid=22851461|doi=10.1024/0040-5930/a000316|trans-title=The school child with ADHD|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/74507/1/Schulkind_mit_ADHS_Final_Manuskript.pdf|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726110423/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/74507/1/Schulkind_mit_ADHS_Final_Manuskript.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nubwo ari indwara yo mu mutwe ikunze kwigwaho cyane mu bana n'ingimbi n'abangavu, impamvu nyayo ntabwo izwi mu bihe byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;nimh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=NIMH|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Easy-to-Read)|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-easy-to-read/index.shtml|publisher=National Institute of Mental Health|year=2013|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414031036/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-easy-to-read/index.shtml|archive-date=14 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu bigize imiterere y’umubiri (genetic factors) bivugwa ko bigize hafi 75% by’ibyago.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Demontis|first=Ditte|title=Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=51|issue=1|pages=63–75|doi=10.1038/s41588-018-0269-7|pmid=30478444|pmc=6481311|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-018-0269-7.epdf?no_publisher_access=1&amp;r3_referer=nature|access-date=27 August 2019|quote=Consensus estimates from more than 30 twin studies indicate that the heritability of ADHD is 70–80% throughout the lifespan and that environmental risks are those not shared by siblings. Twin studies also suggest that diagnosed ADHD represents the extreme tail of one or more heritable quantitative traits.|hdl=10138/309285|year=2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726105532/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-018-0269-7.epdf?no_publisher_access=1&amp;r3_referer=nature|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwibasirwa na nikotine mu gihe utwite bishobora guteza akaga ku bidukikije.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Tiesler|first=Carla M. T.|last2=Heinrich|first2=Joachim|title=Prenatal nicotine exposure and child behavioural problems|journal=European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry|date=21 September 2014|volume=23|issue=10|pages=913–929|doi=10.1007/s00787-014-0615-y|pmid=25241028|pmc=4186967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bisa nkaho bitajyanye n'uburyo bwo kurera cyangwa guhana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Does Bad Parenting Cause ADHD?|url=https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/parenting-role-in-adhd#1|website=WebMD|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726113614/https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/parenting-role-in-adhd#1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igira ingaruka ku bana bagera kuri 5–7% iyo bapimwe hakoreshejwe ibipimo bya DSM-IV &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22976615&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Willcutt EG|title=The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review|journal=Neurotherapeutics|volume=9|issue=3|pages=490–9|date=July 2012|pmid=22976615|pmc=3441936|doi=10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 1–2% iyo bapimwe hakoreshejwe ibipimo bya ICD-10.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cowen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cowen|first=Philip|last2=Harrison|first2=Paul|last3=Burns|first3=Tom|chapter=Drugs and other physical treatments|chapter-url={{google books|O3sSd-OAdP0C|pages=507|plainurl=yes}}|title=Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry|year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-960561-3|pages=[{{google books|O3sSd-OAdP0C|pages=546|plainurl=yes}} 546]|edition=6th|url={{google books|O3sSd-OAdP0C|plainurl=yes}}|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kugeza mu 2015, byagaragaye ko byagize ingaruka ku bantu bagera kuri miliyoni 51.1 ku isi yose.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igipimo kirasa hagati y’ibihugu kandi ahanini giterwa n’uburyo cyasuzumwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|veditors=Tsuang MT, Tohen M, Jones P|title=Textbook of Psychiatric Epidemiology|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9780470977408|chapter=Ch. 25: Epidemiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder|vauthors=Faraone SV|pages=450|edition=3rd|year=2011|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOc4pdXe43EC&amp;pg=PA450|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222193454/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOc4pdXe43EC&amp;pg=PA450|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ADHD ikunze kugaragara ku bahungu inshuro ebyiri kurusha ku bakobwa,&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; nubwo akenshi iyo ndwara ifatwa nk'aho idakunze kwirengagizwa ku bakobwa kuko ibimenyetso byayo bitandukanye n'iby'abahungu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Crawford|first=Nicole|date=February 2003|title=ADHD: a women's issue|journal=Monitor on Psychology|volume=34|issue=2|pages=28|url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb03/adhd.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409110923/http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb03/adhd.aspx|archive-date=9 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19393378&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Emond V, Joyal C, Poissant H|title=[Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]|language=FR|journal=L'Encephale|volume=35|issue=2|pages=107–14|date=April 2009|pmid=19393378|doi=10.1016/j.encep.2008.01.005|trans-title=Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Singh I|s2cid=205504587|title=Beyond polemics: science and ethics of ADHD|journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience|volume=9|issue=12|pages=957–64|date=December 2008|pmid=19020513|doi=10.1038/nrn2514}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu bagera kuri 30–50% basanzwe barwaye indwara mu bwana bakomeza kugira ibimenyetso kugeza bakuze, naho hagati ya 2–5% by'abantu bakuru bakagira iyo ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kooij-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, Caci H, Casas-Brugué M, Carpentier PJ, Edvinsson D, Fayyad J, Foeken K, Fitzgerald M, Gaillac V, Ginsberg Y, Henry C, Krause J, Lensing MB, Manor I, Niederhofer H, Nunes-Filipe C, Ohlmeier MD, Oswald P, Pallanti S, Pehlivanidis A, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rastam M, Ryffel-Rawak D, Stes S, Asherson P|title=European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD|journal=BMC Psychiatry|volume=10|issue=|pages=67|date=September 2010|pmid=20815868|pmc=2942810|doi=10.1186/1471-244X-10-67}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Balint2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bálint S, Czobor P, Mészáros A, Simon V, Bitter I|title=[Neuropsychological impairments in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a literature review]|language=Hungarian|journal=Psychiatria Hungarica|volume=23|issue=5|pages=324–35|year=2008|pmid=19129549|trans-title=Neuropsychological impairments in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A literature review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;underdiagnosed&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ginsberg Y, Quintero J, Anand E, Casillas M, Upadhyaya HP|title=Underdiagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients: a review of the literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=16|issue=3|year=2014|pmid=25317367|pmc=4195639|doi=10.4088/PCC.13r01600|quote=Reports indicate that ADHD affects 2.5%–5% of adults in the general population,&lt;sup&gt;5–8&lt;/sup&gt; compared with 5%–7% of children.&lt;sup&gt;9,10&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;... However, fewer than 20% of adults with ADHD are currently diagnosed and/or treated by psychiatrists.&lt;sup&gt;7,15,16&lt;/sup&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku bantu bakuru, umuntu ashobora kubura umutuzo mu mutima aho kugira umuvuduko mwinshi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder : diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people, and adults|date=2009|publisher=British Psychological Society|others=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (Great Britain), National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Great Britain), British Psychological Society., Royal College of Psychiatrists.|isbn=9781854334718|location=Leicester|oclc=244314955|pmid=22420012|page=17|last=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi bakuramo ubuhanga bwo guhangana n'ibibazo, ibyo bikaba bibafasha mu bibazo bimwe cyangwa byose bafite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Art.218&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gentile JP, Atiq R, Gillig PM|title=Adult ADHD: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Medication Management|journal=Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=8|pages=25–30|date=August 2006|pmid=20963192|pmc=2957278|quote=likelihood that the adult with ADHD has developed coping mechanisms to compensate for his or her impairment}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara ishobora kugorana kuyitandukanya n'izindi ndwara, ndetse no kuyitandukanya n'ibikorwa byinshi bikiri mu rugero rw'imyitwarire isanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lake2011&quot; /&gt;

Inama ku bijyanye no gucunga ADHD ziratandukanye bitewe n'ibihugu kandi akenshi zikubiyemo uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwo kubagira inama, guhindura imibereho, n'imiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Amabwiriza y’Ubwongereza atanga inama gusa ku miti nk’uburyo bwa mbere bwo kuvura abana bafite ibimenyetso bikomeye, kandi ko imiti igomba kwitabwaho ku bafite ibimenyetso biri hagati banze cyangwa bananirwa kunoza iyo bahawe inama, nubwo ku bantu bakuru imiti ari uburyo bwa mbere bwo kuvura.&lt;ref name=&quot;NICE2009-PharmRec&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults|last=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health|series=NICE Clinical Guidelines|volume=72|publisher=British Psychological Society|location=Leicester|isbn=978-1-85433-471-8|date=2009|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|chapter=Pharmacological Treatment|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53654/|pages=[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53654/#ch10.s92 303–307]|via=NCBI Bookshelf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113133612/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|archive-date=13 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amabwiriza ya Kanada na Amerika atanga inama ku bijyanye no gucunga imyitwarire ku bana bari mu kigero cy'incuke mu gihe imiti n'ubuvuzi bw'imyitwarire hamwe nabyo bigirwa inama nyuma y'ibyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CADDRA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines|url=http://www.caddra.ca/cms4/pdfs/caddraGuidelines2011Introduction.pdf|website=Canadian ADHD Alliance|access-date=4 February 2011|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121222344/https://www.caddra.ca/cms4/pdfs/caddraGuidelines2011Introduction.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC guideline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Recommendations|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/guidelines.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=13 July 2015|date=24 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707181535/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/guidelines.html|archive-date=7 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;APP2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wolraich|first=ML|last2=Hagan JF|first2=Jr|last3=Allan|first3=C|last4=Chan|first4=E|last5=Davison|first5=D|last6=Earls|first6=M|last7=Evans|first7=SW|last8=Flinn|first8=SK|last9=Froehlich|first9=T|last10=Frost|first10=J|last11=Holbrook|first11=JR|last12=Lehmann|first12=CU|last13=Lessin|first13=HR|last14=Okechukwu|first14=K|last15=Pierce|first15=KL|title=Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents.|journal=Pediatrics|date=October 2019|volume=144|issue=4|pages=e20192528|doi=10.1542/peds.2019-2528|pmid=31570648|pmc=7067282}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuvura hakoreshejwe imiti itera imbaraga bigira akamaro nibura ku myaka 14&amp;nbsp;amezi; icyakora, ingaruka z'igihe kirekire ntizisobanutse neza kandi hari ingaruka zishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;StorebøPedersen2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Storebø OJ, Pedersen N, Ramstad E, Kielsholm ML, Nielsen SS, Krogh HB, Moreira-Maia CR, Magnusson FL, Holmskov M, Gerner T, Skoog M, Rosendal S, Groth C, Gillies D, Buch Rasmussen K, Gauci D, Zwi M, Kirubakaran R, Håkonsen SJ, Aagaard L, Simonsen E, Gluud C|date=May 2018|title=Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents - assessment of adverse events in non-randomised studies|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=5|pages=CD012069|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012069.pub2|pmc=6494554|pmid=29744873}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NIMH » The Multimodal Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Study (MTA):Questions and Answers|website=NIMH » Home|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/mta/the-multimodal-treatment-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-study-mta-questions-and-answers.shtml|access-date=2019-01-01|quote=Why were the MTA medication treatments more effective than community treatments that also usually included medication? Answer: There were substantial differences in quality and intensity between the study-provided medication treatments and those provided in the community care group.|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130184640/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/mta/the-multimodal-treatment-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-study-mta-questions-and-answers.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NICE 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults|last=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health|series=NICE Clinical Guidelines|volume=72|publisher=British Psychological Society|location=Leicester|isbn=978-1-85433-471-8|date=2009|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|via=NCBI Bookshelf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113133612/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|archive-date=13 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Long-Term Outcomes Medications&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Huang YS, Tsai MH|s2cid=3449435|title=Long-term outcomes with medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current status of knowledge|journal=CNS Drugs|volume=25|issue=7|pages=539–54|date=July 2011|pmid=21699268|doi=10.2165/11589380-000000000-00000}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Long-term 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Arnold LE, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Kahle J, Young S|title=Effect of treatment modality on long-term outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=2|pages=e0116407|date=February 2015|pmid=25714373|pmc=4340791|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0116407|display-authors=4|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1016407A}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Long-term 36&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Parker J, Wales G, Chalhoub N, Harpin V|title=The long-term outcomes of interventions for the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials|journal=Psychology Research and Behavior Management|volume=6|issue=|pages=87–99|date=September 2013|pmid=24082796|pmc=3785407|doi=10.2147/PRBM.S49114|quote=Results suggest there is moderate-to-high-level evidence that combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions, and pharmacological interventions alone can be effective in managing the core ADHD symptoms and academic performance at 14 months. However, the effect size may decrease beyond this period.&amp;nbsp;... Only one paper examining outcomes beyond 36 months met the review criteria.&amp;nbsp;... There is high level evidence suggesting that pharmacological treatment can have a major beneficial effect on the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity) in approximately 80% of cases compared with placebo controls, in the short term.22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNS09&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wigal SB|s2cid=11340058|year=2009|title=Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults|journal=CNS Drugs|volume=23 Suppl 1|pages=21–31|doi=10.2165/00023210-200923000-00004|pmid=19621975}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibitabo by'ubuvuzi byagaragaje ibimenyetso bisa n'ibya ADHD kuva mu kinyejana cya 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lange Reichl 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lange KW, Reichl S, Lange KM, Tucha L, Tucha O|title=The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|journal=Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders|volume=2|issue=4|pages=241–55|date=December 2010|pmid=21258430|pmc=3000907|doi=10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ADHD, uburyo ipimwa, n'uburyo ivurwa byafashwe nk'ibitavugwaho rumwe kuva mu myaka ya 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parrillo 2008 63&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Social Problems|vauthors=Parrillo VN|year=2008|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781412941655|pages=63|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRGr_B4Y1CEC|access-date=2 May 2009|archive-date=4 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104002705/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRGr_B4Y1CEC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibiganiro byagiye bireba abaganga, abarimu, abashyiraho amategeko, ababyeyi, n'itangazamakuru. Ingingo zirimo impamvu za ADHD n'ikoreshwa ry'imiti itera imbaraga mu kuvura.&lt;ref name=&quot;May2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mayes R, Bagwell C, Erkulwater J|s2cid=18481191|title=ADHD and the rise in stimulant use among children|journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry|volume=16|issue=3|pages=151–66|date=2008|pmid=18569037|doi=10.1080/10673220802167782}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abatanga serivisi z'ubuvuzi benshi bemera ko ADHD ari indwara nyayo mu bana no mu bantu bakuru, kandi impaka mu muryango w’abahanga zishingiye ahanini ku buryo ipimwa n’uburyo ivurwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sim&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sim MG, Hulse G, Khong E|title=When the child with ADHD grows up|journal=Australian Family Physician|volume=33|issue=8|pages=615–8|date=August 2004|pmid=15373378|url=http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200408/20040803sim.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083931/http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200408/20040803sim.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Online&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Silver LB|title=Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|edition=3rd|year=2004|isbn=978-1-58562-131-6|pages=4–7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schonwald&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schonwald A, Lechner E|title=Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: complexities and controversies|journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics|volume=18|issue=2|pages=189–95|date=April 2006|pmid=16601502|doi=10.1097/01.mop.0000193302.70882.70}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara izwi nka '''ADD''' kuva mu 1980 kugeza mu 1987, mu '''gihe''' mbere yaho izwi nka '''hyperkinetic reaction of childhood'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;We2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Weiss|first=Lawrence G.|title=WISC-IV clinical use and interpretation scientist-practitioner perspectives|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-12-564931-5|pages=237|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg9U9e_ICr8C&amp;pg=PA237|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116095548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg9U9e_ICr8C&amp;pg=PA237|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=ADHD: The Diagnostic Criteria|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/medicating/adhd/diagnostic.html|access-date=5 March 2016|agency=Frontline|publisher=PBS|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420080026/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/medicating/adhd/diagnostic.html|archive-date=20 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>egkytz7miemylu3osa76fero0w2ecp1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indwara ya Ehlers-Danlos</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23293</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141074</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T07:41:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501767|Ehlers–Danlos syndromes]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141074</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5601" sha1="in77aansi5qpwtg5y4xbvuda9mqs35o" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Ehlers–Danlos syndromes|synonym=|image=File:PMC3504533 1471-2415-12-47-2 (cropped).png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Individual with EDS displaying skin hyperelasticity|pronounce=ey-lerz dan-los|field=[[Medical genetics]], [[rheumatology]]|symptoms=Overly flexible joints, stretchy skin, abnormal scar formation&lt;ref name=NIHGHR2016/&gt;|complications=[[Aortic dissection]], [[joint dislocations]], [[osteoarthritis]]&lt;ref name=NIHGHR2016/&gt;|onset=Birth or early childhood&lt;ref name=Net2012/&gt;|duration=Lifelong&lt;ref name=Law2005/&gt;|types=Hypermobile, classic, vascular, kyphoscoliosis, arthrochalasia, dermatosparaxis, brittle cornea syndrome, others&lt;ref name=GARD2017&gt;{{cite web|title=Ehlers-Danlos syndromes|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6322/ehlers-danlos-syndromes|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|access-date=23 September 2017|date=20 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924001628/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6322/ehlers-danlos-syndromes|archive-date=24 September 2017}}{{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;|causes=Genetic&lt;ref name=NIHGHR2016/&gt;|risks=Family history&lt;ref name=NIHGHR2016/&gt;|diagnosis=[[Genetic testing]], [[skin biopsy]]&lt;ref name=Law2005/&gt;|differential=[[Marfan syndrome]], [[cutis laxa syndrome]], [[familial joint hypermobility syndrome]]&lt;ref name=Law2005/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=[[supportive treatment|Supportive]]&lt;ref name=Fer2016/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Depends on specific disorder&lt;ref name=Law2005/&gt;|frequency=1 in 5,000&lt;ref name=NIHGHR2016/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara za Ehlers-Danlos''' ( '''EDS''' ) ni itsinda ry'indwara zidasanzwe ziterwa n'uturemangingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ehlers–Danlos syndrome|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/ehlers-danlos-syndrome#expand-collapse-start|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=8 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508023748/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/ehlers-danlos-syndrome#expand-collapse-start|archive-date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo ingingo zifunguye, ububabare bw'ingingo, uruhu rusa neza, n'inkovu zidasanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt; Ibi bishobora kugaragara mu gihe cyo kuvuka cyangwa mu bwana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Net2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=Bryan E.|title=The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations - Integumentary System E-Book|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1455726646|page=235|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOBYSIiRL8oC&amp;pg=PA235|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105195522/https://books.google.com/books?id=LOBYSIiRL8oC&amp;pg=PA235|archive-date=2017-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo gucika kw'imitsi ifunganye, gucika kw'ingingo, gucika kw'imitsi ifunganye, ububabare budakira, cyangwa osteoarthritis ikiri kare.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lawrence EJ|title=The clinical presentation of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome|journal=Advances in Neonatal Care|volume=5|issue=6|pages=301–14|date=December 2005|pmid=16338669|doi=10.1016/j.adnc.2005.09.006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

EDS iterwa n'ihindagurika ry'uturemangingo turenga 19 dutandukanye tubaho igihe umuntu avuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt; Ingirabuzimafatizo runaka yagizweho ingaruka niyo igena ubwoko bwa EDS.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt; Hari ubwo indwara zimwe na zimwe zituruka ku guhinduka gushya kugaragara mu gihe cy'ivuka rya mbere, mu gihe izindi zivuka mu buryo busanzwe cyangwa busanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe, izi mpinduka zitera inenge mu miterere cyangwa mu gutunganya poroteyine ya kolajeni.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt; Isuzuma rikunze gushingira ku bimenyetso kandi ryemezwa n'ibizamini bya genetiki cyangwa biopsy y'uruhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2005&quot; /&gt; Ariko, mu ntangiriro abantu bashobora gufatwa nabi mu ndwara ya hypochondriase, [[Indwara y'agahinda|kwiheba]], cyangwa indwara y'umunaniro udashira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2005&quot; /&gt;

Nta muti uzwi uhari.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Netter Patient Advisor|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323393249|page=939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz_dCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA939|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105195522/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz_dCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA939|archive-date=2017-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubuvuzi bufasha mu buryo busanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2005&quot; /&gt; Ubuvuzi bw'umubiri kandi gutera inkunga ingingo bishobora gufasha gukomeza imitsi no gushyigikira ingingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2005&quot; /&gt; Nubwo bumwe mu bwoko bwa EDS butuma umuntu abaho neza, ubwo bugira ingaruka ku mitsi y'amaraso muri rusange bugabanya igihe cyo kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2016&quot; /&gt;

EDS yibasira nibura umuntu umwe ku bantu 5.000 ku isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt; Iteganyagihe riterwa n'indwara runaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2005&quot; /&gt; Gutembera cyane byasobanuwe bwa mbere na Hippocrates mu mwaka wa 400 mbere ya Yesu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Beighton|first=Peter H.|last2=Grahame|first2=Rodney|last3=Bird|first3=Howard A.|title=Hypermobility of Joints|date=2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781848820852|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ludlEZJC5iEC&amp;pg=PA1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105195522/https://books.google.com/books?id=ludlEZJC5iEC&amp;pg=PA1|archive-date=2017-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izi ndwara zitiriwe abaganga babiri, Edvard Ehlers wo muri [[Danimarike|Danemark]] na Henri-Alexandre Danlos wo mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]], bazivuze mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20. 

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>in77aansi5qpwtg5y4xbvuda9mqs35o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indwara ya Asperger</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23294</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141075</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T07:47:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500492|Asperger syndrome]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141075</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15687" sha1="s83rat91xsv8wldpblnzvyyh216n51k" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Asperger syndrome|synonym=Asperger's syndrome, Asperger disorder (AD), Asperger's, schizoid disorder of childhood,&lt;ref name=&quot;ICD-10-web-EN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=World Health Organization |url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F84.5 |title=International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10): F84.5 Asperger syndrome |date=2016 |access-date=2 November 2018 |author-link=World Health Organization |archive-date=8 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208033519/http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F84.5 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; autistic psychopathy,&lt;ref name=&quot;ICD-10-web-EN&quot;/&gt; [[high-functioning autism]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Shiland |first1=Betsy J. |title=Medical Terminology &amp; Anatomy for ICD-10 Coding |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9780323290784 |page=518 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjKPBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA518 |format=E-book |access-date=6 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414044231/https://books.google.com/books?id=UjKPBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA518 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; level 1 autism spectrum disorder&lt;ref name=&quot;APA&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |date=18 May 2013 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |isbn=978-0-89042-554-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/50 50–59] |edition=5 |ref=APA |chapter=Neurodevelopmental Disorders |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/50 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|image=Riboflavin penicillinamide.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=A boy with Asperger's playing with molecular structures.|caption=Restricted interests or repetitive behaviors, such as this boy's interest in playing with a toy model of molecules, may be features of Asperger's.|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|s|p|ɜːr|ɡ|ər|z}},&lt;ref name=collinsuk&gt;{{cite web|title=Asperger syndrome definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary
|url              =https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/asperger-syndrome
|website          =www.collinsdictionary.com
|access-date      =16 May 2018
|archive-date     =12 May 2018
|archive-url      =https://web.archive.org/web/20180512181938/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/asperger-syndrome
|url-status       =live}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{IPAc-en|-|dʒ|ər|z}}&lt;ref name=oeduk&gt;{{cite web|title=Asperger's syndrome|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Asperger's_syndrome|website=Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=16 May 2018|archive-date=3 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003025728/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/asperger%27s_syndrome|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|field=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=Problems with social interaction, non-verbal communication, restricted interests, repetitive behavior&lt;ref name=NIH2015 /&gt;|complications=Social isolation, employment problems, family stress, [[bullying]], [[self-harm]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=13 July 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714024941/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=Before two years old&lt;ref name=NIH2015 /&gt;|duration=Long term&lt;ref name=NIH2015 /&gt;|types=|causes=Unknown&lt;ref name=NIH2015 /&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on the symptoms&lt;ref name=Mer2019&gt;{{cite web |title=Autism Spectrum Disorders – Pediatrics |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/autism-spectrum-disorders |website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=26 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126220900/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/autism-spectrum-disorders |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|differential=|prevention=|treatment=|medication=For associated conditions&lt;ref name=NINDS /&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=37.2 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;|deaths=|management=Social skills training, [[cognitive behavioral therapy]], [[physical therapy]], [[speech therapy]], parent training&lt;ref name=NINDS /&gt;|video1=|named after=}}'''Indwara ya Asperger''' ( '''AS''' ), izwi kandi nka '''Asperger's''', ni indwara y'iterambere irangwa n'ingorane zikomeye mu mibanire n'abandi no mu itumanaho ritari iryo mu magambo, hamwe n'imyitwarire n'ibyo umuntu akunda bitagira akagero kandi bisubirwamo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Autism Spectrum Disorder|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/autism-spectrum-disorder-qf-15-5511/index.shtml|website=National Institute of Mental Health|access-date=12 March 2016|date=September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312130731/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/autism-spectrum-disorder-qf-15-5511/index.shtml|archive-date=12 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kubera ko indwara yoroheje ya autism spectrum (ASD), itandukanye n'izindi ASD bitewe n'ururimi n'ubwenge bisanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;ICD10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=F84.5 Asperger syndrome|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2015/en#/F84.5|website=World Health Organization|access-date=13 March 2016|date=2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102042503/http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2015/en#/F84.5|archive-date=2 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo bidakenewe kugira ngo umuntu amenye indwara, gukoresha imvugo mu buryo budasanzwe no kuyikoresha mu buryo budasanzwe ni ibintu bisanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;McPart2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=McPartland J, Klin A|title=Asperger's syndrome|journal=Adolescent Medicine Clinics|volume=17|issue=3|pages=771–88; abstract xiii|date=October 2006|pmid=17030291|doi=10.1016/j.admecli.2006.06.010|doi-broken-date=2020-06-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Baskin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Baskin JH, Sperber M, Price BH|title=Asperger syndrome revisited|journal=Reviews in Neurological Diseases|volume=3|issue=1|pages=1–7|year=2006|pmid=16596080}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bikunze gutangira umuntu atarageza ku myaka ibiri kandi akenshi bimara ubuzima bwe bwose.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu nyayo ya Asperger ntabwo izwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Nubwo ahanini irazwe, imiterere y’uturemangingo ntabwo iramenyekana neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;McPart2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Klauck SM|title=Genetics of autism spectrum disorder|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=14|issue=6|pages=714–20|date=June 2006|pmid=16721407|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201610}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu bidukikije nabyo bikekwa ko bigira uruhare.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma ubwonko ntabwo byagaragaje indwara isanzwe ishingiyeho.&lt;ref name=&quot;McPart2006&quot; /&gt; Mu 2013, gusuzuma indwara ya Asperger byakuwe mu ''gitabo cy’indwara zo mu mutwe'' ( DSM-5 ), kandi abantu bafite ibi bimenyetso ubu bashyizwe mu ndwara ya autism spectrum hamwe na autisme n’indwara y’iterambere isanzwe itavuzwe ukundi (PDD-NOS).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Autism Spectrum Disorder|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml|website=National Institute of Mental Health|access-date=12 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309015426/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml|archive-date=9 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iracyari mu cyiciro mpuzamahanga cy’indwara ( ICD-11 ) {{as of|2019|lc=y}}  nk'ubwoko bw'indwara ya autism spectrum.&lt;ref name=&quot;ICD11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Asperger syndrome|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5855/asperger-syndrome|website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=14 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014095801/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5855/asperger-syndrome|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ICD-11|url=https://icd.who.int/dev11/f/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f120443468|website=icd.who.int|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119021828/https://icd.who.int/dev11/f/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f120443468|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nta buryo bumwe bwo kuvura, kandi ubushobozi bw'ibikorwa runaka bugaragazwa n'amakuru make gusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;McPart2006&quot; /&gt; Ubuvuzi bugamije kugabanya gahunda zo gukora ibintu kenshi cyangwa zisubiramo, no kunoza ubuhanga bwo kuvugana no gukora ibintu mu buryo bugoye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS&quot; /&gt; Ingamba zishobora kuba zirimo guhugura abantu mu bijyanye n'imibanire n'abandi, ubuvuzi bushingiye ku myitwarire mu bwenge, ubuvuzi bw'umubiri, ubuvuzi bwo kuvuga, amahugurwa ku babyeyi, n'imiti ivura ibibazo bifitanye isano, nk'amarangamutima cyangwa imihangayiko.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)|date=31 July 2007|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/asperger/detail_asperger.htm|access-date=24 August 2007|title=Asperger syndrome fact sheet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821112426/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/asperger/detail_asperger.htm|archive-date=21 August 2007|url-status=live}} NIH Publication No. 05-5624.&lt;/ref&gt; Abana benshi barakura neza uko bakura, ariko ibibazo byo mu mibanire n'abandi no mu itumanaho akenshi birakomeza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Woodbury-Smith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Woodbury-Smith MR, Volkmar FR|title=Asperger syndrome|journal=European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=18|issue=1|pages=2–11|date=January 2009|pmid=18563474|doi=10.1007/s00787-008-0701-0|url=http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/12424|type=Submitted manuscript|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331141120/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/12424|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bamwe mu bashakashatsi n'abantu bafite ikibazo cya autisme bashyigikiye impinduka mu myumvire ku gitekerezo cy'uko indwara ya autisme ari itandukaniro aho kuba indwara igomba kuvurwa cyangwa gukira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clarke&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=Disability &amp; Society|year=2007|volume=22|issue=7|pages=761–76|title='Surplus suffering': differences between organizational understandings of Asperger's syndrome and those people who claim the 'disorder'|vauthors=Clarke J, van Amerom G|doi=10.1080/09687590701659618}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BaronCohen2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl|year=2002|volume=17|issue=3|pages=186–91|title=Is Asperger syndrome necessarily viewed as a disability?|last=Baron-Cohen S|doi=10.1177/10883576020170030801}} A preliminary, freely readable draft, with slightly different wording in the quoted text, is in: {{Cite web|url=http://autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2002_BC_ASDisability.pdf|access-date=2 December 2008|year=2002|title=Is Asperger's syndrome necessarily a disability?|publisher=Autism Research Centre|location=Cambridge|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217140628/http://autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2002_BC_ASDisability.pdf|archive-date=17 December 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2015, indwara ya Asperger yagaragaye ko yibasiwe n’abantu miliyoni 37.2 ku isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara ya Autism yibasira abagabo cyane kurusha abagore, kandi abagore bakunze kuyisanga mu myaka iri imbere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015|format=E-Book|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323084307|page=162|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA163-IA15|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414044233/https://books.google.com/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA163-IA15|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lai MC, Baron-Cohen S|title=Identifying the lost generation of adults with autism spectrum conditions|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=2|issue=11|pages=1013–27|date=November 2015|pmid=26544750|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00277-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara yitiriwe umuganga w’abana wo muri Otirishiya witwa Hans Asperger, wavuze mu 1944 ku bana yareraga bagorwaga no kugirana ubucuti, batumvaga ibimenyetso cyangwa ibyiyumvo by’abandi, baganiraga ku ruhande rumwe ku byo bakunda, kandi bakaba bari abantu badakunda.&lt;ref name=&quot;ha&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Frith|first=Uta|title=Autism and Asperger Syndrome|url=https://archive.org/details/autismaspergersy00frit|url-access=limited|date=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-38608-1|chapter='Autistic psychopathy' in childhood|pages=[https://archive.org/details/autismaspergersy00frit/page/n46 37]–92}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igitekerezo cya none cya Asperger syndrome cyabayeho mu 1981 kandi cyanyuze mu gihe cyo gukwirakwira.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Klin A, Pauls D, Schultz R, Volkmar F|s2cid=19076633|title=Three diagnostic approaches to Asperger syndrome: implications for research|journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders|volume=35|issue=2|pages=221–34|date=April 2005|pmid=15909408|doi=10.1007/s10803-004-2001-y}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism?|veditors=Schopler E, Mesibov GB, Kunce LJ|publisher=Plenum press|location=New York|year=1998|chapter=The history of Asperger syndrome|vauthors=Wing L|pages=11–25|isbn=978-0-306-45746-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jz_xbeWgG9AC&amp;pg=PA11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313123459/https://books.google.ca/books?id=jz_xbeWgG9AC&amp;pg=PA11|archive-date=13 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Woodbury-Smith M, Klin A, Volkmar F|s2cid=12417580|title=Asperger's syndrome: a comparison of clinical diagnoses and those made according to the ICD-10 and DSM-IV|journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders|volume=35|issue=2|pages=235–40|date=April 2005|pmid=15909409|doi=10.1007/s10803-004-2002-x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Byabaye isuzuma risanzwe mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;Linda2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Baker|first=Linda|title=Asperger's Syndrome: Intervening in Schools, Clinics, and Communities|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-62414-9|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiSRAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA44|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313125152/https://books.google.ca/books?id=KiSRAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA44|archive-date=13 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibibazo byinshi n'impaka biracyari byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Woodbury-Smith&quot; /&gt; Hari gushidikanya niba bitandukanye na autisme ikora neza (HFA).&lt;ref name=&quot;Klin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Klin A|s2cid=34035031|title=[Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview]|journal=Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria|volume=28 Suppl 1|issue=suppl 1|pages=S3–11|date=May 2006|pmid=16791390|doi=10.1590/S1516-44462006000500002}}&lt;/ref&gt; Impamvu imwe ni uko igipimo cy'abantu bagizweho ingaruka kitaramenyekana neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;McPart2006&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>s83rat91xsv8wldpblnzvyyh216n51k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyumba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23295</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141076</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:08:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>gutangiza urupapuro rushya</comment>
      <origin>141076</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2959" sha1="j7a9trwefnuy83u7iwo9mz72uxji4o5" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Nyamata Memorial Site 13.jpg|thumb]]
'''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyumba'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.teradignews.rw/rw/huye-urwibutso-rwa-jenoside-rwa-nyumba-rurashyingurwaamo-mu-cyubahiro-imibiri-383-yabishwe-muri-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi/&lt;/ref&gt; ni urwibutso ruherereye mu Murenge wa Gishamvu, mu Karere ka Huye, mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Ntara y'Amajyepfo]] y'u [[Rwanda]]. Rwibutsa Abatutsi bishwe muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu Rwanda mu 1994, kandi rushyinguyemo imibiri y'abazize iyo Jenoside.

Urwibutso rwa Nyumba ni hamwe mu hantu hibukirwa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu [[Akarere ka Huye|Karere ka Huye.]] Rukoreshwa mu bikorwa byo kwibuka, guha icyubahiro abishwe no gusaba ko imibiri yabo itarashyingurwa mu cyubahiro yaboneka igashyingurwa.

== Amateka&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ==
Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994&lt;ref&gt;[[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]&lt;/ref&gt;, Abatutsi bo mu gace ka Gishamvu no mu bice biyegereye bishwe muri ubwo bwicanyi. Nyuma ya Jenoside, imibiri y'abishwe yashyinguwe mu rwibutso rwa Nyumba, rukaba ahantu ho kubibuka no guha icyubahiro abazize Jenoside.Nk'uko byatangajwe mu gikorwa cyo kwibuka ku wa 20 Mata 2023, imibare yari mu bitabo by'Umuryango uharanira inyungu z'abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi (IBUKA) mu Murenge wa Gishamvu yerekanaga ko urwibutso rwa Nyumba rwari rushyinguyemo imibiri 59.999. Iyo mibare yatangajwe muri icyo gikorwa ikeneye kugereranywa n'inyandiko zemewe z'ubuyobozi bw'urwibutso.

==== Igikorwa cyo kwibuka cyo mu 2023 &lt;ref&gt;https://www.teradignews.rw/rw/huye-urwibutso-rwa-jenoside-rwa-nyumba-rurashyingurwaamo-mu-cyubahiro-imibiri-383-yabishwe-muri-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi/&lt;/ref&gt; ====
Ku wa 20 Mata 2023, ku Rwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyumba habereye igikorwa cyo [[kwibuka]] ku nshuro ya 29 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994.Iki gikorwa cyitabiriwe n'abayobozi batandukanye, barimo Guverineri w'Intara y'Amajyepfo, Alice Kayitesi, abayobozi b'[[Akarere ka Huye]], abahagarariye inzego z'umutekano, abahagarariye amadini n'abaturage.Muri icyo gikorwa, hashyinguwe mu cyubahiro imibiri 383 y'abantu bishwe muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Nk'uko byatangajwe n'abayobozi, imwe muri iyo mibiri yari yaravanywe mu irimbi ryo mu Janja, mu Kagari ka Nyakibanda, indi iboneka mu bice bitandukanye byo mu Murenge wa Gishamvu no mu Murenge wa Ngera, mu Karere ka [[Akarere ka Nyaruguru|Nyaruguru]].Igikorwa cyaranzwe no kwibuka abazize Jenoside, gutanga ubuhamya n'ibiganiro ku mateka ya Jenoside, gushyira indabo ku rwibutso no gushyingura imibiri yabonetse.

===== Reba n'ibindi =====

* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu Rwanda
* [[Akarere ka Huye]]

* Umuryango uharanira inyungu z'abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ([[Kwibuka|IBUKA]])

== Amashakiro ==
[[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]]
[[Ikiciro:Urutonde rw'inzibutso za jenoside mu Rwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>j7a9trwefnuy83u7iwo9mz72uxji4o5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indwara ya Parkinson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23296</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141077</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:08:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1505856|Parkinson's disease]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141077</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12054" sha1="63xz11jovao3005ba321ianraewj8uo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Parkinson's disease|synonym=Parkinson disease, idiopathic or primary parkinsonism, hypokinetic rigid syndrome, paralysis agitans, shaking palsy|image=Paralysis agitans (1907, after St. Leger).png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=Two sketches (one from the front and one from the right side) of a man, with an expressionless face. He is stooped forward and is presumably having difficulty walking.|caption=Illustration of Parkinson's disease by [[William Gowers (neurologist)|William Richard Gowers]], first published in ''A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System'' (1886)|pronounce=|field=[[Neurology]]|symptoms=[[tremor|Shaking]], [[Spasticity|rigidity]], [[Hypokinesia#Bradykinesia|slowness of movement]], [[gait abnormality|difficulty walking]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;|complications=[[Parkinson's disease dementia|Dementia]], [[major depressive disorder|depression]], anxiety&lt;ref name=Sv2016/&gt;|onset=Age over 60&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Car2016/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=Unknown&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;|risks=[[Pesticide]] exposure, [[head injuries]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;|diagnosis=Based on symptoms&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;|differential=[[Dementia with Lewy bodies]], [[progressive supranuclear palsy]], [[essential tremor]], [[antipsychotic]] use&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|vauthors= Ferri FF|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0323076999|page=Chapter P|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=|treatment=Exercise, medications, surgery&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=CF2025/&gt;|medication=[[L-DOPA]], [[dopamine agonist]]s&lt;ref name=Sv2016/&gt;|prognosis=[[Life expectancy]] ~ 15 years{{medcn|date=July 2020}}&lt;ref name=Ley2018&gt;{{medcn|date=July 2020}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Golbe LI, Leyton CE |title=Life expectancy in Parkinson disease |journal=Neurology |volume=91 |issue=22 |pages=991–992 |date=November 2018 |pmid=30381371 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000006560 |type= Editorial}}&lt;/ref&gt;|frequency=6.2 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;|deaths=117,400 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;|named after=[[James Parkinson]]&lt;ref name=Shu2011&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Shulman JM, De Jager PL, Feany MB | title = Parkinson's disease: genetics and pathogenesis | journal = Annual Review of Pathology | volume = 6 | pages = 193–222 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21034221 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130242 | origyear = 25 October 2010 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/857d00026b199a33e5aa162063adc35594f26f7c | access-date = 2 August 2020 | archive-date = 28 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210828205458/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Parkinson%27s-disease%3A-genetics-and-pathogenesis.-Shulman-Jager/857d00026b199a33e5aa162063adc35594f26f7c | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828205458/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Parkinson%27s-disease%3A-genetics-and-pathogenesis.-Shulman-Jager/857d00026b199a33e5aa162063adc35594f26f7c |date=28 August 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|video1=}}'''Indwara ya Parkinson''' ( '''PD''' ), cyangwa '''Parkinson''' gusa, ni indwara ifata igihe kirekire yo mu bwonko bwo hagati ikagira ingaruka cyane cyane ku mikorere y'umubiri .  Uko indwara igenda irushaho kwiyongera, ibimenyetso bitari ibyo mu mitsi bigenda birushaho kugaragara.&lt;ref name=NIH2016&gt;{{cite web|title=Parkinson's Disease Information Page|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Parkinsons-Disease-Information-Page|website=NINDS|access-date=18 July 2016|date=30 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104201403/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Parkinsons-Disease-Information-Page}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104201403/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Parkinsons-Disease-Information-Page |date=4 January 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kalia LV, Lang AE|title=Parkinson's disease|journal=Lancet|volume=386|issue=9996|pages=896–912|date=August 2015|pmid=25904081|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61393-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara buhoro buhoro.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; Mu ntangiriro z'iyi ndwara, ibimenyetso bigaragara cyane ni ukunyeganyega, gukomera, kugenda buhoro, no kugorwa no kugenda.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; Gutekereza kandi ibibazo by'imyitwarire nabyo bishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sv2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sveinbjornsdottir S|title=The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease|journal=Journal of Neurochemistry|volume=139 Suppl 1|pages=318–324|date=October 2016|pmid=27401947|doi=10.1111/jnc.13691|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara yo mu mutwe (Dementia) biba ibisanzwe mu gihe indwara igeze mu cyiciro cya kabiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sv2016&quot; /&gt; Ihungabana kandi imihangayiko nayo ikunze kugaragara, ikaba igaragara ku bantu barenga kimwe cya gatatu cy'abafite PD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sv2016&quot; /&gt; Ibindi bimenyetso birimo ibibazo byo kumva, gusinzira, n'amarangamutima.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sv2016&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso by'ingenzi by'imitsi y'umubiri byitwa &quot; parkinsonism &quot;, cyangwa &quot;parkinsonian syndrome&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=H. Royden|title=The Netter collection of medical illustrations. a compilation of paintings|date=2013|publisher=Saunders Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9781455733873|page=161|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDpeeru0XD4C&amp;pg=PA161|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=kDpeeru0XD4C&amp;pg=PA161|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Impamvu y'indwara ya Parkinson ntabwo izwi, ariko bikekwa ko iterwa n'ibintu bigize imiterere y'umubiri ndetse n'ibidukikije.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Abafite umuntu wo mu muryango wabo wanduye bafite amahirwe menshi yo kurwara iyi ndwara ubwabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Hari kandi ibyago byinshi ku bantu bahura n'imiti yica udukoko no mu bakomeretse ku mutwe mbere, mu gihe hari ibyago bike ku banywa itabi n'abanywa [[ikawa]] cyangwa [[Icyayi cy'icyatsi|icyayi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barranco Quintana JL, Allam MF, Del Castillo AS, Navajas RF|title=Parkinson's disease and tea: a quantitative review|journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition|volume=28|issue=1|pages=1–6|date=February 2009|pmid=19571153|doi=10.1080/07315724.2009.10719754}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso by'iyi ndwara bituruka ku rupfu rw'uturemangingo two mu gace k'ubwonko gafite igice cy'ubwonko cyo hagati .  Ibi bituma dopamine idahagije muri aka gace k'ubwonko.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; Impamvu y'uru rupfu rw'uturemangingo ntabwo isobanutse neza, ariko ikubiyemo kwirundanya kwa poroteyine mu mibiri ya Lewy mu mitsi y'ubwonko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara zisanzwe ahanini bishingiye ku bimenyetso, hamwe n'ibizamini nka neuroimaging bikoreshwa kugira ngo harebwe izindi ndwara.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;

Nta muti uhari wo kuvura indwara ya Parkinson.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; Ubuvuzi bugamije kunoza ibimenyetso.   Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bwa mbere bukorwa hakoreshejwe imyitozo ngororamubiri n'imiti irwanya parkinson ya levodopa ( L-DOPA ), hanyuma hagakurikiraho imiti igabanya ubukana bwa dopamine iyo levodopa idafite imbaraga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sv2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CF2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Exner|first=Matthew|title=#382 Exercise for Parkinson’s Disease: More movement = Better movement? – CFPCLearn|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp382/|publisher=CFPC|access-date=4 February 2025|archive-date=17 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217073101/https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp382/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uko indwara ikomeza kwiyongera kandi uturemangingo tw’ubwonko dukomeza gutakaza ubushobozi, iyi miti iragabanuka, mu gihe kimwe itera ikibazo kirangwa no kwihinahina ku bushake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sv2016&quot; /&gt; Indyo n'uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwo kuvura indwara byagaragaje ko bifite akamaro mu kugabanya ibimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19691125&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barichella M, Cereda E, Pezzoli G|title=Major nutritional issues in the management of Parkinson's disease|journal=Movement Disorders|volume=24|issue=13|pages=1881–92|date=October 2009|pmid=19691125|doi=10.1002/mds.22705|hdl=2434/67795|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neuro2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ahlskog JE|title=Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson disease?|journal=Neurology|volume=77|issue=3|pages=288–94|date=July 2011|pmid=21768599|pmc=3136051|doi=10.1212/wnl.0b013e318225ab66}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kubaga hakoreshejwe microelectrodes kugira ngo ubwonko burusheho gukanguka byakoreshejwe mu kugabanya ibimenyetso by'imikorere y'umubiri mu bihe bikomeye aho imiti idakora neza.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; Ibimenyetso by'ubuvuzi ku bimenyetso bya PD bifitanye isano no kudakora, nko kubura ibitotsi n'ibibazo by'amarangamutima, ntabwo bikomeye cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;

Mu 2015, PD yibasiwe n’abantu miliyoni 6.2, bituma abantu bagera ku 117.400 bapfa ku isi yose.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|last=GBD 2015 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara ya Parkinson ikunze kugaragara ku bantu barengeje imyaka 60, muri bo hafi kimwe ku ijana nibo bayirwaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Car2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Carroll WM|title=International Neurology|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781118777367|page=188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA188|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA188|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abagabo ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane kurusha abagore ku kigereranyo cya 3:2.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Iyo igaragaye ku bantu batarageza ku myaka 50, yitwa PD yo mu ntangiriro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mosley|first=Anthony D.|title=The encyclopedia of Parkinson's disease|date=2010|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=9781438127491|page=89|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tE6VgburpxkC&amp;pg=PA89|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tE6VgburpxkC&amp;pg=PA89|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Impuzandengo y'igihe umuntu azakomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupimwa ni hagati y'imyaka 7 na 15.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sv2016&quot; /&gt;  Iyi ndwara yitiriwe umuganga w’Umwongereza James Parkinson, wasohoye ibisobanuro birambuye bya mbere mu gitabo cyitwa ''An Essay on the Shaking Palsy'', mu 1817.   Ubukangurambaga mu ruhame burimo Umunsi Mpuzamahanga wa Parkinson (ku isabukuru ya James Parkinson, 11 Mata) no gukoresha agati k'umutuku nk'ikimenyetso cy'indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18175393&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lees AJ|title=Unresolved issues relating to the shaking palsy on the celebration of James Parkinson's 250th birthday|journal=Movement Disorders|volume=22 Suppl 17|issue=Suppl 17|pages=S327–34|date=September 2007|pmid=18175393|doi=10.1002/mds.21684}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu barwaye Parkinson bongereye ubumenyi ku iyi ndwara barimo icyamamare mu iteramakofe Muhammad Ali, umukinnyi wa filime Michael J. Fox, umukinnyi wa siporo mu mikino Olempike Davis Phinney, n'umukinnyi wa filime Alan Alda .    

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>63xz11jovao3005ba321ianraewj8uo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Icyorezo cya Bubonic</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23297</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141078</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:12:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500822|Bubonic plague]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141078</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8029" sha1="j3itx2zkhxgbc2jhhmify40trgqxrtz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Bubonic plague|synonym=|image=Plague_-buboes.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A ''[[bubo]]'' on the upper thigh of a person infected with bubonic plague.|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=[[Fever]], [[headache]]s, vomiting, swollen [[lymph node]]s&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2012Sym/&gt;|complications=|onset=1–7 days after exposure&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Yersinia pestis]]'' spread by [[fleas]]&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Finding the bacterium in the blood, [[sputum]], or lymph nodes&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Antibiotics such as [[streptomycin]], [[gentamicin]], or [[doxycycline]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2012Tx/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=650 cases reported a year&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;|deaths=10% mortality with treatment&lt;ref name=Lancet2007/&gt;&lt;br&gt;30-90% if untreated&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet2007/&gt;|video1=|named after=}}'''Icyorezo cya Bubonic''' ni kimwe mu bwoko butatu bw'icyorezo giterwa na bagiteri ''Yersinia pestis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=World Health Organization|title=Plague Fact sheet N°267|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/|access-date=10 May 2015|date=November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424065540/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/|archive-date=24 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma y'umunsi umwe kugeza kuri irindwi uhuye na bagiteri, ibimenyetso bisa n'ibicurane biragaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ibi bimenyetso birimo umuriro, kuribwa umutwe, no kuruka.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Utunyangingo tw’amaraso tubyimba kandi tubabaza tuba ahantu hegereye aho bagiteri yinjiye mu ruhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/symptoms/index.html|title=Plague Symptoms|date=13 June 2012|access-date=21 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819134608/http://www.cdc.gov/plague/symptoms/index.html|archive-date=19 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rimwe na rimwe, utunyangingo twa lymph twabyimbye dushobora gucika.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;

Ubwoko butatu bw'icyorezo ni ingaruka z'inzira yanduriyemo: indwara ya bubonic, indwara ya septicemic, n'indwara ya pneumonical.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Indwara ya Bubonic ikwirakwizwa cyane cyane n'udusimba twanduye duturuka ku [[Inyamaswa|nyamaswa]] nto.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Bishobora kandi guterwa no guhura n'amazi yo mu mubiri aturuka ku nyamaswa yapfuye yanduye indwara y'ibyorezo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Tran&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/transmission/index.html|title=Plague Ecology and Transmission|date=13 June 2012|access-date=21 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822100946/http://www.cdc.gov/plague/transmission/index.html|archive-date=22 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bwoko bwa plague ya bubonic, bagiteri zinjira mu ruhu binyuze mu kurumwa n'udusimba hanyuma zigaca mu miyoboro ya lymphatic zijya mu gace k'imiyoboro ya lymphatic, bigatuma zibyimba.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara bikorwa habonetse bagiteri mu maraso, mu mihogo, cyangwa mu mazi ava mu tunyangingo tw’imitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;

Kwirinda ni ugukoresha ingamba z’ubuzima rusange nko kudafata inyamaswa zapfuye mu turere twakunze kugaragaramo icyorezo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Inkingo ntibyagaragaye ko ari ingirakamaro cyane mu gukumira indwara z'ibyorezo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Antibiyotike nyinshi zifite akamaro mu kuvura, harimo streptomycin, gentamicin, na doxycycline.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Prentice MB, Rahalison L|title=Plague|journal=Lancet|volume=369|issue=9568|pages=1196–207|date=April 2007|pmid=17416264|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60566-2|s2cid=208790222}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/healthcare/clinicians.html|title=Plague Resources for Clinicians|date=13 June 2012|access-date=21 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821214546/http://www.cdc.gov/plague/healthcare/clinicians.html|archive-date=21 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo hatabayeho kuvurwa, indwara y'ibicurane ihitana 30% kugeza 90% by'abanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2007&quot; /&gt; Iyo bibayeho, akenshi urupfu rubaho mu minsi icumi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Keyes|first=Daniel C.|title=Medical response to terrorism : preparedness and clinical practice|date=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia [u.a.]|isbn=9780781749862|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4uCV4Gm82YC&amp;pg=PA74|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727140038/https://books.google.com/books?id=y4uCV4Gm82YC&amp;pg=PA74|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo umuntu avuwe, ibyago byo gupfa ni hafi 10%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2007&quot; /&gt; Ku isi yose hagati ya 2010 na 2015 hagaragaye abantu 3248 banduye iyi ndwara, ikaba yahitanye abantu 584.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ibihugu bifite umubare munini w’abanduye ni [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Madagasikari]] na [[Peru]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;

Icyorezo cyateye icyorezo cy’abirabura cyakwirakwiriye muri Aziya, i Burayi na Afurika mu kinyejana cya 14, kikica abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 50.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Haensch S, Bianucci R, Signoli M, Rajerison M, Schultz M, Kacki S, Vermunt M, Weston DA, Hurst D, Achtman M, Carniel E, Bramanti B|title=Distinct Clones of ''Yersinia pestis'' Caused the Black Death|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=6|issue=#10|pages=e1001134|year=2010|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001134|pmid=20949072|pmc=2951374}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi byari hagati ya 25% na 60% by'abaturage b'i Burayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Hx&quot; /&gt; Kubera ko icyorezo cyahitanye abaturage benshi bakoraga, imishahara yariyongereye bitewe n'ibyifuzo by'abakozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Hx&quot; /&gt; Bamwe mu bahanga mu by'amateka babona ko ibi ari ihinduka rikomeye mu iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'u Burayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Hx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/history/index.html|title=Plague History|date=13 June 2012|access-date=21 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821062557/http://www.cdc.gov/plague/history/index.html|archive-date=21 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara kandi ni yo yateye icyorezo cya Justinian cyaturutse mu bwami bw’Abaroma bw’Iburasirazuba mu kinyejana cya 6, ndetse n’icyorezo cya gatatu cyibasira [[Ubushinwa]], [[Mongoliya]], [[Ubuhinde|n’Ubuhinde]] cyaturutse mu Ntara ya Yunnan mu 1855.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cohn SK|title=Epidemiology of the Black Death and successive waves of plague|journal=Medical History Supplement|issue=27|pages=74–100|date=2008|volume=52|doi=10.1017/S0025727300072100|pmid=18575083|pmc=2630035}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijambo ''bubonic'' rikomoka ku ijambo ry'Ikigiriki [[wikt:βουβών|βουβών]], risobanura &quot;igituba&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=LeRoux|first=Neil|date=2007|title=Martin Luther As Comforter: Writings on Death Volume 133 of Studies in the History of Christian Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJK9MucO298C&amp;pg=PA247|publisher=BRILL|page=247|isbn=9789004158801|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727142346/https://books.google.com/books?id=HJK9MucO298C&amp;pg=PA247|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijambo &quot; buboes &quot; rikoreshwa kandi mu kuvuga ku tunyangingo tw’imitsi twabyimbye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Edman|first=Bruce F. Eldridge, John D.|title=Medical Entomology a Textbook on Public Health and Veterinary Problems Caused by Arthropods|date=2004|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9789400710092|page=390|edition=Rev..|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61vuCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA390|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727140150/https://books.google.com/books?id=61vuCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA390|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>j3itx2zkhxgbc2jhhmify40trgqxrtz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23298</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141079</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:19:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378696391|Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>141079</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2567" sha1="5dr6tk7dzuz02us3qgbpfbxvynu9lpi" xml:space="preserve">
Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda (wavutse ku wa 3 Werurwe 1953) ni umunyapolitiki w’Umunyarwanda wabaye Minisitiri w’Amashuri Makuru n’Ubushakashatsi mu bya Siyansi muri Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho mu 1994. Yahamijwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) icyaha cya Jenoside n’icyaha cyo kurimbura abantu nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, kubera uruhare rwe mu bwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi mu gace ka Gikomero mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994. Ku wa 19 Nzeri 2005, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire rwa ICTR rwemeje igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu yari yarakatiwe.

Mu ntangiriro za Mata 1994, nyuma gato y’uko Jenoside yo mu Rwanda itangiye, Kamuhanda yatanze ikiganiro i Gikomero aho yagaragaje ko ubwicanyi [[Abatutsi|bw’Abatutsi]] i Gikomero bwari butaratangira kandi ko yari yiteguye gutanga intwaro zari kuba ngombwa kugira ngo ubwicanyi bube bwarakorewe aho. Mu gusoza ijambo rye, yahaye abari aho imbunda, gerenade n'imihoro, kandi yavuze ko azakurikirana abaturage ba Gikomero kugira ngo arebe ko ubwicanyi bwatangiye. Ku itariki ya 12 Mata 1994, Kamuhanda yahaye abapolisi amabwiriza ku mitwe [[Interahamwe|y’Interahamwe]] yo gutangira kwica Abatutsi bari bahungiye mu ishuri ry’itorero ry’Abaporotesitanti i Gikomero.

Mu mpera za Nyakanga, Kamuhanda yahungiye mu Bufaransa. Abisabwe n'umushinjacyaha wa TPIR, yatawe muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Abafaransa i Bourges ku ya 26 Ugushyingo 1999. Ku itariki ya 7 Werurwe 2000, yoherejwe muri gereza ya TPIR i Arusha, [[Tanzaniya|muri Tanzaniya]] .

Mu rubanza rwe, Kamuhanda yahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside n'icyaha cyo gutsembatsemba nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu . Yagizwe umwere ku byaha byo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, gufata ku ngufu nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, n'ibyaha by'intambara n'ibindi bikorwa bibi nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. Yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu. Igihano cye cyemejwe n'Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwa TPIR ku ya 19 Nzeri 2005, maze ku ya 7 Ukuboza 2008 yoherezwa muri [[Mali]] kurangiriza igihano cye.

* [http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/bccfb4153f78182dc12568390032cf2f?OpenDocument ICTR: Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda wahoze ari minisitiri], hirondelle.org, yinjiye muri 2009-03-05
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091105161922/http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/facts/jean-de-dieu_kamuhanda_41.html &quot;Ikigeragezo: Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda&quot;], ikigeragezo-ch.org, cyabonetse 2009-03-05

* [http://www.unictr.org/tabid/128/Default.aspx?id=25&amp;mnid=4 ICTR: Kamuhanda, Jean de Dieu] : Inyandiko z'imanza za ICTR</text>
      <sha1>5dr6tk7dzuz02us3qgbpfbxvynu9lpi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141080</id>
      <parentid>141079</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:20:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141080</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2598" sha1="77nvbzq48vakf9la7jf6y55rw7g65sl" xml:space="preserve">
Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda (wavutse ku wa 3 Werurwe 1953) ni umunyapolitiki w’Umunyarwanda wabaye Minisitiri w’Amashuri Makuru n’Ubushakashatsi mu bya Siyansi muri Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho mu 1994. Yahamijwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) icyaha cya Jenoside n’icyaha cyo kurimbura abantu nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, kubera uruhare rwe mu bwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi mu gace ka Gikomero mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994. Ku wa 19 Nzeri 2005, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire rwa ICTR rwemeje igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu yari yarakatiwe.

== Amateka ==
Mu ntangiriro za Mata 1994, nyuma gato y’uko Jenoside yo mu Rwanda itangiye, Kamuhanda yatanze ikiganiro i Gikomero aho yagaragaje ko ubwicanyi [[Abatutsi|bw’Abatutsi]] i Gikomero bwari butaratangira kandi ko yari yiteguye gutanga intwaro zari kuba ngombwa kugira ngo ubwicanyi bube bwarakorewe aho. Mu gusoza ijambo rye, yahaye abari aho imbunda, gerenade n'imihoro, kandi yavuze ko azakurikirana abaturage ba Gikomero kugira ngo arebe ko ubwicanyi bwatangiye. Ku itariki ya 12 Mata 1994, Kamuhanda yahaye abapolisi amabwiriza ku mitwe [[Interahamwe|y’Interahamwe]] yo gutangira kwica Abatutsi bari bahungiye mu ishuri ry’itorero ry’Abaporotesitanti i Gikomero.

Mu mpera za Nyakanga, Kamuhanda yahungiye mu Bufaransa. Abisabwe n'umushinjacyaha wa TPIR, yatawe muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Abafaransa i Bourges ku ya 26 Ugushyingo 1999. Ku itariki ya 7 Werurwe 2000, yoherejwe muri gereza ya TPIR i Arusha, [[Tanzaniya|muri Tanzaniya]] .

Mu rubanza rwe, Kamuhanda yahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside n'icyaha cyo gutsembatsemba nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu . Yagizwe umwere ku byaha byo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, gufata ku ngufu nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, n'ibyaha by'intambara n'ibindi bikorwa bibi nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. Yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu. Igihano cye cyemejwe n'Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwa TPIR ku ya 19 Nzeri 2005, maze ku ya 7 Ukuboza 2008 yoherezwa muri [[Mali]] kurangiriza igihano cye.

== Amashakiro ==
* [http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/bccfb4153f78182dc12568390032cf2f?OpenDocument ICTR: Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda wahoze ari minisitiri], hirondelle.org, yinjiye muri 2009-03-05
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091105161922/http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/facts/jean-de-dieu_kamuhanda_41.html &quot;Ikigeragezo: Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda&quot;], ikigeragezo-ch.org, cyabonetse 2009-03-05

* [http://www.unictr.org/tabid/128/Default.aspx?id=25&amp;mnid=4 ICTR: Kamuhanda, Jean de Dieu] : Inyandiko z'imanza za ICTR</text>
      <sha1>77nvbzq48vakf9la7jf6y55rw7g65sl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141081</id>
      <parentid>141080</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:22:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141081</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2643" sha1="o9panvlmjmymcn58l1snk7647av6kvm" xml:space="preserve">
Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda (wavutse ku wa 3 Werurwe 1953) ni umunyapolitiki w’Umunyarwanda wabaye Minisitiri w’Amashuri Makuru n’Ubushakashatsi mu bya Siyansi muri Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho mu 1994. Yahamijwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) icyaha cya Jenoside n’icyaha cyo kurimbura abantu nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, kubera uruhare rwe mu bwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi mu gace ka Gikomero mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994. Ku wa 19 Nzeri 2005, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire rwa ICTR rwemeje igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu yari yarakatiwe.

== Amateka ==
Mu ntangiriro za Mata 1994, nyuma gato y’uko Jenoside yo mu Rwanda itangiye, Kamuhanda yatanze ikiganiro i Gikomero aho yagaragaje ko ubwicanyi [[Abatutsi|bw’Abatutsi]] i Gikomero bwari butaratangira kandi ko yari yiteguye gutanga intwaro zari kuba ngombwa kugira ngo ubwicanyi bube bwarakorewe aho. Mu gusoza ijambo rye, yahaye abari aho imbunda, gerenade n'imihoro, kandi yavuze ko azakurikirana abaturage ba Gikomero kugira ngo arebe ko ubwicanyi bwatangiye. Ku itariki ya 12 Mata 1994, Kamuhanda yahaye abapolisi amabwiriza ku mitwe [[Interahamwe|y’Interahamwe]] yo gutangira kwica Abatutsi bari bahungiye mu ishuri ry’itorero ry’Abaporotesitanti i Gikomero.

Mu mpera za Nyakanga, Kamuhanda yahungiye mu Bufaransa. Abisabwe n'umushinjacyaha wa TPIR, yatawe muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Abafaransa i Bourges ku ya 26 Ugushyingo 1999. Ku itariki ya 7 Werurwe 2000, yoherejwe muri gereza ya TPIR i Arusha, [[Tanzaniya|muri Tanzaniya]] .

Mu rubanza rwe, Kamuhanda yahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside n'icyaha cyo gutsembatsemba nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu . Yagizwe umwere ku byaha byo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, gufata ku ngufu nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, n'ibyaha by'intambara n'ibindi bikorwa bibi nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. Yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu. Igihano cye cyemejwe n'Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwa TPIR ku ya 19 Nzeri 2005, maze ku ya 7 Ukuboza 2008 yoherezwa muri [[Mali]] kurangiriza igihano cye.

== Amashakiro ==
* [http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/bccfb4153f78182dc12568390032cf2f?OpenDocument ICTR: Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda wahoze ari minisitiri], hirondelle.org, yinjiye muri 2009-03-05
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091105161922/http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/facts/jean-de-dieu_kamuhanda_41.html &quot;Ikigeragezo: Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda&quot;], ikigeragezo-ch.org, cyabonetse 2009-03-05

* [http://www.unictr.org/tabid/128/Default.aspx?id=25&amp;mnid=4 ICTR: Kamuhanda, Jean de Dieu] : Inyandiko z'imanza za ICTR</text>
      <sha1>o9panvlmjmymcn58l1snk7647av6kvm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141089</id>
      <parentid>141081</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:38:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141089</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2682" sha1="prexpsuejgq941p2iw63tme9emlj3jw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q6171735}}

Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda (wavutse ku wa 3 Werurwe 1953) ni umunyapolitiki w’Umunyarwanda wabaye Minisitiri w’Amashuri Makuru n’Ubushakashatsi mu bya Siyansi muri Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho mu 1994. Yahamijwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) icyaha cya Jenoside n’icyaha cyo kurimbura abantu nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, kubera uruhare rwe mu bwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi mu gace ka Gikomero mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994. Ku wa 19 Nzeri 2005, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire rwa ICTR rwemeje igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu yari yarakatiwe.

== Amateka ==
Mu ntangiriro za Mata 1994, nyuma gato y’uko Jenoside yo mu Rwanda itangiye, Kamuhanda yatanze ikiganiro i Gikomero aho yagaragaje ko ubwicanyi [[Abatutsi|bw’Abatutsi]] i Gikomero bwari butaratangira kandi ko yari yiteguye gutanga intwaro zari kuba ngombwa kugira ngo ubwicanyi bube bwarakorewe aho. Mu gusoza ijambo rye, yahaye abari aho imbunda, gerenade n'imihoro, kandi yavuze ko azakurikirana abaturage ba Gikomero kugira ngo arebe ko ubwicanyi bwatangiye. Ku itariki ya 12 Mata 1994, Kamuhanda yahaye abapolisi amabwiriza ku mitwe [[Interahamwe|y’Interahamwe]] yo gutangira kwica Abatutsi bari bahungiye mu ishuri ry’itorero ry’Abaporotesitanti i Gikomero.

Mu mpera za Nyakanga, Kamuhanda yahungiye mu Bufaransa. Abisabwe n'umushinjacyaha wa TPIR, yatawe muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Abafaransa i Bourges ku ya 26 Ugushyingo 1999. Ku itariki ya 7 Werurwe 2000, yoherejwe muri gereza ya TPIR i Arusha, [[Tanzaniya|muri Tanzaniya]] .

Mu rubanza rwe, Kamuhanda yahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside n'icyaha cyo gutsembatsemba nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu . Yagizwe umwere ku byaha byo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, gufata ku ngufu nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, n'ibyaha by'intambara n'ibindi bikorwa bibi nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. Yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu. Igihano cye cyemejwe n'Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwa TPIR ku ya 19 Nzeri 2005, maze ku ya 7 Ukuboza 2008 yoherezwa muri [[Mali]] kurangiriza igihano cye.

== Amashakiro ==
* [http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/bccfb4153f78182dc12568390032cf2f?OpenDocument ICTR: Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda wahoze ari minisitiri], hirondelle.org, yinjiye muri 2009-03-05
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091105161922/http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/facts/jean-de-dieu_kamuhanda_41.html &quot;Ikigeragezo: Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda&quot;], ikigeragezo-ch.org, cyabonetse 2009-03-05

* [http://www.unictr.org/tabid/128/Default.aspx?id=25&amp;mnid=4 ICTR: Kamuhanda, Jean de Dieu] : Inyandiko z'imanza za ICTR</text>
      <sha1>prexpsuejgq941p2iw63tme9emlj3jw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pascal Simbikangwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23299</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141082</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:31:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378779043|Pascal Simbikangwa]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>141082</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3372" sha1="1lzxrsyd60ahgkwihdhabuznxwxc2im" xml:space="preserve">{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}'''Pascal Simbikangwa''' yahoze ari intasi ya [[Rwanda]] . Simbikangwa yari umuntu ushishikajwe no kwamamaza [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] mu 1994, kandi yahamwe n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu . &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda ex-spy chief Pascal Simbikangwa jailed in France |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26587816 |access-date=17 March 2014 |website=14 March 2014 |publisher=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Simbikangwa yavukiye i Karago mu mwaka wa 1959. Mu mwaka wa 1986, yagize ubumuga nyuma yo gukora impanuka y’imodoka. Yabaye umuyobozi w’urwego rw’ubutasi rw’u Rwanda, ndetse anaba kapiteni mu ngabo zirinda Perezida, mu gihe yari akiri muri uwo mwanya w’ubuyobozi bw’ubutasi. &lt;ref name=&quot;AJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 March 2014 |title=Rwanda ex-soldier jailed for genocide role |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/03/paris-court-sentences-rwanda-genocide-suspect-20143142140926527.html |access-date=17 March 2014 |work=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yakomeje kuba muri iyo myanya mu gihe cya jenoside, ahunga u Rwanda mu mpera z'impeshyi yo mu 1994. Simbikangwa yabanje guhungira mu birwa bya Comoros . &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC14&quot; /&gt; Mu 2008, yasabye ubuhungiro bwa politiki muri [[Mayoti|Mayotte]] . Yatawe muri yombi ku ya 28 Ukwakira 2008 azira guhimba impapuro. Yaburanishijwe mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]] hakurikijwe itegeko ry’Ubufaransa ryemerera umuntu wese ushinjwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu koherezwayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Independent15&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lichfield |first=John |date=15 March 2014 |title=Pascal Simbikangwa jailed in Paris: Rwandan genocide conviction could pave the way for more French trials |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-in-paris-rwandan-genocide-conviction-could-pave-the-way-for-more-french-trials-9194538.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-in-paris-rwandan-genocide-conviction-could-pave-the-way-for-more-french-trials-9194538.html |archive-date=2022-05-25 |access-date=17 March 2014 |work=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Igeragezwa rya 2014 ==
Mu rubanza rwe rwo mu 2014 mu Bufaransa, Simbikangwa yavuzweho kuba inshuti magara na mubyara wa [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], wishwe byateje amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko mu Rwanda. Abashinjacyaha bagaragaje ko Simbikangwa yari umunyamigabane ukomeye muri Free Radio-Televiziyo ya Milles Collines, imwe mu nzego zikomeye za poropagande y’Abahutu, yasabaga ku mugaragaro ko habaho jenoside. Simbikangwa yashinjwe kandi afatwa nk'umunyabyaha kubera gukora urutonde rw'abayobozi [[Abatutsi|b'Abatutsi]] n'Abahutu bari kwibasirwa n'itsembabwoko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Willsher |first=Kim |date=14 March 2014 |title=Rwanda former spy chief Pascal Simbikangwa jailed over genocide |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/14/rwanda-former-spy-chief-pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-genocide |access-date=17 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Simbikangwa yahamwe n'icyaha ku ya 14 Werurwe 2014 cyo &quot; ubufatanyacyaha mu itsembabwoko n'ubufatanyacyaha mu byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot; /&gt; Yakatiwe imyaka 25&amp;nbsp;imyaka myinshi mu gifungo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==</text>
      <sha1>1lzxrsyd60ahgkwihdhabuznxwxc2im</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141083</id>
      <parentid>141082</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:31:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141083</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2855" sha1="hp6e8lnfc4ln5j67i3nmv83gj6siw8i" xml:space="preserve">Simbikangwa yavukiye i Karago mu mwaka wa 1959. Mu mwaka wa 1986, yagize ubumuga nyuma yo gukora impanuka y’imodoka. Yabaye umuyobozi w’urwego rw’ubutasi rw’u Rwanda, ndetse anaba kapiteni mu ngabo zirinda Perezida, mu gihe yari akiri muri uwo mwanya w’ubuyobozi bw’ubutasi. &lt;ref name=&quot;AJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 March 2014 |title=Rwanda ex-soldier jailed for genocide role |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/03/paris-court-sentences-rwanda-genocide-suspect-20143142140926527.html |access-date=17 March 2014 |work=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yakomeje kuba muri iyo myanya mu gihe cya jenoside, ahunga u Rwanda mu mpera z'impeshyi yo mu 1994. Simbikangwa yabanje guhungira mu birwa bya Comoros . &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC14&quot; /&gt; Mu 2008, yasabye ubuhungiro bwa politiki muri [[Mayoti|Mayotte]] . Yatawe muri yombi ku ya 28 Ukwakira 2008 azira guhimba impapuro. Yaburanishijwe mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]] hakurikijwe itegeko ry’Ubufaransa ryemerera umuntu wese ushinjwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu koherezwayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Independent15&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lichfield |first=John |date=15 March 2014 |title=Pascal Simbikangwa jailed in Paris: Rwandan genocide conviction could pave the way for more French trials |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-in-paris-rwandan-genocide-conviction-could-pave-the-way-for-more-french-trials-9194538.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-in-paris-rwandan-genocide-conviction-could-pave-the-way-for-more-french-trials-9194538.html |archive-date=2022-05-25 |access-date=17 March 2014 |work=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Igeragezwa rya 2014 ==
Mu rubanza rwe rwo mu 2014 mu Bufaransa, Simbikangwa yavuzweho kuba inshuti magara na mubyara wa [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], wishwe byateje amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko mu Rwanda. Abashinjacyaha bagaragaje ko Simbikangwa yari umunyamigabane ukomeye muri Free Radio-Televiziyo ya Milles Collines, imwe mu nzego zikomeye za poropagande y’Abahutu, yasabaga ku mugaragaro ko habaho jenoside. Simbikangwa yashinjwe kandi afatwa nk'umunyabyaha kubera gukora urutonde rw'abayobozi [[Abatutsi|b'Abatutsi]] n'Abahutu bari kwibasirwa n'itsembabwoko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Willsher |first=Kim |date=14 March 2014 |title=Rwanda former spy chief Pascal Simbikangwa jailed over genocide |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/14/rwanda-former-spy-chief-pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-genocide |access-date=17 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Simbikangwa yahamwe n'icyaha ku ya 14 Werurwe 2014 cyo &quot; ubufatanyacyaha mu itsembabwoko n'ubufatanyacyaha mu byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot; /&gt; Yakatiwe imyaka 25&amp;nbsp;imyaka myinshi mu gifungo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==</text>
      <sha1>hp6e8lnfc4ln5j67i3nmv83gj6siw8i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141084</id>
      <parentid>141083</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:32:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141084</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2859" sha1="7babn389d4ocu0eqxi0a1g4q8di39gk" xml:space="preserve">Simbikangwa yavukiye i Karago mu mwaka wa 1959. Mu mwaka wa 1986, yagize ubumuga nyuma yo gukora impanuka y’imodoka. Yabaye umuyobozi w’urwego rw’ubutasi rw’u Rwanda, ndetse anaba kapiteni mu ngabo zirinda Perezida, mu gihe yari akiri muri uwo mwanya w’ubuyobozi bw’ubutasi. &lt;ref name=&quot;AJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 March 2014 |title=Rwanda ex-soldier jailed for genocide role |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/03/paris-court-sentences-rwanda-genocide-suspect-20143142140926527.html |access-date=17 March 2014 |work=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yakomeje kuba muri iyo myanya mu gihe cya jenoside, ahunga u [[Rwanda]] mu mpera z'impeshyi yo mu 1994. Simbikangwa yabanje guhungira mu birwa bya Comoros . &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC14&quot; /&gt; Mu 2008, yasabye ubuhungiro bwa politiki muri [[Mayoti|Mayotte]] . Yatawe muri yombi ku ya 28 Ukwakira 2008 azira guhimba impapuro. Yaburanishijwe mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]] hakurikijwe itegeko ry’Ubufaransa ryemerera umuntu wese ushinjwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu koherezwayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Independent15&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lichfield |first=John |date=15 March 2014 |title=Pascal Simbikangwa jailed in Paris: Rwandan genocide conviction could pave the way for more French trials |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-in-paris-rwandan-genocide-conviction-could-pave-the-way-for-more-french-trials-9194538.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-in-paris-rwandan-genocide-conviction-could-pave-the-way-for-more-french-trials-9194538.html |archive-date=2022-05-25 |access-date=17 March 2014 |work=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Igeragezwa rya 2014 ==
Mu rubanza rwe rwo mu 2014 mu Bufaransa, Simbikangwa yavuzweho kuba inshuti magara na mubyara wa [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], wishwe byateje amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko mu Rwanda. Abashinjacyaha bagaragaje ko Simbikangwa yari umunyamigabane ukomeye muri Free Radio-Televiziyo ya Milles Collines, imwe mu nzego zikomeye za poropagande y’Abahutu, yasabaga ku mugaragaro ko habaho jenoside. Simbikangwa yashinjwe kandi afatwa nk'umunyabyaha kubera gukora urutonde rw'abayobozi [[Abatutsi|b'Abatutsi]] n'Abahutu bari kwibasirwa n'itsembabwoko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Willsher |first=Kim |date=14 March 2014 |title=Rwanda former spy chief Pascal Simbikangwa jailed over genocide |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/14/rwanda-former-spy-chief-pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-genocide |access-date=17 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Simbikangwa yahamwe n'icyaha ku ya 14 Werurwe 2014 cyo &quot; ubufatanyacyaha mu itsembabwoko n'ubufatanyacyaha mu byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot; /&gt; Yakatiwe imyaka 25&amp;nbsp;imyaka myinshi mu gifungo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==</text>
      <sha1>7babn389d4ocu0eqxi0a1g4q8di39gk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141085</id>
      <parentid>141084</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:32:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141085</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2874" sha1="lauqqh1b5uzooqd3emny1tdag4s5sl2" xml:space="preserve">Simbikangwa yavukiye i Karago mu mwaka wa 1959. Mu mwaka wa 1986, yagize ubumuga nyuma yo gukora impanuka y’imodoka. Yabaye umuyobozi w’urwego rw’ubutasi rw’u Rwanda, ndetse anaba kapiteni mu ngabo zirinda Perezida, mu gihe yari akiri muri uwo mwanya w’ubuyobozi bw’ubutasi. &lt;ref name=&quot;AJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 March 2014 |title=Rwanda ex-soldier jailed for genocide role |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/03/paris-court-sentences-rwanda-genocide-suspect-20143142140926527.html |access-date=17 March 2014 |work=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yakomeje kuba muri iyo myanya mu gihe cya jenoside, ahunga u [[Rwanda]] mu mpera z'impeshyi yo mu 1994. Simbikangwa yabanje guhungira mu birwa bya Comoros . &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC14&quot; /&gt; Mu 2008, yasabye ubuhungiro bwa politiki muri [[Mayoti|Mayotte]] . Yatawe muri yombi ku ya 28 Ukwakira 2008 azira guhimba impapuro. Yaburanishijwe mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]] hakurikijwe itegeko ry’Ubufaransa ryemerera umuntu wese ushinjwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu koherezwayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Independent15&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lichfield |first=John |date=15 March 2014 |title=Pascal Simbikangwa jailed in Paris: Rwandan genocide conviction could pave the way for more French trials |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-in-paris-rwandan-genocide-conviction-could-pave-the-way-for-more-french-trials-9194538.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-in-paris-rwandan-genocide-conviction-could-pave-the-way-for-more-french-trials-9194538.html |archive-date=2022-05-25 |access-date=17 March 2014 |work=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Igeragezwa rya 2014 ==
Mu rubanza rwe rwo mu 2014 mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]], Simbikangwa yavuzweho kuba inshuti magara na mubyara wa [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], wishwe byateje amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko mu Rwanda. Abashinjacyaha bagaragaje ko Simbikangwa yari umunyamigabane ukomeye muri Free Radio-Televiziyo ya Milles Collines, imwe mu nzego zikomeye za poropagande y’Abahutu, yasabaga ku mugaragaro ko habaho jenoside. Simbikangwa yashinjwe kandi afatwa nk'umunyabyaha kubera gukora urutonde rw'abayobozi [[Abatutsi|b'Abatutsi]] n'Abahutu bari kwibasirwa n'itsembabwoko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Willsher |first=Kim |date=14 March 2014 |title=Rwanda former spy chief Pascal Simbikangwa jailed over genocide |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/14/rwanda-former-spy-chief-pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-genocide |access-date=17 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Simbikangwa yahamwe n'icyaha ku ya 14 Werurwe 2014 cyo &quot; ubufatanyacyaha mu itsembabwoko n'ubufatanyacyaha mu byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot; /&gt; Yakatiwe imyaka 25&amp;nbsp;imyaka myinshi mu gifungo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==</text>
      <sha1>lauqqh1b5uzooqd3emny1tdag4s5sl2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141086</id>
      <parentid>141085</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:33:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141086</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2874" sha1="ls7dgcx4297z8afkfxlouh0n34923cb" xml:space="preserve">Simbikangwa yavukiye i Karago mu mwaka wa 1959. Mu mwaka wa 1986, yagize ubumuga nyuma yo gukora impanuka y’imodoka. Yabaye umuyobozi w’urwego rw’ubutasi rw’u Rwanda, ndetse anaba kapiteni mu ngabo zirinda Perezida, mu gihe yari akiri muri uwo mwanya w’ubuyobozi bw’ubutasi. &lt;ref name=&quot;AJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 March 2014 |title=Rwanda ex-soldier jailed for genocide role |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/03/paris-court-sentences-rwanda-genocide-suspect-20143142140926527.html |access-date=17 March 2014 |work=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yakomeje kuba muri iyo myanya mu gihe cya jenoside, ahunga u [[Rwanda]] mu mpera z'impeshyi yo mu 1994. Simbikangwa yabanje guhungira mu birwa bya Comoros . &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC14&quot; /&gt; Mu 2008, yasabye ubuhungiro bwa politiki muri [[Mayoti|Mayotte]] . Yatawe muri yombi ku ya 28 Ukwakira 2008 azira guhimba impapuro. Yaburanishijwe mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]] hakurikijwe itegeko ry’Ubufaransa ryemerera umuntu wese ushinjwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu koherezwayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Independent15&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lichfield |first=John |date=15 March 2014 |title=Pascal Simbikangwa jailed in Paris: Rwandan genocide conviction could pave the way for more French trials |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-in-paris-rwandan-genocide-conviction-could-pave-the-way-for-more-french-trials-9194538.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-in-paris-rwandan-genocide-conviction-could-pave-the-way-for-more-french-trials-9194538.html |archive-date=2022-05-25 |access-date=17 March 2014 |work=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iburanisha rya 2014 ==
Mu rubanza rwe rwo mu 2014 mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]], Simbikangwa yavuzweho kuba inshuti magara na mubyara wa [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], wishwe byateje amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko mu Rwanda. Abashinjacyaha bagaragaje ko Simbikangwa yari umunyamigabane ukomeye muri Free Radio-Televiziyo ya Milles Collines, imwe mu nzego zikomeye za poropagande y’Abahutu, yasabaga ku mugaragaro ko habaho jenoside. Simbikangwa yashinjwe kandi afatwa nk'umunyabyaha kubera gukora urutonde rw'abayobozi [[Abatutsi|b'Abatutsi]] n'Abahutu bari kwibasirwa n'itsembabwoko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Willsher |first=Kim |date=14 March 2014 |title=Rwanda former spy chief Pascal Simbikangwa jailed over genocide |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/14/rwanda-former-spy-chief-pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-genocide |access-date=17 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Simbikangwa yahamwe n'icyaha ku ya 14 Werurwe 2014 cyo &quot; ubufatanyacyaha mu itsembabwoko n'ubufatanyacyaha mu byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot; /&gt; Yakatiwe imyaka 25&amp;nbsp;imyaka myinshi mu gifungo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==</text>
      <sha1>ls7dgcx4297z8afkfxlouh0n34923cb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141087</id>
      <parentid>141086</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:34:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>gushyiramo databox</comment>
      <origin>141087</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2914" sha1="92nge070irnup5o3v0eofjfw1i29axb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q3367608}}

Simbikangwa yavukiye i Karago mu mwaka wa 1959. Mu mwaka wa 1986, yagize ubumuga nyuma yo gukora impanuka y’imodoka. Yabaye umuyobozi w’urwego rw’ubutasi rw’u Rwanda, ndetse anaba kapiteni mu ngabo zirinda Perezida, mu gihe yari akiri muri uwo mwanya w’ubuyobozi bw’ubutasi. &lt;ref name=&quot;AJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 March 2014 |title=Rwanda ex-soldier jailed for genocide role |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/03/paris-court-sentences-rwanda-genocide-suspect-20143142140926527.html |access-date=17 March 2014 |work=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yakomeje kuba muri iyo myanya mu gihe cya jenoside, ahunga u [[Rwanda]] mu mpera z'impeshyi yo mu 1994. Simbikangwa yabanje guhungira mu birwa bya Comoros . &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC14&quot; /&gt; Mu 2008, yasabye ubuhungiro bwa politiki muri [[Mayoti|Mayotte]] . Yatawe muri yombi ku ya 28 Ukwakira 2008 azira guhimba impapuro. Yaburanishijwe mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]] hakurikijwe itegeko ry’Ubufaransa ryemerera umuntu wese ushinjwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu koherezwayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Independent15&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lichfield |first=John |date=15 March 2014 |title=Pascal Simbikangwa jailed in Paris: Rwandan genocide conviction could pave the way for more French trials |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-in-paris-rwandan-genocide-conviction-could-pave-the-way-for-more-french-trials-9194538.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-in-paris-rwandan-genocide-conviction-could-pave-the-way-for-more-french-trials-9194538.html |archive-date=2022-05-25 |access-date=17 March 2014 |work=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iburanisha rya 2014 ==
Mu rubanza rwe rwo mu 2014 mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]], Simbikangwa yavuzweho kuba inshuti magara na mubyara wa [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], wishwe byateje amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko mu Rwanda. Abashinjacyaha bagaragaje ko Simbikangwa yari umunyamigabane ukomeye muri Free Radio-Televiziyo ya Milles Collines, imwe mu nzego zikomeye za poropagande y’Abahutu, yasabaga ku mugaragaro ko habaho jenoside. Simbikangwa yashinjwe kandi afatwa nk'umunyabyaha kubera gukora urutonde rw'abayobozi [[Abatutsi|b'Abatutsi]] n'Abahutu bari kwibasirwa n'itsembabwoko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Willsher |first=Kim |date=14 March 2014 |title=Rwanda former spy chief Pascal Simbikangwa jailed over genocide |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/14/rwanda-former-spy-chief-pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-genocide |access-date=17 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Simbikangwa yahamwe n'icyaha ku ya 14 Werurwe 2014 cyo &quot; ubufatanyacyaha mu itsembabwoko n'ubufatanyacyaha mu byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot; /&gt; Yakatiwe imyaka 25&amp;nbsp;imyaka myinshi mu gifungo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==</text>
      <sha1>92nge070irnup5o3v0eofjfw1i29axb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141088</id>
      <parentid>141087</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:36:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141088</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2894" sha1="kmrorrwj8o0cxu4pz0vckqp2h2akotv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q3367608}}

Simbikangwa yavukiye i Karago mu mwaka wa 1959. Mu mwaka wa 1986, yagize ubumuga nyuma yo gukora impanuka y’imodoka. Yabaye umuyobozi w’urwego rw’ubutasi rw’u Rwanda, ndetse anaba kapiteni mu ngabo zirinda Perezida, mu gihe yari akiri muri uwo mwanya w’ubuyobozi bw’ubutasi. &lt;ref name=&quot;AJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 March 2014 |title=Rwanda ex-soldier jailed for genocide role |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/03/paris-court-sentences-rwanda-genocide-suspect-20143142140926527.html |access-date=17 March 2014 |work=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yakomeje kuba muri iyo myanya mu gihe cya jenoside, ahunga u [[Rwanda]] mu mpera z'impeshyi yo mu 1994. Simbikangwa yabanje guhungira mu birwa bya Comoros .  Mu 2008, yasabye ubuhungiro bwa politiki muri [[Mayoti|Mayotte]] . Yatawe muri yombi ku ya 28 Ukwakira 2008 azira guhimba impapuro. Yaburanishijwe mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]] hakurikijwe itegeko ry’Ubufaransa ryemerera umuntu wese ushinjwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu koherezwayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Independent15&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lichfield |first=John |date=15 March 2014 |title=Pascal Simbikangwa jailed in Paris: Rwandan genocide conviction could pave the way for more French trials |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-in-paris-rwandan-genocide-conviction-could-pave-the-way-for-more-french-trials-9194538.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-in-paris-rwandan-genocide-conviction-could-pave-the-way-for-more-french-trials-9194538.html |archive-date=2022-05-25 |access-date=17 March 2014 |work=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iburanisha rya 2014 ==
Mu rubanza rwe rwo mu 2014 mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]], Simbikangwa yavuzweho kuba inshuti magara na mubyara wa [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], wishwe byateje amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko mu Rwanda. Abashinjacyaha bagaragaje ko Simbikangwa yari umunyamigabane ukomeye muri Free Radio-Televiziyo ya Milles Collines, imwe mu nzego zikomeye za poropagande y’Abahutu, yasabaga ku mugaragaro ko habaho jenoside. Simbikangwa yashinjwe kandi afatwa nk'umunyabyaha kubera gukora urutonde rw'abayobozi [[Abatutsi|b'Abatutsi]] n'Abahutu bari kwibasirwa n'itsembabwoko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Willsher |first=Kim |date=14 March 2014 |title=Rwanda former spy chief Pascal Simbikangwa jailed over genocide |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/14/rwanda-former-spy-chief-pascal-simbikangwa-jailed-genocide |access-date=17 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Simbikangwa yahamwe n'icyaha ku ya 14 Werurwe 2014 cyo &quot; ubufatanyacyaha mu itsembabwoko n'ubufatanyacyaha mu byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot; /&gt; Yakatiwe imyaka 25&amp;nbsp;imyaka myinshi mu gifungo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian14&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==</text>
      <sha1>kmrorrwj8o0cxu4pz0vckqp2h2akotv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Icyorezo (indwara)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23300</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141090</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:38:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513301|Plague (disease)]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141090</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4705" sha1="14dq9x24h18edamixv8c8qtgzi0jzt3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Plague|synonym=|image=Yersinia_pestis_fluorescent.jpeg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=''[[Yersinia pestis]]'' seen at 200× magnification with a [[Fluorescent tag|fluorescent label]].|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=[[Fever]], weakness, [[headache]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Sym/&gt;|complications=|onset=1-7 days after exposure&lt;ref name=WHO2017/&gt;|duration=|types=[[Bubonic plague]], [[septicemic plague]], [[pneumonic plague]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Sym/&gt;|causes=''[[Yersinia pestis]]''&lt;ref name=WHO2017/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Finding the bacterium in a lymph node, blood, [[sputum]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Plague vaccine]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017/&gt;|treatment=[[Antibiotic]]s and [[supportive care]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017/&gt;|medication=[[Gentamicin]] and a [[fluoroquinolone]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Doc&gt;{{cite web|title=Resources for Clinicians Plague|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/healthcare/clinicians.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=October 2015|archive-date=21 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821214546/http://www.cdc.gov/plague/healthcare/clinicians.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821214546/http://www.cdc.gov/plague/healthcare/clinicians.html |date=21 August 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|prognosis=~10% risk of death (with treatment)&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact&gt;{{cite web|title=FAQ Plague|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/faq/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=September 2015|archive-date=20 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620072017/https://www.cdc.gov/plague/faq/index.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330171757/https://www.cdc.gov/plague/faq/index.html |date=30 March 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|frequency=~600 cases a year&lt;ref name=WHO2017/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara ya plague''' ni indwara yandura iterwa na bagiteri ''Yersinia pestis'' .  Ibimenyetso birimo umuriro, gucika intege no kuribwa umutwe .  Ubusanzwe ibi bitangira nyuma y'umunsi umwe kugeza kuri irindwi nyuma yo guhura n'ikiyobyabwenge.&lt;ref name=WHO2017&gt;{{cite web|title=Plague|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/|website=World Health Organization|access-date=8 November 2017|date=October 2017|archive-date=24 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424065540/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424065540/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/ |date=24 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu buryo bwa bubonic, hariho no kubyimba kw'uturemangingo twa lymph, mu gihe mu buryo bwa septicemic, uturemangingo dushobora guhinduka umukara tugapfa, kandi mu buryo bwa pneumonic, guhumeka nabi, inkorora no kubabara mu gituza bishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=CDC2015Sym&gt;{{cite web|title=Symptoms Plague|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=September 2015|archive-date=19 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819134608/http://www.cdc.gov/plague/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819134608/http://www.cdc.gov/plague/symptoms/index.html |date=19 August 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Icyorezo cya Bubonic na Septicemia muri rusange gikwirakwizwa no kurumwa n'udusimba cyangwa gukora ku nyamaswa yanduye.  Ubwoko bw'indwara y'ibihaha muri rusange ikwirakwira hagati y'abantu binyuze mu kirere binyuze mu bitonyanga byandura.&lt;ref name=CDC2015Sym /&gt; Ubusanzwe isuzuma rikorwa binyuze mu gusanga bagiteri mu mazi ava mu gace k'imitsi, mu maraso cyangwa mu mashoka . 

Abari mu kaga gakomeye bashobora gukingirwa .  Abahuye n'indwara y'ibihaha bashobora kuvurwa n'imiti yo kuyirinda.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Iyo yanduye, ivurwa hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko n'ubuvuzi bufasha.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Ubusanzwe imiti igabanya ubukana ikubiyemo uruvange rwa gentamicin na fluoroquinolone .  Ingaruka zo gupfa iyo umuntu avuwe ni hafi 10% mu gihe iyo atavuwe ari hafi 70%. 

Ku isi yose, abantu bagera kuri 600 bandura iyi ndwara buri mwaka.  Mu 2017, ibihugu byagaragayemo abarwayi benshi harimo [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Madagasikari]] na [[Peru]].&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ubwandu rimwe na rimwe bubera mu byaro, aho bivugwa ko bagiteri zikwirakwira mu mbeba .  Mu mateka byagaragaye mu cyorezo gikomeye, aho kizwi cyane ari cyo cyorezo cy’umwijima cyo mu kinyejana cya 14, cyahitanye abantu barenga miliyoni 50.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>14dq9x24h18edamixv8c8qtgzi0jzt3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alprazolam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23301</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141091</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:43:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500279|Alprazolam]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141091</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4615" sha1="fowlhyo67e6ivaqj02qv7v1opi97eka" xml:space="preserve">'''Alprazolam''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Xanax''', n'izindi, ni benzodiazepine ikora vuba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Goldberg|first=Raymond|title=Drugs Across the Spectrum|date=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9781111782009|page=195|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZlsCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA195|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=4 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604135538/https://books.google.com/books?id=EZlsCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA195%2F|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikoreshwa cyane mu kuvura indwara zo guhangayika mu gihe gito, cyane cyane indwara y'ubwoba cyangwa indwara yo guhangayika rusange (GAD).  Izindi ngamba zirimo kuvura isesemi iterwa na chemotherapy, hamwe n'ubundi buryo bwo kuvura.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018&gt;{{cite web |author1=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |title=Alprazolam Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/alprazolam.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=25 October 2018 |date=13 November 2017 |archive-date=7 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207030717/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/alprazolam.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207030717/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/alprazolam.html |date=7 December 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iterambere rya GAD ribaho muri rusange mu cyumweru kimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verster2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Verster JC, Volkerts ER|title=Clinical pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and behavioral toxicity of alprazolam: a review of the literature|journal=CNS Drug Reviews|volume=10|issue=1|pages=45–76|year=2004|pmid=14978513|pmc=6741717|doi=10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00003.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|veditors=Tampi RR, Muralee S, Weder ND, Penland H|title=Comprehensive Review of Psychiatry|year=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/ Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins Health|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-7817-7176-4|page=226|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AANMupaUs6UC&amp;pg=PA226|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319063132/https://books.google.com/books?id=AANMupaUs6UC&amp;pg=PA226|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alprazolam muri rusange ifatwa n'umunwa . 

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gusinzira, kwiheba, kuribwa umutwe, kumva unaniwe, umunwa wumye, no kugira ibibazo byo kwibuka .  Bimwe mu biruhuko n'umunaniro bishobora koroha mu minsi mike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pav10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Janicak PG, Marder SR|title=Principles and Practice of Psychopharmacotherapy|year=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/ Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-60547-565-3|page=535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ePK9wwcQUMC&amp;pg=PA535|edition=5th|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717220547/https://books.google.com/books?id=_ePK9wwcQUMC&amp;pg=PA535|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bitewe n'impungenge zo gukoresha nabi imiti, bamwe ntibasaba alprazolam nk'uburyo bwa mbere bwo kuvura indwara y'ubwoba.  Ibimenyetso byo kureka cyangwa kongera kugaruka bishobora kubaho iyo ikoreshwa rigabanutse mu buryo butunguranye; &lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt; kugabanya buhoro buhoro igipimo mu byumweru cyangwa amezi bishobora kuba ngombwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verster2004&quot; /&gt; Izindi ngaruka zidasanzwe zirimo kwiyahura, bishobora guterwa no kubura ubushobozi bwo kwifata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dobb2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dodds TJ|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|date=March 2017|pmid=28257172|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alprazolam, kimwe n'izindi benzodiazepines, ikora binyuze muri GABA &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwaA&quot;&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; receptor.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt;

Alprazolam yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti mu 1971, yemererwa gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1981.   Alprazolam ni ikiyobyabwenge kigenzurwa na Schedule IV kandi ni ikiyobyabwenge gikunze gukoreshwa nabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ait2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ait-Daoud N, Hamby AS, Sharma S, Blevins D|title=A Review of Alprazolam Use, Misuse, and Withdrawal|journal=Journal of Addiction Medicine|volume=12|issue=1|pages=4–10|date=2018|pmid=28777203|pmc=5846112|doi=10.1097/ADM.0000000000000350}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe .  Igiciro cyo kugurisha muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za {{US$}} kuri dose imwe mu 2018.  Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 21 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni 25.  

== AMashyakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>fowlhyo67e6ivaqj02qv7v1opi97eka</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Athanase Seromba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23302</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141092</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:46:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378587963|Athanase Seromba]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>141092</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4885" sha1="s5jb5y5vtj32kjws26t716ujne75ez4" xml:space="preserve">
'''Athanase Seromba''' (wavutse mu 1963) ni umupadiri w’umugatolika ukomoka mu [[Rwanda]] wahamwe n’icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shahabuddeen |first=Mohamed |date=12 March 2008 |title=THE PROSECUTOR v. ATHANASE SEROMBA |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/ICTR/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66-A.pdf |journal=International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |issue=Case No. ICTR-2001-66-A}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 December 2006 |title=Rwandan priest guilty of genocide |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6175717.stm |work=[[BBC News Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Venturini |first=Gabriella |date=28 February 2007 |title=Rwanda's Unanswered Screams: Still seeking justice after the Seromba trial |url=http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=7123 |access-date=28 November 2012 |work=[[The Hague Justice Portal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibyaha ==
Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Seromba yari umupadiri wayoboraga Paruwasi Gatolika ya Nyange, iherereye mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Kibuye, mu burengerazuba bw’u Rwanda. Yahamijwe icyaha cyo gukora jenoside bitewe n’uko yatanze uburenganzira bw’ingenzi n’ubukenewe bwo gutwika kiliziya ye, aho [[Abatutsi]] bari hagati ya 1.500 na 2.000 bari bahungiye, agamije kwica abantu benshi cyane cyane, ahubwo no kurimbura Abatutsi nk’ubwoko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shahabuddeen |first=Mohamed |date=12 March 2008 |title=THE PROSECUTOR v. ATHANASE SEROMBA |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/ICTR/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66-A.pdf |journal=International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |issue=Case No. ICTR-2001-66-A}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Nyakanga 1994, Seromba yahunze u Rwanda. Abihaye Imana Gatolika bamufashije kwimukira mu Butaliyani, bahindura izina rye ndetse banamufasha gukora nk'umupadiri muri Chiesa di San Martino a Montughi [ iyo ] hafi y'umujyi wa Florence hakoreshejwe izina ry'irihimbano rya Anastasio Sumba Bura. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=2014-04-08 |title=The Catholic church must apologise for its role in Rwanda's genocide {{!}} Chris McGreal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/08/catholic-church-apologise-failure-rwanda-genocide-vatican |access-date=2018-05-03 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Swain |first=Jon |date=November 21, 1999 |title=Priest accused in Rwanda bloodbath |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star-athanase-seromba/181190901/ |work=The Toronto Star |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubwo yaterwaga igitutu na Carla Del Ponte, umushinjacyaha mukuru w’ibyaha by’intambara bya Loni, Seromba yishyikirije Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) ku ya 6 Gashyantare 2002. Ku ya 8 Gashyantare 2002, yahakanye ibyaha aregwa byo gukora jenoside, ubufatanyacyaha mu itsembabwoko, umugambi wo gukora jenoside, no gutsembatsemba nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu . Urubanza rwe rwatangiye ku ya 20 Nzeri 2004, imbere y'Urugereko rwa Gatatu rw'Urukiko rwa TPIR. Ku itariki ya 13 Ukuboza 2006, yahamijwe icyaha maze akatirwa igifungo cy'imyaka 15. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 December 2006 |title=Rwandan priest guilty of genocide |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6175717.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seromba yajuririye icyemezo cy’urukiko. Ku ya 12 Werurwe 2008, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire rw’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) rwemeje ko uruhare rwe mu byaha rumuhamya rurenze uko byari byaragaragajwe mbere. Rwemeje ko ahamwa n’ibyaha yari akurikiranyweho, maze rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-03-12 |title=Rwanda genocide priest given life |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7292081.stm |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku itariki ya 27 Kamena 2009, Seromba yimuriwe muri [[Bene|Benin]] . Arangiriza igihano cye cya burundu muri gereza ya Akpro-Missérété i Porto-Novo, muri Benin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 July 2009 |title=Nine ICTR Prisoners Transferred to Benin |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200907020418.html |publisher=[[AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Emmanuel Rukundo
* Wenceslas Munyeshyaka
* Grégoire Ndahimana
* Elizaphan Ntakirutimana
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yo mu Rwanda]]

== Inyandiko n'amakuru ajyanye n'ibyo umuntu yandika ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/78c1e1146ea6397ac1256b59005208f6?OpenDocument Fondation Hirondelle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050506230346/http://www.trial-ch.org/trialwatch/profiles/en/legalprocedures/p212.html Ikigeragezo - Athanase Seromba]
* [http://www.ictr.org/ENGLISH/cases/Seromba/ Inyandiko za ICTR kuri uru rubanza] 
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]</text>
      <sha1>s5jb5y5vtj32kjws26t716ujne75ez4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141093</id>
      <parentid>141092</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:47:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141093</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4886" sha1="4mgxxxnqt8fjjz6r3icbehtgi6gjpql" xml:space="preserve">
'''Athanase Seromba''' (wavutse mu 1963) ni umupadiri w’umugatolika ukomoka mu [[Rwanda]] wahamwe n’icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shahabuddeen |first=Mohamed |date=12 March 2008 |title=THE PROSECUTOR v. ATHANASE SEROMBA |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/ICTR/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66-A.pdf |journal=International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |issue=Case No. ICTR-2001-66-A}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 December 2006 |title=Rwandan priest guilty of genocide |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6175717.stm |work=[[BBC News Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Venturini |first=Gabriella |date=28 February 2007 |title=Rwanda's Unanswered Screams: Still seeking justice after the Seromba trial |url=http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=7123 |access-date=28 November 2012 |work=[[The Hague Justice Portal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Seromba yari umupadiri wayoboraga Paruwasi Gatolika ya Nyange, iherereye mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Kibuye, mu burengerazuba bw’u Rwanda. Yahamijwe icyaha cyo gukora jenoside bitewe n’uko yatanze uburenganzira bw’ingenzi n’ubukenewe bwo gutwika kiliziya ye, aho [[Abatutsi]] bari hagati ya 1.500 na 2.000 bari bahungiye, agamije kwica abantu benshi cyane cyane, ahubwo no kurimbura Abatutsi nk’ubwoko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shahabuddeen |first=Mohamed |date=12 March 2008 |title=THE PROSECUTOR v. ATHANASE SEROMBA |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/ICTR/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66-A.pdf |journal=International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |issue=Case No. ICTR-2001-66-A}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Nyakanga 1994, Seromba yahunze u Rwanda. Abihaye Imana Gatolika bamufashije kwimukira mu Butaliyani, bahindura izina rye ndetse banamufasha gukora nk'umupadiri muri Chiesa di San Martino a Montughi [ iyo ] hafi y'umujyi wa Florence hakoreshejwe izina ry'irihimbano rya Anastasio Sumba Bura. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=2014-04-08 |title=The Catholic church must apologise for its role in Rwanda's genocide {{!}} Chris McGreal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/08/catholic-church-apologise-failure-rwanda-genocide-vatican |access-date=2018-05-03 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Swain |first=Jon |date=November 21, 1999 |title=Priest accused in Rwanda bloodbath |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star-athanase-seromba/181190901/ |work=The Toronto Star |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubwo yaterwaga igitutu na Carla Del Ponte, umushinjacyaha mukuru w’ibyaha by’intambara bya Loni, Seromba yishyikirije Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) ku ya 6 Gashyantare 2002. Ku ya 8 Gashyantare 2002, yahakanye ibyaha aregwa byo gukora jenoside, ubufatanyacyaha mu itsembabwoko, umugambi wo gukora jenoside, no gutsembatsemba nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu . Urubanza rwe rwatangiye ku ya 20 Nzeri 2004, imbere y'Urugereko rwa Gatatu rw'Urukiko rwa TPIR. Ku itariki ya 13 Ukuboza 2006, yahamijwe icyaha maze akatirwa igifungo cy'imyaka 15. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 December 2006 |title=Rwandan priest guilty of genocide |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6175717.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seromba yajuririye icyemezo cy’urukiko. Ku ya 12 Werurwe 2008, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire rw’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) rwemeje ko uruhare rwe mu byaha rumuhamya rurenze uko byari byaragaragajwe mbere. Rwemeje ko ahamwa n’ibyaha yari akurikiranyweho, maze rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-03-12 |title=Rwanda genocide priest given life |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7292081.stm |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku itariki ya 27 Kamena 2009, Seromba yimuriwe muri [[Bene|Benin]] . Arangiriza igihano cye cya burundu muri gereza ya Akpro-Missérété i Porto-Novo, muri Benin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 July 2009 |title=Nine ICTR Prisoners Transferred to Benin |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200907020418.html |publisher=[[AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Emmanuel Rukundo
* Wenceslas Munyeshyaka
* Grégoire Ndahimana
* Elizaphan Ntakirutimana
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yo mu Rwanda]]

== Inyandiko n'amakuru ajyanye n'ibyo umuntu yandika ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/78c1e1146ea6397ac1256b59005208f6?OpenDocument Fondation Hirondelle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050506230346/http://www.trial-ch.org/trialwatch/profiles/en/legalprocedures/p212.html Ikigeragezo - Athanase Seromba]
* [http://www.ictr.org/ENGLISH/cases/Seromba/ Inyandiko za ICTR kuri uru rubanza] 
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]</text>
      <sha1>4mgxxxnqt8fjjz6r3icbehtgi6gjpql</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141094</id>
      <parentid>141093</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:48:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141094</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4925" sha1="cgvczgmaozi92f4j42s511gwf1igkyp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q1093343}}

'''Athanase Seromba''' (wavutse mu 1963) ni umupadiri w’umugatolika ukomoka mu [[Rwanda]] wahamwe n’icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shahabuddeen |first=Mohamed |date=12 March 2008 |title=THE PROSECUTOR v. ATHANASE SEROMBA |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/ICTR/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66-A.pdf |journal=International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |issue=Case No. ICTR-2001-66-A}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 December 2006 |title=Rwandan priest guilty of genocide |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6175717.stm |work=[[BBC News Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Venturini |first=Gabriella |date=28 February 2007 |title=Rwanda's Unanswered Screams: Still seeking justice after the Seromba trial |url=http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=7123 |access-date=28 November 2012 |work=[[The Hague Justice Portal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Seromba yari umupadiri wayoboraga Paruwasi Gatolika ya Nyange, iherereye mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Kibuye, mu burengerazuba bw’u Rwanda. Yahamijwe icyaha cyo gukora jenoside bitewe n’uko yatanze uburenganzira bw’ingenzi n’ubukenewe bwo gutwika kiliziya ye, aho [[Abatutsi]] bari hagati ya 1.500 na 2.000 bari bahungiye, agamije kwica abantu benshi cyane cyane, ahubwo no kurimbura Abatutsi nk’ubwoko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shahabuddeen |first=Mohamed |date=12 March 2008 |title=THE PROSECUTOR v. ATHANASE SEROMBA |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/ICTR/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66-A.pdf |journal=International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |issue=Case No. ICTR-2001-66-A}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Nyakanga 1994, Seromba yahunze u Rwanda. Abihaye Imana Gatolika bamufashije kwimukira mu Butaliyani, bahindura izina rye ndetse banamufasha gukora nk'umupadiri muri Chiesa di San Martino a Montughi [ iyo ] hafi y'umujyi wa Florence hakoreshejwe izina ry'irihimbano rya Anastasio Sumba Bura. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=2014-04-08 |title=The Catholic church must apologise for its role in Rwanda's genocide {{!}} Chris McGreal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/08/catholic-church-apologise-failure-rwanda-genocide-vatican |access-date=2018-05-03 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Swain |first=Jon |date=November 21, 1999 |title=Priest accused in Rwanda bloodbath |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star-athanase-seromba/181190901/ |work=The Toronto Star |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubwo yaterwaga igitutu na Carla Del Ponte, umushinjacyaha mukuru w’ibyaha by’intambara bya Loni, Seromba yishyikirije Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) ku ya 6 Gashyantare 2002. Ku ya 8 Gashyantare 2002, yahakanye ibyaha aregwa byo gukora jenoside, ubufatanyacyaha mu itsembabwoko, umugambi wo gukora jenoside, no gutsembatsemba nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu . Urubanza rwe rwatangiye ku ya 20 Nzeri 2004, imbere y'Urugereko rwa Gatatu rw'Urukiko rwa TPIR. Ku itariki ya 13 Ukuboza 2006, yahamijwe icyaha maze akatirwa igifungo cy'imyaka 15. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 December 2006 |title=Rwandan priest guilty of genocide |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6175717.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seromba yajuririye icyemezo cy’urukiko. Ku ya 12 Werurwe 2008, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire rw’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) rwemeje ko uruhare rwe mu byaha rumuhamya rurenze uko byari byaragaragajwe mbere. Rwemeje ko ahamwa n’ibyaha yari akurikiranyweho, maze rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-03-12 |title=Rwanda genocide priest given life |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7292081.stm |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku itariki ya 27 Kamena 2009, Seromba yimuriwe muri [[Bene|Benin]] . Arangiriza igihano cye cya burundu muri gereza ya Akpro-Missérété i Porto-Novo, muri Benin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 July 2009 |title=Nine ICTR Prisoners Transferred to Benin |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200907020418.html |publisher=[[AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Emmanuel Rukundo
* Wenceslas Munyeshyaka
* Grégoire Ndahimana
* Elizaphan Ntakirutimana
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yo mu Rwanda]]

== Inyandiko n'amakuru ajyanye n'ibyo umuntu yandika ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/78c1e1146ea6397ac1256b59005208f6?OpenDocument Fondation Hirondelle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050506230346/http://www.trial-ch.org/trialwatch/profiles/en/legalprocedures/p212.html Ikigeragezo - Athanase Seromba]
* [http://www.ictr.org/ENGLISH/cases/Seromba/ Inyandiko za ICTR kuri uru rubanza] 
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]</text>
      <sha1>cgvczgmaozi92f4j42s511gwf1igkyp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141095</id>
      <parentid>141094</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:51:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141095</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4972" sha1="eihpz1ber2hq6t37pregft46pz4fk2p" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q1093343}}

'''Athanase Seromba''' (wavutse mu 1963) ni umupadiri w’umugatolika ukomoka mu [[Rwanda]] wahamwe n’icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shahabuddeen |first=Mohamed |date=12 March 2008 |title=THE PROSECUTOR v. ATHANASE SEROMBA |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/ICTR/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66-A.pdf |journal=International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |issue=Case No. ICTR-2001-66-A}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 December 2006 |title=Rwandan priest guilty of genocide |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6175717.stm |work=[[BBC News Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Venturini |first=Gabriella |date=28 February 2007 |title=Rwanda's Unanswered Screams: Still seeking justice after the Seromba trial |url=http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=7123 |access-date=28 November 2012 |work=[[The Hague Justice Portal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Seromba yari umupadiri wayoboraga Paruwasi Gatolika ya Nyange, iherereye mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Kibuye, mu burengerazuba bw’u Rwanda. Yahamijwe icyaha cyo gukora jenoside bitewe n’uko yatanze uburenganzira bw’ingenzi n’ubukenewe bwo gutwika kiliziya ye, aho [[Abatutsi]] bari hagati ya 1.500 na 2.000 bari bahungiye, agamije kwica abantu benshi cyane cyane, ahubwo no kurimbura Abatutsi nk’ubwoko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shahabuddeen |first=Mohamed |date=12 March 2008 |title=THE PROSECUTOR v. ATHANASE SEROMBA |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/ICTR/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66-A.pdf |journal=International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |issue=Case No. ICTR-2001-66-A}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Nyakanga 1994, Seromba yahunze u Rwanda. Abihaye Imana Gatolika bamufashije kwimukira mu Butaliyani, bahindura izina rye ndetse banamufasha gukora nk'umupadiri muri Chiesa di San Martino a Montughi [ iyo ] hafi y'umujyi wa Florence hakoreshejwe izina ry'irihimbano rya Anastasio Sumba Bura. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=2014-04-08 |title=The Catholic church must apologise for its role in Rwanda's genocide {{!}} Chris McGreal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/08/catholic-church-apologise-failure-rwanda-genocide-vatican |access-date=2018-05-03 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Swain |first=Jon |date=November 21, 1999 |title=Priest accused in Rwanda bloodbath |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star-athanase-seromba/181190901/ |work=The Toronto Star |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubwo yaterwaga igitutu na Carla Del Ponte, umushinjacyaha mukuru w’ibyaha by’intambara bya Loni, Seromba yishyikirije Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) ku ya 6 Gashyantare 2002. Ku ya 8 Gashyantare 2002, yahakanye ibyaha aregwa byo gukora jenoside, ubufatanyacyaha mu itsembabwoko, umugambi wo gukora jenoside, no gutsembatsemba nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu . Urubanza rwe rwatangiye ku ya 20 Nzeri 2004, imbere y'Urugereko rwa Gatatu rw'Urukiko rwa TPIR. Ku itariki ya 13 Ukuboza 2006, yahamijwe icyaha maze akatirwa igifungo cy'imyaka 15. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 December 2006 |title=Rwandan priest guilty of genocide |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6175717.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seromba yajuririye icyemezo cy’urukiko. Ku ya 12 Werurwe 2008, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire rw’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) rwemeje ko uruhare rwe mu byaha rumuhamya rurenze uko byari byaragaragajwe mbere. Rwemeje ko ahamwa n’ibyaha yari akurikiranyweho, maze rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-03-12 |title=Rwanda genocide priest given life |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7292081.stm |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku itariki ya 27 Kamena 2009, Seromba yimuriwe muri [[Bene|Benin]] . Arangiriza igihano cye cya burundu muri gereza ya Akpro-Missérété i Porto-Novo, muri Benin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 July 2009 |title=Nine ICTR Prisoners Transferred to Benin |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200907020418.html |publisher=[[AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Emmanuel Rukundo
* Wenceslas Munyeshyaka
* Grégoire Ndahimana
* Elizaphan Ntakirutimana
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yo mu Rwanda]]

== Inyandiko n'amakuru ajyanye n'ibyo umuntu yandika ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/78c1e1146ea6397ac1256b59005208f6?OpenDocument Fondation Hirondelle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050506230346/http://www.trial-ch.org/trialwatch/profiles/en/legalprocedures/p212.html Ikigeragezo - Athanase Seromba]
* [http://www.ictr.org/ENGLISH/cases/Seromba/ Inyandiko za ICTR kuri uru rubanza] 
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]
[[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]]</text>
      <sha1>eihpz1ber2hq6t37pregft46pz4fk2p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141110</id>
      <parentid>141095</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:25:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141110</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5589" sha1="n2x87g24ys55inxwlqjvmgr61za2jzw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q1093343}}

{{Cite web |last=Jim Tedder |first=http://names.voa.gov/modal.phrasedetail.php?id=2317 |date=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/En-us-Athanase_Seromba_from_Rwanda_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=index&amp;utm_content=original |title=En-us-Athanase Seromba from Rwanda pronunciation |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Athanase+Seromba&amp;title=Special%3AMediaSearch&amp;type=audio |url-status=live |access-date=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Athanase+Seromba&amp;title=Special%3AMediaSearch&amp;type=audio |website=wikicommons}}'''Athanase Seromba''' (wavutse mu 1963) ni umupadiri w’umugatolika ukomoka mu [[Rwanda]] wahamwe n’icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shahabuddeen |first=Mohamed |date=12 March 2008 |title=THE PROSECUTOR v. ATHANASE SEROMBA |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/ICTR/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66-A.pdf |journal=International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |issue=Case No. ICTR-2001-66-A}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 December 2006 |title=Rwandan priest guilty of genocide |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6175717.stm |work=[[BBC News Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Venturini |first=Gabriella |date=28 February 2007 |title=Rwanda's Unanswered Screams: Still seeking justice after the Seromba trial |url=http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=7123 |access-date=28 November 2012 |work=[[The Hague Justice Portal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Seromba yari umupadiri wayoboraga Paruwasi Gatolika ya Nyange, iherereye mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Kibuye, mu burengerazuba bw’u Rwanda. Yahamijwe icyaha cyo gukora jenoside bitewe n’uko yatanze uburenganzira bw’ingenzi n’ubukenewe bwo gutwika kiliziya ye, aho [[Abatutsi]] bari hagati ya 1.500 na 2.000 bari bahungiye, agamije kwica abantu benshi cyane cyane, ahubwo no kurimbura Abatutsi nk’ubwoko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shahabuddeen |first=Mohamed |date=12 March 2008 |title=THE PROSECUTOR v. ATHANASE SEROMBA |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/ICTR/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66-A.pdf |journal=International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |issue=Case No. ICTR-2001-66-A}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Nyakanga 1994, Seromba yahunze u Rwanda. Abihaye Imana Gatolika bamufashije kwimukira mu Butaliyani, bahindura izina rye ndetse banamufasha gukora nk'umupadiri muri Chiesa di San Martino a Montughi [ iyo ] hafi y'umujyi wa Florence hakoreshejwe izina ry'irihimbano rya Anastasio Sumba Bura. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=2014-04-08 |title=The Catholic church must apologise for its role in Rwanda's genocide {{!}} Chris McGreal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/08/catholic-church-apologise-failure-rwanda-genocide-vatican |access-date=2018-05-03 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Swain |first=Jon |date=November 21, 1999 |title=Priest accused in Rwanda bloodbath |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star-athanase-seromba/181190901/ |work=The Toronto Star |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubwo yaterwaga igitutu na Carla Del Ponte, umushinjacyaha mukuru w’ibyaha by’intambara bya Loni, Seromba yishyikirije Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) ku ya 6 Gashyantare 2002. Ku ya 8 Gashyantare 2002, yahakanye ibyaha aregwa byo gukora jenoside, ubufatanyacyaha mu itsembabwoko, umugambi wo gukora jenoside, no gutsembatsemba nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu . Urubanza rwe rwatangiye ku ya 20 Nzeri 2004, imbere y'Urugereko rwa Gatatu rw'Urukiko rwa TPIR. Ku itariki ya 13 Ukuboza 2006, yahamijwe icyaha maze akatirwa igifungo cy'imyaka 15. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 December 2006 |title=Rwandan priest guilty of genocide |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6175717.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seromba yajuririye icyemezo cy’urukiko. Ku ya 12 Werurwe 2008, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire rw’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) rwemeje ko uruhare rwe mu byaha rumuhamya rurenze uko byari byaragaragajwe mbere. Rwemeje ko ahamwa n’ibyaha yari akurikiranyweho, maze rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-03-12 |title=Rwanda genocide priest given life |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7292081.stm |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku itariki ya 27 Kamena 2009, Seromba yimuriwe muri [[Bene|Benin]] . Arangiriza igihano cye cya burundu muri gereza ya Akpro-Missérété i Porto-Novo, muri Benin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 July 2009 |title=Nine ICTR Prisoners Transferred to Benin |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200907020418.html |publisher=[[AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Emmanuel Rukundo
* Wenceslas Munyeshyaka
* Grégoire Ndahimana
* Elizaphan Ntakirutimana
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yo mu Rwanda]]

== Inyandiko n'amakuru ajyanye n'ibyo umuntu yandika ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/78c1e1146ea6397ac1256b59005208f6?OpenDocument Fondation Hirondelle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050506230346/http://www.trial-ch.org/trialwatch/profiles/en/legalprocedures/p212.html Ikigeragezo - Athanase Seromba]
* [http://www.ictr.org/ENGLISH/cases/Seromba/ Inyandiko za ICTR kuri uru rubanza] 
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]
[[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]]</text>
      <sha1>n2x87g24ys55inxwlqjvmgr61za2jzw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141111</id>
      <parentid>141110</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:25:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141111</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4972" sha1="eihpz1ber2hq6t37pregft46pz4fk2p" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q1093343}}

'''Athanase Seromba''' (wavutse mu 1963) ni umupadiri w’umugatolika ukomoka mu [[Rwanda]] wahamwe n’icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shahabuddeen |first=Mohamed |date=12 March 2008 |title=THE PROSECUTOR v. ATHANASE SEROMBA |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/ICTR/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66-A.pdf |journal=International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |issue=Case No. ICTR-2001-66-A}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 December 2006 |title=Rwandan priest guilty of genocide |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6175717.stm |work=[[BBC News Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Venturini |first=Gabriella |date=28 February 2007 |title=Rwanda's Unanswered Screams: Still seeking justice after the Seromba trial |url=http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=7123 |access-date=28 November 2012 |work=[[The Hague Justice Portal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Seromba yari umupadiri wayoboraga Paruwasi Gatolika ya Nyange, iherereye mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Kibuye, mu burengerazuba bw’u Rwanda. Yahamijwe icyaha cyo gukora jenoside bitewe n’uko yatanze uburenganzira bw’ingenzi n’ubukenewe bwo gutwika kiliziya ye, aho [[Abatutsi]] bari hagati ya 1.500 na 2.000 bari bahungiye, agamije kwica abantu benshi cyane cyane, ahubwo no kurimbura Abatutsi nk’ubwoko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shahabuddeen |first=Mohamed |date=12 March 2008 |title=THE PROSECUTOR v. ATHANASE SEROMBA |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/ICTR/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66-A.pdf |journal=International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |issue=Case No. ICTR-2001-66-A}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Nyakanga 1994, Seromba yahunze u Rwanda. Abihaye Imana Gatolika bamufashije kwimukira mu Butaliyani, bahindura izina rye ndetse banamufasha gukora nk'umupadiri muri Chiesa di San Martino a Montughi [ iyo ] hafi y'umujyi wa Florence hakoreshejwe izina ry'irihimbano rya Anastasio Sumba Bura. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=2014-04-08 |title=The Catholic church must apologise for its role in Rwanda's genocide {{!}} Chris McGreal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/08/catholic-church-apologise-failure-rwanda-genocide-vatican |access-date=2018-05-03 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Swain |first=Jon |date=November 21, 1999 |title=Priest accused in Rwanda bloodbath |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star-athanase-seromba/181190901/ |work=The Toronto Star |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubwo yaterwaga igitutu na Carla Del Ponte, umushinjacyaha mukuru w’ibyaha by’intambara bya Loni, Seromba yishyikirije Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) ku ya 6 Gashyantare 2002. Ku ya 8 Gashyantare 2002, yahakanye ibyaha aregwa byo gukora jenoside, ubufatanyacyaha mu itsembabwoko, umugambi wo gukora jenoside, no gutsembatsemba nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu . Urubanza rwe rwatangiye ku ya 20 Nzeri 2004, imbere y'Urugereko rwa Gatatu rw'Urukiko rwa TPIR. Ku itariki ya 13 Ukuboza 2006, yahamijwe icyaha maze akatirwa igifungo cy'imyaka 15. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 December 2006 |title=Rwandan priest guilty of genocide |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6175717.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seromba yajuririye icyemezo cy’urukiko. Ku ya 12 Werurwe 2008, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire rw’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) rwemeje ko uruhare rwe mu byaha rumuhamya rurenze uko byari byaragaragajwe mbere. Rwemeje ko ahamwa n’ibyaha yari akurikiranyweho, maze rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-03-12 |title=Rwanda genocide priest given life |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7292081.stm |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku itariki ya 27 Kamena 2009, Seromba yimuriwe muri [[Bene|Benin]] . Arangiriza igihano cye cya burundu muri gereza ya Akpro-Missérété i Porto-Novo, muri Benin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 July 2009 |title=Nine ICTR Prisoners Transferred to Benin |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200907020418.html |publisher=[[AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Emmanuel Rukundo
* Wenceslas Munyeshyaka
* Grégoire Ndahimana
* Elizaphan Ntakirutimana
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yo mu Rwanda]]

== Inyandiko n'amakuru ajyanye n'ibyo umuntu yandika ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/78c1e1146ea6397ac1256b59005208f6?OpenDocument Fondation Hirondelle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050506230346/http://www.trial-ch.org/trialwatch/profiles/en/legalprocedures/p212.html Ikigeragezo - Athanase Seromba]
* [http://www.ictr.org/ENGLISH/cases/Seromba/ Inyandiko za ICTR kuri uru rubanza] 
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]
[[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]]</text>
      <sha1>eihpz1ber2hq6t37pregft46pz4fk2p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gabapentin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23303</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141096</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:52:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502127|Gabapentin]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141096</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8110" sha1="jqjz9lhsy0ngrzjjce5jhleaz3x8jbv" xml:space="preserve">'''Gabapentin''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Neurontin''' n'indi, ni umuti ugabanya ububabare bw'imitsi ukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe, ububabare bw'imitsi, ubushyuhe, n'indwara yo kuruhuka kw'amaguru.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gabapentin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/gabapentin.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 Oct 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819150204/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/gabapentin.html|archive-date=19 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wij2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wijemanne S, Jankovic J|title=Restless legs syndrome: clinical presentation diagnosis and treatment|journal=Sleep Medicine|volume=16|issue=6|pages=678–90|date=June 2015|pmid=25979181|doi=10.1016/j.sleep.2015.03.002}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irasabwa nk'umwe mu miti myinshi yo ku rwego rwa mbere ivura ububabare bw'imitsi buterwa n'indwara ya diyabete, neuralgia yo mu gihe cy'imitsi, n'ububabare bw'imitsi yo mu gice cyo hagati.&lt;ref name=&quot;Attal2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Attal N, Cruccu G, Baron R, Haanpää M, Hansson P, Jensen TS, Nurmikko T|title=EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision|journal=European Journal of Neurology|volume=17|issue=9|pages=1113–e88|date=September 2010|pmid=20402746|doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02999.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hafi 15% by'abantu barwaye indwara ya diyabete cyangwa indwara ya neuralgia nyuma y'imitsi bafite inyungu ifatika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiffen2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Bell RF, Rice AS, Tölle TR, Phillips T, Moore RA|title=Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=6|pages=CD007938|date=June 2017|pmid=28597471|pmc=6452908|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007938.pub4|hdl=10044/1/52908}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso mu bundi bwoko bwinshi bw'ububabare ntibihagije.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Patel|first=Niti G.|last2=Goese|first2=David|last3=Belknap|first3=Steven M.|last4=Madeira|first4=Charles L.|last5=Barsuk|first5=Jeffrey H.|title=Things We Do for No Reason™: Prescribing gabapentinoids for pain|journal=Journal of Hospital Medicine|date=15 February 2026|doi=41693218}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gabapentin ifatwa mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gusinzira no kuzerera.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ingaruka mbi zirimo kwiyongera k'ibyago byo kwiyahura, imyitwarire mibi, n'ibiyobyabwenge.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ntabwo birasobanuka neza niba ari byiza mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|utwite]] cyangwa wonsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gabapentin Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/gabapentin.html|access-date=13 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829040336/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/gabapentin.html|archive-date=29 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingano nto ni zo zisabwa abantu bafite imikorere mibi y'impyiko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Gabapentin ni gabapentinoid.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid27345098&quot; /&gt; Ifite imiterere ya molekile isa n’iya aside γ-aminobutyric (GABA) kandi ikora mu kubuza imiyoboro imwe n’imwe ya kalisiyumu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sneader2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sneader|first=Walter|title=Drug Discovery: A History|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-0-470-01552-0|pages=219–220|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&amp;pg=PA219|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908192246/https://books.google.com/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&amp;pg=PA219|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid27345098&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Calandre EP, Rico-Villademoros F, Slim M|title=2delta ligands, gabapentin, pregabalin and mirogabalin: a review of their clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use|journal=Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics|volume=16|issue=11|pages=1263–1277|date=November 2016|pmid=27345098|doi=10.1080/14737175.2016.1202764}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21150315&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Uchitel OD, Di Guilmi MN, Urbano FJ, Gonzalez-Inchauspe C|title=Acute modulation of calcium currents and synaptic transmission by gabapentinoids|journal=Channels|volume=4|issue=6|pages=490–6|year=2010|pmid=21150315|doi=10.4161/chan.4.6.12864|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gabapentin yemejwe bwa mbere gukoreshwa mu 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Pitkänen|first=Asla|last2=Schwartzkroin|first2=Philip A.|last3=Moshé|first3=Solomon L.|title=Models of Seizures and Epilepsy|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier|location=Burlington|isbn=978-0-08-045702-4|page=539|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qw6KqLjwtZQC&amp;pg=PA539|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908192246/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qw6KqLjwtZQC&amp;pg=PA539|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neurontin label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Neurontin- gabapentin capsule Neurontin- gabapentin tablet, film coated Neurontin- gabapentin solution|website=[[DailyMed]]|date=11 April 2019|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee9ad9ed-6d9f-4ee1-9d7f-cfad438df388|access-date=21 December 2019|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707221151/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee9ad9ed-6d9f-4ee1-9d7f-cfad438df388|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuva mu 2004, iboneka nk'umuti usanzwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Igiciro cy'ibicuruzwa byinshi mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere {{as of|2015|lc=y}}  yari hafi {{USD|10.80|link=yes}} ku kwezi; &lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gabapentin|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=1036&amp;searchYear=2015|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140529/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=1036&amp;searchYear=2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, yari hagati y'amadolari y'Amerika 100 na 200.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1-284-05756-0|page=327}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa cumi n'umwe ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni 46.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gabapentin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Gabapentin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411200205/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Gabapentin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu myaka ya 1990, Parke-Davis, ishami rya Pfizer, yatangiye gukoresha uburyo butandukanye butemewe n'amategeko kugira ngo ashishikarize abaganga bo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika gukoresha gabapentin mu buryo butemewe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hen2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Henney JE|title=Safeguarding patient welfare: who's in charge?|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=145|issue=4|pages=305–7|date=August 2006|pmid=16908923|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-145-4-200608150-00013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bishyuye amamiliyoni y'amadolari kugira ngo batunganye imanza zijyanye n'ibi bikorwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Stempel|first=Jonathan|title=Pfizer to pay $325 million in Neurontin settlement|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pfizer-neurontin-settlement/pfizer-to-pay-325-million-in-neurontin-settlement-idUSKBN0ED1IS20140602|access-date=11 June 2018|work=Reuters|date=2 June 2014|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140151/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pfizer-neurontin-settlement/pfizer-to-pay-325-million-in-neurontin-settlement-idUSKBN0ED1IS20140602|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>jqjz9lhsy0ngrzjjce5jhleaz3x8jbv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Methylphenidate</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23304</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141097</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:57:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503348|Methylphenidate]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141097</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3645" sha1="hynwpnzw0o0vr9gznijixrmk426u015" xml:space="preserve">'''Methylphenidate''', igurishwa ku izina ry'ubucuruzi rya '''Ritalin''' n'indi, ni umuti utera imbaraga ukoreshwa mu kuvura [[Indwara yo kudakora neza mu mutwe|indwara yo kudakora neza kw'ibitekerezo]] (ADHD) na narcolepsy .  Ni umuti wa mbere uvura ADHD.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018&gt;{{cite web |title=Methylphenidate Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methylphenidate-hydrochloride.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=AHFS |access-date=19 December 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219182550/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methylphenidate-hydrochloride.html |archive-date=19 December 2018 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219182550/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methylphenidate-hydrochloride.html |date=19 December 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishobora gufatwa mu kanwa cyangwa igasigwa ku ruhu.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt; Imiti itandukanye igira igihe gitandukanye cy'ingaruka.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara za methylphenidate zirimo kugorwa no gusinzira, kugabanuka k'ubushake bwo kurya, guhangayika no kugabanya ibiro.  Ingaruka mbi zikomeye zishobora kuba zirimo psychosis, allergie, guhagarara igihe kirekire, gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, n'ibibazo by'umutima.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt; Bivugwa ko Methylphenidate ikora mu gukumira dopamine na norepinephrine reuptake by’imitsi ikoresha neurons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arn2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Arnsten AF, Li BM|title=Neurobiology of Executive Functions: Catecholamine Influences on Prefrontal Cortical Functions|journal=Biological Psychiatry|volume=57|issue=11|pages=1377–84|year=2005|pmid=15950011|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;St4th&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stahl|first=Stephen M.|title=Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1107686465|edition=4th|date=11 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Methylphenidate ni umuti utera imbaraga mu mitsi (CNS) ukomoka ku bwoko bwa phenethylamine na piperidine.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Preedy|first=Victor R.|title=Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions|date=2016|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780128006771|page=651|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yu9eBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA651|language=en|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829151101/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yu9eBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA651|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Methylphenidate yakozwe bwa mbere mu 1944, yemererwa gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1955.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lang2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lange KW, Reichl S, Lange KM, Tucha L, Tucha O|title=The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|journal=ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders|volume=2|issue=4|pages=241–55|year=2010|pmid=21258430|pmc=3000907|doi=10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yagurishijwe bwa mbere na sosiyete yo mu Busuwisi yitwa CIBA, ubu ikaba ari Novartis Corporation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lang2010&quot; /&gt; Bivugwa ko mu 2013, dose miliyari 2.4 za methylphenidate zafashwe ku isi yose.  Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 47 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abantu barenga miliyoni 16.   Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy’umuti usohoka ako kanya kiri munsi ya 0.30$ kuri dose imwe mu 2018. 

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>hynwpnzw0o0vr9gznijixrmk426u015</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sclerosis nyinshi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23305</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141098</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T08:58:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503441|Multiple sclerosis]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141098</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10330" sha1="frwohflvq850w64g7khpejq2opsqfxs" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Multiple sclerosis|synonym=Disseminated sclerosis, encephalomyelitis disseminata|image=MS Demyelinisation CD68 10xv2.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[CD68]]-stained tissue shows several [[macrophage]]s in the area of a demyelinated lesion caused by MS.|pronounce=|field=[[Neurology]]|symptoms=Double vision, [[blindness]] in one eye, muscle weakness, trouble with [[sensation (psychology)|sensation]], trouble with coordination&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;|complications=|onset=Age 20–50&lt;ref name=Milo2010/&gt;|duration=Long term&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;|types=|causes=Unknown&lt;ref name=Nak2012/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and medical tests&lt;ref name=Tsang2011/&gt;|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Medications, physical therapy&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=5–10 year shorter [[life expectancy]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18970977&quot;/&gt;|frequency=2 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;|deaths=18,900 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;|video1=|named after=}}'''Multiple sclerosis''' ( '''MS''' ) ni indwara itera gukuraho myelin aho ibice bikingira uturemangingo tw’imitsi mu bwonko no mu ruti rw’umugongo byangirika.  Uku kwangirika kubangamira ubushobozi bw'ibice by'imitsi bwo kohereza ibimenyetso, bigatera ibimenyetso bitandukanye, harimo ibibazo by'umubiri, ibyo mu mutwe, ndetse rimwe na rimwe n'ibibazo byo mu mutwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18970977&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Compston A, Coles A|author-link=Alastair Compston|title=Multiple sclerosis|journal=Lancet|volume=372|issue=9648|pages=1502–17|date=October 2008|pmid=18970977|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11955556&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Compston A, Coles A|title=Multiple sclerosis|journal=Lancet|volume=359|issue=9313|pages=1221–31|date=April 2002|pmid=11955556|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08220-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Bradley's neurology in clinical practice.|year=2012|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4377-0434-1|edition=6th|vauthors=Murray ED, Buttner EA, Price BH|veditors=Daroff R, Fenichel G, Jankovic J, Mazziotta J|chapter=Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso byihariye bishobora kuba birimo kureba kabiri, guhuma mu jisho rimwe, intege nke z'imitsi ndetse no kunanirwa kumva cyangwa guhuza imikorere y'umubiri.&lt;ref name=NIH2015&gt;{{cite web|title=NINDS Multiple Sclerosis Information Page|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/multiple_sclerosis/multiple_sclerosis.htm|website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|access-date=6 March 2016|date=19 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213025406/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/multiple_sclerosis/multiple_sclerosis.htm|archive-date=13 February 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213025406/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/multiple_sclerosis/multiple_sclerosis.htm |date=13 February 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; MS ifata imiterere itandukanye, ibimenyetso bishya bibaho mu bitero byihariye (uburyo bwo gusubira inyuma) cyangwa bikiyongera uko igihe kigenda gihita (uburyo bukomeza kwiyongera).&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid8780061&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lublin FD, Reingold SC|author-link=Fred D. Lublin|title=Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis|journal=Neurology|volume=46|issue=4|pages=907–11|date=April 1996|pmid=8780061|doi=10.1212/WNL.46.4.907}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hagati y’ibitero, ibimenyetso bishobora gucika burundu; icyakora, ibibazo by’imitsi bidashira akenshi birakomeza, cyane cyane uko indwara ikomeza kwiyongera.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid8780061&quot; /&gt;

Nubwo impamvu idasobanutse neza, imikorere y’ibanze ikekwa ko ari ukurimbuka kw’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri cyangwa kunanirwa kw’uturemangingo dukora myelin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nak2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nakahara J, Maeda M, Aiso S, Suzuki N|title=Current concepts in multiple sclerosis: autoimmunity versus oligodendrogliopathy|journal=Clinical Reviews in Allergy &amp; Immunology|volume=42|issue=1|pages=26–34|date=February 2012|pmid=22189514|doi=10.1007/s12016-011-8287-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Impamvu zivugwa zirimo imiterere y’umubiri no kuba byaterwa n’ubwandu bwa virusi nka virusi ya Epstein-Barr.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11955556&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17444504&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ascherio A, Munger KL|title=Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: the role of infection|journal=Annals of Neurology|volume=61|issue=4|pages=288–99|date=April 2007|pmid=17444504|doi=10.1002/ana.21117}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe indwara ya MS ipimwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso n'ibimenyetso byayo ndetse n'ibisubizo by'ibizamini by'ubuvuzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tsang2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tsang BK, Macdonell R|title=Multiple sclerosis- diagnosis, management and prognosis|journal=Australian Family Physician|volume=40|issue=12|pages=948–55|date=December 2011|pmid=22146321}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nta muti uzwi uvura indwara ya sclerosis nyinshi.  Uburyo bwo kuvura bugerageza kunoza imikorere y'umubiri nyuma y'igitero no gukumira ibitero bishya.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11955556&quot; /&gt; Imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara ya MS, nubwo ifite akamaro gake, ishobora kugira ingaruka mbi kandi ntibemererwe neza.&lt;ref name=NIH2015 /&gt; Ubuvuzi bw'umubiri bishobora gufasha abantu mu bushobozi bwabo bwo gukora.&lt;ref name=NIH2015 /&gt; Abantu benshi bahitamo ubundi buryo bwo kuvura nubwo nta bimenyetso bigaragaza akamaro kabwo.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16420779&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Huntley A|title=A review of the evidence for efficacy of complementary and alternative medicines in MS|journal=International MS Journal|volume=13|issue=1|pages=5–12, 4|date=January 2006|pmid=16420779}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka z'igihe kirekire ziragoye kumenya; ingaruka nziza zikunze kugaragara ku bagore, abarwara iyi ndwara bakiri bato, abasubiranyemo, ndetse n'ababanje guhura n'ibitero bike.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid8017890&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Weinshenker BG|title=Natural history of multiple sclerosis|journal=Annals of Neurology|volume=36|issue=Suppl|pages=S6-11|year=1994|pmid=8017890|doi=10.1002/ana.410360704}}&lt;/ref&gt; Icyizere cy'ubuzima ugereranije, ubusanzwe buri munsi y’imyaka itanu kugeza ku icumi ugereranije n’abaturage badafite icyo bahungabanyije.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18970977&quot; /&gt;

Indwara ya sclerosis nyinshi ni indwara ikunze kugaragara cyane iterwa n’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri ifata uturemangingo tw’imitsi yo hagati.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid24746689&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Berer K, Krishnamoorthy G|title=Microbial view of central nervous system autoimmunity|journal=FEBS Letters|volume=588|issue=22|pages=4207–13|date=November 2014|pmid=24746689|doi=10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2015, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 2.3 bagizweho ingaruka ku isi, aho igipimo gitandukanye cyane mu turere dutandukanye no mu baturage batandukanye.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Muri uwo mwaka, abantu bagera ku 18.900 bapfuye bazize indwara ya MS, bavuye ku 12.000 mu 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|last=GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara ikunze gutangirira hagati y’imyaka makumyabiri na mirongo itanu kandi ikunze kugaragara ku bagore inshuro ebyiri kurusha abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Milo2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Milo R, Kahana E|title=Multiple sclerosis: geoepidemiology, genetics and the environment|journal=Autoimmunity Reviews|volume=9|issue=5|pages=A387-94|date=March 2010|pmid=19932200|doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2009.11.010}}&lt;/ref&gt; MS yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1868 n'umuhanga mu by'imitsi w'Umufaransa Jean-Martin Charcot.&lt;ref name=&quot;Charcot1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Clanet M | title = Jean-Martin Charcot. 1825 to 1893 | journal = International MS Journal | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 59–61 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18782501 | url = http://www.msforum.net/Site/ViewPDF/ViewPDF.aspx?ArticleID=E80DC748-5048-4BD2-9393-18BCAE0A1514&amp;doctype=Article | format = PDF | access-date = 21 October 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190330210130/http://www.msforum.net/Site/ViewPDF/ViewPDF.aspx?ArticleID=E80DC748-5048-4BD2-9393-18BCAE0A1514&amp;doctype=Article | archive-date = 30 March 2019 | url-status = dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330210130/http://www.msforum.net/Site/ViewPDF/ViewPDF.aspx?ArticleID=E80DC748-5048-4BD2-9393-18BCAE0A1514&amp;doctype=Article |date=30 March 2019 }}&lt;br /&gt;* {{cite journal |author=Charcot, J. |year=1868 |title=Histologie de la sclerose en plaques |journal=Gazette des Hopitaux, Paris |volume=41 |pages=554–5 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Izina ''multiple sclerosis'' risobanura inkovu nyinshi za glial (cyangwa sclerae - cyane cyane plaque cyangwa ibisebe) zikura ku ngingo yera y'ubwonko n'umugongo.  Uburyo bushya bwo kuvura no gusuzuma indwara burimo gukorwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19597083&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cohen JA|title=Emerging therapies for relapsing multiple sclerosis|journal=Archives of Neurology|volume=66|issue=7|pages=821–8|date=July 2009|pmid=19597083|doi=10.1001/archneurol.2009.104|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>frwohflvq850w64g7khpejq2opsqfxs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wenceslas Munyeshyaka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23306</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141099</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:00:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378683870|Wenceslas Munyeshyaka]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>141099</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5305" sha1="m7748ixhwpx1jre2bl52rozyt27m3po" xml:space="preserve">
Padiri Wenceslas Munyeshyaka (wavutse ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1958) ni umupadiri w’Umunyarwanda wakoreye umurimo w’ubupadiri mu Bufaransa. Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwo mu Rwanda rwamuhamije icyaha cya Jenoside. Yanakurikiranwe n’inkiko zo mu Bufaransa ku byaha bifitanye isano na Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Mu Kwakira 2015, urubanza rwe mu Bufaransa ntirwakomeje, bitewe n’ibibazo byagaragaye ku bimenyetso. Nubwo yakurikiranyweho ibyo byaha mu Rwanda no mu Bufaransa, yakomeje umurimo w’ubupadiri mu Bufaransa kuva mu mwaka wa 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karuhanga |first=James |date=7 October 2016 |title=Govt slams France's dismissal of Munyeshyaka Genocide case |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-10-07/193276/ |access-date=2017-05-16 |work=The New Times Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Munyeshyaka yavutse ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1958 mu [[Perefegitura ya Butare|Ntara ya Butare]], mu Rwanda. Nyina, Félicité Mukarukaka, yari [[Abatutsi|Umututsi]] naho se, Gabriel Ngiruwonsanga, yari Umuhutu . Yavukiye muri komini y'u Rwanda ya Ngoma muri [[Butare|perefegitura ya Butare]] . 

Munyeshyaka yari ashinzwe itorero rya Sainte-Famille na paruwasi ya [[Kigali]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wenceslas Munyeshyaka |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813004904/http://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=2017-05-16 |website=TRIAL International |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwo mu Rwanda rwamuhamije ibyaha byo gufata ku ngufu no kugira uruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, maze rumukatira igifungo cya burundu adahari. Urukiko rwagaragaje ko yagejeje abantu babarirwa mu magana, barimo abantu bakuru n’abana, mu maboko y’abakoze Jenoside, bakabica urw’agashinyaguro.Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwahamije Munyeshyaka icyaha cyo gufata ku ngufu no gufasha imitwe y’abarwanyi mu kwica impunzi amagana [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]] muri Katedrali y’Umuryango Mutagatifu mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], aho yari Padiri Mukuru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mu Ukwakira 2015, guverinoma y'Ubufaransa yagaragaje ko ibabajwe n'uko inkiko z'Ubufaransa zafashe icyemezo cyo kudakomeza urubanza rwa Munyeshyaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kiliziya Gatolika yamukoresheje nk'umupadiri i Gisors, mu Bufaransa no mu kibaya cya Epte kuva mu 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mu mpera za 2021, yaciwe mu itorero na Kiliziya Gatolika kuko yari yarabyaye umuhungu, ibyo bikaba byaragaragaje ko yarenze ku isezerano rye ryo kuba umuseribateri. &lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes.co.rw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 December 2021 |title=Genocidaire priest Munyeshyaka excommunicated: How it unfolded |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/genocidaire-priest-munyeshyaka-ex-communicated-it-unfolded}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanone, abarokotse jenoside bavuga ko yari afite imbunda ku mukandara we, ndetse no mu gihe yari arimo kwizihiza Misa. &lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes.co.rw&quot; /&gt;

== Impinduka mu by'amategeko ==
Yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu n'Urukiko rwa Gisirikare rw'u Rwanda adahari ku ya 16 Ugushyingo 2006. Inyandiko yo guta muri yombi ya ICTR yashyizwe ahagaragara ku ya 21 Kamena 2007. Yatawe muri yombi mu Bufaransa ku ya 20 Nyakanga 2007, ariko arekurwa n'urukiko rw'ubujurire rw'Ubufaransa ku ya 1 Kanama 2007. Inyandiko y'ibirego ivuguruye yashyizwe ahagaragara na TPIR ku ya 13 Kanama 2007, maze yongera gutabwa muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Ubufaransa ku ya 5 Nzeri 2007.  Ku itariki ya 20 Ugushyingo 2007, TPIR yafashe icyemezo cyo kwanga ububasha kuri iki kibazo, ishyigikira inzego z'ubutabera z'Ubufaransa.

Ku itariki ya 20 Gashyantare 2008, abategetsi b'Ubufaransa bemeye kuburanisha Wenceslas Munyeshkaya mu Bufaransa.

Ku itariki ya 26 Kanama 2015, ubushinjacyaha bw'Abafaransa bwasabye ko urubanza rwa Wenceslas Munyeshyaka rwavanwaho. Umushinjacyaha wa Paris, Francois Molins, yavuze mu itangazo rye ko &quot;[Ukurikije] iperereza twakoze, bigaragara ko uruhare rwa Wenceslas Munyeshyaka mu gihe cya jenoside yo mu 1994 rwateje ibibazo byinshi ariko iperereza ntiryashoboye kwemeza ku mugaragaro ibikorwa byihariye bijyanye no kugira uruhare rwe mu buryo bugaragara.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 August 2015 |title=Paris prosecutors want to drop case against accused Rwandan priest |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/paris-prosecutors-want-drop-case-against-accused-rwandan-183450243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623190953/https://www.yahoo.com/news/paris-prosecutors-want-drop-case-against-accused-rwandan-183450243.html |archive-date=23 June 2021 |access-date=2017-05-16 |language=en-US |agency=Agence France-Presse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku itariki ya 2 Ukwakira 2015, umucamanza w’Umufaransa wakoze iperereza yategetse ko urubanza ruseswa hakurikijwe icyifuzo cy’umushinjacyaha. Umucamanza yavuze ko Munyeshyaka yagaragaje ibitekerezo bikomeye kandi ko yagumanye umubano mwiza n'igisirikare n'imitwe yitwara gisirikare ariko ibi ntibyari bihagije kugira ngo byemezwe ko yagize uruhare mu byaha byakozwe n'imitwe yitwara gisirikare. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Athanase Seromba
* Emmanuel Rukundo
* Elizaphan Ntakirutimana
* Maria Kisito

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>m7748ixhwpx1jre2bl52rozyt27m3po</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141100</id>
      <parentid>141099</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:01:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141100</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5365" sha1="3q0q9t5g6miqicbrlfzz3tp3q89ozhu" xml:space="preserve">
Padiri Wenceslas Munyeshyaka (wavutse ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1958) ni umupadiri w’Umunyarwanda wakoreye umurimo w’ubupadiri mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]]. Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwo mu [[Rwanda]] rwamuhamije icyaha cya Jenoside. Yanakurikiranwe n’inkiko zo mu Bufaransa ku byaha bifitanye isano na [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]]. Mu Kwakira 2015, urubanza rwe mu Bufaransa ntirwakomeje, bitewe n’ibibazo byagaragaye ku bimenyetso. Nubwo yakurikiranyweho ibyo byaha mu Rwanda no mu Bufaransa, yakomeje umurimo w’ubupadiri mu Bufaransa kuva mu mwaka wa 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karuhanga |first=James |date=7 October 2016 |title=Govt slams France's dismissal of Munyeshyaka Genocide case |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-10-07/193276/ |access-date=2017-05-16 |work=The New Times Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Munyeshyaka yavutse ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1958 mu [[Perefegitura ya Butare|Ntara ya Butare]], mu Rwanda. Nyina, Félicité Mukarukaka, yari [[Abatutsi|Umututsi]] naho se, Gabriel Ngiruwonsanga, yari Umuhutu . Yavukiye muri komini y'u Rwanda ya Ngoma muri [[Butare|perefegitura ya Butare]] . 

Munyeshyaka yari ashinzwe itorero rya Sainte-Famille na paruwasi ya [[Kigali]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wenceslas Munyeshyaka |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813004904/http://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=2017-05-16 |website=TRIAL International |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwo mu Rwanda rwamuhamije ibyaha byo gufata ku ngufu no kugira uruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, maze rumukatira igifungo cya burundu adahari. Urukiko rwagaragaje ko yagejeje abantu babarirwa mu magana, barimo abantu bakuru n’abana, mu maboko y’abakoze Jenoside, bakabica urw’agashinyaguro.Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwahamije Munyeshyaka icyaha cyo gufata ku ngufu no gufasha imitwe y’abarwanyi mu kwica impunzi amagana [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]] muri Katedrali y’Umuryango Mutagatifu mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], aho yari Padiri Mukuru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mu Ukwakira 2015, guverinoma y'Ubufaransa yagaragaje ko ibabajwe n'uko inkiko z'Ubufaransa zafashe icyemezo cyo kudakomeza urubanza rwa Munyeshyaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kiliziya Gatolika yamukoresheje nk'umupadiri i Gisors, mu Bufaransa no mu kibaya cya Epte kuva mu 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mu mpera za 2021, yaciwe mu itorero na Kiliziya Gatolika kuko yari yarabyaye umuhungu, ibyo bikaba byaragaragaje ko yarenze ku isezerano rye ryo kuba umuseribateri. &lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes.co.rw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 December 2021 |title=Genocidaire priest Munyeshyaka excommunicated: How it unfolded |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/genocidaire-priest-munyeshyaka-ex-communicated-it-unfolded}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanone, abarokotse jenoside bavuga ko yari afite imbunda ku mukandara we, ndetse no mu gihe yari arimo kwizihiza Misa. &lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes.co.rw&quot; /&gt;

== Impinduka mu by'amategeko ==
Yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu n'Urukiko rwa Gisirikare rw'u Rwanda adahari ku ya 16 Ugushyingo 2006. Inyandiko yo guta muri yombi ya ICTR yashyizwe ahagaragara ku ya 21 Kamena 2007. Yatawe muri yombi mu Bufaransa ku ya 20 Nyakanga 2007, ariko arekurwa n'urukiko rw'ubujurire rw'Ubufaransa ku ya 1 Kanama 2007. Inyandiko y'ibirego ivuguruye yashyizwe ahagaragara na TPIR ku ya 13 Kanama 2007, maze yongera gutabwa muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Ubufaransa ku ya 5 Nzeri 2007.  Ku itariki ya 20 Ugushyingo 2007, TPIR yafashe icyemezo cyo kwanga ububasha kuri iki kibazo, ishyigikira inzego z'ubutabera z'Ubufaransa.

Ku itariki ya 20 Gashyantare 2008, abategetsi b'Ubufaransa bemeye kuburanisha Wenceslas Munyeshkaya mu Bufaransa.

Ku itariki ya 26 Kanama 2015, ubushinjacyaha bw'Abafaransa bwasabye ko urubanza rwa Wenceslas Munyeshyaka rwavanwaho. Umushinjacyaha wa Paris, Francois Molins, yavuze mu itangazo rye ko &quot;[Ukurikije] iperereza twakoze, bigaragara ko uruhare rwa Wenceslas Munyeshyaka mu gihe cya jenoside yo mu 1994 rwateje ibibazo byinshi ariko iperereza ntiryashoboye kwemeza ku mugaragaro ibikorwa byihariye bijyanye no kugira uruhare rwe mu buryo bugaragara.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 August 2015 |title=Paris prosecutors want to drop case against accused Rwandan priest |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/paris-prosecutors-want-drop-case-against-accused-rwandan-183450243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623190953/https://www.yahoo.com/news/paris-prosecutors-want-drop-case-against-accused-rwandan-183450243.html |archive-date=23 June 2021 |access-date=2017-05-16 |language=en-US |agency=Agence France-Presse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku itariki ya 2 Ukwakira 2015, umucamanza w’Umufaransa wakoze iperereza yategetse ko urubanza ruseswa hakurikijwe icyifuzo cy’umushinjacyaha. Umucamanza yavuze ko Munyeshyaka yagaragaje ibitekerezo bikomeye kandi ko yagumanye umubano mwiza n'igisirikare n'imitwe yitwara gisirikare ariko ibi ntibyari bihagije kugira ngo byemezwe ko yagize uruhare mu byaha byakozwe n'imitwe yitwara gisirikare. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Athanase Seromba
* Emmanuel Rukundo
* Elizaphan Ntakirutimana
* Maria Kisito

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>3q0q9t5g6miqicbrlfzz3tp3q89ozhu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141103</id>
      <parentid>141100</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:03:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141103</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5435" sha1="rj0d5vo7n7x9conqp4ti9ras95quwjg" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Père Wenceslas curé de Gisors Etrépagny (Eure).jpg|thumb]]
Padiri Wenceslas Munyeshyaka (wavutse ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1958) ni umupadiri w’Umunyarwanda wakoreye umurimo w’ubupadiri mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]]. Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwo mu [[Rwanda]] rwamuhamije icyaha cya Jenoside. Yanakurikiranwe n’inkiko zo mu Bufaransa ku byaha bifitanye isano na [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]]. Mu Kwakira 2015, urubanza rwe mu Bufaransa ntirwakomeje, bitewe n’ibibazo byagaragaye ku bimenyetso. Nubwo yakurikiranyweho ibyo byaha mu Rwanda no mu Bufaransa, yakomeje umurimo w’ubupadiri mu Bufaransa kuva mu mwaka wa 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karuhanga |first=James |date=7 October 2016 |title=Govt slams France's dismissal of Munyeshyaka Genocide case |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-10-07/193276/ |access-date=2017-05-16 |work=The New Times Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Munyeshyaka yavutse ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1958 mu [[Perefegitura ya Butare|Ntara ya Butare]], mu Rwanda. Nyina, Félicité Mukarukaka, yari [[Abatutsi|Umututsi]] naho se, Gabriel Ngiruwonsanga, yari Umuhutu . Yavukiye muri komini y'u Rwanda ya Ngoma muri [[Butare|perefegitura ya Butare]] . 

Munyeshyaka yari ashinzwe itorero rya Sainte-Famille na paruwasi ya [[Kigali]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wenceslas Munyeshyaka |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813004904/http://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=2017-05-16 |website=TRIAL International |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwo mu Rwanda rwamuhamije ibyaha byo gufata ku ngufu no kugira uruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, maze rumukatira igifungo cya burundu adahari. Urukiko rwagaragaje ko yagejeje abantu babarirwa mu magana, barimo abantu bakuru n’abana, mu maboko y’abakoze Jenoside, bakabica urw’agashinyaguro.Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwahamije Munyeshyaka icyaha cyo gufata ku ngufu no gufasha imitwe y’abarwanyi mu kwica impunzi amagana [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]] muri Katedrali y’Umuryango Mutagatifu mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], aho yari Padiri Mukuru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mu Ukwakira 2015, guverinoma y'Ubufaransa yagaragaje ko ibabajwe n'uko inkiko z'Ubufaransa zafashe icyemezo cyo kudakomeza urubanza rwa Munyeshyaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kiliziya Gatolika yamukoresheje nk'umupadiri i Gisors, mu Bufaransa no mu kibaya cya Epte kuva mu 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mu mpera za 2021, yaciwe mu itorero na Kiliziya Gatolika kuko yari yarabyaye umuhungu, ibyo bikaba byaragaragaje ko yarenze ku isezerano rye ryo kuba umuseribateri. &lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes.co.rw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 December 2021 |title=Genocidaire priest Munyeshyaka excommunicated: How it unfolded |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/genocidaire-priest-munyeshyaka-ex-communicated-it-unfolded}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanone, abarokotse jenoside bavuga ko yari afite imbunda ku mukandara we, ndetse no mu gihe yari arimo kwizihiza Misa. &lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes.co.rw&quot; /&gt;

== Impinduka mu by'amategeko ==
Yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu n'Urukiko rwa Gisirikare rw'u Rwanda adahari ku ya 16 Ugushyingo 2006. Inyandiko yo guta muri yombi ya ICTR yashyizwe ahagaragara ku ya 21 Kamena 2007. Yatawe muri yombi mu Bufaransa ku ya 20 Nyakanga 2007, ariko arekurwa n'urukiko rw'ubujurire rw'Ubufaransa ku ya 1 Kanama 2007. Inyandiko y'ibirego ivuguruye yashyizwe ahagaragara na TPIR ku ya 13 Kanama 2007, maze yongera gutabwa muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Ubufaransa ku ya 5 Nzeri 2007.  Ku itariki ya 20 Ugushyingo 2007, TPIR yafashe icyemezo cyo kwanga ububasha kuri iki kibazo, ishyigikira inzego z'ubutabera z'Ubufaransa.

Ku itariki ya 20 Gashyantare 2008, abategetsi b'Ubufaransa bemeye kuburanisha Wenceslas Munyeshkaya mu Bufaransa.

Ku itariki ya 26 Kanama 2015, ubushinjacyaha bw'Abafaransa bwasabye ko urubanza rwa Wenceslas Munyeshyaka rwavanwaho. Umushinjacyaha wa Paris, Francois Molins, yavuze mu itangazo rye ko &quot;[Ukurikije] iperereza twakoze, bigaragara ko uruhare rwa Wenceslas Munyeshyaka mu gihe cya jenoside yo mu 1994 rwateje ibibazo byinshi ariko iperereza ntiryashoboye kwemeza ku mugaragaro ibikorwa byihariye bijyanye no kugira uruhare rwe mu buryo bugaragara.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 August 2015 |title=Paris prosecutors want to drop case against accused Rwandan priest |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/paris-prosecutors-want-drop-case-against-accused-rwandan-183450243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623190953/https://www.yahoo.com/news/paris-prosecutors-want-drop-case-against-accused-rwandan-183450243.html |archive-date=23 June 2021 |access-date=2017-05-16 |language=en-US |agency=Agence France-Presse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku itariki ya 2 Ukwakira 2015, umucamanza w’Umufaransa wakoze iperereza yategetse ko urubanza ruseswa hakurikijwe icyifuzo cy’umushinjacyaha. Umucamanza yavuze ko Munyeshyaka yagaragaje ibitekerezo bikomeye kandi ko yagumanye umubano mwiza n'igisirikare n'imitwe yitwara gisirikare ariko ibi ntibyari bihagije kugira ngo byemezwe ko yagize uruhare mu byaha byakozwe n'imitwe yitwara gisirikare. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Athanase Seromba
* Emmanuel Rukundo
* Elizaphan Ntakirutimana
* Maria Kisito

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>rj0d5vo7n7x9conqp4ti9ras95quwjg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141105</id>
      <parentid>141103</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:04:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>gushyiramo databox</comment>
      <origin>141105</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5595" sha1="dk80a49ln10t647m441bikucwx3liw4" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Père Wenceslas curé de Gisors Etrépagny (Eure).jpg|thumb]]{{Databox|useImage=[[File:Père Wenceslas curé de Gisors Etrépagny (Eure).jpg|Père_Wenceslas_curé_de_Gisors_Etrépagny_(Eure)]]|excludeProperties=Q3567221}}
Padiri Wenceslas Munyeshyaka (wavutse ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1958) ni umupadiri w’Umunyarwanda wakoreye umurimo w’ubupadiri mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]]. Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwo mu [[Rwanda]] rwamuhamije icyaha cya Jenoside. Yanakurikiranwe n’inkiko zo mu Bufaransa ku byaha bifitanye isano na [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]]. Mu Kwakira 2015, urubanza rwe mu Bufaransa ntirwakomeje, bitewe n’ibibazo byagaragaye ku bimenyetso. Nubwo yakurikiranyweho ibyo byaha mu Rwanda no mu Bufaransa, yakomeje umurimo w’ubupadiri mu Bufaransa kuva mu mwaka wa 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karuhanga |first=James |date=7 October 2016 |title=Govt slams France's dismissal of Munyeshyaka Genocide case |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-10-07/193276/ |access-date=2017-05-16 |work=The New Times Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Munyeshyaka yavutse ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1958 mu [[Perefegitura ya Butare|Ntara ya Butare]], mu Rwanda. Nyina, Félicité Mukarukaka, yari [[Abatutsi|Umututsi]] naho se, Gabriel Ngiruwonsanga, yari Umuhutu . Yavukiye muri komini y'u Rwanda ya Ngoma muri [[Butare|perefegitura ya Butare]] . 

Munyeshyaka yari ashinzwe itorero rya Sainte-Famille na paruwasi ya [[Kigali]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wenceslas Munyeshyaka |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813004904/http://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=2017-05-16 |website=TRIAL International |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwo mu Rwanda rwamuhamije ibyaha byo gufata ku ngufu no kugira uruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, maze rumukatira igifungo cya burundu adahari. Urukiko rwagaragaje ko yagejeje abantu babarirwa mu magana, barimo abantu bakuru n’abana, mu maboko y’abakoze Jenoside, bakabica urw’agashinyaguro.Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwahamije Munyeshyaka icyaha cyo gufata ku ngufu no gufasha imitwe y’abarwanyi mu kwica impunzi amagana [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]] muri Katedrali y’Umuryango Mutagatifu mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], aho yari Padiri Mukuru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mu Ukwakira 2015, guverinoma y'Ubufaransa yagaragaje ko ibabajwe n'uko inkiko z'Ubufaransa zafashe icyemezo cyo kudakomeza urubanza rwa Munyeshyaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kiliziya Gatolika yamukoresheje nk'umupadiri i Gisors, mu Bufaransa no mu kibaya cya Epte kuva mu 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mu mpera za 2021, yaciwe mu itorero na Kiliziya Gatolika kuko yari yarabyaye umuhungu, ibyo bikaba byaragaragaje ko yarenze ku isezerano rye ryo kuba umuseribateri. &lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes.co.rw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 December 2021 |title=Genocidaire priest Munyeshyaka excommunicated: How it unfolded |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/genocidaire-priest-munyeshyaka-ex-communicated-it-unfolded}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanone, abarokotse jenoside bavuga ko yari afite imbunda ku mukandara we, ndetse no mu gihe yari arimo kwizihiza Misa. &lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes.co.rw&quot; /&gt;

== Impinduka mu by'amategeko ==
Yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu n'Urukiko rwa Gisirikare rw'u Rwanda adahari ku ya 16 Ugushyingo 2006. Inyandiko yo guta muri yombi ya ICTR yashyizwe ahagaragara ku ya 21 Kamena 2007. Yatawe muri yombi mu Bufaransa ku ya 20 Nyakanga 2007, ariko arekurwa n'urukiko rw'ubujurire rw'Ubufaransa ku ya 1 Kanama 2007. Inyandiko y'ibirego ivuguruye yashyizwe ahagaragara na TPIR ku ya 13 Kanama 2007, maze yongera gutabwa muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Ubufaransa ku ya 5 Nzeri 2007.  Ku itariki ya 20 Ugushyingo 2007, TPIR yafashe icyemezo cyo kwanga ububasha kuri iki kibazo, ishyigikira inzego z'ubutabera z'Ubufaransa.

Ku itariki ya 20 Gashyantare 2008, abategetsi b'Ubufaransa bemeye kuburanisha Wenceslas Munyeshkaya mu Bufaransa.

Ku itariki ya 26 Kanama 2015, ubushinjacyaha bw'Abafaransa bwasabye ko urubanza rwa Wenceslas Munyeshyaka rwavanwaho. Umushinjacyaha wa Paris, Francois Molins, yavuze mu itangazo rye ko &quot;[Ukurikije] iperereza twakoze, bigaragara ko uruhare rwa Wenceslas Munyeshyaka mu gihe cya jenoside yo mu 1994 rwateje ibibazo byinshi ariko iperereza ntiryashoboye kwemeza ku mugaragaro ibikorwa byihariye bijyanye no kugira uruhare rwe mu buryo bugaragara.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 August 2015 |title=Paris prosecutors want to drop case against accused Rwandan priest |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/paris-prosecutors-want-drop-case-against-accused-rwandan-183450243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623190953/https://www.yahoo.com/news/paris-prosecutors-want-drop-case-against-accused-rwandan-183450243.html |archive-date=23 June 2021 |access-date=2017-05-16 |language=en-US |agency=Agence France-Presse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku itariki ya 2 Ukwakira 2015, umucamanza w’Umufaransa wakoze iperereza yategetse ko urubanza ruseswa hakurikijwe icyifuzo cy’umushinjacyaha. Umucamanza yavuze ko Munyeshyaka yagaragaje ibitekerezo bikomeye kandi ko yagumanye umubano mwiza n'igisirikare n'imitwe yitwara gisirikare ariko ibi ntibyari bihagije kugira ngo byemezwe ko yagize uruhare mu byaha byakozwe n'imitwe yitwara gisirikare. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Athanase Seromba
* Emmanuel Rukundo
* Elizaphan Ntakirutimana
* Maria Kisito

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>dk80a49ln10t647m441bikucwx3liw4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141112</id>
      <parentid>141105</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:28:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141112</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5715" sha1="bewh41y2m0rncipeult3mrappgzm4w1" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Père Wenceslas curé de Gisors Etrépagny (Eure).jpg|thumb]]{{Databox|useImage=[[File:Père Wenceslas curé de Gisors Etrépagny (Eure).jpg|Père_Wenceslas_curé_de_Gisors_Etrépagny_(Eure)]]|excludeProperties=Q3567221}}
Padiri Wenceslas Munyeshyaka (wavutse ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1958)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/7237/news/crime/wenceslas-munyeshyaka-crimes-of-the-genocidaire-priest/amp&lt;/ref&gt; ni umupadiri w’Umunyarwanda wakoreye umurimo w’ubupadiri mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]]. Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwo mu [[Rwanda]] rwamuhamije icyaha cya Jenoside. Yanakurikiranwe n’inkiko zo mu Bufaransa ku byaha bifitanye isano na [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]]. Mu Kwakira 2015, urubanza rwe mu Bufaransa ntirwakomeje, bitewe n’ibibazo byagaragaye ku bimenyetso. Nubwo yakurikiranyweho ibyo byaha mu Rwanda no mu Bufaransa, yakomeje umurimo w’ubupadiri mu Bufaransa kuva mu mwaka wa 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karuhanga |first=James |date=7 October 2016 |title=Govt slams France's dismissal of Munyeshyaka Genocide case |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-10-07/193276/ |access-date=2017-05-16 |work=The New Times Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Munyeshyaka yavutse ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1958 mu [[Perefegitura ya Butare|Ntara ya Butare]], mu Rwanda. Nyina, Félicité Mukarukaka, yari [[Abatutsi|Umututsi]] naho se, Gabriel Ngiruwonsanga, yari Umuhutu . Yavukiye muri komini y'u Rwanda ya Ngoma muri [[Butare|perefegitura ya Butare]] . 

Munyeshyaka yari ashinzwe itorero rya Sainte-Famille na paruwasi ya [[Kigali]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wenceslas Munyeshyaka |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813004904/http://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=2017-05-16 |website=TRIAL International |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwo mu Rwanda rwamuhamije ibyaha byo gufata ku ngufu no kugira uruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, maze rumukatira igifungo cya burundu adahari. Urukiko rwagaragaje ko yagejeje abantu babarirwa mu magana, barimo abantu bakuru n’abana, mu maboko y’abakoze Jenoside, bakabica urw’agashinyaguro.Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwahamije Munyeshyaka icyaha cyo gufata ku ngufu no gufasha imitwe y’abarwanyi mu kwica impunzi amagana [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]] muri Katedrali y’Umuryango Mutagatifu mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], aho yari Padiri Mukuru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mu Ukwakira 2015, guverinoma y'Ubufaransa yagaragaje ko ibabajwe n'uko inkiko z'Ubufaransa zafashe icyemezo cyo kudakomeza urubanza rwa Munyeshyaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kiliziya Gatolika yamukoresheje nk'umupadiri i Gisors, mu Bufaransa no mu kibaya cya Epte kuva mu 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mu mpera za 2021, yaciwe mu itorero na Kiliziya Gatolika kuko yari yarabyaye umuhungu, ibyo bikaba byaragaragaje ko yarenze ku isezerano rye ryo kuba umuseribateri. &lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes.co.rw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 December 2021 |title=Genocidaire priest Munyeshyaka excommunicated: How it unfolded |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/genocidaire-priest-munyeshyaka-ex-communicated-it-unfolded}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanone, abarokotse jenoside bavuga ko yari afite imbunda ku mukandara we, ndetse no mu gihe yari arimo kwizihiza Misa. &lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes.co.rw&quot; /&gt;

== Impinduka mu by'amategeko ==
Yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu n'Urukiko rwa Gisirikare rw'u Rwanda adahari ku ya 16 Ugushyingo 2006. Inyandiko yo guta muri yombi ya ICTR yashyizwe ahagaragara ku ya 21 Kamena 2007. Yatawe muri yombi mu Bufaransa ku ya 20 Nyakanga 2007, ariko arekurwa n'urukiko rw'ubujurire rw'Ubufaransa ku ya 1 Kanama 2007. Inyandiko y'ibirego ivuguruye yashyizwe ahagaragara na TPIR ku ya 13 Kanama 2007, maze yongera gutabwa muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Ubufaransa ku ya 5 Nzeri 2007.  Ku itariki ya 20 Ugushyingo 2007, TPIR yafashe icyemezo cyo kwanga ububasha kuri iki kibazo, ishyigikira inzego z'ubutabera z'Ubufaransa.

Ku itariki ya 20 Gashyantare 2008, abategetsi b'Ubufaransa bemeye kuburanisha Wenceslas Munyeshkaya mu Bufaransa.

Ku itariki ya 26 Kanama 2015, ubushinjacyaha bw'Abafaransa bwasabye ko urubanza rwa Wenceslas Munyeshyaka rwavanwaho. Umushinjacyaha wa Paris, Francois Molins, yavuze mu itangazo rye ko &quot;[Ukurikije] iperereza twakoze, bigaragara ko uruhare rwa Wenceslas Munyeshyaka mu gihe cya jenoside yo mu 1994 rwateje ibibazo byinshi ariko iperereza ntiryashoboye kwemeza ku mugaragaro ibikorwa byihariye bijyanye no kugira uruhare rwe mu buryo bugaragara.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 August 2015 |title=Paris prosecutors want to drop case against accused Rwandan priest |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/paris-prosecutors-want-drop-case-against-accused-rwandan-183450243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623190953/https://www.yahoo.com/news/paris-prosecutors-want-drop-case-against-accused-rwandan-183450243.html |archive-date=23 June 2021 |access-date=2017-05-16 |language=en-US |agency=Agence France-Presse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku itariki ya 2 Ukwakira 2015, umucamanza w’Umufaransa wakoze iperereza yategetse ko urubanza ruseswa hakurikijwe icyifuzo cy’umushinjacyaha. Umucamanza yavuze ko Munyeshyaka yagaragaje ibitekerezo bikomeye kandi ko yagumanye umubano mwiza n'igisirikare n'imitwe yitwara gisirikare ariko ibi ntibyari bihagije kugira ngo byemezwe ko yagize uruhare mu byaha byakozwe n'imitwe yitwara gisirikare. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Athanase Seromba
* Emmanuel Rukundo
* Elizaphan Ntakirutimana
* Maria Kisito

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>bewh41y2m0rncipeult3mrappgzm4w1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141113</id>
      <parentid>141112</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:28:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141113</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5668" sha1="beqq0g7044k1z9yt5v7565qcpsq691n" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Père Wenceslas curé de Gisors Etrépagny (Eure).jpg|thumb]]{{Databox|useImage=[[File:Père Wenceslas curé de Gisors Etrépagny (Eure).jpg|Père_Wenceslas_curé_de_Gisors_Etrépagny_(Eure)]]|excludeProperties=Q3567221}}
Padiri Wenceslas Munyeshyaka (wavutse ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1958)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/7237/news/crime/wenceslas-munyeshyaka-crimes-of-the-genocidaire-priest/amp&lt;/ref&gt; ni umupadiri w’Umunyarwanda wakoreye umurimo w’ubupadiri mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]]. Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwo mu [[Rwanda]] rwamuhamije icyaha cya Jenoside. Yanakurikiranwe n’inkiko zo mu Bufaransa ku byaha bifitanye isano na [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]]. Mu Kwakira 2015, urubanza rwe mu Bufaransa ntirwakomeje, bitewe n’ibibazo byagaragaye ku bimenyetso. Nubwo yakurikiranyweho ibyo byaha mu Rwanda no mu Bufaransa, yakomeje umurimo w’ubupadiri mu Bufaransa kuva mu mwaka wa 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karuhanga |first=James |date=7 October 2016 |title=Govt slams France's dismissal of Munyeshyaka Genocide case |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-10-07/193276/ |access-date=2017-05-16 |work=The New Times Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Munyeshyaka yavutse ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1958 mu [[Perefegitura ya Butare|Ntara ya Butare]], mu Rwanda. Nyina, Félicité Mukarukaka, yari [[Abatutsi|Umututsi]] naho se, Gabriel Ngiruwonsanga, yari Umuhutu . Yavukiye muri komini y'u Rwanda ya Ngoma muri [[Butare|perefegitura ya Butare]] . 

Munyeshyaka yari ashinzwe itorero rya Sainte-Famille na paruwasi ya [[Kigali]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wenceslas Munyeshyaka |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813004904/http://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=2017-05-16 |website=TRIAL International |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwo mu Rwanda rwamuhamije ibyaha byo gufata ku ngufu no kugira uruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, maze rumukatira igifungo cya burundu adahari. Urukiko rwagaragaje ko yagejeje abantu babarirwa mu magana, barimo abantu bakuru n’abana, mu maboko y’abakoze Jenoside, bakabica urw’agashinyaguro.Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwahamije Munyeshyaka icyaha cyo gufata ku ngufu no gufasha imitwe y’abarwanyi mu kwica impunzi amagana [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]] muri Katedrali y’Umuryango Mutagatifu mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], aho yari Padiri Mukuru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mu Ukwakira 2015, guverinoma y'Ubufaransa yagaragaje ko ibabajwe n'uko inkiko z'Ubufaransa zafashe icyemezo cyo kudakomeza urubanza rwa Munyeshyaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kiliziya Gatolika yamukoresheje nk'umupadiri i Gisors, mu Bufaransa no mu kibaya cya Epte kuva mu 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mu mpera za 2021, yaciwe mu itorero na Kiliziya Gatolika kuko yari yarabyaye umuhungu, ibyo bikaba byaragaragaje ko yarenze ku isezerano rye ryo kuba umuseribateri. &lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes.co.rw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 December 2021 |title=Genocidaire priest Munyeshyaka excommunicated: How it unfolded |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/genocidaire-priest-munyeshyaka-ex-communicated-it-unfolded}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanone, abarokotse jenoside bavuga ko yari afite imbunda ku mukandara we, ndetse no mu gihe yari arimo kwizihiza Misa. &lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes.co.rw&quot; /&gt;

== Impinduka mu by'amategeko ==
Yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu n'Urukiko rwa Gisirikare rw'u Rwanda adahari ku ya 16 Ugushyingo 2006. Inyandiko yo guta muri yombi ya ICTR yashyizwe ahagaragara ku ya 21 Kamena 2007. Yatawe muri yombi mu Bufaransa ku ya 20 Nyakanga 2007, ariko arekurwa n'urukiko rw'ubujurire rw'Ubufaransa ku ya 1 Kanama 2007. Inyandiko y'ibirego ivuguruye yashyizwe ahagaragara na TPIR ku ya 13 Kanama 2007, maze yongera gutabwa muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Ubufaransa ku ya 5 Nzeri 2007.  Ku itariki ya 20 Ugushyingo 2007, TPIR yafashe icyemezo cyo kwanga ububasha kuri iki kibazo, ishyigikira inzego z'ubutabera z'Ubufaransa.

Ku itariki ya 20 Gashyantare 2008, abategetsi b'Ubufaransa bemeye kuburanisha Wenceslas Munyeshkaya mu Bufaransa.

Ku itariki ya 26 Kanama 2015, ubushinjacyaha bw'Abafaransa bwasabye ko urubanza rwa Wenceslas Munyeshyaka rwavanwaho. Umushinjacyaha wa Paris, Francois Molins, yavuze mu itangazo rye ko &quot;[Ukurikije] iperereza twakoze, bigaragara ko uruhare rwa Wenceslas Munyeshyaka mu gihe cya jenoside yo mu 1994 rwateje ibibazo byinshi ariko iperereza ntiryashoboye kwemeza ku mugaragaro ibikorwa byihariye bijyanye no kugira uruhare rwe mu buryo bugaragara.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 August 2015 |title=Paris prosecutors want to drop case against accused Rwandan priest |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/paris-prosecutors-want-drop-case-against-accused-rwandan-183450243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623190953/https://www.yahoo.com/news/paris-prosecutors-want-drop-case-against-accused-rwandan-183450243.html |archive-date=23 June 2021 |access-date=2017-05-16 |language=en-US |agency=Agence France-Presse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku itariki ya 2 Ukwakira 2015, umucamanza w’Umufaransa wakoze iperereza yategetse ko urubanza ruseswa hakurikijwe icyifuzo cy’umushinjacyaha. Umucamanza yavuze ko Munyeshyaka yagaragaje ibitekerezo bikomeye kandi ko yagumanye umubano mwiza n'igisirikare n'imitwe yitwara gisirikare ariko ibi ntibyari bihagije kugira ngo byemezwe ko yagize uruhare mu byaha byakozwe n'imitwe yitwara gisirikare. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Athanase Seromba
* Emmanuel Rukundo
* Elizaphan Ntakirutimana
* Maria Kisito

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>beqq0g7044k1z9yt5v7565qcpsq691n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141114</id>
      <parentid>141113</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:32:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141114</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5765" sha1="djt6fbr4sb089duue5yi6mms931moma" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Père Wenceslas curé de Gisors Etrépagny (Eure).jpg|thumb]]{{Databox|useImage=[[File:Père Wenceslas curé de Gisors Etrépagny (Eure).jpg|Père_Wenceslas_curé_de_Gisors_Etrépagny_(Eure)]]|excludeProperties=Q3567221}}
[[Dosiye:En-us-Athanase Seromba from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|thumb]]
Padiri Wenceslas Munyeshyaka (wavutse ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1958)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/7237/news/crime/wenceslas-munyeshyaka-crimes-of-the-genocidaire-priest/amp&lt;/ref&gt; ni umupadiri w’Umunyarwanda wakoreye umurimo w’ubupadiri mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]]. Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwo mu [[Rwanda]] rwamuhamije icyaha cya Jenoside. Yanakurikiranwe n’inkiko zo mu Bufaransa ku byaha bifitanye isano na [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]]. Mu Kwakira 2015, urubanza rwe mu Bufaransa ntirwakomeje, bitewe n’ibibazo byagaragaye ku bimenyetso. Nubwo yakurikiranyweho ibyo byaha mu Rwanda no mu Bufaransa, yakomeje umurimo w’ubupadiri mu Bufaransa kuva mu mwaka wa 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karuhanga |first=James |date=7 October 2016 |title=Govt slams France's dismissal of Munyeshyaka Genocide case |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-10-07/193276/ |access-date=2017-05-16 |work=The New Times Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Munyeshyaka yavutse ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1958 mu [[Perefegitura ya Butare|Ntara ya Butare]], mu Rwanda. Nyina, Félicité Mukarukaka, yari [[Abatutsi|Umututsi]] naho se, Gabriel Ngiruwonsanga, yari Umuhutu . Yavukiye muri komini y'u Rwanda ya Ngoma muri [[Butare|perefegitura ya Butare]] . 

Munyeshyaka yari ashinzwe itorero rya Sainte-Famille na paruwasi ya [[Kigali]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wenceslas Munyeshyaka |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813004904/http://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=2017-05-16 |website=TRIAL International |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwo mu Rwanda rwamuhamije ibyaha byo gufata ku ngufu no kugira uruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, maze rumukatira igifungo cya burundu adahari. Urukiko rwagaragaje ko yagejeje abantu babarirwa mu magana, barimo abantu bakuru n’abana, mu maboko y’abakoze Jenoside, bakabica urw’agashinyaguro.Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwahamije Munyeshyaka icyaha cyo gufata ku ngufu no gufasha imitwe y’abarwanyi mu kwica impunzi amagana [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]] muri Katedrali y’Umuryango Mutagatifu mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], aho yari Padiri Mukuru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mu Ukwakira 2015, guverinoma y'Ubufaransa yagaragaje ko ibabajwe n'uko inkiko z'Ubufaransa zafashe icyemezo cyo kudakomeza urubanza rwa Munyeshyaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kiliziya Gatolika yamukoresheje nk'umupadiri i Gisors, mu Bufaransa no mu kibaya cya Epte kuva mu 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mu mpera za 2021, yaciwe mu itorero na Kiliziya Gatolika kuko yari yarabyaye umuhungu, ibyo bikaba byaragaragaje ko yarenze ku isezerano rye ryo kuba umuseribateri. &lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes.co.rw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 December 2021 |title=Genocidaire priest Munyeshyaka excommunicated: How it unfolded |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/genocidaire-priest-munyeshyaka-ex-communicated-it-unfolded}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanone, abarokotse jenoside bavuga ko yari afite imbunda ku mukandara we, ndetse no mu gihe yari arimo kwizihiza Misa. &lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes.co.rw&quot; /&gt;

== Impinduka mu by'amategeko ==
Yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu n'Urukiko rwa Gisirikare rw'u Rwanda adahari ku ya 16 Ugushyingo 2006. Inyandiko yo guta muri yombi ya ICTR yashyizwe ahagaragara ku ya 21 Kamena 2007. Yatawe muri yombi mu Bufaransa ku ya 20 Nyakanga 2007, ariko arekurwa n'urukiko rw'ubujurire rw'Ubufaransa ku ya 1 Kanama 2007. Inyandiko y'ibirego ivuguruye yashyizwe ahagaragara na TPIR ku ya 13 Kanama 2007, maze yongera gutabwa muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Ubufaransa ku ya 5 Nzeri 2007.  Ku itariki ya 20 Ugushyingo 2007, TPIR yafashe icyemezo cyo kwanga ububasha kuri iki kibazo, ishyigikira inzego z'ubutabera z'Ubufaransa.

Ku itariki ya 20 Gashyantare 2008, abategetsi b'Ubufaransa bemeye kuburanisha Wenceslas Munyeshkaya mu Bufaransa.

Ku itariki ya 26 Kanama 2015, ubushinjacyaha bw'Abafaransa bwasabye ko urubanza rwa Wenceslas Munyeshyaka rwavanwaho. Umushinjacyaha wa Paris, Francois Molins, yavuze mu itangazo rye ko &quot;[Ukurikije] iperereza twakoze, bigaragara ko uruhare rwa Wenceslas Munyeshyaka mu gihe cya jenoside yo mu 1994 rwateje ibibazo byinshi ariko iperereza ntiryashoboye kwemeza ku mugaragaro ibikorwa byihariye bijyanye no kugira uruhare rwe mu buryo bugaragara.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 August 2015 |title=Paris prosecutors want to drop case against accused Rwandan priest |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/paris-prosecutors-want-drop-case-against-accused-rwandan-183450243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623190953/https://www.yahoo.com/news/paris-prosecutors-want-drop-case-against-accused-rwandan-183450243.html |archive-date=23 June 2021 |access-date=2017-05-16 |language=en-US |agency=Agence France-Presse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku itariki ya 2 Ukwakira 2015, umucamanza w’Umufaransa wakoze iperereza yategetse ko urubanza ruseswa hakurikijwe icyifuzo cy’umushinjacyaha. Umucamanza yavuze ko Munyeshyaka yagaragaje ibitekerezo bikomeye kandi ko yagumanye umubano mwiza n'igisirikare n'imitwe yitwara gisirikare ariko ibi ntibyari bihagije kugira ngo byemezwe ko yagize uruhare mu byaha byakozwe n'imitwe yitwara gisirikare. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* [[Athanase Seromba]]
* [[Emmanuel Rukundo]]
* Elizaphan Ntakirutimana
* Maria Kisito

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>djt6fbr4sb089duue5yi6mms931moma</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141126</id>
      <parentid>141114</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:50:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141126</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5769" sha1="ro75r4ngmd7xsqvlkvk5zwhwfbffs5f" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Père Wenceslas curé de Gisors Etrépagny (Eure).jpg|thumb]]{{Databox|useImage=[[File:Père Wenceslas curé de Gisors Etrépagny (Eure).jpg|Père_Wenceslas_curé_de_Gisors_Etrépagny_(Eure)]]|excludeProperties=Q3567221}}
[[Dosiye:En-us-Athanase Seromba from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|thumb]]
Padiri Wenceslas Munyeshyaka (wavutse ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1958)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/7237/news/crime/wenceslas-munyeshyaka-crimes-of-the-genocidaire-priest/amp&lt;/ref&gt; ni umupadiri w’Umunyarwanda wakoreye umurimo w’ubupadiri mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]]. Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwo mu [[Rwanda]] rwamuhamije icyaha cya Jenoside. Yanakurikiranwe n’inkiko zo mu Bufaransa ku byaha bifitanye isano na [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]]. Mu Kwakira 2015, urubanza rwe mu Bufaransa ntirwakomeje, bitewe n’ibibazo byagaragaye ku bimenyetso. Nubwo yakurikiranyweho ibyo byaha mu Rwanda no mu Bufaransa, yakomeje umurimo w’ubupadiri mu Bufaransa kuva mu mwaka wa 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karuhanga |first=James |date=7 October 2016 |title=Govt slams France's dismissal of Munyeshyaka Genocide case |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-10-07/193276/ |access-date=2017-05-16 |work=The New Times Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Munyeshyaka yavutse ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1958 mu [[Perefegitura ya Butare|Ntara ya Butare]], mu Rwanda. Nyina, Félicité Mukarukaka, yari [[Abatutsi|Umututsi]] naho se, Gabriel Ngiruwonsanga, yari Umuhutu . Yavukiye muri komini y'u Rwanda ya Ngoma muri [[Butare|perefegitura ya Butare]] . 

Munyeshyaka yari ashinzwe itorero rya Sainte-Famille na paruwasi ya [[Kigali]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wenceslas Munyeshyaka |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813004904/http://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=2017-05-16 |website=TRIAL International |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwo mu Rwanda rwamuhamije ibyaha byo gufata ku ngufu no kugira uruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, maze rumukatira igifungo cya burundu adahari. Urukiko rwagaragaje ko yagejeje abantu babarirwa mu magana, barimo abantu bakuru n’abana, mu maboko y’abakoze Jenoside, bakabica urw’agashinyaguro.Urukiko rwa gisirikare rwahamije Munyeshyaka icyaha cyo gufata ku ngufu no gufasha imitwe y’abarwanyi mu kwica impunzi amagana [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]] muri Katedrali y’Umuryango Mutagatifu mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], aho yari Padiri Mukuru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mu Ukwakira 2015, guverinoma y'Ubufaransa yagaragaje ko ibabajwe n'uko inkiko z'Ubufaransa zafashe icyemezo cyo kudakomeza urubanza rwa Munyeshyaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kiliziya Gatolika yamukoresheje nk'umupadiri i Gisors, mu Bufaransa no mu kibaya cya Epte kuva mu 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mu mpera za 2021, yaciwe mu itorero na Kiliziya Gatolika kuko yari yarabyaye umuhungu, ibyo bikaba byaragaragaje ko yarenze ku isezerano rye ryo kuba umuseribateri. &lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes.co.rw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 December 2021 |title=Genocidaire priest Munyeshyaka excommunicated: How it unfolded |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/genocidaire-priest-munyeshyaka-ex-communicated-it-unfolded}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanone, abarokotse jenoside bavuga ko yari afite imbunda ku mukandara we, ndetse no mu gihe yari arimo kwizihiza Misa. &lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes.co.rw&quot; /&gt;

== Impinduka mu by'amategeko ==
Yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu n'Urukiko rwa Gisirikare rw'u Rwanda adahari ku ya 16 Ugushyingo 2006. Inyandiko yo guta muri yombi ya ICTR yashyizwe ahagaragara ku ya 21 Kamena 2007. Yatawe muri yombi mu Bufaransa ku ya 20 Nyakanga 2007, ariko arekurwa n'urukiko rw'ubujurire rw'Ubufaransa ku ya 1 Kanama 2007. Inyandiko y'ibirego ivuguruye yashyizwe ahagaragara na TPIR ku ya 13 Kanama 2007, maze yongera gutabwa muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Ubufaransa ku ya 5 Nzeri 2007.  Ku itariki ya 20 Ugushyingo 2007, TPIR yafashe icyemezo cyo kwanga ububasha kuri iki kibazo, ishyigikira inzego z'ubutabera z'Ubufaransa.

Ku itariki ya 20 Gashyantare 2008, abategetsi b'Ubufaransa bemeye kuburanisha Wenceslas Munyeshkaya mu Bufaransa.

Ku itariki ya 26 Kanama 2015, ubushinjacyaha bw'Abafaransa bwasabye ko urubanza rwa Wenceslas Munyeshyaka rwavanwaho. Umushinjacyaha wa Paris, Francois Molins, yavuze mu itangazo rye ko &quot;[Ukurikije] iperereza twakoze, bigaragara ko uruhare rwa Wenceslas Munyeshyaka mu gihe cya jenoside yo mu 1994 rwateje ibibazo byinshi ariko iperereza ntiryashoboye kwemeza ku mugaragaro ibikorwa byihariye bijyanye no kugira uruhare rwe mu buryo bugaragara.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 August 2015 |title=Paris prosecutors want to drop case against accused Rwandan priest |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/paris-prosecutors-want-drop-case-against-accused-rwandan-183450243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623190953/https://www.yahoo.com/news/paris-prosecutors-want-drop-case-against-accused-rwandan-183450243.html |archive-date=23 June 2021 |access-date=2017-05-16 |language=en-US |agency=Agence France-Presse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku itariki ya 2 Ukwakira 2015, umucamanza w’Umufaransa wakoze iperereza yategetse ko urubanza ruseswa hakurikijwe icyifuzo cy’umushinjacyaha. Umucamanza yavuze ko Munyeshyaka yagaragaje ibitekerezo bikomeye kandi ko yagumanye umubano mwiza n'igisirikare n'imitwe yitwara gisirikare ariko ibi ntibyari bihagije kugira ngo byemezwe ko yagize uruhare mu byaha byakozwe n'imitwe yitwara gisirikare. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* [[Athanase Seromba]]
* [[Emmanuel Rukundo]]
* [[Elizaphan Ntakirutimana]]
* Maria Kisito

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>ro75r4ngmd7xsqvlkvk5zwhwfbffs5f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Glioblastoma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23307</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141101</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:01:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502199|Glioblastoma]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141101</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7173" sha1="hhsmyqdlviix6gc1ml3otarzh0rteoy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Glioblastoma|synonym=Glioblastoma multiforme, grade IV astrocytoma|image=Glioblastoma - MR coronal with contrast.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Coronal [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] with contrast of a glioblastoma in a 15-year-old male|pronounce=|field=[[Oncology]], [[neurosurgery]]|symptoms=Initially nonspecific, [[headache]]s, personality changes, [[nausea]], symptoms similar to a [[stroke]]&lt;ref name=Young2015/&gt;|complications=|onset=~ 64 years old&lt;ref name=WCR2014,5.16/&gt;&lt;ref name=Gal2015/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=Usually unclear&lt;ref name=WCR2014,5.16/&gt;|risks=[[Genetic disorder]]s ([[neurofibromatosis]], [[Li–Fraumeni syndrome]]), previous [[radiation therapy]]&lt;ref name=WCR2014,5.16/&gt;&lt;ref name=Gal2015/&gt;|diagnosis=[[CT scan]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI scan]], [[tissue biopsy]]&lt;ref name=Young2015/&gt;|differential=|prevention=Unknown&lt;ref name=Gal2015/&gt;|treatment=[[Surgery]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation therapy|radiation]]&lt;ref name=Gal2015/&gt;|medication=[[Temozolomide]], [[corticosteroids|steroids]]&lt;ref name=Young2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hart2013/&gt;|prognosis=[[Life expectancy]] ~ 14 months with treatment (5 year survival &lt;7%)&lt;ref name=WCR2014,5.16/&gt;&lt;ref name=Os2019/&gt;|frequency=3 per 100,000 per year&lt;ref name=Gal2015/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Glioblastoma''', izwi kandi nka '''glioblastoma multiforme''' ( '''GBM''' ), ni yo [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] ikaze cyane itangirira mu [[Ubwonko|bwonko]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ble2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bleeker FE, Molenaar RJ, Leenstra S|title=Recent advances in the molecular understanding of glioblastoma|journal=Journal of Neuro-Oncology|volume=108|issue=1|pages=11–27|date=May 2012|pmid=22270850|pmc=3337398|doi=10.1007/s11060-011-0793-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu ntangiriro, ibimenyetso bya glioblastoma ntabwo ari byo byihariye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Young RM, Jamshidi A, Davis G, Sherman JH|title=Current trends in the surgical management and treatment of adult glioblastoma|journal=Annals of Translational Medicine|volume=3|issue=9|pages=121|date=June 2015|pmid=26207249|pmc=4481356|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.05.10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bishobora kuba birimo kuribwa umutwe, impinduka mu miterere y'umuntu, isesemi n'ibimenyetso bisa n'iby'indwara yo mu bwonko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young2015&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso bikunze kwiyongera vuba kandi bishobora kwiyongera bikagera aho umuntu ata ubwenge.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014,5.16&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9283204299|chapter=Chapter 5.16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Impamvu y’icyorezo cya glioblastoma ntabwo izwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014,5.16&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bidasanzwe bishobora gutera ibyago birimo indwara zikomoka ku ngirabuzimafatizo, nka neurofibromatosis na Li-Fraumeni syndrome, ndetse n'ubuvuzi bwakozwe mbere bushingiye ku mirasire.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014,5.16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gal2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gallego O|title=Nonsurgical treatment of recurrent glioblastoma|journal=Current Oncology|volume=22|issue=4|pages=e273-81|date=August 2015|pmid=26300678|pmc=4530825|doi=10.3747/co.22.2436}}&lt;/ref&gt; Glioblastomas zigize 15% [[Kanseri y’ubwonko|by'ibibyimba byose byo mu bwonko]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Young2015&quot; /&gt; Bishobora gutangirira ku tunyangingo tw’ubwonko dusanzwe cyangwa bigakura bivuye kuri astrocytoma iriho yo mu rwego rwo hasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014,3.8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9283204299|chapter=Chapter 3.8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe indwara iterwa no guhuza CT scan, MRI scan na tissue biopsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young2015&quot; /&gt;

Nta buryo buzwi bwo kwirinda kanseri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gal2015&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi busaba kubagwa, nyuma hagakoreshwa imiti igabanya ubukana n'imirasire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gal2015&quot; /&gt; Umuti wa temozolomide ukunze gukoreshwa nk'igice cya chimiotherapie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gal2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hart2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hart MG, Garside R, Rogers G, Stein K, Grant R|title=Temozolomide for high grade glioma|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=4|issue=4|pages=CD007415|date=April 2013|pmid=23633341|pmc=6457743|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007415.pub2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RTG1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Khosla D|title=Concurrent therapy to enhance radiotherapeutic outcomes in glioblastoma|journal=Annals of Translational Medicine|volume=4|issue=3|pages=54|date=February 2016|pmid=26904576|pmc=4740000|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2016.01.25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Steroid nyinshi zishobora gukoreshwa mu kugabanya kubyimba no kugabanya ibimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young2015&quot; /&gt; Gukuraho ikibyimba cyane bifitanye isano no kuramba kwacyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Van Meir EG, Hadjipanayis CG, Norden AD, Shu HK, Wen PY, Olson JJ|title=Exciting new advances in neuro-oncology: the avenue to a cure for malignant glioma|journal=Ca|volume=60|issue=3|pages=166–93|year=2010|pmid=20445000|pmc=2888474|doi=10.3322/caac.20069}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nubwo kanseri yavuwe neza cyane, ikunze kugaruka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gal2015&quot; /&gt; Igihe gisanzwe cyo kubaho nyuma yo gupimwa ni amezi 12 kugeza kuri 15, aho abantu bari munsi ya 3 kugeza kuri 7% bamara igihe kirenze imyaka itanu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014,5.16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Os2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ostrom QT, Cioffi G, Gittleman H, Patil N, Waite K, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS|title=CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2012-2016|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=21|issue=Supplement_5|pages=v1–v100|date=November 2019|pmid=31675094|pmc=6823730|doi=10.1093/neuonc/noz150}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo umuntu atavuwe, kubaho kwe ni amezi atatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sch2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Schapira|first=Anthony H.V.|title=Neurology and clinical neuroscience|date=2007|publisher=Mosby Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780323070539|page=1336|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwajBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1336|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729005047/https://books.google.ca/books?id=EwajBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1336|archive-date=2017-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni kanseri ikunze kugaragara cyane itangirira mu bwonko ikaba n'ikibyimba cya kabiri gikunze kugaragara cyane mu bwonko, nyuma ya meningioma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ble2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mc2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=McNeill KA|title=Epidemiology of Brain Tumors|journal=Neurologic Clinics|volume=34|issue=4|pages=981–998|date=November 2016|pmid=27720005|doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2016.06.014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu bagera kuri 3 ku 100.000 barwara iyi ndwara buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gal2015&quot; /&gt; Akenshi bitangira mu myaka 64 kandi bikunze kugaragara ku bagabo kurusha abagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014,5.16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gal2015&quot; /&gt; Ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri irimo kwigwa nk'uburyo bwo kuvura kanseri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=With Immunotherapy, Glimmers of Progress against Glioblastoma|url=http://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/research/immunotherapy-glioblastoma|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=23 December 2015|date=9 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224103950/http://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/research/immunotherapy-glioblastoma|archive-date=24 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>hhsmyqdlviix6gc1ml3otarzh0rteoy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indwara ya Down</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23308</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141102</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:02:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501670|Down syndrome]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141102</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12668" sha1="9pp9ijwkimzqtck2nvdyahp46mmuxk9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Down syndrome|synonym=Down's syndrome, Down's, trisomy 21|image=Down syndrome lg.jpg &lt;!-- Do not change this picture without discussing it in the Down syndrome discussion page. Because of continued vandalism, pictures will be immediately reverted. --&gt;|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=Illustration of the facial features of Down syndrome|caption=Illustration of the facial features of Down syndrome|pronounce=|field=[[Medical genetics]], [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=Delayed [[child development|physical growth]], characteristic [[dysmorphic feature|facial features]], mild to moderate [[intellectual disability]]&lt;ref name=Wei2010/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Third copy of [[chromosome 21 (human)|chromosome 21]]&lt;ref name=Patt2009/&gt;|risks=[[Advanced maternal age|Older age of mother]], prior affected child&lt;ref name=Mor2002&gt;{{cite journal|last=Morris|first=JK|author2=Mutton, DE |author3=Alberman, E |title=Revised estimates of the maternal age specific live birth prevalence of Down's syndrome|journal=Journal of Medical Screening|year=2002|volume=9|issue=1|pages=2–6|pmid=11943789|doi=10.1136/jms.9.1.2|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Down syndrome - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=17 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308035402/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|diagnosis=[[Prenatal testing|Prenatal screening]], [[genetic testing]]&lt;ref name=NIH2014Diag/&gt;|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Educational support, sheltered work environment&lt;ref name=Roi2003/&gt;&lt;ref name=NADS/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Life expectancy 50 to 60 years (developed world)&lt;ref name=Malt2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Nelson2011/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ts2020&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tsou |first1=Amy Y. |last2=Bulova |first2=Peter |last3=Capone |first3=George |last4=Chicoine |first4=Brian |last5=Gelaro |first5=Bryn |last6=Harville |first6=Terry Odell |last7=Martin |first7=Barry A. |last8=McGuire |first8=Dennis E. |last9=McKelvey |first9=Kent D. |last10=Peterson |first10=Moya |last11=Tyler |first11=Carl |last12=Wells |first12=Michael |last13=Whitten |first13=Michelle Sie |title=Medical Care of Adults With Down Syndrome: A Clinical Guideline |journal=JAMA |date=20 October 2020 |volume=324 |issue=15 |pages=1543 |doi=10.1001/jama.2020.17024}}&lt;/ref&gt;|frequency=0.1% of newborns (5.4 million)&lt;ref name=Wei2010/&gt;&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;|deaths=26,500 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;|video1=|named after=}}'''Down syndrome''', izwi kandi nka '''trisomie 21''', ni indwara iterwa n'uko kopi ya gatatu ya chromosome 21 cyangwa igice cyayo kiba kirimo cyangwa se igice cyayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Patt2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Patterson|first=D|title=Molecular genetic analysis of Down syndrome.|journal=Human Genetics|date=Jul 2009|volume=126|issue=1|pages=195–214|pmid=19526251|doi=10.1007/s00439-009-0696-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe bifitanye isano no gutinda gukura kw'umubiri, [[Handicap mental|ubumuga bwo mu mutwe]] bworoheje kugeza ku buringaniye, hamwe n'imiterere y'isura iranga umuntu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wei2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weijerman|first=ME|last2=de Winter, JP|title=Clinical practice. The care of children with Down syndrome.|journal=European Journal of Pediatrics|date=Dec 2010|volume=169|issue=12|pages=1445–52|pmid=20632187|doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1253-0|pmc=2962780}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igipimo mpuzandengo cy'ubwenge cy'umuntu mukuru urwaye Down syndrome ni 50, bingana n'ubushobozi bwo mu mutwe bw'umwana w'imyaka 8 cyangwa 9, ariko ibi bishobora gutandukana cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malt2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Malt|first=EA|last2=Dahl, RC|last3=Haugsand, TM|last4=Ulvestad, IH|last5=Emilsen, NM|last6=Hansen, B|last7=Cardenas, YE|last8=Skøld, RO|last9=Thorsen, AT|last10=Davidsen, EM|title=Health and disease in adults with Down syndrome|journal=Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening: Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, NY Raekke|date=Feb 5, 2013|volume=133|issue=3|pages=290–94|pmid=23381164|doi=10.4045/tidsskr.12.0390|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ababyeyi b'umuntu wanduye ubusanzwe baba bameze neza mu buryo bw'uturemangingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Steph2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hammer|first=edited by Stephen J. McPhee, Gary D.|title=Pathophysiology of disease : an introduction to clinical medicine|year=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-162167-0|pages=Chapter 2|edition=6th|chapter=Pathophysiology of Selected Genetic Diseases}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amahirwe ariyongera kuva kuri 0.1% ku babyeyi bafite imyaka 20 kugera kuri 3% ku bafite imyaka 45.  Kromosomu y'inyongera ikekwa ko ibaho ku bw'impanuka, nta gikorwa kizwi cy'imyitwarire cyangwa ikintu kidashingiye ku bidukikije gihindura amahirwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Cause&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What causes Down syndrome?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx|access-date=6 January 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105082310/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/pages/causes.aspx|archive-date=5 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara ya Down syndrome ishobora kumenyekana mu gihe cyo gutwita binyuze mu gupima mbere yo gutwita, hagakurikiraho gupima indwara cyangwa nyuma yo kubyara hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kwitegereza no gupima imiterere y'umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How do health care providers diagnose Down syndrome?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|website=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=4 March 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142500/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|archive-date=7 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuva aho igikorwa cyo gupima gitangiriye, [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|inda]] ziterwa n'ibizamini akenshi zirahagarikwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nat2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Natoli|first=JL|last2=Ackerman, DL|last3=McDermott, S|last4=Edwards, JG|title=Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome: a systematic review of termination rates (1995–2011)|journal=Prenatal Diagnosis|date=Feb 2012|volume=32|issue=2|pages=142–53|pmid=22418958|doi=10.1002/pd.2910}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mans1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mansfield|first=C|last2=Hopfer, S|last3=Marteau, TM|title=Termination rates after prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome, spina bifida, anencephaly, and Turner and Klinefelter syndromes: a systematic literature review. European Concerted Action: DADA (Decision-making After the Diagnosis of a fetal Abnormality)|journal=Prenatal Diagnosis|date=Sep 1999|volume=19|issue=9|pages=808–12|pmid=10521836|doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199909)19:9&lt;808::aid-pd637&gt;3.0.co;2-b}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gusuzuma buri gihe ibibazo by'ubuzima bikunze kugaragara muri Down syndrome ni byiza mu buzima bwose bw'umuntu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malt2013&quot; /&gt;

Nta muti uhari wa Down syndrome.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Down Syndrome: Other FAQs|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/faqs.aspx|access-date=6 January 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106221704/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/faqs.aspx|archive-date=6 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uburezi n'ubuvuzi bukwiye byagaragaye ko bitera imbere ireme ry'ubuzima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roi2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roizen, NJ|last2=Patterson, D|title=Down's syndrome|journal=Lancet|volume=361|issue=9365|pages=1281–89|date=April 2003|pmid=12699967|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12987-X|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bamwe mu bana bafite indwara ya Down syndrome biga mu masomo asanzwe yo ku ishuri, mu gihe abandi bakeneye uburezi bwihariye kurushaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADS&quot; /&gt; Hari abantu bamwe barwaye Down syndrome barangiza amashuri yisumbuye, abandi bake biga amashuri yisumbuye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stein2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Steinbock|first=Bonnie|title=Life before birth the moral and legal status of embryos and fetuses|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-971207-6|page=222|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ehYs43QBYAC&amp;pg=PA222|edition=2nd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123082359/https://books.google.com/books?id=1ehYs43QBYAC&amp;pg=PA222|archive-date=2017-01-23|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu gihe cy'ubukure, hafi 20% muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bakora akazi gahembwa mu buryo runaka,&lt;ref name=&quot;US2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Szabo|first=Liz|title=Life with Down syndrome is full of possibilities|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/05/01/life-down-syndrome-improving/2054953/|access-date=7 February 2014|work=USA Today|date=May 9, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108012711/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/05/01/life-down-syndrome-improving/2054953/|archive-date=8 January 2014|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; benshi bakaba bakeneye ahantu ho gukorera hihishe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Facts About Down Syndrome|publisher=National Association for Down Syndrome|url=http://www.nads.org/pages_new/facts.html|access-date=20 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403162637/http://www.nads.org/pages_new/facts.html|archive-date=3 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubufasha mu bibazo by'imari n'amategeko bukunze gukenerwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson2011&quot; /&gt; Imyaka yo kubaho ni hagati ya 50 na 60&amp;nbsp;imyaka myinshi mu bihugu byateye imbere hamwe n'ubuvuzi bukwiye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malt2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Robert M.|last=Kliegma|title=Nelson textbook of pediatrics|year=2011|publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-0755-7|pages=Chapter 76.2|edition=19th|chapter=Down Syndrome and Other Abnormalities of Chromosome Number}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Down syndrome ni kimwe mu bintu bikunze kugaragara mu miterere ya chromosome mu bantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malt2013&quot; /&gt; Bibaho ku bana bagera kuri 1 mu 1000 bavuka buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wei2010&quot; /&gt; Mu 2015, indwara ya Down syndrome yagaragaye mu bantu miliyoni 5.4 ku isi yose, bituma impfu 27.000 zigabanuka ugereranyije n’impfu 43.000 zabaye mu 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|pmc=4340604}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yitiriwe umuganga w’Umwongereza witwa John Langdon Down, wasobanuye neza iyi ndwara mu 1866.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hick2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hickey|first=F|last2=Hickey, E|last3=Summar, KL|title=Medical update for children with Down syndrome for the pediatrician and family practitioner.|journal=Advances in Pediatrics|year=2012|volume=59|issue=1|pages=137–57|pmid=22789577|doi=10.1016/j.yapd.2012.04.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bimwe mu bintu bigize iyi ndwara byasobanuwe mbere na Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol, umuganga w’indwara zo mu mutwe w’Umufaransa mu 1838, n’umuganga w’Umufaransa Édouard Séguin mu 1844.&lt;ref name=&quot;Evans2009p12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Evans-Martin|first=F. Fay|title=Down syndrome|year=2009|publisher=Chelsea House|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-1950-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/downsyndrome0000evan/page/12 12]|url=https://archive.org/details/downsyndrome0000evan|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; Impamvu y’uturemangingo itera Down syndrome yavumbuwe mu 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hick2012&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>9pp9ijwkimzqtck2nvdyahp46mmuxk9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kokayine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23309</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141104</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:04:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501278|Cocaine]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141104</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7373" sha1="rnmzryh2c6e6c4qsqhqgcbvko9cnj1v" xml:space="preserve">'''Kokayine''', izwi kandi nka '''coke''', ni ikiyobyabwenge gikomeye gikoreshwa cyane mu kwidagadura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pomara C, Cassano T, D'Errico S, Bello S, Romano AD, Riezzo I, Serviddio G|title=Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers|journal=Current Medicinal Chemistry|volume=19|issue=33|pages=5647–57|date=2012|pmid=22856655|doi=10.2174/092986712803988811}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi irashongeshwa, igahumekwa nk'umwotsi, cyangwa igashonga hanyuma igashyirwa mu mitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmerman2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zimmerman JL|title=Cocaine intoxication|journal=Critical Care Clinics|volume=28|issue=4|pages=517–26|date=October 2012|pmid=22998988|doi=10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka zo mu mutwe zishobora kuba zirimo gutakaza aho umuntu ahuriye n'ukuri, kumva afite ibyishimo byinshi, cyangwa guhangayika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmerman2012&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso by'umubiri bishobora kuba birimo gutera k'umutima cyane, ibyuya, n'amaso manini.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmerman2012&quot; /&gt; Dose nyinshi zishobora gutera umuvuduko w'amaraso uri hejuru cyane cyangwa ubushyuhe bw'umubiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Connors NJ, Hoffman RS|title=Experimental treatments for cocaine toxicity: a difficult transition to the bedside|journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics|volume=347|issue=2|pages=251–7|date=November 2013|pmid=23978563|doi=10.1124/jpet.113.206383}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka zitangira mu masegonda make nyuma y'iminota mike yo gukoreshwa kandi zimara hagati y'iminota itanu na mirongo icyenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmerman2012&quot; /&gt; Kokayine ifite umubare muto w’imiti yemewe ikoreshwa mu buvuzi nko kugabanya ububabare no kugabanya kuva amaraso mu gihe cyo kubaga amazuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Harper SJ, Jones NS|title=Cocaine: what role does it have in current ENT practice? A review of the current literature|journal=The Journal of Laryngology and Otology|volume=120|issue=10|pages=808–11|date=October 2006|pmid=16848922|doi=10.1017/s0022215106001459}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kokayine irakurura abantu bitewe n’ingaruka igira ku nzira y’ubugororangingo mu bwonko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt; Nyuma y'igihe gito cyo kuyikoresha, hari ibyago byinshi byo kuba umuntu ashobora kuyikoresha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt; Gukoresha kwayo byongera ibyago byo kurwara indwara zo mu bwonko, indwara z’umutima zifata imitsi, ibibazo by’ibihaha ku bayinywa, [[umukoresha:Doc James/Sepsis|kwandura amaraso]], ndetse n’urupfu rutunguranye rw’umutima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sor2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sordo L, Indave BI, Barrio G, Degenhardt L, de la Fuente L, Bravo MJ|title=Cocaine use and risk of stroke: a systematic review|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence|volume=142|pages=1–13|date=September 2014|pmid=25066468|doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.041}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kokayine igurishwa mu muhanda ikunze kuvangwa n'imiti igabanya ububabare, ibinyampeke, quinine, cyangwa isukari, ibyo bikaba bishobora gutera uburozi bw'inyongera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gold2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Goldstein RA, DesLauriers C, Burda AM|title=Cocaine: history, social implications, and toxicity--a review|journal=Disease-A-Month|volume=55|issue=1|pages=6–38|date=January 2009|pmid=19081448|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2008.10.002}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma yo gufata doze inshuro nyinshi, umuntu ashobora kuba afite ubushobozi buke bwo kumva ibyishimo no kunanirwa cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt;

Kokayine ikora mu kubuza kongera kwinjiza serotonin, norepinephrine, na dopamine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt; Ibi bituma ubwonko bugira uruhare runini mu mikorere y’ubwonko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt; Bishobora kwambuka byoroshye umugozi uva mu maraso n'ubwonko kandi bishobora gutuma umugozi usenyuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sharma HS, Muresanu D, Sharma A, Patnaik R|title=Cocaine-induced breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and neurotoxicity|volume=88|pages=297–334|year=2009|pmid=19897082|doi=10.1016/S0074-7742(09)88011-2|isbn=978-0-12-374504-0|journal=International Review of Neurobiology}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Karch|first=Steven B.|title=Karch's pathology of drug abuse|date=2009|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|isbn=978-0-8493-7881-2|page=70|edition=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9E7gfJq0KkC&amp;pg=PA70|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910234911/https://books.google.com/books?id=G9E7gfJq0KkC&amp;pg=PA70|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2013, ibiro 419 byakozwe mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Narcotic Drugs 2014|date=2015|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board|isbn=9789210481571|page=21|url=https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2014/Narcotic_Drugs_Report_2014.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602192211/https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2014/Narcotic_Drugs_Report_2014.pdf|archive-date=2 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bivugwa ko isoko ritemewe rya kokayine riri hagati ya miliyari 100 na miliyari 500 z'amadolari ya Amerika buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt; Iyo habayeho gukomeza gutunganya, kokayine ishobora gukorwa ikoresheje kokayine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt;

Kokayine ni yo kiyobyabwenge bitemewe n'amategeko cya kabiri gikoreshwa cyane ku isi, nyuma ya cannabis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Karila L, Zarmdini R, Petit A, Lafaye G, Lowenstein W, Reynaud M|title=[Cocaine addiction: current data for the clinician]|journal=Presse Médicale|volume=43|issue=1|pages=9–17|date=January 2014|pmid=23727012|doi=10.1016/j.lpm.2013.01.069}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu bari hagati ya miliyoni 14 na 21 bakoresha uyu muti buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt; Ikoreshwa ryabyo riri hejuru cyane muri Amerika ya Ruguru, rigakurikirwa n'i Burayi na Amerika y'Epfo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt; Hagati ya kimwe cya gatatu ku ijana by'abantu bo mu bihugu byateye imbere bagiye bakoresha kokayine mu gihe runaka mu buzima bwabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt; Mu 2013, ikoreshwa rya kokayine ryagize ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku rupfu rw’abantu 4.300, ugereranyije n’abapfuye 2.400 mu 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|last=GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yitirirwa igiti &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mw0g&quot;&gt;cya koka&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; cyakuwemo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmerman2012&quot; /&gt; Amababi y'iki gihingwa yakoreshejwe n'Abanya-Peru kuva kera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gold2009&quot; /&gt; Kokayine yakuwe ku mababi bwa mbere mu 1860.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt; Kuva mu 1961, Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ku Biyobyabwenge asaba ibihugu gufata kokayine nk'icyaha cyo kwidagadura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Room R, Reuter P|title=How well do international drug conventions protect public health?|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9810|pages=84–91|date=January 2012|pmid=22225673|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61423-2|quote=The international treaties have also constrained national policy experimentation because they require nation states to criminalise drug use}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>rnmzryh2c6e6c4qsqhqgcbvko9cnj1v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indwara ya Marfan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23310</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141106</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:06:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503245|Marfan syndrome]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141106</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7135" sha1="p9evv1i4its5ueva6t6fgvjdj5x89q9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Marfan syndrome|synonym=Marfan's syndrome|image=Marfan wrist.tiff|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A positive wrist sign in a person with Marfan syndrome (the thumb and little finger overlap when grasping the wrist of the opposite hand)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title = Periodontal conditions in patients with Marfan syndrome - a multicenter case control study|journal = BMC Oral Health|date = 2013-01-01|issn = 1472-6831|pmc = 3816571|pmid = 24165013|pages = 59|volume = 13|doi = 10.1186/1472-6831-13-59|first = Ingmar|last = Staufenbiel|first2 = Christian|last2 = Hauschild|first3 = Bärbel|last3 = Kahl-Nieke|first4 = Eva|last4 = Vahle-Hinz|first5 = Yskert|last5 = von Kodolitsch|first6 = Maike|last6 = Berner|first7 = Oskar|last7 = Bauss|first8 = Werner|last8 = Geurtsen|first9 = Alexander|last9 = Rahman}}&lt;/ref&gt;|pronounce=|field=[[Medical genetics]]|symptoms=Tall, thin build; long arms, legs and fingers; flexible fingers and toes&lt;ref name=NIH2010What/&gt;|complications=[[Scoliosis]], [[mitral valve prolapse]], [[aortic aneurysm]]&lt;ref name=NIH2010What/&gt;|onset=|duration=Long term&lt;ref name=NIH2010What/&gt;|types=|causes=Genetic ([[Dominance (genetics)|autosomal dominant]])&lt;ref name=NIH2010What/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=[[Molecular pathology|Molecular testing]], Ghent criteria&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;|differential=[[Loeys–Dietz syndrome]], [[Arachnodactyly|Congenital contractural arachnodactyly]],  [[Ehlers–Danlos syndromes|Ehlers–Danlos syndrome]], [[Homocystinuria]], [[MASS syndrome|MASS phenotype]], [[Stickler syndrome]]&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=|medication=[[Beta blockers|Beta blocker]]s, [[calcium channel blocker]]s, [[ACE inhibitor]]s&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2010Tx/&gt;|prognosis=Often normal life expectancy&lt;ref name=NIH2010What/&gt;|frequency=1 in 5,000–10,000&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Indwara ya Marfan''' ( '''MFS''' ) ni indwara iterwa n'uturemangingo (genetic disorder ) igira ingaruka ku ngingo zihuza umubiri .  Abafite iyo ndwara bakunze kuba barebare kandi bananutse, bafite amaboko maremare, amaguru, intoki n'amano.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=What Is Marfan Syndrome?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar#|website=NHLBI, NIH|access-date=16 May 2016|date=October 1, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506150850/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar|archive-date=6 May 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506150850/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar |date=6 May 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi kandi bagira ingingo zoroshye kandi zifite scoliosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; Ingorane zikomeye cyane zirimo [[umutima]] na aorta, hamwe n'ibyago byinshi byo gucika intege kwa valve ya mitral na aneurysm ya aorta.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt;  Ibihaha, amaso, amagufwa, n'igipfundikizo cy'umugongo nabyo bikunze kwibasirwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; Uburemere bw'ibimenyetso biratandukanye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt;

MFS iterwa n'impinduka muri ''FBN1'', imwe mu ngirabuzimafatizo zikora fibrillin, bigatuma habaho ingirabuzimafatizo zidasanzwe.  Ni indwara ifata umubiri cyane (autosomal dominant disorder).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; Hafi 75% by'igihe, iyi ndwara iragwa n'umubyeyi ufite iyi ndwara, mu gihe 25% by'igihe ari impinduka nshya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku gupima indwara hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa molekile cyangwa ibipimo bya Ghent.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Madan-Khetarpal|first=Georgianne|last2=Arnold|first2=Georgianne|last3=Oritz|first3=Damara|editor-last=Zitelli|editor-first=Basil J.|editor-last2=McIntire|editor-first2=Sara C.|editor-last3=Nowalk|editor-first3=Andrew J.|editor-last4=Garrison|editor-first4=Jessica|title=Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis|date=2023|publisher=Elsevier|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-77788-9|pages=19-21|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy1LEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA19|language=en|chapter=1. Genetic disorders and dysmorphic conditions|access-date=2022-12-19|archive-date=2022-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219142258/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy1LEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nta muti uzwi uvura MFS.  Benshi mu bafite iyi ndwara bagira igihe cyo kubaho gisanzwe iyo bavuwe neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; Gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa beta blockers nka propranolol cyangwa atenolol, cyangwa se iyo itihanganirwa, imiti igabanya ubukana bwa calcium channel blockers cyangwa ACE inhibitors.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010Tx&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=How Is Marfan Syndrome Treated?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar/treatment|website=NHLBI, NIH|access-date=16 May 2016|date=October 1, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611003149/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar/treatment|archive-date=11 June 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611003149/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar/treatment |date=11 June 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kubagwa bishobora kuba ngombwa kugira ngo usanwe umuyoboro w'amaraso cyangwa usimbuze umuyoboro w'umutima .  Kwirinda gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri isaba imbaraga nyinshi birasabwa.&lt;ref name=NORD2017&gt;{{cite web|date=2017|title=Marfan Syndrome|url=http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/marfan-syndrome/|access-date=5 November 2016|website=National Organization for Rare Disorders|archive-date=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112111640/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/marfan-syndrome/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112111640/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/marfan-syndrome/ |date=12 November 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Umuntu umwe kuri 5,000 kugeza kuri 1 kuri 10,000 afite MFS.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID18506019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Keane MG, Pyeritz RE|title=Medical management of Marfan syndrome|journal=Circulation|volume=117|issue=21|pages=2802–13|year=2008|pmid=18506019|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.693523|quote=estimated prevalence of 1 case per 3000 to 5000 individuals|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bibaho kimwe ku bagabo no ku bagore.&lt;ref name=NORD2017 /&gt; Igipimo cy'iyi ndwara kirasa hagati y'amoko no mu turere dutandukanye tw'isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID18506019&quot; /&gt; Yitiriwe abaganga b'indwara z'abana b'Umufaransa Antoine Marfan, wayisobanuye bwa mbere mu 1896.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marfan1896&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Marfan, Antoine|year=1896|title=Un cas de déformation congénitale des quartre membres, plus prononcée aux extrémitiés, caractérisée par l'allongement des os avec un certain degré d'amincissement [A case of congenital deformation of the four limbs, more pronounced at the extremities, characterized by elongation of the bones with some degree of thinning]|journal=Bulletins et Memoires de la Société Medicale des Hôspitaux de Paris|issue=3rd series|volume=13|pages=220–226|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>p9evv1i4its5ueva6t6fgvjdj5x89q9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lisdexamfetamine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23311</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141107</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:09:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456940|Lisdexamfetamine]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141107</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5403" sha1="5am1p2bfkr3fief1rlr96in78v5wsx0" xml:space="preserve">'''Lisdexamfetamine''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Vyvanse''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura [[Indwara yo kudakora neza mu mutwe|indwara yo kudakora neza kw'ibitekerezo]] (ADHD) ku bantu barengeje imyaka itanu ndetse no ku ndwara yo kurya cyane ku bantu bakuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisdexamfetamine-dimesylate.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=15 April 2019|language=en|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608192642/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisdexamfetamine-dimesylate.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lisdexamfetamine ifatwa mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DailyMed2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/lisdexamfetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=16 April 2019|language=en|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111171419/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/lisdexamfetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu Bwongereza ubusanzwe ntabwo ikundwa cyane kurusha methylphenidate.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=348–349|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka zabyo muri rusange zitangira mu masaha 2 kandi zimara amasaha 12.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kubura ubushake bwo kurya, guhangayika, impiswi, gusinzira nabi, kurakara no kugira isesemi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Ingaruka mbi zidasanzwe ariko zikomeye zirimo kurwara indwara yo kwishima (mania), urupfu rutunguranye rw'umutima ku bafite ibibazo by'umutima, hamwe n'indwara yo mu mutwe (psychosis).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Bifite amahirwe menshi yo gukoresha nabi nk'uko DEA ibivuga.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DailyMed2019&quot; /&gt; Indwara ya Serotonin bishobora kubaho iyo bikoreshejwe hamwe n'indi miti imwe n'imwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Gukoresha iyo miti mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] bishobora kwangiza umwana kandi kuyikoresha mu gihe cyo konsa ntibyemewe n'uwabikoze.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DailyMed2019&quot; /&gt; Lisdexamfetamine ni umuti utera inshinge zo mu bwonko (CNS) ukora nyuma yo guhinduka dextroamphetamine n'umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Amp2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ|title=Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective|journal=J. Psychopharmacol.|volume=27|issue=6|pages=479–496|date=June 2013|pmid=23539642|pmc=3666194|doi=10.1177/0269881113482532}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu rwego rwa shimi, lisdexamfetamine igizwe na aside amine &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;small id=&quot;mwiw&quot;&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; -lysine, ifatanye na dextroamphetamine.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17407369&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Blick SK, Keating GM|title=Lisdexamfetamine|journal=Paediatric Drugs|volume=9|issue=2|pages=129–135; discussion 136–138|date=2007|pmid=17407369|doi=10.2165/00148581-200709020-00007|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lisdexamfetamine yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Kubona ibikoresho mu Bwongereza buri kwezi bitwara Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ubuzima cy’Ubwongereza amafaranga agera kuri [[Pound sterling|£]] &lt;span&gt;58&lt;/span&gt; {{as of|2019|lc=y|post=.}}   &lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi [[United States dollar|amadolari y'Amerika]] &lt;span&gt;264.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NADAC2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 91 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni umunani.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/LisdexamfetamineDimesylate|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127230121/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/LisdexamfetamineDimesylate|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni ikintu kigenzurwa na Gahunda ya II mu Bwongereza n'ikintu kigenzurwa na Gahunda ya II muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DEA2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Drugs of Abuse|date=2017|publisher=Drug Enforcement Administration • U.S. Department of Justice|page=22|url=https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/drug_of_abuse.pdf|access-date=16 April 2019|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617145333/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/drug_of_abuse.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>5am1p2bfkr3fief1rlr96in78v5wsx0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Trazodone</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23312</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141108</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:09:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456858|Trazodone]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141108</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5099" sha1="m2yq75ktmhn7o6q1xa6wubp0ss6ko77" xml:space="preserve">'''Trazodone''', igurishwa ku mazina menshi y’ibirango,&lt;ref name=&quot;genericnames&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Trazodone|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/trazodone.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=9 February 2019|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916022006/https://www.drugs.com/international/trazodone.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni umuti uvura indwara zifata imitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Trazodone Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/trazodone-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=19 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919174109/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/trazodone-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara ikomeye yo kwiheba, indwara zo guhangayika, ingorane zo gusinzira, ndetse n'indi miti, no kurwara inzoga.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CFPC2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ton|first=Joey|title=#302 Still awake? Trazodone for insomnia|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp302/|website=CFPCLearn|access-date=14 June 2023|date=15 November 2021|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328114109/https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp302/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ifatwa mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kuma mu kanwa, kumva nta cyo ushoboye, kuruka no kuribwa umutwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Ingaruka mbi zikomeye zishobora kuba zirimo kwiyahura, kwiheba, gutera k'umutima ku buryo butari bwo, no guhagarara igihe kirekire bitewe n'uburwayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Ntabwo birasobanuka neza niba gukoresha iyi miti mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] cyangwa konsa nta kibazo bifite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Trazodone Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/trazodone.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810191222/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/trazodone.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni ikintu kigizwe na phenylpiperazine cyo mu bwoko bwa serotonin antagonist na reuptake inhibitor (SARI).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stahl|first=Stephen M.|title=Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521857024|page=567|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=cWbYxSfKN3cC&amp;pg=PA567|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811032910/https://books.google.ca/books?id=cWbYxSfKN3cC&amp;pg=PA567|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lemke|first=Thomas L.|last2=Williams|first2=David A.|title=Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9780781768795|page=586|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=R0W1ErpsQpkC&amp;pg=PA586|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812031919/https://books.google.ca/books?id=R0W1ErpsQpkC&amp;pg=PA586|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Trazodone ifite ingaruka zo gutuza.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF69&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 69|date=2015|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=9780857111562|pages=257–258|edition=69th}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Trazodone yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Ikiguzi cya NHS mu Bwongereza ni hafi £7.46 ku kwezi guhera mu 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=367|edition=76th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cyo kugurisha ku giciro kinini ni hafi {{US$}} 4.53 ku kwezi guhera mu 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-01-03|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-01-03/v54n-gpyk|publisher=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=7 January 2018|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624045037/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-01-03/v54n-gpyk|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 30 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abantu barenga miliyoni 22.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Trazodone Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TrazodoneHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411214357/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TrazodoneHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>m2yq75ktmhn7o6q1xa6wubp0ss6ko77</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anthrax</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23313</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141109</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:20:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500385|Anthrax]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141109</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9716" sha1="b7738h5akv94zks3rt9rrwou2k6eima" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Anthrax|synonym=Anthrax disease|image=Anthrax PHIL 2033.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A skin lesion caused by anthrax; the characteristic black [[eschar]]|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms='''Skin form''': small blister with surrounding swelling&lt;br&gt;'''Inhalational form''': fever, chest pain, [[shortness of breath]]&lt;br&gt;'''Intestinal form''': nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain&lt;br&gt;'''Injection form''': fever, [[abscess]]&lt;ref name=CDC2014Sym/&gt;|complications=|onset=1 day to 2 months post contact&lt;ref name=CDC2014Sym/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Bacillus anthracis]]''&lt;ref name=CDC2015Bas&gt;{{cite web|title=Basic Information What is anthrax?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=1 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517175036/http://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/index.html|archive-date=17 May 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517175036/http://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/index.html |date=17 May 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|risks=Working with animals, travelers, postal workers, military personnel&lt;ref name=CDC2015Risk&gt;{{cite web|title=Who Is at Risk|url=https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/risk/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=1 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511091534/http://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/risk/index.html|archive-date=11 May 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511091534/http://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/risk/index.html |date=11 May 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|diagnosis=Based on [[antibodies]] or toxin in the blood, [[microbial culture]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Diag&gt;{{cite web |title=Diagnosis |url=https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/diagnosis.html |website=CDC |access-date=14 May 2016 |date=1 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511091531/http://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/diagnosis.html |archive-date=11 May 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511091531/http://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/diagnosis.html |date=11 May 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[anthrax vaccine|Anthrax vaccination]], [[antibiotics]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Risk /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hend2014/&gt;|treatment=Antibiotics, [[antitoxin]]&lt;ref name=CDC2016Tx&gt;{{cite web|title=Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/medical-care/treatment.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=14 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511232958/http://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/medical-care/treatment.html|archive-date=11 May 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511232958/http://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/medical-care/treatment.html |date=11 May 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|medication=|prognosis=20–80% die without treatment&lt;ref name=Hend2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=FDA2015/&gt;|frequency=&gt;2,000 cases per year&lt;ref name=Glob2016/&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Anthrax''' ni indwara iterwa na bagiteri yitwa ''Bacillus anthracis'' .  Bishobora kubaho mu buryo bune: uruhu, ibihaha, amara, n'urushinge.  Ibimenyetso bitangira hagati y'umunsi umwe n'amezi arenga abiri nyuma yo kwandura.&lt;ref name=CDC2014Sym&gt;{{cite web|title=Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/symptoms.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=23 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511071331/http://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/symptoms.html|archive-date=11 May 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511071331/http://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/symptoms.html |date=11 May 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Uruhu rugaragara nk'urusenda ruto rufite kubyimba bikikije akenshi bihinduka igisebe kidababaza gifite hagati y'umukara.&lt;ref name=CDC2014Sym /&gt; Uburyo bwo guhumeka bugaragaza umuriro, ububabare mu gituza, no kubura umwuka.&lt;ref name=CDC2014Sym /&gt; Imiterere y'amara igaragaza impiswi ishobora kuba irimo amaraso, ububabare bwo mu nda, isesemi no kuruka.&lt;ref name=CDC2014Sym /&gt; Uburyo bwo guterwamo urushinge bugaragaza umuriro n'ikibyimba aho umuti watewe . 

Anthrax ikwirakwira iyo ikoze ku dukoko twa bagiteri, dukunze kugaragara mu bikomoka ku nyamaswa byandura.&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tran&gt;{{cite web|title=How People Are Infected|url=https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/how-people-are-infected.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=1 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226203338/https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/how-people-are-infected.html|archive-date=26 December 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226203338/https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/how-people-are-infected.html |date=26 December 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gukoraho ni uguhumeka, kurya, cyangwa unyuze mu gace k'uruhu kavunitse.&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tran /&gt; Ntabwo akenshi ikwirakwira mu bantu mu buryo butaziguye.  Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo abantu bakorana n'inyamaswa cyangwa ibikomoka ku matungo, abagenzi, abakozi ba posita, n'abasirikare.  Isuzuma rishobora kwemezwa no kubona antibody cyangwa uburozi mu maraso cyangwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gupima icyitegererezo cyavuye aho umuntu yanduye. 

Urukingo rwa Anthrax irasabwa abantu bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura.  Gukingira inyamaswa indwara ya anthrax birasabwa mu turere twagaragayemo ubwandu mbere.  Gufata imiti ya antibiyotike nka ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, na doxycycline mu mezi abiri nyuma yo kuyikoresha bishobora no gukumira kwandura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hend2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hendricks|first=KA|last2=Wright|first2=ME|last3=Shadomy|first3=SV|last4=Bradley|first4=JS|last5=Morrow|first5=MG|last6=Pavia|first6=AT|last7=Rubinstein|first7=E|last8=Holty|first8=JE|last9=Messonnier|first9=NE|last10=Smith|first10=TL|last11=Pesik|first11=N|last12=Treadwell|first12=TA|last13=Bower|first13=WA|last14=Workgroup on Anthrax Clinical|first14=Guidelines|title=Centers for disease control and prevention expert panel meetings on prevention and treatment of anthrax in adults|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|date=February 2014|volume=20|issue=2|pmid=24447897|doi=10.3201/eid2002.130687|pmc=3901462}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo habayeho kwandura, ubuvuzi bukorwa hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko ndetse n'uburozi bushobora kuba burwanya uburozi .  Ubwoko n'umubare wa antibiyotike zikoreshwa biterwa n'ubwoko bw'ubwandu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hend2014&quot; /&gt; Antitoxin irasabwa abantu bafite ubwandu bwinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hend2014&quot; /&gt;

Nubwo indwara idakunze kugaragara, anthrax y’abantu, iyo ibayeho, ikunze kugaragara cyane muri Afurika no muri Aziya yo hagati n’iy’amajyepfo.  Iboneka kenshi mu majyepfo y'Uburayi kurusha ahandi ku mugabane, kandi ntabwo ikunze kugaragara mu majyaruguru y'Uburayi na Amerika ya Ruguru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Schlossberg|first=David|title=Clinical Infectious Disease|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139576659|page=897|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wWY1_mSeq0C&amp;pg=PA897|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910162238/https://books.google.com/books?id=-wWY1_mSeq0C&amp;pg=PA897|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku isi yose, nibura abarwayi 2.000 babaho mu mwaka, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bagera kuri babiri mu mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glob2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Anthrax: Global Status|date=2016|publisher=GIDEON Informatics Inc|isbn=9781498808613|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmmwCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910162238/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmmwCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA12|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Indwara z'uruhu zirenga 95% by'abanduye.&lt;ref name=FDA2015&gt;{{cite web|title=Anthrax|url=https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ucm061751.htm|website=FDA|access-date=14 May 2016|date=17 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507025037/https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ucm061751.htm|archive-date=7 May 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507025037/https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ucm061751.htm |date=7 May 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo hatabayeho kuvurwa, ibyago byo gupfa biturutse ku ndwara ya anthrax y'uruhu ni 24%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hend2014&quot; /&gt; Ku ndwara zo mu mara, ibyago byo gupfa ni 25 kugeza kuri 75%, mu gihe anthrax y'ubuhumekero ipfa iri hagati ya 50 na 80%, nubwo yavurwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hend2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=FDA2015 /&gt; Kugeza mu kinyejana cya 20, indwara za anthrax zahitanaga abantu n'inyamaswa ibihumbi amagana buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cherkasskiy1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cherkasskiy|first=B. L.|year=1999|title=A national register of historic and contemporary anthrax foci|journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology|volume=87|issue=2|pages=192–195|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00868.x|pmid=10475946|s2cid=6157235}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara ya Anthrax yakozwe nk'intwaro n'ibihugu byinshi.  Mu nyamaswa zirya ibimera, kwandura indwara bibaho iyo zirya cyangwa zihumeka utubuto tw’uturemangingo mu gihe zirisha.&lt;ref name=WHOBook2008&gt;{{cite book |last1=Turnbull |first1=Peter |title=Anthrax in humans and animals |date=2008 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva, Switzerland |isbn=9789241547536 |pages=20, 36 |edition=4 |url=http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/anthrax_web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130153732/http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/anthrax_web.pdf |archive-date=30 November 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130153732/http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/anthrax_web.pdf |date=30 November 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Inyamaswa zishobora kwandura iyo ziriye inyamaswa zanduye.&lt;ref name=WHOBook2008 /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>b7738h5akv94zks3rt9rrwou2k6eima</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emmanuel Rukundo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23314</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141115</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:38:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365802663|Emmanuel Rukundo]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>141115</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3723" sha1="gek80n5ietouxq2xb1tbcl9xjt6wp2h" xml:space="preserve">
'''Emmanuel Rukundo''' (wavutse ku ya 1 Ukuboza 1959) ni umupadiri w’Umugatolika [[Rwanda|w’Umunyarwanda]], wahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) mu 2009 kubera uruhare rwe muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994]] .

Rukundo yavukiye i [[Kabgayi]], Intara ya Gitarama, mu Rwanda. Yahawe ubupadiri muri Kiliziya Gatolika y'i Roma mu 1991. Mu 1993, yabaye umupadiri mu gisirikare cy'u Rwanda.

Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Rukundo yari umuyobozi wa Seminari Nto ya Mutagatifu Léon i Gitarama. Nk’uko byagaragajwe n’ibyavuye mu rubanza rwaburanishijwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR), yategetse abasirikare b’Abahutu gushimuta no kwica impunzi z’Abatutsi zari zahungiye kuri Seminari ya Mutagatifu Léon. Afatanyije n’abasirikare b’ingabo z’u Rwanda, yanagize uruhare mu gushimuta no kwica Madamu Rudahunga, ndetse no gukubita bikomeye abana be babiri n’abandi basivili babiri b’Abatutsi. Byongeye kandi, Rukundo yahamwe n’icyaha cyo guhohotera ku gitsina umukobwa ukiri muto w’Umututsikazi.

Nyuma ya jenoside, Rukundo yahungiye mu [[Ubusuwisi|Busuwisi]], aho yahawe ubuhungiro nk'impunzi. Yatawe muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Ubusuwisi muri Nyakanga 2001 nyuma y'aho Urukiko rwa TPIR rumaze gusohora impapuro zimufunga. Rukundo yaburanye mu Rukiko rw'Ikirenga rw'Ubusuwisi, ariko urubanza rwe rwaraciwe, maze ku ya 20 Nzeri 2001 yoherezwa Arusha muri [[Tanzaniya]], kuburana na TPIR.

Urubanza rwa Rukundo rwatangiye ku ya 15 Ugushyingo 2006, rurangira muri Gashyantare 2008. Muri Gashyantare 2009, Urugereko rw'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa TPIR rwamuhamije icyaha kimwe cya jenoside n'ibyaha byinshi by'ubwicanyi nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu . Urugereko rw'iremezo rwamukatiye igifungo cy'imyaka 25, ariko cyagabanijwe kigera ku myaka 23 mu Ukwakira 2010.

Muri Nyakanga 2016, Rukundo yasabye ICTR kurekura hakiri kare kubera ko yari amaze igihe gito afunzwe, maze mu Kuboza 2016, arekurwa muri gereza yo muri Mali ari kumwe na Ferdinand Nahimana, amaze imyaka 16 muri 23 yakatiwe.

== Reba kandi ==

* Athanase Seromba
* Wenceslas Munyeshyaka
* Elizaphan Ntakirutimana

== Amashakiro ==

* Jo Adetunji, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/27/rwanda-genocide-chaplain-guilty &quot;Umupadiri w'igisirikare yahamwe n'icyaha cya jenoside mu Rwanda: Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwakatiye Emmanuel Rukundo imyaka 25 kubera gushimuta no kwica Abatutsi&quot;], ''Guardian'', 2009-02-27
* JusticeInfo.net, [https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/justice-reconciliation/31163-early-release-for-two-well-known-rwandan-genocide-convicts.html &quot;Irekurwa ry'agateganyo ry'abakatiwe jenoside babiri bazwi mu Rwanda&quot;], ''Ibiro Ntaramakuru bya Hirondelle'', 2016-12-16.

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [http://www.trial-ch.org/index.php?id=801&amp;L=5&amp;tx_jbtrial_pi2%5Btab%5D=facts&amp;tx_jbtrial_pi2%5Bprofile%5D=emmanuel_rukundo_146&amp;cHash=2913a0e0f0 Isuzuma ry'urubanza: Emmanuel Rukundo] Archived  , trial-ch.org, yabonetse 2010-07-06
* [http://unictr.org/tabid/128/Default.aspx?id=97&amp;mnid=3 ICTR: Rukundo, Emmanuel] Archived   : Inyandiko za TPIR zijyanye n'urubanza rwa Rukundo
* [http://unictr.unmict.org/en/cases/ictr-01-70] : Inyandiko za ICTR zemeza igihano cya Emmanuel Rukundo, unmict.org, zabonetse ku wa 2018-05-30.
* [http://jrad.unmict.org/webdrawer/webdrawer.dll/webdrawer/search/rec&amp;sm_recnbr&amp;sm_ncontents=mict-13-35&amp;sm_created&amp;sm_fulltext&amp;sort1=rs_datecreated&amp;count&amp;rows=100] Archived   : Inyandiko z'ubutabera zirebana na Emmanuel Rukundo n'ifungurwa rye rya mbere, unmict.org, zabonetse ku wa 2018-05-30.
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]</text>
      <sha1>gek80n5ietouxq2xb1tbcl9xjt6wp2h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141116</id>
      <parentid>141115</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:38:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141116</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3762" sha1="loh86p4hk2i73xk4o2cz2dkw3ai0w8v" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q5373337}}

'''Emmanuel Rukundo''' (wavutse ku ya 1 Ukuboza 1959) ni umupadiri w’Umugatolika [[Rwanda|w’Umunyarwanda]], wahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) mu 2009 kubera uruhare rwe muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994]] .

Rukundo yavukiye i [[Kabgayi]], Intara ya Gitarama, mu Rwanda. Yahawe ubupadiri muri Kiliziya Gatolika y'i Roma mu 1991. Mu 1993, yabaye umupadiri mu gisirikare cy'u Rwanda.

Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Rukundo yari umuyobozi wa Seminari Nto ya Mutagatifu Léon i Gitarama. Nk’uko byagaragajwe n’ibyavuye mu rubanza rwaburanishijwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR), yategetse abasirikare b’Abahutu gushimuta no kwica impunzi z’Abatutsi zari zahungiye kuri Seminari ya Mutagatifu Léon. Afatanyije n’abasirikare b’ingabo z’u Rwanda, yanagize uruhare mu gushimuta no kwica Madamu Rudahunga, ndetse no gukubita bikomeye abana be babiri n’abandi basivili babiri b’Abatutsi. Byongeye kandi, Rukundo yahamwe n’icyaha cyo guhohotera ku gitsina umukobwa ukiri muto w’Umututsikazi.

Nyuma ya jenoside, Rukundo yahungiye mu [[Ubusuwisi|Busuwisi]], aho yahawe ubuhungiro nk'impunzi. Yatawe muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Ubusuwisi muri Nyakanga 2001 nyuma y'aho Urukiko rwa TPIR rumaze gusohora impapuro zimufunga. Rukundo yaburanye mu Rukiko rw'Ikirenga rw'Ubusuwisi, ariko urubanza rwe rwaraciwe, maze ku ya 20 Nzeri 2001 yoherezwa Arusha muri [[Tanzaniya]], kuburana na TPIR.

Urubanza rwa Rukundo rwatangiye ku ya 15 Ugushyingo 2006, rurangira muri Gashyantare 2008. Muri Gashyantare 2009, Urugereko rw'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa TPIR rwamuhamije icyaha kimwe cya jenoside n'ibyaha byinshi by'ubwicanyi nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu . Urugereko rw'iremezo rwamukatiye igifungo cy'imyaka 25, ariko cyagabanijwe kigera ku myaka 23 mu Ukwakira 2010.

Muri Nyakanga 2016, Rukundo yasabye ICTR kurekura hakiri kare kubera ko yari amaze igihe gito afunzwe, maze mu Kuboza 2016, arekurwa muri gereza yo muri Mali ari kumwe na Ferdinand Nahimana, amaze imyaka 16 muri 23 yakatiwe.

== Reba kandi ==

* Athanase Seromba
* Wenceslas Munyeshyaka
* Elizaphan Ntakirutimana

== Amashakiro ==

* Jo Adetunji, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/27/rwanda-genocide-chaplain-guilty &quot;Umupadiri w'igisirikare yahamwe n'icyaha cya jenoside mu Rwanda: Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwakatiye Emmanuel Rukundo imyaka 25 kubera gushimuta no kwica Abatutsi&quot;], ''Guardian'', 2009-02-27
* JusticeInfo.net, [https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/justice-reconciliation/31163-early-release-for-two-well-known-rwandan-genocide-convicts.html &quot;Irekurwa ry'agateganyo ry'abakatiwe jenoside babiri bazwi mu Rwanda&quot;], ''Ibiro Ntaramakuru bya Hirondelle'', 2016-12-16.

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [http://www.trial-ch.org/index.php?id=801&amp;L=5&amp;tx_jbtrial_pi2%5Btab%5D=facts&amp;tx_jbtrial_pi2%5Bprofile%5D=emmanuel_rukundo_146&amp;cHash=2913a0e0f0 Isuzuma ry'urubanza: Emmanuel Rukundo] Archived  , trial-ch.org, yabonetse 2010-07-06
* [http://unictr.org/tabid/128/Default.aspx?id=97&amp;mnid=3 ICTR: Rukundo, Emmanuel] Archived   : Inyandiko za TPIR zijyanye n'urubanza rwa Rukundo
* [http://unictr.unmict.org/en/cases/ictr-01-70] : Inyandiko za ICTR zemeza igihano cya Emmanuel Rukundo, unmict.org, zabonetse ku wa 2018-05-30.
* [http://jrad.unmict.org/webdrawer/webdrawer.dll/webdrawer/search/rec&amp;sm_recnbr&amp;sm_ncontents=mict-13-35&amp;sm_created&amp;sm_fulltext&amp;sort1=rs_datecreated&amp;count&amp;rows=100] Archived   : Inyandiko z'ubutabera zirebana na Emmanuel Rukundo n'ifungurwa rye rya mbere, unmict.org, zabonetse ku wa 2018-05-30.
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]</text>
      <sha1>loh86p4hk2i73xk4o2cz2dkw3ai0w8v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141117</id>
      <parentid>141116</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:39:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141117</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3809" sha1="e0n9nhoi45o0nxldlqzja7euq8vfdwd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q5373337}}

'''Emmanuel Rukundo''' (wavutse ku ya 1 Ukuboza 1959) ni umupadiri w’Umugatolika [[Rwanda|w’Umunyarwanda]], wahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) mu 2009 kubera uruhare rwe muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994]] .

Rukundo yavukiye i [[Kabgayi]], Intara ya Gitarama, mu Rwanda. Yahawe ubupadiri muri Kiliziya Gatolika y'i Roma mu 1991. Mu 1993, yabaye umupadiri mu gisirikare cy'u Rwanda.

Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Rukundo yari umuyobozi wa Seminari Nto ya Mutagatifu Léon i Gitarama. Nk’uko byagaragajwe n’ibyavuye mu rubanza rwaburanishijwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR), yategetse abasirikare b’Abahutu gushimuta no kwica impunzi z’Abatutsi zari zahungiye kuri Seminari ya Mutagatifu Léon. Afatanyije n’abasirikare b’ingabo z’u Rwanda, yanagize uruhare mu gushimuta no kwica Madamu Rudahunga, ndetse no gukubita bikomeye abana be babiri n’abandi basivili babiri b’Abatutsi. Byongeye kandi, Rukundo yahamwe n’icyaha cyo guhohotera ku gitsina umukobwa ukiri muto w’Umututsikazi.

Nyuma ya jenoside, Rukundo yahungiye mu [[Ubusuwisi|Busuwisi]], aho yahawe ubuhungiro nk'impunzi. Yatawe muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Ubusuwisi muri Nyakanga 2001 nyuma y'aho Urukiko rwa TPIR rumaze gusohora impapuro zimufunga. Rukundo yaburanye mu Rukiko rw'Ikirenga rw'Ubusuwisi, ariko urubanza rwe rwaraciwe, maze ku ya 20 Nzeri 2001 yoherezwa Arusha muri [[Tanzaniya]], kuburana na TPIR.

Urubanza rwa Rukundo rwatangiye ku ya 15 Ugushyingo 2006, rurangira muri Gashyantare 2008. Muri Gashyantare 2009, Urugereko rw'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa TPIR rwamuhamije icyaha kimwe cya jenoside n'ibyaha byinshi by'ubwicanyi nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu . Urugereko rw'iremezo rwamukatiye igifungo cy'imyaka 25, ariko cyagabanijwe kigera ku myaka 23 mu Ukwakira 2010.

Muri Nyakanga 2016, Rukundo yasabye ICTR kurekura hakiri kare kubera ko yari amaze igihe gito afunzwe, maze mu Kuboza 2016, arekurwa muri gereza yo muri Mali ari kumwe na Ferdinand Nahimana, amaze imyaka 16 muri 23 yakatiwe.

== Reba kandi ==

* Athanase Seromba
* Wenceslas Munyeshyaka
* Elizaphan Ntakirutimana

== Amashakiro ==

* Jo Adetunji, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/27/rwanda-genocide-chaplain-guilty &quot;Umupadiri w'igisirikare yahamwe n'icyaha cya jenoside mu Rwanda: Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwakatiye Emmanuel Rukundo imyaka 25 kubera gushimuta no kwica Abatutsi&quot;], ''Guardian'', 2009-02-27
* JusticeInfo.net, [https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/justice-reconciliation/31163-early-release-for-two-well-known-rwandan-genocide-convicts.html &quot;Irekurwa ry'agateganyo ry'abakatiwe jenoside babiri bazwi mu Rwanda&quot;], ''Ibiro Ntaramakuru bya Hirondelle'', 2016-12-16.

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [http://www.trial-ch.org/index.php?id=801&amp;L=5&amp;tx_jbtrial_pi2%5Btab%5D=facts&amp;tx_jbtrial_pi2%5Bprofile%5D=emmanuel_rukundo_146&amp;cHash=2913a0e0f0 Isuzuma ry'urubanza: Emmanuel Rukundo] Archived  , trial-ch.org, yabonetse 2010-07-06
* [http://unictr.org/tabid/128/Default.aspx?id=97&amp;mnid=3 ICTR: Rukundo, Emmanuel] Archived   : Inyandiko za TPIR zijyanye n'urubanza rwa Rukundo
* [http://unictr.unmict.org/en/cases/ictr-01-70] : Inyandiko za ICTR zemeza igihano cya Emmanuel Rukundo, unmict.org, zabonetse ku wa 2018-05-30.
* [http://jrad.unmict.org/webdrawer/webdrawer.dll/webdrawer/search/rec&amp;sm_recnbr&amp;sm_ncontents=mict-13-35&amp;sm_created&amp;sm_fulltext&amp;sort1=rs_datecreated&amp;count&amp;rows=100] Archived   : Inyandiko z'ubutabera zirebana na Emmanuel Rukundo n'ifungurwa rye rya mbere, unmict.org, zabonetse ku wa 2018-05-30.
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]
[[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]]</text>
      <sha1>e0n9nhoi45o0nxldlqzja7euq8vfdwd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141119</id>
      <parentid>141117</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:41:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141119</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3883" sha1="2rpzutj817aot4k4drb5oukgeegne5q" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q5373337}}
[[Dosiye:National-Merit-2017-2018-Makerere-Govt-List-2017-2018.pdf|thumb]]
'''Emmanuel Rukundo''' (wavutse ku ya 1 Ukuboza 1959) ni umupadiri w’Umugatolika [[Rwanda|w’Umunyarwanda]], wahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) mu 2009 kubera uruhare rwe muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994]] .

Rukundo yavukiye i [[Kabgayi]], Intara ya Gitarama, mu Rwanda. Yahawe ubupadiri muri Kiliziya Gatolika y'i Roma mu 1991. Mu 1993, yabaye umupadiri mu gisirikare cy'u Rwanda.

Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Rukundo yari umuyobozi wa Seminari Nto ya Mutagatifu Léon i Gitarama. Nk’uko byagaragajwe n’ibyavuye mu rubanza rwaburanishijwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR), yategetse abasirikare b’Abahutu gushimuta no kwica impunzi z’Abatutsi zari zahungiye kuri Seminari ya Mutagatifu Léon. Afatanyije n’abasirikare b’ingabo z’u Rwanda, yanagize uruhare mu gushimuta no kwica Madamu Rudahunga, ndetse no gukubita bikomeye abana be babiri n’abandi basivili babiri b’Abatutsi. Byongeye kandi, Rukundo yahamwe n’icyaha cyo guhohotera ku gitsina umukobwa ukiri muto w’Umututsikazi.

Nyuma ya jenoside, Rukundo yahungiye mu [[Ubusuwisi|Busuwisi]], aho yahawe ubuhungiro nk'impunzi. Yatawe muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Ubusuwisi muri Nyakanga 2001 nyuma y'aho Urukiko rwa TPIR rumaze gusohora impapuro zimufunga. Rukundo yaburanye mu Rukiko rw'Ikirenga rw'Ubusuwisi, ariko urubanza rwe rwaraciwe, maze ku ya 20 Nzeri 2001 yoherezwa Arusha muri [[Tanzaniya]], kuburana na TPIR.

Urubanza rwa Rukundo rwatangiye ku ya 15 Ugushyingo 2006, rurangira muri Gashyantare 2008. Muri Gashyantare 2009, Urugereko rw'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa TPIR rwamuhamije icyaha kimwe cya jenoside n'ibyaha byinshi by'ubwicanyi nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu . Urugereko rw'iremezo rwamukatiye igifungo cy'imyaka 25, ariko cyagabanijwe kigera ku myaka 23 mu Ukwakira 2010.

Muri Nyakanga 2016, Rukundo yasabye ICTR kurekura hakiri kare kubera ko yari amaze igihe gito afunzwe, maze mu Kuboza 2016, arekurwa muri gereza yo muri Mali ari kumwe na Ferdinand Nahimana, amaze imyaka 16 muri 23 yakatiwe.

== Reba kandi ==

* Athanase Seromba
* Wenceslas Munyeshyaka
* Elizaphan Ntakirutimana

== Amashakiro ==

* Jo Adetunji, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/27/rwanda-genocide-chaplain-guilty &quot;Umupadiri w'igisirikare yahamwe n'icyaha cya jenoside mu Rwanda: Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwakatiye Emmanuel Rukundo imyaka 25 kubera gushimuta no kwica Abatutsi&quot;], ''Guardian'', 2009-02-27
* JusticeInfo.net, [https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/justice-reconciliation/31163-early-release-for-two-well-known-rwandan-genocide-convicts.html &quot;Irekurwa ry'agateganyo ry'abakatiwe jenoside babiri bazwi mu Rwanda&quot;], ''Ibiro Ntaramakuru bya Hirondelle'', 2016-12-16.

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [http://www.trial-ch.org/index.php?id=801&amp;L=5&amp;tx_jbtrial_pi2%5Btab%5D=facts&amp;tx_jbtrial_pi2%5Bprofile%5D=emmanuel_rukundo_146&amp;cHash=2913a0e0f0 Isuzuma ry'urubanza: Emmanuel Rukundo] Archived  , trial-ch.org, yabonetse 2010-07-06
* [http://unictr.org/tabid/128/Default.aspx?id=97&amp;mnid=3 ICTR: Rukundo, Emmanuel] Archived   : Inyandiko za TPIR zijyanye n'urubanza rwa Rukundo
* [http://unictr.unmict.org/en/cases/ictr-01-70] : Inyandiko za ICTR zemeza igihano cya Emmanuel Rukundo, unmict.org, zabonetse ku wa 2018-05-30.
* [http://jrad.unmict.org/webdrawer/webdrawer.dll/webdrawer/search/rec&amp;sm_recnbr&amp;sm_ncontents=mict-13-35&amp;sm_created&amp;sm_fulltext&amp;sort1=rs_datecreated&amp;count&amp;rows=100] Archived   : Inyandiko z'ubutabera zirebana na Emmanuel Rukundo n'ifungurwa rye rya mbere, unmict.org, zabonetse ku wa 2018-05-30.
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]
[[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]]</text>
      <sha1>2rpzutj817aot4k4drb5oukgeegne5q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sertraline</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23315</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141118</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:40:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457220|Sertraline]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141118</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4603" sha1="12vm6mcyld9wkgibeflix45nzb53yca" xml:space="preserve">'''Sertraline''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Zoloft''' n'indi, ni umuti ugabanya ubukana bw'indwara zo mu bwoko bwa serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sertraline Hydrochloride|website=Drugs.com|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/sertraline-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318013128/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/sertraline-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara ikomeye yo kwiheba, [[umukoresha:Doc James/Indwara idahwitse|indwara yo kudakora ku bushake]], indwara yo guhangayika, indwara yo guhangayika nyuma yo guhungabana, indwara yo kudakora ku mutima mbere yo gusezera, n'indwara yo guhangayika mu mibanire y'abantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Sertraline ifatwa mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka zikunze kugaragara zirimo [[impiswi]], imikorere mibi mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, no kugira ibibazo byo gusinzira.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Ingaruka mbi zirimo kwiyongera k'ibyago byo kwiyahura ku bari munsi y'imyaka 25 ndetse n'indwara ya serotonin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Ntibirasobanuka neza niba gukoresha iyi miti mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]] cyangwa konsa nta kibazo bifite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sertraline (Zoloft) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/sertraline.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620105207/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/sertraline.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntibikwiye gukoreshwa hamwe n'imiti igabanya ubukana bwa MAO.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Bivugwa ko Sertraline ikora mu kongera ingaruka za serotonin mu bwonko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt;

Sertraline yemerewe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1991, igurishwa bwa mbere na Pfizer.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi yatanzwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima nk'umuti usimbura fluoxetine.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO23rd&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)|year=2023|hdl=10665/371090|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cyo kugurisha ku giciro kinini ni hafi [[amadolari y'Amerika]] 1.50 ku kwezi guhera mu 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-01-03|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-01-03/v54n-gpyk|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624045037/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-01-03/v54n-gpyk|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2016, ni wo muti ukunze kwandikirwa abantu benshi bo mu mutwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika,&lt;ref name=&quot;PsychCentral2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://psychcentral.com/blog/top-25-psychiatric-medications-for-2016/|title=Top 25 Psychiatric Medications for 2016|last=Grohol, John M.|website=Psych Central|date=12 October 2017|access-date=October 22, 2018|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920034004/https://psychcentral.com/blog/top-25-psychiatric-medications-for-2016/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; hamwe n’imiti irenga miliyoni 37 yanditswe na muganga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sertraline Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics&quot; /&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 14 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ufite imiti irenga miliyoni 38.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sertraline Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sertraline Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/SertralineHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411214351/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/SertralineHydrochloride|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>12vm6mcyld9wkgibeflix45nzb53yca</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umuriro wa Dengue</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23316</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141120</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:41:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501517|Dengue fever]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141120</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11132" sha1="llndj31k2eapc9p6wnhgf9cfktuuv0d" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Dengue fever|synonym=Dengue, breakbone fever&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=BMJ2015/&gt;|image=Denguerash.JPG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=Photograph of a person's back with the skin exhibiting the characteristic rash of dengue fever|caption=The typical rash seen in dengue fever|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|eɪ|,_|-|ɡ|i}}|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, rash&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=BMJ2015/&gt;|complications=[[Bleeding]], [[thrombocytopenia|low levels of blood platelets]], [[Shock (circulatory)|dangerously low blood pressure]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2015/&gt;|onset=3–14 days after exposure&lt;ref name=BMJ2015/&gt;|duration=2–7 days&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;|types=|causes=[[Dengue virus]] by [[Aedes]] [[mosquito]]s&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Detecting [[antibodies]] to the virus or its [[RNA]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2015/&gt;|differential=[[Malaria]], [[yellow fever]], [[viral hepatitis]], [[leptospirosis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics: The field of pediatrics|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781455775668|page=1631|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mseNCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1631|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910145008/https://books.google.com/books?id=mseNCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1631|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=[[Dengue vaccine|Dengue fever vaccine]], decreasing mosquito exposure&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=East2016&gt;{{cite news|author= East S|title=World's first dengue fever vaccine launched in the Philippines|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/06/health/dengue-fever-vaccine-philippines/|access-date=17 October 2016|publisher=CNN|date=6 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018224555/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/06/health/dengue-fever-vaccine-philippines/|archive-date=18 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;|treatment=[[Therapy#Supportive therapy|Supportive care]], [[intravenous fluids]], [[blood transfusion]]s&lt;ref name=BMJ2015/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=100 to 4000 million per year&lt;ref name=WHO2025Fact/&gt;|deaths=~40,000&lt;ref name=GBD2018Death/&gt;|video1=|named after=}}'''Dengue fever''' ni indwara iterwa n'umubu iterwa na virusi ya dengue.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dengue and severe dengue Fact sheet N°117|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 February 2016|date=May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902041210/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/%23|archive-date=2 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bikunze gutangira nyuma y'iminsi itatu kugeza kuri cumi n'ine nyuma yo kwandura.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kularatne SA|title=Dengue fever|journal=BMJ|volume=351|pages=h4661|date=September 2015|pmid=26374064|doi=10.1136/bmj.h4661}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bishobora kuba birimo umuriro mwinshi, kuribwa umutwe, kuruka, kubabara imitsi n'ingingo, ndetse no kugira uduheri ku ruhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2015&quot; /&gt; Gukira muri rusange bifata iminsi ibiri kugeza kuri irindwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Mu ngero nke z'abarwayi, iyi ndwara ihinduka indwara '''ikomeye ya dengue''', izwi kandi nka '''dengue hemorrhagic fever''', bigatuma habaho kuva amaraso, urugero ruto rw'ibinure mu maraso n'amaraso ava, cyangwa ikaba '''indwara ya dengue shock syndrome''', aho umuvuduko w'amaraso uba uri hasi cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2015&quot; /&gt;

Dengue ikwirakwizwa n'ubwoko butandukanye bw'imibu [[Umubu|y'ingore]] yo mu bwoko bwa ''Aedes'', cyane cyane ''A. aegypti''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2015&quot; /&gt; Iyi virusi ifite ubwoko butanu; &lt;ref name=&quot;new_type2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Normile D|title=Tropical medicine. Surprising new dengue virus throws a spanner in disease control efforts|journal=Science|volume=342|issue=6157|pages=415|date=October 2013|pmid=24159024|doi=10.1126/science.342.6157.415}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mustafa MS, Rasotgi V, Jain S, Gupta V|title=Discovery of fifth serotype of dengue virus (DENV-5): A new public health dilemma in dengue&amp;nbsp;control|journal=Medical Journal, Armed Forces India|volume=71|issue=1|pages=67–70|date=January 2015|pmid=25609867|pmc=4297835|doi=10.1016/j.mjafi.2014.09.011}}&lt;/ref&gt; kwandura ubwoko bumwe akenshi bitanga ubudahangarwa bw'ubuzima bwose kuri ubwo bwoko, ariko ubundi bugatanga ubudahangarwa bw'igihe gito.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Kwandura indwara nyuma y’ubundi bwoko byongera ibyago bikomeye byo kurwara indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Hari ibizamini byinshi bihari kugira ngo byemezwe ko indwara yanduye harimo no kumenya abasirikare b’umubiri banduye virusi cyangwa RNA yayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2015&quot; /&gt;

Urukingo rwa dengue rwemewe kandi ruboneka ku isoko mu bihugu byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;East2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=World's first dengue fever vaccine launched in the Philippines|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/06/health/dengue-fever-vaccine-philippines/|access-date=17 October 2016|publisher=CNN|date=6 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018224555/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/06/health/dengue-fever-vaccine-philippines/|archive-date=18 October 2016|last=East S}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Guhera mu 2025, urukingo rusabwa gusa ku bantu basanzwe baranduye, cyangwa mu baturage bafite igipimo kinini cy’ubwandu mbere bafite imyaka 6 kugeza kuri 16.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018Vac&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Dengue vaccine: WHO position paper – September 2018|journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record|access-date=12 April 2019|date=7 September 2018|volume=36|issue=93|pages=457–76|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274315/WER9336.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105130352/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274315/WER9336.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2025Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dengue|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue|website=www.who.int|access-date=20 August 2025|language=en|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228175303/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubundi buryo bwo kwirinda burimo kugabanya aho imibu ihurira no kugabanya ibyago byo kurumwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ibi bishobora gukorwa binyuze mu gukuraho cyangwa gupfuka amazi ahagaze no kwambara imyenda itwikira igice kinini cy'umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Kuvura indwara ya dengue ikabije birafasha kandi bikubiyemo gutanga amazi mu kanwa cyangwa mu mitsi ku ndwara yoroheje cyangwa iri hagati.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2015&quot; /&gt; Ku ndwara zikomeye cyane, guterwa amaraso bishobora kuba ngombwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2015&quot; /&gt; Abantu bagera kuri kimwe cya kabiri cya miliyoni bakenera kwakirwa mu bitaro buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; [[Paracetamol|Parasetamol]] (acetaminophen) ni yo isabwa aho gukoresha imiti igabanya ububabare itari iya steroide (NSAIDs) kugira ngo igabanye umuriro kandi igabanuke ububabare ku ndwara ya dengue bitewe n’uko ibyago byo kuva amaraso biyongera bitewe no gukoresha NSAID.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;USCDC_Dengue&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dengue|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/dengue|publisher=United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=27 April 2018|date=28 March 2016|quote=Use acetaminophen. Do not take pain relievers that contain aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil), it may lead to a greater tendency to bleed.|archive-date=24 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324100419/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/dengue|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Dengue yabaye ikibazo cy’isi yose kuva mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose kandi ikunze kugaragara mu bihugu birenga 120, cyane cyane mu majyepfo y’uburasirazuba bwa Aziya, Aziya y’Epfo na [[Amerika y’Epfo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dengue and severe dengue|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue|website=www.who.int|access-date=29 February 2020|language=en|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228175303/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peads10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ranjit S, Kissoon N|title=Dengue hemorrhagic fever and shock syndromes|journal=Pediatric Critical Care Medicine|volume=12|issue=1|pages=90–100|date=January 2011|pmid=20639791|doi=10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181e911a7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gubler98&quot; /&gt; Hagati ya 100 na 400&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni bandura buri mwaka kandi abagera ku 40.000 barapfa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2025Fact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2018Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017|journal=Lancet|volume=392|issue=10159|pages=1736–88|date=November 2018|pmid=30496103|pmc=6227606|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2019, umubare w’abandura wariyongereye cyane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dengue and severe dengue|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue|website=www.who.int|access-date=15 December 2019|language=en|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228175303/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibisobanuro bya mbere by'icyorezo ni ibyavuye mu 1779.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gubler98&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gubler DJ|title=Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=11|issue=3|pages=480–96|date=July 1998|pmid=9665979|pmc=88892|doi=10.1128/cmr.11.3.480}}&lt;/ref&gt; Impamvu ya virusi n'ikwirakwira ryayo byasobanuwe mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;Henchal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Henchal EA, Putnak JR|title=The dengue viruses|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=3|issue=4|pages=376–96|date=October 1990|pmid=2224837|pmc=358169|doi=10.1128/CMR.3.4.376|url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/3/4/376|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725021730/http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/3/4/376|url-status=live|archive-date=25 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uretse kurandura imibu, hari n'akazi ko gufata imiti igamije kurwanya virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Noble&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Noble CG, Chen YL, Dong H, Gu F, Lim SP, Schul W, Wang QY, Shi PY|title=Strategies for development of Dengue virus inhibitors|journal=Antiviral Research|volume=85|issue=3|pages=450–62|date=March 2010|pmid=20060421|doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.12.011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ifatwa nk'indwara yo mu turere dushyuha yirengagijwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NTD2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Neglected Tropical Diseases|url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=28 November 2014|date=6 June 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204084219/http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html|archive-date=4 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>llndj31k2eapc9p6wnhgf9cfktuuv0d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>VIH/SIDA</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23317</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141121</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:43:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502270|HIV/AIDS]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141121</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10095" sha1="tbhndrcthf9gtr1qqdkaclj799aq7gu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=HIV/AIDS|synonym=HIV disease, HIV infection&lt;ref name=AIDS2010GOV&gt;{{cite web |title=What Are HIV and AIDS? {{!}} HIV.gov
|url              =http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2006/november/20061130redribbonen
|website          =www.unaids.org
|publisher        =UNAIDS Secretariat
|access-date      =September 10, 2017
|language         =en
|date             =2017-05-15
|archive-url      =https://web.archive.org/web/20170910221331/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2006/november/20061130redribbonen
|archive-date     =September 10, 2017
|url-status       =live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|df=mdy-all}}

Agakoko gatera SIDA gakwirakwizwa cyane cyane no gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye (harimo no gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina mu kibuno no mu kanwa ), guterwa amaraso yanduye, inshinge zo mu bwoko bwa “hypodermic”, no kuva kuri nyina kugeza ku mwana mu gihe atwite, abyara cyangwa yonsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;TransmissionM2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|veditors=Rom WN, Markowitz SB|title=Environmental and occupational medicine|year=2007|publisher=[[Wolters Kluwer]]/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6299-1|page=745|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4Sv9XY296oC&amp;pg=PA745|edition=4th|df=mdy-all|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911155744/https://books.google.com/books?id=H4Sv9XY296oC&amp;pg=PA745|archive-date=September 11, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amwe mu mazi yo mu mubiri, nk'amacandwe, ibyuya n'amarira, ntabwo yanduza virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCtransmission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|year=2003|url=https://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm|title=HIV and Its Transmission|access-date=May 23, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204141148/http://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm|archive-date=February 4, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; VIH ni kimwe mu bigize itsinda rya virusi zizwi nka retroviruses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Retrovirus Definition|url=https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/634/retrovirus|website=AIDSinfo|access-date=December 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228142824/https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/634/retrovirus|archive-date=December 28, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uburyo bwo kwirinda burimo imibonano mpuzabitsina itekanye, gahunda zo guhererekanya inshinge, kuvura abanduye, kwirinda mbere na nyuma yo guhura n'icyorezo, no [[Gusiramura|gukebwa kw'abagabo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=HIV/AIDS Fact sheet N°360|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|access-date=February 11, 2016|date=November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217160830/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/|archive-date=February 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara ku mwana ishobora kwirindwa binyuze mu guha umubyeyi n'umwana imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Nta muti cyangwa urukingo bihari ; icyakora, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara ishobora kugabanya igihe cy'uburwayi kandi igatuma umuntu abaho ubuzima busanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC21015Bas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About HIV/AIDS|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html|website=CDC|access-date=February 11, 2016|date=December 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224101946/http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html|archive-date=February 24, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2012Vac&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The quest for an HIV vaccine|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/|date=May 18, 2012|last=UNAIDS|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524051113/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/|archive-date=May 24, 2012|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubuvuzi bugirwa inama yo guhita butangira gupimwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV|date=2015|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-150956-5|page=13|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186275/1/9789241509565_eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014071803/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186275/1/9789241509565_eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=October 14, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatabayeho kuvurwa, igihe mpuzandengo cyo kubaho nyuma yo kwandura ni 11&amp;nbsp;imyaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNAIDS2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]], World Health Organization|date=December 2007|title=2007 AIDS epidemic update|url=http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf|access-date=March 12, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201701/http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf|archive-date=May 27, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2021, abantu bagera kuri 38&amp;nbsp;Abantu miliyoni ku isi babana n'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA kandi hapfuye abantu 650.000.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet|title=Global HIV &amp; AIDS statistics — 2022 fact sheet|website=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]|access-date=July 20, 2023|archive-date=December 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204021652/https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abagera kuri miliyoni 20.6 muri bo baba mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo ya Afurika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf|title=Fact Sheet - World AIDS Day 2019|website=www.unaids.org|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221165100/https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hagati y'igihe SIDA yamenyekanye (mu ntangiriro za 1980) na 2018, iyi ndwara yateye abantu bagera kuri 32&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'abapfuye ku isi yose.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet|title=Global HIV &amp; AIDS statistics — 2019 fact sheet|website=www.unaids.org|language=en|access-date=2019-12-21|publisher=UNAIDS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204021652/https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet|archive-date=December 4, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; VIH/SIDA ifatwa nk'icyorezo —icyorezo kigaragara mu gace kanini kandi kirimo gukwirakwira cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kallings&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kallings LO|title=The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=263|issue=3|pages=218–43|date=March 2008|pmid=18205765|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x}}(subscription required)&lt;/ref&gt; Agakoko gatera SIDA kavuye ku zindi nyamaswa z’inkende kagera ku bantu bo muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba bwo hagati mu ntangiriro kugeza hagati mu kinyejana cya 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orgin2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sharp PM, Hahn BH|title=Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|volume=1|issue=1|page=a006841|date=September 2011|pmid=22229120|pmc=3234451|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006841}}&lt;/ref&gt; SIDA yamenyekanye bwa mbere n’Ikigo cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) mu 1981 kandi icyayiteye—ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA—yamenyekanye mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gallo RC|title=A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years|journal=[[Retrovirology (journal)|Retrovirology]]|volume=3|issue=1|page=72|date=October 2006|pmid=17054781|pmc=1629027|doi=10.1186/1742-4690-3-72}}&lt;/ref&gt;

VIH/SIDA yagize ingaruka zikomeye kuri sosiyete, haba nk'indwara ndetse n'ivangura.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNAIDS2006Ch4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|publisher=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]|year=2006|title=2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic|chapter=The impact of AIDS on people and societies|url=http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_CH04_en.pdf|isbn=978-92-9173-479-5|access-date=July 28, 2020|archive-date=October 4, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004001821/http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_CH04_en.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara kandi igira ingaruka zikomeye ku bukungu.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNAIDS2006Ch4&quot; /&gt; Hari ibitekerezo byinshi bitari byo kuri VIH/SIDA, nko kwizera ko ishobora kwanduzwa no gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina mu buryo busanzwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Myth Busters|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=351|issue=6268|pages=35|url=http://austintexas.gov/page/myth-busters|access-date=February 14, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222160217/http://austintexas.gov/page/myth-busters|archive-date=February 22, 2016|bibcode=2016Sci...351...35E|last=Endersby|first=Jim|year=2016|doi=10.1126/science.aad2891}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara imaze kuvugwaho impaka nyinshi zijyanye n'amadini, harimo n'uko Kiliziya Gatolika ifata icyemezo cyo kudashyigikira ikoreshwa [[Agakingirizo|ry'agakingirizo]] mu kwirinda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=McCullom|first=Rob|title=An African Pope Won't Change the Vatican's Views on Condoms and AIDS|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/02/an-african-pope-wont-change-the-vaticans-views-on-condoms-and-aids/273535/|website=The Atlantic|access-date=February 14, 2016|date=February 26, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308135849/http://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/02/an-african-pope-wont-change-the-vaticans-views-on-condoms-and-aids/273535/|archive-date=March 8, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakuruye ibitekerezo mpuzamahanga by’ubuvuzi na politiki ndetse n’inkunga nini kuva yamenyekana mu myaka ya 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn1-59797-294-0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Harden, Victoria Angela|title=AIDS at 30: A History|publisher=Potomac Books Inc|location=|year=2012|page=324|isbn=978-1-59797-294-9|oclc=|doi=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>tbhndrcthf9gtr1qqdkaclj799aq7gu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indwara ya Lyme</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23318</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141122</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:45:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503153|Lyme disease]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141122</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13244" sha1="5tmw0oe01vrlcsg1feam6wfz1gc9h7a" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Lyme disease|synonym=Lyme borreliosis|image=Adult deer tick.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=An adult [[Ixodes scapularis|deer tick]] (most cases of Lyme are caused by nymphal rather than adult ticks)|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Expanding area of redness at the site of a [[tick]] bite, [[fever]], [[headache]], [[fatigue (medical)|tiredness]]&lt;ref name=CDC2013S/&gt;|complications=[[Facial nerve paralysis]], [[arthritis]], [[meningitis]]&lt;ref name=CDC2013S/&gt;|onset=A week after a bite&lt;ref name=CDC2013S/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Borrelia]]'' spread by ticks&lt;ref name=NEJM2014/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, tick exposure, blood tests&lt;ref name=CDC2013Diag&gt;{{cite web|title=Lyme Disease Diagnosis and Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/diagnosistesting/index.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=2 March 2015|date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302013440/http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/diagnosistesting/index.html|archive-date=2 March 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302013440/http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/diagnosistesting/index.html |date=2 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|differential=|prevention=Prevention of tick bites (clothing the limbs, [[DEET]]), [[doxycycline]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2014/&gt;|treatment=|medication=[[Doxycycline]], [[amoxicillin]], [[azithromycin]], [[ceftriaxone]], [[cefuroxime]]&lt;ref name=BNF2022/&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=365,000 per year&lt;ref name=NEJM2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Berg2014/&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Indwara ya Lyme''', izwi kandi nka '''Lyme borreliosis''', ni indwara yandura iterwa na [[bagiteri]] ''ya Borrelia'' ikwirakwizwa n'udukoko .  Ikimenyetso gikunze kugaragara cy'ubwandu ni ahantu hagaragara ubutuku ku ruhu, hazwi nka erythema migrans, hagaragara aho inkende yarumwe nyuma y'icyumweru kimwe ibaye.&lt;ref name=CDC2013S&gt;{{cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms of Lyme Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/signs_symptoms/index.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=2 March 2015|date=11 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116063305/http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/signs_symptoms/index.html|archive-date=16 January 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116063305/http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/signs_symptoms/index.html |date=16 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe ibibyimba ntibiba bishyushye cyangwa ngo bibabaza.&lt;ref name=CDC2013S /&gt; Hafi 70–80% by'abantu banduye barwara uduheri.&lt;ref name=CDC2013S /&gt; Izindi ndwara zo mu ntangiriro zishobora kuba zirimo umuriro, kuribwa umutwe, umunaniro no kubyimba kw'imitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=Gavin|last2=Irving|first2=William L.|last3=Moss|first3=Peter J.|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor-last2=Randall|editor-first2=David|editor-last3=Waterhouse|editor-first3=Mona|title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5|page=549|edition=10th|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA549|language=en|chapter=20. Infectious disease|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115034331/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA549|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi birakemuka muri iki cyiciro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2020&quot; /&gt; Iyo batavuwe, bamwe bashobora kubura ubushobozi bwo kwimura uruhande rumwe cyangwa byombi rw'isura, kubabara ingingo, kuribwa umutwe cyane hamwe no gukomera kw'ijosi, cyangwa gutera umutima mu gifu, n'ibindi.&lt;ref name=CDC2013S /&gt; Nyuma y'amezi cyangwa imyaka, ububabare bw'ingingo no kubyimba bishobora kubaho kenshi.&lt;ref name=CDC2013S /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2020&quot; /&gt; Rimwe na rimwe, abantu bagira ububabare bwo kurasa cyangwa kuribwa mu maboko no ku maguru.&lt;ref name=CDC2013S /&gt; Nubwo bavuwe neza, abantu bagera kuri 10 kugeza kuri 20% bagira ububabare mu ngingo, ibibazo byo kwibuka no kunanirwa byibuze amezi atandatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aucott2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aucott JN|title=Posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=29|issue=2|pages=309–323|date=June 2015|pmid=25999226|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2015.02.012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Indwara ya Lyme yandurira mu bantu binyuze mu kurumwa n'udusimba twanduye two mu bwoko bwa ''Ixodes''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Johnson RC|chapter=Borrelia|title=Baron's Medical Microbiology|editor-last=Baron S|edition=4th|publisher=Univ of Texas Medical Branch|year=1996|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&amp;rid=mmed.section.1965|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|pmid=21413339|display-editors=etal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207104450/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi|archive-date=7 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, udukoko duhangayikishije akenshi tuba turi mu bwoko bwa ''Ixodes scapularis'', kandi tugomba gushyirwaho nibura amasaha 36 mbere yuko bagiteri ikwirakwira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ste2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Steere|first=AC|last2=Strle|first2=F|last3=Wormser|first3=GP|last4=Hu|first4=LT|last5=Branda|first5=JA|last6=Hovius|first6=JW|last7=Li|first7=X|last8=Mead|first8=PS|title=Lyme borreliosis.|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|date=15 December 2016|volume=2|pages=16090|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2016.90|pmid=27976670|pmc=5539539}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu Burayi, udukoko two mu bwoko bwa ''Ixodes ricinus'' dushobora gukwirakwiza bagiteri vuba cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ste2016&quot; /&gt;  Muri Amerika ya Ruguru, bagiteri ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' na ''Borrelia mayonii'' ni byo bitera indwara ya Lyme.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Shapiro ED|date=May 2014|title=Clinical practice. Lyme disease|url=http://portal.mah.harvard.edu/templatesnew/departments/MTA/Lyme/uploaded_documents/NEJMcp1314325.pdf|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=370|issue=18|pages=1724–1731|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1314325|pmc=4487875|pmid=24785207|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821071927/http://portal.mah.harvard.edu/templatesnew/departments/MTA/Lyme/uploaded_documents/NEJMcp1314325.pdf|archive-date=21 August 2016|via=|access-date=5 July 2016|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019142422/http://portal.mah.harvard.edu/templatesnew/departments/MTA/Lyme/uploaded_documents/NEJMcp1314325.pdf |date=19 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pritt BS, Mead PS, Johnson DK, Neitzel DF, Respicio-Kingry LB, Davis JP, Schiffman E, Sloan LM, Schriefer ME, Replogle AJ, Paskewitz SM, Ray JA, Bjork J, Steward CR, Deedon A, Lee X, Kingry LC, Miller TK, Feist MA, Theel ES, Patel R, Irish CL, Petersen JM|date=May 2016|title=Identification of a novel pathogenic Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia: a descriptive study|url=|journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=5|pages=556–564|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00464-8|pmc=4975683|pmid=26856777}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu Burayi no muri Aziya, ''Borrelia afzelii'' na ''Borrelia garinii'' nazo zitera indwara.  Iyi ndwara isa nkaho idakwirakwira hagati y’abantu, izindi nyamaswa, cyangwa binyuze mu biribwa.&lt;ref name=CDC2013T&gt;{{cite web|title=Lyme disease transmission|url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/transmission/index.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=2 March 2015|date=11 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303002640/http://www.cdc.gov/Lyme/transmission/index.html|archive-date=3 March 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303002640/http://www.cdc.gov/Lyme/transmission/index.html |date=3 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso bitandukanye, amateka y’uko umuntu yahuye n’udukoko, ndetse no gupima uturemangingo tw’umubiri mu maraso.   Ibizamini by'amaraso akenshi biba ari bibi mu ntangiriro z'indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt; Gupima udukoko ku giti cyatwo ntabwo ari ingirakamaro. 

Kwirinda birimo imbaraga zo gukumira kurumwa n'udukoko nko kwambara imyenda yo gupfuka amaboko n'amaguru, no gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ishingiye kuri DEET .  Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko kugira ngo ugabanye umubare w'udukoko nabyo bishobora kugira akamaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt; Udukoko dushobora gukurwaho hakoreshejwe udupira two gukururaho udupira .  Iyo agakoko kakuweho kari kuzuye amaraso, doxycycline imwe ishobora gukoreshwa mu gukumira ubwandu, ariko muri rusange ntibyemewe kuko ubwandu bukunze kugaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt; Iyo habayeho ubwandu, imiti myinshi igabanya ubukana irakora neza, harimo doxycycline, amoxicillin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, na cefuroxime.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=[[British National Formulary|British National Formulary (BNF)]]|date=September 2021 - March 2022|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-85711-413-6|edition=82|pages=620-621|chapter=5. Infection: 2.3. Lyme disease}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi busanzwe bumara ibyumweru bibiri cyangwa bitatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt; Hari abantu bagira umuriro n'ububabare bw'imitsi n'ingingo nyuma yo kuvurwa, ibyo bikaba bishobora kumara umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bagaragaza ibimenyetso bidashira, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara ya antibiyotike mu gihe kirekire ntiyagaragaye ko ari ingirakamaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt; 

Indwara ya Lyme ni yo ndwara ikunze gukwirakwizwa n'udusimba mu majyaruguru y'isi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Regional Disease Vector Ecology Profile: Central Europe|date=April 2001|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=9781428911437|page=136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hpr10wAwoE0C&amp;pg=PA136|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908151350/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hpr10wAwoE0C&amp;pg=PA136|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bivugwa ko yibasira abantu 300.000 buri mwaka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n'abantu 65.000 ku mwaka mu Burayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Berg2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Berger|first=Stephen|title=Lyme disease: Global Status 2014 Edition|date=2014|publisher=GIDEON Informatics Inc|isbn=9781498803434|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuKCBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908151350/https://books.google.com/books?id=DuKCBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA7|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwandura indwara bikunze kugaragara cyane mu mpeshyi no mu ntangiriro z'impeshyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt; Indwara ya Lyme yasuzumwe nk'indwara yihariye ku nshuro ya mbere mu 1975 i Old Lyme, muri Connecticut.&lt;ref name=&quot;Car2007&quot; /&gt; Mbere yitiranyijwe n'indwara ya rubagimpande y'abana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Car2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Carolyn|title=Infectious disease epidemiology : theory and practice|date=2007|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|location=Sudbury, Mass.|isbn=9780763728793|page=447|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_j-G4zJ4cQC&amp;pg=PA447|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908151350/https://books.google.com/books?id=o_j-G4zJ4cQC&amp;pg=PA447|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bagiteri irimo yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1981 na Willy Burgdorfer .  Ibimenyetso bidakira nyuma yo kuvurwa birasobanuwe neza kandi bizwi nka &quot;syndrome y'indwara ya Lyme nyuma yo kuvurwa&quot; (PTLDS).&lt;ref name=CDC2017PT&gt;{{cite web|title=Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome|url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/postLDS/index.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=20 June 2018|date=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227054926/http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/postLDS/index.html|archive-date=27 February 2015|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227054926/http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/postLDS/index.html |date=27 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; PTLDS itandukanye n'indwara ya Lyme idakira ; ijambo ritagishyigikiwe n'abahanga mu bya siyansi kandi rikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye n'amatsinda atandukanye.   Bamwe mu batanga serivisi z'ubuvuzi bavuga ko PTLDS iterwa n'ubwandu buhoraho, ariko ibi ntibyizerwa ko ari ukuri kuko nta kimenyetso cy'ubwandu buhoraho gishobora kuboneka nyuma yo kuvurwa bisanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lantos2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lantos PM|title=Chronic Lyme disease|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=29|issue=2|pages=325–40|date=June 2015|pmid=25999227|pmc=4477530|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2015.02.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Urukingo rw'indwara ya Lyme rwagurishijwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika hagati ya 1998 na 2002, ariko rwakuwe ku isoko kubera ko rwagurishijwe nabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;safe&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=|title=When a vaccine is safe|journal=Nature|volume=439|issue=7076|pages=509|date=February 2006|pmid=16452935|doi=10.1038/439509a|bibcode=2006Natur.439Q.509.|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Aronowitz|first=Robert A|date=June 2016|title=The Rise and Fall of the Lyme Disease Vaccines: A Cautionary Tale for Risk Interventions in American Medicine and Public Health|journal=The Milbank Quarterly|volume=90|issue=2|pages=250–277|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0009.2012.00663.x|issn=0887-378X|pmc=3460208|pmid=22709388}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubushakashatsi burakomeje kugira ngo hakorwe inkingo nshya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>5tmw0oe01vrlcsg1feam6wfz1gc9h7a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sineseti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23319</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141123</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:46:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1487435|Synesthesia]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141123</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7910" sha1="p6toz6cri9q97awdd7mkrxrr7cncxnn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Synesthesia|synonym=Synaesthesia&lt;ref name=Ward2013/&gt;|image=Synesthesia.svg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=Synæsthesia, synaesthesia|caption=Some of those affected perceive certain letters and numbers as also colors.|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]], [[neurology]]|symptoms=Experiencing one [[perception|sensation]] as an additional sensation&lt;ref name=Ward2013/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=At least 61&lt;ref name=Def2012/&gt;|causes=Unclear&lt;ref name=Kell2015/&gt;|risks=[[Family history]], [[sensory loss]], [[lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]]&lt;ref name=Ward2013/&gt;|diagnosis=|differential=[[Illusion]], [[hallucination]]&lt;ref name=Ward2013/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=~4% of people&lt;ref name=Bra2011/&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Synesthesia''' ni ikintu aho gukangura inzira imwe y'ibyumviro cyangwa iy'ubwenge binatuma habaho ubunararibonye butunguranye mu yindi nzira y'ibyumviro cyangwa iy'ubwenge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ward|first=J|title=Synesthesia.|journal=Annual review of psychology|date=2013|volume=64|pages=49-75|doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143840|pmid=22747246}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bra2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brang|first=D|last2=Ramachandran|first2=VS|title=Survival of the synesthesia gene: why do people hear colors and taste words?|journal=PLoS biology|date=November 2011|volume=9|issue=11|pages=e1001205|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001205|pmid=22131906}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu bikunze gukangura ni inyuguti, imibare, cyangwa amagambo; naho ibintu bikunze kugaragara ni amabara cyangwa imiterere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Izindi ngero zishobora kuba zirimo iminsi, umuziki, uburyohe, cyangwa abantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Abantu bashobora kugira ubwoko burenze bumwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu ntirasobanuka neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kell2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kelly|first=Evelyn B.|title=The 101 Most Unusual Diseases and Disorders|date=23 November 2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-676-0|page=269|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_101_Most_Unusual_Diseases_and_Disord/oF_lCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Synesthesia+cause+unknown&amp;pg=PA269|language=en|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805000411/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_101_Most_Unusual_Diseases_and_Disord/oF_lCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Synesthesia+cause+unknown&amp;pg=PA269|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara zishobora kuvuka kare mu buzima cyangwa zikavuka nyuma y’impanuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo amateka y'umuryango, gutakaza ubushobozi bwo kumva nk'ubuhumyi, n'ibintu nka aside lysergic diethylamide (LSD).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Abagera kuri 40% by'abarwayi bafite uwo bafitanye isano yo ku rwego rwa mbere wafashwe n'iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bra2011&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bw'ibanze bushobora kuba bukubiyemo kugabanuka kw'imitsi ibuza ubwonko cyangwa kugabanuka kw'imitsi ihuza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cavallaro|first=Dani|title=Synesthesia and the Arts|date=2 October 2013|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-7563-6|page=22|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia_and_the_Arts/kZPqAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA22|language=en|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805000411/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia_and_the_Arts/kZPqAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA22|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haracyari ikiganiro gikomeje ku buryo bwiza bwo gusobanura iyo ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Def2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Simner J|title=Defining synaesthesia|journal=British Journal of Psychology|volume=103|issue=1|pages=1–15|date=February 2012|pmid=22229768|doi=10.1348/000712610X528305|url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/12435588/Defining_synaesthesia.pdf|type=Review|access-date=17 July 2022|archive-date=9 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709165250/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/12435588/Defining_synaesthesia.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hagati ya 2% na 20% by'abantu bagerwaho n'iki kibazo ku rugero runaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Abagabo n'abagore basa nkaho bagerwaho n'ingaruka zimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara ishobora kugira akamaro mu gutunganya ubwenge nko kugira ubushobozi bwo guhanga udushya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bra2011&quot; /&gt; Bamwe bayikoresheje kugira ngo ifashe mu gufata mu mutwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bra2011&quot; /&gt;

Urubanza rwa mbere rwanditswe rushobora kuba urwo mu 1690 rwanditswe n'umuhanga mu bya filozofiya John Locke, wavuze ku mugabo w'impumyi wabonye ibara ry'umutuku ubwo yumvaga ijwi ry'impanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cav2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cavallaro|first=Dani|title=Synesthesia and the Arts|date=2 October 2013|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-7563-6|page=53|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia_and_the_Arts/kZPqAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA53|language=en|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805000411/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia_and_the_Arts/kZPqAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA53|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ariko, bamwe barahakana niba ibyo Locke yavuze ari urugero nyakuri rw'imimerere cyangwa ari ikigereranyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jew2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jewanski J, Day SA, Ward J|title=A colorful albino: the first documented case of synaesthesia, by Georg Tobias Ludwig Sachs in 1812|journal=Journal of the History of the Neurosciences|volume=18|issue=3|pages=293–303|date=July 2009|pmid=20183209|doi=10.1080/09647040802431946|s2cid=8641750}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inkuru ya mbere y’ubuvuzi ivugwaho kuba yaranditswe n’umuganga w’Umudage witwa Georg Tobias Ludwig Sachs mu 1812.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jew2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brit2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/synesthesia|title=Synesthesia|date=2018-12-28|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=2019-01-25|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729165118/https://www.britannica.com/science/synesthesia|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SA2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/literally-psyched/from-the-words-of-an-albino-a-brilliant-blend-of-color/|title=From the words of an albino, a brilliant blend of color|date=2013-02-26|work=Scientific American Blog Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920114035/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/literally-psyched/from-the-words-of-an-albino-a-brilliant-blend-of-color/|archive-date=2016-09-20|access-date=2019-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iri jambo rikomoka ku Kigiriki cya kera {{Lang|grc|[[wikt:σύν|σύν]]}} {{Lang|grc-Latn|syn}}, bisobanura &quot;hamwe&quot;, na {{Lang|grc|[[wikt:αἴσθησις|αἴσθησις]]}} {{Lang|grc-Latn|aisthēsis}}, bisobanura &quot; [[wikt:sensation|ibyiyumvo]] &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robertson|first=Lynn C.|last2=Robertson|first2=Lynn C.|last3=Sagiv|first3=Noam|last4=Sagiv|first4=Research Fellow Noam|title=Synesthesia: Perspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-516623-1|page=3|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia/GL8TDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA3|language=en|access-date=2022-07-25|archive-date=2022-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805000411/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia/GL8TDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abafite amateka maremare y'ibyo bintu bazwi nka '''synesthetes'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Camp2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=van Campen C|date=2009|title=The Hidden Sense: On Becoming Aware of Synesthesia|journal=Teccogs|volume=1|pages=1–13|url=http://www.pucsp.br/pos/tidd/teccogs/artigos/pdf/teccogs_edicao1_2009_artigo_CAMPEN.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708013028/http://www.pucsp.br/pos/tidd/teccogs/artigos/pdf/teccogs_edicao1_2009_artigo_CAMPEN.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>p6toz6cri9q97awdd7mkrxrr7cncxnn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141129</id>
      <parentid>141123</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:53:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1487435|Synesthesia]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141129</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7915" sha1="0i8ax7xs5l77qnd6vwzr02xuzswf1st" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Synesthesia|synonym=Synaesthesia&lt;ref name=Ward2013/&gt;|image=Synesthesia.svg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=Synæsthesia, synaesthesia|caption=Some of those affected perceive certain letters and numbers as also colors.|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]], [[neurology]]|symptoms=Experiencing one [[perception|sensation]] as an additional sensation&lt;ref name=Ward2013/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=At least 61&lt;ref name=Def2012/&gt;|causes=Unclear&lt;ref name=Kell2015/&gt;|risks=[[Family history]], [[sensory loss]], [[lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]]&lt;ref name=Ward2013/&gt;|diagnosis=|differential=[[Illusion]], [[hallucination]]&lt;ref name=Ward2013/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=~4% of people&lt;ref name=Bra2011/&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Synesthesia''' ni ikintu aho gukangura inzira imwe y'ibyumviro cyangwa iy'ubwenge binatuma habaho ubunararibonye butunguranye mu yindi nzira y'ibyumviro cyangwa iy'ubwenge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ward|first=J|title=Synesthesia.|journal=Annual review of psychology|date=2013|volume=64|pages=49-75|doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143840|pmid=22747246}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bra2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brang|first=D|last2=Ramachandran|first2=VS|title=Survival of the synesthesia gene: why do people hear colors and taste words?|journal=PLoS biology|date=November 2011|volume=9|issue=11|pages=e1001205|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001205|pmid=22131906}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu bikunze gukangura ni inyuguti, imibare, cyangwa amagambo; naho ibintu bikunze kugaragara ni amabara cyangwa imiterere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Izindi ngero zishobora kuba zirimo iminsi, umuziki, uburyohe, cyangwa abantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Abantu bashobora kuba bafite ubwoko burenze bumwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu ntirasobanuka neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kell2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kelly|first=Evelyn B.|title=The 101 Most Unusual Diseases and Disorders|date=23 November 2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-676-0|page=269|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_101_Most_Unusual_Diseases_and_Disord/oF_lCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Synesthesia+cause+unknown&amp;pg=PA269|language=en|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805000411/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_101_Most_Unusual_Diseases_and_Disord/oF_lCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Synesthesia+cause+unknown&amp;pg=PA269|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara zishobora kuvuka kare mu buzima cyangwa zikavuka nyuma y’impanuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo amateka y'umuryango, gutakaza ubushobozi bwo kumva nk'ubuhumyi, n'ibintu nka aside lysergic diethylamide (LSD).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Abagera kuri 40% by'abarwayi bafite uwo bafitanye isano yo ku rwego rwa mbere wafashwe n'iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bra2011&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bw'ibanze bushobora kuba bukubiyemo kugabanuka kw'imitsi ibuza ubwonko cyangwa kugabanuka kw'imitsi ihuza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cavallaro|first=Dani|title=Synesthesia and the Arts|date=2 October 2013|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-7563-6|page=22|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia_and_the_Arts/kZPqAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA22|language=en|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805000411/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia_and_the_Arts/kZPqAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA22|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haracyari ikiganiro gikomeje ku buryo bwiza bwo gusobanura iyo ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Def2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Simner J|title=Defining synaesthesia|journal=British Journal of Psychology|volume=103|issue=1|pages=1–15|date=February 2012|pmid=22229768|doi=10.1348/000712610X528305|url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/12435588/Defining_synaesthesia.pdf|type=Review|access-date=17 July 2022|archive-date=9 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709165250/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/12435588/Defining_synaesthesia.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hagati ya 2% na 20% by'abantu bagerwaho n'iki kibazo ku rugero runaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Abagabo n'abagore basa nkaho bagerwaho n'ingaruka zimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara ishobora kugira akamaro mu gutunganya ubwenge nko kugira ubushobozi bwo guhanga udushya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bra2011&quot; /&gt; Bamwe bayikoresheje kugira ngo ifashe mu gufata mu mutwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bra2011&quot; /&gt;

Urubanza rwa mbere rwanditswe rushobora kuba urwo mu 1690 rwanditswe n'umuhanga mu bya filozofiya John Locke, wavuze ku mugabo w'impumyi wabonye ibara ry'umutuku ubwo yumvaga ijwi ry'impanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cav2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cavallaro|first=Dani|title=Synesthesia and the Arts|date=2 October 2013|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-7563-6|page=53|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia_and_the_Arts/kZPqAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA53|language=en|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805000411/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia_and_the_Arts/kZPqAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA53|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ariko, bamwe barahakana niba ibyo Locke yavuze ari urugero nyakuri rw'imimerere cyangwa ari ikigereranyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jew2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jewanski J, Day SA, Ward J|title=A colorful albino: the first documented case of synaesthesia, by Georg Tobias Ludwig Sachs in 1812|journal=Journal of the History of the Neurosciences|volume=18|issue=3|pages=293–303|date=July 2009|pmid=20183209|doi=10.1080/09647040802431946|s2cid=8641750}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inkuru ya mbere y’ubuvuzi ivugwaho kuba yaranditswe n’umuganga w’Umudage witwa Georg Tobias Ludwig Sachs mu 1812.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jew2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brit2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/synesthesia|title=Synesthesia|date=2018-12-28|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=2019-01-25|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729165118/https://www.britannica.com/science/synesthesia|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SA2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/literally-psyched/from-the-words-of-an-albino-a-brilliant-blend-of-color/|title=From the words of an albino, a brilliant blend of color|date=2013-02-26|work=Scientific American Blog Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920114035/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/literally-psyched/from-the-words-of-an-albino-a-brilliant-blend-of-color/|archive-date=2016-09-20|access-date=2019-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iri jambo rikomoka ku Kigiriki cya kera {{Lang|grc|[[wikt:σύν|σύν]]}} {{Lang|grc-Latn|syn}}, bisobanura &quot;hamwe&quot;, na {{Lang|grc|[[wikt:αἴσθησις|αἴσθησις]]}} {{Lang|grc-Latn|aisthēsis}}, bisobanura &quot; [[wikt:sensation|ibyiyumvo]] &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robertson|first=Lynn C.|last2=Robertson|first2=Lynn C.|last3=Sagiv|first3=Noam|last4=Sagiv|first4=Research Fellow Noam|title=Synesthesia: Perspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-516623-1|page=3|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia/GL8TDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA3|language=en|access-date=2022-07-25|archive-date=2022-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805000411/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia/GL8TDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abafite amateka maremare y'ibyo bintu bazwi nka '''synesthetes'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Camp2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=van Campen C|date=2009|title=The Hidden Sense: On Becoming Aware of Synesthesia|journal=Teccogs|volume=1|pages=1–13|url=http://www.pucsp.br/pos/tidd/teccogs/artigos/pdf/teccogs_edicao1_2009_artigo_CAMPEN.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708013028/http://www.pucsp.br/pos/tidd/teccogs/artigos/pdf/teccogs_edicao1_2009_artigo_CAMPEN.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>0i8ax7xs5l77qnd6vwzr02xuzswf1st</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Guhagarika imitsi y'ibihaha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23320</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141124</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:48:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1495428|Pulmonary embolism]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141124</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10346" sha1="f4ikwat3tax1wfyakboxhi03um3mhqs" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Pulmonary embolism|synonym=|image=SaddlePE.PNG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Chest spiral [[CT scan]] with [[radiocontrast]] agent showing multiple filling defects both at the bifurcation (&quot;saddle&quot; pulmonary embolism) and in the [[pulmonary artery|pulmonary arteries]]|pronounce=|field=[[Hematology]], [[cardiology]], [[pulmonology]]|symptoms=[[dyspnea|Shortness of breath]], [[chest pain]], coughing up blood&lt;ref name=NIH2011Sym/&gt;|complications=[[Syncope (medicine)|Passing out]], [[shock (circulatory)|abnormally low blood pressure]], [[cardiac arrest|sudden death]]&lt;ref name=Goldhaber/&gt;|onset=Advanced age&lt;ref name=NIH2011Risk/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=|risks=[[Cancer]], prolonged [[bed rest]], [[smoking]], [[stroke]], certain [[genetics|genetic]] conditions, [[hormone replacement therapy|estrogen-based medication]], [[pregnancy]], [[obesity]], after surgery&lt;ref name=NIH2011Risk/&gt;|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, [[D-dimer]], [[CT pulmonary angiography]], [[lung ventilation/perfusion scan]]&lt;ref name=NIH2011Diag/&gt;|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Anticoagulant]]s ([[heparin]], [[warfarin]], [[DOACs]])&lt;ref name=Chest2016&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, Blaivas A, Jimenez D, Bounameaux H, Huisman M, King CS, Morris TA, Sood N, Stevens SM, Vintch JR, Wells P, Woller SC, Moores L | display-authors = 6 | title = Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report | journal = Chest | volume = 149 | issue = 2 | pages = 315–352 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26867832 | doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=~450,000 per year (USA), 430,000 (Europe)&lt;ref name=NIH2011What&gt;{{cite web|title=What Is Pulmonary Embolism?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe|website=NHLBI|access-date=12 March 2016|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312125204/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe|archive-date=12 March 2016|df=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312125204/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe |date=12 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Epi2005&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ras2014/&gt;|deaths=50,000–200,000 per year (USA)&lt;ref name=Epi2005/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Robbins Pathology&quot;/&gt;|video1=|named after=}}'''Kuziba kw'imitsi y'ibihaha''' ( '''PE''' ) ni ukuziba kw'imitsi y'amaraso mu bihaha bitewe n'ikintu cyavuye ahandi mu mubiri kinyuze mu maraso ( embolism ).  Ibimenyetso bya PE bishobora kuba birimo kubura umwuka, kubabara mu gatuza cyane cyane iyo umuntu ahumeka, no gukorora amaraso.&lt;ref name=NIH2011Sym&gt;{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=12 March 2016|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014739/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/signs|archive-date=9 March 2016|df=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014739/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/signs |date=9 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso by'amaraso yapfutse mu kaguru bishobora no kugaragara, nko kuguru gutukura, gushyuha, kubyimba no kubabara.  Ibimenyetso bya PE birimo urugero rwa ogisijeni mu maraso ruke, guhumeka vuba, umutima utera cyane, ndetse rimwe na rimwe n'umuriro muto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tint2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tintinalli|first=Judith E.|title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies|location=New York|year=2010|pages=432|edition=7|isbn=978-0-07-148480-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara zikomeye zishobora gutera gucika intege, umuvuduko w'amaraso ugabanuka cyane, ndetse n'urupfu rutunguranye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldhaber&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldhaber SZ|veditors=Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|edition=16th|year=2005|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-07-139140-5|pages=1561–65|chapter=Pulmonary thromboembolism|display-editors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ubusanzwe PE iterwa no kuzura kw'amaraso mu kaguru kakajya mu bihaha.  Ibyago byo kuvura amaraso byiyongera bitewe na [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]], kuryama igihe kirekire ku buriri, kunywa itabi, gucika intege mu bwonko, indwara zimwe na zimwe zikomoka ku ngirabuzimafatizo, [[Uburyo bwo kuvura imisemburo|imiti ikomoka kuri estrogen]], [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]], umubyibuho ukabije, ndetse na nyuma yo kubagwa.  Igice gito cy'ibibazo biterwa no kwiyongera k'umwuka, ibinure, cyangwa amazi yo mu nda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pantaleo G, Luigi N, Federica T, Paola S, Margherita N, Tahir M|title=Amniotic fluid embolism: review|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology|volume=14|issue=14|pages=1163–7|date=2014|pmid=24804726|doi=10.2174/1389201015666140430161404}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso n'ibimenyetso bihujwe n'ibisubizo by'ibizamini.&lt;ref name=NIH2011Diag&gt;{{cite web|title=How Is Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosed?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/diagnosis|website=NHLBI|access-date=12 March 2016|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407071108/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/diagnosis|archive-date=7 April 2016|df=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407071108/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/diagnosis |date=7 April 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo ibyago biri hasi, ikizamini cy'amaraso kizwi nka D-dimer gishobora kugaragaza ko nta kibazo kirimo.&lt;ref name=NIH2011Diag /&gt; Bitabaye ibyo, CT pulmonary angiography, isuzuma ry’imitsi mu bihaha, cyangwa ultrasound y’amaguru bishobora kwemeza ko ari byo byagaragaye.  Hamwe na hamwe, thrombosis y'imitsi yo mu bwonko iteye imbere na PE bizwi nka thromboembolism y'imitsi yo mu bwonko (VTE). 

Mu bikorwa byo gukumira indwara ya PE harimo gutangira kwimuka vuba bishoboka nyuma yo kubagwa, gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri yo hasi mu gihe cyo kwicara, no gukoresha imiti igabanya amaraso nyuma yo kubagwa ubwoko bumwe na bumwe.  Ubuvuzi bukorwa hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya amaraso nka heparin, warfarin cyangwa imwe muri iyo miti igabanya amaraso mu kanwa (DOACs).&lt;ref name=&quot;Chest2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal| vauthors = Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, Blaivas A, Jimenez D, Bounameaux H, Huisman M, King CS, Morris TA, Sood N, Stevens SM, Vintch JR, Wells P, Woller SC, Moores L | display-authors = 6 | title = Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report | journal = Chest | volume = 149 | issue = 2 | pages = 315–352 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26867832 | doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bigirwa inama yo kubikoresha nibura amezi atatu.  Indwara zikomeye zishobora gusaba ko habaho thrombolysis hakoreshejwe imiti nka tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) itangwa mu mitsi cyangwa binyuze muri catheter, kandi zimwe zishobora gusaba kubagwa ( pulmonary thrombectomy ).&lt;ref name=NIH2011Tx&gt;{{cite web|title=How Is Pulmonary Embolism Treated?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/treatment|website=NHLBI|access-date=12 March 2016|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014151/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/treatment|archive-date=9 March 2016|df=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014151/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/treatment |date=9 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Or2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ortel|first=Thomas L.|last2=Neumann|first2=Ignacio|last3=Ageno|first3=Walter|last4=Beyth|first4=Rebecca|last5=Clark|first5=Nathan P.|last6=Cuker|first6=Adam|last7=Hutten|first7=Barbara A.|last8=Jaff|first8=Michael R.|last9=Manja|first9=Veena|last10=Schulman|first10=Sam|last11=Thurston|first11=Caitlin|last12=Vedantham|first12=Suresh|last13=Verhamme|first13=Peter|last14=Witt|first14=Daniel M.|last15=D. Florez|first15=Ivan|title=American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism|journal=Blood Advances|date=13 October 2020|volume=4|issue=19|pages=4693–4738|doi=10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001830|access-date=22 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niba imiti igabanya amaraso idakwiye, ushobora gukoresha akayunguruzo k'agateganyo ka vena cava . 

Indwara yo mu bihaha yibasira abantu bagera ku 430.000 buri mwaka mu Burayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ras2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raskob GE, Angchaisuksiri P, Blanco AN, Buller H, Gallus A, Hunt BJ, Hylek EM, Kakkar A, Konstantinides SV, McCumber M, Ozaki Y, Wendelboe A, Weitz JI|display-authors=6|title=Thrombosis: a major contributor to global disease burden|journal=Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology|volume=34|issue=11|pages=2363–71|date=November 2014|pmid=25304324|doi=10.1161/atvbaha.114.304488|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, abantu bari hagati ya 300.000 na 600.000 bandura buri mwaka,&lt;ref name=&quot;Epi2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rahimtoola A, Bergin JD|title=Acute pulmonary embolism: an update on diagnosis and management|journal=Current Problems in Cardiology|volume=30|issue=2|pages=61–114|date=February 2005|pmid=15650680|doi=10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2004.06.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; bigatuma impfu ziri hagati ya 50.000 &lt;ref name=&quot;Epi2005&quot; /&gt; na 200.000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Robbins Pathology&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN|title=Basic Pathology|year=2010|publisher=Elsevier|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-312-1036-9|page=98}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igipimo cy’indwara y’igitsina gabo n’igitsina gore kirangana.&lt;ref name=NIH2011Risk&gt;{{cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for Pulmonary Embolism?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/atrisk|website=NHLBI|access-date=12 March 2016|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215115545/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/atrisk|archive-date=15 February 2016|df=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215115545/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/atrisk |date=15 February 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bigenda birushaho kuba byinshi uko abantu bagenda bakura. 

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>f4ikwat3tax1wfyakboxhi03um3mhqs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elizaphan Ntakirutimana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23321</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141125</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:49:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378680639|Elizaphan Ntakirutimana]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>141125</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2785" sha1="7nytjygfumef6a8vt7fx699d5z9pptc" xml:space="preserve">
'''Elizaphan Ntakirutimana''' (1924 – 22 Mutarama 2007) yari umushumba [[Rwanda|w’Umunyarwanda]] [[Idini ry'Abadivantitsi b'umunsi wa Karindwi|w’Itorero ry’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi]] . Ni we mupadiri wa mbere wahamwe n'icyaha cyo kugira uruhare runini mu buyobozi muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo]] mu 1994.

Muri Gashyantare 2003, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwahamije Ntakirutimana n'umuhungu we Dr. Gérard, umuganga warangije amasomo ye muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]] mbere yo kugaruka mu Rwanda, icyaha cyo gufasha no gushyigikira jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakorewe mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994. Urukiko rwasanze byaragaragaye nta gushidikanya ko Ntakirutimana, na we wo mu bwoko bw’Abahutu, yari yaratwaye abagabye igitero bitwaje intwaro abajyana mu kigo cya Mugonero, aho bishe amagana y’impunzi [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]] . Ntakirutimana yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2003-02-19 |title=Pastor who led Tutsi to slaughter is jailed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/20/rorycarroll1 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahamijwe icyaha hashingiwe ku nkuru z’abatangabuhamya babonye . Ingero nyinshi z'ibyaha byahamijwe zateshejwe agaciro mu bujurire ariko igihano cyatanzwe nticyahindutse. Yarekuwe ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2006, nyuma yo kumara imyaka 10 afunzwe cyangwa muri gereza, maze arapfa mu kwezi kwakurikiyeho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICTR Press Release |url=http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?id=82 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814033757/http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?ID=82 |archive-date=2014-08-14 |access-date=2011-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibaruwa yari yandikiwe Ntakirutimana n’abapasiteri b’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi b’Abatutsi, akaba yarayeretse umwanditsi Philip Gourevitch, ni yo yahaye umutwe igitabo cya Gourevitch cyasohotse mu 1998, cyitwa We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families (Turifuza kukumenyesha ko ejo tuzicwa turi kumwe n’imiryango yacu). Icyo gitabo gishinja Ntakirutimana kugira uruhare mu rupfu rw’impunzi.

== Reba kandi ==
 

* Charles A. Adeogun-Phillips
* Wenceslas Munyeshyaka
* Emmanuel Rukundo
* Athanase Seromba

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* Dennis Hokama, &quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209144910/http://atoday.com/magazine/2000/03/former-rwandan-seventh-day-adventist-minister-be-extradited-war-crimes-trial-0 Uwahoze ari Umupasiteri w'Abadivantisiti b'Umunsi wa Karindwi mu Rwanda azoherezwa mu rukiko rw'ibyaha by'intambara] &quot;. ''Abadivantisiti b'uyu munsi'' 8:2 (Werurwe–Mata 2000)
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]</text>
      <sha1>7nytjygfumef6a8vt7fx699d5z9pptc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141127</id>
      <parentid>141125</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:51:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>gushyiramo databox</comment>
      <origin>141127</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2911" sha1="d7iudzaczo2kq02srdynuyzuecy5ehs" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q725663|useImage=En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg}}

'''Elizaphan Ntakirutimana''' (1924 – 22 Mutarama 2007) yari umushumba [[Rwanda|w’Umunyarwanda]] [[Idini ry'Abadivantitsi b'umunsi wa Karindwi|w’Itorero ry’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi]] . Ni we mupadiri wa mbere wahamwe n'icyaha cyo kugira uruhare runini mu buyobozi muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo]] mu 1994.

Muri Gashyantare 2003, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwahamije Ntakirutimana n'umuhungu we Dr. Gérard, umuganga warangije amasomo ye muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]] mbere yo kugaruka mu Rwanda, icyaha cyo gufasha no gushyigikira jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakorewe mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994. Urukiko rwasanze byaragaragaye nta gushidikanya ko Ntakirutimana, na we wo mu bwoko bw’Abahutu, yari yaratwaye abagabye igitero bitwaje intwaro abajyana mu kigo cya Mugonero, aho bishe amagana y’impunzi [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]] . Ntakirutimana yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2003-02-19 |title=Pastor who led Tutsi to slaughter is jailed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/20/rorycarroll1 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahamijwe icyaha hashingiwe ku nkuru z’abatangabuhamya babonye . Ingero nyinshi z'ibyaha byahamijwe zateshejwe agaciro mu bujurire ariko igihano cyatanzwe nticyahindutse. Yarekuwe ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2006, nyuma yo kumara imyaka 10 afunzwe cyangwa muri gereza, maze arapfa mu kwezi kwakurikiyeho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICTR Press Release |url=http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?id=82 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814033757/http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?ID=82 |archive-date=2014-08-14 |access-date=2011-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibaruwa yari yandikiwe Ntakirutimana n’abapasiteri b’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi b’Abatutsi, akaba yarayeretse umwanditsi Philip Gourevitch, ni yo yahaye umutwe igitabo cya Gourevitch cyasohotse mu 1998, cyitwa We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families (Turifuza kukumenyesha ko ejo tuzicwa turi kumwe n’imiryango yacu). Icyo gitabo gishinja Ntakirutimana kugira uruhare mu rupfu rw’impunzi.

== Reba kandi ==
 

* Charles A. Adeogun-Phillips
* Wenceslas Munyeshyaka
* Emmanuel Rukundo
* Athanase Seromba

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* Dennis Hokama, &quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209144910/http://atoday.com/magazine/2000/03/former-rwandan-seventh-day-adventist-minister-be-extradited-war-crimes-trial-0 Uwahoze ari Umupasiteri w'Abadivantisiti b'Umunsi wa Karindwi mu Rwanda azoherezwa mu rukiko rw'ibyaha by'intambara] &quot;. ''Abadivantisiti b'uyu munsi'' 8:2 (Werurwe–Mata 2000)
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]</text>
      <sha1>d7iudzaczo2kq02srdynuyzuecy5ehs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141128</id>
      <parentid>141127</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:52:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141128</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3006" sha1="ix9h18dvg678nsg0ueq4hb7dsm6abxp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q725663|useImage=En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg}}
[[Dosiye:En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|thumb]]
'''Elizaphan Ntakirutimana''' (1924 – 22 Mutarama 2007) yari umushumba [[Rwanda|w’Umunyarwanda]] [[Idini ry'Abadivantitsi b'umunsi wa Karindwi|w’Itorero ry’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi]] . Ni we mupadiri wa mbere wahamwe n'icyaha cyo kugira uruhare runini mu buyobozi muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo]] mu 1994.

Muri Gashyantare 2003, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwahamije Ntakirutimana n'umuhungu we Dr. Gérard, umuganga warangije amasomo ye muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]] mbere yo kugaruka mu Rwanda, icyaha cyo gufasha no gushyigikira jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakorewe mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994. Urukiko rwasanze byaragaragaye nta gushidikanya ko Ntakirutimana, na we wo mu bwoko bw’Abahutu, yari yaratwaye abagabye igitero bitwaje intwaro abajyana mu kigo cya Mugonero, aho bishe amagana y’impunzi [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]] . Ntakirutimana yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2003-02-19 |title=Pastor who led Tutsi to slaughter is jailed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/20/rorycarroll1 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahamijwe icyaha hashingiwe ku nkuru z’abatangabuhamya babonye . Ingero nyinshi z'ibyaha byahamijwe zateshejwe agaciro mu bujurire ariko igihano cyatanzwe nticyahindutse. Yarekuwe ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2006, nyuma yo kumara imyaka 10 afunzwe cyangwa muri gereza, maze arapfa mu kwezi kwakurikiyeho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICTR Press Release |url=http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?id=82 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814033757/http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?ID=82 |archive-date=2014-08-14 |access-date=2011-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibaruwa yari yandikiwe Ntakirutimana n’abapasiteri b’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi b’Abatutsi, akaba yarayeretse umwanditsi Philip Gourevitch, ni yo yahaye umutwe igitabo cya Gourevitch cyasohotse mu 1998, cyitwa We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families (Turifuza kukumenyesha ko ejo tuzicwa turi kumwe n’imiryango yacu). Icyo gitabo gishinja Ntakirutimana kugira uruhare mu rupfu rw’impunzi.

== Reba kandi ==
 

* Charles A. Adeogun-Phillips
* Wenceslas Munyeshyaka
* Emmanuel Rukundo
* Athanase Seromba

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* Dennis Hokama, &quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209144910/http://atoday.com/magazine/2000/03/former-rwandan-seventh-day-adventist-minister-be-extradited-war-crimes-trial-0 Uwahoze ari Umupasiteri w'Abadivantisiti b'Umunsi wa Karindwi mu Rwanda azoherezwa mu rukiko rw'ibyaha by'intambara] &quot;. ''Abadivantisiti b'uyu munsi'' 8:2 (Werurwe–Mata 2000)
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]</text>
      <sha1>ix9h18dvg678nsg0ueq4hb7dsm6abxp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141130</id>
      <parentid>141128</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:53:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141130</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3093" sha1="px9yof26zsmt4lguneyh2z1xldeoghq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q725663|useImage=En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg}}
[[Dosiye:En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|thumb]]
[[Dosiye:GENOCIDE AND THE RULE OF LAW (IA gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-110hhrg38508).pdf|thumb]]
'''Elizaphan Ntakirutimana''' (1924 – 22 Mutarama 2007) yari umushumba [[Rwanda|w’Umunyarwanda]] [[Idini ry'Abadivantitsi b'umunsi wa Karindwi|w’Itorero ry’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi]] . Ni we mupadiri wa mbere wahamwe n'icyaha cyo kugira uruhare runini mu buyobozi muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo]] mu 1994.

Muri Gashyantare 2003, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwahamije Ntakirutimana n'umuhungu we Dr. Gérard, umuganga warangije amasomo ye muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]] mbere yo kugaruka mu Rwanda, icyaha cyo gufasha no gushyigikira jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakorewe mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994. Urukiko rwasanze byaragaragaye nta gushidikanya ko Ntakirutimana, na we wo mu bwoko bw’Abahutu, yari yaratwaye abagabye igitero bitwaje intwaro abajyana mu kigo cya Mugonero, aho bishe amagana y’impunzi [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]] . Ntakirutimana yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2003-02-19 |title=Pastor who led Tutsi to slaughter is jailed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/20/rorycarroll1 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahamijwe icyaha hashingiwe ku nkuru z’abatangabuhamya babonye . Ingero nyinshi z'ibyaha byahamijwe zateshejwe agaciro mu bujurire ariko igihano cyatanzwe nticyahindutse. Yarekuwe ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2006, nyuma yo kumara imyaka 10 afunzwe cyangwa muri gereza, maze arapfa mu kwezi kwakurikiyeho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICTR Press Release |url=http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?id=82 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814033757/http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?ID=82 |archive-date=2014-08-14 |access-date=2011-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibaruwa yari yandikiwe Ntakirutimana n’abapasiteri b’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi b’Abatutsi, akaba yarayeretse umwanditsi Philip Gourevitch, ni yo yahaye umutwe igitabo cya Gourevitch cyasohotse mu 1998, cyitwa We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families (Turifuza kukumenyesha ko ejo tuzicwa turi kumwe n’imiryango yacu). Icyo gitabo gishinja Ntakirutimana kugira uruhare mu rupfu rw’impunzi.

== Reba kandi ==
 

* Charles A. Adeogun-Phillips
* Wenceslas Munyeshyaka
* Emmanuel Rukundo
* Athanase Seromba

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* Dennis Hokama, &quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209144910/http://atoday.com/magazine/2000/03/former-rwandan-seventh-day-adventist-minister-be-extradited-war-crimes-trial-0 Uwahoze ari Umupasiteri w'Abadivantisiti b'Umunsi wa Karindwi mu Rwanda azoherezwa mu rukiko rw'ibyaha by'intambara] &quot;. ''Abadivantisiti b'uyu munsi'' 8:2 (Werurwe–Mata 2000)
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]</text>
      <sha1>px9yof26zsmt4lguneyh2z1xldeoghq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141132</id>
      <parentid>141130</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:55:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141132</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3097" sha1="nodzg2ajnib3lziizvj497hkabf4f0z" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q725663|useImage=En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg}}
[[Dosiye:En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|thumb]]
[[Dosiye:GENOCIDE AND THE RULE OF LAW (IA gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-110hhrg38508).pdf|thumb]]
'''Elizaphan Ntakirutimana''' (1924 – 22 Mutarama 2007) yari umushumba [[Rwanda|w’Umunyarwanda]] [[Idini ry'Abadivantitsi b'umunsi wa Karindwi|w’Itorero ry’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi]] . Ni we mupadiri wa mbere wahamwe n'icyaha cyo kugira uruhare runini mu buyobozi muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo]] mu 1994.

Muri Gashyantare 2003, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwahamije Ntakirutimana n'umuhungu we Dr. Gérard, umuganga warangije amasomo ye muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]] mbere yo kugaruka mu Rwanda, icyaha cyo gufasha no gushyigikira jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakorewe mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994. Urukiko rwasanze byaragaragaye nta gushidikanya ko Ntakirutimana, na we wo mu bwoko bw’Abahutu, yari yaratwaye abagabye igitero bitwaje intwaro abajyana mu kigo cya Mugonero, aho bishe amagana y’impunzi [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]] . Ntakirutimana yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2003-02-19 |title=Pastor who led Tutsi to slaughter is jailed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/20/rorycarroll1 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahamijwe icyaha hashingiwe ku nkuru z’abatangabuhamya babonye . Ingero nyinshi z'ibyaha byahamijwe zateshejwe agaciro mu bujurire ariko igihano cyatanzwe nticyahindutse. Yarekuwe ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2006, nyuma yo kumara imyaka 10 afunzwe cyangwa muri gereza, maze arapfa mu kwezi kwakurikiyeho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICTR Press Release |url=http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?id=82 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814033757/http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?ID=82 |archive-date=2014-08-14 |access-date=2011-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibaruwa yari yandikiwe Ntakirutimana n’abapasiteri b’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi b’Abatutsi, akaba yarayeretse umwanditsi Philip Gourevitch, ni yo yahaye umutwe igitabo cya Gourevitch cyasohotse mu 1998, cyitwa We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families (Turifuza kukumenyesha ko ejo tuzicwa turi kumwe n’imiryango yacu). Icyo gitabo gishinja Ntakirutimana kugira uruhare mu rupfu rw’impunzi.

== Reba kandi ==
 

* Charles A. Adeogun-Phillips
* [[Wenceslas Munyeshyaka]]
* Emmanuel Rukundo
* Athanase Seromba

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* Dennis Hokama, &quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209144910/http://atoday.com/magazine/2000/03/former-rwandan-seventh-day-adventist-minister-be-extradited-war-crimes-trial-0 Uwahoze ari Umupasiteri w'Abadivantisiti b'Umunsi wa Karindwi mu Rwanda azoherezwa mu rukiko rw'ibyaha by'intambara] &quot;. ''Abadivantisiti b'uyu munsi'' 8:2 (Werurwe–Mata 2000)
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]</text>
      <sha1>nodzg2ajnib3lziizvj497hkabf4f0z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141133</id>
      <parentid>141132</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:56:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141133</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3101" sha1="gn16inp4mqo4as3kyaf6aap2a0k14ly" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q725663|useImage=En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg}}
[[Dosiye:En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|thumb]]
[[Dosiye:GENOCIDE AND THE RULE OF LAW (IA gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-110hhrg38508).pdf|thumb]]
'''Elizaphan Ntakirutimana''' (1924 – 22 Mutarama 2007) yari umushumba [[Rwanda|w’Umunyarwanda]] [[Idini ry'Abadivantitsi b'umunsi wa Karindwi|w’Itorero ry’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi]] . Ni we mupadiri wa mbere wahamwe n'icyaha cyo kugira uruhare runini mu buyobozi muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo]] mu 1994.

Muri Gashyantare 2003, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwahamije Ntakirutimana n'umuhungu we Dr. Gérard, umuganga warangije amasomo ye muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]] mbere yo kugaruka mu Rwanda, icyaha cyo gufasha no gushyigikira jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakorewe mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994. Urukiko rwasanze byaragaragaye nta gushidikanya ko Ntakirutimana, na we wo mu bwoko bw’Abahutu, yari yaratwaye abagabye igitero bitwaje intwaro abajyana mu kigo cya Mugonero, aho bishe amagana y’impunzi [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]] . Ntakirutimana yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2003-02-19 |title=Pastor who led Tutsi to slaughter is jailed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/20/rorycarroll1 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahamijwe icyaha hashingiwe ku nkuru z’abatangabuhamya babonye . Ingero nyinshi z'ibyaha byahamijwe zateshejwe agaciro mu bujurire ariko igihano cyatanzwe nticyahindutse. Yarekuwe ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2006, nyuma yo kumara imyaka 10 afunzwe cyangwa muri gereza, maze arapfa mu kwezi kwakurikiyeho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICTR Press Release |url=http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?id=82 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814033757/http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?ID=82 |archive-date=2014-08-14 |access-date=2011-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibaruwa yari yandikiwe Ntakirutimana n’abapasiteri b’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi b’Abatutsi, akaba yarayeretse umwanditsi Philip Gourevitch, ni yo yahaye umutwe igitabo cya Gourevitch cyasohotse mu 1998, cyitwa We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families (Turifuza kukumenyesha ko ejo tuzicwa turi kumwe n’imiryango yacu). Icyo gitabo gishinja Ntakirutimana kugira uruhare mu rupfu rw’impunzi.

== Reba kandi ==
 

* Charles A. Adeogun-Phillips
* [[Wenceslas Munyeshyaka]]
* [[Emmanuel Rukundo]]
* Athanase Seromba

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* Dennis Hokama, &quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209144910/http://atoday.com/magazine/2000/03/former-rwandan-seventh-day-adventist-minister-be-extradited-war-crimes-trial-0 Uwahoze ari Umupasiteri w'Abadivantisiti b'Umunsi wa Karindwi mu Rwanda azoherezwa mu rukiko rw'ibyaha by'intambara] &quot;. ''Abadivantisiti b'uyu munsi'' 8:2 (Werurwe–Mata 2000)
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]</text>
      <sha1>gn16inp4mqo4as3kyaf6aap2a0k14ly</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141135</id>
      <parentid>141133</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:56:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141135</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3105" sha1="dmokvkqfv8x0ho9wupzbi37rdo5voab" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q725663|useImage=En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg}}
[[Dosiye:En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|thumb]]
[[Dosiye:GENOCIDE AND THE RULE OF LAW (IA gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-110hhrg38508).pdf|thumb]]
'''Elizaphan Ntakirutimana''' (1924 – 22 Mutarama 2007) yari umushumba [[Rwanda|w’Umunyarwanda]] [[Idini ry'Abadivantitsi b'umunsi wa Karindwi|w’Itorero ry’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi]] . Ni we mupadiri wa mbere wahamwe n'icyaha cyo kugira uruhare runini mu buyobozi muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo]] mu 1994.

Muri Gashyantare 2003, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwahamije Ntakirutimana n'umuhungu we Dr. Gérard, umuganga warangije amasomo ye muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]] mbere yo kugaruka mu Rwanda, icyaha cyo gufasha no gushyigikira jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakorewe mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994. Urukiko rwasanze byaragaragaye nta gushidikanya ko Ntakirutimana, na we wo mu bwoko bw’Abahutu, yari yaratwaye abagabye igitero bitwaje intwaro abajyana mu kigo cya Mugonero, aho bishe amagana y’impunzi [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]] . Ntakirutimana yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2003-02-19 |title=Pastor who led Tutsi to slaughter is jailed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/20/rorycarroll1 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahamijwe icyaha hashingiwe ku nkuru z’abatangabuhamya babonye . Ingero nyinshi z'ibyaha byahamijwe zateshejwe agaciro mu bujurire ariko igihano cyatanzwe nticyahindutse. Yarekuwe ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2006, nyuma yo kumara imyaka 10 afunzwe cyangwa muri gereza, maze arapfa mu kwezi kwakurikiyeho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICTR Press Release |url=http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?id=82 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814033757/http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?ID=82 |archive-date=2014-08-14 |access-date=2011-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibaruwa yari yandikiwe Ntakirutimana n’abapasiteri b’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi b’Abatutsi, akaba yarayeretse umwanditsi Philip Gourevitch, ni yo yahaye umutwe igitabo cya Gourevitch cyasohotse mu 1998, cyitwa We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families (Turifuza kukumenyesha ko ejo tuzicwa turi kumwe n’imiryango yacu). Icyo gitabo gishinja Ntakirutimana kugira uruhare mu rupfu rw’impunzi.

== Reba kandi ==
 

* Charles A. Adeogun-Phillips
* [[Wenceslas Munyeshyaka]]
* [[Emmanuel Rukundo]]
* [[Athanase Seromba]]

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* Dennis Hokama, &quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209144910/http://atoday.com/magazine/2000/03/former-rwandan-seventh-day-adventist-minister-be-extradited-war-crimes-trial-0 Uwahoze ari Umupasiteri w'Abadivantisiti b'Umunsi wa Karindwi mu Rwanda azoherezwa mu rukiko rw'ibyaha by'intambara] &quot;. ''Abadivantisiti b'uyu munsi'' 8:2 (Werurwe–Mata 2000)
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]</text>
      <sha1>dmokvkqfv8x0ho9wupzbi37rdo5voab</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141136</id>
      <parentid>141135</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:57:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141136</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3109" sha1="gjornd98ynlrap3u0u3ojuzlbh1y5pw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q725663|useImage=En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg}}
[[Dosiye:En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|thumb]]
[[Dosiye:GENOCIDE AND THE RULE OF LAW (IA gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-110hhrg38508).pdf|thumb]]
'''Elizaphan Ntakirutimana''' (1924 – 22 Mutarama 2007) yari umushumba [[Rwanda|w’Umunyarwanda]] [[Idini ry'Abadivantitsi b'umunsi wa Karindwi|w’Itorero ry’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi]] . Ni we mupadiri wa mbere wahamwe n'icyaha cyo kugira uruhare runini mu buyobozi muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo]] mu 1994.

Muri Gashyantare 2003, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwahamije Ntakirutimana n'umuhungu we Dr. Gérard, umuganga warangije amasomo ye muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]] mbere yo kugaruka mu Rwanda, icyaha cyo gufasha no gushyigikira jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakorewe mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994. Urukiko rwasanze byaragaragaye nta gushidikanya ko Ntakirutimana, na we wo mu bwoko bw’Abahutu, yari yaratwaye abagabye igitero bitwaje intwaro abajyana mu kigo cya Mugonero, aho bishe amagana y’impunzi [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]] . Ntakirutimana yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2003-02-19 |title=Pastor who led Tutsi to slaughter is jailed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/20/rorycarroll1 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahamijwe icyaha hashingiwe ku nkuru z’abatangabuhamya babonye . Ingero nyinshi z'ibyaha byahamijwe zateshejwe agaciro mu bujurire ariko igihano cyatanzwe nticyahindutse. Yarekuwe ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2006, nyuma yo kumara imyaka 10 afunzwe cyangwa muri gereza, maze arapfa mu kwezi kwakurikiyeho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICTR Press Release |url=http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?id=82 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814033757/http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?ID=82 |archive-date=2014-08-14 |access-date=2011-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibaruwa yari yandikiwe Ntakirutimana n’abapasiteri b’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi b’Abatutsi, akaba yarayeretse umwanditsi Philip Gourevitch, ni yo yahaye umutwe igitabo cya Gourevitch cyasohotse mu 1998, cyitwa We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families (Turifuza kukumenyesha ko ejo tuzicwa turi kumwe n’imiryango yacu). Icyo gitabo gishinja Ntakirutimana kugira uruhare mu rupfu rw’impunzi.

== Reba kandi ==
 

* [[Charles A. Adeogun-Phillips]]
* [[Wenceslas Munyeshyaka]]
* [[Emmanuel Rukundo]]
* [[Athanase Seromba]]

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* Dennis Hokama, &quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209144910/http://atoday.com/magazine/2000/03/former-rwandan-seventh-day-adventist-minister-be-extradited-war-crimes-trial-0 Uwahoze ari Umupasiteri w'Abadivantisiti b'Umunsi wa Karindwi mu Rwanda azoherezwa mu rukiko rw'ibyaha by'intambara] &quot;. ''Abadivantisiti b'uyu munsi'' 8:2 (Werurwe–Mata 2000)
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]</text>
      <sha1>gjornd98ynlrap3u0u3ojuzlbh1y5pw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141138</id>
      <parentid>141136</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:58:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141138</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3156" sha1="luynrrx8q3yfwmk85131bcyfxl4uvjk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q725663|useImage=En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg}}
[[Dosiye:En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|thumb]]
[[Dosiye:GENOCIDE AND THE RULE OF LAW (IA gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-110hhrg38508).pdf|thumb]]
'''Elizaphan Ntakirutimana''' (1924 – 22 Mutarama 2007) yari umushumba [[Rwanda|w’Umunyarwanda]] [[Idini ry'Abadivantitsi b'umunsi wa Karindwi|w’Itorero ry’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi]] . Ni we mupadiri wa mbere wahamwe n'icyaha cyo kugira uruhare runini mu buyobozi muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo]] mu 1994.

Muri Gashyantare 2003, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwahamije Ntakirutimana n'umuhungu we Dr. Gérard, umuganga warangije amasomo ye muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]] mbere yo kugaruka mu Rwanda, icyaha cyo gufasha no gushyigikira jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakorewe mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994. Urukiko rwasanze byaragaragaye nta gushidikanya ko Ntakirutimana, na we wo mu bwoko bw’Abahutu, yari yaratwaye abagabye igitero bitwaje intwaro abajyana mu kigo cya Mugonero, aho bishe amagana y’impunzi [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]] . Ntakirutimana yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2003-02-19 |title=Pastor who led Tutsi to slaughter is jailed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/20/rorycarroll1 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahamijwe icyaha hashingiwe ku nkuru z’abatangabuhamya babonye . Ingero nyinshi z'ibyaha byahamijwe zateshejwe agaciro mu bujurire ariko igihano cyatanzwe nticyahindutse. Yarekuwe ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2006, nyuma yo kumara imyaka 10 afunzwe cyangwa muri gereza, maze arapfa mu kwezi kwakurikiyeho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICTR Press Release |url=http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?id=82 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814033757/http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?ID=82 |archive-date=2014-08-14 |access-date=2011-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibaruwa yari yandikiwe Ntakirutimana n’abapasiteri b’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi b’Abatutsi, akaba yarayeretse umwanditsi Philip Gourevitch, ni yo yahaye umutwe igitabo cya Gourevitch cyasohotse mu 1998, cyitwa We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families (Turifuza kukumenyesha ko ejo tuzicwa turi kumwe n’imiryango yacu). Icyo gitabo gishinja Ntakirutimana kugira uruhare mu rupfu rw’impunzi.

== Reba kandi ==
 

* [[Charles A. Adeogun-Phillips]]
* [[Wenceslas Munyeshyaka]]
* [[Emmanuel Rukundo]]
* [[Athanase Seromba]]

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* Dennis Hokama, &quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209144910/http://atoday.com/magazine/2000/03/former-rwandan-seventh-day-adventist-minister-be-extradited-war-crimes-trial-0 Uwahoze ari Umupasiteri w'Abadivantisiti b'Umunsi wa Karindwi mu Rwanda azoherezwa mu rukiko rw'ibyaha by'intambara] &quot;. ''Abadivantisiti b'uyu munsi'' 8:2 (Werurwe–Mata 2000)
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]
[[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]]</text>
      <sha1>luynrrx8q3yfwmk85131bcyfxl4uvjk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141139</id>
      <parentid>141138</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:59:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141139</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3175" sha1="8b6efoczuk08okumgj5kqovx093b1lq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q725663|useImage=En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg}}
[[Dosiye:En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|thumb]]
[[Dosiye:GENOCIDE AND THE RULE OF LAW (IA gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-110hhrg38508).pdf|thumb]]
'''Elizaphan Ntakirutimana''' (1924 – 22 Mutarama 2007) yari umushumba [[Rwanda|w’Umunyarwanda]] [[Idini ry'Abadivantitsi b'umunsi wa Karindwi|w’Itorero ry’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi]] . Ni we mupadiri wa mbere wahamwe n'icyaha cyo kugira uruhare runini mu buyobozi muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo]] mu 1994.

Muri Gashyantare 2003, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwahamije Ntakirutimana n'umuhungu we Dr. Gérard, umuganga warangije amasomo ye muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]] mbere yo kugaruka mu Rwanda, icyaha cyo gufasha no gushyigikira jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakorewe mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994. Urukiko rwasanze byaragaragaye nta gushidikanya ko Ntakirutimana, na we wo mu bwoko bw’Abahutu, yari yaratwaye abagabye igitero bitwaje intwaro abajyana mu kigo cya Mugonero, aho bishe amagana y’impunzi [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]] . Ntakirutimana yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2003-02-19 |title=Pastor who led Tutsi to slaughter is jailed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/20/rorycarroll1 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahamijwe icyaha hashingiwe ku nkuru z’abatangabuhamya babonye . Ingero nyinshi z'ibyaha byahamijwe zateshejwe agaciro mu bujurire ariko igihano cyatanzwe nticyahindutse. Yarekuwe ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2006, nyuma yo kumara imyaka 10 afunzwe cyangwa muri gereza, maze arapfa mu kwezi kwakurikiyeho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICTR Press Release |url=http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?id=82 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814033757/http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?ID=82 |archive-date=2014-08-14 |access-date=2011-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibaruwa yari yandikiwe Ntakirutimana n’abapasiteri b’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi b’Abatutsi, akaba yarayeretse umwanditsi Philip Gourevitch, ni yo yahaye umutwe igitabo cya Gourevitch cyasohotse mu 1998, cyitwa We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families (Turifuza kukumenyesha ko ejo tuzicwa turi kumwe n’imiryango yacu). Icyo gitabo gishinja Ntakirutimana kugira uruhare mu rupfu rw’impunzi.

== Reba kandi ==
 

* [[Charles A. Adeogun-Phillips]]
* [[Wenceslas Munyeshyaka]]
* [[Emmanuel Rukundo]]
* [[Athanase Seromba]]

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* Dennis Hokama, &quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209144910/http://atoday.com/magazine/2000/03/former-rwandan-seventh-day-adventist-minister-be-extradited-war-crimes-trial-0 Uwahoze ari Umupasiteri w'Abadivantisiti b'Umunsi wa Karindwi mu Rwanda azoherezwa mu rukiko rw'ibyaha by'intambara] &quot;. ''Abadivantisiti b'uyu munsi'' 8:2 (Werurwe–Mata 2000)
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]
[[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>8b6efoczuk08okumgj5kqovx093b1lq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oxycodone</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23322</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141131</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:55:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503984|Oxycodone]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141131</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4424" sha1="odzq60yizchm6yj2r4osubd44rvglry" xml:space="preserve">'''Oxycodone''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''OxyContin''' n'indi, ni umuti wa opioid ukoreshwa mu kuvura ububabare buri hagati kugeza ku bukomere.  Ubusanzwe ifatwa mu kanwa, kandi iboneka mu buryo bworoshye kandi bugenzurwa.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018&gt;{{cite web |title=Oxycodone Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/oxycodone.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=AHFS |access-date=28 December 2018 |archive-date=28 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228174726/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/oxycodone.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228174726/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/oxycodone.html |date=28 December 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gutangira kugabanya ububabare bitangira mu minota 15 bikamara amasaha agera kuri atandatu iyo umuti utangiye gusohoka ako kanya.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt; Mu Bwongereza, iboneka hakoreshejwe inshinge.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|page=442|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibikoresho bivanze biraboneka kandi hamwe na parasetamol (acetaminophen), ibuprofen, naloxone, na aspirine.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo [[impatwe]], isesemi, gusinzira, isereri, uburyaryate, kuma mu kanwa no kubira ibyuya .  Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kuba umuntu urwaye indwara yo mu mutwe, kwiheba mu myanya y'ubuhumekero (kugabanuka k'umuvuduko w'amaraso), no kugabanuka k'umuvuduko w'amaraso.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt; Abantu bafite ubwivumbure kuri codeine bashobora no kuba bafite ubwivumbure kuri oxycodone.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt; Gukoresha oxycodone mu gihe cyo gutwita bigaragara ko nta kibazo kirimo.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt; Kureka opioid bishobora kubaho iyo bihagaritswe vuba.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt; Oxycodone ikora binyuze mu gukora receptor ya μ-opioid.&lt;ref name=&quot;TalleyFrankum2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nicholas J Talley|last2=Brad Frankum|last3=David Currow|title=Essentials of Internal Medicine 3e|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Zq9BwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA491|date=10 February 2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7295-8081-6|pages=491–|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803114730/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Zq9BwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA491|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo inyowe mu kanwa, igira ingaruka zikubye inshuro 1.5 z'ingano ingana na morphine . 

Oxycodone yakozwe bwa mbere mu [[Ubudage|Budage]] mu 1916 ivanywe muri thebaine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxysynthesis2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sneader, W.|title=Drug discovery: a history|publisher=Wiley|year=2005|location=Hoboken, NJ|page=119|isbn=978-0-471-89980-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi yatanzwe n'Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima nk'umusimbura wa morphine.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO23rd&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)|year=2023|hdl=10665/371090|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe .  Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cya buri dose kiri munsi ya 0.30$ y'Amerika mu 2018.  Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 52 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abantu barenga miliyoni 15.   Oxycodone yabaye ikiyobyabwenge gikunze gukoreshwa cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Per2018&quot; /&gt; Hari imiti myinshi igabanya ubukana bw'ihohoterwa iboneka, urugero nk'iyo ivanze na naloxone.&lt;ref name=&quot;Per2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pergolizzi JV|first=Jr|last2=Taylor R|first2=Jr|last3=LeQuang|first3=JA|last4=Raffa|first4=RB|title=Managing severe pain and abuse potential: the potential impact of a new abuse-deterrent formulation oxycodone/naltrexone extended-release product.|journal=Journal of Pain Research|date=2018|volume=11|pages=301–311|doi=10.2147/JPR.S127602|pmid=29445297|pmc=5810535}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dart|first=RC|last2=Iwanicki|first2=JL|last3=Dasgupta|first3=N|last4=Cicero|first4=TJ|last5=Schnoll|first5=SH|title=Do abuse deterrent opioid formulations work?|journal=Journal of Opioid Management|date=2017|volume=13|issue=6|pages=365–378|doi=10.5055/jom.2017.0415|pmid=29308584}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>odzq60yizchm6yj2r4osubd44rvglry</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ubwoba bw'agoraphobia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23323</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141134</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:56:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500207|Agoraphobia]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141134</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5624" sha1="jw9chwu2i0dnhl2ge3pxvlbmh2pyeyj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Agoraphobia|synonym=|image=Agora of the Competaliasts 01 (cropped).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=An ancient [[agora]] in [[Delos]], Greece. One of the public spaces after which the condition is named.|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=[[anxiety (mood)|Anxiety]] in situations perceived to be unsafe, [[panic attack]]s&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;|complications=[[Depression (mood)|Depression]], [[substance use disorder]]&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|onset=|duration=&gt; 6 months&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|types=|causes=[[Genetics|Genetic]] and environmental factors&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|risks=Family history, stressful event&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|diagnosis=|differential=[[Separation anxiety disorder|Separation anxiety]], [[posttraumatic stress disorder]], [[major depressive disorder]]&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=[[Cognitive behavioral therapy]]&lt;ref name=Wy2008/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Resolution in half with treatment&lt;ref name=Lancet2016/&gt;|frequency=1.7% of adults&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Agoraphobia''' ni indwara yo guhangayika irangwa n'ibimenyetso by'ihungabana mu bihe aho umuntu abona ko aho atuye hatari umutekano kandi nta buryo bworoshye bwo kubihunga.  Ibi bishobora kuba birimo ahantu hafunguye, ubwikorezi rusange, amaduka, cyangwa kuba hanze y'urugo rwabo gusa.&lt;ref name=DSM5&gt;{{citation|author=American Psychiatric Association|year=2013|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.)|location=Arlington|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/217 217–221, 938]|isbn=978-0890425558|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/217}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuba muri ibi bihe bishobora gutera ubwoba .  Ibimenyetso bigaragara hafi buri gihe iyo ikibazo kibonetse kandi bikamara amezi arenga atandatu.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Abazagira ingaruka bazakora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo birinde ibi bibazo.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Mu bihe bikomeye abantu bashobora kunanirwa burundu kuva mu ngo zabo.&lt;ref name=NIH2016&gt;{{cite web|title=Agoraphobia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024921/|website=PubMed Health|access-date=11 August 2016|archive-date=1 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201184514/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024921/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201184514/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024921/ |date=1 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agoraphobia bikekwa ko iterwa n'uruvange rw'ibintu bigize imiterere y'umubiri n'ibidukikije.  Iyi ndwara ikunze kugaragara mu miryango, kandi ibintu bibabaza cyangwa bibabaza nko gupfa k'umubyeyi cyangwa guterwa bishobora kuba imbarutso.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Muri DSM-5, agoraphobia ishyirwa mu cyiciro cy’ubwoba hamwe n’ubwoba bwihariye hamwe n’ubwoba bwo mu mibanire.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wy2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wyatt|first=Richard Jed|last2=Chew|first2=Robert H.|title=Wyatt's Practical Psychiatric Practice: Forms and Protocols for Clinical Use|date=2008|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub|isbn=9781585626878|pages=90–91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZUikjcnM2QC&amp;pg=PA91|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821133303/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZUikjcnM2QC&amp;pg=PA91|archive-date=2016-08-21|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi ndwara zishobora gutera ibimenyetso nk'ibyo zirimo guhangayika mu gihe umuntu atandukana n'undi, indwara yo guhangayika nyuma y'ihungabana, n'indwara ikomeye yo kwiheba.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Abarwaye bafite ibyago byinshi byo [[Indwara y'agahinda|kwiheba]] no kurwara indwara yo gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;

Iyo hatabayeho kuvurwa, ntabwo ari byiza ko agoraphobia ikemuka.  Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bukorwa hakoreshejwe ubwoko bw'ubujyanama bwitwa &quot; cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).&lt;ref name=&quot;Wy2008&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pompoli|first=A|last2=Furukawa|first2=TA|last3=Imai|first3=H|last4=Tajika|first4=A|last5=Efthimiou|first5=O|last6=Salanti|first6=G|title=Psychological therapies for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults: a network meta-analysis.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=13 April 2016|volume=4|pages=CD011004|pmid=27071857|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011004.pub2|pmc=7104662}}&lt;/ref&gt; CBT iratanga igisubizo ku bantu bagera kuri kimwe cya kabiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Craske|first=MG|last2=Stein|first2=MB|title=Anxiety.|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10063|pages=3048–3059|date=24 June 2016|pmid=27349358|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30381-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agoraphobia yibasira abantu bakuru bagera kuri 1.7%.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Abagore bibasirwa inshuro ebyiri kurusha abagabo.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Iyi ndwara ikunze gutangirira mu bwana bw’umuntu, ikagabanuka cyane mu gihe cy’izabukuru.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Ni gake cyane ku bana.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Ijambo &quot;agoraphobia&quot; rikomoka ku rurimi rw'ikigereki {{Lang|grc|ἀγορά|size=80%}}, {{Lang|grc-Latn|agorā́}}, bisobanura &quot; ikibanza rusange ,&quot; na {{Lang|grc|-φοβία|size=80%}}, {{Lang|grc-Latn|-phobía}}, bisobanura &quot;ubwoba.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Elster|first=Charles Harrington|title=Verbal Advantage: Ten Easy Steps to a Powerful Vocabulary|date=2009|publisher=Diversified Publishing|isbn=9780307560971|page=PT717|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJxfrKSb7u4C&amp;pg=PT717|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821130114/https://books.google.com/books?id=aJxfrKSb7u4C&amp;pg=PT717|archive-date=2016-08-21|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>jw9chwu2i0dnhl2ge3pxvlbmh2pyeyj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indwara yo kudahuza n'abandi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23324</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141137</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T09:58:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500427|Antisocial personality disorder]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141137</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3797" sha1="9rta974mqigw15irtjh2pxg4ftk4fq9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Antisocial personality disorder|synonym=Dissocial personality disorder (DPD), sociopathy, psychopathy&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|image=Cluster B personality disorders.webm|image_size=300px|image_thumbtime=94|alt=|caption=Video explanation of cluster B personality disorders|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=Disregard for others rights, crime, repeated lying, poor planning, aggressive behavior, indifference following harming others&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|complications=[[Unemployment]], [[suicide]]&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|onset=Childhood&lt;ref name=NLM2018&gt;{{cite web|title=Antisocial Personality Disorder|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024893/|website=National Library of Medicine|access-date=16 May 2018|language=en |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180921105946/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024893/|archive-date= September 21 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;|duration=Long term&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|types=|causes=|risks=[[Family history (medicine)|Family history]], [[poverty]], [[child abuse]]&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis=Based on a [[psychiatric assessment]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|differential=[[Conduct disorder]], [[substance use disorder]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[schizophrenia]], [[borderline personality disorder]], [[narcissistic personality disorder]], criminal behavior&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=Based on specific symptoms&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=~1.8% during a year&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|deaths=|video=yes|named after=}}'''Indwara yo kudahuza n'abandi''' ( '''ASPD''' cyangwa '''APD''' ) ni indwara y'imibanire irangwa no kwirengagiza uburenganzira bw'abandi igihe kirekire.  Akenshi hari amateka y’ubugizi bwa nabi, kubeshya kenshi, gutegura nabi, imyitwarire mibi, kutita ku mutekano w’abandi, no kutita ku bandi nyuma yo kubagirira nabi.&lt;ref name=DSM5&gt;{{citation|author=American Psychiatric Association|year=2013|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.)|location=Arlington|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/659 659]|isbn=978-0890425558|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/661}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo ubushomeri no kwiyahura.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=KA|last2=Hany|first2=M|title=Antisocial Personality Disorder|date=January 2020|pmid=31536279|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo amateka y'umuryango, ubukene, n'ihohoterwa ry'abana cyangwa abatarubakiwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso bigaragara kuva umuntu afite nibura imyaka 15 kandi ikibazo cy’imyitwarire kigaragara mbere y’iyo myaka.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara ku mugaragaro bisaba ko umuntu aba afite imyaka irenga 17.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Ibimenyetso by'indwara yo kudahuza abantu nabyo byavuzwe ko ari indwara yo mu mutwe, sociopathy, na disorder de personality (DPD).&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Ni indwara y’imiterere y’umuntu yo mu itsinda rya B.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

Nta buryo bwihariye bwo kuvura, hashyirwaho imbaraga zigamije kunoza ibimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Kujyanwa mu bitaro ntibyagaragaye ko ari ingirakamaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; ASPD yagize ingaruka ku bantu bagera kuri 0.2% kugeza kuri 3.3% mu mwaka runaka.  Abagabo bibasirwa n’indwara inshuro eshatu kurusha abagore.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Mu bagabo bafite inzoga ziterwa no gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, igipimo cy’indwara gishobora kuba kirenze 70%.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Iyi ndwara ishobora kugabanuka uko umuntu agenda akura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Abahuye n’iki kibazo bashobora gupfa bazize urugomo.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>9rta974mqigw15irtjh2pxg4ftk4fq9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indwara ya Guillain-Barré</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23325</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141140</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:00:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1505717|Guillain–Barré syndrome]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141140</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6344" sha1="1npy3mpa3b0fvvzjkf736ylviot3hfh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Guillain–Barré syndrome|synonym=Guillain–Barré–Strohl syndrome, Landry's paralysis, postinfectious polyneuritis&lt;ref name=Fer2016/&gt;|image=Spirometry NIH.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A [[spirometry]] device, which can be used to anticipate breathing complications of Guillain–Barré syndrome|pronounce={{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|ɡ|iː|j|æ̃|_|ˈ|b|ær|eɪ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{IPAc-en|US|ɡ|i|ˈ|j|æ|n|_|b|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA-fr|ɡilɛ̃ baʁe|lang}}|field=[[Neurology]]|symptoms=Muscle weakness beginning in the feet and hands and moving upwards&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;|complications=Breathing difficulties, heart and blood pressure problems&lt;ref name=Fer2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;|onset=Rapid (hours to weeks)&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=Unknown&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, [[nerve conduction study|nerve conduction studies]], [[lumbar puncture]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]], [[intravenous immunoglobulin]], [[plasmapheresis]]|medication=|prognosis=Weeks to years for recovery&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;|frequency=2 per 100,000 people per year&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Sejvar2011/&gt;|deaths=7.5% of those affected&lt;ref name=Fer2016/&gt;|named after=}}'''Indwara ya Guillain-Barré''' ( '''GBS''' ) ni [[Kugagara ingingo|intege nke z'imitsi]] zitangira vuba bitewe n'uko ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bwangiza uturemangingo tw'imitsi yo mu gice cy'imbere cy'umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Guillain–Barré Syndrome Fact Sheet|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/gbs/detail_gbs.htm|website=NIAMS|access-date=13 August 2016|date=June 1, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805044252/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/gbs/detail_gbs.htm|archive-date=5 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe, impande zombi z'umubiri ziba zirimo, kandi ibimenyetso bya mbere ni impinduka mu buryo umuntu yumva cyangwa agira ububabare akenshi mu mugongo hamwe n'intege nke z'imitsi, bitangirira ku birenge no ku biganza, akenshi bigakwirakwira mu maboko no hejuru y'umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kugaragara mu gihe cy'amasaha menshi cyangwa ibyumweru bike.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Mu gihe cy’ihungabana rikomeye, iyi ndwara ishobora gushyira ubuzima mu kaga, aho abantu bagera kuri 15 ku ijana bagira intege nke mu mitsi yo guhumeka, bityo bikaba ngombwa ko bahumeka hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa &quot;mechanical breath&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323448383|page=529|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA529|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821222609/https://books.google.ca/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA529|archive-date=2016-08-21|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bamwe bagerwaho n'impinduka mu mikorere y'imitsi ikora ku buryo bworoshye, ibyo bikaba byatera indwara ziterwa n'umuvuduko w'amaraso n'umutima.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;

Nubwo impamvu itazwi, imikorere yayo ishingiye ku ndwara y’ubwirinzi bw’umubiri aho ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri bwibasira imitsi yo mu mpande z’umubiri mu buryo butari bwo maze bukangiza ubwishingizi bwa myelin.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Hari igihe ubu burwayi bw'umubiri buterwa n'ubwandu cyangwa, akenshi bitewe no kubagwa, kandi gake cyane bitewe no gukingirwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe indwara iterwa n'ibimenyetso n'ibimenyetso, binyuze mu gukuraho izindi mpamvu, kandi igashyigikirwa n'ibizamini nko kwiga uburyo imitsi ikora ndetse no gusuzuma amazi yo mu bwonko.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Hari ubwoko butandukanye bushingiye ku bice by'intege nke, ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi ku mitsi ndetse no kuba hari ubudahangarwa bumwe na bumwe bw'umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NatRevNeurol2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=van den Berg|first=Bianca|last2=Walgaard|first2=Christa|last3=Drenthen|first3=Judith|last4=Fokke|first4=Christiaan|last5=Jacobs|first5=Bart C.|last6=van Doorn|first6=Pieter A.|s2cid=25154778|title=Guillain–Barré syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis|journal=Nature Reviews Neurology|date=15 July 2014|volume=10|issue=8|pages=469–482|doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2014.121|pmid=25023340}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishyirwa mu cyiciro cya polyneuropathy ikabije.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2016&quot; /&gt;

Ku bantu bafite intege nke cyane, kuvurwa vuba hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya ubukana bw’umubiri (immunoglobulines) cyangwa plasmapheresis, hamwe n’ubuvuzi bufasha, bizatuma abantu benshi bakira neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Gukira bishobora gufata ibyumweru kugeza ku myaka, hafi kimwe cya gatatu kikaba gifite intege nke zidashira.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Ku isi yose, impfu ziba hafi 7.5% by'abazirwaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2016&quot; /&gt; Indwara ya Guillain-Barré ikunze kugaragara, ku bantu 100.000 buri mwaka, umuntu umwe cyangwa babiri barwaye indwara nk'iyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sejvar2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sejvar|first=James J.|last2=Baughman|first2=Andrew L.|last3=Wise|first3=Matthew|last4=Morgan|first4=Oliver W.|title=Population incidence of Guillain–Barré syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Neuroepidemiology|date=2011|volume=36|issue=2|pages=123–133|doi=10.1159/000324710|pmid=21422765|pmc=5703046}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imboro zombi ndetse n'ibice byose by'isi bifite igipimo kimwe cy'indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara yitiriwe abaganga b'indwara z'imitsi b'Abafaransa Georges Guillain na Jean Alexandre Barré, basobanuye iyi ndwara hamwe n'umuganga w'Umufaransa André Strohl mu 1916.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanDoorn2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=van Doorn|first=Pieter A|last2=Ruts|first2=Liselotte|last3=Jacobs|first3=Bart C|s2cid=9307245|title=Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of Guillain–Barré syndrome|journal=The Lancet Neurology|date=October 2008|volume=7|issue=10|pages=939–950|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70215-1|pmid=18848313}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eldar2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Eldar AH, Chapman J|title=Guillain Barré syndrome and other immune mediated neuropathies: diagnosis and classification|journal=Autoimmunity Reviews|volume=13|issue=4–5|pages=525–30|date=April 2014|pmid=24434363|doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.033}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>1npy3mpa3b0fvvzjkf736ylviot3hfh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indwara y'umuntu ugoranye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23326</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141141</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:02:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457150|Stiff-person syndrome]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141141</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4946" sha1="52hhcfx4z1cjgcjgxk1lb87sy5uqpmq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Stiff-person disease|synonym=Stiff-man syndrome (SMS), Moersch-Woltman syndrome&lt;ref name=GARD2022/&gt;|image=Stiff person syndrome wrist.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Wrist in fist-like position|pronounce=|field=[[Neurology]]|symptoms=Stiff muscles, spasms, pain&lt;ref name=NIH2022/&gt;&lt;ref name=Stat2022/&gt;|complications=Poor posture, [[bone fracture]]s, frequent falls, [[lumbar hyperlordosis]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022/&gt;&lt;ref name=GARD2022/&gt;|onset=20 to 60&lt;ref name=Stat2022/&gt;|duration=Progressive worsening&lt;ref name=Stat2022/&gt;|types=Classic, partial, progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM)&lt;ref name=Stat2022/&gt;|causes=Unclear, [[autoimmune]] mechanism&lt;ref name=NIH2022/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and supported by blood tests and [[electromyography]]&lt;ref name=Stat2022/&gt;|differential=[[Parkinsons]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[fibromyalgia]], [[psychosomatic illness]], [[anxiety]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=[[Diazepam]], [[baclofen]], [[gabapentin]], [[intravenous immunoglobulin]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ort2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Often poor&lt;ref name=Ort2020/&gt;&lt;ref name=Had2011/&gt;|frequency=Rare&lt;ref name=GARD2022/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara y'umuntu urwaye indwara yo mu bwonko''' ( '''SPS''' ) iterwa no gukomera kw'imitsi no gucika intege bigakomeza kwiyongera uko igihe kigenda gihita.&lt;ref name=&quot;GARD2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stiff person syndrome - About the Disease - Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5023/stiff-person-syndrome|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|access-date=9 December 2022|language=en|archive-date=15 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115154308/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5023/stiff-person-syndrome/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stiff-Person Syndrome {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/stiff-person-syndrome|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=9 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208163608/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/stiff-person-syndrome|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bigira ingaruka cyane cyane ku gituza, amaboko n'amaguru.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022&quot; /&gt; Gucika intege bishobora guterwa n'ijwi, gukorakoraho, cyangwa amarangamutima.&lt;ref name=&quot;GARD2022&quot; /&gt; Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo imiterere mibi, kuvunika amagufwa, ububabare budakira, no kugwa kenshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;GARD2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ort2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ortiz|first=JF|last2=Ghani|first2=MR|last3=Morillo Cox|first3=Á|last4=Tambo|first4=W|last5=Bashir|first5=F|last6=Wirth|first6=M|last7=Moya|first7=G|title=Stiff-Person Syndrome: A Treatment Update and New Directions.|journal=Cureus|date=9 December 2020|volume=12|issue=12|pages=e11995|doi=10.7759/cureus.11995|pmid=33437550}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akenshi impamvu ntiramenyekana neza, nubwo bikekwa ko hari uburyo bwo kurwanya indwara ziterwa n’ubwiyongere bw’umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022&quot; /&gt; Abantu benshi bahura n'izindi ndwara ziterwa n'ubwiyongere bw'umubiri, nka diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;Had2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hadavi|first=S|last2=Noyce|first2=AJ|last3=Leslie|first3=RD|last4=Giovannoni|first4=G|title=Stiff person syndrome.|journal=Practical neurology|date=October 2011|volume=11|issue=5|pages=272-82|doi=10.1136/practneurol-2011-000071|pmid=21921002}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nibisanzwe bibaho nk'indwara ya paraneoplastic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ort2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Had2011&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma akenshi ni ukumenya ko hari ubudahangarwa bwinshi cyane bwa aside glutamic decarboxylase (GAD) mu maraso cyangwa mu mazi yo mu bwonko.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ort2020&quot; /&gt; Electromyography bishobora kandi kuba ingirakamaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;GARD2022&quot; /&gt;

Ibimenyetso bishobora kuvurwa n'imiti nka diazepam, baclofen, cyangwa gabapentin.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022&quot; /&gt; Immunoglobulin cyangwa plasmapheresis yo mu mitsi na byo bishobora gufasha.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ort2020&quot; /&gt; Muri rusange bitera ubuzima bubi, bigatuma umuntu agira ihungabana cyangwa imihangayiko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ort2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Had2011&quot; /&gt; Icyizere cy'ubuzima kiragabanuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Had2011&quot; /&gt;

Indwara y’umuntu uhorana ubumuga ikunze kugaragara, ikaba igaragara ku bantu bagera kuri miliyoni imwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ort2020&quot; /&gt; Indwara ikunze kugaragara cyane hagati y’imyaka 20 na 60, nubwo ishobora kugaragara ku bana mu buryo budasanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt; Abagore bibasirwa inshuro ebyiri kurusha abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1956 na Frederick Moersch na Henry Woltman.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Muranova|first=A|last2=Shanina|first2=E|title=Stiff Person Syndrome.|date=January 2022|pmid=34424651|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>52hhcfx4z1cjgcjgxk1lb87sy5uqpmq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kanseri y'inkondo y'umura</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23327</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141142</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:04:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501313|Colorectal cancer]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141142</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14234" sha1="2nebh4ynj27zvo3483uaax4x2epz1xa" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Colorectal_cancer|synonym=Colon cancer, rectal cancer, bowel cancer|image=Blausen 0246 ColorectalCancer.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Location and appearance of two example colorectal tumors|pronounce=|field=[[Oncology]]&lt;ref name=Ajithkumar2021&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ajithkumar |first1=Thankamma |last2=Barrett |first2=Ann |last3=Hatcher |first3=Helen |last4=Jefferies |first4=Sarah Jane |title=Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-874544-0 |pages=140-195 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLklEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA175 |language=en |chapter=7. Cancers of the gastrointestinal system |access-date=2022-07-09 |archive-date=2022-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715050429/https://books.google.com/books?id=tLklEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA175 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|symptoms=[[Lower gastrointestinal bleeding|Blood in the stool]], change in bowel movements, [[weight loss]], feeling tired all the time&lt;ref name=NCI2022PtTx/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Old age, lifestyle factors, genetic disorders&lt;ref name=NCI2022Pre/&gt;|risks=Diet, [[obesity]], [[smoking]], lack of [[physical activity]], [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] use&lt;ref name=NCI2022PtTx/&gt;|diagnosis=[[Biopsy|Tissue biopsy]] during a [[sigmoidoscopy]] or [[colonoscopy]]&lt;ref name=NCI2022PtTx/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Cancer screening|Screening]] from age of 50 to 69, varies by country&lt;ref name=Ajithkumar2021/&gt;|treatment=Surgery, [[radiation therapy]], [[chemotherapy]], [[targeted therapy]]&lt;ref name=NCI2022PtTx/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=[[Five-year survival rate]] 14% to 90% depending on extent of disease&lt;ref name=Nagaraju2021/&gt;|frequency=9.4 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|deaths=916,000 (2022)&lt;ref name=WHO2022/&gt;|named after=}}'''Kanseri y'inkondo y'umura''' ( '''CRC''' ), izwi kandi nka '''kanseri y'amara''', '''kanseri y'inkondo y'umura''', cyangwa '''kanseri y'inkondo y'umura''', ni ukwiyongera [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kw'uturemangingo tudasanzwe]] mu mara cyangwa mu mara manini.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bowel cancer|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/|website=nhs.uk|access-date=9 July 2022|language=en|date=20 October 2017|archive-date=7 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607142031/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ifite ubushobozi bwo kwinjira cyangwa gukwirakwira mu bindi bice by'umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022Pt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=General Information About Colon Cancer|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/patient/colon-treatment-pdq|website=NCI|access-date=13 July 2022|date=6 April 2022|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715050430/https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/patient/colon-treatment-pdq|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo amaraso mu mwanda, impinduka mu mara, kugabanya ibiro, kumva umunaniro, no kubabara mu nda.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board|title=Digestive System Tumours|date=2019|location=Lyon (France)|isbn=978-92-832-4499-8|page=177-187|edition=5th|url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Digestive-System-Tumours-2019|language=en|chapter=6. Tumours of the colon and rectum: colorectal adenocarcinoma|access-date=2022-07-19|archive-date=2022-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613044546/https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Digestive-System-Tumours-2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kanseri nyinshi zo mu mara ziterwa n'izabukuru n'imibereho, aho umubare muto cyane w'abandura uterwa n'indwara zikomoka ku ngirabuzimafatizo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colorectal-prevention-pdq#section/all|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=9 July 2022|date=21 April 2022|archive-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021634/https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colorectal-prevention-pdq#section/all|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi mpamvu zishobora gutera iyi ndwara zirimo imirire, umubyibuho ukabije, kunywa itabi, no kutagira imyitozo ngororamubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot; /&gt; Ibintu byongera ibyago birimo inyama zitukura, inyama zatunganyijwe, n'inzoga.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot; /&gt; Izindi mpamvu zishobora gutera ibyago zirimo kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imirasire mu kibuno, n'indwara zo kubyimba amara Indwara ya Crohn na colitis y'ibisebe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot; /&gt; Zimwe mu ndwara z’uturemangingo dushobora gutera kanseri y’inkondo y’umura zirimo polyposis yo mu muryango na kanseri y’inkondo y’umura idakomoka ku mara ; icyakora, izi ni munsi ya 5% by’abanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022Pre&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe itangira nk'ikibyimba kitarimo indwara, akenshi mu buryo bwa polyp, iyo igenda ihinduka kanseri.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot; /&gt; Kanseri zo mu mara zishobora kugabanywamo ibice bitandukanye n'aho zibera mu mara: uruhande rw'iburyo, uruhande rw'ibumoso n'urw'inyuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot; /&gt;

Kanseri y'amara ishobora gupimwa hakoreshejwe icyitegererezo cy'amara mu gihe cyo gupima sigmoidoscopy cyangwa colonoscopy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022PtTx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/colon/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=9 July 2022|date=6 April 2022|archive-date=5 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705111552/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/colon/Patient/page1/AllPages|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyuma hagakurikiraho isuzuma ry’abaganga kugira ngo hamenyekane niba indwara yarakwirakwiriye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022PtTx&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma ifite akamaro mu gukumira no kugabanya impfu ziterwa na kanseri y'inkondo y'umura.  Gusuzuma, hakoreshejwe bumwe mu buryo butandukanye, birasabwa guhera ku myaka 45 kugeza kuri 75.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPSTF2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=US Preventive Services Task|first=Force.|last2=Davidson|first2=KW|last3=Barry|first3=MJ|last4=Mangione|first4=CM|last5=Cabana|first5=M|last6=Caughey|first6=AB|last7=Davis|first7=EM|last8=Donahue|first8=KE|last9=Doubeni|first9=CA|last10=Krist|first10=AH|last11=Kubik|first11=M|last12=Li|first12=L|last13=Ogedegbe|first13=G|last14=Owens|first14=DK|last15=Pbert|first15=L|title=Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.|journal=JAMA|date=18 May 2021|volume=325|issue=19|pages=1965-1977|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.6238|pmid=34003218}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu gihe cyo gupima colonoscopy, polyps nto zishobora gukurwaho iyo zibonetse.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014_5.5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bosman|first=Frank T.|editor-last=Stewart|editor-first=Bernard W.|editor-last2=Wild|editor-first2=Christopher P|title=World Cancer Report|date=2014|publisher=the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0443-5|pages=392–402|chapter-url=http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014|chapter=Chapter 5.5: Colorectal Cancer|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2016-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919073553/http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo habonetse polyp nini cyangwa ikibyimba, hashobora gukorwa biopsy kugira ngo harebwe niba ari kanseri. Aspirine n'indi miti igabanya ububyimbirwe itari steroide bigabanya ibyago byo kubyimba.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014_5.5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Thorat MA, Cuzick J|s2cid=40187047|title=Role of aspirin in cancer prevention|journal=Current Oncology Reports|volume=15|issue=6|pages=533–540|date=December 2013|pmid=24114189|doi=10.1007/s11912-013-0351-3|url=http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/10490|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801023015/https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/10490|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo bimeze gutyo, ikoreshwa ryabyo muri rusange ntiryifuzwa kubera ingaruka mbi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Routine aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the primary prevention of colorectal cancer: recommendation statement|journal=American Family Physician|volume=76|issue=1|pages=109–113|date=July 2007|pmid=17668849|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0701/p109.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192923/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0701/p109.html|url-status=live|archive-date=July 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uburyo bwo kuvura kanseri y'inkondo y'umura bushobora kuba burimo uburyo bwo kubaga, gukoresha imirasire, imiti ivura kanseri ndetse n'uburyo bwo kuvura hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022PtTx&quot; /&gt; Kanseri zifungiye mu rukuta rw'amara zishobora gukira hakoreshejwe kubagwa, mu gihe kanseri yakwirakwiriye cyane idakunze kuvurwa, aho uburyo bwo kuyivura bugamije kunoza ubuzima n'ibimenyetso by'indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022PtTx&quot; /&gt; Ku ndwara zo mu gace zigaragara hakiri kare, igipimo cyo kubaho mu myaka itanu ni hafi 90%, ariko iyo kanseri imaze gukwirakwira, igabanuka ikagera kuri 14%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nagaraju2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dariya|first=Begum|last2=Chalikonda|first2=Gayatri|last3=Purnachandra|first3=Ganji|editor-last=Nagaraju|editor-first=Ganji Purnachandra|editor-last2=Shukla|editor-first2=Dhananjay|editor-last3=Vishvakarma|editor-first3=Naveen Kumar|title=Colon Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy: Volume 1|date=2021|publisher=Springer Nature|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-030-63368-4|pages=1-14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvUyEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Colorectal+cancer+bowel+cancer&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=1. Epidemiology of colorectal cancer|access-date=2022-07-09|archive-date=2022-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715050430/https://books.google.com/books?id=RvUyEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Colorectal+cancer+bowel+cancer&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igipimo cy'imyaka 5 yo kubaho muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kiri hafi 65%.&lt;ref name=&quot;SEER2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Colon and Rectum Cancer|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html|website=NCI|access-date=18 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624140833/http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html|archive-date=June 24, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amahirwe yo kubaho ku muntu ku giti cye aterwa n’uko kanseri igeze ku rugero, niba kanseri yose ishobora gukurwaho hakoreshejwe kubagwa ndetse n’ubuzima bw’umuntu muri rusange.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022Pt&quot; /&gt;

Kanseri y'inkondo y'umura ni yo kanseri ikunze kugaragara cyane mu mara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.6.intro&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board|title=Digestive System Tumours|date=2019|location=Lyon (france)|isbn=978-92-832-4499-8|page=162|edition=5th|url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Digestive-System-Tumours-2019|language=en|chapter=6. Tumours of the colon and rectum: introduction|access-date=2022-07-19|archive-date=2022-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613044546/https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Digestive-System-Tumours-2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2020, habayeho abarwayi bashya miliyoni 1.93 n'abapfuye 916.000 bazize iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cancer|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer|date=3 February 2022|access-date=9 July 2022|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308143151/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bray2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A|title=Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries|journal=Ca|volume=68|issue=6|pages=394–424|date=November 2018|pmid=30207593|doi=10.3322/caac.21492|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/83ab5cf89399bca5449f4a7baf1b1b3c2e1178c7|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2021-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417233225/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Global-cancer-statistics-2018%3A-GLOBOCAN-estimates-Bray-Ferlay/83ab5cf89399bca5449f4a7baf1b1b3c2e1178c7|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bigize hafi 10% by'abarwayi bose.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Forman|first=David|last2=Ferlay|first2=Jacques|editor-last=Stewart|editor-first=Bernard W.|editor-last2=Wild|editor-first2=Christopher P|title=World Cancer Report|date=2014|publisher=the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0443-5|pages=16–53|chapter-url=http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014|chapter=Chapter 1.1: The global and regional burden of cancer|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2016-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919073553/http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni kanseri ya gatatu ikunze kugaragara cyane mu bagabo no ku mwanya wa kabiri mu bagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot; /&gt; Ntabwo bikunze kugaragara ku bagore kurusha abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014_5.5&quot; /&gt; Bikunze kugaragara cyane mu bihugu byateye imbere, aho abarenga 65% by'abanduye baboneka.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014_5.5&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>2nebh4ynj27zvo3483uaax4x2epz1xa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fluoxetine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23328</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141143</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:05:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513618|Fluoxetine]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141143</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4861" sha1="2s52x8kvffzv1whxlnyu80miyw4gm2g" xml:space="preserve">'''Fluoxetine''', igurishwa ku mazina y’ibirango bya '''Prozac''' na '''Sarafem''' n’ibindi, ni umuti ugabanya ubukana bw’indwara zo mu bwoko bwa serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fluoxetine Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/fluoxetine-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=2 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208193110/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/fluoxetine-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara ikomeye yo kwiheba, [[umukoresha:Doc James/Indwara idahwitse|indwara yo kudakora ku bushake]] (OCD), bulimia nervosa, indwara yo gucika intege, n'indwara yo kudakora ku mutima mbere yo gushyingirwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Bishobora kugabanya ibyago byo kwiyahura ku bantu barengeje imyaka 65.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Yanakoreshejwe mu kuvura gusohora imburagihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Fluoxetine ifatwa mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kubura ibiribwa, gusinzira nabi, kudakora neza mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, kubura ubushake bwo kurya, kuma mu kanwa, kubyimba no kurota inzozi zidasanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ingaruka mbi zikomeye zirimo serotonin syndrome, mania, igicuri, ibyago byinshi byo kwiyahura ku bantu bari munsi y'imyaka 25, ndetse n'ibyago byinshi byo kuva amaraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Iyo ihagaritswe mu buryo butunguranye, indwara yo kwiheba ishobora gutera guhangayika, isereri, n'impinduka mu buryo umuntu yumva.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ntibirasobanuka neza niba ari byiza mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|utwite]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PB2015&quot; /&gt; Niba waramaze gufata umuti, byaba byiza gukomeza mu gihe cyo konsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PB2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fluoxetine Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/fluoxetine.html|access-date=2 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831221820/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/fluoxetine.html|archive-date=31 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imikorere yayo ntabwo isobanutse neza ariko bikekwa ko ifitanye isano no kongera imikorere ya serotonin mu bwonko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Fluoxetine yavumbuwe na Eli Lilly and Company mu 1972, itangira gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Myers|first=Richard L.|title=The 100 most important chemical compounds: a reference guide|date=2007|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0-313-33758-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/100mostimportant0000myer/page/128 128]|edition=1st|url=https://archive.org/details/100mostimportant0000myer|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Igiciro cy’igurishwa ry’ibicuruzwa mu bihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere kiri hagati ya 0.01 na 0.04 {{US$}} {{US$}} ku munsi guhera mu 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|veditors=Frye JE, Johnson K|publisher=Management Sciences for Health|location=Medford, Massachusetts|chapter=Fluoxetine|title=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|chapter-url=http://mshpriceguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MSH-International-Drug-Price-Indicator-Guide-2014.pdf|date=2014|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224102305/http://mshpriceguide.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MSH-International-Drug-Price-Indicator-Guide-2014.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]], igura hafi {{US$}} 0.85 ku munsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 31 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abantu barenga miliyoni 21.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fluoxetine Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/FluoxetineHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411214354/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/FluoxetineHydrochloride|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>2s52x8kvffzv1whxlnyu80miyw4gm2g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Propofol</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23329</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141144</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:06:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1506209|Propofol]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141144</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4907" sha1="oc77gwzzfvewicmdbccplxzlwyrgjy7" xml:space="preserve">'''Propofol''', yamamazwa nka '''Diprivan''', mu yandi mazina, ni umuti ukora vuba utuma umuntu agabanuka mu bwenge ndetse no kubura kwibuka ibyabaye .  Imikoreshereze yayo irimo gutangiza no kubungabunga uburyo bwo gusinziriza indwara rusange, gusinziriza abantu bakuru bafite umwuka uhagije, no gusinziriza indwara.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016&gt;{{cite web|title=Propofol|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/Propofol.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=21 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009184353/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/propofol.html|archive-date=9 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009184353/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/propofol.html |date=9 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikoreshwa kandi ku ndwara ya status epilepticus iyo indi miti itarakora.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016 /&gt; Itangwa binyuze mu gutera mu mitsi, kandi ingaruka ntarengwa zigera ku minota ibiri kugira ngo iboneke kandi akenshi imara iminota itanu kugeza ku icumi.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016 /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara za propofol zirimo umuvuduko w'umutima utari mwiza, umuvuduko w'amaraso uri hasi, kumva ubushyuhe aho umuntu atewe ndetse no guhagarika guhumeka .  Izindi ngaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo gucika intege, kwandura indwara ziterwa no gukoresha nabi, kuba imbata, ndetse no kugira indwara ya propofol infusion syndrome iyo ikoreshejwe igihe kirekire.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016 /&gt; Uyu muti usa nkaho ufite umutekano wo kuwukoresha mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]] ariko ntabwo wasuzumwe neza kugira ngo uwukoreshe muri iki kibazo.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016 /&gt; Ntibyemewe gukoreshwa mu gihe cyo kubagwa.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016 /&gt; Si umuti ugabanya ububabare, bityo imiti ya opioid nka morphine nayo ishobora gukoreshwa,&lt;ref name=&quot;cpaedpap&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Miner|first=JR|last2=Burton|first2=JH|date=August 2007|title=Clinical practice advisory: Emergency department procedural sedation with propofol|url=|journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine|volume=50|issue=2|pages=182–7|doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.12.017|pmid=17321006}}&lt;/ref&gt; ariko niba ihora ikenewe cyangwa idakenewe ntibirasobanuka neza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wakai|first=A|last2=Blackburn|first2=C|last3=McCabe|first3=A|last4=Reece|first4=E|last5=O'Connor|first5=G|last6=Glasheen|first6=J|last7=Staunton|first7=P|last8=Cronin|first8=J|last9=Sampson|first9=C|last10=McCoy|first10=SC|last11=O'Sullivan|first11=R|last12=Cummins|first12=F|title=The use of propofol for procedural sedation in emergency departments.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=29 July 2015|volume=7|issue=7|pages=CD007399|pmid=26222247|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007399.pub2|pmc=6517206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bikekwa ko Propofol ikora nibura igice cyayo binyuze muri receptor ya GABA.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016 /&gt;

Propofol yavumbuwe mu 1977 yemererwa gukoreshwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Miller's Anesthesia|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323280112|page=920|edition=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2ckBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA920|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi iraboneka nk'umuti rusange.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016 /&gt; Igiciro cya buguzi mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere kiri hagati ya 0.61 na 8.50 USD kuri buri kapu.  Byitwaga '''amata ya amnesia''' (ikinamico ku ' mata ya magnesia '), bitewe n'uko ikoreshwa mu mitsi rimeze nk'amata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euliano&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Euliano TY, JS|chapter=A brief pharmacology related to anesthesia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cn1_2UwilycC&amp;pg=PA173|title=Essential anesthesia: from science to practice|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|year=2004|page=173|isbn=978-0-521-53600-4|access-date=2 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=MD|first=David M. Novick|title=A Gastroenterologist's Guide to Gut Health: Everything You Need to Know About Colonoscopy, Digestive Diseases, and Healthy Eating|date=2017|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781442271999|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N-ElDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA15|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Propofol ikoreshwa kandi mu buvuzi bw'amatungo mu gusinziriza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Veterinary Dentistry for the Small Animal Technician|date=2013|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781118694800|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykU2BVvPaTgC&amp;pg=PT129|chapter=Anesthesia Medications|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>oc77gwzzfvewicmdbccplxzlwyrgjy7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Myasthenia gravis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23330</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141145</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:07:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1496842|Myasthenia gravis]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141145</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7700" sha1="8ca4n6ynhouefrbwyd9793uzy8zz9z0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Myasthenia gravis|synonym=|image=DiplopiaMG1.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Strabismus|Eye deviation]] and a [[ptosis (eyelid)|drooping eyelid]] in a person with myasthenia gravis trying to open her eyes|pronounce=|field=[[Neurology]]|symptoms=Varying degrees [[muscle weakness]], [[diplopia|double vision]], [[ptosis (eyelid)|drooping eyelid]]s, trouble talking, trouble walking&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Myasthenia Gravis Fact Sheet|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/myasthenia_gravis/detail_myasthenia_gravis.htm|website=NINDS|access-date=8 August 2016|date=May 10, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727230213/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/myasthenia_gravis/detail_myasthenia_gravis.htm|archive-date=27 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;|complications=|onset=Women under 40, men over 60&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;|duration=Long term&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;|types=|causes=[[Autoimmune disease]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Blood tests for specific [[antibodies]], [[edrophonium test]], [[nerve conduction studies]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;|differential=[[Guillain–Barré syndrome]], [[botulism]], [[organophosphate poisoning]], [[brainstem stroke]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kahan|first1=Scott|title=In a Page: Neurology|date=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4051-0432-6|pages = 118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSlFA8B24FgC&amp;pg=PA118|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908162031/https://books.google.com/books?id=fSlFA8B24FgC&amp;pg=PA118|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=|treatment=Medications, [[thymectomy|surgical removal of the thymus]], [[plasmapheresis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;|medication=[[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]]s ([[neostigmine]], [[pyridostigmine]]), [[immunosuppressants]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=50 to 200 per million&lt;ref name=&quot;Kam2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams2012&quot; /&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Myasthenia gravis''' ( '''MG''' ) ni indwara y'imitsi ifata imitsi mu gihe kirekire iganisha ku ntege nke z'imitsi mu buryo butandukanye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Imitsi ikunze kwibasirwa cyane ni iyo mu maso, mu maso no mu mitsi yo kumira.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Bishobora gutuma umuntu abona ibintu bibiri, amaso ye akagira amagufwa, avuga nabi, ndetse akagenda nabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Gutangira bishobora kuba mu buryo butunguranye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Abarwaye akenshi baba bafite thymus nini cyangwa bakagira thymoma.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;

Myasthenia gravis ni indwara iterwa n’uturemangingo tw’umubiri dukingira cyangwa tugasenya uduce twa nikotine acetylcholine aho imitsi n’imitsi bihurira.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Ibi birinda imitsi gutera imitsi gucika intege.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Imiti imwe ishobora kongera intege nke.&lt;ref name=&quot;medscape&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Emergent Management of Myasthenia Gravis: Overview, Patient History, Physical Examination|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/793136-overview#a2|website=emedicine|access-date=1 February 2022|date=20 September 2018|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105151324/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/793136-overview#a2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni gake cyane, inenge y’uturemangingo mu mikoranire y’imitsi itera indwara nk’iyo izwi nka myasthenia yo mu maraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandel2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Principles of Neural Science|edition=5|pages=318–319|year=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vrinten C, van der Zwaag AM, Weinreich SS, Scholten RJ, Verschuuren JJ|title=Ephedrine for myasthenia gravis, neonatal myasthenia and the congenital myasthenic syndromes|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=12|issue=12|pages=CD010028|date=December 2014|pmid=25515947|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010028.pub2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abana b'ababyeyi bafite indwara ya myasthenia bashobora kugira ibimenyetso mu mezi yabo ya mbere y'ubuzima, bizwi nka myasthenia y'impinja.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma bishobora gushyigikirwa n'ibizamini by'amaraso ku byerekeye uturemangingo twihariye, ikizamini cya edrophonium, cyangwa inyigo yo kuyobora imitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;

Muri rusange, indwara ya Myasthenia gravis ivurwa n'imiti izwi nka acetylcholinesterase inhibitors nka neostigmine na pyridostigmine.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Imiti igabanya ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, nka prednisone cyangwa azathioprine, nayo ishobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Gukuraho thymus bishobora kongerera ibimenyetso mu bihe bimwe na bimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Plasmapheresis na immunoglobulin yo mu mitsi ishobora gukoreshwa mu gihe habayeho kugurumana gutunguranye kw'indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Iyo imitsi yo guhumeka icitse intege cyane, hashobora kuba ngombwa guhumeka hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa &quot;mechanical air conditioner&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Iyo imiti ibuza acetylcholinesterase ikoreshejwe mu muyoboro ishobora gufatwa by'agateganyo kugira ngo igabanye imyuka y'ubuhumekero.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Godoy|first=DA|last2=Mello|first2=LJ|last3=Masotti|first3=L|last4=Di Napoli|first4=M|title=The myasthenic patient in crisis: an update of the management in Neurointensive Care Unit.|journal=Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria|date=September 2013|volume=71|issue=9A|pages=627–39|doi=10.1590/0004-282X20130108|pmid=24141444|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

MG ifata abantu 50 kugeza kuri 200 kuri miliyoni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kam2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kaminski|first=Henry J.|title=Myasthenia Gravis and Related Disorders|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-1-59745-156-7|page=72|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DampyXkudq8C&amp;pg=PA72|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908162031/https://books.google.com/books?id=DampyXkudq8C&amp;pg=PA72|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Adams|first=James G.|title=Emergency Medicine: Clinical Essentials|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4557-3394-1|page=844|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpoH-KYE93IC&amp;pg=PA844|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908162031/https://books.google.com/books?id=rpoH-KYE93IC&amp;pg=PA844|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ivurwa vuba mu bantu batatu kugeza kuri 30 kuri miliyoni buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;McG2010&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara biri kugenda birushaho kwiyongera bitewe no kwiyongera k'ubumenyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;McG2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=McGrogan A, Sneddon S, de Vries CS|title=The incidence of myasthenia gravis: a systematic literature review|journal=Neuroepidemiology|volume=34|issue=3|pages=171–183|year=2010|pmid=20130418|doi=10.1159/000279334}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikunze kugaragara cyane ku bagore bari munsi y'imyaka 40 no ku bagabo bari hejuru y'imyaka 60.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Ni ibidasanzwe ku bana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Iyo umuntu avuwe, abenshi mu barwaye babayeho ubuzima busanzwe kandi bafite igihe cyo kubaho gisanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Iryo jambo rikomoka ku [[Ikigereki|kigereki]] &quot;mys&quot; &quot;muscle&quot; na &quot;astheneia&quot; &quot;weakness&quot;, naho mu [[Ikilatini|kilatini]] &quot;gravis&quot; &quot;serious&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ehrlich|first=Ann|last2=Schroeder|first2=Carol L.|title=Introduction to Medical Terminology|date=2014|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-133-95174-2|page=87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4HwCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA87|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908162031/https://books.google.com/books?id=o4HwCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA87|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>8ca4n6ynhouefrbwyd9793uzy8zz9z0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Callixte Mbarushimana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23331</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141146</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:08:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379385811|Callixte Mbarushimana]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>141146</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7091" sha1="mc30s5233yiqucnzgvi53hgf37my109" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Callixte Mbarushimana''' (24 Nyakanga 1963 - 4 Ukwakira 2026) yari Umukozi w’Abahutu [[Rwanda|n’Umuryango]] [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|w’abibumbye]] (1992 &amp;#x2013; 2001) bivugwa ko yagize uruhare muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] yo mu 1994. Ku itariki ya 28 Nzeri 2010, Mbarushimana yashinjwe n'Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha (ICC) i La Haye ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n'ibyaha by'intambara bivugwa ko byakorewe muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] mu 2009. Yatawe muri yombi mu Bufaransa mu Ukwakira 2010 yoherezwa muri ICC ku ya 25 Mutarama 2011. Ariko, yarekuwe ku ya 23 Ukuboza 2011 kubera ko ICC yasanze nta bimenyetso bihagije byo kumushinja.

== Bivugwa ko yagize uruhare muri Jenoside yo mu Rwanda ==
Mbarushimana bivugwa ko yayoboye kandi akagira uruhare mu iyicwa ry’abantu 32 mu 1994, barimo n’abakozi ba Loni yahawe inshingano zo kurinda. Yirukanwe muri Loni mu 2001 ariko mu 2004 yatsinze urubanza rwasabaga indishyi zo kwirukanwa kwe. 

Mbarushimana yinjiye muri Loni mu 1992, akomeza kuba umukozi kugeza mu 2001 akorera muri Angola na Kosovo. Mu gihe cya Jenoside, Mbarushimana yasigiwe inshingano zo gutanga ibikoresho n'inkunga ku bakozi b'igihugu ba Loni bari basigaye inyuma nyuma y'uko Loni yirukanye abakozi mpuzamahanga b'abasivili. Callixte Mbarushimana, izina ridasanzwe nk'imyaka yabanjirije Jenoside, azwiho kwitabira imyigaragambyo yo kwamagana Abatutsi. Byongeye kandi, ibimenyetso byakusanyijwe n'itsinda rya TPIR ryateguraga inyandiko y'ibirego bimushinja byagaragaje ko mbere y'intambara yatoje umutwe w'ingabo ku giti cye. Mbarushimana ashinjwa kuba atari yarashyikirije ingabo z’u Rwanda imodoka n’ibikoresho bya Loni (urugero: [[Interahamwe]] ) cyangwa igisirikare gusa, ahubwo anashinjwa kugira uruhare rutaziguye mu kwica no gutanga amategeko yo kwica abantu mu gihe cya jenoside. Mu bakozi ba Loni bivugwa ko Mbarushimana yaba yarishe harimo [[Florence Ngirumpatse]], umuyobozi w’abakozi ku biro by’iterambere ry’umuryango w’abibumbye i [[Kigali]] . 

Ubwo umushakashatsi ku byaha by’intambara [[Tony Grieg]] yakoraga ubushakashatsi ku rubanza rwa Mbarushimana, yabajije nibura abantu 20 babonye ubwo bwicanyi maze yemeza ko Mbarushimana yagize uruhare rutaziguye. Ariko, Mbarushimana ntiyigeze ashinjwa ibyo byaha, wenda kubera ko atari afatwa nk'umwe mu bateguye ubwicanyi. 

== Yashinjwe n'Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha ==
Ku ya 11 Ukwakira 2010, Mbarushimana yatawe muri yombi mu Bufaransa hashingiwe ku mpapuro zo kumuta muri yombi zatanzwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha (ICC), akurikiranyweho ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n’ibyaha by’intambara bivugwa ko byakorewe mu ntara za Kivu, muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (RDC).

Izo mpapuro zo kumuta muri yombi zishingiye ku bitero byinshi bivugwa ko byagabwe n’ingabo za FDLR ku basivili bo muri Kivu y’Amajyaruguru na Kivu y’Amajyepfo mu mwaka wa 2009. Abacamanza b’urukiko bavuze ko hari impamvu zifatika zituma bakeka ko Mbarushimana, wari Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa FDLR, yagize uruhare muri ibyo bitero. Mu byaha yashinjwaga harimo ubwicanyi, iyicarubozo, gufata ku ngufu, gutoteza n’ibindi bikorwa by’ubugome.

Inyandiko y’ibirego yanavugaga ko Mbarushimana yagize uruhare muri gahunda yari igamije guteza ikibazo gikomeye cy’ubutabazi n’ubuzima bw’abaturage, kugira ngo FDLR ibone imbaraga za politiki.

Ku itariki ya 25 Mutarama 2011, Mbarushimana yoherejwe mu Rukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha kugira ngo akurikiranweho icyaha i La Haye.  Umushinjacyaha Luis Moreno-Ocampo yasohoye itangazo aho yibukije ko FDLR ya Mbarushimana ari yo yateje intambara zo muri Kongo kandi ko abakobwa n'abagore bagiye bahura n'ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu gihe cy'imyaka hafi ibiri ishize. Yavuze ko, kubera ICC, &quot;gufata ku ngufu bitagishobora gukoreshwa nk'intwaro y'intambara&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;ICC release&quot; /&gt;

=== Yarekuwe ===
Ku itariki ya 16 Ukuboza 2011, Urugereko rwa Mbere rw’Iremezo rwa ICC, ku bwiganze bwa babiri kuri umwe, rwatesheje agaciro ibirego byaregwaga Mbarushimana, rushingiye ku kuba nta bimenyetso bihagije byari bihari byo kwemeza ko yagize uruhare mu byaha by’intambara muri Kivu y’Amajyaruguru n’iy’Amajyepfo. Ubujurire bwa Porokireri bwo kureka gufungurwa byihuse bwanzwe ku ya 23 Ukuboza, maze Mbarushimana arekurwa uwo munsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 December 2011 |title=ICC frees Rwandan rebel Callixte Mbarushimana |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16319059 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku itariki ya 30 Gicurasi 2012, Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwa ICC narwo rwanze ubujurire bw'Umushinjacyaha ku cyemezo cyo kutamukurikirana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mbarushimana case: ICC Appeals Chamber rejects the Prosecution's appeal |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr798 |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=www.icc-cpi.int |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 2012 |title=SITUATION IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO IN THE CASE OF THE PROSECUTOR v. CALLIXTE MBARUSHIMANA |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2012_06457.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017174920/https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2012_06457.PDF |archive-date=2016-10-17 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=International Criminal Court}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urugendo rugana mu Bufaransa ==
Ku itariki ya 7 Mata 2024, Perezida w’u Rwanda [[Paul Kagame]] yashinje Mbarushimana kuba “yaratanze ku bicanyi” mubyara wa Paul Kagame. Kagame yagize ati: “Nyuma yakomeje akazi ke mu Muryango w’Abibumbye imyaka myinshi, ndetse na nyuma y’uko ibimenyetso bimushinja bigaragaye.” “Aracyari umuntu wigenga, ubu aba mu Bufaransa”. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 April 2024 |title=Unveiling the Grim Lessons of Genocide: President Kagame’s Personal Account at Kwibuka30 |url=https://taarifa.rw/unveiling-the-grim-lessons-of-genocide-president-kagames-personal-account-at-kwibuka30/ |work=Taarifa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2024, ubutabera bw'u Bufaransa bwakuyeho ibirego byaregwaga Mbarushimana, wakurikiranyweho ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 October 2024 |title=Génocide des Tutsi : le chef rebelle hutu Callixte Mbarushimana bénéficie d'un non-lieu en France |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20241013-g%C3%A9nocide-des-tutsi-le-chef-rebelle-hutu-callixte-mbarushimana-b%C3%A9n%C3%A9ficie-d-un-non-lieu-en-france?utm_slink=go.france24.com%2FXJw&amp;utm_term=FRANCE24&amp;utm_campaign=facebook&amp;utm_source=nonli&amp;utm_medium=social |work=France 24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urupfu ==
Mbarushimana yapfiriye mu Bufaransa afite imyaka 63 ku ya 4 Ukwakira 2026. &lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ufitiwabo |first=Aurore Teta |date=2026-10-08 |title=Genocide fugitive Callixte Mbarushimana confirmed dead in France |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/39533/news/rwanda/genocide-fugitive-callixte-mbarushimana-confirmed-dead-in-france/amp |access-date=2026-10-09 |work=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]</text>
      <sha1>mc30s5233yiqucnzgvi53hgf37my109</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141148</id>
      <parentid>141146</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:09:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141148</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7065" sha1="e28mjrp3m92pbl5kpfjgfircrlkawk4" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Callixte Mbarushimana''' (24 Nyakanga 1963 - 4 Ukwakira 2026) yari Umukozi w’Abahutu [[Rwanda|n’Umuryango]] [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|w’abibumbye]] (1992 &amp;#x2013; 2001) bivugwa ko yagize uruhare muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] yo mu 1994. Ku itariki ya 28 Nzeri 2010, Mbarushimana yashinjwe n'Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha (ICC) i La Haye ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n'ibyaha by'intambara bivugwa ko byakorewe muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] mu 2009. Yatawe muri yombi mu Bufaransa mu Ukwakira 2010 yoherezwa muri ICC ku ya 25 Mutarama 2011. Ariko, yarekuwe ku ya 23 Ukuboza 2011 kubera ko ICC yasanze nta bimenyetso bihagije byo kumushinja.

== Bivugwa ko yagize uruhare muri Jenoside yo mu Rwanda ==
Mbarushimana bivugwa ko yayoboye kandi akagira uruhare mu iyicwa ry’abantu 32 mu 1994, barimo n’abakozi ba Loni yahawe inshingano zo kurinda. Yirukanwe muri Loni mu 2001 ariko mu 2004 yatsinze urubanza rwasabaga indishyi zo kwirukanwa kwe. 

Mbarushimana yinjiye muri Loni mu 1992, akomeza kuba umukozi kugeza mu 2001 akorera muri Angola na Kosovo. Mu gihe cya Jenoside, Mbarushimana yasigiwe inshingano zo gutanga ibikoresho n'inkunga ku bakozi b'igihugu ba Loni bari basigaye inyuma nyuma y'uko Loni yirukanye abakozi mpuzamahanga b'abasivili. Callixte Mbarushimana, izina ridasanzwe nk'imyaka yabanjirije Jenoside, azwiho kwitabira imyigaragambyo yo kwamagana Abatutsi. Byongeye kandi, ibimenyetso byakusanyijwe n'itsinda rya TPIR ryateguraga inyandiko y'ibirego bimushinja byagaragaje ko mbere y'intambara yatoje umutwe w'ingabo ku giti cye. Mbarushimana ashinjwa kuba atari yarashyikirije ingabo z’u Rwanda imodoka n’ibikoresho bya Loni (urugero: [[Interahamwe]] ) cyangwa igisirikare gusa, ahubwo anashinjwa kugira uruhare rutaziguye mu kwica no gutanga amategeko yo kwica abantu mu gihe cya jenoside. Mu bakozi ba Loni bivugwa ko Mbarushimana yaba yarishe harimo [[Florence Ngirumpatse]], umuyobozi w’abakozi ku biro by’iterambere ry’umuryango w’abibumbye i [[Kigali]] . 

Ubwo umushakashatsi ku byaha by’intambara [[Tony Grieg]] yakoraga ubushakashatsi ku rubanza rwa Mbarushimana, yabajije nibura abantu 20 babonye ubwo bwicanyi maze yemeza ko Mbarushimana yagize uruhare rutaziguye. Ariko, Mbarushimana ntiyigeze ashinjwa ibyo byaha, wenda kubera ko atari afatwa nk'umwe mu bateguye ubwicanyi. 

== Yashinjwe n'Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha ==
Ku ya 11 Ukwakira 2010, Mbarushimana yatawe muri yombi mu Bufaransa hashingiwe ku mpapuro zo kumuta muri yombi zatanzwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha (ICC), akurikiranyweho ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n’ibyaha by’intambara bivugwa ko byakorewe mu ntara za Kivu, muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (RDC).

Izo mpapuro zo kumuta muri yombi zishingiye ku bitero byinshi bivugwa ko byagabwe n’ingabo za FDLR ku basivili bo muri Kivu y’Amajyaruguru na Kivu y’Amajyepfo mu mwaka wa 2009. Abacamanza b’urukiko bavuze ko hari impamvu zifatika zituma bakeka ko Mbarushimana, wari Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa FDLR, yagize uruhare muri ibyo bitero. Mu byaha yashinjwaga harimo ubwicanyi, iyicarubozo, gufata ku ngufu, gutoteza n’ibindi bikorwa by’ubugome.

Inyandiko y’ibirego yanavugaga ko Mbarushimana yagize uruhare muri gahunda yari igamije guteza ikibazo gikomeye cy’ubutabazi n’ubuzima bw’abaturage, kugira ngo FDLR ibone imbaraga za politiki.

Ku itariki ya 25 Mutarama 2011, Mbarushimana yoherejwe mu Rukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha kugira ngo akurikiranweho icyaha i La Haye.  Umushinjacyaha Luis Moreno-Ocampo yasohoye itangazo aho yibukije ko FDLR ya Mbarushimana ari yo yateje intambara zo muri Kongo kandi ko abakobwa n'abagore bagiye bahura n'ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu gihe cy'imyaka hafi ibiri ishize. Yavuze ko, kubera ICC, &quot;gufata ku ngufu bitagishobora gukoreshwa nk'intwaro y'intambara&quot;. 

=== Yarekuwe ===
Ku itariki ya 16 Ukuboza 2011, Urugereko rwa Mbere rw’Iremezo rwa ICC, ku bwiganze bwa babiri kuri umwe, rwatesheje agaciro ibirego byaregwaga Mbarushimana, rushingiye ku kuba nta bimenyetso bihagije byari bihari byo kwemeza ko yagize uruhare mu byaha by’intambara muri Kivu y’Amajyaruguru n’iy’Amajyepfo. Ubujurire bwa Porokireri bwo kureka gufungurwa byihuse bwanzwe ku ya 23 Ukuboza, maze Mbarushimana arekurwa uwo munsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 December 2011 |title=ICC frees Rwandan rebel Callixte Mbarushimana |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16319059 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku itariki ya 30 Gicurasi 2012, Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwa ICC narwo rwanze ubujurire bw'Umushinjacyaha ku cyemezo cyo kutamukurikirana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mbarushimana case: ICC Appeals Chamber rejects the Prosecution's appeal |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr798 |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=www.icc-cpi.int |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 2012 |title=SITUATION IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO IN THE CASE OF THE PROSECUTOR v. CALLIXTE MBARUSHIMANA |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2012_06457.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017174920/https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2012_06457.PDF |archive-date=2016-10-17 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=International Criminal Court}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urugendo rugana mu Bufaransa ==
Ku itariki ya 7 Mata 2024, Perezida w’u Rwanda [[Paul Kagame]] yashinje Mbarushimana kuba “yaratanze ku bicanyi” mubyara wa Paul Kagame. Kagame yagize ati: “Nyuma yakomeje akazi ke mu Muryango w’Abibumbye imyaka myinshi, ndetse na nyuma y’uko ibimenyetso bimushinja bigaragaye.” “Aracyari umuntu wigenga, ubu aba mu Bufaransa”. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 April 2024 |title=Unveiling the Grim Lessons of Genocide: President Kagame’s Personal Account at Kwibuka30 |url=https://taarifa.rw/unveiling-the-grim-lessons-of-genocide-president-kagames-personal-account-at-kwibuka30/ |work=Taarifa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2024, ubutabera bw'u Bufaransa bwakuyeho ibirego byaregwaga Mbarushimana, wakurikiranyweho ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 October 2024 |title=Génocide des Tutsi : le chef rebelle hutu Callixte Mbarushimana bénéficie d'un non-lieu en France |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20241013-g%C3%A9nocide-des-tutsi-le-chef-rebelle-hutu-callixte-mbarushimana-b%C3%A9n%C3%A9ficie-d-un-non-lieu-en-france?utm_slink=go.france24.com%2FXJw&amp;utm_term=FRANCE24&amp;utm_campaign=facebook&amp;utm_source=nonli&amp;utm_medium=social |work=France 24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urupfu ==
Mbarushimana yapfiriye mu Bufaransa afite imyaka 63 ku ya 4 Ukwakira 2026. &lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ufitiwabo |first=Aurore Teta |date=2026-10-08 |title=Genocide fugitive Callixte Mbarushimana confirmed dead in France |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/39533/news/rwanda/genocide-fugitive-callixte-mbarushimana-confirmed-dead-in-france/amp |access-date=2026-10-09 |work=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]</text>
      <sha1>e28mjrp3m92pbl5kpfjgfircrlkawk4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141149</id>
      <parentid>141148</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:10:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141149</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7104" sha1="6239mk9rgbu1mfu6jgone00pui2w7qv" xml:space="preserve">
 

{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q472915}}

'''Callixte Mbarushimana''' (24 Nyakanga 1963 - 4 Ukwakira 2026) yari Umukozi w’Abahutu [[Rwanda|n’Umuryango]] [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|w’abibumbye]] (1992 &amp;#x2013; 2001) bivugwa ko yagize uruhare muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] yo mu 1994. Ku itariki ya 28 Nzeri 2010, Mbarushimana yashinjwe n'Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha (ICC) i La Haye ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n'ibyaha by'intambara bivugwa ko byakorewe muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] mu 2009. Yatawe muri yombi mu Bufaransa mu Ukwakira 2010 yoherezwa muri ICC ku ya 25 Mutarama 2011. Ariko, yarekuwe ku ya 23 Ukuboza 2011 kubera ko ICC yasanze nta bimenyetso bihagije byo kumushinja.

== Bivugwa ko yagize uruhare muri Jenoside yo mu Rwanda ==
Mbarushimana bivugwa ko yayoboye kandi akagira uruhare mu iyicwa ry’abantu 32 mu 1994, barimo n’abakozi ba Loni yahawe inshingano zo kurinda. Yirukanwe muri Loni mu 2001 ariko mu 2004 yatsinze urubanza rwasabaga indishyi zo kwirukanwa kwe. 

Mbarushimana yinjiye muri Loni mu 1992, akomeza kuba umukozi kugeza mu 2001 akorera muri Angola na Kosovo. Mu gihe cya Jenoside, Mbarushimana yasigiwe inshingano zo gutanga ibikoresho n'inkunga ku bakozi b'igihugu ba Loni bari basigaye inyuma nyuma y'uko Loni yirukanye abakozi mpuzamahanga b'abasivili. Callixte Mbarushimana, izina ridasanzwe nk'imyaka yabanjirije Jenoside, azwiho kwitabira imyigaragambyo yo kwamagana Abatutsi. Byongeye kandi, ibimenyetso byakusanyijwe n'itsinda rya TPIR ryateguraga inyandiko y'ibirego bimushinja byagaragaje ko mbere y'intambara yatoje umutwe w'ingabo ku giti cye. Mbarushimana ashinjwa kuba atari yarashyikirije ingabo z’u Rwanda imodoka n’ibikoresho bya Loni (urugero: [[Interahamwe]] ) cyangwa igisirikare gusa, ahubwo anashinjwa kugira uruhare rutaziguye mu kwica no gutanga amategeko yo kwica abantu mu gihe cya jenoside. Mu bakozi ba Loni bivugwa ko Mbarushimana yaba yarishe harimo [[Florence Ngirumpatse]], umuyobozi w’abakozi ku biro by’iterambere ry’umuryango w’abibumbye i [[Kigali]] . 

Ubwo umushakashatsi ku byaha by’intambara [[Tony Grieg]] yakoraga ubushakashatsi ku rubanza rwa Mbarushimana, yabajije nibura abantu 20 babonye ubwo bwicanyi maze yemeza ko Mbarushimana yagize uruhare rutaziguye. Ariko, Mbarushimana ntiyigeze ashinjwa ibyo byaha, wenda kubera ko atari afatwa nk'umwe mu bateguye ubwicanyi. 

== Yashinjwe n'Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha ==
Ku ya 11 Ukwakira 2010, Mbarushimana yatawe muri yombi mu Bufaransa hashingiwe ku mpapuro zo kumuta muri yombi zatanzwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha (ICC), akurikiranyweho ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n’ibyaha by’intambara bivugwa ko byakorewe mu ntara za Kivu, muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (RDC).

Izo mpapuro zo kumuta muri yombi zishingiye ku bitero byinshi bivugwa ko byagabwe n’ingabo za FDLR ku basivili bo muri Kivu y’Amajyaruguru na Kivu y’Amajyepfo mu mwaka wa 2009. Abacamanza b’urukiko bavuze ko hari impamvu zifatika zituma bakeka ko Mbarushimana, wari Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa FDLR, yagize uruhare muri ibyo bitero. Mu byaha yashinjwaga harimo ubwicanyi, iyicarubozo, gufata ku ngufu, gutoteza n’ibindi bikorwa by’ubugome.

Inyandiko y’ibirego yanavugaga ko Mbarushimana yagize uruhare muri gahunda yari igamije guteza ikibazo gikomeye cy’ubutabazi n’ubuzima bw’abaturage, kugira ngo FDLR ibone imbaraga za politiki.

Ku itariki ya 25 Mutarama 2011, Mbarushimana yoherejwe mu Rukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha kugira ngo akurikiranweho icyaha i La Haye.  Umushinjacyaha Luis Moreno-Ocampo yasohoye itangazo aho yibukije ko FDLR ya Mbarushimana ari yo yateje intambara zo muri Kongo kandi ko abakobwa n'abagore bagiye bahura n'ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu gihe cy'imyaka hafi ibiri ishize. Yavuze ko, kubera ICC, &quot;gufata ku ngufu bitagishobora gukoreshwa nk'intwaro y'intambara&quot;. 

=== Yarekuwe ===
Ku itariki ya 16 Ukuboza 2011, Urugereko rwa Mbere rw’Iremezo rwa ICC, ku bwiganze bwa babiri kuri umwe, rwatesheje agaciro ibirego byaregwaga Mbarushimana, rushingiye ku kuba nta bimenyetso bihagije byari bihari byo kwemeza ko yagize uruhare mu byaha by’intambara muri Kivu y’Amajyaruguru n’iy’Amajyepfo. Ubujurire bwa Porokireri bwo kureka gufungurwa byihuse bwanzwe ku ya 23 Ukuboza, maze Mbarushimana arekurwa uwo munsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 December 2011 |title=ICC frees Rwandan rebel Callixte Mbarushimana |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16319059 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku itariki ya 30 Gicurasi 2012, Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwa ICC narwo rwanze ubujurire bw'Umushinjacyaha ku cyemezo cyo kutamukurikirana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mbarushimana case: ICC Appeals Chamber rejects the Prosecution's appeal |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr798 |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=www.icc-cpi.int |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 2012 |title=SITUATION IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO IN THE CASE OF THE PROSECUTOR v. CALLIXTE MBARUSHIMANA |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2012_06457.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017174920/https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2012_06457.PDF |archive-date=2016-10-17 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=International Criminal Court}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urugendo rugana mu Bufaransa ==
Ku itariki ya 7 Mata 2024, Perezida w’u Rwanda [[Paul Kagame]] yashinje Mbarushimana kuba “yaratanze ku bicanyi” mubyara wa Paul Kagame. Kagame yagize ati: “Nyuma yakomeje akazi ke mu Muryango w’Abibumbye imyaka myinshi, ndetse na nyuma y’uko ibimenyetso bimushinja bigaragaye.” “Aracyari umuntu wigenga, ubu aba mu Bufaransa”. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 April 2024 |title=Unveiling the Grim Lessons of Genocide: President Kagame’s Personal Account at Kwibuka30 |url=https://taarifa.rw/unveiling-the-grim-lessons-of-genocide-president-kagames-personal-account-at-kwibuka30/ |work=Taarifa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2024, ubutabera bw'u Bufaransa bwakuyeho ibirego byaregwaga Mbarushimana, wakurikiranyweho ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 October 2024 |title=Génocide des Tutsi : le chef rebelle hutu Callixte Mbarushimana bénéficie d'un non-lieu en France |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20241013-g%C3%A9nocide-des-tutsi-le-chef-rebelle-hutu-callixte-mbarushimana-b%C3%A9n%C3%A9ficie-d-un-non-lieu-en-france?utm_slink=go.france24.com%2FXJw&amp;utm_term=FRANCE24&amp;utm_campaign=facebook&amp;utm_source=nonli&amp;utm_medium=social |work=France 24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urupfu ==
Mbarushimana yapfiriye mu Bufaransa afite imyaka 63 ku ya 4 Ukwakira 2026. &lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ufitiwabo |first=Aurore Teta |date=2026-10-08 |title=Genocide fugitive Callixte Mbarushimana confirmed dead in France |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/39533/news/rwanda/genocide-fugitive-callixte-mbarushimana-confirmed-dead-in-france/amp |access-date=2026-10-09 |work=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]</text>
      <sha1>6239mk9rgbu1mfu6jgone00pui2w7qv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141151</id>
      <parentid>141149</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:12:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141151</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7325" sha1="t2vmndp74fjs24hi69xf7ocaxjks2ge" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:En-us-Callixte Mbarushimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|thumb|&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Callixte_Mbarushimana_from_Rwanda_pronunciation_(Voice_of_America).ogg&lt;/ref&gt;]]
 

{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q472915}}

'''Callixte Mbarushimana''' (24 Nyakanga 1963 - 4 Ukwakira 2026) yari Umukozi w’Abahutu [[Rwanda|n’Umuryango]] [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|w’abibumbye]] (1992 &amp;#x2013; 2001) bivugwa ko yagize uruhare muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] yo mu 1994. Ku itariki ya 28 Nzeri 2010, Mbarushimana yashinjwe n'Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha (ICC) i La Haye ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n'ibyaha by'intambara bivugwa ko byakorewe muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] mu 2009. Yatawe muri yombi mu Bufaransa mu Ukwakira 2010 yoherezwa muri ICC ku ya 25 Mutarama 2011. Ariko, yarekuwe ku ya 23 Ukuboza 2011 kubera ko ICC yasanze nta bimenyetso bihagije byo kumushinja.

== Bivugwa ko yagize uruhare muri Jenoside yo mu Rwanda ==
Mbarushimana bivugwa ko yayoboye kandi akagira uruhare mu iyicwa ry’abantu 32 mu 1994, barimo n’abakozi ba Loni yahawe inshingano zo kurinda. Yirukanwe muri Loni mu 2001 ariko mu 2004 yatsinze urubanza rwasabaga indishyi zo kwirukanwa kwe. 

Mbarushimana yinjiye muri Loni mu 1992, akomeza kuba umukozi kugeza mu 2001 akorera muri Angola na Kosovo. Mu gihe cya Jenoside, Mbarushimana yasigiwe inshingano zo gutanga ibikoresho n'inkunga ku bakozi b'igihugu ba Loni bari basigaye inyuma nyuma y'uko Loni yirukanye abakozi mpuzamahanga b'abasivili. Callixte Mbarushimana, izina ridasanzwe nk'imyaka yabanjirije Jenoside, azwiho kwitabira imyigaragambyo yo kwamagana Abatutsi. Byongeye kandi, ibimenyetso byakusanyijwe n'itsinda rya TPIR ryateguraga inyandiko y'ibirego bimushinja byagaragaje ko mbere y'intambara yatoje umutwe w'ingabo ku giti cye. Mbarushimana ashinjwa kuba atari yarashyikirije ingabo z’u Rwanda imodoka n’ibikoresho bya Loni (urugero: [[Interahamwe]] ) cyangwa igisirikare gusa, ahubwo anashinjwa kugira uruhare rutaziguye mu kwica no gutanga amategeko yo kwica abantu mu gihe cya jenoside. Mu bakozi ba Loni bivugwa ko Mbarushimana yaba yarishe harimo [[Florence Ngirumpatse]], umuyobozi w’abakozi ku biro by’iterambere ry’umuryango w’abibumbye i [[Kigali]] . 

Ubwo umushakashatsi ku byaha by’intambara [[Tony Grieg]] yakoraga ubushakashatsi ku rubanza rwa Mbarushimana, yabajije nibura abantu 20 babonye ubwo bwicanyi maze yemeza ko Mbarushimana yagize uruhare rutaziguye. Ariko, Mbarushimana ntiyigeze ashinjwa ibyo byaha, wenda kubera ko atari afatwa nk'umwe mu bateguye ubwicanyi. 

== Yashinjwe n'Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha ==
Ku ya 11 Ukwakira 2010, Mbarushimana yatawe muri yombi mu Bufaransa hashingiwe ku mpapuro zo kumuta muri yombi zatanzwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha (ICC), akurikiranyweho ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n’ibyaha by’intambara bivugwa ko byakorewe mu ntara za Kivu, muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (RDC).

Izo mpapuro zo kumuta muri yombi zishingiye ku bitero byinshi bivugwa ko byagabwe n’ingabo za FDLR ku basivili bo muri Kivu y’Amajyaruguru na Kivu y’Amajyepfo mu mwaka wa 2009. Abacamanza b’urukiko bavuze ko hari impamvu zifatika zituma bakeka ko Mbarushimana, wari Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa FDLR, yagize uruhare muri ibyo bitero. Mu byaha yashinjwaga harimo ubwicanyi, iyicarubozo, gufata ku ngufu, gutoteza n’ibindi bikorwa by’ubugome.

Inyandiko y’ibirego yanavugaga ko Mbarushimana yagize uruhare muri gahunda yari igamije guteza ikibazo gikomeye cy’ubutabazi n’ubuzima bw’abaturage, kugira ngo FDLR ibone imbaraga za politiki.

Ku itariki ya 25 Mutarama 2011, Mbarushimana yoherejwe mu Rukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha kugira ngo akurikiranweho icyaha i La Haye.  Umushinjacyaha Luis Moreno-Ocampo yasohoye itangazo aho yibukije ko FDLR ya Mbarushimana ari yo yateje intambara zo muri Kongo kandi ko abakobwa n'abagore bagiye bahura n'ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu gihe cy'imyaka hafi ibiri ishize. Yavuze ko, kubera ICC, &quot;gufata ku ngufu bitagishobora gukoreshwa nk'intwaro y'intambara&quot;. 

=== Yarekuwe ===
Ku itariki ya 16 Ukuboza 2011, Urugereko rwa Mbere rw’Iremezo rwa ICC, ku bwiganze bwa babiri kuri umwe, rwatesheje agaciro ibirego byaregwaga Mbarushimana, rushingiye ku kuba nta bimenyetso bihagije byari bihari byo kwemeza ko yagize uruhare mu byaha by’intambara muri Kivu y’Amajyaruguru n’iy’Amajyepfo. Ubujurire bwa Porokireri bwo kureka gufungurwa byihuse bwanzwe ku ya 23 Ukuboza, maze Mbarushimana arekurwa uwo munsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 December 2011 |title=ICC frees Rwandan rebel Callixte Mbarushimana |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16319059 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku itariki ya 30 Gicurasi 2012, Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwa ICC narwo rwanze ubujurire bw'Umushinjacyaha ku cyemezo cyo kutamukurikirana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mbarushimana case: ICC Appeals Chamber rejects the Prosecution's appeal |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr798 |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=www.icc-cpi.int |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 2012 |title=SITUATION IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO IN THE CASE OF THE PROSECUTOR v. CALLIXTE MBARUSHIMANA |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2012_06457.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017174920/https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2012_06457.PDF |archive-date=2016-10-17 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=International Criminal Court}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urugendo rugana mu Bufaransa ==
Ku itariki ya 7 Mata 2024, Perezida w’u Rwanda [[Paul Kagame]] yashinje Mbarushimana kuba “yaratanze ku bicanyi” mubyara wa Paul Kagame. Kagame yagize ati: “Nyuma yakomeje akazi ke mu Muryango w’Abibumbye imyaka myinshi, ndetse na nyuma y’uko ibimenyetso bimushinja bigaragaye.” “Aracyari umuntu wigenga, ubu aba mu Bufaransa”. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 April 2024 |title=Unveiling the Grim Lessons of Genocide: President Kagame’s Personal Account at Kwibuka30 |url=https://taarifa.rw/unveiling-the-grim-lessons-of-genocide-president-kagames-personal-account-at-kwibuka30/ |work=Taarifa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2024, ubutabera bw'u Bufaransa bwakuyeho ibirego byaregwaga Mbarushimana, wakurikiranyweho ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 October 2024 |title=Génocide des Tutsi : le chef rebelle hutu Callixte Mbarushimana bénéficie d'un non-lieu en France |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20241013-g%C3%A9nocide-des-tutsi-le-chef-rebelle-hutu-callixte-mbarushimana-b%C3%A9n%C3%A9ficie-d-un-non-lieu-en-france?utm_slink=go.france24.com%2FXJw&amp;utm_term=FRANCE24&amp;utm_campaign=facebook&amp;utm_source=nonli&amp;utm_medium=social |work=France 24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urupfu ==
Mbarushimana yapfiriye mu Bufaransa afite imyaka 63 ku ya 4 Ukwakira 2026. &lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ufitiwabo |first=Aurore Teta |date=2026-10-08 |title=Genocide fugitive Callixte Mbarushimana confirmed dead in France |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/39533/news/rwanda/genocide-fugitive-callixte-mbarushimana-confirmed-dead-in-france/amp |access-date=2026-10-09 |work=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]</text>
      <sha1>t2vmndp74fjs24hi69xf7ocaxjks2ge</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Udukoko tw'agakoko k'ingirabuzimafatizo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23332</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141147</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:08:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458327|Ganglion cyst]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141147</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4462" sha1="b3w2hberi3odnr2rg60vgj62m45b7w4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Ganglion cyst|synonym=Ganglia, synovial cyst,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = National Library of Medicine - Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) - Ganglion Cyst | url = https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2013/MB_cgi?field=uid&amp;term=D045888 |access-date= August 27, 2013 | url-status = live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160310225042/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2013/MB_cgi?field=uid&amp;term=D045888 |archive-date= March 10, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gideon's disease, Olamide's cyst, Bible cyst, Bible bump&lt;ref name=E-hand.com&gt;{{cite web|title=E-hand.com The Electronic Textbook of Hand Surgery|url=http://www.eatonhand.com/ebook/index.htm|publisher=The American Society for Surgery of the Hand assh.com|access-date=April 12, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309032358/http://www.eatonhand.com/ebook/index.htm|archive-date=March 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;|image=Ganglion-cyst.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Cyst on [[dorsum (biology)|dorsum]] of left hand close to the wrist|pronounce=|field=[[Plastic surgery]]|symptoms=Small soft lump associated with a joint&lt;ref name=AAOS2013/&gt;|complications=[[Carpal tunnel syndrome]], compression of the [[radial artery]]&lt;ref name=Fer2014/&gt;|onset=15 to 40 years old&lt;ref name=AAOS2013/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=Unknown&lt;ref name=AAOS2013/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Typically based on signs&lt;ref name=Fer2014/&gt;|differential=[[Lipoma]], [[epidermoid inclusion cyst]], [[gout]], [[hemangioma]]&lt;ref name=Fer2014/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=[[Watchful waiting]], splinting the affected joint, needle aspiration, surgery&lt;ref name=AAOS2013/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Not serious&lt;ref name=AAOS2013/&gt;|frequency=~3 per 10,000 per year (wrist and hand)&lt;ref name=Co2011/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Ikibyimba cya ganglion''' ni ikibyimba cyuzuye amazi gifitanye isano n'agahu k'ingingo cyangwa umutsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ganglion Cyst of the Wrist and Hand-OrthoInfo|url=http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00006|website=orthoinfo.aaos.org|access-date=10 June 2017|date=March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706173538/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00006|archive-date=6 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi biba inyuma y'ukuboko hagakurikiraho imbere y'ukuboko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323084307|page=472|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA472|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910172219/https://books.google.ca/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA472|archive-date=2017-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gutangira kwandura akenshi bimara amezi menshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe nta bindi bimenyetso bihari.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Hari igihe ububabare cyangwa ibinya bishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo indwara ya carpal tunnel syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu ntiramenyekana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Bikekwa ko uburyo bw'ibanze bukoresha gusohora membrane ya synovial.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo gymnastics.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku gusuzuma urumuri rumurikira mu gisebe ari rwo rushyigikira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt; Gufata amashusho mu buvuzi bishobora gukorwa kugira ngo harebwe izindi mpamvu zishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt;

Uburyo bwo kuvura burimo gutegereza witonze, gukata ingingo yangiritse, gukurura urushinge, cyangwa kubagwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'igihe bakemura ubwabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt; Abantu bagera kuri 3 ku bantu 10.000 bashya barwara ganglion yo mu kuboko cyangwa ku kuboko buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Co2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cooney|first=William P.|title=The Wrist: Diagnosis and Operative Treatment|date=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9781451148268|page=1089|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=qva8f16BewEC&amp;pg=PA1089|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910172219/https://books.google.ca/books?id=qva8f16BewEC&amp;pg=PA1089|archive-date=2017-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zikunze kugaragara cyane mu bagore bakiri bato n'abageze mu zabukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Kugerageza kuvura igisebe ukoresheje igitabo birabujijwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>b3w2hberi3odnr2rg60vgj62m45b7w4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141150</id>
      <parentid>141147</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:11:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Udukoko tw'agakoko k'ingirabuzimafatizo</comment>
      <origin>141150</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2831" sha1="bgqjykcge25hnjr3mvynlefcb0fkzvy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Udukoko tw'agakoko k'ingirabuzimafatizo
| image         = 
| image_thumbtime = 
}}

'''Ikibyimba cya ganglion''' ni ikibyimba cyuzuye amazi gifitanye isano n'agahu k'ingingo cyangwa umutsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ganglion Cyst of the Wrist and Hand-OrthoInfo|url=http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00006|website=orthoinfo.aaos.org|access-date=10 June 2017|date=March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706173538/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00006|archive-date=6 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi biba inyuma y'ukuboko hagakurikiraho imbere y'ukuboko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323084307|page=472|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA472|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910172219/https://books.google.ca/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA472|archive-date=2017-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gutangira kwandura akenshi bimara amezi menshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe nta bindi bimenyetso bihari.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Hari igihe ububabare cyangwa ibinya bishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo indwara ya carpal tunnel syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu ntiramenyekana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Bikekwa ko uburyo bw'ibanze bukoresha gusohora membrane ya synovial.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo gymnastics.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku gusuzuma urumuri rumurikira mu gisebe ari rwo rushyigikira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt; Gufata amashusho mu buvuzi bishobora gukorwa kugira ngo harebwe izindi mpamvu zishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt;

Uburyo bwo kuvura burimo gutegereza witonze, gukata ingingo yangiritse, gukurura urushinge, cyangwa kubagwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'igihe bakemura ubwabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt; Abantu bagera kuri 3 ku bantu 10.000 bashya barwara ganglion yo mu kuboko cyangwa ku kuboko buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Co2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cooney|first=William P.|title=The Wrist: Diagnosis and Operative Treatment|date=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9781451148268|page=1089|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=qva8f16BewEC&amp;pg=PA1089|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910172219/https://books.google.ca/books?id=qva8f16BewEC&amp;pg=PA1089|archive-date=2017-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zikunze kugaragara cyane mu bagore bakiri bato n'abageze mu zabukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Kugerageza kuvura igisebe ukoresheje igitabo birabujijwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>bgqjykcge25hnjr3mvynlefcb0fkzvy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141152</id>
      <parentid>141150</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:12:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>141152</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2701" sha1="fyt7xonl7ldfa8d6096avkk9xyzqkj6" xml:space="preserve">'''Ikibyimba cya ganglion''' ni ikibyimba cyuzuye amazi gifitanye isano n'agahu k'ingingo cyangwa umutsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ganglion Cyst of the Wrist and Hand-OrthoInfo|url=http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00006|website=orthoinfo.aaos.org|access-date=10 June 2017|date=March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706173538/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00006|archive-date=6 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi biba inyuma y'ukuboko hagakurikiraho imbere y'ukuboko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323084307|page=472|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA472|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910172219/https://books.google.ca/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA472|archive-date=2017-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gutangira kwandura akenshi bimara amezi menshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe nta bindi bimenyetso bihari.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Hari igihe ububabare cyangwa ibinya bishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo indwara ya carpal tunnel syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu ntiramenyekana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Bikekwa ko uburyo bw'ibanze bukoresha gusohora membrane ya synovial.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo gymnastics.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku gusuzuma urumuri rumurikira mu gisebe ari rwo rushyigikira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt; Gufata amashusho mu buvuzi bishobora gukorwa kugira ngo harebwe izindi mpamvu zishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt;

Uburyo bwo kuvura burimo gutegereza witonze, gukata ingingo yangiritse, gukurura urushinge, cyangwa kubagwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'igihe bakemura ubwabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt; Abantu bagera kuri 3 ku bantu 10.000 bashya barwara ganglion yo mu kuboko cyangwa ku kuboko buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Co2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cooney|first=William P.|title=The Wrist: Diagnosis and Operative Treatment|date=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9781451148268|page=1089|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=qva8f16BewEC&amp;pg=PA1089|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910172219/https://books.google.ca/books?id=qva8f16BewEC&amp;pg=PA1089|archive-date=2017-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zikunze kugaragara cyane mu bagore bakiri bato n'abageze mu zabukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Kugerageza kuvura igisebe ukoresheje igitabo birabujijwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>fyt7xonl7ldfa8d6096avkk9xyzqkj6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141154</id>
      <parentid>141152</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:36:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Udukoko tw'agakoko k'ingirabuzimafatizo</comment>
      <origin>141154</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2780" sha1="f3iv7ql036qp4yg207dzqdtkvo1tca8" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Ganglion-cyst.jpg|thumb|[[Udukoko tw'agakoko k'ingirabuzimafatizo]]]]
'''Ikibyimba cya ganglion''' ni ikibyimba cyuzuye amazi gifitanye isano n'agahu k'ingingo cyangwa umutsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ganglion Cyst of the Wrist and Hand-OrthoInfo|url=http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00006|website=orthoinfo.aaos.org|access-date=10 June 2017|date=March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706173538/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00006|archive-date=6 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi biba inyuma y'ukuboko hagakurikiraho imbere y'ukuboko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323084307|page=472|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA472|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910172219/https://books.google.ca/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA472|archive-date=2017-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gutangira kwandura akenshi bimara amezi menshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe nta bindi bimenyetso bihari.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Hari igihe ububabare cyangwa ibinya bishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo indwara ya carpal tunnel syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu ntiramenyekana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Bikekwa ko uburyo bw'ibanze bukoresha gusohora membrane ya synovial.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo gymnastics.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku gusuzuma urumuri rumurikira mu gisebe ari rwo rushyigikira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt; Gufata amashusho mu buvuzi bishobora gukorwa kugira ngo harebwe izindi mpamvu zishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt;

Uburyo bwo kuvura burimo gutegereza witonze, gukata ingingo yangiritse, gukurura urushinge, cyangwa kubagwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'igihe bakemura ubwabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt; Abantu bagera kuri 3 ku bantu 10.000 bashya barwara ganglion yo mu kuboko cyangwa ku kuboko buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Co2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cooney|first=William P.|title=The Wrist: Diagnosis and Operative Treatment|date=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9781451148268|page=1089|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=qva8f16BewEC&amp;pg=PA1089|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910172219/https://books.google.ca/books?id=qva8f16BewEC&amp;pg=PA1089|archive-date=2017-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zikunze kugaragara cyane mu bagore bakiri bato n'abageze mu zabukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2013&quot; /&gt; Kugerageza kuvura igisebe ukoresheje igitabo birabujijwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2014&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>f3iv7ql036qp4yg207dzqdtkvo1tca8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diphtheria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23333</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141155</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:39:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501605|Diphtheria]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141155</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8177" sha1="4jrjw68foez03jylc5kzmuln70bwfwk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Diphtheria|synonym=|image=Diphtheria bull neck.5325 lores.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Diphtheria can cause a swollen neck, sometimes referred to as a ''bull neck''.&lt;ref name=CDC2012Pink/&gt;|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Sore throat, fever, barky cough&lt;ref name=WHO2006/&gt;|complications=|onset=2–5 days post-exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2012Pink/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]'' (spread by direct contact and [[airborne disease|through the air]])&lt;ref name=CDC2012Pink/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Throat appearance, [[microbiological culture|culture]]&lt;ref name=WHO2006/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Diphtheria vaccine]]&lt;ref name=CDC2012Pink/&gt;|treatment=[[Antibiotic|Antibiotics]], [[tracheostomy]]&lt;ref name=CDC2012Pink/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=4,500 (reported 2015)&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;|deaths=2,100 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;|named after=}}'''Diphtheria''' ni indwara iterwa na [[Bagiteri|bagiteri ya]] ''Corynebacterium diphtheriae''.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Atkinson|first=William|title=Diphtheria Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases|date=May 2012|publisher=Public Health Foundation|isbn=9780983263135|pages=215–230|edition=12|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/dip.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915204257/http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/dip.html|archive-date=15 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora gutandukana kuva ku byoroheje kugeza ku bikomeye.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Diphtheria vaccine|journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec|date=20 January 2006|volume=81|issue=3|pages=24–32|pmid=16671240|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe bitangira nyuma y'iminsi ibiri kugeza kuri itanu nyuma yo kugaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso akenshi biza buhoro buhoro, bitangirana no kubabara mu muhogo no kugira umuriro.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2006&quot; /&gt; Mu bihe bikomeye, ibara ry'umukara cyangwa umweru ritangira kugaragara mu muhogo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2006&quot; /&gt; Ibi bishobora kuziba inzira y'ubuhumekero no gutera inkorora ikaze nk'uko bigenda mu [[Croup|gihe cy'ikibuno]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2006&quot; /&gt; Ijosi rishobora kubyimba igice bitewe n'uturemangingo tw'imitsi twinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt; Hari ubwoko bwa diphtheria bufata uruhu, amaso cyangwa imyanya ndangagitsina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2006&quot; /&gt; Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo myocarditis, kubyimba kw'imitsi, ibibazo by'impyiko, n'ibibazo byo kuva amaraso bitewe n'urugero ruto rw'ibinure mu maraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt; Myocarditis ishobora gutera umuvuduko udasanzwe w'umutima, kandi kubyimba kw'imitsi bishobora gutera [[Kugagara ingingo|ubumuga]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt;

Indwara ya diphtheria ikunze gukwirakwira hagati y'abantu binyuze mu gukoranaho cyangwa binyuze mu kirere.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kowalski|first=Wladyslaw|title=Hospital airborne infection control|date=2012|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=9781439821961|page=54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGS7fCcloBQC&amp;pg=PA54|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221095743/https://books.google.com/books?id=rGS7fCcloBQC&amp;pg=PA54|archive-date=21 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishobora kandi gukwirakwizwa n'ibintu byanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt; Hari abantu batwara iyi bagiteri nta bimenyetso bafite, ariko bashobora kuyikwirakwiza no kuyikwirakwiza ku bandi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt; Ubwoko butatu bw'ingenzi bwa ''C. diphtheriae'' butera ubukana butandukanye bw'indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso biterwa n'uburozi bukorwa n'iyo bagiteri.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2006&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara bishobora gukorwa hashingiwe ku kuntu umuhogo ugaragara byemejwe n'ubushakashatsi bw'ibinyabuzima.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2006&quot; /&gt; Ubwandu bwabanje bushobora kutarinda ubwandu bw'ejo hazaza.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2006&quot; /&gt;

Urukingo rwa diphtheria rufite akamaro mu kwirinda kandi ruboneka mu buryo butandukanye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt; Dose eshatu cyangwa enye, zitangwa hamwe [[Urukingo rwa Tetanusi|n'urukingo rwa tetanasi]] n'urukingo rwa pertussis, ni zo zisabwa mu bwana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt; Izindi doze z'urukingo rwa diphtheria-tetanus zisabwa buri myaka icumi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt; Uburinzi bushobora kwemezwa hapimwa urugero rw'uburozi mu maraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt; Diphtheria ishobora kwirindwa ku bantu bahuye n’iyi ndwara ndetse bakayivurwa n’imiti igabanya ubukana bwa erythromycin cyangwa benzylpenicillin.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt; Hari igihe hakenerwa tracheotomy kugira ngo hafungurwe inzira y'ubuhumekero mu gihe cy'uburwayi bukomeye.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2006&quot; /&gt;

Mu 2015, abarwayi 4.500 bagaragaye ku mugaragaro ku isi yose, bagabanutse ugereranyije n’abagera ku 100.000 mu 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diphtheria|url=http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/diphtheria/en/|website=who.int|access-date=27 March 2015|date=3 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121723/http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/diphtheria/en/|archive-date=2 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni imwe bafatwa n’iyi ndwara buri mwaka mbere y’imyaka ya 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2006&quot; /&gt; Diphtheria ubu ikunze kugaragara cyane muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara, mu Buhinde no muri Indoneziya.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323263733|page=2372|edition=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73pYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2372|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221092112/https://books.google.com/books?id=73pYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2372|archive-date=21 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2015, byagize ingaruka ku rupfu rw’abantu 2.100, rugabanuka ugereranyije n’abapfuye 8.000 mu 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|pmc=4340604|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu turere aho bikigaragara cyane, abana ni bo bibasirwa cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2006&quot; /&gt; Ni gake cyane mu bihugu byateye imbere bitewe n’inkingo zikwirakwira ariko zishobora kongera kugaragara mu gihe igipimo cy’inkingo cyagabanutse.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Al|first=A. E. Paniz-Mondolfi et|title=Resurgence of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in Venezuela as a Regional Public Health Threat in the Americas – Volume 25, Number 4 – April 2019 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=25|issue=4|pages=625–632|language=en-us|doi=10.3201/eid2504.181305|pmid=30698523|pmc=6433037|year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, abantu 57 banduye bagaragaye hagati ya 1980 na 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt; Urupfu rubaho kuri 5% kugeza kuri 10% by'abayirwaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara yavuzwe bwa mbere mu kinyejana cya 5 mbere ya Yesu na Hippocrates.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt; Iyi bagiteri yamenyekanye mu 1882 na Edwin Klebs.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pink&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>4jrjw68foez03jylc5kzmuln70bwfwk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Semaglutide</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23334</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141156</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:50:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1506213|Semaglutide]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141156</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2970" sha1="shg7f4ll7oeoof8luzx652jpnj23h5t" xml:space="preserve">'''Semaglutide''', igurishwa ku mazina y’ikirango '''cya Ozempic''' n’ibindi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 n’umubyibuho ukabije.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Semaglutide Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/semaglutide.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=2 April 2021|language=en|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116145408/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/semaglutide.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo bishobora gukoreshwa hamwe, ntabwo bikundwa cyane kuruta metformin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=BNF|date=September 2020 - March 2021|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|year=|isbn=978-0-85711-369-6|edition=80|location=|pages=738}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binoza kugenzura isukari mu maraso, bigabanya ibyago byo kurwara indwara z'umutima, kandi bigabanya ibyago byo kugira ibibazo by'impyiko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Ikoreshwa mu kanwa cyangwa mu guterwa inshinge munsi y'uruhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo isesemi, kuruka, impiswi, kubabara mu nda, no kuribwa mu nda.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo ketoacidosis ya diyabete, isukari nke mu maraso, na pancreatitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot; /&gt; Hari impungenge ko gukoresha iyo myitozo mu gihe utwite bishobora kwangiza umwana kandi ko kuyikoresha mu gihe cyo konsa bidasabwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Ikora nka peptide-1 imeze nka glucagon y'umuntu (GLP-1) kandi yongera irekurwa rya insuline, igabanya irekurwa rya glucagon, kandi igatinda gusohora igifu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot; /&gt;

Semaglutide yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Yakozwe na Novo Nordisk.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Ni wo muti wa mbere wa GLP-1 ushobora gufatwa n'umunwa.  Mu Bwongereza, 2 mg yo guterwa inshinge itwara NHS amafaranga agera kuri £73 mu 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot; /&gt; Aya mafaranga muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika agura hafi 850 USD mu 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;GRx2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ozempic Prices, Coupons &amp; Savings Tips|url=https://www.goodrx.com/ozempic?dosage=2-pens-of-1mg&amp;form=carton&amp;label_override=Ozempic&amp;quantity=1&amp;sort_type=popularity|website=GoodRx|access-date=16 April 2021|language=en-us|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905084546/https://www.goodrx.com/ozempic?dosage=2-pens-of-1mg&amp;form=carton&amp;label_override=Ozempic&amp;quantity=1&amp;sort_type=popularity|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yabaye umuti rusange muri Kanada mu 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ibrahimpoor|first=Tammy|title=Generic Ozempic production an ‘exciting time for Canada,’ doctor says|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/article/generic-ozempic-production-an-exciting-time-for-canada-doctor-says/|access-date=5 January 2026|work=CTVNews|date=5 January 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>shg7f4ll7oeoof8luzx652jpnj23h5t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cyclobenzaprine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23335</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141157</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:51:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1464495|Cyclobenzaprine]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141157</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3265" sha1="0u5ipylnjsshilkegk3f2xdv21xbqbr" xml:space="preserve">'''Cyclobenzaprine''', igurishwa ku izina ry’ikirango '''cya Flexeril''' n’indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura imitsi iterwa n’indwara z’imitsi n’amagufwa zitangira gutunguranye.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyclobenzaprine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/cyclobenzaprine.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=AHFS|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073516/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/cyclobenzaprine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nta kamaro gafite mu ndwara zo mu bwonko zitera indwara zo mu bwonko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Ifatwa mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Ntabwo byemewe kuyikoresha mu gihe kirenze ibyumweru bike.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kuribwa umutwe, kumva umunaniro, isereri no kuma mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo gutera k'umutima ku buryo budasanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Nta kimenyetso cy'ingaruka mbi zigaragara mu gihe cyo gutwita, ariko ntabwo byizwe neza muri aba bantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Ntibikwiye gukoreshwa hamwe n'umuti ugabanya ubukana bwa MAO.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bikora ntabwo birasobanutse neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt;

Cyclobenzaprine yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cya buri dose kiri munsi ya 0.05$ y'Amerika mu 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 43 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abantu barenga miliyoni 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyclobenzaprine - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Cyclobenzaprine|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412065117/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Cyclobenzaprine|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntabwo yari iboneka mu Bwongereza mu 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Fibromyalgia, psychiatric comorbidity, and the somatosensory cortex|date=2012|volume=5|issue=2|page=a522|url=http://www.bjmp.org/content/fibromyalgia-psychiatric-comorbidity-and-somatosensory-cortex|journal=|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073505/http://www.bjmp.org/content/fibromyalgia-psychiatric-comorbidity-and-somatosensory-cortex|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>0u5ipylnjsshilkegk3f2xdv21xbqbr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sulfure ivanze n'amazi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23336</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141158</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:55:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1504582|Precipitated sulfur]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141158</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3603" sha1="b0vo9ic0flis2w4xx5bfcbdzq4m2yt1" xml:space="preserve">'''Sulfure''' ikoreshwa nk'umuti uvura ibihumyo n'inda ; harimo umutwe, umubiri, n'inda zo mu gitsina .  Izindi ngaruka zirimo [[Ibiheri byo mu maso|ibiheri]], rosacea, tinea, ibiheri, na seborrheic dermatitis .   Bishyirwa ku ruhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO23rd&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)|year=2023|hdl=10665/371090|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zirimo kuba impumuro mbi ishobora gutera dermatitis .  Gukoresha bisa nkaho ari byiza mu gihe cyo gutwita no konsa, keretse hafi y'ibere.&lt;ref name=Wol2019&gt;{{cite book |last1=Wolverton |first1=Stephen E. |last2=Wu |first2=Jashin J. |title=Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy |date=14 December 2019 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-61212-8 |page=611 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=jPrDDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA611 |language=en |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216025154/https://books.google.ca/books?id=jPrDDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA611#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216025154/https://books.google.ca/books?id=jPrDDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA611 |date=16 December 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishobora kwihanganirwa kurusha peroxide ya benzoyl.&lt;ref name=Wol2019 /&gt; Ikora nk'ikintu gitera keratolytic kandi ikica bagiteri, udukoko, n'ibihumyo.&lt;ref name=Wol2019 /&gt; Mu rwego rwa shimi, ni octasulfur isanzwe (S &lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt; ).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Steudel|first=Ralf|last2=Göbel|first2=Thomas|last3=Holdt|first3=Gabriele|title=The Molecular Composition of Hydrophilic Sulfur Sols Prepared by Acid Decomposition of Thiosulfate [1]|journal=Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B|date=1 February 1988|volume=43|issue=2|pages=203–218|doi=10.1515/znb-1988-0212}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sulfure ifite amateka yo gukoreshwa mu buvuzi kuva nibura mu gihe cya Hippocrates .  Nubwo itaremerwa ku mugaragaro kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu buvuzi bwihariye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, irashobora kuboneka ku giciro cya muganga guhera mu 2020.  Yemerewe gukoreshwa muri [[Arabiya Sawudite]].&lt;ref name=UM2020&gt;{{cite web |last1=Yuen |first1=Melissa |title=Precipitated Sulfur: Summary Report |url=https://archive.hshsl.umaryland.edu/bitstream/handle/10713/12274/Precipitated%20sulfur_Final_2020_02.pdf?sequence=6 |access-date=15 December 2023 |date=2020 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216025157/https://archive.hshsl.umaryland.edu/bitstream/handle/10713/12274/Precipitated%20sulfur_Final_2020_02.pdf?sequence=6 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216025157/https://archive.hshsl.umaryland.edu/bitstream/handle/10713/12274/Precipitated%20sulfur_Final_2020_02.pdf?sequence=6 |date=16 December 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi yatanzwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima nk'umusimbura wa benzyl benzoate.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO23rd&quot; /&gt; Bishobora kandi kwiyongeraho [[farumasi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chiu|first=S|last2=Argaez|first2=C|title=Ivermectin for Parasitic Skin Infections of Scabies: A Review of Comparative Clinical Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Guidelines|journal=CADTH Rapid Response Reports|date=16 May 2019|pmid=31424718}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri rusange ntabwo bihenze.  Mu buvuzi ni bwo bwoko bwa sulfure bukoreshwa cyane. 

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>b0vo9ic0flis2w4xx5bfcbdzq4m2yt1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ondansetron</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23337</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141159</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T10:56:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503857|Ondansetron]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141159</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3401" sha1="f6iaanb5e757mnkrctci64s67cef1n4" xml:space="preserve">'''Ondansetron''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Zofran''', ni umuti ukoreshwa mu gukumira isesemi no kuruka biterwa na kanseri, imiti ivura imirasire, cyangwa kubagwa.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016&gt;{{cite web|title=Ondansetron Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ondansetron-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503132329/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ondansetron-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=May 3, 2016|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503132329/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ondansetron-hydrochloride.html |date=May 3, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ifite akamaro kandi mu kuvura indwara yo mu gifu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schnadower|first=D|last2=Finkelstein|first2=Y|last3=Freedman|first3=SB|title=Ondansetron and probiotics in the management of pediatric acute gastroenteritis in developed countries|journal=Current Opinion in Gastroenterology|date=January 2015|volume=31|issue=1|pages=1–6|pmid=25333367|doi=10.1097/mog.0000000000000132}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Freedman|first=SB|last2=Ali|first2=S|last3=Oleszczuk|first3=M|last4=Gouin|first4=S|last5=Hartling|first5=L|title=Treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children: an overview of systematic reviews of interventions commonly used in developed countries|journal=Evidence-based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal|date=July 2013|volume=8|issue=4|pages=1123–37|pmid=23877938|doi=10.1002/ebch.1932}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntacyo bikora ku kuvura kuruka guterwa n'indwara yo mu mutwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sutton|first=M|last2=Mounsey|first2=AL|last3=Russell|first3=RG|title=FPIN's Clinical Inquiries. Treatment of motion sickness|journal=American Family Physician|date=15 July 2012|volume=86|issue=2|pages=192–5|pmid=22962932}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishobora gutangwa mu kanwa cyangwa mu guterwa mu mitsi cyangwa mu mitsi . 

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo [[impiswi]], kuribwa mu nda, kuribwa umutwe, gusinzira no gushyukwa.  Ingaruka mbi zikomeye zirimo gutinda kwa QT no kugira allergie ikomeye.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016 /&gt; Bisa nkaho ari byiza mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] ariko ntabwo byizweho neza muri iri tsinda.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016 /&gt; Ni serotonin 5-HT &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwQg&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; receptor antagonist.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016 /&gt; Nta ngaruka bigira kuri za receptors za dopamine cyangwa za muscarinic . 

Ondansetron yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti mu 1984, yemererwa gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu 1990.  Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi rw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe .  Igiciro cy'umuti uterwa mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere kiri hagati {{US$}} {{US$}} na 0.76 kuri buri dose.  Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika igura hafi {{US$}} 1.37 kuri buri piritsi.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016 /&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 83 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n’abaganga barenga miliyoni icyenda.  

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>f6iaanb5e757mnkrctci64s67cef1n4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indwara y'umutima</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23338</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141160</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:01:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503497|Myocardial infarction]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141160</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14926" sha1="izuwmvd7zhalytd9sw9zai6qompaxqd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Myocardial infarction|synonym=Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart attack|image=Blausen 0463 HeartAttack.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A myocardial infarction occurs when an [[atherosclerosis|atherosclerotic]] [[Atheroma|plaque]] slowly builds up in the inner lining of a [[coronary artery]] and then suddenly ruptures, causing catastrophic [[thrombus]] formation, totally occluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream.|pronounce=|field=[[Cardiology]], [[emergency medicine]]|symptoms=[[Chest pain]], [[shortness of breath]], nausea, [[presyncope|feeling faint]], [[diaphoresis|cold sweat]], [[Fatigue|feeling tired]]; arm, neck, back, jaw, or stomach pain&lt;ref name=HLB2014/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/warning-signs-of-a-heart-attack/heart-attack-symptoms-in-women|title=Heart Attack Symptoms in Women|website=American Heart Association|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2018-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804150541/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/warning-signs-of-a-heart-attack/heart-attack-symptoms-in-women|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804150541/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/warning-signs-of-a-heart-attack/heart-attack-symptoms-in-women |date=2018-08-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|complications=[[Heart failure]], [[Arrhythmia|irregular heartbeat]], [[cardiogenic shock]], [[cardiac arrest]]&lt;ref name=HLB2013MI/&gt;&lt;ref name=Heart2015&gt;{{cite web|title=Heart Attack or Sudden Cardiac Arrest: How Are They Different?|url=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/MyHeartandStrokeNews/Heart-Attack-or-Sudden-Cardiac-Arrest-How-Are-They-Different_UCM_440804_Article.jsp|website=www.heart.org|access-date=24 February 2015|date=Jul 30, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224045054/http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/MyHeartandStrokeNews/Heart-Attack-or-Sudden-Cardiac-Arrest-How-Are-They-Different_UCM_440804_Article.jsp|archive-date=24 February 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224045054/http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/MyHeartandStrokeNews/Heart-Attack-or-Sudden-Cardiac-Arrest-How-Are-They-Different_UCM_440804_Article.jsp |date=24 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Usually [[coronary artery disease]]&lt;ref name=HLB2013MI/&gt;|risks=[[Hypertension|High blood pressure]], [[tobacco smoking|smoking]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[lack of exercise]], [[obesity]], [[hypercholesterolaemia|high blood cholesterol]]&lt;ref name=Meh2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2011&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mendis |first1=Shanthi |last2=Puska |first2=Pekka |last3=Norrving |first3=Bo |title=Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control |date=2011 |publisher=World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-156437-3 |pages=3–18 |edition=1st |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817123106/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1 |archive-date=2014-08-17 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817123106/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1 |date=2014-08-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|diagnosis=[[Electrocardiography|Electrocardiogram]]s (ECGs), blood tests, [[coronary angiography]]&lt;ref name=HLB2013D/&gt;|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Percutaneous coronary intervention]], [[thrombolysis]]&lt;ref name=Europe2012/&gt;|medication=[[Aspirin]], [[Nitroglycerin|nitroglycerin]], [[heparin]]&lt;ref name=Europe2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=Oc2010/&gt;|prognosis=STEMI 10% risk of death (developed world)&lt;ref name=Europe2012/&gt;|frequency=15.9 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Indwara y'umutima''' ( '''MI''' ), izwi kandi nk'indwara '''y'umutima''', ibaho iyo amaraso atembera cyangwa agahagarara mu gice [[Umutima|cy'umutima]], bigatera kwangirika kw'imitsi y'umutima.&lt;ref name=HLB2014&gt;{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=23 February 2015|date=September 29, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224034615/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/signs|archive-date=24 February 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224034615/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/signs |date=24 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikimenyetso gikunze kugaragara ni ububabare bwo mu gituza cyangwa kubabara mu gatuza bishobora kugera mu rutugu, mu kuboko, mu mugongo, mu ijosi cyangwa mu rwasaya.&lt;ref name=HLB2014 /&gt; Akenshi biba hagati cyangwa ibumoso bw'igituza kandi bikamara iminota irenga mike.&lt;ref name=HLB2014 /&gt; Ubwo burwayi bushobora rimwe na rimwe kumva nk'umuriro ushyuha.&lt;ref name=HLB2014 /&gt; Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubura umwuka, isesemi, kumva nta cyo ushoboye, ibyuya bikonje cyangwa kumva unaniwe .  Abantu bagera kuri 30% bafite ibimenyetso bidasanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Europe2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Steg PG, James SK, Atar D, Badano LP, Blömstrom-Lundqvist C, Borger MA, Di Mario C, Dickstein K, Ducrocq G, Fernandez-Aviles F, Gershlick AH, Giannuzzi P, Halvorsen S, Huber K, Juni P, Kastrati A, Knuuti J, Lenzen MJ, Mahaffey KW, Valgimigli M, van 't Hof A, Widimsky P, Zahger D|display-authors=6|title=ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=33|issue=20|pages=2569–619|date=October 2012|pmid=22922416|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehs215|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abagore bakunze kugaragara badababara mu gituza ahubwo bababara mu ijosi, mu kuboko cyangwa bakumva bananiwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Coventry LL, Finn J, Bremner AP|title=Sex differences in symptom presentation in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Heart &amp; Lung|volume=40|issue=6|pages=477–91|date=2011|pmid=22000678|doi=10.1016/j.hrtlng.2011.05.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bantu barengeje imyaka 75, abagera kuri 5% barwaye indwara ya MI badafite ibimenyetso byinshi cyangwa nta na kimwe bagaragaje.&lt;ref name=&quot;Val2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Valensi P, Lorgis L, Cottin Y|title=Prevalence, incidence, predictive factors and prognosis of silent myocardial infarction: a review of the literature|journal=Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases|volume=104|issue=3|pages=178–88|date=March 2011|pmid=21497307|doi=10.1016/j.acvd.2010.11.013|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara ya MI ishobora gutera umutima guhagarara nabi, umutima utera nabi, umutima uhungabana cyangwa umutima ugahagarara .  

Indwara nyinshi zo mu mutwe ziterwa n'indwara y'imitsi ifata imitsi y'umutima .  Ibintu bishobora gutera indwara birimo umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, kunywa itabi, diyabete, kudakora imyitozo ngororamubiri, umubyibuho ukabije, cholesterol nyinshi mu maraso, indyo mbi no kunywa inzoga nyinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mehta PK, Wei J, Wenger NK|title=Ischemic heart disease in women: a focus on risk factors|journal=Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine|volume=25|issue=2|pages=140–51|date=February 2015|pmid=25453985|pmc=4336825|doi=10.1016/j.tcm.2014.10.005}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ubusanzwe, imikorere y’imitsi y’umutima ifunga burundu bitewe no gucika kw’imitsi ya atherosclerotic plaque.&lt;ref name=HLB2013MI&gt;{{cite web|title=What Is a Heart Attack?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=24 February 2015|date=December 17, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219152830/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/|archive-date=19 February 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219152830/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/ |date=19 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntabwo zikunze guterwa no kubabara mu mitsi y'umutima, bishobora guterwa na [[kokayine]], stress ikomeye mu byiyumvo ndetse n'ubukonje bukabije, n'ibindi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Devlin RJ, Henry JA|title=Clinical review: Major consequences of illicit drug consumption|journal=Critical Care|volume=12|issue=1|pages=202|date=2008|pmid=18279535|pmc=2374627|doi=10.1186/cc6166}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibipimo byinshi ni ingirakamaro mu gufasha mu gusuzuma indwara, harimo electrocardiograms (ECGs), ibizamini by'amaraso, na angiography y'umutima .  ECG, ari na yo nyandiko igaragaza imikorere y'amashanyarazi y'umutima, ishobora kwemeza ko umutima urwaye indwara ya occlusion myocardial infarction (OMI) iyo hari ST elevation MI (STEMI) cyangwa STEMI ingana nayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Europe2012&quot; /&gt;   Ibipimo by'amaraso bikunze gukoreshwa birimo troponin na creatine kinase MB idakunze gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=HLB2013D&gt;{{cite web|title=How Is a Heart Attack Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/diagnosis|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=24 February 2015|date=December 17, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224044949/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/diagnosis|archive-date=24 February 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224044949/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/diagnosis |date=24 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuvura indwara ya MI ni ingenzi cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davidsons2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Britton|first=the editors Nicki R. Colledge, Brian R. Walker, Stuart H. Ralston; illustrated by Robert|title=Davidson's principles and practice of medicine|date=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-7020-3085-7|edition=21st|pages=588–599}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asipirine ni uburyo bwo kuvura bwihuse umuntu ukekwaho kuba afite MI.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oc2010&quot; /&gt; Nitroglycerin cyangwa opioids bishobora gukoreshwa mu gufasha kubabara mu gatuza; icyakora, ntabwo byongera umusaruro muri rusange.&lt;ref name=&quot;Europe2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oc2010&quot; /&gt; Ogisijeni y'inyongera irasabwa ku bantu bafite ogisijeni nke cyangwa bafite ikibazo cyo guhumeka nabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oc2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=O'Connor RE, Brady W, Brooks SC, Diercks D, Egan J, Ghaemmaghami C, Menon V, O'Neil BJ, Travers AH, Yannopoulos D|display-authors=6|title=Part 10: acute coronary syndromes: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care|journal=Circulation|volume=122|issue=18 Suppl 3|pages=S787–817|date=November 2010|pmid=20956226|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971028|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri STEMI, uburyo bwo kuvura bugerageza gusubiza amaraso mu mutima kandi burimo uburyo bwo kuvura indwara z’umutima (PCI), aho imitsi ifunguka igashobora kuba ifite stent, cyangwa thrombolysis, aho kuziba kw’imitsi gukurwaho hakoreshejwe imiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Europe2012&quot; /&gt; Abantu bafite indwara ya NSTEMI (non-ST elevation myocardial infarction) akenshi bavurwa na heparin yoroshya amaraso, hamwe n'ikoreshwa rya PCI ku bantu bafite ibyago byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oc2010&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bafite ubumuga bwo kuziba kw'imitsi myinshi y'umutima na diyabete, kubagwa imitsi y'umutima (CABG) bishobora kuba ari byiza aho kubagwa angioplasty.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamm2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hamm CW, Bassand JP, Agewall S, Bax J, Boersma E, Bueno H, Caso P, Dudek D, Gielen S, Huber K, Ohman M, Petrie MC, Sonntag F, Uva MS, Storey RF, Wijns W, Zahger D|display-authors=6|title=ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=32|issue=23|pages=2999–3054|date=December 2011|pmid=21873419|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehr236|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma yo kuvurwa indwara ya MI, guhindura imibereho, hamwe no kuvurwa igihe kirekire na aspirine, beta blockers na statins, ni byo bikunze kuba byiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Europe2012&quot; /&gt;

Ku isi yose, mu 2015 habaye indwara z’umutima zigera kuri miliyoni 15.9 &lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu barenga miliyoni 3 bari bafite ST elevation MI, naho abarenga miliyoni 4 bari bafite NSTEMI.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet08&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=White HD, Chew DP|title=Acute myocardial infarction|journal=Lancet|volume=372|issue=9638|pages=570–84|date=August 2008|pmid=18707987|pmc=1931354|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61237-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; STEMIs ikunze kugaragara ku bagabo inshuro ebyiri kurusha abagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHA2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, Casey DE, Chung MK, de Lemos JA, Ettinger SM, Fang JC, Fesmire FM, Franklin BA, Granger CB, Krumholz HM, Linderbaum JA, Morrow DA, Newby LK, Ornato JP, Ou N, Radford MJ, Tamis-Holland JE, Tommaso CL, Tracy CM, Woo YJ, Zhao DX, Anderson JL, Jacobs AK, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Brindis RG, Creager MA, DeMets D, Guyton RA, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Kushner FG, Ohman EM, Stevenson WG, Yancy CW|display-authors=6|title=2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines|journal=Circulation|volume=127|issue=4|pages=e362–425|date=January 2013|pmid=23247304|doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni imwe bagira MI buri mwaka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.  Mu bihugu byateye imbere, ibyago byo gupfa ku bantu barwaye STEMI ni hafi 10%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Europe2012&quot; /&gt; Igipimo cya MI ku myaka runaka cyaragabanutse ku isi hagati ya 1990 na 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Moran AE, Forouzanfar MH, Roth GA, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Flaxman A, Murray CJ, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of ischemic heart disease in 1990 and 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study|journal=Circulation|volume=129|issue=14|pages=1493–501|date=April 2014|pmid=24573351|pmc=4181601|doi=10.1161/circulationaha.113.004046}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2011, MI yari imwe mu ndwara eshanu za mbere zihenze cyane mu gihe cyo kurara mu bitaro muri Amerika, aho yatwaye hafi miliyari 11.5 z'amadolari ku bantu 612.000 barara mu bitaro. 

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>izuwmvd7zhalytd9sw9zai6qompaxqd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141161</id>
      <parentid>141160</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:04:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Indwara y'umutima</comment>
      <origin>141161</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11080" sha1="aj91b6uuf8kq0axyxnewt3qog9hvn48" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Myocardial infarction (old).jpg|thumb|Indwara y'umutima]]
'''Indwara y'umutima''' ( '''MI''' ), izwi kandi nk'indwara '''y'umutima''', ibaho iyo amaraso atembera cyangwa agahagarara mu gice [[Umutima|cy'umutima]], bigatera kwangirika kw'imitsi y'umutima.&lt;ref name=HLB2014&gt;{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=23 February 2015|date=September 29, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224034615/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/signs|archive-date=24 February 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224034615/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/signs |date=24 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikimenyetso gikunze kugaragara ni ububabare bwo mu gituza cyangwa kubabara mu gatuza bishobora kugera mu rutugu, mu kuboko, mu mugongo, mu ijosi cyangwa mu rwasaya.&lt;ref name=HLB2014 /&gt; Akenshi biba hagati cyangwa ibumoso bw'igituza kandi bikamara iminota irenga mike.&lt;ref name=HLB2014 /&gt; Ubwo burwayi bushobora rimwe na rimwe kumva nk'umuriro ushyuha.&lt;ref name=HLB2014 /&gt; Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubura umwuka, isesemi, kumva nta cyo ushoboye, ibyuya bikonje cyangwa kumva unaniwe .  Abantu bagera kuri 30% bafite ibimenyetso bidasanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Europe2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Steg PG, James SK, Atar D, Badano LP, Blömstrom-Lundqvist C, Borger MA, Di Mario C, Dickstein K, Ducrocq G, Fernandez-Aviles F, Gershlick AH, Giannuzzi P, Halvorsen S, Huber K, Juni P, Kastrati A, Knuuti J, Lenzen MJ, Mahaffey KW, Valgimigli M, van 't Hof A, Widimsky P, Zahger D|display-authors=6|title=ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=33|issue=20|pages=2569–619|date=October 2012|pmid=22922416|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehs215|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abagore bakunze kugaragara badababara mu gituza ahubwo bababara mu ijosi, mu kuboko cyangwa bakumva bananiwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Coventry LL, Finn J, Bremner AP|title=Sex differences in symptom presentation in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Heart &amp; Lung|volume=40|issue=6|pages=477–91|date=2011|pmid=22000678|doi=10.1016/j.hrtlng.2011.05.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bantu barengeje imyaka 75, abagera kuri 5% barwaye indwara ya MI badafite ibimenyetso byinshi cyangwa nta na kimwe bagaragaje.&lt;ref name=&quot;Val2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Valensi P, Lorgis L, Cottin Y|title=Prevalence, incidence, predictive factors and prognosis of silent myocardial infarction: a review of the literature|journal=Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases|volume=104|issue=3|pages=178–88|date=March 2011|pmid=21497307|doi=10.1016/j.acvd.2010.11.013|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara ya MI ishobora gutera umutima guhagarara nabi, umutima utera nabi, umutima uhungabana cyangwa umutima ugahagarara .  

Indwara nyinshi zo mu mutwe ziterwa n'indwara y'imitsi ifata imitsi y'umutima .  Ibintu bishobora gutera indwara birimo umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, kunywa itabi, diyabete, kudakora imyitozo ngororamubiri, umubyibuho ukabije, cholesterol nyinshi mu maraso, indyo mbi no kunywa inzoga nyinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mehta PK, Wei J, Wenger NK|title=Ischemic heart disease in women: a focus on risk factors|journal=Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine|volume=25|issue=2|pages=140–51|date=February 2015|pmid=25453985|pmc=4336825|doi=10.1016/j.tcm.2014.10.005}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ubusanzwe, imikorere y’imitsi y’umutima ifunga burundu bitewe no gucika kw’imitsi ya atherosclerotic plaque.&lt;ref name=HLB2013MI&gt;{{cite web|title=What Is a Heart Attack?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=24 February 2015|date=December 17, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219152830/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/|archive-date=19 February 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219152830/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/ |date=19 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntabwo zikunze guterwa no kubabara mu mitsi y'umutima, bishobora guterwa na [[kokayine]], stress ikomeye mu byiyumvo ndetse n'ubukonje bukabije, n'ibindi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Devlin RJ, Henry JA|title=Clinical review: Major consequences of illicit drug consumption|journal=Critical Care|volume=12|issue=1|pages=202|date=2008|pmid=18279535|pmc=2374627|doi=10.1186/cc6166}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibipimo byinshi ni ingirakamaro mu gufasha mu gusuzuma indwara, harimo electrocardiograms (ECGs), ibizamini by'amaraso, na angiography y'umutima .  ECG, ari na yo nyandiko igaragaza imikorere y'amashanyarazi y'umutima, ishobora kwemeza ko umutima urwaye indwara ya occlusion myocardial infarction (OMI) iyo hari ST elevation MI (STEMI) cyangwa STEMI ingana nayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Europe2012&quot; /&gt;   Ibipimo by'amaraso bikunze gukoreshwa birimo troponin na creatine kinase MB idakunze gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=HLB2013D&gt;{{cite web|title=How Is a Heart Attack Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/diagnosis|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=24 February 2015|date=December 17, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224044949/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/diagnosis|archive-date=24 February 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224044949/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/diagnosis |date=24 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuvura indwara ya MI ni ingenzi cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davidsons2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Britton|first=the editors Nicki R. Colledge, Brian R. Walker, Stuart H. Ralston; illustrated by Robert|title=Davidson's principles and practice of medicine|date=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-7020-3085-7|edition=21st|pages=588–599}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asipirine ni uburyo bwo kuvura bwihuse umuntu ukekwaho kuba afite MI.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oc2010&quot; /&gt; Nitroglycerin cyangwa opioids bishobora gukoreshwa mu gufasha kubabara mu gatuza; icyakora, ntabwo byongera umusaruro muri rusange.&lt;ref name=&quot;Europe2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oc2010&quot; /&gt; Ogisijeni y'inyongera irasabwa ku bantu bafite ogisijeni nke cyangwa bafite ikibazo cyo guhumeka nabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oc2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=O'Connor RE, Brady W, Brooks SC, Diercks D, Egan J, Ghaemmaghami C, Menon V, O'Neil BJ, Travers AH, Yannopoulos D|display-authors=6|title=Part 10: acute coronary syndromes: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care|journal=Circulation|volume=122|issue=18 Suppl 3|pages=S787–817|date=November 2010|pmid=20956226|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971028|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri STEMI, uburyo bwo kuvura bugerageza gusubiza amaraso mu mutima kandi burimo uburyo bwo kuvura indwara z’umutima (PCI), aho imitsi ifunguka igashobora kuba ifite stent, cyangwa thrombolysis, aho kuziba kw’imitsi gukurwaho hakoreshejwe imiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Europe2012&quot; /&gt; Abantu bafite indwara ya NSTEMI (non-ST elevation myocardial infarction) akenshi bavurwa na heparin yoroshya amaraso, hamwe n'ikoreshwa rya PCI ku bantu bafite ibyago byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oc2010&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bafite ubumuga bwo kuziba kw'imitsi myinshi y'umutima na diyabete, kubagwa imitsi y'umutima (CABG) bishobora kuba ari byiza aho kubagwa angioplasty.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamm2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hamm CW, Bassand JP, Agewall S, Bax J, Boersma E, Bueno H, Caso P, Dudek D, Gielen S, Huber K, Ohman M, Petrie MC, Sonntag F, Uva MS, Storey RF, Wijns W, Zahger D|display-authors=6|title=ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=32|issue=23|pages=2999–3054|date=December 2011|pmid=21873419|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehr236|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma yo kuvurwa indwara ya MI, guhindura imibereho, hamwe no kuvurwa igihe kirekire na aspirine, beta blockers na statins, ni byo bikunze kuba byiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Europe2012&quot; /&gt;

Ku isi yose, mu 2015 habaye indwara z’umutima zigera kuri miliyoni 15.9 &lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu barenga miliyoni 3 bari bafite ST elevation MI, naho abarenga miliyoni 4 bari bafite NSTEMI.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet08&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=White HD, Chew DP|title=Acute myocardial infarction|journal=Lancet|volume=372|issue=9638|pages=570–84|date=August 2008|pmid=18707987|pmc=1931354|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61237-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; STEMIs ikunze kugaragara ku bagabo inshuro ebyiri kurusha abagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHA2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, Casey DE, Chung MK, de Lemos JA, Ettinger SM, Fang JC, Fesmire FM, Franklin BA, Granger CB, Krumholz HM, Linderbaum JA, Morrow DA, Newby LK, Ornato JP, Ou N, Radford MJ, Tamis-Holland JE, Tommaso CL, Tracy CM, Woo YJ, Zhao DX, Anderson JL, Jacobs AK, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Brindis RG, Creager MA, DeMets D, Guyton RA, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Kushner FG, Ohman EM, Stevenson WG, Yancy CW|display-authors=6|title=2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines|journal=Circulation|volume=127|issue=4|pages=e362–425|date=January 2013|pmid=23247304|doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni imwe bagira MI buri mwaka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.  Mu bihugu byateye imbere, ibyago byo gupfa ku bantu barwaye STEMI ni hafi 10%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Europe2012&quot; /&gt; Igipimo cya MI ku myaka runaka cyaragabanutse ku isi hagati ya 1990 na 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Moran AE, Forouzanfar MH, Roth GA, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Flaxman A, Murray CJ, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of ischemic heart disease in 1990 and 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study|journal=Circulation|volume=129|issue=14|pages=1493–501|date=April 2014|pmid=24573351|pmc=4181601|doi=10.1161/circulationaha.113.004046}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2011, MI yari imwe mu ndwara eshanu za mbere zihenze cyane mu gihe cyo kurara mu bitaro muri Amerika, aho yatwaye hafi miliyari 11.5 z'amadolari ku bantu 612.000 barara mu bitaro. 

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>aj91b6uuf8kq0axyxnewt3qog9hvn48</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Meloxicam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23339</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141162</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:05:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503296|Meloxicam]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141162</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5317" sha1="51aeu050svqbu4so4nughqkfl4n3l8k" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=459437267|drug_name=Meloxicam|image=Meloxicam2DACS.svg|width=200|alt=|image2=3D ball and stick structure of meloxicam.png|caption=&lt;!--
|type             =&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Mobic, Metacam, Anjeso, others|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-''N''-(5-methyl-2-thiazolyl)-2''H''-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide-1,1-dioxide

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] (NSAID)|uses=Pain, inflammation&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt;&lt;ref name=AHFS2018/&gt;|side_effects=Abdominal pain, dizziness, swelling, headache, rash&lt;ref name=AHFS2018/&gt;|interactions=&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{drugs.com|pregnancy|meloxicam}}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=C/D|pregnancy_US_comment=(C prior to 30 weeks gestation; D starting at 30 weeks gestation)&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|breastfeeding=|routes_of_administration=By mouth, IV|onset=|duration_of_action=|defined_daily_dose=15 mg&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=M01AC06 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127032610/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=M01AC06 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127032610/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=M01AC06 |date=27 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|typical_dose=&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|meloxicam}}|MedlinePlus=a601242

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_UK=POM|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=|DailyMedID=Meloxicam|licence_US=|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=89%&lt;ref name=drugs1996&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Noble S, Balfour JA | title = Meloxicam | journal = Drugs | volume = 51 | issue = 3 | pages = 424–30; discussion 431–32 | date = March 1996 | pmid = 8882380 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-199651030-00007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=99.4%&lt;ref name=drugs1996 /&gt;|metabolism=[[Liver]] ([[CYP2C9]] and [[CYP3A4|3A4]]-mediated)&lt;ref name=drugs1996 /&gt;|elimination_half-life=20 hours&lt;ref name=drugs1996 /&gt;|excretion=Urine and faeces equally&lt;ref name=drugs1996 /&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=14|H=13|N=3|O=4|S=2|SMILES=Cc1cnc(s1)NC(=O)C\3=C(/O)c2ccccc2S(=O)(=O)N/3C|StdInChI=1S/C14H13N3O4S2/c1-8-7-15-14(22-8)16-13(19)11-12(18)9-5-3-4-6-10(9)23(20,21)17(11)2/h3-7,18H,1-2H3,(H,15,16,19)|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=ZRVUJXDFFKFLMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}}}'''Meloxicam''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Mobic''' n'indi, ni umuti urwanya ububyimbirwe utari steroide (NSAID) ukoreshwa mu kuvura ububabare n'ububyimbirwe mu ndwara za rubagimpande na osteoarthritis.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=1112–1113|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AHFS2018&gt;{{cite web |title=Meloxicam Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/meloxicam.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=AHFS |access-date=23 December 2018 |archive-date=23 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073727/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/meloxicam.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073727/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/meloxicam.html |date=23 December 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikoreshwa mu kanwa cyangwa mu guterwa mu mitsi .   Birasabwa ko ikoreshwa mu gihe gito gishoboka kandi ku gipimo gito.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kubabara mu nda, kuzungera, kubyimba, kuribwa umutwe, no kugira ibisebe.  Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo indwara z'umutima, gucika imitsi, ibibazo by'impyiko, n'ibisebe byo mu gifu.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt; Ntibyemewe kuyikoresha mu [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gihembwe cya gatatu cy'uburumbuke]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt; Ibuza cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) kurusha uko ibuza cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1).&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt; Iri mu muryango w’ibinyabutabire bya oxicam kandi ifitanye isano rya hafi na piroxicam.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt;

Meloxicam yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti mu 1977, yemererwa gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=519|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA519|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710155623/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA519|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakozwe na Boehringer Ingelheim, ariko iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ikiguzi cya buri dose kiri munsi ya 0.02$ ya Amerika {{as of|2018|lc=yes}}  .  Mu Bwongereza igura ibiro bigera kuri 0.13 {{as of|2018|lc=yes}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 38 ukunze kwakirwa cyane muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho urenga 19{{nbsp}}imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara ya kanseri ingana na miliyoni imwe.  

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>51aeu050svqbu4so4nughqkfl4n3l8k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141163</id>
      <parentid>141162</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:07:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Meloxicam</comment>
      <origin>141163</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2710" sha1="3ttdlcuaagmhvq29ainsbqwedqk3d3u" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Meloxicam 15 mg tbl.jpg|thumb|Meloxicam]]
'''Meloxicam''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Mobic''' n'indi, ni umuti urwanya ububyimbirwe utari steroide (NSAID) ukoreshwa mu kuvura ububabare n'ububyimbirwe mu ndwara za rubagimpande na osteoarthritis.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=1112–1113|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AHFS2018&gt;{{cite web |title=Meloxicam Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/meloxicam.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=AHFS |access-date=23 December 2018 |archive-date=23 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073727/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/meloxicam.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073727/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/meloxicam.html |date=23 December 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikoreshwa mu kanwa cyangwa mu guterwa mu mitsi .   Birasabwa ko ikoreshwa mu gihe gito gishoboka kandi ku gipimo gito.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kubabara mu nda, kuzungera, kubyimba, kuribwa umutwe, no kugira ibisebe.  Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo indwara z'umutima, gucika imitsi, ibibazo by'impyiko, n'ibisebe byo mu gifu.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt; Ntibyemewe kuyikoresha mu [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gihembwe cya gatatu cy'uburumbuke]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt; Ibuza cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) kurusha uko ibuza cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1).&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt; Iri mu muryango w’ibinyabutabire bya oxicam kandi ifitanye isano rya hafi na piroxicam.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt;

Meloxicam yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti mu 1977, yemererwa gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=519|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA519|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710155623/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA519|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakozwe na Boehringer Ingelheim, ariko iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018 /&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ikiguzi cya buri dose kiri munsi ya 0.02$ ya Amerika {{as of|2018|lc=yes}}  .  Mu Bwongereza igura ibiro bigera kuri 0.13 {{as of|2018|lc=yes}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 38 ukunze kwakirwa cyane muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho urenga 19{{nbsp}}imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara ya kanseri ingana na miliyoni imwe.  

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>3ttdlcuaagmhvq29ainsbqwedqk3d3u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Clonazepam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23340</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141164</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:09:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458734|Clonazepam]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141164</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6276" sha1="2cxl7gx0ry59twn31yndjapurb3qlvg" xml:space="preserve">'''Clonazepam''', igurishwa munsi y'ikirango cya '''Klonopin''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu gukumira no kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe, indwara y'ubwoba, n'indwara yo kwimuka izwi nka akathisia.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clonazepam|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clonazepam.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=August 15, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905085907/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/clonazepam.html|archive-date=2015-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni umuti utuma umuntu aruhuka wo mu bwoko bwa benzodiazepine.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ifatwa mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ingaruka zitangira mu isaha imwe kandi zimara hagati y'amasaha atandatu na cumi n'abiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Coop2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=edited by Grant|title=Therapeutic uses of botulinum toxin|date=2007|publisher=Humana Press|location=Totowa, N.J.|isbn=9781597452472|page=214|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIUhCmMtqq8C&amp;pg=PA214|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819100221/https://books.google.ca/books?id=UIUhCmMtqq8C&amp;pg=PA214|archive-date=2016-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gusinzira, kudahuza neza kw'ingingo, no guhindagurika.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Kuyikoresha igihe kirekire bishobora gutera kwihanganira, kutayikoresha, ndetse no kutayikoresha mu buryo butunguranye.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Kuzibasira bibaho kuri kimwe cya gatatu cy'abantu bafata clonazepam mu gihe kirenze ibyumweru bine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riss-2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Riss | first1 = J. | last2 = Cloyd | first2 = J. | last3 = Gates | first3 = J. | last4 = Collins | first4 = S. | title = Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics | url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/120119477/PDFSTART | format = PDF | journal = Acta Neurol Scand | volume = 118 | issue = 2 | pages = 69–86 |date=Aug 2008 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x | pmid = 18384456 }}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hari ibyago byinshi byo kwiyahura, cyane cyane ku bantu bamaze kwiheba.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dodd2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dodds|first=Tyler J.|date=2017-03-02|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|issn=2155-7780|pmid=28257172|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo ikoreshejwe mu gihe cyo gutwita ishobora kwangiza umwana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Clonazepam ifatana na GABA &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwdQ&quot;&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; receptors, bityo yongera ingaruka za aside γ-aminobutyric (GABA) igabanya ubukana bw'imitsi . 

Clonazepam yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha patenti mu 1960, itangira kugurishwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1975 ivuye muri Roche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA535|access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020341/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA535|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Shorter|first=Edward|title=A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190292010|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=juAJCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT66|chapter=B|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002125926/https://books.google.ca/books?id=juAJCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT66|archive-date=2015-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Igiciro cyo kugurisha ku giciro kinini mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere kiri hagati ya 0.01 na 0.07 by'amadolari [[Amadolari y'Amerika|y'Amerika]] kuri buri piritsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clonazepam|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=196&amp;searchYear=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125135/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=196&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2018|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=15 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ibinini bigura hafi $0.40 buri kimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 34 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abantu barenga miliyoni 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clonazepam - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Clonazepam|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=29 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429114759/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Clonazepam|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bice byinshi by'isi ikunze gukoreshwa nk'ikiyobyabwenge cyo kwidagadura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Martino|first=edited by Davide|last2=Cavanna|first2=Andrea E.|title=Advances in the neurochemistry and neuropharmacology of Tourette Syndrome|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Science|location=Burlington|isbn=9780124115613|page=357|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYhqAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA357|quote=In several countries, prescription and use is now severely limited due to abusive recreational use of clonazepam.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002132021/https://books.google.ca/books?id=RYhqAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA357|archive-date=2015-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Gary L.|title=Encyclopedia of substance abuse prevention, treatment, &amp; recovery|date=2009|publisher=SAGE|location=Los Angeles|isbn=9781412950848|page=100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGxXIspuXVMC&amp;pg=PT134|quote=frequently abused|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812092733/https://books.google.ca/books?id=CGxXIspuXVMC&amp;pg=PT134|archive-date=2016-08-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>2cxl7gx0ry59twn31yndjapurb3qlvg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141165</id>
      <parentid>141164</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:10:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Clonazepam</comment>
      <origin>141165</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6347" sha1="945l18jxgt6r4o6vsa2ckg8zf9j0ygb" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Clonazepam Pills and Pill Bottle.jpg|thumb|'''Clonazepam''']]
'''Clonazepam''', igurishwa munsi y'ikirango cya '''Klonopin''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu gukumira no kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe, indwara y'ubwoba, n'indwara yo kwimuka izwi nka akathisia.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clonazepam|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clonazepam.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=August 15, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905085907/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/clonazepam.html|archive-date=2015-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni umuti utuma umuntu aruhuka wo mu bwoko bwa benzodiazepine.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ifatwa mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ingaruka zitangira mu isaha imwe kandi zimara hagati y'amasaha atandatu na cumi n'abiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Coop2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=edited by Grant|title=Therapeutic uses of botulinum toxin|date=2007|publisher=Humana Press|location=Totowa, N.J.|isbn=9781597452472|page=214|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIUhCmMtqq8C&amp;pg=PA214|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819100221/https://books.google.ca/books?id=UIUhCmMtqq8C&amp;pg=PA214|archive-date=2016-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gusinzira, kudahuza neza kw'ingingo, no guhindagurika.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Kuyikoresha igihe kirekire bishobora gutera kwihanganira, kutayikoresha, ndetse no kutayikoresha mu buryo butunguranye.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Kuzibasira bibaho kuri kimwe cya gatatu cy'abantu bafata clonazepam mu gihe kirenze ibyumweru bine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riss-2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Riss | first1 = J. | last2 = Cloyd | first2 = J. | last3 = Gates | first3 = J. | last4 = Collins | first4 = S. | title = Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics | url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/120119477/PDFSTART | format = PDF | journal = Acta Neurol Scand | volume = 118 | issue = 2 | pages = 69–86 |date=Aug 2008 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x | pmid = 18384456 }}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hari ibyago byinshi byo kwiyahura, cyane cyane ku bantu bamaze kwiheba.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dodd2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dodds|first=Tyler J.|date=2017-03-02|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|issn=2155-7780|pmid=28257172|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo ikoreshejwe mu gihe cyo gutwita ishobora kwangiza umwana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Clonazepam ifatana na GABA &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwdQ&quot;&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; receptors, bityo yongera ingaruka za aside γ-aminobutyric (GABA) igabanya ubukana bw'imitsi . 

Clonazepam yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha patenti mu 1960, itangira kugurishwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1975 ivuye muri Roche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA535|access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020341/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA535|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Shorter|first=Edward|title=A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190292010|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=juAJCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT66|chapter=B|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002125926/https://books.google.ca/books?id=juAJCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT66|archive-date=2015-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Igiciro cyo kugurisha ku giciro kinini mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere kiri hagati ya 0.01 na 0.07 by'amadolari [[Amadolari y'Amerika|y'Amerika]] kuri buri piritsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clonazepam|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=196&amp;searchYear=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125135/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=196&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2018|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=15 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ibinini bigura hafi $0.40 buri kimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 34 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abantu barenga miliyoni 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clonazepam - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Clonazepam|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=29 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429114759/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Clonazepam|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bice byinshi by'isi ikunze gukoreshwa nk'ikiyobyabwenge cyo kwidagadura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Martino|first=edited by Davide|last2=Cavanna|first2=Andrea E.|title=Advances in the neurochemistry and neuropharmacology of Tourette Syndrome|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Science|location=Burlington|isbn=9780124115613|page=357|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYhqAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA357|quote=In several countries, prescription and use is now severely limited due to abusive recreational use of clonazepam.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002132021/https://books.google.ca/books?id=RYhqAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA357|archive-date=2015-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Gary L.|title=Encyclopedia of substance abuse prevention, treatment, &amp; recovery|date=2009|publisher=SAGE|location=Los Angeles|isbn=9781412950848|page=100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGxXIspuXVMC&amp;pg=PT134|quote=frequently abused|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812092733/https://books.google.ca/books?id=CGxXIspuXVMC&amp;pg=PT134|archive-date=2016-08-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>945l18jxgt6r4o6vsa2ckg8zf9j0ygb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Helicobacter pylori</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23341</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141166</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:11:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502413|Helicobacter pylori]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141166</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6509" sha1="sb2nwlg0xpuol94lcam5nrwhvepcx47" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=''Helicobacter pylori'' infection|synonym=''H. pylori'' infection, ''Campylobacter pylori''|image=Immunohistochemical detection of Helicobacter pylori histopathology.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Immunohistochemistry|Immunohistochemical]] staining of ''H.&amp;nbsp;pylori'' (brown) from a [[gastric biopsy]]|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|l|ɪ|k|oʊ|ˌ|b|æ|k|t|ər|_|p|aɪ|ˈ|l|ɔər|aɪ|,_|p|ɪ|-|,_|-|r|i}}&lt;ref&gt;{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Helicobacter}}, {{MerriamWebsterDictionary|pylori}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Dictionary.com|pylori}}&lt;/ref&gt;|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]], [[gastroenterology]]|symptoms=[[Abdominal pain]], [[nausea]], [[heart burn]]&lt;ref name=Stat2022/&gt;|complications=[[Gastritis]], [[stomach ulcer]]s, [[stomach cancer]]&lt;ref name=Yellow2020/&gt;|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=''Helicobacter pylori'', spread by [[fecal oral route|fecal-oral]] or oral–oral route&lt;ref name=Yellow2020/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=[[Urea breath test]], [[fecal antigen assay]], [[rapid urease test]], [[tissue biopsy]]&lt;ref name=Yellow2020/&gt;|differential=[[Coeliac disease|Celiac disease]], [[Crohn's disease|Crohn disease]], [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAID]] use, [[lactose intolerance]]&lt;ref name=Stat2022/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=|medication=[[Proton-pump inhibitors|Proton pump inhibitor]], [[clarithromycin]], [[amoxicillin]], [[bismuth subsalicylate]], [[metronidazole]]&lt;ref name=UBC2023/&gt;&lt;ref name=Yellow2020/&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=60% (2015)&lt;ref name=Hoo2017&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hooi JK, Lai WY, Ng WK, Suen MM, Underwood FE, Tanyingoh D, Malfertheiner P, Graham DY, Wong VW, Wu JC, Chan FK, Sung JJ, Kaplan GG, Ng SC | display-authors = 6 | title = Global Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 153 | issue = 2 | pages = 420–429 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28456631 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.022 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Ubwandu bwa ''Helicobacter pylori''''' ni ubwandu, akenshi bwo mu gifu, buterwa na bagiteri ya ''Helicobacter pylori''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parikh|first=NS|last2=Ahlawat|first2=R|title=Helicobacter Pylori|date=January 2022|pmid=30480966|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi nta bimenyetso bihari; ariko bishobora gutera [[Igifu|indwara ya gastritis]] (kubyimba mu gifu) kuri 25% cyangwa ibisebe byo mu gifu kuri 10%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Helicobacter pylori - Chapter 4 - 2020 Yellow Book {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/helicobacter-pylori|website=wwwnc.cdc.gov|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120095133/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/helicobacter-pylori|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UBC2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Management of Helicobacter pylori in 2023: who should be tested, treated, and how {{!}} This Changed My Practice|url=https://thischangedmypractice.com/management-of-helicobacter-pylori/|website=thischangedmypractice.com|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020042714/https://thischangedmypractice.com/management-of-helicobacter-pylori/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubabara mu nda, isesemi, no gushya umutima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt; Kwandura bifitanye isano kandi na gastritis itera atrophic, kanseri y'igifu, na lymphoma ya MALT ( mucosal associated-lymphoid-type ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt;

Bikekwa ko ikwirakwira cyane cyane binyuze mu nzira y'umwanda uva mu kanwa, ndetse wenda no mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera iyi ndwara birimo kuba mu gace kasanzwemo iyi ndwara n'ubukene.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt; ''Helicobacter pylori'' ni bagiteri ifite imiterere y’agarama gafite imiterere y’umurabyo, ikora nk’inkoni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Isuzuma rikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa 'urea breath test', 'fecal antigen assay', 'rapid urease test', cyangwa 'tissue biopsy '.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Serology bishobora kugaragaza ubwandu bw'ubu cyangwa ubwandu bwa kera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt;

Abantu badafite ibimenyetso ntibakenera ubuvuzi bwihariye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Bitabaye ibyo, hashobora gukoreshwa imvange y'umuti ugabanya ubukana bwa proton pump inhibitor (PPI), amoxicillin, metronidazole, na clarithromycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;UBC2023&quot; /&gt; Andi mahitamo arimo PPI, bismuth subsalicylate, metronidazole, na tetracycline.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bumara iminsi 14.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Urukingo rwa H. pylori rurimo gukorwa kuva mu 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt;

Bivugwa ko 60% by'abatuye isi banduye iyi ndwara mu 2015, ibi bikaba bikunze kugaragara mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Gutangira akenshi biba mu bwana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt; Abana bari munsi y'imyaka 10 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bagera kuri 5% barwaye iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt; Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo ishize, ibipimo byagabanutse mu bihugu byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Min2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Minalyan A, Gabrielyan L, Scott D, Jacobs J, Pisegna JR|title=The Gastric and Intestinal Microbiome: Role of Proton Pump Inhibitors|journal=Current Gastroenterology Reports|volume=19|issue=8|pages=42|date=August 2017|pmid=28733944|pmc=5621514|doi=10.1007/s11894-017-0577-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi bagiteri yamenyekanye bwa mbere mu 1982 n'abaganga bo muri Ositaraliya Barry Marshall na Robin Warren.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rees|first=Alan M.|title=Consumer Health USA|date=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-068-9|page=194|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Consumer_Health_USA/CQ9DCcytJFwC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA194|language=en|access-date=2022-02-23|archive-date=2022-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223203943/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Consumer_Health_USA/CQ9DCcytJFwC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA194|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Warren JR, Marshall B|title=Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis|journal=Lancet|volume=1|issue=8336|pages=1273–5|date=June 1983|pmid=6134060|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92719-8|s2cid=1641856}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>sb2nwlg0xpuol94lcam5nrwhvepcx47</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141167</id>
      <parentid>141166</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:12:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Helicobacter pylori</comment>
      <origin>141167</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4548" sha1="4qo4t8x5l1fwwmypqtkjbmxw534dtor" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Helicobacter pylori diagram.png|thumb|Helicobacter pylori]]
'''Ubwandu bwa ''Helicobacter pylori''''' ni ubwandu, akenshi bwo mu gifu, buterwa na bagiteri ya ''Helicobacter pylori''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parikh|first=NS|last2=Ahlawat|first2=R|title=Helicobacter Pylori|date=January 2022|pmid=30480966|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi nta bimenyetso bihari; ariko bishobora gutera [[Igifu|indwara ya gastritis]] (kubyimba mu gifu) kuri 25% cyangwa ibisebe byo mu gifu kuri 10%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Helicobacter pylori - Chapter 4 - 2020 Yellow Book {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/helicobacter-pylori|website=wwwnc.cdc.gov|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120095133/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/helicobacter-pylori|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UBC2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Management of Helicobacter pylori in 2023: who should be tested, treated, and how {{!}} This Changed My Practice|url=https://thischangedmypractice.com/management-of-helicobacter-pylori/|website=thischangedmypractice.com|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020042714/https://thischangedmypractice.com/management-of-helicobacter-pylori/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubabara mu nda, isesemi, no gushya umutima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt; Kwandura bifitanye isano kandi na gastritis itera atrophic, kanseri y'igifu, na lymphoma ya MALT ( mucosal associated-lymphoid-type ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt;

Bikekwa ko ikwirakwira cyane cyane binyuze mu nzira y'umwanda uva mu kanwa, ndetse wenda no mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera iyi ndwara birimo kuba mu gace kasanzwemo iyi ndwara n'ubukene.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt; ''Helicobacter pylori'' ni bagiteri ifite imiterere y’agarama gafite imiterere y’umurabyo, ikora nk’inkoni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Isuzuma rikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa 'urea breath test', 'fecal antigen assay', 'rapid urease test', cyangwa 'tissue biopsy '.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Serology bishobora kugaragaza ubwandu bw'ubu cyangwa ubwandu bwa kera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt;

Abantu badafite ibimenyetso ntibakenera ubuvuzi bwihariye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Bitabaye ibyo, hashobora gukoreshwa imvange y'umuti ugabanya ubukana bwa proton pump inhibitor (PPI), amoxicillin, metronidazole, na clarithromycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;UBC2023&quot; /&gt; Andi mahitamo arimo PPI, bismuth subsalicylate, metronidazole, na tetracycline.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bumara iminsi 14.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Urukingo rwa H. pylori rurimo gukorwa kuva mu 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt;

Bivugwa ko 60% by'abatuye isi banduye iyi ndwara mu 2015, ibi bikaba bikunze kugaragara mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Gutangira akenshi biba mu bwana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt; Abana bari munsi y'imyaka 10 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bagera kuri 5% barwaye iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt; Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo ishize, ibipimo byagabanutse mu bihugu byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Min2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Minalyan A, Gabrielyan L, Scott D, Jacobs J, Pisegna JR|title=The Gastric and Intestinal Microbiome: Role of Proton Pump Inhibitors|journal=Current Gastroenterology Reports|volume=19|issue=8|pages=42|date=August 2017|pmid=28733944|pmc=5621514|doi=10.1007/s11894-017-0577-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi bagiteri yamenyekanye bwa mbere mu 1982 n'abaganga bo muri Ositaraliya Barry Marshall na Robin Warren.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rees|first=Alan M.|title=Consumer Health USA|date=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-068-9|page=194|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Consumer_Health_USA/CQ9DCcytJFwC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA194|language=en|access-date=2022-02-23|archive-date=2022-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223203943/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Consumer_Health_USA/CQ9DCcytJFwC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA194|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Warren JR, Marshall B|title=Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis|journal=Lancet|volume=1|issue=8336|pages=1273–5|date=June 1983|pmid=6134060|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92719-8|s2cid=1641856}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>4qo4t8x5l1fwwmypqtkjbmxw534dtor</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Phencyclidine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23342</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141168</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:14:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513294|Phencyclidine]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141168</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5752" sha1="gl2zv3n7qs7qotkrwobk5nqcw4dn31x" xml:space="preserve">'''Phencyclidine''' cyangwa '''phenylcyclohexyl piperidine''' ( '''PCP''' ), izwi kandi nka '''angel dust''' n'andi mazina, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu ngaruka zawo zihindura ubwenge.  PCP ishobora gutera kubona ibintu mu buryo butari bwo, kumva amajwi mu buryo butari bwo, ndetse no kugira imyitwarire mibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bush2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bush|first=DM|title=Emergency Department Visits Involving Phencyclidine (PCP)|journal=In: The CBHSQ Report. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2013–|date=2013|pmid=27656747|quote=PCP can lead to hostile behavior that may result in episodes of extreme violence}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Nk'ikiyobyabwenge gikoreshwa mu kwidagadura, akenshi kinyobwa, ariko gishobora kunyobwa mu kanwa, kunyobwa, cyangwa guterwa inshinge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bush2013&quot; /&gt; Ishobora kandi kuvangwa n'urumogi cyangwa itabi.&lt;ref name=Jus2003&gt;{{cite web|title=PCP Fast Facts|url=http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs4/4440/|publisher=[[National Drug Intelligence Center]]|access-date=19 February 2018|date=2003|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203452/https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs4/4440/|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203452/https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs4/4440/ |date=29 May 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo gucika intege, koma, kuba umuntu arwaye indwara yo kwiyahura, ndetse no kwiyongera k'ibyago byo kwiyahura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bush2013&quot; /&gt; Ibitekerezo by'ibyabaye bishobora kubaho nubwo ikoreshwa rihagaze.  Mu rwego rwa shimi, PCP ni kimwe mu bigize itsinda rya arylcyclohexylamine, kandi mu rwego rwa farumasi, ni umuti ugabanya ububabare.&lt;ref name=Mar2014&gt;{{cite book|last1=Marion|first1=Nancy E.|last2=Oliver|first2=Willard M.|title=Drugs in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law [3 volumes]|date=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695961|page=732|url=https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=c5PgBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA732|language=en|access-date=2020-07-26|archive-date=2020-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617220115/https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=c5PgBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA732|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013213753/https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=c5PgBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA732 |date=2022-10-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zed2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Zedeck|first=Beth E.|last2=Zedeck|first2=Morris S.|title=Forensic Pharmacology|date=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438103822|page=97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyBE3F5ACK4C&amp;pg=PA97|language=en|access-date=2020-07-26|archive-date=2020-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701091400/https://books.google.com/books?id=tyBE3F5ACK4C&amp;pg=PA97|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; PCP ikora cyane cyane nk'umurwanya wa NMDA receptor . 

PCP ikoreshwa cyane muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.  Nubwo ikoreshwa ryabyo ryageze ku rwego rwo hejuru mu myaka ya 1970,  hagati ya 2005 na 2011, habayeho ukwiyongera kw'abasura ibitaro byihutirwa bitewe n'uyu muti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bush2013&quot; /&gt; Mu mwaka wa 2017 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika abantu bagera kuri 1% mu mwaka wa cumi n'ibiri bavuze ko bakoresheje PCP mu mwaka ushize mu gihe 2.9% by'abari hejuru y'imyaka 25 bavuze ko bayikoresheje mu gihe runaka mu buzima bwabo. 

PCP yakozwe bwa mbere mu 1926 ijyanwa ku isoko nk'umuti ugabanya ububabare mu myaka ya 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zed2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bunney|first=W. E. Jr|last2=Hippius|first2=Hanns|last3=Laakmann|first3=Gregor|last4=Schmauß|first4=Max|title=Neuropsychopharmacology: Proceedings of the XVIth C.I.N.P. Congress, Munich, August, 15-19, 1988|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=9783642740343|page=717|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tX7nCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA717|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kötz 1926 49–76&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kötz|first=A.|last2=Merkel|first2=Paul|title=Zur Kenntnis hydroaromatischer Alkamine|journal=Journal für Praktische Chemie|publisher=Wiley|volume=113|issue=1|year=1926|issn=0021-8383|doi=10.1002/prac.19261130107|language=de|pages=49–76}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lindgren 1983 61–73&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lindgren|first=J.-E.|last2=Holmstedt|first2=B.|title=Archives of Toxicology|chapter=Guide to the Analysis of Phencyclidine and its Metabolites in Biological Material|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|publication-place=Berlin, Heidelberg|year=1983|isbn=978-3-540-12392-7|issn=0171-9750|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-69083-9_10|pages=61–73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gukoreshwa kwayo ku bantu ntibyemewe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1965 bitewe n’ingaruka mbi nyinshi mu gihe gukoreshwa kwayo ku nyamaswa byo byemejwe mu 1978.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zed2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tas2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tasman|first=Allan|last2=Kay|first2=Jerald|last3=Lieberman|first3=Jeffrey A.|last4=First|first4=Michael B.|last5=Riba|first5=Michelle|title=Psychiatry, 2 Volume Set|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781118753361|page=4943|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2KRBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT4843|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Byongeye kandi, [[ketamine]] yavumbuwe kandi yihanganirwa neza nk'umuti ugabanya ububabare.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tas2015&quot; /&gt; PCP ishyirwa mu cyiciro cy’umuti wa gahunda ya kabiri muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.&lt;ref name=Jus2003 /&gt; Hari imiti myinshi ikomoka kuri PCP yagurishijwe kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu kwidagadura no mu buryo butari ubwo kwa muganga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morris2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Morris H, Wallach J|title=From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs|journal=Drug Testing and Analysis|volume=6|issue=7–8|pages=614–32|year=2014|pmid=24678061|doi=10.1002/dta.1620}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>gl2zv3n7qs7qotkrwobk5nqcw4dn31x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141169</id>
      <parentid>141168</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:16:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Phencyclidine</comment>
      <origin>141169</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5821" sha1="b72e18cuea1e01a7k6dn9c91tfo5k4h" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Phencyclidine-from-xtal-3D-sticks.png|thumb|Phencyclidine]]
'''Phencyclidine''' cyangwa '''phenylcyclohexyl piperidine''' ( '''PCP''' ), izwi kandi nka '''angel dust''' n'andi mazina, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu ngaruka zawo zihindura ubwenge.  PCP ishobora gutera kubona ibintu mu buryo butari bwo, kumva amajwi mu buryo butari bwo, ndetse no kugira imyitwarire mibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bush2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bush|first=DM|title=Emergency Department Visits Involving Phencyclidine (PCP)|journal=In: The CBHSQ Report. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2013–|date=2013|pmid=27656747|quote=PCP can lead to hostile behavior that may result in episodes of extreme violence}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Nk'ikiyobyabwenge gikoreshwa mu kwidagadura, akenshi kinyobwa, ariko gishobora kunyobwa mu kanwa, kunyobwa, cyangwa guterwa inshinge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bush2013&quot; /&gt; Ishobora kandi kuvangwa n'urumogi cyangwa itabi.&lt;ref name=Jus2003&gt;{{cite web|title=PCP Fast Facts|url=http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs4/4440/|publisher=[[National Drug Intelligence Center]]|access-date=19 February 2018|date=2003|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203452/https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs4/4440/|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203452/https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs4/4440/ |date=29 May 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo gucika intege, koma, kuba umuntu arwaye indwara yo kwiyahura, ndetse no kwiyongera k'ibyago byo kwiyahura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bush2013&quot; /&gt; Ibitekerezo by'ibyabaye bishobora kubaho nubwo ikoreshwa rihagaze.  Mu rwego rwa shimi, PCP ni kimwe mu bigize itsinda rya arylcyclohexylamine, kandi mu rwego rwa farumasi, ni umuti ugabanya ububabare.&lt;ref name=Mar2014&gt;{{cite book|last1=Marion|first1=Nancy E.|last2=Oliver|first2=Willard M.|title=Drugs in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law [3 volumes]|date=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695961|page=732|url=https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=c5PgBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA732|language=en|access-date=2020-07-26|archive-date=2020-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617220115/https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=c5PgBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA732|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013213753/https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=c5PgBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA732 |date=2022-10-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zed2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Zedeck|first=Beth E.|last2=Zedeck|first2=Morris S.|title=Forensic Pharmacology|date=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438103822|page=97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyBE3F5ACK4C&amp;pg=PA97|language=en|access-date=2020-07-26|archive-date=2020-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701091400/https://books.google.com/books?id=tyBE3F5ACK4C&amp;pg=PA97|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; PCP ikora cyane cyane nk'umurwanya wa NMDA receptor . 

PCP ikoreshwa cyane muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.  Nubwo ikoreshwa ryabyo ryageze ku rwego rwo hejuru mu myaka ya 1970,  hagati ya 2005 na 2011, habayeho ukwiyongera kw'abasura ibitaro byihutirwa bitewe n'uyu muti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bush2013&quot; /&gt; Mu mwaka wa 2017 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika abantu bagera kuri 1% mu mwaka wa cumi n'ibiri bavuze ko bakoresheje PCP mu mwaka ushize mu gihe 2.9% by'abari hejuru y'imyaka 25 bavuze ko bayikoresheje mu gihe runaka mu buzima bwabo. 

PCP yakozwe bwa mbere mu 1926 ijyanwa ku isoko nk'umuti ugabanya ububabare mu myaka ya 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zed2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bunney|first=W. E. Jr|last2=Hippius|first2=Hanns|last3=Laakmann|first3=Gregor|last4=Schmauß|first4=Max|title=Neuropsychopharmacology: Proceedings of the XVIth C.I.N.P. Congress, Munich, August, 15-19, 1988|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=9783642740343|page=717|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tX7nCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA717|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kötz 1926 49–76&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kötz|first=A.|last2=Merkel|first2=Paul|title=Zur Kenntnis hydroaromatischer Alkamine|journal=Journal für Praktische Chemie|publisher=Wiley|volume=113|issue=1|year=1926|issn=0021-8383|doi=10.1002/prac.19261130107|language=de|pages=49–76}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lindgren 1983 61–73&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lindgren|first=J.-E.|last2=Holmstedt|first2=B.|title=Archives of Toxicology|chapter=Guide to the Analysis of Phencyclidine and its Metabolites in Biological Material|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|publication-place=Berlin, Heidelberg|year=1983|isbn=978-3-540-12392-7|issn=0171-9750|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-69083-9_10|pages=61–73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gukoreshwa kwayo ku bantu ntibyemewe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1965 bitewe n’ingaruka mbi nyinshi mu gihe gukoreshwa kwayo ku nyamaswa byo byemejwe mu 1978.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zed2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tas2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tasman|first=Allan|last2=Kay|first2=Jerald|last3=Lieberman|first3=Jeffrey A.|last4=First|first4=Michael B.|last5=Riba|first5=Michelle|title=Psychiatry, 2 Volume Set|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781118753361|page=4943|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2KRBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT4843|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Byongeye kandi, [[ketamine]] yavumbuwe kandi yihanganirwa neza nk'umuti ugabanya ububabare.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tas2015&quot; /&gt; PCP ishyirwa mu cyiciro cy’umuti wa gahunda ya kabiri muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.&lt;ref name=Jus2003 /&gt; Hari imiti myinshi ikomoka kuri PCP yagurishijwe kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu kwidagadura no mu buryo butari ubwo kwa muganga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morris2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Morris H, Wallach J|title=From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs|journal=Drug Testing and Analysis|volume=6|issue=7–8|pages=614–32|year=2014|pmid=24678061|doi=10.1002/dta.1620}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>b72e18cuea1e01a7k6dn9c91tfo5k4h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Urwikekwe rwa Tripophobia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23343</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141170</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:18:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1459239|Trypophobia]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141170</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4967" sha1="owwdw3evxrbolbszdlunel8holhj6ic" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name={{PAGENAME}}|synonym=|image=Nelumbo Nucifera fruit - botanic garden Adelaide.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=The holes in [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]] seed heads elicit feelings of discomfort or repulsion in some people.&lt;ref name=Mil2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Sch2015&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I4SzDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT1391 |title=Psychology: Second European Edition |last1=Schacter |first1=Daniel |last2=Gilbert |first2=Daniel |last3=Wegner |first3=Daniel |last4=Hood |first4=Bruce |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1137406750 |page=1391 |access-date=October 25, 2017 |archive-date=October 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014084409/https://books.google.com/books?id=I4SzDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT1391 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pronounce=|field=[[Psychology]], [[psychiatry]]|symptoms=[[Disgust]], fear, [[anxiety]], [[nausea]]&lt;ref name=Mar2018/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kup2018/&gt;&lt;ref name=Skag2014/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Exposure therapy]]&lt;ref name=Mil2015/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=Some degree of symptoms relatively common&lt;ref name=Mil2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Skag2014/&gt;|deaths=|width=|video1=|named after=}}'''Urwikekwe rwa Tripophobia''' ni ukwanga kubona amatsinda cyangwa imiterere y'umwobo muto cyangwa utubyimba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kup2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kupfer|first=T. R.|last2=Fessler|first2=D. M. T.|date=19 July 2018|title=Ectoparasite defence in humans: relationships to pathogen avoidance and clinical implications.|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=373|issue=1751|pages=20170207|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0207|pmc=6000138|pmid=29866920}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo ishozi, ubwoba, cyangwa guhangayika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mar2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Martínez-Aguayo|first=Juan Carlos|last2=Lanfranco|first2=Renzo C.|last3=Arancibia|first3=Marcelo|last4=Sepúlveda|first4=Elisa|last5=Madrid|first5=Eva|year=2018|title=Trypophobia: What Do We Know So Far? A Case Report and Comprehensive Review of the Literature|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=9|pages=15|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00015|issn=1664-0640|pmc=5811467|pmid=29479321|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kup2018&quot; /&gt; Hashobora kandi kuba hari isesemi cyangwa uburyaryate bifitanye isano.&lt;ref name=&quot;Skag2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Skaggs|first=William|title=Are You Afraid of Holes?|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-you-afraid-of-holes/|access-date=18 August 2022|work=Scientific American|date=1 March 2014|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111232948/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-you-afraid-of-holes/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BfYBgAAQBAJ&amp;q=trypophobia|title=Phobias: The Psychology of Irrational Fear|last=Milosevic|first=Irena|last2=McCabe|first2=Randi E.|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2015|isbn=978-1610695763|pages=401–402|access-date=October 25, 2017|archive-date=June 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629134721/https://books.google.com/books?id=1BfYBgAAQBAJ&amp;q=trypophobia|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Urugero rw'ibintu bitera ikibazo birimo ubuki, imbuto z'umuhondo, n'udupira hejuru y'igikombe cya kawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Skag2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kup2018&quot; /&gt; Nubwo bitazwi ku mugaragaro nk'indwara [[Indwara zo mu mutwe|yo mu mutwe]] itandukanye nko mu 2018, bishobora gufatwa nk'ubwoba bwihariye iyo habayeho ubwoba bukabije n'agahinda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mar2018&quot; /&gt; Bitekerezwa ko ari ubwirinzi bw’ihindagurika ku dukoko two hanze cyangwa inyamaswa z’uburozi bwabaye bwinshi cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kup2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Skag2014&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bwo kuvura umuntu ahura n'ikibazo ni uburyo bushoboka bwo kuvura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2015&quot; /&gt;

Ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe iyo urebye ikintu nk'igishishwa cy'imbuto ya lotus biba ku bantu bagera kuri 16%, abagore bakaba bibasirwa cyane kurusha abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Skag2014&quot; /&gt; Ijambo ''trypophobia'' ryahimbwe n'umuntu witabiriye urubuga rwo kuri interineti mu 2005, riva ku ijambo ry'Ikigereki &quot;trypo&quot; risobanura &quot;gucukura imyobo&quot; na &quot;phobos&quot; risobanura &quot;ubwoba&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Skag2014&quot; /&gt; Byabaye ingingo ikunzwe cyane ku mbuga nkoranyambaga mu myaka ya za 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Popsci2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.popsci.com/trypophobia|title=Is Trypophobia a Real Phobia?|last=Abbasi|first=Jennifer|date=July 25, 2011|website=[[Popular Science]]|access-date=October 2, 2012|archive-date=April 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407215939/http://www.popsci.com/trypophobia|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubushakashatsi bwemewe bwatangiye ahagana mu 2010 bukorwa n'abahanga mu by'imitekerereze ya muntu Geoff Cole na Arnold Wilkins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Skag2014&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>owwdw3evxrbolbszdlunel8holhj6ic</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141171</id>
      <parentid>141170</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:20:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Urwikekwe rwa Tripophobia</comment>
      <origin>141171</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3801" sha1="9uqvd0dl37440xghlvuv2jdyqs634uz" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Nelumbo Nucifera fruit - botanic garden Adelaide.jpg|thumb|Urwikekwe rwa Tripophobia]]
'''Urwikekwe rwa Tripophobia''' ni ukwanga kubona amatsinda cyangwa imiterere y'umwobo muto cyangwa utubyimba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kup2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kupfer|first=T. R.|last2=Fessler|first2=D. M. T.|date=19 July 2018|title=Ectoparasite defence in humans: relationships to pathogen avoidance and clinical implications.|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=373|issue=1751|pages=20170207|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0207|pmc=6000138|pmid=29866920}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo ishozi, ubwoba, cyangwa guhangayika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mar2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Martínez-Aguayo|first=Juan Carlos|last2=Lanfranco|first2=Renzo C.|last3=Arancibia|first3=Marcelo|last4=Sepúlveda|first4=Elisa|last5=Madrid|first5=Eva|year=2018|title=Trypophobia: What Do We Know So Far? A Case Report and Comprehensive Review of the Literature|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=9|pages=15|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00015|issn=1664-0640|pmc=5811467|pmid=29479321|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kup2018&quot; /&gt; Hashobora kandi kuba hari isesemi cyangwa uburyaryate bifitanye isano.&lt;ref name=&quot;Skag2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Skaggs|first=William|title=Are You Afraid of Holes?|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-you-afraid-of-holes/|access-date=18 August 2022|work=Scientific American|date=1 March 2014|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111232948/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-you-afraid-of-holes/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BfYBgAAQBAJ&amp;q=trypophobia|title=Phobias: The Psychology of Irrational Fear|last=Milosevic|first=Irena|last2=McCabe|first2=Randi E.|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2015|isbn=978-1610695763|pages=401–402|access-date=October 25, 2017|archive-date=June 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629134721/https://books.google.com/books?id=1BfYBgAAQBAJ&amp;q=trypophobia|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Urugero rw'ibintu bitera ikibazo birimo ubuki, imbuto z'umuhondo, n'udupira hejuru y'igikombe cya kawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Skag2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kup2018&quot; /&gt; Nubwo bitazwi ku mugaragaro nk'indwara [[Indwara zo mu mutwe|yo mu mutwe]] itandukanye nko mu 2018, bishobora gufatwa nk'ubwoba bwihariye iyo habayeho ubwoba bukabije n'agahinda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mar2018&quot; /&gt; Bitekerezwa ko ari ubwirinzi bw’ihindagurika ku dukoko two hanze cyangwa inyamaswa z’uburozi bwabaye bwinshi cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kup2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Skag2014&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bwo kuvura umuntu ahura n'ikibazo ni uburyo bushoboka bwo kuvura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2015&quot; /&gt;

Ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe iyo urebye ikintu nk'igishishwa cy'imbuto ya lotus biba ku bantu bagera kuri 16%, abagore bakaba bibasirwa cyane kurusha abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Skag2014&quot; /&gt; Ijambo ''trypophobia'' ryahimbwe n'umuntu witabiriye urubuga rwo kuri interineti mu 2005, riva ku ijambo ry'Ikigereki &quot;trypo&quot; risobanura &quot;gucukura imyobo&quot; na &quot;phobos&quot; risobanura &quot;ubwoba&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Skag2014&quot; /&gt; Byabaye ingingo ikunzwe cyane ku mbuga nkoranyambaga mu myaka ya za 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Popsci2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.popsci.com/trypophobia|title=Is Trypophobia a Real Phobia?|last=Abbasi|first=Jennifer|date=July 25, 2011|website=[[Popular Science]]|access-date=October 2, 2012|archive-date=April 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407215939/http://www.popsci.com/trypophobia|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubushakashatsi bwemewe bwatangiye ahagana mu 2010 bukorwa n'abahanga mu by'imitekerereze ya muntu Geoff Cole na Arnold Wilkins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Skag2014&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>9uqvd0dl37440xghlvuv2jdyqs634uz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Methocarbamol</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23344</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141172</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:24:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1479105|Methocarbamol]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141172</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3741" sha1="s30jv4htkrhrsgclr82pzq0qgaf9jk0" xml:space="preserve">'''Methocarbamol''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Robaxin''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura ububabare bw'imitsi n'amagufwa by'igihe gito.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|page=1093|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishobora gukoreshwa hamwe n'ikiruhuko, ubuvuzi bw'umubiri, n'imiti igabanya ububabare.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019&gt;{{cite web |title=Methocarbamol Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methocarbamol.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=8 April 2019 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304094317/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methocarbamol.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304094317/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methocarbamol.html |date=4 March 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;   Ntibikunze gukoreshwa cyane mu gihe [[Kubabara umugongo wo hasi|umuntu ababara umugongo wo hasi]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt; Ikoreshwa mu buryo buke mu kuvura indwara ya rubagimpande na palsy yo mu bwonko.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Richards|first=Bethan L.|last2=Whittle|first2=Samuel L.|last3=Buchbinder|first3=Rachelle|date=2012-01-18|title=Muscle relaxants for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=1|pages=CD008922|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008922.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmid=22258993}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka muri rusange zitangira mu gihe cy'iminota mirongo itatu.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt; Ifatwa mu kanwa cyangwa mu guterwa mu mitsi.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kuribwa umutwe, gusinzira, kunyerera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liver2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Methocarbamol|date=30 January 2017|chapter-url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548286/|title=LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|pmid=31643609|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828170748/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548286/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kurwara indwara ya anaphylaxis, ibibazo by'umwijima, urujijo, no gucika intege.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Ntibyemewe kuyikoresha mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] no konsa.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Gukoreshwa n'abageze mu za bukuru bifatwa nk'ibishobora guteza akaga gakomeye.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt; Methocarbamol ni umuti ugabanya imitsi mu mubiri.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt; Uburyo bikora ntabwo birasobanutse neza, ariko bisa nkaho bitagize ingaruka ku mitsi mu buryo butaziguye.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt;

Methocarbamol yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1957.  Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Ihendutse cyane mu 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ox2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fine|first=Perry G.|title=The Hospice Companion: Best Practices for Interdisciplinary Care of Advanced Illness|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-045692-4|page=PT146|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Hospice_Companion/I7NjDQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Methocarbamol+cost&amp;pg=PT146|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=25 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425185358/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Hospice_Companion/I7NjDQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Methocarbamol+cost&amp;pg=PT146|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 178 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni eshatu.  

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>s30jv4htkrhrsgclr82pzq0qgaf9jk0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141173</id>
      <parentid>141172</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:25:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Methocarbamol</comment>
      <origin>141173</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3809" sha1="mgicssexmqkaexx5na3n6hhqwse8i6g" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Methocarbamol 750 MG Oral Tablet.jpg|thumb|Methocarbamol]]
'''Methocarbamol''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Robaxin''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura ububabare bw'imitsi n'amagufwa by'igihe gito.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|page=1093|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishobora gukoreshwa hamwe n'ikiruhuko, ubuvuzi bw'umubiri, n'imiti igabanya ububabare.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019&gt;{{cite web |title=Methocarbamol Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methocarbamol.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=8 April 2019 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304094317/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methocarbamol.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304094317/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methocarbamol.html |date=4 March 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;   Ntibikunze gukoreshwa cyane mu gihe [[Kubabara umugongo wo hasi|umuntu ababara umugongo wo hasi]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt; Ikoreshwa mu buryo buke mu kuvura indwara ya rubagimpande na palsy yo mu bwonko.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Richards|first=Bethan L.|last2=Whittle|first2=Samuel L.|last3=Buchbinder|first3=Rachelle|date=2012-01-18|title=Muscle relaxants for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=1|pages=CD008922|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008922.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmid=22258993}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka muri rusange zitangira mu gihe cy'iminota mirongo itatu.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt; Ifatwa mu kanwa cyangwa mu guterwa mu mitsi.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kuribwa umutwe, gusinzira, kunyerera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liver2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Methocarbamol|date=30 January 2017|chapter-url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548286/|title=LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|pmid=31643609|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828170748/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548286/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kurwara indwara ya anaphylaxis, ibibazo by'umwijima, urujijo, no gucika intege.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Ntibyemewe kuyikoresha mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] no konsa.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Gukoreshwa n'abageze mu za bukuru bifatwa nk'ibishobora guteza akaga gakomeye.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt; Methocarbamol ni umuti ugabanya imitsi mu mubiri.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt; Uburyo bikora ntabwo birasobanutse neza, ariko bisa nkaho bitagize ingaruka ku mitsi mu buryo butaziguye.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt;

Methocarbamol yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1957.  Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Ihendutse cyane mu 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ox2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fine|first=Perry G.|title=The Hospice Companion: Best Practices for Interdisciplinary Care of Advanced Illness|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-045692-4|page=PT146|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Hospice_Companion/I7NjDQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Methocarbamol+cost&amp;pg=PT146|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=25 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425185358/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Hospice_Companion/I7NjDQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Methocarbamol+cost&amp;pg=PT146|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 178 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni eshatu.  

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>mgicssexmqkaexx5na3n6hhqwse8i6g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indwara ya Sjögren</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23345</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141174</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:31:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513415|Sjögren syndrome]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141174</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6644" sha1="fm6pxb4pkx0cuvra8bjlr4j80o8p138" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Sjögren syndrome|synonym=Primary Sjögren-Gougerot syndrome,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sjogren syndrome |url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10252/index |website=NIH |access-date=20 June 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128220903/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10252/index |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sjögren's syndrome, sicca syndrome|image=Sjogrens Syndrome.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Characteristic dryness appears at multiple locations like the tongue, face, and eyes.|pronounce={{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|ʃ|ɜː|ɡ|r|ɛ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|ʃ|oʊ|ɡ|r|ɛ|n}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Dorlands&quot;&gt;{{Citation |author=Elsevier |author-link=Elsevier |title=Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary |publisher=Elsevier |url=http://www.dorlands.com/ |postscript=. |access-date=2014-06-17 |archive-date=2014-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111192614/http://dorlands.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA-sv|ˈɧø̂ːɡreːn|lang}}|field=|symptoms=[[xerostomia|Dry mouth]], [[keratoconjunctivitis sicca|dry eyes]], other areas of dryness&lt;ref name=Bri2016/&gt;|complications=[[Lymphoma]]&lt;ref name=Bri2016/&gt;|onset=Middle age&lt;ref name=Bri2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ng2016/&gt;|duration=Long term&lt;ref name=NIH2014Fact/&gt;|types=|causes=[[Autoimmune disease]] (unknown cause)&lt;ref name=NIH2014Fact/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=[[Tissue biopsy]], blood tests&lt;ref name=Bri2016/&gt;|differential=Medication side effect, [[anxiety]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[amyloidosis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0323076999|page=Chapter S|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=|treatment=[[Artificial tears]], medications to reduce inflammation, surgery&lt;ref name=NIH2014Fact/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Normal [[life expectancy]]&lt;ref name=Sin2016/&gt;|frequency=~0.7%&lt;ref name=John2008/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Sjögren syndrome''' ( '''SjS''', '''SS''' ) ni indwara y’igihe kirekire ifata ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri ikagira ingaruka ku ngirabuzimafatizo zikora ubushuhe mu mubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Is Sjögren's Syndrome? Fast Facts|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/sjogrens_syndrome/sjogrens_syndrome_ff.asp|website=NIAMS|access-date=15 July 2016|date=November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704210602/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Sjogrens_Syndrome/sjogrens_syndrome_ff.asp|archive-date=4 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso by'ibanze ni umunwa wumye n'amaso yumye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bri2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brito-Zerón|first=P|last2=Baldini|first2=C|last3=Bootsma|first3=H|last4=Bowman|first4=SJ|last5=Jonsson|first5=R|last6=Mariette|first6=X|last7=Sivils|first7=K|last8=Theander|first8=E|last9=Tzioufas|first9=A|last10=Ramos-Casals|first10=M|title=Sjögren syndrome|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|date=7 July 2016|volume=2|pages=16047|pmid=27383445|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2016.47}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo uruhu rwumye, kumagara mu gitsina, inkorora idakira, gucika intege mu maboko no mu maguru, kumva unaniwe, kubabara imitsi n'ingingo, ndetse n'ibibazo bya tiroyide.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Fact&quot; /&gt; Abarwaye indwara ya lymphoma nabo bafite ibyago byinshi (5%) byo kurwara iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bri2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;John2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=3zM9yCy8uqUC&amp;pg=PA389|title=Primer on the rheumatic diseases|last=John H.|first=Klippel|date=2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780387685663|edition=13th|location=New York, New York|page=389|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815233354/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3zM9yCy8uqUC&amp;pg=PA389|archive-date=15 August 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nubwo impamvu nyayo idasobanutse neza, bikekwa ko iterwa n’uruvange rw’uturemangingo n’ikintu gitera ibidukikije nko kwandura virusi cyangwa [[bagiteri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Fact&quot; /&gt; Bishobora kubaho hatitawe ku bindi bibazo by'ubuzima (syndrome ya Sjögren y'ibanze) cyangwa bitewe n'indi ndwara y'imitsi ihuza (syndrome ya Sjögren y'inyongera).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ng2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Axo9DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA10|title=Sjogren's Syndrome|last=Ng|first=Wan-Fai|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198736950|pages=10–11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815195550/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Axo9DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA10|archive-date=15 August 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ububyimbirwe butera kwangiza buhoro buhoro imitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;John2008&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara bikorwa hifashishijwe biopsy y'uturemangingo dukora ubushuhe no gupima amaraso hashakishwa ubudahangarwa bwihariye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bri2016&quot; /&gt; Mu gihe cyo gusuzuma indwara, ubusanzwe haba hari lymphocytes mu turemangingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bri2016&quot; /&gt;

Ubuvuzi bushingira ku bimenyetso by'umuntu.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Fact&quot; /&gt; Ku maso yumye, hashobora kugeragezwa imiti igabanya ububyimbirwe, ikoreshwa mu gufunga imiyoboro y'amarira.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Fact&quot; /&gt; Ku munwa wumye, hashobora gukoreshwa chewing gum (byaba byiza idafite isukari), kunywa amazi, cyangwa ikindi kintu gisimbura amacandwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Fact&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bafite ububabare mu ngingo cyangwa mu mitsi, [[ibuprofen]] ishobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Fact&quot; /&gt; Imiti ishobora gutera ubwivumbure, nka antihistamines, nayo ishobora guhagarikwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Fact&quot; /&gt;

Iyi ndwara yasobanuwe mu 1933 na Henrik Sjögren, wahawe izina ryayo; icyakora, hari ibisobanuro byinshi byatanzwe mbere ku bantu bafite ibimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ng2016&quot; /&gt; Hagati ya 0.2% na 1.2% by'abaturage nibo bibasiwe, kimwe cya kabiri cyabo bafite icyiciro cya mbere n'igice cya kabiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;John2008&quot; /&gt; Abagore bibasirwa inshuro zigera ku icumi kurusha abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ng2016&quot; /&gt; Nubwo iyi ndwara ikunze gutangirira mu myaka yo hagati, umuntu uwo ari we wese ashobora kuyigiraho ingaruka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bri2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ng2016&quot; /&gt; Muri abo badafite izindi ndwara ziterwa n’ubwiyongere bw’umubiri, igihe cyo kubaho ntigihinduka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sin2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=AG|last2=Singh|first2=S|last3=Matteson|first3=EL|date=March 2016|title=Rate, risk factors and causes of mortality in patients with Sjögren's syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies|journal=Rheumatology|volume=55|issue=3|pages=450–60|doi=10.1093/rheumatology/kev354|pmid=26412810|pmc=5009445}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>fm6pxb4pkx0cuvra8bjlr4j80o8p138</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tirzepatide</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23346</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141175</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:33:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1479970|Tirzepatide]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141175</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3507" sha1="53wsobi5cu4mq3yid59e5aes90duely" xml:space="preserve">'''Tirzepatide''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Mounjaro''' na '''Zepbound''', ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 n'umubyibuho ukabije.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mounjaro- tirzepatide injection, solution|website=DailyMed|date=13 May 2022|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d2d7da5d-ad07-4228-955f-cf7e355c8cc0|access-date=27 May 2022|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703054225/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d2d7da5d-ad07-4228-955f-cf7e355c8cc0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jas2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jastreboff|first=Ania M.|last2=Aronne|first2=Louis J.|last3=Ahmad|first3=Nadia N.|last4=Wharton|first4=Sean|last5=Connery|first5=Lisa|last6=Alves|first6=Breno|last7=Kiyosue|first7=Arihiro|last8=Zhang|first8=Shuyu|last9=Liu|first9=Bing|last10=Bunck|first10=Mathijs C.|last11=Stefanski|first11=Adam|date=2022-07-21|title=Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2206038|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=387|issue=3|pages=205–216|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2206038|issn=0028-4793|access-date=2023-05-07|archive-date=2023-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506234503/https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2206038|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikoreshwa hamwe n'imirire n'imyitozo ngororamubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2022&quot; /&gt; Itangwa binyuze mu gutera urushinge munsi y'uruhu buri cyumweru.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2022&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo isesemi, impiswi, impatwe, no kubabara mu nda.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2022&quot; /&gt; Izindi ngaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo pancreatitis, gastroparesis, isukari nke mu maraso, ingaruka z'ubwivumbure, n'indwara y'agasabo k'inkari.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CF2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Cheung|first=Kim Ann|title=#392 Mission Slimpossible, Part 3: Tirzepatide for weight loss – CFPCLearn|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp392/|access-date=25 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gukoresha iyo ndwara mu gihe utwite bishobora kwangiza umwana.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2022&quot; /&gt; Ni peptide-1 imeze nka glucagon (GLP-1) kandi ikaba ikora ku buryo glucose idakoresha glucose kandi yongera irekurwa rya insuline mu biribwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EPAR2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mounjaro|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/mounjaro|access-date=12 December 2022|archive-date=12 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212220255/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/mounjaro|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tirzepatide yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, i Burayi, n'Ubwongereza mu 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EPAR2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tirzepatide|url=https://www.sps.nhs.uk/medicines/tirzepatide/|website=SPS - Specialist Pharmacy Service|access-date=12 December 2022|date=8 March 2019|archive-date=12 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212220255/https://www.sps.nhs.uk/medicines/tirzepatide/|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bigura hafi 1.000 USD mu byumweru 4 kugeza mu 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mounjaro Prices, Coupons, Copay &amp; Patient Assistance|url=https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/mounjaro|website=Drugs.com|access-date=12 December 2022|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115035617/https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/mounjaro|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>53wsobi5cu4mq3yid59e5aes90duely</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141176</id>
      <parentid>141175</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:36:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tirzepatide</comment>
      <origin>141176</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3598" sha1="8j5rpl037hnqush07kmowfpiqosk78t" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Lilly mounjaro KwikPen Tirzepatid 5 mg per dose rate-9442.jpg|thumb|Tirzepatide]]
'''Tirzepatide''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Mounjaro''' na '''Zepbound''', ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 n'umubyibuho ukabije.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mounjaro- tirzepatide injection, solution|website=DailyMed|date=13 May 2022|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d2d7da5d-ad07-4228-955f-cf7e355c8cc0|access-date=27 May 2022|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703054225/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d2d7da5d-ad07-4228-955f-cf7e355c8cc0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jas2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jastreboff|first=Ania M.|last2=Aronne|first2=Louis J.|last3=Ahmad|first3=Nadia N.|last4=Wharton|first4=Sean|last5=Connery|first5=Lisa|last6=Alves|first6=Breno|last7=Kiyosue|first7=Arihiro|last8=Zhang|first8=Shuyu|last9=Liu|first9=Bing|last10=Bunck|first10=Mathijs C.|last11=Stefanski|first11=Adam|date=2022-07-21|title=Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2206038|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=387|issue=3|pages=205–216|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2206038|issn=0028-4793|access-date=2023-05-07|archive-date=2023-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506234503/https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2206038|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikoreshwa hamwe n'imirire n'imyitozo ngororamubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2022&quot; /&gt; Itangwa binyuze mu gutera urushinge munsi y'uruhu buri cyumweru.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2022&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo isesemi, impiswi, impatwe, no kubabara mu nda.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2022&quot; /&gt; Izindi ngaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo pancreatitis, gastroparesis, isukari nke mu maraso, ingaruka z'ubwivumbure, n'indwara y'agasabo k'inkari.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CF2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Cheung|first=Kim Ann|title=#392 Mission Slimpossible, Part 3: Tirzepatide for weight loss – CFPCLearn|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp392/|access-date=25 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gukoresha iyo ndwara mu gihe utwite bishobora kwangiza umwana.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2022&quot; /&gt; Ni peptide-1 imeze nka glucagon (GLP-1) kandi ikaba ikora ku buryo glucose idakoresha glucose kandi yongera irekurwa rya insuline mu biribwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EPAR2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mounjaro|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/mounjaro|access-date=12 December 2022|archive-date=12 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212220255/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/mounjaro|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tirzepatide yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, i Burayi, n'Ubwongereza mu 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EPAR2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tirzepatide|url=https://www.sps.nhs.uk/medicines/tirzepatide/|website=SPS - Specialist Pharmacy Service|access-date=12 December 2022|date=8 March 2019|archive-date=12 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212220255/https://www.sps.nhs.uk/medicines/tirzepatide/|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bigura hafi 1.000 USD mu byumweru 4 kugeza mu 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mounjaro Prices, Coupons, Copay &amp; Patient Assistance|url=https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/mounjaro|website=Drugs.com|access-date=12 December 2022|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115035617/https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/mounjaro|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>8j5rpl037hnqush07kmowfpiqosk78t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indwara y'ibihaha idakira</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23347</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141177</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:38:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501207|Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141177</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15008" sha1="supzxp43lsq9d0x0rmacwzz20fgjhh2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|synonym=Chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary emphysema|image=Centrilobular emphysema 865 lores.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Gross pathology]] of a lung showing [[Pneumatosis#Centrilobular emphysema|centrilobular emphysema]] characteristic of smoking. This close-up of the [[Fixation (histology)|fixed]], cut lung surface shows multiple cavities filled with heavy [[black carbon]] deposits.|pronounce=|field=[[Pulmonology]]|symptoms=[[Shortness of breath]], [[cough]] with [[sputum]] production.&lt;ref name=GOLD2017Chp1/&gt;&lt;!--pp. 25–26--&gt;|complications=[[Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;|onset=Over 40 years old&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;|duration=Long term&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;|types=|causes=[[Tobacco smoking]], [[air pollution]], [[genetics]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=[[pulmonary function test|Lung function test]]s&lt;ref name=Nathell/&gt;|differential=[[Asthma]]&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;|prevention=Improving indoor and outdoor [[air quality]], [[tobacco control]] measures&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;|treatment=[[smoking cessation|Stopping smoking]], [[respiratory rehabilitation]], [[lung transplantation]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;|medication=[[Vaccination]]s, inhaled [[bronchodilator]]s, inhaled [[Corticosteroid|steroids]], [[oxygen therapy|long-term oxygen therapy]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=GOLD2007/&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=174.5&amp;nbsp;million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;|deaths=3.2&amp;nbsp;million (2019)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Fact&gt;{{cite web |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd) |website=www.who.int |access-date=28 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418080747/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|video1=|named after=}}'''Indwara y'ibihaha idakira''' ( '''COPD''' ) ni ubwoko bw'indwara y'ibihaha idakira irangwa n'ibibazo by'ubuhumekero bw'igihe kirekire n'umwuka mubi utembera neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2017Chp1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vogelmeier CF, Criner GJ, Martinez FJ, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Bourbeau J, Celli BR, Chen R, Decramer M, Fabbri LM, Frith P, Halpin DM, López Varela MV, Nishimura M, Roche N, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Sin DD, Singh D, Stockley R, Vestbo J, Wedzicha JA, Agusti A|s2cid=42027653|display-authors=6|title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2017 Report: GOLD Executive Summary|journal=Respirology|volume=22|issue=3|pages=575–601|date=April 2017|pmid=28150362|doi=10.1111/resp.13012|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roversi2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roversi|first=Sara|last2=Corbetta|first2=Lorenzo|last3=Clini|first3=Enrico|title=GOLD 2017 recommendations for COPD patients: toward a more personalized approach|date=5 May 2017|journal=COPD Research and Practice|volume=3|doi=10.1186/s40749-017-0024-y|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso by'ingenzi birimo kubura umwuka no gukorora hamwe n'amaseru.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2017Chp1&quot; /&gt; COPD ni indwara ikomeza kwiyongera, bivuze ko ikunze kwiyongera uko igihe kigenda gihita.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2013Chp1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Vestbo|first=Jørgen|title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|work=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=187|issue=4|year=2013|publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease|pages=1–7|chapter=Definition and Overview|doi=10.1164/rccm.201204-0596PP|pmid=22878278|chapter-url=http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/187/4/347.full.pdf+html|access-date=2020-07-12|archive-date=2013-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302033053/http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/187/4/347.full.pdf+html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaherezo, ibikorwa bya buri munsi nko kugenda cyangwa kwambara biragorana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Fact sheet N°315|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/|website=WHO|access-date=4 March 2016|date=January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082716/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Bronchitis idakira''' na '''emphysema''' ni amagambo ya kera akoreshwa ku bwoko butandukanye bwa COPD.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)|website=WHO|access-date=6 June 2019|quote=The more familiar terms of &quot;chronic bronchitis&quot; and &quot;emphysema&quot; have often been used as labels for this condition.|archive-date=21 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421005735/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Craig|first=John A.|title=Ferri's netter patient advisor|date=2012|publisher=Saunders|isbn=9781455728268|page=913|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=li1VCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA913|quote=Traditionally, two types of COPD were known as chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Most cases of COPD are a mixture of both diseases.|access-date=2020-07-12|archive-date=2020-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225063418/https://books.google.com/books?id=li1VCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA913|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|url=https://www.who.int/respiratory/copd/en/|website=WHO|access-date=5 June 2019|quote=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is not one single disease but an umbrella term used to describe chronic lung diseases that cause limitations in lung airflow. The more familiar terms 'chronic bronchitis' and 'emphysema' are no longer used, but are now included within the COPD diagnosis.|archive-date=18 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418094005/https://www.who.int/respiratory/copd/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijambo &quot;bronchitis idakira&quot; riracyakoreshwa mu gusobanura inkorora ikora nibura amezi atatu buri mwaka mu gihe cy'imyaka ibiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2017Chp1&quot; /&gt; Abafite bene iyo nkorora baba bafite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara COPD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gold2019p13&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease|date=2019|page=13|url=https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/GOLD-2019-v1.7-FINAL-14Nov2018-WMS.pdf|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430194701/https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/GOLD-2019-v1.7-FINAL-14Nov2018-WMS.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijambo &quot;emphysema&quot; rikoreshwa kandi ku kuba hari umwuka udasanzwe cyangwa indi myuka mu ngingo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jayne|title=Bailliere's Dictionary E-Book: for Nurses and Health Care Workers|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780702075643|page=128|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgmODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA128|access-date=2020-07-12|archive-date=2020-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729125506/https://books.google.com/books?id=rgmODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA128|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Impamvu ikunze kugaragara ni ukunywa itabi, aho umubare muto w’abandura uterwa n’ibintu [[Imyuka Ihumanya Ikirere|nk’ihumana ry’ikirere]] n’imiterere y’uturemangingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9823|pages=1341–51|date=April 2012|pmid=22314182|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9|pmc=7172377|citeseerx=10.1.1.1000.1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, imwe mu mpamvu zikunze gutera ihumana ry'ikirere ni umuriro ushyushya n'umuriro utetse udakoresha umwuka mwiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Kugaragara kuri ibi bintu bitera ububabare igihe kirekire bitera ububabare mu bihaha, bigatuma inzira z'ubuhumekero zigabanuka kandi ingingo z'ibihaha zigasenyuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J|s2cid=20863981|title=Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=176|issue=6|pages=532–55|date=September 2007|pmid=17507545|doi=10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO|hdl=2066/51740|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isuzuma rishingiye ku mwuka mubi utembera nk'uko bipimwa n'ibizamini by'imikorere y'ibihaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nathell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nathell L, Nathell M, Malmberg P, Larsson K|title=COPD diagnosis related to different guidelines and spirometry techniques|journal=Respiratory Research|volume=8|issue=1|pages=89|date=December 2007|pmid=18053200|pmc=2217523|doi=10.1186/1465-9921-8-89}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bitandukanye na asima, kugabanuka k'umwuka ntabwo birushaho kuba byiza iyo hakoreshejwe umuti ugabanya ubushyuhe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WebM2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Asthma vs. COPD: What's the Difference?|website=WebMD|date=2019-01-30|url=https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/asthma-vs-copd|access-date=2019-12-26|archive-date=2019-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226050947/https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/asthma-vs-copd|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inshuro nyinshi zishobora kwirindwa mu kugabanya ibyago byo guhura nabyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Piro2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pirozzi C, Scholand MB|title=Smoking cessation and environmental hygiene|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=96|issue=4|pages=849–67|date=July 2012|pmid=22793948|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2012.04.014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi birimo kutanywa itabi no kunoza ubwiza bw'umwuka wo mu nzu no hanze.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Nubwo kuvurwa bishobora kugabanya ubukana, nta muti uzwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bwo kuvura burimo guhagarika kunywa itabi, inkingo, no kuvura indwara z'ubuhumekero.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cag2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cagle SD|first=Jr|last2=Landrum|first2=LS|last3=Kennedy|first3=AM|title=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Diagnosis and Management.|journal=American family physician|date=June 2023|volume=107|issue=6|pages=604-612|pmid=37327161}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umuti wa mbere ugabanya ububabare bw'imitsi muri rusange ni LAMA, hamwe na LABA na steroid zihumekwa zongewemo iyo bikenewe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cag2023&quot; /&gt; Hari abantu bashobora kungukirwa no kuvurwa mu buryo bw'igihe kirekire hakoreshejwe ogisijeni cyangwa guterwa ibihaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2007&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bafite ibihe bikomeye byo kurwara, hashobora kuba ngombwa gukoresha imiti myinshi, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara, ndetse no kujya mu bitaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dobler|first=Claudia C.|last2=Morrow|first2=Allison S.|last3=Beuschel|first3=Bradley|last4=Farah|first4=Magdoleen H.|last5=Majzoub|first5=Abdul M.|last6=Wilson|first6=Michael E.|last7=Hasan|first7=Bashar|last8=Seisa|first8=Mohamed O.|last9=Daraz|first9=Lubna|last10=Prokop|first10=Larry J.|last11=Murad|first11=M. Hassan|last12=Wang|first12=Zhen|title=Pharmacologic Therapies in Patients With Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=25 February 2020|volume=172|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.7326/M19-3007|pmid=32092762}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Guhera mu 2015, COPD yibasiye abantu bagera kuri 174.5&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu (12% by'abaturage ku isi).&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gold2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Agusti|first=A|last2=Böhm|first2=M|last3=Celli|first3=B|last4=Criner|first4=GJ|last5=Garcia-Alvarez|first5=A|last6=Martinez|first6=F|last7=Sin|first7=DD|last8=Vogelmeier|first8=CF|title=GOLD COPD DOCUMENT 2023: a brief update for practicing cardiologists.|journal=Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society|date=26 May 2023|pages=1-10|doi=10.1007/s00392-023-02217-0|pmid=37233751}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, bibasira abantu 6% by'abantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cag2023&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe igaragara ku bantu barengeje imyaka 40.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Abagabo n'abagore bakunze kwibasirwa n'iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Mu 2015, byateye 3.2&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'impfu, zirenga 90% mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; zazamutse zivuye kuri 2.4&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'abapfuye mu 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biteganyijwe ko umubare w'impfu uziyongera bitewe n'umubare w'abanywa itabi uri hejuru mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, ndetse n'abaturage bakuze mu bihugu byinshi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mathers CD, Loncar D|title=Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=3|issue=11|pages=e442|date=November 2006|pmid=17132052|pmc=1664601|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442}}&lt;/ref&gt; Byatumye habaho ikiguzi cy’ubukungu cya [[Amadolari y'Amerika|$2.1 y’Amerika.]]&amp;nbsp;tiriyari mu 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cost2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lomborg|first=Bjørn|title=Global problems, local solutions : costs and benefits|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-03959-9|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRZaAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA143|access-date=2020-07-12|archive-date=2016-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517163338/https://books.google.com/books?id=cRZaAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA143|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>supzxp43lsq9d0x0rmacwzz20fgjhh2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141178</id>
      <parentid>141177</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:41:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Indwara y'ibihaha idakira</comment>
      <origin>141178</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13022" sha1="2pm8p9k7qj1fynj5w6xvup2484z95gw" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Health lungs and copd ru.png|thumb|Indwara y'ibihaha idakira]]
'''Indwara y'ibihaha idakira''' ( '''COPD''' ) ni ubwoko bw'indwara y'ibihaha idakira irangwa n'ibibazo by'ubuhumekero bw'igihe kirekire n'umwuka mubi utembera neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2017Chp1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vogelmeier CF, Criner GJ, Martinez FJ, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Bourbeau J, Celli BR, Chen R, Decramer M, Fabbri LM, Frith P, Halpin DM, López Varela MV, Nishimura M, Roche N, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Sin DD, Singh D, Stockley R, Vestbo J, Wedzicha JA, Agusti A|s2cid=42027653|display-authors=6|title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2017 Report: GOLD Executive Summary|journal=Respirology|volume=22|issue=3|pages=575–601|date=April 2017|pmid=28150362|doi=10.1111/resp.13012|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roversi2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roversi|first=Sara|last2=Corbetta|first2=Lorenzo|last3=Clini|first3=Enrico|title=GOLD 2017 recommendations for COPD patients: toward a more personalized approach|date=5 May 2017|journal=COPD Research and Practice|volume=3|doi=10.1186/s40749-017-0024-y|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso by'ingenzi birimo kubura umwuka no gukorora hamwe n'amaseru.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2017Chp1&quot; /&gt; COPD ni indwara ikomeza kwiyongera, bivuze ko ikunze kwiyongera uko igihe kigenda gihita.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2013Chp1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Vestbo|first=Jørgen|title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|work=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=187|issue=4|year=2013|publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease|pages=1–7|chapter=Definition and Overview|doi=10.1164/rccm.201204-0596PP|pmid=22878278|chapter-url=http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/187/4/347.full.pdf+html|access-date=2020-07-12|archive-date=2013-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302033053/http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/187/4/347.full.pdf+html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaherezo, ibikorwa bya buri munsi nko kugenda cyangwa kwambara biragorana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Fact sheet N°315|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/|website=WHO|access-date=4 March 2016|date=January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082716/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Bronchitis idakira''' na '''emphysema''' ni amagambo ya kera akoreshwa ku bwoko butandukanye bwa COPD.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)|website=WHO|access-date=6 June 2019|quote=The more familiar terms of &quot;chronic bronchitis&quot; and &quot;emphysema&quot; have often been used as labels for this condition.|archive-date=21 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421005735/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Craig|first=John A.|title=Ferri's netter patient advisor|date=2012|publisher=Saunders|isbn=9781455728268|page=913|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=li1VCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA913|quote=Traditionally, two types of COPD were known as chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Most cases of COPD are a mixture of both diseases.|access-date=2020-07-12|archive-date=2020-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225063418/https://books.google.com/books?id=li1VCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA913|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|url=https://www.who.int/respiratory/copd/en/|website=WHO|access-date=5 June 2019|quote=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is not one single disease but an umbrella term used to describe chronic lung diseases that cause limitations in lung airflow. The more familiar terms 'chronic bronchitis' and 'emphysema' are no longer used, but are now included within the COPD diagnosis.|archive-date=18 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418094005/https://www.who.int/respiratory/copd/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijambo &quot;bronchitis idakira&quot; riracyakoreshwa mu gusobanura inkorora ikora nibura amezi atatu buri mwaka mu gihe cy'imyaka ibiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2017Chp1&quot; /&gt; Abafite bene iyo nkorora baba bafite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara COPD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gold2019p13&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease|date=2019|page=13|url=https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/GOLD-2019-v1.7-FINAL-14Nov2018-WMS.pdf|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430194701/https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/GOLD-2019-v1.7-FINAL-14Nov2018-WMS.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijambo &quot;emphysema&quot; rikoreshwa kandi ku kuba hari umwuka udasanzwe cyangwa indi myuka mu ngingo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jayne|title=Bailliere's Dictionary E-Book: for Nurses and Health Care Workers|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780702075643|page=128|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgmODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA128|access-date=2020-07-12|archive-date=2020-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729125506/https://books.google.com/books?id=rgmODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA128|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Impamvu ikunze kugaragara ni ukunywa itabi, aho umubare muto w’abandura uterwa n’ibintu [[Imyuka Ihumanya Ikirere|nk’ihumana ry’ikirere]] n’imiterere y’uturemangingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9823|pages=1341–51|date=April 2012|pmid=22314182|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9|pmc=7172377|citeseerx=10.1.1.1000.1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, imwe mu mpamvu zikunze gutera ihumana ry'ikirere ni umuriro ushyushya n'umuriro utetse udakoresha umwuka mwiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Kugaragara kuri ibi bintu bitera ububabare igihe kirekire bitera ububabare mu bihaha, bigatuma inzira z'ubuhumekero zigabanuka kandi ingingo z'ibihaha zigasenyuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J|s2cid=20863981|title=Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=176|issue=6|pages=532–55|date=September 2007|pmid=17507545|doi=10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO|hdl=2066/51740|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isuzuma rishingiye ku mwuka mubi utembera nk'uko bipimwa n'ibizamini by'imikorere y'ibihaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nathell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nathell L, Nathell M, Malmberg P, Larsson K|title=COPD diagnosis related to different guidelines and spirometry techniques|journal=Respiratory Research|volume=8|issue=1|pages=89|date=December 2007|pmid=18053200|pmc=2217523|doi=10.1186/1465-9921-8-89}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bitandukanye na asima, kugabanuka k'umwuka ntabwo birushaho kuba byiza iyo hakoreshejwe umuti ugabanya ubushyuhe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WebM2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Asthma vs. COPD: What's the Difference?|website=WebMD|date=2019-01-30|url=https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/asthma-vs-copd|access-date=2019-12-26|archive-date=2019-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226050947/https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/asthma-vs-copd|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inshuro nyinshi zishobora kwirindwa mu kugabanya ibyago byo guhura nabyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Piro2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pirozzi C, Scholand MB|title=Smoking cessation and environmental hygiene|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=96|issue=4|pages=849–67|date=July 2012|pmid=22793948|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2012.04.014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi birimo kutanywa itabi no kunoza ubwiza bw'umwuka wo mu nzu no hanze.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Nubwo kuvurwa bishobora kugabanya ubukana, nta muti uzwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bwo kuvura burimo guhagarika kunywa itabi, inkingo, no kuvura indwara z'ubuhumekero.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cag2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cagle SD|first=Jr|last2=Landrum|first2=LS|last3=Kennedy|first3=AM|title=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Diagnosis and Management.|journal=American family physician|date=June 2023|volume=107|issue=6|pages=604-612|pmid=37327161}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umuti wa mbere ugabanya ububabare bw'imitsi muri rusange ni LAMA, hamwe na LABA na steroid zihumekwa zongewemo iyo bikenewe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cag2023&quot; /&gt; Hari abantu bashobora kungukirwa no kuvurwa mu buryo bw'igihe kirekire hakoreshejwe ogisijeni cyangwa guterwa ibihaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2007&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bafite ibihe bikomeye byo kurwara, hashobora kuba ngombwa gukoresha imiti myinshi, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara, ndetse no kujya mu bitaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dobler|first=Claudia C.|last2=Morrow|first2=Allison S.|last3=Beuschel|first3=Bradley|last4=Farah|first4=Magdoleen H.|last5=Majzoub|first5=Abdul M.|last6=Wilson|first6=Michael E.|last7=Hasan|first7=Bashar|last8=Seisa|first8=Mohamed O.|last9=Daraz|first9=Lubna|last10=Prokop|first10=Larry J.|last11=Murad|first11=M. Hassan|last12=Wang|first12=Zhen|title=Pharmacologic Therapies in Patients With Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=25 February 2020|volume=172|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.7326/M19-3007|pmid=32092762}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Guhera mu 2015, COPD yibasiye abantu bagera kuri 174.5&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu (12% by'abaturage ku isi).&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gold2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Agusti|first=A|last2=Böhm|first2=M|last3=Celli|first3=B|last4=Criner|first4=GJ|last5=Garcia-Alvarez|first5=A|last6=Martinez|first6=F|last7=Sin|first7=DD|last8=Vogelmeier|first8=CF|title=GOLD COPD DOCUMENT 2023: a brief update for practicing cardiologists.|journal=Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society|date=26 May 2023|pages=1-10|doi=10.1007/s00392-023-02217-0|pmid=37233751}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, bibasira abantu 6% by'abantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cag2023&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe igaragara ku bantu barengeje imyaka 40.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Abagabo n'abagore bakunze kwibasirwa n'iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Mu 2015, byateye 3.2&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'impfu, zirenga 90% mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; zazamutse zivuye kuri 2.4&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'abapfuye mu 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biteganyijwe ko umubare w'impfu uziyongera bitewe n'umubare w'abanywa itabi uri hejuru mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, ndetse n'abaturage bakuze mu bihugu byinshi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mathers CD, Loncar D|title=Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=3|issue=11|pages=e442|date=November 2006|pmid=17132052|pmc=1664601|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442}}&lt;/ref&gt; Byatumye habaho ikiguzi cy’ubukungu cya [[Amadolari y'Amerika|$2.1 y’Amerika.]]&amp;nbsp;tiriyari mu 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cost2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lomborg|first=Bjørn|title=Global problems, local solutions : costs and benefits|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-03959-9|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRZaAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA143|access-date=2020-07-12|archive-date=2016-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517163338/https://books.google.com/books?id=cRZaAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA143|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>2pm8p9k7qj1fynj5w6xvup2484z95gw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Polio</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23348</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141179</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:43:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1511432|Polio]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141179</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7873" sha1="slqoi2efzbkifr859xhz4fwldsix23t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Polio|synonym=Poliomyelitis, infantile paralysis|image=Polio lores134.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A man with a [[wasting|smaller]] right leg due to poliomyelitis|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|oʊ|l|i|oʊ|ˌ|m|aɪ|ə|'|l|aɪ|t|ɪ|s}}|field=[[Neurology]], [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|infectious disease]]|symptoms=[[Muscle weakness]] resulting in an [[flaccid paralysis|inability to move]]&lt;ref name = PinkBook2009/&gt;|complications=[[Post-polio syndrome]]&lt;ref name=NIH2014Post&gt;{{cite web|title=Post-Polio Syndrome Fact Sheet|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/post_polio/detail_post_polio.htm|publisher=NIH|access-date=4 November 2014|date=16 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729090555/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/post_polio/detail_post_polio.htm|archive-date=29 July 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729090555/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/post_polio/detail_post_polio.htm |date=29 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=Few hours to days&lt;ref name = PinkBook2009/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=[[Poliovirus]] spread by [[fecal-oral route]]&lt;ref name = PinkBook2009/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Finding the virus in the [[feces]] or [[antibodies]] in the blood&lt;ref name = PinkBook2009/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Polio vaccine]]&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=98 wild cases (2024)&lt;ref name=GP2025/&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Polio''', mu magambo ahinnye ya '''poliomyelitis''', ni indwara yandura iterwa na virusi ya polio.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009&gt;{{Citation | veditors = Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe C | chapter = Poliomyelitis | title = Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) | edition = 13th | at = (chap.&amp;nbsp;18) | publisher = Public Health Foundation | location = Washington DC | year = 2015 | chapter-url = https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/polio.html | url = https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161230001534/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html | archive-date = 30 December 2016 | df = dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230001534/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html |date=30 December 2016 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bantu bagera kuri 0.5 ku ijana, imitsi iracika intege bigatuma umuntu atabasha kugenda.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt; Ibi bishobora kubaho mu masaha make cyangwa iminsi mike.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt;  Intege nke akenshi ziba ku maguru, ariko zishobora kudakunze kuba ku mitsi yo mu mutwe, mu ijosi no mu gituza.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt; Abantu benshi barakira neza.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt; Ku bafite intege nke z'imitsi, abana bagera kuri 2 kugeza kuri 5 ku ijana na 15 kugeza kuri 30 ku ijana by'abantu bakuru barapfa.  Ku bantu bose banduye, kugeza kuri 70% by'abanduye nta bimenyetso bibaho.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt; Abandi 25 ku ijana bafite ibimenyetso bito nk'umuriro n'ububabare mu muhogo, naho abagera kuri 5 ku ijana bafite umutwe, kubabara ijosi ndetse no kubabara amaboko n'amaguru.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2014&gt;{{cite web|title=Poliomyelitis Fact sheet N°114|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/|website=who.int|access-date=3 November 2014|date=October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418105535/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/|archive-date=18 April 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418105535/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/ |date=18 April 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Aba bantu bakunze gusubira mu buzima busanzwe mu cyumweru kimwe cyangwa bibiri.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt; Nyuma y'imyaka myinshi yo gukira, indwara ya post-polio ishobora kubaho, igatera intege nke z'imitsi nk'uko umuntu yari afite mu gihe cy'ubwandu bwa mbere. 

Virusi ya polio ikunze kwandurira mu muntu inyuze mu mwanda wanduye winjira mu kanwa .  Ishobora kandi gukwirakwizwa n'ibiryo cyangwa amazi arimo umwanda w'abantu kandi idakunze gukwirakwizwa n'amacandwe yanduye.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt;  Abanduye bashobora gukwirakwiza iyi ndwara mu gihe cy'ibyumweru bitandatu nubwo nta bimenyetso bihari.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt; Iyi ndwara ishobora kuvurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusanga virusi mu mwanda cyangwa se hakaboneka ubudahangarwa bwayo mu maraso.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt; Iyi ndwara ibaho mu buryo busanzwe ku bantu gusa.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt;

Iyi ndwara ishobora kwirindwa hakoreshejwe urukingo rwa polio ; icyakora, hakenewe doze nyinshi kugira ngo igire ingaruka nziza.&lt;ref name=WHO2014 /&gt; Ikigo cya Amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara gitanga inama yo kongera urukingo rwa polio ku bagenzi n'abatuye mu bihugu aho iyi ndwara ibera.  Iyo umuntu yanduye nta muti wihariye ahabwa.&lt;ref name=WHO2014 /&gt; Mu 2018, hagaragaye abantu 33 barwaye polio yo mu gasozi n'abantu 104 barwaye polio ikomoka ku rukingo.  Ibi byagabanutse ugereranyije n’abantu 350.000 banduye mu 1988.  Mu 2024, indwara yo mu gasozi yakwirakwijwe mu bantu muri [[Afuganisitani]] na [[Pakisitani]] gusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;GP2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=GPEI-Wild Poliovirus count|url=https://polioeradication.org/wild-poliovirus-count/|access-date=31 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2024 hagaragaye abantu 98 barwaye polio yo mu gasozi n'abantu nibura 190 barwaye polio ikomoka ku rukingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;GP2025&quot; /&gt; 

Indwara ya Poliomyelitis imaze imyaka ibihumbi ibaho, igaragazwa n'ubuhanzi bwa kera.  Iyi ndwara yamenyekanye bwa mbere nk'indwara yihariye n'umuganga w'Umwongereza Michael Underwood mu 1789.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt; Virusi iyitera yamenyekanye bwa mbere mu 1908 n'inzobere mu by'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri yo muri Otirishiya Karl Landsteiner n'umufasha we, Erwin Popper.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daniel1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Daniel|first=Thomas M.|last2=Robbins|first2=Frederick C.|editor-last=Daniel|editor-first=Thomas M.|editor-last2=Robbins|editor-first2=Frederick C.|title=Polio|date=1997|publisher=University of Rochester Press|location=Rochester, N.Y.|isbn=1-878822-90-X|page=11|edition=1st|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BTQKnkpN6qQC&amp;pg=PA11|chapter=1. A history of poliomyelitis}}&lt;/ref&gt; Icyorezo gikomeye cyatangiye kugaragara mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 mu Burayi no muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt; Mu kinyejana cya 20, yabaye imwe mu ndwara zihangayikishije abana cyane muri utwo duce.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wheeler&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Downes|first=John J.|editor-last=Wheeler|editor-first=Derek S.|editor-last2=Wong|editor-first2=Hector R.|editor-first3=Thomas P.|editor-last3=Shanley|title=Science and practice of pediatric critical care medicine|date=2009|publisher=Springer|location=London|isbn=978-1-84800-920-2|chapter=1. Development of pediatric critical care medicine- how did we get here and why?|pages=10–11|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3p7jezlQ0zgC&amp;pg=PA11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Urukingo rwa mbere rwa polio rwakozwe mu myaka ya 1950 na Jonas Salk, hanyuma nyuma gato, Albert Sabin akora urukingo rwo kunywa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jong2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Helfrich|first=Alison M.|last2=Tajnik|first2=Michael|editor-last=Jong|editor-first=Elaine C.|editor-last2=Stevens|editor-first2=Dennis L.|title=Netter's Infectious Diseases|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-71159-3|pages=29-33|edition=2nd|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA29|language=en|chapter=7. Poliomyelitis (polio) and polio viruses|access-date=25 September 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020154446/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>slqoi2efzbkifr859xhz4fwldsix23t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141180</id>
      <parentid>141179</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:45:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Polio</comment>
      <origin>141180</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6369" sha1="q4q6iviwp6cnkpknc2sro8e37xdtlu8" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Polio lores134.jpg|thumb|Polio]]
'''Polio''', mu magambo ahinnye ya '''poliomyelitis''', ni indwara yandura iterwa na virusi ya polio.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009&gt;{{Citation | veditors = Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe C | chapter = Poliomyelitis | title = Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) | edition = 13th | at = (chap.&amp;nbsp;18) | publisher = Public Health Foundation | location = Washington DC | year = 2015 | chapter-url = https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/polio.html | url = https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161230001534/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html | archive-date = 30 December 2016 | df = dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230001534/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html |date=30 December 2016 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bantu bagera kuri 0.5 ku ijana, imitsi iracika intege bigatuma umuntu atabasha kugenda.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt; Ibi bishobora kubaho mu masaha make cyangwa iminsi mike.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt;  Intege nke akenshi ziba ku maguru, ariko zishobora kudakunze kuba ku mitsi yo mu mutwe, mu ijosi no mu gituza.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt; Abantu benshi barakira neza.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt; Ku bafite intege nke z'imitsi, abana bagera kuri 2 kugeza kuri 5 ku ijana na 15 kugeza kuri 30 ku ijana by'abantu bakuru barapfa.  Ku bantu bose banduye, kugeza kuri 70% by'abanduye nta bimenyetso bibaho.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt; Abandi 25 ku ijana bafite ibimenyetso bito nk'umuriro n'ububabare mu muhogo, naho abagera kuri 5 ku ijana bafite umutwe, kubabara ijosi ndetse no kubabara amaboko n'amaguru.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2014&gt;{{cite web|title=Poliomyelitis Fact sheet N°114|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/|website=who.int|access-date=3 November 2014|date=October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418105535/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/|archive-date=18 April 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418105535/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/ |date=18 April 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Aba bantu bakunze gusubira mu buzima busanzwe mu cyumweru kimwe cyangwa bibiri.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt; Nyuma y'imyaka myinshi yo gukira, indwara ya post-polio ishobora kubaho, igatera intege nke z'imitsi nk'uko umuntu yari afite mu gihe cy'ubwandu bwa mbere. 

Virusi ya polio ikunze kwandurira mu muntu inyuze mu mwanda wanduye winjira mu kanwa .  Ishobora kandi gukwirakwizwa n'ibiryo cyangwa amazi arimo umwanda w'abantu kandi idakunze gukwirakwizwa n'amacandwe yanduye.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt;  Abanduye bashobora gukwirakwiza iyi ndwara mu gihe cy'ibyumweru bitandatu nubwo nta bimenyetso bihari.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt; Iyi ndwara ishobora kuvurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusanga virusi mu mwanda cyangwa se hakaboneka ubudahangarwa bwayo mu maraso.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt; Iyi ndwara ibaho mu buryo busanzwe ku bantu gusa.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt;

Iyi ndwara ishobora kwirindwa hakoreshejwe urukingo rwa polio ; icyakora, hakenewe doze nyinshi kugira ngo igire ingaruka nziza.&lt;ref name=WHO2014 /&gt; Ikigo cya Amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara gitanga inama yo kongera urukingo rwa polio ku bagenzi n'abatuye mu bihugu aho iyi ndwara ibera.  Iyo umuntu yanduye nta muti wihariye ahabwa.&lt;ref name=WHO2014 /&gt; Mu 2018, hagaragaye abantu 33 barwaye polio yo mu gasozi n'abantu 104 barwaye polio ikomoka ku rukingo.  Ibi byagabanutse ugereranyije n’abantu 350.000 banduye mu 1988.  Mu 2024, indwara yo mu gasozi yakwirakwijwe mu bantu muri [[Afuganisitani]] na [[Pakisitani]] gusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;GP2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=GPEI-Wild Poliovirus count|url=https://polioeradication.org/wild-poliovirus-count/|access-date=31 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2024 hagaragaye abantu 98 barwaye polio yo mu gasozi n'abantu nibura 190 barwaye polio ikomoka ku rukingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;GP2025&quot; /&gt; 

Indwara ya Poliomyelitis imaze imyaka ibihumbi ibaho, igaragazwa n'ubuhanzi bwa kera.  Iyi ndwara yamenyekanye bwa mbere nk'indwara yihariye n'umuganga w'Umwongereza Michael Underwood mu 1789.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt; Virusi iyitera yamenyekanye bwa mbere mu 1908 n'inzobere mu by'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri yo muri Otirishiya Karl Landsteiner n'umufasha we, Erwin Popper.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daniel1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Daniel|first=Thomas M.|last2=Robbins|first2=Frederick C.|editor-last=Daniel|editor-first=Thomas M.|editor-last2=Robbins|editor-first2=Frederick C.|title=Polio|date=1997|publisher=University of Rochester Press|location=Rochester, N.Y.|isbn=1-878822-90-X|page=11|edition=1st|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BTQKnkpN6qQC&amp;pg=PA11|chapter=1. A history of poliomyelitis}}&lt;/ref&gt; Icyorezo gikomeye cyatangiye kugaragara mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 mu Burayi no muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.&lt;ref name=PinkBook2009 /&gt; Mu kinyejana cya 20, yabaye imwe mu ndwara zihangayikishije abana cyane muri utwo duce.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wheeler&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Downes|first=John J.|editor-last=Wheeler|editor-first=Derek S.|editor-last2=Wong|editor-first2=Hector R.|editor-first3=Thomas P.|editor-last3=Shanley|title=Science and practice of pediatric critical care medicine|date=2009|publisher=Springer|location=London|isbn=978-1-84800-920-2|chapter=1. Development of pediatric critical care medicine- how did we get here and why?|pages=10–11|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3p7jezlQ0zgC&amp;pg=PA11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Urukingo rwa mbere rwa polio rwakozwe mu myaka ya 1950 na Jonas Salk, hanyuma nyuma gato, Albert Sabin akora urukingo rwo kunywa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jong2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Helfrich|first=Alison M.|last2=Tajnik|first2=Michael|editor-last=Jong|editor-first=Elaine C.|editor-last2=Stevens|editor-first2=Dennis L.|title=Netter's Infectious Diseases|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-71159-3|pages=29-33|edition=2nd|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA29|language=en|chapter=7. Poliomyelitis (polio) and polio viruses|access-date=25 September 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020154446/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>q4q6iviwp6cnkpknc2sro8e37xdtlu8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pancreatite</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23349</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141181</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:46:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1504046|Pancreatitis]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141181</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8105" sha1="8bmpwwoo7abah5ruxfv3jj6yt84wkql" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Pancreatitis|synonym=|image=Illu pancrease.svg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=The [[pancreas]] and surrounding [[organ (anatomy)|organs]]|pronounce=|field=[[Gastroenterology]], [[general surgery]]|symptoms=[[epigastrium|Pain in the upper abdomen]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[fever]], [[steatorrhea|fatty stool]]&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;|complications=Infection, bleeding, [[diabetes mellitus]]&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;|onset=|duration=Short or long term&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;|types=|causes=[[Gallstone]]s, heavy [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] use, direct trauma, certain medications, [[mumps]]&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;|risks=Smoking&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Yad2013/&gt;|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, blood [[amylase]] or [[lipase]]&lt;ref name=Gastroenterology2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous fluid]]s, [[pain medication]], [[antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=8.9 million (2015)&lt;!-- incidence --&gt;&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;|deaths=132,700 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;|video1=|named after=}}'''Pancreatite''' ni indwara irangwa no kubyimba kwa pancreas.&lt;ref name=NID2012&gt;{{cite web|title=Pancreatitis|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/pancreatitis/Pages/facts.aspx|website=niddk.nih.gov|access-date=1 March 2015|date=August 16, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307095945/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/pancreatitis/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=7 March 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307095945/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/pancreatitis/Pages/facts.aspx |date=7 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pancreas ni urugingo runini ruri inyuma y'igifu rukora imisemburo ikora igogora n'imisemburo myinshi.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ingenzi: pancreatitis ikaze, na pancreatitis idakira.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Ibimenyetso by'indwara ya pancreatitis birimo kubabara mu nda yo hejuru, isesemi no kuruka.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Ububabare bukunze kujya mu mugongo kandi akenshi buba bukomeye.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Mu ndwara ya pancreatitis ikabije, umuriro ushobora kugaragara, kandi ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara mu minsi mike.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Mu gihe cy’indwara ya pancreatitis idakira, umuntu ashobora kugabanya ibiro bitewe n’ibinure, ndetse no [[Impiswi|gucibwamo]].&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gastroenterology2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Witt|first=Heiko|title=Chronic pancreatitis: challenges and advances in pathogenesis, genetics, diagnosis, and therapy|journal=Gastroenterology|date=April 2007|volume=132|issue=4|pages=1557-1573|pmid=17466744|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kwandura, kuva amaraso, diyabete, cyangwa ibibazo by'izindi ngingo. 

Impamvu ebyiri zikunze gutera pancreatitis ikabije ni imisemburo y’induru ifunga umuyoboro w’induru usanzwe nyuma y’uko umuyoboro w’induru winjiye; hamwe no kunywa inzoga nyinshi.  Izindi mpamvu zirimo gukomereka mu buryo butaziguye, imiti imwe n'imwe, indwara nka mumps, na kanseri.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Pancreatitis idakira ishobora kugaragara bitewe na pancreatitis ikabije.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Akenshi biterwa no kunywa inzoga nyinshi imyaka myinshi.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Izindi mpamvu zirimo ibinure byinshi mu maraso, kalisiyumu nyinshi mu maraso, imiti imwe n'imwe, hamwe n'indwara zimwe na zimwe za genetiki, nka cystic fibrosis, n'izindi.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Kunywa itabi byongera ibyago byo kurwara pancreatitis ikabije n'iy'igihe kirekire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lankisch|first=PG|last2=Apte|first2=M|last3=Banks|first3=PA|title=Acute pancreatitis|journal=Lancet|date=20 January 2015|pmid=25616312|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60649-8|volume=386|issue=9988|pages=85–96}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yad2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yadav|first=D|last2=Lowenfels|first2=AB|title=The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.|journal=Gastroenterology|date=June 2013|volume=144|issue=6|pages=1252–61|pmid=23622135|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.068|pmc=3662544}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gusuzuma pancreatitis ikabije bishingiye ku kwiyongera gutatu mu maraso ya amylase cyangwa lipase.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Mu ndwara ya pancreatitis idakira, ibi bizamini bishobora kuba bisanzwe.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Gufata amashusho nk'imashini zipima ikoranabuhanga (ultrasound) na CT scan nabyo bishobora kuba ingirakamaro.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt;

Pancreatitis ikabije ikunze kuvurwa n'amazi yo mu mitsi, imiti igabanya ububabare, ndetse rimwe na rimwe n'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara .  Ubusanzwe kurya no kunywa ntibyemewe, kandi umuyoboro wa nasogastric ushyirwa mu gifu.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Uburyo buzwi nka endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) bushobora gukorwa kugira ngo hasuzumwe umuyoboro wa distal common bile no gukuraho ibuye ry’agakoko mu gihe rihari.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Ku bafite utubuye tw’agasabo, akenshi nabyo birakurwa.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Mu ndwara ya pancreatitis idakira, uretse ibyavuzwe haruguru, kugaburira by'agateganyo binyuze mu muyoboro wa nasogastric bishobora gukoreshwa kugira ngo haboneke intungamubiri zihagije.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Guhindura imirire igihe kirekire no gusimbuza enzymes za pancreas bishobora kuba ngombwa.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Kandi rimwe na rimwe hakorwa operasiyo yo gukuraho ibice bya pancreas.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt;

Ku isi yose, mu 2015 habayeho abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 8.9 barwaye pancreatitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi byagize ingaruka ku rupfu rw’abantu 132.700, ugereranyije n’abapfuye 83.000 mu 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–44|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|pmc=4340604}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pancreatitis ikabije igaragara ku bantu bagera kuri 30 kuri 100.000 buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Abantu bashya barwaye pancreatitis idakira bavuka ku bantu bagera kuri 8 ku bantu 100.000 buri mwaka, ubu bakaba bagera kuri 50 ku bantu 100.000 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot; /&gt; Bikunze kugaragara ku bagabo kurusha abagore.  Akenshi pancreatitis idakira itangira hagati y'imyaka 30 na 40 mu gihe idakunze kugaragara ku bana.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Pancreatitis ikabije yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu isuzuma ry’umurambo mu 1882, mu gihe Pancreatitis idakira yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1946.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Muniraj|first=T|last2=Aslanian|first2=HR|last3=Farrell|first3=J|last4=Jamidar|first4=PA|title=Chronic pancreatitis, a comprehensive review and update. Part I: epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical features.|journal=Disease-a-month : DM|date=December 2014|volume=60|issue=12|pages=530–50|pmid=25510320|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2014.11.002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>8bmpwwoo7abah5ruxfv3jj6yt84wkql</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141182</id>
      <parentid>141181</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:49:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Pancreatite</comment>
      <origin>141182</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7078" sha1="aqc6798e7y2ljyez9o4uk1aqubf33a0" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:3D Medical Animation Acute Pancreatitis.jpg|thumb|Pancreatite]]
'''Pancreatite''' ni indwara irangwa no kubyimba kwa pancreas.&lt;ref name=NID2012&gt;{{cite web|title=Pancreatitis|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/pancreatitis/Pages/facts.aspx|website=niddk.nih.gov|access-date=1 March 2015|date=August 16, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307095945/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/pancreatitis/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=7 March 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307095945/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/pancreatitis/Pages/facts.aspx |date=7 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pancreas ni urugingo runini ruri inyuma y'igifu rukora imisemburo ikora igogora n'imisemburo myinshi.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ingenzi: pancreatitis ikaze, na pancreatitis idakira.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Ibimenyetso by'indwara ya pancreatitis birimo kubabara mu nda yo hejuru, isesemi no kuruka.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Ububabare bukunze kujya mu mugongo kandi akenshi buba bukomeye.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Mu ndwara ya pancreatitis ikabije, umuriro ushobora kugaragara, kandi ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara mu minsi mike.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Mu gihe cy’indwara ya pancreatitis idakira, umuntu ashobora kugabanya ibiro bitewe n’ibinure, ndetse no [[Impiswi|gucibwamo]].&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gastroenterology2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Witt|first=Heiko|title=Chronic pancreatitis: challenges and advances in pathogenesis, genetics, diagnosis, and therapy|journal=Gastroenterology|date=April 2007|volume=132|issue=4|pages=1557-1573|pmid=17466744|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kwandura, kuva amaraso, diyabete, cyangwa ibibazo by'izindi ngingo. 

Impamvu ebyiri zikunze gutera pancreatitis ikabije ni imisemburo y’induru ifunga umuyoboro w’induru usanzwe nyuma y’uko umuyoboro w’induru winjiye; hamwe no kunywa inzoga nyinshi.  Izindi mpamvu zirimo gukomereka mu buryo butaziguye, imiti imwe n'imwe, indwara nka mumps, na kanseri.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Pancreatitis idakira ishobora kugaragara bitewe na pancreatitis ikabije.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Akenshi biterwa no kunywa inzoga nyinshi imyaka myinshi.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Izindi mpamvu zirimo ibinure byinshi mu maraso, kalisiyumu nyinshi mu maraso, imiti imwe n'imwe, hamwe n'indwara zimwe na zimwe za genetiki, nka cystic fibrosis, n'izindi.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Kunywa itabi byongera ibyago byo kurwara pancreatitis ikabije n'iy'igihe kirekire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lankisch|first=PG|last2=Apte|first2=M|last3=Banks|first3=PA|title=Acute pancreatitis|journal=Lancet|date=20 January 2015|pmid=25616312|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60649-8|volume=386|issue=9988|pages=85–96}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yad2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yadav|first=D|last2=Lowenfels|first2=AB|title=The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.|journal=Gastroenterology|date=June 2013|volume=144|issue=6|pages=1252–61|pmid=23622135|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.068|pmc=3662544}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gusuzuma pancreatitis ikabije bishingiye ku kwiyongera gutatu mu maraso ya amylase cyangwa lipase.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Mu ndwara ya pancreatitis idakira, ibi bizamini bishobora kuba bisanzwe.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Gufata amashusho nk'imashini zipima ikoranabuhanga (ultrasound) na CT scan nabyo bishobora kuba ingirakamaro.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt;

Pancreatitis ikabije ikunze kuvurwa n'amazi yo mu mitsi, imiti igabanya ububabare, ndetse rimwe na rimwe n'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara .  Ubusanzwe kurya no kunywa ntibyemewe, kandi umuyoboro wa nasogastric ushyirwa mu gifu.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Uburyo buzwi nka endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) bushobora gukorwa kugira ngo hasuzumwe umuyoboro wa distal common bile no gukuraho ibuye ry’agakoko mu gihe rihari.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Ku bafite utubuye tw’agasabo, akenshi nabyo birakurwa.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Mu ndwara ya pancreatitis idakira, uretse ibyavuzwe haruguru, kugaburira by'agateganyo binyuze mu muyoboro wa nasogastric bishobora gukoreshwa kugira ngo haboneke intungamubiri zihagije.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Guhindura imirire igihe kirekire no gusimbuza enzymes za pancreas bishobora kuba ngombwa.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Kandi rimwe na rimwe hakorwa operasiyo yo gukuraho ibice bya pancreas.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt;

Ku isi yose, mu 2015 habayeho abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 8.9 barwaye pancreatitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi byagize ingaruka ku rupfu rw’abantu 132.700, ugereranyije n’abapfuye 83.000 mu 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–44|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|pmc=4340604}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pancreatitis ikabije igaragara ku bantu bagera kuri 30 kuri 100.000 buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Abantu bashya barwaye pancreatitis idakira bavuka ku bantu bagera kuri 8 ku bantu 100.000 buri mwaka, ubu bakaba bagera kuri 50 ku bantu 100.000 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot; /&gt; Bikunze kugaragara ku bagabo kurusha abagore.  Akenshi pancreatitis idakira itangira hagati y'imyaka 30 na 40 mu gihe idakunze kugaragara ku bana.&lt;ref name=NID2012 /&gt; Pancreatitis ikabije yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu isuzuma ry’umurambo mu 1882, mu gihe Pancreatitis idakira yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1946.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Muniraj|first=T|last2=Aslanian|first2=HR|last3=Farrell|first3=J|last4=Jamidar|first4=PA|title=Chronic pancreatitis, a comprehensive review and update. Part I: epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical features.|journal=Disease-a-month : DM|date=December 2014|volume=60|issue=12|pages=530–50|pmid=25510320|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2014.11.002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>aqc6798e7y2ljyez9o4uk1aqubf33a0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diverticulitis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23350</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141183</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:51:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501651|Diverticulitis]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141183</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7587" sha1="hff4ksuvkrnzse2dtmhnefq5oaajfeh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Diverticulitis|synonym=Colonic diverticulitis|image=Diverticulitis complete hariadhi.svg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Drawing of diverticulitis affecting the large bowel|pronounce=|field=[[General surgery]]|symptoms=[[Abdominal pain]], [[fever]], [[nausea]], [[diarrhea]], [[constipation]], [[blood in the stool]]&lt;ref name=NIH2013/&gt;|complications=[[Abscess]], [[fistula]], [[bowel perforation]]&lt;ref name=NIH2013/&gt;|onset=Sudden, age &gt; 50&lt;ref name=NIH2013/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=Uncertain&lt;ref name=NIH2013/&gt;|risks=[[Obesity]], lack of exercise, [[smoking]], family history, [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s&lt;ref name=NIH2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Tur2016/&gt;|diagnosis=Blood tests, [[CT scan]], [[colonoscopy]], [[lower gastrointestinal series]]&lt;ref name=NIH2013/&gt;|differential=[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]&lt;ref name=Tur2016/&gt;|prevention=[[Mesalazine]], [[rifaximin]]&lt;ref name=Tur2016/&gt;|treatment=[[Antibiotic|Antibiotics]], liquid diet, hospital admission&lt;ref name=NIH2013/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=3.3% (developed world)&lt;ref name=NIH2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UpToDate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colonic-diverticulosis-and-diverticular-disease-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-pathogenesis|title=Colonic diverticulosis and diverticular disease: Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis|last=Pemberton|first=John H|date=16 June 2016|website=UpToDate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314151944/https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colonic-diverticulosis-and-diverticular-disease-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-pathogenesis|archive-date=2017-03-14|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2017|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Diverticulitis''', cyane cyane '''diverticulitis yo mu mara''', ni indwara yo mu gifu irangwa no kubyimba kw'udupfunyika tudasanzwe - diverticula - dushobora gukwirakwira mu rukuta rw'amara manini.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diverticular Disease|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/diverticular-disease/Pages/facts.aspx|website=www.niddk.nih.gov|access-date=12 June 2016|date=September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613120254/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/diverticular-disease/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=13 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bikunze kuba birimo ububabare bwo mu nda yo hasi buterwa no gutangira gutunguranye, ariko bushobora no kubaho mu minsi mike.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Hashobora kandi kugira isesemi ; no [[Impiswi|gucibwamo]] cyangwa [[Impatwe|kuribwa mu nda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Umuriro cyangwa amaraso mu gitereko bigaragaza ko hari ikibazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Ibitero bisubirwamo bishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Tursi|first=A|title=Diverticulosis today: unfashionable and still under-researched|journal=Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology|date=March 2016|volume=9|issue=2|pages=213–28|pmid=26929783|doi=10.1177/1756283x15621228|pmc=4749857}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Impamvu zitera diverticulitis ntizizwi neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera iyi ndwara birimo umubyibuho ukabije, kutagira imyitozo ngororamubiri, kunywa itabi, kuba ufite amateka mu muryango wawe yarayirwaye, no gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana itari iya steroide (NSAIDs).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt; Uruhare rw'indyo idafite fibre nyinshi nk'ikintu gishobora gutera ibyago ntabwo rurasobanuka neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt; Kugira udufuka mu mara manini tudatwitswe bizwi nka diverticulosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Kubyimba bibaho hagati ya 10% na 25% mu gihe runaka, kandi biterwa n'ubwandu bwa bagiteri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;M2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases|date=2014|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|isbn=9781455748013|page=986|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=BseNCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA986|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808110310/https://books.google.ca/books?id=BseNCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA986|archive-date=2016-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gupima indwara akenshi bikorwa hakoreshejwe CT scan, nubwo ibizamini by'amaraso, colonoscopy, cyangwa urwego rwo hasi rw'igifu nabyo bishobora kuba ingirakamaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Indwara zitandukanye zirimo indwara y'umura irakarishye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt;

Ingamba zo kwirinda zirimo guhindura ibintu bishobora gutera ikibazo nko kubyibuha cyane, kudakora imyitozo ngororamubiri, no kunywa itabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt; Mesalazine na rifaximin bisa nkaho ari ingirakamaro mu gukumira ibitero ku bafite ikibazo cyo kurwara indwara ya diverticulosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt; Kwirinda imbuto n'imbuto nk'uburyo bwo kwirinda ntibikiri ngombwa kuko nta gihamya kigaragaza ko bigira uruhare mu gutera ububyimbirwe mu miyoboro y'amazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Young-Fadok|first=TM|title=Diverticulitis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=October 2018|volume=379|issue=17|pages=1635–42|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1800468|pmid=30354951}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ndwara ya diverticulitis yoroheje, imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu kanwa no mu mirire y’amazi ikunze kuba isabwa; &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; nubwo ibi bisa nkaho bitagira ingaruka ku ngaruka.&lt;ref name=&quot;CFP2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kolber|first=Michael|title=#370 Antibiotics or no antibiotics for acute diverticulitis, that is the question! – CFPCLearn|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp370/|access-date=24 July 2024|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725050721/https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp370/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ndwara zikomeye, imiti yica udukoko iterwa mu mitsi, kwakirwa mu bitaro no kuruhuka amara yose bishobora kuba inama.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Probiyotike bifite agaciro katazwi neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt; Ingorane nko kumera ibibyimba, kumera fistula, no gutobora amara bishobora gusaba kubagwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt;

Iyi ndwara ikunze kugaragara mu bihugu by'Iburengerazuba bw'Isi kandi ntikunze kugaragara muri Afurika na Aziya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Mu bihugu by'Iburengerazuba bw'isi, abantu bagera kuri 35% bafite indwara ya diverticulose mu gihe yibasira munsi ya 1% by'abo mu cyaro cya Afurika,&lt;ref name=&quot;M2014&quot; /&gt; kandi hagati ya 4 na 15% bashobora kurwara diverticulose.&lt;ref name=&quot;UpToDate&quot; /&gt; Muri Amerika ya Ruguru n'i Burayi ububabare bwo mu nda bukunze kuba ibumoso bwo hasi (sigmoid colon), mu gihe muri Aziya bukunze kuba iburyo (ascending colon).&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fel2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Feldman|first=Mark|title=Sleisenger &amp; Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and liver disease pathophysiology, diagnosis, management|date=2010|publisher=MD Consult|location=[S.l.]|isbn=9781437727678|page=2084|edition=9th|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=zEZOqB6r9hwC&amp;pg=PA2084|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808143336/https://books.google.ca/books?id=zEZOqB6r9hwC&amp;pg=PA2084|archive-date=2016-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara irushaho kwiyongera uko abantu bakura, cyane cyane iyo umuntu arengeje imyaka 50.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Byarushijeho kugaragara mu bice byose by'isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt; Mu 2003 mu Burayi, byahitanye abantu bagera ku 13.000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt; Ni yo ndwara ikunze kugaragara cyane mu mara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt; Ibiciro bijyana n'indwara ya diverticular byari hafi miliyari 2.4 [[Amadolari y'Amerika|z'amadolari y'Amerika]] ku mwaka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>hff4ksuvkrnzse2dtmhnefq5oaajfeh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141184</id>
      <parentid>141183</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:53:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Diverticulitis</comment>
      <origin>141184</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5962" sha1="5djayplh6kf4ikq7iqlgiqs60bd47t5" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Gross pathology of diverticulitis with diverticular abscesses.jpg|thumb|Diverticulitis]]
'''Diverticulitis''', cyane cyane '''diverticulitis yo mu mara''', ni indwara yo mu gifu irangwa no kubyimba kw'udupfunyika tudasanzwe - diverticula - dushobora gukwirakwira mu rukuta rw'amara manini.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diverticular Disease|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/diverticular-disease/Pages/facts.aspx|website=www.niddk.nih.gov|access-date=12 June 2016|date=September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613120254/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/diverticular-disease/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=13 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bikunze kuba birimo ububabare bwo mu nda yo hasi buterwa no gutangira gutunguranye, ariko bushobora no kubaho mu minsi mike.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Hashobora kandi kugira isesemi ; no [[Impiswi|gucibwamo]] cyangwa [[Impatwe|kuribwa mu nda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Umuriro cyangwa amaraso mu gitereko bigaragaza ko hari ikibazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Ibitero bisubirwamo bishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Tursi|first=A|title=Diverticulosis today: unfashionable and still under-researched|journal=Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology|date=March 2016|volume=9|issue=2|pages=213–28|pmid=26929783|doi=10.1177/1756283x15621228|pmc=4749857}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Impamvu zitera diverticulitis ntizizwi neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera iyi ndwara birimo umubyibuho ukabije, kutagira imyitozo ngororamubiri, kunywa itabi, kuba ufite amateka mu muryango wawe yarayirwaye, no gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana itari iya steroide (NSAIDs).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt; Uruhare rw'indyo idafite fibre nyinshi nk'ikintu gishobora gutera ibyago ntabwo rurasobanuka neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt; Kugira udufuka mu mara manini tudatwitswe bizwi nka diverticulosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Kubyimba bibaho hagati ya 10% na 25% mu gihe runaka, kandi biterwa n'ubwandu bwa bagiteri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;M2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases|date=2014|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|isbn=9781455748013|page=986|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=BseNCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA986|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808110310/https://books.google.ca/books?id=BseNCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA986|archive-date=2016-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gupima indwara akenshi bikorwa hakoreshejwe CT scan, nubwo ibizamini by'amaraso, colonoscopy, cyangwa urwego rwo hasi rw'igifu nabyo bishobora kuba ingirakamaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Indwara zitandukanye zirimo indwara y'umura irakarishye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt;

Ingamba zo kwirinda zirimo guhindura ibintu bishobora gutera ikibazo nko kubyibuha cyane, kudakora imyitozo ngororamubiri, no kunywa itabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt; Mesalazine na rifaximin bisa nkaho ari ingirakamaro mu gukumira ibitero ku bafite ikibazo cyo kurwara indwara ya diverticulosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt; Kwirinda imbuto n'imbuto nk'uburyo bwo kwirinda ntibikiri ngombwa kuko nta gihamya kigaragaza ko bigira uruhare mu gutera ububyimbirwe mu miyoboro y'amazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Young-Fadok|first=TM|title=Diverticulitis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=October 2018|volume=379|issue=17|pages=1635–42|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1800468|pmid=30354951}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ndwara ya diverticulitis yoroheje, imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu kanwa no mu mirire y’amazi ikunze kuba isabwa; &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; nubwo ibi bisa nkaho bitagira ingaruka ku ngaruka.&lt;ref name=&quot;CFP2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kolber|first=Michael|title=#370 Antibiotics or no antibiotics for acute diverticulitis, that is the question! – CFPCLearn|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp370/|access-date=24 July 2024|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725050721/https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp370/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ndwara zikomeye, imiti yica udukoko iterwa mu mitsi, kwakirwa mu bitaro no kuruhuka amara yose bishobora kuba inama.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Probiyotike bifite agaciro katazwi neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt; Ingorane nko kumera ibibyimba, kumera fistula, no gutobora amara bishobora gusaba kubagwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt;

Iyi ndwara ikunze kugaragara mu bihugu by'Iburengerazuba bw'Isi kandi ntikunze kugaragara muri Afurika na Aziya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Mu bihugu by'Iburengerazuba bw'isi, abantu bagera kuri 35% bafite indwara ya diverticulose mu gihe yibasira munsi ya 1% by'abo mu cyaro cya Afurika,&lt;ref name=&quot;M2014&quot; /&gt; kandi hagati ya 4 na 15% bashobora kurwara diverticulose.&lt;ref name=&quot;UpToDate&quot; /&gt; Muri Amerika ya Ruguru n'i Burayi ububabare bwo mu nda bukunze kuba ibumoso bwo hasi (sigmoid colon), mu gihe muri Aziya bukunze kuba iburyo (ascending colon).&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fel2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Feldman|first=Mark|title=Sleisenger &amp; Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and liver disease pathophysiology, diagnosis, management|date=2010|publisher=MD Consult|location=[S.l.]|isbn=9781437727678|page=2084|edition=9th|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=zEZOqB6r9hwC&amp;pg=PA2084|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808143336/https://books.google.ca/books?id=zEZOqB6r9hwC&amp;pg=PA2084|archive-date=2016-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara irushaho kwiyongera uko abantu bakura, cyane cyane iyo umuntu arengeje imyaka 50.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Byarushijeho kugaragara mu bice byose by'isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt; Mu 2003 mu Burayi, byahitanye abantu bagera ku 13.000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt; Ni yo ndwara ikunze kugaragara cyane mu mara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt; Ibiciro bijyana n'indwara ya diverticular byari hafi miliyari 2.4 [[Amadolari y'Amerika|z'amadolari y'Amerika]] ku mwaka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>5djayplh6kf4ikq7iqlgiqs60bd47t5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Morphine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23351</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141186</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:56:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513201|Morphine]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>141186</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8927" sha1="pub5ss7a39c7992wcr6r2ltaamcgjb9" xml:space="preserve">'''Morphine''' ni umuti w'ububabare wo mu muryango w'abakoresha opiate uboneka mu buryo busanzwe mu bimera n'inyamaswa zitandukanye, harimo n'abantu.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015&gt;{{cite web |title = Morphine sulfate |url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/morphine-sulfate.html |publisher = The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date = 1 June 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150502143444/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/morphine-sulfate.html |archive-date = 2 May 2015 |df = dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502143444/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/morphine-sulfate.html |date=2 May 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ikora ku buryo butaziguye ku buryo bworoshye bwo kugabanya ububabare (CNS) kugira ngo igabanye ibyiyumvo by'ububabare.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Irashobora gufatwa haba ku bubabare bukabije ndetse no ku bubabare budakira.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Ikunze gukoreshwa ku bubabare buterwa n'indwara y'umutima ifata imitsi ndetse no mu gihe cyo kubyara.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Ishobora gutangwa mu kanwa, mu guterwa mu mitsi, mu guterwa munsi y'uruhu, mu mitsi, mu mwanya ukikije uruti rw'umugongo, cyangwa mu buryo bw'inyuma.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Ingaruka ntarengwa igerwaho nyuma ya saa 20&amp;nbsp;iminota iyo itanzwe mu mitsi na nyuma ya 60&amp;nbsp;iminota iyo itanzwe mu kanwa, mu gihe igihe cy'ingaruka ari 3–7&amp;nbsp;amasaha.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rockwood2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rockwood|first=Charles A.|title=Rockwood and Wilkins' fractures in children|date=2009|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=978-1-58255-784-7|page=54|edition=7th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVIdXV_F8M4C&amp;pg=PA54|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135509/https://books.google.com/books?id=QVIdXV_F8M4C&amp;pg=PA54|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hari kandi n'imiti ikora igihe kirekire. 

Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zikomeye zirimo kugabanuka k'imbaraga zo guhumeka no kugabanuka k'umuvuduko w'amaraso .  Morphine irakunda kubagwa kandi ikunze gukoreshwa nabi.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Iyo ingano igabanutse nyuma yo kuyikoresha igihe kirekire, ibimenyetso byo kureka opioid bishobora kugaragara.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gusinzira, kuruka no kunyara.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Ni ngombwa kwitonda iyo ukoresheje umuti wa morphine mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|utwite]] cyangwa wonsa, kuko ushobora kugira ingaruka ku mwana.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt;

Morphine yabanje gukurwaho hagati ya 1803 na 1805 na Friedrich Sertürner.&lt;ref name=&quot;Court2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Courtwright|first=David T.|title=Forces of habit drugs and the making of the modern world|date=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-674-02990-3|pages=36–37|edition=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHqV3elHYvMC&amp;pg=PA36|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135509/https://books.google.com/books?id=GHqV3elHYvMC&amp;pg=PA36|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri rusange, iki kintu gikunze kwitwa &quot;toute&quot; ni cyo cya mbere gitandukanya ikintu gifatika n'ibimera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Luch2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtOiLVWBn8cC&amp;pg=PA20|page=20|title=Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology|editor-last=Luch A|publisher=Springer|year=2009|isbn=978-3-7643-8335-0|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806043108/https://books.google.com/books?id=MtOiLVWBn8cC&amp;pg=PA20|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Merck yatangiye kuyicuruza mu buryo bw'ubucuruzi mu 1827.&lt;ref name=&quot;Court2009&quot; /&gt; Morphine yakoreshejwe cyane nyuma y’ivumburwa rya siringi igabanya uruhu mu 1853 {{ndash}} 1855.&lt;ref name=&quot;Court2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clay2013&quot; /&gt; Sertürner yabanje kwita iki kintu ''Morphium'' izina ry'imana y'inzozi z'Abagereki, Morpheus, kuko gifite umwihariko wo gutera ibitotsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clay2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Clayton J.|last=Mosher|title=Drugs and Drug Policy: The Control of Consciousness Alteration|date=2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-2188-2|page=123|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UQXBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA123|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135509/https://books.google.com/books?id=2UQXBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA123|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Gary L.|title=Encyclopedia of substance abuse prevention, treatment, &amp; recovery|date=2009|publisher=SAGE|location=Los Angeles|isbn=978-1-4522-6601-5|page=564|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFR2AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT598|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135509/https://books.google.com/books?id=DFR2AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT598|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Isoko nyamukuru ya morphine ni ukwitandukanya n'icyatsi cya poppy cya opium poppy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Narcotic Drugs Estimated World Requirements for 2008, Statistics for 2006|date=2008|publisher=United Nations Pubns|location=New York|isbn=9789210481199|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_9QHvacPzYC&amp;pg=PA77|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135509/https://books.google.com/books?id=0_9QHvacPzYC&amp;pg=PA77|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2013, hakozwe toni zigera kuri 523 za morphine.&lt;ref name=UN2015&gt;{{cite book |title = Narcotic Drugs 2014 |date = 2015 |publisher = INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD |isbn = 9789210481571 |pages = 21, 30 |url = https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2014/Narcotic_Drugs_Report_2014.pdf |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150602192211/https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2014/Narcotic_Drugs_Report_2014.pdf |archive-date = 2 June 2015 |df = dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602192211/https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2014/Narcotic_Drugs_Report_2014.pdf |date=2 June 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Amatoni agera kuri 45 yakoreshejwe mu kuvura ububabare, yikubye inshuro enye mu myaka makumyabiri ishize.&lt;ref name=UN2015 /&gt; Uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha iyi ntego bwari mu bihugu byateye imbere .  Hafi 70 ku ijana bya morphine ikoreshwa mu gukora indi miti nka hydromorphone, oxymorphone, na [[heroine]].&lt;ref name=UN2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trig2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Triggle|first=David J.|title=Morphine|date=2006|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-0211-5|pages=20–21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sud4ORAMNkYC&amp;pg=PA20|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806172748/https://books.google.com/books?id=sud4ORAMNkYC&amp;pg=PA20|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kar2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Karch|first=Steven B.|title=Drug abuse handbook|date=2006|publisher=CRC/Taylor &amp; Francis|location=Boca Raton|isbn=978-1-4200-0346-8|pages=7–8|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0mUte90ATUC&amp;pg=PA7|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806021229/https://books.google.com/books?id=F0mUte90ATUC&amp;pg=PA7|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni umuti wo mu cyiciro cya kabiri muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Trig2006&quot; /&gt; Icyiciro cya A mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|veditors=Macpherson G|title=Black's medical dictionary|work=Nature|volume=87|issue=2184|date=2002|isbn=978-0-7136-5442-4|page=162|edition=40th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bUnCAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA162|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135509/https://books.google.com/books?id=bUnCAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA162|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all|bibcode=1911Natur..87R.313.|doi=10.1038/087313b0}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'Igiciro cya I muri [[Kanada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Davis's Canadian Drug Guide for Nurses|date=2014|publisher=F.A. Davis|isbn=978-0-8036-4086-3|page=1409|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y8QBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1409|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211119/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y8QBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1409|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi rw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Morphine igurishwa mu mazina menshi y'ubucuruzi .  Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 155 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni enye.  

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>pub5ss7a39c7992wcr6r2ltaamcgjb9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141187</id>
      <parentid>141186</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-10T11:57:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Morphine</comment>
      <origin>141187</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8975" sha1="e6n5jk5w01d54cbzjbyfkq5n6pq2h9o" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Morphine 1mL Vial.jpg|thumb|Morphine]]
'''Morphine''' ni umuti w'ububabare wo mu muryango w'abakoresha opiate uboneka mu buryo busanzwe mu bimera n'inyamaswa zitandukanye, harimo n'abantu.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015&gt;{{cite web |title = Morphine sulfate |url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/morphine-sulfate.html |publisher = The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date = 1 June 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150502143444/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/morphine-sulfate.html |archive-date = 2 May 2015 |df = dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502143444/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/morphine-sulfate.html |date=2 May 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ikora ku buryo butaziguye ku buryo bworoshye bwo kugabanya ububabare (CNS) kugira ngo igabanye ibyiyumvo by'ububabare.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Irashobora gufatwa haba ku bubabare bukabije ndetse no ku bubabare budakira.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Ikunze gukoreshwa ku bubabare buterwa n'indwara y'umutima ifata imitsi ndetse no mu gihe cyo kubyara.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Ishobora gutangwa mu kanwa, mu guterwa mu mitsi, mu guterwa munsi y'uruhu, mu mitsi, mu mwanya ukikije uruti rw'umugongo, cyangwa mu buryo bw'inyuma.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Ingaruka ntarengwa igerwaho nyuma ya saa 20&amp;nbsp;iminota iyo itanzwe mu mitsi na nyuma ya 60&amp;nbsp;iminota iyo itanzwe mu kanwa, mu gihe igihe cy'ingaruka ari 3–7&amp;nbsp;amasaha.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rockwood2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rockwood|first=Charles A.|title=Rockwood and Wilkins' fractures in children|date=2009|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=978-1-58255-784-7|page=54|edition=7th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVIdXV_F8M4C&amp;pg=PA54|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135509/https://books.google.com/books?id=QVIdXV_F8M4C&amp;pg=PA54|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hari kandi n'imiti ikora igihe kirekire. 

Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zikomeye zirimo kugabanuka k'imbaraga zo guhumeka no kugabanuka k'umuvuduko w'amaraso .  Morphine irakunda kubagwa kandi ikunze gukoreshwa nabi.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Iyo ingano igabanutse nyuma yo kuyikoresha igihe kirekire, ibimenyetso byo kureka opioid bishobora kugaragara.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gusinzira, kuruka no kunyara.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Ni ngombwa kwitonda iyo ukoresheje umuti wa morphine mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|utwite]] cyangwa wonsa, kuko ushobora kugira ingaruka ku mwana.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt;

Morphine yabanje gukurwaho hagati ya 1803 na 1805 na Friedrich Sertürner.&lt;ref name=&quot;Court2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Courtwright|first=David T.|title=Forces of habit drugs and the making of the modern world|date=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-674-02990-3|pages=36–37|edition=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHqV3elHYvMC&amp;pg=PA36|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135509/https://books.google.com/books?id=GHqV3elHYvMC&amp;pg=PA36|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri rusange, iki kintu gikunze kwitwa &quot;toute&quot; ni cyo cya mbere gitandukanya ikintu gifatika n'ibimera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Luch2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtOiLVWBn8cC&amp;pg=PA20|page=20|title=Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology|editor-last=Luch A|publisher=Springer|year=2009|isbn=978-3-7643-8335-0|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806043108/https://books.google.com/books?id=MtOiLVWBn8cC&amp;pg=PA20|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Merck yatangiye kuyicuruza mu buryo bw'ubucuruzi mu 1827.&lt;ref name=&quot;Court2009&quot; /&gt; Morphine yakoreshejwe cyane nyuma y’ivumburwa rya siringi igabanya uruhu mu 1853 {{ndash}} 1855.&lt;ref name=&quot;Court2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clay2013&quot; /&gt; Sertürner yabanje kwita iki kintu ''Morphium'' izina ry'imana y'inzozi z'Abagereki, Morpheus, kuko gifite umwihariko wo gutera ibitotsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clay2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Clayton J.|last=Mosher|title=Drugs and Drug Policy: The Control of Consciousness Alteration|date=2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-2188-2|page=123|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UQXBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA123|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135509/https://books.google.com/books?id=2UQXBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA123|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Gary L.|title=Encyclopedia of substance abuse prevention, treatment, &amp; recovery|date=2009|publisher=SAGE|location=Los Angeles|isbn=978-1-4522-6601-5|page=564|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFR2AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT598|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135509/https://books.google.com/books?id=DFR2AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT598|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Isoko nyamukuru ya morphine ni ukwitandukanya n'icyatsi cya poppy cya opium poppy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Narcotic Drugs Estimated World Requirements for 2008, Statistics for 2006|date=2008|publisher=United Nations Pubns|location=New York|isbn=9789210481199|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_9QHvacPzYC&amp;pg=PA77|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135509/https://books.google.com/books?id=0_9QHvacPzYC&amp;pg=PA77|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2013, hakozwe toni zigera kuri 523 za morphine.&lt;ref name=UN2015&gt;{{cite book |title = Narcotic Drugs 2014 |date = 2015 |publisher = INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD |isbn = 9789210481571 |pages = 21, 30 |url = https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2014/Narcotic_Drugs_Report_2014.pdf |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150602192211/https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2014/Narcotic_Drugs_Report_2014.pdf |archive-date = 2 June 2015 |df = dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602192211/https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2014/Narcotic_Drugs_Report_2014.pdf |date=2 June 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Amatoni agera kuri 45 yakoreshejwe mu kuvura ububabare, yikubye inshuro enye mu myaka makumyabiri ishize.&lt;ref name=UN2015 /&gt; Uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha iyi ntego bwari mu bihugu byateye imbere .  Hafi 70 ku ijana bya morphine ikoreshwa mu gukora indi miti nka hydromorphone, oxymorphone, na [[heroine]].&lt;ref name=UN2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trig2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Triggle|first=David J.|title=Morphine|date=2006|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-0211-5|pages=20–21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sud4ORAMNkYC&amp;pg=PA20|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806172748/https://books.google.com/books?id=sud4ORAMNkYC&amp;pg=PA20|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kar2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Karch|first=Steven B.|title=Drug abuse handbook|date=2006|publisher=CRC/Taylor &amp; Francis|location=Boca Raton|isbn=978-1-4200-0346-8|pages=7–8|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0mUte90ATUC&amp;pg=PA7|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806021229/https://books.google.com/books?id=F0mUte90ATUC&amp;pg=PA7|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni umuti wo mu cyiciro cya kabiri muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Trig2006&quot; /&gt; Icyiciro cya A mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|veditors=Macpherson G|title=Black's medical dictionary|work=Nature|volume=87|issue=2184|date=2002|isbn=978-0-7136-5442-4|page=162|edition=40th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bUnCAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA162|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135509/https://books.google.com/books?id=bUnCAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA162|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all|bibcode=1911Natur..87R.313.|doi=10.1038/087313b0}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'Igiciro cya I muri [[Kanada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Davis's Canadian Drug Guide for Nurses|date=2014|publisher=F.A. Davis|isbn=978-0-8036-4086-3|page=1409|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y8QBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1409|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211119/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y8QBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1409|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi rw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Morphine igurishwa mu mazina menshi y'ubucuruzi .  Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 155 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni enye.  

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>e6n5jk5w01d54cbzjbyfkq5n6pq2h9o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>