Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 775 141197 140988 2026-10-10T16:25:02Z Mr. Felicien 19117 Gukosora 141197 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Repubulika y'u Rwanda<br />Republic of Rwanda<br />République du Rwanda<br />Jamhuri ya Rwanda'''</big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" |- | align="center" width="140px" | [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|125px]] | align="center" width="140px" | [[File:Coat of arms of Rwanda.svg|125px]] |- | align="center" width="140px" | [[Ibendera rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda|<span style="color:grey">Ibendera rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda</span>]] | align="center" width="140px" | [[Ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko za Leta y’u Rwanda|<span style="color:grey">Ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko za Leta y’u Rwanda</span>]] |} |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[File:Rwanda (orthographic projection with locator).svg|300px]] |} = U Rwanda = '''U Rwanda''' ni igihugu giherereye muri Afurika y'uburasirazuba, mu karere k’[[Ibiyaga Bigari|ibiyaga bigari]]. Umurwa mukuru ukaba ari [[Kigali]]. U Rwanda n'igihugu gifite ubuso bwa km² 26,338, rukaba rutuwe n’abaturage barenga miliyoni 14 (2024). U Rwanda ni kimwe mu bihugu bifite ubucucike bw’abaturage buri hejuru muri [[Afurika]]. == Imiterere n’Imipaka == U Rwanda ntirukora ku nyanja. ruhana imbibi na: * [[Uburundi|Burundi]] mu majyepfo, * [[Tanzaniya]] mu burasirazuba, * [[Uganda]] mu majyaruguru, * [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] mu burengerazuba. Igihugu gifite ibirunga, ibiyaga (nk’[[ikiyaga cya Kivu]], [[Ikiyaga cya Rweru|Rweru]], [[Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo|Ruhondo]], [[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi|Muhazi]],...) n’imigezi myinshi, imwe muri yo ikaba ari inkomoko y’uruzi rwa [[Nili|Nil]]. umusozi muremure kurusha indi ni [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Kalisimbi]] ifite ubutumburuke bwa (m 4,519), naho hato ni Rusizi Valley (m 950). == Ubuyobozi == U Rwanda ni Repubulika iyoborwa na Perezida utorwa n'abaturage binyuze mu [[Amatora|matora]]. Ubuyobozi bugendera ku itegeko nshinga ryatowe mu 2003. Igihugu kigizwe n’intara enye (4) n’Umujyi wa Kigali. Igihugu cy' u Rwanda kigizwe n'[[Uturere tw’u Rwanda|uturere]] mirongo itatu (30 districts) n'imirenge maganane na cumi n'itandatu n'[[Akagari|utugari]] ibihumbi bibiri n'ijana na mirongo ine n'umunani (2148) n'[[imidugudu]] ibihumbi icumi na bine maganinani mirongo itatu n'irindwi (14837).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.westernprovince.gov.rw/en/intara-1/uturere |title=Uturere |website=Intara y'Iburengerazuba (Western Province) |access-date=2025-11-11 |archive-date=2024-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103205840/https://www.westernprovince.gov.rw/en/intara-1/uturere |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ururimi == U Rwanda nk'igihugu , abaturage b'U Rwanda bakoresha ururimi rumwe ari rwo rubaranga, rukabahuza kandi rukabaranga aho bari hose.Kugeza ubu mu Rwanda hemewe gukoreshwa indimi zitandukanye z'amahanga ariko ku isonga haza: * [[Ikinyarwanda]] (ururimi gakondo), * [[Icyongereza]], * [[Igifaransa]], * [[Igiswahili|Igiswayire]]. == Ibimenyetso by’Igihugu == Nk'igihugu kigendera ku mahame ya demokarasi, u Rwanda rufite ibirango bitatu biruranga aho ruzwi hose mu ruhando rw'ibindi bihugu.Ibyo birango ( ibimenyetso) ni ibi bikurikira:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://x.com/lyvine_rwanda/status/1854124418471256089 |title=Lyvine Rwanda (@lyvine_rwanda) |website=X (Twitter) |date=2024-11-06 |language=rw}}</ref> * Ibendera: Ibendera ry' u Rwanda rigaragara mu mabara atatu avugwa uhereye hejuru ugana hasi: ubururu, umuhondo, icyatsikibisi. Ibendera ry' u Rwanda rifite ishusho y'izuba mu ibara ry'ubururu iryo zuba rigizwe n'imirasire ya zahabu makumyabiri n'ine isobanura urumuri rumurikira abanyarwanda, abaturarwanda n'inshuti zarwo. ibi kand bisobanura gukorera hamwe nta vangura mu banyarwanda no kurwanya ubujiji. Ibara ry'ubururu risobanura Amahoro n'umutekano urambye by'abanyarwanda.Ibara ry'umuhondo risobanura iterambere ry'ubukungu n'imbaraga biturutse ku banyarwanda. Ibara ry'icyatsikibisi risobanura icyizere kirambye cy'abanyarwanda. * * Ikirangantego: Mu kirangantego cy'u Rwanda habonekamo amagambo akurikira: Ubumwe, Ubumwe,umurimo, no gukunda ukunda igihugu. * * Indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu: Indirimbo yubahiriza cy'u yitwa ''[[Rwanda Nziza]]''.Iyi ndirimbo ikaba igizwe n'ibitero cyangwa ibika bine. == Ubukungu == Ubukungu bushingiye ku buhinzi, cyane cyane [[ikawa]] n’[[icyayi]]. Ibindi bihingwa ni [[Igitoki|ibitoki]], [[imyumbati]], [[amasaka]] n’[[Ikirayi|ibirayi]]. Amatungo ([[inka]], [[ihene]], [[intama]]) na yo ni ingenzi mu mibereho y’abaturage. == Ubukerarugendo == U Rwanda rwamenyekanye cyane ku bukerarugendo bushingiye ku nyamaswa n’umurage w’umuco. Pariki zikomeye ni: * [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Pariki y’Ibirunga]], * [[Pariki ya Nyungwe]], * [[Pariki y'Akagera|Pariki y’Akagera]]. == Idini == Abaturage benshi ni [[Ubukirisitu|abakirisitu]] ([[Kiliziya Gatolika|Gatolika]], Angilikani, Abaporotesitanti), hakiyongeraho [[Islamu|Abayisilamu]] n’amadini mato atandukanye.[[Dosiye:View from Virunga Lodge in Rwanda of Mount Muhavura.jpg|thumb|281x281px|Uku niko urwanda rugaragara uri mumisozi.]] [[File:Rwanda (rw) pronunciation.ogg|thumb|Rwanda (rw) pronunciation]] [[Dosiye:Kigali Arena|thumb|Aho u Rwanda rugeze mu iterambere]] U Rwanda ni [[igihugu]] giherereye muri [[Afurika]] y'uburengerazuba mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari, munsi y'umurongo wa Koma y'isi. [[Dosiye:Communes_of_Rwanda_in_1994.svg|thumb|Intara n'Uture muri 1994]] [[Umurwa]] mukuru w’u Rwanda witwa [[Kigali]]. Iki gihugu gikunze kwitwa icy'imisozi igihumbi gikoresha indimi enye: [[Ikinyarwanda]], [[Icyongereza]], [[Igifaransa]] n'[[igiswahili|Igiswayire]]. Ururimi gakondo rw'Abanyarwanda ni Ikinyarwanda. Ubutegetsi bw'u Rwanda burigenga, u buyobozi bufite intego igamije guteza imbere abaturage, kandi imiyoborere y'igihugu ntabwo ishingiye ku idini. [[Ibirango by’igihugu]] cy’u [[Rwanda]] ni [[ibendera|i]]<nowiki/>nkingi, ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko z' ubuyobozi, intego n’indirimbo y’Igihugu. [[Intego ya Repubulika|Intego y'Umutegetsi]] ni [[Ubumwe]], [[Umurimo]], [[Gukunda Igihugu]]. [[Indirimbo y’Igihugu]] ni [[Rwanda Nziza]].U [[Rwanda]] rugizwe n' uturere 30, intara 5, n'imirenge 416. U Rwanda kandi rufite abaturage million zisaga14 z'abaturage. == [[Amateka y'u Rwanda|Amateka]] == U Rwanda ruri mu bihugu 10 bya mbere bikungahaye k'[[ubukerarugendo]] bushingiye k'umuco n'umurage Ndangamateka. == "Ubumenyi bw'isi" == [[File:Map of Rwanda.png|300px|Map of Rwanda]] Ni igihugu kidakora ku nyanja, kiri muri Afurika y'uburengerazuba mu karere bita ak’ibiyaga bigari. U Rwanda rufite [[Ikirunga|ibirunga]] bitanu, ibiyaga makumyabiri na bitatu n’imigezi myinshi, imwe akaba ariyo soko y’uruzi rwa [[Nili|Nil.]] U Rwanda rufite ubuso bwa 26,338 km² ubutaka bukaba bwihariye 24,948 km² amazi agafata 1,390 km². Abaturage babarirwa hafi ya 11,533,446 (National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, 2016), ubwo rero ni abantu 438 kuri buri km², u Rwanda rubarirwa mu bihugu bituwe cyane kurusha ibindi muri Afurika. [[File:Rwanda Gitarama landscape.JPG|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;"></span>]] Imipaka n’ibihugu by’ibituranyi bikurikira ni 893 km: [[Burundi]] mu majyepfo (290km), [[Tanzaniya]] mu burasirazuba (217km), [[Uganda]] mu majyaruguru(169km) na [[Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] (217km). U Rwanda rufite ibihe by’imvura bibiri [[Itumba]]-kuva Gashyantare kugera muri Gicurasi, Umuhindi-kuva muri Nzeli kugera muri Mutarama. Mu misozi ibihe biri mu rugero hajya haba ubutita rimwe na rimwe hakaza n’urubura rw’imbonekarimwe. Igihugu gifite imiterere y’ubutaka itandukanye yiganjemo ibirunga mu majyaruguru kikaba gikikijwe [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|n’ikiyaga cya Kivu]] mu burengerazuba. Parike National y’ibirunga iri mu birunga mu misozi miremire n’amashyamba biri mu majyaruguru, iyo pariki ifite [[ingagi]] zizwi cyane kw’isi nk'[[inyamaswa]] nini cyane zizwi ku kwita ku miryango yazo. Hari inyamaswa nini n’into, naho ikiyaga cya Kivu mu burengerazuba kikaba gifite umusenyi mwiza mu nkengero zacyo ku [[Akarere ka Karongi|Kibuye]], Kivu ikaba itatswe n’uturwa twinshi. Ahantu ha mbere haciye bugufi mu [[Rwanda]] ni mu kibaya cya Rusizi kikaba kiri ku butumburuke bwa metero 950 uhereye ku nyanja. Naho ahantu harehare cyane gusumba ahandi ni ikirunga cya Kalisimbi gifite ubutumburuke bwa metero 4,519. Pariki z’Igihugu: * [[Pariki ya Nyungwe]] * [[Pariki y'Akagera]] * [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]][[File:Tour_du_Rwanda_2020.png|thumb|Tour du Rwanda 2020]] == Intara == Igihugu cy’u Rwanda kigabanyijemo intara 4 n’umujyi wa Kigali. Intara zigabanyijemo uturere, imijyi, imirenge n’utugari. Umujyi wa Kigali ugabanyijemo uturere 30, imirenge 416 n’utugari. Kugeza muri 2005, u Rwanda rwari rugabanyijemo intara cumi n’ebyiri (12) na Komini ijana na cumi n’esheshatu (116). Izi zari: Umujyi wa Kigali, intara ya Kigali Ngali, intara ya Gitarama, intara ya [[Butare]], intara ya Gikongoro,13 [[Cyangugu|intara ya Cyangugu]],14 intara ya Kibuye, intara ya Gisenyi, intara ya Ruhengeri, intara ya [[Byumba]], intara y’Umutara, intara ya Kibungo. Ariko ibi byarahindutse kuva ku itariki ya 1 Mutarama 2006. Muri porogaramu yo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage no kuvugurura ubutegetsi muri rusange mu gihugu, ubutegetsi bwite bwa leta bwagabanyijwe mu matsinda matoya u Rwanda rugabanywamo intara eshanu (5) zagabanyijwemo nazo [[Uturere tw’u Rwanda|uturere]] mirongo itatu (30). Uturere natwo tugabanyijwemo imirenge Magana ane na cumi n’itandatu (416) n’[[utugali]] ibihumbi bibiri n’ijana mirongo ine n’umunani (2148). Igihugu cy’u Rwanda kigabanyijemo Intara enye ( 4) n’Umujyi wa Kigali. Amazina, umubare n’ibyicaro by’intara n’iby’Umujyi wa Kigali bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira: [[Dosiye:RwandaGeoProvinces.png|thumb|200px|<span style="color:grey;">Intara n’Uturere</span>]] {| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5" |- bgcolor="#aaaaaa" |N° |Izina |Icyicaro |Akarere karimo icyicaro |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |1 |[[Intara y’Amajyaruguru]] |[[Kinihira]] |[[Akarere ka Rulindo]] |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |2 |[[Intara y’Amajyepfo]] |[[Busasamana]] |[[Akarere ka Nyanza]] |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |3 |[[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Intara y'Uburasirazuba]] |[[Kigabiro]] |[[Akarere ka Rwamagana]] |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |4 |[[Intara y'Uburengerazuba]] |[[Bwishyura]] |[[Akarere ka Karongi]] |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |5 |[[Umujyi wa Kigali]] |[[Nyarugenge]] |[[Akarere ka Nyarugenge]] |} == [[Idini|Iyobokamana]] == [[Dosiye:RwamaganaChurch.jpg|thumb|left|100px|]] [[Abanyarwanda]] benshi ni abayoboke b'amadini 2 akomeye ariyo [[Ubukirisitu]] ([[Kiliziya Gatolika|Abagatolika]], [[Abaporoso]], [[Abapresibuteliyani]] n’[[abangilikani]]) n’[[Islamu|ubuyisilamu]], n'[[Abahamya ba Yehova]] [[Kiliziya Gatolika|Kiliziya]] cyane cyane [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] niyo yashinze imizi mu Rwanda. Abanyarwanda benshi ni abagatolika. Rero Kiliziya ifite uruhare runini mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Hari andi madini nayo y’abakirisitu mu Rwanda, ariko ntabwo akomeye nka Kiliziya Gatorika. Iri dini niryo rya mbere ryinjiye mu Rwanda riyobowe na Musenyeri Hirth wo mu muryango w’abapadiri bera 27 mu w’1900. Abapadiri bera bazanywe mu Rwanda n’[[Ubudage|abadage]], bayobora icyo gihe bategekaga u Rwanda, u Burundi na Tanzaniya y’icyo gihe. Abadage barindaga abapadiri bera bizera ko naho bazashyigikira ubutegetsi bw’Abadage (irohat) mu Rwanda. Ibarura ry’abaturage rya 2002 ryagaragaje ko amadini ahagaze mu buryo bukurikira muri iki gihe: Abagatolika (49.5%), Abaporotesitanti bari mu madini atandukanye (27.2%), Abadivantisite (12.2%);Abahamya ba Yehova Andi madini ya gikirisito (4%), Abatagira idini (3.6%) N’Abayisilamu (1.8%), indi myemerere 1.7%. Iri barura riragaragaza ko 98.3% by abatuye u Rwanda biyemerera ko bafite idini babarizwamo. Ibi biratwereka ko amadini ari rumwe mu nzego z’imiyoborere ihuza abantu benshi kuko amenshi muri ayo madini atandukanye cyane n’idini gakondo kuko yo ahuza abayoboke bayo kandi akabaha gahunda y’imitekerereze ndetse n’imyitwarire. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishami Rishinzwe Uburere Mboneragihugu, Ukwakire, 2006 |url=http://www.nurc.gov.rw/documents/researches/Syllabus_Ingando.pdf |access-date=2010-12-25 |archive-date=2012-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029113019/http://www.nurc.gov.rw/documents/researches/Syllabus_Ingando.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ibendera rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda == [[Dosiye:Secretary Kerry and Rwandan President Kagame Pose for A Photo With Rwandan Foreign Minister Musikiwabo and U.S. Ambassador Barks-Ruggles in Kigali (30326383225).jpg|center|thumb|480x480px|KAGAME PAUL perezida wa repubulika y' u Rwanda. (uwa kabiri uhereye iburyo )]] [[Ibendera]] ry’Igihugu rigizwe n’amabara atatu: icyatsi kibisi, umuhondo, n’ubururu. == [[Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda]] == Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda bugizwe ahanini n’[[ubuhinzi]] abenshi mu bahinzi batunzwe n’ibyo bahinga. Ubukungu bukaba buhura n’icyibazo cy’uko abantu ari benshi kurusha ubutaka buhari. Kuba u Rwanda rudakora ku nyanjya bikaba byongera ibyo bibazo kubera ko bituma igihugu kitagera ku masoko mpuzamahanga cyangwa kibagerayo bigoranye. Ibihingwa ngengabukungu bya mbere ni [[ikawa]], [[icyayi]] n’ibireti. Ibi n’ibyamasoko mpuzamahanga. Mu gihugu, ibihingwa bihaboneka muri byo ni ibitoki, imyumbati, amasaka, [[imboga]], n’ibirayi. Ariko ntibihagije ku isoko ryo mu Rwanda ibindi bitumizwa mu mahanga. Ibindi byongera ku ntungamubiri ku banyarwanda ni amatungo- [[inka]], ihene n’intama.<ref name="KituoChaKatiba">{{Cite report |url=http://www.kituochakatiba.org/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=1199&Itemid=36 |title=Ugushakisha Ukuri n’Ubumuntu |publisher=Kituo Cha Katiba |date=2006 |type=Raporo (Nyakanga 2004 – Gashyantare 2006) |language=rw}}</ref> AHO U RWANDA RUGEZE MU ITERAMBERE Iterambere ry' u Rwanda rireberwa mu bihe bibiri bitandukanye; hagati 1962 na 1994 ndetse n'igihe cy'imyaka 30 kiri hagati 1995 na 2025. Kuva ku gusabiriza kugera ku bukungu bugabye amashami: Mu 1989, u Rwanda rwohereje mu mahanga [[amabuye y'agaciro]] yinjije amadovize angana na miliyoni 2.5, ariko mu 2023, u Rwanda rwakubye uyu musaruro inshuro amagana, aho rwinjije amadovize miliyari 1.1 y'amadolari. Iterambere nk'iri rigaragaza ko [[Ubukungu bw'U Rwanda|ubukungu bw'u Rwanda]] bwagabye amashami. Mu byerekeye u burezi, mbere abasozaga amashuri ya kaminuza bari ku kigero cyo hasi aho mu 1994 abasoje kaminuza bari 2870 ariko mu 2022 uwo mubare wikubye inshuro magana ugera ku 431,606. Mu busanzwe, iyo igihugu kidafite uburyo bunoze bwo kugenderana haba mu gihugu mu imbere cyangwa no hanze y'igihugu bidindiza iterambere ry'igihugu.Mu 1993, u Rwanda rwari rufite ibirometero 530 by’imihanda ya kaburimbo. Uyu munsi, imihanda ya kaburimbo yariyongereye igera ku birometero 2,652 ibi bikaba byoroshya ubuhahirane n'iterambere. Kuva kera kugera mu myaka ya 1994, [[ubuvuzi]] mu Rwanda bwari ku kigero cyo hasi aho 2.6% ari bo bari bafite ubwishingizi mu kwivuza. Ibi bisobanuye ko iyo umuntu yagiraga uburwayi bukomeye yashoboraga gukira agasiga umuryango we mu bukene bukabije cyangwa n'ubuvuzi ntabubonere igihe bikaba byatuma abura ubuzima. Uyu munsi , Abanyarwanda 97.3% bafite ubwishingizi mu kwivuza bisobanuye ko ntawe ugihura n'ingaruka nk'izavuzwe haruguru.Kuba serivisi z'ubuvuzi zariyongereye ndetswe zikegerezwa abaturage bisobanuye ubuzima buzira umuze n'icyizere kirambye cy'ubuzima bw'ejo hazaza.<ref>{{Cite report |title=Raporo z’Ikigega cy’Isi cy’Imari |publisher=Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari (IMF) |language=rw}}</ref> == Amashyaka ya Politiki == [[Dosiye:Kagame.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Paul Kagame</span>]] U Rwanda ni igihugu kigendera kuri [[demokarasi]] y’amashyaka menshi. Amashyaka ya politike mu gihugu n’abayayobora ni aya: [[Parti Démocratique Chrétien]] (PDC) iyobowe na [[Alfred Mukezamfura]] ; [[Parti Social Démocratique]] (PSD) iyobowe na [[Vincent Biruta]] ; [[Union Démocratique du Peuple Rwandais]] (UDPR) iyobowe na [[Adrien Rangira]] ; [[Mouvement Démocratique Républicain]] (MDR) yasheshwe ikaba yarayoborwaga na [[Kabanda Célestin]] ; [[Parti Démocratique Islamique]] (PDI) iyobowe na [[André Bumaya]] ; [[Parti Libéral]] (PL) iyobowe na [[Prosper Higiro]] ; na [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|Front Patriotique Rwandais]] (FPR) iyobowe na [[Paul Kagame]]. Hari n’andi mashyaka yahagaritswe kubera ko atemewe n’amategekop. Ayo ni [[Parti Socialiste Rwandais]] (PSR), na [[Parti pour le Progres et la Concorde]] (PPC) na Parti pour le Renouveau Démocratique === Amashyaka yo mu wa 1959 === Ayo mashyaka ari ukubiri: hari ayo bamwe bita "partis nationaux", ni ukuvuga amashyaka yari afite abayoboke benshi, yari asakaye mu gihugu cyangwa mu duce tunini, akagira n'uburyo bugaragara bwo kwamamaza ibitekerezo byayo n'abayobozi batwaye bagaragara. Tuvuge ayo mashyaka ayo ari yo n'igihe yavukiye: <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.grandslacs.net/doc/2529.pdf |title=Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda, Kigali, Kanama 1999 |access-date=2010-12-24 |archive-date=2010-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704012542/http://www.grandslacs.net/doc/2529.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> :1. APROSOMA [[Association pour la Promotion Sociale de la Masse]] 15/02/1959 :2. UNAR [[Union Nationale Rwandaise]] 13/09/1959 :3. RADER [[Rassemblement Democratique Rwandaise]] 14/09/1959 :4. PARMEHUTU [[Parti du Mouvement de l’Emancipation des Bahutu]] 09/10/1959 Hari n'andi mashyaka akabakaba makumyabiri ataragize uburemere byayo tumaze kuvuga. Ndetse urebye neza, amwe n'amwe muri ayo mashyaka mato yegamiye ayo ane manini. Ayo mashyaka matoya ni aya: :1) ABAKI [[Alliance des Bakiga]] :2) ABESC [[Association des Bahutu evuluant pour la suppression des castes]] :3) ACR [[Association des Cultivateurs du Rwanda]] :4) APADEC [[Association du Parti Democrate Chretien]] :5) APROCOMIN [[Association des Commerçants Indigenes]] :6) AREDETWA [[Association pour le Relevement Democratique des Batwa]] :7) ARUCO [[Alliance du Ruanda - Urundi et du Congo]] :8) ASSERU [[Association des Eleveurs du Rwanda]] :9) MOMOR [[Mouvement Monarchiste Rwandais]] :10) MUR [[Mouvement pour 1'Union Rwandaise]] :11) PAMOPRO [[Parti Monarchiste Progressiste]] :12) PSCR [[Parti Social Chrétien du Rwanda]] :13) UAARU [[Union des Aborozi Africains du Rwanda]] :14) UMAR [[Union des Masses Rwandaises]] :15) UNAFREUROP [[Union Afro-Europeenne]] :16) UNINTERCOKI [[Union des Intérêts Communs du Kinyaga]] == == * [[Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda|Banki y’Amajyamabere y’u Rwanda]] (BRD) * [[Ofisi y’Ubukerarugendo na Pariki Nasiyonali mu Rwanda]] (ORTPN) * [[Perezidansi ya Repubulika]] * [[Ibiro Bikuru by’Ishoramari rya Leta n’Inkunga Ituruka Hanze y’Igihugu]] (CEPEX) * [[Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Ishoramari n'Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu Mahanga]] (RIEPA) * [[Urugaga Nyarwanda rw’Abikorera ku Giti cyabo]] (RPSF) [[Dosiye:I&M Bank Rwanda plc logo.png|thumb|BANKI Y' UBUCURUZI MU RWANDA]] == Amabanki == * [[Banki ya Kigali|Banque de Kigali]] (BK) * Banque Rwandaise de Développement (BRD) * I&M bank Rwanda * Compagnie Générale de Banque (COGEBANQUE) * Banque Commerciale du Rwanda (BCR) * Ecobank Rwanda * Banque de l'Habitat du Rwanda (BHR) * Banque Populaire du Rwanda (BPR) * Urwego Opportunity Microfinance Bank (UOMB) * BANCOR SA * Banque Populaire du Rwanda SA *[[Kenya]] commercial bank (KCB) *Equity bank *Urwego Opportunity Bank(UOB) *Zigama CSS *Co-operative Bank Rwanda == Sosiyete Sivile mu Rwanda == [[File:OLPC classroom teaching.JPG|thumbnail|[[:en:One Laptop per Child|OLPC]] classroom teaching]] Iki gice kiraganira kuri sosiyete sivile yo mu Rwanda, ariko irashimangira ku mateka yayo, uko iteye, n’amashami yayo aba mu Rwanda. Iki gice kiranagaragaza imibereho ya sosiyete sivile, imigenderane ifitanye na leta y'u Rwanda ndetse n’abaterenkunga, ingorane ihura nazo. Iki gice kandi kiranagaragaza imbogamizi uwo muryango uhura nazo. Urebye ibibazo uyu muryango uhura nabyo mu byerekeye kumvisha akamaro kawo, ni umuryango w’ubukorerabushake ufata umwanya hagati y’umuryango nyarwanda na leta. Hari amashyirahamwe atandukanye yigenga, yashizweho n’abantu ku giti cyabo kugira ngo babungabunge amahame n’imico yabo. Ubundi inshingano z’uwo muryango ni kuwinjizamwo imiryango y’abakozi bo mu nzego zose, baba abunganira (avocats), za kiriziya, koperative, amashyirahamwe y’abana n’abagore n’andi mashyirahamwe ashinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage. <ref name="KituoChaKatiba" /> * [[Kituo Cha Katiba]] * [[Avega Agahozo]] * [[Haguruka]] == Indanganturo == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro == * [https://www.presidency.gov.rw/ Perezidansi ya Repubulika y'u Rwanda] – urubuga rwemewe * [https://www.livinginkigali.com/ Living in Kigali] – amakuru ku buzima i Kigali * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230113062710/https://discover.rw/ Discover Rwanda] (archive, 13 Mutarama 2023) {{Afurika}} {{Commonscat|Rwanda}} [[Category:Rwanda]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] [[Category:Afurika]] 4cf8la2x46veszlf37pfec8bfwpeuc8 141198 141197 2026-10-10T16:33:27Z Mr. Felicien 19117 Ihuza 141198 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Repubulika y'u Rwanda<br />Republic of Rwanda<br />République du Rwanda<br />Jamhuri ya Rwanda'''</big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" |- | align="center" width="140px" | [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|125px]] | align="center" width="140px" | [[File:Coat of arms of Rwanda.svg|125px]] |- | align="center" width="140px" | [[Ibendera rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda|<span style="color:grey">Ibendera rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda</span>]] | align="center" width="140px" | [[Ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko za Leta y’u Rwanda|<span style="color:grey">Ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko za Leta y’u Rwanda</span>]] |} |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[File:Rwanda (orthographic projection with locator).svg|300px]] |} = U Rwanda = '''U Rwanda''' ni igihugu giherereye muri Afurika y'uburasirazuba, mu karere k’[[Ibiyaga Bigari|ibiyaga bigari]]. Umurwa mukuru ukaba ari [[Kigali]]. U Rwanda n'igihugu gifite ubuso bwa km² 26,338, rukaba rutuwe n’abaturage barenga miliyoni 14 (2024). U Rwanda ni kimwe mu bihugu bifite ubucucike bw’abaturage buri hejuru muri [[Afurika]]. == Imiterere n’Imipaka == U Rwanda ntirukora ku nyanja. ruhana imbibi na: * [[Uburundi|Burundi]] mu majyepfo, * [[Tanzaniya]] mu burasirazuba, * [[Uganda]] mu majyaruguru, * [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] mu burengerazuba. Igihugu gifite [[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|ibirunga]], ibiyaga (nk’[[ikiyaga cya Kivu]], [[Ikiyaga cya Rweru|Rweru]], [[Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo|Ruhondo]], [[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi|Muhazi]],...) n’imigezi myinshi, imwe muri yo ikaba ari inkomoko y’uruzi rwa [[Nili|Nil]]. umusozi muremure kurusha indi ni [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Kalisimbi]] ifite ubutumburuke bwa (m 4,519), naho hato ni [[Rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda|Rusizi Valley]] (m 950). == Ubuyobozi == U Rwanda ni Repubulika iyoborwa na Perezida utorwa n'abaturage binyuze mu [[Amatora|matora]]. Ubuyobozi bugendera ku itegeko nshinga ryatowe mu 2003. Igihugu kigizwe n’intara enye (4) n’Umujyi wa Kigali. Igihugu cy' u Rwanda kigizwe n'[[Uturere tw’u Rwanda|uturere]] mirongo itatu (30 districts) n'imirenge maganane na cumi n'itandatu n'[[Akagari|utugari]] ibihumbi bibiri n'ijana na mirongo ine n'umunani (2148) n'[[imidugudu]] ibihumbi icumi na bine maganinani mirongo itatu n'irindwi (14837).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.westernprovince.gov.rw/en/intara-1/uturere |title=Uturere |website=Intara y'Iburengerazuba (Western Province) |access-date=2025-11-11 |archive-date=2024-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103205840/https://www.westernprovince.gov.rw/en/intara-1/uturere |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ururimi == U Rwanda nk'igihugu , abaturage b'U Rwanda bakoresha ururimi rumwe ari rwo rubaranga, rukabahuza kandi rukabaranga aho bari hose.Kugeza ubu mu Rwanda hemewe gukoreshwa indimi zitandukanye z'amahanga ariko ku isonga haza: * [[Ikinyarwanda]] (ururimi gakondo), * [[Icyongereza]], * [[Igifaransa]], * [[Igiswahili|Igiswayire]]. == Ibimenyetso by’Igihugu == Nk'igihugu kigendera ku mahame ya demokarasi, u Rwanda rufite ibirango bitatu biruranga aho ruzwi hose mu ruhando rw'ibindi bihugu.Ibyo birango ( ibimenyetso) ni ibi bikurikira:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://x.com/lyvine_rwanda/status/1854124418471256089 |title=Lyvine Rwanda (@lyvine_rwanda) |website=X (Twitter) |date=2024-11-06 |language=rw}}</ref> * Ibendera: Ibendera ry' u Rwanda rigaragara mu mabara atatu avugwa uhereye hejuru ugana hasi: ubururu, umuhondo, icyatsikibisi. Ibendera ry' u Rwanda rifite ishusho y'izuba mu ibara ry'ubururu iryo zuba rigizwe n'imirasire ya zahabu makumyabiri n'ine isobanura urumuri rumurikira abanyarwanda, abaturarwanda n'inshuti zarwo. ibi kand bisobanura gukorera hamwe nta vangura mu banyarwanda no kurwanya ubujiji. Ibara ry'ubururu risobanura Amahoro n'umutekano urambye by'abanyarwanda.Ibara ry'umuhondo risobanura iterambere ry'ubukungu n'imbaraga biturutse ku banyarwanda. Ibara ry'icyatsikibisi risobanura icyizere kirambye cy'abanyarwanda. * * Ikirangantego: Mu kirangantego cy'u Rwanda habonekamo amagambo akurikira: Ubumwe, Ubumwe,umurimo, no gukunda ukunda igihugu. * * Indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu: Indirimbo yubahiriza cy'u yitwa ''[[Rwanda Nziza]]''.Iyi ndirimbo ikaba igizwe n'ibitero cyangwa ibika bine. == Ubukungu == Ubukungu bushingiye ku buhinzi, cyane cyane [[ikawa]] n’[[icyayi]]. Ibindi bihingwa ni [[Igitoki|ibitoki]], [[imyumbati]], [[amasaka]] n’[[Ikirayi|ibirayi]]. Amatungo ([[inka]], [[ihene]], [[intama]]) na yo ni ingenzi mu mibereho y’abaturage. == Ubukerarugendo == U Rwanda rwamenyekanye cyane ku bukerarugendo bushingiye ku nyamaswa n’umurage w’umuco. Pariki zikomeye ni: * [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Pariki y’Ibirunga]], * [[Pariki ya Nyungwe]], * [[Pariki y'Akagera|Pariki y’Akagera]]. == Idini == Abaturage benshi ni [[Ubukirisitu|abakirisitu]] ([[Kiliziya Gatolika|Gatolika]], Angilikani, Abaporotesitanti), hakiyongeraho [[Islamu|Abayisilamu]] n’amadini mato atandukanye.[[Dosiye:View from Virunga Lodge in Rwanda of Mount Muhavura.jpg|thumb|281x281px|Uku niko urwanda rugaragara uri mumisozi.]] [[File:Rwanda (rw) pronunciation.ogg|thumb|Rwanda (rw) pronunciation]] [[Dosiye:Kigali Arena|thumb|Aho u Rwanda rugeze mu iterambere]] U Rwanda ni [[igihugu]] giherereye muri [[Afurika]] y'uburengerazuba mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari, munsi y'umurongo wa Koma y'isi. [[Dosiye:Communes_of_Rwanda_in_1994.svg|thumb|Intara n'Uture muri 1994]] [[Umurwa]] mukuru w’u Rwanda witwa [[Kigali]]. Iki gihugu gikunze kwitwa icy'imisozi igihumbi gikoresha indimi enye: [[Ikinyarwanda]], [[Icyongereza]], [[Igifaransa]] n'[[igiswahili|Igiswayire]]. Ururimi gakondo rw'Abanyarwanda ni Ikinyarwanda. Ubutegetsi bw'u Rwanda burigenga, u buyobozi bufite intego igamije guteza imbere abaturage, kandi imiyoborere y'igihugu ntabwo ishingiye ku idini. [[Ibirango by’igihugu]] cy’u [[Rwanda]] ni [[ibendera|i]]<nowiki/>nkingi, ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko z' ubuyobozi, intego n’indirimbo y’Igihugu. [[Intego ya Repubulika|Intego y'Umutegetsi]] ni [[Ubumwe]], [[Umurimo]], [[Gukunda Igihugu]]. [[Indirimbo y’Igihugu]] ni [[Rwanda Nziza]].U [[Rwanda]] rugizwe n' uturere 30, intara 5, n'imirenge 416. U Rwanda kandi rufite abaturage million zisaga14 z'abaturage. == [[Amateka y'u Rwanda|Amateka]] == U Rwanda ruri mu bihugu 10 bya mbere bikungahaye k'[[ubukerarugendo]] bushingiye k'umuco n'umurage Ndangamateka. == "Ubumenyi bw'isi" == [[File:Map of Rwanda.png|300px|Map of Rwanda]] Ni igihugu kidakora ku nyanja, kiri muri Afurika y'uburengerazuba mu karere bita ak’ibiyaga bigari. U Rwanda rufite [[Ikirunga|ibirunga]] bitanu, ibiyaga makumyabiri na bitatu n’imigezi myinshi, imwe akaba ariyo soko y’uruzi rwa [[Nili|Nil.]] U Rwanda rufite ubuso bwa 26,338 km² ubutaka bukaba bwihariye 24,948 km² amazi agafata 1,390 km². Abaturage babarirwa hafi ya 11,533,446 (National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, 2016), ubwo rero ni abantu 438 kuri buri km², u Rwanda rubarirwa mu bihugu bituwe cyane kurusha ibindi muri Afurika. [[File:Rwanda Gitarama landscape.JPG|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;"></span>]] Imipaka n’ibihugu by’ibituranyi bikurikira ni 893 km: [[Burundi]] mu majyepfo (290km), [[Tanzaniya]] mu burasirazuba (217km), [[Uganda]] mu majyaruguru(169km) na [[Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] (217km). U Rwanda rufite ibihe by’imvura bibiri [[Itumba]]-kuva Gashyantare kugera muri Gicurasi, Umuhindi-kuva muri Nzeli kugera muri Mutarama. Mu misozi ibihe biri mu rugero hajya haba ubutita rimwe na rimwe hakaza n’urubura rw’imbonekarimwe. Igihugu gifite imiterere y’ubutaka itandukanye yiganjemo ibirunga mu majyaruguru kikaba gikikijwe [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|n’ikiyaga cya Kivu]] mu burengerazuba. Parike National y’ibirunga iri mu birunga mu misozi miremire n’amashyamba biri mu majyaruguru, iyo pariki ifite [[ingagi]] zizwi cyane kw’isi nk'[[inyamaswa]] nini cyane zizwi ku kwita ku miryango yazo. Hari inyamaswa nini n’into, naho ikiyaga cya Kivu mu burengerazuba kikaba gifite umusenyi mwiza mu nkengero zacyo ku [[Akarere ka Karongi|Kibuye]], Kivu ikaba itatswe n’uturwa twinshi. Ahantu ha mbere haciye bugufi mu [[Rwanda]] ni mu kibaya cya Rusizi kikaba kiri ku butumburuke bwa metero 950 uhereye ku nyanja. Naho ahantu harehare cyane gusumba ahandi ni ikirunga cya Kalisimbi gifite ubutumburuke bwa metero 4,519. Pariki z’Igihugu: * [[Pariki ya Nyungwe]] * [[Pariki y'Akagera]] * [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]][[File:Tour_du_Rwanda_2020.png|thumb|Tour du Rwanda 2020]] == Intara == Igihugu cy’u Rwanda kigabanyijemo intara 4 n’umujyi wa Kigali. Intara zigabanyijemo uturere, imijyi, imirenge n’utugari. Umujyi wa Kigali ugabanyijemo uturere 30, imirenge 416 n’utugari. Kugeza muri 2005, u Rwanda rwari rugabanyijemo intara cumi n’ebyiri (12) na Komini ijana na cumi n’esheshatu (116). Izi zari: Umujyi wa Kigali, intara ya Kigali Ngali, intara ya Gitarama, intara ya [[Butare]], intara ya Gikongoro,13 [[Cyangugu|intara ya Cyangugu]],14 intara ya Kibuye, intara ya Gisenyi, intara ya Ruhengeri, intara ya [[Byumba]], intara y’Umutara, intara ya Kibungo. Ariko ibi byarahindutse kuva ku itariki ya 1 Mutarama 2006. Muri porogaramu yo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage no kuvugurura ubutegetsi muri rusange mu gihugu, ubutegetsi bwite bwa leta bwagabanyijwe mu matsinda matoya u Rwanda rugabanywamo intara eshanu (5) zagabanyijwemo nazo [[Uturere tw’u Rwanda|uturere]] mirongo itatu (30). Uturere natwo tugabanyijwemo imirenge Magana ane na cumi n’itandatu (416) n’[[utugali]] ibihumbi bibiri n’ijana mirongo ine n’umunani (2148). Igihugu cy’u Rwanda kigabanyijemo Intara enye ( 4) n’Umujyi wa Kigali. Amazina, umubare n’ibyicaro by’intara n’iby’Umujyi wa Kigali bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira: [[Dosiye:RwandaGeoProvinces.png|thumb|200px|<span style="color:grey;">Intara n’Uturere</span>]] {| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5" |- bgcolor="#aaaaaa" |N° |Izina |Icyicaro |Akarere karimo icyicaro |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |1 |[[Intara y’Amajyaruguru]] |[[Kinihira]] |[[Akarere ka Rulindo]] |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |2 |[[Intara y’Amajyepfo]] |[[Busasamana]] |[[Akarere ka Nyanza]] |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |3 |[[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Intara y'Uburasirazuba]] |[[Kigabiro]] |[[Akarere ka Rwamagana]] |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |4 |[[Intara y'Uburengerazuba]] |[[Bwishyura]] |[[Akarere ka Karongi]] |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |5 |[[Umujyi wa Kigali]] |[[Nyarugenge]] |[[Akarere ka Nyarugenge]] |} == [[Idini|Iyobokamana]] == [[Dosiye:RwamaganaChurch.jpg|thumb|left|100px|]] [[Abanyarwanda]] benshi ni abayoboke b'amadini 2 akomeye ariyo [[Ubukirisitu]] ([[Kiliziya Gatolika|Abagatolika]], [[Abaporoso]], [[Abapresibuteliyani]] n’[[abangilikani]]) n’[[Islamu|ubuyisilamu]], n'[[Abahamya ba Yehova]] [[Kiliziya Gatolika|Kiliziya]] cyane cyane [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] niyo yashinze imizi mu Rwanda. Abanyarwanda benshi ni abagatolika. Rero Kiliziya ifite uruhare runini mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Hari andi madini nayo y’abakirisitu mu Rwanda, ariko ntabwo akomeye nka Kiliziya Gatorika. Iri dini niryo rya mbere ryinjiye mu Rwanda riyobowe na Musenyeri Hirth wo mu muryango w’abapadiri bera 27 mu w’1900. Abapadiri bera bazanywe mu Rwanda n’[[Ubudage|abadage]], bayobora icyo gihe bategekaga u Rwanda, u Burundi na Tanzaniya y’icyo gihe. Abadage barindaga abapadiri bera bizera ko naho bazashyigikira ubutegetsi bw’Abadage (irohat) mu Rwanda. Ibarura ry’abaturage rya 2002 ryagaragaje ko amadini ahagaze mu buryo bukurikira muri iki gihe: Abagatolika (49.5%), Abaporotesitanti bari mu madini atandukanye (27.2%), Abadivantisite (12.2%);Abahamya ba Yehova Andi madini ya gikirisito (4%), Abatagira idini (3.6%) N’Abayisilamu (1.8%), indi myemerere 1.7%. Iri barura riragaragaza ko 98.3% by abatuye u Rwanda biyemerera ko bafite idini babarizwamo. Ibi biratwereka ko amadini ari rumwe mu nzego z’imiyoborere ihuza abantu benshi kuko amenshi muri ayo madini atandukanye cyane n’idini gakondo kuko yo ahuza abayoboke bayo kandi akabaha gahunda y’imitekerereze ndetse n’imyitwarire. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishami Rishinzwe Uburere Mboneragihugu, Ukwakire, 2006 |url=http://www.nurc.gov.rw/documents/researches/Syllabus_Ingando.pdf |access-date=2010-12-25 |archive-date=2012-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029113019/http://www.nurc.gov.rw/documents/researches/Syllabus_Ingando.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ibendera rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda == [[Dosiye:Secretary Kerry and Rwandan President Kagame Pose for A Photo With Rwandan Foreign Minister Musikiwabo and U.S. Ambassador Barks-Ruggles in Kigali (30326383225).jpg|center|thumb|480x480px|KAGAME PAUL perezida wa repubulika y' u Rwanda. (uwa kabiri uhereye iburyo )]] [[Ibendera]] ry’Igihugu rigizwe n’amabara atatu: icyatsi kibisi, umuhondo, n’ubururu. == [[Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda]] == Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda bugizwe ahanini n’[[ubuhinzi]] abenshi mu bahinzi batunzwe n’ibyo bahinga. Ubukungu bukaba buhura n’icyibazo cy’uko abantu ari benshi kurusha ubutaka buhari. Kuba u Rwanda rudakora ku nyanjya bikaba byongera ibyo bibazo kubera ko bituma igihugu kitagera ku masoko mpuzamahanga cyangwa kibagerayo bigoranye. Ibihingwa ngengabukungu bya mbere ni [[ikawa]], [[icyayi]] n’ibireti. Ibi n’ibyamasoko mpuzamahanga. Mu gihugu, ibihingwa bihaboneka muri byo ni ibitoki, imyumbati, amasaka, [[imboga]], n’ibirayi. Ariko ntibihagije ku isoko ryo mu Rwanda ibindi bitumizwa mu mahanga. Ibindi byongera ku ntungamubiri ku banyarwanda ni amatungo- [[inka]], ihene n’intama.<ref name="KituoChaKatiba">{{Cite report |url=http://www.kituochakatiba.org/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=1199&Itemid=36 |title=Ugushakisha Ukuri n’Ubumuntu |publisher=Kituo Cha Katiba |date=2006 |type=Raporo (Nyakanga 2004 – Gashyantare 2006) |language=rw}}</ref> AHO U RWANDA RUGEZE MU ITERAMBERE Iterambere ry' u Rwanda rireberwa mu bihe bibiri bitandukanye; hagati 1962 na 1994 ndetse n'igihe cy'imyaka 30 kiri hagati 1995 na 2025. Kuva ku gusabiriza kugera ku bukungu bugabye amashami: Mu 1989, u Rwanda rwohereje mu mahanga [[amabuye y'agaciro]] yinjije amadovize angana na miliyoni 2.5, ariko mu 2023, u Rwanda rwakubye uyu musaruro inshuro amagana, aho rwinjije amadovize miliyari 1.1 y'amadolari. Iterambere nk'iri rigaragaza ko [[Ubukungu bw'U Rwanda|ubukungu bw'u Rwanda]] bwagabye amashami. Mu byerekeye u burezi, mbere abasozaga amashuri ya kaminuza bari ku kigero cyo hasi aho mu 1994 abasoje kaminuza bari 2870 ariko mu 2022 uwo mubare wikubye inshuro magana ugera ku 431,606. Mu busanzwe, iyo igihugu kidafite uburyo bunoze bwo kugenderana haba mu gihugu mu imbere cyangwa no hanze y'igihugu bidindiza iterambere ry'igihugu.Mu 1993, u Rwanda rwari rufite ibirometero 530 by’imihanda ya kaburimbo. Uyu munsi, imihanda ya kaburimbo yariyongereye igera ku birometero 2,652 ibi bikaba byoroshya ubuhahirane n'iterambere. Kuva kera kugera mu myaka ya 1994, [[ubuvuzi]] mu Rwanda bwari ku kigero cyo hasi aho 2.6% ari bo bari bafite ubwishingizi mu kwivuza. Ibi bisobanuye ko iyo umuntu yagiraga uburwayi bukomeye yashoboraga gukira agasiga umuryango we mu bukene bukabije cyangwa n'ubuvuzi ntabubonere igihe bikaba byatuma abura ubuzima. Uyu munsi , Abanyarwanda 97.3% bafite ubwishingizi mu kwivuza bisobanuye ko ntawe ugihura n'ingaruka nk'izavuzwe haruguru.Kuba serivisi z'ubuvuzi zariyongereye ndetswe zikegerezwa abaturage bisobanuye ubuzima buzira umuze n'icyizere kirambye cy'ubuzima bw'ejo hazaza.<ref>{{Cite report |title=Raporo z’Ikigega cy’Isi cy’Imari |publisher=Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari (IMF) |language=rw}}</ref> == Amashyaka ya Politiki == [[Dosiye:Kagame.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Paul Kagame</span>]] U Rwanda ni igihugu kigendera kuri [[demokarasi]] y’amashyaka menshi. Amashyaka ya politike mu gihugu n’abayayobora ni aya: [[Parti Démocratique Chrétien]] (PDC) iyobowe na [[Alfred Mukezamfura]] ; [[Parti Social Démocratique]] (PSD) iyobowe na [[Vincent Biruta]] ; [[Union Démocratique du Peuple Rwandais]] (UDPR) iyobowe na [[Adrien Rangira]] ; [[Mouvement Démocratique Républicain]] (MDR) yasheshwe ikaba yarayoborwaga na [[Kabanda Célestin]] ; [[Parti Démocratique Islamique]] (PDI) iyobowe na [[André Bumaya]] ; [[Parti Libéral]] (PL) iyobowe na [[Prosper Higiro]] ; na [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|Front Patriotique Rwandais]] (FPR) iyobowe na [[Paul Kagame]]. Hari n’andi mashyaka yahagaritswe kubera ko atemewe n’amategekop. Ayo ni [[Parti Socialiste Rwandais]] (PSR), na [[Parti pour le Progres et la Concorde]] (PPC) na Parti pour le Renouveau Démocratique === Amashyaka yo mu wa 1959 === Ayo mashyaka ari ukubiri: hari ayo bamwe bita "partis nationaux", ni ukuvuga amashyaka yari afite abayoboke benshi, yari asakaye mu gihugu cyangwa mu duce tunini, akagira n'uburyo bugaragara bwo kwamamaza ibitekerezo byayo n'abayobozi batwaye bagaragara. Tuvuge ayo mashyaka ayo ari yo n'igihe yavukiye: <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.grandslacs.net/doc/2529.pdf |title=Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda, Kigali, Kanama 1999 |access-date=2010-12-24 |archive-date=2010-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704012542/http://www.grandslacs.net/doc/2529.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> :1. APROSOMA [[Association pour la Promotion Sociale de la Masse]] 15/02/1959 :2. UNAR [[Union Nationale Rwandaise]] 13/09/1959 :3. RADER [[Rassemblement Democratique Rwandaise]] 14/09/1959 :4. PARMEHUTU [[Parti du Mouvement de l’Emancipation des Bahutu]] 09/10/1959 Hari n'andi mashyaka akabakaba makumyabiri ataragize uburemere byayo tumaze kuvuga. Ndetse urebye neza, amwe n'amwe muri ayo mashyaka mato yegamiye ayo ane manini. Ayo mashyaka matoya ni aya: :1) ABAKI [[Alliance des Bakiga]] :2) ABESC [[Association des Bahutu evuluant pour la suppression des castes]] :3) ACR [[Association des Cultivateurs du Rwanda]] :4) APADEC [[Association du Parti Democrate Chretien]] :5) APROCOMIN [[Association des Commerçants Indigenes]] :6) AREDETWA [[Association pour le Relevement Democratique des Batwa]] :7) ARUCO [[Alliance du Ruanda - Urundi et du Congo]] :8) ASSERU [[Association des Eleveurs du Rwanda]] :9) MOMOR [[Mouvement Monarchiste Rwandais]] :10) MUR [[Mouvement pour 1'Union Rwandaise]] :11) PAMOPRO [[Parti Monarchiste Progressiste]] :12) PSCR [[Parti Social Chrétien du Rwanda]] :13) UAARU [[Union des Aborozi Africains du Rwanda]] :14) UMAR [[Union des Masses Rwandaises]] :15) UNAFREUROP [[Union Afro-Europeenne]] :16) UNINTERCOKI [[Union des Intérêts Communs du Kinyaga]] == == * [[Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda|Banki y’Amajyamabere y’u Rwanda]] (BRD) * [[Ofisi y’Ubukerarugendo na Pariki Nasiyonali mu Rwanda]] (ORTPN) * [[Perezidansi ya Repubulika]] * [[Ibiro Bikuru by’Ishoramari rya Leta n’Inkunga Ituruka Hanze y’Igihugu]] (CEPEX) * [[Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Ishoramari n'Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu Mahanga]] (RIEPA) * [[Urugaga Nyarwanda rw’Abikorera ku Giti cyabo]] (RPSF) [[Dosiye:I&M Bank Rwanda plc logo.png|thumb|BANKI Y' UBUCURUZI MU RWANDA]] == Amabanki == * [[Banki ya Kigali|Banque de Kigali]] (BK) * Banque Rwandaise de Développement (BRD) * I&M bank Rwanda * Compagnie Générale de Banque (COGEBANQUE) * Banque Commerciale du Rwanda (BCR) * Ecobank Rwanda * Banque de l'Habitat du Rwanda (BHR) * Banque Populaire du Rwanda (BPR) * Urwego Opportunity Microfinance Bank (UOMB) * BANCOR SA * Banque Populaire du Rwanda SA *[[Kenya]] commercial bank (KCB) *Equity bank *Urwego Opportunity Bank(UOB) *Zigama CSS *Co-operative Bank Rwanda == Sosiyete Sivile mu Rwanda == [[File:OLPC classroom teaching.JPG|thumbnail|[[:en:One Laptop per Child|OLPC]] classroom teaching]] Iki gice kiraganira kuri sosiyete sivile yo mu Rwanda, ariko irashimangira ku mateka yayo, uko iteye, n’amashami yayo aba mu Rwanda. Iki gice kiranagaragaza imibereho ya sosiyete sivile, imigenderane ifitanye na leta y'u Rwanda ndetse n’abaterenkunga, ingorane ihura nazo. Iki gice kandi kiranagaragaza imbogamizi uwo muryango uhura nazo. Urebye ibibazo uyu muryango uhura nabyo mu byerekeye kumvisha akamaro kawo, ni umuryango w’ubukorerabushake ufata umwanya hagati y’umuryango nyarwanda na leta. Hari amashyirahamwe atandukanye yigenga, yashizweho n’abantu ku giti cyabo kugira ngo babungabunge amahame n’imico yabo. Ubundi inshingano z’uwo muryango ni kuwinjizamwo imiryango y’abakozi bo mu nzego zose, baba abunganira (avocats), za kiriziya, koperative, amashyirahamwe y’abana n’abagore n’andi mashyirahamwe ashinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage. <ref name="KituoChaKatiba" /> * [[Kituo Cha Katiba]] * [[Avega Agahozo]] * [[Haguruka]] == Indanganturo == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro == * [https://www.presidency.gov.rw/ Perezidansi ya Repubulika y'u Rwanda] – urubuga rwemewe * [https://www.livinginkigali.com/ Living in Kigali] – amakuru ku buzima i Kigali * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230113062710/https://discover.rw/ Discover Rwanda] (archive, 13 Mutarama 2023) {{Afurika}} {{Commonscat|Rwanda}} [[Category:Rwanda]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] [[Category:Afurika]] g12e7hfnjm29vcef7uvsukf8tjb4b1y 141199 141198 2026-10-10T16:44:26Z Mr. Felicien 19117 Kongeramo amakuru 141199 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Repubulika y'u Rwanda<br />Republic of Rwanda<br />République du Rwanda<br />Jamhuri ya Rwanda'''</big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" |- | align="center" width="140px" | [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|125px]] | align="center" width="140px" | [[File:Coat of arms of Rwanda.svg|125px]] |- | align="center" width="140px" | [[Ibendera rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda|<span style="color:grey">Ibendera rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda</span>]] | align="center" width="140px" | [[Ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko za Leta y’u Rwanda|<span style="color:grey">Ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko za Leta y’u Rwanda</span>]] |} |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[File:Rwanda (orthographic projection with locator).svg|300px]] |} = U Rwanda = '''U Rwanda''' ni igihugu giherereye muri Afurika y'uburasirazuba, mu karere k’[[Ibiyaga Bigari|ibiyaga bigari]]. Umurwa mukuru ukaba ari [[Kigali]]. U Rwanda n'igihugu gifite ubuso bwa km² 26,338, rukaba rutuwe n’abaturage barenga miliyoni 14 (2024). U Rwanda ni kimwe mu bihugu bifite ubucucike bw’abaturage buri hejuru muri [[Afurika]]. Urwanda rugizwe n'uturere 30, Imirenge 416. == Imiterere n’Imipaka == U Rwanda ntirukora ku nyanja. ruhana imbibi na: * [[Uburundi|Burundi]] mu majyepfo, * [[Tanzaniya]] mu burasirazuba, * [[Uganda]] mu majyaruguru, * [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] mu burengerazuba. Igihugu gifite [[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|ibirunga]], ibiyaga (nk’[[ikiyaga cya Kivu]], [[Ikiyaga cya Rweru|Rweru]], [[Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo|Ruhondo]], [[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi|Muhazi]],...) n’imigezi myinshi, imwe muri yo ikaba ari inkomoko y’uruzi rwa [[Nili|Nil]]. umusozi muremure kurusha indi ni [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Kalisimbi]] ifite ubutumburuke bwa (m 4,519), naho hato ni [[Rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda|Rusizi Valley]] (m 950). == Ubuyobozi == U Rwanda ni Repubulika iyoborwa na Perezida utorwa n'abaturage binyuze mu [[Amatora|matora]]. Ubuyobozi bugendera ku itegeko nshinga ryatowe mu 2003. Igihugu kigizwe n’intara enye (4) n’Umujyi wa Kigali. Igihugu cy' u Rwanda kigizwe n'[[Uturere tw’u Rwanda|uturere]] mirongo itatu (30 districts) n'imirenge maganane na cumi n'itandatu n'[[Akagari|utugari]] ibihumbi bibiri n'ijana na mirongo ine n'umunani (2148) n'[[imidugudu]] ibihumbi icumi na bine maganinani mirongo itatu n'irindwi (14837).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.westernprovince.gov.rw/en/intara-1/uturere |title=Uturere |website=Intara y'Iburengerazuba (Western Province) |access-date=2025-11-11 |archive-date=2024-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103205840/https://www.westernprovince.gov.rw/en/intara-1/uturere |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ururimi == U Rwanda nk'igihugu , abaturage b'U Rwanda bakoresha ururimi rumwe ari rwo rubaranga, rukabahuza kandi rukabaranga aho bari hose.Kugeza ubu mu Rwanda hemewe gukoreshwa indimi zitandukanye z'amahanga ariko ku isonga haza: * [[Ikinyarwanda]] (ururimi gakondo), * [[Icyongereza]], * [[Igifaransa]], * [[Igiswahili|Igiswayire]]. == Ibimenyetso by’Igihugu == Nk'igihugu kigendera ku mahame ya demokarasi, u Rwanda rufite ibirango bitatu biruranga aho ruzwi hose mu ruhando rw'ibindi bihugu.Ibyo birango ( ibimenyetso) ni ibi bikurikira:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://x.com/lyvine_rwanda/status/1854124418471256089 |title=Lyvine Rwanda (@lyvine_rwanda) |website=X (Twitter) |date=2024-11-06 |language=rw}}</ref> * Ibendera: Ibendera ry' u Rwanda rigaragara mu mabara atatu avugwa uhereye hejuru ugana hasi: ubururu, umuhondo, icyatsikibisi. Ibendera ry' u Rwanda rifite ishusho y'izuba mu ibara ry'ubururu iryo zuba rigizwe n'imirasire ya zahabu makumyabiri n'ine isobanura urumuri rumurikira abanyarwanda, abaturarwanda n'inshuti zarwo. ibi kand bisobanura gukorera hamwe nta vangura mu banyarwanda no kurwanya ubujiji. Ibara ry'ubururu risobanura Amahoro n'umutekano urambye by'abanyarwanda.Ibara ry'umuhondo risobanura iterambere ry'ubukungu n'imbaraga biturutse ku banyarwanda. Ibara ry'icyatsikibisi risobanura icyizere kirambye cy'abanyarwanda. * * Ikirangantego: Mu kirangantego cy'u Rwanda habonekamo amagambo akurikira: Ubumwe, Ubumwe,umurimo, no gukunda ukunda igihugu. * * Indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu: Indirimbo yubahiriza cy'u yitwa ''[[Rwanda Nziza]]''.Iyi ndirimbo ikaba igizwe n'ibitero cyangwa ibika bine. == Ubukungu == Ubukungu bushingiye ku buhinzi, cyane cyane [[ikawa]] n’[[icyayi]]. Ibindi bihingwa ni [[Igitoki|ibitoki]], [[imyumbati]], [[amasaka]] n’[[Ikirayi|ibirayi]]. Amatungo ([[inka]], [[ihene]], [[intama]]) na yo ni ingenzi mu mibereho y’abaturage. == Ubukerarugendo == U Rwanda rwamenyekanye cyane ku bukerarugendo bushingiye ku nyamaswa n’umurage w’umuco. Pariki zikomeye ni: * [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Pariki y’Ibirunga]], * [[Pariki ya Nyungwe]], * [[Pariki y'Akagera|Pariki y’Akagera]]. == Idini == Abaturage benshi ni [[Ubukirisitu|abakirisitu]] ([[Kiliziya Gatolika|Gatolika]], Angilikani, Abaporotesitanti), hakiyongeraho [[Islamu|Abayisilamu]] n’amadini mato atandukanye.[[Dosiye:View from Virunga Lodge in Rwanda of Mount Muhavura.jpg|thumb|281x281px|Uku niko urwanda rugaragara uri mumisozi.]] [[File:Rwanda (rw) pronunciation.ogg|thumb|Rwanda (rw) pronunciation]] [[Dosiye:Kigali Arena|thumb|Aho u Rwanda rugeze mu iterambere]] U Rwanda ni [[igihugu]] giherereye muri [[Afurika]] y'uburengerazuba mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari, munsi y'umurongo wa Koma y'isi. [[Dosiye:Communes_of_Rwanda_in_1994.svg|thumb|Intara n'Uture muri 1994]] [[Umurwa]] mukuru w’u Rwanda witwa [[Kigali]]. Iki gihugu gikunze kwitwa icy'imisozi igihumbi gikoresha indimi enye: [[Ikinyarwanda]], [[Icyongereza]], [[Igifaransa]] n'[[igiswahili|Igiswayire]]. Ururimi gakondo rw'Abanyarwanda ni Ikinyarwanda. Ubutegetsi bw'u Rwanda burigenga, u buyobozi bufite intego igamije guteza imbere abaturage, kandi imiyoborere y'igihugu ntabwo ishingiye ku idini. [[Ibirango by’igihugu]] cy’u [[Rwanda]] ni [[ibendera|i]]<nowiki/>nkingi, ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko z' ubuyobozi, intego n’indirimbo y’Igihugu. [[Intego ya Repubulika|Intego y'Umutegetsi]] ni [[Ubumwe]], [[Umurimo]], [[Gukunda Igihugu]]. [[Indirimbo y’Igihugu]] ni [[Rwanda Nziza]].U [[Rwanda]] rugizwe n' uturere 30, intara 5, n'imirenge 416. U Rwanda kandi rufite abaturage million zisaga14 z'abaturage. == [[Amateka y'u Rwanda|Amateka]] == U Rwanda ruri mu bihugu 10 bya mbere bikungahaye k'[[ubukerarugendo]] bushingiye k'umuco n'umurage Ndangamateka. == "Ubumenyi bw'isi" == [[File:Map of Rwanda.png|300px|Map of Rwanda]] Ni igihugu kidakora ku nyanja, kiri muri Afurika y'uburengerazuba mu karere bita ak’ibiyaga bigari. U Rwanda rufite [[Ikirunga|ibirunga]] bitanu, ibiyaga makumyabiri na bitatu n’imigezi myinshi, imwe akaba ariyo soko y’uruzi rwa [[Nili|Nil.]] U Rwanda rufite ubuso bwa 26,338 km² ubutaka bukaba bwihariye 24,948 km² amazi agafata 1,390 km². Abaturage babarirwa hafi ya 11,533,446 (National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, 2016), ubwo rero ni abantu 438 kuri buri km², u Rwanda rubarirwa mu bihugu bituwe cyane kurusha ibindi muri Afurika. [[File:Rwanda Gitarama landscape.JPG|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;"></span>]] Imipaka n’ibihugu by’ibituranyi bikurikira ni 893 km: [[Burundi]] mu majyepfo (290km), [[Tanzaniya]] mu burasirazuba (217km), [[Uganda]] mu majyaruguru(169km) na [[Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] (217km). U Rwanda rufite ibihe by’imvura bibiri [[Itumba]]-kuva Gashyantare kugera muri Gicurasi, Umuhindi-kuva muri Nzeli kugera muri Mutarama. Mu misozi ibihe biri mu rugero hajya haba ubutita rimwe na rimwe hakaza n’urubura rw’imbonekarimwe. Igihugu gifite imiterere y’ubutaka itandukanye yiganjemo ibirunga mu majyaruguru kikaba gikikijwe [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|n’ikiyaga cya Kivu]] mu burengerazuba. Parike National y’ibirunga iri mu birunga mu misozi miremire n’amashyamba biri mu majyaruguru, iyo pariki ifite [[ingagi]] zizwi cyane kw’isi nk'[[inyamaswa]] nini cyane zizwi ku kwita ku miryango yazo. Hari inyamaswa nini n’into, naho ikiyaga cya Kivu mu burengerazuba kikaba gifite umusenyi mwiza mu nkengero zacyo ku [[Akarere ka Karongi|Kibuye]], Kivu ikaba itatswe n’uturwa twinshi. Ahantu ha mbere haciye bugufi mu [[Rwanda]] ni mu kibaya cya Rusizi kikaba kiri ku butumburuke bwa metero 950 uhereye ku nyanja. Naho ahantu harehare cyane gusumba ahandi ni ikirunga cya Kalisimbi gifite ubutumburuke bwa metero 4,519. Pariki z’Igihugu: * [[Pariki ya Nyungwe]] * [[Pariki y'Akagera]] * [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]][[File:Tour_du_Rwanda_2020.png|thumb|Tour du Rwanda 2020]] == Intara == Igihugu cy’u Rwanda kigabanyijemo intara 4 n’umujyi wa Kigali. Intara zigabanyijemo uturere, imijyi, imirenge n’utugari. Umujyi wa Kigali ugabanyijemo uturere 30, imirenge 416 n’utugari. Kugeza muri 2005, u Rwanda rwari rugabanyijemo intara cumi n’ebyiri (12) na Komini ijana na cumi n’esheshatu (116). Izi zari: Umujyi wa Kigali, intara ya Kigali Ngali, intara ya Gitarama, intara ya [[Butare]], intara ya Gikongoro,13 [[Cyangugu|intara ya Cyangugu]],14 intara ya Kibuye, intara ya Gisenyi, intara ya Ruhengeri, intara ya [[Byumba]], intara y’Umutara, intara ya Kibungo. Ariko ibi byarahindutse kuva ku itariki ya 1 Mutarama 2006. Muri porogaramu yo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage no kuvugurura ubutegetsi muri rusange mu gihugu, ubutegetsi bwite bwa leta bwagabanyijwe mu matsinda matoya u Rwanda rugabanywamo intara eshanu (5) zagabanyijwemo nazo [[Uturere tw’u Rwanda|uturere]] mirongo itatu (30). Uturere natwo tugabanyijwemo imirenge Magana ane na cumi n’itandatu (416) n’[[utugali]] ibihumbi bibiri n’ijana mirongo ine n’umunani (2148). Igihugu cy’u Rwanda kigabanyijemo Intara enye ( 4) n’Umujyi wa Kigali. Amazina, umubare n’ibyicaro by’intara n’iby’Umujyi wa Kigali bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira: [[Dosiye:RwandaGeoProvinces.png|thumb|200px|<span style="color:grey;">Intara n’Uturere</span>]] {| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5" |- bgcolor="#aaaaaa" |N° |Izina |Icyicaro |Akarere karimo icyicaro |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |1 |[[Intara y’Amajyaruguru]] |[[Kinihira]] |[[Akarere ka Rulindo]] |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |2 |[[Intara y’Amajyepfo]] |[[Busasamana]] |[[Akarere ka Nyanza]] |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |3 |[[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Intara y'Uburasirazuba]] |[[Kigabiro]] |[[Akarere ka Rwamagana]] |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |4 |[[Intara y'Uburengerazuba]] |[[Bwishyura]] |[[Akarere ka Karongi]] |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |5 |[[Umujyi wa Kigali]] |[[Nyarugenge]] |[[Akarere ka Nyarugenge]] |} == [[Idini|Iyobokamana]] == [[Dosiye:RwamaganaChurch.jpg|thumb|left|100px|]] [[Abanyarwanda]] benshi ni abayoboke b'amadini 2 akomeye ariyo [[Ubukirisitu]] ([[Kiliziya Gatolika|Abagatolika]], [[Abaporoso]], [[Abapresibuteliyani]] n’[[abangilikani]]) n’[[Islamu|ubuyisilamu]], n'[[Abahamya ba Yehova]] [[Kiliziya Gatolika|Kiliziya]] cyane cyane [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] niyo yashinze imizi mu Rwanda. Abanyarwanda benshi ni abagatolika. Rero Kiliziya ifite uruhare runini mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Hari andi madini nayo y’abakirisitu mu Rwanda, ariko ntabwo akomeye nka Kiliziya Gatorika. Iri dini niryo rya mbere ryinjiye mu Rwanda riyobowe na Musenyeri Hirth wo mu muryango w’abapadiri bera 27 mu w’1900. Abapadiri bera bazanywe mu Rwanda n’[[Ubudage|abadage]], bayobora icyo gihe bategekaga u Rwanda, u Burundi na Tanzaniya y’icyo gihe. Abadage barindaga abapadiri bera bizera ko naho bazashyigikira ubutegetsi bw’Abadage (irohat) mu Rwanda. Ibarura ry’abaturage rya 2002 ryagaragaje ko amadini ahagaze mu buryo bukurikira muri iki gihe: Abagatolika (49.5%), Abaporotesitanti bari mu madini atandukanye (27.2%), Abadivantisite (12.2%);Abahamya ba Yehova Andi madini ya gikirisito (4%), Abatagira idini (3.6%) N’Abayisilamu (1.8%), indi myemerere 1.7%. Iri barura riragaragaza ko 98.3% by abatuye u Rwanda biyemerera ko bafite idini babarizwamo. Ibi biratwereka ko amadini ari rumwe mu nzego z’imiyoborere ihuza abantu benshi kuko amenshi muri ayo madini atandukanye cyane n’idini gakondo kuko yo ahuza abayoboke bayo kandi akabaha gahunda y’imitekerereze ndetse n’imyitwarire. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishami Rishinzwe Uburere Mboneragihugu, Ukwakire, 2006 |url=http://www.nurc.gov.rw/documents/researches/Syllabus_Ingando.pdf |access-date=2010-12-25 |archive-date=2012-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029113019/http://www.nurc.gov.rw/documents/researches/Syllabus_Ingando.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ibendera rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda == [[Dosiye:Secretary Kerry and Rwandan President Kagame Pose for A Photo With Rwandan Foreign Minister Musikiwabo and U.S. Ambassador Barks-Ruggles in Kigali (30326383225).jpg|center|thumb|480x480px|KAGAME PAUL perezida wa repubulika y' u Rwanda. (uwa kabiri uhereye iburyo )]] [[Ibendera]] ry’Igihugu rigizwe n’amabara atatu: icyatsi kibisi, umuhondo, n’ubururu. == [[Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda]] == Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda bugizwe ahanini n’[[ubuhinzi]] abenshi mu bahinzi batunzwe n’ibyo bahinga. Ubukungu bukaba buhura n’icyibazo cy’uko abantu ari benshi kurusha ubutaka buhari. Kuba u Rwanda rudakora ku nyanjya bikaba byongera ibyo bibazo kubera ko bituma igihugu kitagera ku masoko mpuzamahanga cyangwa kibagerayo bigoranye. Ibihingwa ngengabukungu bya mbere ni [[ikawa]], [[icyayi]] n’ibireti. Ibi n’ibyamasoko mpuzamahanga. Mu gihugu, ibihingwa bihaboneka muri byo ni ibitoki, imyumbati, amasaka, [[imboga]], n’ibirayi. Ariko ntibihagije ku isoko ryo mu Rwanda ibindi bitumizwa mu mahanga. Ibindi byongera ku ntungamubiri ku banyarwanda ni amatungo- [[inka]], ihene n’intama.<ref name="KituoChaKatiba">{{Cite report |url=http://www.kituochakatiba.org/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=1199&Itemid=36 |title=Ugushakisha Ukuri n’Ubumuntu |publisher=Kituo Cha Katiba |date=2006 |type=Raporo (Nyakanga 2004 – Gashyantare 2006) |language=rw}}</ref> AHO U RWANDA RUGEZE MU ITERAMBERE Iterambere ry' u Rwanda rireberwa mu bihe bibiri bitandukanye; hagati 1962 na 1994 ndetse n'igihe cy'imyaka 30 kiri hagati 1995 na 2025. Kuva ku gusabiriza kugera ku bukungu bugabye amashami: Mu 1989, u Rwanda rwohereje mu mahanga [[amabuye y'agaciro]] yinjije amadovize angana na miliyoni 2.5, ariko mu 2023, u Rwanda rwakubye uyu musaruro inshuro amagana, aho rwinjije amadovize miliyari 1.1 y'amadolari. Iterambere nk'iri rigaragaza ko [[Ubukungu bw'U Rwanda|ubukungu bw'u Rwanda]] bwagabye amashami. Mu byerekeye u burezi, mbere abasozaga amashuri ya kaminuza bari ku kigero cyo hasi aho mu 1994 abasoje kaminuza bari 2870 ariko mu 2022 uwo mubare wikubye inshuro magana ugera ku 431,606. Mu busanzwe, iyo igihugu kidafite uburyo bunoze bwo kugenderana haba mu gihugu mu imbere cyangwa no hanze y'igihugu bidindiza iterambere ry'igihugu.Mu 1993, u Rwanda rwari rufite ibirometero 530 by’imihanda ya kaburimbo. Uyu munsi, imihanda ya kaburimbo yariyongereye igera ku birometero 2,652 ibi bikaba byoroshya ubuhahirane n'iterambere. Kuva kera kugera mu myaka ya 1994, [[ubuvuzi]] mu Rwanda bwari ku kigero cyo hasi aho 2.6% ari bo bari bafite ubwishingizi mu kwivuza. Ibi bisobanuye ko iyo umuntu yagiraga uburwayi bukomeye yashoboraga gukira agasiga umuryango we mu bukene bukabije cyangwa n'ubuvuzi ntabubonere igihe bikaba byatuma abura ubuzima. Uyu munsi , Abanyarwanda 97.3% bafite ubwishingizi mu kwivuza bisobanuye ko ntawe ugihura n'ingaruka nk'izavuzwe haruguru.Kuba serivisi z'ubuvuzi zariyongereye ndetswe zikegerezwa abaturage bisobanuye ubuzima buzira umuze n'icyizere kirambye cy'ubuzima bw'ejo hazaza.<ref>{{Cite report |title=Raporo z’Ikigega cy’Isi cy’Imari |publisher=Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari (IMF) |language=rw}}</ref> == Amashyaka ya Politiki == [[Dosiye:Kagame.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Paul Kagame</span>]] U Rwanda ni igihugu kigendera kuri [[demokarasi]] y’amashyaka menshi. Amashyaka ya politike mu gihugu n’abayayobora ni aya: [[Parti Démocratique Chrétien]] (PDC) iyobowe na [[Alfred Mukezamfura]] ; [[Parti Social Démocratique]] (PSD) iyobowe na [[Vincent Biruta]] ; [[Union Démocratique du Peuple Rwandais]] (UDPR) iyobowe na [[Adrien Rangira]] ; [[Mouvement Démocratique Républicain]] (MDR) yasheshwe ikaba yarayoborwaga na [[Kabanda Célestin]] ; [[Parti Démocratique Islamique]] (PDI) iyobowe na [[André Bumaya]] ; [[Parti Libéral]] (PL) iyobowe na [[Prosper Higiro]] ; na [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|Front Patriotique Rwandais]] (FPR) iyobowe na [[Paul Kagame]]. Hari n’andi mashyaka yahagaritswe kubera ko atemewe n’amategekop. Ayo ni [[Parti Socialiste Rwandais]] (PSR), na [[Parti pour le Progres et la Concorde]] (PPC) na Parti pour le Renouveau Démocratique === Amashyaka yo mu wa 1959 === Ayo mashyaka ari ukubiri: hari ayo bamwe bita "partis nationaux", ni ukuvuga amashyaka yari afite abayoboke benshi, yari asakaye mu gihugu cyangwa mu duce tunini, akagira n'uburyo bugaragara bwo kwamamaza ibitekerezo byayo n'abayobozi batwaye bagaragara. Tuvuge ayo mashyaka ayo ari yo n'igihe yavukiye: <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.grandslacs.net/doc/2529.pdf |title=Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda, Kigali, Kanama 1999 |access-date=2010-12-24 |archive-date=2010-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704012542/http://www.grandslacs.net/doc/2529.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> :1. APROSOMA [[Association pour la Promotion Sociale de la Masse]] 15/02/1959 :2. UNAR [[Union Nationale Rwandaise]] 13/09/1959 :3. RADER [[Rassemblement Democratique Rwandaise]] 14/09/1959 :4. PARMEHUTU [[Parti du Mouvement de l’Emancipation des Bahutu]] 09/10/1959 Hari n'andi mashyaka akabakaba makumyabiri ataragize uburemere byayo tumaze kuvuga. Ndetse urebye neza, amwe n'amwe muri ayo mashyaka mato yegamiye ayo ane manini. Ayo mashyaka matoya ni aya: :1) ABAKI [[Alliance des Bakiga]] :2) ABESC [[Association des Bahutu evuluant pour la suppression des castes]] :3) ACR [[Association des Cultivateurs du Rwanda]] :4) APADEC [[Association du Parti Democrate Chretien]] :5) APROCOMIN [[Association des Commerçants Indigenes]] :6) AREDETWA [[Association pour le Relevement Democratique des Batwa]] :7) ARUCO [[Alliance du Ruanda - Urundi et du Congo]] :8) ASSERU [[Association des Eleveurs du Rwanda]] :9) MOMOR [[Mouvement Monarchiste Rwandais]] :10) MUR [[Mouvement pour 1'Union Rwandaise]] :11) PAMOPRO [[Parti Monarchiste Progressiste]] :12) PSCR [[Parti Social Chrétien du Rwanda]] :13) UAARU [[Union des Aborozi Africains du Rwanda]] :14) UMAR [[Union des Masses Rwandaises]] :15) UNAFREUROP [[Union Afro-Europeenne]] :16) UNINTERCOKI [[Union des Intérêts Communs du Kinyaga]] == == * [[Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda|Banki y’Amajyamabere y’u Rwanda]] (BRD) * [[Ofisi y’Ubukerarugendo na Pariki Nasiyonali mu Rwanda]] (ORTPN) * [[Perezidansi ya Repubulika]] * [[Ibiro Bikuru by’Ishoramari rya Leta n’Inkunga Ituruka Hanze y’Igihugu]] (CEPEX) * [[Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Ishoramari n'Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu Mahanga]] (RIEPA) * [[Urugaga Nyarwanda rw’Abikorera ku Giti cyabo]] (RPSF) [[Dosiye:I&M Bank Rwanda plc logo.png|thumb|BANKI Y' UBUCURUZI MU RWANDA]] == Amabanki == * [[Banki ya Kigali|Banque de Kigali]] (BK) * Banque Rwandaise de Développement (BRD) * I&M bank Rwanda * Compagnie Générale de Banque (COGEBANQUE) * Banque Commerciale du Rwanda (BCR) * Ecobank Rwanda * Banque de l'Habitat du Rwanda (BHR) * Banque Populaire du Rwanda (BPR) * Urwego Opportunity Microfinance Bank (UOMB) * BANCOR SA * Banque Populaire du Rwanda SA *[[Kenya]] commercial bank (KCB) *Equity bank *Urwego Opportunity Bank(UOB) *Zigama CSS *Co-operative Bank Rwanda == Sosiyete Sivile mu Rwanda == [[File:OLPC classroom teaching.JPG|thumbnail|[[:en:One Laptop per Child|OLPC]] classroom teaching]] Iki gice kiraganira kuri sosiyete sivile yo mu Rwanda, ariko irashimangira ku mateka yayo, uko iteye, n’amashami yayo aba mu Rwanda. Iki gice kiranagaragaza imibereho ya sosiyete sivile, imigenderane ifitanye na leta y'u Rwanda ndetse n’abaterenkunga, ingorane ihura nazo. Iki gice kandi kiranagaragaza imbogamizi uwo muryango uhura nazo. Urebye ibibazo uyu muryango uhura nabyo mu byerekeye kumvisha akamaro kawo, ni umuryango w’ubukorerabushake ufata umwanya hagati y’umuryango nyarwanda na leta. Hari amashyirahamwe atandukanye yigenga, yashizweho n’abantu ku giti cyabo kugira ngo babungabunge amahame n’imico yabo. Ubundi inshingano z’uwo muryango ni kuwinjizamwo imiryango y’abakozi bo mu nzego zose, baba abunganira (avocats), za kiriziya, koperative, amashyirahamwe y’abana n’abagore n’andi mashyirahamwe ashinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage. <ref name="KituoChaKatiba" /> * [[Kituo Cha Katiba]] * [[Avega Agahozo]] * [[Haguruka]] == Indanganturo == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro == * [https://www.presidency.gov.rw/ Perezidansi ya Repubulika y'u Rwanda] – urubuga rwemewe * [https://www.livinginkigali.com/ Living in Kigali] – amakuru ku buzima i Kigali * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230113062710/https://discover.rw/ Discover Rwanda] (archive, 13 Mutarama 2023) {{Afurika}} {{Commonscat|Rwanda}} [[Category:Rwanda]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] [[Category:Afurika]] g9d6ausgbrceaplyc11mgspj9kwm2p2 0 1652 141337 140971 2026-10-11T10:43:04Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 141337 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1.5em; width:24em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #008751; background:#f8f9fa;" |+ style="font-size:135%; font-weight:bold; background:#008751; color:#fff; padding:6px;" | Repubulika ya Nijeriya |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:4px;" | ''Federal Republic of Nigeria'' |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{{!}} style="width:100%; background:transparent;" {{!}} style="text-align:center; width:50%;" {{!}} [[File:Flag of Nigeria.svg|120px|border|Ibendera rya Nijeriya]]<br /><small>Ibendera</small> {{!}} style="text-align:center; width:50%;" {{!}} [[File:Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg|80px|Ikirango cya Nijeriya]]<br /><small>Ikirango</small> {{!}}} |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <small>Intego: ''« Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress »''<br />Indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu: ''« Nigeria, We Hail Thee »''</small> |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Nigeria (orthographic projection).svg|220px|Ikarita ya Nijeriya]] |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#008751; color:#fff;" | Amakuru y'ingenzi |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Umurwa mukuru | [[Abuja]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Umujyi munini | Lagos |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ururimi rwemewe | [[Icyongereza]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Indimi nkuru | [[Igihawusa]], ikiyoruba, [[ikigibo]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ubutegetsi | Repubulika ya federasiyo, ubutegetsi bwa perezida |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Perezida | [[Bola Tinubu]] (kuva mu 2023) |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#008751; color:#fff;" | Amateka |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ubwigenge | 1 Ukwakira 1960 (ku [[Ubwongereza]]) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Repubulika | 1 Ukwakira 1963 |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#008751; color:#fff;" | Ubuso n'abaturage |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ubuso | 923 769 km² |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Abaturage | ≈ 242 700 000 (igereranya rya 2026) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Intara | 36 + Akarere k'Umurwa mukuru |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#008751; color:#fff;" | Ibindi |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ifaranga | Naira (NGN) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Isaha | WAT (UTC+1) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Kode ya telefoni | +234 |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Domeni ya interineti | .ng |} '''Nijeriya''' cyangwa '''Nigeriya''', ku mugaragaro '''Repubulika ya Federasiyo ya Nijeriya''', ni [[igihugu]] cyo muri [[Afurika]] y'Iburengerazuba. Umurwa mukuru wacyo ni [[Abuja]], naho umujyi wacyo munini ni Lagos. Ni cyo gihugu gituwe cyane muri Afurika, kikaba kimwe mu bihugu bifite ubukungu bunini kuri uyu mugabane. == Izina == Izina ''Nijeriya'' rikomoka ku ruzi Nigeri rukinyuramo. Mu ndimi zivugwa mu gihugu, izina ryacyo ryanditswe ku buryo bukurikira: {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" ! Ururimi !! Izina |- | [[Icyongereza]] || ''Federal Republic of Nigeria'' |- | [[Ikigibo]] || ''Njíkötá Óchíchìiwù Naíjíríà'' |- | Ikiyoruba || ''Àpapọ̀ Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà'' |- | [[Igihawusa]] || ''Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya'' |- | Igifurahe || ''Republik Federaal bu Niiseriya'' |} == Imiterere y'igihugu == [[File:Zuma Rock.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Urutare rwa Zuma, hafi ya [[Abuja]]]] Nijeriya ifite ubuso bwa 923 769 km².<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2026-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria |archive-date=2021-01-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ihana imbibi na: * [[Bene]] mu burengerazuba; * [[Nigeri]] mu majyaruguru; * [[Cade]] mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba; * [[Kameruni]] mu burasirazuba; * Ikigobe cya Gineya (inyanja ya Atalantika) mu majyepfo. Inzuzi nkuru ni Nigeri na Benue, zihurira i Lokoja. Amajyepfo arangwa n'amashyamba y'imvura n'ibishanga, naho amajyaruguru akaba ari savane yegereye ubutayu bwa Sahara.<ref name="brit">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> {{clear}} == Amateka == [[File:Nok sculpture Louvre 70-1998-11-1.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Igishushanyo cy'ibumba cy'umuco wa Nok]] === Mbere y'ubukoloni === Nijeriya yabayemo ibihugu n'ubwami byinshi by'abasangwabutaka mbere y'abakoloni. Umuco wa Nok, uzwi ku bishushanyo byawo by'ibumba, ni umwe mu mico ya kera cyane muri ako karere.<ref name="brit" /> === Ubukoloni bw'Abongereza === Mu kinyejana cya 19, Abongereza bigaruriye ako karere. Mu 1914, Lord Lugard yahuje Nijeriya y'Amajyepfo na Protekora ya Nijeriya y'Amajyaruguru, bibyara igihugu kimwe. Abongereza bayoboye binyuze mu batware gakondo bo mu karere (''indirect rule'').<ref name="brit" /> === Kuva ku bwigenge === * 1 Ukwakira 1960 – Nijeriya ibona ubwigenge nka federasiyo. * 1963 – ihinduka repubulika. * 1967–1970 – intambara y'abenegihugu (intambara ya Biafra). * 1966–1999 – ibihe by'ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare busimburana n'ubwa gisivili. * 1999 – hagarukwa ku butegetsi bwa demokarasi buhamye. * 2015 – ku nshuro ya mbere, perezida uri ku butegetsi atsindwa amatora. {{clear}} == Abaturage n'indimi == Nijeriya ni cyo gihugu gituwe cyane muri Afurika: abaturage bayo bagereranywa na miliyoni zisaga 230.<ref name="cia" /> Ituwe n'amoko arenga 250 avuga indimi zirenga 500.<ref name="lang">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria – Languages |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Languages |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Amoko atatu manini ni: {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" ! Ubwoko !! Akarere |- | Abahawusa (n'Abafulani) || Amajyaruguru |- | Abayoruba || Uburengerazuba |- | Abigibo || Uburasirazuba |} Ayo moko yose hamwe agize hejuru ya 60% by'abaturage. Ururimi rwemewe ni [[icyongereza]], rwatoranyijwe kugira ngo rworohereze ubumwe bw'igihugu; indimi nkuru zivugwa cyane ni [[igihawusa]], ikiyoruba n'[[ikigibo]].<ref name="lang" /> === Amadini === Itegeko nshinga rya Nijeriya riteganya ubwisanzure mu idini. Igihugu kigabanyijemo kabiri: Abayisilamu biganje mu majyaruguru, naho Abakirisitu ([[Ubukirisitu]]) bakiganza mu majyepfo. Amadini gakondo, nk'ay'Abigibo n'Abayoruba, afite abayoboke bake.<ref name="cia" /> == Ubukungu == [[File:Lagos skyline.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Lagos, umujyi munini wa Nijeriya]] Ubukungu bwa Nijeriya ni bumwe mu bunini muri Afurika, bushingiye cyane kuri peteroli, ubuhinzi na serivisi. Banki y'Isi iyifata nk'isoko rigenda ryiyongera. Icyakora, igihugu kiracyari hasi ku rutonde rw'iterambere ry'abantu, kandi gihura n'ikibazo cya ruswa.<ref name="wb">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria/overview |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Kubera ubwinshi bw'abaturage n'ingano y'ubukungu, Nijeriya ikunze kwitwa « Igihangange cya Afurika » (''Giant of Africa''). {{clear}} == Imibanire n'amahanga == Nijeriya ni igihugu gikomeye mu karere ka Afurika y'Iburengerazuba. Ni umunyamuryango w'imiryango mpuzamahanga myinshi: * Umuryango w'Abibumbye (ONU); * Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'Afurika (UA) – ni umwe mu bawushinze; * Umuryango w'ibihugu bya Commonwealth; * Umuryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO/ECOWAS); * Umuryango w'Ibihugu Bicukura Peteroli (OPEC); * Umuryango w'Ibihugu Bitagira Aho Bibogamiye (NAM). == Amafoto == <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> File:National_Church_of_Nigeria_in_Abuja_22.jpg|Kiliziya y'Igihugu i [[Abuja]] File:Aso Rock.jpg|Urutare rwa Aso, i [[Abuja]] File:Mountains_in_Nigeria_07.jpg|Imisozi yo muri Nijeriya File:Olumo Rock.jpg|Urutare rwa Olumo, Abeokuta File:Air_Nigeria_Boeing_737-300_Iwelumo.jpg|Indege ya Air Nigeria File:Nigeria states.png|Intara za Nijeriya </gallery> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == {{Commonscat|Nigeria|Nijeriya}} === Ingingo zijyanye === {{Div col|colwidth=15em}} * [[Afurika]] * [[Abuja]] * [[Bola Tinubu]] * [[Igihawusa]] * [[Ikigibo]] * [[Icyongereza]] * [[Bene]] * [[Nigeri]] * [[Cade]] * [[Kameruni]] {{Div col end}} === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [https://statehouse.gov.ng/ State House] – urubuga rwa Perezidansi ya Nijeriya <small>(mu cyongereza)</small> * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria Nigeria] – Encyclopaedia Britannica <small>(mu cyongereza)</small> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria Nigeria] – The World Factbook <small>(mu cyongereza)</small> * [https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria/overview Nigeria] – Banki y'Isi <small>(mu cyongereza)</small> {{Afurika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nijeriya}} [[Ikiciro:Nijeriya| ]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] 6moevtil1rumxggtkpuuleu5862k0ue 0 3162 141267 140975 2026-10-11T06:21:24Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 141267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodystyle = width:22em | above = Ikawa | image = [[File:A small cup of coffee.JPG|250px|alt=Agakombe k'ikawa]] | caption = Agakombe k'ikawa | label1 = Ubwoko | data1 = [[Ikinyobwa]] | label2 = Inkomoko | data2 = [[Etiyopiya]], [[Yemeni]] | label3 = Yatangiye kunyobwa | data3 = Ikinyejana cya 15 | label4 = Ikorwa mu | data4 = Imbuto z'[[Igiti cya kawa|igiti cya kawa]] (''Coffea'') | label5 = Amoko y'ingenzi | data5 = Arabica, Robusta | label6 = Ibiyirimo by'ingenzi | data6 = [[Kafeyine]] | label7 = Ibihugu bya mbere biyihinga | data7 = [[Burezile]], [[Viyetinamu]], [[Kolombiya]] }} '''Ikawa''' ni [[ikinyobwa]] gitegurwa hifashishijwe imbuto z'[[Igiti cya kawa|igiti cya kawa]] (izina ry'ubumenyi mu [[Ikilatini|kilatini]]: ''Coffea'') zabanje kumishwa, gukarangwa no gusebwa. Ikunze kunyobwa ishyushye kandi irimo [[kafeyine]], ikintu gikangura umubiri n'[[ubwonko]]. Ni kimwe mu binyobwa binyobwa cyane ku isi, kandi ni igihingwa ngengabukungu gikomeye mu bihugu byinshi byo mu turere dushyuha, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]]. == Amateka == Igiti cya kawa gikomoka muri [[Etiyopiya]]. Ibimenyetso bya mbere byizewe by'abantu banywa ikawa ni ibyo mu kinyejana cya 15 muri [[Yemeni]], aho abayoboke ba [[Islamu]] b'Abasufi bayinywaga kugira ngo bakomeze kuba maso mu masengesho ya nijoro. Nyuma yaho yakwiriye mu bihugu by'Abarabu, i [[Burayi]], hanyuma ku isi yose.<ref name="britannica-history">{{Cite web |title=History of coffee |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-coffee |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> == Amoko n'itegurwa == [[File:FruitColors.jpg|thumb|Imbuto z'ikawa ku giti]] [[File:Roasted coffee beans in white bowl.png|thumb|Ikawa yakaranzwe]] Amoko abiri y'ingenzi ahingwa ku isi ni ''Coffea arabica'' (bita '''Arabica''') na ''Coffea canephora'' (bita '''Robusta''').<ref name="britannica-coffee">{{Cite web |title=Coffee |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/coffee |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Imbuto z'ikawa zitukura iyo zihishije. Zimaze gusarurwa zikurwamo ibishishwa, zikumishwa, zigakarangwa, zigasebwa, hanyuma ifu yazo ikavangwa n'[[amazi]] ashyushye. Ikawa ishobora kunyobwa yonyine cyangwa ivanze n'[[amata]] n'[[isukari]].<ref name="britannica-coffee" /> [[Burezile]] ni cyo gihugu cya mbere ku isi gihinga ikawa nyinshi; ibindi bihugu bikomeye muri uru rwego ni [[Viyetinamu]], [[Kolombiya]], [[Indonesiya]] na [[Etiyopiya]].<ref name="britannica-coffee" /> == Ikawa mu Rwanda == [[File:Rwandan Coffee.jpg|thumb|Imbuto z'ikawa yo mu Rwanda]] Ikawa yazanywe mu Rwanda n'[[Abadage]] mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, ahagana mu mwaka wa 1900. Ku butegetsi bw'Ababiligi, guhinga ikawa byabaye itegeko ku bahinzi.<ref name="aljazeera">{{Cite web |last=Essa |first=Azad |date=2018-09-11 |title=Rwanda's slow-brewing love affair with coffee |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/9/11/rwandas-reluctant-love-affair-with-coffee |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Ubushakashatsi kuri iki gihingwa bwatangiye mu 1930, ubwo hageragezwaga imbuto zitandukanye z'ikawa zivuye i Mulungu ([[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]).<ref name="isar">{{Cite web |title=Porogaramu y'Ikawa |url=http://www.isar.rw/spip.php?article148 |website=ISAR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812042718/http://www.isar.rw/spip.php?article148 |archive-date=2011-08-12 |language=rw}}</ref> Nyuma ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]], umushinga [[Partnership for Enhancing Agriculture in Rwanda through Linkages]] (PEARL) wafashije abahinzi kuzamura ubwiza bw'ikawa, hubakwa inganda zoza ikawa, kandi ikawa y'u Rwanda itangira kumenyekana ku masoko mpuzamahanga y'ikawa y'akarusho.<ref name="nyt">{{Cite web |last=Fraser |first=Laura |date=2006-08-06 |title=Coffee, and Hope, Grow in Rwanda |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/business/yourmoney/06coffee.html |website=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref> Mu Rwanda hahingwa cyane cyane Arabica yo mu bwoko bwa Bourbon.<ref name="aljazeera" /> Ikawa iri mu bihingwa byinjiriza igihugu [[amadovize]] menshi, nyuma y'[[icyayi]]. Icyakora ihura n'ibibazo by'ibyonnyi n'indwara, uburyo bwo guhinga butanoze n'imbuto zidatanga umusaruro uhagije.<ref name="isar" /> == Ikawa n'ubuzima == [[File:Latte and dark coffee.jpg|thumb|Ikawa ivanze n'amata (ibumoso) n'ikawa y'umukara]] Nk'uko Ikigo cy'Uburayi gishinzwe umutekano w'ibiribwa (EFSA) kibivuga, gufata kafeyine igera kuri miligarama 400 ku munsi ntibitera ingaruka ku buzima bw'abantu bakuru bazima; abagore batwite basabwa kutarenza miligarama 200 ku munsi. Kurenza urwo rugero bishobora gutera kubura ibitotsi, guhangayika no gutera cyane k'[[umutima]].<ref name="efsa">{{Cite web |date=2015-05-27 |title=Caffeine |url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/caffeine |website=European Food Safety Authority |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2016, Ikigo mpuzamahanga cy'ubushakashatsi kuri [[kanseri]] (IARC) cyanzuye ko nta bimenyetso bihagije byerekana ko kunywa ikawa bitera kanseri; ariko kunywa ibinyobwa bishyushye cyane (birenze dogere 65) bishobora kongera ibyago bya kanseri y'[[umuhogo]].<ref name="iarc">{{Cite web |date=2016-06-15 |title=IARC Monographs evaluate drinking coffee, maté, and very hot beverages |url=https://www.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pr244_E.pdf |website=International Agency for Research on Cancer |language=en}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Igiti cya kawa]] * [[Ikawa ya Maraba]] * [[Ikawa ya Bourbon]] * [[Nova Coffee Ltd]] * [[Icyayi]] * [[Ikinyobwa]] * [[Ubuhinzi]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=Porogaramu y'Ikawa |url=http://www.isar.rw/spip.php?article148 |website=ISAR |language=rw |access-date=2021-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812042718/http://www.isar.rw/spip.php?article148 |archive-date=2011-08-12 |url-status=dead}} * {{Commonscat|Coffee}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ikawa}} [[Ikiciro:Ibinyobwa]] [[Ikiciro:Ubuhinzi]] [[Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda]] ro7bl5vwdn06kpu0e9v4caomzpe7xq0 0 3942 141246 117512 2026-10-10T21:23:23Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Opération Koundjoaré]] 141246 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ibendera rya Togo</span>]] [[File:LocationTogo.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita ya Togo</span>]] '''Togo''' (izina mu [[gifaransa]] : ''République Togolaise'' ) n’[[igihugu]] muri [[Afurika]]. [[File:Monument_of_independence_Lomé_1968.jpg|thumb|Monument of independence Lomé 1968]] [[File:F1120026_-_Nationalversammlung_Lomé.jpg|thumb|F1120026 - Nationalversammlung Lomé]] [[File:Togo_Government_Boeing_720-047B_Gilliand-1.jpg|thumb|Togo Government Boeing 720-047B Gilliand-1]] [[File:New_Port_in_Lomé_Togo_1968.jpg|thumb|New Port in Lomé Togo 1968]] == Umutekano == Kuva ku wa 11 Nzeri 2018, Togo ifite igikorwa cya gisirikare cyitwa [[Opération Koundjoaré]] mu Ntara ya Savanes, mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, kigamije kurwanya imitwe y'iterabwoba ituruka muri Sahel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le bouclier du Togo face au terrorisme |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/politique/le-bouclier-du-togo-face-au-terrorisme |website=République togolaise |date=2025-01-14 |language=fr}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} {{Afurika}} [[Category:Togo| ]] [[Category:Afurika]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] 953curzn0840jbafml7bh1ie698cwd6 0 6251 141293 140989 2026-10-11T08:30:29Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 141293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jean-Marie Guéhenno | image = Jean-Marie Guéhenno February 2015.jpg | caption = Jean-Marie Guéhenno mu 2015 | birth_date = 30 Ukwakira 1949 | birth_place = [[Paris]], [[Ubufaransa]] | nationality = Umufaransa | occupation = Umudipolomate | known_for = Umunyamabanga Mukuru Wungirije wa Loni ushinzwe ibikorwa byo kubungabunga amahoro (2000–2008) }} '''Jean-Marie Guéhenno''' (yavutse ku wa 30 Ukwakira 1949 i [[Paris]]) ni umudipolomate w’[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]]. Kuva mu 2000 kugeza mu 2008, yabaye Umunyamabanga Mukuru Wungirije w’[[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Umuryango w’Abibumbye]] (Loni) ushinzwe ibikorwa byo kubungabunga amahoro (''Peacekeeping Operations''). == Ubuzima n’amashuri == Ni umuhungu w’umwanditsi Jean Guéhenno na Annie Guéhenno, wari mu barwanyi ba ''Résistance'' mu gihe cy’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Annie Guéhenno, résistante et écrivain |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2006/05/08/annie-guehenno-resistante-et-ecrivain_769364_3382.html |newspaper=Le Monde |date=2006-05-08 |language=fr}}</ref> Yize muri École normale supérieure no muri École nationale d’administration (ENA), nyuma akora muri ''Cour des comptes''. Yayoboye ishami rishinzwe igenamigambi rya politiki mu Minisiteri y’Ububanyi n’Amahanga y’Ubufaransa (1989–1993), hanyuma ayobora Institut des hautes études de défense nationale (IHEDN) kuva mu 1998 kugeza mu 2000. == Umwuga muri Loni == [[File:Jean-Marie Guehenno at Chatham House 2015.jpg|thumb|Guéhenno i Chatham House (Londres) mu 2015]] Yashyizweho na [[Kofi Annan]], ayobora ibikorwa bya Loni byo kubungabunga amahoro kuva ku wa 1 Ukwakira 2000. Muri icyo gihe ibyo bikorwa byagutse kurusha ikindi gihe cyose, bigera ku bakozi bagera ku 130 000 mu butumwa 18. Yavuye kuri uwo mwanya mu 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Le Français Jean-Marie Guéhenno va quitter l'ONU |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/organisations-internationales/article/2008/03/06/le-francais-jean-marie-guehenno-va-quitter-l-onu_1019286_3220.html |newspaper=Le Monde |date=2008-03-06 |language=fr}}</ref> Kuva muri Werurwe kugeza muri Nyakanga 2012, yabaye Intumwa Yihariye Wungirije ya Loni n’Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Abarabu muri [[Siriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SG/A/1337 |url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sga1337.doc.htm |website=un.org |year=2012 |language=en}}</ref> == Indi mirimo == * Kuva mu mpera za 2010: Perezida w’inama y’ubuyobozi ya ''Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue'' (Genève). * 2012–2013: yayoboye isuzuma rya politiki y’umutekano n’ingabo z’Ubufaransa ryasabwe na Perezida [[François Hollande]]. * Kanama 2014: yagizwe Perezida w’''International Crisis Group'', asimbura Louise Arbour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jean-Marie Guéhenno |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/fr/apropos/Staff/Advocacy%20offices/Brussels%20HQ/guehenno-jean-marie.aspx |website=crisisgroup.org |language=fr |access-date=2023-09-28 |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20190604185350/http://www.crisisgroup.org/fr/apropos/Staff/Advocacy%20offices/Brussels%20HQ/guehenno-jean-marie.aspx |archive-date=2019-06-04 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> * 2021: umwarimu (''Kent Visiting Professor'') muri Kaminuza ya Columbia ([[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kent Global Leadership Program on Conflict Resolution |url=https://www.sipa.columbia.edu/ideas-lab/kent-global-leadership-program-conflict-resolution |website=Columbia SIPA |language=en |access-date=2021-01-16}}</ref> Yahawe impeta ya ''Légion d’honneur'' (Officier) n’iya ''Bundesverdienstkreuz'' y’[[Ubudage]] (Commandeur). == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Umuryango w’Abibumye]] * [[Siriya]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Guéhenno, Jean-Marie}} [[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] jvabu4rzkyaryworgsbq12y7h6fb2x3 0 8617 141253 134166 2026-10-10T23:06:46Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Roméo Dallaire]] 141253 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uwilingiyimana Agathe''' (23 Gicurasi 1953 - 6 [[Mata]] 1994) yari umunyapolitiki wo mu Rwanda. Yabaye Minisitiri w’Intebe w’u [[Rwanda]] kuva ku ya 18 Nyakanga 1993 kugeza apfuye ku ya 7 Mata 1994. {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" ! colspan="3" |Agathe Uwilingiyimana |- | colspan="3" | |- ! colspan="3" |Amakuru yihariye |- !Ivuka | colspan="2" |Nka maypole 23 nka 1953 Butare (Rwanda) |- !Urupfu | colspan="2" |Nk'uko Mata 7 nk'uko 1994 (imyaka 40) Kigali (Rwanda) |- !Impamvu y'urupfu | colspan="2" |Zavugiye uruguma maze kwica |- !Imva | colspan="2" |Irimbi ry'Intwari (Rwanda) |- !ubwenegihugu | colspan="2" |Rwanda |- !Iyobokamana | colspan="2" |Gatolika |- !Ishyaka rya politiki | colspan="2" |Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi |- ! colspan="3" |Umuryango |- !Uwo mwashakanye | colspan="2" |Ignace Barahira  <small>(1976-1994)</small> |- !Abahungu | colspan="2" |2 |- ! colspan="3" |Uburezi |- !Yize muri | colspan="2" |Kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda |- ! colspan="3" |Amakuru yumwuga |- !Umwuga | colspan="2" |Politics na mwarimu |- !Agace | colspan="2" |Imibare |- !Imyanya myinshi | colspan="2" |Minisitiri w’intebe w’u Rwanda  <small>(1993-1994)</small> |- | colspan="3" |[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243047 hindura amakuru kuri Wikidata ] |} Umunyamuryango w’Ishyaka Riharanira Demokarasi muri Repubulika (M.D.R.), yabaye Minisitiri w’Intebe w’u Rwanda ku ya 18 Nyakanga 1993, abaye umugore wa mbere (kandi kugeza ubu, wenyine) wabonye uwo mwanya. Mu nshingano ze nk'umuyobozi wa guverinoma, yitabiriye, hamwe na guverinoma ya Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] , mu mishyikirano yagiranye n’umutwe w’igihugu ukunda igihugu (FPR), inyeshyamba ziyobowe n’abatutsi . Ibiganiro byatumye hashyirwaho umukono ku masezerano ya Arusha muri Kanama 1993, arangiza by'agateganyo intambara yo mu Rwanda . [[Dosiye:Belgian Peacekeepers Memorial monument 18.jpg|thumb|Inyubako yiciwemo abasirikare 10 b'ababiligi barindaga Uwilingiyimana Agathe.]] Ku ya 7 Mata 1994, Perezida Habyarimana apfuye nyuma yuko abantu batamenyekanye barashe indege yari imutwaye. Ubwicanyi bwatangiye bica abatutsi mu murwa mukuru w'u Rwanda, Kigali. Nyuma y'amasaha make, ingabo zizerwa na Habyarimana zahanganye na Uwilingiyimana n'ingabo mpuzamahanga zaturutse mu butumwa bw'umuryango w’abibumbye bufasha u Rwanda (UNAMIR), zari ziyobowe na Jenerali [[Roméo Dallaire]]. Minisitiri w’intebe yiciwe, mu gihe abasirikare icumi b’Ababiligi bakorewe iyicarubozo kandi baricwa (abasirikare batanu bo muri [[Gana]] bo muri UNAMIR bararekuwe). Ibyabaye ku ya 7 Mata byaje gutuma haba jenoside ya korewe abatutsi , ihitana abatutsi bari hagati ya 500.000 na miliyoni 2. Uwilingiyimana Agathe ni umwe mu bagore bazwi mu mateka y' u Rwanda, yavukiye mu cyahoze ari Butare ahitwa Nyaruhengeri haherereye muri Km 140 uvuye i Kigali. Hashize igihe gito avutse umuryango we wagiye gukorera mu cyahoze ari Kongo-Mbiligi, Uwilingiyimana afite imyaka ine nibwo umuryango we wagarutse i Butare. Amaze gutsinda ikizamini cya leta cy' amashuri abanza, Uwiringiyimana yagiye kwiga muri Lycée Notre Dame Des Citeaux. Mu 1976 yahawe impamyabumenyi mu, mibare n' ubutabire, ahita aba umwarimu w' imibare muri Ecole Sociale de Butare, muri uwo mwaka ni nabwo yasezeranye na Barahira Ignace baza kubyarana abana bane. Mu 1983 afite imyaka 30 y' amavuko, yabaye umwarimu w' imibare n' ubutabire muri Kaminuza Nkuru y' u Rwanda. Mu 1986 yashinze koperative yo kuzigama no kuguriza mu bayobozi n' abarimu bagenzi be bo mu ishuri rya Butare, ibi bikaba byaramuteye gushimwa n' abayobozi bakuru b' igihugu maze yoherezwa gukora muri minisiteri y' ubucuruzi mu 1989. Agathe Uwiringiyimana Aba Minisitiri w' intebe . Mu 1992 yinjiye mi ishyaka riharanira Demokasi(MDR) ritavugaga rumwe na leta, nyuma y' amezi ane yahise agirwa Minisitiri w' uburezi na Dr Nsengiyaremye Dismas wari minisitiri w' intebe nyuma y' imishyikirano hagati ya perezida Habyarimana Yuvenali n' amashyaka atanu ataravugaga rumwe na leta.Ari ku buyobozi bwa minisiteri y' Uburezi, yakuyeho politiki y' iringaniza rishingiye ku moko mu mashuri, ibi bikaba byaratumye yangwa na benshi mu bayobozi bari bafite ingengabitekerezo y' amacakubiri. Ku itariki 17 Nyakanga 1993, nyuma y' inama hagati ya perezida Habyarimana n' amashyaka atavuga rumwe na leta, Uwiringiyimana Agathe yabaye minisitiri w' intebe wa mbere w' umugore, asimbuye Dr Nsengiyaremye wari waramugize minisitiri w' uburezi. kugirwa minisitiri w' intebe kwa Dr Nsengiyaremye na perezida Habyarimana ntibyigeze byishimirwa n' andi mashyaka.Bitewe nuko Uwiringiyimana atari afite imbaraga nk' abandi bakandida, byahaga ikizere perezida ko azashobora guca icyuho mu mashyaka atavuga rumwe nawe. Ku munsi wo kugirwa minisitiri w' intebe kwa Uwiringiyimana, Dr Nsengiyaremye yahise amuvana mu ishyaka rya MDR. === Agathe Uwiringiyimana n'Amasezerano ya Arusha === Hakomeje kubaho imishyikirano igamije amahoro hagati ya Habyarimana, amashyaka atavuga rumwe nawe ndetse na FPR.Amasezerano hagati ya Habyarimana, amashyaka atanu atavuga rumwe na leta na [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR]] yaje gusinywa tariki 4 Kanama 1993 mu masezerano ya Arusha.Habyarimana yagombaga kuba perezida w' agateganyo, minisitiri w' intebe akava muri MDR. Hagati aho Uwiringiyimana ntiyari yishimiwe na perezida ndetse na bamwe mu ishyaka rye ibi bikaba byaragaragariraga mu nama n' abanyamakuru aho bakundaga kumwibasira.Ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya guverinoma y' agateganyo ryagombaga gushyirwa mu bikorwa ku itariki 25 Mata 1994, aho Uwiringiyimana yagombaga kuva kuri uwo mwanya kuko atari akiri muri MDR. === Urupfu rwa Agathe Uwiringiyimana === Ibiganiro hagati ya Habyarimana, Uwiringiyimana na FPR ntibyigeze bigera ku ndunduro kuko perezida Habyarimana yishwe arasiwe mu ndege hafi saa mbiri n' igice z' ijoro ku itariki 6 Mata 1994. Nyuma y' amasaha make Habyarimana yishwe Uwiringiyimana Yagiranye ikiganiro na Radio Mpuzamahanga y' u Bufaransa(RFI), yerekana ibiri kubera mu gihugu agira ati: "hari amasasu hirya no hino, abantu baryamye hasi mu mazu yabo. Turi guhura n' ingaruka z' urupfu rwa perezida, ndizera ko twe abasiviri nta ruhare dufite mw' iyicwa rya perezida." Mbere ya saa cyenda z' ijoro ingabo z' Umuryango w' Abibumbye zohereje abasirikare b' Ababiligi mu rugo rwa Uwiringyimana, zigomba kumuherekeza kugera kuri Radio Rwanda, aho yagombaga gutambutsa ijambo rihumuriza abaturage.Urugo rwa Uwiringiyimana rwari rurinzwe n' Abanyegana batanu bo muri MINUAR hakiyongeraho abandi icumi b' Ababiligi. Imbere mu rugo rwe harimo abasirikare barindaga perezida'ariko hagati ya saa kumi n' ebyiri na mirongo ine n' itanu(6:45) na saa moya na cumi n' itanu (7:15) z' ijoro abasirikare bari bashinzwe kurinda perezida bagose abasirikare ba MINUAR maze babategeka gushyira intwaro zabo hasi. Uwiringiyimana amaze kubona ko nta burinzi agifite yahungiye ahakoreraga abakoranabushake b' Umuryango w' Abibumbye, abatangabuhamya bavuga ko abasirikare bashinzwe kurinda perezida binjiye aho bari bashaka Uwiringiyimana, bitewe nuko yatinyaga ko bakwica [[abana]] be yahise yiyerekana we n' umugabo we maze bahita baraswa ako kanya. Abana be bahise bahungishwa mu Busuwisi, mu gitabo cya Roméo Dallaire yise Shake hands with the Devil avuga ko abana ba Uwiringiyimana Agathe bahungishijwe na kapiteni Mbaye Diagne wari umusirike wa MINUAR. Majoro Ntuyahaga Bernard yashinjwe n' Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwa Arusha ko ariwe wishe Uwiringiyimana Agathe n' abasirikare icumi b' Umuryango w' Abibumbye. Uwiringiyimana Agathe yabaye umwe mu bagore bake b' abanyapolitiki babashije kurwanya igitugu. Ubu abarirwa mu ntwali z' igihugu cy' u Rwanda [[Category:Abanyepolitiki]] [[Category:Itsembabwoko]] [[Category:Abanyarwanda]] [[Category:Abahutu]] [[Category:Abagore]] m8kno929wew0bb95yd4bz41npnzggt5 0 8981 141362 128140 2026-10-11T11:45:42Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141362 wikitext text/x-wiki Bazongere Rosine umukinnyi wa Cinema umaze kumenyekana mu Rwanda.Rosine yari Umwe mubakunnyi b'imena bagaragaye muri filime Nyarwanda Papa Sava,filime ya [[City maid|City Maid]] na filime y'uruhererekane, Yakinaga yitwa Perukeriya. Rosine ni umwe mubakinnyi b'igitsina gore bigaragaza neza muri Filime hano mu Rwanda. Uretse gukina filime, Rosine ubu yinjiye no muri muzika ,aririmba injyana ya hip hop,amaze gushira hanze iyo yise " Stay" nindi yise "Akabando k'iminsi" [[Dosiye:Bazongere_Rosine.png|thumb|Bazongere Rosine]] == Bazongere murugendo rwamaguru == yatangiye urugendo rwamaguru rwibilometero 160<ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/bazongere-rosine-yakiranywe-urugwiro-i-nyagatare-nyuma-y-urugendo-rwa-160-km-n</ref> yarutangiye 12 gashyantare 2026 arutangiriye nyandungu umunsi wa mbere arara [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|rwamagana]]. kumunsi wa kabiri arara ahitwa kiramuruzi akomereza kabarore asoreza nyagatare kwitariki 15 gashyantare2026<ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/bazongere-rosine-yakiranywe-urugwiro-i-nyagatare-nyuma-y-urugendo-rwa-160-km-n</ref> rosine knd avuga ko azakomeza gukora urundi rugendo rwamasaha 24 adahagaze<ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/bazongere-rosine-yakiranywe-urugwiro-i-nyagatare-nyuma-y-urugendo-rwa-160-km-n</ref>. ee8olk44l8lit6yuuy34cjfucp4537q 0 8989 141392 136962 2026-10-11T11:55:31Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141392 wikitext text/x-wiki == ''Inka na abashumba mumuco nyarwanda'' == Amateka y'Abashumba mu muco Nyarwanda intangiriro yayo ni ku gaciro gakomeye k'inka. Ayo mateka yari ashingiye ku mibereho, ubukungu, n'imiyoborere by'Igihugu. Abashumba bari umwe mu migabane ikomeye cyane igize umuryango mugari w'Abanyarwanda, kandi uruhare rwabo rwari runini mu buzima bwa buri munsi no mu butegetsi bwa cyami. Abashumba bari ingenzi cyane mu muco nyarwanda, kuko inka yari inkingi ya mwamba mu mibereho, ubukungu, imibanire, n'imihango by'u Rwanda rwo hambere.<ref name=":0">https://www.google.com/search?q=Amateka+y%27Abashumaba+mu+muco+Nyarwanda&sca_esv=247386aaf4f72303&sxsrf=AE3TifPK0lZ-Lf52aF8jJhHaFXxU-H9okg%3A1762856807321&ei=Zw8TaaSpE-7r7_UPza6siQw&ved=0ahUKEwjk-Kiu8emQAxXu9bsIHU0XK8EQ4dUDCBE&uact=5&oq=Amateka+y%27Abashumaba+mu+muco+Nyarwanda&gs_lp=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&sclient=gws-wiz-serp</ref> [[Dosiye:Cows in green field - nullamunjie olive grove.jpg|thumb|950x950px|Ishyo ry'Inka]] == ''Uruhare rw'Abashumba mu muco Nyarwanda:'' == ===== ''Agaciro k'inka'' ===== Mu muco Nyarwanda, inka zahawe agaciro kadasanzwe, zafatwaga nk'ikimenyetso cy'ubukire, ishema, n'ubumwe bw'umuryango. Abashumba (aborozi b'inka) bari abantu bubashywe cyane bitewe n'amatungo baragiraga kandi bakita ku mibereho zazo umunsi ku munsi.<ref name=":0" /> ===== ''Imibereho y'Abanyarwanda'' ===== Imibereho y'Abanyarwanda cyane cyane Abashumba, yari ishingiye ku bworozi, amata n'ibikomoka ku nka byari ingenzi mu buzima bwabo no mu mirire. Habagaho n'amagambo menshi yihariye, imigenzo, n'ibirungo bigendanye n'inka n'amata, bigaragaza ubushorishori byari bifite mu muco.<ref name=":0" /> ===== ''Mu Butware n'Imiyoborere'' ===== Mu Rwanda rwo hambere, habagamo inzego z'ubutegetsi zihariye zishingiye ku bworozi. Hariho umutware w'umukenke ushinzwe by'umwihariko amazi n'ubwatsi bw'inka, cyane cyane inka z'Ibwami( [[INYAMBO|Inyambo]]). Uyu mutware yakusanyaga n'imisoro ku borozi.<ref name=":0" /> ===== ''Ubwiru n'Imihango'' ===== Abashumba bari bafite n'uruhare mu Bwiru (imihango y'ibwami y'ibanga). Hariho Umwiru-Mushumba, uwo mu nzu y'Abakeka, wari ushinzwe imihango yo kwimika imfizi y'ibwami n'indi migenzo ijyanye n'inka z'umwami. Ibi byerekana ko uruhare rwabo rwarenze imibereho isanzwe rukagera no mu miyoborere n'imihango y'igihugu.<ref name=":0" /> ===== ''Ubugeni n'Ubuvanganzo'' ===== [[Ubuvanganzo]] Nyarwanda burimo amazina y'inka, ibisigo birata inyambo n'umwami, ndetse n'inanga zivuga iby'ibwami, bigaragaza neza imibanire ya hafi Abanyarwanda bari bafitanye n'inka n'abashumba bazo.<ref name=":0" /> ===== ''Ihuzabukungu'' ===== Abashumba n'abahinga (abahinzi) babanaga mu buryo bw'ihuzabukungu, aho bahanahanaga ibicuruzwa n'umurimo, bigatuma umuryango nyarwanda uba umwe kandi ushingiye kuri byombi, nubwo hari imvugo ivuga ko Abatutsi bari abashumba cyane n'Abahutu bari abahinzi cyane.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro: == doo5qdqhw9oinexhjwchpatalgjjne1 0 9002 141259 141010 2026-10-11T00:47:51Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo ziherutse: urutonde rugufi (isaha + umutwe gusa) 141259 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ <!-- ==== IKAZE (HERO) ==== --> <div style="position:relative;overflow:hidden;border-radius:16px;padding:28px 24px 22px;color:#fff;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#0b5f8f 0%,#00A1DE 45%,#20603D 100%);box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.15)"> <div style="font-size:1.05em;opacity:0.95">Murakaza neza kuri</div> <div style="font-family:Georgia,'Linux Libertine','Times New Roman',serif;font-size:2.6em;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;margin:4px 0">Wikipediya mu Kinyarwanda</div> <div style="font-size:1.08em;max-width:46em">Inkoranyabumenyi yubakwa n'abayikoresha, mu rurimi rwacu. Buri wese ashobora kuyisoma no kuyandikamo ku buntu.</div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:14px;padding:8px 16px;border-radius:10px;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.22);font-size:1.05em">Ubu ifite ingingo '''[[Special:Statistics|<span style="color:#fff">{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}</span>]]''' zanditswe mu Kinyarwanda</div> <div style="margin-top:14px"><span style="display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)">[[Special:Random|<span style="color:#fff">🎲 Ingingo itunguranye</span>]]</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)">[[Special:NewPages|<span style="color:#fff">🆕 Ingingo nshya</span>]]</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)">[[Special:Categories|<span style="color:#fff">🗂️ Ibyiciro</span>]]</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)">[[Special:CreateAccount|<span style="color:#fff">✍️ Fungura konti</span>]]</span></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:-30px;top:-30px;width:150px;height:150px;border-radius:50%;background:radial-gradient(circle,#FAD201 0%,rgba(250,210,1,0.55) 45%,rgba(250,210,1,0) 70%)"></div> </div> <div style="height:6px;border-radius:3px;margin-top:6px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#00A1DE 0%,#00A1DE {{#expr:(5+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#FAD201 {{#expr:(12+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#FAD201 {{#expr:(17+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#20603D {{#expr:(22+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#20603D 100%)"></div> <!-- ==== IMBUGA (PORTAILS) ==== --> <div style="display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0"> <div style="flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)">[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-brush-pencil.svg|48px|link=Portail:Arts|alt=Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]<div style="font-weight:700;margin-top:6px">[[Portail:Arts|Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]</div><div style="font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)">Ubuhanzi, amateka, indimi</div></div> <div style="flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)">[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-genius.svg|48px|link=Portail:Sciences|alt=Ubumenyi]]<div style="font-weight:700;margin-top:6px">[[Portail:Sciences|Ubumenyi]]</div><div style="font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)">Ubumenyi bwimbitse n’ibintu karemano</div></div> <div style="flex:1 1 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115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)">[[Dosiye:Noto Emoji Oreo 1f3c0.svg|48px|link=Portail:Vie quotidienne et loisirs|alt=Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]<div style="font-weight:700;margin-top:6px">[[Portail:Vie quotidienne et loisirs|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]</div><div style="font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)">Siporo, ibiryo, umuziki</div></div> </div> <!-- ==== INGINGO Y'ICYUMWERU + ISHUSHO ==== --> <div style="display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0"> <div style="flex:1 1 440px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #00A1DE;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)"> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#00A1DE">📖 Ingingo y'icyumweru</h2> {{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 8 }} | 0 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki ya Nyungwe]] '''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Pariki y'Igihugu ya Nyungwe]]''' (izwi kandi nka Ishyamba rya Nyungwe) ni pariki iherereye mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka w'u Burundi, aho ikomereza muri Pariki ya Kibira. Ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019, ikaba ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, kandi ni rimwe mu mashyamba y'imvura ya kera kurusha ayandi muri Afurika. Kuva muri Nzeri 2023, iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO. <div style="text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600">[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Soma byinshi →]]</div> | 1 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ni kimwe mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika. Giherereye ku mupaka uhuza [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], muri Albertine Rift, ishami ry'iburengerazuba rya Rift ya Afurika. Amazi yacyo asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, rutemba rugana mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika. Uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku kiyaga ni Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke. <div style="text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600">[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|Soma byinshi →]]</div> | 2 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]] '''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Pariki y'Igihugu y'Ibirunga]]''' ni pariki iherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'Ubugande. Irinda igice cy'u Rwanda cy'urunigi rw'ibirunga rwa Virunga, harimo ibirunga bitanu birimo [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]] na Sabyinyo. Izwi cyane ku isi kubera [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu birunga]]. <div style="text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600">[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Soma byinshi →]]</div> | 3 = [[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|right|180px|link=Ikinyarwanda]] '''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' ni ururimi gakondo rw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ijambo « ikinyarwanda » rishobora kandi gusobanura umuco n'imico ikomoka mu Rwanda. Kivugwa mu Rwanda no mu nkengero zarwo, cyane cyane mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubugande. Gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]]. <div style="text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600">[[Ikinyarwanda|Soma byinshi →]]</div> | 4 = [[Dosiye:Traditional food from Rwanda.jpg|right|180px|link=Umuganura]] '''[[Umuganura]]''' ni umuhango nyarwanda wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama, aho Abanyarwanda bizihiza ibyo bagezeho mu buhinzi, mu bworozi no mu burumbuke. Gukomera kuri uyu muhango ni ugusigasira umurage w'u Rwanda, kuko umuganura ukubiyemo indangagaciro zirimo kwishimira umusaruro, gukunda umurimo n'igihugu. <div style="text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600">[[Umuganura|Soma byinshi →]]</div> | 5 = [[Dosiye:Honeybee landing on milkthistle02.jpg|right|180px|link=Uruyuki]] '''[[Uruyuki]]''' (ubuke: inzuki; mu kilatini: ''Apis'') ni agasimba k'inigwahabiri kadafite amagufwa, gafite umubiri ugizwe n'ibice bitatu: umutwe, igituza n'inda. Ku mutwe hariho uduhembe tubiri tuzifasha kumenya ibizikikije n'amaso manini abiri. Mu muzinga umwe hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi. <div style="text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600">[[Uruyuki|Soma byinshi →]]</div> | 6 = [[Dosiye:Muhazi Lake.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]] '''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ni ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Igice kinini cyacyo kiri mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, naho impera yacyo y'iburengerazuba igakora umupaka hagati y'Intara y'Amajyaruguru na [[Kigali]]. Ni ikibaya cyuzuyemo amazi kiryamye kuva iburasirazuba ugana iburengerazuba. <div style="text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600">[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi|Soma byinshi →]]</div> | 7 = [[Dosiye:Maasai boys in hunting gear.jpg|right|180px|link=Abamasayi]] '''[[Abamasayi]]''' ni ubwoko bw'abantu batuye mu majyaruguru, hagati no mu majyepfo ya Kenya, no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya. Bari mu baturage bazwi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga, bitewe n'aho batuye hafi ya pariki nyinshi zo mu karere k'Ibiyaga Bigari bya Afurika, n'imigenzo yabo, imyambarire n'imitako byabo bwite. <div style="text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600">[[Abamasayi|Soma byinshi →]]</div> }} <div style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em"> {{#switch: {{#expr: ({{CURRENTWEEK}} + 4) mod 8 }} | 0 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki ya Nyungwe]] '''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Pariki y'Igihugu ya Nyungwe]]''' (izwi kandi nka Ishyamba rya Nyungwe) ni pariki iherereye mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka w'u Burundi, aho ikomereza muri Pariki ya Kibira. Ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019, ikaba ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, kandi ni rimwe mu mashyamba y'imvura ya kera kurusha ayandi muri Afurika. Kuva muri Nzeri 2023, iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO. <div style="text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600">[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Soma byinshi →]]</div> | 1 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ni kimwe mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika. Giherereye ku mupaka uhuza [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], muri Albertine Rift, ishami ry'iburengerazuba rya Rift ya Afurika. Amazi yacyo asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, rutemba rugana mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika. Uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku kiyaga ni Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke. <div style="text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600">[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|Soma byinshi →]]</div> | 2 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]] '''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Pariki y'Igihugu y'Ibirunga]]''' ni pariki iherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'Ubugande. Irinda igice cy'u Rwanda cy'urunigi rw'ibirunga rwa Virunga, harimo ibirunga bitanu birimo [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]] na Sabyinyo. Izwi cyane ku isi kubera [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu birunga]]. <div style="text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600">[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Soma byinshi →]]</div> | 3 = [[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|right|180px|link=Ikinyarwanda]] '''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' ni ururimi gakondo rw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ijambo « ikinyarwanda » rishobora kandi gusobanura umuco n'imico ikomoka mu Rwanda. Kivugwa mu Rwanda no mu nkengero zarwo, cyane cyane mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubugande. Gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]]. <div style="text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600">[[Ikinyarwanda|Soma byinshi →]]</div> | 4 = [[Dosiye:Traditional food from Rwanda.jpg|right|180px|link=Umuganura]] '''[[Umuganura]]''' ni umuhango nyarwanda wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama, aho Abanyarwanda bizihiza ibyo bagezeho mu buhinzi, mu bworozi no mu burumbuke. Gukomera kuri uyu muhango ni ugusigasira umurage w'u Rwanda, kuko umuganura ukubiyemo indangagaciro zirimo kwishimira umusaruro, gukunda umurimo n'igihugu. <div style="text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600">[[Umuganura|Soma byinshi →]]</div> | 5 = [[Dosiye:Honeybee landing on milkthistle02.jpg|right|180px|link=Uruyuki]] '''[[Uruyuki]]''' (ubuke: inzuki; mu kilatini: ''Apis'') ni agasimba k'inigwahabiri kadafite amagufwa, gafite umubiri ugizwe n'ibice bitatu: umutwe, igituza n'inda. Ku mutwe hariho uduhembe tubiri tuzifasha kumenya ibizikikije n'amaso manini abiri. Mu muzinga umwe hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi. <div style="text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600">[[Uruyuki|Soma byinshi →]]</div> | 6 = [[Dosiye:Muhazi Lake.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]] '''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ni ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Igice kinini cyacyo kiri mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, naho impera yacyo y'iburengerazuba igakora umupaka hagati y'Intara y'Amajyaruguru na [[Kigali]]. Ni ikibaya cyuzuyemo amazi kiryamye kuva iburasirazuba ugana iburengerazuba. <div style="text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600">[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi|Soma byinshi →]]</div> | 7 = [[Dosiye:Maasai boys in hunting gear.jpg|right|180px|link=Abamasayi]] '''[[Abamasayi]]''' ni ubwoko bw'abantu batuye mu majyaruguru, hagati no mu majyepfo ya Kenya, no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya. Bari mu baturage bazwi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga, bitewe n'aho batuye hafi ya pariki nyinshi zo mu karere k'Ibiyaga Bigari bya Afurika, n'imigenzo yabo, imyambarire n'imitako byabo bwite. <div style="text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600">[[Abamasayi|Soma byinshi →]]</div> }} </div> </div> <div style="flex:1 1 320px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #C99A00;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)"> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#C99A00">📷 Ishusho y'icyumweru</h2> <div style="overflow:hidden"> {{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 8 }} | 0 = [[Dosiye:NYUNGWE CLOUDS.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ibicu hejuru y'ishyamba rya Nyungwe]] <div style="text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em">Ibicu hejuru y'ishyamba rya [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]</div> | 1 = [[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) female 2.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ingagi y'ingore yo mu birunga (Gorilla beringei beringei) — reba Ingagi zo mu birunga]] <div style="text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em">Ingagi y'ingore yo mu birunga (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') — reba [[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]</div> | 2 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Umuseke ku Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] <div style="text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em">Umuseke ku [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]</div> | 3 = [[Dosiye:Golden monkey (Cercopithecus kandti) eating.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Inkende y'izahabu (Cercopithecus kandti) irya]] <div style="text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em">Inkende y'izahabu (''Cercopithecus kandti'') irya</div> | 4 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ikirunga cya Sabyinyo muri Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]] <div style="text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em">Ikirunga cya Sabyinyo muri [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]</div> | 5 = [[Dosiye:Rough chameleon (Trioceros rudis).jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Uruvu (Trioceros rudis) rwo mu Rwanda]] <div style="text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em">Uruvu (''Trioceros rudis'') rwo mu Rwanda</div> | 6 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Aho imirima y'icyayi ihurira n'ishyamba rya Nyungwe]] <div style="text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em">Aho imirima y'icyayi ihurira n'ishyamba rya [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]</div> | 7 = [[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) yawn.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ingagi yo mu birunga yasamye]] <div style="text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em">Ingagi yo mu birunga yasamye</div> }} </div> </div> </div> <!-- ==== WARI UZI KO + FASHA ==== --> <div style="display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0"> <div style="flex:1 1 440px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #20603D;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)"> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#20603D">💡 Wari uzi ko…</h2> {{#ifexpr: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 2 }} = 0 | * … ko '''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe]]''' ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, rifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019? * … ko '''[[Umuganura]]''' wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama? * … ko '''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]''' irinda ibirunga bitanu by'urunigi rwa Virunga? * … ko '''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' kivugwa no mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]? * … ko '''[[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]]''' ari cyo kirunga kirekire kurusha ibindi mu birunga bya Virunga, gifite metero 4 507? * … ko '''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]]? * … ko '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' kiri ku mupaka uhuza [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]? | * … ko kuva muri Nzeri 2023 '''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]''' iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO? * … ko amazi y''''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, akajya mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika? * … ko mu muzinga umwe w''''[[Uruyuki|inzuki]]''' hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi? * … ko '''[[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]''' ziri mu bwoko bw'inyamaswa buri gucika cyane ku isi? * … ko '''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ari ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]? * … ko '''[[Abamasayi]]''' batuye muri Kenya no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya? * … ko uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ari Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke? }} </div> <div style="flex:1 1 320px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #7A4BB0;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)"> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#7A4BB0">🤝 Fasha Wikipediya</h2> Wikipediya mu Kinyarwanda ikeneye abanditsi! Ushobora gutangira uyu munsi: <div style="display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0"><span style="flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700">1</span><div>[[Special:CreateAccount|Fungura konti]] ku buntu (si itegeko, ariko birafasha).</div></div> <div style="display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0"><span style="flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700">2</span><div>Kosora amakosa, wongere amakuru n'[[Ubufasha:Footnotes|inkomoko]] mu ngingo zisanzwe.</div></div> <div style="display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0"><span style="flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700">3</span><div>Hindura ingingo ziva mu zindi ndimi ukoresheje [[Special:ContentTranslation|igikoresho cyo guhindura]].</div></div> <div style="display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0"><span style="flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700">4</span><div>Kwitoza mbere: gerageza ku [[Wikipedia:About the sandbox|rupapuro rw'igerageza]].</div></div> <div style="margin-top:10px;font-size:0.92em">[[Wikipedia:Community Portal|Urubuga rw'abanditsi]] · [[Special:RecentChanges|Impinduka ziheruka]] · [[Special:WantedPages|Ingingo zikenewe]]</div> </div> </div> <!-- ==== INGINGO ZIKUNZWE ==== --> <div style="flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #00A1DE;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)"> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#00A1DE">⭐ Ingingo zasomye cyane</h2> <div style="line-height:2.1"><span style="display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)">[[Rwanda]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)">[[Imirenge y’u Rwanda]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)">[[Burundi]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)">[[Nijeriya]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)">[[Afurika y’Epfo]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)">[[Pariki ya Nyungwe]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)">[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)">[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)">[[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)">[[Ikawa]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)">[[Ikinyarwanda]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)">[[Ikirundi]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)">[[Imigani migufi y’Ikinyarwanda]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)">[[Fred Rwigema]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)">[[Imihindagurikire y’ibihe]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)">[[SIDA]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)">[[Ubukirisitu]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)">[[Islamu]]</span></div> </div> <!-- ==== INGINGO ZIHERUTSE ==== --> <div style="flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #3366CC;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)"> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#3366CC">✨ Ingingo ziherutse</h2> <templatestyles src="Inyandikorugero:Ingingo ziherutse/styles.css" /><div class="ingingo-ziherutse" style="max-height:11em;overflow-y:auto;column-width:18em;column-gap:2em;column-rule:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);font-size:0.9em;line-height:1.5"> {{Special:NewPages|limit=30|namespace=0|hideredirs=1}} </div> <div style="text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600">[[Special:NewPages|Reba izindi ngingo ziherutse →]]</div> </div> <!-- ==== IMISHINGA YA WIKIMEDIA ==== --> <div style="flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #72777d;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);margin-top:16px"> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#54595d">🌐 Imishinga ifitanye isano na Wikipediya</h2> Wikipediya icungwa na [[Wikimedia Foundation|Fondasiyo ya Wikimediya]], umuryango udaharanira inyungu unacunga n'indi mishinga y'ubuntu: <div style="display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px 12px;margin-top:8px"> <div style="flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px">[[Dosiye:Commons-logo.svg|36px|link=commons:|alt=Commons]]<div>'''[[commons:|Commons]]'''<br /><span style="font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)">Amafoto n’amajwi by’ubuntu</span></div></div> <div style="flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px">[[Dosiye:Wikidata-logo.svg|36px|link=d:|alt=Wikidata]]<div>'''[[d:|Wikidata]]'''<br /><span style="font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)">Ububiko bw’amakuru</span></div></div> <div style="flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px">[[Dosiye:Wiktionary-logo.svg|36px|link=wikt:|alt=Wiktionary]]<div>'''[[wikt:|Wiktionary]]'''<br /><span style="font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)">Inkoranyamagambo</span></div></div> <div style="flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px">[[Dosiye:Wikiquote-logo.svg|36px|link=q:|alt=Wikiquote]]<div>'''[[q:|Wikiquote]]'''<br /><span style="font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)">Amagambo yavuzwe</span></div></div> <div style="flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px">[[Dosiye:Wikibooks-logo.svg|36px|link=b:|alt=Wikibooks]]<div>'''[[b:|Wikibooks]]'''<br /><span style="font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)">Ibitabo by’ubuntu</span></div></div> <div style="flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px">[[Dosiye:Wikisource-logo.svg|36px|link=s:|alt=Wikisource]]<div>'''[[s:|Wikisource]]'''<br /><span style="font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)">Inyandiko z’umwimerere</span></div></div> <div style="flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px">[[Dosiye:Wikispecies-logo.svg|36px|link=species:|alt=Wikispecies]]<div>'''[[species:|Wikispecies]]'''<br /><span style="font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)">Ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima</span></div></div> <div style="flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px">[[Dosiye:Wikiversity logo 2017.svg|36px|link=v:|alt=Wikiversity]]<div>'''[[v:|Wikiversity]]'''<br /><span style="font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)">Kwiga ku buntu</span></div></div> <div style="flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px">[[Dosiye:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg|36px|link=voy:|alt=Wikivoyage]]<div>'''[[voy:|Wikivoyage]]'''<br /><span style="font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)">Ubuyobozi bw’ingendo</span></div></div> <div style="flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px">[[Dosiye:Wikinews-logo.svg|36px|link=n:|alt=Wikinews]]<div>'''[[n:|Wikinews]]'''<br /><span style="font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)">Amakuru y’ubuntu</span></div></div> <div style="flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px">[[Dosiye:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|36px|link=m:|alt=Meta-Wiki]]<div>'''[[m:|Meta-Wiki]]'''<br /><span style="font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)">Guhuza imishinga</span></div></div> <div style="flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px">[[Dosiye:MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg|36px|link=mw:|alt=MediaWiki]]<div>'''[[mw:|MediaWiki]]'''<br /><span style="font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)">Porogaramu ya wiki</span></div></div> </div> </div> <!-- ==== MU ZINDI NDIMI ==== --> <div style="text-align:center;margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:0.95em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)">'''Wikipediya mu zindi ndimi:'''<br />[[:rn:|Ikirundi]] · [[:sw:|Igiswahili]] · [[:lg:|Luganda]] · [[:ln:|Lingala]] · [[:af:|Icyafurikansi]] · [[:ha:|Igihawusa]] · [[:ig:|Icyigibo]] · [[:wo:|Ikiwolofu]] · [[:ar:|Icyarabu]]<br />[[:fr:|Igifaransa]] · [[:en:|Icyongereza]] · [[:de:|Ikidage]] · [[:es:|Icyesipanyolo]] · [[:nl:|Igiholandi]]</div> oni6zgojgl7516i6wufj6cgfqygsqv2 0 9919 141265 122347 2026-10-11T04:13:11Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 141265 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Frontlines Of Eye Care 1-2 (IA VCEFrontlinesOfEyeCare12).pdf|thumb|Eye Care Foundation|387x387px]] '' Fondation Eye Care Foundation' '' ('' ECF '') ni umuryango mpuzamahanga utabara imbabare ukorera mu bihugu birenga 20 byo muri [[Aziya]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220627231330/https://guardian.ng/news/africas-first-rotary-eye-hospital-nearing-completion-in-lagos/ Africa's Rumah Sakit Mata Rotary pertama hampir selesai di Lagos] The Guardian.ng (6 Sep 2017). Diakses pada 04 Mei 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/04/free-health-mission-8-month-old-aged-regain-sight/ 8-month old , tua, penglihatan kembali] VanGuardngr.com (18 April 2018). Diakses pada 05 Mei 2018.</ref> ECF yashinzwe igihe '' Eyecare Worldwide '' na '' Abaganga b'amaso ya Mekong '' yahujwe [[2008]]. <ref>[https://beta.volkskrant.nl/economie/instellingen-ooghulp-slaan-handen-ineen~b326b9b2 / Instellingen ooghulp slaan handen ineen] Volkskrant.nl (25 Juli 2008). Diakses pada 05 Mei 2018.</ref> Amashyirahamwe yombi yasangiye intego kandi akorana nkuko umusingi uriho wagaragaye ko ari mwiza. [[CEO]] wa ECF ni [[Björn Stenvers]]. == Amateka == Eyecare Worldwide (1984) yashinzwe na [[] umuganga] [[ijisho] umuganga] [w’Ubuholandi]] wagize ingaruka ku kibazo cy’abantu benshi bahumye. Bashobora gukira cyangwa no gukumirwa. Abaganga b'amaso ya Mekong (1993) yashinzwe n’umuhanga mu binyabuzima w’[[Ubuholandi]] nyuma yo kuba muri Tayilande [Tayilande | Tayilande] akora ubushakashatsi [[]]. [[Dosiye:G-CECF (37190821065).jpg|thumb|406x406px|EFC plane]] Eye Foundation ishyigikira imishinga yo muri [[Kambodiya]], [[Lawosi‎]], [[Nepali‎]], [[Tanzaniya]][na] [[Viyetinamu‎]] mu rwego rwo gukumira no gukiza ubumuga bwo kutabona no kutabona. Kwiyegurira Imana bifasha kandi abantu badashoboye kwitabwaho neza kandi badashobora kwivuza amaso nkamaso cyangwa kubaga amaso. Fondation Eye Care ifite ibiro n'ibitaro muri Himalaya, [[Nepali‎]], Amajyepfo yAmajyepfo ya Aziya ([[Viyetinamu‎]]),<ref>[https://www.sc.com/global/av/eye-care-programme.pdf Standard Chartered memperluas program perawatan mata ke tambahan 2,2 juta orang di [[Viyetinamu‎]]]</ref> [[Kambodiya]], [[Lawosi‎]]) na [[Afurika]] ([[Tanzaniya]], [[Rwanda]]).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230811091304/https://www.northwestsignal.net/news/article_a9e07fdf-5218-5517-befd-d90dd5f229a8.html Local Lions Club belajar tentang Eye Care Foundation] Northwest Signal.net]</ref> [[Toine van Peperstraten]] adalah Ambassador untuk Eye Care Foundation.<ref>[https://nederlandsmedianieuws.nl/TV-en-Video/tv-en-video-nieuws/Toine-van-Peperstraten-zet-zich-in-voor-Eye-Care-Foundation/]</ref> == Igihugu gikora == === [[Tanzaniya]] === ECF ishyigikira [[ikigo nderabuzima]] cya gikirisitu cya [[Umusozi wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] (KCMC) ishami ryubuzima bwamaso <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kcmc.ac.tz/Services/eye.php |title=kcmc.ac.tz |access-date=2022-01-09 |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205813/https://www.kcmc.ac.tz/Services/eye.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuva [2009]] kandi ifite ibiro muri [[Tanzaniya]] kuva [[2018]]. <ref>[https://www.iapb.org/about/news/eye-care-foundation-activities-in- tanzania/ ]</ref> === [[Kambodiya]]=== [[Dosiye:ఐ కేర్ ఫౌండేషన్ లోగో.png|thumb|CEFC FOUNDATION]] Fondasiyo yatanze inkunga yo kwita kumaso muri [[Kambodiya]]kuva 1997, kugirango ifashe abatishoboye mubukungu n'imibereho myiza. ECF igamije kubaka umuyoboro uhamye wo kwita kumaso no gutanga ubuvuzi buhendutse bushyira amashami meza yo kwita kumaso mubitaro byaho. ubufatanye na serivisi z'ubuzima zo mu karere muri leta za Ratanakiri, Mondulkiri, Kratie, Svay Rieng, Tbong Khmum, Preah Vihear, Oddar Meanchey na Pailin. ECF yatangije serivisi zita kumaso kumatsinda nkabantu bake, ababana nubumuga, nabagore nabana.<ref>[https://www.ccc-cambodia.org/en/ngodb/ngo-information/325 ccc-cambodia.org ]</ref> === [[Lawosi‎]]=== ECF yasuye [[Lawosi‎]] ku nshuro ya mbere mu 2007, itangiza imishinga muri leta ya Xieng Khouang na Houa Phanh mu mwaka wa 2011. Hatanzwe ubufasha muri utwo turere kugira ngo hongerwe ireme no kuvura amaso. Muri 2018, hafunguwe ibiro by’ubuhinzi muri [[Lawosi‎]]. Inzobere ebyiri z’amaso zarangije gutura kwa Othalmology maze batangira imirimo yabo ku mishinga yo muri leta za Houaphan na Saysomboun. Kuri Sayomboun, hashyizweho ishami rishya ryita kumaso kandi ritegurwa. Umwaka- raporo-2016 . === [[Nepali‎]] === ECF ishyigikira ibitaro bibiri bikomeye muri [[Nepali‎]]; kuri Match na Pokhara. ECF ishyigikira gahunda zubuzima bwamaso muri Gandaki, Dhaulagiri, Imikino, Gorkha na Karnali. Ibiro bya [[Nepali‎]]byafunguwe mu 1988. <ref> {{Tanga urubuga | umutwe = Ibitaro by'amaso bya Himalaya | url = http: //heh.org.np/ | kwinjira-itariki = 2021-05-06 | ururimi = en-US}} </ref> === [[Viyetinamu‎]]=== ECF yagiye itera inkunga amaso muri [[Viyetinamu‎]]kuva mu 1993. Mbere, fondasiyo yagize uruhare mu gutegura ingando z’amaso ziyobowe n’ubuvuzi bw’amaso n’abaforomo bo mu Buholandi, zifasha kuvura abarwayi benshi ba cataracte bishoboka. ECF yashyizeho Centre 2 za Vision muri Vinh Long na Dong Thap, ku nkunga y'abaterankunga, kandi yongeraho 16 hamwe na Vision Centre hamwe n’inkunga yihariye mu karere ka Mekong Delta. Ibiro bya [[Viyetinamu‎]]muri Ho Chi City Minh byafunguwe muri 2008. == Marejeo == * ''Umunsi mubuzima bwa Leyla & Ray.'' ECF: [[Rwanda]]/ [[Tanzaniya]], 2021, {{ISBN|978-9090-355048}} * ''A day in the life of Hy & Ry.'' Eye Care Foundation (ECF): [[Saigon]], 2021, {{ISBN|978-9090-355047}} * ''Mission Eye Care.'' Johan Enschede Amsterdam (JEA): Amsterdam, 2019, {{ISBN|978-9-0830-14029}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.eyecarefoundation.eu/ official] ==Tanbihi== [[Category:Mashirika ya kimataifa]] [[Category:Afurika]] [[Category:Tanzaniya]] [[Category:Rwanda]] [[Category:Aziya]] [[Category:Kambodiya]] [[Category:Lawosi‎]] [[Category:Nepali‎]] [[Category:Viyetinamu‎]] 8dng4q5kxx635hatq8dhsxodw8irzgl 0 10086 141390 135975 2026-10-11T11:54:40Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141390 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Intebe zigezweho.jpg|thumb|Urubyiruko muguhanga Imiimo]] == Urubyiruko mu Rwanda == Muri 2012, Urubyiruko rwu Rwanda rugizwe na 40% yabaturage bagize i gihugu cy'u Rwanda aribo 4.1 miliyoni. Repuburika y'u Rwanda minisiteri y' u Rubyiruko, umuco na siporo isobanura ko urubyiruko ari hagati yimyaka 14 na 35. Nkibihugu biri munzira yamajyambere Abanyarwanda muri rusange ni bato. Abarenga 50% yabanyarwanda bari munsi yimyaka 20 nabafite hagati yimyaka 22.7 niyo mamvu reta yashyize ingufu muguhanga imirimo mishya bunyuze muri Rwanda tiveti bodi ikigo gishinzwe kwigisha imyuga urugero nkikigo Rwanda poritekinike gishari giherereye mukarere ka [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|Rwamagana]] mumurenge wa Gishari. [[Dosiye:Art and Feminism event in Ruhengeri, Rwanda with Wikimedians of Ruhengeri 02.jpg|thumb|Urubyiruko mukkwihangira Imirimo]] == Umurimo mu Rwanda == MIFOTRA igaragaza ko igipimo cy'ubushomeri mu Rwanda muri 2017 cyari kuri 17.8%, 2018 kiramanuka kijya kuri 15.1%, 2019 kigera kuri 15.2%, na ho muri 2020 kigera kuri 16%. Mu rubyiruko kuva muri 2017 igipimo cyari 21.3%, na ho muri 2020 kigera kuri 20.6%.Ni mu gihe kandi ubushomeri mu bantu barangije amashuri kaminuza muri 2017 cyari kuri 16.8%, muri 2020 kigera kuri 15.9%.Mu mwaka wa 2020 hahanzwe imirimo ibihumbi 223 mu gihe muri gahunda ya guverinoma y'imyaka 7 NST1 imirimo yagombaga guhangwa buri mwaka ari ibihumbi 214 ivuye ku bihumbi155 muri 2017.<ref>https://www.rba.co.rw/post/MIFOTRA-mu-ngamba-zo-guhangana-nubushomeri-mu-rubyiruko</ref> == Imishinga Igamije gufasha urubyiruko mu kwihangira imirimo == Mu rwego rwo guhangana nikibazo kibura ryakazi mu Rwanda urubyiruko rurasabwa guhanga umurimo. Hari imishinga itandukanye igamije gufasha urubyiruko mu guhanga umurimo. === [[Akazi Kanoze (AKA)|Akazi kanoze]] === Nyuma y'uko umushinga wabanyamerika witwa USAID uteye inkunda umushinga AKAZI Kanoze watangiye ufasha urubyiruko guhera mu mwaka wa 2015, aho bafashije urubyiruko rutandukanye mu bijyanye no kwiteza imbere ndetse no kubongerera ubumenyi nubushobozi mu bikenewe ku masoko. Akazi kanoze katangiranye n'urubyiruko rurenze ibihumbi bibiri harimo abahungu n'abakobwa, umusaruro byatanze nuko mirongo itandatu kwijana by'urubyiruko rwahuguwe babonye imirimo mu bigo bitandukanye hano mu Rwanda. Kuva yashingwa AKA yagiye ifasha cyane urubyiruko mu kubahugura mu bigendanye no kumenya ibikenewe kw'isoko ry'umurimo, kubona igishoro n'uburyo wakibyaza umusaruro, kwihangira imirimo, ubuvugizi ndetse n'ibindi bikorwa bitandukanye bigamije kongerera urubyiruko ubushobozi. Benshi mubafashishwe cyane nakazi kanoze harimo abakobwa bagera ku munani kwijana bahawe akazi nabandi badamu batabonye amahugurwa<ref>[[Akazi Kanoze (AKA)]]</ref>. == Gukorera hamwe byihutisha iterambere kurubyiruko == nisitiri w’Intebe, Dr Edouard Ngirente, yabwiye urubyiruko ko ibanga ryo kugera ku ntego zarwo no kugeza igihugu ku iterambere ari uko hejuru yo kugira indangagaciro rugomba kugerageza amahirwe, guharanira guhanga udushya, gukorera hamwe no kwigirira icyizere mu byo rukora. Dr Ngirente yabigarutseho kuri uyu wa 18 Ukuboza 2019 mu butumwa yahaye urubyiruko rusaga 3000 rwitabiriye Youth Connect Convention cyangwa “Inkera y’Imihigo y’Urubyiruko” yabereye muri Intare Conference Arena i Rusororo. Iyi nkera yitabiriwe n’abahagarariye Inama y’Igihugu y’Urubyiruko, ba rwiyemezamirimo bato, abiga mu mashuri makuru na kaminuza, urubyiruko ruba mu mahanga, urufite ubumuga, abahanzi, abanyabugeni, abakunze gutanga ibitekerezo ku mbuga nkoranyambaga n’abandi. Minisitiri w’Intebe Dr Ngirente yavuze ko urubyiruko ariyo nkingi y’iterambere ry’u Rwanda n’Isi muri rusange, aho by’umwihariko mu Rwanda abari munsi y’imyaka 35 bihariye 70%. Ati “Birumvikana ko imbaraga n’ubushobozi byanyu ari byo bizafasha u Rwanda kwihutisha iterambere ry’ubukungu tugana ku cyerekezo twihaye cyo kugera ku bukungu bushingiye ku bumenyi. Kugira ngo tukigereho, urubyiruko rugomba kuba rufite ubumenyi buhagije burufasha kujya ku isoko ry’umurimo rukabasha gupiganwa n’abandi.” Minisitiri Dr Ngirente yavuze ko Guverinoma ikora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo ubwo bumenyi bukenewe buboneke, narwo rugomba kubyaza ayo mahirwe umusaruro. Ati “Tuzi ko mufite impano zitandukanye igihugu gishobora kwifashisha mu guhanga ibishya. Turabasaba rero gutinyuka, mubyaze umusaruro impano mufite, zizabagirire akamaro kandi zikagirire igihugu cyacu.” Mu rwego rwo kubyaza umusaruro amahirwe y’urubyiruko rufite impano, Guverinoma yatangije ikigega gitera inkunga ubushakashatsi no guhanga udushya aho kimaze gufasha imishinga 14 muri 50 yemewe. Yakomeje avuga ko ibyo bikorwa mu kwereka urubyiruko ko rushyigikiwe. Ati “Hejuru y’indangagaciro nk’Abanyarwanda twagiye twigishwa nk’urubyiruko, dukeneye kugerageza gutanguranwa amahirwe, kureba uburyo dushakisha amahirwe, buri kintu tukagerageza gushaka uburyo twakibyaza ayandi mahirwe ariko hari no kugira icyizere mu byo ukora kandi wizeye kuzabigeraho.” Minisitiri w’Intebe Dr Ngirente agaragaza ko umuntu ufite izo ndangagaciro akanamenya icyo ashaka abigeraho cyane iyo ahuje imbara n’abandi. Ati “Iyo abantu bahishanya, ukihishana ibyawe wenyine ntacyo ugeraho. Iyo amahirwe aje utiteguye kuyakira ntabwo aba akiri ayawe, aragucika. Icyo dusaba rero urubyiruko ni uguhora twiteguye ibikorwa byiza, amahirwe yo aduhora hafi.” Minisitiri w’Intebe kandi yibukije urubyiruko ko rukwiye kuba maso ku bantu barukubirana n’ubushomeri, bakarusezeranya akazi mu mahanga nyamara bagamije kurucuruza. Minisiteri y’Ubutabera igaragaza ko mu 2017 hakiriwe dosiye 42 z’abantu bajyanywe gucuruzwa mu mahanga, mu 2018 hakirwa 49 naho kugera uyu munsi mu 2019 hamaze kwakirwa 38. Minisitiri w’Urubyiruko n’Umuco, Mbabazi Rosemary, yashimiye abagize uruhare mu guhuza urubyiruko rwo mu gihugu hose, ruzanitabira Inama y’Igihugu y’Umushyikirano ya 17. Yakomeje agira ati “Uyu muvuduko dufite nk’igihugu cyacu ntitwawugeraho mudafitemo uruhare. Turabasaba gukomeza ubwo bushake no kuba ba rwiyemezamirimo. Ahari ubushake byose birashoboka.’’ Urubyiruko rwitabiriye Youth Connect Convention 2019, rwagaragaje ko ari umwanya mwiza ruba rugize wo kungurana ibitekerezo ku byarufasha kwikura mu bibazo birwugarije birimo ubushomeri, ibiyobyabwenge n’ibindi nk’uko Shirumuteto Oswald waturutse mu Karere ka Kamonyi yabisobanuriye IGIHE. Inkera y’Imihigo y’Urubyiruko kuva yatangira mu 2012, urubyiruko rusaga ibihumbi 20 rumaze kuyitabira. Abasaga 505 bamaze guhabwa amahugurwa ku birebana n’iterambere ry’ubukungu hibandwa ku kubyaza inyungu imishinga. Urubyiruko 180 rwatsindiye ibihembo no guhabwa inkunga yo gukomeza guteza imbere imishinga yabo.<ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/gukorera-hamwe-guhanga-udushya-no-kwigirira-icyizere-impanuro-za-minisitiri-w</ref> === The Innovation Accelerator (iAccelerator) === == The Innovation Accelerator (iAccelerator) ni gahunda y’imenyerezamyuga igizwe n’irushanwa ryagenewe urubyiruko hagamijwe guteza imbere umuco wo kwihangira imirimo mu rubyiruko ruhabwa ninkunga, namahugurwa ndetse nubumenyi. Iyi gahunda inashishikariza urubyiruko gutekereza mu buryo bwagutse ku bibazo bijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere, ubuzima bwo mumutwe, kuboneza urubyaro ndetse n iterambere ryabaturage. == Binyuze muri uyu mushinga hari Amatsinda ane yabonye inkunga ingana n’amadorali ya Amerika 10,000 kugira ngo batangize ndetse banashyire mu bikorwa imishinga yabo ndetse ningamba bafata kugirango bakumire ubwandu bwa [[SIDA|sida]] kwisi hose. h36nyhrwmn85vgl8yeuh9fbvgqvwj0j 0 10379 141250 134763 2026-10-10T22:16:27Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Tharcisse Sinzi]] 141250 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karuhimbi Zura''' ( yavutse mu 1925 apfa mu 2018), Ni umunya[[rwanda]]<nowiki/>kazi w'intwari wahawe umudali w'ishimwe wo mu rwego rw'umurinzi, kubera igikorwa cy'ubutwari yakoze mu gihe Genocide yakorerwa abatutsi mu 1994,aho yarokeye abagera kuri 150 yifashishije umuvuzi gakondo ndetse n'imitsindo y'Abakurambere.[https://www.kigalitoday.com/kwibuka/Ruhango-Yarokoye-abasaga-100-akangisha-abicanyi-ko-abateza-Nyabingi]<ref>[https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/63414/yarokoye-abarenga-150-muri-jenoside-akoresheje-imitsindo-63414.html]</ref> == Ubuzima bwo hambere == Itariki y'amavuko ya Karuhimbi ntiramenyekana ,amakuru amwe avuga ashobora kuba yaravutse nko mu 1909, ariko akeka ko yavutse ahagana mu 1925 ariyo tariki yavuzwe ku ndangamuntu ye. Karuhimbi yavutse m'umuryango w'abavuzi ba gakondo mu mudugudu wa Musamo mu [[Akarere ka Ruhango|Karere ka Ruhango]], nko mu rugendo rw'isaha imwe uvuye mu murwa mukuru wa [[Kigali]] . Mu gihe cy'Impinduramatwara y'u [[Rwanda]] yiboneye ihohoterwa ryakorewe [[Abatutsi|y'abatutsi]] bikozwe n'ubutegetsi ndetse n'imiryango myinshi y'Abahutu . == Jenoside yo mu 1994 yakorewe Abatutsi == [[Dosiye:Giardino_dei_Giusti_del_Mondo_di_Padova_062.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| Stele yeguriwe Zura Karuhimbi mu Jaride yahariwe abatagatifu ihereye i Padua m'Ubutaliyayani .]] Mu 1994, Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi hongeye kugaragara ihohoterwa rishingiye ku nyoko muntu ryahitanye abantu abatutsi barenga 800.000, Karuhimbi yari umupfakazi ugeze mu za bukuru. Yafashaga Abatutsi kimwe [[Uburundi|n'Abarundi]] ndetse n'Abanyaburayi batatu kwihisha mu mitwe yitwara gisirikare y'Abahutu. Karuhimbi yahishe impunzi mu nzu ye y'ibyumba bibiri, kandi bishoboka ko yari mu mwobo mu murima we. Muri rusange yakijije abantu barenga 100, harimo n'impinja yakijije amaboko ya ba nyina bapfuye.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46618482]</ref> Mu kurwanya imitwe yitwara gisirikare y'Abahutu ndetse n'Interahamwe, Karuhimbi yavugagako akorana n'imyuka mibi. Kugirango agumane isura ye nk "umurozi" yashushanyije ku inzu ye n'ibyatsi karemano.Karuhimbi yavuze ko inzu ye ituwe n'abazimu kandi akangisha ko abagerageza kwinjira bazakuramo imyuka mibi n'uburakari bw'Imana ubwabo. Yashimangiye umuburo we amukubita amaboko yuzuye igikomo anakangisha ko niba hari impunzi ziciwe mu nzu ye noneho abicanyi bari "gucukura imva zabo".<ref>https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-46691923</ref> Interahamwe zagerageje guha ruswa Karuhimbi kugira ngo azemerere kugera iwe ariko aranga. Abari bahungiye iwe bose ndetse hamwe na Karuhimbi barokotse itsemba n'itsembabwoko. == Ibihembo ndetse n'ibigwi == Nyuma ya jenoside, Karuhimbi yavuze ko yari umukirisitu kandi ko ibikorwa bye by'ubupfumu byari uburyo bwo gukumira ibitero. Mu 2006 yahawe igihembo na Perezida [[Paul Kagame|Paul Kagame ,]] kubera uruhare rukomeye mu kurokora abatutsi bahigwaga muri Jenoside . Karuhimbi yaje kwambara umudari igihe cyose, awushyira munsi y'umusego we igihe yari aryamye. Mu myaka ye yakurikiyeho, yakomeje kuba mu nzu imwe yakoreshaga mu gucumbikira impunzi nubwo zasenyutse imyaka. Karuhimbi yapfiriye iwe ku ya 17 Ukuboza 2018.<ref>[https://www.kigalitoday.com/kwibuka/Ruhango-Yarokoye-abasaga-100-akangisha-abicanyi-ko-abateza-Nyabingi]</ref> == Urupfu == Zura Karuhimbi yitabye Imana muri 2018 iwe kubera uburwayi bw'izabukuru. <ref>[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/zula-karuhimbi-eulogized-heroine-selfless-patriot]</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Tharcisse Sinzi]], undi Munyarwanda warokoye Abatutsi muri jenoside {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} [[Ikiciro:Abagore]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Intwari]] nitpw7h0ld0mp51kyu4p5do5soa840r 0 10549 141377 115044 2026-10-11T11:49:47Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141377 wikitext text/x-wiki Nirere Madeleine (Wavutse 1968) ni Umuvinnyi Mukuru <ref>https://www.ombudsman.gov.rw/tumenye/abavunyi</ref> == Ubuzima Bwite == [[Dosiye:Université nationale du Rwanda à Butare.JPG|thumb|Kaminuza y'u Rwanda Nirere yakuyemo impamyabumenyi 2|316x316px]] Nirere yize kaminuza akaba afite imanyabushobozi ya Bachelor mu mategeko hamwe na  Mastazi muri Public Administration. Nirere afite burambe mu by'amategeko, mu burenganzira bwa muntu no mu buyobozi kimwe n'ishyaka ryo guharanira guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu byampaye ubuhanga bwo gusaba kuba umwe mu bagize itsinda ry’imirimo ku kibazo cyo kuvangura [[Umugore|abagore]] mu mategeko no mubikorwa, Ibihugu bya Afrika.<ref>https://www.gov.rw/blog-detail/president-kagame-officiates-the-swearing-in-of-the-new-ombudsperson</ref> <ref>https://www.gov.rw/blog-detail/president-kagame-officiates-the-swearing-in-of-the-new-ombudsperson</ref>akunda ibibazo byuburenganzira bwa muntu. afite uburambe burenga 5 mubikorwa byuburenganzira bwa muntu nkorera kurwego rwigihugu, kurwego rwakarere ndetse no kurwego mpuzamahanga. Byongeye kandi, yumva Sisitemu y'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu. <ref>https://www.ombudsman.gov.rw/ibindi/itsinda-riyobowe-numuvunyi-mukuru-wa-togo-ryakoreye-urugendoshuri-ku-urwego-rwumuvunyi</ref>yagize uruhare mu biganiro byo hejuru ku burenganzira bwa muntu byateguwe na ICC ubu GANHRI na OHCHR. Mubyongeyeho, ameze neza mu magambo no mu [[Icyongereza|Cyongereza]] no mu Gifaransa .Ibi byose byongereye ubumenyi bwee mu makuru no kunganira. <ref>https://www.gov.rw/blog-detail/president-kagame-officiates-the-swearing-in-of-the-new-ombudsperson</ref><ref>https://www.gov.rw/blog-detail/president-kagame-officiates-the-swearing-in-of-the-new-ombudsperson</ref>Mfite impamyabumenyi ya Bachelor mu by'amategeko, impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu buyobozi bwa Leta kandi yabonye muri kanama 2017 akaba afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu by'amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera uburenganzira bwa muntu n'ubutabera mpanabyaha, aho ubu ndimo gukora isomo ryanjye ku “kurengera mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko abagore bahohotewe. urugomo mu Rwanda “. Ni umuryango cyane muburenganzira bwa muntu kandi nkagira uruhare mu kurengera abagore. <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/nirere-madeleine-yagizwe-umuvunyi-mukuru-asimbura-anastase-murekezi</ref><ref>https://www.gov.rw/blog-detail/president-kagame-officiates-the-swearing-in-of-the-new-ombudsperson</ref> == Umwuga == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Aho yakoze !umwaka !igihugu |- |yabaye Chairperson wa National Commission for Human Rights of  Rwanda |2012 |Kigali Rwanda |- |yabay Deputy Secretary-General of the Senate in Charge of Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs |2009 -2012 |senate Rwanda |- |Senior Legal Advisor to the Parliament (Transitional National Assembly) |2000-2003 |Parliament Rwanda |- |Clerk of the  standintg Committee on Human Rights, Unity and Reconciliation   |1999-2000 |Paeliament Rwanda |} == Amashuri == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Icyiciro !umwaka !Igihugu |- |Bachelor’s Degree in Law |1992-1998 |University of Rwanda |- |Master's in Public Administration |2004-2007 |Ecole Nationale d'Administration Publique  QUEBEC |- |Ongoing Master's  in International Human rights Law and Criminal Justice  (finishing with July 2017) |2014 -2017 |Universit of Rwanda- Rwanda |} === Referances === [[Ikiciro:Umugore]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Politiki y'urwanda]] b4hh6svk49b4jpfng88rb92zdllof9m 0 12747 141355 129118 2026-10-11T11:39:12Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141355 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Inkanda.jpg|alt=RUTANGARWAMABOKO ari kumwe n'umugore we|thumb|258x258px|RUTANGARWAMABOKO ari kumwe n'umugore we]] Rutangarwamaboko ni umuvuzi gakondo, Umupfumu akaba n'Imandwa nkuru y'u Rwanda. ubusanzwe ni umushakashatsi, umwigisha w'ubuzima bushingiye ku muco akaba n'inzobere mu by'umuco, amateka, imbonezabitekerezo (filosofiya) n'ubuzima bwa muntu bushingiye ku myizerere, imyumvire, imitekerereze, imyitwarire ndetse n'imigirire. Rutangarwamaboko avuka mu Bibungo bya Mukinga,  i Nyamurasa, mu karere ka Kamonyi mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|ntara y'Amajyepfo]]. <ref>[1] [https://www.webrwanda.com/2021/08/urukundo-rwa-rutangarwamaboko-numugore.html Urukundo rwa Rutangarwamaboko n’umugore we rwateye urujiijo abavugaga ko ashatse umupfumu - #rwanda #RwOT - Webrwanda.com]</ref> Akaba avuka kuri se Munyabarame. <ref>[2] [https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/ibitaramo/article/impamvu-yatumye-umupfumu-rutangarwamaboko-atagaragara-mu-isaba-rye Impamvu yatumye umupfumu Rutangarwamaboko atagaragara mu isaba rye - Kigalitoday.com]</ref> Ubu atuye mu murenge wa Gisozi ho mu karere ka Gasabo mu Mujyi wa Kigali. <ref>[3] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170429/https://igihe.com/umuco/article/rutangarwamaboko-yasobanuye-uko-ubupfumu-yaburazwe-na-sekuruza-n-impamvu-yo Rutangarwamaboko yasobanuye uko ubupfumu yaburazwe na sekuruza n’impamvu yo guterekera (video) - Igihe.com]</ref> Akaba afite impamyabumenyi ebyiri za kaminuza ku rwego rw'ikirenga mu buvuzi bw'indwara zo mu mutwe, n'ibigendanye n'umuco, ubukerarugendo n'amateka. <ref>[4] [https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/articles/cj52mpq28v8o Rutangarwamaboko: Umupfumu urimo kugarura ‘Imana y’i Rwanda’ - BBC]</ref> == Inkomoko yo kuba Umupfumu == Akiri umwana nibwo yatangiye kwiyumvamo impano yo kuvura ndetse akabiganiriza se nawe akamukundira nta muce intege akamusaba kubishyiraho umuhate akamwumvisha ko ari ibintu akwiriye gukora, mu gukura kwe yakuriye kwa Sekuruza, akurira no mu biganza bye cyane ko sekuruza yajyaga amutuma imiti bigatuma nawe agenda akerebuka mu Kinyarwanda no mu kuvura. Sekuruza we witwaga Rutangarwamaboko yari umugangahuzi, umuganga akaba n'umupfumu akaba n'umukuru w'Imandwa mu Nduga hose, niho nawe yabikuye nk'umurage mu buryo umubyeyi agenda abiraga abazakurikiraho, akaba ari naho izina Rutangarwamaboko rituruka. Sekuruza yamusigiye n'imiringa yambara ku maboko yise "Imiringa y'imirinda" imurinda ibintu byakototera umuntu by'amandu n'amarozi ndetse ikaba n'umurimbo. == Imidari n'amashimwe == * Ijabo ry'inkotanyi: ni umudari yambitswe na meya w'akarere ka Kamonyi mu birori by'umuganura ku wa 6 Kanama 2021, ashimirwa gukomera no gusigasira [[Umuco nyarwanda|umuco Nyarwanda]]. <ref>[5] [https://bwiza.com/?Umupfumu-Rutangarwamaboko-na-se-bambitswe-imidari-y-ishimwe Umupfumu Rutangarwamaboko na se bambitswe imidari y’ishimwe - Bwiza.com]</ref> * Umudari n'Igihembo by'uwihebeye Gusigasira no guteza imbere UMUCO ,https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1T6xqNqi7Y/ == Amashakiro: == <references group="https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1T6xqNqi7Y/" /> [[Ikiciro:Imyemerere]] 013ersw6enix4c89301mv68m69ichzz 0 13583 141350 108433 2026-10-11T11:37:52Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 141350 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:People's_For_Human_Rights_International_Logo.jpg|thumb|People's For Human Rights International Logo]] Ibibazo by’uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Bénin bifatwa nkaho biri hejuru yikigereranyo cya Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara. Raporo yo muri Amerika yo mu mwaka wa 2012 yashimye Benin "kuba yarakomeje inzira ya demokarasi" anashimira "imirimo ishinga amategeko mu myaka yashize yo gutora no gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko yerekeye ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo rikorerwa [[Umugore|abagore]], ruswa yemewe, iyicarubozo, n'ibindi byaha", kimwe n'ishyirwaho ry’inzego z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zirimo Umuvunyi Mukuru n’inama y’igihugu ishinzwe guteza imbere uburinganire n’uburinganire ". [[Dosiye:Human_Rights_Foundation_logo.svg|thumb|Human Rights Foundation ]] Raporo yagaragaje ko ikomeje guhangayikishwa no, "ku bijyanye na raporo z’ihohoterwa rikabije n’ihohoterwa rikorerwa n’inzego z’umutekano, harimo n’abapolisi, ndetse n’imiterere mibi ya gereza ndetse n’igihe kirekire cyo gufungwa by’agateganyo", kimwe na "na raporo z’ibuzwa rikomeye ry’uburenganzira bwo guhagarika imyigaragambyo mu nzego za Leta ndetse n’abayobozi bakunze kuvuga ko barwanya ubumwe, bikurura amakimbirane mu baturage ndetse n’ibikorwa byo kwigaragambya".<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20130227231836/http://www.humanrights.gov/2012/10/25/upr-14th-session-intervention-for-benin/</ref> == Amateka == Benin yahoze ari ubukoloni bw'Abafaransa buzwi ku izina rya Dahomey, bwabonye ubwigenge mu 1960. Kuva mu 1972 kugeza 1990 cyari igihugu cya Marxiste - Abaleniste cyategekwaga n'umunyagitugu Mathieu Kérékou, wafashe ubutegetsi ahiritse ingoma yariho. Ku butegetsi bwa Kérékou, igihugu nta bwisanzure bwo kuvuga cyangwa itangazamakuru cyari gifite kandi cyari gifite raporo mbi k’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Igihugu cyahinduye izina cyitwa Repubulika y'abaturage ya Bénin mu 1975. Mu 1990, ijambo "Rubanda" ryakuwe ku izina ry’igihugu,<ref name=":1">http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/africa/benin.htm</ref> maze mu Kuboza 1991 hemezwa itegeko nshinga rishya hagamijwe gushinga igihugu aho "kugendera ku mategeko, uburenganzira bw’ibanze, umudendezo rusange, agaciro ka muntu n’ubutabera byizewe, birindwa kandi bitezwa imbere nk’ibisabwa kugira ngo iterambere ry’ubwumvikane bwa buri muturage wa Bénin ".<ref>https://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html</ref> Mu itegeko nshinga rishya, demokarasi yagaruwe muri Bénin mu 1991. Mu matora yabaye muri uwo mwaka, Kérékou yatsinzwe na Nicéphore Soglo maze yemera ibyavuye mu majwi. He was returned to power in the 1996 elections and re-elected in 2001; amatora yo mu 2006, aho Kérékou atigeze yiyamamariza, yafatwaga nk'ubwisanzure kandi butabera.<ref name=":1" /> Kuva mu 1991, Benin yafatwaga nk'igihugu gifite amahame arengera uburenganzira bwa muntu kurusha ibindi bihugu byinshi bya Afurika. Byanditswe ko Benin "bigaragara ko ari kimwe mu gihugu cyiyoboye demokarasi muri Afurika", ariko ko imiryango myinshi itegamiye kuri Leta iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu muri iki gihugu, guhera mu gihe cy'inzibacyuho, "ntugahuze hagati yabo", kugirango "nibisanzwe ko imiryango ikorera mukarere kamwe itamenyana", bikavamo "kwigana imbaraga".<ref name=":1" /> Mu nama ya 47 isanzwe ya komisiyo nyafurika ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage mu mwaka wa 2010, umushinjacyaha mukuru wa Bénin, Victor Topanou yatangaje ko "uyu munsi hari ubushake bwa politiki bugamije guharanira ko umuco w’uburenganzira bwa muntu ugenda neza", avuga ko hashyizweho ingamba zo kurwanya ubukene binyuze muri politiki y’inguzanyo ziciriritse, hagamijwe kunoza ubutabera hubakwa inkiko n’amategeko mashya n’amagereza, ndetse no kongera ibiryo no kwita ku buzima muri gereza.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.achpr.org/sessions/47th/speeches/victor-topanou/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-14 |archive-date=2013-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119034237/http://www.achpr.org/sessions/47th/speeches/victor-topanou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Benin yashyize umukono ku masezerano mpuzamahanga akurikira: Amasezerano nyafurika (Banjul) y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage; Amasezerano yo kurwanya iyicarubozo nubundi bugome, ubumuntu, cyangwa gutesha agaciro cyangwa ibihano; Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore; Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’umwana; Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yo kurandura burundu ivangura rishingiye ku moko; Amasezerano mpuzamahanga mu ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu na politiki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.policyproject.com/matrix/matrix2.cfm?country=Benin |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-14 |archive-date=2011-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710005546/http://www.policyproject.com/matrix/matrix2.cfm?country=Benin |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ibikurikira nimbonerahamwe yerekana amanota ya Benin kuva 1972 muri raporo y’ubwisanzure ku isi, isohoka buri mwaka na Freedom House.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House</ref> == Uburenganzira shingiro == Ivangura rishingiye ku bwoko, igitsina, ubumuga, ururimi, n'imibereho myiza birabujijwe n'itegeko nshinga n'amategeko; ariko, abategarugori n’abafite ubumuga bakomeje kugira ivangura, kandi guverinoma ntacyo ikora mu kuyirwanya.<ref name=":2">https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154331.htm</ref> Dukurikije itegeko nshinga ryayo, Benin ni igihugu cy’isi aho ubwisanzure bw’amadini bwubahirizwa kuri bose kandi aho amashuri ya Leta atemerewe gutanga inyigisho z’idini (nubwo amashuri y’amadini yigenga yemerewe). Muri Bénin, aho mu ibarura rusange ryo mu 2002 abaturage bari 27% Gatolika y’Abaroma, 24% b’abayisilamu, 17% Voudon (Voodoo), 6 ku ijana n’abandi madini kavukire, na 5% by’abakirisitu bo mu ijuru, kandi aho iminsi mikuru y’igihugu irimo abakirisitu n’abayisilamu bera, Raporo ya guverinoma y'Amerika yo mu 2011 ivuga ko "kubaha itandukaniro ry'amadini byakwirakwiriye mu nzego zose z'abaturage no mu turere twose", nubwo habaye "amakimbirane rimwe na rimwe hagati y'abakora Voodoo n'abakirisitu ku bikorwa byo gutangiza Voodoo, bisaba ko abapolisi babigiramo uruhare".<ref>https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper</ref> Ruswa ibaho mu nzego zose n'inzego za guverinoma muri Bénin. Hariho ikigo cya leta cyitwa Watchdog kurwanya ruswa, intego yacyo ni ugukemura iki kibazo.<ref name=":2" /> == Uburenganzira bw'umugore == ''Ingingo nyamukuru: Abagore muri Bénin'' Imiterere y’uburenganzira bw’umugore muri Bénin yateye imbere ku buryo bugaragara kuva demokarasi isubizwaho ndetse n’itegeko nshinga ryemejwe, ndetse n’itegeko ry’umuntu ku giti cye n’umuryango mu 2004, byombi bikaba byararenze imigenzo gakondo ifata abagore mu buryo butemewe. Nubwo bimeze bityo, ubusumbane n'ivangura biracyakomeza. Kurongora abagore benshi no gushyingirwa ku gahato ntibyemewe ariko biracyabaho.<ref>https://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html</ref> Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'amategeko arwanya gufata ku ngufu, igihano gishobora gufungwa imyaka itanu, kibangamiwe na ruswa, akazi ka polisi kadakora neza, no gutinya agasuzuguro. Ubushobozi buke bwa polisi butera ibyaha byinshi byimibonano mpuzabitsina bigabanywa kubikorwa bibi. Ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo rirakwirakwiriye, ibihano bigera ku myaka 3 y'igifungo, ariko abagore ntibashaka gutanga raporo kandi abayobozi ntibashaka kwivanga mu bintu bifatwa nk'ibibazo bwite.<ref name=":2" /> Abagore bahuye n’ivangura cyangwa ihohoterwa barashobora gusaba ubufasha ku bagore mu mategeko n’iterambere-Benin, Ishyirahamwe ry’abahanga mu mategeko b’abagore bo muri Bénin (AFJB), hamwe na gahunda y'Ubutabera n'Ubushobozi bw'Abagore binyuze muri Care International's Empower Project.<ref name=":2" /> Raporo y’Amerika yo mu mwaka wa 2012 yashimye Benin kuba yarashyizeho Inama y’igihugu ishinzwe guteza imbere uburinganire.<ref name=":0" /> == Uburenganzira bw'abana == Komisiyo y’igihugu ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abana na Minisiteri y’umuryango bashinzwe guteza imbere uburenganzira bw’abana. Abana babaye abenegihugu binyuze mu kuvuka muri Bénin cyangwa kuvuka ku babyeyi bafite ubwenegihugu bwa Bénin. Amavuko y'abantu benshi ntabwo yanditse, ibyo bikaba byaviramo guhakana uburezi, ubuvuzi, nizindi serivisi. Amashuri abanza ni itegeko, nubwo abakobwa benshi batajya mwishuri. Gushyingirwa kwabana birakwirakwira, nubwo gushyingirwa nabana bari munsi yimyaka 14 bitemewe muburyo bwa tekiniki, gushyingirwa hagati yimyaka 14 na 17 biremewe mugihe ababyeyi babitanze. Undi mugenzo ukomeje kugaragara ni uwo gushyira umwana wumukene hamwe nimiryango itunze nkumukozi wo murugo, ibintu bikunze kuvamo gukoreshwa imibonano mpuzabitsina nakazi kagahato ndetse no gucuruzwa. Iyi myitozo yitwa "vidomègon". Ibindi bibazo birimo uburaya bwabana, bukunze kubamo abana bo mumuhanda, ndetse n'imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana. Hariho abana benshi bo mumuhanda, benshi muribo ntibitabira ishuri cyangwa babone ubuvuzi.<ref name=":2" /> Burigade ishinzwe kurengera abana bato yashinzwe mu 1983 kandi "itegekwa gukora igihe cyose abana bagize ibyago by’imyitwarire cyangwa akaga k'umubiri. Ikora ibikorwa byo gukumira ibyaha by’urubyiruko. Yagiye ihinduka ikigo aho ibibazo by’abana bikemurwa mu buryo bwa gicuti. Abayobozi bayo bavuga ko uruhare rwabo ari rwinshi mu mibereho muri iki gihe. "<ref name=":3">https://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html</ref> Benin ntabwo yashyize umukono ku masezerano y'i La Haye yo mu 1980 yerekeye ibibazo by'abaturage byo gushimuta abana mpuzamahanga,<ref name=":2" /> ariko yemeje amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bw’umwana mu 1990, Amasezerano nyafurika yerekeye uburenganzira n’imibereho y’umwana mu 1996, n’amasezerano no. 182 of ILO in 2004.<ref name=":3" /> == Uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga == Nta tegeko ribuza ivangura rikorerwa abamugaye, nubwo leta, nkuko amategeko abiteganya, igomba kwita kubantu nkabo. Nta tegeko na rimwe risaba inyubako iyo ari yo yose, rusange cyangwa kuba bafite [[igare]] ry’ibimuga. Hano haribintu bike muburyo bwo gufashwa ninzego kubafite ubumuga, muri rusange bitunga binyuze mu gusabiriza. Hariho, kurengera amategeko agenga umurimo kubakozi bamugaye.<ref name=":2" /> == Uburenganzira bwa LGBT == Muri raporo y'umwaka wa 2012, Amerika yavuze ko Benin yanze icyifuzo cyari cyasabwe ko "gihana imibonano mpuzabitsina hagati y’ababyemera, ababana bahuje ibitsina" kandi ikagaragaza ko ikomeje guhangayikishwa n’abaturage ba LGBT muri Bénin ", ibabaza iti: "Ni izihe serivisi cyangwa gahunda z'uburezi mufite kugira ngo umutekano w'abaturage n'imibereho myiza ya LGBT?" Raporo yahamagariye Benin "guca burundu imibonano mpuzabitsina hagati y’abemera, ababana bahuje ibitsina kandi hashyirwaho gahunda z’uburezi na politiki iboneye y’abapolisi bateza imbere umutekano bwite w’abaturage bose ba Bénin batitaye ku mibonano mpuzabitsina".<ref name=":0" /> == Uburenganzira bwa VIH / SIDA == Birabujijwe kuvangura abantu hashingiwe ku miterere ya virusi itera [[SIDA|sida]], kandi bivugwa ko bigaragara ko ivangura nk'iryo ridakunze kubaho.<ref name=":2" /> == Uburenganzira bw'impunzi n'abasaba ubuhunzi == Hariho uburyo bwo kurengera impunzi, muri zo igihugu cyakiriye abagera ku 7.300 mu mpera za 2010, abenshi muri bo bakaba baturuka muri Togo. Benin ikorana na UNHCR n'andi matsinda kugira ngo bafashe abantu nk'abo. Abatujuje ibyangombwa nkimpunzi barahamagarirwa gusaba ibyangombwa byo gutura.<ref name=":2" /> <references /> [[Ikiciro:Uburenganzira bwa muntu]] lm95asui74yybzewiqds4ygroo934up 0 13680 141357 90516 2026-10-11T11:39:40Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 141357 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Politiki y'icyatsi''', cyangwa '''ibidukikije''', ni [[:en:Political_ideology|ingengabitekerezo ya politiki]] igamije guteza imbere umuryango urambye ku bidukikije akenshi, ariko si buri gihe, ushingiye ku [[:en:Environmentalism|bidukikije]], ihohoterwa, ubutabera n'imibereho myiza ya demokarasi . <ref name="Wall">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_politics#Wal10</ref> <ref name="ReedRothenberg1993">https://books.google.com/books?id=lijSesXIxz0C&pg=PA84</ref> Yatangiye gushingwa mu burengerazuba mu myaka ya za 70; kuva icyo gihe amashyaka yicyatsi yateye imbere kandi yihagararaho mubihugu byinshi kwisi kandi ageze kubitsinzi byamatora. Ijambo rya politiki icyatsi ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu bijyanye no ''gupfa Grünen'' (Ikidage cyitwa "Icyatsi"), <ref name="Wall2010">https://archive.org/details/nononsenseguidet0000wall</ref> <ref name="Burchell2002">https://archive.org/details/evolutionofgreen0000burc</ref> ishyaka ry’icyatsi ryashinzwe mu mpera za za 70. <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=m2Zp5nkbvPkC&pg=PA79</ref> Ijambo ibidukikije bya politiki rimwe na rimwe rikoreshwa mu nzego z’amasomo, ariko ryaje guhagararira urwego rw’inyigisho zinyuranye kuko disipuline y’amasomo itanga ubushakashatsi bwagutse buhuza ubumenyi bw’imibereho y’ibidukikije n’ubukungu bwa politiki mu ngingo nko gutesha agaciro no guhezwa, [[:en:Environmental_conflict|amakimbirane y’ibidukikije]], kubungabunga ibidukikije no kugenzura nibiranga ibidukikije hamwe niterambere ryimibereho. <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=NixJcZnSsv8C</ref> <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=_IwqvHWiwFkC&pg=PA6</ref> == Amateka == Abayoboke ba politiki y’icyatsi bakunda kubona ko ari kimwe mu bigize isi yo hejuru kandi atari ingengabitekerezo ya politiki gusa. Politiki y’icyatsi ikura imyifatire yayo mu masoko atandukanye, uhereye ku ndangagaciro [[:en:Indigenous_peoples|z’abasangwabutaka]], kugeza ku myitwarire ya [[:en:Mahatma_Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]], [[:en:Baruch_Spinoza|Baruch Spinoza]], na [[:en:Jakob_von_Uexküll|Jakob von Uexküll]] .  Aba bantu bagize uruhare mubitekerezo byicyatsi muguharanira kurebera kure kwigihe cya karindwi, no kubwinshingano za buri muntu guhitamo imico. Kudahangayikishwa n'ingaruka mbi z'ibikorwa bya muntu kuri kamere byerekana mbere [[Ibidukikije|y'ibidukikije]] bigezweho. Abatanga ibitekerezo ku mibereho itandukanye na Roma ya kera n'Ubushinwa binubira ihumana ry’ikirere, amazi n’urusaku . <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-111733101/how-rome-polluted-the-world-we-tend-to-think-of-industrial |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629012004/https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-111733101/how-rome-polluted-the-world-we-tend-to-think-of-industrial |archive-date=2017-06-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Imizi ya filozofiya y’ibidukikije irashobora guhera ku batekereza kumurikirwa nka [[:en:Rousseau|Rousseau]] mu Bufaransa, hanyuma umwanditsi akaba na [[:en:Thoreau|Thoreau]] w’ibidukikije muri Amerika. <ref>https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3984813</ref> Ibidukikije byateguwe byatangiye mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 Uburayi na Amerika nk'igisubizo ku mpinduramatwara mu nganda hibandwa ku kwagura ubukungu butavangiye. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471949404</ref> == Amahame remezo == [[Dosiye:4pilarsgreens.png|thumb|Inkingi enye]] Nk’uko [[:en:Derek_Wall|Derek Wall]], uzwi cyane mu gushyigikira icyatsi kibisi mu Bwongereza, hari inkingi enye zisobanura politiki y'icyatsi: <ref name="Wall2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_politics#Wal10</ref> * [[Ibidukikije|Ubwenge bwibidukikije]] * Ubutabera * Demokarasi * Ihohoterwa === Referances === p0d9hri2u5bmtzjnkzlyn3txfy5waql 0 14159 141370 135871 2026-10-11T11:48:30Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141370 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:A water Tank being filled with water on a moving Vehicle in Ado-Ekiti.jpg|thumb|Ibigega bifata amazi|162x162px]] [[Dosiye:Virunga National Park-108017.jpg|thumb|virunga water|151x151px]] [[Dosiye:Water drop impact on a water-surface - (2).jpg|thumb]] == Intangiriro == Mu gihe Umushinga Water for Virunga urimo gusoza ibikorwa byawo nyuma y'imyaka 4 ufasha abaturage abatuye Umurenge wa Bugeshi ku nkengero za Pariki y'ibirunga mu bikorwa byo gufata amazi no kurwanya isuri, abagenerwa bikorwa basabwe gufatanya n'Ubuyobozi gukomeza kubisigasira.<ref>https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Abaturage-150-bo-muri-Rubavu-bavuze-ko-bahangayikishijwe-ningurane-idakwiye-babariwe</ref> == Igihe Uzamara == [[Dosiye:United Potable Water Truck Sonoma 2023.jpg|thumb|Imodoka z'ibigenga byamazi zikoreshwa mukuyakwirakwiza|145x145px]] Muri iki gihe cy'imyaka 4 ,Abaturage baturiye [[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|Ibirunga]] mu turere twa Burera, Musanze, Nyabihu na [[Rubavu]] bafashijwe n'Umushinga wa Water for Virunga kubona ibigega bifata amazi ndetse no gutera ibiti mu rwego rwo kurwanya isuri.<ref>https://rushyashya.net/rubavu-ikibazo-cyabimuwe-mu-ishyamba-rya-gishwati-cyongeye-gukurura-impaka-imbere-ya-perezida-kagame/</ref> == Ibigenga == Nk'uko byagarutsweho n'Umuhuzabikorwa w’umushinga Water For Virunga mu Rwanda, Uganda na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo, Gertjan Leereveld yavuze ko ibigega batanze byafashije mu gukumira amazi yambukaga muri Congo bigateza amakimbirane n’abaturage bo mu gace ka Kibumba.<ref>https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/rubavu-upfushije-umuntu-abunza-imitima-ashaka-aho-kumushyingura?fbclid=IwAR01AyiJj0QJpp-K0dAQdN3jazvgOJgpLgxyI5LMoaEPpr0RKJag5Tvcw5k</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rubavu.gov.rw/soma-ibikurikira/abaturaye-bugeshi-basabwe-gusigazira-ibyo-bagejejweho-na-water-for-virunga |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-23 |archive-date=2023-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223062113/https://www.rubavu.gov.rw/soma-ibikurikira/abaturaye-bugeshi-basabwe-gusigazira-ibyo-bagejejweho-na-water-for-virunga |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Umushinga wo kurengera ibidukikije]] nxto3axmigvel5gjuf6a14pchmkpv25 0 14295 141380 104611 2026-10-11T11:50:15Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141380 wikitext text/x-wiki Nubwo mu busanzwe akenshi dupfa kurya uko tubonye, ariko burya umugore utwite hari ibyo aba agomba kwitaho no kuzirikana. Ni mu gihe kuko aba agomba kubungabunga ubuzima bw’abantu babiri icyarimwe: ubwe bwite, n’ubw’uwo atwite. Inzobere mu by’imirire zivuga ko umugore utwite akwiye kubona ibyo kurya no kunywa birimo intungamubiri zihagije harimo za vitamine na poroteyine. Izo nzobere zivuga ko umugore utwite, aba akwiye kubona nibura garama 100 za poroteyine buri munsi. Muri rusange umugore utwite aba agomba kurya neza, kugira ngo we n’umwana atwite bagire ubuzima bwiza. == Ingero == === 1.Inkori cyangwa se ibishyimbo === Yaba inkori ndetse n’ibishyimbo ngo ni ibiribwa byiza cyane ku mugore utwite kuko bikungahaye cyane kuri poroteyine. Ku bantu batarya inyama kubera ko zibagwa nabi, cyangwa se bafite ubushobozi bukeya bwo kuzigura, ngo kurya inkori cyangwa se ibishyimbo bibafasha kubona poroteyine zikenewe. Ni kimwe n’uko barya soya, amashaza cyangwa se n’ubunyobwa. === 2.Amagi === Amagi abiri afasha umubiri kubona poroteyine, vitamine A n’intungamubiri zifasha mu gukumira indwara zitandukanye. 3.Amata n’ibiyakomokaho Amata n’ibiyakomokaho ni ingenzi cyane mu kubona poroteyine, calcium ifasha mu gukomeza amagufa, vitamine, n’ibindi. === 4.Ibijumba === [[Ibijumba]] bikungahaye cyane kuri vitamine A, ifasha amaso y’umwana, uruhu rwe ndetse n’amagufa ye gukura neza. === 5.Inyama === Yaba inyama y’ingurube, iy’inkoko, cyangwa se iy’inka, izo zose ngo zigira poroteyine nyinshi zifasha mu gukura k’uruhu rw’umwana cyane cyane, mu gihe umubyeyi atwite inda igeze ku mezi ane(4). 6.Ibinyampeke byuzuye Ibinyampeke byuzuye bifasha umubiri w’umugore utwite kugira imbaraga ndetse bikagira n’uruhare mu mikurire myiza y’umwana uri mu nda. Muri ibyo binyampeke harimo ibigori, amasaka, ingano … === 7.Avoka === Urubuto rwa avoka, rukungahaye cyane ku mavuta azwi nka ‘fatty acid’. [[Avoka]] rero ifasha cyane mu mikurire y’ubwonko bw’umwana uri mu nda ndetse n’uruhu rwe. === 8.Imboga rwatsi === Imboga rwatsi, harimo nka epinari, amashu, dodo n’izindi, zikwiye kutabura ku mafunguro y’umubyeyi utwite kuko zimufasha we n’umwana atwite kubona Vitamine A na B. Izo vitamine zifasha mu ikorwa ry’amaraso mu mubiri w’umubyeyi utwite n’uw’umwana atwite. Kutabona imboga zihagije ku mubiri w’umubyeyi utwite byatuma agira ikibazo cyane ‘Anemia’ (kubura amaraso). === 9. Amafi/amavuta y’amafi === Mu mafi habonekamo amavuta azwi nka ‘Omega fatty acids’ afasha mu gukura k’ubwonko n’amaso by’umwana uri mu nda. === 10. Amazi === Amazi ni ingenzi mu mubiri w’umuntu wese, cyane cyane umugore utwite kuko afasha igogora ry’ibyo kurya gukorwa neza, ndetse akanafasha umubiri kwinjiza intungamubiri zivuye mu byo yariye. Ikindi kandi, ngo amazi afasha umugore utwite kwituma neza, bikamurinda impatwe (constipation), amazi kandi amufasha kurwanya ibindi bibazo byaterwa no kutabona amazi ahagije mu mubiri. == Reba == <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/ibyokurya-iyo-utwite/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-25 |archive-date=2023-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225114350/https://umutihealth.com/ibyokurya-iyo-utwite/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/dore-ibiribwa-n-ibinyobwa-umugore-utwite-yagombye-kwitaho</ref> fi4cnr5x203oa4faot9dkbslutb9thn 0 14405 141384 135768 2026-10-11T11:51:56Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141384 wikitext text/x-wiki Abanyiginya ni bumwe mu moko 18 y’Abanyarwanda, akomoka ku bakurambere babo. ikirangabwoko bwabo kikaba umusambi ubwo bwoko bwabaga mu rwanda rwo hambere ariko ubu nta ngikoreshwa.<ref>https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abanyiginya&veaction=edit</ref> === Inkomoko === Buri bwoko bwagiraga icyo bumariye ubundi kandi bukubahirizwa, kimwe n’inyamanswa yabaga iburanga nkuko byashimangiwe na bamwe muba shakashatsi b'amateka yakera, Umuyobozi w’Ishami ry’Ururimi mu Nteko Nyarwanda y’Ururimi n’Umuco (RALC) agira ati “Hari imiryango imwe n’imwe yashingwaga ibikorwa ibi n’ibi by’ibwami cyangwa byo mu buzima busanzwe.”<ref>https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abanyiginya&veaction=edit</ref> === Inzobere mu by'umuco n'amateka === Muganga Rutangarwamaboko inzobere mu by’umuco n’ amateka akaba n’umuyobozi w’ikigo nyarwanda cy’ubuzima bushingiye ku muco, agerageza gusobanura inkomoko y’abanyiginya, agaciro, ndetse n’akamaro kabo mu Rwanda rwo hambere.<ref>https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abanyiginya&veaction=edit</ref> Yagaragaje ko abanyiginya babyaraga abami bakababyarana n’ibibanda (ubwoko bwavagamo abagabekazi). Ati “Usanga ingoma nyiginya ari na yo yahanze uru Rwanda tubona, kubera ko bo bari bari mu kintu cy’ubuyobozi.”<ref>https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abanyiginya&veaction=edit</ref> Akomeza avuga ko abanyiginya nta bwoko na bumwe bari bahejwemo mu gushaka [[Umugore|abagore]], kimwe n’uko bo ubwabo bishakagamo, mu rwego rwo kwagura umuryango, bakawurinda kuzima, kuko bwabaga bufashe runini ku Rwanda. Akanavuga ko ari yo nkomoko y’inyandiko zishidikanya z’abazungu cyangwa abandi bantu batazi amateka y’u Rwanda, bakavuga ko abami b’Abanyarwanda bishakagamo bakarongora bashiki babo, ibyo bise ‘incest loyale’.<ref>https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abanyiginya&veaction=edit</ref> Agakomeza avuga ko byavugwaga n’abadasobanukiwe imihango nyarwanda, kuko mu mihango nyarwanda habagamo icyo bita kwakira umugenzo, aho byabaga ari ukuryamana na mushiki we w’imuhana (mushiki w’umuntu batavukana mu nda imwe), byabaga bivuga umukobwa cyangwa umugore, ukomoka mu bundi bwoko basanzwe bahana abageni, ari na bo bitaga abase.<ref>https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abanyiginya&veaction=edit</ref> Ati “Abanyiginya ni bwo bwoko bwashoboraga kwishakamo no gushaka mu moko yose. N’umwami Musinga abamisiyoneli bajya kumuvana ku ngoma biri mu byo bagendaga bitwaza, bamurega ko aryamana na bashiki be, n’abana be, n’abandi bantu bahuje ibitsina. Ariko ntabwo byabaga ari byo, ahubwo kwabaga ari ukudasobanukirwa ya mihango y’Abanyarwanda.”<ref>https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abanyiginya&veaction=edit</ref> Muganga Rutangarwamaboko, avuga ko mu gitekerezo cyo mu birari bya Sabizeze hagaragaramo ko abanyiginya bari mu bwoko bw’ibimanuka, kuko ari ho haturuka abantu nka ba Kigwa, Gihanga, aho baba bashaka kuvuga ko ubuyobozi bw’u Rwanda bwavaga ku Mana.<ref>https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abanyiginya&veaction=edit</ref> Ati “cyagaragazaga ko ubuyobozi bw’u Rwanda, bwagombaga kuba buturutse ku Mana. Ni na ho ibyo bimanuka ubundi biba byerekeza, bakaba bafite ubwenge nyegera Mana, bakaba ari abantu babasha gushishoza bakarenga ibigaragara bagafata ibitagaragara, ari na yo mpamvu no mu kugirango umuntu yereze ingoma, bose bagombaga kubaza indagu nk’impano y’Imana yahaye abakurambere yitoranirije, kugirango ijye ibanyuzamo ubushake bwabo buganisha kuri rubanda, abami n’abatware, na bo bamenye uko bitwara mu bihe runaka.<ref>https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abanyiginya&veaction=edit</ref> === Inkomoko y'ijambo Abanyiginya === Urubuga www.wikirwanda.org, rugaragaza ko abanyiginya ari ijambo rikomoka ku rurimi rw’Urunyankore, aribyo bivuga: « abantu barambye ku bukire n’ubupfura» bishatse kuvuga abatunzi ba kera bafite uruhererekane rw’ubutunzi mu myaka amagana n’amagana, batari abakire ba vuba cyangwa se ngo babe abakire bahoranye ubukene (abakire b’inkirabuheri).<ref>https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abanyiginya&veaction=edit</ref> Abanyiginya bakaba bari abakurambere ba Gihanga Ngomijana. Gusa ku Ngoma ya Yuhi I Musindi bagahinduka Abasindi. Bongera kwitwa Abanyiginya ku Ngoma y’umwami Ndoba (1213 - 1246) ariwe wahinduye. Mbere y’izi mpinduka, Abanyiginya bari bazwi nk’Abasindi, baturutse ku [[Mwami]] Yuhi I Musindi (1157 - 1180), wabyaye Umwami Ndahiro I Ruyange (1180 - 1213), wabyaye Umwami Ndoba wavuzwe haruguru. Ubwo Umwami Ndoba akaba Umwuzukuru wa Yuhi I Musindi. <ref>https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abanyiginya&veaction=edit</ref> Abasindi bamwe na bamwe bakaba baragumanye izina ry’Abasindi ku bwo kubaha Yuhi I Musindi, bigaragara nko ku Mwami Ruganzu Bwimba, wiyitaga Umusindi. <ref>https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abanyiginya&veaction=edit</ref> Ibyo bigashimangirwa na none n’igitabo cyanditswe na Nsanzabera Jean de Dieu, umwanditsi ku muco, amateka n’ubuvanganzo cyitwa ‘Intwari z’Imbanza, zubatse u Rwanda rugahamya igitinyiro’, hagaragaramo ko Abanyiginya ari izina rusange ry’abakomoka kuri Gihanga, batigeze bagira inkomoko ku yandi moko, cyane cyane abafite inkomoko kuri Kanyarwanda Gahima.<ref>https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abanyiginya&veaction=edit</ref> == Amashakiro: == {{Reflist}} <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/amateka/article/menya-abanyiginya-ijambo-rivuga-abantu-barambye-ku-bukire-n-ubupfura</ref> px9iwu19xm1dtpo4diyf5dg9rpyb1t5 0 14443 141356 104581 2026-10-11T11:39:27Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141356 wikitext text/x-wiki Kurinda umwuma udakoresheje amazi birashoboka cyane, nubwo akenshi iyo wumvise inyota, utekereza amazi. Gusa hari abantu badakunda kunywa amazi, kunywa ibirahuri birenga 2 bikaba bitabashobokera. Niba nawe ugira iki kibazo cg se ukaba utabasha kubona amazi, hari ibindi byo kurya bishobora kugufasha kubona amazi mu mubiri, bityo bikakurinda umwuma. == Ibyakurinda == === Watermelon === Watermelon igizwe n’ibirenga 90% amazi. Uru rubuto rukaba ingenzi mu kurwanya umwuma no kongera ingano y’amazi mu mubiri. Uretse amazi ibindi bibonekamo bifasha mu kurwanya umwuma ni calcium, magnesium n’indi myunyu yose ifasha amazi kudasohoka cyane mu mubiri. * Kubera ikungahaye ku mazi, ni nziza mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe no kurwanya inyota. * Uru rubuto rubamo Calories nkeya (muri grama 100 harimo 30 Calories) kandi nta mavuta menshi abamo. Bituma ruba urubuto rwiza ku bantu bose yemwe n’abarwayi ba diyabete. Ikindi kandi rufasha mu gusohora imyanda mu mubiri. * 19% bya vitamini A umubiri ukeneye ku munsi uzazisanga muri uru rubuto. (muri 100g harimo 569mg za vitamin A). Iyi ni vitamini y’ingenzi mu kureba neza no mu budahangarwa bw’umubiri kimwe no kugira uruhu rwiza ruhehereye. Irinda kandi [[kanseri]] y’ibihaha no mu kanwa. * Uru rubuto rukungahaye kuri flavonoids zinyuranye nka lycopene, lutein, β-carotene, zeaxanthin na cryptoxanthin. Izi zose zizwiho kurinda kanseri zinyuranye nka kanseri ya porositate, iy’amara, iy’amabere, ibihaha, nyababyeyi n’urwagashya. * Kuba uru rubuto rukungahaye kuri [[vitamini C]], kimwe n’ibindi bisukura umubiri ni rwiza ku ruhu. Icyo usabwa ni ugukuba igisate cyayo cyangwa gukaraba umutobe wayo ku ruhu ahatangiye kwangirika cyanecyane bitewe no gusaza. Ibi bizarusana kandi binarinde kongera kwangirika. === Cucumber === Concombre cg se cucumber zigizwe na 96% by’amazi. Izi mboga ni ingenzi cyane; kuko nizo za mbere zibonekamo amazi menshi kurusha izindi mboga cg imbuto zose. Mu gihe wifuza kurwanya inyota, ushobora kuzirya zonyine, kuzikoramo salade cg se ukaba wakora umutobe wa concombre. Uretse amazi abonekamo, concombre zikize ku butare, vitamin B6 ndetse na vitamin K. === Celeri === Imboga za celeri zigizwe na 95% by’amazi. Zikungahaye kandi kuri potasiyumu na fibres, byose bifasha umubiri kubika amazi. === Amata yakuwemo ibinure === Amata yakuwemo ibinure, ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ari ingenzi cyane mu kurinda umwuma no gufasha kongera amazi mu mubiri. Impamvu agabanyijemo ibinure ariyo ugomba kunywa ni uko, ibinure bikerereza cg se bikabuza umubiri gufata (cg kwinjiza) amazi. Uretse kukurinda umwuma aya mata kandi afasha mu gukomeza amagufa kuko abonekamo calcium ihagije. === Inkeri === Inkeri zibonekamo amazi angana na 92%. Uretse uburyo ziba zifite, zikungahaye cyane kuri vitamin C na fibres z’ingenzi zifasha umubiri guhorana urugero rw’amazi rukwiriye. == Ingano y'amazi umubiri ukenera == Nubwo havugwa kenshi “ibirahuri 8 ku munsi”, ntago bikwiye guhagararira aho, kuko urugero rw’amazi ukenera urubwirwa n’umubiri wawe; ni ngombwa kuyanywa kugeza igihe wowe wumvise ari menshi. Mu gihe ukora sport bwo ugomba kunywa menshi kurushaho, mu rwego rwo kwinjiza ayo uba watakaje. Kimwe mu byakwereka ko amazi unywa adahagije ni ibara ry’inkari ndetse n’inshuro unyara, mu gihe ubona zisa umuhondo wijimye, uba ukwiye kunywa amazi menshi. == Reba == <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/watermelon/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228215303/https://umutihealth.com/watermelon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/kurinda-umwuma-udakoresheje-amazi/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228215301/https://umutihealth.com/kurinda-umwuma-udakoresheje-amazi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 7zkoyjhm34kj8v9lwrn1np4kcgcl56q 0 14444 141389 139119 2026-10-11T11:54:15Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141389 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Cucumbers 1.jpg|thumb|198x198px|Cocombre.]] Mu myaka 1000 ishize, nibwo mu Buhinde havumbuwe igihingwa cyeraga imbuto zitari zizwi icyo gihe, niko kuzita cocombre. Uru urubuto abatari bakeya bakunze kurwita imboga bitewe n’uko babibona cyangwa se uko babisanze. == Aho zihingwa == Ugiye mu murima aho zihingwa, cocombre zishobora gufata ibara ry’igitare cyangwa se icyatsi, usanga akenshi ziburungushuye kandi ari ndende, zikera ku gihingwa kirandaranda ku butaka kiboneka mu bice bitandukanye by’isi. Ubusanzwe cocombre zikwiriye kuribwa ari mbisi, bikaba byiza cyane iyo zidahaswe kubera ko burya muri kiriya gishishwa kijugunywa habonekamo intungamubiri zitari nkeya. == Akamaro == [[Dosiye:Climbing cucumber plant.jpg|thumb|Uko bahinga cocombre]] Hari imvugo zitandukanye zikoreshwa mu kwerekana akamaro k’uru rubuto ku buzima bwa muntu aho uzasanga mu ndimi z’amahanga bagira bati ‘cool as cucumber’bashaka kwerekana uburyo izi mbuto zituma ugubwa neza ndetse ugaca ukubiri n’icyokere mu gihe waziriye. Uru rubuto ni ingenzi cyane ku buzima bwa muntu ku buryo inzobere zitandukanye mu by’Ubuvuzi n’Ubuzima zikugira inama yo kuba wazajya uzirya buri munsi bigushobokeye. N’ubona Cocombre yatangiye kuzana ibara ry’umuhondo cyangwa se yanambye aho uhahira,uzitondere kuyigura kuko ishobora kukugiraho ingaruka zitari nziza. Dore bimwe mu binyabutabire,intungamubiri ndetse n’imyunyungugu biboneka muri Cocombre 1 mbisi. Harimo nkaVitamins; Thiamine(B1) : haba harimo 0.027 mg akaba 2% mu bigize cocombre uko yakabaye, Riboflavin : 0.33 mg, Niacin : 0.098 mg, B3:0.259 mg, Vitamin B6 : 0.04 mg, Vitamin C : 2.8 mg ndetse na Vitamin K, tutibagiwe na B9 n’ubwo zibonekamo ku rugero rwo hasi cyane. [[Dosiye:Cucumis sativus Bjørn20200206 16573.jpg|thumb]] Mu myunyungugu iboneka muri cocombre harimo Calcium, Iron(Ubutare), Magnesium, Manganese, Phosphorous, Potassium, Sodium ndetse na Zinc. Igitangaje ni uko 95.23% by’ibigize uru rubuto ari amazi ndetse akaba n’imwe mu mpamvu nyamukuru ituma uru rubuto ruba ingirakamaro. Nubwo ishobora kuribwa ihase cyangwa se idahase, cocombre zirimo amoko menshi; usanga amwe bayakatakata bakayarya mu ma salade cyangwa se ikaribwa nyuma y’amafunguro mu rwego rwo gusukura mu kanwa. == Impamvu tugomba kurya Cocombre == === Kwirinda umwuma === [[Dosiye:Cucumis sativus Bjørn20200206 16567.jpg|thumb]] Nk’uko twabibonye haruguru,95.23 % by’ibigize cocombre ni amazi. Uretse amazi kandi,izi mbuto zikungahaye cyane ku yandi matembabuzi afasha umubiri kurwanya umwuma mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe ndetse no mu gihe urimo gukora imyitozongororamubiri. Ku bashaka guhorana itoto ku ruhu rwabo bakangurirwa gukunda izi mbuto nk’uko medicalnewstoday.com ikomeza ibigarukaho. Uretse kuba bitera amara yawe gukora neza,kugira amazi ahagije mu mubiri wawe bikurinda impatwe ndetse bigatuma impyiko zawe zirushaho gukora neza. Abantu bakunda gusatagurika iminwa,igacika ibisebe ndetse n’abahorana inyota bagirwa inama yo kurushaho gufata cocombre. Muganga ashobora kuba yaragusabye kuzajya unywa amazi menshi bitewe n’indwara urwaye cyangwa se imiterere y’umubiri wawe ariko ukumva ugiye kunanirwa,nyamara ufashe amazi ukayavanga na cocombre n’ibibabi by’igihingwa cyitwa”mint” ;yagira icyanga ukarushaho kuyakunda cyane. === Ubuzima bw’amagufwa === [[Dosiye:Mother's remedies; over one thousand tried and tested remedies from mothers of the United States and Canada (1916) (14761993664).jpg|thumb|135x135px|Cocombre ifasha mu kubungabunga amagufwa.]] Kuba umuntu afata ingano ikwiriye ya Vitamin K ni imwe mu ngingo yatuma amagufwa ye akomera. Agakombe kamwe ka Cocombre habonekamo micrograms8.5 zonyine. The Office of Dietary Supplements itangaza ko [[Umugore|Abagore]] bafite kuva ku myaka 19 bagomba gufata micrograms 90 za Vitamin K naho abagabo bagafata micrograms 120. Cocombre kandi ikungahaye kuri Calcium nayo igira uruhare runini mu gukomera kw’amagufwa. === Kwirinda Kanseri === Nk’uko ikomoka mu muryango w’ibihingwa witwa Cucurbitaceae,Cocombre ikungahaye ku kinyabutabire kitwa Cucurbitacins, gituma uturemengingo dutera [[Kanseri]] dupfa ndetse ntitwiyongere mu mubare. Muri izi mbuto,habonekamo Cucurbitacins A, B, C, D ndetse na E.Nubwo iki kinyabutabire kitaratangira gukoreshwa nk’umuti uvura Kanseri,ubushakashatsi burakomeje mu rwego rwo gususzuma neza ubushobozi bwacyo butuma ububyimba buturuka kuri Kanseri budakura. === Kwirinda indwara z’umutima === [[Dosiye:Cucumis sativus 0003.JPG|thumb]] Ikigo cy’Abanyamerika gishinzwe kwiga ku ndwara z’umutima (American Heart Association) gikomeje gukangurira abantu kurya amafunguro akungahaye kuri Fibers kuko zirwanya kwirundanya kw’ibinyamavuta mu mubiri ndetse bikarinda inwara z’umutima zishobora kuririra aho. Cocombre ni isoko nziza ya Fibers cyane cyane izo ku ruhu. Iki kigo cy’Abanyamerika gikangurira abantu kwirinda kurya umunyungugu wa Sodium kuko wongera umuvuduko w’amaraso, ahubwo bagakunda ibiribwa bikungahaye kuri Potassium birimo na Cocombre. === Kwirinda Diabetes === [[Dosiye:Cucumis sativus 15-p.bot-cucu.sati-07.jpg|thumb]] Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko Cocombre zafasha mu kurwanya ndetse no kurinda imibiri yacu Diyabete.Cocombre kimwe na watermelons n’ibindi biribwa tutavuze ubu, bikungahaye kuri Cucurbita ficifolia; ikinyabutabire gifasha umubiri mu kugabanya amasukari. Impamvu nyamukuru ibyihishe inyuma, ni uko cya kinyabutabire cyitwa Cucurbitacins kigenda kigakora ku mvubura zishinzwe kurekura umusemburo witwa ‘Insulin’ari nawo ugira uruhare mu kugabanya isukari mu mubiri. Ikindi cy’ingenzi ukwiriye kumenya ni uko, cocombre zitanga intungamubiri ariko zitongera ibinyamasukari mu mubiri. === Kubungabunga ubwiza bw’uruhu rwawe === [[Dosiye:Cucumis sativus 0004.JPG|thumb]] Cocombre ifite ubushobozi bwo kugabanya uburibwe no kubyimbirwa ku ruhu rwawe. Hari igihe ujya ubyuka amaso yawe yabyimbye ? Jya wifashisha agace ka Cocombre mu gukemura iki kibazo. Uzafata agace gato ka cocombre ;hanyuma ukarambike ku maso yawe ukamazeho igihe gito. Niba ushaka ko uruhu rwawe ruba rworoshye; mbese rudakanyaraye kandi inkovu z’ibishishi ufite mu isura zigakira,fata umutobe wa cocombre na Yoghurt bingana ubivange hanyuma uzajye ukora masike mu maso yawe,ubimazeho iminota mike kandi ntubikore rimwe ngo uhite urekera aho. == Ibindi == Kuri ubu,Cocombre wayibona ku masoko hafi ya yose yo mu Rwanda ku giciro gishimishije. Sigasira amagara : akenshi twita ku bidafitiye imibiri yacu umumaro kandi nyamara ugasanga binahenze cyane kuruta ibyatuma tugira amahoro. Kubaho ni rimwe nk’uko bivugwa, fata iya mbere ubisangize abo ukunda. == Reba == <ref>https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/sobanukirwa-akamaro-ko-kurya-cocombre-ku-buzima-bwawe</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230228220344/https://www.agakiza.org/Mbese-waba-uzi-akamaro-ka-cocombre.html</ref> jbh3f0z7whu04astgifzquc67cqazyp 0 14465 141301 135622 2026-10-11T08:43:11Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 141301 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kabanda Tony''' ni umunyamakuru wabigize umwuga mu biganiro by’ imikino na siporo. Kabanda Tony akaba yarize muri kaminuza nkuru yo mu gihugu cy'u Rwanda yitwa UTB University muri 2007. Kabanda Tony ashinzwe itangazamakuru muri APR FC, ubu ni we umuvugizi  iyi kipe y’Ingabo z’Igihugu ya APR FC ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru, muri 2010 yabaye umunyamakuru wa CECAFA. Kabanda Tony kandi yanabayeho umutoza mu ikipe y’abanyamakuru b’imikino mu Rwanda (AJSPOR FC).<ref><nowiki>http://isimbi.rw/siporo/article/apr-fc-yabonye-umuvugizi-mushya</nowiki> </ref><ref>https://igihe.com/imikino/football/article/byiringiro-lague-ntituramurekura-umuvugizi-wa-apr-fc-asubiza-ku-kirego-cya</ref><ref>https://www.ktpress.rw/2022/10/adil-is-still-apr-fcs-head-coach-club-spokesperson-kabanda/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/breaking-news-apr-fc-yashyizeho-umuvugizi-mushya-nyuma-yigihe-ntawuhari/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301023803/https://yegob.rw/breaking-news-apr-fc-yashyizeho-umuvugizi-mushya-nyuma-yigihe-ntawuhari/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umuseke.rw/2022/10/apr-fc-yabonye-umuvugizi-mushya/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301022300/https://umuseke.rw/2022/10/apr-fc-yabonye-umuvugizi-mushya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino-11/football/mugisha-yagarutse-muri-apr-rubona-ajya-mu-bana</ref><ref>https://rushyashya.net/apr-fc-yemeje-ko-umutoza-adil-erradi-mohamed-na-kapiteni-wayo-manishimwe-djabel-bahagaritswe-tonny-kabanda-agirwa-umuvugizi-wagateganyo/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.umuringa.net/umutoza-wungirije-ben-moussa-yahwe-inshingano-zo-gutoza-apr-fc-byagateganyo |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301022308/https://www.umuringa.net/umutoza-wungirije-ben-moussa-yahwe-inshingano-zo-gutoza-apr-fc-byagateganyo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino-11/football/Abanyamakuru-b-imikino-batangiye-imyitozo-ikaze-bitegura-Abarundi</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kiny.taarifa.rw/apr-yahisemo-ikibuga-izajya-yakiriraho-andi-makipe-uretse-rayon/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301022303/https://kiny.taarifa.rw/apr-yahisemo-ikibuga-izajya-yakiriraho-andi-makipe-uretse-rayon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kyuspace.kyu.ac.ug/browse?type=author&value=Kabanda%2C+Anthony |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301022304/https://kyuspace.kyu.ac.ug/browse?type=author&value=Kabanda,+Anthony |archive-date=2023-03-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Amashakiro === {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Siporo]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyamakuru]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyamakuru ba siporo]] 7qllba1a4d1921ax44m2tg8q7imh649 0 14506 141358 136067 2026-10-11T11:39:43Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 141358 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Army_declares_war_on_pneumonia._Washington,_D.C.,_Sept._1._The_Army_Medical_Center_is_preparing_a_pneumonia_vaccine_for_the_first_mass_scale_inoculation_ever_attempted_in_the_battle_against_LCCN2016872279.jpg|thumb|Ibitaro bya gisirikare i Washington, D.C. bitangaza ko biri gutegura urukingo rwa pneumonia. ibyo twita umusonga ]] [[Dosiye:New Pneumonia cartoon ua.png|thumb|New Pneumonia cartoon ua]] [[Dosiye:Pneumonia, mixed patterns, lobar and bronchopneumonia (3679096639).jpg|thumb|Pneumonia, mixed patterns, lobar and bronchopneumonia (3679096639).]] [[Dosiye:XR chest - pneumonia with abscess and caverns - d0.jpg|thumb|XR chest - pneumonia with abscess and caverns - d0]] [[Dosiye:Chest radiograph in influensa and H influenzae, posteroanterior, annotated.jpg|thumb|Chest radiograph in influensa and H influenzae, posteroanterior, annotated]] [[Dosiye:PneumonisWedge09.JPG|thumb|PneumonisWedge]] [[Dosiye:Acute bronchopneumonia Case 102 (3677946033).jpg|thumb|Acute bronchopneumonia]] [[Dosiye:Lung biopsy showing lobar pneumonia 10X.jpg|thumb|Lung biopsy showing lobar pneumonia ]] [[Dosiye:Lobar pneumonia, acute (3785988179).jpg|thumb|Lobar pneumonia, acute ]] [[Dosiye:Streptococcus pneumoniae.jpg|thumb|Streptococcus pneumoniae]] [[Dosiye:Pneumonia classification PL.png|thumb|Pneumonia classification PL]] [[Dosiye:Symptoms of pneumonia-mr.svg|thumb|Symptoms of pneumonia-mr]] Umusonga n'indwara ifata ibihaha ikaba iterwa n’udukoko two mu bwoko butandukanye Aho ariho hose ku isi umuntu ashobora kwandura umusonga nubwo hari abantu bafite ibyago byinshi byo kuyandura ugereranyije n’abandi. Ibimenyetso by’umusonga bigenda bihinduka biva kubyoroheje biganakubikomeye bitewe n'agakoko kibasiye umuntu. Inyigisho ku ndwara y’umusonga zatangajwe n’Ikigo gishinzwe Ubuzima mu Rwanda (RBC), zigaragaza ko umusonga ari indwara iterwa na virusi cyangwa utundi dukoko. RBC ivuga ko umusonga ari indwara ifata mu bihaha by’umuntu (cyane cyane abana), ikamutera guhumeka nabi(insigane), akagira umuriro mwinshi rimwe na rimwe, ndetse akaba yakurizamo urupfu. Iki kigo kivuga ko virusi zitandukanye hamwe n’udukoko twanduza tuba mu mazuru no mu mihogo by’umwana, ari byo bimanuka bijyanywe n’uko ahumetse, byagera mu bihaha agahita afatwa n’umusonga. == Uko uvurwa == Kuvura indwara y’umusonga bishingira ku cyawuteye, ubukana bw’ibimenyetso umurwayi afite, imyaka y’umurwayi, ndetse n’ubuzima bw’umurwayi muri rusange uko buhagaze. Iyi ndwara ivurwa hagati y’icyumweru kimwe na bitatu gusa ishobora kuba igikatu. Ku bw’amahirwe, mu buryo butandukanye umusonga ushobora kwirindwa hifashishijwe urukingo rw’ibicurane buri mwaka, gukaraba intoki buri gihe, ndetse no gukingira abantu bafite ibyago byinshi byo kuyirwara urukingo rw’umusonga wo mubwoko bwihariye(pneumococcal pneumonia). == Igitera umusonga == Umusonga ushobora guterwa na mikorobe zitandukanye harimo: [[bagiteri]], funji na virusi. Uhereye kuri bagiteri kugeza kuri funji cyane cyane bituruka mu mu mwuka duhumeka. Kumenya ubwoko bw’agakoko kateye umusonga ni ingenzi cyane mu kuwuvura. === Bagiteri === Umusonga ukunze kugaragara uterwa na bagiteri ni uwo mu bwoko bw’umusonga wihariye uzwi mu [[Icyongereza|cyongereza]] nka ‘pneumococcal pneumonia’. Uterwa n’agakoko kitwa ‘Pneumococus Pneumoniae’ (soma pinemokokusi pinemoniya) . Iyi bagiteri ubusanzwe yibera mu gice cyo hejuru cy’urungano rw’ubuhumekero kandi muri Amerika gusa ifata abantu barenga miliyoni 9 buri mwaka. Umusonga uterwa na bagiteri, ushobora kwizana cyangwa ukaza uherekeje ubundi bwandu umuntu afite harimo nk’ibicurane. Ushobora gufata igihande kimwe k’igihaha cyangwa ugafata ibihande bibiri byose rimwe na rimwe. Abantu bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura ubu bwoko bw ‘umusonga ni abaherutse kubagwa, abana bato, abageze mu zabukuru, abantu bafite ubudahangarwa buke bw’umubiri urugero nk’abanduye virusi itera Sida cyangwa abarwaye diyabete, ababaswe n’inzoga, n’abarwayi bari muri koma. Umusonga watewe na bagiteri ushobora kugarargaza ibimenyetso cyangwa ntubigaragaze. Ubwoko bwinshi bw’uyu musonga ni ubutagaragaza ibimenyetso aho ibimenyetso byabwo bisa nk‘aho ari ntabyo. Ku mafoto bigaragara muburyo butandukanye. Nubwo izi bagiteri zitwa izitagaragaza ibimenyetso, ntabwo ari buri igihe. Hari udukoko twinshi dutera umusonga ugaragaza ibimenyetso nk’ubwitwa streptococcus pneumonia(soma siterebutokokasi nemoniya), staphylococcus aureus (soma sitafilokokasi orewusi) na haemophilus influenza (soma hemofirasi imfuruwenza) n’izindi. == Bagiteri zitera ubwoko bw’umusonga utagaragaza ibimenyetso == === '''Mycoplasma Pneumoniae''' (soma mikopurazima nemoniya) === [[Dosiye:Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells attached to ciliated mucosal cells.jpeg|thumb|123x123px|uturemangingo twa Mycoplasma pneumoniae.]] umusonga uterwa n’iyi bagiteri ufata cyane cyane abantu bafite imyaka iri munsi ya 40 by’umwihariko batuye cyangwa bakorera ahantu hari ubucucike bukabije nko mu nkambi, muri gereza n’akajagari. uburwayi buterwa n’iyi bagiteri buba buri hagati y’ubukomeye n’ubukomeye cyane. Ni gake itera ubufite ubukana bukabije. === '''Chlamydia Pneumoniae''' (Karamidiya nemonia) === iyi bagiteri itera cyane cyane umusonga ufata igice cy’ubuhumekero cyo hejuru. === '''Regionella Pneumoniae''' (Rejiyonera nemoniya) === itera ubwoko bw’umusonga mubi cyane .Bitandukanye N’andi moko aho ava ku muntu umwe ajya ku wundi. ubwandu bwayo bwo buturuka mu mazi yanduye. === Virusi === Ubwoko bwinshi bw’umusonga uterwa na virusi buturuka kuri virusi yitwa ‘imfuruwenza ‘ishobora kuba mbi cyane. Igaragara cyane mu bantu bafite ubundi burwayi harimo ibihaha n’umutima. Bitandukanye n’umusonga uturuka kuri bagiteri, uyu musonga uterwa na virusi ntabwo ugira ibimenyetso bigaragara. Izindi virusi zitwa para influenza, rhinovirus, Respiratory syncytial virus n’izindi zitera umusonga uri hagati y’ukomeye n’uworoheje. Muri rusange izi virusi zigaragara muburyo butandukanye bijyanye n’imiterere yahantu, nyirukuzandura, bitewe n’igihe cyangwa se niba abantu barakingiwe cyangwa batarakingiwe. === Fungi === Umusonga uterwa na fungi ugira ubukana bwinshi cyane ku bantu bafite ubundi burwayi nka virusi itera Sida cyangwa badafite ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri buhagije ndetse no ku bantu bahuye n’izi fungi cyane nk’ubutaka bwanduye cyangwa ibiguruka. Pneumocystis Pneumoniae ni ubwoko bw’umusonga bufite ubukana bwinshi cyane mu buturuka kuri fungi. Igaragara cyane mu bantu badafite ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri buhagije buturutse kuri Virusi itera Sida cyangwa imiti y’igihe kirerekire nk’ivura [[kanseri]] cyangwa abahawe izindi ngingo z’umubiri. Ubutaka ubwabwo bushobora kuba ikigega k’izi fungi nka coccydiomycosis ,histoplasmosis, na Cryptococcus. N’iyo mpamvu gukaraba kenshi intoki ari bumwe mu buryo bwo kwirinda umusonga. == Ibimenyetso by’umusonga == Inkorora, umuriro, kubabara mu gatuza, guhinda umushyitsi no kubura uko uhumeka ibi nibyo bimenyetso bikunze kugaragara. Ku musonga uterwa na virusi, ibimenyetso biri haruguru bibanzirizwa no kubabara umutwe, kubabara imikaya no gucika intege muri rusange. == Igihe wagana kwa muganga == Igihe ubona ko cyangwa umwana wawe afite ibi bimenyetso bigaragaza umusonga, ihutire kugera kwa muganga utarinze gutegereza ko bikomera. Ihutire kugera kwa muganga cyane cyane mu gihe ubarizwa mu itsinda rifite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura umusonga. (abantu bafite imyaka 65 kuzamura, abana bato, abanywi bitabi n’abantu badafite ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri buhagije). == Uko basuzuma umusonga == Gusuzuma umusonga bisaba ibintu bine by’ingenzi : amakuru atangwa n’umurwayi, ,ibimenyetso bigaragara nk’umuriro, guhumekera hejuru ndetse n’amwe mu majwi yumvwa mu bihaha hifashishijwe icyuma cyabugenewe kitwa stethoscope. Hanifashishwa uburyo bw’amafoto. == Reba == <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/indwara/article/dore-ibitera-kurwara-umusonga-bitari-imbeho-nk-uko-bamwe-babyibwira</ref> <ref>https://olihealthmagazine.org/rw/dusobanukirwe-nindwara-yumusonga_H47.html</ref> i4kkcb8dppb4l2v7k21911xsmlpcpdx 0 14554 141347 137705 2026-10-11T11:36:47Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 141347 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Fruit Stall in Barcelona Market.jpg|thumb|Ibyongera amaraso|292x292px]] Hari amoko atandukanye y’ibiribwa byongera amaraso ,umubiri wa muntu ukenera amaraso kugira ngo ubeho ,iyo amaraso yabaye make ,umuntu ahura n’ibibazo bitandukanye birimo kugira ibimenyetso nko kugira isereri ,guhumeka nabi ,guhorana umunaniro ,kunanirwa guturiza hamwe nibindi bimenyetso bigaragaza uburwayi bwa Anemia. == Habaho gukenera ibyo kurya byongera amaraso byagenze gute == [[Dosiye:Viburnum opulus fruits close-up - Keila.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Solanum lycopersicum 9zz.jpg|thumb]] Bitewe n’ubuzima bw’iki gihe aho usanga benshi bahorana stress, guhangayika no kumara igihe kinini bicaye, byose bigira uruhare runini mu mikorere mibi y’umubiri. Ikibazo benshi bakunda kugira ni igabanuka rya hemoglobin. Hemoglobin ni proteyine zikungahaye ku butare (iron/fer) ziboneka mu nsoro zitukura z’amaraso.Iyo urugero rwa hemoglobin rwagabanutse, bishobora gutera guhora unaniwe, gucika intege, kuribwa umutwe ndetse no guhumeka gahoro. Iyo rugabanutse ku buryo bukomeye niho bitera indwara yo kubura amaraso izwi nka anemia.<ref name=":0">https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/ibyo-kurya-7-byagufasha-kongera-amaraso</ref>Mu maraso habonekamo ibyitwa Hemoglobine ,iyi hemoglobine niyo igira uruhare runini mu gutwara umwuka mwiza wa Ogisojemi ,iyo amaraso yagabanutse ni hemoglobin iba yagabanutse kandi iyi hemoglobin dushbora kuyikura mu biribwa bibobekamo ubutare bwa fer.Ibyo biribwa bikungahaye ku butare bwa fer nibyo byongera amaraso ku muntu ubirya ,akenshi usanga abantu badakunda bene ubu bwoko bw’ibiribwa tugiye kuvuga bakunda gyhorana ibibazo by’amaraso make buretse ko hari n’ababihorana bitewe n’uburwayi bafite nk’indwara ya [[kanseri]] ,uburwayi bw’impyiko n’ubundi bwinshi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuzimainfo.rw/2022/06/ibiribwa-11-bitandukanye-byongera.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301215542/https://www.ubuzimainfo.rw/2022/06/ibiribwa-11-bitandukanye-byongera.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dosiye:Tabasco peppers.JPG|thumb|urusenda]] == Tumenye Ubwoko bwibyo Kurya byongera Amaraso == [[Dosiye:Assamveggie.jpg|thumb|imboga]] Ibikungahaye cyane kuri vitamin C,Vitamin C ni ingenzi cyane mu kwinjiza ubutare mu mubiri. Umubiri ntufite ubushobozi buhagije bwo kwinjiza ubwawo ubutare ariyo mpamvu bukenera ikiwufasha, niho vitamin C yitabazwa.Amacunga, [[indimu]], inyanya, inkeri n’ izindi mbuto bimeze kimwe (berries), urusenda, poivron ni bimwe mu bikungahaye ku rugero ruhagije rwa vitamin C,Folic acid (cg se vitamin B9) ni vitamin yitabazwa mu ikorwa ry’ insoro zitukura z’amaraso mu mubiri. Iyo umubiri ufite urugero ruri hasi rwa folic acid bitera kugira urugero ruri hasi rwa hemoglobin.Amafunguro ibonekamo cyane ni ibishyimbo byumye, ubunyobwa, broccoli, imineke, inyama y’ umwijima, imboga rwatsi n’ibindi.<ref name=":0" />Beterave ni bimwe mu bifasha kongera cyane urugero rwa hemoglobin mu mubiri. Zikungahaye cyane ku butare, folic acid, potasiyumu na fibre.Beterave zoroshye kuzikoramo umutobe, wagufasha gutuma amaraso yawe ahora ku rugero rukwiye.Watermelon ni imbuto nziza cyane zifasha kongera urugero rwa hemoglobin, ahanini bitewe nuko zikize cyane ku butare na vitamin C bituma kwinjiza ubutare mu mubiri bikorwa neza kandi mu buryo bwihuse.Imboga,Imbwija, imboga rwatsi, epinari, celeri n’ izindi zifasha kongera urugero rwa hemoglobin. Zikungahaye cyane ku butare na folic acid bifasha mu ikorwa ry’insoro zitukura z’amaraso.Inzuzi z’ibihaza,zibonekamo urugero rukenerwa ku munsi rw’ ubutare (miligarama 8) ndetse na kalisiyumu, manganese na manyesiyumu bihagije.<ref name=":2">https://rwandamagazine.com/ubuzima/article/nutangira-kubona-ibi-bimenyetso-uzamenye-ko-amaraso-yawe-yatangiye-kugabanuka</ref>Ibyo kurya birimo polyphenols na tannins nk’icyayi, ikawa, ibyo kurya nka soya na cocoa bibuza umubiri kwinjiza ubutare. Ni ngombwa kubifata ku rugero ruri hasi mu gihe hemoglobin yawe iri ku rugero rwo hasi.Imboga za Epinari,Imboga za epinari ziza ku mwanya wa mbere mu biribwa bikungahaye ku butare bwa fer .kuzirya bituma ubona ingano ihagije y’ubu butare bityo bigatuma utandukana n’ikibazo cy’amaraso make .muri garama 1oo z’imboga za epinari mbisi dusangamo garama 2.7 z’ubutare bwa fer.byinshi ku kamaro k’imboga za epinari soma: Akamaro 13 k’imboga za Epinari. == Ibindi mubyo Kurya byongera Amaraso == [[Dosiye:Rubus caesius fruit - Keila.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Juniperus communis fruits - Keila.jpg|thumb]] Tofu,Tofu ibonekamo ubu butare ku kigero cya 19% cy’ingano yabwo umubiri ukenera ku munsi ,kubera ko tofu ikorwa muri soya nyinshi bituma iba ikungahaye ku ntungamubiri zo mu bwoko bwa poroteyine bituma iba nziza ku mubiri wa muntu.<ref name=":1" />Lantiye,Lantiye nazo zibonekamo ubutare bwa fer nkenerwa ku mubiri wa muntu ,lantiye kandi zikungahaye ku ntungamubiri zitanduaknye bituma ziba ikiribwa cyiza ku munyu ukirya.Amagi,Amagi nayo akungahaye ku butare bwa fer ,umuntu ukunda kurya amagi atandukana n’uburwayi bwa anemia bwo kugira amaraso make.Inyama y’ingurube,Inyama y’ingurube .ikundwana na benshi burya nayo ibonekamo ubutare bwa fer ku kigero kiri hejuru ,si ibyo gusa ,inakungahaye ku zindi ntungamubiri zirimo na poroteyine.Imboga zo mu bwoko bwa Borokoli Imboga za borokoli (broccoli ) nazo zikungahaye ku butare bwa fer zikaba ari na nziza cyane kuzigaburira abana bato kubera intungamubiri tuzisangamo ,nkubu imboga za borokoli zibonekamo [[Vitamini C]] ku kigero cya 112 % by’umubiri ukenera ku munsi.ukeneye gusobanukirwa n’akamaro k’imboga za brokoli : Akamaro gatangaje k’imboga za Broccoli(borokoli),<ref name=":2" />Inyama y’umwijima,Inyama y’umwijima burya nayo ikungahaye ku butare bwa fer ,ninayo mpamvu burya abantu bakunze kuyirya kubera ko bavumbuye iryo banga ryo kongera amaraso.Ibishyimbo,Cyane cyane ibishyimbo by’irabura. burya bikungahaye ku butare bwa fer no ku zindi ntungamubiri nkenerwa ku buzima bwawe.Imbuto z’ibihaza,Imbuto z’ibihaza nazo ni ingenzi cyane mu mirire ya muntu .izi mbuto zikungahaye ku butare bwa fer no ku zindi ntungamubiri zitandukanye.Byinshi ku mbuto z’ibihaza soma: Akamaro k’inzuzi z’ibihaza.<ref name=":0" />Shokola y’irabura,Shokola y’irabura ikungahaye ku ntungamubiri zitandukanye harimo n’ubutare bwa fer ,mkubu garama 28 zayo ziboneka fer ingana na garama 3.3 byinshi kuri shokola soma Akamaro 8 ka shokora ku mubiri wa muntu.na Beterave,Beterave nayp ikungahaye ku butare bwa fer ,beterave ishobora gushyirwa mu birtyo cyangwa igakorwamo agatobe ushobora kunywa ,ukanafasoza ku biryo ukaronka intungamubiri ziyibonekamo.Muri rusange ,umuntu wese akenera kurya ibiryo bikungahaye ku butare bwa fer ,ni byiza ko mu mafunguro yawe habonekamo ikiribwa kirimo ubu butare ,iki kibazo cyo kugira amaraso make gikunze kwibasira benshi kandi byagakwiye kwirindwa bita ku mirire yabo. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umuti]] [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] t3bz98mo5kkpb7j7ctwyaplayz295hq 0 14556 141399 138486 2026-10-11T11:58:11Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141399 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Banana on black background.jpg|thumb|umuneke ukungahaye kuri Tyrosine ifasha ubwonko gutekereza neza no kwibuka|227x227px]] [[Dosiye:Fruit Stall in Barcelona Market.jpg|thumb|189x189px|imbuto zifasha cyane mu kongera ibyishimo]] Hari igihe ujya wumva utishimye, ubabaye cyangwa se wigunze muri rusange. Ibi ahanini biterwa n’urugero ruri hasi rw’umusemburo ukorerwa mu bwonko wa dopamine, ukaba ushinzwe kongera ibyishimo. Niba wumva urushye kandi utishimye, umubiri wawe ushobora kuba ukeneye kongerwamo dopamine. Gufata ibyo kurya byongera dopamine byakugarurira ibyishimo. == Tumenye ibyo kurya byagufasha kongera ibishimo == Umusemburo wa dopamine, uretse kugena urugero rw’akanyamuneza, ufasha mu gufata ibyo wiga, guhanga udushya, kunezerwa, kwita ku bintu no kubiha umwanya wawe, muri macye kongera ubwenge.Mu gihe urugero rwa dopamine rwagabanutse, bishobora kugaragazwa na bimwe mu bimenyetso bikurikira; kutabasha kwita ku kintu kimwe, gusinzira bya hato na hato, umunaniro uhoraho, kumva udatuje, guhindura ibyiyumviro buri kanya no kumva utanezerewe, hakiyongeraho kurya cyane bya buri kanya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/imisemburo-itaringaniye-2/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301222547/https://umutihealth.com/imisemburo-itaringaniye-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>Gufata ibyo kurya byongera dopamine mu mubiri, nibwo buryo bwagufasha kuyongera mu gihe gito, ndetse bikagufasha guhita ugira akanyamuneza byihuse.Niba wumva urushye kandi utishimye, umubiri wawe ushobora kuba ukeneye kongerwamo dopamine. == Bimwe mubyo kurya byagufasha kongera ibyishimo == [[Dosiye:Beetroot@Hyd.JPG|thumb|beterave|187x187px]] Umuneke ni isoko ikomeye ya tyrosine, iyi ikaba aside amino ifasha mu kugena no gukangura urugero rw’umusemburo wa dopamine.Ibi bikagufasha mu kwishima no kongera ubwenge, kuko bigufasha kwibuka cyane, kwita ku bintu no gukurikira cyane. Imineke ni myiza cyane kuko ikungahaye kuri byinshi bifasha [[ubwonko]]. Ugomba kurya uhiye neza, kandi uryohera, niyo ibonekamo tyrosine ku rugero ruri hejuru.Beterave,Beterave ( beetroot mu [[Icyongereza|cyongereza]]) zibonekamo betaine, ni ubwoko bwa aside amino zifasha mu ikorwa rya dopamine, zifitemo kandi ubushobozi bwo kurwanya kwiheba cyane(antidepressant). <ref name=":1">https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/108048/waruziko-hari-ibyo-kurya-byagufasha-kongera-ibyishimo-dore-6-muri-byo-108048.html</ref>Mu rwego rwo kongera akanyamuneza buri munsi, ni ngombwa kunywa umutobe wa beterave wikoreye buri munsi.Watermelon,Watermelon ni isoko nziza ya acide amine yitwa tyrosine. Tyrosine iyo igeze mu mubiri ihindurwamo dopamine, bityo urugero rwayo rukiyongera mu mubiri, maze bikongera ibyishimo n’akanyamuneza mu mubiri.Pome,Quercetin, kimwe mu binyabutabire byibanze biboneka muri pome, gifitiye akamaro kanini [https://web.archive.org/web/20240629113236/https://is-scam-or-legit.com/category/brain-health/ ubwonko] bwacu. Usibye kongera imikorere y’umusemburo wa dopamine wongera ubushake bwo kugera ku kintu runaka n’ibyishimo, quercetin inafasha mu mikorere myiza y’ibice by’ubwonko bifasha gutekereza.Muri pome habonekamo ibindi binyabutabire bya polyphenols birinda uturemangingo dukora dopamine kwangirika. Mu gihe wumva utishimye cg se utamerewe neza, kurya pome imwe (n’igishishwa cyayo) bizagufasha kugira akanyamuneza.<ref name=":0" /> == Ibindi Byo kurya bifasha kongera ibyishimo == [[Dosiye:Schokolade-schwarz.jpg|thumb|shokola y'umukara nayo ni ingenzi.|184x184px]] [[Dosiye:A small cup of coffee.JPG|thumb|189x189px|Coffee kimwe mubinyobwa bitera ubwonko gutekereza neza kikanatera ibyishimo]] Shokola zirabura,Shokola zirabura benshi basanzwe bazi ko zigabanya stress, zikongera akanyamuneza. Niba wumva utishimye, guhekenya shokola zirabura bizagufasha kugira akanyamuneza. Ibi biterwa n’ibinyabutabire bya phenylalanine, nabyo ni aside amino zigira uruhare runini mu ikorwa ryúmusemburo wa dopamine.Ubutaha niwumva utishimye cyangwa se wigunze cyane, uzarye shokola yirabura izagufasha. Ugomba kureba shokola irimo cocoa nyinshi (byibuze hejuru ya 85%) kuko niyo ibonekamo phenylalanine nyinshi.Inkeri,Inkeri zibonekamo vitamin C ihagije, ikaba ingenzi mu mikorere myiza y’ubwonko. Iyi vitamin ifasha mu gusohora no kurwanya uburozi bishobora kujya mu bwonko, bukabuza dopamine gukora neza.Kuba inkeri zibonekamo kandi ibinyabutabire bya phenol, bifasha mu kurinda imyakura n’uturemangingo dukora dopamine. Ni byiza kuzirya kenshi, kuko bizatuma urushaho kongera ibyiyumviro n’akanyamuneza mu mubiri.<ref name=":1" />Izi mbuto zikungahaye kuri vitamin B6 ikoreshwa n’umubiri mu ikorwa rya dopamine. Mu rwego rwo guhorana urugero rwa dopamine ruri hejuru, ushobora kunywa akarahuri k’umutobe wa watermelon ku munsi.Ushobora kongera urugero rw’imisemburo ya dopamine, ubinyujije mu kurya bimwe muri ibi biryo, bikaba byakongerera umunezero n’akanyamuneza, bikakurinda kwiheba, kwigunga no kumva ubabaye cyane. Uretse ibi 6 hari n’ibindi byagufasha nk’amata, amafi ndetse n’amagi. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]] scg9luul71ym3lhsik78mztdtbw7oib 0 14686 141386 127935 2026-10-11T11:53:00Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 141386 wikitext text/x-wiki Imibare [[Dosiye:Maya.svg|thumb|Ishusho igaragaza imibare.]] Ni igice cy'ubumenyi gikubiyemo ingingo z'imibare, formula n'uburyo bujyanye, imiterere n'umwanya urimo, n'umubare nimpinduka zabo. Izi nsanganyamatsiko zigaragara mu mibare igezweho hamwe n’ibice byingenzi y’imibare, [1] algebra, [2] geometrie, [1] n'isesengura, [3] [4]. Nta bwumvikane rusange mu mibibare bujyanye n'ibisobanuro rusange kubijyanye na discipline yabo. Ibikorwa byinshi byimibare birimo kuvumbura imitungo y'ibintu bidafatika no gukoresha impamvu zifatika zo kubigaragaza. Ibi bintu bigizwe no gukuramo ibintu biva muri kamere cyangwa - mu mibare igezweho - ibice biteganijwe kugira imitungo runaka, bita axioms. Ikemezo kigizwe nuruhererekane rwo gukurikiza amategeko agabanya ibisubizo bimaze gushingwa. Ibisubizo birimo ibitekerezo byerekanwe mbere, axiom, kandi-mugihe habaye gukuramo ibidukikije - ibintu bimwe na bimwe by'ibanze bifatwa nk'intangiriro nyayo y'igitekerezo kirimo gusuzumwa. Imibare ni ngombwa muri siyansi karemano, ubwubatsi, ubuvuzi, imari, ubumenyi bwa mudasobwa n'ubumenyi mbonezamubano. Nubwo imibare ikoreshwa cyane mu gushushanya ibintu, ukuri shingiro ku mibare ntigutandukanye nubushakashatsi ubwo aribwo bwose. Ibice bimwe by'imibare, nkibarurishamibare hamwe nimikino yamahirwe, byatejwe imbere bifitanye isano rya hafi nibisabwa kandi akenshi bishyirwa hamwe mu mibibare byakoreshejwe. Ibindi bice byatejwe imbere byigenga bivuye mubikorwa ibyo aribyo byose (kandi byitwa imibare itanduye), ariko akenshi bigasanga mubikorwa bifatika. [6] Ikibazo cyo kwishyiriraho integer, kurugero, rusubira muri Euclid muri 300 mbere ya Yesu, ntabwo cyari gifite gahunda ifatika mbere yo gukoreshwa muri cryptosystem ya RSA, ubu ikoreshwa cyane mu mutekano w'urubuga rwa mudasobwa. Mu mateka, igitekerezo cyo guhamya hamwe n’imibare ifitanye isano n’imibare yagaragaye bwa mbere mu mibare y’i[[Ikigereki|kigereki]], cyane cyane mu bice bya Euclid. Kuva yatangira, imibare yagabanijwemo geometrie na arithmetic (manipulation y'imibare isanzwe nuduce), kugeza mu kinyejana cya 16 na 17, igihe algebra [a] na calculus itagira ingano yatangijwe nk'ibice bishya. Kuva icyo gihe, imikoranire hagati y'imibare mibare nubuvumbuzi bwa siyansi yatumye ubwiyongere bwihuse bw'iterambere ryiterambere ryombi. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19, ikibazo k'ifatizo k'imibare cyatumye habaho uburyo bwa axiomatic, [10] bwatangaje ko ubwiyongere bukabije bw’imibare y’imibare n’imirimo yabo ikoreshwa. Imibare yibihe Byibihe Byiciro Urutonde rurenga 60 mu rwego rwa mbere rw'imibare. Etymology Ijambo imibare rikomoka mu kigereki cya kera máthēma (μάθημα), risobanura "icyigishijwe", [11] "icyo umuntu amenya", bityo rero "kwiga" na "siyanse". Ijambo ryaje kugira ibisobanuro bigufi kandi byinshi bya tekinike yo kwiga imibare" no mubihe bya kera. Inshinga yacyo ni mathēmatikós (μαθηματικός), bisobanura "bijyanye no kwiga" cyangwa "umunyeshuri", ari nako yaje gusobanura "imibare". By'umwihariko, mathēmatikḗ tékhnē (μαθηματικὴ τέχνη; [[Ikilatini]]: ars mathica) bisobanura "ubuhanzi bw'imibare". [11] Mu buryo nk'ubwo, rimwe mu mashuri abiri y'ingenzi yatekerezaga muri Pythagoreanism yari azwi ku mibareēmatikoi (μαθηματικοί) - icyo gihe icyo gihe cyasobanuraga "abiga" aho kuba "imibare" mu buryo bwa none. Pythagoreans birashoboka ko abambere babujije gukoresha ijambo kugirango bige gusa imibare na geometrie. Mu gihe cya Aristote (384–322 mbere ya Yesu) ubu busobanuro bwarashizweho neza. Mu kilatini, no mu Cyongereza kugeza ahagana mu 1700, ijambo imibare ryakunze gusobanura "inyenyeri" (cyangwa rimwe na rimwe "inyenyeri") aho kuvuga "imibare"; ibisobanuro byahindutse buhoro buhoro kugeza ubu kuva nko mu 1500 kugeza 1800. Iri hinduka ryatumye abantu benshi batavuga rumwe: Urugero, umuburo wa Mutagatifu Agusitini uvuga ko abakristo bagomba kwirinda imibare, bisobanura "abaragurisha inyenyeri", rimwe na rimwe ntibisobanurwa nabi nko kwamagana imibare. 15] Imiterere igaragara mu [[Icyongereza|cyongereza]] isubira mu kilatini neuter plural mathica (Cicero), ishingiye ku kigereki cyinshi ta mathēmatiká (τὰ μαθηματικά) kandi isobanura "ibintu byose imibare", nubwo bishoboka ko icyongereza cyatijwe gusa inyito y'imibare (( al) maze akora izina imibare mishya, nyuma yuburyo bwa fiziki na metafizika, twarazwe mu kigereki. Mu cyongereza, izina imibare rifata inshinga imwe. Bikunze kugabanywa kubiharuro cyangwa, muri Amerika ya ruguru, imibare. Ibice by'imibare mbere yubuzima bushya, imibare yagabanyijwemo ibice bibiri byingenzi: imibare - yerekeranye no gukoresha imibare, na geometrie, bijyanye no kwiga imiterere. Ubwoko bumwe bumwe bwa pseudoscience, nka numerologiya na astrologiya, ntabwo noneho byari bitandukanye cyane n'imibare. Mugihe cya Renaissance, hagaragaye utundi turere tubiri . Imibare yerekana imibare iganisha kuri algebra, tuvuze hafi, igizwe n'ubushakashatsi hamwe no gukoresha formulaire. Ibara, rigizwe nubutaka bubiri butandukanye butandukanye hamwe na calculus yuzuye, ni ubushakashatsi bwibikorwa bikomeza, byerekana ubusanzwe umubano utari umurongo hagati yubwinshi butandukanye, nkuko bigaragazwa nimpinduka. Iri gabana mu bice bine by'ingenzi - imibare, geometrie, algebra, calculus [20] - byakomeje kugeza mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19. Ibice nk'ubukanishi bwo mwijuru hamwe n'ubukanishi bukomeye noneho bigishijwe nabashinzwe imibare, ariko ubu bifatwa nkibya fiziki. Isomo rya combinatorics ryizwe mu mateka menshi yanditswe, nyamara ntiryabaye ishami ryihariye ry’imibare kugeza mu kinyejana cya cumi na karindwi. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19, ikibazo k'ifatizo mu mibare no gutondekanya uburyo bwa axiomatic bwatumye habaho guturika mu bice bishya by'imibare. [23] Ibyiciro by'Imibare ya 2020 birimo ibyiciro bitarenze mirongo itandatu na bitatu byo mu rwego rwa mbere. Bimwe muribi bice bihuye n'igice cyakera, nkuko arukuri kubijyanye n'umubare wimibare (izina rya kijyambere ryimibare ihanitse) na geometrie. Ibindi bice byinshi byo murwego rwa mbere bifite "geometrie" mu mazina yabo cyangwa ubundi bifatwa nkigice cya geometrie. Algebra na calculus ntabwo bigaragara nkibice byo mu rwego rwa mbere ariko bigabanijwemo ibice byinshi byo mu rwego rwa mbere. Ibindi bice byo mu rwego rwa mbere byagaragaye mu kinyejana cya 20 cyangwa ntibyari byigeze bifatwa nk'imibare, nka logique y'imibare n'imfatiro. Umubare wimibare Ingingo nyamukuru: Igitekerezo cyimibare Nibwo Ulam spiral, yerekana ikwirakwizwa ry'imibare yibanze. Imirongo yijimye ya diagonal yerekana igitekerezo cyubwigenge bugereranijwe hagati yo kuba uwambere no kuba agaciro ka polinomial quadratic, igitekerezo ubu kizwi nka Hardy na Littlewood's Conjecture F. Umubare wimibare watangiranye no gukoresha imibare, ni ukuvuga imibare isanzwe ( N. ) , {\ kwerekana imiterere (\ mathbb {N}),} hanyuma nyuma yaguka kuri integer ( Z. ) {\ kwerekana imiterere (\ mathbb {Z})} nimibare yumvikana ( Ikibazo ) . {\ kwerekana imiterere (\ mathbb {Q}). theory Inyigisho y'imibare yigeze kwitwa imibare, ariko muri iki gihe iri jambo rikoreshwa cyane mu kubara. Imibare yatanzwe kuva i Babuloni ya kera kandi birashoboka ko ari Ubushinwa. Abashakashatsi babiri bakomeye bo mu ntangiriro ni Euclid wo mu Bugereki bwa kera na Diyofanti wo muri Alegizandiriya. Ubushakashatsi bugezweho bwibisobanuro by'imibare muburyo budasobanutse bwitirirwa Pierre de Fermat na Leonhard Euler. Umurima waje gutanga umusaruro wose hamwe nintererano ya Adrien-Marie Legendre na Carl Friedrich Gauss. [28] Ibibazo byinshi byavuzwe byoroshye bifite ibisubizo bisaba uburyo buhanitse, akenshi biva mumibare. Urugero rugaragara ni Theorem ya nyuma ya Fermat. Iki gitekerezo cyavuzwe mu 1637 na Pierre de Fermat, ariko byagaragaye mu 1994 gusa na Andrew Wiles, wakoresheje ibikoresho birimo igishushanyo mbonera cya geometrike ya algebraic, teorite y'ibyiciro, na algebra ya homologiya. Urundi rugero ni igitekerezo cya Goldbach, kemeza ko buri numero irenze 2 nigiteranyo kimibare ibiri yibanze. Yavuzwe mu 1742 na Christian Goldbach, ntigihamye nubwo hashyizweho ingufu. Umubare wimibare urimo subareas nyinshi, harimo numero yisesengura yumubare, inyigisho ya algebraic numero, geometrike yimibare (uburyo bwerekanwe), ingero ya diophantine, hamwe nigitekerezo cyo kurenga (ikibazo gishingiye). Geometrie Ingingo nyamukuru: Geometrie Ku buso bwumuzingi, geometrike ya Euclidian ikoreshwa gusa nkaho igereranijwe ryaho. Ku munzani minini igiteranyo cy'imfuruka ya mpandeshatu ntabwo kingana na 180 °. Geometrie ni rimwe mu mashami ya kera yimibare. Yatangiranye nibisobanuro bifatika bijyanye n'imiterere, nk'imirongo, inguni n'inziga, byakozwe cyane cyane kubikenerwa mu bushakashatsi no mu bwubatsi, ariko kuva ubwo bimera mu bindi bice byinshi. Agashya k'ibanze ni Abagereki ba kera batangije igitekerezo k'bimenyetso, bisaba ko ibivugwa byose bigomba kwemezwa. Kurugero, ntibihagije kugenzura ukoresheje ibipimo ko, vuga, uburebure bubiri buringaniye; uburinganire bwabo bugomba kugaragazwa hakoreshejwe ibitekerezo bivuye mubisubizo byemewe (theorem) hamwe n'amagambo make yibanze. Amagambo shingiro ntagengwa nubuhamya kuko arigaragaza (postules), cyangwa ni igice cyibisobanuro byicyigisho (axioms). Iri hame, rishingiye ku mibare yose, ryabanje gusobanurwa kuri geometrie, kandi ryatunganijwe na Euclid ahagana mu mwaka wa 300 mbere ya Yesu mu gitabo ke cyitwa Element. [32] Geometrie ya Euclidean yavuyemo ni ubushakashatsi bwimiterere nuburyo byateguwe byubatswe kuva kumirongo, indege nizunguruka mu ndege ya Euclidean (indege ya geometrie) hamwe n'umwanya wa Euclidea ufite ibice bitatu. [B] [31] [[Dosiye:Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg|thumb|Ifoto igaragaza Rene Descartes.]] Euclidean geometrie yatejwe imbere idahinduye uburyo cyangwa urugero kugeza mu kinyejana cya 17, ubwo René Descartes yatangizaga icyo bita coor ya Cartesian Kurya. Ibi byagize impinduka nini ya paradigima: Aho gusobanura imibare nyayo nkuburebure bwumurongo (reba umurongo), yemereye guhagararira amanota ukoresheje imirongo yabo, ari imibare. Algebra (na nyuma, kubara) irashobora gukoreshwa mugukemura ibibazo bya geometrike. Geometrie yagabanyijwemo ibice bibiri bishya: geometrike y'ubukorikori, ikoresha uburyo bwa geometrike gusa, hamwe na geometrie y'isesengura, ikoresha imirongo ikora neza. Isesengura rya geometrie ryemerera kwiga imirongo itajyanye n'uruziga n'imirongo. Imirongo nkiyi irashobora gusobanurwa nkigishushanyo cyimikorere, ubushakashatsi bwerekanwe kuri geometrie itandukanye. Bashobora kandi gusobanurwa nkuburinganire butaziguye, akenshi buringaniza polinomial (byabyaye algebraic geometrie). Isesengura rya geometrie rituma kandi bishoboka gusuzuma umwanya wa Euclidea urenze ibipimo bitatu. Mu kinyejana cya 19, abahanga mu mibare bavumbuye geometrike itari Euclidea, idakurikiza imyifatire ibangikanye. Mu kwibaza ukuri kw'ukuri, ubu buvumbuzi bwafashwe nko gufatanya na Russell mu kwerekana ikibazo k'imibare. Iyi ngingo y'ikibazo yakemuwe no gutunganya uburyo bwa axiomatic, no kwemeza ko ukuri kwa axiom guhitamo atari ikibazo cyimibare. [35] Na none, uburyo bwa axiomatic butuma habaho ubushakashatsi bwa geometrike zitandukanye zabonetse haba muguhindura axiom cyangwa ukareba imitungo idahinduka mugihe cyo guhindura imyanya yihariye. Uyu munsi subareas ya geometrie irimo: [25] [[Dosiye:Gérard Desargues.jpeg|thumb|Ifoto igaragaza Gerard Desargues wahanze geometrie.]] Umushinga wa geometrie, watangijwe mu kinyejana cya 16 na Girard Desargues, wagura geometrie ya Euclidean wongeyeho ingingo zitagira iherezo imirongo ibangikanye. Ibi byoroshya ibintu byinshi bya geometrike ya kera muguhuza uburyo bwo kuvura no guhuza imirongo. Affine geometrie, ubushakashatsi bwimiterere ugereranije nuburinganire kandi bwigenga kubitekerezo byuburebure. Itandukaniro rya geometrie, ubushakashatsi bwimirongo, hejuru, hamwe nibisanzwe, bisobanurwa hakoreshejwe imirimo itandukanye. Manifold théorie, ubushakashatsi bwimiterere ntabwo byanze bikunze byinjijwe mumwanya munini. Riemannian geometrie, ubushakashatsi bwimiterere yintera ahantu hagoramye. Algebraic geometrie, ubushakashatsi bwimirongo, hejuru, hamwe nibisanzwe, bisobanurwa hakoreshejwe polinomial. Topologiya, ubushakashatsi bw'ibintu bibikwa munsi yimiterere ihoraho. Algebraic topologiya, ikoreshwa muri topologiya yuburyo bwa algebraic, cyane cyane algebra ya homologique. [[Dosiye:Desargues6PtInvolution.jpg|thumb|Ubuhanga bwa porojection bwavumbuwe na Desargues.]] Discomet geometrie, ubushakashatsi bwibishushanyo bitagira ingano muri geometrie. Geometrie ya convex, ubushakashatsi bwibisobanuro bya convex, ifata akamaro kayo mubikorwa byayo mugutezimbere. Geometrie igoye, geometrie yabonetse mugusimbuza imibare nyayo nimibare igoye. Algebra Ingingo nyamukuru: Algebra Inzira ya quadratic, isobanura mu buryo bweruye ibisubizo byuburinganire bwose [[Dosiye:Rubik's cube.svg|thumb|Ishusho igaragaza Rubik's cube.]] Itsinda rya Rubik's Cube ni uburyo bukoreshwa bw'amatsinda [37] Algebra nubuhanga bwo gukoresha ibingana na formula. Diophantus (ikinyejana cya 3) na al-Khwarizmi (ikinyejana cya 9) ni byo bibiri byabanjirije algebra. [38] Diophantus yakemuye ibigereranyo bimwe birimo imibare karemano itazwi akuramo umubano mushya kugeza abonye igisubizo. Al-Khwarizmi yashyizeho uburyo butunganijwe bwo guhindura ibingana, nko kwimura ijambo kuva kuruhande rumwe rwikigereranyo kurundi ruhande. Ijambo algebra rikomoka ku ijambo ry'icyarabu al-jabr risobanura 'guhuza ibice byacitse' [40] yakoresheje mu kwita bumwe muri ubwo buryo mu mutwe w'igitabo ke k'ingenzi. Algebra yabaye akarere mu buryo bwonyine hamwe na François Viète (1540–1603), watangije ikoreshwa ry'ibihinduka mu kwerekana imibare itazwi cyangwa idasobanutse. Ibihinduka byemerera imibare gusobanura ibikorwa bigomba gukorwa kumibare ihagarariwe hakoreshejwe imibare. Kugeza mu kinyejana cya 19, algebra yari igizwe ahanini no kwiga ku kugereranya umurongo (muri iki gihe umurongo wa algebra), hamwe no kugereranya abagore benshi mu kintu kimwe kitazwi, cyiswe algebraic (ijambo rikoreshwa, nubwo rishobora kuba ridasobanutse). Mu kinyejana cya 19, abahanga mu mibare batangiye gukoresha impinduka zerekana ibintu bitari imibare (nka matrices, integer modular, hamwe na geometrike ihinduka), aho usanga ibikorwa rusange bibarwa byemewe. Igitekerezo k'imiterere ya algebraic gikemura ibi, bigizwe nurutonde rw'ibintu bitamenyekanye, byimikorere ikora kubintu byashizweho, namategeko ibyo bikorwa bigomba gukurikiza. Ingano ya algebra rero yarushijeho kwiyongera gushiramo ubushakashatsi bwimiterere ya algebraic. Iki kintu cya algebra cyiswe algebra igezweho cyangwa algebra abstract, nkuko byagaragajwe nimbaraga za Emmy Noether. (Ijambo ryanyuma rigaragara cyane cyane mubyerekeranye n'uburezi, mu kurwanya algebra y'ibanze, ireba uburyo bwa kera bwo gukoresha formulaire.) Ubwoko bumwe bwimiterere ya algebraic ifite akamaro kandi akenshi imitungo yose, mubice byinshi byimibare. Ubushakashatsi bwabo bwabaye ibice byigenga bya algebra, kandi birimo: [25] itsinda ry'itsinda; inyigisho; Umwanya wa vector, ubushakashatsi bwabo burasa cyane na algebra y'umurongo; impeta; algebra ya commutative, aribwo kwiga impeta zigenda, zirimo kwiga kuri polinomial, kandi ni igice fatizo cya algebraic geometrie; algebra; Kubeshya algebra na Kubeshya itsinda; Bogean algebra, ikoreshwa cyane mukwiga imiterere yumvikana ya mudasobwa. Ubushakashatsi bwubwoko bwimiterere ya algebraic nkibintu byimibare niyo ntego ya algebra yisi yose hamwe nibyiciro byicyiciro. Iheruka ikoreshwa kuri buri mibare (ntabwo ari algebraic gusa). Ku nkomoko yacyo, yatangijwe, hamwe na algebra ya homologique yo kwemerera algebraic kwiga ibintu bitari algebraic nkibibanza bya topologiya; kariya gace gakoreshwa cyane bita algebraic topology. [45] Kubara no gusesengura Ingingo z'ingenzi: Kubara no gusesengura imibare [[Dosiye:Cauchy-equation-1.png|thumb|Ihurizo rya Cauchy]] Urutonde rwa Cauchy rugizwe nibintu bihinduka uko bishakiye uko bikurikirana (uhereye ibumoso ugana iburyo). Calculus, yahoze yitwa calculus itagira ingano, yatangijwe mu bwigenge kandi icyarimwe n'abashinzwe imibare bo mu kinyejana cya 17 Newton na Leibniz. [46] Nubusanzwe kwiga isano y'impinduka ziterwa nundi. Calculus yaguwe mu kinyejana cya 18 na Euler atangiza igitekerezo k'imikorere n'ibindi bisubizo byinshi. Kugeza ubu, "calculus" bivuga ahanini igice cyibanze cyiyi nyigisho, kandi "isesengura" rikoreshwa mubice byateye imbere. Isesengura ryongeye kugabanywa mu isesengura nyaryo, aho impinduka zerekana imibare nyayo, hamwe nisesengura rigoye, aho impinduka zerekana imibare igoye. Isesengura ririmo subareas nyinshi zisangiwe nibindi bice byimibare zirimo: [25] Ibiharuro byinshi Isesengura ryimikorere, aho impinduka zerekana imikorere itandukanye; Kwishyira hamwe, gupima ibitekerezo hamwe nibishobora kubaho, byose bifitanye isano cyane nibitekerezo bishoboka kuri continuum; Ingano isanzwe itandukanye; Ingano itandukanye; Isesengura ry'umubare, ryibanze cyane kubara kuri mudasobwa y'ibisubizo byibisanzwe n'ibice bitandukanye bitandukanijwe bivuka mubikorwa byinshi. Imibare itandukanye Ingingo nyamukuru: Imibare itandukanye Igishushanyo cyerekana urwego rwa leta ebyiri Markov. Leta zihagarariwe na 'A' na 'E'. Imibare nibishoboka byo guhinduranya leta. Imibare yihariye, nukuvuga muri rusange, ni ubushakashatsi bwibintu byihariye, bibarwa. Urugero ni urutonde rwimibare yose. Kubera ko ibintu byo kwiga hano bidasobanutse, uburyo bwo kubara no gusesengura imibare ntibukurikizwa mu buryo butaziguye. Amabara ane yerekana amabara hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwo gupakira byari ibibazo bibiri byingenzi byimibare yihariye yakemuwe mugice cya kabiri cyikinyejana cya 20. [50] Ikibazo cya P na NP, gisigaye gifunguye kugeza uyu munsi, nacyo ni ingenzi ku mibare yihariye, kubera ko igisubizo cyacyo gishobora kugira ingaruka ku mubare munini w’ibibazo bigoye kubara. Imibare yihariye ikubiyemo: [25] [[Dosiye:Line in combinatorics.png|thumb|Imirongo muri Combinatorics.]] Combinatorics, ubuhanga bwo kubara ibintu byimibare byuzuza inzitizi zimwe. Mu ntangiriro, ibyo bintu byari ibintu cyangwa uduce twa seti runaka; ibi byaguwe mubintu bitandukanye, bishyiraho isano ikomeye hagati ya combinatorics nibindi bice byimibare yihariye. Kurugero, geometrie yihariye ikubiyemo kubara ibishushanyo mbonera bya geometrike Igishushanyo mbonera hamwe na hypergraphs Inyandikomvugo ya code, harimo ikosora ikosora hamwe nigice cya kriptografiya Igitekerezo cya Matroid Geometrie Ikwirakwizwa rishoboka [[Dosiye:Натурализация гамильтоновых циклов.jpg|thumb|Inzira ya chess.]] Imikino y'imikino (nubwo imikino ikomeza nayo yizwe, imikino isanzwe, nka chess na poker birasobanutse) Guteza imbere neza, harimo guhuza ibitekerezo, guhuza integer, gutangiza imbogamizi Imibare yimibare no gushyiraho ibitekerezo Igishushanyo cya Venn nuburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo kwerekana isano iri hagati yimikorere. Ingingo nyamukuru: Imibare yimibare no gushyiraho ibitekerezo Amasomo abiri ya logique yimibare hamwe nigitekerezo cyashyizweho ni aya mibare kuva mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19. [52] [53] Mbere yiki gihe, amaseti ntiyabonwaga nkibintu byimibare, kandi logique, nubwo yakoreshwaga kubiharuro, yari iya filozofiya kandi ntabwo yigeze yigwa nabahanga mu mibare. Mbere y’ubushakashatsi bwa Cantor butagira umupaka, abahanga mu mibare ntibashakaga gutekereza ku byegeranyo bitagira ingano, kandi babonaga ko ubuziraherezo ari ibisubizo by’ibarura ridashira. Igikorwa cya Cantor cyababaje abahanga mu mibare atari ukureba gusa ibice bitagira ingano [55] ahubwo byerekana ko ibyo bisobanura ubunini butandukanye, nkuko bivugwa na Cantor. Ibyo byatumye havuka impaka zishingiye ku gitekerezo cya Cantor. Muri gihe kimwe, ibice bitandukanye byimibare byasoje ibisobanuro byambere byimbitse byibintu byibanze byimibare ntibyari bihagije kugirango habeho imibare. Ingero zibyo bisobanuro byimbitse ni "igiteranyo ni icyegeranyo cyibintu", "umubare karemano nicyo gikoreshwa mukubara", "ingingo ni ishusho ifite uburebure bwa zeru muri buri cyerekezo", "umurongo ni inzira yasizwe na ingingo igenda ", n'ibindi. Ibi byabaye ikibazo cyibanze cyimibare.Byaje gukemurwa mubiharuro rusange byimibare hifashishijwe uburyo bwa axiomatic imbere mubitekerezo byemewe. Mu magambo make, buri kintu cyibibare gisobanurwa nuruhererekane rwibintu byose bisa nibintu bigomba kuba bifite. Kurugero, mu mibare ya Peano, imibare isanzwe isobanurwa na "zeru numubare", "buri mubare ufite umusimbura wihariye", "buri mubare ariko zeru ifite uwabanjirije", hamwe namategeko amwe yo gutekereza. [58] Iyi mibare yakuwe mu byukuri ikubiye muri filozofiya igezweho yo kwishyira ukizana, nk'uko yashinzwe na David Hilbert ahagana mu 1910. [59] "Kamere" yibintu byasobanuwe muri ubu buryo ni ikibazo cya filozofiya abahanga mu mibare basigira abahanga mu bya filozofiya, kabone niyo abahanga mu mibare baba bafite ibitekerezo kuri iyi kamere, bagakoresha ibitekerezo byabo - rimwe na rimwe bita "intuition" - kugira ngo bayobore imyigire yabo n'ibimenyetso. Inzira yemerera gusuzuma "logique" (ni ukuvuga, gushiraho amategeko yemerewe gukuramo amategeko), theorem, ibimenyetso, nibindi nkibintu byimibare, no kwerekana theorem kuri bo. Kurugero, inyigisho za Gödel zuzuye zishimangira, tuvuze hafi, ko muri buri sisitemu ihamye ikubiyemo imibare karemano, hariho theorem nukuri (ibyo bikaba bigaragarira muri sisitemu ikomeye), ariko ntibigaragara imbere muri sisitemu. Ubu buryo bwo gushingira ku mibare bwamaganwe mu gice cya mbere cy’ikinyejana cya 20 n’abashakashatsi mu mibare bayobowe na Brouwer, wateje imbere ibitekerezo bya intuitionistic, bidafite amategeko agenga hagati. [61] [62] Ibi bibazo n'impaka byatumye habaho kwaguka kwinshi mu mibare, hamwe na subareas nk'icyitegererezo cy'icyitegererezo (kwerekana inyigisho zimwe na zimwe zumvikana imbere mu zindi nyigisho), inyigisho zerekana, ubwoko bw'imiterere, inyigisho yo kubara hamwe no kubara kubara. [25] Nubwo iyi ngingo ya logique yimibare yatangijwe mbere yukuzamuka kwa mudasobwa, ikoreshwa ryayo mugushushanya, kwemeza porogaramu, abafasha mu bimenyetso nibindi bice bya siyanse ya mudasobwa, byagize uruhare mu kwagura izo nyigisho zumvikana. Ibarurishamibare hamwe nubundi bumenyi Ingingo z'ingenzi: Imibare n'ibitekerezo bishoboka Uburyo ubwo aribwo buryo bwo gukwirakwiza abantu ku buryo butemewe (μ), icyitegererezo gisobanura (x̄) gikunda kugabanywa kwa Gawusiya kandi itandukaniro ryacyo (σ) ritangwa n’imipaka yo hagati y’ibitekerezo bishoboka. [64] Umwanya wibarurishamibare ni imibare ikoreshwa mukusanya no gutunganya amakuru yintangarugero, ukoresheje inzira zishingiye kuburyo bw'imibare cyane cyane inyigisho zishoboka. Abashinzwe ibarurishamibare batanga amakuru hamwe nubushakashatsi bwateganijwe. Igishushanyo mbonera cyibigereranyo cyangwa igerageza bigena uburyo bwisesengura buzakoreshwa. Isesengura ryamakuru yavuye mubushakashatsi bwo kwitegereza bikorwa hifashishijwe urugero rwibarurishamibare hamwe nigitekerezo cyo gufata umwanzuro, ukoresheje guhitamo icyitegererezo. Icyitegererezo hamwe nibisubizo byavuzwe bigomba kugeragezwa hifashishijwe amakuru mashya. Ibarurishamibare ryiga ibibazo byicyemezo nko kugabanya ingaruka (igihombo giteganijwe) cyigikorwa cyibarurishamibare, nko gukoresha uburyo, urugero, kugereranya ibipimo, gupima hypothesis, no guhitamo ibyiza. Muri ibi bice gakondo byimibare yimibare, ikibazo cyibarurishamibare-cyemezo gishyirwaho mugabanya kugabanya ibikorwa bifatika, nkigihombo giteganijwe cyangwa ikiguzi, mubibazo byihariye. Kurugero, gutegura ubushakashatsi akenshi bikubiyemo kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kugereranya abaturage bivuze nurwego runaka rwicyizere. Kubera gukoresha uburyo bwiza, inyigisho yimibare yimibare ihurira hamwe nubundi bumenyi bwicyemezo, nkubushakashatsi bwibikorwa, igenzura, nubukungu bwimibare. [67] Imibare yo kubara Ingingo nyamukuru: Imibare yo kubara Imibare yo kubara ni ubushakashatsi bwibibazo byimibare mubisanzwe binini cyane kubushobozi bwabantu, mubare. [68] [69] Isesengura ryumubare ryiga uburyo bwibibazo mu isesengura ukoresheje isesengura ryimikorere hamwe nigitekerezo cyo kugereranya; Isesengura ry'imibare rigizwe cyane no kwiga kugereranya no gushishoza hibandwa cyane ku makosa azenguruka. Isesengura rishingiye ku mibare kandi, mu buryo bwagutse, kubara siyanse nabyo byiga ingingo zidasesenguye siyanse yubumenyi, cyane cyane algorithmic-matrix-na-graphique. Ibindi bice by'imibare yo kubara harimo mudasobwa algebra no kubara ibimenyetso. Amateka Ingingo nyamukuru: Amateka yimibare Kera Amateka yimibare nuruhererekane rwiyongera rwuruhererekane. Ubwihindurize, abstraction igomba kuvumburwa, imwe isangiwe ninyamaswa nyinshi, [71] birashoboka ko yari iyo mibare: kumenya ko, urugero, icyegeranyo cya pome ebyiri hamwe nicyegeranyo cyamacunga abiri (vuga) bifite icyo bihuriyeho, aribyo ko hariya ni bibiri muri byo. Nkuko bigaragazwa nuburebure buboneka ku magufa, usibye kumenya uburyo bwo kubara ibintu bifatika, abantu babanjirije amateka bashobora kuba bari bazi kubara ibintu bidafatika, nkigihe - iminsi, ibihe, cyangwa imyaka. [72] [73] Ikibaho cy'imibare y'i Babiloni Plimpton 322, yo mu 1800 mbere ya Yesu Ibimenyetso ku mibare igoye ntibigaragara nko mu 3000 mbere ya Yesu, igihe Abanyababiloni n'Abanyamisiri batangiraga gukoresha imibare, algebra, na geometrie mu gusoresha no kubara amafaranga, mu kubaka no kubaka, no mu bumenyi bw'ikirere. Imyandikire ya kera ya mibare yo muri Mezopotamiya na Egiputa ni kuva 2000 kugeza 1800 mbere ya Yesu. Inyandiko nyinshi zo hambere zivuga inshuro eshatu Pythagorean, nukuvuga, theorem ya Pythagorean isa nkigitekerezo cya kera cyane kandi cyagutse cyane nyuma yimibare yibanze na geometrie. Mu mibare ya Babiloni niho imibare y'ibanze (kongeramo, gukuramo, kugwiza, no kugabana) igaragara bwa mbere mu mateka ya kera. Abanyababuloni na bo bari bafite gahunda-y’ahantu kandi bakoresha sisitemu y’imibonano mpuzabitsina iracyakoreshwa muri iki gihe mu gupima inguni n’igihe. Mu kinyejana cya 6 mbere ya Yesu, imibare y’Abagereki yatangiye kwigaragaza nka disipuline itandukanye kandi Abagereki bamwe na bamwe nka Pythagore basaga nkaho babonaga ko ari ingingo ubwayo. [76] Ahagana mu mwaka wa 300 mbere ya Yesu, Euclid yateguye ubumenyi bw'imibare hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa posita n'amahame ya mbere, byaje guhinduka uburyo bwa axiomatic bukoreshwa mu mibare muri iki gihe, bugizwe n'ibisobanuro, axiom, theorem, n'ibimenyetso. Igitabo cye cyitwa Element, gifatwa nkigitabo cyatsinze kandi gikomeye mu bihe byose. Imibare ikomeye cyane mu bihe bya kera ikunze gufatwa nka Archimedes (nko mu 287-212 mbere ya Yesu) ya Syracuse. Yateguye uburyo bwo kubara ubuso n'ubunini bwa solide ya revolution kandi akoresha uburyo bwo kunanirwa kubara agace kari munsi ya arc ya parabola hamwe nincamake yuruhererekane rutagira umupaka, muburyo budasa cyane na calculus zigezweho. ] Ibindi byagaragaye mu mibare y’Abagereki ni ibice bya conic (Apolloniyo wa Perga, ikinyejana cya 3 mbere ya Yesu), [81] trigonometrie (Hipparchus wa Nicaea, ikinyejana cya 2 mbere ya Yesu), 83] Imibare yakoreshejwe mu nyandiko yandikishijwe intoki ya Bakhshali, yanditswe hagati y'ikinyejana cya 2 mbere ya Yesu n'ikinyejana cya 2 nyuma ya Yesu Sisitemu y'imibare y'Abahindu n'Abarabu n'amategeko yo gukoresha ibikorwa byayo, ikoreshwa ku isi yose muri iki gihe, yahindutse mu gihe cy'ikinyejana cya mbere nyuma ya Yesu mu Buhinde kandi yanduzwa mu bihugu by'iburengerazuba hakoreshejwe imibare ya kisilamu. Ibindi bintu byingenzi byagaragaye mu mibare yo mu Buhinde harimo ibisobanuro bigezweho no kugereranya sine na cosine, hamwe nuburyo bwambere bwuruhererekane rutagira umupaka. [85] Hagati na nyuma Urupapuro rwo muri Algebra ya Al-Khwārizmī [[Dosiye:The Algebra of Mohammed ben Musa (English).png|thumb|Urupapuro rwo muri Algebra ya Al-Khwārizmī]] Mu gihe cya Zahabu ya Islamu, cyane cyane mu kinyejana cya 9 n'icya 10, imibare yabonye udushya twinshi twubakiye ku mibare y'Abagereki. Ikintu cyagaragaye cyane mu mibare ya kisilamu ni iterambere rya algebra. Ibindi byagezweho mu gihe cya kisilamu harimo gutera imbere muri trigonometrie ya sphericale no kongeramo ingingo icumi kuri sisitemu y’imibare y’abarabu. Abahanga mu mibare benshi bazwi muri iki gihe bari Abaperesi, nka Al-Khwarismi, Omar Khayyam na Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī. [88] Imyandikire y’imibare y’ikigereki n’icyarabu nayo yahinduwe mu kilatini mu gihe cyagati cyo hagati kandi iboneka mu Burayi. Mugihe cyambere cya kijyambere, imibare yatangiye gutera imbere muburyo bwihuse muburayi bwiburengerazuba, hamwe nudushya twahinduye imibare, nko kwinjiza impinduka hamwe nibimenyetso byikigereranyo byanditswe na François Viète (1540–1603), hashyizweho imirongo ya René Descartes ( 1596–1650) yo kugabanya geometrie kuri algebra, no guteza imbere kubara na Isaac Newton (1642–1726 / 27) na Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716) mu kinyejana cya 17. Leonhard Euler (1707–1783), umunyamibare uzwi cyane mu mibare yo mu kinyejana cya 18, yahujije ibyo bishya mu mubiri umwe hamwe n’amagambo asanzwe, maze abirangiza avumbura kandi ahamya ibimenyetso byinshi. Birashoboka ko imibare ya mbere mu mibare yo mu kinyejana cya 19 yari umuhanga mu mibare w’umudage Carl Gauss, wagize uruhare runini mu bice nka algebra, isesengura, geometrie itandukanye, inyigisho ya matrix, inyigisho z’imibare, n'imibare. Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, Kurt Gödel yahinduye imibare atangaza ibitekerezo bye bituzuye, byerekana igice ko sisitemu iyo ari yo yose ihamye - niba ifite imbaraga zihagije zo gusobanura imibare - izaba irimo ibitekerezo nyabyo bidashobora kwemezwa. Imibare kuva yaguwe cyane, kandi habaye inte yera imbuto. Nyuma yo kumenya no gusesengura agaciro k'imibare; abantu hirya hino mu mateka y'isi bagiye bayifashisha mu kwita amazina yaba amazina y'abantu ku kiti cyabo cyangwa se ibintu. Nk'urugero mu muco nyarwanda iyo mu muryango havutse umwana wa karindwi(7) yabaga ashobora kwitwa NYANDWI(7), yavuka ari uwa munani(8) akitwa NYAMINANI(8), yavuka ari uwa Cyenda(9) bakaba bamwita NYABYENDA(9), yaba avutse ku mwanya wa cumi(10) bakaba bamwita MACUMI(10). Ibi kandi bikaba byari bifite n'ubundi busobanuro bwihariye mu muryango kubijyanye n'umuryage ndetse n'ubutware mu muryango. <ref name=":0" group="www.oneonesixartwork.com">www.oneonesixartwork.com</ref> Na none kandi iyo umuntu ari umucungamutungo cyangwa se akora ubucuruzi akaba ashimishwa cyane no kudasesagura; abandi bantu ku ruhande bajya bakunda kumwita UMUNYAMIBARE. Nk'urugero umuhanzi n'umunyabugeni wiyise MIBARE(ushaka kubimenya byimbitse wareba kuri <nowiki>https://www.oneonesixartwork.com/</nowiki> cyangwa kuri [youtube] ya Mibare yitwa [one one six tv ] Mu bugeni bwe bw'imibare uyu Mibare avuga ko iyo ikintu cyose kiri mu ngano yacyo ikwiriye, no mu mwanya wacyo mu buryo runaka bw'imibare karemano., habaho ubwuzuzanye byaba mu bucuruzi cyangwa se no mu bundi buzima busanzwe. Ikindi kintu twavuga kuri uyu musizi wiyise Mibare niwe wahimbye uburyo bushya bwo kuzajya agenera inyungu ku muntu wese uzajya agana servisi ye yo kugura no kugurisha impano z'ubugeni bwo gushushanya. reba imibare imuranga mu bugeni no bucuruzi bwe bwa taburo('''1000116Mbars correspond to 1$, or 1000116Mbars correspond to 1450Frw).''' <ref name=":0" group="www.oneonesixartwork.com" /> 0mvspwl4cpthlnqrxboyk6wyfds8oae 0 14803 141372 115279 2026-10-11T11:48:42Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141372 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:German Colonies.svg|thumb|466x466px|Ikarita yerekana ibihugu byakoronejwe n'Ubudage ku isi yose.]] Tariki ya 11 Ugushyingo 1918, imyaka irenga 100 irashize Isi yose yibasiwe n’intambara yahitanye abantu muri rusange barenga miliyoni 16. Iyi ntambara yageze no mu Rwanda. Iyi ntambara yatangijwe n’u Budage na bimwe mu bihugu by’inshuti zabo ku isonga byarimo Autriche- Hongrie. Imbarutso yabaye urupfu rw’igikomangoma cya Autriche cyitwaga Franz-Ferdinand cyishwe n’umunyeshuri w’Umunya- Yugoslavia (Serbia) Gavrilo Prinzip, tariki ya 28 Kamena 1914, bituma ibihugu byombi n’ibibishyigikiye bitangiza intambara. [[Dosiye:EDDY-CILONA.JPG|thumb|325x325px]] Nubwo iyi ntambara ya mbere y’Isi yabereye ku mugabane w’u Burayi, yaje gukwirakwira no mu bindi bihugu byari byarakolonijwe n’Abanyaburayi bituma no mu Rwanda ihagera. Gusa yahamaze imyaka ibiri kuko yarangiye mu 1916 nyuma y’uko Abadage birukanwe mu gihugu n’Ababiligi. U Budage nk’igihugu cyatangije intambara ya mbere y’Isi, nyuma yo gutsindwa mu 1918, cyafatiwe ibihano bikomeye birimo no kwamburwa uduce cyari cyarakoroneje turimo n’u Rwanda.[[Dosiye:Attack on carrier USS Franklin 19 March 1945.jpg|thumb|Intamba y’isi|312x312px]]Kuva mu 1885 kugeza mu 1919, u Rwanda rwari mu bukoloni bw’Abadage. Nyuma rwaje guhabwa u Bubiligi kuva mu 1919 kugeza mu 1962 ubwo rwabonaga ubwigenge. Mu 1914 ubwo hadukaga intambara ya mbere y’Isi yose, Abadage mu Rwanda bashyigikiwe n’uwami Musinga hamwe n’ingabo ze zoherejwe ku rugamba zitwaga “Indugaruga”. Abaturage bo, uruhare rwabo rwabaye urwo kwikorera imitwaro no gutanga ibiribwa. Gusa mu 1916 (Kamena), Abadage bari bayobowe na Kapiteni Wintgens bakuyemo akabo karenge bahunga Ababiligi babarushaga ubwinshi, bari banunganiwe n’Abongereza ku rugamba. Mu masezerano yabereye ahitwa Versailles mu Bufaransa, u Budage bwahanishijwe kugabanya ingabo, gusana ibyangijwe n’ibindi. [[Dosiye:Bijar in First World War (1914-1918) 9.JPG|thumb|308x308px]] Muri aya masezerano kandi u Budage bwategetswe gutanga uduce bwari bukoloneje ku bihugu nk’u Bufaransa, u Bubiligi, Czechoslavakia, Denmark, Pologne n’ibindi. U Budage bwategetswe no kugabanya ingabo zabwo zikagera ku basirikare ibihumbi 100, guca burundu ubwato bw’intambara no guhagarika burundu ingabo zirwanira mu kirere, bunategekwa ko Abadage bagize uruhare mu Ntambara y’isi bagombaga kugezwa imbere y’ubutabera. '''Uko Intambara y’Isi yagenze mu Rwanda''' Ababiligi nk’igihugu cyari gikoloneje Congo cyiyunze n’Abongereza bari muri Tanzania, Uganda na Kenya ngo barwanye Abadage babaga guhera ku kiyaga cya Tanganyika i Bujumbura kugera mu Majyaruguru, mu Burengerazuba bw’u Rwanda, Kigali n’agace k’Umutara. [[Dosiye:Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg|thumb|290x290px]] Imbarutso y’intambara muri aka Karere yabaye nyuma y’aho intumwa y’Abadage yaturutse i Bujumbura ijya kubaza Ababiligi muri Uvira (Congo), icyo batekereza ku masezerano y’i Berlin mu Budage ababuza kujya mu bikorwa by’intambara. Iyo ntumwa yageze Uvira ubu ni muri (Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo) ibwirwa ko igisubizo cya nyuma kuri icyo kibazo kizaturuka i Leopoldville [Kinshasa]. Gusa muri iyo minsi yo gutegereza igisubizo, Ababiligi bamushyize ahantu bamushyiraho abarinzi ku buryo byafashwe nko gufungwa. Isubiye i Bujumbura yavuze ibyayibayeho, Abadage babifata nk’intangiriro y’intambara, ntibita ku masezerano biyemeza gutera Ababiligi muri Congo. Ku rundi ruhande, hari abavuga ko Abadage bari basanganywe umugambi wo gutera Ababiligi n’Abongereza bagihuze, kuko bumvaga ko bari hagati y’abanzi babiri bagomba kubanza kwikiza. Abadage bo mu Rwanda bari bayobowe na Captain Wintgens wari warasigariyeho Kandt, nabo bahereyeho batera Ababiligi kugira ngo bigarurire Kivu yose. Bifashishije ubwato bwabo bwari i Musaho (Kibuye), bafata ikirwa cy’Idjwi ndetse barazamuka batera [[Goma]] barahatwika birukana Ababiligi, barangije bashinga ibirindiro byabo ku Gisenyi. Mu 1915, Ababiligi bakomeje kugerageza gutera mu Rwanda no mu Burundi, ariko Abadage bari i Bujumbura, Cyangugu cyane cyane ku Gisenyi bababera ibamba. '''Intambara ku musozi wa Rubavu''' Iyo uhagaze ku musozi wa [[Rubavu]] uri mu bilometero bibiri uvuye mu mujyi wa Gisenyi, uba ureba uwo mujyi na Goma munsi yawe, kuko ni umusozi umeze neza mu bijyanye na gisirikare. Abadage bakimara kuvumbura umugambi wa Colonel Molitor, umwe mu bagaba b’ingabo z’Ababiligi zari muri Congo, wo kubatsinsura bakava i Gisenyi kugira ngo ashobore gutera Kigali na Nyanza, badanangiye urugerero rwaho ndetse baca n’indake ku musozi wa Rubavu bashingamo imbunda zikomeye, izindi bazishinga ku Nyundo bakwirakwiza abasirikare hafi aho, ku buryo umwanzi wese wari buturuke i Goma atari bubacike. [[Dosiye:1916 Events Collage V 1.0.jpg|thumb|316x316px]] Icyo gihe intoki zose z’Abagoyi barazitemye bazivanaho, ndetse n’inzu barazisenya kugira ngo umwezi ugaragare neza. Abagoyi batafashwe ngo bajye bagemura ibikoresho n’ibitunga abasirikare bari bahunze bavanyemo akabo karenge, kuko uwari gutinda aho yari gufatirwa hagati y’amasasu y’abarwanyi. Nubwo Ababiligi bari benshi kuruta Abadage n’Abanyarwanda ku Gisenyi, bagerageje gutera inshuro zirenga eshanu ariko basubizwa inyuma ndetse ku nshuro ya nyuma abasirikare babo 21 bahasiga ubuzima. Byatumye Ababiligi babona ko badashobora gutsinsura Abadage banyuze i Gisenyi, mu ntangiriro za 1916 biga amayeri yo guca inyuma y’ibirunga bagatera baturutse mu Mutara na Ndorwa, bakabona kwerekeza i Kigali. Ibi byarabahiriye kuko ku wa 6 Gicurasi 1916 bari bamaze gufata Kigali. Abadage bari ku Gisenyi bumvise ko byakomeye bazinga utwabo berekeza mu Majyepfo bahura na benewabo bari baturutse mu Burengerazuba berekeza Tabora muri Tanzania. Hari amakuru avuga ko hari Abanyarwanda bajyanye nabo, bamwe bagarukira mu nzira abandi bagerana i Burayi. Umusozi wa Rubavu ubumbatiye amateka akomeye kuko uretse indake ebyiri zihari, mu birenge byawo unahasanga irimbi ry’abazungu bahashyinguye, yaba Abadage n’Ababiligi bakomeje no kuhashyingurwa nyuma y’intambara. == Indangamurongo == https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/uko-intambara-ya-mbere-y-isi-yose-yakuye-abadage-mu-rwanda g2p5jp8efud4yqgbavysa986nu6irq6 0 14888 141381 134696 2026-10-11T11:50:22Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141381 wikitext text/x-wiki Alexis Kagame yavutse ari kuwa gatatu ku itariki nk’iyi ukwezi nk’uku mu 1912, avukira ahitwa i Kiyanza mu gace kitwaga Ubuliza, ubu ni mu karere ka Rulindo mu majyaruguru y’u Rwanda, hari ku ngoma ya Yuhi Musinga. == Ubuzima bwe == Abamuzi bavuga ko yatangiye amashuri abanza akererewe mu myaka ariko akagenda yihutishwa kubera ubuhanga yerekanaga mu byigwa. Yize iseminari nto akomereza mu iseminari nkuru yari igikorera i Kabgayi aza no kwimukana nayo mu Nyakibanda mu majyepfo y’u Rwanda, yigaga Tewolojiya. == Amateka ye == Yabonanye n’umwami Rudahigwa ubwo yari akiri umufaratiri mu Nyakibanda, umwami atangarira ubuhanga bwe mu mateka n’ubusizi anamwemerera kumuhuza n’abasizi b’abahanga b’ibwami. Mu 1943 yasohoye [[igitabo]] cya mbere cy’amateka y’u Rwanda cyanditse mu Kinyarwanda, “Inganji Karinga”, igitabo gikubiyemo amateka y’u Rwanda yabwiwe n’Abiru b’ibwami. Mu mwaka wa 1950 Alexis Kagame yabaye umunyafurika wa mbere washyizwe mu banyamuryango b’ikigo cy’Ububiligi cyari gishinzwe ubumenyi mu bihugu bwakoronizaga. Mu 1952 yagiye kwiga i Roma agaruka mu 1956 afite impamyabumenyi y’ikirenga (doctorat) muri Filozofiya. === Ibyo yagezeho === Yigishije muri Groupe Scolaire Astrida, Groupe Scolaire ya Kansi (yanabereye umuyobozi), mu iseminari, muri kaminuza y’u Rwanda i Ruhande, kaminuza ya Zaire ishami rya Lubumbashi n’ahandi. Si ibyo azwiho cyane, ahubwo azwi nk’umwanditsi ukomeye cyane uri mu bo hejuru u Rwanda rwagize. Padiri Alexis Kagame wahawe izina ry’icyubahiro rya Musenyeri arihawe na Papa Yohani Pawulo II, yanditse ibitabo n’inyandiko nyinshi. Yahinduye mu Kinyarwanda Isezeranio rishya muri Bibiliya, Igitabo cya Misa, Ibitabo by’amasomo akoreshwa mu misa, n’ibindi. Yanditse ibitabo, imivugo n’imyandiko myinshi byakoreshejwe mu burezi mu Rwanda mu myaka myinshi. Zimwe mu nyandiko ze zizwi cyane harimo: * Indyoheshyabirayi * Umuririmbyi wa nyiribiremwa * Matabaro ajya i burayi * Umwaduko w'abazungu muri Afurika yo hagati * La philosophie bantu-rwandaise de l’être * Inganji karinga<ref>https://books.google.rw/books/about/Inganji_karinga.html?id=yl0vHAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y</ref> ==== Ibihembo yahawe ==== Mu 1975 yahawe impeta y’ishimwe n’igihugu kubera kujijura abanyarwanda mu nyandiko, yitwa Officier de l’Ordre National des Grands-Lacs. Mu 1981 yahawe kandi izina ry’icyubahiro na Papa Yohani Pawulo II ry’Umunyeshuri w’ikirenga. Alexis Kagame yapfuye mu 1981 mu bitaro by’i [[Nairobi]] muri Kenya azize uburwayi, yari afite imyaka 69. Mu 2014 yagenewe igihembo cyo guteza imbere ururimo n’umuco yahawe n’Inteko Nyarwanda y’ururimi n’umuco. Iki gihembo cyashyikirijwe Kaminuza nkuru gatolika y'u Rwanda ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250104222522/https://www.cur.ac.rw/ Catholic University of Rwanda]) <ref>Patrick NIYONSENGA Student in Catholic University of Rwanda (CUR) 2023-2027</ref>yamwitiriwe ikorera i Save mukarere ka Gisagara cyakirwa na Diyosezi ya Butare. Muri iyi nyandiko, twifashishije ibyanditse muri “Dictionary of African Christian Biography” n’izindi nyandiko zitandukanye.<ref>https://umuryango.rw/amakuru/mu-rwanda/ubuzima/article/amateka-ya-musenyeri-alexis-kagame-umwanditsi-w-ikirenga-mu-mateka-y-u-rwanda</ref><ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/umuco/article/imva-ya-musenyeri-alexis-kagame-igeze-mu-manegeka</ref> == Reba == navnozgv2wrmvaij21fbrah7p41ugdm 0 14892 141378 138630 2026-10-11T11:49:57Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141378 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Inguru2.jpg|thumb|Indwara ya Rouget du porc.|265x265px]] [[Dosiye:Ingurube nibyana byayo.jpg|thumb|Ingurube|270x270px]] [[Dosiye:Erysipeloid skin rashes in Familial Mediterranean Fever.jpg|thumb|indwara]] Itangazo ryasohowe na RICA kuri taliki ya 7 Werurwe 2023 rigaragaza ko [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|imirenge]] ya Muko, Kimonyi, Muhoza, Rwaza na Busogo, rikavuga ko mu rwego rwo kwirinda ikwirakwira ry’iyi ndwara hirindwa ingaruka zishobora guterwa no kurya inyama zanduye. == Tumenye Indwara ya Rouget du porc == Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe ubugenzuzi bw’ubuziranenge, ihiganwa mu bucuruzi no kurengera umuguzi, RICA, rwahagaritse ibikorwa byo kubaga, gucuruza no kugura inyama z’ingurube ziturutse mu mirenge itanu y’Akarere ka Musanze, kubera indwara yibasiye ayo matungo.RICA ihagaritse ibi bikorwa mu gihe mu minsi ishize Ikigo gishinzwe Iterambere ry’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi, RAB, cyari yaburiye abaturage bo muri aka karere kwitondera kurya inyama z’ingurube bijyanye n’iyo ndwara ya ‘Rouget du porc’ yari yagaragaye mu Murenge wa Muko.<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/amakuru/article/rica-yahagaritse-icuruzwa-ry-inyama-z-ingurube-mu-mirenge-y-akarere-ka-musanze</ref>RAB ivuga ko iterwa n’agakoko ko mu bwoko bwa [[bagiteri]] (bacteria) kitwa erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.Ivuga ko ingurube yafashwe na yo igira umuriro mwinshi uri hagati ya 41,1C – 42,8C, igacika intege, ikagira ibibara bitukura ku ruhu, igahumeka nabi, amatwi akirabura, ikanga kurya no kunywa amazi, ikabyimba mu ngingo bikajyana no kunanirwa no kugenda.Iki kigo kivuga kandi ko ibyo byose bikurikirwa no gupfa kw’iryo tungo ndetse ngo iyo ryishwe n’iyo ndwara riratabwa aho kuribwa.Mu mpera za Gashyantare 2023 iyi ndwara yahitanye ingurube nkuru zisaga 45 ndetse n’ibyana byazo bisaga 210 mu Karere ka Musanze. == ibindi wamenya == Itangazo rya RAB ryo ku wa Gatatu tariki 22 Gashyantare 2023 rivuga ko ingendo z’ingurube, kubaga no gucuruza inyama zazo bibujijwe mu mirenge ya Muko, Kimonyi, Muhoza, Rwaza na Busogo mu Karere ka Musanze,kuko barwaje Ruje y’ingurube(Rouget du Porc).RAB yibukije kandi aborozi b’ingurube bose mu Gihugu kugenzura ibimenyetso by’iyo ndwara, kugira ngo iyafatwa bahite babimenyesha inzego zibishinzwe hakiri kare.RAB isaba abantu gushyira mu kato ingurube zafashwe n’izikekwaho ubwandu bwa Rouget du Porc, kwisukura no gusukura neza ingurube n’ibiraro byazo haterwamo imiti yabugenewe yica udukoko hakurikijwe inama bagiriwe n’abaganga b’amatungo.Umuntu wese ubonye ingurube irwaye asabwa kubimenyesha byihuse umuganga w’amatungo cyangwa umukozi ushinzwe ubworozi umwegereye, kugira ngo iyo ngurube yitabweho kandi hanafatwe ibizamini bya Laboratwari.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubworozi/article/rab-yageneye-ubutumwa-aborozi-b-ingurube-zibasiwe-n-indwara</ref>RAB isaba inzego z’ibanze n’abaganga b’amatungo hose mu Gihugu gukangurira aborozi gushyira mu bikorwa izi ngamba, mu rwego rwo kwirinda ikwirakwira ry’indwara ya Ruje y’ingurube.RAB ikomeza isaba aborozi b’ingurube kwirinda kuzizerereza ku gasozi, kwirinda kurya inyama z’itungo ryipfushije, gukingiza ingurube indwara zirimo iya Ruje y’ingurube, ndetse no gushyira amatungo mu bwishingizi. == Ibimenyetso by'Indwara ya Rouget du porc == Ibi bimenyetso birimo kuba ingurube yarwaye Ruje ihinda umuriro mwinshi ushobora kurenga dogere Celcius 42⁰C, gucika intege, kugira ibibara bitukura ku ruhu, guhumeka nabi, n’amatwi akirabura.Ingurube yafashwe n’iyo ndwara kandi inanirwa kurya no kunywa, ikabyimba mu ngingo, ikananirwa kugenda (igacumbagira), akenshi ibyo byose bikayiviramo gupfa.Ingurube yafashwe n’indwara ya Ruje igaragaza umunaniro, kutarya, gutukura amatwi ndetse no ku bindi bice by’uruhu, igahumeka nabi ndetse ikanabyimba mu ngingo.Ruje ngo n’indwara ahanini iterwa no kutita ku ngurube no kutazigirira isuku mu biraro, bityo agakoko kayitera kakabona aho kinjirira.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/aborozi-b-ingurube-biruhukije-nyuma-yo-kubona-urukingo-rwa-rouget-du-porc</ref>ubusanzwe indwara ya Ruje y’ingurube ivurwa igakira, ariko uko yakomezaga kuza mu matungo byagaragaye ko igenda yihinduranya ku buryo imiti ihari itari ikiyivura neza.Umuyobozi asaba aborozi gushyira ubworozi bwabo ku mutima bakabwitaho, bagakurikiza inama z’abavuzi b’amatungo cyane ku kwita ku isuku no kuyavura neza bativuriye ubwabo.Ati “Bakore ibintu bashoboye, bige uko bikorwa neza kandi babishyireho umutima, bareke guterera iyo. Leta nayo irashyira imbaraga mu bushakashatsi kugira ngo ibafashe ku ndwara no ku miti, twese dufatanye umusaruro uboneke”.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Indwara]] [[Ikiciro:Amatungo]] qtmtffg400cs88ndmerbu7d8pbgll3g 0 15360 141397 98955 2026-10-11T11:57:19Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141397 wikitext text/x-wiki Ikigega cy’u Rwanda cyita ku '''bidukikije''' (FONERWA) ku bufatanye na Guverinoma y’u Budage, bamuritse ikigega kiswe ‘Intego’, kizatera inkunga imishinga ya Leta igamije kubungabunga ibidukikije. [[Dosiye:Flag_of_Germany_(state).svg|thumb|Ibendera ry'ubudage nk;iguhu cyafashije Intego -RwandaNDC Facility]] Iki kigega (Intego - Rwanda’s NDC Facility) cyatangiranye miliyoni €46 (miliyari 53Frw), zizafasha mu mishinga iri mu byiciro bitandukanye nk’ubuhinzi bugezweho burengera ikirere, gufata neza ubutaka no gutera amashyamba, kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, imikoreshereze myiza y’umutungo kamere w’amazi no gutuza abantu n’iterambere ry’imijyi ku buryo burambye. Harimo kandi ubwikorezi butangiza ikirere kandi burambye, ingufu zisubira no gukoresha ibicanwa mu buryo buhamye no kwirinda ibiza no gucunga ingaruka zabyo. Iki kigega cyatangijwe kuri uyu wa Kabiri tariki 14 Gashyantare 2023, mu gikorwa cyitabiriwe na Minisitiri w’ibidukikije Dr. Mujawamariya Jeanne d’Arc, Minisitiri w’Ibikorwa by’Ubutabazi Kayisire Marie Solange na Ambasaderi w’u Budage mu Rwanda Dr. Thomas Kurz. NDC Facility/Intego ni gahunda yashyizweho yo gutera inkunga imishinga irengera ibidukikije iturutse mu bigo bya Leta, hashingiwe ku ruhare Leta y’u Rwanda yiyemeje mu guhangana n’ingaruka y’imihindagurikire y’ikirere (NDCs), ibinyujije muri FONERWA. Guverinoma y’u Budage ibinyujije muri Banki yayo itsura amajyambere, KfW, yiyemeje gushyigikira ibikorwa bya NDC Facility/Intego itanga inkunga ya miliyoni € 46. Imishinga izakirwa ni iturutse mu bigo bya Leta, igamije gushyira mu bikorwa imishinga yo kubaka ubudahangarwa ku ngaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere no kugabanya inyotsi yoherezwa mu kirere ishobora kucyangiza. Uyu mushinga uje nyuma y’uko u Rwanda rwiyemeje gushyiraho ibikorwa byo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe mu nama ya COP27 yabaye mu 2022, bizafasha mu kugabanya ubwiyongere bw’ubushyuhe ku Isi kuri 38%, bizagabanya nibura toni miliyoni 4.6 z’imyuka ya carbone. Minisitiri Dr. Mujawamariya yavuze ko iki kigega kigamije gushora amafaranga mu mishinga ihari, ariko by’umwihariko igamije kurengera ibidukikije no guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe. Ati "Ibigo bya Leta na za minisiteri birasabwa kwandika imishinga izahabwa ubufasha buturutse mu kigenga ‘Intego’. Dukeneye imishinga izadufasha kutugeza kuri ya ntego twihaye nk’igihugu kizaba gifite ubudahangarwa ku mihindagurikire y’ibihe." Imiryango itari iya Leta ntiyemerewe kuzana imbanzirizamishinga muri iki kigega. Abazatanga imishinga bazasabwa kugaragaza umushinga kuri FONERWA binyuze ku rubuga rwayo, buri wese akerekana imiterere y’umushinga we, inyungu zitezwe n’uburyo urengeramo ibidukikije. Umuyobozi wa FONERWA, Teddy Mugabo, yatangaje ko imishinga izatangwa izitonderwa, ikaba ari imishinga ihoraho kandi izabasha guhanga imirimo mu banyarwanda. Ati "Mu guhitamo imishinga izaterwa inkunga tuzareba niba izabasha guhanga imirimo ku mpande zitandukanye yaba ku bagabo, [[Umugore|abagore]] n’urubyiruko muri rusange, ndetse no kuba izaba inafite ireme mu gukomeza gukora bitari imyaka ibiri gusa." Imishinga yatoranijwe izahabwa inkunga idashobora kujya munsi ya miliyari 1 Frw ariko atarenze miliyari 5 Frw. Ayo mafaranga agomba gukoreshwa mu gihe kiri hagati y’umwaka umwe n’imyaka itatu n’igice. Ku rundi ruhande, Ambasaderi w’u Budage mu Rwanda Dr. Thomas Kurz yagaragaje ko gutera inkunga u Rwanda byavuye ku kuba ari igihugu gishyize imbere ingamba zo kurengera ibidukikije. Yanagaragaje ko mu rugamba rwo kurengera ibidukikije hakerwa ubufatanye bw’inzego zose, asaba abikorera kongera imbaraga mu guhanga imirimo mishya, ariko banita ku kurengera ibidukikije. Mu gihe iki kigega gishya kizibanda ku mishinga ya Leta, u Rwanda nk’igihugu kiri mu rugamba rwo kurengera ibidukikije rwaherukaga gutangiza ikigega cyiswe Ireme Invest kizatera inkunga imishinga y’abikorera. Ni ikigega cyo cyamurikiwe muri Sharm el Sheikh mu [[Misiri]], mu nama mpuzamahanga yiga ku guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe, COP27 cyashowemo arenga miliyari 100 Frw. Ubwo yatangizaga iki kigega, Perezida Kagame yavuze ko iyi ari intambwe ikomeye ku Rwanda, ashimagira ko kugendana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe bisaba impinduka mu buryo ibihugu bikora ndetse bikoresha ibijyanye n’ingufu, kugeza no ku byo abantu barya n’uburyo bihingwa. Yakomeje ati "Ikigega Ireme Invest kibumbatiye intego u Rwanda rwihaye kugira ngo rubashe kugera ku musaruro ufatika uganisha ku bukungu butangiza ibidukikije, binyuze mu bufatanye bwa Leta n’abikorera mu nzego zitandukanye." Iki kigega kizafasha mu gutera inkunga imishinga y’abikorera, kizafasha mu guhanga imirimo 367,000 mu bikorwa birengera ibidukikije, bikazakumira iyoherezwa mu kirere rya toni 1,32 y’imyuka ihumanya ikirere. == Amashakiro == http://mobile.igihe.com/ibidukikije/article/u-rwanda-rwatangije-ikigega-cya-miliyari-53-frw-kizafasha-imishinga-irengera 4p4ry26fi4227hvsqvoxg2od6i60b0b 0 15640 141349 135540 2026-10-11T11:37:36Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141349 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Igishanga mubihe byimvura.jpg|thumb|Igishanga]] ''Igishanga cya Kibumba giherereye mukarere ka Nyamagabe.'' == Ibyo Wamenya ku Igishanga cya Kibumba == Iki gishanga, abahinzi bagihingamo bavuga ko imirima myinshi yatwawe n’imyuzure hagasigara udushitu, gusa bakaba bafite ikibazo cyuko umugezi wa Rukarara wicamo ibice iyo wongeye kuzura ubundi ahasigaye uhatwara kuko wari ufite inzira imwe kuri ubu ukaba ufite izigera kuri esheshatu.Ubuyobozi bwa karere buvugako igikwiye ari kubanza gukorwa kuri iki kibazo ari ubukangurambaga ku gushinganisha ibihingwa mu baturage, kugira ngo nihaba ibiza bajye byibuza babasha kubona imbuto bashoye.<ref name=":0">https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/nyuma-ya-nyandungu-hagiye-gutunganywa-ibindi-bishanga-bitanu-muri-kigali</ref>Bakomeje bavuga bateganya kuhasura bakareba ikibazo uko giteye no gukorana n’bahanga mu gutunganya ibishanga bakazemeza uburyo iki gishanga cyatunganywamo, n’igitera kuta inzira kw’amazi ya Rukarara atuma igishanga cyuzura.bagombaga kuzabanza kugere muri ako gace bakareba icyakorwa n’ibyangiritse uko bingana. Abaturage na bo basabwaga kujya bahinga basiga inkombe z’umugezi ntibasasereze imigezi, abahinga imusozi nabo bagasibura imirwanyasuri.gahunda yari kuzakorana n’abahanga mu gutunganya ibishanga nibo bazemeza icyo cyiriya gishanga cyizakorerwa n’amazi yataye inzira ya Rukarara.<ref>https://bwiza.com/?Nyamagabe-Abahinga-mu-gishanga-cya-Kibumba-baratabaza-leta-ngo-ibakize-Rukarara</ref> === Tumenye gahunda ya leta yo kubungabunga Ibishanga === Ibishanga biri gutunganywa mu rwego rwo kurengera urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima biba mu bishanga.u [[Rwanda]] rurushaho gufata imyanzuro yo kugabanya ibikorwa bya muntu byangiza ibishanga kugira ngo hirindwe ingaruka zatezwa n’iyangirika ryabyo.Mu mwaka 2020 u [[Rwanda]] rwavuguruye National determined contributions ni gahunda y'igihugu yo guhangana n'imyuka ihumanya ikirere harimo rero no kubungabunga ibishanga kuko bifite ubushobozi bwo kubika imyuka yangiza ikirere. Ibishanga bibungabunzwe bizagira akamaro ku baturage, [[Kigali|Umujyi wa Kigali]] urakura kimwe n'indi iwegereye, abantu bakenera aho kuruhukira.<ref name=":0" />Muri gahunda yo kwita no gutunganya ibishanga wiswe Kigali Wetland master plan, biteganijwe ko ibishanga 5 muri 36 biri mu Mujyi wa Kigali bigomba gutunganywa mu gihe kitari kirekire kugirango urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima birimo bizabashe gusubirana,Mu bishanga bizatunganywa mu minsi ya vuba n'ubwo hataratangazwa igihe ibikorwa bizatangirira, harimo igishanga cya Rwampara, icya [[Gikondo]], icya Nyabugogo, Rugenge agazwi nko mu Rwintare na Kibumba. usibye kuba bizatanga imirimo ku baturage bazabitunganya, byitezweho ko bizanongera ibikorwa by'ishoramari.Ibikorwa byo gutunga ibi bishanga bizatanga imirimo ku baturage binongere ibikorwa by’ishoramari nk’ubukerarugendo.<ref>https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Ibindi-bishanga-5-byo-mu-Mujyi-wa-Kigali-bigiye-gutunganywa</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] ax2w3lvwu3olmu88gz0txjum125z2z4 0 16103 141346 139664 2026-10-11T11:36:08Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141346 wikitext text/x-wiki Ubuvumo bwa Nyakavumu buherereye mu Mudugudu wa Kigarama, Akagari ka Bisesero, Umurenge wa Mubuga, [[Akarere ka Karongi]], [[Intara]] y’Iburengerazuba.<ref>http://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/ubuvumo-bwa-nyakavumu-buracyabitse-imibiri-y-abazize-jenoside</ref> [[Dosiye:Burera_cave.jpg|thumb|Ubuvumo bwo mu burengerezuba ]] == Amateka == Ubu buvumo bukekwa ko bwaguyemo abantu bagera kuri 200 bazize Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994, buracyabitse imibiri y’aba bantu, nubwo bwose hakomeje igikorwa cyo kuyikuramo. Ubuvumo bwa Nyakavumu ni burebure kandi bufite amakona imbere, bityo gutaburura imibiri ari igikorwa kigomba ubuhanga n’ubushobozi.<ref>http://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/ubuvumo-bwa-nyakavumu-buracyabitse-imibiri-y-abazize-jenoside</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} fjfdgqtos075mivwf1gg85ddqi899bq 0 16600 141353 136083 2026-10-11T11:38:57Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 141353 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Goddy Leye''' (24 Ugushyingo 1965 i Mbouda, muri Kameruni - 19 Gashyantare 2011 i Bonendale, muri Kameruni) [1] yari umuhanzi n'umunyabwenge wa Kameruni. Ibikorwa bye byibanze kuri videwo, kwishyiriraho, ubuhanzi bwibitekerezo nintererano. Niwe washinze ikigo cy’ubuhanzi ArtBakery i Bonendale, muri Kameruni kandi yari umuyobozi ushinzwe guteza imbere ibihangano byihariye n’imishinga mpuzamahanga. Uruhare rwe rwabaye ingenzi mu muco n’ubuhanzi muri Kameruni no ku rwego mpuzamahanga. == Ubuzima bwe n'umwuga we == Goddy Leye (izina nyaryo Godfried Kadjo [2]) yavutse 24 Ugushyingo 1965 i Mbouda, muri Kameruni. Yabonye impamyabumenyi ye mu mashuri yisumbuye y’indimi ebyiri mu 1989 yiga [[ubuvanganzo]] n’ubuvanganzo nyafurika muri kaminuza ya Yaoundé hagati ya 1986 na 1991. Mu 1990 yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu buvanganzo nyafurika. Amahugurwa ye y’ubuhanzi yatangiye mu 1987 n’umuhanzi n’amateka y’ubuhanzi Pascal Kenfack i Yaoundé kugeza mu 1992. Yakomeje imyitozo ye mu 1994 mu kigo cy’igihugu cy’ubuhanzi i Bamako, mu 1997 mu kigo cya ZKM Karlsruhe gishinzwe ubuhanzi n’itangazamakuru mu Budage, mu 1999 i Inzu y’ubuhanzi ya 18 i Santa Monica, muri Californiya no hagati ya 2002 na 2002 kuri Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten i Amsterdam. Mu Buholandi afatanya gutera inkunga maze aba umunyamuryango wa Rijksakademie International Network (RAIN), ihuriro ry’abahanzi bashyigikira umuco w’iki gihe mu bihugu bakomokamo. [3] By'umwihariko kubera ko ashishikajwe no gushyigikira ibikorwa by'ubuhanzi, Leye yasubiye i Douala mu 2002 ashinga ikigo cy’ubuhanzi ArtBakery i Bonendale, cyita cyane cyane ku koroshya amahugurwa y’ubuhanzi no kungurana ibitekerezo mu bahanzi no gushyigikira multimediya, kwishyiriraho, amashusho n’ubuhanzi. Mu 2002 yabaye umuyobozi ushinzwe umushinga Bessengue City, amahugurwa hamwe nuruhererekane rwimishinga yihariye yubuhanzi mu gace ka Bessengue muri Douala; umushinga warimo Goddy Leye, James Beckett, Hartanto, Jesus Palomino n'abaturage baho. Muri 2006 yazamuye mu ntera kandi yitabira gusohoka. Mu 2007 yagize uruhare mu mahugurwa ya Ars & Urbis yateguwe i Douala na doual'art mu rwego rwo gutegura SUD Salon Urbain de Douala kandi yari atuye muri Fondasiyo ya Blachère i Apt, mu Bufaransa. Mu mwaka wa 2008, yari atuye mu muco wa Gasworks i Londres; Ibikorwa bya Leye byahawe ibihembo na UNESCO, Fondasiyo ya Rockefeller na Minisiteri y'Ububanyi n'Amahanga y'Ubuholandi. Nkumuhanzi numunyabwenge, yagize uruhare muri komite zinzobere nyinshi; yari umunyamuryango wibitekerezo byikigo cya Afrika Centre muri Cape Town kandi yari ambasaderi wa CAN (Creative Africa Network). == Imirimo yakoze == Leye yatangiye gukora nk'umuhanzi mu 1992. [11] Ibikorwa bye byibanze ku kwibuka, ubukoloni bwa Afurika no kubaka amateka. By'umwihariko yerekanaga ibikorwa bya multimediya, amashusho n'amashusho. Nyuma yigihe, yatangiye kugira uruhare runini mu gukora imishinga haba muri Kameruni ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Yatanze umusanzu mubitabo, akora kandi atunganya ibihangano byihariye byurubuga ashinga ikigo ArtBakery. Ikigo gitanga ibikoresho nibikorwa remezo kubahanzi bashishikajwe nibikorwa bya multimediya kandi birangwa nuruhare rugaragara mumahugurwa. Leye yafatwaga nkumuhanzi wingenzi nubwenge nabahanzi bo muri Kameruni bo mu gisekuru cye na bato. Leye yerekanye ko yitaye ku buryo amateka avugwa kandi ubumenyi bukwirakwizwa kandi bukibagirana binyuze mu bihangano bye, inyandiko ndetse no kugira uruhare rugaragara mu nama no mu bitekerezo. Umusanzu we w'amahame yibanze ku miterere y'ibigo ndangamuco, kuri sisitemu y'urusobe, ku bikorwa by'ubuhanzi n'umuco [12] no guhindura imijyi. === Amashusho Yashyize hanze === * Na Lingi Yo, 2007[13] * Sankofa River, 1997[14] * We Are the World, video, 2006[15] * Elections, UCA project, 2007[16] * Honey Moon[17] * Avis sur Visage, video installation, 2007[18] * The Beautiful Beast, video installation[19] * Stickers and Wall, Alexandria, Egypt, 2004[20] * Dancing With the Moon, video installation, 2003[21] * Reel Location, video, 2002[22] * The Walking Mirror, video, 2001[23] * Visa-je, video installation, 2000[24] * The Voice of the Moon, video installation[25] * Collaboration with Collectif Auto Da Fe, No Art on Two Dollars A Day, video. Video made from the performance made during SUD Salon Urbain de Douala 2007. === Imurikagurisha kugiti cye === * Fiction ou realite?, Fri'Art, Fribourg, 2003 * Dancing with the Moon, doual'art, Douala, 2003 * Goddy Leye, Icba Gallery, Salvador de Bahia, 2001 * Sankofa Blues, doual'art, Douala, 2000 * Sankofa Blues, Goethe institute, Yaoundé, 1999 * Behind the Scenes, Electronic Cafe International, Santa Monica, US/on Internet, 1999 * Sankofa River, doual'art, Douala, 1999 * Sankofa, French Cultural Centre, Douala, Douala, 1999 * Sankofa Video, Goethe institute, Yaoundé, 1999 * Fouilles Sauvages, doual'art, Douala, 1996 * Bois Sacré, Goethe institute, Yaoundé, 1995 * Bois Sacré, Ifa, 1995 === Imurikagurisha Rusange === * Goddy Leye's work is exhibited in numerous festivals and international exhibitions.[27] * Breaking News. Contemporary Photography from the Middle East and Africa, Ex Ospedale Sant'Agostino, * * Modena, 2010 * SUD PARIS, Maison Revue Noire, Paris, 2010[28] * Cameroonian Touch.2 – doual'art, Douala, 2010 * This is now 1 & 2 – L'appartement 22, 1st Johannesburg Art Fair, 2088 and Rabat, 2009 Prêt-à-pARTager, Mode-Fotografie-Workshop, curated by IFA Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen, Dakar, 2008 (touring exhibition)[29] * Africa Remix, Johannesburg Art Gallery, Johannesburg, 2007 * Ba Mama, Galerie Mam, Douala, 2007 * Contemporary Vision, The World Bank, Yaoundé, 2007 * Africa Remix, Centre Pompidou, Paris, 2006 * Exit Tour, Douala, Cotonou, Lomé, Accra, [[Wagadugu|Ouagadougou]], Bamako, Dakar, 2006, promoted by ArtBakery. * Africa Remix, Museum Kunstpalast, Düsseldorf, Germany, 2004 * New, Netwerk galerij, Aalst, 2003 * Unesco laureates, 18th street arts complex, Santa Monica, USA, 2003 * Post-border land, SBK, Amsterdam, 2003 * Nuits métis, la Ciota, 2003 * Electromediascope, The Nelson Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, 2002 * Slow, Shedhalle, Zurich, Switzerland, 2002 * Rendez-vous at Xiamen, Chinese European Art centre, Xiamen, 2002 * Nuits métis, la Ciota, 2002 * Videoformes 2002, Clermont-Ferrand, 2002. Presentation of the video The Walking Mirror. * Right 2 fight, Sarah Lawrence College, New York, 2002 * Sao Paulo Biennial, Blick Wechsel, São Paulo, Brazil, 2002 * Playtime, Johannesburg, 2002 * Bili Bidjocka / Goddy Leye, Espace Doual'Art, Douala, Cameroon, 2001 * BlickWechsel, IFA-Galerie, Berlin, 2001 * Lucarne, Goethe-Institut, Yaounde, Cameroon, 2001 * BlickWechsel, Bonn and IFA-Galerie Stuttgart, 2000 * Total Global, Museum fur Gegenwartskunst, Bale, 2000 * [[Havana]] Biennial, Havana, 2000 * Dak'Art 2000, Biennale de l'Art contemporain africain, Dakar Biennale, Dakar, 2000 * South Meets West, Berne, 2000 * Boulev'Art, Cotonou, 2000 * Sept des cents derniers jours, Espace Doual'art, Douala, 2000 * Lille 2000, Lille, 2000 * South Meets West, Accra, 1999 * Dream, Espace Doual'art, Douala, 1999 * Triennale der Kleinplastik, Stuttgart, 1998 * Dak'art 98, Dakar Biennale, Dakar, 1998 * Fenac 98 Festival national de l'Art et de la Culture, Ebolowa, 1998 * L'Art entre Tradition et Globalisation, Goethe-Institut, Yaoundé, 1997 * Le Kwatt, Espace Doual'art, Douala, 1997 * Babil 2, Espace Doual'art, Douala, 1997 * Resource Art Cameroon, Goethe-Institute, Yaoundé, 1996 * Cameroon Art, Galeria Arte Mondo, Sarrano, 1996 * Africa Unite, Galerie Africréa, Yaoundé, 1996 * Nouvelles Tendances de la Peinture camerounaise, Galerie Africréa, Yaoundé, 1996 * Babil, Goethe-Institute, Yaoundé, 1995 * Taxi-couleurs, ERBA Ecole régionale des Beaux-Arts, Angers, 1995 * Fenac 94, Douala, 1994 * Taxi-Couleurs, CCF-INA, Bamako, 1994 * Festac 88 National Festival of Arts and Culture, Douala, 1988 === Umusanzu wa Theoretic nakazi ko kugenzura === Goddy Leye yagize uruhare mu bitabo n'ibinyamakuru nk'ikinyamakuru Chimurenga. Yashyigikiye byimazeyo ishyirwaho ryikinyamakuru DiARTgonale cyashinzwe numuhanzi Achilleka. Yashinze akaba n’umuyobozi w'ikigo ArtBakery, yatangiye mu 2002. Yabaye umuyobozi w’umushinga Bessengue City yateguye mu gace ka Bessengue muri Douala mu 2002 kandi yari umu promoteri mu 2006 muri Exit Tour. tbg4tqbgf5tbpn16ohyjhs7fgmt3fg1 0 17556 141396 135074 2026-10-11T11:56:50Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141396 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Centred blue and white 'invisible disability' lanyard 1.1.svg|thumb|306x306px]] Ababana n'ubumuga muri Amerika ni itsinda ry’abantu bake, bagize kimwe cya gatanu cy’abaturage bose hamwe na kimwe cya kabiri cy’Abanyamerika barengeje mirongo inani. Hariho amateka akomeye ashingiye kuri Amerika n’umubano wacyo n’abaturage b’abafite ubumuga, hamwe n’iterambere ryinshi mu kinyejana gishize hagamijwe kuzamura imibereho y’abaturage bamugaye binyuze mu mategeko atanga uburinzi n’inyungu. Ikigaragara cyane ni uko itegeko ry’Abanyamerika bafite ubumuga ari politiki yuzuye yo kurwanya ivangura ikora mu rwego rwo kurinda Abanyamerika bafite ubumuga ahantu rusange ndetse n’aho bakorera <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|pages=2231–5}}</ref> == Ibisobanuro == [[Dosiye:Wheelchair user disability icon.svg|thumb|310x310px]] Nk’uko byatangajwe n’inama ngishwanama y’ubwiteganyirize bw’abakozi, igihe guverinoma ya federasiyo yatangiraga gutanga amafaranga muri gahunda z’ubufasha bw’abafite ubumuga bwa Leta, abagenerwabikorwa bujuje ibisabwa basobanuwe ko bakeneye "ubumuga burundu kandi burundu". Mu 1956, iki gisobanuro cyaguwe na gahunda y’ubwishingizi bw’abafite ubumuga kugira ngo gisobanure ubumuga nk '"kudashobora kwishora mu gikorwa icyo ari cyo cyose cyunguka bitewe n’ubumuga ubwo ari bwo bwose bw’ubuvuzi bw’ubumuga bwo mu mutwe bushobora kwiteza ko bwabaviramo urupfu cyangwa se igihe kirekire- gukomeza kandi igihe kitazwi. " Abakenguzamateka berekanye ko uru rurimi rugarukira ku ciyumviro c'ubumuga ku rwego rw'akazi, kandi insobanuro zuzuye zikaba zarafashwe uko igihe gishira. Ubwumvikane bugezweho ku bumuga mu nzego za leta, ubuvuzi, sociologie muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika ni uko bukubiyemo ubumuga bw’abafite ubumuga bw’umubiri cyangwa bwo mu mutwe budashobora kwishora mu bikorwa by’ubuzima bukomeye, cyangwa imyumvire yo kugira ubwo bumuga. Kurugero, mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2013, Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) cyasuzumye ubumuga mu bice bitanu: iyerekwa, kumenya, kugenda, kwiyitaho, no kubaho byigenga. Ibintu byihariye bigwa munsi yumutaka biratandukanye, icyakora biremewe muri rusange ko ubumuga burimo, ariko ntibugarukira kuri ibi bikurikira: <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|pages=199–208}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|pages=1025–1033}}</ref> == Amateka == [[Dosiye:Handicapped boarding at convenient spot on Caltrain.jpg|thumb]] Ku rwego rwa federasiyo, amategeko yerekeye ubumuga yari make mu kinyejana cya 18 n'icya 19, muri icyo gihe hakaba hari amategeko agaragara harimo n'igikorwa cyo gutabara abasare n'abamugaye bafite ubumuga, cyashyizweho umukono na John Adams mu 1798. Mu ntangiriro ya 1900 eugenic Amategeko yo kuboneza urubyaro yemejwe mu bihugu byinshi, yemerera guverinoma gukora ingumba ku bantu bafite ibibazo byo mu mutwe. Urubanza rw'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga 1927 Buck v Bell rwemeje ko itegeko nshinga riteganywa n'itegeko nshinga, kubera ko ayo mategeko yabujijwe hafi igice cy'ikinyejana nyuma y'itegeko rigenga amategeko yo mu 1978 yo mu 1978, nubwo hari icyuho cyakoreshejwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuboneza urubyaro bukomeza kugeza ubu. Iterambere ry’amategeko y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga mu myaka ya za 1900 ryabaye nyuma y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose hamwe na kongere ishyiraho Gahunda yo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe, yatangaga uburezi n’ubuvuzi ku basirikare bakize. Iterambere rikomeye ryabaye mu myaka ya za 1930 hamwe n’amatora y’umukuru w’igihugu ya Franklin D. Roosevelt, wari ufite ubumuga ku mubiri, ndetse n’ikimenyetso cye cy' itegeko ry’ubwiteganyirize . <ref name=":5">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|pages=213–224}}</ref> Iterambere ryerekeye ubutabera bw’abafite ubumuga ryajyanye n’umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu mu gice cya nyuma cyikinyejana cya 20. Mu 1961, Ikigo cy’igihugu cy’ubuziranenge cy’Abanyamerika cyasohoye inyandiko ivuga ku mbogamizi z’inyubako z’abafite ubumuga bw’umubiri, zashyigikiraga itegeko ry’imyubakire y’imyubakire yo mu 1968 kandi ryashishikarije ibihugu byinshi gushyiraho amategeko agenga uburyo bworoshye bwo kugera ku myaka ya za 70. Byongeye kandi, mu myaka ya za 1960, Medicaid hamwe n’ibigo by’ubumuga bwo mu mutwe hamwe n’Itegeko ryubaka ibigo nderabuzima by’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe byemejwe, bigenera amafaranga y’ubuvuzi n’iterambere ry’inama z’igihugu cyose, urwego rw’ubuvugizi, n'inzira z’uburezi nyuma y’amashuri yisumbuye ku baturage bafite ubumuga. Mu myaka ya za 70, amategeko akomeye yo kurwanya ivangura yashyizweho hakurwaho "itegeko ribi" riheruka, ryemerera abashinzwe kubahiriza amategeko gufunga abantu bazira ko bafite ubumuga, ndetse n’itegeko ryo mu 1973 ryita ku buzima busanzwe n’abantu bafite ubumuga bw’ubumuga (IDEA) ryabujije. ibigo byakiriye inkunga ya leta ivangura ku bumuga. Mu myaka ya za 1980, hagenzuwe iyindi nzira iganisha ku kugerwaho hifashishijwe itegeko rigenga indege zitwara abantu mu kirere, itegeko rivugurura imiturire ikwiye, hamwe n’ubufasha bujyanye n’ikoranabuhanga ku bantu bafite ubumuga n’ubutabera hashyirwaho itegeko ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’inzego (CRIPA) . <ref name=":6" /> Mu 1990, itegeko ry’Abanyamerika bafite ubumuga (ADA) ryabaye umushinga w’ibanze ugaragaza uburyo bunoze bwo kurengera no gucumbikira abaturage bafite ubumuga, hamwe n’andi mategeko, yashyizeho nyuma y’imyaka icumi nk’itegeko ry’itumanaho ryo mu 1996 hamwe na Tike yo gukora no guteza imbere umurimo. Igikorwa (TWWIIA) cyaguka kuri ADA. Igihe cy'ikinyagihumbi cyagenzuye imanza zikomeye z'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga nka ''Olmstead aburana na LC'' na ''Tennessee aburana na Lane'' zemeje uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga. <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=241–242}}</ref> == Imibare == [[Dosiye:Persons Living with Disability in Ghana at the Global Disability Summit co-hosted in Ghana.jpg|thumb]] Ukurikije uko ubumuga bumeze: 2019 - Ibarura rusange 2019 Incamake Abanyamerika bagera kuri 20 ku ijana bafite [[ubumuga]] bwo mu mutwe cyangwa bwinshi bwasuzumwe:  Ibarura 2000 ryabaruye abantu miliyoni 49.7 bafite ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwigihe kirekire cyangwa ubumuga. Bahagarariye 19.3 ku ijana by'abantu miliyoni 257.2 bari bafite imyaka 5 n'abayirengeje mu baturage b'abasivili badafite ibigo - cyangwa umuntu umwe kuri batanu ... ubumuga burasobanuwe. Byaba byiza kumenya ko ubumuga muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika bushyirwa muburyo butandukanye bwubumuga bwumubiri cyangwa bwo mumutwe burimo ubushobozi bwumuntu bwo gukora kumubiri, imiterere yibitekerezo, harimo ubuhanga bwo gufata ibyemezo no kwibuka, ubushobozi bwo kubona, niba ari bo ubwabo- birahagije, kandi amaherezo, niba biterwa numuntu wese ubafasha gukora imirimo </link>. Dukurikije ibarura rusange 97-5, "Abanyamerika bagera kuri 1 kuri 5 bafite ubumuga runaka, naho 1 kuri 10 bafite ubumuga bukomeye. Ntabwo iyi mibare igira ingaruka gusa ku bamugaye, ahubwo n’abafite ubumuga ntibihanganira ibibi gusa ahubwo kora abana babo cyangwa abuzukuru babo kuko bashobora gusigara bafite ibibazo byubuzima ndetse nuburezi. " ACS ntabwo ipima ubumuga Mu buryo butaziguye Hariho ubundi bushakashatsi buto butanga ubushakashatsi butanga ubushishozi ku bumuga muri Amerika Mugihe ubushakashatsi nkubushakashatsi bwubuzima bw’igihugu bwita ku bushakashatsi bw’ubuzima n’izabukuru, Sisitemu yo kugenzura imyitwarire y’imyitwarire, hamwe n’ubuzima, gusaza, n’umubiri Ibigize (Ubuzima ABC) Ubushakashatsi bukoreshwa muguhitamo ibimenyetso byingenzi byubuzima bijyanye nubumuga mubaturage ba Amerika. Mugihe ibisubizo kuri ibyo bintu bikunze kwitwa "ubumuga", hashobora kuvugwaho impaka - ikoresha wenyine- na porokisi-raporo kugirango isuzume ubushobozi bugaragara bwo gukora imirimo ikora. [[Igitabo|Ibitabo]] biriho byagaragaje ibisobanuro birambuye ku baturage ba Amerika ku bijyanye n'ubumuga ukoresheje amakuru aturuka muri ACS. Ibitabo byagaragaje kandi ibibazo bijyanye namakuru yubumuga muri ACS. Ubushakashatsi ku bumuga bukomeje gutera imbere, kandi imiti ishobora kuboneka kubibazo byuburyo bugezweho. Kubera umwihariko, kubyerekeye inkunga na politiki ya federasiyo, abashakashatsi bo mubice bitandukanye (urugero: sociologie, epidemiology, na guverinoma) bakoresha cyane amakuru ya ACS kugirango basobanukirwe neza ubumuga muri Amerika. === Abanyamerika bakomoka muri Africa === Ibarura rusange ry’Amerika ryo mu 2000 ryerekanye ko umuryango nyafurika w’Abanyamerika ufite umubare munini w’abafite ubumuga muri Amerika ku kigero cya 20.8 ku ijana, ugereranyije gato ugereranije n’ubumuga rusange bwa 19.4%. Urebye iyo mibare, hashobora kuvugwa ko Abanyamerika bafite ubumuga bo muri Afurika bafite ubushomeri bukabije, ubushomeri, ndetse n’uburezi buke ugereranije n’andi matsinda y’ubumuga. Kurugero, Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’Abanyamerika muri 2015 bwerekana ko Abanyamerika b’Abanyafrika bafite ubumuga babaho mu bukene ku kigero cya 1,5 kugeza kuri 2 ugereranije n’andi matsinda y’amoko muri Amerika. <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=706–708}}</ref> ==== Ubutabera mpanabyaha ==== [[Dosiye:Noun Wheelchair Racing Luis 2135373.svg|thumb]] Ubushakashatsi bwabonetse mu bushakashatsi bw’igihugu bw’urubyiruko bwerekana ko abagabo b’abirabura bafite ubumuga bahura n’ikibazo kinini cyo gutabwa muri yombi bafite imyaka 28, bitandukanye n’abandi bafite igitsina, ubumuga, cyangwa ubwoko bwabo. Ku bijyanye n’abagore b’abanyafrika bongeye kwinjira muri societe nyuma yigihe cyakazi, ingingo ya JHCPCU yerekanye ubumuga, cyane cyane virusi itera [[SIDA]] / HCV, nkikintu gikomeye gifitanye isano no kugabanya imikoreshereze itandukanye yubuvuzi nkubundi buryo bwihutirwa. Ihamagarwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ivugurura ry’ubutabera mpanabyaha hamwe n’umutwe w’ubuzima bw’abirabura ryashyize ahagaragara mu ruhame uburyo abirabura bafite ubumuga bahura n’ihohoterwa ry’abapolisi. Ingero zavuzwe nk'ubugome bwa polisi, nk'iyicwa rya Marcus-David Peters mu mwaka wa 2018, umwirabura udafite intwaro uhura n'ikibazo cyo mu mutwe, ryashizeho amategeko nk'umushinga w'itegeko ryita ku buzima bwo mu mutwe bwa Virginie ndetse na Serivisi ishinzwe gusobanukirwa abaturage (MARCUS), bizakenera ko ibibazo byububabare bwo mumutwe byitabirwa nabapolisi ninzobere mubuzima bwo mumutwe. Amashusho ya virusi y’iyicwa rya Walter Wallace, umwirabura ufite amateka y’uburwayi bwo mu mutwe wishwe mu gihe cyo guhura n’abapolisi, byafashije mu mutwe wa rubanda ubumuga bw’abafite ubumuga. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement from the Mayor's Commission on People with Disabilities Regarding the Death of Walter Wallace, Jr. {{!}} Mayor's Office for People with Disabilities |url=https://www.phila.gov/2020-10-29-statement-from-the-mayors-commission-on-people-with-disabilities-regarding-the-death-of-walter-wallace-jr/ |access-date=2020-11-17 |website=City of Philadelphia |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biden, Harris Express 'Shock and Grief' Over Police Shooting of Walter Wallace Jr. |url=https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/politics/decision-2020/biden-harris-express-shock-and-grief-over-police-shooting-of-walter-wallace-jr/2575525/ |access-date=2020-11-17 |website=NBC10 Philadelphia |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Amashakiro ==== {{Reflist}} ofrsx1f1gki20zwqomtx1s0mc3vdcoo 0 17746 141368 108128 2026-10-11T11:48:04Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141368 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kwigisha Abana Bafite Ubumuga == Umubano w'abana bafite ubumuga n'ubushukanyi bwabo buri muri iki kigo Ubumwe Community Center, mu karere ka [[Rubavu]] mu burengerazuba bw'u Rwanda, ni igicuruzwa cya mahirwe cyashyizweho. Emmanuela Tuyishime, w'imyaka 24, afite ubumuga bw’amaguru yombi n’ukuboko, akaba yarabonye icyo kigo nk'umusaruro w'ibikorwa byiza. [[Dosiye:They_have_the_same_rights_as_we,_they_want_to_study_and_learn.jpg|thumb|abana bafite ubumuga]] Mu gukora amafoto, umwuga wo kudoda, no mu kwigisha abana bafite ubumuga, Emmanuela avuga ko byandinze ubushukanyi bw’abasore bari hanze. Akomeza avuga ko kubana ubumuga ntibiga, kandi ashaka kubashukisha, kubabwira inzu kugira ngo ashobore kubohoka. Uwimana Pascal, w’imyaka 46, se w'abana batatu, ni umwe mu bafite ubumuga bw’amaguru yombi yari arashyiraho. Afite abana baba batatu bafite ubumuga butandukanye, aho kuba bamwe mu bakozi b'iki kigo. Pascal aragira ati: "Iyo ufite urugingo rwatakaye, urundi rugomba gukora cyane. Hari ijisho rivuyemo, irindi rigomba gukora cyane. Ubuze akaboko, akandi kagomba gukora cyane kugira ngo [[Dosiye:USAID_supports_better_opportunities_for_children_with_disabilities_(18950505793).jpg|thumb|Kwigisha Abana Bafite Ubumuga]] [[Dosiye:Boy_in_standing_frame.jpg|thumb|Umwana ufite ubumuga ]] gahe abandi icyitegererezo." Iki kigo, cyashinzwe mu 2008, kibarura abakabakaba 1000, barimo abo gifasha mu kubigisha imyuga n'abo kigoboka mu rwego rw’ubuvuzi. N'ubwo bigoye, aba bakozi b'iki kigo bafite ubushobozi bwo kwiga ibintu bimwe na bimwe kandi bakabifata, bitewe n'ubwitwa 'autism'. Ubwo nasanze, bafitanye urugero mu kwiga umuziki.iki kigo kikaba kitwa(HVP GATAGARA). == Isoko == Mu bihe byose, abana bafite ubumuga bavuga ko ubumuga bw'ingingo bushobora kuba imbogamizi ku muntu ubufite ariko ko atari impamvu yo kumva ko ubuzima buhagaze. Ikigo Ubumwe Community Center cyashinzwe mu 2008 n’abategamiye kuri leta, cyarabonewe mu gukomeza kwigisha abana bafite ubumuga. Kugira ngo umwana wawe afite umurimo mwiza muri iki kigo, baza kubaha ikigo cyashinzwe mu mwanya wawe, cyo kubafasha mu kubona insimburangingo, kubavuza, no kubigisha imyuga. == Igitangaje == Ubumuga mu bana ni ikimenyetso cy'umuryango mwiza n'umwambaro w'imikorere y'abana. Iki kigo cyakira abana bafite ubumuga mu myaka ishize, kibasaba ubushobozi bwo kwiga, gusoma, no kubandanya ibintu byinshi by'ibanze. Ni igicuruzwa cy'umwaka w'umwana kandi cyakozwe na leta mu mwaka w'2008. Buri umwe mu kigo cyashyizweho ku rwego rwo guhindura ubumuga mu gihe cy’uburyo bwo kwiga n'uburyo bw'ibintu. [[Dosiye:Breakfast_for_Safi.jpg|thumb|Umwana ufite ubumuga ]] == Inama y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye (UNICEF) == Mu bihe byose, [[UNICEF]] yashatse ibikorwa byiza kugira ngo abana bose bajye mu ishuri, buri mwana yabyaye mu muryango, no kuba n'ubumuga, bigerweho uburenganzira bwe bwose. <!-- Source: [BBC Gahuzamiryango](https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-64908874) --> == Amakuru == Umwanditsi: Jean Claude Mwambutsa Igikorwa: BBC Gahuzamiryango i Rubavu Itariki: 19 Ukw'icumi 2023 Link: [Byandinze ubushukanyi bw'abasore bari aha hanze' – ubana ubumuga wize kudoda](https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-64908874) 5hq5vutya6d6dhmy3my6aqyo0njek76 0 18103 141383 114179 2026-10-11T11:50:54Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141383 wikitext text/x-wiki Kayitesi Alodie [[Umupira w’amaguru|Umukinnyi wumupira]] wamaguru mubagore ukina Hagati Mukibuga [[Dosiye:Pallo valmiina.jpg|thumb|Ball|400x400px]] Kayitse Alodie watangiye gukina umupira wa Maguru 2014 Mu Bana bato ba [[AS Kigali|As Kigali]] WFC afite inywaka 14 yamavuko.[https://www-newtimes-co-rw.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.newtimes.co.rw/article/7436/sports/football/meet-kayitesi-as-kigali-women-midfield-maestro/amp?amp_js_v=a9&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17111828342796&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Farticle%2F7436%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2Fmeet-kayitesi-as-kigali-women-midfield-maestro] == Kayitesi Alodie ni muntu ki? == kayitse Alodie wavukiye mukarere ka Nyarugenge. Alodie uvuka Mu muryango wabana Bane akaba ariwe muhererezi iwabo.[https://www-newtimes-co-rw.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.newtimes.co.rw/article/7436/sports/football/meet-kayitesi-as-kigali-women-midfield-maestro/amp?amp_js_v=a9&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17111828342796&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Farticle%2F7436%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2Fmeet-kayitesi-as-kigali-women-midfield-maestro] == Ubuzima Bwihariye == Kayitesi Alodie nkabandi bana yakinaga nkabandi Ariko uko agenda akura yagiye akunda Umukino wumupira wamaguru Abikundisha nincutiye biganaga wakiniraga As Kigali WFC yabatoya (AS KIGALI WFC ACADEMY). Alodie yage kugira ibibazo byumuryango byanatumye Ahagarika ishuri aho yaje gusubukura muri 2023 akora ikizami gisoza Amashuri yisumbuye nkumukandida wigenga.[https://www-newtimes-co-rw.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.newtimes.co.rw/article/7436/sports/football/meet-kayitesi-as-kigali-women-midfield-maestro/amp?amp_js_v=a9&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17111828342796&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Farticle%2F7436%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2Fmeet-kayitesi-as-kigali-women-midfield-maestro] Alodie yahamagawe Mwikipe yigihugu Amavubi Women Football National Team Bwambere muri 2016 == Amashuri yize. == [[Dosiye:Football Pallo valmiina-cropped.jpg|thumb]] Kayitesi Alodie yize Amashuri abanza ku Kagasunsu muri Nyarugenge District. Amashuri yisumbuye yayize APACE Secondary school [https://www-newtimes-co-rw.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.newtimes.co.rw/article/7436/sports/football/meet-kayitesi-as-kigali-women-midfield-maestro/amp?amp_js_v=a9&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17111828342796&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Farticle%2F7436%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2Fmeet-kayitesi-as-kigali-women-midfield-maestro] == Amakipe yanyuzemo == 1.As Kigali WFC ACADEMY 2.As Kigali WFC 3.Rayon sports WFC akinamo ubu.[https://www-newtimes-co-rw.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.newtimes.co.rw/article/13645/sports/football/kayitesi-opens-up-on-dream-rayon-wfc-move/amp?amp_js_v=a9&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17111828342796&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Farticle%2F13645%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2Fkayitesi-opens-up-on-dream-rayon-wfc-move][https://mobile.igihe.com/imikino/football/article/rayon-sports-y-abagore-yongeye-kugura-abakinnyi-bakomeye-muri-as-kigali-wfc] == Ibikombe yatwaye == Shampiyona umunani(8) zikurikirana hamwe na As Kigali WFC Shampiyona Imwe na Rayon sports WFC 2023/2024 Peace cup enye(4) na As Kigali WFC.[https://www-newtimes-co-rw.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.newtimes.co.rw/article/7436/sports/football/meet-kayitesi-as-kigali-women-midfield-maestro/amp?amp_js_v=a9&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17111828342796&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Farticle%2F7436%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2Fmeet-kayitesi-as-kigali-women-midfield-maestro] == Ishakiro == https://www-newtimes-co-rw.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.newtimes.co.rw/article/7436/sports/football/meet-kayitesi-as-kigali-women-midfield-maestro/amp?amp_js_v=a9&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17111828342796&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Farticle%2F7436%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2Fmeet-kayitesi-as-kigali-women-midfield-maestro <nowiki>https://www-newtimes-co-rw.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.newtimes.co.rw/article/13645/sports/football/kayitesi-opens-up-on-dream-rayon-wfc-move/amp?amp_js_v=a9&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17111828342796&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Farticle%2F13645%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2Fkayitesi-opens-up-on-dream-rayon-wfc-move</nowiki> <nowiki>https://umuseke-rw.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/umuseke.rw/2023/12/immaculee-na-alodie-batangiye-akazi-mu-kipe-nshya-amafoto/amp/?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17111828342796&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fumuseke.rw%2F2023%2F12%2Fimmaculee-na-alodie-batangiye-akazi-mu-kipe-nshya-amafoto%2F</nowiki> https://mobile.igihe.com/imikino/football/article/rayon-sports-y-abagore-yongeye-kugura-abakinnyi-bakomeye-muri-as-kigali-wfc rt281affhj42xno64ghwarm2bdvt2he 0 18331 141361 139271 2026-10-11T11:40:43Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141361 wikitext text/x-wiki Mugisha Prince uzwi kw'izina rya the Nature, nu[[Umuhanzi Kamariza|muhanzi]] winjiye mu muziki nyuma yo kubona abamufasha asohora extended play(EP) ye yambere. uyu muhanzi yavutse tariki 2 ukuboza 1999, akaba avuka mumuryango wabana babiri akaba yarasoje amashuri yisumbuye. Uyu muhanzi numwe mubahanzi bafite abavandimwe mu muziki barimo umuraperi ish kevin, logan joe. The nature avugako yakuze ashaka kuzaba [[Umupira w’amaguru|umukinnyi wumupira]] ariko impano yumuziki niyo yabashije gukunda akayikurikirana.avugako ku myaka 15 aribwo yatangiye kwiyumvamo impano y'umuziki n'ababyeyi be bamubwirako bazamushyigikira. The nature yavuze murwego rwo rwo kwinjira mu muziki neza, yahisemo gufata umwanya uhagije kugirango atunganye EP ye yambere yise "umva vibe". Irimo indirimbo nka:' waitress' yakoranye na gabiro guitar, 'mfatirana','slay', ndetse na chance. The nature avugako gukorana EP ye yambere na gabiro guitar byaturutse kubushuti bari basanzwe bafitanye. Uyu muhanzi The nature akaba asaba aba nyarwanda gukomeza kumushyigikira murugendo rwe rw'umuziki.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/111978/the-nature-umuhanzi-mushya-winjiranye-ep-mu-muziki-video-111978.html</ref> nu0vxd61pabc5ofeql6eiz62krokt4l 0 18371 141388 104940 2026-10-11T11:53:50Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141388 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[INKOMOKO IZINA KIGALI|Inkomoko]] y’izina Rwamagana == Iyo uvuze Rwamagana buri wese ahita yumva kamwe mu turere tugize [[intara]] y’Iburasirazuba ariko abantu benshi ntibazi aho inyito y’iri zina ryakomotse n’uko ryaje gukomera rikitirirwa bimwe mu bikora biranga muri aka karere. Nk’uko Kigali Today igenda ibagezaho inyito z’amazina y’ahantu hatandukanye yabakusanyirije amakuru ku nkomoko y’izina Rwamagana maze iganira na Nsanzabera Jean De Dieu Umusizi akaba n’inzobere mu muco, amateka, [[ubuvanganzo]], umurage n’intekerezo z’i Rwanda, atubwira aho izina Rwamagana ryakomotse. Nsanzabera avuga ko Izina Rwamagana ryaturutse ku ishyo ry’Inka ryari ryororewe muri kariya gace abantu bavuga ko ari iwabo w’amaga y’inka. Ati “ Inyito i Rwamagana ryaturutse ku Magana y’inka yororerwaga muri kari gace noneho abantu baba bagannye kuri uwo musozi bakavugana ko bagiye iwabo w’inka z’amagana”. Nsanzabera akomeza asobanuro ko izina i Rwamgana riva ku Magana y’inka yahororerwaga bikaba bisobanuye inka nyinshi. Izina ryaje guhama gutyo biturtse kuri ayo Magana y’inka yahororerwaga ku buryo ryaje kuba izina rya kamwe mu turere tugize intara y’Iburasirazuba. Ryagiye ryitirirwa ibikorwa bitandukanye birimo, Ibitaro bya Rwamagana, Isoko rya Rwamagana, Paruwasi Rwamagana ndetse n’amashuri hari ayitirirwa iri zina rya Rwamagana. Abaturage batuye muri aka karere baganiriye na Kigali Today bavuze ko izina Rwamagana batari bazo igisobanuro cyaryo naho iyo nyito yakomotse. Masabo Emmanuel avuga ko kumenya inkomoko y’inyito y’ahantu ari ingenzi kuko bifasha cyane gusobanukirwa amateka atandukanye y’igihugu cy’u Rwanda. Asaba ko mu mateka yigishwa abana hakwiye kujya hashyirwamo n’amateka y’igihugu cy’u Rwanda kugira ngo barusheho gusobanukirwa n’ibyaranze ibihe byo hambere.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/menya-inkomoko-y-izina-rwamagana</ref> t7yjbbqf0yx58owqxi405dgscu8b95n 0 18380 141379 134964 2026-10-11T11:50:02Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 141379 wikitext text/x-wiki == Utazi akaraye i Fumbwe araza ifu == ''Uyu mugani bawuca iyo bacira umuntu umugani bamubuza kugokera ubusa azigamira gaheshyi; niho bagira bati "Utazi akaraye i Fumbwe araza ifu"'' Uwo mugani uri kabiri, ariko ako kabiri kombi kagahurira ku musozi witwa Fumbwe wo mu Buganza bwegamiye u Rukaryi. Ubwa mbere bawendeye ku gitekerezo cy'Abanyoro mu gitero cyabo cya kabiri; ubwa kabiri ku ngoma ya Rujugira, bawuhereye ku mugore wo mu Buliza waraje ifu yo kugemurira umugabo we ku rugerero rwari i Fumbwe aho ngaho. Umunsi yayiraje ni wo umugabo we yaguye ku rugamba, bukeye ahurira n'imbitsi mu nzira ifu arayimena, arahobagira arataha. Iyo amenya ko umugabo we yapfuye ntabwo aba yararaje iyo fu, ngo nibucya ayizindukane ngo aha agemuriye umugabo! Naho Abanyoro bateye mu Rwanda ubwa mbere ku ngoma ya Kigeli Mukobanya. Iyo ntambara umuhungu we Sekarongoro bita Mutabazi arayirwana ayibamo intwali cyane, ndetse ayikomerekeramo. Ubwo rero Abanyoro baraneshwa, abataguye muri iyo ntambara basubira iwabo, bajya kuvuga ko baneshejwe. Biba aho, bishyira kera, bimaze gusa n'ibyibagiranye, ku ngoma ya Mibambwe Sekarongoro, wawundi wabarwanyaga ataraba u[[mwami]], barongera baragaruka. Ariko noneho bagaruka ari benshi cyane, kuruta abari barateye ubwa mbere. Kuko ngo batiye amaboko mu duhugu twinshi two muri Yuganda: Ankore, Toro, Bugande Bukili, Bukede, Busogo, na Bunyoro. Abo bose ni ko baje barakariye u Rwanda; barushakagamo iminyago y'inka, kandi bashaka no kwihorera. Nuko bakijya gusesekara abatasi baburira Mibambwe Sekarongoro. Bamumenyesha imigambi Abanyoro bagize yo gushaka amaboko mu nshuti zabo zibegereye; bati: "Abanyoro bagiye kugaruka, ariko kandi si nka ba bandi ba mbere; ahubwo bazaza ari benshi cyane; ndetse n'ubwo tubita Abanyoro ariko si bo bonyine, ahubwo bavanze n'Abagande n'Abakede, n'Abasoga, n'Abanyankore, n'Abatoro, n'abo muri Bukili n'aba Buhweja. None rero tukugire inama: nawe tabaza abo muturanye bagutize amaboko. Sekarongoro yemera inama y'Abatasi, amaze kumva amagambo bamubwiye n'inama bamugiriye. Ahera ko atuma ku bami babangikanye na we: Kimenyi w'i Gisaka, Nsoro, w'i Bugesera na Ntare w'i Burundi; ati: "Nimuntabare natewe, nimuntabare mwitabara. Abanyoro bongeye gutera kandi numvise ko ari benshi cyane ku buryo ntahangara kubarwanya jyenyine. None nimuntabare tubasanganirire ku nkiko bataravogera igihugu. Kandi rero nta bwo banziye jyenyine, icyo bashaka ni iminyago, n'iwanyu ntibayibura. Ati: "Ni ukuntabara namwe mwitabara." Bose bamaze kubyumva banga kumutabara. Abantu yatumyeho bose, bagarukana inkuru mbi; bati: "Aho wadutumye ntubizere, ngo wibwire ko bazagutabara." Uwo batumye kuri Kimenyi w'i Gisaka ati: "Yanshubije ko adashobora kwihamagarira intambara itamugenewe." Uwo batumye kwa Nsoro Bihembe umwami w'i Bugesera, ati: "Yampakaniye ngo ntafite ingabo zo gutegeza abo banyamahanga bangana n'inzige, ngo zimumarire abantu; ati: wowe ubishoboye urarwane cyangwa se urahunge." Uwo batumye kwa Ntare i Burundi, ati: "Aho kuguha ingabo zo gushira, ahubwo yaguhisha, cyangwa se yaguhishira icyo wamuhishaho cyose." Bose uko bangana baramuhakanira. Abonye ko bibaye bityo, yemera inama yo guhunga. Nuka ahungira i Bunyabungo kwa Muhoyo; n'inka nyinshi, n'ingabo z'inkoramutima. Agenda hakiri kare, bituma agenda neza nta cyo yikanga. Ageze mu misozi yo mu Kinyaga yegeranye n'u Bunyabungo, atuma intumwa ku mwami waho, ati: "Abantu bitwa Abanyoro baramuteye, abona ko ari benshi cyane atashobora kubarwanya, none aguhungiyeho aragusaba ko umwakirana umutima mwiza; ati: Ari kumwe n'abana be, n'abagore be, n'umukecuru we, n'inka nyinshi n'ingabo zemeye kumukurikira. Ibyo byose nubibona ntumutekerezemo umurwanyi uguteye." Intumwa zirahaguruka zijya i Bunyabungo, zibwira umwami waho ubutumwa bwa shebuja. Umwami w'i Bunyabungo yemera kumwakira ari nta kindi yibaza. Amwoherereza amato menshi yo kumwambutsa hamwe n'abo bari kumwe. Amutegurira amacumbi, arambuka ajya i Bunyabungo. Umwami w'u Rwanda amaze kugera i Bunyabungo, Abanyoro basesekara mu Rwanda, baza u Mutara wose, basandara u Buganza bwa Kibungo na Byumba; abenshi bambukira kuri Ndaba, bazamuka Ntunga, batunguka i Fumbwe; bahurirana n'abaturutse mu mpinga ya Janjagiro; bose bagandika kuri Fumbwe; bameze nk'amarumbu y'inzige. Ubwo rero ikintu basanze kuri Fumbwe gikwiye kuribwa cyangwa kunyobwa, baraye bakimazeho. Ibyo basanze bidahiye barabiteka, ibikwiye kotswa barabyotsa. Aho bukereye abarebye kuri Fumbwe, bakabona hasa n'umukomba; ari ikintu cyabaye urukara rw'ikizizi gisa n'umurayi. Mbese bahararutse nta kintu bahasize kizatunga ab'aho. Nuko rubanda babibonye, bakaburirana, bati: "Utazi akaraye i Fumbwe araza ifu; nk'aho bagize, bati: "Ufite icyo arya niyirire, kuko kugira icyo uzigama ari ukwibeshya." Bakoresheje iryo jambo ifu, kuko muri icyo gihe ari cyo kiryo rusange Abanyarwanda bari berekejeho amakiriro. Ni cyo gituma bavuga ko amasaka ari yo mbuto nkuru mu Rwanda. Abandi rero baturutse mu mpinga ya za Rutare na Bijunde na Nyarusange, bambukira mu iteme rya Karuranga, bashaka gutera urugo rw'i Gasabo. Bakekaga ko Mibambwe ariho ari. Abandi baturutse i [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|Rwamagana]] na za Munyiginya, na bo bahomboka iyo mu Rukaryi, barazimagiza u Bwanacyambwe, abandi baratera mu Buliza bajya gushaka Mibambwe i Remera ry' Abaforongo aho urugo rwe rundi rwari ruri. Mbese bakwira hose, ntibagira aho basiga h'u Rwanda! Bamaze kubura uwo bashakaga, kandi bamaze kubura n'uwo barasana baritonda barya igihugu koko; barakiyogoza imyaka irahita indi irataha. Bavuga ko barumazemo imyaka isaga icumi. Mibambwe rero yigumira i Bunyabungo, yihishe Abanyoro. Bukeye imfizi ye irwana n'iya Muhoyo, umwami w'i Bunyabungo. Iya Mibambwe yica iya Muhoyo. Abanyabungo babonye imfizi ya shebuja ipfuye, bafata amacumu n'imihoro bashaka kwica imfizi ya Mibambwe. Abanyarwanda babibonye batyo, na bo babanga imiheto yabo ingamba zirarema bararasana. Muri iyo ntambara [[umugabekazi]] Nyabadaha nyina wa Mibambwe arahagwa. Abanyarwanda babonye ko bashumbirijwe, bafata amato barambuka bagaruka i Rwanda. Bamaze kugera mu Rwanda, bibaza icyo bakwiye gukora: Bati: "Dore Abanyabungo baraduhindutse, kandi Abanyoro twari twahunze nta ho bagiye baracyaduhiga, none ubu tubigize dute!" Sekarongoro ati: "Nimureke twiyahure ku Banyoro, naho twapfa ariko twaba turwanira u Rwanda rwacu tukarugwamo!" Nuko bose biyemeza kurwanya Abanyoro. Babaza ahantu hateraniwe n'abenshi, barahamenya. Begenda ijoro ryose bagera mu ngando zabo aho zari ziri hose, bamaze kwigabanyamo ibice bikwiranye n'imisozi Abanyoro bari higanjemo. Bahimba amageza yo gutwika amazu ku misozi miremire bagira ngo bakange Abanyoro. Muri iryo joro batwika amazu ari ku misozi miremire yegeranye n'aho Abanyoro biganje kugandika, ariko batwikaga bakurikije impande enye: hepfo y'ingando no haruguru yazo, no hirya no hino. Bamaze gukwiza amashinga neza nk'uko babiteguye, batwika ya mazu; mbese bamwe babonye aba mbere batwitse, bose bahera ko baratwika. Abanyoro babonye imiriro yaka impande zose z'aho baganditse, babona ko bakubwe, bacikamo igikuba; iryo joro bahunga ubutarora inyuma; bagenda bikanga ikiriri cyabo, kuko bari benshi cyane, abari mu gice cy'imbere bakikanga ababakurikiye babo, bagira ngo ni ingabo z'abanyarwanda zibari inyuma, bakabagira mu gico, babageraho bakabarwanya; bigatuma bicana babitewe n'uko bayoberanye. Icyo Abanyarwanda bakoraga muri iryo joro ni ukuvuza induru gusa bakomera ngo: "Ntibajye, ntibajye" ibyo gusa! Nuko aho bukereye, Abanyoro basanga basigaye ari ingerere; bakizwa n'amaguru barahunga. Ingabo za Sekarongoro zirabashorera, Rubanda rw'ihururu rwitabiriye induru rukabatangira. Bapfa umugenda, n'abagiye bihisha mu mikoke no mu mashyamba, barabashakura barabica. Iyo ntambara y' Abanyoro yarangiriye i Musave mu Bwanacyambwe, muri Komini Rubungo ubungubu. Mbese urora uwo mugani w'Akaraye i Fumbwe ni uko waciwe n'abantu bari mu karere kegeranye na Fumbwe; naho ubundi ubaye nk'ucibwa n'Abanyamahanga, bawuca bagira, bati: "Utazi akaraye i Rwanda araza ifu". Kuraza ifu = Kwishunga ugokera ubusa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wikirwanda.org/index.php/Utazi_akaraye_i_Fumbwe_araza_ifu |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-17 |archive-date=2024-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517092937/https://wikirwanda.org/index.php/Utazi_akaraye_i_Fumbwe_araza_ifu |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} p6lum5azulegsrdgvapqd7a8kmzj742 0 18970 141200 137339 2026-10-10T16:56:31Z Stevenndori289 10902 Iriburiro 141200 wikitext text/x-wiki == Imihango ku mugore utwite == [[Dosiye:2008-02-24 Human abdomen in pregnancy.jpg|thumb|Umugore utwite]] [[Dosiye:LEMPIES Pregnancy.jpg|thumb|pregnant woman]] [[Umugore]] utwite, akunda kurwara irekwe (gusinzira); yilinda gutambuka umugabo we, ngo iyo amutambutse„ na we aralirwara.Umugore utvvite, maze hakagira umutambuka akamurenga, iy’umugore akozwe n’inda yanze kuvuka, batumira uwamurenze, akaza kumurengura. Iyo atamurenguye, ngo ntabyara, ngo inda iramwica. Umugore utwite, iyo arenze imiseno, ngo akuramo inda. Umugore utwite ntajya iwabo ataligeze guca mu irembo, ngo akuramo inda. Umugore utwite yilinda kunywa inzoga ipfutse, ngo apfumuze umuheha icyo bayipfukishije; babanza gukuraho urupfuko akabona gusoma ku nzoga; ngo atabigize atyo inda yazamwica ikamupfukirana; kandi ngo atazabyara umwana upfutse, utazashobora kuvuga.Umugore utwite ntaseka ikimara, ngo na we atakibyara. Ikintu cyose cyabuze ubulyo, umugore utwite yilinda kugiseka, ngo aragiseka akazakibyara (ibara Iyacyo-cyangwa akabyara ikidashyitse) Umugore utwite ntaseka uwahetse inyonjo, ngo yabyara umwa na uyihetse.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://rw.amateka.net/imihango-yumugore-utwite/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723114451/https://rw.amateka.net/imihango-yumugore-utwite/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dosiye:Lempies - Pregnancy screenshot.jpg|thumb|298x298px|umugore utwite]] == Ibindi == Umugore utwite, apfa kubona ikintu cy’imboneka limwe, nk’igali, imodoka, akagikoraho, akikora no ku nda, cyangwa akareba aho icyo kintu cyanyuze, akahakora agakora no ku nda ye, cyangwa akareba ikintu cyagikozeho, akakinyweraho amazi; cyangwa akareba uko acyambara. Iyo atabigenjeje atyo ngo abyara icyo kintu yabonye (ibara lyacyo. Umugore utwite, yilinda kureba aho imbwa yabwaguliye, kereka ibibwana bimaze guhumura; ngo atazabyara umwana uhumye. Umugore utwite, ntiyabona inzoka ngo aseke, iyo asetse, abyara umwana usohoroye urulimi nk’urw’inzoka. Azira no kwica inzoka, ngo yabyara umwana urabya indimi, kereka yambaye icyunulizwa cyayo. Umugore utwite, iyo agiye aho babaga, ntiyahava kereka bamuciliye inyama, batamuciliye ngo yakuramo inda. == Iriburiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umuco]] [[Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda]] fn4tu0oxgx9oz3vhc9tiihtzdomztwk 0 19357 141369 129090 2026-10-11T11:48:22Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 141369 wikitext text/x-wiki == Will Smith == '''Willard Carroll "will" Smith II''' '''('''yavutse ku ya '''25''' Nzeri '''1968)''' ni umukinnyi w’umunyamerika, umunyarwenya, utunganya umuziki, umuraperi, n’umwanditsi. Yishimiye gutsinda kuri tereviziyo, filime, n'umuziki. Muri Mata '''2007''', Newsweek yamwise "umukinnyi ukomeye muri Hollywood". Smith yatorewe ibihembo bitanu bya Golden Globe Awards, ibihembo bibiri bya Academy, kandi yatsindiye ibihembo bine bya Grammy.Mu mpera z'imyaka ya za '''1980''', Smith yamenyekanye cyane nk'umuraperi ku izina rya The '''Fresh Prince'''. Mu '''1990''', ubwamamare bwe bwiyongereye cyane ubwo yakinaga kuri televiziyo izwi cyane The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. Igitaramo cyakoresheje ibihe bitandatu '''(1990-96)''' kuri NBC kandi cyagiye gihuza imiyoboro itandukanye kuva icyo gihe. Urukurikirane rumaze kurangira, Smith yavuye kuri tereviziyo ajya muri firime, amaherezo akina muri firime nyinshi. Niwe mukinnyi wenyine ufite filime umunani zikurikiranye zinjije miliyoni zisaga '''100''' z'amadolari mu biro by’imbere mu gihugu, filime cumi nimwe zikurikirana zinjije miliyoni zisaga '''150''' z'amadolari ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ndetse na filime umunani zikurikiranye aho yakinnye ku mwanya wa mbere mu biro by’imbere mu gihugu<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000226/bio/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm</ref> == Ibihembo == Smith yashyizwe ku rutonde rwinyenyeri kurusha abandi kwisi yose na Forbes. Kugeza mu mwaka wa '''2014''', filime '''17''' kuri '''21''' yagiye agiramo uruhare runini zinjije mw'isi yose yinjije miliyoni zirenga '''100''' z'amadolari ya Amerika, atanu yatwaye miliyoni zirenga '''500''' z'amadorari buri muntu winjiza amafaranga menshi ku isi. Kugeza mu '''2014''', filime ze zinjije miliyari '''6.6''' z'amadorali ku isi yose. Yakiriye ibihembo byumukinnyi mwiza Oscar kuri Ali na Gukurikirana Ibyishimo.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000226/bio/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm</ref> Smith yavukiye mu burengerazuba bwa filadelifiya, umuhungu wa Caroline (Bright), umuyobozi w’ishuri rya filadelifiya, na Willard Carroll Smith, Sr., injeniyeri wa firigo. Yakuriye mu gace ka Wynnefield ko muburengerazuba bwa filadelifiya, yakuze yarabatijwe. Afite barumuna be batatu, mushiki we Pamela, ufite imyaka ine, n'impanga Harry na Ellen, barutanwaho imyaka itatu. Smith yize muri Bikira Mariya Lourdes, ishuri ryigenga rya Gatolika muri filadelifiya. Ababyeyi be batandukanye afite imyaka '''13''', ariko ntabwo batanye kugeza mu '''2000'''. == Amashuli == Smith yize Overbrook High School. Nubwo bivugwa cyane, ntabwo ari ukuri ko Smith yanze buruse yo kujya mu kigo cy’ikoranabuhanga cya Massachusetts (MIT); ntabwo yigeze asaba kaminuza kuko "yashakaga kurapa." Smith avuga ko yemerewe muri "progaramu yo mucyi itegura abenjenyeri" muri MIT ku banyeshuri bo mu mashuri yisumbuye, ariko ntiyitabira. Nk’uko Smith abivuga, "Mama, wakoraga mu Nama Nkuru y'Ishuri rya Philadelphia, yari afite inshuti yari ishinzwe abinjira muri MIT. Nari mfite amanota menshi ya SAT kandi baribakeneye abana b'abirabura, ku buryo bishoboka ko nashoboraga kwinjira. Ariko njye nta bushake narimfite bwo kujya muri kaminuza. " '''Smith''' yatangiye ari MC wa hip-hop za '''DJ Jazzy''' Jeff naThe Fresh Prince, hamwe ninshuti ye yo mu bwana Jeffrey "'''DJ Jazzy''' Jeff" Townes nkumuntu utunganya umuziki, ndetse na Ready Rock C ('''Clarence Holmes''') nkagasanduku kabantu. Aba batatu bari bazwiho gukora indirimbo zisetsa, zikundwa kuri radiyo, cyane cyane '''"Ababyeyi Ntibumva'''" na "'''summertime'''". Bashimishijwe cyane kandi batsindira Grammy ya mbere yatanzwe mu cyiciro cya Rap '''(1988)'''. == Uubutunzi == Smith yakoresheje amafaranga mu bwisanzure ahagana mu '''1988''' na '''1989''' kandi yishyura imisoro kuyoyinjije. Serivisi y'imbere ishinzwe kwishyuza imisoro yaje gusuzuma umwenda wa miliyoni '''2.8''' z’amadolari y’imisoro kuri Smith, itwara byinshi mu byo yari atunze, kandi yinjiza amafaranga. Smith yari hafi guhomba mu '''1990''', ubwo umuyoboro wa tereviziyo ya NBC wamusinyaga amasezerano akubaka sitcom, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, hafi ye.Igitaramo cyagenze neza atangira umwuga we wo gukina. Smith yihaye intego yo kuba "umusitari ukomeye wa firime ku isi", yiga ibyo yatsindiye muri rusange. Inshingano za mbere za Smith zari mu ikinamico '''Impamyabumenyi esheshatu zo gutandukana (1993)''' na filime y'ibikorwa '''Bad Boys (1995)''' yakinnye na Martin Lawrence. == Zimwe muri filimi yakinnye == Mu '''1996''', Smith yakinnye mu '''itsinda ry’abakinnyi mu munsi w’ubwigenge bwa Roland Emmerich.''' Iyi filime yari yaramamaye cyane, yabaye filime ya kabiri yinjije amafaranga menshi mu mateka muri kiriya gihe kandi ishyiraho Smith m'umukino wa mbere winjiza amafaranga menshi. Nyuma yaje kongera gutsindira zahabu mu mpeshyi yo mu '''1997''' ari kumwe na '''Tommy Lee Jones''' mu mpeshyi yakubise Abagabo muri Black bakina Agent J. Mu '''1998,''' Smith yakinnye na '''Gene Hackman mu Mwanzi wa Leta.'''<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/YMS/comments/1dbch0j/will_smith_at_the_movie_theaters_watching_bad/?rdt=60537</ref> Yanze uruhare rwa Neo muri Matrix ashyigikira Wild Wild West '''(1999'''). N'ubwo Wild Wild West yatengushye, Smith yavuze ko atigeze yicuza ku cyemezo cye, yemeza ko imikorere ya Keanu Reeves nka Neo yarutaga ibyo Smith ubwe yari kugeraho, nubwo mu biganiro byakurikiye nyuma yirekurwa rya Wild Wild West yavuze. ko "yakoze amakosa kuri Wild Wild West. Ibyo byashoboraga kuba byiza."Mu '''2005''', Smith yinjiye mu gitabo cya Guinness World Records kubera kwitabira imikino itatu ya mbere mu gihe cy'amasaha 24.Yateguye kuzakina muri firime yerekana amashusho ya televiziyo Ifata Umujura. == Ibigwi == Ku ya '''10''' Ukuboza '''2007''', '''Smith''' yahawe icyubahiro mu nzu mberabyombi y'Abashinwa ya Grauman kuri Boulevard ya Hollywood. '''Smith''' yasize igikumwe n'amaboko n'amaguru hanze yikinamico izwi kwisi yose imbere yabafana benshi. Nyuma yaho muri uko kwezi, Smith yakinnye muri filime '''I Am Legend''', yasohotse ku ya '''14''' Ukuboza '''2007'''. Nubwo byagaragaye ko ari byiza, niyo filimi yabaye nini muzasohotse muri Amerika mu Kuboza. '''Smith''' ubwe yavuze ko abona ko iyi filime "idasanzwe". Umuntu umwe wasuzumye yavuze ko filime yatsindiye mu bucuruzi "yashimangiye ko [Smith] ahagaze ku mwanya wa mbere mu bakinnyi binjiza amafaranga menshi muri '''Hollywood'''." Ku ya '''1''' Ukuboza '''2008''', TV Guide yatangaje ko Smith yatoranijwe nk'umwe mu bantu icumi ba mbere muri Amerika bashimishije cyane mu mwaka wa '''2008''' kubera umwihariko wa Barbara Walters ABC watambutse ku ya '''4''' Ukuboza '''2008'''.<ref>https://people.com/will-smith-surprises-fans-watching-bad-boys-ride-or-die-8660580</ref> Mu mwaka wa '''2008''' Smith yavuzwe ko arimo ategura filime yitwa '''Farawo wa nyuma''', aho azakinamo nka '''Taharqa'''. Mu mwaka wa '''2008''' ni bwo Smith yakinnye muri filime y''''intwari Hancock'''. '''Abagabo bambaye umwirabura wa III''' bafunguwe ku ya '''25''' Gicurasi '''2012''' hamwe na Smith bongera kwerekana uruhare rwe nka '''Agent J'''. Uru nirwo ruhare rwe rwa mbere yakinnye mu myaka ine. Ku ya '''19''' Kanama '''2011''', hatangajwe ko Smith yagarutse muri studio ari kumwe na producer La Mar Edwards gukorana na alubumu ye ya gatanu ya studio. Edwards yakoranye n'abahanzi nka T.I., Chris Brown, na Game. Album ya Smith iheruka gusohoka muri studio, Yatakaye kandi Yabonetse, yasohotse mu '''2005.''' '''Smith''' n'umuhungu we '''Jaden''' bakinnye se n'umuhungu mu bitaramo bibiri: Ikinamico ya biografiya yo mu '''2006''' '''The Pursuit of Happyness''', na filime ya '''siyanse ya siyanse Nyuma y'isi''', yasohotse ku ya '''31''' '''Gicurasi''' '''2013'''. '''Smith''' yakinnye na Margot Robbie mu ikinamico y'urukundo '''Focus'''. Yakinnye '''Nicky Spurgeon''', umuhanzi w'inararibonye wa con ufata umugore ukiri muto, ushimishije munsi yibaba rye. '''Focus''' yashyizwe ahagaragara ku ya '''27''' Gashyantare '''2015'''. Smith yari yiteguye gukina muri firime ya Sci-Fic Brilliance, yahinduwe n’igitabo cya Marcus Sakey cyizina rimwe cyanditswe n'umwanditsi wa Parike ya '''Jurassic''', '''David Koepp'''. Ariko yavuye mu mushinga. == Ikinamico == Smith yakinnye na '''Dr. Bennet Omalu''' wo mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’ubwonko bw’ubwonko mu ikinamico cy'icyinamico ya '''Concussion,''' wabaye umuntu wa mbere wavumbuye ansefarofati idakira (CTE) mu bwonko bw’umukinnyi w’umupira wamaguru. CTE nindwara yangirika iterwa nihungabana rikomeye kumutwe ushobora kuvumburwa nyuma yurupfu. Uruhare rwa '''Smith''' ahanini rwatewe no gusohoka kumunota wanyuma muri Sci-Fi thriller-ikinamico '''Brilliance'''. Nk’uko ikinyamakuru Pittsburgh Tribune kibitangaza ngo Concussion yayobowe na Peter Landesman n'amasaro yafatiwe amashusho i Pittsburgh. Yakiriye miliyoni '''14.4''' z'amadolari y'Amerika yo gutanga inguzanyo muri Pensuluvenia. Amafoto nyamukuru yatangiye ku ya '''27''' Ukwakira '''2014'''. Umukinnyi wa filime '''Gugu Mbatha-Raw''' yakinnye n’umugore we. '''Omalu''' yabaye umujyanama. Kuva mu Gushyingo '''2015''', Smith yiteguye gukina mu ikinamico yigenga yitwa Ingwatey'Ubwiza, izayoborwa na '''David Franke'''l. '''Smith''' azakina umuyobozi ushinzwe kwamamaza i New York waguye mu bwihebe bukabije nyuma y’amakuba ku giti cye. Igitaramo cy’amahoro cyitiriwe Nobel ku ya '''11''' Ukuboza '''2009''', i Oslo, muri Noruveje: '''Smith''' ari kumwe n’umugore '''Jada''' hamwe n’abana '''Jaden''' na '''Willow Smith''' bashakanye na '''Sheree Zampino''' mu '''1992'''. Babyaranye umuhungu umwe, '''Trey Smith''', wavutse ku ya '''11''' Ugushyingo '''1992,''' baratandukana mu '''1995'''. Trey yagaragaye mu mashusho y'indirimbo ya se y'indirimbo "'''Gusa Twembi'''". Yakinnye kandi mubice bibiri bya sitcom Twese, kandi yagaragaye kuri Show ya '''Oprah Winfrey''' no kuri David Blaine: TV idasanzwe cyangwa Magic TV. '''Smith''' yashakanye n'umukinnyi wa filime '''Jada Koren Pinkett''' mu '''1997.''' Bose bafitanye abana babiri: '''Jaden Christopher Syre Smith''' (wavutse '''1998'''), mugenzi we bakinnye muri The '''Pursuit of Happyness''' and '''After Earth''', na '''Willow Camille Reign Smith''' (wavutse '''2000'''), wagaragaye nk'umukobwa we muri '''Ndi Umugani.''' '''Smith''' na murumuna we '''Harry''' bafite '''Treyball Development Inc''', isosiyete ikorera muri Beverly Hills yitiriwe '''Trey'''. '''Smith''' n'umuryango we baba i Los Angeles, muri kalifoniya. '''Smith''' yagiye ashyirwa ku rutonde rw'abatunzi 40" b'ikinyamakuru cyitwa '''Fortune Magazine''' cy’abanyamerika mirongo ine bakize kurusha abandi bari munsi y’imyaka '''40'''. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umuziki]] == Ubuzima bwe mu bwana == Juma yakuriye i [[Nairobi]], aho yavuze ko kuva akiri muto yahuye n’ibikorwa by’ubugizi bwa nabi n’ubuzima bwo ku muhanda. Mu gihe cy’ubugimbi bwe yakoze ibyaha bito, ariko yaje kureka ubwo buzima nyuma yo kubona inshuti ye yicwa. Avuga ko ubufasha n’ingaruka nziza bya nyina, hamwe n’ukwizera kwe, ari byo byamufashije guhindura ubuzima bwe no kwinjira mu mwuga wo gukina. Yakuriye mu gace ka Wynnefield muri West Philadelphia kandi akurira mu muryango w’Ababatisita. Afite mushiki we mukuru witwa Pamela n’abavandimwe be babiri bato b’impanga, Harry na Ellen. Yize amashuri abanza muri Our Lady of Lourdes, ishuri ryigenga rya Gatolika riri i Philadelphia, nyuma akomereza amashuri yisumbuye muri Overbrook High School. Ababyeyi be batandukanye afite imyaka 13, hanyuma baza gutandukana burundu ahagana mu mwaka wa 2000. Smith yatangiye kuririmba rap afite imyaka 12. Nyirakuru amaze kubona ikaye irimo amagambo ye, yavuze ko arimo "amagambo ye yose y'ibitutsi", yamwandikiye inyandiko ku rupapuro rw'igitabo agira ati: "Willard, abantu b'abanyabwenge by'ukuri ntibagomba gukoresha amagambo nk'aya kugira ngo bigaragaze. Nyamuneka garagaza isi ko uri umunyabwenge nkuko tubyibwira". Smith yavuze ko ibi byagize ingaruka ku cyemezo cye cyo kudakoresha amagambo ateye isoni mu muziki we. == Ubuzima bwe bw' umuga == Willard Carroll Smith II yavutse ku ya 25 Nzeri 1968 i Philadelphia, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ni umwana wa Caroline (née Bright), wari umuyobozi w’inama y’ishuri, na Willard Carroll Smith Sr., wahoze ari umusirikare mu ngabo zirwanira mu kirere za Amerika ndetse akaba n’umuhanga mu by’ubukonje (refrigeration engineer). Nyina yarangije amashuri ye muri [[Kaminuza ya Carnegie Mellon]]. Yakuriye mu gace ka Wynnefield muri West Philadelphia, akurira mu muryango w’Ababatisita. Afite mushiki we mukuru witwa Pamela n’abavandimwe be babiri bato b’impanga, Harry na Ellen. Yize amashuri abanza muri Our Lady of Lourdes, ishuri ryigenga rya Gatolika riri i Philadelphia, nyuma akomereza amashuri yisumbuye muri Overbrook High School. Ababyeyi be batandukanye afite imyaka 13, hanyuma baza gutandukana burundu ahagana mu mwaka wa 2000. Smith yatangiye kuririmba rap afite imyaka 12. Igihe nyirakuru yabonaga ikaye yarimo amagambo y’indirimbo ze, yabonye ko harimo amagambo y’ibitutsi, maze amwandikira ubutumwa agira ati: “Willard, abantu b’abanyabwenge by’ukuri ntibagomba gukoresha amagambo nk’aya kugira ngo bigaragaze. Nyamuneka erekana isi ko uri umunyabwenge nk’uko tubyibwira.” Smith yavuze ko ayo magambo ya nyirakuru yagize uruhare rukomeye mu cyemezo cye cyo kudakoresha amagambo ateye isoni mu muziki we. [[Dosiye:Will_Smith_-_Emmy_Awards_1993.jpg|thumb|Smith mu bihembo bya Emmy byo mu 1993]] Smith yatangiye umwuga we nka MC w’aba DJ babiri ba hip-hop, '''Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince''', hamwe n’inshuti ye yo mu bwana, '''Jeffrey "DJ Jazzy Jeff" Townes''', wari umuproducer w’indirimbo. Townes na Smith bahuye bwa mbere mu 1985, ubwo Townes yaririmbaga mu birori byo mu rugo hafi y’aho Smith atuye, maze akabona Smith afite impano yo kuririmba indirimbo. Smith yahisemo kwifatanya na we, maze bombi basangira ubuhanga n’imbaraga mu muziki, bituma Townes abona ko uwo musore afite impano idasanzwe mu kuririmba. == Ubuzima bwe bw' umuga == Willard Carroll Smith II yavutse ku ya 25 Nzeri 1968 i Philadelphia, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ni umwana wa Caroline (née Bright), wari umuyobozi w’inama y’ishuri, na Willard Carroll Smith Sr., wahoze ari umusirikare mu ngabo zirwanira mu kirere za Amerika ndetse akaba n’umuhanga mu by’ubukonje (refrigeration engineer). Nyina yarangije amashuri ye muri Kaminuza ya Carnegie Mellon. Yakuriye mu gace ka Wynnefield muri West Philadelphia, akurira mu muryango w’Ababatisita. Afite mushiki we mukuru witwa Pamela n’abavandimwe be babiri bato b’impanga, Harry na Ellen. Yize amashuri abanza muri Our Lady of Lourdes, ishuri ryigenga rya Gatolika riri i Philadelphia, nyuma akomereza amashuri yisumbuye muri Overbrook High School. Ababyeyi be batandukanye afite imyaka 13, hanyuma baza gutandukana burundu ahagana mu mwaka wa 2000. Smith yatangiye kuririmba rap afite imyaka 12. Igihe nyirakuru yabonaga ikaye yarimo amagambo y’indirimbo ze, yabonye ko harimo amagambo y’ibitutsi, maze amwandikira ubutumwa agira ati: “Willard, abantu b’abanyabwenge by’ukuri ntibagomba gukoresha amagambo nk’aya kugira ngo bigaragaze. Nyamuneka erekana isi ko uri umunyabwenge nk’uko tubyibwira.” Smith yavuze ko ayo magambo ya nyirakuru yagize uruhare rukomeye mu cyemezo cye cyo kudakoresha amagambo ateye isoni mu muziki we. === 1985–1992: DJ Jazzy Jeff na Fresh Prince === [[Dosiye:Will_Smith_-_Emmy_Awards_1993.jpg|thumb|Smith mu bihembo bya Emmy byo mu 1993]] Smith yatangiye umwuga we nka MC w’aba DJ babiri ba hip-hop, '''Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince''', hamwe n’inshuti ye yo mu bwana, '''Jeffrey "DJ Jazzy Jeff" Townes''', wari umuproducer w’indirimbo. Townes na Smith bahuye bwa mbere mu 1985, ubwo Townes yaririmbaga mu birori byo mu rugo hafi y’aho Smith atuye, maze akabona Smith afite impano yo kuririmba indirimbo. Smith yahisemo kwifatanya na we, maze bombi basangira ubuhanga n’imbaraga mu muziki, bituma Townes abona ko uwo musore afite impano idasanzwe mu kuririmba. Nyuma y’igihe gito, Smith na Townes bahisemo gukorana n’undi mucuranzi, '''Ready Rock C''', bategura itsinda ryabo rihuriranye, rigizwe n’abagize batatu. '''Word Records''' yo muri Philadelphia yasohoye indirimbo yabo ya mbere mu 1986, ubwo '''Paul Oakenfold''', [[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|umucuruzi]] wa A&R, yabagejeje kuri '''Champion Records'''. Indirimbo yabo yitwa ''"Girls Ain’t Nothing but Trouble"'' yagaragazaga inkuru zisekeje z’ubuzima bwa buri munsi, byatumye Smith n’umucuranzi we wa rap wa mbere, '''Mark Forrest (Lord Supreme)''', bahura n’ibibazo bito mu buryo bw’amasomo. Iyi ndirimbo yaje kuba ikimenyabose, ifite isano n’icyamamare cya televiziyo ''I Dream of Jeannie''. Smith yamenyekanye kubera uburyo bwe bwo gutanga inkuru zisekeje, afite ubuhanga mu gucuranga no kwerekana “intambara” mu muziki we, byose bikorwa nta magambo mabi akoresheje. Indirimbo ''"Girls Ain’t Nothing but Trouble"'' yakunzwe cyane kandi yamenyekanye ku buryo bwihuse mbere y’uko Smith arangiza amashuri yisumbuye. Hashingiwe ku ntsinzi yabo ya mbere, Smith na Townes bagejejwe kuri '''Jive Records''' na '''Russell Simmons'''. Album yabo ya mbere, ''Rock the House'', yasohotse bwa mbere kuri '''Word Up''' mu 1986, hanyuma itangirire kuri Jive muri Werurwe 1987. Itsinda ryegukanye '''igihembo cya mbere cya Grammy Award''' mu 1989 mu cyiciro cya ''Best Rap Performance'' ku ndirimbo ''"Parents Just Don’t Understand"'' (1988). Nubwo ari iyo ndirimbo yegukanye igihembo cya Grammy, indirimbo yabo yamenyekanye cyane ni ''"Summertime"'' (1991), yatumye itsinda rigira Grammy ya kabiri kandi igera ku mwanya wa 4 kuri '''Billboard Hot 100'''. Smith na Townes baracyari inshuti magara, bavuga ko batigeze batandukana, kuko bakomeje gukora indirimbo bakurikije umuhanzi Smith wenyine. Smith yakoresheje amafaranga mu bwisanzure ahagana mu 1988 na 1989 kandi yishyuraga imisoro ye ku nyungu nke. Ikigo cy’Imisoro cy’imbere mu gihugu cyaje gutanga ikiguzi cya $2.8&nbsp;umwenda wa miliyoni kuri Smith, yatwaye ibintu bye byinshi, kandi yinjiza amafaranga ye. Smith yari afite ibibazo by'ubukungu mu 1990 ubwo televiziyo ya NBC yamusinyiraga amasezerano maze yubaka sitcom, ''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'', hafi ye. <ref name="tca" /> Iki kiganiro cyagenze neza kandi gitangira umwuga we wo gukina. Smith yishyiriyeho intego yo kuba "icyamamare cya filime gikomeye ku isi", yiga ku bintu bisanzwe by'intsinzi mu biro by'amatike . Mu 1989, Smith yatawe muri yombi akurikiranyweho igitero cyakorewe umucuruzi we wamamaza indirimbo, William Hendricks; ibirego byaje kuvaho. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reed |first=Megan |date=August 27, 2014 |title=7 Celebrities You Never Knew Had Criminal Records |url=https://atlantablackstar.com/2014/08/27/7-celebrities-never-knew-criminal-records/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411231631/https://atlantablackstar.com/2014/08/27/7-celebrities-never-knew-criminal-records/ |archive-date=April 11, 2019 |access-date=May 28, 2019}}</ref> == Ubuzima bwe bw' umuga == Willard Carroll Smith II yavutse ku ya 25 Nzeri 1968 i Philadelphia, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ni umwana wa Caroline (née Bright), wari umuyobozi w’inama y’ishuri, na Willard Carroll Smith Sr., wahoze ari umusirikare mu ngabo zirwanira mu kirere za Amerika ndetse akaba n’umuhanga mu by’ubukonje (refrigeration engineer). Nyina yarangije amashuri ye muri Kaminuza ya Carnegie Mellon. Yakuriye mu gace ka Wynnefield muri West Philadelphia, akurira mu muryango w’Ababatisita. Afite mushiki we mukuru witwa Pamela n’abavandimwe be babiri bato b’impanga, Harry na Ellen. Yize amashuri abanza muri Our Lady of Lourdes, ishuri ryigenga rya Gatolika riri i Philadelphia, nyuma akomereza amashuri yisumbuye muri Overbrook High School. Ababyeyi be batandukanye afite imyaka 13, hanyuma baza gutandukana burundu ahagana mu mwaka wa 2000. Smith yatangiye kuririmba rap afite imyaka 12. Igihe nyirakuru yabonaga ikaye yarimo amagambo y’indirimbo ze, yabonye ko harimo amagambo y’ibitutsi, maze amwandikira ubutumwa agira ati: “Willard, abantu b’abanyabwenge by’ukuri ntibagomba gukoresha amagambo nk’aya kugira ngo bigaragaze. Nyamuneka erekana isi ko uri umunyabwenge nk’uko tubyibwira.” Smith yavuze ko ayo magambo ya nyirakuru yagize uruhare rukomeye mu cyemezo cye cyo kudakoresha amagambo ateye isoni mu muziki we. === 1985–1992: DJ Jazzy Jeff na Fresh Prince === [[Dosiye:Will_Smith_-_Emmy_Awards_1993.jpg|thumb|Smith mu bihembo bya Emmy byo mu 1993]] Smith yatangiye umwuga we nka MC w’aba DJ babiri ba hip-hop, '''Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince''', hamwe n’inshuti ye yo mu bwana, '''Jeffrey "DJ Jazzy Jeff" Townes''', wari umuproducer w’indirimbo. Townes na Smith bahuye bwa mbere mu 1985, ubwo Townes yaririmbaga mu birori byo mu rugo hafi y’aho Smith atuye, maze akabona Smith afite impano yo kuririmba indirimbo. Smith yahisemo kwifatanya na we, maze bombi basangira ubuhanga n’imbaraga mu muziki, bituma Townes abona ko uwo musore afite impano idasanzwe mu kuririmba. Nyuma y’igihe gito, Smith na Townes bahisemo gukorana n’undi mucuranzi, '''Ready Rock C''', bategura itsinda ryabo rihuriranye, rigizwe n’abagize batatu. '''Word Records''' yo muri Philadelphia yasohoye indirimbo yabo ya mbere mu 1986, ubwo '''Paul Oakenfold''', umucuruzi wa A&R, yabagejeje kuri '''Champion Records'''. Indirimbo yabo yitwa ''"Girls Ain’t Nothing but Trouble"'' yagaragazaga inkuru zisekeje z’ubuzima bwa buri munsi, byatumye Smith n’umucuranzi we wa rap wa mbere, '''Mark Forrest (Lord Supreme)''', bahura n’ibibazo bito mu buryo bw’amasomo. Iyi ndirimbo yaje kuba ikimenyabose, ifite isano n’icyamamare cya televiziyo ''I Dream of Jeannie''. Smith yamenyekanye kubera uburyo bwe bwo gutanga inkuru zisekeje, afite ubuhanga mu gucuranga no kwerekana “intambara” mu muziki we, byose bikorwa nta magambo mabi akoresheje. Indirimbo ''"Girls Ain’t Nothing but Trouble"'' yakunzwe cyane kandi yamenyekanye ku buryo bwihuse mbere y’uko Smith arangiza amashuri yisumbuye. == Ubuzima bwe bw' umuga == Willard Carroll Smith II yavutse ku ya 25 Nzeri 1968 i Philadelphia, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ni umwana wa Caroline (née Bright), wari umuyobozi w’inama y’ishuri, na Willard Carroll Smith Sr., wahoze ari umusirikare mu ngabo zirwanira mu kirere za Amerika ndetse akaba n’umuhanga mu by’ubukonje (refrigeration engineer). Nyina yarangije amashuri ye muri Kaminuza ya Carnegie Mellon. Yakuriye mu gace ka Wynnefield muri West Philadelphia, akurira mu muryango w’Ababatisita. Afite mushiki we mukuru witwa Pamela n’abavandimwe be babiri bato b’impanga, Harry na Ellen. Yize amashuri abanza muri Our Lady of Lourdes, ishuri ryigenga rya Gatolika riri i Philadelphia, nyuma akomereza amashuri yisumbuye muri Overbrook High School. Ababyeyi be batandukanye afite imyaka 13, hanyuma baza gutandukana burundu ahagana mu mwaka wa 2000. Smith yatangiye kuririmba rap afite imyaka 12. Igihe nyirakuru yabonaga ikaye yarimo amagambo y’indirimbo ze, yabonye ko harimo amagambo y’ibitutsi, maze amwandikira ubutumwa agira ati: “Willard, abantu b’abanyabwenge by’ukuri ntibagomba gukoresha amagambo nk’aya kugira ngo bigaragaze. Nyamuneka erekana isi ko uri umunyabwenge nk’uko tubyibwira.” Smith yavuze ko ayo magambo ya nyirakuru yagize uruhare rukomeye mu cyemezo cye cyo kudakoresha amagambo ateye isoni mu muziki we. === 1985–1992: DJ Jazzy Jeff na Fresh Prince === [[Dosiye:Will_Smith_-_Emmy_Awards_1993.jpg|thumb|Smith mu bihembo bya Emmy byo mu 1993]] Smith yatangiye umwuga we nka MC w’aba DJ babiri ba hip-hop, '''Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince''', hamwe n’inshuti ye yo mu bwana, '''Jeffrey "DJ Jazzy Jeff" Townes''', wari umuproducer w’indirimbo. Townes na Smith bahuye bwa mbere mu 1985, ubwo Townes yaririmbaga mu birori byo mu rugo hafi y’aho Smith atuye, maze akabona Smith afite impano yo kuririmba indirimbo. Smith yahisemo kwifatanya na we, maze bombi basangira ubuhanga n’imbaraga mu muziki, bituma Townes abona ko uwo musore afite impano idasanzwe mu kuririmba. 1egbr59e1hwhcmvhmem02pnc8xnknbq 0 19738 141351 135274 2026-10-11T11:38:21Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 141351 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''MUNYAGA AHATANGIRIJWE URUGERERO M'U RWANDA''' <ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/menya-munyaga-ahatangirijwe-urugerero</ref> == '''I Munyaga mu Nkambi ahahoze urugerero rw'Abakemba <ref name=":0" />''' Inteko y'umuco yafashe icyemezo cyo kuhashyira mu hantu ndangamateka kubera amateka habumbatiye mu Rwanda rwo hambere. Munyaga ni umusozi uri ku nkengero z'aho u Rwanda rwagabaniraga na Gisaka mbere y'uko rwigarurira icyo gihugu mu kinyejana cya 19 ku ngoma ya Mutara II Rwogera. Ingabo zabaga ziri ku rugerero zirinze inkiko z' u Rwanda zabaga mu mpinga y'uwo musozi, zituye mu itaba rihari.<ref name=":0" /> Cyirima II Rujugira yimye ingoma u Rwanda rugiye kujya mu kaga kuko kuva ku ngoma ya Yuhi III Mazimpaka bimwe mu bihugu byari bituranye na rwo bitaruciraga akari urutega ndetse byaranogeje umugambi wo kurwigarurira. Ibyo bihugu byari Gisaka mu burasirazuba, Ndorwa mu majyaruguru, Burundi na Bugesera mu majyepfo.<ref name=":0" /> Kugira ngo akome uwo mugambi mu nkokora kandi arinde ubusugire bw' u Rwanda hatagira ubuvogera, Rujugira yahereye ko aca iteke ritegeka imitwe y'ingabo kujya ku rugerero ikarinda inkiko z'Igihugu ku buryo buhoraho. Nguko uko urugerero rwatangiye! Ni muri icyo gihe kandi uwo [[mwami]] yavuze ngo: "U Rwanda ruratera ntiruterwa".<ref name=":0" /> Ku ikubitiro, Rujugiro yohereje Abakemba ku rugerero bayobowe n'umuhungu we Sharangabo kugira ngo bakumire Kimenyi IV Getura n' [[Imbogo]] ze bababuze gutera u Rwanda. Ibirindiro by'izo ngabo zabishinze mu mpinga ya Munyaga aho zari zitegeye Gisaka neza. Kuva ubwo uwo musozi watangiye kumenyekana mu mateka y'u Rwanda, Abakemba bahatura burundu hamwe n'imiryango yabo.<ref name=":0" /> Nyuma ya Sharangabo, Ndabarasa na we akiri igikomangoma yabaye kuri urwo rugerero rw'i Munyaga ari kumwe n'Abakemba. Bamwe mu buzukuruza b'Abakemba baracyatuye i Muyanga kandi na bo biyita abakemba nubwo uwo mutwe w'ingabo utakibaho kuko wasenyutse mu gihe cy'ubukoroni bw'Ababirigi hamwe n'indi mitwe y'ingabo yahoze mu Rwanda. <ref name=":0" /> Mu mpinga y'uwo musozi ari na ho ngo haboze urugerero, hitwa mu Nkamba kuva icyo gihe kugeza magingo aya! Ubu ni mu Mudugudu wa Kigabiro, Akagari ka Kaduha, Umurenge wa Munyaga, Akarere ka [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|Rwamagana]]. Hari itaba rifite ubugari buri hagati ya hegitari 10 na 15, ririmo umunara muremure ukoreshwa mu itumanaho, isoko n'ikigega kinini cy'amazi akoreshwa n'abatuye kuri uwo musozi ndetse no mu nkengero zawo. <ref name=":0" /> Uhahagaze aba yitegeye i Kabarondo n'utundi dusozi twinshi dukikije i Munyaga turimo akitwa Nkamba, Ruramira, Bugambira, Ruyonza, na Nyamirama.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 in Rwanda]] 1imitnzo2o1bysht4408uzwe4ykxmg9 0 19770 141348 139933 2026-10-11T11:37:04Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 141348 wikitext text/x-wiki == Amateka y'Umwami Gihanga I Ngomijana<ref name=":0">https://www.igihe.com/umuco/amateka/amateka-y-umwami-gihanga-i-ngomijana</ref> == U Rwanda rwagiye rutegekwa n'abami batandukanye kuva rwabaho kugeza ubwo abanyamategeka babagabanyamo ibyiciro bitatu bakurikije ibihe aribyo: Abami b'ibimanuka, abami b'umushumi n' abami b'ibitekerezo.<ref name=":0" /> Abami b'ibimanuka ni abakomoka kuri Shyerezo, Abami b'umushumi ni abatazwi igihe bategekeye n'ibyabaye ku Ngoma zabo, naho Abami b'ibitekerezo ni abami bazwi neza igihe bategekeye n'ibyabaye ku ngoma zabo. Abami b'ibimanuka bahera kuri Shyerezo bakageza kuri Kazi. Naho Abami b'umushumi bahera kuri Gihanga cyahanze Inka n'Ingoma bakageza kuri Cylima I Rugwe. Abami b'ibitekerezo ari nabo ba nyuma bahera kuri Kigeli I Mukobanya bakageza ku Mwami wa nyuma w'u Rwanda ariwe Kigeli V Ndahindurwa. tukaba tugiye kubage amateka y'umwami wa mbere w'Umushumi, Gihanga I Ngomijana.<ref name=":0" /> === Gihanga Ngomijana(1091-1124)<ref name=":0" /> === Uyu mwami witwa Gihanga avugwaho byinshi kandi agafatwa nk'umuntu ngo wahanze u Rwanda. Gusa umuntu ashobora niba mbere yaho nta Rwanda rwabagaho.<ref name=":0" /> Iyo umuntu ahereye ku mateka y'abami b'ibimanuka bivugwa ko bakomoka mu ijuru, usanga bavugwa ko baba baramanukiye bwa mbere mu Mubari( mu Burasirazuba bw'u Rwanda ahitwa ku rutare rwa Kinani) aho baje basanga hatuwe kandi hategekwa muri icyo gihe n'uwitwaga Kabeja wo mu bwoko bw'abazigaba. Uyu Mwami witwa Gihanga niwe ntangiriro y'ubutegetsi bw'ingoma Nyiginya (fondateur de la Dynastie) ni nawe washyizeho gahunda y'Igihugu gitegekwa n'Abami.<ref name=":0" /> Mu ntangiriro z'ubutegetsi bwe, Gihanga nta ngoma yimanye, ahubwo yategekeshaga ibindi birango bibiri aribyo inyundo n'ikindi gikoresho cy'umuziki bita urusengo. Ibyo gushyiraho ingoma nk'ikimenyetso cy'ubwami ngo yaba yarabizaniwe n'uwitwa Rubunga nawe abikopeye mu bucurabwenge bwakoreshwaga n'abitwa Abarenge. Abarenge bari Abasinga, aribo bitwaga Abasangwabutaka (bivuga abo Abanyiginya basanze bategeka) ngo akaba ari bo barti mu gihugu mbere y'uko iriya ngoma Nyiginya iza kurutegeka. Ingoma ya mbere yakoreshejwe n'ubutegetsi bwa Gihanga yahawe izina rya Rwoga bituruka ku ijambo 'Kwogera' cyanggwa 'kwamamara'. <ref name=":0" /> Rubunga wayizaniye Gihanga ni we bakunze kwita Mwungura ari naho banakomerezaho bagira bati ni 'Mwungura wunguye ingoma ubwiru' akaba akomokwaho n'umuryango w'Abatege bituruka ku izina ry'umwe mu bakurambere baho witwaga Nyabutege. Ikoreshwa ry'ingoma nk'ikimenyetso cy'ubwami bwa Gihanga ngo ntiryakuyeho burundu ikoreshwa rya biriya bimenyetso bindi byakoreshwaga mbere ari byo urusengo n'inyundo nk'uko amateka akomeza kubigaragaza<ref name=":0" /> Urugero rwatangwa nuko iyo i bwami bamenyeshaga icibwa ry'umuntu runaka cyangwa se umuryango runaka ariko mu buryo butari burundu bakoreshaga umurishyo w'ingoma, mu gihe iyo iryo cibwa ryemezwaga mu buryo bwa burundu baritangazaga bakoresheje urusengo. N'ubwo hashidikanywa niba Gihanga ari we wahanze u Rwanda cyangwa atari we ngo ntibikuraho ko yaba yarabayeho kuko kubaho kwe kugaragarira ku kuntu uruhererekane rw'abamukurikiye mu butegetsi bamwubahiriza kandi ugasanga mu ntekerezo zose agarukamo nk'uko amateka abigaragaza. iyo umwami runaka yageraga ku butegetsi yubakishaga ingoma ye, ariko ku ruhande agashyiraho n'ahagenewe kubahiriza umukurambere Gihanga ariko bitaga urukamishirizo.<ref name=":0" /> Uretse n'ibyo kandi ngo aho umusezero(imva y'umwami) wa Gihanga wari ku gasozi ka Muganza ya Kayenzi ngo naho hakorerwaga imihango yo kumuterekera niba ari ko nabyita. Aha ngaha i bwami ngo bakaba barahoherezaga abiru bo kuhakorera imihango yabugenewe. Habga indi mihango yamukorerwaga yari ishingiye ku nka ikaba yarakorwaga n'abo mu muryango bita ABaheka: umutware wabo agatura i Runda ndetse akaba yarafatwaga nk'umwiru mukuru w'inka.<ref name=":0" /> Ntawakwirengagiza ubwoko bw'Abatsobe nabwo ngo bukomoka kuri Gihanga, kuko ngo uwo bakomokaho witwa Rutsobe ari umuhungu yabyaye hanze. Uyu muryango nawo ukaba waraje kubahwa ibwami kubera imihango y'ubwiru wakoraga, dore ko ngo banagiraga ingoma yabo yitwa Rwoma naho [[umurwa]] baturagaho ukaba wari i Kinyambi muri Runda. Umuryango w'Abatsobe wari ufite agaciro mu butegetsi bwite bw'igihugu kuko bari bashinzwe imihango y'ubwiru ijyanye n'umuganura bagatura mu karere k'u Bumbogo bakagira n'umutwe w'ingabo bayoboraga witwa Gakondo ukumoka kuri Gihanga. Ikindi kivugwa kuri Gihanga ni uko igihugu yategekaga cyarengaga imbibi z'U Rwanda tuzi ubu. Ibi bigashingirwa ku ntekerezo zigaragaza ko ubutegetsi bwe bwageraga hakurya mu burengerazuba bwa Congo aho bitaga mu Bunyabungo ndetse n'ahitwa Buhindangoma hakurya muri Rutshuru.<ref name=":0" /> Ahandi hagaragara ibirari by'amateka bishobora kwemeza ko Gihanga yabayeho ni mu majyaruguru y' u Rwanda ahitwa Buhanga hagati ya Nyamutera na Nyakinama ku bazi amazina y'uturere twa kera. Aha hagaragaraga ibigabiro by'aho uyu mwami yari atuye ariko umuntu akaba atakwemeza ko ibyo bigabiro bigihari magingo aya kubera ibikorwa by'ubuhinzi n'imiturire.<ref name=":0" /> Imwe mu mihango yakorerwaga muri aka gace ni iyakorwaga ku mfizi yitwa Rugira ngo yabanaga n'inka zitwa Ingizi nkuko uyu munyamategeka abivuga. Iyi mihango ngo yaba yaratangiye ku ngoma y'umwami Yuhi II Gahima ari nabwo umutwe w'ingabo zitwa Gakondo zatandukanaga n'izitwa Abangakungoma nyuma aba Bangakugoma bakoherezwa kuba hariya mu Buhanga. Undi murwa wa Gihanga uvugwa mu mateka, ni uwari ahitwa Nyamirembe cyangwa se Humure yo mu Mutara, aho uyu mwami ngo yaba yarageneye umuhungu we Kanyarwanda ngo azabe ari we umusimbura ku ngoma amaze gutanga.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Gihanga yarongoye Abagore benshi<ref name=":0" /> ==== Ikindi amateka agaragara, avuga ko Gihanga yagiye abyara abana batandukanye badahuje ba nyina kuko nawe yari afite [[Umugore|abagore]] benshi nk'uko byari bisanzwe bimenyerewe mu Rwanda rwo ha mbere.<ref name=":0" /> Umugore wa mbere wa Gihanga ari uwitwa Nyamususa akaba umukobwa wa Jeni uturuka mu bwoko bw'Abarenge akaba yarabyaranye n'uyu mugore Kanyarwanda Gahima( Wamusimbuye ku Ngoma), Kanyandorwa Sabugabo se wa Mushambo ukomokwaho n'ubwoko bw'Abashambo( Wabaye Umwami wo mu Ndorwa) ndetse n'uwitwa Kanyabugesera Mugondo se wa Muhondogo sekuruza w'ubwoko bwa Abahondogo( Bategetse u Bugesera), ndetse na Nyirarucyaba umukuramberekazi w'ubwoko bw'Abacyaba ( Bategetse Ingoma y'u Bugara).<ref name=":0" /> Gihanga yarongoye kandi Nyangobero ukomoka mu Bunyabungo( [[Intara]] ya kivu y'Amajyepfo) barabyarana Kanyabungo Ngabo waje gutegeka mu Bunyabungo ndetse arongora na Nyirampirangwe babyarana Gashubi se wa Gashingo ukomokwaho n'abitwa Abashingo ndetse ngo babyarana n'undi mwana witwa Gafomo. Gihanga yari afite undi mugore w'inshoreke witwaga Nyirarutsobe babyarana Rutsobe umukurambere w'abo mu bwoko bw'Abatsobe.<ref name=":0" /> '''AMASHAKIRO;''' [[Ikiciro:Images from Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 in Rwanda]] 4qqltr4k9nfszjslctck1n2mr7147ig 0 19877 141393 136838 2026-10-11T11:55:59Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141393 wikitext text/x-wiki == Gihanga ngomijana == Ni umwami wambere w'Urwanda wahanze ingoma y'urwanda wavukiye mu umubari (Ubu ni mukarere ka kayonza) Mu ntangiriro z’ubutegetsi bwe, Gihanga nta ngoma yimanye, ahubwo yategekeshaga ibindi birango bibiri aribyo inyundo n’ikindi gikoresho cy’umuziki bita urusengo.Ibyo gushyiraho ingoma nk’ikimenyetso cy’ubwami ngo yaba yarabizaniwe n’uwitwa Rubunga nawe abikopeye mu bucurabwenge bwakoreshwaga n’abitwa Abarenge. Abarenge bari Abasinga, aribo bitwaga Abasangwabutaka(bivuga abo Abanyiginya basanze bategeka) ngo akaba ari bo bari mu gihugu mbere y’uko iriya ngoma Nyiginya iza kurutegeka.Ingoma ya mbere yakoreshejwe n’ubutegetsi bwa Gihanga yahawe izina rya Rwoga bituruka ku ijambo ’kwogera’ cyangwa se ’kwamamara’.[https://www.igihe.com/umuco/amateka/amateka-y-umwami-gihanga-i-ngomijana] == Abagore Gihanga Yashakanye nabo == Ikindi amateka garagaza, avuga ko Gihanga yagiye abyara abana batandukanye badahuje ba nyina kuko nawe yari afite [[Umugore|abagore]] benshi nk'uko byari bisanzwe bimenyerewe mu Rwanda rwo ha mbere. Umugore wa mbere wa Gihanga ari uwitwa Nyamususa akaba umukobwa wa Jeni uturuka mu bwoko bw'Abarenge akaba yarabyaranye n'uyu mugore Kanyarwanda Gahima (Wamusimbuye ku Ngoma), Kanyandorwa Sabugabo se wa Mushambo ukomokwaho n'ubwoko bw' Abashambo (Wabaye Umwami wo mu Ndorwa), Ndetse n'uwitwa Kanyabugesera Mugondo se wa Muhondogo sekuruza w'ubwoko Abahondogo (Bategetse u Bugesera ), Ndetse na Nyirarucyaba umukuramberekazi w'ubwoko bw'Abacyaba (Bategekaga Ingoma y'u Bugara). Gihanga yarongoye kandi Nyangobero ukomoka mu Bunyabungo ([[Intara]] ya Kivu y'Amajyepfo) barabyarana Kanyabungo Ngabo waje gutegeka mu Bunyabungo ndetse arongora na Nyirampirangwe babyarana Gashubi se wa Gashingo ukomokwaho n'abitwa Abashingo ndetse ngo babyarana n'undi mwana witwa Gafomo. Gihanga yari afite undi mugore w'inshoreke witwaga Nyirarutsobe babyarana Rutsobe umukurambere w'abo mu bwoko bw'Abatsobe.[https://rwiyemeza.com/kn/mordet.php?titID=584e8119f307b1134b88fd07883df9d60cd&vario=229a9f382b7e96e8e74cf5c299f6634e5d] dq16j8iajvl8kk77njcoo5r6xg5wr10 0 19878 141373 126618 2026-10-11T11:48:59Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 141373 wikitext text/x-wiki == Nyamulagira (Nyamuragira) == Nyamulagira ni [[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|ikirunga]] kinini giherereye mu gihugu cya DRC mu muri [[Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru|kivu y'amajyaruguru]] Hafi y'umujyi wa [[Goma]] kikaba kikibarirwa mu birunga bikiruka (ibyo bita Active Volcanoes) kikaba gifite Metero ibihumbi bitatu na mirongo itanu n'umunani z'ubutumburuke (3058 m) [https://web.archive.org/web/20250318065254/https://www.virunga-volcanoes.org/volcanoes/nyamulagira/] == Igihe Giherukira Kuruka == kuwa 19.03.2025 == Aho Giherereye == Mu birometero cumi na bitanu mu burengerazuba bw'ikiyaga cya Kivu (15Km) hafi y'umujyi wa Goma Uherereye Muntara ya Kivu y'Amajyaruguru ,Mu Gihugu cya DRC [https://www.safarisrwandasafari.com/information/mount-nyamuragira/] fgp5usjb2qssigrk7mrdgdcycona5k9 0 19882 141400 139718 2026-10-11T11:58:35Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141400 wikitext text/x-wiki Urwunge rw'amashuri rwa Nyinawimana ni ikigo giherereye mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|ntara y'Amajyaruguru]] mu Karere ka Gicumbi Umurenge wa Nyamiyaga mu Kagari ka Kiziba. Kikaba gifite abanyeshuri bose hamwe barenga 2800 kikaba cyarashizwe mu 1960. Kilizi ya Nyinawimana)abanyeshuri basengeramo kikaba ari ikigo gitanga uburere bunoze kikaba gitsindisha k'urwego rwo hejuru kandi kikaba gifite n'ibyumba cy'abakobwa abagize ikibazo bafashirizwamo, ikindi gifite igikone batekeramo gifite isuku kandi kitegereye abanyeshuri ku buryo kitababangamira bigatuma biga neza bakanatsinda neza k'urwego rushimishije.<ref name=":0" /> === Groupe Scolaire Nyinawimana === Groupe Scolaire Nyinawimana ni ikigo cy'amashuri giherereye mu Karere ka [[Gicumbi Ibiti ibihumbi 12 byatewe mu gukumira isuri n’inkangu|Gicumb]]<nowiki/>i. Iyo bavuze Nyinawinana wumva Bikiramariya;ariko mu karere ka Gicumbi mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru hari umusozi witwa Nyinawimana hakaba ariho habarizwa iki kigo. Ariko padiri NDAYAMBAJE Ildophonse akavuga ko uyu musozi bakunda kuwita " Mugisaninzu" kubera ibicu bikunda kuba bihabuditse. Nyuma haje gushingwa paruwasi Nyinawimana tariki ya mbere ugushyingo 1960.Ubu rero iki kigo gifite ibyumba by'amashuri birenga mirongo itatu harererwamo abahungu n'abakobwa;Abanyehuri barenga ibihumbi bitatu ndetse n'abarimu barenga mirongo inani.Iki kigo gifite ibyiciro bitatu byamashuri aribyo amashuri y'inshuke (nursery),abanza primary ndetse n'ayisumbuye agabanyijemo ibyiciro bitatu aribyo indimi,amateka n'ubumenyi bw'isi. Cyashinzwe mu mwaka w'igihumbi kimwe magana kenda mirongo itandatu(1960)<ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-mateka/article/menya-inkomoko-y-izina-nyinawimana-ryitiwe-umusozi-wo-muri-gicumbi</ref>. Ni ishuri rya [[kiliziya Gatolika]], rikaba ryararagijwe mutagatifu Fransisiko Xaveri<ref>gs nyinawimana - Search</ref>kikaba gifite umuyobozi witwa SEBAHIRE Deogratius ariwe deregiteri. Nyinawimana ni ikigo kinini cyane. Gihuriraho abayeshuri benshi, ikindi kandi iki kigo gikorana n'imishinga myinshi. Ari avs, cartas ndetse n'iyindi myinshi.Ikindi Kandi iyi mishinga ifasha abanyeshuri benshi bagatsinda bishimishije. Amakuru mashya ahari ubu nuko iki kigo kitakiyoborwa na SEBAHIRE ahubwo biravurwa ko derigiteri yahinduwe [[Nyinawimana]] '''Amashakiro;''' qjm9pkamn6dci03o2h8gg05751z7kev 0 19907 141374 120884 2026-10-11T11:49:02Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 141374 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<u>AMATEKA Y'UMUPIRA MU RWANDA NO KU ISI</u>''' Amateka y'umupira w'amaguru (soccer cyangwa football mu ndimi z'amahanga) aratangaje kandi afite ibice byinshi by'ingenzi mu mateka y'uyu mukino. Uyu mukino wakurikiye undi mukino witwa "cuju" wakinwaga mu Bushinwa, ndetse hari ibindi bimenyetso byerekana ko wari warakiniwe no mu bindi bihugu. Dore amwe mu mateka akomeye:<ref group="ibikurikira ni impamvu zerekana amateka y'umupirab wa maguru">AMATEKA Y'UMUPIRA WA MAGURU</ref> # '''Imizi y’umupira w’amaguru''': #* '''Cuju''': Uyu ni umukino wa kera cyane watangiye gukinwa mu Bushinwa mu kinyejana cya 3 mbere y'ivuka rya Yesu. Wakiniwe abantu b’amajyaruguru ya Chine. #* '''Futebol''' mu Bwongereza: Mu myaka ya 1860, mu Bwongereza habayeho ibikorwa byinshi byo guhindura amategeko y’imikino yasanzwe akorerwa ku bibuga by’ubukino bw’abana. Mu 1863, ishuri ry’abakino ryashyizeho amategeko ya mbere y'umupira w'amaguru, aha niho amategeko ya "football" ya mbere yagiyeho. # '''Gushyiraho amategeko''': #* Mu mwaka wa 1863, ishuri ry'ubukino mu Bwongereza ryashinzwe mu buryo bwa "Football Association" (FA), igashyiraho amategeko y'umupira w'amaguru, yagiyeho nk'uko tubizi ubu. # '''Kwiyongera kw’umupira w’amaguru ku isi''': #* Mu 1904, ishyirahamwe rya FIFA (Federation Internationale de Football Association) ryashinzwe, rikaba ari ryo ryagize uruhare mu gutegura imikino y’isi yose no gushyiraho amategeko agenga imikino. # '''Igikombe cy’Isi''': #* Igikombe cy’Isi cya mbere cyabaye mu 1930 muri Uruguay, gikurikirwa n’ibindi bikombe by’Isi birimo n’igikombe cy’Isi cya 2018 cyabereye mu Burusiya, aho u Bufaransa bwatsindiye. # '''Imikino n’amakipe''': #* Amakipe y’ibyamamare nka Barcelona, Real [[Madrid]], Manchester United, Bayern Munich, n’ibindi byagiye bitera imbere ku isi muri shampiyona zitandukanye, bityo [[umupira w’amaguru]] ukaba umukino ukundwa n’abantu benshi ku isi hose. Uyu mukino umaze gukundwa mu bihugu bitandukanye, kugeza aho umuntu wese ashobora gukurikirana imikino kuri televiziyo, ndetse ibikombe by'isi na shampiyona bituma abantu bibanda ku mupira w’amaguru mu buryo bwagutse.<ref>umupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda ni umukino ufite impamvu nyinshi, haba mu bijyanye n’imyidagaduro, ubumwe, iterambere ry’ubukungu, ndetse no gushyira imbere indangagaciro za gikirisitu n'ubufatanye. Uyu mukino ukomeje kuba umusingi mu kubaka igihugu gifite imbaraga n’ubuzima bwiza</ref> '''<u>UMUPIRA WA MAGURU MU RWANDA</u>''' Amateka y'umupira w'amaguru (football) mu Rwanda ni urugendo rw'ubuzima bwo gukura no guhinduka, kuva ku mukino w'abana n'ibikorwa by'abaturage kugeza ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Dore amwe mu mateka y'umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda: # '''Ibimenyetso bya mbere''': #* Mu myaka ya 1920, umupira w'amaguru watangiye gukinwa mu Rwanda mu buryo bw'uburyo bwihariye, ubwo abamisiyonari n'abanyamahanga bagiraga uruhare mu gukwirakwiza uyu mukino mu gihugu. #* Abanyarwanda benshi batangiye gukina umupira w'amaguru mu mijyi no mu bice by'icyaro, ariko igihe cyose byari ibintu bikunze gukorwa n'abo mu bihugu by’amahanga baje mu Rwanda. # '''Gushyiraho amategeko n'ishyirahamwe ry’umupira w’amaguru''': #* Mu 1960, ishyirahamwe ry'umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda (FERWAFA) ryashinzwe, rikaba ryari rigamije guteza imbere umukino w'umupira w'amaguru mu gihugu no gushyiraho amategeko agenga uyu mukino. Ibi byaje gutuma abakinyi n'amakipe batangira kugira imyitozo ikomeye. # '''Amakipe y'ibanze''': #* Mu myaka ya 1970, amakipe akomeye nka ''APR FC'', ''Rays'' (yaje kuba Rayon Sports), na ''Kiyovu Sports'' yatangiye kuboneka no gutangira gukina mu mikino ya shampiyona mu gihugu. # '''Ihinduka mu gihe cy’intambara''': #* Nyuma y’intambara yo muri 1994, igihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, umupira w’amaguru wari mu bikorwa byari bikeneye gukomeza, ndetse wakoreshejwe nk’igikoresho cyo kunga no kuvura ibikomere by’intambara. #* Mu gihe iki gihugu cyari mu nzira yo kongera kwiyubaka, impano z'abakinnyi batandukanye zagiye zihurira mu ikipe y’igihugu y'umupira w'amaguru, aho bamwe bahuriye muri za shampiyona. # '''Ishoramari mu mupira w'amaguru''': #* Mu myaka ya 2000, hagiye hagaragara ishoramari mu ikipe y’igihugu no mu makipe y’ibigo nka ''APR'', ''Rayon Sports'', na ''Kiyovu Sports'', ibyo byatumye umukino w’umupira w’amaguru ugenda ushyirwa ku rwego rwo hejuru mu Rwanda. # '''Gutsinda igikombe cy’Afurika''': #* Mu myaka y’ 2000, ikipe y'igihugu y'u Rwanda, Amavubi, yagiye ikina neza mu mikino ya CECAFA (Cup of Eastern and Central Africa), ndetse ikagera mu mikino ya CAN (Africa Cup of Nations) mu 2004, ikaba ari ikimenyetso cy'ubukomezi bw'uyu mukino mu gihugu. # '''Igishoro mu ruhando mpuzamahanga''': #* Amakipe nka ''Rayon Sports'' na ''APR FC'' yazamutse cyane mu gukina ku rwego rw'akarere ndetse ku rwego rw'Isi. #* Mu mwaka wa 2017, ikipe y'u Rwanda, Amavubi, yabashije kugera muri kimwe mu byiciro by'imikino ya CHAN (African Nations Championship), aho igikundiro cy’umupira w'amaguru cyakomeje gukura mu gihugu. # '''Ireme ry'uburezi no gushyigikira impano''': #* Mu myaka yashize, hakomeje gushyirwaho gahunda zo guteza imbere impano z'abana mu mupira w'amaguru, aho imishinga nka "Football for Hope" (Umupira w'Amaguru ku nyungu) ikomeje gufasha abana n'urubyiruko kugira amahirwe mu myitozo no mu masomo. Uyu munsi, umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda umaze gukomera, ugaragaza impano, n'ubushake bwo gukomeza ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ndetse amakipe akomeye yo mu gihugu yitabira imikino yo ku rwego rw’akarere n’isi yose. '''<u>Akamaro ku mupira wa maguru muRwanda</u>''' Umupira w’amaguru ufite akamaro kanini ku gihugu cy’u Rwanda mu nzego zitandukanye. Ku rwego rw’igihugu, umupira w’amaguru si gusa umukino, ahubwo ni igikoresho cy’imiyoborere, ubumwe, iterambere ry’ubukungu, ndetse n’ishoramari mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Dore bimwe mu byiza by’umupira w’amaguru ku Rwanda: # '''Kongera ubumwe n’ubwiyunge''': #* Umupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda wagiye ushyigikira gahunda z’ubwiyunge, cyane cyane nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Ikipe y'igihugu (Amavubi) n'amakipe akomeye nka Rayon Sports, APR FC, n'andi yagiye afasha mu guhuriza hamwe abantu batandukanye, bagakora ibikorwa byo kubana neza, gukora neza nk'itsinda, no guhashya amacakubiri. #* Imikino ya shampiyona cyangwa amahugurwa akorwa mu rwego rw'umupira w'amaguru bituma abaturage b'ingeri zose bahurira hamwe, bagakora ibikorwa by’ubumwe. # '''Iterambere ry’ubukungu''': #* Umupira w’amaguru ufite uruhare mu kongera ishoramari mu gihugu. Amakipe akomeye, nko muri shampiyona y’igihugu, usanga yinjiza amafaranga menshi binyuze mu kugurisha amatike, kugurisha ibicuruzwa by’ibimenyetso (merchandising), ndetse no gukorana n’abaterankunga. #* Iyi mikino ifasha mu guteza imbere ibikorwaremezo, nko kubaka ibibuga by’imyidagaduro n’amahoteli, bityo ikazamura ubukerarugendo n’ubucuruzi muri rusange. # '''Ubuzima n’imyitwarire''': #* Umupira w’amaguru ugira ingaruka nziza ku buzima bw’abaturage, cyane cyane urubyiruko. Uyu mukino utuma urubyiruko rwigira hamwe, rugakorera ku ntego imwe. Bifasha mu gukomeza kubaka ubuzima bwiza, harimo gukumira ibiyobyabwenge, kurwanya ihohoterwa, ndetse no kwigisha imico myiza nk’ubufatanye, gukorera hamwe, no kubaha abandi. #* Abakinnyi b’umupira w’amaguru bakunda kuba intangarugero mu mico myiza, bigatuma babona amahirwe yo kubaka imiryango myiza n’ubuzima bwiza. # '''Uburezi n’impano z’abana''': #* Umupira w’amaguru ufasha mu kuzamura impano z’abana mu gihugu. Abana benshi babona amahirwe yo gukina no kwimenyereza umupira w’amaguru, bakava mu bibazo bitandukanye byo mu buzima bwo mu muhanda, bakabasha kugera ku nzozi zabo. #* Uyu mukino kandi uhuriza hamwe ibigo by’amashuri, ugatuma abana bakura bafite ubumenyi n’ubushobozi bwo gukorana n’abandi. # '''Guteza imbere impano no gushakira imirimo''': #* Umupira w’amaguru ukomeje kuba umwuga ku rubyiruko rw’u Rwanda. Abakinnyi benshi b’umupira w’amaguru babasha kubona akazi muri za shampiyona z’imbere mu gihugu ndetse n’izindi shampiyona mpuzamahanga. #* Byongeye kandi, abakinnyi batandukanye barashora mu bikorwa by’ubucuruzi cyangwa imibereho myiza nyuma yo kugaragaza impano zabo mu mupira w’amaguru, bagatangiza imishinga itandukanye. # '''Ibikorwa bya Diplomacy (Intumwa n’ubucuti)''': #* Umupira w’amaguru ufasha mu kubaka umubano mwiza hagati y’ibihugu. Imikino mpuzamahanga n’amarushanwa nk’Igikombe cy’Afurika (AFCON) cyangwa CHAN bigira uruhare mu guteza imbere umubano hagati y’u Rwanda n’ibindi bihugu, cyane cyane binyuze mu mukino w’amaguru. # '''Guteza imbere umuco w’imyidagaduro''': #* Umupira w’amaguru ni umwe mu mikino ikunze gukurura abantu benshi mu gihugu, ubitabirwa n’abakunzi b’umupira w’amaguru baturutse mu bice bitandukanye. Ibi bituma umuco w’imyidagaduro mu gihugu ugira ubuzima buzira umuze, bigatuma abantu bagira ibihe byiza byo kuruhuka no kwishimira ibihe by’imikino. Mu by'ukuri, umupira w’amaguru ni umukino ufite uruhare runini mu kubaka u Rwanda, mu guteza imbere abantu no kwereka isi ko igihugu cyacu gishoboye kandi cyashyize imbere ibikorwa by'ubufatanye, ubumwe, ndetse n’iterambere. '''<u>umupira wa maguru mu muco nyarwanda</u>''' Umupira w'amaguru ufite akamaro gakomeye mu muco Nyarwanda, aho ushyigikira ubumwe, ubufatanye, no kuganira mu buryo bworoshye. Mu Rwanda, umupira w'amaguru ntabwo ari umukino gusa, ahubwo ni igikoresho gikomeye cyo gukomeza kwimakaza umuco wo guhuriza hamwe abantu, no gushyira imbere ibyiza by'umuryango nyarwanda. Dore bimwe mu buryo umupira w’amaguru ugaragara mu muco Nyarwanda: === 1. Ubumwe n'ubwiyunge === * '''Umupira w’amaguru nk’igikoresho cy’ubumwe''': Mu Rwanda, nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, umupira w’amaguru wagize uruhare mu guhuriza hamwe abanyarwanda batandukanye. Iyi mikino yatangiye kuba urubuga rwo kubaka ubumwe no kwimakaza ubuntu hagati y'abantu bafite inkomoko zitandukanye. Amakipe atandukanye (nk'ay’ibigo bya gisirikare cyangwa amatine) yabaye ibimenyetso by'ubufatanye n'ubwiyunge. * '''Imikino n'ubwiyunge''': Ikipe y'igihugu, Amavubi, yashyize imbere indangagaciro zo kurushaho guhuza abaturage baturutse mu turere twose tw’igihugu, binyuze mu mikino ya shampiyona cyangwa imikino mpuzamahanga. === 2. Imyidagaduro no Kwidagadura === * '''Ubuzima bw’umuryango''': Mu muco Nyarwanda, umupira w’amaguru si umukino gusa, ahubwo ni uburyo bwo kwidagadura no gutera imbere mu muco w’imyidagaduro. Abanyarwanda benshi bakunda gukurikirana imikino ya shampiyona y’igihugu (nk’iya ''Primus National League''), cyangwa ibikorwa by’amakipe akomeye nka Rayon Sports, APR FC, na [[S.C. Kiyovu Sports|Kiyovu Sports]]. * '''Imikino y’abaturage''': Umupira w’amaguru ku rwego rw’icyaro ni kimwe mu bikorwa by’imyidagaduro, aho abaturage bahurira ku bibuga bito, bagakina umukino w’umupira, ndetse ni imwe mu nzira yo gusabana no kugaragaza umuco wo gukina no gufashanya. === 3. Gukora nk’ikipe no kubana mu bwubahane === * '''Indangagaciro za gikirisitu n’ubufatanye''': Nka mu yandi makipe, umupira w’amaguru mu muco Nyarwanda wubakira ku ndangagaciro za gikirisitu n’ubufatanye. Ku kibuga, umukinnyi agomba gufatanya n’abandi, akagerageza gutsindira ikipe yose, aho kugendera ku nyungu z’umuntu ku giti cye gusa. Ibi bigira uruhare mu gusigasira ubufatanye, gukorera hamwe nk’ikipe no kubahana. * '''Gukina n’ubushake bwo gufasha abandi''': Uruhare rwa buri mukinnyi ku kibuga ni kimwe mu bimenyetso by’ubufatanye bukomeye, kandi bigatuma abakinnyi bamenya gukorana n’abandi mu buzima busanzwe. === 4. Ubuto bw’umupira w’amaguru no guteza imbere impano === * '''Gutoza abana umupira w’amaguru''': Mu muco nyarwanda, abana bakunda umupira w’amaguru kuva bakiri bato. Ababyeyi n’abarimu bashishikariza abana gukina no kwitabira imikino itandukanye kugira ngo bakure bafite impano, kandi batekanye. Uyu mukino utuma abana bamenya gukorana n’abandi no kugira icyerekezo cy’ubuzima. * '''Guteza imbere impano mu mikino''': Mu Rwanda, amakipe atandukanye n’ibigo by’amashuri bita ku gutegura abakinyi b'umupira w’amaguru bakiri bato. Gukina umupira w’amaguru bituma impano z’abana zitera imbere, kandi bishobora gutuma bagira amahirwe yo gukora imirimo myiza mu buzima bwabo bw’ahazaza. === 5. Imikoranire n’umuco w’imyidagaduro n’ubuhanzi === * '''Gushyira imbere ibihangano n’umuziki''': Umupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda ufitanye isano n’umuziki n’imbyino z’umuco Nyarwanda. Abafana bakunda kwiyereka no kwishimira amakipe yabo binyuze mu ndirimbo cyangwa ibihangano byabateguriwe. Nko mu gihe cy’imikino, umuziki cyangwa indirimbo zihimbaza amakipe ziba zikoreshwa mu gushimisha abafana no kubafasha kwiyumvamo ibyishimo. === 6. Amateka n’ubushobozi bw’igihugu === * '''Ishema ry’igihugu''': Umupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda ni kimwe mu bintu abanyarwanda bakomeza kwishimira, kandi ukaba kimwe mu bigaragaza ishema ry'igihugu. Ikipe y’igihugu, Amavubi, iyo itsinze, bituma abanyarwanda benshi bagira ishema ryo kuba igihugu cyacu kibarizwa mu mikino mpuzamahanga. * '''Umuco w'icyubahiro n'ikuzo''': Imikino y’amakipe akomeye mu gihugu nka Rayon Sports, APR FC, n’andi, iba ari ikimenyetso cy'icyubahiro no gukundwa k’umupira w’amaguru mu gihugu. Gutsinda mu mikino y’akarere cyangwa mpuzamahanga bigaragaza imbaraga n’ubuhanga bw’abanyarwanda mu mupira w’amaguru. === 7. Ibitabo n’imikoranire ku rwego mpuzamahanga === * '''Imikoranire n’indi mipira mpuzamahanga''': Umupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda ukorana n’amashyirahamwe y’imikino mpuzamahanga nka FIFA na CAF. Ibi bituma u Rwanda rugira uruhare mu iterambere ry’imikino ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ndetse bituma habaho guhuza imico no guhererekanya ubunararibonye hagati y’ibihugu. === 8. Gukora n’abafatanyabikorwa === * '''Gukorana n’amashyirahamwe y’imikino''': Umupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda, nk'ikimenyetso cy’imyidagaduro, ukorana n'abafatanyabikorwa batandukanye, harimo abayobozi b’imikino mpuzamahanga, abaterankunga, n’abakunzi b’umupira w’amaguru ku rwego rw’akarere ndetse no ku rwego rw’isi. Mu ncamake, umupira w’amaguru mu muco nyarwanda ni urufunguzo mu guhuza abantu, kubaka igihugu gifite ubumwe, no guteza imbere imibereho myiza. Uyu mukino ugira uruhare mu gusigasira ibyiza byo mu muco w’ubufatanye, kwihesha agaciro, no kugera ku ntego y’ubuzima bwiza muri rusange. 6tlci8ptkojq4xdu3urqslz314wtl6d 0 19969 141401 121178 2026-10-11T11:58:59Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141401 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Nagashima-Dam view from Ikawa-line.jpg|thumb|IKAWA]] UMURENGE WA MUKO;ni umwe mumirenge igize [[Akarere ka Gicumbi|akarere ka gicumbi]]<ref>UMUSEKE</ref> AMWE MUMASHURI AHEREREYE MU MUMURENGE WA MUKO .GS.MUKO .GS.NGANGE .GS.RUGARAGARA .GS.KIGOMA .G.S MWENDO IKIGO GICUMBIKIRA ABANYESHURI MUMURENGE WA MUKO<ref>GISAGARA</ref> .collegio santo antonio marie zaccaria IBIKORWA BYUBUKUNGU BIKORERWA MU MURENGE WA MUKO .UBUHINZI .UBWOROZI .UBUCURUZI .IBIHIGWA BIHIGWA MUMURENGE WA MUKO<ref>KIGALI</ref> .IKAWA URUTOKI .IBIRAYI .[[Ibijumba|IBIJUMBA]] .IBISHYIMBO re2rari2loefj0yaqeyuq8z4e4qs7mw 0 20098 141394 122513 2026-10-11T11:56:24Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141394 wikitext text/x-wiki Izina '''Nema''' ni izina rifite ubusobanuro butandukanye bitewe n’imico cyangwa ururimi rikomokamo. Rikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bihugu byo muri Afurika, ariko rishobora no kuba rikoreshwa mu zindi ndimi. Dore amakuru make kuri iryo zina: ---- === 📌 1. Nema mu ndimi zo muri Afurika y’Iburasirazuba (nk’Igiswahili) === * '''"Nema"''' ni ijambo risobanura: ** '''Ubuntu''', '''imigisha''', '''ineza''', cyangwa '''imbabazi'''. ** Rikomoka mu [[Igiswahili|Giswahili]], kandi rikoreshwa cyane mu myemerere no mu mvugo zifite agaciro gakomeye. ** ''Urugero:'' "Nema ya Mungu" = ''Ubuntu/Imigisha y’Imana''. ---- === 📌 2. Nema nk'izina ry'umuntu === * Rishobora kuba '''izina ry’umukobwa''' mu bihugu byinshi by’Afurika y’Iburasirazuba, nka Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, n’ahandi. * Ababyeyi baritanga bashaka kugaragaza ko umwana ari '''impano y’Imana''', '''umugisha''', cyangwa '''ineza''' yaturutse ku Mana. ---- === 🕊 3. Nema mu bijyanye n’imyemerere === * Rishobora kwifashishwa mu nyigisho z’amadini (nk’aba gikristu) aho '''"nema"''' ijya gusa n’ijambo '''"grace"''' mu [[Icyongereza|Cyongereza]], risobanura '''ineza y’Imana itari ku buryo umuntu yayigurira'''. ---- === 📝 Mu ncamake: === {| class="wikitable" !Igice !Ibisobanuro |- |Izina |Nema |- |Inkomoko |Ijambo ry’Igiswahili |- |Ibisobanuro |Ubuntu, imigisha, ineza, imbabazi |- |Ubwoko |Izina ry'abakobwa (akenshi) |- |Rikoreshwa muri |Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, n’ahandi |} ci12myuy5olmqru6dsnyqsp1voen0xg 0 20370 141204 138879 2026-10-10T17:04:25Z Philemon Niyomwungeli 11747 adding a reference 141204 wikitext text/x-wiki Nishimwe Solange uzwi Sol Solange umaze kubaka izina mu bikorwa by’ubukerarugendo<ref name=":0">https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/uko-sol-solange-yanze-kuryama-kubera-ubutumire-budasanzwe-bwa-perezida-kagame-142402</ref> == Amashuri yize<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/13517/entertainment/of-content-and-unintended-fame-sol-solange-shares-experience</ref> == '''Sol Solange''' afite imyaka 24, yiga '''Public Health''' muri '''Mount Kigali University'''. Akunda gusangiza abantu uduce duto tw’ubuzima bwe binyuze mu mafoto n’amavidewo ashyira ku mbuga nkoranyambaga ze == Ibikorwa<ref name=":0" /> == yitabiriye umunsi w’ibirori bidasanzwe Perezida Kagame yakiriyemo abayobozi n’abandi batumirwa na we arimo Buri mpera z’umwaka Perezida Kagame na Madamu Jeannette Kagame bakira abayobozi batandukanye n’abandi batumirwa bari mu byiciro bitandukanye bigize ubuzima bw’igihugu. Mu mpera za 2023 ibi birori bikaba byarabaye kuwa 30 Ukuboza. Sol Solange yagarutse ku buryo nubwo haciyeho iminsi kugeza n’ubu atariyumvisha ko byabaye avuga ko bidasanzwe. Mu kiganiro InyaRwanda yagiranye na Sol Solange yagize ati "  Ubutumire nabubonye nari nagiye gusura Nyungwe, ntakubeshye ntabwo nabyizeye na nyuma yaho ndi umuntu wakomeje kubyibazaho cyane." Sol Solange avuga ko atiyumvisha uko byagenze ati "Nkibubona sinabyemeye naribazaga ngo gute se? Njyewe se ndi nde? Numvaga ari ibintu bidasanzwe bidashoboka? Njyewe ntabwo nari nakabyizeye kugera no ku munsi wa nyawo." Uyu mukobwa agaruka ku buryo uwo munsi yiteguye kare nubwo igikorwa nyirizinza cyari gitegerejwe mu masaha y’umugoroba ati "Njyewe saa cyenda nari narangije kwitegura hari ukuntu nyine umuntu aba afite mu turemangingo akantu ko gushya njyewe rwose nari narangije kwitegura." Agaruka ku buryo yigiriye inama yo kutaryama ngo adacikanwa ati "Imvura igitangira kugwa naravuze nti uwaba ryamye ariko ndavuga ngo ndamutse ngiye kuryama sinkanguke amasaha akagenda, nageze no mu buriri ariko ngeze aho ndabyuka nshyiramo." Sol Solange yasoreje icyiciro cya Kabiri cya Kaminuza muri Nursing muri Mount Kenya ari naho ubu ari kwiga icyiciro cya Gatatu muri Public Health. Uyu mukobwa kandi yanakuze akunda itangazamakuru nyuma ariko yo kugerageza kenshi mu binyamakuru bitandukanye ntibamuhe amahirwe yo kuba yabikora, yatangiye kubikora mu buryo bwo kubara inkuru arangira abantu ahantu hatandukanye.<ref>https://www.africa-press.net/rwanda/culture-and-art/sol-solange-professionalises-content-creation-after-china-blogging-campaign</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} ebj8uroop3iz36czo7mum6lsudecew9 0 20821 141352 125002 2026-10-11T11:38:37Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141352 wikitext text/x-wiki Uburenganzira ku miturire ni kimwe mu burenganzira bw’ibanze bwa muntu, bukubiye mu Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, ndetse bukubahirizwa n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga nka Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) n’icy’African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.<ref name="udhr">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=United Nations}}</ref> Buri muntu afite uburenganzira bwo kugira aho atuye, mu buryo butangiza ubuzima, hakurikijwe amahame y’umutekano, ubuzima bwiza, n’imibereho myiza. === Amategeko n’Imiterere === * '''Itegeko Nshinga rya 2003''', ingingo ya 31, rivuga ko buri wese afite uburenganzira bwo kugira aho atuye kandi agahabwa uburenganzira bwo kurengerwa igihe aho atuye hahungabanye.<ref name="constitution">{{cite web |title=Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y'u Rwanda |url=https://www.parliament.gov.rw |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Parliament of Rwanda}}</ref> * '''Itegeko ry’Amacumbi n’Ubucuruzi''', Law No 43/2013, riteganya uburyo amacumbi agabanywa, uburenganzira bw’abakodesha, inshingano z’abakoresha n’abakodesha, ndetse n’ubuziranenge bw’amacumbi.<ref name="housing-law">{{cite web |title=Rwanda Housing Law |url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Ministry of Infrastructure}}</ref> * '''Politiki ya Vision 2020 Umurenge''', yashyizweho na Ministeri y’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu, igamije kugeza amacumbi meza ku baturage bo mu cyaro no mu mijyi, ndetse no kugabanya ubukene n’imibereho mibi.<ref name="vision2020">{{cite web |title=Vision 2020 Umurenge Program |url=https://www.minaloc.gov.rw |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Ministry of Local Government}}</ref> * Imiturire igenga ubuzima bwiza n’ubukungu: Leta yashyizeho amategeko yo kubaka amazu atangiza ibidukikije, no guteza imbere imiturire itanga amahirwe yo kubona amacumbi mu buryo burambye.<ref name="urban-planning">{{cite web |title=Urban Planning in Rwanda |url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Ministry of Infrastructure}}</ref> === Inzego zishinzwe Miturire === '''1. Ministeri y’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu (MINALOC):''' igenzura gahunda za Vision 2020 Umurenge n’iterambere ry’imijyi. '''2. Ministeri y’Ibikorwaremezo (MININFRA):''' ishinzwe igenzura ry’amacumbi, inyubako n’imihanda. '''3. Ibigo bya Leta n’imiryango y’abikorera ku giti cyabo:''' bikora ibikorwa byo kubaka amacumbi y’ubucuruzi n’amacumbi y’abaturage bafite ubushobozi buke. '''4. Imiryango mpuzamahanga:''' nka UN-Habitat, ikora imishinga ifasha mu guteza imbere amacumbi meza n’imijyi irambye.<ref name="unhabitat">{{cite web |title=UN-Habitat Rwanda Programs |url=https://unhabitat.org/rwanda |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=UN-Habitat}}</ref> === Imbogamizi mu Miturire === * '''Ubucucike mu mijyi:''' Kigali n’imijyi imwe mu Rwanda ihura n’ikibazo cy’ubucucike, bituma amacumbi ahendutse aboneka bike.<ref name="kigali-density">{{cite web |title=Urban Density in Kigali |url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Ministry of Infrastructure}}</ref> * '''Ubushobozi buke bw’abaturage:''' Abaturage bo mu cyaro batabasha kwigurira inzu cyangwa gukodesha amacumbi meza.<ref name="rural-poverty">{{cite web |title=Poverty and Housing in Rwanda |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/rwanda |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=World Bank}}</ref> * '''Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku miturire: A'''bakodesha bamwe bahura n’ihohoterwa n’abakodesha batubahirije amategeko cyangwa abashoramari batubahiriza amabwiriza.<ref name="hrw-housing">{{cite web |title=Human Rights Watch: Housing Rights in Rwanda |url=https://www.hrw.org |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> * '''Imyumvire y’abaturage''': Hari aho abantu bacyibanda ku nzu zabo zabo batabashije gukodesha cyangwa kwigurira amazu meza kubera imibereho mibi. === Ibyagezweho === * '''Gahunda ya Vision 2020 Umurenge: A'''mafaranga menshi yashowe mu kubaka amacumbi mashya mu byaro no mu mijyi, bigabanya ubukene. * '''Social housing projects:''' Amazu y’ubwoko bwa social housing amaze kubakwa mu mijyi, cyane cyane Kigali, Huye, na [[Rubavu]].<ref name="social-housing">{{cite web |title=Social Housing in Rwanda |url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Ministry of Infrastructure}}</ref> * '''Ikoranabuhanga mu miturire:''' Sisitemu ya GIS ikurikirana imikoreshereze y’amacumbi, gucunga ubutaka, no kugenzura iterambere ry’imijyi.<ref name="gis-housing">{{cite web |title=GIS for Urban Planning in Rwanda |url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Ministry of Infrastructure}}</ref> === Imibare y’Imiturire === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Umwaka !Abaturage babonye amacumbi mashya !Abaturage bakodesha amacumbi meza !Umujyi w’ingenzi watewe inkunga |- |2020 |25,000 |18,000 |Kigali |- |2021 |28,500 |20,500 |Kigali, Huye |- |2022 |32,000 |23,000 |Kigali, Rubavu |- |2023 |35,500 |25,500 |Kigali, Huye, Rubavu |} === Politiki n’Inyigisho === * '''Guteza imbere imijyi irambye:''' Politiki zashyizweho zigamije gukumira ubucucike, guteza imbere ubuvuzi n’amashuri, no kugabanya ikwirakwira ry’icyorezo. * '''Uburinganire:''' Porogaramu z’amacumbi zihatira ko [[Umugore|abagore]] n’abagabo bahabwa amahirwe angana mu kubona amacumbi. * '''Ubukungu n’iterambere:''' Gushyiraho amacumbi meza bituma abakozi babasha gutera imbere, bikagira uruhare mu iterambere ry’ubukungu bw’igihugu. == Reba kandi == * == References == <references /> b7mg9r86pi3u0c05wu7jojkpo0w6rf7 0 20860 141365 126983 2026-10-11T11:46:20Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141365 wikitext text/x-wiki = Intangiriro = Uburenganzira bw’abafungwa ni ihame ry’ingenzi mu mategeko mpuzamahanga, rikaba rishingiye ku bwubahane bw’ikiremwamuntu no kurengera agaciro k’umuntu wese, haba ari uwafunzwe cyangwa utari mu buroko. Iri hame rigamije kurinda ihohoterwa, gukorerwa iyicarubozo, no guharanira ko abafungwa babaho mu buzima bwubahiriza uburenganzira bwabo bwa muntu. Mu Rwanda, nk'uko bigaragara mu itegeko nshinga, nta muntu ugomba guterwa ubwoba cyangwa guhohoterwa mu gihe cy'ubutabera, kandi abafungwa bagomba guhabwa agaciro n'uburenganzira bwabo nk'uko biteganywa n'amategeko mpuzamahanga n'ay'igihugu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rwanda Constitution |url=https://www.minaloc.gov.rw/index.php?id=46 |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Ministry of Local Government, Rwanda}}</ref> Amategeko mpuzamahanga nk'itegeko mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ICCPR) n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga arengera abafungwa, nk'Inama rusange ya Loni ku burenganzira bw’abafungwa, bigena ko abafungwa bagomba kubaho mu buzima bwubahiriza uburenganzira bwabo bwa muntu. Ibi bisaba ibihugu kwirinda ibikorwa byose by’ihohoterwa, iyicarubozo, cyangwa guhohotera abafungwa mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref> Mu Rwanda, nubwo hari amategeko agenga uburenganzira bw’abafungwa, harimo n’amategeko mpuzamahanga igihugu cyashyizeho umukono, hari ibibazo bikigaragara mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’aya mategeko. Raporo zitandukanye zerekana ko abafungwa bakiri mu bibazo by’ihohoterwa, iyicarubozo, no kutabona serivisi z’ubuzima n’ubutabera ku gihe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rwanda: Torture, Ill-Treatment in Detention |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/10/15/rwanda-torture-ill-treatment-detention |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Ibi bibazo bigaragaza ko hakiri imbogamizi mu kubahiriza uburenganzira bw’abafungwa mu Rwanda, nubwo igihugu cyashyizeho ingamba zo kubirwanya. = Amategeko Mpuzamahanga n’Uburenganzira bw’Abafungwa = Uburenganzira bw’abafungwa mu rwego mpuzamahanga bugenderwaho n’ibyemezo n’amasezerano yagiye ashyirwaho n’Imiryango y’Abibumbye (UN) n’izindi nzego mpuzamahanga, byose bigamije kurengera agaciro k’umuntu n’ubuzima bwe mu gihe afungiwe, kurinda iyicarubozo, no kumwemerera amahirwe yo gusubira mu muryango n’inyabutatu y’ubuzima nyuma yo kurekurwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref> == Ibyibanze: amasezerano n’amabwiriza by’ingenzi == Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’ingenzi agenga uburenganzira bw’abafungwa harimo '''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)''', iyo '''Convention Against Torture (CAT)''', n’Amabwiriza y’Ibipimo Ngezwa (Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners) azwi nka '''Nelson Mandela Rules''' ; aya yose ashyiraho amahame ngenderwaho yo kurinda abafungwa no gutanga ibisubizo bijyanye n’imikorere y’ahafungirwa abantu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading-treatment-or-punishment |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> ICCPR, yashyizweho umukono mu 1966, igena ko abantu bose batabwa muri yombi bagomba kubahwa mu buryo buboneye, bagahabwa uburenganzira bwo kwiregura, kubona umwunganizi mu mategeko, no kubona imibanire n’ababagana (visits) aho biboneka; by’umwihariko ingingo yerekana uburyo abafungwa bagomba kubaho mu buzima bwubahiriza agaciro kabo nk’abantu.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICCPR - Article 10 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> Konvansiyo ya CAT (1984) isaba ko Leta zishyiraho amategeko kandi zikumira ibikorwa by’iyicarubozo, zikanashyiraho inzego zibishinzwe zo gukurikirana no guhana abahohotera; iyi Konvansiyo yagiye inatanga umurongo ku buryo ibihugu bigomba gutanga raporo no kwakira inspeksiyo zishinzwe kurwanya iyicarubozo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/optional-protocol-convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> Nelson Mandela Rules, zabayeho nyuma yo kuvugurura Standard Minimum Rules, zigena ibisabwa ku mibereho y’abafungwa: amacumbi ahagije, ibiribwa byujuje intungamubiri, serivisi z’ubuzima, uburezi n’amahugurwa, imirimo izabafasha kwisubiraho, hamwe no kurinda gufungwa mu bwigunge budasobanutse; aya mabwiriza anasaba gucunga neza amakuru ku byerekeye imfungwa n’igenzura ridahungabana.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nelson Mandela Rules (UNODC) |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Nelson_Mandela_Rules-E-ebook.pdf |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UNODC}}</ref> == Ibyo aya mategeko asaba ku burenganzira bw’abafungwa == Mu by’ingenzi amategeko mpuzamahanga asaba harimo: kurindwa iyicarubozo no guhohotera, uburenganzira bwo kubona ubuvuzi, uburenganzira bwo kubona ubutabera (access to justice), uburenganzira bwo gusurwa n’imiryango, guhabwa amakuru ku mabwiriza y’aho afungiwe, hamwe no kugira gahunda zigarura imfungwa mu buzima busanzwe (rehabilitation and reintegration).<ref>{{cite web |title=ICCPR, CAT and Nelson Mandela Rules overview |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/what-are-human-rights/international-bill-human-rights |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> Amategeko asaba kandi ko habaho uburyo bw’igenzura n’ubutabera ku rwego rw’igihugu n’urwa mpuzamahanga: ibihugu bishobora kwakirwa n’inzego z’iperereza za UN, hakabaho igenzura ry’imfungwa n’abashyitsi bahoraho (mechanisms for monitoring detention facilities) nka OPCAT (Optional Protocol to CAT) isaba igikorwa cyo gushyiraho Visiting Bodies mu bihugu byemereye kuyishyiraho.<ref>{{cite web |title=OPCAT - Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/optional-protocol-convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> == Imiterere y’uburenganzira bwo kutavunywa no kurindwa iyicarubozo == Ingingo z’ibanze muri ICCPR na CAT zihanangiriza ko nta muntu ugomba guhura n’ihohoterwa cyangwa gukorerwa inyuma y’ubutabera; ibi bisobanura ko abayobozi b’inzego z’ifungwa bagomba kuba bakurikiza amategeko y’uburinganire n’ubuyobozi butabogamye, kandi abafungwa bagomba kugaragaza ibimenyetso byafashwe mu gihe habonetse imibonano y’ihohoterwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICCPR - Freedom from torture |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> Ubuvuzi mu mifungo ni uburenganzira bugaragara; Nelson Mandela Rules zisaba ko abafungwa bahabwa serivisi z’ubuzima zihuse kandi zidahutaza imibereho yabo, harimo na serivisi z’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe; ibi bikubiyemo gukurikirana ubuzima, gukingira indwara, no guhabwa imiti ikenewe biramutse bibonewe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nelson Mandela Rules - Health care |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Nelson_Mandela_Rules-E-ebook.pdf |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UNODC}}</ref> == Uburenganzira bwo kubona ubutabera n’amakuru == Amategeko mpuzamahanga asaba ko umuntu wese afunzwe ahabwa uburenganzira bwo kumenya impamvu zifunze, kubona umwunganizi mu mategeko, no kuburana mu rukiko rutabogamye mu gihe gikwiye; ibi ni inkingi ya mbere mu kurinda gufungwa nabi cyangwa gukorerwa ubutabera budakwiye.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to Justice for Detainees |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> Uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa amategeko n’amabwiriza y’ahafungirwa (information on prison regulations) ndetse no kubona dosiye ye (access to case file) nabyo byakomeje kugarukwaho mu mabwiriza ya UN, kuko bituma haba ubushobozi bwo gukurikirana imikorere y’inzego z’ubucamanza n’iz’ifungwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nelson Mandela Rules - Information and access |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Nelson_Mandela_Rules-E-ebook.pdf |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UNODC}}</ref> == Igenzura n’izindi nzego zishinzwe kubahiriza amategeko mpuzamahanga == Optional Protocol to CAT (OPCAT) isaba ko habaho inzego zigenzura (national preventive mechanisms) zijya gusura no kugenzura imfungwa n’ahafungirwa mu gihugu; ibi bigamije gukumira iyicarubozo, guha abafungwa uburyo bwo gutanga ibirego, no gukora raporo ku myitwarire y’inzego zifunga.<ref>{{cite web |title=OPCAT overview |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/optional-protocol-convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> Ku rwego rwa Komite (treaty bodies), ibihugu bisabwa gutanga raporo zigaragaza uko bishyize mu bikorwa ICCPR na CAT; komite z’imirimo zireba ibyo byemezo zishobora gutanga observations na recommendations ku masoko y’igihugu, ibi bikaba bisabwa kugira ngo habeho gukosora no kunoza imikorere y’inzego zifata abafungwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reporting under the Convention against Torture |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/publications/training-and-education-publications/reporting-under-convention-against-torture-and |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> == Uko amategeko mpuzamahanga ashyirwa mu bikorwa mu Rwanda == U Rwanda rwemeye kandi rufite amasezerano n’amabwiriza mpuzamahanga, rufite kandi amategeko y’igihugu agena imikorere y’ahafungirwa. Itegeko No 38/2006 ryo ku wa 25 Nzeri 2006 rigenga imfungwa n’imikorere y’amaprisons mu Rwanda rishyira imbere ibikubiye mu mabwiriza mpuzamahanga ku mibereho y’abafungwa, ndetse n’inzego nka Rwanda Correctional Service (RCS) zishinzwe ishyirwa mu bikorwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Law No. 38/2006 governing prisons (Rwanda) |url=https://clr.africanchildforum.org/Legislation%20Per%20Country/Rwanda/rwanda_prisons_2006_en.pdf |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Rwanda Official Law}}</ref> RCS ikora ibikorwa byo gucunga amaprisons, gahunda z’ubuvuzi, uburezi n’ibikorwa byo gusubiza imfungwa mu buzima busanzwe; RCS kandi imenyekanisha raporo ku iterambere ry’igororwa no kugabanya ubwinshi bw’abari mu mifungo binyuze mu bwishywa no mu mihigo ya Leta.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rwanda Correctional Service - Laws and Policies |url=https://rcs.gov.rw/en/category/laws/ |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Rwanda Correctional Service |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217085008/https://rcs.gov.rw/en/category/laws/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Imbogamizi zigaragara mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa mu Rwanda == Nubwo hari amategeko n’ingamba, raporo z’impuguke n’iz’imiryango ikora ubuvugizi zagaragaje ibibazo birimo imfungwa zihanamye cyane (overcrowding), imiterere y’amacumbi atari meza, iyo hantu hari uburangare mu rwego rwa sanitation, hamwe n’ibirego by’ihohoterwa n’iyicarubozo mu nzego zimwe na zimwe zifunga; Human Rights Watch na raporo za Minisiteri z’amategeko zashyize ikibazo ku murongo mu 2024-2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=They Threw Me in the Water and Beat Me - HRW report on Rwanda |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/10/15/they-threw-me-water-and-beat-me/need-accountability-torture-rwanda |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Ingero z’imfungwa zagaragajwe n’abashakashatsi n’itangazamakuru ku ihohoterwa no kudaha agaciro uburenganzira bwazo zatumye habaho gukangurira guverinoma gukora iperereza, kugaruza ababirimo mu manza, no gushyiraho gahunda zo kuvugurura imfungwa; kandi hari intambwe zo kugabanya ubwinshi bw’abafungwa mu myaka ya vuba bitewe n’ingamba zo kugabanya gutegereza imanza no gukoresha ibihano bidahuye n’akarengane.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rwanda: Torture, Ill-Treatment in Detention |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/10/15/rwanda-torture-ill-treatment-detention |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Ingaruka z’imyitwarire mibi n’icyo amategeko mpuzamahanga asaba == Iyo amategeko mpuzamahanga atubahirijwe, ingaruka ku buzima bw’abafungwa zirushaho kuba mbi: indwara ziterwa n’imiterere mibi, ihungabana rikabije, kutabasha gusubira mu muryango igihe barekuwe, ndetse n’ubushyamirane hagati y’inzego zishinzwe umutekano n’abaturage; bityo ni ngombwa ko ibihugu byubahiriza ICCPR, CAT na Nelson Mandela Rules kugira ngo harwanzwe izo ngaruka.<ref>{{cite web |title=UNODC Brochure on SMRs |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Brochure_on_the_UN_SMRs.pdf |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UNODC}}</ref> == Inyunganizi z’ingenzi: raporo, igenzura no gukorana mpuzamahanga == Inzego mpuzamahanga n’imiryango y’uburenganzira bwa muntu (nka Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, OHCHR) zikomeza gukurikiranira hafi imfungwa, zigatanga raporo, inama n’ubufasha mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amategeko; ibi bikaba bifasha mu gukora reforms no gushyiraho ingamba zigaragara zo kunoza imiterere y’aho hafungirwa abantu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Rights Watch - Rwanda detention report |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/10/15/rwanda-torture-ill-treatment-detention |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Umwanzuro w’iki gice == Amategeko mpuzamahanga atanga umurongo uhamye wo kurengera uburenganzira bw’abafungwa: ICCPR, CAT na Nelson Mandela Rules zishyiraho amahame akenewe. Gushyira aya mategeko mu bikorwa no gukurikirana imikorere y’amaprisons ni ngombwa cyane mu kurinda iyicarubozo no guteza imbere ubuzima bw’abafungwa, kandi u Rwanda rufite amategeko n’ingamba bisaba ko akomeza kunozwa no gushyirwa mu bikorwa byimbitse.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Bill of Human Rights and prison standards |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/what-are-human-rights/international-bill-human-rights |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> = Imibereho y’Abafungwa, Ubuzima, Uburezi n’Uburyo bwo Gusubizwa mu Muryango = Imibereho y’abafungwa mu Rwanda no ku rwego mpuzamahanga igaragaza uko amahame y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ashyirwa mu bikorwa mu buryo bufatika. Gushyira imbere imibereho myiza y’abafungwa ni igikorwa cy’ingenzi mu kubafasha gusubira mu buzima busanzwe no kurwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu magereza.<ref>{{cite web |title=United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Nelson Mandela Rules) |url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/justice-and-prison-reform/NMRules.html |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UNODC}}</ref> == Uburenganzira ku Buzima n’Ubuvuzi == Uburenganzira ku buzima ni inkingi y’ingenzi mu mibereho y’abafungwa. Amabwiriza ya Nelson Mandela Rules agaragaza ko buri mfungwa igomba guhabwa serivisi z’ubuzima zifite ireme, nk’uko bigenerwa abaturage bose, kandi zigatangwa n’abaganga bigenga batabogamye ku nzego z’ifungwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nelson Mandela Rules - Health Care Standards |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Nelson_Mandela_Rules-E-ebook.pdf |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UNODC}}</ref> Mu Rwanda, serivisi z’ubuzima zifitwe na Rwanda Correctional Service (RCS) zikora binyuze mu bigo by’ubuzima by’imbere mu magereza. RCS ifatanya na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima (MINISANTE) mu guha imfungwa ubwisungane mu kwivuza (Mutuelle de Santé) no mu kubafasha kubona imiti y’ibanze.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rwanda Correctional Service Annual Report 2024 |url=https://rcs.gov.rw |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Rwanda Correctional Service}}</ref> Raporo y’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (WHO) mu 2023 igaragaza ko 17% by’imfungwa ku isi zigira indwara zifitanye isano n’imiterere mibi y’aho bafungirwa, harimo indwara z’umwijima, za malaria, n’izifata imyanya y’ubuhumekero. Muri Afurika, ikibazo cy’ubucucike (overcrowding) mu magereza gituma serivisi z’ubuzima zidashobora guhaza abantu bose.<ref>{{cite web |title=Health in Prisons: A WHO Europe Report |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789289052963 |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> == Imirire n’Isuku == Nelson Mandela Rules zisaba ko imfungwa ihabwa ibiribwa bihagije kandi byujuje intungamubiri, amazi meza yo kunywa, n’isuku ku mubiri no mu macumbi. Ibi bigamije kurwanya indwara n’imirire mibi ihoraho muri gereza nyinshi zo ku isi.<ref>{{cite web |title=UNODC Handbook on Prisoners' Nutrition and Health |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Prisoners_Nutrition.pdf |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UNODC}}</ref> Mu Rwanda, RCS ifatanya n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Ubuzima (RBC) ndetse na WFP (World Food Programme) mu rwego rwo kugaburira imfungwa indyo ifite intungamubiri. Ariko, raporo ya Human Rights Watch yo mu 2024 yagaragaje ko hari gereza zimwe zikigaragaramo ikibazo cy’ikirere gike n’imirire idahagije, cyane cyane mu gihe cy’iyubakwa ry’amagereza manini.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rwanda: Detention Conditions and Prison Overcrowding |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/10/15/rwanda-prisons |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Uburenganzira ku Burezi == Uburezi ni uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo gufasha abafungwa kwisubiraho no kongera kwinjira mu buzima bw’imibereho isanzwe. Nelson Mandela Rules zisaba ko buri gihugu gitanga amahirwe yo kwiga, kwihugura no guhabwa amahugurwa y’imyuga imbere mu magereza.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nelson Mandela Rules - Education |url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/justice-and-prison-reform/NMRules.html |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UNODC}}</ref> Mu Rwanda, gahunda y’uburezi mu magereza iyoborwa na RCS ifatanyije na MINEDUC na [[Rwanda Polytechnic]], aho imfungwa zishobora kwiga imyuga itandukanye irimo ubudozi, ubukorikori, ubwubatsi, n’ubuhinzi. Abarangiza aya masomo bahabwa impamyabumenyi zemewe n’igihugu.<ref>{{cite web |title=RCS and MINEDUC Vocational Training Report |url=https://rcs.gov.rw |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Rwanda Correctional Service}}</ref> Mu mibare yashyizwe ahagaragara na RCS mu 2024, 32% by’imfungwa ziri mu Rwanda zari zitabiriye gahunda z’uburezi n’amahugurwa y’imyuga, naho 12% zari mu biganiro byo gusubizwa mu muryango (reintegration sessions). Ibi bigaragaza intambwe ishimishije mu kubaka uburyo bwo kongera gufatanya n’imiryango.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rwanda Correctional Service 2024 Data |url=https://rcs.gov.rw |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=RCS}}</ref> == Uburenganzira ku Mirimo n’Ibyinjira == Abafungwa bemerewe gukora imirimo inyuranye itabangamira ubuzima cyangwa itarimo ibikorwa byo kubahohotera. Nelson Mandela Rules zisaba ko imirimo ikorwa mu buryo bwigenga kandi igatanga inyungu mu buzima bwabo nyuma yo kurekurwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nelson Mandela Rules - Work and Employment |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Nelson_Mandela_Rules-E-ebook.pdf |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UNODC}}</ref> Mu Rwanda, imfungwa zikora mu bikorwa by’ubuhinzi, kubaka no gukora ibikoresho bitandukanye. Ibyo bikorwa bifasha RCS kubona ubushobozi bwo kwihaza mu biribwa no guha imfungwa amafaranga make yo kubika cyangwa yo gufasha imiryango yabo.<ref>{{cite web |title=RCS Income-Generating Activities Report 2023 |url=https://rcs.gov.rw |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Rwanda Correctional Service}}</ref> == Uburyo bwo Gusubizwa mu Muryango (Reintegration) == Gusubizwa mu muryango ni gahunda y’ingenzi mu buzima bw’imfungwa. [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Umuryango w’Abibumbye]] (UN) n’amasosiyete y’ubutabera basaba ko imfungwa zihabwa amahugurwa yihariye mbere yo kurekurwa, kugira ngo zishobore kwinjira mu muryango no mu buzima busanzwe.<ref>{{cite web |title=UNODC Handbook on the Management of Prisoners |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Handbook_on_Management_of_Prisoners.pdf |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UNODC}}</ref> Mu Rwanda, gahunda yo gusubiza abafungwa mu buzima busanzwe iyoborwa na RCS ifatanyije na MINIJUST n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta (nka Prison Fellowship Rwanda). Aha, abafungwa bahabwa ibiganiro ku kwiyakira, gucunga umutungo, no kubaka imibanire myiza n’imiryango yabo nyuma yo kurekurwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prison Fellowship Rwanda Reintegration Project |url=https://pfrwanda.org |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Prison Fellowship Rwanda}}</ref> == Inzitizi zikigaragara == Nubwo hari amategeko n’ingamba, ikibazo cy’ubucucike, ibikoresho bike, n’abakozi bake mu magereza biracyagaragara. Raporo y’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (NCHR Rwanda) yo mu 2025 yerekanye ko mu magereza menshi hakiri ikibazo cy’imibereho y’abafungwa idahagije, harimo amazi make n’amacumbi mato.<ref>{{cite web |title=NCHR Rwanda 2025 Annual Report |url=https://nchr.gov.rw |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=National Commission for Human Rights}}</ref> Abafungwa benshi bahura n’ibibazo byo kubona uburenganzira bwo gusurwa, gukora imirimo yinjiza cyangwa kubona uburezi. Gusa, Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yatangiye gahunda yo kubaka gereza nshya zifite ubushobozi burenze, no gushyira imbaraga mu burezi n’imirimo y’abafungwa mu rwego rwo kugabanya ibyo bibazo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rwanda Correctional Facilities Expansion Program 2025 |url=https://rcs.gov.rw |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=RCS}}</ref> == Umwanzuro w’Igice == Uburenganzira bw’abafungwa ku buzima, uburezi, imirire n’isuku ni inkingi z’ingenzi mu kubaka ubutabera bwuzuye. U Rwanda, kimwe n’ibindi bihugu, rwateye intambwe mu gushyira mu bikorwa ayo mabwiriza, ariko haracyari inzitizi zikwiye gukemurwa binyuze mu bufatanye bwa Leta, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, n’inzego mpuzamahanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime - Prison Reform Summary |url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/justice-and-prison-reform/index.html |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UNODC}}</ref> = Ihohoterwa, Iyicarubozo n’Uburyo bwo Kurwanya Amakosa Akorerwa Abafungwa = Ihohoterwa n’iyicarubozo mu magereza ni ikibazo gikomeye ku isi yose. Amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, harimo ICCPR, CAT na Nelson Mandela Rules, asaba ko nta muntu ufungwa cyangwa ukurikiranwa mu mategeko akorerwa iyicarubozo cyangwa indi myitwarire mibi, kandi hakabaho uburyo bwo gukurikirana no guhana ababikora.<ref>{{cite web |title=Convention Against Torture |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-torture |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> == Ibyerekeye iyicarubozo n’ihohoterwa == Ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafungwa rishobora kugaragara mu buryo butandukanye: gukubitwa, guhohotera mu buryo bw’igitsina, kubuzwa ibiribwa cyangwa ubuvuzi, gukorerwa ibikorwa bihutaza ubuzima cyangwa ihungabana. Raporo ya Human Rights Watch (2024) igaragaza ko mu Rwanda, naho uburenganzira bw’abantu bubahirizwa ku rwego rw’amategeko, hari aho habayeho amakosa ku bakozi b’inzego z’ifungwa bagakora iyicarubozo ku bafungwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rwanda: Torture, Ill-Treatment in Detention |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/10/15/rwanda-torture-ill-treatment-detention |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Amabwiriza ya Nelson Mandela Rules asaba ko abafungwa bagomba kuba bafite uburyo bwo gutanga ibirego no kugenzurwa n’inzego zigenga (independent monitoring bodies), harimo na OPCAT (Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture), kugira ngo hirindwe ihohoterwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=OPCAT overview |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/optional-protocol-convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> == Uburyo bwo gukurikirana iyicarubozo == Optional Protocol to CAT (OPCAT) isaba ko ibihugu byose bigira ''National Preventive Mechanisms'' (NPMs) byajya bisura imfungwa kenshi, hakarebwa niba amategeko n’amabwiriza agenderwaho. Mu Rwanda, NCHR (National Commission for Human Rights) ikurikirana ibikorwa byo kugenzura amashuri n’amagereza kugira ngo hatezwe imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu.<ref>{{cite web |title=NCHR Rwanda - Annual Report 2025 |url=https://nchr.gov.rw |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=NCHR}}</ref> == Ibyakozwe ku rwego mpuzamahanga == Imiryango nka UNODC, OHCHR, Amnesty International na Human Rights Watch ikora raporo zigaragaza aho amategeko atubahirizwa n’aho hakwiye kunozwa. Mu bushakashatsi bw’isi yose bwa UNODC (2023), 15% by’imfungwa ku isi bavuga ko bahuye n’iyicarubozo cyangwa guhohoterwa mu gihe cy’imfungwa, naho muri Afurika yo hagati ni 21%.<ref>{{cite web |title=UNODC Global Study on Violence against Prisoners 2023 |url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/justice-and-prison-reform/global-violence-study.html |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UNODC}}</ref> == Ingamba mu Rwanda == U Rwanda rwashyizeho amategeko n’inzego zo kurwanya iyicarubozo, harimo: * Itegeko No 38/2006 rigenga imfungwa n’amaprisons * RCS ishinzwe kugenzura imfungwa no gukemura ibirego byazo * Gushyiraho amahugurwa ku bakozi b’amaprisons ku birebana n’iyubahirizwa ry’uburenganzira bw’abantu<ref>{{cite web |title=Rwanda Correctional Service - Laws and Policies |url=https://rcs.gov.rw/en/category/laws/ |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=RCS |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217085008/https://rcs.gov.rw/en/category/laws/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Raporo ya Human Rights Watch (2024) igaragaza ko izi ngamba zigenda zitanga umusaruro ariko hakiri inzitizi zituruka ku **ubucucike bw’amagereza** n’ubuke bw’abakozi bashinzwe kugenzura imyitwarire y’abafungwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=HRW Report Rwanda 2024 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/10/15/rwanda-prisons |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Imibare y’iyicarubozo == {| class="wikitable" |+Imibare y’abafungwa bavuze ko bahuye n’iyicarubozo mu magereza (2023) !Igihugu !% y’Abafungwa bavuze iyicarubozo !Source |- |Rwanda |8% |RCS Annual Report 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=RCS Annual Report 2023 |url=https://rcs.gov.rw |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=RCS}}</ref> |- |Uganda |15% |World Prison Brief 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=World Prison Brief - Uganda |url=https://www.prisonstudies.org/country/uganda |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Birkbeck University}}</ref> |- |Kenya |12% |World Prison Brief 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=World Prison Brief - Kenya |url=https://www.prisonstudies.org/country/kenya |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Birkbeck University}}</ref> |- |Afurika y’Epfo |20% |World Prison Brief 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=World Prison Brief - South Africa |url=https://www.prisonstudies.org/country/south-africa |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Birkbeck University}}</ref> |} == Umwanzuro w’iki gice == Ihohoterwa n’iyicarubozo mu magereza bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku burenganzira bw’abantu no ku mibereho yabo. Kugira ngo ibi birwanye, hakenewe amategeko akomeye, inzego zigenzura zigenzura imikorere y’amaprisons, ubufatanye n’imiryango mpuzamahanga, hamwe no gukomeza gutanga '''uburezi, ubuvuzi n’imirimo''' ku bafungwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=UNODC Handbook on Prison Reform |url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/justice-and-prison-reform/index.html |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UNODC}}</ref> = Umwanzuro rusange = Uburenganzira bw’abafungwa ku isi hose, harimo no mu Rwanda, ni urufunguzo mu kubaka ubutabera burambye no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibice byose by’iyi nkuru byagaragaje ko: * Uburenganzira ku buzima, uburezi, imirire n’isuku bifite uruhare runini mu mibereho myiza y’abafungwa<ref>{{cite web |title=UNODC Handbook on Prison Management |url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/justice-and-prison-reform/index.html |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UNODC}}</ref> * Uburyo bwo gusubiza abafungwa mu muryango no gutanga amahugurwa y’imyuga bifasha kugabanya ibyaha bisubira<ref>{{cite web |title=RCS Reintegration Programs |url=https://rcs.gov.rw |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Rwanda Correctional Service}}</ref> * Ihohoterwa n’iyicarubozo bikigaragara mu magereza bikwiye gukumirwa hakoreshejwe amategeko, inzego zigenzura n’imiryango mpuzamahanga<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Rights Watch - Rwanda Prisons 2024 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/10/15/rwanda-prisons |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> * Imibare y’isi yose igaragaza ubucucike mu magereza nk’ikibazo gikomeye gishobora guteza ihungabana ry’uburenganzira bw’abafungwa<ref>{{cite web |title=World Prison Brief 2024 |url=https://www.prisonstudies.org |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Birkbeck University of London}}</ref> * Ubufatanye hagati ya Leta, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta n’inzego mpuzamahanga ari ingenzi mu gushyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ku bafungwa<ref>{{cite web |title=OHCHR Guidelines on Prison Reform |url=https://www.ohchr.org |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> Mu Rwanda, hari intambwe ishimishije mu gutanga ubuvuzi, uburezi, imirire myiza, uburenganzira bwo gukora imirimo yinjiza, ndetse no gushyiraho gahunda zo gusubiza abafungwa mu muryango. Gusa, ubucucike mu magereza, ubuke bw’abakozi b’inzego zifungwa, n’imibereho itanoze ikigaragara, bikwiye gukomeza guhangwa n’ingamba nshya. == Reba kandi == * [[wikidata:Q136703724|Uburenganzira bw’abafungwa mu Rwanda n’uburenganzira bwa muntu ku isi]] == References == {{Reflist}} * * c35savxgi2jmdi6jxsn4owidzrnm600 0 20936 141364 140207 2026-10-11T11:46:02Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141364 wikitext text/x-wiki   WordQ® ni porogaramu ifasha ikoranabuhanga yateguwe na Quillsoft Ltd hamwe n’ibitaro bya Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital. Intego nyamukuru ya WordQ ni ugufasha abantu bahanganye nogusoma no kwandika ndetse ikanafasha abafite ubumuga butandukanye. Akenshi urwo rugamba ruterwa '''n'ubumuga bw'umubiri cyangwa''' neurodivergence nka Dyslexia cyangwa ADHD. WordQ ikoresha ijambo ryubwenge guhanura kugirango yerekane amagambo umukoresha yandika muri buke 1.3. Ibi bifasha imyandikire, kandi bikana gabanya ingano yimikorere yumubiri umukoresha agomba gukora mugihe yandika. Ikoresha kandi ubuziranenge bwa Acapela inyandiko ndetse n'amajwi kugirango asome inyandiko yinyuma uyikoresha yinjiye, yemerera kugenzura no guhindura. Ikiranga imvugo ya WordQs, SpeakQ®, yashyizwe muri desktop ya WordQ ya Windows OS. Iyemerera abakoresha guhinduranya kuvuga no kwandika mugihe wandika. Ibiro bya WordQ biraboneka kuri Windows na Mac OS, iWordQ iraboneka kuri iPadOS, naho WordQ Chrome ya mushakisha ya Chrome iteganijwe gusohoka muri Mutarama 2022. == Iterambere == WordQ yatunganijwe bwa mbere mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 90 n'itsinda ry'ubushakashatsi riyobowe na Dr. Fraser Shein mu bitaro bya Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital Toronto, Ontario, Kanada. Shein n'ibitaro bashinze isosiyete ifatanije, yitwa Quillsoft Ltd, kugira ngo bamenyekanishe WordQ ndetse no gushyigikira ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mu bitaro. Iterambere rya WordQ ryakurikiranye ibicuruzwa bya software byabanje kandi byatejwe imbere muri Holland Bloorview, KeyREP® na WiVox®, ibi byari ibikoresho byo gufasha abanyeshuri bafite ibibazo byo kwandika ndetse nubundi bumuga butandukanye. Porogaramu n'imikorere ya WordQ yarishyuwe kugirango bifashe abafite ikibazo cyo kwandika biturutse ku bumuga bwo kwiga kandi bagakoreshwa murwego runini mumashuri ya Ontario. Imikoreshereze yiyo sisitemu noneho yagutse cyane mumashuri yo mugihugu cya Kanada nahandi kwisi nyuma yiterambere, kuko itsinda <ref name="morrison">{{Cite web |last=Morrison, Eric |year=2007 |title=Fraser Shein, President and CEO, Quillsoft Ltd. |url=http://www.nationaltechcenter.org/index.php/2007/05/29/ipro-17fraser-shein/ |access-date=January 16, 2011 |archive-date=July 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724091802/http://www.nationaltechcenter.org/index.php/2007/05/29/ipro-17fraser-shein |url-status=dead }}</ref> kandi rikubiyemo SpeakQ na ThoughtQ®. Ikoranabuhanga rya SpeakQ ryakozwe ku bufatanye n’ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’uburezi (Newton, MA) ku nkunga ya Minisiteri y’uburezi muri Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=More About NCIP |url=https://www2.edc.org/ncip/more_top.htm |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=www2.edc.org}}</ref> Muri iki gihe, WordQ ikoreshwa n’abaturage benshi b’abanyeshuri, ntabwo ari abafite ibibazo byo kwiga gusa, urugero, abiga ururimi rwa kabiri hamwe n’abanyeshuri hamwe n’abakozi. == Ibiranga == WordQ ifite idirishya ritoya rigaragara hejuru yidirishya iryo ariryo ryose rikorwa kandi rikora hamwe na porogaramu iyo ari yo yose ukoresha. Nka tekinoroji ifasha, ibi byitwa transparent accessibility. Nkuko umukoresha wa sisitemu yandika, software igerageza kwerekana ijambo rikoreshwa, ukurikije inyuguti zambere namagambo yanditse mbere yukoresha. Nkuko bandika, uyikoresha ashobora gukoresha urufunguzo rwerekezo cyangwa urufunguzo rwumubare kugirango uhitemo ijambo wifuza. Umukoresha ashobora kandi gusaba porogaramu gusoma amajwi yabo yanditse mu ijwi riranguruye nkuko bandika, bigatuma impinduka zimyandikire nimbonezamvugo zifatwa mugihe wandika. Porogaramu irashobora gufungura no kuzimya uyikoresha nkuko bandika, kandi ikorana na progaramu zose zikoreshwa. WordQ kuri ubu irashobora gukoreshwa mucyongereza, [[Igifaransa]], Icyesipanyoli & [[Ikidage]]. == SpeakQ == == Ikoreshwa rya SpeakQ == WordQ ikoreshwa mumashuri menshi muri Amerika na Kanada kugirango ifashe abantu bafite ubumuga butandukanye. <ref name="WordQcust">{{Cite web |last=WordQ |year=2009 |title=Customers |url=http://www.wordq.com/customers_us.html |access-date=January 16, 2011 |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718112952/http://www.wordq.com/customers_us.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> imyaka myinshi igurishwa muri Kanada, ariko itangiye kugaragara ku isoko ry’Amerika. Muri Kanada, amashuri menshi yarayakoresheje kugirango akoreshwe muri sisitemu zabo. Mu mwaka wa 2010, OSAPAC, umuryango ushinzwe kugura software ku mashuri yo muri Ontario, yaguze uruhushya rwo gukoresha WordQ mu mashuri yose yo mu ntara yose. <ref name="osapac">{{Cite web |last=OSAPAC |title=WordQ |url=http://www.osapac.org/cms/content/word-q |access-date=January 16, 2011 |archive-date=July 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111248/http://www.osapac.org/cms/content/word-q |url-status=dead }}</ref> Porogaramu yakoreshejwe cyane cyane nkigikoresho cyabanditsi bahanganye nabafite ubumuga bwo kwiga bibabaza ubushobozi bwabo bwo kwandika. Ubushakashatsi bw’abandi bantu bwerekana ko WordQ nayo ikora, niba atari nziza, kuruta izindi software zisa nazo mu gufasha aba banditsi bahanganye. <ref name="behrmann">{{Cite journal |last=Evmenova |first=A.S. |last2=Graff |first2=H.J. |last3=Jerome |first3=M.K. |last4=Behrman |first4=M.M. |year=2010 |title=Word prediction programs with phonetic spelling support: Performance comparisons and impact on journal writing for students with writing difficulties |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_learning-disabilities-research-practice_2010-11_25_4/page/170 |journal=Learning Disabilities Research & Practice |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=170–182 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5826.2010.00315.x}}</ref> Ubundi bushakashatsi bwigenga bwerekana ko WordQ yo guhanura ijambo hamwe nubushobozi bwo kwandika-kuvuga bishobora kugira ingaruka nziza kubuhanga bwo kwandika bwabanyeshuri bo mumashuri abanza bafite ubumuga bwihariye bwo kwiga. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} 3k8nqf2jzvjwnlx5y8iithvcaj6l7hs 0 20974 141387 140148 2026-10-11T11:53:27Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141387 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Kells crozier''' cyangwa ''Ingoro Ndangamurage y'Ubwongereza Crozier'' ni Crozier niyo muri Irlande yo hambere. Bizwi cyane nka "Kells Crozier", byerekana gufatanya na Abbey ba Kells, nubwo nta kimenyetso kibigaragaza kibaho, kandi abahanga mu by'amateka benshi bemeza ko ari ibimenyetso bidashidikanywaho. Crozier ntago yuzuye, nubwo bimwe mubisharizo bimeze nabi. Inkomoko yabyo mbere yuko igaragara mu kugurishwa i Londres mu 1850 iyaje kubura ratakara, kandi iri mu bigize icyegeranyo cy’ingoro z'umurage w'u Bwongereza kuva mu 1859. == Ibisobanuro == Kells Crozier yakozwe nabanyabukorikori batandukanye mu byiciro bitatu bitandukanye hagati yikinyejana cya 9 na 11 nyuma ya Yesu. Mugihe intandaro ya crozier ari [[igiti]] gikozwe mu ifeza kandi abakozi bapfundikijwe mu rupapuro ruvanze n'umuringa nyuma yaje gutwikirizwa ifeza cyangwa udusimba twuzuyemo intera y'inyamaswa zisanzwe muri kiriya gihe. mugihe umutwe wumuntu ushyirwa kumatonyanga kumpera ya crook. Aha niho crozier yaba yarigeze gufata ibisigisigi byera. Isahani yamanutse yigeze gufata igice cyigiciro cyagaciro ubu cyatakaye. Uburebure bwuzuye bupima nka 133&nbsp;cm. == Inkomoko n'ibimenyetso == Munsi yigitereko cyanditseho handitsweho [[ikilatini]] kivanze n’ururimi rwa kera rwo muri Irilande : ''ordo conduilis ocius do mel finnen'', bisobanuwe hafi, isaba abasaba gusengera Cúduilig na Maelfinnén bagize uruhare runini cyane mu kuyivugurura. Intiti zerekanye aya mazina n'abantu ku giti cyabo bari bafitanye isano n’imiturire ikomeye yo muri Irilande i Kells, County Meath. Nyamara, ubushakashatsi buherutse gutera gushidikanya kuriyi sano. Crozier yabonetse nta bisobanuro mu kabati k'ibiro by'abunganizi ba Londere mugihugu cy'ubwongereza hagati mu kinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda. Yari iy'aba nyirayo benshi, barimo Cardinal Wiseman (1802–1865), mbere yo kugurwa n'inzu ndangamurage y'Ubwongereza akaba ariyo iri kureberera Kells crozier. <gallery widths="170" heights="200" perrow="4"> Dosiye:Kells_Crozier_DSCF6977.jpg|alt=The crest of the crook| Ikirindiro Dosiye:Kells_CrozierDSCF6981.jpg|alt=Full-length view| Uburebure bwuzuye Dosiye:Kells_CrozierDSCF6979.jpg|alt=Middle knop| Hagati </gallery> == Reba kandi == * Crozier == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} == Inkomoko ==   s41x745f7moxygxf5z9q8vi59w635be 0 21286 141376 126026 2026-10-11T11:49:35Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 141376 wikitext text/x-wiki === Inyamaswa ziba mu Rwanda no muri Afurika zasizwe imiti ngo zikomeze kugaragara mu mwimerere<ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-mateka/article/menya-byinshi-byo-mu-mateka-y-u-rwanda-wasanga-mu-nzu-ndangamurage-ya-africa-museum </ref> === Muri afurika Museum harimo inyamaswa zigaraga mu isura ya nyayo aho zazizwe imiti ngo zitangirika, kuko zizanwa hashize igihe kirekire. Muri izo Nyamaswa harimo [[Inzovu]], Intare, Imvubu, Isatura, Agasumbashyamba, Ingugi, [[Imbogo]], Igisamujyonjyo(Pangolin), Impala, Imparage, Inzoka, Ingona ,Ingwe, Urusamagwe, Imbwebwe, Umuhari, Akanyamasyo ndetse n'izindi.<ref name=":0" /> [[Dosiye:African elephant (Loxodonta africana) 2.jpg|thumb|507x507px|INZOVU ]] Akarusho ku muntu utarabona izo nyamaswa iyo azibonye asanga zifite umubiri wazo w'umwihariko, ubwoya ndetse n'ibindi bice bitigeze byangirika kubera zibitswe mu buryo bwa gihanga butuma zitangirika.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":0" />Izo nyamaswa zigaraga nuri iyo nzu ndangamurage harimo izakuwe mu Rwanda ndetse n'izakuwe mu bindi bice byo muri Afurika nka Tanzania, u Burundi na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo. Inzu ndangamurage ya Africa Museum iherereye mu nkengero z'umujyi wa Buruseli mu gace Tervuren ikaba iri mu nzu ndangamurage zikomeye ku isi, irimo ibisigaswa miliyoni 10 by'inyamaswa, [[amabuye y'agaciro]] ibihumbi 250, ibikoresho by'umuziki 8,000, ubushyinguro bw'amateka (Archives) 350, amakarita ibihumbi 20, ubwoko bunyuranye bw'ibiti ndetse n'ibikoresho bijyanye n'umuco karande.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro: == fzd038gr3anj9nct33cjz4kk4av777k 0 21346 141366 126517 2026-10-11T11:46:36Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141366 wikitext text/x-wiki Itorero Garukurebe ni itorero ry'umuco rikorera mu Karere ka [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|Rwamagana]] mu Buganza. Ni itorero ryatangijwe hagamijwe '''gukuza no kubungabunga umuco nyarwanda''', cyane cyane '''imbyino n'indirimbo gakondo'''.Itorero Garukurebe ryashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1982.rikaba ryarashinzwe na MUKAMPUNGA Janviere. Itorero Garukurebe Kugeza ubu rigizwe n’ibyiciro bitatu birimo abana bakiri bato, icy’urubyiruko ndetse n’abakuze barimo abakecuru n’abasaza. Abanyamuryango baryo bose barimo n’ab’icyubahiro bagera ku 101. <ref>[https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/ibitaramo/Rwamagana-Itorero-GARUKUREBE-ryakiriye-impano-y-imodoka-ryagabiwe-na-Perezida Rwamagana: Itorero GARUKUREBE ryakiriye impano y’imodoka ryagabiwe na Perezida Kagame - Kigali Today]</ref> === Ibikorwa by'itorero Garukurebe<ref>[https://chatgpt.com/ ChatGPT]</ref> === * '''Imbyino gakondo''': Itorero Garukurebe rizwi cyane mu kuzamura '''imbyino za kinyarwanda''', aho abaryitabira baba biga '''imbyino ziteye amabengeza''' kandi zifite agaciro mu muco nyarwanda. Izi mbyino zishishikariza abakiri bato gukunda umuco wabo no kuwubungabunga. * '''Indirimbo z'umuco''': Itorero rikorwa indirimbo zishingiye ku muco, kandi riririmba ku buzima bwa kera, ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda, ubutwari, n’indangagaciro za kinyarwanda. * [[Dosiye:HO2A4728.jpg|thumb|intore]]'''Uburezi bw'umuco''': Itorero Garukurebe rikorera abana, urubyiruko n’abakuze, rikabigisha gukunda igihugu, kubaha abakuru, no kubungabunga umuco. * Mu mwaka wa 2003, ubwo Perezida Kagame yasuraga iyahoze ari [[Intara]] ya Kibungo, Itorero Garukurebe, mu nganzo gakondo y’umuco nyarwanda, ryasusurukije ibirori mu buryo bw’akataraboneka, ku buryo byashimishije umukuru w’igihugu ndetse n’imbaga y’abaturage yari yaje kumwakira . Icyo gihe, uwari Perefe wa Kibungo, Amb. James Kimonyo, yagejeje kuri Perezida wa Repubulika icyifuzo cy’Itorero Garukurebe cy’uko rikeneye inyoroshyangendo, maze Perezida Kagame asubiza atazuyaje ko azayibagenera. Mu mwaka wa '''2015''', '''Perezida Kagame''' yatangiye gutanga inkunga y’imodoka ku itorero Garukurebe, ibyo bikaba byaratumye rigira ubushobozi bwo gutanga amasomo y'umuco, kurushaho kwagura ibikorwa byaryo no gufasha mu kubungabunga no gusakaza imico n'indangagaciro z'Abanyarwanda. jqsw1p24ogofp2nmjm78i8a26gxmu60 0 22212 141385 129425 2026-10-11T11:52:26Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 141385 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nyiramavugo Kankazi Radegonde''' yavukiye mu Rwanda mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 19 (hafi mu myaka ya 1880). Yakuriye mu muryango w’abanyacyubahiro mu bwami bw’u Rwanda, aho yize indangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda zirimo ubutwari, ubwenge mu gutanga inama, n’ubuyobozi. Yaje gushyingirwa n’Umwami '''Yuhi V Musinga''', wari warabaye umwami w’u Rwanda kuva mu 1896 kugeza mu 1931. Mu muryango wabo ni ho havutse umuhungu wabo '''Mutara III Rudahigwa''' mu 1911.<ref>https://www.ktpress.rw/2023/01/king-mutara-iii-rudahigwa-life-and-death-of-a-national-hero/?utm_source=chatgpt.com</ref> '''Uruhare rwe mu bwami bw’u Rwanda''' Nyiramavugo Kankazi yari azwiho kugira ubwenge n’ubushishozi mu gutanga inama. Yafashaga cyane umuhungu we mu miyoborere y’igihugu. Abanditsi b’amateka bavuga ko yakundaga kuganira n’umwami akamugira inama ku bibazo by’igihugu no ku miyoborere myiza.<ref>https://inyamibwa.com/umugabekazi-nyiramavugo-iii-kankazi-radegonde/?utm_source=chatgpt.com</ref> Yagize kandi uruhare mu bintu byinshi byabereye mu bwami, harimo: * Gutanga inama ku miyoborere y’igihugu * Kwitabira ibirori n’ingendo z’ubwami * Gufasha umwami mu gufata ibyemezo by’ingenzi === Kubatizwa kwe === Ku wa 17 Ukwakira 1943, Nyiramavugo Kankazi hamwe n’umuhungu we '''Mutara III Rudahigwa''' babatijwe muri [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] i '''Kabgayi Cathedral'''. Muri icyo gihe ni bwo yahise ahabwa izina rya gikirisitu '''Radegonde'''. Icyo gikorwa cyabaye ikintu gikomeye mu mateka y’u Rwanda kuko cyari igihe umwami n’umugabekazi bemeraga ku mugaragaro ukwemera kwa gikirisitu.<ref>https://umuseke.rw/2022/10/sobanukirwa-byimbitse-imvano-yibatizwa-ryumwami-mutara-wa-iii-rudahigwa/?utm_source=chatgpt.com</ref> === Igihe umuhungu we yari ku ngoma === Mu 1931, abakoloni b'Ababiligi bakuye Yuhi V Musinga ku ngoma, maze umuhungu we [[Mutara III Rudahigwa]] aba umwami mushya w'u Rwanda. Nyuma yaho, Nyiramavugo Kankazi yabaye umugabekazi(Queen mother). Yakomeje kuba hafi y'umuhungu we, amugira inama ku miyoborere n'iterambere ry'igihugu. Mu 1959, igihe Umwami Rudahigwa yapfiraga i Bujumbura mu Burundi, Nyiramavugo Kankazi yagize uruhare mu gucyura umurambo we ukazanwa mu Rwanda kugira ngo ashyingurwe mu cyubahiro.<ref>https://inyamibwa.com/umugabekazi-nyiramavugo-iii-kankazi-radegonde/?utm_source=chatgpt.com</ref> === Imico n’indangagaciro zamurangaga === Nyiramavugo Kankazi yari azwiho: * Ubushishozi mu gutanga inama * Gukunda [[umuco nyarwanda]] * Gushyigikira ubuyobozi bwiza * Kuba hafi y’umuryango w’ubwami Abantu benshi bamwibuka nk’umugore w’ubwenge n’icyubahiro mu bwami bw’u Rwanda. === Imvugo cyangwa ijambo rimuvugwaho (Quote) === Mu mateka y’u Rwanda, Nyiramavugo Kankazi akunze kuvugwaho amagambo agaragaza uruhare rwe mu kuyobora no kugira inama umwami. '''Urugero rw’imvugo imusobanura:'''<blockquote>''“Umugabekazi Nyiramavugo Kankazi yari inkingi y’ubwenge n’inama mu bwami, aho yakundaga gufasha umwami gufata ibyemezo byiza ku gihugu.”''</blockquote>(Iyi mvugo ikoreshwa n’abanditsi b’amateka mu gusobanura uruhare rwe.) rp4esyqs0jon4rx705f604jw9brg5xt 0 22305 141360 139558 2026-10-11T11:40:25Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141360 wikitext text/x-wiki Nyirarunyonga yari umugore w'umusingakazi w'igishegabo mumateka y'u Rwanda yari atuye ku Rugarika rwa Kigese na Mbirizi muri Rukoma, ahahoze hitwa i Gitarama ubu ni mumajyepfo. ubu ni mukarere ka Kamonyi, ku ngoma ya Yuhi Gahindiro mu mwaka w'i 1700. Yari umupfakazi ariko afite abakwe n'abakazana. Nyirarunyonga ntiyigeze abura igisubizo ku kibazo cyose yabazwaga, kandi yasaga n'udasanzwe ugereranije n'abandi bagore bo mugihe cye.<ref>https://umuco.centreforelites.com/nyirarunyonga-yari-muntu-ki/</ref> Nyirarunyonga ubwo abahigi bari babyukije [[imbogo]] i KIgese mu nkuka ya Nyabarongo igeze mu kadasaya ka Ngoma, [[Umugore|abagore]] baje kuyireba batangarira ukuntu ari inyamanswa nini, banatangira kugira impungenge z'abagabo babo bari bayikurikiye.<ref>https://ingenzinyayo.com/2016/02/18/menya-amateka-ya-shuga-mami-wa-mbere-witwa-nyirarunyonga/</ref><ref>https://imigani.rw/agakurikiwe-nabagabo-ntikabasiga/</ref> ariko Nyirarunyonga ntiyaterwa ubwoba n'imbogo, we yabonaga inyama kubera ko yari yarukanywe n'abagabo b'ibigwi. Niko kubwira abo bagore ati "Nimujyende Mwanike amasaka musye, mu bone icyo muri burishe inyama. Burya mubana n'abagabo mutazi!" Aha ninaho havuye wa mugani ugira uti " agakurikiwe n'abagabo,........".<ref>https://ingenzinyayo.com/2016/02/18/menya-amateka-ya-shuga-mami-wa-mbere-witwa-nyirarunyonga/</ref> === Ibikorwa bya Nyirarunyonga === Nyirarunyonga azwi ho ibikorwa byinshi bitandukanye byatumye yitwa uwo kurubu (shuga mami wa mbere). Yakundaga gusamabana n'abana babasore bakiri bato, maze ubwo abagore bagenzi be baje kumunegura impamvu asambana n'abana abyaye, arabasubiza ati:" Ntamupfakazi ugaya imboro." Nyirarunyonga kandi yaje kwudukana ingeso yo gusamabana n'abakwe be. Aha naho abagore bagenzi be baje kumubaza impamvu ashaka gusenyera abakobwa be, na none arabasubiza ati " Ntago arigusamba ahubwo mba mbatinyura".<ref>https://umuco.centreforelites.com/nyirarunyonga-yari-muntu-ki/</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} iqc51tgm6lpahdko2afxhf3qhj0hwpf 0 22621 141398 133355 2026-10-11T11:57:47Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 141398 wikitext text/x-wiki Nyuma y'umunsi umwe Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi itangiye mu Rwanda, taliki ya 8 Mata 1994 ubwicanyi bwarakomeje mu bice bitandukanye by'igihugu, ku rundi ruhande ingabo za FPR Inkotanyi nazo zakomeje urugamba zigamije guhagarika Jenoside.<ref name=":0">[https://amizero.rw/bimwe-mu-byaranze-tariki-ya-08-mata-1994/#:~:text=%E2%80%93%20Kuva%20ku%20itariki%20ya,Rutsiro%20muri%20Perefegitura%20ya%20Kibuye. https://amizero.rw/bimwe-mu-byaranze-tariki-ya-08-mata-1994/#:~:text=%E2%80%93%20Kuva%20ku%20itariki%20ya,Rutsiro%20muri%20Perefegitura%20ya%20Kibuye.]</ref> Kuri iyi taliki, Maj. Gen. [[Paul Kagame]] wari Umugaba Mukuru w'Ingabo za FPR Inkotanyi, yatangaje ko atangiye intambara kuri Leta yakoraga Jenoside kuko bitari bigishoboka kubahiriza amasezerano y'amahoro ya Arusha. Ingabo za FPR Inkotanyi zatangije urugamba mu Mujyi wa Kigali, ziyemeza guhagarika Jenoside mu maguru mashya. Nkuko tubikesha CNLG, izi ngabo zubuye imirwano mu duce twa Byumba na Ruhengeri kugira ngo zihagarike Jenoside yakorerwaga Abatutsi.<ref name=":0" /> Mu Karere ka Nyaruguru Abatutsi bari bahungiye mu ruganda rw'icyayi rwa Mata barishwe bose. Uwo munsi Abatutsi bageragezaga guhungira mu cyahoze ari Zaire, [[interahamwe]] zarabatangiraga, zikabakusanyiriza ahitwa Rusura, mu Murenge wa Bugeshi muri Gisenyi, zikabica. Abasirikare b'Abafaransa n'Ababiligi, batangiye igikorwa cyo gucyura abanyaburayi babaga mu Rwanda. Abafaransa bacyita Operation Amarylis naho Ababiligi bacyita Silver Back.<ref name=":1">[https://my250tv.com/2025/04/08/kwibuka31-ibyaranze-tariki-ya-8-mata-1994/#:~:text=Uwo%20munsi%20kandi%20nibwo%20Abatutsi,ku%20tariki%20ya%207%20barimburwa. https://my250tv.com/2025/04/08/kwibuka31-ibyaranze-tariki-ya-8-mata-1994/#:~:text=Uwo%20munsi%20kandi%20nibwo%20Abatutsi,ku%20tariki%20ya%207%20barimburwa.]</ref> Abatutsi bari bahungiye Mwiri ku musozi wa Nyawera (muri Kayonza)barishwe. Interahamwe n'abasirikare barindaga Perezida Habyarimana Juvenal bishe Abatutsi bari bahungiye kuri Paruwasi Gatolika yitiriwe Mutagatifu Karoli Lwanga no mu kigo cy'Abafureri b'Abayozefiti i Nyamirambo.<ref name=":1" /> -Abatutsi bari bahungiye mu Ishuri rya St Andre i Nyamirambo barishwe. Kuva ku italiki ya 8, 14, 25 Mata 1994, Abatutsi bari bahungiye kuri Paruwasi Gatolika ya Ruhuha, barishwe. Ubwicanyi bwibasiye Abatutsi bwatangiye muri Komini Rutsiro muri Perefegitura ya Kibuye.<ref name=":2">https://umuryango.rw/kwibuka/article/ibyaranze-tariki-ya-08-mata-1994-muri-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi</ref> Ingabo za FPR Inkotanyi zageze i Kigali, Kagame Paul amenyesha MINUAR ko agiye kohereza umutwe w'Ingabo gufatanya n'Ingabo za Leta mu guhagarika ubwicanyi bwakorwaga n'Abasirikare barindaga Perezida Habyarimana. Mu Kinigi, Koloneli Setako Ephrem yategetse Interahamwe kwica Abatutsi baho. Uwo munsi Ingabo za FPR Inkotanyi zahageze zibasha kurokora bake bari basigaye bataricwa.<ref name=":2" /> Abatutsi bagera ku 5000 bari bahungiye ku rusengero rw'Abadiventisite rwa Cyambara mu Murenge wa Bigogwe muri Perefegitura ya Gisenyi, ubu ni mu Karere ka [[Rubavu]]. Hishwe Abatutsi bari bahungiye mu Bitaro bya Shyira muri Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri, ubu ni mu Karere ka Nyabihu.<ref>[https://my250tv.com/2025/04/08/kwibuka31-ibyaranze-tariki-ya-8-mata-1994/#:~:text=Kwibuka31%3A%20Ibyaranze%20tariki%20ya%208,bukware%20Abatutsi%20aho%20bari%20hose. https://my250tv.com/2025/04/08/kwibuka31-ibyaranze-tariki-ya-8-mata-1994/#:~:text=Kwibuka31%3A%20Ibyaranze%20tariki%20ya%208,bukware%20Abatutsi%20aho%20bari%20hose.]</ref> Hishwe Abatutsi bari bahungiye ku rusengero rw'Adiventisiti rwa Mudende muri Perefegitura ya Gisenyi, ubu ni mu Karere ka Rubavu. Hishwe Abatutsi bari bahungiye ku rusengero rw'Adiventisiti rwa Bweramana muri Perefegitura ya Gisenyi, ubu ni mu Karere ka Rubavu. Abatutsi bari bahungiye ku rusengero rwa ADEPR Kabumba, Perefegitura ya Gisenyi barishwe. Abatutsi bari bahungiye muri Kaminuza y'Adiventisiti ya Mudende muri Perefegitura ya Gisenyi barishwe, ubu ni mu Karere ka Rubavu. Hishwe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kesho muri Rubaya(Ngororero).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thechoicelive.com/kwibuka31-ibyaranze-itariki-ya-08-mata-1994#:~:text=Kwibuka31%3A%20Ibyaranze%20itariki%20ya%2008,Mata%201994&text=%2D%20Kuva%20tariki%20ya%2008%2C,Paruwasi%20Gatolika%20ya%20Ruhuha%20barishwe. |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-05-13 |archive-date=2026-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260412220611/http://thechoicelive.com/kwibuka31-ibyaranze-itariki-ya-08-mata-1994#:~:text=Kwibuka31%3A%20Ibyaranze%20itariki%20ya%2008,Mata%201994&text=%2D%20Kuva%20tariki%20ya%2008%2C,Paruwasi%20Gatolika%20ya%20Ruhuha%20barishwe. |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hishwe Abatutsi i Kavumu no mu nkengero zaho(mu yari Komini Ramba). Hishwe Abatutsi benshi muri Centre ya Gakenke. Hishwe Abatutsi i Bukeri(muri Komini Ndusu) ku mugezi wa Mukungwa ku gice kigana muri Vunga. Hishwe Abatutsi kuri Superefegitura ya Busengo.<ref name=":0" /> '''AMASHAKIRO;''' 837vkror89kjbrf0u53t7j4qxxnv258 0 22623 141359 136685 2026-10-11T11:40:02Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 141359 wikitext text/x-wiki Taliki ya 10 Mata 1994, umunsi abasirikare ba Habyarimana Juvenal bishe abarwayi kuri Faisal, kuri iyi taliki ubwicanyi bwarakomeje mu buryo bukomeye aho mu bice byinshi abatutsi bishwe mu buryo butagira ingano. Icyo gihe abasirikare barindaga Perezida Habyarimana Juvenal barashe amasasu bikomeye ku Bitaro byitiriwe Umwami Faisal, bica abarwayi 29, abandi bagera kuri 70 barakomereka.<ref name=":0">[https://www.nyarugenge.gov.rw/soma-ibindi/tariki-10-mata-1994-umunsi-utazibagirana-ku-barokotse-jenoside-mu-murenge-wa-nyarugenge#:~:text=Iyi%20tariki%20ya%2010%20Mata,abandi%20bakabasanga%20mu%20ngo%20zabo. https://www.nyarugenge.gov.rw/soma-ibindi/tariki-10-mata-1994-umunsi-utazibagirana-ku-barokotse-jenoside-mu-murenge-wa-nyarugenge#:~:text=Iyi%20tariki%20ya%2010%20Mata,abandi%20bakabasanga%20mu%20ngo%20zabo.]</ref> Ni wo munsi Abatutsi barenga 7564 biciwe kuri [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] i Gahanga muri Komini Kanombe, abarenga 2522 bicirwa i Karembure, muri Gahanga. Ibitero byabishe biyobowe n'uwari wungirije Burugumesitiri muri Komini Kanombe n'abapolisi ba Komini, hiyongereyeho uwari konseye wa Gahanga akaba yarahoze mu gisirikare ndetse n'abandi bantu bavuye mu gisirikare aribo Zirarushya, Kimonyo,Francais, hiyongeraho abasirikare bari barinze ikiraro cya Kanzenze n'abari ku musozi wa Rebero barindaga RADAR bose bahuriye i Gahanga. Icyo gihe kandi abatutsi bari bahungiye ku biro bya Komini Gashora no mu kigo cya ISAR Karama (ubu ni mu Murenge wa Ririma), barishwe bose.<ref name=":1">[https://www.isangostar.rw/ibyaranze-taliki-ya-10-mata-1994#:~:text=Ku%20wa%2010%20Mata%201994,Rwamiko%2C%20Perefegitura%20ya%20Gikongoro%20bishwe. https://www.isangostar.rw/ibyaranze-taliki-ya-10-mata-1994#:~:text=Ku%20wa%2010%20Mata%201994,Rwamiko%2C%20Perefegitura%20ya%20Gikongoro%20bishwe.]</ref> Kuva taliki 10 kugeza 15 Mata 1994, Abatutsi bajyanwaga kwicwa n'abasirikare muri Camp GP ku Kimihurira. Abari bahungiye ku Bitaro bya Kiziguro (ubu ni mu Karere ka Gatsibo), nabo nibwo bishwe. Ikindi kandi Abatutsi bari bahungiye ku ishuri ribanza rya Gikumba muri Bumbogo, barishwe. [[Interahamwe]] zo muri Komini Ngororero na Giciye ku Gisenyi, zishe Abatutsi barenga 14500 bari bahungiye ku Ngoro ya Muvoma. Harokotse abantu babiri gusa. Ni cyo gihe Ambasade ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu Rwanda, yafunze imiryango yayo maze Ambasaderi Rawson hamwe n'abandi banyamerika 250 barahungishwa. Mu mujyi wa Kigali kandi Abatutsi bari bahungiye ku Bigega bya Gatsata, barishwe.<ref name=":1" /> Imibiri ivangavanze n'inkomere igera ku 10,000 y'Abatutsi yaratoraguwe mu mihanda ya Kigali maze ijyanwa mu Bitaro binyuranye. Kuri Kiliziya Gatolika ya Ruhuha no mu nkengero zayo muri Komini Ngenda, muri Bugesera; kuri iyi taliki hiciwe Abatutsi bagera 10,000. Impuzamugambi zifatanije n'interahamwe zishe Abatutsi bagera 10,000 bari bahungiye kuri Komini Gashora no ku kiyaga cya Rumira na Kidogo muri Bugesera . Ni nawo munsi Umutwe w'ingabo za FPR Inkotanyi wari uturutse Byumba wageze muri CND uje gufasha Ingabo zari zihari gukomeza kurokora Abatutsi bicwaga.<ref name=":0" /> Abarwayi bagera ku 100 biciwe mu Bitaro bya Kigali (CHUK) bishwe n'abasirikare ba Leta. Ni nako kandi Abatutsi benshi b'i Kangazi muri Nkanka (Cyangungu) baroshywe mu Kiyaga cya Kivu. Ahandi habereye ubwicanyi bukomeye; hishwe Abatutsi b'i Ntura muri Giheke( Cyangugu), hishwe Abatutsi b'i Ntendezi, Hishwe Abatutsi benshi i Musasa muri Centre ya Ruli, hishwe Abatutsi i Rwankuba.<ref>[https://www.isangostar.rw/ibyaranze-taliki-ya-10-mata-1994#:~:text=Ku%20wa%2010%20Mata%201994,Rwamiko%2C%20Perefegitura%20ya%20Gikongoro%20bishwe. https://www.isangostar.rw/ibyaranze-taliki-ya-10-mata-1994#:~:text=Ku%20wa%2010%20Mata%201994,Rwamiko%2C%20Perefegitura%20ya%20Gikongoro%20bishwe.]</ref> == Amashakiro: == 04fzr0rz7axsqviyzcipv0kg59e3ira 0 23159 141249 140460 2026-10-10T22:16:23Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Tharcisse Sinzi]] 141249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Songa | image = [[Dosiye:SongaGenocideMemorial04.jpg|280px]] | caption = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Songa (20 Kanama 2025) | label1 = Igihugu | data1 = [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] | label2 = Intara | data2 = [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Amajyepfo]] | label3 = Akarere | data3 = [[Akarere ka Huye|Huye]] | label4 = Ubwoko | data4 = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside | label5 = Rwibuka | data5 = [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] (1994) | label6 = Aho ruherereye | data6 = {{Coord|-2.402138|29.779773|type:landmark_region:RW|display=inline}} }} '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Songa''' ni ahantu ho kwibukira mu [[Rwanda]], hagenewe [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]]. == Aho ruherereye == [[Dosiye:SongaGenocideMemorial17.jpg|left|thumb|Urwibutso ruri imbere y'umuhanda mukuru ugana i Butare (20 Kanama 2025)]] Urwibutso ruri ku muhanda ugana i Butare, mu majyepfo y'igihugu, mu [[Akarere ka Huye]]. Ikigo cy'Ubushakashatsi mu by'Ubuhinzi mu Rwanda (ISAR) cyari i Songa, mu cyahoze ari Superefegitura ya Nyabisindu (ubu ni mu Karere ka Huye), cyabereyemo ubwicanyi bukomeye ku wa 28 Mata 1994.<ref name="KTP2024">{{Cite web |author=Jean de la Croix Tabaro |title=Genocide Survivors from ISAR Songa Testify In French Court |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2024/12/genocide-survivors-from-isar-songa-testify-in-french-court/ |website=KT Press |date=2024-12-11 |language=en |access-date=2026-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Procès de Philippe Hategekimana aux assises de Paris – 24ème jour |url=https://www.ibuka-france.org/proces-de-philippe-hategekimana-aux-assises-de-paris-24eme-jour |website=Ibuka France |date=2023-06-20 |language=fr |access-date=2026-03-07}}</ref> {{clear}} == Amateka == [[Dosiye:Communes of Rwanda in 1994.svg|thumb|Amakomini y'u Rwanda mu 1994]] [[Dosiye:SongaGenocideMemorial12.jpg|left|thumb|Ubwinjiriro bukuru bw'urwibutso rwa Songa (20 Kanama 2025)]] === Ubuhungiro === Abatutsi bagera ku 14&nbsp;000 bahungiye muri icyo kigo mu ntangiriro za Mata 1994, bizeye ko icyo kigo cya Leta kizabarinda.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tharcisse Sinzi, survivant du génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda : « Vivre ou mourir, mais debout ! » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2025/05/03/tharcisse-sinzi-survivant-du-genocide-des-tutsi-au-rwanda-vivre-ou-mourir-mais-debout_6602556_3260.html |work=Le Monde |date=2025-05-03 |language=fr |access-date=2026-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Combattre. Récit d'un résistant face au génocide des Tutsi, un témoignage de Tharcisse Sinzi avec Thomas Zribi |url=https://revue.alarmer.org/combattre-recit-dun-resistant-face-au-genocide-des-tutsi-un-temoignage-de-tharcisse-sinzi-avec-thomas-zribi/ |website=Revue Alarmer |language=fr |access-date=2026-03-07}}</ref> Umwarimu wa karate [[Tharcisse Sinzi]], wakoraga muri ISAR Songa, yayoboye irwanaho ry'impunzi zari zihahungiye, ryatumye abantu barenga ijana barokoka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinzi Tharcisse the 'April Father' Used Karate to Save Over 100 Tutsi #Kwibuka23 |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2017/04/sinzi-tharcise-the-april-father-used-karate-to-save-over-100-tutsi-kwibuka23/ |website=KT Press |date=2017-04-12 |language=en}}</ref> === Ubwicanyi bwo muri ISAR Songa ku wa 28 Mata 1994 === Nyuma y'uko kajugujugu ije kugenzura aho hantu ku wa 27 Mata, igitero gikomeye cyagabwe bukeye bwaho mu gitondo. Impunzi, zitagiraga ikindi zirwanisha uretse amabuye, zahanganye n'abajandarume baturutse i Nyanza, abasirikare n'Interahamwe.<ref name="KTP2024" /> Abagabye igitero bakoresheje intwaro ziremereye, harimo za mortier zo mu bwoko bwa 60 mm na za gerenade. Ubuhamya buvuga ubugome bukabije: bamwe bahambwe ari bazima, abagabo baracurwa, n'abagore benshi bafatwa ku ngufu inshuro nyinshi.<ref name="KTP2024" /> == Uruhare n'ubutabera == Igitero cyayobowe kandi kigenzurwa n'umwofisiye muto wa Jandarumeri y'i Nyanza, Adjudant-chef [[Philippe Hategekimana]] (wiswe « Biguma »).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Procès de Philippe Manier devant la Cour d’Assises de Paris – Jour 22 |url=https://www.ibuka-france.org/proces-de-philippe-manier-devant-la-cour-dassises-de-paris-jour-22 |website=Ibuka France |date=2024-12-06 |language=fr |access-date=2026-03-07}}</ref> Ku wa 30 Kamena 2023, Urukiko rwa Rubanda (Cour d'assises) rw'i Paris rwamuhamije icyaha cya Jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, cyane cyane kubera gutegeka no kugira uruhare mu bwicanyi bwo muri ISAR Songa, rumukatira igifungo cya burundu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compte rendu d'audience |url=https://rcn-ong.be/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/CR_06.12.pdf |website=RCN Justice & Démocratie |format=PDF |language=fr |access-date=2026-03-07}}</ref> Umuyobozi wa ISAR, Charles Ndereyehe, na we ashinjwa kuba yarateguye itsemba ry'abakozi b'Abatutsi n'impunzi, akoresha imodoka z'ikigo mu gutwara abicanyi.<ref>Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le Génocide (CNLG), « Planification et mise en œuvre du génocide perpétré contre les Tutsi au Rwanda (1991-1994) », Mutarama 2021.</ref> == Ibiranga urwibutso == Urwibutso ni ahantu ho kunamira no kwibuka abazize Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Rukoreshwa mu bikorwa byo kwibuka no kwigisha amateka, harimo gusura aho hantu n'imihango yo ''[[Kwibuka]]''. == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]] * [[Akarere ka Huye]] * [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ruhashya]] * [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rubona]] * [[Philippe Hategekimana]] * [[Tharcisse Sinzi]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === {{Commonscat|Songa Genocide Memorial}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author=Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le Génocide |title=Identification des sites du génocide d’avril à juillet 1994 |location=Kigali |publisher=CNLG |year=2019 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/IdentificationSitesGenocideAvrilJuillet1994.pdf |format=PDF |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Songa, Urwibutso rwa Jenoside}} [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Huye]] [[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]] szg56lq22rm47cniympjudj9r27lao8 0 23189 141327 140779 2026-10-11T09:33:08Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 141327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno | image = Mahamat Déby.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Mahamat Idriss Déby | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|4|4|df=y}} | birth_place = N'Djamena, [[Cade]] | nationality = Umunyacade | alma_mater = Lycée militaire d'Aix-en-Provence (Ubufaransa)<br />Ishuri rya gisirikare rya Gémia (Cade) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Maréchal wa Cade (kuva 2024) | title = Perezida wa Cade | term = Kuva ku wa 21 Mata 2021 (w'inzibacyuho kugeza ku wa 23 Gicurasi 2024) | predecessor = Idriss Déby Itno | party = Mouvement patriotique du salut (MPS) }} '''Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno''' (mu Cyarabu: محمد إدريس ديبي إتنو; wavutse ku wa 4 Mata 1984 i N'Djamena, muri [[Cade]]), uzwi kandi ku izina rya '''Kaka''', ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyacade, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Cade kuva ku wa 21 Mata 2021. Nyuma y'urupfu rutunguranye rwa se, Perezida Idriss Déby, wiciwe ku rugamba muri Mata 2021, yayoboye Akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho, aba umukuru w'igihugu mu buryo bwateje impaka, kuko Itegeko Nshinga ritubahirijwe. Yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo mu 2024, kandi mu Ukuboza 2024 ahabwa ipeti rya Maréchal wa Cade. Ubutegetsi bwe bufatwa nk'ubw'igitugu, burangwa n'ihashywa rikaze ry'imyigaragambyo, harimo iryo ku wa 20 Ukwakira 2022, no kubuza abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi kwisanzura<ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Chad’s election outcome already seems set: 4 things Mahamat Déby has done to stay in power |url=https://theconversation.com/chads-election-outcome-already-seems-set-4-things-mahamat-deby-has-done-to-stay-in-power-228242 |website=The Conversation |date=2024-04-23 |access-date=2026-09-02}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Chad: dictatorship continues by other means |url=https://lens.civicus.org/chad-dictatorship-continues-by-other-rmeans/ |website=CIVICUS Lens |date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2026-09-02}}</ref>. == Ubuzima == === Inkomoko n'amashuri === Mahamat Idriss Déby ni umuhungu wa Idriss Déby, icyo gihe wari umugaba mukuru w'ingabo zirwanira ku butaka, n'umubyeyi w'Umugorane<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Passé en France, appelé "grand-mère"... Le CV de Mahamat Idriss Déby, nouvel homme fort du Tchad |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/passe-en-france-appele-grand-mere-le-cv-de-mahamat-idriss-deby-nouvel-homme-fort-du-tchad_2149263.html |website=lexpress.fr |date=2021-04-21 |access-date=2021-04-24}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=David Lewis |title=Chad's new President Deby: Son inherits crisis as well as leadership &#124; Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chads-new-president-deby-son-inherits-crisis-well-leadership-2021-04-23/ |website=Reuters |date=2021-04-23}}</ref>. Yarezwe na nyirakuru, nyina wa Idriss Déby, ari na yo mpamvu bamwita "Mahamat Kaka" (''kaka'' bisobanura "nyirakuru" mu Cyarabu cya Cade)<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Christophe Boisbouvier |title=Armée tchadienne : Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno, un monsieur très discret |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/138336/politique/arm-e-tchadienne-mahamat-idriss-d-by-itno-un-monsieur-tr-s-discret/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2013-02-14 |access-date=2018-05-08}}</ref>. Yize amashuri yisumbuye muri Cade no mu [[Ubufaransa]], aho yamaze umwaka n'igice muri lycée militaire d'Aix-en-Provence. Agarutse, yize mu ishuri ry'abofisiye ry'ingabo za Cade (Gémia), arisohokamo ari sous-lieutenant<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jean-Louis Tremblais |title=Tchad, l'homme clé du Sahel |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/rencontre-avec-le-president-tchadien-mahamat-idriss-deby-l-homme-cle-du-sahel-20211001 |website=Le Figaro Magazine |date=2021-10-01}}</ref>. === Urugendo mu gisirikare === Se yamushyize mu Buyobozi bukuru bushinzwe umutekano w'inzego za Leta (DGSSIE), ingabo zirinda ubutegetsi, ari umuyobozi wungirije w'itsinda ry'abasirikare barwanira ku butaka<ref name="F3" />. Yarwanye bwa mbere muri Mata 2006, ubwo inyeshyamba zateraga umurwa mukuru, azamurwa ku ipeti rya komanda<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno |title=De Bédouin à Président |url=https://www.va-editions.fr |website=Va-editions.fr |date=2024 |access-date=2024-12-24}}</ref><ref name="F4" />. Muri Gicurasi 2009, yagizwe Jenerali wa burigade, ayobora hamwe n'abandi ingabo za Cade mu ntambara ya Am-Dam, aho inyeshyamba za Timan Erdimi zatsinzwe mu burasirazuba bwa Cade<ref name="F3" /><ref name="F4" /><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Chad: Slain Deby's son Mahamat Deby Itno heads military council |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/04/20/chad-slain-debys-son-mahamat-deby-itno-heads-military-council/ |website=P.M. News |date=2021-04-20 |access-date=2021-04-20}}</ref>. Mu 2013, yabaye umuyobozi wungirije w'ingabo za Cade zoherejwe muri [[Mali]] (FATIM), arwana mu misozi ya Adrar des Ifoghas; nyuma afata ubuyobozi bwuzuye bw'izo ngabo<ref name="F4" /><ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le général Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno, 29 ans et fils d'Idriss Deby, commande la force tchadienne au Mali |url=http://bamada.net/le-general-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-29-ans-et-fils-didriss-deby-commande-la-force-tchadienne-au-mali |website=bamada.net |date=2013-02-16 |access-date=2013-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008112913/http://bamada.net/le-general-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-29-ans-et-fils-didriss-deby-commande-la-force-tchadienne-au-mali |archive-date=2013-10-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Nzeri 2014, yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru wa DGSSIE<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : Le général Mahamat Idriss Déby prend la tête de la DGSSIE |url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-Le-General-Mahamat-Idriss-Deby-prend-la-tete-de-la-DGSSIE_a12694.html |website=alwihdainfo.com |date=2014-09-22 |access-date=2021-04-21}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |author=Daniel Eizenga |title=Chad's Ongoing Instability, the Legacy of Idriss Déby |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/chads-ongoing-instability-the-legacy-of-idriss-deby/ |website=Africa Center for Strategic Studies |date=2021-05-03}}</ref>. Yagizwe Jenerali w'ingabo (''général de corps d'armée'') mu Ukwakira 2018, Jenerali w'ingabo usumba abandi (''général d'armée'') ku wa 2 Ukuboza 2021<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : Idriss Déby, un général qui banalise le grade de général dans l’armée |url=https://www.tchadpages.com/tchad-idriss-deby-un-general-qui-banalise-le-grade-de-general-dans-larmee/ |website=tchadpages.com |date=2018-10-09 |access-date=2021-04-21}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, le général Mahamat Idriss Deby Itno s'octroie une étoile supplémentaire |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20211203-au-tchad-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-s-octroie-une-%C3%A9toile-suppl%C3%A9mentaire |website=rfi.fr |date=2021-12-03 |access-date=2021-12-03}}</ref>, maze ku wa 9 Ukuboza 2024 Inama y'Igihugu y'Inzibacyuho imuha icyubahiro cya Maréchal<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno élevé à son tour au grade de maréchal |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1639114/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-eleve-a-son-tour-au-grade-de-marechal/ |access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref><ref name="E63">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno élevé à son tour au grade de maréchal |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1639114/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-eleve-a-son-tour-au-grade-de-marechal/ |website=www.jeuneafrique.com |date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref>. == Umukuru w'igihugu == === Akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho === Ku wa 21 Mata 2021, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Idriss Déby wiciwe mu ntambara n'inyeshyamba za FACT mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, yafashe ubuyobozi bw'Akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho, aba Perezida wa Repubulika<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Deby, maître du Tchad et allié stratégique de l’Occident dans la lutte contre les jihadistes |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1259354/deby-maitre-du-tchad-et-allie-strategique-de-loccident-dans-la-lutte-contre-les-jihadistes.html |website=lorientlejour.com |date=2021-04-21 |access-date=2021-04-21}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Chad's President Idriss Déby dies 'in clashes with rebels' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56815708 |website=BBC News |date=2021-04-20 |access-date=2021-04-20}}</ref>. Itegeko Nshinga, ryavugaga ko Perezida w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ari we usimbura Perezida mu gihe cy'iminsi 45 kugeza kuri 90 kugeza habaye amatora, ryarahagaritswe; bamwe mu banyapolitiki babyise kudeta<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Constitution du 4 mai 2018, révisée le 14 décembre 2020 |url=https://www.letchadanthropus-tribune.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Constitution-du-Tchad-revise%CC%81e.pdf |website=letchadanthropus-tribune.com |access-date=2021-04-22}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Chad president's death: Rivals condemn 'dynastic coup' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56830510 |website=BBC News |date=2021-04-21 |access-date=2021-04-22}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad's Constitution of 2018 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2018.pdf?lang=en |website=constituteproject.org}}</ref>. Igisirikare cyasheshe Inteko Ishinga Amategeko na guverinoma, gifunga imipaka, gitangaza inzibacyuho y'amezi 18<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : tout juste réélu, le président Idriss Déby tué au combat |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/mort-du-president-tchadien-deby-tout-juste-reelu-20210420_NHY4XKDNL5DNPG5HJY346O3UYE/ |website=liberation.fr |date=2021-04-20 |access-date=2021-04-20}}</ref>. Ubufaransa bwashyigikiye iyo nzibacyuho, buvuga ko "ibihe bidasanzwe" byatewe n'inyeshyamba<ref name="E22">{{cite web |author=John Irish |title=With eye on Islamist fight, France backs Chad military takeover |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/france-defends-chad-military-takeover-needed-ensure-stability-2021-04-22/ |website=Reuters |date=2021-04-22 |access-date=2021-04-22}}</ref>; Perezida Emmanuel Macron yitabiriye umuhango wo gushyingura Idriss Déby, yiyemeza gushyigikira Mahamat Déby<ref name="E39">{{cite web |author=Daniel Pelz |title=Why France is backing Chad's new leader, Mahamat Idriss Deby |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-france-is-backing-chads-new-leader-mahamat-idriss-deby/a-57316728 |website=DW.com |date=2021-04-23 |access-date=2023-08-10}}</ref>. Ku wa 25 Nzeri 2021, yashyizeho abagize Inama y'Igihugu y'Inzibacyuho 93<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: Mahamat Idriss Déby nomme le parlement de transition, le CNT |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210924-tchad-mahamat-idriss-d%C3%A9by-nomme-le-parlement-de-transition-le-cnt |website=RFI |date=2021-09-24 |access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>. Ku wa 8 Kanama 2022, i Doha, guverinoma yasinyanye n'imitwe myinshi y'inyeshyamba amasezerano y'amahoro, ariko FACT n'indi mitwe itavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi barayanze<ref name="E27">{{cite web |author=Andrew Mills |title=Chad signs peace pact with rebels, but main insurgents stay out |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chad-rebels-sign-peace-deal-2022-08-08/ |website=Reuters |date=2022-08-08 |access-date=2023-05-04}}</ref><ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Eight Priorities for the African Union in 2023 |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/african-union-regional-bodies/b186-eight-priorities-african-union-2023 |website=International Crisis Group |date=2023-02-14 |access-date=2023-05-04}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Kanama 2022, yatangije ibiganiro by'igihugu bihuriweho na bose (DNIS), byitabiriwe n'intumwa 1 400, ariko bimwe mu bice bya sosiyete sivile birabyamagana byita "monologue"<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, la laborieuse mise en place du « dialogue national » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/08/29/au-tchad-la-laborieuse-mise-en-place-du-dialogue-national_6139365_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2022-08-29 |access-date=2022-09-06}}</ref>. === Perezida w'inzibacyuho === Ku wa 3 Ukwakira 2022, ibiganiro by'igihugu byongereye igihe cy'inzibacyuho, binemerera abayobozi b'inzibacyuho kuziyamamaza mu matora, bitandukanye n'ibyo Ubumwe bwa Afurika bwasabaga<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno obtient une périlleuse carte blanche |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1381844/politique/tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-obtient-une-perilleuse-carte-blanche/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2023-02-10}}</ref>. Akanama ka gisirikare kamaze guseswa ku wa 8 Ukwakira 2022, yabaye Perezida w'inzibacyuho<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Malick Mahamat |title=Tchad : le Conseil militaire de transition est officiellement dissous |url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-le-Conseil-militaire-de-transition-est-officiellement-dissous_a117913.html |website=Alwihda |access-date=2022-10-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Ukwakira 2022, itariki yari yarateganyirijwe amatora, habaye imyigaragambyo ikomeye yaharaniraga demokarasi i N'Djamena n'i Moundou, yateguwe na Wakit Tamma n'ishyaka ''Les Transformateurs'' rya Succès Masra. Inzego z'umutekano zayihashye bikomeye: abantu bari hagati ya 50 na 200 barapfuye, abarenga 600 barafungwa; uwo munsi wiswe "Ku wa Kane w'umukara"<ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=Chad's Transition: Easing Tensions Online |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/chad/b183-chads-transition-easing-tensions-online |website=International Crisis Group |date=2022-12-13 |access-date=2023-05-01}}</ref><ref name="E35">{{cite web |author=Katie Nodjimbadem |title=Chad's Coup Leader Stops Democracy in Its Tracks |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/12/06/chad-deby-coup-leader-democracy/ |website=Foreign Policy |date=2022-12-06 |access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2023, yahaye imbabazi 259 mu bari bakatiwe kubera iyo myigaragambyo, n'inyeshyamba 380 za FACT zari zarakatiwe gufungwa burundu<ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Manifestation réprimée au Tchad en octobre : 259 condamnés graciés par le président |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/03/28/manifestation-reprimee-au-tchad-en-octobre-259-condamnes-gracies-par-le-president_6167262_3212.html |website=LeMonde Afrique |access-date=2023-03-27}}</ref><ref name="E32">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pierre Tahingam |title=Tchad : au moins 400 rebelles impliqués dans la mort d'Idriss Deby condamnés à vie |url=https://www.journaldutchad.com/tchad-au-moins-400-rebelles-impliques-dans-la-mort-didriss-deby-condamnes-a-vie/ |website=Journal du Tchad |date=2023-03-22 |access-date=2023-05-04}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2024 === Ku wa 13 Mutarama 2024, ishyaka rye ''Mouvement patriotique du salut'' (MPS) ryamutoranyije kuba umukandida mu matora ya perezida yo ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2024<ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno désigné candidat à la présidentielle |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1525218/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-designe-candidat-a-la-presidentielle/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2024-01-13}}</ref><ref name="E51">{{cite web |title=Opposition condemns designation of Chad's military ruler as presidential candidate |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/africa/article/2001489044/opposition-condemns-designation-of-chads-military-ruler-as-presidential-candidate |website=Voice of America |date=2024-01-16 |access-date=2024-01-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Gashyantare 2024, umukandida ukomeye bari bahanganye, Yaya Dillo Djérou, yishwe n'inzego z'umutekano<ref name="E55">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chadian opposition leader dies in gun exchange, state prosecutor says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/29/chadian-opposition-leader-dies-in-gun-exchange-state-prosecutor-says |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2024-03-03}}</ref>. Mu matora, yatsinze ku majwi 61 %, imbere ya Minisitiri w'Intebe Succès Masra (18,53 %), wari wavuze ko ari we watsinze<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: Mahamat Idriss Déby donné vainqueur de l'élection présidentielle dès le premier tour |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240509-tchad-mahamat-idriss-d%C3%A9by-donn%C3%A9-vainqueur-de-l-%C3%A9lection-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-d%C3%A8s-le-premier-tour |website=RFI |date=2024-05-09 |access-date=2024-05-10}}</ref><ref name="E58">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad's interim leader Déby wins presidential vote, says election body |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240509-chad-interim-leader-d%C3%A9by-wins-presidential-vote-says-election-body |website=France 24 |date=2024-05-09 |access-date=2024-05-10}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida watowe ku wa 23 Gicurasi 2024, maze agira Allamaye Halina Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Investiture de Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno : la France envoie un ministre, la Russie aussi |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1570341/politique/investiture-de-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-la-france-envoie-un-ministre-la-russie-aussi/ |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref><ref name="E60">{{cite web |language=en |author=Jessica Donati |title=Chad swears in president after disputed election, ending years of military rule |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-chad-dispute-terrorism-inauguration-8ecde546c90ea4e74a6fc43b8dbfebb6 |website=Associated Press |date=2024-05-23 |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref><ref name="E61">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad's Deby sworn in as president as Allamaye Halina named new PM |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/24/chads-deby-sworn-in-as-president-as-allamaye-halina-named-new-pm |website=Al Jazeera |date=2024-05-24 |access-date=2024-05-24}}</ref>. Ku wa 29 Mutarama 2025, yatorewe kuyobora MPS<ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: Mahamat Idriss Déby devient président national du parti au pouvoir |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250130-tchad-mahamat-idriss-d%C3%A9by-devient-pr%C3%A9sident-national-du-parti-au-pouvoir |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Ku wa 5 Kamena 2025, yahagaritse gutanga viza ku Banyamerika, mu rwego rwo kwihimura ku cyemezo cya Perezida Donald Trump cyo kubuza Abanyacade kwinjira muri Amerika<ref name="E65">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad announces suspension of visas to US citizens in response to Trump travel ban |url=https://apnews.com/article/chad-visa-ban-trump-travel-d9e57a9a8a150be07cfee866d1a0a900 |website=AP News |date=2025-06-06 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref>. Nk'uko ''Le Monde'' ibivuga, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu ni zo zimutera inkunga ikomeye, maze na we akemerera intwaro zigenewe umutwe wa ''Forces de soutien rapide'' (RSF) wo muri [[Sudani]] kunyura ku butaka bwa Cade. Muri Nyakanga 2026, Cade yatangaje ko ivuye mu Rukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha (CPI), aho we n'abandi bayobozi bakuru bari bararezwe kuva mu Ukuboza 2025 kubera "ubufatanyacyaha mu byaha mpuzamahanga byakorewe muri Sudani"<ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Tchad annonce quitter la CPI à la demande des Etats-Unis |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/07/27/le-tchad-annonce-quitter-la-cpi-a-la-demande-des-etats-unis_6734224_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-07-28}}</ref>. == Impaka == Muri Mutarama 2024, ubushinjacyaha bw'Ubufaransa bushinzwe ibyaha by'imari (PNF) bwatangije iperereza ku kunyereza umutungo wa Leta, nyuma y'aho ikinyamakuru ''Mediapart'' gitangaje ko hagati ya 2021 na 2023 yakoresheje hafi miliyoni imwe y'amayero ku mudozi uzwi w'i Paris, mu gihugu aho 35 % by'abaturage bari mu bukene bukabije<ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno visé par une enquête de la justice française |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1583908/politique/mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-vise-par-une-enquete-de-la-justice-francaise/ |access-date=2024-07-02}}</ref><ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Fabrice Arfi, Antton Rouget |title=Un million d’euros de costumes : les folles emplettes du président du Tchad à Paris |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/151223/un-million-d-euros-de-costumes-les-folles-emplettes-du-president-du-tchad-paris |website=Mediapart |date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref>. Iryo perereza rireba n'imitungo itimukanwa y'umuryango we mu Bufaransa, ifite agaciro nibura ka miliyoni 30 z'amayero<ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: la justice française enquête sur le patrimoine immobilier de la famille Déby, révèle Mediapart - rfi.fr |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240823-tchad-la-justice-fran%C3%A7aise-enqu%C3%AAte-sur-le-patrimoine-immobilier-de-la-famille-d%C3%A9by-r%C3%A9v%C3%A8le-mediapart |access-date=2024-08-24}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2026, ''Mediapart'' yatangaje ko we n'abamuherekeza bakoresheje hafi 860 000 by'amayero muri hoteli Royal Monceau i Paris, hafi ya yose yishyuwe mu mafaranga y'intoki<ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Fabrice Arfi, Antton Rouget |title=Les folles dépenses du président du Tchad à Paris : la justice sur la piste du cash du Royal Monceau |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/100326/les-folles-depenses-du-president-du-tchad-paris-la-justice-sur-la-piste-du-cash-du-royal-monceau |website=Mediapart |date=2026-03-10 |access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Mutarama 2025, murumuna we Adam Idriss Déby Itno yamwandikiye ibaruwa amusaba kwegura<ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno et son frère Adam se déchirent en public |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1651205/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-et-son-frere-adam-secharpent-en-public/ |access-date=2025-01-25}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Ni Umuyisilamu ukomeye ku idini, akaba afite abana icyenda<ref name="F4" />. Afite abagore batatu; uwa gatatu, umunyamakuru Dahabaya Oumar Souni, afatwa nka Madamu wa Perezida, akaba n'umujyanama mu itumanaho mu biro bya Perezida<ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Tchad: voici qui est la nouvelle première dame du pays |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-qui-est-la-nouvelle-premi-re-dame-du-pays-593080 |website=CamerounWeb |date=2021-04-26 |access-date=2022-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803145024/https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-qui-est-la-nouvelle-premi-re-dame-du-pays-593080 |archive-date=2021-08-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Tchad: voici Dahabay oumar Souni, la communicante et 3è épouse du président du CMT |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-Dahabay-oumar-Souni-la-communicante-et-3-pouse-du-pr-sident-du-CMT-596158 |website=CamerounWeb |date=2021-05-08 |access-date=2022-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609122800/https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-Dahabay-oumar-Souni-la-communicante-et-3-pouse-du-pr-sident-du-CMT-596158 |archive-date=2022-06-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2024, yasohoye igitabo kivuga ku buzima bwe, ''De bédouin à président''<ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : "De Bédouin à Président", le livre autobiographique de Mahamat Idriss Deby |url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-De-Bedouin-a-President--le-livre-autobiographique-de-Mahamat-Idriss-Deby_a131267.html |website=Alwihda |access-date=2024-04-07}}</ref>. Ku wa 15 Mutarama 2026, yahawe Igihembo nyafurika cy'amahoro<ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mahamat Déby Itno reçoit le Prix Africain pour la Paix 2026 |url=https://fr.apanews.net/news/le-president-mahamat-deby-recoit-le-prix-africain-pour-la-paix-2026/ |website=apanews.net |date=2026-01-15 |access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref><ref name="E67">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad’s Déby wins 2026 African Peace Prize for role in Sudan refugee crisis |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/16/chads-deby-wins-2026-african-peace-prize-for-role-in-sudan-refugee-crisis/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-01-16 |access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Mahamat Déby}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Cade]] 1trve6vr7b590hkxjja30a9r1ct8hv2 0 23193 141255 140732 2026-10-10T23:42:40Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 141255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Abdel Fattah al-Sissi | image = AbdelFattah Elsisi (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Abdel Fattah al-Sissi | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|11|19|df=y}} | birth_place = Gamaleya, Kayiro, [[Misiri]] | nationality = Umunyamisiri | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Misiri<br />Joint Services Command and Staff College (Ubwongereza)<br />United States Army War College | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika (2019–2020) | title = Perezida wa Misiri | term = Kuva ku wa 8 Kamena 2014 | predecessor = Adli Mansour (w'agateganyo) | party = Nta shyaka (yigenga) | spouse = Entissar Amer | children = 4 }} '''Abdel Fattah al-Sissi''' (mu Cyarabu: عبد الفتاح السيسي; wavutse ku wa 19 Ugushyingo 1954 i Kayiro, muri [[Misiri]]) ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyamisiri ufite ipeti rya Maréchal, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika y'Abarabu ya Misiri kuva ku wa 8 Kamena 2014. Yize mu mashuri ya gisirikare yo muri Misiri, mu Bwongereza no muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika. Perezida Hosni Moubarak yamugize umuyobozi w'iperereza rya gisirikare. Nyuma y'impinduramatwara yo muri Misiri yo mu 2011 n'itorwa rya Mohamed Morsi mu 2012, Morsi yamugize Minisitiri w'Ingabo. Ku wa 3 Nyakanga 2013, yahiritse Morsi binyuze muri kudeta ya gisirikare, maze mu 2014 atorerwa kuba Perezida ku majwi 96,9 %, mu matora yateje impaka. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2018 (97,1 %) no mu 2023 (89,6 %). Kuva mu 2019 kugeza mu 2020, yabaye Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika. Yiyerekana nk'uharanira impinduka n'umutekano, ateza imbere imishinga minini (kwagura umuyoboro wa Suez, kubaka umurwa mukuru mushya w'ubutegetsi, ingoro ndangamurage nkuru ya Misiri), ariko ubutegetsi bwe bufatwa nk'ubw'igitugu, burangwa n'ihashywa rikaze ry'abamunenga, iyicarubozo n'ibura ry'abantu ku gahato<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tapis rouge sans épines pour le maréchal Sissi à Paris |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/12/08/egypte-tapis-rouge-sans-epines-pour-le-marechal-sissi-a-paris_6062608_3212.html}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte 2024 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/fr/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/north-africa/egypt/report-egypt/}}</ref><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=World Report 2023 - Egypt sur hrw.org |url=https://www.hrw.org/fr/world-report/2023/country-chapters/383399}}</ref>. == Ubuzima == Abdel Fattah al-Sissi akomoka mu muryango w'abacuruzi bato b'i Kayiro, akaba umwe mu bahungu batatu mu bana umunani<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Abdel Al Sissi |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/opinions/envue/0203286945179-abdel-al-sissi-647297.php |website=www.lesechos.fr |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427055948/http://www.lesechos.fr/opinions/envue/0203286945179-abdel-al-sissi-647297.php |archive-date=2014-04-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yavukiye i Gamaleya, mu gice cya Kayiro ya kera. Yize mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya gisirikare, maze mu 1973 yinjira mu Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare, ahitamo ingabo zirwanira ku butaka zigendera ku modoka z'intambara. Yize kandi muri ''Command & Staff College'' yo muri Misiri, mu 1992 ajya mu ishuri rya gisirikare ryo mu Bwongereza i Watchfield, naho mu 2006 yiga muri ''United States Army War College'', aho yanditse inyandiko yise "Demokarasi mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati"<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=وسم "ثلاجة السيسي" على تويتر الثالث عالميا |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7AXBzDraOM |date=2016-10-26 |access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref>. Yashakanye na Entissar Amer mu 1977; bafitanye abana bane: abahungu batatu (Moustafa, Mahmoud na Hassan) n'umukobwa umwe (Aya)<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Georges Malbrunot |title=À la tête de l'armée, le général al-Sissi plus que jamais garant de la stabilité en Égypte |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2013/07/03/01003-20130703ARTFIG00608--la-tete-de-l-armee-le-general-al-sissi-plus-que-jamais-garant-de-la-stabilite-en-egypte.php |website=FIGARO |date=2013-07-03 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte : l'énigme al-Sissi |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/actualites/egypte-l-enigme-al-sissi-27-03-2014-1806226_2031.php |website=Le Point |date=2014-03-27 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. Azwiho kuba umunyedini, uzi Korowani mu mutwe<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=ÉGYPTE. Sissi sera-t-il toujours aussi populaire s'il devient président ? |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2014/02/12/sissi-sabre-et-goupillon |website=Courrier international |date=2014-02-12 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. == Urugendo mu gisirikare == Yatangiye umwuga we mu ngabo zirwanira ku butaka, aba umwe mu bahagarariye ingabo muri ambasade ya Misiri muri Arabiya Sawudite, hanyuma umuyobozi w'ingabo zo mu karere k'amajyaruguru ka Alegisandiriya. Mu Kamena 2011, ubwo yari umuyobozi w'iperereza rya gisirikare akaba n'umwe mu bagize Inama nkuru y'ingabo (CSFA) yayoboraga igihugu nyuma y'iyegura rya Moubarak, yashyigikiye ko abagore bigaragambyaga bapimwa ubusugi "kugira ngo ingabo zirindwe ibirego by'ifatwa ku ngufu"<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Un général égyptien justifie les « tests de virginité » sur des manifestantes |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/un-general-egyptien-justifie-les-tests-de-virginite-sur-des-manifestantes-26-06-2011-1346233_24.php |website=Le Point |date=2011-06-26}}</ref>. == Urugendo muri politiki == === Minisitiri w'Ingabo na kudeta ya 2013 === Muri Kanama 2012, Perezida Mohamed Morsi wo mu muryango w'Abavandimwe b'Abayisilamu (''Frères musulmans'') yamugize Minisitiri w'Ingabo, asimbura Mohamed Hussein Tantawi. Kuri uwo mwanya, yongereye imishahara y'abasirikare n'abofisiye<ref name="F11" />. Mu gihe cy'imyigaragambyo ikomeye yo muri Kamena na Nyakanga 2013 yasabaga ko Morsi yegura, yavuze ko ingabo zifite inshingano "zo kwinjira mu kibazo kugira ngo Misiri itinjira mu mwobo w'amakimbirane"; ku wa 3 Nyakanga 2013, yahiritse Morsi binyuze muri kudeta ya gisirikare<ref name="F13" />. Uwo munsi, yashyizeho umucamanza Adli Mansour, perezida w'Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga, nka Perezida w'agateganyo. Yayoboye ihashywa rikaze ry'Abavandimwe b'Abayisilamu, aho abantu barenga 1 600 bishwe mu bwicanyi bwo ku bibuga bya Rabaa na Nahda; Human Rights Watch yabwise "bumwe mu bwicanyi bukomeye bw'abigaragambya mu mateka ya vuba"<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=en |title=All According to Plan - The Rab’a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/08/12/all-according-plan/raba-massacre-and-mass-killings-protesters-egypt |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2014-08-12 |access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref><ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sinaï, une sale guerre qui ne dit pas son nom |url=http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2014/09/ALEXANDRANI/50786}}</ref>. Nyuma yaho, yibasiye n'abafatanyabikorwa be b'abasekuleri, abakura muri guverinoma no gufunga abarwanashyaka babo<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte. Le coup d’État permanent |url=https://orientxxi.info/spip.php?action=ia_nojs&retour=%2Fmagazine%2Fegypte-le-coup-d-etat-permanent%2C3027 |website=Orientxxi.info |access-date=2019-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923183501/https://orientxxi.info/spip.php?action=ia_nojs&retour=%2Fmagazine%2Fegypte-le-coup-d-etat-permanent%2C3027 |archive-date=2019-09-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2014 === Ku wa 27 Mutarama 2014, yazamuwe ku ipeti rya Maréchal<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Egypte: l'armée désigne son chef, Abdel Fattah al-Sissi, comme candidat à la présidentielle |url=http://www.rfi.fr/moyen-orient/20140127-egypte-armee-designe-son-chef-abdel-fattah-al-sissi-comme-candidat-presidentielle-morsi |website=RFI |date=2014-01-28 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. Ku wa 26 Werurwe 2014, yeguye ku mwanya wa Minisitiri w'Ingabo kugira ngo yiyamamarize kuba Perezida<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La démission de Sissi remise au président |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2014/03/26/97001-20140326FILWWW00337-la-demission-de-sissi-remise-au-president.php |website=Le Figaro |date=2014-03-26 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Gicurasi 2014, yatsinze amatora ku majwi 96 %, mu gihe hakekwaga uburiganya<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte : une écrasante et prévisible victoire du maréchal Sissi |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2014/05/28/presidentielle-en-egypte-sissi-credite-par-son-camp-de-93-des-voix_4428332_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2014-05-29}}</ref><ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Egypte, le premier échec du « maréchal » Sissi |url=https://blog.mondediplo.net/2014-05-29-Egypte-le-premier-echec-du-marechal-Sissi |website=Le Monde diplomatique |date=2014-05-29 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. Yarahiye ku wa 8 Kamena 2014, aba Perezida wa gatandatu wa Repubulika y'Abarabu ya Misiri<ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=en |author=Shadia Nasralla, Maggie Fick |title=Sisi sworn in as Egypt's president, cool reception from West |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-sisi-inauguration-idINKBN0EJ07D20140608 |website=Reuters |date=2014-06-08 |access-date=2019-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816112115/https://in.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-sisi-inauguration-idINKBN0EJ07D20140608 |archive-date=2019-08-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Misiri == === Imishinga minini === Muri Kanama 2014, yatangije umushinga w'umuyoboro mushya wa Suez, wikubye kabiri ubushobozi bw'uwari usanzweho, utwara miliyari 8,4 z'amadolari yose yaturutse mu Misiri; wafunguwe ku wa 6 Kanama 2015<ref name="E141">{{cite web |author=David D. Kirkpatrick |title=Suez Canal Upgrade May Not Ease Egypt's Economic Journey |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/07/world/middleeast/suez-canal-channel-egypt.html |website=The New York Times |date=2015-08-06 |access-date=2018-01-27}}</ref><ref name="E142">{{cite web |title=Al-Sisi kicks off new Suez Canal project, lays down tightened completion deadline |url=https://ww.dailynewssegypt.com/2014/08/05/al-sisi-kicks-new-suez-canal-project-lays-tightened-completion-deadline/ |website=Daily News Egypt |date=2014-08-05 |access-date=2019-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924023239/https://ww.dailynewssegypt.com/2014/08/05/al-sisi-kicks-new-suez-canal-project-lays-tightened-completion-deadline/ |archive-date=2019-09-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E143">{{cite web |author=Mesrop Najarian |title=Egypt Inaugurates Suez Canal Expansion |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/08/06/world/new-suez-canal-opens/ |website=CNN |date=2015-08-07 |access-date=2025-06-11}}</ref>. Yatangije kandi umushinga w'imihanda y'igihugu ireshya n'ibirometero birenga 4 400, n'uw'umurwa mukuru mushya w'ubutegetsi uri mu burasirazuba bwa Kayiro<ref name="E146">{{cite web |title=Sisi says austerity measures 'a must' |url=http://thecairopost.com/news/117711/news/sisi-says-austerity-measures-a-must |website=Cairo Post |date=2014-07-07 |access-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212113944/http://www.thecairopost.com/news/117711/news/sisi-says-austerity-measures-a-must |archive-date=2014-12-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E147">{{cite web |title=The Capital Cairo |url=http://thecapitalcairo.com/ |access-date=2016-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809012212/http://thecapitalcairo.com/ |archive-date=2018-08-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu 2016, yiyemeje gukuraho utujagari twose dushobora guteza akaga mu myaka ibiri<ref name="E148">{{cite web |title=Sisi calls on minister to conclude slum development projects in two years – Egypt Independent |url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/news/sisi-calls-minister-conclude-slum-development-projects-two-years |date=2016-05-12 |access-date=2016-11-29}}</ref>. === Politiki y'ubukungu === Yashyizeho amavugurura y'ubukungu yo gukuraho ibyari bisigaye bya politiki y'imibereho myiza yo ku gihe cya Nasser<ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |title=« L’Egypte est un marché bien trop grand pour que l’économie soit dominée par l’Etat » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/03/08/l-egypte-est-un-marche-bien-trop-grand-pour-que-l-economie-soit-dominee-par-l-etat_5267625_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |access-date=2018-03-08}}</ref>: kugabanya inkunga ya Leta ku ngufu n'amashanyarazi, gushyiraho umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA), kuzamura ibiciro by'itike ya metero ya Kayiro no guhagarika izamuka ry'imishahara y'abakozi ba Leta<ref name="F43">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte. Le gouffre d’une dette alimentée par l’armée |url=https://orientxxi.info/spip.php?action=ia_nojs&retour=%2Fmagazine%2Fla-crise-de-la-dette-de-sissi%2C2813 |website=orientxxi.info |access-date=2018-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219000830/https://orientxxi.info/spip.php?action=ia_nojs&retour=%2Fmagazine%2Fla-crise-de-la-dette-de-sissi%2C2813 |archive-date=2018-12-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Raporo ya Banki y'Isi yo muri Mata 2019 yagaragaje ko 60 % by'Abanyamisiri bari mu bukene cyangwa mu buzima bugoye<ref name="F46">{{cite web |language=en |title=Egypt’s Economy Isn’t Booming. It’s Collapsing. |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/06/07/egypts-economy-isnt-booming-its-collapsing-imf-abdel-fattah-sisi-poverty/ |website=Foreign Policy |date=2019-06-07}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2018, umwenda w'igihugu wageze ku rwego rutigeze rubaho (miliyari 92,6 z'amadolari), bitewe ahanini n'ingengo y'imari ya gisirikare n'inyungu z'umwenda<ref name="F47">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le monde achète de plus en plus d'armes, la France en profite |url=https://www.franceinter.fr/monde/le-monde-achete-de-plus-en-plus-d-armes-la-france-en-profite |website=franceinter.fr |access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2018 n'ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga === Muri Mutarama 2018, yatangaje ko aziyamamariza manda ya kabiri<ref name="F49">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président égyptien Sissi candidat à sa propre succession |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/actualite/le-president-egyptien-sissi-candidat-a-sa-propre-succession_1977799.html |website=lexpress.fr |access-date=2018-01-19}}</ref>. Abantu benshi bari batangaje ko baziyamamaza, barimo Ahmed Chafik na Sami Anan, baratewe ubwoba cyangwa barafungwa<ref name="F51">{{cite web |language=en |title=Egypt arrests ex-general who stood for election against Sisi |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/23/former-egyptian-general-arrested-by-military-after-announcing-presidential-bid-sami-anan |website=the Guardian |date=2018-01-23 |access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref><ref name="F52">{{cite web |language=en |title=Shafiq confirms exit from Egypt election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42597803 |website=BBC News |date=2018 |access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref>. Ku wa 2 Mata 2018, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 97,08 %, mu matora aho uwo bari bahanganye wenyine na we yari amushyigikiye<ref name="F55">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte : les résultats officiels donnent la victoire d’Abdel Fattah Al-Sissi, réélu président avec 97,08 % des voix |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/04/02/egypte-les-resultats-officiels-confirment-la-victoire-d-abdel-fattah-al-sissi-reelu-president-avec-97-08-des-voix_5279645_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2018-04-02}}</ref>. Ku wa 16 Mata 2019, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeje ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga ryongereye manda ye imyaka ibiri kandi rimwemerera kwiyamamariza manda ya gatatu y'imyaka itandatu; kamarampaka yo kuva ku wa 20 kugeza ku wa 22 Mata 2019 yaryemeje ku majwi 88,8 %<ref name="F58">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Egypte: vers une prolongation de la présidence de Sissi |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/egypte-le-parlement-vote-pour-permettre-a-sissi-de-prolonger-sa-presidence-16-04-2019-2307859_24.php# |website=Le Point |access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref><ref name="F60">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Egypte : la réforme prolongeant la présidence Sissi approuvée à 88,83 % |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/23/egypte-la-reforme-prolongeant-la-presidence-sissi-approuvee-a-88-83-par-referendum_5453940_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2019, nyuma y'aho umucuruzi uri mu buhungiro Mohamed Ali amushinje ruswa, habaye imyigaragambyo mu migi myinshi; abantu bagera ku 2 000 barafashwe<ref name="F64">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Égypte, des vidéos en ligne accusent le président Sissi de corruption et indignent la population |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/en-direct-du-monde/en-egypte-des-videos-en-ligne-accusent-le-president-sissi-de-corruption-et-indignent-la-population_3593247.html |website=Franceinfo |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref><ref name="F69">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Egypte : comprendre en cinq minutes la crise politique et les manifestations |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/egypte-comprendre-en-cinq-minutes-la-crise-politique-et-les-manifestations-25-09-2019-8159580.php |website=Le Parisien |date=2019-09-25 |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>. === Uburenganzira bwa muntu === Kuva yagera ku butegetsi muri Nyakanga 2013, ibihumbi by'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bishwe cyangwa barafungwa, abandi amagana baburirwa irengero<ref name="F78">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Najma Kousri Labidi |title=Égypte : l'assassinat de Shaïmaa al-Sabbagh révèle les méthodes de répression du régime Al Sissi |url=http://m.huffpost.com/mg/entry/6595352 |website=HuffPost Tunisie}}</ref><ref name="F79">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Rethinking the U.S.-Egypt relationship: How repression is undermining Egyptian stability and what the United States can do |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2015/11/03-us-egypt-relationship-hamid}}</ref>. Nk'uko Human Rights Watch ibivuga, abantu 60 000 bafashwe kuva mu 2013, kandi polisi n'inzego z'umutekano bakoresha iyicarubozo kenshi<ref name="F88">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Hélène Sallon |title=L’Egypte pratique la torture « à la chaîne » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2017/09/07/l-egypte-pratique-la-torture-a-la-chaine_5182438_3210.html |website=Le Monde |date=2017-09-07 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2016, umurambo w'umunyeshuri w'Umutaliyani Giulio Regeni, wishwe akorewe iyicarubozo, wabonetse i Kayiro, bitera ikibazo cya dipolomasi hagati ya Misiri n'Ubutaliyani<ref name="F82">{{cite web |language=fr |author=avec AFP |title=Enquête sur l’étudiant supplicié : l’Italie rappelle son ambassadeur en Égypte |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2016/04/08/enquete-sur-l-etudiant-supplicie-l-italie-rappelle-son-ambassadeur-en-egypte_4898946_3214.html |website=lemonde.fr}}</ref>. Ku wa 17 Kamena 2019, Mohamed Morsi wari ufunzwe yapfiriye mu rukiko<ref name="F91">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Égypte : l’ancien président Mohamed Morsi meurt en plein procès |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/789960/politique/egypte-lancien-president-mohamed-morsi-meurt-en-plein-proces/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2019-06-17}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2020, Perezida w'Ubufaransa Emmanuel Macron yamuhaye umudari usumba iyindi wa ''Légion d'honneur'', bituma bamwe mu Bataliyani bawuhawe bawusubiza mu rwego rwo kwamagana<ref name="F95">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Une légion d’honneur au maréchal Sissi en catimini… qui finit par faire du bruit |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20201215-une-l%C3%A9gion-d-honneur-au-mar%C3%A9chal-sissi-en-catimini-qui-finit-par-faire-du-bruit |website=france24.com |date=2020-12-15 |access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref><ref name="F98">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Olivier Tosseri |title=Sissi : une Légion d'honneur qui fâche, jusqu'en Italie |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/idees-debats/editos-analyses/sissi-une-legion-dhonneur-qui-fache-jusquen-italie-1273879 |website=Les Échos |date=2020-12-14 |access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2023 === Ku wa 18 Ukuboza 2023, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 89,6 %, atangira manda ya gatatu, igomba kuba iya nyuma nk'uko Itegeko Nshinga ribiteganya; yarahiye ku wa 2 Mata 2024<ref name="F101">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Egypte : Abdel Fattah Al-Sissi remporte sa troisième élection présidentielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/12/18/egypte-abdel-fattah-al-sissi-remporte-sa-troisieme-election-presidentielle_6206485_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2023-12-18 |access-date=2023-12-18}}</ref><ref name="F102">{{cite web |language=fr |author=FRANCE24 |title=En Égypte, le président Abdel Fattah al-Sissi prête serment pour un troisième mandat |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20240402-en-%C3%A9gypte-le-pr%C3%A9sident-abdel-fattah-al-sissi-pr%C3%AAte-serment-pour-un-troisi%C3%A8me-mandat |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-04-02}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga ari Perezida, ku wa 25 Kamena 2014, rwabaye muri [[Aligeriya]]<ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président égyptien Sissi en Algérie pour parler de sécurité |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/monde/20140625.REU5922/le-president-egyptien-sissi-en-algerie-pour-parler-de-securite.html |website=Le Nouvel Obs |date=2014-06-25}}</ref><ref name="E155">{{cite web |title=Egypt's Sisi make Algeria his first foreign trip, security tops agenda |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-algeria-egypt-idUSKBN0F01PK20140625 |website=Reuters |date=2014-06-25 |access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref>. Umubano na Isiraheli waratejwe imbere nyuma y'ikurwaho rya Morsi; ikinyamakuru ''The Economist'' cyamwise "umuyobozi wa Misiri ushyigikiye Isiraheli kurusha abandi bose"<ref name="E160">{{cite web |title=Egypt's decision to side with Israel has cost Gaza dear |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/30/egypt-siding-israel-cost-gaza-dear}}</ref><ref name="E163">{{cite web |title=Israel and Palestine |url=https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21698439-israels-foes-have-weakened-palestinians-are-winning-battle-womb-israels |website=The Economist |date=2016-05-14 |access-date=2016-05-14}}</ref>. Ubutegetsi bwe bushyigikira igisubizo cy'ibihugu bibiri, Palestine ifite umurwa mukuru i Yeruzalemu y'Iburasirazuba<ref name="E164">{{cite web |title=Sisi reiterates support for Palestinian statehood, slams media campaign |url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/news/sisi-reiterates-support-palestinian-statehood-slams-brotherhood-media-campaign}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2023, mu gihe cy'intambara yo muri Gaza, yavuze ko ibisasu Isiraheli yateraga muri Gaza "byarenze uburenganzira bwo kwirwanaho, bihinduka igihano rusange ku bantu miliyoni 2,3"<ref name="E183">{{cite web |title=US says Egypt border crossing to Gaza to reopen |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/egypts-president-sisi-talks-get-aid-gaza-presidency-says-2023-10-15/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-10-15 |access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2025, yahagaritse urugendo mpuzamahanga rwerekezaga muri Gaza<ref name="F40">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Egypte, la marche internationale en direction de Gaza bloquée par les autorités |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2025/06/16/en-egypte-la-marche-internationale-en-direction-de-gaza-bloquee-par-les-autorites_6613507_3210.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-06-13}}</ref>. Amakimbirane hagati ya Misiri na [[Etiyopiya]] ku rugomero rwa Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam yarakomeje mu 2021; Sissi yagize ati: "Ndabwira abavandimwe bacu bo muri Etiyopiya, ntitukagere aho mukora ku gitonyanga na kimwe cy'amazi ya Misiri, kuko inzira zose zirafunguye"<ref name="E158">{{cite web |title=Egypt reiterates 'red line' in Nile dam row with Ethiopia |url=https://thearabweekly.com/egypt-reiterates-red-line-nile-dam-row-ethiopia |website=The Arab Weekly |date=2021-04-12 |access-date=2021-06-12}}</ref><ref name="E159">{{cite web |title=Egypt's el-Sisi warns 'all options open' after dam talks fail |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/7/egypt-warns-ethiopia-of-potential-for-conflict-over-blue-nile-dam |website=Al-Jazeera |date=2021-04-07 |access-date=2021-06-12}}</ref>. Mu 2019, Emmanuel Macron yamutumiye mu nama ya G7 i Biarritz<ref name="F39">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Hala Kodmani |title=G7 : des ONG dénoncent la venue d'Al-Sissi |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/08/23/g7-des-ong-denoncent-la-venue-d-al-sissi_1746658 |website=Libération}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Abdel Fattah el-Sisi}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Misiri]] aucdhq8ke5aai7xjs8msmyshh4p1yic 0 23201 141258 140737 2026-10-11T00:34:51Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 141258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Alassane Ouattara | image = Alassane Ouattara - 2024 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Alassane Ouattara mu 2024 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|1|1|df=y}} | birth_place = Dimbokro, [[Kote Divuwari]] | nationality = Umunyakote Divuwari | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Pennsylvania (Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika) | occupation = Impuguke mu bukungu, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Minisitiri w'Intebe (1990–1993); Umuyobozi mukuru wungirije wa FMI (1994–1999) | title = Perezida wa Kote Divuwari | term = Kuva ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2011 (yatowe mu Ukuboza 2010) | predecessor = Laurent Gbagbo | party = RHDP (mbere RDR) | spouse = Dominique Ouattara (kuva 1991) }} '''Alassane Dramane Ouattara''' (akunze kwitwa '''ADO'''; wavutse ku wa 1 Mutarama 1942 i Dimbokro, muri [[Kote Divuwari]]) ni impuguke mu bukungu n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyakote Divuwari, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Kote Divuwari kuva ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2011. Yakoreye Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari (FMI) na Banki Nkuru y'Ibihugu by'Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (BCEAO), maze aba Minisitiri w'Intebe wa mbere wa Kote Divuwari kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu 1993. Mu 1999, yatorewe kuyobora ishyaka ''Rassemblement des républicains'' (RDR), ariko ntiyemererwa kwiyamamaza mu matora ya perezida yo mu 1995 no mu 2000 kubera ingingo y'"ubunyakote Divuwari" (''ivoirité'') yashyizwe mu mategeko y'amatora. Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2010, yatsinze ku majwi 54 % nk'uko komisiyo y'amatora n'umuryango mpuzamahanga hafi ya wose babyemeje, ariko Perezida Laurent Gbagbo yanga kuva ku butegetsi, bitera intambara yahitanye abantu bagera ku 3 000. Yatangiye imirimo nyuma y'ifatwa rya Gbagbo muri Mata 2011. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2015, 2020 na 2025. == Ubuzima == === Inkomoko n'umuryango === Alassane Ouattara ni Umuyisilamu wo mu bwoko bw'Abamandingue<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Chikouna Cissé |title=Quand les commerçants dioula faisaient rayonner l’Afrique de l’Ouest |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/07/06/quand-les-commercants-dioula-faisaient-rayonner-l-afrique-de-l-ouest_5327148_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2018-07-06 |access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>. Ni umuhungu wa Dramane Ouattara, umwarimu akaba n'umucuruzi ukize, na Hadja Nabintou Cissé<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle : les deux mondes de Gbagbo et Ouattara |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Articles/Dossier/ARTJAJA2602p022-029.xml0/fmi-laurent-gbagbo-islam-cacaopresidentielle-les-deux-mondes-de-gbagbo-et-ouattara.html}}</ref>. Afite abana babiri yabyaranye n'umugore we wa mbere, Umunyamerikakazi Barbara Jean Davis. Ku wa 24 Kanama 1991, yashakanye i Paris na Dominique Nouvian, umushoramari wacungaga imitungo itimukanwa ya Perezida Félix Houphouët-Boigny<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Quand Paris boudait Ouattara à cause de sa femme française |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-politique/20110406.RUE1704/quand-paris-boudait-ouattara-a-cause-de-sa-femme-francaise.html}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Philippe Bernard |title=Entre et , une amitié de 20 ans |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/04/12/entre-m-sarkozy-et-m-ouattara-une-amitie-de-20-ans_1506408_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2011-04-12}}</ref>. Murumuna we, Téné Birahima Ouattara, yabaye Minisitiri w'Ingabo kuva muri Werurwe 2021<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin Roger |title=Côte d’Ivoire : Hamed Bakayoko absent, Patrick Achi est nommé Premier ministre par intérim |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1133320/politique/cote-divoire-patrick-achi-nomme-premier-ministre-interimaire/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-03-08}}</ref>. === Umwuga mu bukungu === Abikesheje buruse, yize muri ''Drexel Institute of Technology'' no muri Kaminuza ya Pennsylvania muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], ahakura impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu mu bukungu mu 1967, hanyuma impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (doctorat) mu 1972. Mu 1968, yinjiye muri FMI nk'impuguke mu bukungu. Yakoreye kandi BCEAO, aba visi-guverineri wayo (1983–1984), umuyobozi w'ishami ry'Afurika muri FMI kuva mu 1984, hanyuma guverineri wa BCEAO kuva mu 1988. == Urugendo muri politiki == === Minisitiri w'Intebe (1990–1993) === Ku wa 7 Ugushyingo 1990, Perezida Félix Houphouët-Boigny yamugize Minisitiri w'Intebe, umwanya wari umaze gushyirwaho n'ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga. Yakurikije politiki yo kugabanya amafaranga ya Leta yakomereye abaturage, ariko itunganya imari ya Leta. Ku wa 7 Ukuboza 1993, yatangaje kuri radio-televiziyo y'igihugu urupfu rwa Houphouët-Boigny, avuga ko "Kote Divuwari ibaye impfubyi"; nyuma y'iminsi ibiri yeguye, Henri Konan Bédié aba Perezida. === Ivoirité n'ubuhungiro === Muri Nyakanga 1994, yabaye Umuyobozi mukuru wungirije wa FMI, Umunyafurika wa mbere wageze kuri uwo mwanya. Mu Ukuboza 1994, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeje ivugurura ry'amategeko y'amatora rivuga ko nta muntu ushobora gutorerwa kuba Perezida atari Umunyakote Divuwari kavukire ufite ababyeyi bombi b'Abanyakote Divuwari kavukire<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: le code électoral de l'exclusion |url=http://www.liberation.fr/tribune/0101153794-cote-d-ivoire-le-code-electoral-de-l-exclusion}}</ref>. Iyo ngingo y'"ubunyakote Divuwari" yari igamije kubuza Ouattara kwiyamamaza, kuko abamurwanyaga bavugaga ko se akomoka muri [[Burukina Faso]]; yateje urwango rushingiye ku moko n'urugomo rwa politiki<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara, du FMI à la présidence ivoirienne |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/monde/20110411.FAP7588/alassane-ouattara-du-fmi-a-la-presidence-ivoirienne.html |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414105608/http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/monde/20110411.FAP7588/alassane-ouattara-du-fmi-a-la-presidence-ivoirienne.html |archive-date=2011-04-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 31 Nyakanga 1999, yavuye muri FMI, maze bukeye bwaho atorerwa kuyobora RDR<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=ADO est élu président du RDR, le août 1999 |url=http://www.ado.ci/article.php?np=1&ns=59&na=2618 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206004754/http://www.ado.ci/article.php?np=1&ns=59&na=2618 |archive-date=2010-12-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu 2000, Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwanze kandidatire ye mu matora ya perezida, ruvuga ko ari "uw'ubwenegihugu bushidikanywaho"<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La constitution ivoirienne vue par 7 juristes français |url=http://www.abidjantalk.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=983}}</ref>; uwo mwaka, imirambo 57 y'abakekwagaho kumushyigikira yabonetse mu cyobo rusange cya Yopougon<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Nouveau Racisme, La manipulation politique de l'ethnicité en Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.hrw.org/fr/reports/2001/08/28/le-nouveau-racisme |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2001-08-28}}</ref><ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Rapport : enquête sur le charnier de Yopougon du 26 octobre 2000 |url=http://www.fidh.org/Rapport-Enquete-sur-le-charnier-de-Yopougon-du-26}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Nzeri 2002, nyuma y'umugambi wa kudeta w'inyeshyamba zo mu majyaruguru, yarokotse ku buryo bwa hafi igitero cy'abashyigikiye Gbagbo cyatwitse inzu ye, ahungira muri ambasade y'u Budage, hanyuma ajya mu buhungiro muri Gabon no mu Bufaransa<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gbagbo, la fuite en avant |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/gbagbo-la-fuite-en-avant-09-12-2010-1276184_24.php}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2005, ubuhuza bwa Perezida wa Afurika y'Epfo Thabo Mbeki bwatumye Gbagbo yemera kandidatire ye<ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara, visage de la crise identitaire en Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/alassane-ouattara-visage-de-la-crise-identitaire-en-cote-d-ivoire-28-11-2010-1267847_24.php}}</ref>; ku wa 26 Mutarama 2006, yagarutse muri Kote Divuwari<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Opposition Opposition Leader Returns, Calls for Peace, as UN Mulls Sanctions |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200601260670.html}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2010 n'intambara === Mu cyiciro cya mbere cy'amatora yo mu 2010, yabaye uwa kabiri ku majwi 32,1 %, inyuma ya Laurent Gbagbo (38 %), ariko mu cyiciro cya kabiri ashyigikirwa na Henri Konan Bédié. Komisiyo y'amatora yigenga yatangaje ko yatsinze ku majwi 54,1 %, ariko Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga, rwiganjemo abashyigikiye Gbagbo, rwatangaje Gbagbo nk'uwatsinze ku majwi 51,5 % nyuma yo guhagarika amajwi yo mu turere turindwi two mu majyaruguru<ref name="F12" /><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La proclamation de la victoire de Laurent Gbagbo conduit le pays dans l'impasse |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20101203-proclamation-victoire-gbagbo-plonge-pays-incertitude-ouattara-presidentielle-resultat}}</ref>. Umuryango mpuzamahanga hafi ya wose wasabye Gbagbo kuva ku butegetsi<ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'ONU, l'UE, Obama et Sarkozy félicitent Ouattara |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2010/12/03/01003-20101203ARTFIG00516-en-cote-d-ivoire-le-conseil-proclame-gbagbo-vainqueur.php}}</ref>. Ku wa 4 Ukuboza 2010, bombi bararahiye, Ouattara akorera mu ihoteli ya Golf i [[Abidjan]]<ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire : Gbagbo prête serment...Ouattara aussi |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/cote-d-ivoire-gbagbo-prete-serment-ouattara-aussi-04-12-2010-1177878.php}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Werurwe 2011, ingabo zimushyigikiye, zitwaga ''Forces républicaines de Côte d'Ivoire'' (FRCI), zatangiye igitero gikomeye<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Alassane Ouattara conquiert Yamoussoukro et San Pedro |url=https://www.rtbf.be/info/monde/detail_cote-d-ivoire-alassane-ouattara-conquiert-yamoussoukro-et-san-pedro?id=5867553}}</ref>, maze ku wa 11 Mata 2011 Gbagbo n'umugore we Simone barafatwa<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Laurent Gbagbo est à Korhogo |url=http://www.europe1.fr/International/Laurent-Gbagbo-est-a-Korhogo-E1-498569/ |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419154522/http://www.europe1.fr/International/Laurent-Gbagbo-est-a-Korhogo-E1-498569/ |archive-date=2011-04-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Kote Divuwari == === Manda ya mbere (2011–2015) === Ku wa 4 Gicurasi 2011, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwamwemeje nka Perezida wa Repubulika, ararahira ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2011<ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Voici la décision qui déclara Ouattara Président élu |url=http://www.lepatriote.net/lire/2d84eb6c-752d-41d6-91f3-7496aa2338ae.aspx |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220102521/http://www.lepatriote.net/lire/2d84eb6c-752d-41d6-91f3-7496aa2338ae.aspx |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ouattara a prêté serment, l'audition de Gbagbo reportée |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20110506-cote-ivoire-alassane-ouattara-prete-serment-audition-gbagbo-reportee}}</ref>. Yatangaje ko ashaka kugarura umutekano no kunga Abanyakote Divuwari, nyuma y'intambara yahitanye abantu bagera ku 3 000<ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: réconciliation et sécurité, vaste programme pour Ouattara |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/04/11/1057587-Cote-d-Ivoire-reconciliation-et-securite-vaste-programme-pour-Ouattara.html}}</ref>; ku wa 20 Nyakanga 2011, yashyizeho Komisiyo y'ibiganiro, ukuri n'ubwiyunge iyobowe na Charles Konan Banny<ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d’Ivoire : une commission d’enquête pour faire la lumière sur les exactions commises après les élections |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20110721-cote-ivoire-une-commission-enquete-faire-lumiere-exactions-commises-apres-elections}}</ref>. Yasabye kandi Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga gukora iperereza ku bwicanyi bwakozwe<ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara a pris contact avec la Cour pénale internationale |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20110414-alassane-ouattara-pris-contact-cour-penale-internationale}}</ref>. Nyamara, Amnesty International yamushinje kwihanganira ibikorwa byo kwihimura ku bakekwaho gushyigikira Gbagbo, mu raporo yise "Itegeko ry'abatsinze" mu 2013, ivuga ko nta n'umwe mu bamushyigikiye wakurikiranywe n'ubutabera ku byaha byakozwe mu ntambara<ref name="F73">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Amnesty International |url=http://www.amnesty.fr/AI-en-action/Violences/Justice-internationale/Actualites/La-Cote-d-Ivoire-doit-briser-le-cycle-des-abus-et-de-l-impunite-7936 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719100134/https://www.amnesty.fr/AI-en-action/Violences/Justice-internationale/Actualites/La-Cote-d-Ivoire-doit-briser-le-cycle-des-abus-et-de-l-impunite-7936 |archive-date=2024-07-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 31 Ukuboza 2015, yahaye imbabazi imfungwa 3 100 zo mu ntambara yakurikiye amatora, maze muri Kanama 2018 aha imbabazi abantu 800, barimo Simone Gbagbo<ref name="F47">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Côte d'Ivoire : Le président Ouattara gracie 3100 prisonniers |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2015/12/31/97001-20151231FILWWW00201-cote-d-ivoire-le-president-ouattara-gracie-3100-prisonniers.php |website=Le Figaro}}</ref><ref name="F45">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d’Ivoire : le président Ouattara annonce l’amnistie de Simone Gbagbo |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180807-cote-ivoire-simone-gbagbo-amnistiee-president-alassane-ouattara |website=rfi.fr}}</ref>. Akigera ku butegetsi, yatangije gahunda yihutirwa yo kuzahura ubukungu bwari bwasubiye inyuma ho 8 %<ref name="F77">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: “Le développement économique est un moyen de régler le conflit” |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/International/Afrique/Actualite/Cote-d-Ivoire-en-redressant-l-economie-du-pays-Ouattara-pourra-appaiser-les-tensions-interview-298957/}}</ref>, n'ivugurura ry'urwego rwa kawa na kakawo mu 2012<ref name="F78">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Mandat sur Abidjan.net |url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/436632.html}}</ref>. Ingendo ze nyinshi mu mahanga zatumye Banki y'Isi na FMI bagabanya umwenda w'igihugu wo hanze ho miliyari 4,4 z'amadolari<ref name="F112">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les Échos |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/economie-politique/monde/actu/0202142727606-cote-d-ivoire-un-bol-d-air-de-4-milliards-de-dollars-338284.php |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830123731/http://www.lesechos.fr/economie-politique/monde/actu/0202142727606-cote-d-ivoire-un-bol-d-air-de-4-milliards-de-dollars-338284.php |archive-date=2012-08-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri n'iya gatatu (2015–2025) === Ku wa 25 Ukwakira 2015, yongeye gutorwa mu cyiciro cya mbere ku majwi 83,7 %<ref name="F123">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d’Ivoire : Ouattara réélu au premier tour |url=http://mobile.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/10/28/cote-d-ivoire-ouattara-reelu-au-premier-tour_4798088_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |access-date=2015-11-10}}</ref>. Mu 2017, abahoze ari inyeshyamba zo mu majyaruguru zamufashije gufata ubutegetsi mu 2011 bigometse inshuro nyinshi, basaba ibihembo<ref name="F125">{{cite web |language=fr |title="Les Jeux de la Francophonie ne cachent pas l'échec de Ouattara en matière de réconciliation nationale" |url=https://www.marianne.net/monde/michel-gbagbo-les-jeux-de-la-francophonie-ne-cachent-pas-l-echec-de-ouattara-en-matiere-de |website=Marianne |date=2017-07-27}}</ref>. Ku wa 5 Werurwe 2020, yatangaje ko atazongera kwiyamamaza, maze atoranya Minisitiri w'Intebe Amadou Gon Coulibaly kuba umukandida w'ishyaka RHDP<ref name="F130">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Ouattara annonce qu'il ne sera pas candidat à la présidentielle d'octobre |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/cote-d-ivoire-ouattara-annonce-qu-il-ne-sera-pas-candidat-a-la-presidentielle-d-octobre-20200305 |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2020-09-05}}</ref><ref name="F134">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara choisit Amadou Gon Coulibaly comme successeur en Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-51870966 |website=bbc.com |date=2020-03-13}}</ref>. Gon Coulibaly amaze gupfa muri Nyakanga 2020, Ouattara yisubiyeho, atangaza ku wa 6 Kanama 2020 ko aziyamamariza manda ya gatatu<ref name="F141">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Disparition d'Amadou Coulibaly: quelles conséquences pour la présidentielle ivoirienne? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200709-disparition-amadou-gon-coulibaly-quelles-cons%C3%A9quences-presidentielle |website=RFI |date=2020-07-09 |access-date=2020-07-13}}</ref><ref name="F143">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire : Alassane Ouattara candidat à la présidentielle d'octobre |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/cote-d-ivoire-alassane-ouattara-candidat-a-la-presidentielle-du-31-octobre-06-08-2020-2386962_3826.php |website=lepoint.fr |date=2020-08-06 |access-date=2020-08-06}}</ref>. Iyo kandidatire yateje impaka kuko Itegeko Nshinga ryemeraga manda ebyiri gusa; Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwemeje ko manda ye ya mbere, yatangiye ku Itegeko Nshinga rya kera, itabarwa<ref name="E42">{{cite web |title=Ivory Coast court clears President Ouattara's contentious third-term bid. |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ivory-coast-court-clears-president-ouattaras-contentious-third-term-bid/a-54928804}}</ref>. Abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi banze kwitabira amatora, kandi abantu bagera kuri 30 bapfiriye mu mvururu<ref name="F147">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Côte d'Ivoire : ce qu'il faut savoir du boycott actif de l'opposition |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/presidentielle-en-cote-d-ivoire-ce-qu-il-faut-savoir-du-boycott-actif-de-l-opposition-16-10-2020-2396680_3826.php |website=Le Point |date=2020-10-16 |access-date=2020-10-28}}</ref><ref name="F148">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Violences et boycott de l'opposition : pourquoi la Côte d'Ivoire s'enfonce dans la crise |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/violences-et-boycott-de-l-opposition-pourquoi-la-cote-d-ivoire-s-enfonce-dans-la-crise_2137102.html |website=LExpress.fr |date=2020-10-23 |access-date=2020-10-28}}</ref>. Yatsinze ku majwi 95,3 %, abitabiriye amatora bakaba 53,9 %, ararahira ku wa 14 Ukuboza 2020<ref name="F151">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Décision CI-2020-EP-010/09-11/CC/SG du portant proclamation des résultats définitifs de l'élection du Président de la République du |url=http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.ci/archives-et-decisions/decision-ndeg-ci-2020-ep-01009-11ccsg-du-09-novembre-2020-portant-proclamation |website=Conseil constitutionnel |date=2020-11-09}}</ref><ref name="F155">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara prête serment et invite l’opposition au dialogue |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1091179/politique/alassane-ouattara-prete-serment-et-invite-lopposition-au-dialogue/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2020-12-14 |access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref>. === Manda ya kane (kuva 2025) === Ku wa 29 Nyakanga 2025, yatangaje ko aziyamamariza manda ya kane mu matora yo ku wa 25 Ukwakira 2025<ref name="F157">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Côte d’Ivoire: le chef de l’État sortant Alassane Ouattara annonce sa candidature |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250729-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-en-c%C3%B4te-d-ivoire-le-chef-de-l-%C3%A9tat-sortant-alassane-ouattara-annonce-sa-candidature |website=RFI |date=2025-07-29 |access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref><ref name="E44">{{cite web |title=Ivory Coast President Ouattara to run for fourth term in October election |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250729-ivory-coast-president-ouattara-to-run-for-fourth-term-in-october-election |website=France 24 |date=2025-07-29 |access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref>. Kandidatire z'abayobozi b'amashyaka akomeye atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, Laurent Gbagbo (PPA-CI) na Tidjane Thiam (PDCI-RDA), zanzwe n'Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga; bombi bamaganye "ikinamico ry'amatora" na "kudeta ya gisivili"<ref name="F160">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Côte d’Ivoire: Alassane Ouattara largement vainqueur, selon les résultats provisoires |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20251027-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-en-c%C3%B4te-d-ivoire-alassane-ouattara-tr%C3%A8s-large-vainqueur-selon-les-r%C3%A9sultats-provisoires |website=RFI |date=2025-10-27 |access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref>. Yatsinze ku majwi agera kuri 90 %, abitabiriye amatora bakaba 50,09 %, ararahira ku wa 8 Ukuboza 2025<ref name="F158">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle ivoirienne 2025 : "J'adresse mes félicitations à Alassane Ouattara pour sa réélection" (Jean-Louis Billon) |url=https://afriksoir.net/presidentielle-ivoirienne-2025-alassane-ouattara-reelection-jean-louis-billon/ |website=Afrik Soir |date=2025-10-26 |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref><ref name="F160" /><ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=Incumbent President Ouattara declared winner of Ivory Coast election |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/27/incumbent-president-ouattara-declared-winner-of-ivory-coast-election |website=Al Jazeera |date=2025-10-27 |access-date=2025-11-03}}</ref><ref name="E46">{{cite web |title=Ivory Coast's incumbent leader Ouattara is sworn in for a fourth term |url=https://apnews.com/article/ouattara-election-ivory-coast-president-inauguration-15e4bed53f8688a834b0997361797dba |website=AP News |date=2025-12-08 |access-date=2025-12-08}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Alassane Ouattara}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Kote Divuwari]] jv7xsmyvi84m0pqdys76w8g1zzelp0x 0 23206 141354 140797 2026-10-11T11:38:57Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 141354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Peter Mutharika | image = Malawian President Peter Mutharika in 2020.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Peter Mutharika mu 2020 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|7|18|df=y}} | birth_place = Thyolo, [[Malawi]] | nationality = Umunyamalawi | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Londres<br />Kaminuza ya Yale | occupation = Umunyamategeko, umwarimu wa kaminuza, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida wa Malawi (2014–2020) | title = Perezida wa Malawi | term = 2014–2020; kuva ku wa 4 Ukwakira 2025 | predecessor = Lazarus Chakwera | party = Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) | spouse = Christophine Mutharika († 1990)<br />Gertrude Maseko (kuva 2014) | children = 3 }} '''Arthur Peter Mutharika''' (wavutse ku wa 18 Nyakanga 1940) ni umunyamategeko n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyamalawi, akaba Perezida wa [[Malawi]] kuva mu 2025. Yari yarabaye Perezida wa gatanu wa Malawi kuva mu 2014 kugeza mu 2020. Ni murumuna wa Perezida wa gatatu wa Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika, kandi ayobora ishyaka ''Democratic Progressive Party'' (DPP) kuva mu 2012. Ni umwarimu w'amategeko, inzobere mu mategeko mpuzamahanga y'ubukungu, amategeko mpuzamahanga n'amategeko nshinga agereranywa; yamaze imyaka igera kuri 30 aba muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]]. Yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo mu 2014, ariko mu 2020 atsindwa na Lazarus Chakwera nyuma y'iseswa ry'amatora yo mu 2019 kubera amakosa. Mu 2025, afite imyaka 85, yongeye gutsinda Chakwera, aba Perezida wa Malawi ukuze kurusha abandi wagiye ku butegetsi akaba n'uwa mbere wayoboye manda ebyiri zidakurikiranye. == Ubuzima n'amashuri == Peter Mutharika yavukiye mu karere ka Thyolo; ababyeyi be bari abarimu<ref name="E1">{{cite web |title=Index Mp-Mz |url=https://www.rulers.org/indexm6.html |website=www.rulers.org |access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref>. Ibindi bitangazamakuru bivuga ko yavukiye i Zomba. Yize mu ishuri ribanza rya Mulanje Mission no mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Dedza<ref name="E1" />. Mu 1965, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri mu mategeko muri Kaminuza ya Londres, hanyuma muri Kaminuza ya Yale abona iy'icyiciro cya gatatu mu 1966 n'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu 1969<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Washington University in St. Louis: Law School<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.wulaw.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/index.asp?id=301 |access-date=2010-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604233830/http://www.wulaw.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/index.asp?id=301 |archive-date=2010-06-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Washington University in St. Louis: Law School<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.wulaw.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/index.asp?id=301 |access-date=2010-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604233830/http://www.wulaw.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/index.asp?id=301 |archive-date=2010-06-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1971, yemerewe gukora umwuga w'ubwunganizi muri [[Tanzaniya]]. == Umwuga mu mategeko == Yigishije muri Kaminuza ya Dar es Salaam (Tanzaniya), Kaminuza ya Haile Selassie (Etiyopiya), Kaminuza ya Rutgers (Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika), muri Kaminuza ya Makerere (Uganda), ndetse amara imyaka 37 yigisha muri Kaminuza ya Washington i Saint-Louis<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Lussenhop |title=A. Peter Mutharika, Former Wash. U. Law Professor, Charged with Treason in Malawi |url=http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2013/03/a_peter_mutharika_former_wash.php |website=Riverfront Times |date=2013-03-28 |access-date=2014-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602213303/http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2013/03/a_peter_mutharika_former_wash.php |archive-date=2014-06-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=Jessica Lussenhop |title=A. Peter Mutharika, Former Wash. U. Law Professor, Charged with Treason in Malawi |url=http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2013/03/a_peter_mutharika_former_wash.php |website=Riverfront Times |date=2013-03-28 |access-date=2014-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602213303/http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2013/03/a_peter_mutharika_former_wash.php |archive-date=2014-06-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yabaye kandi umushakashatsi watumiwe muri ''London School of Economics'' n'umujyanama mu gikorwa cy'Urugaga rw'Abavoka b'Abanyamerika ku butegetsi bugendera ku mategeko muri Afurika<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Succession crisis looms in DPP |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/succession-crisis-looms-in-dpp.html |access-date=2010-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809054114/http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/succession-crisis-looms-in-dpp.html |archive-date=2009-08-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://law.wustl.edu/magazine/Spring2005/05mutharika.pdf |access-date=2011-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114248/http://law.wustl.edu/magazine/Spring2005/05mutharika.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2011, yeguye ku mwanya w'umukemurampaka mu manza ebyiri z'Ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane ajyanye n'ishoramari (ICSID) zerekeye Zimbabwe, kubera impungenge ku kutabogama kwe zatewe n'umubano wa hafi wa murumuna we Bingu na guverinoma ya Robert Mugabe<ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Bhebhe |title=Mutharika forced to quit Zim land trial |url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/human-rights/51960/mutharika-forced-to-quit-zim.html |website=The Zimbabwean |date=2010-07-08 |access-date=2011-08-21}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |author=Vusimusi Bhebhe |title=Mutharika forced to quit Zim land trial |url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/human-rights/51960/mutharika-forced-to-quit-zim.html |website=The Zimbabwean |date=2010-07-08 |access-date=2011-08-21}}</ref>. == Urugendo muri politiki == Kuva mu 2004, yabaye umujyanama wa mukuru we Perezida Bingu wa Mutharika ku bibazo by'ububanyi n'amahanga n'iby'imbere mu gihugu, kugeza apfuye ku wa 5 Mata 2012<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=en |title=Building up Malawi |url=http://law.wustl.edu/magazine/Spring2005/05mutharika.pdf |website=Mutharika |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114248/http://law.wustl.edu/magazine/Spring2005/05mutharika.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2009, yatorewe kuba umudepite, maze aba Minisitiri w'Ubutabera, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Uburezi, Ubumenyi n'Ikoranabuhanga, naho kuva muri Nzeri 2011 aba Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga<ref name="F8" /><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Clémence Njanjo |title=Malawi : l'alternance fonctionne finalement, Peter Mutharika succède à Joyce Banda |url=http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/malawi-l-alternance-fonctionne-finalement-peter-mutharika-succede-a-joyce-banda-19-08-2014-1858055_2365.php |website=Le Point |date=2014-08-19 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919025926/http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/malawi-l-alternance-fonctionne-finalement-peter-mutharika-succede-a-joyce-banda-19-08-2014-1858055_2365.php |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E9" />. Muri Kanama 2011, inama nkuru y'ishyaka DPP yamutoranyije kuba umukandida waryo mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2014<ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=DPP fires Secretary General and endorses Peter Mutharika for 2014 |url=http://www.malawitoday.com/news/1708-dpp-fires-secretary-general-and-endorses-peter-mutharika-2014 |website=www.malawitoday.com |date=2011-08-01 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326062552/http://www.malawitoday.com/news/1708-dpp-fires-secretary-general-and-endorses-peter-mutharika-2014 |archive-date=2012-03-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Bingu mu 2012, yashinjwe kugerageza guhisha urwo rupfu no kubuza Visi-perezida Joyce Banda kumusimbura nk'uko Itegeko Nshinga ribiteganya; Banda yabaye Perezida ashyigikiwe n'ingabo<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Malawi : Peter Mutharika, le président anticorruption, pris la main dans le sac |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/05/28/malawi-peter-mutharika-le-president-anticorruption-pris-la-main-dans-le-sac_5468476_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-05-28}}</ref>. Habayeho kandi impaka ku bwenegihugu bwe, kuko Malawi itemera ubwenegihugu bubiri; ambasade ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika yemeje ko atari umwenegihugu w'Amerika, ahubwo afite gusa uruhushya rwo kuhatura (''Green card'')<ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Peter Mutharika is not an American citizen: US Embassy |url=http://mwnation.com/peter-mutharika-american-citizen-us-embassy/ |website=The Nation (Malawi) |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605051332/http://mwnation.com/peter-mutharika-american-citizen-us-embassy/ |archive-date=2014-06-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Malawi == === Manda ya mbere (2014–2020) === Ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2014, Perezida Joyce Banda yashatse guhagarika amatora yo ku wa 20 Gicurasi, avuga ko habayemo uburiganya, ariko Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rumusaba kutivanga mu matora; ku wa 31 Gicurasi 2014, yemeye ko yatsinzwe, maze Mutharika ararahira uwo munsi i Blantyre<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction Le Monde |title=Peter Mutharika remporte la présidentielle au Malawi |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2014/05/31/peter-mutharika-remporte-la-presidentielle-au-malawi-selon-la-commission-electorale_4429563_3212.html#wh4Yjdv3W8jS09IL.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2014-05-31}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La présidente du Malawi, au bord de la défaite, annule les élections |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/DEPAFP20140524160822/politique-joyce-banda-peter-mutharika-presidentielle-malawi-2014-malawi-la-presidente-du-malawi-au-bord-de-la-defaite-annule-les-elections.html |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2014-05-24}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Élections au Malawi : la présidente Joyce Banda reconnaît sa défaite |url=http://www.lesoir.be/559429/article/actualite/fil-info/fil-info-monde/2014-05-31/elections-au-malawi-presidente-joyce-banda-reconnait-sa-defaite |website=Le Soir |date=2014-05-31}}</ref>. Manda ye yaranzwe n'izamuka ry'ubukungu, aho izamuka ry'ibiciro ryavuye kuri 24 % mu 2014 rikagera munsi ya 10 % mu 2019, ariko kandi n'uburakari bw'abaturage kubera ruswa, ibura ry'ibiribwa n'ibura ry'amashanyarazi; mu 2018, abantu ibihumbi bigaragambije bamagana ruswa<ref name="F9" />. Ubwe yashinjwe kwakira amadolari arenga 200 000 y'umucuruzi wari watsindiye isoko rya polisi<ref name="F9" />. Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2019, yatangajwe ko yatsinze ku majwi 38,6 %, imbere ya Lazarus Chakwera (35,4 %), wavuze ko habayeho uburiganya<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Malawi : l’opposition rejette la victoire de Peter Mutharika |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/782414/politique/presidentielle-au-malawi-lopposition-rejette-la-victoire-de-peter-mutharika/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-05-31}}</ref>. Ku wa 3 Gashyantare 2020, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwasheshe ayo matora, rutegeka ko asubirwamo; abamurwanyaga bamwita "Perezida Tipp-Ex"<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Malawi: la Cour constitutionnelle annule la présidentielle de 2019 |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/malawi-la-cour-constitutionnelle-annule-la-presidentielle-de-2019--03-02-2020-2361056_24.php |website=Le Point |date=2020-02-03}}</ref><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Malawi, une décision historique fait chuter « le président Tipp-Ex » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/02/04/au-malawi-une-decision-historique-fait-chuter-le-president-tipp-ex_6028401_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2020-02-04 |access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref>. Mu matora yasubiwemo ku wa 23 Kamena 2020, yatsinzwe na Chakwera washyigikiwe n'ihuriro ry'amashyaka icyenda (Tonse Alliance), wabonye 59,3 % kuri 39,9 %<ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=en |title=Elections May 19 – The Nation Online |url=https://mwnation.com/elections-may-19/ |website=mwnation.com |access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref>. === Hagati ya manda zombi === Muri Kanama 2020, Komisiyo yo kurwanya ruswa ya Malawi yafatiriye konti z'amabanki ze n'iz'umugore we, mu iperereza ku itumizwa rya sima ifite agaciro ka miliyari 5 za kwacha nta misoro<ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=Malawi freezes bank accounts of ex-president Mutharika, wife Gertrude |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-freezes-bank-accounts-of-ex-president-mutharika-wife-gertrude/ |website=Nyasa Times |date=2020-08-15}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2021, Urukiko Rukuru rwanze icyifuzo cye cyo gukuraho iryo fatira<ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=en |author=Wanga Gwede |title=Malawi: Court Says Mutharika Still Can't Access His Bank Accounts - Ex-Malawi Leader Slapped With Costs |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202101230038.html |website=allAfrica.com |date=2021-01-23 |access-date=2021-01-25}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri (kuva 2025) === Muri Kanama 2024, DPP yamutoranyije kuba umukandida mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2025<ref name="E29">{{cite web |language=en |title=Malawi's main opposition party endorses Peter Mutharika as its flag-bearer |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/08/19/malawis-main-opposition-party-endorses-peter-mutharika-as-its-flag-bearer/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-08-19 |access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 16 Nzeri 2025, yatsinze ku majwi 56,8 %, imbere ya Perezida wari uriho Lazarus Chakwera (33 %)<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |author=bbc |title=Mutharika wins Malawi election, as it happened |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cp3wdzdwzlkt |website=bbc.com |access-date=2025-09-24}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |author=Gregory Gondwe |title=Former President Mutharika wins Malawi election to oust longtime rival Chakwera |url=https://apnews.com/article/malawi-election-chakwera-07706188fde0f0314348e74919ee3e10 |website=AP News |date=2025-09-25 |access-date=2025-09-26}}</ref>. Ku wa 4 Ukwakira 2025, afite imyaka 85, yarahiriye manda ya kabiri muri sitade Kamuzu i Blantyre<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=courrierinternational.com |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/elections-au-malawi-le-spectaculaire-come-back-de-l-ancien-president-peter-mutharika_235534}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |title=Peter Mutharika is sworn in as Malawi president in political comeback at the age of 85 |url=https://apnews.com/article/malawi-peter-mutharika-president-inauguration-23ca3ea49c9fce6f3564af5e2a86bb16 |website=AP News |access-date=2025-10-04}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Ukwakira 2025, yatangaje ko amafaranga y'ishuri mu mashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye azakurwaho guhera muri Mutarama 2026, uretse ku mashuri y'abacumbikirwa<ref name="E33">{{cite web |title=Mutharika pledges to end hunger, abolish school fees: Calls for unity, patriotism at Mulhakho wa Alhomwe Festival |url=https://malawi24.com/2025/10/20/mutharika-pledges-to-end-hunger-abolish-school-fees-calls-for-unity-patriotism-at-mulhakho-wa-alhomwe-festival/ |website=Malawi 24 |date=2025-10-21}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |title=DPP's free secondary education excludes boarding fees |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/dpps-free-secondary-education-excludes-boarding-fees |website=Malawi Nyasa Times |date=2025-10-21}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye yaguze toni 200 000 z'ibigori muri [[Zambiya]] kugira ngo igaburire abantu barenga miliyoni enye bafite ikibazo cy'inzara<ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=Malawian president abolishes school fees, pledges to end hunger |url=https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202510/21/WS68f6e609a310f735438b6135.html |website=China Daily - Global Edition |date=2025-10-21}}</ref>, kandi ku wa 23 Ukwakira itangaza ko izabuza kohereza mu mahanga amabuye y'agaciro atatunganyijwe<ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Malawi bans raw mineral exports to save $500m in wealth annually |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/malawi-bans-raw-mineral-exports-to-save-dollar500m-in-wealth-annually/0psmpd7 |website=Business Insider Africa |date=2025-10-23}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Afite abakobwa babiri, Moyenda na Monique, n'umuhungu umwe, Mahopela, yabyaranye n'umugore we wa mbere, Christophine, wapfuye azize kanseri ku wa 1 Mutarama 1990<ref name="E38">{{cite web |author=Green Muheya |title=Peter Mutharika touted cultured character as widower for 30-years |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/04/04/peter-mutharika-touted-cultured-character-as-widower-for-30-years/ |website=Nyasa Times |date=2014-04-04 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602194926/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/04/04/peter-mutharika-touted-cultured-character-as-widower-for-30-years/ |archive-date=2014-06-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Kamena 2014, yashakanye na Gertrude Maseko, umudepite<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=en |title=’Til death do us part!’…Malawi President weds |url=http://timesmediamw.com/til-death-do-us-partmalawi-president-weds/ |website=Bnl Times |date=2014-06-22}}</ref><ref name="E40">{{cite web |title=Mutharika weds partner in colourful ceremony |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/mutharika-weds-partner-in-colourful-ceremony-1.1706988#.U6WYm_RDuSo |website=Independent Online (South Africa) |date=2014-06-21 |access-date=2014-06-21}}</ref>. Ni umuyoboke w'Itorero rya Presbytériens<ref name="E41">{{cite web |title=Mutharika Shuns National Prayers, Opts For Labourers |url=http://www.faceofmalawi.com/2014/05/mutharika-shuns-national-prayers-opts-for-labourers/#sthash.cjApCTc1.dpbs |website=faceofmalawi.com |date=2014-05-01}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Peter Mutharika}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Malawi]] jknn7gdzkwo3jk1mwdaqm7eobot22y0 0 23213 141261 140744 2026-10-11T02:02:44Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 141261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Bassirou Diomaye Faye | image = Bassirou Diomaye Faye 9 juillet 2025 Washington DC (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Bassirou Diomaye Faye i Washington, muri Nyakanga 2025 | birth_date = 25 Werurwe 1980 | birth_place = Ndiaganiao, M'bour, [[Senegali]] | nationality = Umunyasenegali | alma_mater = Kaminuza Cheikh-Anta-Diop, École nationale d'administration (ENA) ya Senegali | occupation = Umugenzuzi w'imari ya leta, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Senegali]] | term = Kuva ku ya 2 Mata 2024 | predecessor = Macky Sall | party = PASTEF (kugeza mu 2026), Kiiraay – Les Patriotes républicains (kuva mu 2026) | spouse = Marie Khone Faye, Absa Faye | children = 5 }} '''Bassirou Diomaye Diakhar Faye''' (yavutse ku ya 25 Werurwe 1980 i Ndiaganiao), uzwi cyane ku izina rya '''Diomaye''', ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Senegali]], Perezida wa gatanu w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 2 Mata 2024. Yahoze ari umugenzuzi w'imari ya leta n'umuyobozi w'ihuriro ry'abakozi, hanyuma aba umunyamabanga mukuru w'ishyaka rya PASTEF. Yafunzwe amezi agera kuri cumi n'umwe, afungurwa iminsi mike mbere y'amatora ya perezida ya 2024, aho yasimbuye Ousmane Sonko wari wangiwe kwiyamamaza. Yatsinze ayo matora ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 54,28%, aba perezida muto kurusha abandi bose mu mateka ya Senegali, n'umukandida wa mbere utavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi utsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere. Manda ye yaranzwe n'ikibazo gikomeye cy'imyenda ya leta n'amakimbirane na Minisitiri w'Intebe Sonko, uwo yaje kwirukana mu 2026. Kuva muri Nyakanga 2026, ayobora Umuryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO). == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Bassirou Diomaye Diakhar Faye <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Son Excellence Monsieur Bassirou Diomaye Diakhar Faye, nouveau Président de la République, a prêté serment |url=https://www.sec.gouv.sn/publications/actualites/son-excellence-monsieur-bassirou-diomaye-diakhar-faye-nouveau-president-de |website=sec.gouv.sn |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref> yavutse ku ya 25 Werurwe 1980 <ref name="E1">{{cite web |author=Ruth Maclean |title=Young Opposition Candidate Set to Become Senegal's President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/25/world/africa/senegal-presidential-election-results.html |website=The New York Times |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-27}}</ref> i Ndiaganiao, mu karere ka M'bour, mu ntara ya Thiès <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=De Ndiaganiao à Pastef : Qui est Bassirou Diomaye Faye ? (Portrait) |url=https://senego.com/de-ndiaganiao-a-pastef-qui-est-bassirou-diomaye-faye-portrait_1625655.html |website=Senego}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Sénégal : cinq candidats félicitent Diomaye Faye pour sa victoire, en attendant les résultats officiels |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/presidentielle-au-senegal-quatre-candidats-felicitent-diomaye-faye-pour-sa-victoire-en-attendant-les-resultats-officiels-25-03-2024-3UKGYESGKBHBPFGFI7WYFUTUBM.php |website=Le Parisien |date=2024-03-24 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>. Akomoka mu bwoko bw'Abaserere. Yakuriye mu cyaro kandi akunze kugaragaza ko yishimira inkomoko ye <ref name="E2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye : qui est le 5e président élu du Sénégal ? |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/cd18gegg961o |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2024-03-18 |access-date=2024-06-20}}</ref>. Se, Samba Faye, yari umuyoboke w'igihe kirekire w'Ishyaka rya Gisosiyalisiti rya Senegali. Sekuru yarwanye ku ruhande rw'[[Ubufaransa]] mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, nyuma afungwa n'abakoloni b'Abafaransa kubera ko yaharaniraga ishingwa ry'ishuri ryisumbuye i Ndiaganiao, ari na ryo Faye yaje kwigamo <ref name="E3">{{cite web |author=Ruth Maclean |title=From Village to Prison to Africa's Youngest Elected President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/28/world/africa/senegal-faye-president-home.html |website=The New York Times |date=2024-04-12 |access-date=2024-04-12}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza mu mudugudu w'iwabo, ayisumbuye i M'Bour <ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mouhamed Abdallah Ly |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye: from prison runner-up to president of Senegal |url=http://theconversation.com/bassirou-diomaye-faye-from-prison-runner-up-to-president-of-senegal-226757 |website=The Conversation |date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2024-03-30}}</ref>, abona impamyabumenyi y'amashuri yisumbuye mu 2000. Yize amategeko muri Kaminuza Cheikh-Anta-Diop i Dakar, abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master''), hanyuma mu 2004 yinjira mu ishuri rikuru ry'ubuyobozi (ENA) rya Senegali <ref name="F3" /><ref name="E36">{{cite web |language=en |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye: what's Senegal opposition contender about? |url=https://apanews.net/bassirou-diomaye-faye-what-is-senegals-opposition-contender-about/ |website=African Press Agency |date=2024-03-11 |access-date=2024-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327015153/https://apanews.net/bassirou-diomaye-faye-what-is-senegals-opposition-contender-about/ |archive-date=2024-03-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yabaye umugenzuzi w'imari ya leta mu ishami ry'imisoro n'ubutaka <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=en |author=Babacar Dionne |title=Senegal opposition party sponsoring new candidate Faye after court blocks jailed leader Sonko’s bid |url=https://apnews.com/article/senegal-presidential-election-sonko-macky-sall-69b534899c50768ced749c48c215e517 |website=Associated Press}}</ref>, aho yamenyaniye na Ousmane Sonko. Yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru w'ihuriro ry'abakozi b'imisoro n'ubutaka <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : Bassirou Diomaye Faye – Portrait d'un pur produit du pays a un pas de la magistrature suprême |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/202403250584.html |website=allafrica.com}}</ref><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye élu Président par un peuple qui a soif du véritable changement ! |url=https://afriquemidi.com/bassirou-diomaye-faye-elu-president-du-senegal/ |website=Afrique Midi |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325232601/https://afriquemidi.com/bassirou-diomaye-faye-elu-president-du-senegal/ |archive-date=2024-03-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |author=Coumba Kane |title=Senegal's presidential election: Bassirou Diomaye Faye, Ousmane Sonko's Plan B |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2024/03/23/senegal-presidential-election-bassirou-diomaye-faye-ousmane-sonko-s-plan-b_6647601_124.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa politiki == Faye yinjiye mu ishyaka rya Patriotes africains du Sénégal pour le travail, l'éthique et la fraternité (PASTEF) kuva ryashingwa mu 2014 <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Laurent Larcher |title=Sénégal : de l’ombre à la lumière, Bassirou Diomaye Faye vainqueur de la présidentielle |url=https://www.la-croix.com/international/senegal-de-l-ombre-a-la-lumiere-bassirou-diomaye-faye-a-la-porte-du-pouvoir-20240325 |website=La Croix |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>. Mu gihe Ousmane Sonko yari umuyobozi n'isura nyamukuru y'iryo shyaka, Faye we yari umwubatsi waryo, ashinzwe ibitekerezo by'ishyaka n'imitunganyirize yaryo y'imbere <ref name="F10" />. Yagize uruhare mu gutegura gahunda ya Sonko mu matora ya perezida ya 2019, aho Sonko yabaye uwa gatatu n'amajwi hafi 16% <ref name="E5" />. Mu 2021, ubwo Sonko yafungwaga, Faye yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru wa PASTEF <ref name="E5" />. Mu matora y'inzego z'ibanze ya 2022, yiyamamarije kuyobora komine ya Ndiaganiao, ariko atsindwa na Tening Sène wo mu ishyaka rya Perezida Macky Sall <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Locales 2022 : Investi candidat à la mairie de Ndiaganiao, Bassirou Diomaye Faye sort du silence |url=https://www.senenews.com/actualites/locales-2022-investi-candidat-a-la-mairie-de-ndiaganiao-bassirou-diomaye-faye-sort-du-silence_370175.html |website=senenews.com |date=2021-05-10 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=[Profil] Maire élue de Ndiaganiao : Dr Tening Sène, la Lionne" qui a cassé l'argument machiste "djiguène dou fi djité’’ |url=https://www.seneweb.com/news/Politique/maire-elue-de-ndiaganiao-dr-tening-sene-_n_370759.html |website=senenews.com |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>. === Ifungwa n'irekurwa === Ku ya 14 Mata 2023, Faye yafatiwe i Dakar, akurikiranyweho « gukwirakwiza amakuru y'ibihuha, gusuzugura abacamanza no gusebya urwego rwa leta », nyuma y'ubutumwa yanditse ku mbuga nkoranyambaga anenga abacamanza bari bihutiye kuburanisha Sonko mu bujurire <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Théa Ollivier |title=Sénégal : le bras droit de l’opposant Ousmane Sonko arrêté et placé en garde à vue |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230415-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-bras-droit-d-ousmane-sonko-arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9-et-plac%C3%A9-en-garde-%C3%A0-vue |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref><ref name="E5" />. Nyuma yaho, yongerewe ibindi byaha birimo « gushishikariza abantu kwigomeka », bituma afungwa igihe kitazwi <ref name="E5" />. Muri Gashyantare 2024, Perezida Macky Sall yagerageje gusubika amatora, ariko ibyo byateje imyigaragambyo ikomeye, maze Inama y'Itegeko Nshinga iburizamo iryo subikwa <ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=en |author=James Gregory |title=Senegal election: Opposition supporters march in Dakar calling for swift vote |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68326782 |website=BBC |date=2024-02-17 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Guverinoma yashyikirije Inteko itegeko ry'imbabazi rusange, ryatumye abantu babarirwa mu magana bafunzwe kubera politiki barekurwa <ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, Ousmane Sonko vers une amnistie partielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/05/au-senegal-ousmane-sonko-vers-une-amnistie-partielle_6220177_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-03-05 |access-date=2024-03-06}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |language=en |title=Senegal's Macky Sall proposes amnesty bill to calm election-linked turmoil |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240227-senegal-leader-macky-sall-announces-amnesty-bill-to-end-election-linked-turmoil |website=France 24 |date=2024-02-27 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=en |author=Clarisse Fortuné |title=Eye on Africa – Senegal justice ministry says over 300 prisoners released in a week |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/eye-on-africa/20240222-senegal-justice-ministry-says-over-300-prisoners-released-in-a-week |website=France 24 |date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Iryo tegeko ryanenzwe na bamwe kuko ryahaga imbabazi n'abagize uruhare mu guhohotera abigaragambyaga hagati ya 2021 na 2024 <ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Léa-Lisa Westerhoff |title=Sénégal : l'Assemblée nationale adopte une loi d'amnistie en pleine crise politique |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240306-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-l-assembl%C3%A9e-nationale-adopte-une-loi-d-amnistie-en-pleine-crise-politique |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Faye na Sonko barekuwe muri Werurwe 2024, iminsi mike mbere y'amatora <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Aminata Sarr |title=Justice Ousmane Sonko et Bassirou Diomaye Faye sont libres |url=https://www.seneweb.com/news/Justice/ousmane-sonko-et-bassirou-diomaye-faye-s_n_435524.html |website=seneweb.com}}</ref><ref name="E12">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nicolas Négoce |title=Ousmane Sonko and Bassirou Diomaye Faye: Senegal opposition leaders freed days before election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68562465 |website=BBC News |date=2024-03-15 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. === Amatora ya perezida ya 2024 === Mu Ugushyingo 2023, kubera ko bitari bizwi niba Sonko azemererwa kwiyamamaza, PASTEF yatanze Faye nk'umukandida waryo nubwo yari afunzwe <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : le Pastef désigne Diomaye Faye candidat à la présidentielle à la place d'Ousmane Sonko |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20231119-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-le-pastef-d%C3%A9signe-diomaye-faye-candidat-%C3%A0-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-%C3%A0-la-place-d-ousmane-sonko |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Ku ya 20 Mutarama 2024, Inama y'Itegeko Nshinga yasohoye urutonde rwa nyuma rw'abakandida, Sonko atarimo; ariko kandidatire ya Faye yemejwe kuko atari yarigeze akatirwa <ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Laureline Savoye |title=Vidéo. Sénégal : quel candidat représentera Ousmane Sonko à la présidentielle ? |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/video/2024/01/24/senegal-quel-candidat-representera-ousmane-sonko-a-la-presidentielle_6212765_3212.html |website=Le Monde |access-date=2024-01-25}}</ref><ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ousmane Sonko chooses Bassirou Diomaye Faye as replacement in Senegal's presidential race |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/01/30/ousmane-sonko-chooses-bassirou-diomaye-faye-as-replacement-in-senegals-presidential-race/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-01-30 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Sonko yahise atangaza ko amushyigikiye <ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : une vidéo attribuée à Ousmane Sonko confirme son choix pour la présidentielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/01/29/senegal-une-video-attribuee-a-ousmane-sonko-confirme-son-choix-pour-la-presidentielle_6213648_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref>, ndetse n'uwahoze ari Perezida Abdoulaye Wade n'ishyaka rye PDS baramushyigikira <ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Senegal's ex-President Wade and party back opposition candidate Faye |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegals-ex-president-wade-party-back-opposition-candidate-faye-2024-03-22/ |website=Reuters |date=2024-03-22}}</ref>; umukandida Cheikh Tidiane Dieye na we yamuvaniyeho kandidatire ye <ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle : Cheikh Tidiane Dièye renonce à sa candidature pour se rallier à Diomaye Faye |url=https://senego.com/presidentielle-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-renonce-a-sa-candidature-pour-se-rallier-a-diomaye-faye_1654474.html |website=Senego}}</ref><ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=Presidential election in Senegal: Cheikh Tidiane Dieye calls to vote for Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1550130/politique/presidentielle-au-senegal-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-appelle-a-voter-bassirou-diomaye-faye/ |website=Jeuneafrique |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Gahunda ye yiswe « Umushinga wa Senegali yigenga, iboneye kandi itera imbere » <ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Programme de Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://diomayepresident.org/programme/ |website=diomayeprésident.org |access-date=2024-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112440/https://diomayepresident.org/programme/ |archive-date=2024-03-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yiyamamaje ari kumwe na Sonko, munsi y'intero « ''Diomaye mooy Sonko'' » (« Diomaye ni Sonko ») <ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |author=lopinion |title=Sénégal : Bassirou Diomaye Faye nomme Ousmane Sonko comme Premier ministre |url=https://www.lopinion.fr/international/senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-nomme-ousmane-sonko-comme-premier-ministre |website=l'Opinion |date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2024-04-06}}</ref><ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Senegal Elections 2024: Faye and his change mantra |url=http://www.trtafrika.com/africa/senegal-elections-2024-faye-and-his-change-mantra-17449142 |website=TRT Africa |date=2024-03-21 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>, yiyemeza guhanga imirimo, kurwanya ruswa no gusuzuma bundi bushya amasezerano yo mu rwego rw'ingufu <ref name="E18">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nimi Princewill |title=Senegal goes to the polls as country's once sturdy democracy looks shaky |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/23/africa/senegal-holds-crucial-presidential-vote-in-major-test-for-democracy-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Yanatangaje umutungo we, asaba abandi bakandida kubigenza batyo <ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Diomaye Faye: Senegal's tax inspector and former inmate headed for the presidential palace |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/03/27/diomaye-faye-senegals-tax-inspector-and-former-inmate-headed-for-the-presidential-palace/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-03-27 |access-date=2024-03-30}}</ref>. Mu matora yo ku ya 24 Werurwe 2024, Faye yatsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 54,28%. Umukandida w'ishyaka riri ku butegetsi, Amadou Ba, na Perezida Macky Sall bemeye gutsindwa bamushimira <ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mawunyo Hermann Boko |title=Présidentielle au Sénégal : Amadou Ba reconnaît sa défaite face à Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1551420/politique/presidentielle-au-senegal-amadou-ba-reconnait-sa-defaite-face-a-bassirou-diomaye-faye/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref><ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Sokhna Faty Isseu Samb |title=Macky Sall félicite Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://www.seneweb.com/news/Politique/macky-sall-felicite-bassirou-diomaye-fay_n_436660.html |website=Seneweb.com |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>. Ku myaka 44, yabaye perezida muto kurusha abandi bose watorewe kuyobora Senegali, umukandida wa mbere utavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi utsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere kuva igihugu cyabona ubwigenge mu 1960, akaba na perezida wa mbere ufite abagore barenze umwe ku mugaragaro <ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, l’opposant Bassirou Diomaye Faye proclamé président élu avec 54,28 % des voix |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/29/au-senegal-l-opposant-bassirou-diomaye-faye-proclame-president-elu-avec-54-28-des-voix_6224960_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2024-11-21}}</ref><ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=en |author=Ruth Maclean |title=Young Opposition Candidate Wins Senegal’s Presidential Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/25/world/africa/senegal-presidential-election-results.html}}</ref><ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : l’élection de Bassirou Diomaye Faye, qui a deux épouses, consacre la « tradition de la polygamie » |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/senegal-lelection-de-bassirou-diomaye-faye-qui-a-deux-epouses-consacre-la-tradition-de-la-polygamie-01-04-2024-XPKOOQCWPBC7NG345OKQ5EL4TM.php |website=leparisien.fr |date=2024-04-01 |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Senegal top court confirms Bassirou Diomaye Faye's election victory |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240329-%F0%9F%94%B4-senegal-top-court-confirms-bassirou-diomaye-faye-s-election-victory |website=France 24 |date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2024-03-30}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Senegali == === Intangiriro ya manda === Faye yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Senegali ku ya 2 Mata 2024, asimbura Macky Sall <ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye, L'ascension fulgurante d'un inspecteur des finances à la présidence du Sénégal |url=https://www.lebaobab.net/2024/03/28/bassirou-diomaye-faye-lascension-fulgurante-dun-inspecteur-des-finances-a-la-presidence-du-senegal/ |website=lebaobab.net}}</ref>, yiyemeza kurwanya ruswa no kuvugurura ubukungu <ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye sworn in as Senegal's new president after dramatic ascent |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240402-senegal-s-youngest-president-faye-to-take-office-pledging-reforms |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-04-02}}</ref>. Uwo munsi, yagize Ousmane Sonko Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, Bassirou Diomaye Faye fait son entrée au palais présidentiel et nomme Ousmane Sonko premier ministre |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/04/02/au-senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-fait-son-entree-au-palais-presidentiel_6225638_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-04-03}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Senegal president names opposition leader Ousmane Sonko as PM |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240403-senegal-president-names-opposition-leader-ousmane-sonko-as-pm |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2024-04-03}}</ref>, maze guverinoma nshya ishyirwaho ku ya 5 Mata <ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : le président Faye nomme un gouvernement "de rupture" avec de nouveaux visages |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20240406-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-le-pr%C3%A9sident-faye-nomme-un-gouvernement-de-rupture-avec-de-nouveaux-visages |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-06 |access-date=2024-04-06}}</ref>. Ku ya 3 Mata, yategetse igenzura ry'urwego rw'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, peteroli na gaze <ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=Senegal's newly elected president announces audit of oil, gas and mining sectors |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240403-senegal-s-newly-elected-president-announces-audit-of-oil-gas-and-mining-sectors |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref>. Urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga yarukoreye muri [[Moritaniya]], aho yahuriye na Perezida [[Mohamed Ould Ghazouani]] <ref name="F39">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Mauritanie, le président sénégalais effectue sa première visite à l’étranger |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/04/18/le-president-senegalais-en-mauritanie-sa-premiere-visite-a-l-etranger_6228527_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-04-18 |access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Senegal's Faye makes first foreign visit as president to Mauritania |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240418-senegal-s-faye-makes-first-foreign-visit-as-president-to-mauritania |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-25 |access-date=2024-04-25}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2024, yasuye [[Gineya]] na [[Mali]], ahura na [[Mamadi Doumbouya]] na [[Assimi Goïta]], agaragaza ubushake bwo kugarura Mali, [[Burukina Faso]] na [[Nigeri]] muri CEDEAO <ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Senegal's Faye makes first visit to military-ruled Mali and Burkina Faso |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240530-senegal-s-faye-makes-first-visit-to-military-ruled-mali-and-burkina-faso |website=France 24 |date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Ukwezi kwe kwa mbere ku butegetsi kwaranzwe no koroshya imihango ya leta, guca icyuho cyo gufata imyanya myinshi icyarimwe, no gutangaza raporo za kera ku buriganya na ruswa <ref name="F40">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Théa Ollivier |title=Au Sénégal, Bassirou Diomaye Faye impose un nouveau style présidentiel |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/05/13/au-senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-impose-un-nouveau-style-presidentiel_6232988_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-05-13 |access-date=2024-05-13}}</ref>. Ku ya 12 Nzeri 2024, mu gihe yari afitanye amakimbirane n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yari yiganjemo abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, Faye yasheshe Inteko, ategeka amatora y'abadepite yo ku ya 17 Ugushyingo 2024 <ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : le président Faye annonce la dissolution de l'Assemblée nationale, élections législatives le 17 novembre |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/senegal-le-president-faye-annonce-la-dissolution-de-l-assemblee-nationale-elections-legislatives-le-17-novembre-20240912 |website=Le Figaro |date=2024-09-12 |access-date=2024-09-13}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=en |title=Senegal's president dissolves parliament to call a snap legislative election |url=https://apnews.com/article/senegal-president-dissolves-parliament-faye-581a6f55ead32310f792c30758e40ced |website=Associated Press |date=2024-09-12 |access-date=2024-09-13}}</ref>. PASTEF yatsinze ayo matora ku bwiganze busesuye <ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, le parti au pouvoir assuré d’une large majorité à l’Assemblée nationale |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/11/18/au-senegal-le-parti-au-pouvoir-assure-d-une-large-majorite-a-l-assemblee-nationale_6401154_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-11-18 |access-date=2024-11-21}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |author=Katarina Hoije |title=Senegal's Faye Wins Parliamentary Landslide to Usher in Reforms |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-11-21/senegal-s-faye-wins-parliamentary-landslide-to-usher-in-reforms |website=Bloomberg |date=2024-11-21 |access-date=2024-11-23}}</ref>. Ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi Carnegie Endowment cyagaragaje ko ubutegetsi bwe bwasubije agaciro uburenganzira bw'ibanze bwari bwarahungabanyijwe ku butegetsi bwamubanjirije, ariko kinavuga ko itangazamakuru ryakomeje gukorerwa igitutu, harimo no gukumira bimwe mu bitangazwa (''censure'') <ref name="E26">{{cite web |author=Thomas Carothers |title=Democratic Recovery After Significant Backsliding: Emergent Lessons |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/04/democratic-recovery-after-significant-backsliding-emergent-lessons |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=2025-04-01 |access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2025, yitabiriye inama yahuje Perezida Donald Trump n'abakuru b'ibihugu bimwe bya Afurika muri White House <ref name="E32">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bart Jansen |title=Senegal's leader flatters Trump with comments about his golf skills |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/07/09/senegal-trump-golf-flattery-trade-talks/84521993007/ |website=USA TODAY |access-date=2025-07-09}}</ref>. === Ikibazo cy'imyenda ya leta === Mu mpera za 2024, guverinoma ye yashyize ahagaragara amakosa yo mu icungamari yakozwe na guverinoma yabanje, n'umwenda munini igihugu cyari gifite utari waratangajwe. Amanota y'ubushobozi bwo kwishyura ya Senegali yaramanuwe, kandi Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari (FMI) gihagarika inguzanyo yacyo <ref name="F43">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Abbas Asamaan |title=Au Sénégal, la Cour des comptes pointe les dérives financières de la présidence de Macky Sall |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/02/14/au-senegal-la-cour-des-comptes-pointe-les-derives-financieres-de-la-presidence-de-macky-sall_6546381_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref><ref name="F44">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, la Cour des comptes remet en cause des indicateurs économiques de l’ancien pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/02/13/au-senegal-la-cour-des-comptes-remet-en-cause-des-indicateurs-economiques-de-l-ancien-pouvoir_6544834_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}</ref><ref name="F45">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Léa-Lisa Westerhoff |title=Sénégal: le FMI évoque une dette «cachée» d'environ 7 milliards de dollars entre 2019 et 2024 |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/%C3%A9conomie/20250325-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-le-fmi-%C3%A9voque-une-dette-cach%C3%A9e-d-environ-7-milliards-de-dollars-entre-2019-et-2024 |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Umwenda wa leta wongeye kubarwa, uva kuri 65% ugera kuri 111% by'umusaruro mbumbe w'igihugu, bituma Senegali iba kimwe mu bihugu bifite umwenda munini kurusha ibindi muri Afurika <ref name="F46">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Célia Cuordifede |title=Au Sénégal, le gouvernement annonce un « plan de redressement » de l’économie, sur fonds d’explosion de la dette |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/07/04/au-senegal-le-gouvernement-annonce-un-plan-de-redressement-de-l-economie-sur-fonds-d-explosion-de-la-dette_6618172_3212.html |website=www.lemonde.fr |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref><ref name="F47">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Léa-Lisa Westerhoff |title=Le Sénégal devient le pays le plus endetté d'Afrique |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250702-avec-une-dette-r%C3%A9%C3%A9valu%C3%A9e-%C3%A0-119-du-pib-pour-2024-le-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-devient-le-pays-le-plus-endett%C3%A9-d-afrique |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2025, perezida na minisitiri w'intebe batangaje gahunda yo kuzahura ubukungu n'imibereho, igamije kubona miliyari 6 000 z'amafaranga ya CFA mu myaka itatu, ahanini binyuze mu kongera imisoro no kugabanya amafaranga leta isohora <ref name="F50">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal: le gouvernement dévoile son plan national censé redresser l’économie |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250801-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-gouvernement-ousmane-sonko-bassirou-diomaye-faye-d%C3%A9voile-plan-national-redresser-%C3%A9conomie |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. === Gutandukana na Sonko === Guhera mu 2025, havutse amakimbirane hagati ya Faye na Minisitiri w'Intebe Ousmane Sonko, cyane cyane ku bijyanye n'ishyirwaho ry'abayobozi bamwe n'uburyo bwo kwishyura umwenda wa leta <ref name="F51">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, le premier ministre, Ousmane Sonko, critique ouvertement le président, Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/07/14/au-senegal-le-premier-ministre-ousmane-sonko-critique-ouvertement-le-president-bassirou-diomaye-faye_6621143_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-07-14 |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref><ref name="F52">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Des «facteurs de division» : nouvelle crise au Sénégal entre le président Faye et son premier ministre Sonko |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/des-facteurs-de-division-nouvelle-crise-au-senegal-entre-le-president-faye-et-son-premier-ministre-sonko-20251112 |website=Le Figaro |date=2025-11-12 |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref><ref name="F53">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ousmane Sonko - Bassirou Diomaye Faye : Divergences au sommet sur l'avenir de la coalition qui les a portés au pouvoir |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/c8jrn708gmro |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2025-11-13 |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref>. Ayo makimbirane yarushijeho gukara mu 2026, mu gihe cy'ikibazo cy'imari no guhangana kw'aba bombi ku matora ya perezida ataha <ref name="F54">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, l’heure de la rupture entre Bassirou Diomaye Faye et Ousmane Sonko |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/05/08/au-senegal-l-heure-de-la-rupture-entre-bassirou-diomaye-faye-et-ousmane-sonko_6687062_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-05-08 |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref><ref name="F55">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bicéphalisme au Sénégal : Bassirou Diomaye Faye et Ousmane Sonko, du duo au duel |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/politique-bicephalisme-au-senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-et-ousmane-sonko-du-duo-au-duel_237381 |website=Courrier international |date=2025-11-13 |access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref>. Ku ya 22 Gicurasi 2026, Faye yirukanye Sonko ku mwanya wa Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="F56">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : le président Bassirou Diomaye Faye met fin aux fonctions du premier ministre Ousmane Sonko |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/senegal-le-president-bassirou-diomaye-faye-met-fin-aux-fonctions-du-premier-ministre-ousmane-sonko-20260523 |website=Le Figaro.fr |date=2026-05-23 |access-date=2026-05-23}}</ref><ref name="F57">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal: le président Bassirou Diomaye Faye met fin aux fonctions du Premier ministre Ousmane Sonko |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260522-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-le-pr%C3%A9sident-bassirou-diomaye-faye-met-fin-aux-fonctions-du-premier-ministre-ousmane-sonko |website=RFI |date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-23}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |author=Anait Miridzhanian |title=Senegal's ousted prime minister Sonko elected parliament speaker |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegal-parliament-elects-ousted-prime-minister-sonko-speaker-2026-05-26/ |website=Reuters |date=2026-05-26 |access-date=2026-05-27}}</ref>, amusimbuza impuguke mu by'ubukungu Ahmadou Al Aminou Lô <ref name="F58">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : l'économiste Ahmadou ‌Al Aminou Lô nommé Premier ministre |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20260525-senegal-ahmadou-al-aminou-lo-nouveau-premier-ministre-apres-le-limogeage-de-sonko-president-faye |website=France 24 |date=2026-05-25 |access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |author=Diadie Ba |title=Senegal's Faye names economist Lo as new prime minister |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegal-president-names-economist-lo-prime-minister-2026-05-25/ |website=Reuters |date=2026-05-25 |access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref>. Guverinoma nshya, yashyizweho ku ya 1 Kamena 2026, yagizwe ahanini n'abantu batari mu mashyaka n'abo mu miryango itegamiye kuri leta, nta ruhare rwa PASTEF <ref name="F59">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : même sans Sonko, le président Diomaye Faye a des chances de gouverner sans blocages |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20260602-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-m%C3%AAme-sans-sonko-le-pr%C3%A9sident-diomaye-faye-a-des-chances-de-gouverner-sans-blocages |website=France 24 |date=2026-06-02 |access-date=2026-06-03}}</ref>. Ku ya 25 Nyakanga 2026, Faye yashinze ishyaka rishya ryitwa Kiiraay – Les Patriotes républicains <ref name="F60">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : Bassirou Diomaye Faye lance Kiiraay – Les Patriotes républicains, son nouveau parti |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1827058/politique/senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-lance-kiiraay-son-nouveau-parti/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2026-07-27}}</ref>. === Umuyobozi wa CEDEAO === Ku ya 19 Nyakanga 2026, mu nama ya 69 y'abakuru b'ibihugu n'aba guverinoma yabereye i Freetown, Faye yagizwe umuyobozi wa CEDEAO, asimbura Julius Maada Bio <ref name="F61">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Abdou Kogne SALL |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye, nouveau président en exercice de la CEDEAO (officiel) |url=https://aps.sn/bassirou-diomaye-faye-nouveau-president-en-exercice-de-la-cedeao-officiel/ |date=2026-07-19 |access-date=2026-07-19}}</ref>. == Ibitekerezo bya politiki == Faye avuga ko aharanira impinduka mu miyoborere no gukunda Afurika (''panafricanisme'') bishingiye ku bitekerezo by'ibumoso, agamije gusubiza Senegali ubusugire bwayo; bamwe mu basesenguzi babona ko ibyo bigaragaza ubushake bwo kwitandukanya n'ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba, cyane cyane Ubufaransa <ref name="E19" /><ref name="E5" />. Yiyemeje kugabanya ububasha bwa perezida no kugarura umwanya wa visi-perezida <ref name="E35">{{cite web |language=en |author=Virginia Pietromarchi |title=Tax inspectors to poultry boss: Senegal's presidential candidates |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/13/tax-inspectors-to-poultry-boss-senegals-presidential-candidates |website=Al Jazeera |date=2024-03-13 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Yifuza kandi ivugurura ry'ifaranga rya CFA ku rwego rw'akarere, bitashoboka igihugu kigashyiraho ifaranga ryacyo bwite <ref name="E36" /><ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Senegal opposition leader backs off promise to create national currency |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegal-opposition-leader-backs-off-promise-create-national-currency-2024-03-15/ |website=Reuters |date=2024-03-15 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>. Ashyigikiye gusubiramo amasezerano ya leta n'ibigo by'ubucuruzi mu rwego rw'ingufu, ubucukuzi n'uburobyi <ref name="E35" />. == Ubuzima bwite == Faye afite abagore babiri <ref name="F62">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal: Diomaye Faye, candidat de la "rupture", va devenir président après des années de crise » |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/senegal-diomaye-faye-candidat-de-la-rupture-va-devenir-president-apres-des-annees-de-crise |website=TV5 Monde avec l'AFP |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2014-04-03}}</ref>. Umugore we wa mbere, Marie Khone Faye, ukomoka i Ndiaganiao, ni Umukristo <ref name="F63">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, le président élu Bassirou Diomaye Faye affiche sa polygamie |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/info-en-continu/20240401-situation-in%C3%A9dite-au-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-deux-premi%C3%A8res-dames-au-palais-pr%C3%A9sidentiel |website=france24.com |date=2024-04-01 |access-date=2024-04-02}}</ref><ref name="F64">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Prince Beganssou |title=Sénégal : Marie Khone et Absa, les deux épouses chrétienne et musulmane de Diomaye Faye |url=https://afriksoir.net/senegal-marie-khone-et-absa-deux-epouses-chretienne-musulmane-diomaye-faye/ |website=AFRIK SOIR |date=2024-03-26 |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref>; bafitanye umukobwa umwe n'abahungu batatu, umwe muri bo akaba yaritiriwe Ousmane Sonko <ref name="F65">{{cite web |language=en |title=Senegal's presidential election: Bassirou Diomaye Faye, Ousmane Sonko's Plan B |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2024/03/23/senegal-presidential-election-bassirou-diomaye-faye-ousmane-sonko-s-plan-b_6647601_124.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-03-28}}</ref>. Umugore we wa kabiri, Absa Faye, bashakanye mu 2023 i Keur Massar, ni Umuyisilamu; bafitanye umukobwa umwe <ref name="F66">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mohamed Cisse |title=Absa Faye : comment Diomaye est tombé sous le charme de son ancienne étudiante - Avenirguinee.org |url=https://www.avenirguinee.org/absa-faye-comment-diomaye-est-tombe-sous-le-charme-de-son-ancienne-etudiante/,%20https://www.avenirguinee.org/absa-faye-comment-diomaye-est-tombe-sous-le-charme-de-son-ancienne-etudiante/ |date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2024-04-04}}</ref><ref name="F67">{{cite web |language=fr |title=« Exclusif : Nom du bébé de Bassirou Diomaye Faye et Absa Faye, le couple présidentiel rend hommage à la maman de Ousmane Sonko » |url=https://www.maliweb.net/societe/exclusif-nom-du-bebe-de-bassirou-diomaye-faye-et-absa-faye-le-couple-presidentiel-rend-hommage-a-la-maman-de-ousmane-sonko-3092562.html |website=maliweb.net |date=2025-01-26}}</ref><ref name="F68">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye : ses deux épouses Marie Khone et Absa Faye |url=https://www.pressafrik.com/Bassirou-Diomaye-Faye-ses-deux-epouses-Marie-Khone-et-Absa-Faye_a270717.html |website=pressafrik.com |access-date=2024-03-26}}</ref>. Mu gihe cy'akaruhuko, akunda ubuhinzi mu mirima y'iwabo, kandi yandika imivugo <ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Bassirou Diomaye Diakhar Faye ? |url=https://diomayepresident.org/biographie-bassirou-diomaye-diakhar-faye/ |website=diomayepresident.org |access-date=2024-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329215603/https://diomayepresident.org/biographie-bassirou-diomaye-diakhar-faye/ |archive-date=2024-03-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye remporte l'élection présidentielle |url=https://www.au-senegal.com/bassirou-diomaye-faye-remporte-l-election-presidentielle,2359.html |website=au-senegal.com |date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2024-03-29}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Senegali]] c13dbtmvxe3ynjufofo3uubdp8q9mya 0 23217 141266 140956 2026-10-11T05:19:18Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 141266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Hassan Sheikh Mohamud | image = His Excellency President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Hassan Sheikh Mohamud | birth_date = 29 Ugushyingo 1955 | birth_place = Jalalaqsi, intara ya Hiiraan, [[Somaliya]] | nationality = Umunyasomaliya | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Bhopal (Barkatullah University), University for Peace | occupation = Umwarimu wa kaminuza, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Somaliya]] | term = 2012–2017; kuva ku ya 23 Gicurasi 2022 | predecessor = Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed « Farmaajo » | party = Union for Peace and Development Party | spouse = Qamar Ali Omar | children = 7 }} '''Hassan Sheikh Mohamud''' (mu Gisomali: ''Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud''; yavutse ku ya 29 Ugushyingo 1955 i Jalalaqsi, mu ntara ya Hiiraan) ni umunyapolitiki akaba n'umwarimu wa kaminuza wa [[Somaliya]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva mu 2022, nyuma yo kuba yarakiyoboye bwa mbere kuva mu 2012 kugeza mu 2017. Mbere yo kwinjira muri politiki, yari umwarimu akaba n'umuyobozi muri SIMAD University, kaminuza yafatanyije gushinga i [[Mogadishu]]. Mu 2012, yatorewe n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kuba perezida, maze ikinyamakuru ''Time'' kimushyira mu bantu 100 bavuga rikijyana ku isi mu 2013. Manda ye ya mbere yaranzwe n'ibitero by'umutwe wa al-Shabaab no kunengwa kubera ruswa n'ikoreshwa nabi ry'ububasha. Yatsinzwe mu 2017, ashinga ishyaka rya Union for Peace and Development, maze yongera gutorwa mu 2022. Mu 2026, kongererwa igihe kwa manda ye byateje impaka zikomeye. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Hassan Sheikh Mohamud yavukiye mu ntara ya Hiiraan <ref name="E11">{{cite web |author=Moulid Hujale |title=Hassan Mohamud: The second coming of Somalia's new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/5/18/somalias-new-president |website=Al Jazeera |date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2023-12-09}}</ref>. Se akomoka mu muryango w'Abagaal, umwe mu miryango migari y'Abahawiye, naho nyina akomoka mu muryango wa Hawadle <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=The New President of Somaliland, who is Hassan Sheikh Mahmoud? |url=http://english.alshahid.net/archives/31546 |website=Al Shahid |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2013-02-21}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye iwabo <ref name="E12" /><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Hassan Sheikh Mohamud: Somalia's new president profiled |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19556383 |website=BBC |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-17}}</ref>. Mu 1978, yimukiye i Mogadishu, aho yize imyaka itatu mu ishuri rikuru ry'ubumenyingiro, abona impamyabumenyi mu ikoranabuhanga mu 1981 <ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=Profile of Somalia's Newly Elected President |url=http://dissidentnation.com/profile-of-somalias-newly-elected-president/ |website=Dissident Nation |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-13}}</ref><ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=Hassan Sheikh Mohamud - Resume |url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2012/09/profile-somalia-president-hassan-sheikh-mohamud/ |website=Raxanreeb |access-date=2012-09-15}}</ref>. Mu 1986, yagiye mu [[Ubuhinde]], yiga muri Kaminuza ya Bhopal (ubu yitwa Barkatullah University), aharangiriza impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu burezi bw'ubumenyingiro mu 1988 <ref name="E15" />. Mu 2001, yakurikiye amasomo y'ubuhuza n'ubwiyunge muri Eastern Mennonite University, muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] <ref name="E16">{{cite web |author=Bonnie Price Lofton |title=President of Somalia Welcomed Home as Alumnus of EMUs Summer Peacebuilding Institute |url=http://emu.edu/now/news/2014/08/president-of-somalia-welcomed-home-as-alumnus-of-emus-summer-peacebuilding-institute/ |website=EMU |date=2014-08-08 |access-date=2014-08-12}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2022, yamuritse igitabo cy'ubushakashatsi bw'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (PhD) mu mahoro, imiyoborere n'iterambere muri University for Peace, aba perezida wa mbere wa Somaliya ubikoze ari ku butegetsi <ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=UPEACE Doctoral Candidate Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Wins Somalia's Presidential Election |url=https://www.upeace.org/noticias/upeace-doctoral-candidate-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-wins-somalias-presidential-election |website=University for Peace |date=2022-05-15 |access-date=2022-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010125915/https://www.upeace.org/noticias/upeace-doctoral-candidate-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-wins-somalias-presidential-election |archive-date=2023-10-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Hassan Mohamud becomes Somalia's first sitting president to earn PhD |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2022/Oct/188400/hassan_mohamud_becomes_somalia_s_first_sitting_president_to_earn_phd.aspx |website=Hiiraan Online |date=2022-10-25 |access-date=2022-11-08}}</ref>. == Umwuga mbere ya politiki == Hassan yabanje kuba umwarimu mu ishuri ry'ubumenyingiro rya Lafole, hanyuma mu 1984 yinjira mu ishuri rikuru ryigisha abarimu b'ubumenyingiro rishamikiye kuri Kaminuza y'Igihugu ya Somaliya, aba umuyobozi w'ishami mu 1986 <ref name="E12" /><ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Somali election of Hassan Sheikh a 'great step' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19557884 |website=BBC |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-11}}</ref>. Ubwo intambara y'abenegihugu yadukaga mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1990, yagumye muri Somaliya, aba umujyanama w'imiryango itegamiye kuri leta n'ibigo by'Umuryango w'Abibumbye <ref name="E19" />. Kuva mu 1993 kugeza mu 1995, yari umukozi ushinzwe uburezi muri UNICEF mu majyepfo no hagati mu gihugu. Mu 1999, yafatanyije gushinga ikigo cy'imicungire n'ubuyobozi (SIMAD) i Mogadishu, cyaje kuba SIMAD University, akibera umuyobozi kugeza mu 2010 <ref name="E20">{{cite web |author=Mahmoud Mohamed |title=Profiles of Somalia's top presidential candidates |url=http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/08/17/feature-02 |website=Sabahi |date=2012-08-17 |access-date=2012-08-21}}</ref>. Yigishije kandi ikoranabuhanga muri Kaminuza ya Mogadishu <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalia: Profile of President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209110514.html}}</ref>. Mu 2011, yashinze ishyaka rya Peace and Development Party (PDP), maze muri Mata 2011 aritorerwa kuriyobora <ref name="E20" /><ref name="E21">{{cite web |author=Nasongo Willy |title=Somalia: new independent political party leader |url=http://english.alshahid.net/archives/20024 |website=Alshahid |date=2011-04-20 |access-date=2012-09-10}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2012, yabaye umudepite mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko nshya ya Leta Yunze Ubumwe ya Somaliya <ref name="E19" />. == Manda ya mbere (2012–2017) == === Itorwa === Ku ya 10 Nzeri 2012, abadepite bamutoreye kuba Perezida wa Somaliya <ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Somali lawmakers elect Mohamud as next president |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/somalia-politics-idUSL5E8KAIUR20120910 |website=Reuters |date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2012-09-10}}</ref>. Mu cyiciro cya mbere cy'amatora, Perezida Sharif Sheikh Ahmed wari ku butegetsi yabaye uwa mbere n'amajwi 64, Hassan akurikiraho n'amajwi 60 <ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Somalia: Sheikh Sharif vs Newcomer Sheikh Mahamoud in Final Round of Presidential Elections |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209101222.html |website=Garowe Online |date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2012-09-10}}</ref>; mu cyiciro cya kabiri, Hassan yatsinze Sharif ku majwi 190 kuri 79 <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalie : Hassan Cheikh Mohamoud élu |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2012/09/10/97001-20120910FILWWW00718-somalie-hassan-cheikh-mohamoud-elu.php}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalie : élection surprise d'un universitaire peu connu à la présidence |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/somalie-election-surprise-d-un-universitaire-peu-connu-a-la-presidence-10-09-2012-1504725_24.php}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=Somalia Federal Parliament elects Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as President |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Federal_Parliament_elects_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_as_President.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2012-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913095606/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Federal_Parliament_elects_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_as_President.shtml |archive-date=2012-09-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Nubwo habayeho ibirego bya ruswa n'igurwa ry'amajwi, Sharif yemeye ibyavuye mu matora <ref name="E26">{{cite web |language=en |author=IISS |title=Strategic Survey 2013: The Annual Review of World Affairs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vau7EAAAQBAJ |website=Taylor & Francis |date=2023-04-28}}</ref>. Itorwa rye ryashimwe n'umuryango mpuzamahanga, harimo Umuryango w'Abibumbye n'Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe <ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=Somalia's President-elect widely hailed |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-09/11/c_131843573.htm |website=Xinhua |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811171048/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-09/11/c_131843573.htm |archive-date=2013-08-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuba perezida ku ya 16 Nzeri 2012 <ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=President's inauguration marks 'new era' for Somalia, says UN envoy |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42900&Cr=Somali&Cr1= |website=UN News Centre |date=2012-09-16 |access-date=2012-09-17}}</ref>, maze ku ya 6 Ukwakira 2012 agira Abdi Farah Shirdon Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Somali president names political newcomer as PM -diplomats |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL6E8L60GZ20121006 |website=Reuters |date=2012-10-06 |access-date=2012-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217195634/http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL6E8L60GZ20121006 |archive-date=2014-12-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. === Ibitero byamwibasiye === Ku ya 12 Nzeri 2012, iminsi ibiri nyuma yo gutorwa, abiyahuzi n'abantu bitwaje intwaro bagabye igitero kuri hoteli Jazeera i Mogadishu, aho yari ari mu nama n'intumwa z'amahanga; Hassan ntiyakomeretse, akomeza ijambo rye imbere y'abanyamakuru <ref name="E32">{{cite web |title=Somalia: Newly elected President Hassan and foreign dignitaries survive multiple bomb blasts |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Newly_elected_President_Hassan_and_foreign_dignitaries_survive_multiple_bomb_blasts.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2012-09-12 |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917212452/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Newly_elected_President_Hassan_and_foreign_dignitaries_survive_multiple_bomb_blasts.shtml |archive-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |author=Bill Roggio |title=Shabaab suicide bombers attack new Somali president, Kenyan foreign minister |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2012/09/shabaab_suicide_bombers_attack.php |website=Long War Journal |date=2012-09-12 |access-date=2012-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914182652/http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2012/09/shabaab_suicide_bombers_attack.php |archive-date=2012-09-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |author=Gabe Joselow |title=Suicide Bombers Target New Somali President |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/new-somali-president-safe-after-explosion/1506278.html |website=Voice of America |date=2012-09-12 |access-date=2012-09-13}}</ref>. Umutwe wa al-Shabaab wigambye icyo gitero <ref name="E32" />. Ku ya 3 Nzeri 2013, igisasu cyaturikiye hafi y'imodoka zari ziherekeje perezida i Merca <ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=Somali President Unhurt in Bomb Attack |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/somali-president-unhurt-in-bomb-attack/1742168.html |website=VOA News |date=2013-09-03 |access-date=2013-09-11}}</ref>. Ku ya 7 Ukwakira 2015, abarwanyi ba al-Shabaab bishe mwishywa we, Dr Liban Osman, i Mogadishu <ref name="E36">{{cite web |title=Somali president's nephew killed in al-Shabab attack |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34465949 |website=BBC News |date=2015-10-07 |access-date=2015-11-21}}</ref>. Ku ya 18 Werurwe 2025, al-Shabaab yongeye kugerageza kumwica ikoresheje ibisasu byatezwe ku muhanda hafi y'ingoro ya Villa Somalia <ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Somali militants target presidential convoy in bomb attack, president safe |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/somali-militants-target-presidential-convoy-bomb-attack-president-safe-2025-03-18/}}</ref>. === Politiki y'imbere mu gihugu === Ubutegetsi bwe bwashyize imbere guteza imbere serivisi z'ibanze nk'ubuzima n'uburezi, no kongera kubaka ibikorwa remezo birimo icyambu n'ikibuga cy'indege cya Mogadishu, imihanda, amashuri n'ibitaro <ref name="E38">{{cite web |title=2013-2015 - Somalia - Addendum to Country Brief |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/document/2013-2015-somalia-addendum-to-country-brief-34904 |website=AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK |date=2013-12-23 |access-date=2013-12-23}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye yasabye ko hakurwaho igihano cyo kubuza Somaliya kugura intwaro, cyari cyarashyizweho n'Akanama gashinzwe Umutekano ka Loni mu 1992, kugira ngo ingabo z'igihugu zibashe guhangana n'inyeshyamba z'abiyitirira Isilamu <ref name="E39">{{cite web |title=UN set to ease Somalia arms embargo |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/un-set-to-ease-somalia-arms-embargo/story-fn3dxix6-1226587316101 |website=The Australian |date=2013-02-28 |access-date=2013-03-06}}</ref><ref name="E42">{{cite web |author=Majid Ahmed |title=Somalia: Continuance of Arms Embargo Threatens Security Gains in Somalia |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201302210071.html |website=Sabahi |date=2013-02-20 |access-date=2013-03-06}}</ref>. Icyo gihano cyaroroshejwe by'agateganyo mu 2013, maze ku ya 5 Werurwe 2014 Akanama gashinzwe Umutekano kemeza ko iryo yoroshya rikomeza <ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=UN to lift Somalia arms embargo |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-1-163309-UN-to-lift-Somalia-arms-embargo |website=The News |date=2013-03-05 |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808082522/https://www.thenews.com.pk/ |archive-date=2020-08-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E47">{{cite web |title=UN Security Council Extends Arms Embargo lift on Somalia to eight months |url=http://horseedmedia.net/2014/03/06/un-security-council-extends-arms-embargo-somalia-eight-months/ |website=Horseed Media |date=2014-03-06 |access-date=2014-03-06}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2013, yasubukuye ibiganiro by'ubwiyunge na Somaliland, intara yiyomoye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, abisinyira i Ankara, muri Turukiya, na Perezida wa Somaliland Ahmed Mahamoud Silanyo <ref name="E48">{{cite web |title=Somalia: Hassan and President Silanyo meet in Turkey |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_President_Hassan_and_President_Silanyo_meet_in_Turkey_printer.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2013-04-13 |access-date=2013-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927114340/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_President_Hassan_and_President_Silanyo_meet_in_Turkey_printer.shtml |archive-date=2013-09-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2013, guverinoma ye yasinye amasezerano y'ubwiyunge n'ubuyobozi bwigenga bwa Jubaland i Addis Abeba, muri [[Etiyopiya]]. Manda ye ya mbere yaranzwe n'amakimbirane n'abaminisitiri b'intebe be: mu Ugushyingo 2013, yasabye Abdi Farah Shirdon kwegura, maze abadepite batangiza icyifuzo cyo kumweguza <ref name="E55">{{cite web |title=Somalia: Prime Minister asked to step down |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Prime_Minister_asked_to_step_down_printer.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2013-11-12 |access-date=2013-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025544/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Prime_Minister_asked_to_step_down_printer.shtml |archive-date=2013-12-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E58">{{cite web |title=Somali PM to face vote this week |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somali-PM-to-face-vote-this-week_printer.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2013-11-26 |access-date=2013-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030320/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somali-PM-to-face-vote-this-week_printer.shtml |archive-date=2013-12-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>; mu 2014, yagiranye andi makimbirane na Minisitiri w'Intebe Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed ku bijyanye n'ivugurura rya guverinoma <ref name="E68">{{cite web |title=Breaking: Somali PM reshuffles his cabinet |url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=5280 |website=Goobjoog |date=2014-10-25 |access-date=2014-11-07}}</ref><ref name="E70">{{cite web |title=SOMALIA: President Hassan says PM's cabinet reshuffle is "null and void" |url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/10/somalia-president-hassan-says-pms-cabinet-reshuffle-is-null-and-void/ |website=Raxanreeb |date=2014-10-25 |access-date=2014-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110205423/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/10/somalia-president-hassan-says-pms-cabinet-reshuffle-is-null-and-void/ |archive-date=2014-11-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro za 2016, ubutegetsi bwe bwagenzuraga igice gito cyane cy'igihugu, kandi ntiyabashije gukemura ikibazo cya Somaliland. Mu 2017, yatsinzwe amatora na Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed « Farmaajo » <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Hassan Cheikh Mohamoud élu président |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1299684/somalie-hassan-cheikh-mohamoud-elu-president-officiel.html}}</ref>. == Manda ya kabiri (kuva mu 2022) == Ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2022, Hassan yongeye gutorwa kuba perezida, atsinda ku cyiciro cya gatatu Perezida Farmaajo wari ku butegetsi, wari waramutsinze mu 2017 <ref name="F5" /><ref name="E110">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nimi Princewill |title=Former Somali president returns to power, vows to return Somalia to stability |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/16/africa/somalia-elects-new-president-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2022-05-16 |access-date=2022-05-20}}</ref>. Yiyemeje kugarura umutekano muri Somaliya <ref name="E111">{{cite web |author=Nimi Princewill |title=Former Somali president returns to power, vows to return Somalia to stability |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/16/africa/somalia-elects-new-president-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2022-05-16 |access-date=2022-05-16}}</ref>, maze arahira ku ya 23 Gicurasi 2022. Ku ya 15 Kamena 2022, yagize Hamza Abdi Barre Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="E112">{{cite web |author=Abdi Sheikh |title=Somali president nominates Barre as prime minister after delayed elections |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/somali-president-nominates-barre-prime-minister-after-delayed-elections-2022-06-15/ |website=Reuters |date=2022-06-15 |access-date=2022-08-22}}</ref>. Ku ya 28 Ugushyingo 2024, mu makimbirane ku matora y'intara ya Jubaland, umucamanza wo muri iyo ntara yasohoye impapuro zo kumuta muri yombi, amushinja ubugambanyi no gushaka guteza intambara; guverinoma nkuru na yo yasohoye impapuro zo guta muri yombi Perezida wa Jubaland, Ahmed Madobe <ref name="E115">{{cite web |language=en |title=Somalia and Jubaland issue warrants of arrest for their respective leaders |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/11/28/somalia-and-jubaland-issue-warrants-of-arrest-for-their-respective-leaders/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-11-28 |access-date=2024-11-28}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2026, mu kiganiro na Al Jazeera, yamaganye iyemezwa rya Somaliland nk'igihugu kigenga ryakozwe na Isirayeli, avuga ko ari ukwivanga mu bibazo by'igihugu cye kandi ko Somaliya itazemera ko Isirayeli ishyira ikigo cya gisirikare muri Somaliland <ref name="E113">{{cite web |title=Somalia's Mohamud slams Israel's interference, rejects base on Somaliland |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/8/somalias-mohamud-slams-israels-interference-rejects-base-on-somaliland |website=Aljazeera |access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref><ref name="E114">{{cite web |title=Somalia's Mohamud slams Israel's 'interference', rejects base on Somaliland |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/somalia-mohamud-slams-israel-interference-050457571.html |website=Yahoo News |access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref>. Ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2026, nubwo abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bavugaga ko manda ye irangiye uwo munsi, yatangaje ko Itegeko Nshinga ryavuguruwe ryongereye manda ya perezida kuva ku myaka ine ikagera ku myaka itanu, bityo manda ye ikazarangira ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2027 <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalie : le gouvernement annonce une période de transition à la fin d’un mandat présidentiel sans élections à l’horizon |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/05/15/somalie-le-gouvernement-annonce-une-periode-de-transition-a-la-fin-d-un-mandat-presidentiel-sans-elections-a-l-horizon_6689489_3212.html?search-type=classic&ise_click_rank=1}}</ref>. == Impaka == Manda ye ya mbere yanenzwe cyane kubera ruswa ikabije, kubuza itangazamakuru ubwisanzure no gukoresha nabi ububasha. Itsinda ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye rishinzwe kugenzura Somaliya ryashinje ubutegetsi bwe guha intwaro al-Shabaab, kandi raporo yo mu 2013 yavuze ko hari umugambi wo kunyereza umutungo wa leta <ref name="E9">{{cite web |language=en |author=Moulid Hujale |title=Hassan Mohamud: The second coming of Somalia's new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/5/18/somalias-new-president |website=Al Jazeera |date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2024-11-05}}</ref><ref name="E116">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mohamud Ali |title=Hassan Sheikh Mohamud: Who is Somalia's new leader? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-19556383 |website=BBC News |date=2022-05-16 |access-date=2024-11-05}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2023, yagize umukobwa we, Jehan Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, umujyanama we mu bibazo mpuzamahanga, ibyo bikaba byarateje impaka, ndetse ambasaderi wa Somaliya muri Arabiya Sawudite yegura avuga ko yasuzuguwe n'abo hafi ya perezida <ref name="E117">{{cite web |language=en |author=Najib Ahmed |title=Somalia: State-building as the elite's perverse incentive |url=https://africanarguments.org/2023/09/somalia-state-building-as-the-elites-perverse-incentive/ |website=African Arguments |date=2023-09-04 |access-date=2024-04-10}}</ref><ref name="E118">{{cite web |language=en |title=Somalia's president appoints daughter as foreign affairs advisor |url=https://somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalias-president-appoints-daughter-as-foreign-affairs-advisor/ |website=Somali Guardian |date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2024-04-10}}</ref>. Ku ya 30 Ugushyingo 2023, umuhungu we, Mohammed Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, yagonze umumotari w'Umunyaturukiya i Istanbul, ari mu modoka y'ambasade ya Somaliya; uwo mumotari yapfuye ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2023 <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Turquie: le fils du président somalien s'enfuit après un accident mortel |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2023/12/09/turquie-le-fils-du-president-somalien-senfuit-apres-un-accident-mortel/}}</ref><ref name="E119">{{cite web |title=İstanbul'da motokuryenin ölümüne neden olan Somali Cumhurbaşkanı'nın oğlu ifadesi alınmadan Türkiye'yi terketti |url=https://www.voaturkce.com/a/istanbul-da-motokuryenin-olumune-neden-somali-cumhurbaskaninin-oglu-ifadesi-alinmadan-turkiye-yi-terk-etti-/7390477.html |website=voaturkce.com |date=2023-12-09 |access-date=2023-12-13}}</ref><ref name="E121">{{cite web |language=tr |title=Somali Cumhurbaşkanı'nın oğlu hakkında soruşturma |url=https://www.anadolugazete.com.tr/genel/somali-cumhurbaskaninin-oglu-hakkinda-sorusturma-1276g.htm |website=Anadolu Gazete |date=2023-12-10 |access-date=2023-12-13}}</ref>. Urukiko rwabanje kumukatira igifungo cy'imyaka ibiri n'igice, nyuma gihindurwa ihazabu <ref name="E123">{{cite web |language=en |title=Turkey fines Somali president's son after courier's death in crash |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67998448 |date=2024-01-16 |access-date=2024-04-10}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Hassan Sheikh Mohamud yashakanye na Qamar Ali Omar, bafitanye abana barindwi <ref name="E15" />. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Somaliya]] 03sfaemmjtuwmjgflxxok2544q3hi83 0 23237 141328 140785 2026-10-11T10:02:03Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 141328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mobutu Sese Seko | image = Mobutu (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Mobutu Sese Seko | birth_date = 14 Ukwakira 1930 | birth_place = Lisala, Kongo y'Ababiligi (ubu ni [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]) | death_date = 7 Nzeri 1997 (afite imyaka 66) | death_place = Rabat, Maroke | nationality = Umunyekongo, Umunyazayire | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyamakuru, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Zayire]] | term = 24 Ugushyingo 1965 – 16 Gicurasi 1997 | predecessor = Joseph Kasa-Vubu | party = Mouvement populaire de la révolution (MPR) | spouse = Marie-Antoinette Gbiatibwa Yetene, Bobi Ladawa }} '''Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga''' (amazina y'amavuko: '''Joseph-Désiré Mobutu'''; yavutse ku ya 14 Ukwakira 1930 i Lisala, apfa ku ya 7 Nzeri 1997 i Rabat) yari umusirikare akaba n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyekongo, wayoboye [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] kuva mu 1965, akayihindurira izina ikitwa [[Zayire]] mu 1971, kugeza mu 1997. Yafashe ubutegetsi muri kudeta yo mu 1965, ashyiraho ubutegetsi bw'ishyaka rimwe, Mouvement populaire de la révolution (MPR), n'umuco wo kumuramya. Mu rwego rwa politiki y'« umwimerere » (''authenticité''), yahinduye amazina y'igihugu, ay'umugezi n'ay'ifaranga, ndetse n'amazina y'abaturage. Ku butegetsi bwe, uburenganzira bwa muntu bwarahonyowe cyane, kandi ruswa yari ikabije ku buryo ubutegetsi bwe bwiswe « ubutegetsi bw'abajura » (''kleptocratie''). Mu gihe cy'Intambara y'Ubutita, ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba, cyane cyane Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, Ubufaransa n'Ububiligi, byaramushyigikiye kubera ko yarwanyaga ubukomunisiti. Muri Gicurasi 1997, inyeshyamba za AFDL ziyobowe na Laurent-Désiré Kabila zaramuhiritse, maze apfira mu buhungiro muri Maroke nyuma y'amezi atatu. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere == Joseph-Désiré Mobutu yavukiye i Lisala mu 1930, mu bwoko bw'Abangbandi <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Chronology for Ngbandi in the Dem. Rep. of the Congo |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=&type=CHRON&coi=COD&rid=&docid=469f38813&skip=0 |website=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2013-05-15 |access-date=2013-05-15}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |author=Akrasih, Shirley |title=AFRICA AND DEMOCRACY Joseph Mobutu, Dictator of the DRC, and His Life-Saving Support from the US |url=http://sites.davidson.edu/cis485/?p=3164 |website=Davidson College |date=2012-02-28 |access-date=2026-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303231049/http://sites.davidson.edu/cis485/?p=3164 |archive-date=2014-03-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Nyina, Marie Madeleine Yemo, yari umukozi wo mu rugo, naho se, Albéric Gbemani, yari umutetsi w'umucamanza w'Umubiligi <ref name="E14">{{cite web |author=Robert Edgerton |title=The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9n9aUHXtW4C&pg=PA198 |website=Macmillan}}</ref>. Se yapfuye Mobutu afite imyaka umunani. Yize mu ishuri ry'abafurere Gatolika i Coquilhatville (ubu ni Mbandaka) <ref name="E15">{{cite web |language=en |author=Thomas Bailey |title=Mobutu Sese Seko: The Rise and Fall of Congo's Infamous Dictator |url=https://www.thecollector.com/mobutu-congo-great-dictator/ |website=TheCollector |date=2024-05-09 |access-date=2025-04-13}}</ref>; yakundaga gusoma ibitabo by'amateka <ref name="E16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=«Mobutu»: un dictateur africain chouchou des démocrates occidentaux |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170516-mobutu-biographie-dictateur-africain-chou-chou-democrates-occidentaux |website=RFI |date=2017-05-16 |access-date=2026-07-19}}</ref>. Mu 1950, yinjiye mu ngabo z'abakoloni (''Force publique''), aho yabaye su-ofisiye, akazivamo mu 1956. Nyuma yaho, yabaye umunyamakuru mu kinyamakuru ''L'Avenir'' cy'i Léopoldville (ubu ni [[Kinshasa]]). Mu 1957, yahuye na Patrice Lumumba, maze mu ntangiriro za 1960 yinjira mu ishyaka rye, Mouvement national congolais (MNC). == Kujya ku butegetsi == Muri Nyakanga 1960, igihugu kibona ubwigenge, Mobutu yabaye umunyamabanga wa leta muri guverinoma ya Patrice Lumumba, hanyuma umugaba wungirije w'ingabo. Mu gihe cy'amakimbirane hagati ya Lumumba na Perezida Joseph Kasa-Vubu, ku ya 14 Nzeri 1960 Mobutu yakoze kudeta ya mbere, ahirika guverinoma ya Lumumba yari yaratowe, ashyigikiwe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika n'Ububiligi; guverinoma yashyizeho yatanze Lumumba muri Katanga, aho yiciwe ku ya 17 Mutarama 1961 <ref name="E2">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mobutu Sese Seko - Biography & Facts - Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mobutu-Sese-Seko |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2026-01-09}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |language=en |author=Greg Beyer |title=Patrice Lumumba: Hero & Martyr of the Congo |url=https://www.thecollector.com/patrice-lumumba-congo/ |website=TheCollector |date=2023-06-20 |access-date=2025-04-15}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 1961, yagizwe jenerali-majoro <ref name="E21">{{cite web |author=Ludo De Witte |title=The Assassination of Lumumba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Fl2lvKa_GEC |website=Verso Books |access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref>. Mu 1964–1965, ingabo zayobowe na Mobutu, zifashijwe n'Abanyamerika, zatsinze imyivumbagatanyo y'aba Simba n'iya Kwilu yari yigaruriye igice kinini cy'igihugu <ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mobutu's Ascension to Power – Innovative Research Methods |url=https://innovativeresearchmethods.org/mobutus-ascension-to-power/ |access-date=2025-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603052549/https://innovativeresearchmethods.org/mobutus-ascension-to-power/ |archive-date=2025-06-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 1965, Mobutu yakoze kudeta ya kabiri yahiritse Perezida Kasa-Vubu, afata ubutegetsi ubwe <ref name="E2" />. Yatangaje ko nta bikorwa by'amashyaka bizabaho mu myaka itanu <ref name="E47">{{cite web |author=Howard W. French |title=Anatomy of an Autocracy: Mobutu's 32-Year Reign |url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/africa/051797zaire-mobutu.html |website=The New York Times on the Web |date=1997-05-17 |access-date=2012-07-05}}</ref>. Ububiligi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika ni byo byabaye ibya mbere mu kwemera ubutegetsi bwe <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le 24 novembre 1965, l’armée prenait le pouvoir |url=http://www.lepotentiel.com/afficher_article.php?id_edition=&id_article=18314}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Zayire == === Ubutegetsi bw'ishyaka rimwe === Muri Kamena 1966, abahoze ari abaminisitiri bane, barimo uwahoze ari Minisitiri w'Intebe Évariste Kimba, bamanitswe mu ruhame, bashinjwa umugambi wo guhirika ubutegetsi. Mu 1967, yashinze ishyaka rimwe ryemewe, Mouvement populaire de la révolution (MPR), rifite intero ivuga ko ritari « iburyo cyangwa ibumoso » <ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |title=Nelson Mandela is not a Blacks Sellout |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/nelson-mandela-is-not-a-blacks-sellout-20120719 |website=News24 |access-date=2025-04-15}}</ref>. Amashyirahamwe y'abakozi yahujwe mu rimwe rigenzurwa na leta <ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bridgette Kasuka |title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C |website=Bankole Kamara Taylor |date=2012-02-08}}</ref>. Yashyizeho imitwe myinshi y'ingabo ishinzwe kumurinda, nka Division spéciale présidentielle <ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bridgette Kasuka |title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C |website=Bankole Kamara Taylor |date=2012-02-08}}</ref>. Mu matora, yatorwaga ku majwi hafi yose; mu matora amwe, amajwi yarenze umubare w'abatora banditse <ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=EISA DRC: Elections under the Second Republic |url=https://eisa.org.za/wep/drcsecondrepublic.htm |website=www.eisa.org.za |access-date=2025-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729022744/https://eisa.org.za/wep/drcsecondrepublic.htm |archive-date=2019-07-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu 1983, yiyitiriye ipeti rya mareshali <ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=Mobutu grants amnesty to political prisoners in Zaire |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/05/19/Mobutu-grants-amnesty-to-political-prisoners-in-Zaire/5205422164800/ |website=UPI |access-date=2018-08-03}}</ref>. === Politiki y'« umwimerere » === Mu 1971, Mobutu yahinduye izina ry'igihugu, iry'umugezi wa Kongo n'iry'ifaranga, abyita « Zayire ». Yategetse abaturage gufata amazina y'Abanyafurika aho kuba ay'Abakristo, maze mu 1972 na we yiyita Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga, bisobanura « intwari ishobora byose, igenda itsinda » <ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Zaire: Continuity and Political Change in an Oppressive State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1V1AAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+warrior+who+knows+no+defeat+because+of+his+endurance+and+inflexible+will+and+is+all+powerful,+leaving+fire+in+his+wake+as+he+goes+from+conquest+to+conquest%22}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mobutu Dies in Morocco |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/news/09/0908/mobutu.shtml |website=BBC News |date=1997}}</ref>. Yaretse imyambaro ya gisirikare, yambara ikote ryiswe ''abacost'' (« hasi ikoti ») n'ingofero y'uruhu rw'ingwe <ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=en |author=Jay Nordlinger |title=Children of Monsters: An Inquiry into the Sons and Daughters of Dictators |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u3ULDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22toque+%22+Mobutu&pg=PT182 |website=Encounter Books |date=2017-01-10}}</ref>. === Ruswa n'ubukungu === Mu myaka ya mbere, ubukungu bwari bwifashe neza kubera umutungo kamere w'igihugu, ariko imishinga minini ihenze, igabanuka ry'igiciro cy'umuringa n'ubwigarurire bw'ibigo by'abanyamahanga bwiswe « zairianisation » mu 1973 byashegeshe ubukungu <ref name="E36">{{cite web |title=BBC: Timeline: Democratic Republic of Congo |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13286306}}</ref>. Mobutu yashyizeho uburyo bwo kugura abamushyigikira binyuze mu gutanga imyanya n'amafaranga <ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |author=William Reno |title=Sovereignty and Personal Rule in Zaire |url=https://journals.flvc.org/ASQ/article/view/136500 |website=African Studies Quarterly |date=1997}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |language=en |author=William Reno |title=Congo: From state collapseto 'absolutism', to state failure |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436590500368867 |website=Third World Quarterly |date=2006}}</ref>, kandi ruswa iba ikintu gisanzwe mu nzego zose <ref name="E39">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bridgette Kasuka |title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C&dq=%22Another+feature+of+Mobutu%27s+economic+mismanagement%2C+directly+linked+to+the+way+he+and+his+friends+siphoned+off+so+much+of+the+country%27s+wealth%2C+was+rampant+inflation.+The+rapid+decline+in+the+real+value+of+salaries+strongly+encouraged+a+culture+of+corruption+and+dishonesty+among+public+servants+of+all+kinds.%22&pg=PA175 |website=Bankole Kamara Taylor |date=2012-02-08}}</ref>. Abaturage benshi bari mu bukene, mu gihe we yakusanyije umutungo ugereranywa hagati ya miliyoni 50 na miliyari 5 z'amadolari <ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Mobutu: A Rich man In Poor Standing. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/03/mobutu-a-rich-man-in-poor-standing/49e66628-3149-47b8-827f-159dff8ac1cd/}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=James Brooke |title=Mobutu's village basks in his glory |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/29/world/mobutu-s-village-basks-in-his-glory.html/ |website=The New York Times |date=1988-09-29}}</ref>. Mu 1991, ikinyamakuru ''The Washington Post'' cyavuze ko yanyereje hafi miliyari 5 z'amadolari <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mobutu: A Rich man In Poor Standing |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/03/mobutu-a-rich-man-in-poor-standing/49e66628-3149-47b8-827f-159dff8ac1cd/}}</ref>. Yari afite amazu y'agaciro kenshi mu Burayi, ndetse yubakisha ingoro i Gbadolite, yiswe « Versailles y'ishyamba », n'ikibuga cy'indege gishobora kwakira indege ya Concorde, yakundaga gukodesha mu ngendo ze <ref name="E40">{{cite web |author=Robert Block |title=Mobutu goes cruising as his country burns: The cook's son is feeding Zaire to the crocodiles. Robert Block on an unpopular survivor |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/mobutu-goes-cruising-as-his-country-burns-the-cooks-son-is-feeding-zaire-to-the-crocodiles-robert-block-on-an-unpopular-survivor-1472846.html |website=The Independent |date=1993-02-14 |access-date=2015-03-28}}</ref><ref name="E41">{{cite web |title=Concorde supersonique jet / Gallery / Pictures |url=http://www.concorde-jet.com/e_photos.php?ref=club_concorde2136 |access-date=2026-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703131449/http://www.concorde-jet.com/e_photos.php?ref=club_concorde2136 |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Mobutu yari inshuti ikomeye y'ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba mu kurwanya ubukomunisiti muri Afurika, ashyigikirwa cyane na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, Ubufaransa n'Ububiligi <ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zaire, Israel Sign Accords |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/zaire-israel-sign-accords |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |access-date=2026-06-28}}</ref>. Yagiranye kandi umubano ukomeye na Afurika y'Epfo y'ivanguraruhu, Isirayeli n'u[[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]] <ref name="E4" /><ref name="E61">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bridgette Kasuka |title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C&dq=Mobutu+m%C3%A3o+OR+helmsman&pg=PA182 |website=Bankole Kamara Taylor |date=2012-02-08}}</ref><ref name="E58">{{cite web |language=en |author=Robert G. Sutter |title=Historical Dictionary of Chinese Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6nrPFbQfygC&dq=Mobutu+China&pg=PA271 |website=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |date=2011-05-05}}</ref>. Mu ntambara y'abenegihugu ya [[Angola]], yashyigikiye inyeshyamba za FNLA na UNITA zarwanyaga MPLA. Mu 1977 no mu 1978, ubwo inyeshyamba zaturutse muri Angola zateraga intara ya Shaba, Ubufaransa n'Ububiligi byohereje ingabo zo kumutabara <ref name="E55">{{cite web |title=Zaire: A Country Study, Shaba I |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0186)}}</ref><ref name="E56">{{cite web |title=Zaire: A Country Study, Shaba II |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0187)}}</ref>. Perezida Ronald Reagan yamushimiye mu 1983 <ref name="E68">{{cite web |title=When He Was King: On the trail of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, Zaire's former Kleptocrat-in-Chief |url=http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/05.22.97/cover/mobutu-9721.html}}</ref>. == Ihirikwa n'urupfu == Intambara y'Ubutita imaze kurangira, ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba byaretse kumushyigikira <ref name="E70">{{cite web |title=Leaving Fire in His Wake |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,161061,00.html |access-date=2026-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114203521/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,161061,00.html |archive-date=2009-01-14 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>. Muri Mata 1990, yemeye amashyaka menshi, maze Inama y'Igihugu yashyizeho itangira kunenga ubutegetsi bwe. Mu 1993, igihugu cyari gifite guverinoma ebyiri, imwe imushyigikiye n'indi iyobowe na Étienne Tshisekedi <ref name="E72">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bridgette Kasuka |title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C&dq=%22The+anti-Mobutu+government+was+headed+by+Laurent+Monsengwo+and+%C3%89tienne+Tshisekedi+of+the+Union+for+Democracy+and+Social+Progress%22&pg=PA183 |website=Bankole Kamara Taylor |date=2012-02-08}}</ref>. Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994, abasirikare n'abarwanyi bayigizemo uruhare bahungiye mu burasirazuba bwa Zayire, bitwikira impunzi, bituma akarere kose kajya mu mutekano muke <ref name="E73">{{cite web |language=en |author=Jeanne M. Haskin |title=The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ov17yKWSXD8C&dq=Mobutu+Hutu+OR+extremists&pg=PA77 |website=Algora Publishing |date=2005}}</ref>. Mu 1996, inyeshyamba za Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du Congo (AFDL), ziyobowe na Laurent-Désiré Kabila kandi zishyigikiwe n'u Rwanda n'[[Ubugande]], zatangiye intambara ya mbere ya Kongo. Nubwo Nelson Mandela yagerageje kumuhuza na Kabila <ref name="E75">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mark Coatney |title=No Negotiations |url=https://time.com/archive/6930193/no-negotiations/ |website=Time |date=1997-05-14 |access-date=2025-07-17}}</ref>, inyeshyamba zinjiye i Kinshasa ku ya 17 Gicurasi 1997, maze ku ya 23 Gicurasi igihugu cyongera kwitwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo <ref name="E76">{{cite web |author=J. Tyler Dickovick |title=The World Today Series: Africa 2012 |url=https://archive.org/details/africa20120000dick |website=Stryker-Post Publications}}</ref>. Mobutu yabanje guhungira muri [[Togo]], ariko Perezida Gnassingbé Eyadéma amusaba kuvayo nyuma y'iminsi mike <ref name="E77">{{cite web |title=Togo prods Mobutu to move on _ but to where? |url=https://apnews.com/ddd412eba59c464d6af9bcc55bdfc698 |website=AP NEWS |access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>; yahise ajya i Rabat, muri Maroke <ref name="E78">{{cite web |author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |title=Refworld Zaire: Information on events that occurred between 16 and 24 May 1997, including the rebel takeover |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aaab48.html |website=Refworld |access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>. Ku ya 7 Nzeri 1997, yaguye i Rabat azize kanseri ya porositate, afite imyaka 66, ashyingurwa mu irimbi ry'Abakristo ry'uwo mujyi <ref name="E79">{{cite web |language=en |author=Howard W. French |title=Mobutu Sese Seko, Zairian Ruler, Is Dead in Exile in Morocco at 66 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/08/world/mobutu-sese-seko-zairian-ruler-is-dead-in-exile-in-morocco-at-66.html |website=The New York Times |date=1997-09-08 |access-date=2025-04-12}}</ref><ref name="E80">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Il repose désormais dans un cimetière à Rabat Mobutu inhumé dans la plus grande discrétion |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/239276/Il_repose_desormais_dans_un_cimetiere_a_Rabat_Mobutu_inhume_dans_la_plus_grande_discretion.html |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |date=1997-09-15 |access-date=2025-04-13}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mu 1955, Mobutu yashakanye na Marie-Antoinette Gbiatibwa Yetene, wapfuye mu 1977; mu 1980, yashakanye na Bobi Ladawa <ref name="E82">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Destins de famille(s) – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/118918/archives-thematique/destins-de-famille-s/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2007-09-10 |access-date=2021-02-24}}</ref>. Yari afite abana benshi; umuhungu we w'imfura, Nyiwa, yateguraga kuzamusimbura, yapfuye mu 1994 <ref name="E44">{{cite web |title=Zaire: A Country Study, Establishment of a Personalistic Regime |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0146)}}</ref><ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=RDC: La mort prématurée de Manda Mobutu met un point final à l'histoire du "Zaïre" |url=http://www.lefaso.net/article.php3?id_article=5300 |access-date=2005-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051101160935/http://www.lefaso.net/article.php3?id_article=5300 |archive-date=2005-11-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Umwe mu bahungu be, Nzanga Mobutu, yaje kuba umunyapolitiki. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] 8pwsj3xw9hpmi1fvtwrzp3y17b3ymut 0 23253 141241 140855 2026-10-10T18:31:26Z Stevenndori289 10902 Ihungabana nyuma yo kubyara 141241 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Indwara yo mu mutwe nyuma yo kubyara''' '''(PPP)''' iterwa no gutangira gutunguranye ibimenyetso byo mu mutwe nyuma gato yo kubyara, akenshi mu byumweru bibiri nyuma yo kubyara ariko mu gihe kitarenze ibyumweru 4.<ref name="Os2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Osborne LM|title=Recognizing and Managing Postpartum Psychosis: A Clinical Guide for Obstetric Providers|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America|volume=45|issue=3|pages=455–468|date=September 2018|pmid=30092921|pmc=6174883|doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2018.04.005}}</ref><ref name="Li2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rodriguez-Cabezas L, Clark C|title=Psychiatric Emergencies in Pregnancy and Postpartum|journal=Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=61|issue=3|pages=615–627|date=September 2018|pmid=29794819|pmc=6143388|doi=10.1097/GRF.0000000000000377}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubona cyangwa guhumurirwa ibintu bitariho ( ibintu bitagaragara ), ibitekerezo bidashoboka ko biba ukuri ( ibintu bidafite ishingiro ), imitekerereze idasanzwe ( mania ), kwiheba, guhangayika, cyangwa urujijo. Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo ibitekerezo bitagenda neza, kugorwa no gusinzira, hamwe n'imitekerereze n'ubwenge bihindagurika.<ref name="Os2018" /><ref name="Li2018" /> Muri rusange, umuntu ubwe ntasobanukiwe neza uburemere bw'iyi ndwara.<ref name="Li2018" /> Abarenga kimwe cya kabiri cy'abanduye nyuma baza gusanganwa indwara ya bipolar.<ref name="Li2018" /> Impamvu ntiramenyekana, nubwo ishobora kuba ifitanye isano n'impinduka mu misemburo, ibibazo by'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, ndetse n'imiterere y'uturemangingo.<ref name="Li2018" /><ref name="Os2018" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo gutwita bwa mbere, gusaza, kubura ibitotsi, n'amateka y'umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa mu muryango we arwaye PPP cyangwa indwara ya bipolar.<ref name="Li2018" /><ref name="Os2018" /> Imihangayiko mu buzima isa nkaho ntacyo ikora, ndetse n'ibimenyetso bifatika ku bibazo byo gutwita ntibigaragara.<ref name=Luc2021>{{Cite book |veditors=Hutner LA, Catapano LA, Nagle-Yang SM, Williams KE, Osborne LM |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1289371393 |title=Textbook of Women's Reproductive Mental Health |date=2021 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association Publishing |isbn=978-1-61537-386-4 |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=1289371393 |access-date=2024-01-06 |archive-date=2024-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111022154/https://search.worldcat.org/title/1289371393 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111022154/https://search.worldcat.org/title/1289371393 |date=2024-01-11 }}</ref> Nta bikoresho byo gusuzuma cyangwa gusuzuma bihari; <ref name="Os2018" /> bikorwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso bigaragara, bigenzurwa n'ibipimo biri muri DSM-V nyuma yo gukuraho izindi mpamvu zishobora kuba zarabayeho. Mu gitabo cy’isuzuma n’ibarurishamibare ku ndwara zo mu mutwe, Umubumbe wa V (DSM-V TR) kiri mu gihe gito cy’indwara yo mu mutwe aho "peripartum itangira", aho kuba ikintu cyihariye.<ref name="DSM5TR">{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5-TR™|date=2022|publisher=American Psychiatric Association Publishing|location=Washington, DC|isbn=9780890425763|page=108|edition=Fifth, text revision}}</ref><ref name=Luc2021 /> Bifatwa nk'ikibazo cyo mu mutwe gisaba kujya mu bitaro byihutirwa.<ref name="Os2018" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo imiti nka lithium, benzodiazepines, na antipsychotics, ndetse no kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe hakoreshejwe electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).<ref name="Os2018" /><ref name="Li2018" /> Mu gihe umugore yigeze kugira umuti wa lithium, ashobora gutangira gukoreshwa mu buryo bwo kwirinda ako kanya nyuma yo kubyara.<ref name="Li2018" /> Ibimenyetso byo mu mutwe, cyane cyane ibyo kwibeshya ko umuntu atamenye neza, bitera impungenge ku mutekano w'umwana na nyina; <ref name="Ga2023">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lewis G, Blake L, Seneviratne G|title=Delusional Misidentification Syndromes in Postpartum Psychosis: A Systematic Review|journal=Psychopathology|pages=285–294|date=September 2022|volume=56|issue=4|pmid=36116435|doi=10.1159/000526129|s2cid=252341410|doi-access=free}}</ref> iyo ndwara ikaba yatuma umwana apfa muri 4% by'abanduye ndetse ikaba ishobora no kwiyahura na nyina.<ref name="Li2018" /> Gutandukana Gutandukana bibaho kugeza kuri 20%. Ihungabana ryo mu mutwe nyuma yo kubyara ribaho ku mwana 1 kugeza kuri 2 ku bana 1000 bavutse.<ref name="Os2018" /><ref name="Li2018" /> Igipimo kigaragara kimwe mu mico itandukanye no mu byiciro bitandukanye by'imibereho . Kenshi na kenshi, igaragara mu gihe umuntu arwaye indwara ya bipolar izwi cyangwa nshya, izwi nka nyuma yo kuvuka.<ref name=Luc2021 /> Iyi ndwara yasobanuwe kuva mu 400 mbere ya Yesu na Hippocrates.<ref name="Os2018" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] j77gv0e0pd6quxfwebbnrnl3c0ad1ht 0 23267 141256 140967 2026-10-10T23:46:02Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Kaminuza Divina Gloria ya Butembo]] 141256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Kaminuza Yigenga y'Ibihugu by'Ibiyaga Bigari y'i Butembo | subheader = ''Université libre des pays des Grands Lacs de Butembo'' | label1 = Impine | data1 = ULPGL-Butembo | label2 = Yashinzwe | data2 = 2001 | label3 = Ubwoko | data3 = Kaminuza yigenga y'abaporotesitanti | label4 = Intego | data4 = ''Foi, Science, Action'' | label5 = Aho iherereye | data5 = [[Butembo]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] | label6 = Urubuga | data6 = [https://ulpgl-butembo.ac ulpgl-butembo.ac] }} '''Kaminuza Yigenga y'Ibihugu by'Ibiyaga Bigari y'i Butembo''' ('''ULPGL-Butembo''') ni kaminuza yigenga y'abaporotesitanti iri i [[Butembo]], muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. Yashinzwe mu 2001. == Amateka == === Inkomoko === ULPGL yavukiye i [[Goma]] ku bushake bw'amatorero atandatu yo mu Itorero rya Kristo muri Kongo (ECC): CBCA, CELPA, Itorero ry'Abangilikani muri Kongo, CADAF, CMLC na CEBCE. Mu 1985 yabanje kuba Ishuri Rikuru rya Tewolojiya y'Abaporotesitanti (ISTP), nyuma iba Kaminuza Yigenga y'Ibihugu by'Ibiyaga Bigari.<ref name="gpen" /><ref name="apropos" /> Ishami ryayo ry'i Butembo ryatangiye mu 2001.<ref name="apropos" /> === Ubwigenge n'amashami mashya === Ikorera i Makomo kuva mu 2007. Iteka rya Minisitiri n° 021/MINESU/CAB.MIN/MML./CI/GM/2012 ryo ku wa 3 Gashyantare 2012 ryayihaye ubuzima gatozi n'ubwigenge nk'ikigo cyigenga cy'amashuri makuru. Nyuma yaho yafunguye ishami ry'amategeko (2012) n'iry'ubuhinzi (2016).<ref name="apropos" /><ref name="prism" /><ref name="coge" /> == Amashami == ULPGL-Butembo ifite amashami atandatu:<ref name="sante" /><ref name="apropos" /> * Ubumenyi bw'[[Ubuhinzi|ubuhinzi]] n'[[Ibidukikije|ibidukikije]] (DSAE) * Ubumenyi bw'ubuzima rusange (DSS) * Ubumenyi bw'umuntu n'umuryango, ishami rya tewolojiya y'abaporotesitanti (DSHS) * Ubukungu n'imicungire (DSEG) * Amategeko, politiki n'ubutegetsi (DSJPA) * [[Imitekerereze]] n'[[Uburezi|uburezi]] (DSPE) == Icyerekezo, intego n'indangagaciro == Intego yayo ni gutanga uburezi n'ubushakashatsi bufite ireme bigamije iterambere rusange, ifatanyije n'abaturage bo hafi yayo. Icyerekezo cyayo ni ukuba kaminuza ihiganwa, izwi mu gihugu no ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ifite ibigo by'ubushakashatsi. Mu ndangagaciro zayo harimo imyitwarire myiza, uburinganire n'ubutabera, gushyira imbere ubushobozi no kubaha agaciro k'umuntu. Intego yayo ni ''Foi, Science, Action'' (Ukwizera, Ubumenyi, Igikorwa).<ref name="apropos" /> == Ubushakashatsi n'ubufatanye == Abarimu n'abanyeshuri b'icyiciro cy'ikirenga basohora ubushakashatsi ku rubuga rwa kaminuza, nk'ubwerekeranye n'imyitwarire y'abaguzi (urugero rwa Brasimba i Beni) cyangwa ku miyoborere irambye mu by'ubuhinzi n'ibiribwa muri Kivu y'Amajyaruguru.<ref name="brasimba" /><ref name="memoire" /> Ifitanye ubufatanye na SYDIP ku buhinzi bw'[[Ikirayi|ibirayi]].<ref name="ibirayi" /> == Mu zindi kaminuza z'i Butembo == Butembo ifite amashuri makuru menshi, arimo Kaminuza Gatolika ya Graben, Kaminuza ya Leta ya Ruwenzori, [[Kaminuza Divina Gloria ya Butembo|Kaminuza Divina Gloria]] na ULPGL.<ref name="apropos" /> Indi kaminuza iri hafi ya Butembo ni [[Kaminuza y'Abadivantisiti ya Lukanga]]. == Reba kandi == * [[Kaminuza y'Abadivantisiti ya Lukanga]] * [[Université de l'Assomption au Congo]] * [[Kaminuza Divina Gloria ya Butembo]] * [[Butembo]] * [[Goma]] == Imiyoboro yo hanze == * [https://ulpgl-butembo.ac Urubuga rwemewe] (fr) == Indanganturo == <references> <ref name="gpen">{{Cite web |url=https://gpenreformation.net/members/universite-libre-des-pays-des-grands-lacs-de-butembo-ulpgl-butembo/ |title=Universite Libre des Pays des Grands Lacs de Butembo (ULPGL-Butembo) |website=GPEN |date=2016-03-23 |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="apropos">{{Cite web |url=https://ulpgl-butembo.ac/apropos/ |title=À propos |website=ulpgl-butembo.ac |date=2025-10-28 |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="prism">{{Cite web |url=https://re.minesursi.gouv.cd/etablissement.php?id=1056 |title=Université libre des pays des Grands Lacs de Butembo |website=PRISM-RDC (MINESURSI) |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="sante">{{Cite web |url=https://ulpgl-butembo.ac/sante-publique/ |title=Santé Publique |website=ulpgl-butembo.ac |date=2025-10-28 |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="coge">{{Cite web |last=Mumbere |first=Michée |title=Les membres du COGE de l'ULPGL Butembo autour de leur Président et Recteur |url=https://ulpgl-butembo.ac/2026/03/28/les-membres-du-coge-de-lulpgl-butembo-autour-de-leur-president-et-recteur-a-loccasion-de-la-nomination-du-nouveau-secretaire-general-academique/ |website=ulpgl-butembo.ac |date=2026-03-28 |access-date=2026-10-08 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="ibirayi">{{Cite web |last=Mumbere |first=Michée |title=Agriculture : À l'ULPGL Butembo, la variété de pomme de terre Carolis Rouge s'adapte bien au site Ararat |url=https://ulpgl-butembo.ac/2026/03/14/agriculture-a-lulpgl-butembo-la-variete-de-pomme-de-terre-carolis-rouge-sadapte-bien-au-site-ararat/ |website=ulpgl-butembo.ac |date=2026-03-14 |access-date=2026-10-08 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="brasimba">{{Cite web |last=Mumbere |first=Michée |title=Article scientifique : Influence du design de marque sur le comportement d'achat des consommateurs, le cas de la succursale de Brasimba Company à Beni |url=https://ulpgl-butembo.ac/2026/02/15/article-scientifique-influence-du-design-de-marque-sur-le-comportement-dachat-des-consommateurs-le-cas-de-la-succursale-de-brasimba-company-a-beni/ |website=ulpgl-butembo.ac |date=2026-02-15 |access-date=2026-10-08 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="memoire">{{Cite web |title=Prise en charge de personne vivant avec le VIH/sida en ville de Butembo |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/12/5181/m_Prise-en-charge-de-personne-vivant-avec-le-VIHsida-en-ville-de-Butembo23.html |website=Memoire Online |access-date=2026-10-08 |language=fr}}</ref> </references> [[Ikiciro:Kaminuza]] [[Ikiciro:Uburezi]] [[Ikiciro:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] s0mhyd1dxjref8t2vbjanzpjj8dgv1f 0 23269 141262 140895 2026-10-11T02:43:07Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 141262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Charles Habonimana | birth_date = 1982 | birth_place = Mayunzwe, [[Akarere ka Ruhango|Ruhango]], [[Rwanda]] | nationality = Umunyarwanda | education = [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]], [[Kaminuza yigenga ya kigali|ULK]] | occupation = Umwanditsi, umuyobozi | employer = ''Rwanda Airports Company'' | notable_works = ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'' (2019) }} '''Charles Habonimana''' (yavutse mu 1982) ni umwanditsi n'umuyobozi w'Umunyarwanda warokotse [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. Ni we wanditse igitabo cy'ubuhamya ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'' (2019), kandi mu 2020 yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru w'ikigo ''Rwanda Airports Company'' gishinzwe ibibuga by'indege mu Rwanda. == Ubuzima == Charles Habonimana yavukiye i Mayunzwe, mu [[Akarere ka Ruhango]] ([[Intara y'amajyepfo|Intara y'Amajyepfo]]), mu muryango w'abahinzi w'abana icyenda.<ref name="NYPL">{{Cite web |title=Moi, le dernier Tutsi – Habonimana, Charles, 1982- |url=https://mobile.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/b21778426 |website=New York Public Library |language=en}}</ref> Jenoside itangira yari afite imyaka 12. Ababyeyi be, batandatu mu bavandimwe be n'abenshi mu muryango we barishwe; we na mushiki we Yvonne ni bo bonyine barokotse. Yarokotse kubera ko umuyobozi w'abicanyi bo mu gace yari yafashe icyemezo cyo kumugumisha ari muzima nk'« Umututsi wa nyuma », ngo azereke ab'igihe kizaza uko Abatutsi basaga.<ref name="JA">{{Cite web |title=Charles Habonimana : « Je n'ai oublié ni les bruits ni les mots ni les images du génocide des Tutsi » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/757539/societe/charles-habonimana-je-nai-oublie-ni-les-bruits-ni-les-mots-ni-les-images-du-genocide-des-tutsi/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-04-02 |language=fr}}</ref> Nyuma ya jenoside yakomeje amashuri, abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri muri [[Kaminuza yigenga ya kigali|Kaminuza Yigenga ya Kigali]] (ULK) n'iy'icyiciro cya gatatu muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]]. == Umwuga == Yakoze imirimo itandukanye y'ubuyobozi, harimo kuba umuyobozi w'abakozi mu kigo EUCL gishinzwe ingufu. Ku ya 25 Kamena 2020, Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] yamugize umuyobozi mukuru wa ''Rwanda Airports Company''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kagame Appoints Charles Habonimana as Managing Director, Rwanda Airports Company |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/06/kagame-appoints-charles-habonimana-as-managing-director-rwanda-airports-company/ |website=KT Press |date=2020-06-25 |language=en}}</ref> == Kwibuka == [[File:Moi, le dernier Tutsi.jpg|thumb|Igifuniko cy'igitabo ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'']] Kuva mu 2012 kugeza mu 2016 yayoboye GAERG, umuryango w'abahoze ari abanyeshuri ba kaminuza barokotse jenoside,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The new president of GAERG assumes office |url=https://medium.com/@gaergrwanda/the-new-president-of-gaerg-assumes-office-e025ae8e9e80 |website=GAERG |date=2016-09-04 |language=en}}</ref> kandi akunze gutanga ubuhamya mu bihe bya [[Kwibuka]]. Mu 2019 yasohoye, afatanyije na Daniel Le Scornet, igitabo ''Moi, le dernier Tutsi'' (Plon), kivuga ku iyicwa ry'umuryango we n'iry'Abatutsi bo mu cyaro cye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moi, le dernier Tutsi |url=https://www.lisez.com/livres/moi-le-dernier-tutsi/9782259277198 |website=Plon |date=2019-03-21 |language=fr |access-date=2026-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015055841/https://www.lisez.com/livres/moi-le-dernier-tutsi/9782259277198 |archive-date=2025-10-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Cyamuritswe i [[Kigali]] muri Mata 2019, kandi cyagarutsweho n'itangazamakuru ndetse n'ubushakashatsi ku nkuru z'abana barokotse jenoside.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Génocide rwandais : ceux qui témoignent et ceux qui se taisent |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/04/05/genocide-rwandais-ceux-qui-temoignent-et-ceux-qui-se-taisent_5446240_3232.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-04-05 |language=fr}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mayunzwe]] * [[Akarere ka Ruhango]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=Moi, le dernier Tutsi |url=https://www.lisez.com/livres/moi-le-dernier-tutsi/9782259277198 |website=Plon |language=fr |access-date=2026-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015055841/https://www.lisez.com/livres/moi-le-dernier-tutsi/9782259277198 |archive-date=2025-10-15 |url-status=dead}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author1=Charles Habonimana |author2=Daniel Le Scornet |title=Moi, le dernier Tutsi |publisher=Plon |location=Paris |year=2019 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |author=Yudit Kiss |title=More Nights Than Days: A Survey of Writings of Child Genocide Survivors |publisher=Central European University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-963-386-618-4 |language=en}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Habonimana, Charles}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] r6j1lxdnyoudvvrud9sgx3t6pawo370 0 23298 141294 141089 2026-10-11T08:30:55Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 141294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|excludeProperties=Q6171735}} Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda (wavutse ku wa 3 Werurwe 1953) ni umunyapolitiki w’Umunyarwanda wabaye Minisitiri w’Amashuri Makuru n’Ubushakashatsi mu bya Siyansi muri Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho mu 1994. Yahamijwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) icyaha cya Jenoside n’icyaha cyo kurimbura abantu nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, kubera uruhare rwe mu bwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi mu gace ka Gikomero mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994. Ku wa 19 Nzeri 2005, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire rwa ICTR rwemeje igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu yari yarakatiwe. == Amateka == Mu ntangiriro za Mata 1994, nyuma gato y’uko Jenoside yo mu Rwanda itangiye, Kamuhanda yatanze ikiganiro i Gikomero aho yagaragaje ko ubwicanyi [[Abatutsi|bw’Abatutsi]] i Gikomero bwari butaratangira kandi ko yari yiteguye gutanga intwaro zari kuba ngombwa kugira ngo ubwicanyi bube bwarakorewe aho. Mu gusoza ijambo rye, yahaye abari aho imbunda, gerenade n'imihoro, kandi yavuze ko azakurikirana abaturage ba Gikomero kugira ngo arebe ko ubwicanyi bwatangiye. Ku itariki ya 12 Mata 1994, Kamuhanda yahaye abapolisi amabwiriza ku mitwe [[Interahamwe|y’Interahamwe]] yo gutangira kwica Abatutsi bari bahungiye mu ishuri ry’itorero ry’Abaporotesitanti i Gikomero. Mu mpera za Nyakanga, Kamuhanda yahungiye mu Bufaransa. Abisabwe n'umushinjacyaha wa TPIR, yatawe muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Abafaransa i Bourges ku ya 26 Ugushyingo 1999. Ku itariki ya 7 Werurwe 2000, yoherejwe muri gereza ya TPIR i Arusha, [[Tanzaniya|muri Tanzaniya]] . Mu rubanza rwe, Kamuhanda yahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside n'icyaha cyo gutsembatsemba nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu . Yagizwe umwere ku byaha byo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, gufata ku ngufu nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, n'ibyaha by'intambara n'ibindi bikorwa bibi nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. Yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu. Igihano cye cyemejwe n'Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwa TPIR ku ya 19 Nzeri 2005, maze ku ya 7 Ukuboza 2008 yoherezwa muri [[Mali]] kurangiriza igihano cye. == Amashakiro == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100115211926/http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/bccfb4153f78182dc12568390032cf2f?OpenDocument ICTR: Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda wahoze ari minisitiri], hirondelle.org, yinjiye muri 2009-03-05 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091105161922/http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/facts/jean-de-dieu_kamuhanda_41.html "Ikigeragezo: Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda"], ikigeragezo-ch.org, cyabonetse 2009-03-05 * [http://www.unictr.org/tabid/128/Default.aspx?id=25&mnid=4 ICTR: Kamuhanda, Jean de Dieu] : Inyandiko z'imanza za ICTR h09wrkbkp3pil7e85a9va2zqjqso07p 0 23302 141260 141111 2026-10-11T01:30:39Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 141260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|excludeProperties=Q1093343}} '''Athanase Seromba''' (wavutse mu 1963) ni umupadiri w’umugatolika ukomoka mu [[Rwanda]] wahamwe n’icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahabuddeen |first=Mohamed |date=12 March 2008 |title=THE PROSECUTOR v. ATHANASE SEROMBA |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/ICTR/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66-A.pdf |journal=International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |issue=Case No. ICTR-2001-66-A}}</ref> <ref name="bbc">{{Cite news |date=13 December 2006 |title=Rwandan priest guilty of genocide |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6175717.stm |work=[[BBC News Online]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Venturini |first=Gabriella |date=28 February 2007 |title=Rwanda's Unanswered Screams: Still seeking justice after the Seromba trial |url=http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=7123 |access-date=28 November 2012 |work=[[The Hague Justice Portal]]}}</ref> == Amateka == Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Seromba yari umupadiri wayoboraga Paruwasi Gatolika ya Nyange, iherereye mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Kibuye, mu burengerazuba bw’u Rwanda. Yahamijwe icyaha cyo gukora jenoside bitewe n’uko yatanze uburenganzira bw’ingenzi n’ubukenewe bwo gutwika kiliziya ye, aho [[Abatutsi]] bari hagati ya 1.500 na 2.000 bari bahungiye, agamije kwica abantu benshi cyane cyane, ahubwo no kurimbura Abatutsi nk’ubwoko. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahabuddeen |first=Mohamed |date=12 March 2008 |title=THE PROSECUTOR v. ATHANASE SEROMBA |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/ICTR/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66-A.pdf |journal=International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |issue=Case No. ICTR-2001-66-A}}</ref> Muri Nyakanga 1994, Seromba yahunze u Rwanda. Abihaye Imana Gatolika bamufashije kwimukira mu Butaliyani, bahindura izina rye ndetse banamufasha gukora nk'umupadiri muri Chiesa di San Martino a Montughi [ iyo ] hafi y'umujyi wa Florence hakoreshejwe izina ry'irihimbano rya Anastasio Sumba Bura. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=2014-04-08 |title=The Catholic church must apologise for its role in Rwanda's genocide {{!}} Chris McGreal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/08/catholic-church-apologise-failure-rwanda-genocide-vatican |access-date=2018-05-03 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Swain |first=Jon |date=November 21, 1999 |title=Priest accused in Rwanda bloodbath |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star-athanase-seromba/181190901/ |work=The Toronto Star |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Ubwo yaterwaga igitutu na Carla Del Ponte, umushinjacyaha mukuru w’ibyaha by’intambara bya Loni, Seromba yishyikirije Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) ku ya 6 Gashyantare 2002. Ku ya 8 Gashyantare 2002, yahakanye ibyaha aregwa byo gukora jenoside, ubufatanyacyaha mu itsembabwoko, umugambi wo gukora jenoside, no gutsembatsemba nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu . Urubanza rwe rwatangiye ku ya 20 Nzeri 2004, imbere y'Urugereko rwa Gatatu rw'Urukiko rwa TPIR. Ku itariki ya 13 Ukuboza 2006, yahamijwe icyaha maze akatirwa igifungo cy'imyaka 15. <ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2006 |title=Rwandan priest guilty of genocide |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6175717.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Seromba yajuririye icyemezo cy’urukiko. Ku ya 12 Werurwe 2008, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire rw’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) rwemeje ko uruhare rwe mu byaha rumuhamya rurenze uko byari byaragaragajwe mbere. Rwemeje ko ahamwa n’ibyaha yari akurikiranyweho, maze rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu.. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-03-12 |title=Rwanda genocide priest given life |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7292081.stm |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Ku itariki ya 27 Kamena 2009, Seromba yimuriwe muri [[Bene|Benin]] . Arangiriza igihano cye cya burundu muri gereza ya Akpro-Missérété i Porto-Novo, muri Benin. <ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2009 |title=Nine ICTR Prisoners Transferred to Benin |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200907020418.html |publisher=[[AllAfrica.com]]}}</ref> == Reba kandi == * Emmanuel Rukundo * Wenceslas Munyeshyaka * Grégoire Ndahimana * Elizaphan Ntakirutimana * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] == Inyandiko n'amakuru ajyanye n'ibyo umuntu yandika == {{Reflist}} == Amasano yo hanze == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080320115400/http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/78c1e1146ea6397ac1256b59005208f6?OpenDocument Fondation Hirondelle] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050506230346/http://www.trial-ch.org/trialwatch/profiles/en/legalprocedures/p212.html Ikigeragezo - Athanase Seromba] * [http://www.ictr.org/ENGLISH/cases/Seromba/ Inyandiko za ICTR kuri uru rubanza]  [[Ikiciro:Abahutu]] [[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]] l0wf9ems6ofhi3aurti982w2rs1cdce 0 23314 141264 141119 2026-10-11T04:03:05Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 141264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|excludeProperties=Q5373337}} [[Dosiye:National-Merit-2017-2018-Makerere-Govt-List-2017-2018.pdf|thumb]] '''Emmanuel Rukundo''' (wavutse ku ya 1 Ukuboza 1959) ni umupadiri w’Umugatolika [[Rwanda|w’Umunyarwanda]], wahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) mu 2009 kubera uruhare rwe muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994]] . Rukundo yavukiye i [[Kabgayi]], Intara ya Gitarama, mu Rwanda. Yahawe ubupadiri muri Kiliziya Gatolika y'i Roma mu 1991. Mu 1993, yabaye umupadiri mu gisirikare cy'u Rwanda. Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Rukundo yari umuyobozi wa Seminari Nto ya Mutagatifu Léon i Gitarama. Nk’uko byagaragajwe n’ibyavuye mu rubanza rwaburanishijwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR), yategetse abasirikare b’Abahutu gushimuta no kwica impunzi z’Abatutsi zari zahungiye kuri Seminari ya Mutagatifu Léon. Afatanyije n’abasirikare b’ingabo z’u Rwanda, yanagize uruhare mu gushimuta no kwica Madamu Rudahunga, ndetse no gukubita bikomeye abana be babiri n’abandi basivili babiri b’Abatutsi. Byongeye kandi, Rukundo yahamwe n’icyaha cyo guhohotera ku gitsina umukobwa ukiri muto w’Umututsikazi. Nyuma ya jenoside, Rukundo yahungiye mu [[Ubusuwisi|Busuwisi]], aho yahawe ubuhungiro nk'impunzi. Yatawe muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Ubusuwisi muri Nyakanga 2001 nyuma y'aho Urukiko rwa TPIR rumaze gusohora impapuro zimufunga. Rukundo yaburanye mu Rukiko rw'Ikirenga rw'Ubusuwisi, ariko urubanza rwe rwaraciwe, maze ku ya 20 Nzeri 2001 yoherezwa Arusha muri [[Tanzaniya]], kuburana na TPIR. Urubanza rwa Rukundo rwatangiye ku ya 15 Ugushyingo 2006, rurangira muri Gashyantare 2008. Muri Gashyantare 2009, Urugereko rw'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa TPIR rwamuhamije icyaha kimwe cya jenoside n'ibyaha byinshi by'ubwicanyi nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu . Urugereko rw'iremezo rwamukatiye igifungo cy'imyaka 25, ariko cyagabanijwe kigera ku myaka 23 mu Ukwakira 2010. Muri Nyakanga 2016, Rukundo yasabye ICTR kurekura hakiri kare kubera ko yari amaze igihe gito afunzwe, maze mu Kuboza 2016, arekurwa muri gereza yo muri Mali ari kumwe na Ferdinand Nahimana, amaze imyaka 16 muri 23 yakatiwe. == Reba kandi == * Athanase Seromba * Wenceslas Munyeshyaka * Elizaphan Ntakirutimana == Amashakiro == * Jo Adetunji, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/27/rwanda-genocide-chaplain-guilty "Umupadiri w'igisirikare yahamwe n'icyaha cya jenoside mu Rwanda: Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwakatiye Emmanuel Rukundo imyaka 25 kubera gushimuta no kwica Abatutsi"], ''Guardian'', 2009-02-27 * JusticeInfo.net, [https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/justice-reconciliation/31163-early-release-for-two-well-known-rwandan-genocide-convicts.html "Irekurwa ry'agateganyo ry'abakatiwe jenoside babiri bazwi mu Rwanda"], ''Ibiro Ntaramakuru bya Hirondelle'', 2016-12-16. == Amasano yo hanze == * [http://www.trial-ch.org/index.php?id=801&L=5&tx_jbtrial_pi2%5Btab%5D=facts&tx_jbtrial_pi2%5Bprofile%5D=emmanuel_rukundo_146&cHash=2913a0e0f0 Isuzuma ry'urubanza: Emmanuel Rukundo] Archived , trial-ch.org, yabonetse 2010-07-06 * [http://unictr.org/tabid/128/Default.aspx?id=97&mnid=3 ICTR: Rukundo, Emmanuel] Archived : Inyandiko za TPIR zijyanye n'urubanza rwa Rukundo * [http://unictr.unmict.org/en/cases/ictr-01-70] : Inyandiko za ICTR zemeza igihano cya Emmanuel Rukundo, unmict.org, zabonetse ku wa 2018-05-30. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181205104859/http://jrad.unmict.org/webdrawer/webdrawer.dll/webdrawer/search/rec%26sm_recnbr%26sm_ncontents%3Dmict-13-35%26sm_created%26sm_fulltext%26sort1%3Drs_datecreated%26count%26rows%3D100] Archived : Inyandiko z'ubutabera zirebana na Emmanuel Rukundo n'ifungurwa rye rya mbere, unmict.org, zabonetse ku wa 2018-05-30. [[Ikiciro:Abahutu]] [[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]] 8g9vmbkhlcrvlxz21sqhbqn82f5sb0b 0 23340 141263 141165 2026-10-11T02:57:50Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 141263 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Clonazepam Pills and Pill Bottle.jpg|thumb|'''Clonazepam''']] '''Clonazepam''', igurishwa munsi y'ikirango cya '''Klonopin''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu gukumira no kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe, indwara y'ubwoba, n'indwara yo kwimuka izwi nka akathisia.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web|title=Clonazepam|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clonazepam.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=August 15, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905085907/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/clonazepam.html|archive-date=2015-09-05}}</ref> Ni umuti utuma umuntu aruhuka wo mu bwoko bwa benzodiazepine.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ingaruka zitangira mu isaha imwe kandi zimara hagati y'amasaha atandatu na cumi n'abiri.<ref name="Coop2007">{{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=edited by Grant|title=Therapeutic uses of botulinum toxin|date=2007|publisher=Humana Press|location=Totowa, N.J.|isbn=9781597452472|page=214|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIUhCmMtqq8C&pg=PA214|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819100221/https://books.google.ca/books?id=UIUhCmMtqq8C&pg=PA214|archive-date=2016-08-19}}</ref> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gusinzira, kudahuza neza kw'ingingo, no guhindagurika.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Kuyikoresha igihe kirekire bishobora gutera kwihanganira, kutayikoresha, ndetse no kutayikoresha mu buryo butunguranye.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Kuzibasira bibaho kuri kimwe cya gatatu cy'abantu bafata clonazepam mu gihe kirenze ibyumweru bine.<ref name="Riss-2008">{{Cite journal | last1 = Riss | first1 = J. | last2 = Cloyd | first2 = J. | last3 = Gates | first3 = J. | last4 = Collins | first4 = S. | title = Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics | url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/120119477/PDFSTART | format = PDF | journal = Acta Neurol Scand | volume = 118 | issue = 2 | pages = 69–86 | date = Aug 2008 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x | pmid = 18384456 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200404043717/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/120119477/PDFSTART | archive-date = 2020-04-04 | access-date = 2026-10-10 | url-status = dead }}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Hari ibyago byinshi byo kwiyahura, cyane cyane ku bantu bamaze kwiheba.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="Dodd2017">{{Cite journal|last=Dodds|first=Tyler J.|date=2017-03-02|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|issn=2155-7780|pmid=28257172|doi-access=free}}</ref> Iyo ikoreshejwe mu gihe cyo gutwita ishobora kwangiza umwana.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Clonazepam ifatana na GABA <nowiki><sub id="mwdQ">A</sub></nowiki> receptors, bityo yongera ingaruka za aside γ-aminobutyric (GABA) igabanya ubukana bw'imitsi . Clonazepam yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha patenti mu 1960, itangira kugurishwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1975 ivuye muri Roche.<ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA535|access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020341/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA535|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shorter|first=Edward|title=A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190292010|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=juAJCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66|chapter=B|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002125926/https://books.google.ca/books?id=juAJCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66|archive-date=2015-10-02}}</ref> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Igiciro cyo kugurisha ku giciro kinini mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere kiri hagati ya 0.01 na 0.07 by'amadolari [[Amadolari y'Amerika|y'Amerika]] kuri buri piritsi.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=Clonazepam|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=196&searchYear=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125135/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=196&searchYear=2014|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2018|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ibinini bigura hafi $0.40 buri kimwe.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 34 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abantu barenga miliyoni 20.<ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref2">{{Cite web|title=Clonazepam - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Clonazepam|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=29 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429114759/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Clonazepam|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu bice byinshi by'isi ikunze gukoreshwa nk'ikiyobyabwenge cyo kwidagadura.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Martino|first=edited by Davide|last2=Cavanna|first2=Andrea E.|title=Advances in the neurochemistry and neuropharmacology of Tourette Syndrome|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Science|location=Burlington|isbn=9780124115613|page=357|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYhqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA357|quote=In several countries, prescription and use is now severely limited due to abusive recreational use of clonazepam.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002132021/https://books.google.ca/books?id=RYhqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA357|archive-date=2015-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Gary L.|title=Encyclopedia of substance abuse prevention, treatment, & recovery|date=2009|publisher=SAGE|location=Los Angeles|isbn=9781412950848|page=100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGxXIspuXVMC&pg=PT134|quote=frequently abused|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812092733/https://books.google.ca/books?id=CGxXIspuXVMC&pg=PT134|archive-date=2016-08-12}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] mjt2qpscw4lni1qsqeq39q1qiy39yux 0 23352 141188 2026-10-10T12:00:15Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456917|Thalidomide]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141188 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thalidomide''', igurishwa ku izina ry’ikirango '''cya Thalomid''' n’indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura kanseri zitandukanye zirimo indwara ya myeloma nyinshi, indwara ya graft-versus-host, hamwe n’indwara nyinshi z’uruhu zirimo n’ingorane z’ibibembe.<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Thalidomide Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/thalidomide.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=14 November 2019|language=en|archive-date=10 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910095924/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/thalidomide.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nubwo yakoreshejwe mu ndwara zitandukanye zifitanye isano [[Virusi itera SIDA/SIDA|na virusi itera SIDA]], ikoreshwa nk'iryo rifitanye isano no kwiyongera kwa virusi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gusinzira, kurwara ibisebe no kuzerera.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zikomeye zirimo indwara ya tumor lysis syndrome, kuzura kw'amaraso, no kurwara indwara z'imitsi yo mu gice cy'umubiri.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=936|edition=76}}</ref> Gukoresha iyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|utwite]] bishobora kwangiza umwana, harimo no gutuma ingingo z'umubiri zihinduka nabi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ku bagabo bafata imiti, agakingirizo ni byiza niba abo bashakanye bashobora gutwita.<ref name="BNF76" /> Ni umuti uvura ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri kandi ukorana n'uburyo butandukanye burimo gukangura uturemangingo twa T no kugabanya ikorwa rya TNF-α.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Thalidomide yashyizwe ku isoko bwa mbere mu 1957 mu Budage bw'Iburengerazuba, aho yabonekaga ku giciro cyayo.<ref name="OUP2003">{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to the Body|last=Cuthbert|first=Alan|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_z0k4/page/682|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198524038.001.0001|isbn=9780198524038|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_z0k4/page/682 682]}}</ref><ref name="Mill1991" /> Ubwo yasohorwaga bwa mbere, thalidomide yatewe inkunga yo guhangayika, gusinzira nabi, "guhangayika", no gusara mu gitondo.<ref name="Mill1991">{{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=Marylin T.|title=Thalidomide Embryopathy: A Model for the Study of Congenital Incomitant Horizontal Strabismus|journal=Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society|year=1991|volume=81|pages=623–674|pmid=1808819|pmc=1298636}}</ref><ref name="Lou2004">{{Cite book|last=Loue|first=Sana|last2=Sajatovic|first2=Martha|title=Encyclopedia of Women's Health|date=2004|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780306480737|page=644|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=LbHWgd-mDbsC&pg=PA644|language=en|access-date=2019-11-15|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829083309/https://books.google.ca/books?id=LbHWgd-mDbsC&pg=PA644|url-status=live}}</ref> Nubwo byagaragaye ko ari byiza mu gihe cyo gutwita, impungenge ku bijyanye n'ubumuga bwo kuvukana zagaragaye mu 1961 maze imiti ikurwa ku isoko mu Burayi muri uwo mwaka.<ref name="Mill1991" /><ref name="OUP2003" /> Umubare w’abantu bose bagizweho ingaruka n’ikoreshwa ry’iyi mashini mu gihe cyo gutwita ubarirwa mu 10.000, muri bo abagera kuri 40% bapfuye ahagana mu gihe cyo kuvuka.<ref name="Mill1991" /><ref name="AHFS2019" /> Abarokotse bari bafite ibibazo by'amaguru, amaso, inzira z'inkari n'umutima.<ref name="OUP2003" /> Kwinjira kwayo ku isoko rya Amerika byabujijwe na Frances Kelsey wo muri FDA.<ref name="Lou2004" /> Ubusembwa bw'imiti ya thalidomide bwatumye habaho iterambere ry'amategeko n'igenzura ry'imiti mu bihugu byinshi.<ref name="Lou2004" /><ref name="OUP2003" /> Yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1998.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima . Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="BNF76" /> Mu Bwongereza, NHS itwara amafaranga agera kuri £1,194 ku kwezi guhera mu 2018.<ref name="BNF76" /> Aya mafaranga muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika agura hafi amadolari y'Amerika 9,236 kugeza mu 2019.<ref name="Price2019">{{Cite web|title=Thalomid Prices, Coupons & Patient Assistance Programs|url=https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/thalomid|website=Drugs.com|access-date=15 November 2019|language=en|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230163629/https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/thalomid|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] mvj2lmthqjc4kv4c2158okuptd6ebpy 141189 141188 2026-10-10T12:01:38Z Stevenndori289 10902 Thalidomide 141189 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Kevadon (thalidomide), 1960.jpg|thumb|Thalidomide]] '''Thalidomide''', igurishwa ku izina ry’ikirango '''cya Thalomid''' n’indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura kanseri zitandukanye zirimo indwara ya myeloma nyinshi, indwara ya graft-versus-host, hamwe n’indwara nyinshi z’uruhu zirimo n’ingorane z’ibibembe.<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Thalidomide Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/thalidomide.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=14 November 2019|language=en|archive-date=10 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910095924/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/thalidomide.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nubwo yakoreshejwe mu ndwara zitandukanye zifitanye isano [[Virusi itera SIDA/SIDA|na virusi itera SIDA]], ikoreshwa nk'iryo rifitanye isano no kwiyongera kwa virusi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gusinzira, kurwara ibisebe no kuzerera.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zikomeye zirimo indwara ya tumor lysis syndrome, kuzura kw'amaraso, no kurwara indwara z'imitsi yo mu gice cy'umubiri.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=936|edition=76}}</ref> Gukoresha iyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|utwite]] bishobora kwangiza umwana, harimo no gutuma ingingo z'umubiri zihinduka nabi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ku bagabo bafata imiti, agakingirizo ni byiza niba abo bashakanye bashobora gutwita.<ref name="BNF76" /> Ni umuti uvura ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri kandi ukorana n'uburyo butandukanye burimo gukangura uturemangingo twa T no kugabanya ikorwa rya TNF-α.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Thalidomide yashyizwe ku isoko bwa mbere mu 1957 mu Budage bw'Iburengerazuba, aho yabonekaga ku giciro cyayo.<ref name="OUP2003">{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to the Body|last=Cuthbert|first=Alan|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_z0k4/page/682|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198524038.001.0001|isbn=9780198524038|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_z0k4/page/682 682]}}</ref><ref name="Mill1991" /> Ubwo yasohorwaga bwa mbere, thalidomide yatewe inkunga yo guhangayika, gusinzira nabi, "guhangayika", no gusara mu gitondo.<ref name="Mill1991">{{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=Marylin T.|title=Thalidomide Embryopathy: A Model for the Study of Congenital Incomitant Horizontal Strabismus|journal=Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society|year=1991|volume=81|pages=623–674|pmid=1808819|pmc=1298636}}</ref><ref name="Lou2004">{{Cite book|last=Loue|first=Sana|last2=Sajatovic|first2=Martha|title=Encyclopedia of Women's Health|date=2004|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780306480737|page=644|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=LbHWgd-mDbsC&pg=PA644|language=en|access-date=2019-11-15|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829083309/https://books.google.ca/books?id=LbHWgd-mDbsC&pg=PA644|url-status=live}}</ref> Nubwo byagaragaye ko ari byiza mu gihe cyo gutwita, impungenge ku bijyanye n'ubumuga bwo kuvukana zagaragaye mu 1961 maze imiti ikurwa ku isoko mu Burayi muri uwo mwaka.<ref name="Mill1991" /><ref name="OUP2003" /> Umubare w’abantu bose bagizweho ingaruka n’ikoreshwa ry’iyi mashini mu gihe cyo gutwita ubarirwa mu 10.000, muri bo abagera kuri 40% bapfuye ahagana mu gihe cyo kuvuka.<ref name="Mill1991" /><ref name="AHFS2019" /> Abarokotse bari bafite ibibazo by'amaguru, amaso, inzira z'inkari n'umutima.<ref name="OUP2003" /> Kwinjira kwayo ku isoko rya Amerika byabujijwe na Frances Kelsey wo muri FDA.<ref name="Lou2004" /> Ubusembwa bw'imiti ya thalidomide bwatumye habaho iterambere ry'amategeko n'igenzura ry'imiti mu bihugu byinshi.<ref name="Lou2004" /><ref name="OUP2003" /> Yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1998.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima . Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="BNF76" /> Mu Bwongereza, NHS itwara amafaranga agera kuri £1,194 ku kwezi guhera mu 2018.<ref name="BNF76" /> Aya mafaranga muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika agura hafi amadolari y'Amerika 9,236 kugeza mu 2019.<ref name="Price2019">{{Cite web|title=Thalomid Prices, Coupons & Patient Assistance Programs|url=https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/thalomid|website=Drugs.com|access-date=15 November 2019|language=en|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230163629/https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/thalomid|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] q924np1qvxrdgk2zrl0o6l4c3zglhmp 0 23353 141190 2026-10-10T12:02:38Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513189|Metformin]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141190 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Metformin''', igurishwa ku izina ry'ubucuruzi rya '''Glucophage''' n'indi, ni wo muti wa mbere uvura diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2,<ref name="Ann2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, Wilson LM, Suarez-Cuervo C, Berger Z, Chu Y, Iyoha E, Segal JB, Bolen S|title=Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=164|issue=11|pages=740–51|date=June 2016|pmid=27088241|doi=10.7326/M15-2650}}</ref> cyane cyane ku bantu bafite umubyibuho ukabije.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Clinical Obesity|date=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-470-98708-7|page=262|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGVnItPoPCYC&pg=PA262|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185309/https://books.google.com/books?id=qGVnItPoPCYC&pg=PA262|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Ikoreshwa kandi mu kuvura indwara y'intanga ngabo ya polycystic.<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web|title=Metformin Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/metformin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=2 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224162245/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/metformin-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=24 December 2016|df=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224162245/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/metformin-hydrochloride.html |date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> Ntabwo bifitanye isano no kongera ibiro.<ref name="Pres2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=|title=Type 2 diabetes and metformin. First choice for monotherapy: weak evidence of efficacy but well-known and acceptable adverse effects|journal=Prescrire International|volume=23|issue=154|pages=269–72|date=November 2014|pmid=25954799}}</ref> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Metformin muri rusange yihanganirwa neza.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Triggle CR, Ding H|title=Metformin is not just an antihyperglycaemic drug but also has protective effects on the vascular endothelium|journal=Acta Physiologica|volume=219|issue=1|pages=138–151|date=January 2017|pmid=26680745|doi=10.1111/apha.12644}}</ref> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo [[impiswi]], isesemi, no kubabara mu nda.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Ifite ibyago bike byo gutera isukari nke mu maraso.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Urugero rw'aside lactic mu maraso ni ikibazo gikomeye iyo umuti ukoreshejwe ku rugero runini cyane cyangwa utanzwe ku bantu bafite ibibazo bikomeye by'impyiko.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Blumenberg A, Benabbas R, Sinert R, Jeng A, Wiener SW|title=Do Patients Die with or from Metformin-Associated Lactic Acidosis (MALA)? Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of pH and Lactate as Predictors of Mortality in MALA|journal=J Med Toxicol|volume=16|issue=2|pages=222–229|date=April 2020|pmid=31907741|doi=10.1007/s13181-019-00755-6|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21617112">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lipska KJ, Bailey CJ, Inzucchi SE|title=Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=34|issue=6|pages=1431–7|date=June 2011|pmid=21617112|pmc=3114336|doi=10.2337/dc10-2361}}</ref> Ntibyemewe ku bantu bafite indwara zikomeye z'umwijima.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Nubwo nta ngaruka zigaragara zishobora guterwa no kuyikoresha mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]], insuline muri rusange ni yo ikundwa cyane kuri diyabete yo mu gihe cyo gutwita.<ref name=AHFS2016 /><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lautatzis ME, Goulis DG, Vrontakis M|title=Efficacy and safety of metformin during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus or polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review|journal=Metabolism|volume=62|issue=11|pages=1522–34|date=November 2013|pmid=23886298|doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2013.06.006}}</ref> Metformin ni umuti wa biguanide ugabanya isukari nyinshi mu mubiri. Ikora mu kugabanya umusaruro wa glucose ukorwa n'umwijima no kongera ubushobozi bwa insuline mu ngingo z'umubiri.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Metformin yavumbuwe mu 1922.<ref name="Fis2010">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Janos|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery II|date=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-3-527-63212-1|pages=49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2Kd8ci4Ln8C&pg=PA49|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185310/https://books.google.com/books?id=h2Kd8ci4Ln8C&pg=PA49|archive-date=2017-09-08|df=}}</ref> Umuganga w’Umufaransa Jean Sterne yatangiye kwiga ku bantu mu myaka ya 1950.<ref name="Fis2010" /> Yashyizwe mu Bufaransa mu 1957 no muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1995.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McKee|first=Mitchell Bebel Stargrove, Jonathan Treasure, Dwight L.|title=Herb, nutrient, and drug interactions : clinical implications and therapeutic strategies|date=2008|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=St. Louis, Mo.|isbn=978-0-323-02964-3|page=217|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49kLK--eumEC&pg=PA217|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185309/https://books.google.com/books?id=49kLK--eumEC&pg=PA217|archive-date=2017-09-08|df=}}</ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi rw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Metformin ni wo muti ukoreshwa cyane kuvura diyabete unyobwa.<ref name="Fis2010" /> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Igiciro cya buguzi mu bihugu byateye imbere cyari hagati {{US$}} 0.20 na 6 ku kwezi {{as of|2014|lc=yes}} . Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, igura hagati ya 5 na 25 USD ku kwezi.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Mu Bwongereza, ikinini gisanzwe cya 500 mg kigura hafi £0.03, naho ubundi bwoko bukaba buhenze cyane.<ref name="Hitch2019">{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=154-155|language=en|access-date=9 November 2021|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa kane ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n’abaganga barenga miliyoni 78. == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 29ckqzes0kvfs4ngmyknfa31cac5qt7 141191 141190 2026-10-10T12:04:03Z Stevenndori289 10902 Metformin 141191 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Metformin 500mg Tablets.jpg|thumb|Metformin]] '''Metformin''', igurishwa ku izina ry'ubucuruzi rya '''Glucophage''' n'indi, ni wo muti wa mbere uvura diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2,<ref name="Ann2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, Wilson LM, Suarez-Cuervo C, Berger Z, Chu Y, Iyoha E, Segal JB, Bolen S|title=Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=164|issue=11|pages=740–51|date=June 2016|pmid=27088241|doi=10.7326/M15-2650}}</ref> cyane cyane ku bantu bafite umubyibuho ukabije.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Clinical Obesity|date=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-470-98708-7|page=262|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGVnItPoPCYC&pg=PA262|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185309/https://books.google.com/books?id=qGVnItPoPCYC&pg=PA262|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Ikoreshwa kandi mu kuvura indwara y'intanga ngabo ya polycystic.<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web|title=Metformin Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/metformin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=2 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224162245/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/metformin-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=24 December 2016|df=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224162245/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/metformin-hydrochloride.html |date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> Ntabwo bifitanye isano no kongera ibiro.<ref name="Pres2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=|title=Type 2 diabetes and metformin. First choice for monotherapy: weak evidence of efficacy but well-known and acceptable adverse effects|journal=Prescrire International|volume=23|issue=154|pages=269–72|date=November 2014|pmid=25954799}}</ref> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Metformin muri rusange yihanganirwa neza.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Triggle CR, Ding H|title=Metformin is not just an antihyperglycaemic drug but also has protective effects on the vascular endothelium|journal=Acta Physiologica|volume=219|issue=1|pages=138–151|date=January 2017|pmid=26680745|doi=10.1111/apha.12644}}</ref> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo [[impiswi]], isesemi, no kubabara mu nda.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Ifite ibyago bike byo gutera isukari nke mu maraso.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Urugero rw'aside lactic mu maraso ni ikibazo gikomeye iyo umuti ukoreshejwe ku rugero runini cyane cyangwa utanzwe ku bantu bafite ibibazo bikomeye by'impyiko.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Blumenberg A, Benabbas R, Sinert R, Jeng A, Wiener SW|title=Do Patients Die with or from Metformin-Associated Lactic Acidosis (MALA)? Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of pH and Lactate as Predictors of Mortality in MALA|journal=J Med Toxicol|volume=16|issue=2|pages=222–229|date=April 2020|pmid=31907741|doi=10.1007/s13181-019-00755-6|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21617112">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lipska KJ, Bailey CJ, Inzucchi SE|title=Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=34|issue=6|pages=1431–7|date=June 2011|pmid=21617112|pmc=3114336|doi=10.2337/dc10-2361}}</ref> Ntibyemewe ku bantu bafite indwara zikomeye z'umwijima.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Nubwo nta ngaruka zigaragara zishobora guterwa no kuyikoresha mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]], insuline muri rusange ni yo ikundwa cyane kuri diyabete yo mu gihe cyo gutwita.<ref name=AHFS2016 /><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lautatzis ME, Goulis DG, Vrontakis M|title=Efficacy and safety of metformin during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus or polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review|journal=Metabolism|volume=62|issue=11|pages=1522–34|date=November 2013|pmid=23886298|doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2013.06.006}}</ref> Metformin ni umuti wa biguanide ugabanya isukari nyinshi mu mubiri. Ikora mu kugabanya umusaruro wa glucose ukorwa n'umwijima no kongera ubushobozi bwa insuline mu ngingo z'umubiri.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Metformin yavumbuwe mu 1922.<ref name="Fis2010">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Janos|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery II|date=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-3-527-63212-1|pages=49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2Kd8ci4Ln8C&pg=PA49|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185310/https://books.google.com/books?id=h2Kd8ci4Ln8C&pg=PA49|archive-date=2017-09-08|df=}}</ref> Umuganga w’Umufaransa Jean Sterne yatangiye kwiga ku bantu mu myaka ya 1950.<ref name="Fis2010" /> Yashyizwe mu Bufaransa mu 1957 no muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1995.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McKee|first=Mitchell Bebel Stargrove, Jonathan Treasure, Dwight L.|title=Herb, nutrient, and drug interactions : clinical implications and therapeutic strategies|date=2008|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=St. Louis, Mo.|isbn=978-0-323-02964-3|page=217|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49kLK--eumEC&pg=PA217|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185309/https://books.google.com/books?id=49kLK--eumEC&pg=PA217|archive-date=2017-09-08|df=}}</ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi rw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Metformin ni wo muti ukoreshwa cyane kuvura diyabete unyobwa.<ref name="Fis2010" /> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Igiciro cya buguzi mu bihugu byateye imbere cyari hagati {{US$}} 0.20 na 6 ku kwezi {{as of|2014|lc=yes}} . Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, igura hagati ya 5 na 25 USD ku kwezi.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Mu Bwongereza, ikinini gisanzwe cya 500 mg kigura hafi £0.03, naho ubundi bwoko bukaba buhenze cyane.<ref name="Hitch2019">{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=154-155|language=en|access-date=9 November 2021|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa kane ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n’abaganga barenga miliyoni 78. == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 17j3r73ptmno2ds0mjig5h59w8hnvn5 0 23354 141192 2026-10-10T12:05:20Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456818|Typhus]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Typhus|synonym=Typhus fever|image=Epidemic typhus Burundi.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Rash caused by epidemic typhus|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Fever, headache, rash<ref name=CDC2017In/>|complications=|onset=1–2 weeks after exposure<ref name=CDC2017He/>|duration=|types=|causes=Bacterial infection spread by [[parasites]]<ref name=CDC2017In/>|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Doxycycline]]<ref name=CDC2017He/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=Rare<ref name=CDC2017Epi/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Tifusi''', izwi kandi nka '''fever ya tifusi''', ni itsinda ry'indwara zandura zirimo tifusi isanzwe, tifusi yo mu bwoko bwa scrub, na tifusi yo mu bwoko bwa murine.<ref name="CDC2017In">{{Cite web|title=Typhus Fevers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=26 March 2017|language=en-us|date=7 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326231028/https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/index.html|archive-date=26 March 2017}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bisanzwe birimo umuriro, kuribwa umutwe, no kugira ibisebe.<ref name="CDC2017In" /> Ubusanzwe ibi bitangira nyuma y'icyumweru kimwe cyangwa bibiri nyuma yo guhura n'iki cyorezo.<ref name="CDC2017He">{{Cite web|title=Information for Health Care Providers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/healthcare-providers/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=26 March 2017|language=en-us|date=7 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327075824/https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/healthcare-providers/index.html|archive-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> Indwara ziterwa n'ubwoko bwihariye bw'ubwandu bwa bagiteri.<ref name="CDC2017In" /> Indwara ya tifusi iterwa na ''Rickettsia prowazekii'' ikwirakwizwa n'indwara z'umubiri, scrub tifusi iterwa na ''Orientia tsutsugamushi'' ikwirakwizwa na chiggers, naho tifusi ya murine iterwa na ''Rickettsia typhi'' ikwirakwizwa na flas.<ref name="CDC2017In" /> Kuri ubu nta rukingo ruraboneka ku isoko.<ref name="CDC2017Epi" /><ref name="CDC2017Scu" /><ref name="CDC2017Mu" /> Kwirinda ni ukugabanya kwibasirwa n'udukoko dukwirakwiza iyi ndwara.<ref name="CDC2017Epi">{{Cite web|title=Epidemic Typhus|url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/epidemic/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=27 March 2017|language=en-us|date=7 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230950/https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/epidemic/index.html|archive-date=26 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="CDC2017Scu">{{Cite web|title=Scrub Typhus|url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/scrub/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=26 March 2017|language=en-us|date=7 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230903/https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/scrub/index.html|archive-date=26 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="CDC2017Mu">{{Cite web|title=Murine Typhus|url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/murine/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=26 March 2017|language=en-us|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230521/https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/murine/index.html|archive-date=26 March 2017}}</ref> Uburyo bwo kuvura bukoreshwa n'umuti uvura udukoko witwa doxycycline.<ref name="CDC2017He" /> Indwara ya tifusi ikunze kugaragara iyo habayeho isuku nke n'ubwinshi bw'abantu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Typhus|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs162/en/|website=www.who.int|access-date=26 March 2017|date=May 1997|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327080029/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs162/en/|archive-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> Nubwo byahoze ari ibisanzwe, ubu ni gake cyane.<ref name="CDC2017Epi" /> Indwara ya typhus iterwa n'ibiyobyabwenge iboneka mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya, mu Buyapani no mu majyaruguru ya Ositaraliya.<ref name="CDC2017Scu" /> Murine typhus iboneka mu turere dushyuha n'utwo muri tropike ku isi.<ref name="CDC2017Mu" /> Tifusi yasobanuwe kuva nibura mu 1528 nyuma ya Yesu.<ref name="Ben2014" /> Iri zina rikomoka ku ijambo ry'Ikigiriki ''tûphos'' (τύφος) risobanura ubuhuha, risobanura uko imitekerereze y'abanduye imeze.<ref name="Ben2014">{{Cite book|last=Bennett|first=John E.|last2=Dolin|first2=Raphael|last3=Blaser|first3=Martin J.|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases E-Book|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323263733|page=2217|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73pYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2217|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910163706/https://books.google.com/books?id=73pYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2217|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> Nubwo "tifoyide" bivuga "bisa na tifoyide", tifoyide na tifoyide ni indwara zitandukanye ziterwa n'ubwoko butandukanye bwa bagiteri.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Evans|first=Alfred S.|last2=Brachman|first2=Philip S.|title=Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control|date=2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781461553274|page=839|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPDdBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA839|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910163706/https://books.google.com/books?id=dPDdBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA839|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] b2ff477sfcq5n44opsnur9npmq4srj7 141193 141192 2026-10-10T12:06:54Z Stevenndori289 10902 Tifusi 141193 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tifusi''', izwi kandi nka '''fever ya tifusi''', ni itsinda ry'indwara zandura zirimo tifusi isanzwe, tifusi yo mu bwoko bwa scrub, na tifusi yo mu bwoko bwa murine.<ref name="CDC2017In">{{Cite web|title=Typhus Fevers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=26 March 2017|language=en-us|date=7 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326231028/https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/index.html|archive-date=26 March 2017}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bisanzwe birimo umuriro, kuribwa umutwe, no kugira ibisebe.<ref name="CDC2017In" /> Ubusanzwe ibi bitangira nyuma y'icyumweru kimwe cyangwa bibiri nyuma yo guhura n'iki cyorezo.<ref name="CDC2017He">{{Cite web|title=Information for Health Care Providers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/healthcare-providers/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=26 March 2017|language=en-us|date=7 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327075824/https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/healthcare-providers/index.html|archive-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> [[Dosiye:Epidemic typhus Burundi.jpg|thumb|Tifusi]] Indwara ziterwa n'ubwoko bwihariye bw'ubwandu bwa bagiteri.<ref name="CDC2017In" /> Indwara ya tifusi iterwa na ''Rickettsia prowazekii'' ikwirakwizwa n'indwara z'umubiri, scrub tifusi iterwa na ''Orientia tsutsugamushi'' ikwirakwizwa na chiggers, naho tifusi ya murine iterwa na ''Rickettsia typhi'' ikwirakwizwa na flas.<ref name="CDC2017In" /> Kuri ubu nta rukingo ruraboneka ku isoko.<ref name="CDC2017Epi" /><ref name="CDC2017Scu" /><ref name="CDC2017Mu" /> Kwirinda ni ukugabanya kwibasirwa n'udukoko dukwirakwiza iyi ndwara.<ref name="CDC2017Epi">{{Cite web|title=Epidemic Typhus|url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/epidemic/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=27 March 2017|language=en-us|date=7 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230950/https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/epidemic/index.html|archive-date=26 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="CDC2017Scu">{{Cite web|title=Scrub Typhus|url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/scrub/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=26 March 2017|language=en-us|date=7 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230903/https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/scrub/index.html|archive-date=26 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="CDC2017Mu">{{Cite web|title=Murine Typhus|url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/murine/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=26 March 2017|language=en-us|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230521/https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/murine/index.html|archive-date=26 March 2017}}</ref> Uburyo bwo kuvura bukoreshwa n'umuti uvura udukoko witwa doxycycline.<ref name="CDC2017He" /> Indwara ya tifusi ikunze kugaragara iyo habayeho isuku nke n'ubwinshi bw'abantu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Typhus|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs162/en/|website=www.who.int|access-date=26 March 2017|date=May 1997|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327080029/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs162/en/|archive-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> Nubwo byahoze ari ibisanzwe, ubu ni gake cyane.<ref name="CDC2017Epi" /> Indwara ya typhus iterwa n'ibiyobyabwenge iboneka mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya, mu Buyapani no mu majyaruguru ya Ositaraliya.<ref name="CDC2017Scu" /> Murine typhus iboneka mu turere dushyuha n'utwo muri tropike ku isi.<ref name="CDC2017Mu" /> Tifusi yasobanuwe kuva nibura mu 1528 nyuma ya Yesu.<ref name="Ben2014" /> Iri zina rikomoka ku ijambo ry'Ikigiriki ''tûphos'' (τύφος) risobanura ubuhuha, risobanura uko imitekerereze y'abanduye imeze.<ref name="Ben2014">{{Cite book|last=Bennett|first=John E.|last2=Dolin|first2=Raphael|last3=Blaser|first3=Martin J.|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases E-Book|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323263733|page=2217|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73pYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2217|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910163706/https://books.google.com/books?id=73pYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2217|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> Nubwo "tifoyide" bivuga "bisa na tifoyide", tifoyide na tifoyide ni indwara zitandukanye ziterwa n'ubwoko butandukanye bwa bagiteri.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Evans|first=Alfred S.|last2=Brachman|first2=Philip S.|title=Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control|date=2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781461553274|page=839|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPDdBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA839|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910163706/https://books.google.com/books?id=dPDdBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA839|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] grth8i3tgbv0wxjnki3ctp5otkfgdhz 1 23355 141194 2026-10-10T12:59:45Z Philemon Niyomwungeli 11747 /* Inyuganizi */ new section 141194 wikitext text/x-wiki == Inyuganizi == Mwakongeraho inkomoko kunyandika yanyu biragaragara ko itujuje ibisabwa kugira ibe inyandiko yizewe ikwiye kujya ku rubuga rwa wikipediya y'ikinyarwanda mwabanza gusoma neza amategeko n'amabwiriza gutangaza inyandika cg inkuru kuri wikipediya y'ikinyarwanda [[Umukoresha:Philemon Niyomwungeli|Philemon Niyomwungeli]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Philemon Niyomwungeli|talk]]) 12:59, 10 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC) s6pckmcpvafogx36e3yrviy6rts5go0 0 23357 141201 2026-10-10T16:57:59Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501244|Cleft lip and cleft palate]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Cleft lip and palate|synonym=Hare-lip, cleft lip and palate|image=Cleftlipandpalate.JPG|image_size=250px|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Child with cleft lip and palate.|pronounce=|field=[[Otorhinolaryngology]], [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=Opening in the upper lip that may extend into the nose or [[palate]]<ref name=CDC2014/>|complications=Feeding problems, speech problems, hearing problems, frequent [[otitis media|ear infections]]<ref name=CDC2014/>|onset=Present at birth<ref name=CDC2014/>|duration=|types=|causes=Usually unknown<ref name=CDC2014/>|risks=[[Smoking and pregnancy|Smoking during pregnancy]], [[Diabetes and pregnancy|diabetes]], [[obesity]], [[advanced maternal age|older mother]], certain [[Drugs in pregnancy|medications]]<ref name=CDC2014/><ref name=Wat2014/>|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Surgery, [[speech therapy]], dental care<ref name=CDC2014/>|medication=|prognosis=Good (with treatment)<ref name=CDC2014/>|frequency=1.5 per 1000 births ([[developed world]])<ref name=Wat2014/>|deaths=3,800 (2017)<ref name=Roth2017/>|named after=}}'''Indwara yo kugabanya iminwa n'indwara yo kugabanya iminwa''', izwi kandi nka '''orofacial cleft''', ni itsinda ry'indwara zirimo cleft lip, cleft palate, hamwe na zombi hamwe.<ref name="CDC2014">{{Cite web|title=Facts about Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/cleftlip.html|access-date=May 8, 2015|date=October 20, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508162121/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/CleftLip.html|archive-date=May 8, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Wat2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Watkins SE, Meyer RE, Strauss RP, Aylsworth AS|title=Classification, epidemiology, and genetics of orofacial clefts|journal=Clinics in Plastic Surgery|volume=41|issue=2|pages=149–63|date=April 2014|pmid=24607185|doi=10.1016/j.cps.2013.12.003}}</ref> Umunwa upfundikiye urimo umwenge mu munwa wo hejuru ushobora kugera mu mazuru.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Umwobo ushobora kuba ku ruhande rumwe, ku mpande zombi, cyangwa hagati.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Impumuro y'akanwa iba iyo mu gisenge cy'umunwa harimo umwenge ujya mu mazuru.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Izi ndwara zishobora gutera ibibazo byo kurya, ibibazo byo kuvuga, ibibazo byo kutumva, no kwandura indwara zo mu matwi kenshi.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Igihe kitarenze kimwe cya kabiri iyo ndwara ifitanye isano n'izindi ndwara.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Iminwa n'akanwa bipfutse ni ingaruka z'uko ingingo zo mu maso zidahuye neza mu gihe cyo gukura.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Bityo rero, ni ubwoko bw'ubumuga umuntu avukana.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Impamvu ntabwo izwi mu bihe byinshi.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera indwara birimo kunywa itabi mu gihe utwite, diyabete, umubyibuho ukabije, umubyeyi ukuze, n'imiti imwe n'imwe (nk'imwe ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe ).<ref name="CDC2014" /><ref name="Wat2014" /> Iminwa ipfutse n'akanwa gapfutse bishobora gupimwa mu gihe utwite hakoreshejwe isuzuma rya ultrasound.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Umunwa upfutse cyangwa upfutse mu kanwa ushobora kuvurwa neza ukoresheje kubagwa.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Ibi bikunze gukorwa mu mezi make ya mbere y'ubuzima ku minwa ifunguka, na mbere y'amezi cumi n'umunani ku minwa ifunguka.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Ubuvuzi bw'imivugire kandi ubuvuzi bw'amenyo nabwo bushobora gukenerwa.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Iyo habayeho ubuvuzi bukwiye, ibisubizo biba byiza.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Iminwa n'akanwa bipfutse bibaho ku bana 1 kugeza kuri 2 ku bana 1000 bavutse mu bihugu byateye imbere.<ref name="Wat2014" /> Iminwa ipfutse ikunze kugaragara ku bagabo inshuro ebyiri kurusha abagore, mu gihe iminwa idafite iminwa ipfutse ikunze kugaragara ku bagore.<ref name="Wat2014" /> Mu 2017, byagize ingaruka ku mfu zigera ku 3.800 ku isi, zigabanuka ugereranyije n’impfu 14.600 mu 1990.<ref name="Roth2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Roth GA, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017|journal=Lancet|volume=392|issue=10159|pages=1736–1788|date=November 2018|pmid=30496103|pmc=6227606|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool|title=GBD Results Tool {{!}} GHDx|website=ghdx.healthdata.org|access-date=August 2, 2019|archive-date=July 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731192015/http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyi ndwara yahoze yitwa "urukwavu-iminwa" kubera ko isa n'urukwavu cyangwa urukwavu, ariko ubu iryo jambo muri rusange rifatwa nk'iryangiza.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Boklage|first=Charles E.|title=How new humans are made cells and embryos, twins and chimeras, left and right, mind/selfsoul, sex, and schizophrenia|date=2010|publisher=World Scientific|location=Singapore|isbn=9789812835147|pages=283|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7GfgRIgP9YC&pg=PT299|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910234036/https://books.google.com/books?id=j7GfgRIgP9YC&pg=PT299|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 8gpctofkrsh4woxrzgt4yrok5q9dj0m 141202 141201 2026-10-10T16:59:24Z Stevenndori289 10902 Umunwa upfutse n'akanwa gapfutse 141202 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:10-month-old girl showing scar from facial reconstruction surgery for cleft lip.jpg|thumb|Umunwa upfutse n'akanwa gapfutse]] '''Indwara yo kugabanya iminwa n'indwara yo kugabanya iminwa''', izwi kandi nka '''orofacial cleft''', ni itsinda ry'indwara zirimo cleft lip, cleft palate, hamwe na zombi hamwe.<ref name="CDC2014">{{Cite web|title=Facts about Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/cleftlip.html|access-date=May 8, 2015|date=October 20, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508162121/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/CleftLip.html|archive-date=May 8, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Wat2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Watkins SE, Meyer RE, Strauss RP, Aylsworth AS|title=Classification, epidemiology, and genetics of orofacial clefts|journal=Clinics in Plastic Surgery|volume=41|issue=2|pages=149–63|date=April 2014|pmid=24607185|doi=10.1016/j.cps.2013.12.003}}</ref> Umunwa upfundikiye urimo umwenge mu munwa wo hejuru ushobora kugera mu mazuru.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Umwobo ushobora kuba ku ruhande rumwe, ku mpande zombi, cyangwa hagati.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Impumuro y'akanwa iba iyo mu gisenge cy'umunwa harimo umwenge ujya mu mazuru.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Izi ndwara zishobora gutera ibibazo byo kurya, ibibazo byo kuvuga, ibibazo byo kutumva, no kwandura indwara zo mu matwi kenshi.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Igihe kitarenze kimwe cya kabiri iyo ndwara ifitanye isano n'izindi ndwara.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Iminwa n'akanwa bipfutse ni ingaruka z'uko ingingo zo mu maso zidahuye neza mu gihe cyo gukura.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Bityo rero, ni ubwoko bw'ubumuga umuntu avukana.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Impamvu ntabwo izwi mu bihe byinshi.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera indwara birimo kunywa itabi mu gihe utwite, diyabete, umubyibuho ukabije, umubyeyi ukuze, n'imiti imwe n'imwe (nk'imwe ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe ).<ref name="CDC2014" /><ref name="Wat2014" /> Iminwa ipfutse n'akanwa gapfutse bishobora gupimwa mu gihe utwite hakoreshejwe isuzuma rya ultrasound.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Umunwa upfutse cyangwa upfutse mu kanwa ushobora kuvurwa neza ukoresheje kubagwa.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Ibi bikunze gukorwa mu mezi make ya mbere y'ubuzima ku minwa ifunguka, na mbere y'amezi cumi n'umunani ku minwa ifunguka.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Ubuvuzi bw'imivugire kandi ubuvuzi bw'amenyo nabwo bushobora gukenerwa.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Iyo habayeho ubuvuzi bukwiye, ibisubizo biba byiza.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Iminwa n'akanwa bipfutse bibaho ku bana 1 kugeza kuri 2 ku bana 1000 bavutse mu bihugu byateye imbere.<ref name="Wat2014" /> Iminwa ipfutse ikunze kugaragara ku bagabo inshuro ebyiri kurusha abagore, mu gihe iminwa idafite iminwa ipfutse ikunze kugaragara ku bagore.<ref name="Wat2014" /> Mu 2017, byagize ingaruka ku mfu zigera ku 3.800 ku isi, zigabanuka ugereranyije n’impfu 14.600 mu 1990.<ref name="Roth2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Roth GA, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017|journal=Lancet|volume=392|issue=10159|pages=1736–1788|date=November 2018|pmid=30496103|pmc=6227606|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool|title=GBD Results Tool {{!}} GHDx|website=ghdx.healthdata.org|access-date=August 2, 2019|archive-date=July 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731192015/http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyi ndwara yahoze yitwa "urukwavu-iminwa" kubera ko isa n'urukwavu cyangwa urukwavu, ariko ubu iryo jambo muri rusange rifatwa nk'iryangiza.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Boklage|first=Charles E.|title=How new humans are made cells and embryos, twins and chimeras, left and right, mind/selfsoul, sex, and schizophrenia|date=2010|publisher=World Scientific|location=Singapore|isbn=9789812835147|pages=283|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7GfgRIgP9YC&pg=PT299|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910234036/https://books.google.com/books?id=j7GfgRIgP9YC&pg=PT299|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] kst1xbhuduayckyiozj5zgnehth6wes 0 23358 141203 2026-10-10T17:02:13Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500730|Bladder cancer]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Bladder cancer|synonym=|image=TransCellCaMark.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The white in the bladder is contrast.|pronounce=|field=[[Oncology]]|symptoms=[[hematuria|Blood in the urine]], [[dysuria|pain with urination]]<ref name=NCI2017Pt/>|complications=|onset=65 to 84 years old<ref name=SEER2019/>|duration=|types=[[Urothelial carcinoma|Transitional cell carcinoma]], [[squamous cell carcinoma]], [[adenocarcinoma]]<ref name=NCI2017Over/>|causes=|risks=[[Smoking]], family history, prior [[radiation therapy]], frequent [[bladder infections]], certain chemicals<ref name=NCI2017Pt/>|diagnosis=[[Cystoscopy]] with [[tissue biopsy|tissue biopsies]]<ref name=NCI2017Pro/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Surgery, radiation therapy, [[chemotherapy]], [[immunotherapy]]<ref name=NCI2017Pt/>|medication=|prognosis=[[Five-year survival rate|Five-year survival rates]] ~77% (US)<ref name=SEER2019/>|frequency=549,000 new cases (2018)<ref name = Global2018/>|deaths=200,000 (2018)<ref name = Global2018/>|video1=|named after=}}'''Kanseri y'inkari''' ni ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose bwa [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] ikomoka ku ngingo z'inkari.<ref name="NCI2017Pt">{{Cite web|title=Bladder Cancer Treatment|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/bladder/patient/bladder-treatment-pdq#section/all|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=18 July 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714140854/https://www.cancer.gov/types/bladder/patient/bladder-treatment-pdq#section/all|archive-date=14 July 2017|date=1980-01-01}}</ref> Ni indwara aho uturemangingo dukura mu buryo budasanzwe kandi tukaba dushobora gukwirakwira no mu bindi bice by'umubiri.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Cancer Fact sheet N°297|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|website=World Health Organization|access-date=10 June 2014|date=February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229092321/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|archive-date=29 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="NCI2014">{{Cite web|title=Defining Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=10 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625220940/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|archive-date=25 June 2014|date=2007-09-17}}</ref> Ibimenyetso birimo amaraso mu nkari, kubabara iyo umuntu arimo kunyara, no kubabara umugongo wo hasi.<ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera kanseri y'uruhago birimo kunywa itabi, amateka y'umuryango, uburyo bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe imirasire mbere, kwandura indwara z'uruhago kenshi, no guhura n'ibintu bimwe na bimwe bihumanya ikirere.<ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Ubwoko bukunze kugaragara cyane ni kanseri y'impinduka mu turemangingo.<ref name="NCI2017Over" /> Izindi ndwara zirimo kanseri y’urusenda rwa squamous na kanseri y’urusenda rwa adenocarcinoma.<ref name="NCI2017Over">{{Cite web|title=Bladder Cancer|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/bladder|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=18 July 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717184625/https://www.cancer.gov/types/bladder|archive-date=17 July 2017|date=1980-01-01}}</ref> Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa cystoscopy hamwe na biopsy y'ingirabuzima fatizo.<ref name="NCI2017Pro">{{Cite web|title=Bladder Cancer Treatment|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/bladder/hp/bladder-treatment-pdq#section/all|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=18 July 2017|language=en|date=5 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714141712/https://www.cancer.gov/types/bladder/hp/bladder-treatment-pdq#section/all|archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> Iterambere rya kanseri rigaragazwa no gucibwa umuyoboro w'inkari no gupima amashusho y'abaganga.<ref name="NCI2017Pt" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=EAU Guidelines: Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer|url=https://uroweb.org/guideline/non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer/#5|website=Uroweb|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804234145/https://uroweb.org/guideline/non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer/#5|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bladder Cancer - Stages and Grades|url=https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bladder-cancer/stages-and-grades|website=Cancer.Net|language=en|date=25 June 2012|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928151311/https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bladder-cancer/stages-and-grades|url-status=live}}</ref> Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'urwego rwa kanseri.<ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Bishobora kuba birimo uburyo bwo kubaga, gukoresha imirasire, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara cyangwa ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri.<ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Uburyo bwo kubaga bushobora kuba bukubiyemo gucibwamo umuyoboro w'inkari, gukuraho igice cy'uruhago cyangwa burundu, cyangwa kugabanya inkari.<ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Igipimo cy’ubuzima bw’imyaka itanu muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni 77%, Kanada ni 75%, naho Uburayi ni 68%.<ref name="SEER2019">{{Cite web|title=Cancer of the Urinary Bladder - Cancer Stat Facts|url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/urinb.html|website=SEER|access-date=30 October 2019|language=en|archive-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708205744/https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/urinb.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bladder cancer|url=https://www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer/bladder-cancer|website=World Cancer Research Fund|language=en|date=24 April 2018|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813064302/https://www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer/bladder-cancer|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Survival statistics for bladder cancer - Canadian Cancer Society|url=http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/bladder/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics/?region=mb|website=www.cancer.ca|language=en|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028233416/https://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/bladder/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics/?region=mb|url-status=live}}</ref> Kanseri y'inkari, mu 2018, yibasiwe n'abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 1.6 ku isi, aho abantu bashya 549.000 banduye iyi kanseri n'impfu 200.000.<ref name="Global2018">{{Cite web|title=Bladder Cancer Factsheet|url=http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/30-Bladder-fact-sheet.pdf|website=Global Cancer Observatory|access-date=8 November 2019|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108080843/http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/30-Bladder-fact-sheet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Imyaka yo gutangira akenshi iba hagati y'imyaka 65 na 84.<ref name="SEER2019" /> Abagabo ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane kurusha abagore.<ref name="SEER2019" /> Mu 2018, igipimo kinini cya kanseri y'inkari cyagaragaye mu Burayi bw'Amajyepfo n'iy'Iburengerazuba, hagakurikiraho Amerika y'Amajyaruguru aho abantu 15, 13, na 12 banduye kuri buri muntu 100,000.<ref name="Global2018" /> Igipimo cyo hejuru cy’impfu za kanseri y’uruhago cyagaragaye muri Afurika y’Amajyaruguru no muri Aziya y’Iburengerazuba, hagakurikiraho Uburayi bw’Amajyepfo.<ref name="Global2018" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] qb49eedsth2mchihm23f8wkx8fd6z6x 141205 141203 2026-10-10T17:06:44Z Stevenndori289 10902 Kanseri y'uruhago 141205 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Bladder Cancer.jpg|thumb|Kanseri y'uruhago]] '''Kanseri y'inkari''' ni ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose bwa [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] ikomoka ku ngingo z'inkari.<ref name="NCI2017Pt">{{Cite web|title=Bladder Cancer Treatment|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/bladder/patient/bladder-treatment-pdq#section/all|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=18 July 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714140854/https://www.cancer.gov/types/bladder/patient/bladder-treatment-pdq#section/all|archive-date=14 July 2017|date=1980-01-01}}</ref> Ni indwara aho uturemangingo dukura mu buryo budasanzwe kandi tukaba dushobora gukwirakwira no mu bindi bice by'umubiri.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Cancer Fact sheet N°297|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|website=World Health Organization|access-date=10 June 2014|date=February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229092321/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|archive-date=29 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="NCI2014">{{Cite web|title=Defining Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=10 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625220940/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|archive-date=25 June 2014|date=2007-09-17}}</ref> Ibimenyetso birimo amaraso mu nkari, kubabara iyo umuntu arimo kunyara, no kubabara umugongo wo hasi.<ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera kanseri y'uruhago birimo kunywa itabi, amateka y'umuryango, uburyo bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe imirasire mbere, kwandura indwara z'uruhago kenshi, no guhura n'ibintu bimwe na bimwe bihumanya ikirere.<ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Ubwoko bukunze kugaragara cyane ni kanseri y'impinduka mu turemangingo.<ref name="NCI2017Over" /> Izindi ndwara zirimo kanseri y’urusenda rwa squamous na kanseri y’urusenda rwa adenocarcinoma.<ref name="NCI2017Over">{{Cite web|title=Bladder Cancer|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/bladder|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=18 July 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717184625/https://www.cancer.gov/types/bladder|archive-date=17 July 2017|date=1980-01-01}}</ref> Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa cystoscopy hamwe na biopsy y'ingirabuzima fatizo.<ref name="NCI2017Pro">{{Cite web|title=Bladder Cancer Treatment|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/bladder/hp/bladder-treatment-pdq#section/all|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=18 July 2017|language=en|date=5 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714141712/https://www.cancer.gov/types/bladder/hp/bladder-treatment-pdq#section/all|archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> Iterambere rya kanseri rigaragazwa no gucibwa umuyoboro w'inkari no gupima amashusho y'abaganga.<ref name="NCI2017Pt" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=EAU Guidelines: Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer|url=https://uroweb.org/guideline/non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer/#5|website=Uroweb|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804234145/https://uroweb.org/guideline/non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer/#5|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bladder Cancer - Stages and Grades|url=https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bladder-cancer/stages-and-grades|website=Cancer.Net|language=en|date=25 June 2012|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928151311/https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bladder-cancer/stages-and-grades|url-status=live}}</ref> Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'urwego rwa kanseri.<ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Bishobora kuba birimo uburyo bwo kubaga, gukoresha imirasire, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara cyangwa ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri.<ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Uburyo bwo kubaga bushobora kuba bukubiyemo gucibwamo umuyoboro w'inkari, gukuraho igice cy'uruhago cyangwa burundu, cyangwa kugabanya inkari.<ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Igipimo cy’ubuzima bw’imyaka itanu muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni 77%, Kanada ni 75%, naho Uburayi ni 68%.<ref name="SEER2019">{{Cite web|title=Cancer of the Urinary Bladder - Cancer Stat Facts|url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/urinb.html|website=SEER|access-date=30 October 2019|language=en|archive-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708205744/https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/urinb.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bladder cancer|url=https://www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer/bladder-cancer|website=World Cancer Research Fund|language=en|date=24 April 2018|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813064302/https://www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer/bladder-cancer|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Survival statistics for bladder cancer - Canadian Cancer Society|url=http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/bladder/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics/?region=mb|website=www.cancer.ca|language=en|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028233416/https://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/bladder/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics/?region=mb|url-status=live}}</ref> Kanseri y'inkari, mu 2018, yibasiwe n'abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 1.6 ku isi, aho abantu bashya 549.000 banduye iyi kanseri n'impfu 200.000.<ref name="Global2018">{{Cite web|title=Bladder Cancer Factsheet|url=http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/30-Bladder-fact-sheet.pdf|website=Global Cancer Observatory|access-date=8 November 2019|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108080843/http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/30-Bladder-fact-sheet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Imyaka yo gutangira akenshi iba hagati y'imyaka 65 na 84.<ref name="SEER2019" /> Abagabo ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane kurusha abagore.<ref name="SEER2019" /> Mu 2018, igipimo kinini cya kanseri y'inkari cyagaragaye mu Burayi bw'Amajyepfo n'iy'Iburengerazuba, hagakurikiraho Amerika y'Amajyaruguru aho abantu 15, 13, na 12 banduye kuri buri muntu 100,000.<ref name="Global2018" /> Igipimo cyo hejuru cy’impfu za kanseri y’uruhago cyagaragaye muri Afurika y’Amajyaruguru no muri Aziya y’Iburengerazuba, hagakurikiraho Uburayi bw’Amajyepfo.<ref name="Global2018" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 0okexu8bdv2k2sudzxxox1v4cpvpul0 0 23359 141206 2026-10-10T17:10:10Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513691|Lipedema]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Lipedema|synonym=Lipoedema, lipödem, lipalgia, adiposalgia, adipoalgesia, adiposis dolorosa, lipomatosis dolorosa of the legs, lipohypertrophy dolorosa, painful column leg, painful lipedema syndrome|image=Lipedema, type III.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Lipedema, type III, stage 1.|pronounce=|field=[[Angiology|Vascular medicine]]|symptoms=Increased fat under the skin of the legs, easy [[bruising]], pain<ref name=GARD2021/>|complications=[[Depression]]<ref name=GARD2021/>|onset=[[Puberty]], [[pregnancy]], [[menopause]]<ref name=GARD2021/>|duration=Long-term<ref name=Wol2019/>|types=|causes=Unknown<ref name=GARD2021/>|risks=Affected family member<ref name=NHS2020/>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and examination<ref name=GARD2021/>|differential=[[Edema|Pedal edema]], [[lymphedema]], [[obesity]]<ref name=GARD2021/><ref name=Her2012/>|prevention=|treatment=Diet, exercise, [[compression stockings]], [[liposuction]]<ref name=GARD2021/><ref name=NHS2020/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=Up to 11% of women<ref name=Buck2016/>|deaths=|width=260px|named after=}}'''Lipedema''' ni ukwiyongera kw'amaguru yombi bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'ibinure munsi y'uruhu, ibyo bikaba bidakwiranye.<ref name="GARD2021">{{Cite web|title=Lipedema|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10542/lipedema|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318010747/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10542/lipedema|archive-date=18 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NHS2020">{{Cite web|title=Lipoedema|website=nhs.uk|date=2 October 2020|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lipoedema/|access-date=1 April 2021|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411102515/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lipoedema/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ububabare n'ibisebe byoroshye nabyo bishobora kubaho kandi ibimenyetso muri rusange birushaho kwiyongera uko igihe kigenda gihita.<ref name="GARD2021" /> Ibirenge muri rusange ntibigira ingaruka; nubwo rimwe na rimwe amaboko abigira ingaruka.<ref name="NHS2020" /> Abagore bafite ibiro ibyo ari byo byose bashobora kuba bafite iyo ndwara.<ref name="NHS2020" /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kwiheba.<ref name="GARD2021" /> Nubwo impamvu itazwi, bikekwa ko ishingiye ku ngirabuzimafatizo n'ibintu bifitanye isano n'imisemburo.<ref name="GARD2021" /> Akenshi bikunze kugaragara mu miryango.<ref name="GARD2021" /> Nibura mu ntangiriro sisitemu y'imitsi iba isanzwe.<ref name="Wol2019">{{Cite journal|last=Wollina|first=U|title=Lipedema-An update.|journal=Dermatologic therapy|date=March 2019|volume=32|issue=2|pages=e12805|doi=10.1111/dth.12805|pmid=30565362}}</ref> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso n'isuzuma.<ref name="GARD2021" /> Izindi ndwara zisa nazo zirimo kubyimba kw'amaguru na lymphedema.<ref name="GARD2021" /> Akenshi ifatwa nabi nk'umubyibuho ukabije.<ref name="Her2012">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/aps.2011.153|pmid=22301856|pmc=4010336|title=Rare adipose disorders (RADs) masquerading as obesity|journal=Acta Pharmacologica Sinica|volume=33|issue=2|pages=155–72|year=2012|last=Herbst|first=Karen L}}</ref> Nubwo nta muti uhari, ubuvuzi bushobora gufasha.<ref name="NHS2020" /> Ibi bishobora kuba birimo indyo yuzuye n'imyitozo ngororamubiri kugira ngo ukomeze kugira ibiro byiza; ariko iyi ndwara akenshi irarwanya kugabanya ibiro.<ref name="NHS2020" /><ref name="GARD2021" /> Amasogisi yo gukanda bishobora gufasha mu kubabara no mu bushobozi bwo kugenda.<ref name="NHS2020" /> Gukoresha liposuction bishobora gufasha mu bimenyetso bikomeye.<ref name="NHS2020" /><ref name="GARD2021" /> Bivugwa ko indwara ya Lipedema yibasira abagore bagera kuri 11% muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref name="Buck2016">{{Cite journal|last=Buck DW|first=2nd|last2=Herbst|first2=KL|title=Lipedema: A Relatively Common Disease with Extremely Common Misconceptions.|journal=Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open|date=September 2016|volume=4|issue=9|pages=e1043|doi=10.1097/GOX.0000000000001043|pmid=27757353}}</ref> Bibaho hafi ya hose ku bagore.<ref name="GARD2021" /> Gutangira gutya akenshi biba mu gihe cy'ubugimbi, [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]], cyangwa [[Gucura k’umugore|gucura]].<ref name="GARD2021" /> Iyi ndwara yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1940, ibipimo bya mbere byo gusuzuma indwara byashyizweho mu 1951.<ref name="Buck2016" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] bs1lefd8zbab89dm9u2jwfhjr02z7fw 141207 141206 2026-10-10T17:13:47Z Stevenndori289 10902 Lipedema 141207 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Lipödem.jpg|thumb|Lipedema]] '''Lipedema''' ni ukwiyongera kw'amaguru yombi bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'ibinure munsi y'uruhu, ibyo bikaba bidakwiranye.<ref name="GARD2021">{{Cite web|title=Lipedema|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10542/lipedema|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318010747/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10542/lipedema|archive-date=18 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NHS2020">{{Cite web|title=Lipoedema|website=nhs.uk|date=2 October 2020|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lipoedema/|access-date=1 April 2021|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411102515/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lipoedema/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ububabare n'ibisebe byoroshye nabyo bishobora kubaho kandi ibimenyetso muri rusange birushaho kwiyongera uko igihe kigenda gihita.<ref name="GARD2021" /> Ibirenge muri rusange ntibigira ingaruka; nubwo rimwe na rimwe amaboko abigira ingaruka.<ref name="NHS2020" /> Abagore bafite ibiro ibyo ari byo byose bashobora kuba bafite iyo ndwara.<ref name="NHS2020" /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kwiheba.<ref name="GARD2021" /> Nubwo impamvu itazwi, bikekwa ko ishingiye ku ngirabuzimafatizo n'ibintu bifitanye isano n'imisemburo.<ref name="GARD2021" /> Akenshi bikunze kugaragara mu miryango.<ref name="GARD2021" /> Nibura mu ntangiriro sisitemu y'imitsi iba isanzwe.<ref name="Wol2019">{{Cite journal|last=Wollina|first=U|title=Lipedema-An update.|journal=Dermatologic therapy|date=March 2019|volume=32|issue=2|pages=e12805|doi=10.1111/dth.12805|pmid=30565362}}</ref> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso n'isuzuma.<ref name="GARD2021" /> Izindi ndwara zisa nazo zirimo kubyimba kw'amaguru na lymphedema.<ref name="GARD2021" /> Akenshi ifatwa nabi nk'umubyibuho ukabije.<ref name="Her2012">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/aps.2011.153|pmid=22301856|pmc=4010336|title=Rare adipose disorders (RADs) masquerading as obesity|journal=Acta Pharmacologica Sinica|volume=33|issue=2|pages=155–72|year=2012|last=Herbst|first=Karen L}}</ref> Nubwo nta muti uhari, ubuvuzi bushobora gufasha.<ref name="NHS2020" /> Ibi bishobora kuba birimo indyo yuzuye n'imyitozo ngororamubiri kugira ngo ukomeze kugira ibiro byiza; ariko iyi ndwara akenshi irarwanya kugabanya ibiro.<ref name="NHS2020" /><ref name="GARD2021" /> Amasogisi yo gukanda bishobora gufasha mu kubabara no mu bushobozi bwo kugenda.<ref name="NHS2020" /> Gukoresha liposuction bishobora gufasha mu bimenyetso bikomeye.<ref name="NHS2020" /><ref name="GARD2021" /> Bivugwa ko indwara ya Lipedema yibasira abagore bagera kuri 11% muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref name="Buck2016">{{Cite journal|last=Buck DW|first=2nd|last2=Herbst|first2=KL|title=Lipedema: A Relatively Common Disease with Extremely Common Misconceptions.|journal=Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open|date=September 2016|volume=4|issue=9|pages=e1043|doi=10.1097/GOX.0000000000001043|pmid=27757353}}</ref> Bibaho hafi ya hose ku bagore.<ref name="GARD2021" /> Gutangira gutya akenshi biba mu gihe cy'ubugimbi, [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]], cyangwa [[Gucura k’umugore|gucura]].<ref name="GARD2021" /> Iyi ndwara yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1940, ibipimo bya mbere byo gusuzuma indwara byashyizweho mu 1951.<ref name="Buck2016" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] t2x5vfyt0qvoj61udcvpgbbjwh3fm0s 0 23360 141208 2026-10-10T17:15:17Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500561|Avoidant personality disorder]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Avoidant personality disorder|synonym=Anxious personality disorder|image=Loneliness in a Crowd.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Sadness, depression, and loneliness in a crowd.|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=Excessive fear of [[social rejection]], feelings of inadequacy<ref name=DSM5/><ref name=WHO1992/>|complications=[[Suicide]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|onset=By early adulthood<ref name=DSM5/>|duration=Long term<ref name=Stat2020/>|types=|causes=|risks=[[Genealogy|Family history]], [[Child neglect|childhood emotional neglect]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|diagnosis=|differential=[[Anxiety]] (including [[social phobia]]), [[schizoid personality disorder]], [[dependent personality disorder]]<ref name=Stat2020/><ref name=DSM5/>|prevention=|treatment=[[Cognitive behavioral therapy]], [[interpersonal therapy]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=2%<ref name=Stat2020/>|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}{{Personality disorders sidebar}}'''Indwara yo kwirinda imico''' ( '''AvPD''' ) ni indwara y’imico irangwa n’uburyo bwo gutinya cyane kwangwa n’abandi no kumva ko umuntu adashoboye.<ref name="DSM5">{{Cite book||title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=Fifth|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/672 672-675]|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.156852|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/234}}</ref><ref name="WHO1992">{{Cite book|title=The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders|date=1992|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf#155|access-date=2020-10-04|archive-date=2016-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618131606/http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf#155|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibi bituma abantu birinda gukorana n'abandi haba mu kazi no mu mibereho yabo.<ref name="DSM5" /> Ibimenyetso bigaragara nibura mu gihe umuntu akuze.<ref name="DSM5" /> Indwara ijyana nayo ishobora kuba irimo kwiheba, gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, n'ibibazo byo kurya.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Fariba|first=K|last2=Sapra|first2=A|title=Avoidant Personality Disorder|date=January 2020|pmid=32644751|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo amateka y'umuryango no kutitabwaho mu buryo bw'amarangamutima mu bwana.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Gusuzuma bisaba ko ibimenyetso biba ku rugero rugira ingaruka ku mikorere no ku kwita ku mico n'amahame y'ubwoko.<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref name="DSM5" /> Ni indwara y’imiterere y’umuntu yo mu itsinda rya C.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Bamwe babibona nk'ubwoko bukomeye bw'indwara yo guhangayika mu mibanire y'abantu.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ubuvuzi bushobora kuba burimo uburyo bwo kuvura imyitwarire mu buryo bw'ubwenge cyangwa uburyo bwo kuvura hagati y'abantu.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'abantu barakira neza mu myaka 10.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Abantu bagera kuri 2% nibo barwaye.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Abagore n'abagabo basa nkaho bakunze kugira ingaruka zingana.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Yatangijwe mu 1980 muri DSM III.<ref name="Stat2020" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] obyem3iq8l9xdi4phnhvf8gfo9nx8hn 141209 141208 2026-10-10T17:17:09Z Stevenndori289 10902 Indwara y'imico ikwiye kwirindwa 141209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Personality disorders sidebar}}'''Indwara yo kwirinda imico''' ( '''AvPD''' ) ni indwara y’imico irangwa n’uburyo bwo gutinya cyane kwangwa n’abandi no kumva ko umuntu adashoboye.<ref name="DSM5">{{Cite book||title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=Fifth|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/672 672-675]|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.156852|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/234}}</ref><ref name="WHO1992">{{Cite book|title=The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders|date=1992|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf#155|access-date=2020-10-04|archive-date=2016-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618131606/http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf#155|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibi bituma abantu birinda gukorana n'abandi haba mu kazi no mu mibereho yabo.<ref name="DSM5" /> Ibimenyetso bigaragara nibura mu gihe umuntu akuze.<ref name="DSM5" /> Indwara ijyana nayo ishobora kuba irimo kwiheba, gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, n'ibibazo byo kurya.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Fariba|first=K|last2=Sapra|first2=A|title=Avoidant Personality Disorder|date=January 2020|pmid=32644751|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> [[Dosiye:Loneliness in a Crowd.jpg|thumb|Indwara y'imico ikwiye kwirindwa]] Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo amateka y'umuryango no kutitabwaho mu buryo bw'amarangamutima mu bwana.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Gusuzuma bisaba ko ibimenyetso biba ku rugero rugira ingaruka ku mikorere no ku kwita ku mico n'amahame y'ubwoko.<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref name="DSM5" /> Ni indwara y’imiterere y’umuntu yo mu itsinda rya C.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Bamwe babibona nk'ubwoko bukomeye bw'indwara yo guhangayika mu mibanire y'abantu.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ubuvuzi bushobora kuba burimo uburyo bwo kuvura imyitwarire mu buryo bw'ubwenge cyangwa uburyo bwo kuvura hagati y'abantu.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'abantu barakira neza mu myaka 10.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Abantu bagera kuri 2% nibo barwaye.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Abagore n'abagabo basa nkaho bakunze kugira ingaruka zingana.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Yatangijwe mu 1980 muri DSM III.<ref name="Stat2020" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 3z556ixccv2ygcpbj72dkuq1ziyr2br 0 23361 141210 2026-10-10T17:18:28Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456263|Stevens–Johnson syndrome]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Stevens–Johnson syndrome|synonym=|image=Stevens-johnson-syndrome.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Man with characteristic skin lesions of<br>Stevens–Johnson syndrome|pronounce=|field=[[Dermatology]]|symptoms=Fever, [[skin blisters]], skin peeling, painful skin, [[Red_eye_(medicine)|red eyes]]<ref name=GHR2015/>|complications=[[Dehydration]], [[sepsis]], [[pneumonia]], [[multiple organ failure]].<ref name=GHR2015/>|onset=Age < 30<ref name=GARD2015/>|duration=|types=|causes=Certain medications, certain [[infections]], unknown<ref name=GARD2015/><ref name=GHR2015/>|risks=[[HIV/AIDS]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[genetics]]<ref name=GHR2015/>|diagnosis=<10% of the skin involved, [[skin biopsy]]<ref name=GARD2015/>|differential=[[Chickenpox]], [[staphylococcal epidermolysis]], [[staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome]], [[autoimmune bullous disease]]<ref name=Orph2008/>|prevention=|treatment=Hospitalization, stopping the cause<ref name=GARD2015/>|medication=[[Pain medication]], [[antihistamines]], [[antibiotics]], [[corticosteroids]], [[intravenous immunoglobulins]]<ref name=GARD2015/>|prognosis=Mortality ~7.5%<ref name=GHR2015/><ref name=Ler2017 />|frequency=1–2 per million per year (together with TEN)<ref name=GHR2015/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara ya Stevens-Johnson''' ( '''SJS''' ) ni ubwoko bw'ingaruka zikomeye ku ruhu.<ref name="GHR2015">{{Cite web|title=Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/stevens-johnson-syndrome-toxic-epidermal-necrolysis|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=26 April 2017|language=en|date=July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427085130/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/stevens-johnson-syndrome-toxic-epidermal-necrolysis|archive-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> Hamwe na "toxic epidermal necrolysis" (TEN) na "Stevens-Johnson/toxic epidermal necrolysis" (SJS/TEN), itera indwara zitandukanye, aho SJS idakabije cyane.<ref name="GHR2015" /><ref name="Orph2008">{{Cite web|title=Orphanet: Toxic epidermal necrolysis|url=http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=95455|website=Orphanet|access-date=26 April 2017|language=en|date=November 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427102637/http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=95455|archive-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> Erythema multiforme (EM) muri rusange ifatwa nk'ikibazo cyihariye.<ref name="Sch2013">{{Cite journal|last=Schwartz|first=RA|last2=McDonough|first2=PH|last3=Lee|first3=BW|title=Toxic epidermal necrolysis: Part I. Introduction, history, classification, clinical features, systemic manifestations, etiology, and immunopathogenesis.|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|date=August 2013|volume=69|issue=2|pages=173.e1–13; quiz 185–6|pmid=23866878|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2013.05.003}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bya mbere bya SJS birimo umuriro n'ibindi bimenyetso bisa n'ibicurane.<ref name="GHR2015" /> Nyuma y'iminsi mike, uruhu rutangira kubyimba no gushibuka, rugakora ahantu hababaza.<ref name="GHR2015" /> Uduce tw'imikaya , nk'umunwa, na byo bikunze kugaragara.<ref name="GHR2015" /> Ingorane zirimo umwuma, [[umukoresha:Doc James/Sepsis|sepsis]], umusonga no kunanirwa kw'ingingo nyinshi.<ref name="GHR2015" /> Impamvu ikunze kugaragara ni imiti imwe n'imwe nka lamotrigine, carbamazepine, allopurinol, antibiyotike za sulfonamide na nevirapine.<ref name="GHR2015" /> Izindi mpamvu zishobora kuba zirimo indwara nka ''Mycoplasma pneumoniae'' na cytomegalovirus, cyangwa impamvu ishobora kutamenyekana.<ref name="GARD2015">{{Cite web|title=Stevens-Johnson syndrome|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7700/stevens-johnson-syndrome|website=GARD|access-date=26 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828194041/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7700/stevens-johnson-syndrome|archive-date=28 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="GHR2015" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo VIH/SIDA na lupus erythematosus.<ref name="GHR2015" /> Isuzuma rya syndrome ya Stevens-Johnson rishingiye ku kuba uruhu ruri munsi ya 10% by'umubiri rugira ingaruka.<ref name="GARD2015" /> Bizwi nka TEN iyo uruhu rurenze 30% rugize ikibazo kandi bigafatwa nk'uburyo bwo hagati iyo 10–30% bigize ikibazo.<ref name="Orph2008" /> Bikekwa ko SJS/TEN ikora ikoresheje uburyo bwo kuvura indwara zo mu bwoko bwa IV.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hyzy|first=Robert C.|title=Evidence-Based Critical Care: A Case Study Approach|date=2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319433417|page=761|url=https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=tgImDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA761|language=en|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204182635/https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=tgImDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA761|url-status=live}}</ref> Irimo kandi n'ingaruka z'imiti hamwe na eosinophilia n'ibimenyetso by'umubiri (DRESS syndrome), pustulosis ikabije ya exanthematous (AGEP) hamwe na toxic epidermal necrolysis mu itsinda ry'indwara zizwiho ingaruka zikomeye z'uruhu (SCARs).<ref name="Adler2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Adler NR, Aung AK, Ergen EN, Trubiano J, Goh MS, Phillips EJ|title=Recent advances in the understanding of severe cutaneous adverse reactions|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=177|issue=5|pages=1234–1247|year=2017|pmid=28256714|pmc=5582023|doi=10.1111/bjd.15423|url=}}</ref> Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bubera mu bitaro nko mu cyumba cy’ubushye cyangwa icy’indembe.<ref name="GARD2015" /> Ibikorwa bishobora kuba birimo guhagarika icyayiteye, imiti igabanya ububabare, imiti igabanya ububabare, imiti igabanya ubukana, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara mu mitsi cyangwa imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara.<ref name="GARD2015" /> Hamwe na TEN, SJS igira ingaruka ku muntu umwe kugeza kuri 2 kuri miliyoni buri mwaka.<ref name="GHR2015" /> Indwara isanzwe iba munsi y'imyaka 30.<ref name="GARD2015" /> Uruhu rukunze kongera gukura mu byumweru bibiri cyangwa bitatu; icyakora, gukira burundu bishobora gufata amezi.<ref name="GARD2015" /> Muri rusange, ibyago byo gupfa ukoresheje SJS ni 5 kugeza 10%.<ref name="GHR2015" /><ref name="Ler2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lerch M, Mainetti C, Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli B, Harr T|title=Current Perspectives on Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis|journal=Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology|volume=54|issue=1|pages=147–176|year=2017|pmid=29188475|doi=10.1007/s12016-017-8654-z|url=}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] kgwybqofastl49gqqy398w5obke6dfr 141211 141210 2026-10-10T17:20:38Z Stevenndori289 10902 Indwara ya Stevens-Johnson 141211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Stevens–Johnson syndrome | image = Stevens-johnson-syndrome.jpg }} '''Indwara ya Stevens-Johnson''' ( '''SJS''' ) ni ubwoko bw'ingaruka zikomeye ku ruhu.<ref name="GHR2015">{{Cite web|title=Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/stevens-johnson-syndrome-toxic-epidermal-necrolysis|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=26 April 2017|language=en|date=July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427085130/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/stevens-johnson-syndrome-toxic-epidermal-necrolysis|archive-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> Hamwe na "toxic epidermal necrolysis" (TEN) na "Stevens-Johnson/toxic epidermal necrolysis" (SJS/TEN), itera indwara zitandukanye, aho SJS idakabije cyane.<ref name="GHR2015" /><ref name="Orph2008">{{Cite web|title=Orphanet: Toxic epidermal necrolysis|url=http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=95455|website=Orphanet|access-date=26 April 2017|language=en|date=November 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427102637/http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=95455|archive-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> Erythema multiforme (EM) muri rusange ifatwa nk'ikibazo cyihariye.<ref name="Sch2013">{{Cite journal|last=Schwartz|first=RA|last2=McDonough|first2=PH|last3=Lee|first3=BW|title=Toxic epidermal necrolysis: Part I. Introduction, history, classification, clinical features, systemic manifestations, etiology, and immunopathogenesis.|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|date=August 2013|volume=69|issue=2|pages=173.e1–13; quiz 185–6|pmid=23866878|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2013.05.003}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bya mbere bya SJS birimo umuriro n'ibindi bimenyetso bisa n'ibicurane.<ref name="GHR2015" /> Nyuma y'iminsi mike, uruhu rutangira kubyimba no gushibuka, rugakora ahantu hababaza.<ref name="GHR2015" /> Uduce tw'imikaya , nk'umunwa, na byo bikunze kugaragara.<ref name="GHR2015" /> Ingorane zirimo umwuma, [[umukoresha:Doc James/Sepsis|sepsis]], umusonga no kunanirwa kw'ingingo nyinshi.<ref name="GHR2015" /> Impamvu ikunze kugaragara ni imiti imwe n'imwe nka lamotrigine, carbamazepine, allopurinol, antibiyotike za sulfonamide na nevirapine.<ref name="GHR2015" /> Izindi mpamvu zishobora kuba zirimo indwara nka ''Mycoplasma pneumoniae'' na cytomegalovirus, cyangwa impamvu ishobora kutamenyekana.<ref name="GARD2015">{{Cite web|title=Stevens-Johnson syndrome|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7700/stevens-johnson-syndrome|website=GARD|access-date=26 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828194041/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7700/stevens-johnson-syndrome|archive-date=28 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="GHR2015" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo VIH/SIDA na lupus erythematosus.<ref name="GHR2015" /> Isuzuma rya syndrome ya Stevens-Johnson rishingiye ku kuba uruhu ruri munsi ya 10% by'umubiri rugira ingaruka.<ref name="GARD2015" /> Bizwi nka TEN iyo uruhu rurenze 30% rugize ikibazo kandi bigafatwa nk'uburyo bwo hagati iyo 10–30% bigize ikibazo.<ref name="Orph2008" /> Bikekwa ko SJS/TEN ikora ikoresheje uburyo bwo kuvura indwara zo mu bwoko bwa IV.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hyzy|first=Robert C.|title=Evidence-Based Critical Care: A Case Study Approach|date=2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319433417|page=761|url=https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=tgImDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA761|language=en|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204182635/https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=tgImDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA761|url-status=live}}</ref> Irimo kandi n'ingaruka z'imiti hamwe na eosinophilia n'ibimenyetso by'umubiri (DRESS syndrome), pustulosis ikabije ya exanthematous (AGEP) hamwe na toxic epidermal necrolysis mu itsinda ry'indwara zizwiho ingaruka zikomeye z'uruhu (SCARs).<ref name="Adler2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Adler NR, Aung AK, Ergen EN, Trubiano J, Goh MS, Phillips EJ|title=Recent advances in the understanding of severe cutaneous adverse reactions|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=177|issue=5|pages=1234–1247|year=2017|pmid=28256714|pmc=5582023|doi=10.1111/bjd.15423|url=}}</ref> Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bubera mu bitaro nko mu cyumba cy’ubushye cyangwa icy’indembe.<ref name="GARD2015" /> Ibikorwa bishobora kuba birimo guhagarika icyayiteye, imiti igabanya ububabare, imiti igabanya ububabare, imiti igabanya ubukana, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara mu mitsi cyangwa imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara.<ref name="GARD2015" /> Hamwe na TEN, SJS igira ingaruka ku muntu umwe kugeza kuri 2 kuri miliyoni buri mwaka.<ref name="GHR2015" /> Indwara isanzwe iba munsi y'imyaka 30.<ref name="GARD2015" /> Uruhu rukunze kongera gukura mu byumweru bibiri cyangwa bitatu; icyakora, gukira burundu bishobora gufata amezi.<ref name="GARD2015" /> Muri rusange, ibyago byo gupfa ukoresheje SJS ni 5 kugeza 10%.<ref name="GHR2015" /><ref name="Ler2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lerch M, Mainetti C, Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli B, Harr T|title=Current Perspectives on Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis|journal=Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology|volume=54|issue=1|pages=147–176|year=2017|pmid=29188475|doi=10.1007/s12016-017-8654-z|url=}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 78ub61wpdeqrp0dl5qh9nf5jt7igaxo 0 23362 141212 2026-10-10T17:21:49Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501481|Dapagliflozin]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141212 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dapagliflozin''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Farxiga''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2.<ref name="AHFS2020">{{Cite web|title=Dapagliflozin Propanediol Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/dapagliflozin-propanediol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=3 December 2020|language=en|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217211800/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/dapagliflozin-propanediol.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ikoreshwa kandi mu gihe umutima unaniwe hamwe n'igice cyo gusohora cyagabanutse . Mu ndwara ya diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1, ishobora gukoreshwa hamwe na insuline.<ref name="BNF79">{{Cite book|title=BNF 79|date=March 2020|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|location=London|isbn=978-0857113658|page=725}}</ref> Inyobwa mu kanwa rimwe ku munsi.<ref name="AHFS2020" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kwandura indwara zo mu nkari, indwara ziterwa n'ibihumyo mu kibuno, kwiyongera kw'inkari, isesemi, no kunyara.<ref name="AHFS2020" /> Izindi ngaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo isukari nke mu maraso, cyane cyane iyo ikoreshejwe hamwe n'indi miti ya diyabete, umuvuduko w'amaraso uri hasi, Fournier gangrene, ingaruka z'ubwivumbure, na ketoacidosis ya diyabete.<ref name="AHFS2020" /> Gukoresha ntabwo byemewe mu gihe utwite cyangwa wonsa.<ref name="BNF79" /> Ni mu cyiciro cya gliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitor).<ref name="AHFS2020" /> Dapagliflozin yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 2014.<ref name="AHFS2020" /> Byazanywe ku isoko bwa mbere na AstraZeneca.<ref name="AHFS2020" /> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi yatanzwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima nk'umuti usimbura empagliflozin.<ref name="WHO23rd">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)|year=2023|hdl=10665/371090|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bigura hafi amadorari 500 ku kwezi guhera mu 2020.<ref name="GX2020">{{Cite web|title=Dapagliflozin Prices, Coupons & Savings Tips|url=https://www.goodrx.com/dapagliflozin|website=GoodRx|access-date=3 December 2020|language=en-us|archive-date=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614113403/http://www.goodrx.com/dapagliflozin|url-status=live}}</ref> Aya mafaranga atwara NHS mu Bwongereza agera ku biro 40.<ref name="BNF79" /> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 259 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni imwe.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Dapagliflozin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Dapagliflozin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413032132/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Dapagliflozin|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 4hgxjfxrn1qv5jwh3wmc0lu6o4kvy3a 141213 141212 2026-10-10T17:23:02Z Stevenndori289 10902 Dapagliflozin 141213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Forxiga dapagliflozin.jpg|thumb|Dapagliflozin]] '''Dapagliflozin''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Farxiga''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2.<ref name="AHFS2020">{{Cite web|title=Dapagliflozin Propanediol Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/dapagliflozin-propanediol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=3 December 2020|language=en|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217211800/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/dapagliflozin-propanediol.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ikoreshwa kandi mu gihe umutima unaniwe hamwe n'igice cyo gusohora cyagabanutse . Mu ndwara ya diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1, ishobora gukoreshwa hamwe na insuline.<ref name="BNF79">{{Cite book|title=BNF 79|date=March 2020|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|location=London|isbn=978-0857113658|page=725}}</ref> Inyobwa mu kanwa rimwe ku munsi.<ref name="AHFS2020" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kwandura indwara zo mu nkari, indwara ziterwa n'ibihumyo mu kibuno, kwiyongera kw'inkari, isesemi, no kunyara.<ref name="AHFS2020" /> Izindi ngaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo isukari nke mu maraso, cyane cyane iyo ikoreshejwe hamwe n'indi miti ya diyabete, umuvuduko w'amaraso uri hasi, Fournier gangrene, ingaruka z'ubwivumbure, na ketoacidosis ya diyabete.<ref name="AHFS2020" /> Gukoresha ntabwo byemewe mu gihe utwite cyangwa wonsa.<ref name="BNF79" /> Ni mu cyiciro cya gliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitor).<ref name="AHFS2020" /> Dapagliflozin yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 2014.<ref name="AHFS2020" /> Byazanywe ku isoko bwa mbere na AstraZeneca.<ref name="AHFS2020" /> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi yatanzwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima nk'umuti usimbura empagliflozin.<ref name="WHO23rd">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)|year=2023|hdl=10665/371090|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bigura hafi amadorari 500 ku kwezi guhera mu 2020.<ref name="GX2020">{{Cite web|title=Dapagliflozin Prices, Coupons & Savings Tips|url=https://www.goodrx.com/dapagliflozin|website=GoodRx|access-date=3 December 2020|language=en-us|archive-date=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614113403/http://www.goodrx.com/dapagliflozin|url-status=live}}</ref> Aya mafaranga atwara NHS mu Bwongereza agera ku biro 40.<ref name="BNF79" /> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 259 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni imwe.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Dapagliflozin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Dapagliflozin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413032132/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Dapagliflozin|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] igip70kvnbe7xvwisiy5zx63m3nlz2f 0 23363 141214 2026-10-10T17:24:07Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513043|Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|synonym=Asymmetric septal hypertrophy; idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis;<ref>{{cite web|title=Other Names for Cardiomyopathy|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/names|website=NHLBI|access-date=31 August 2016|date=June 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728023504/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/names|archive-date=28 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)|image=Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.png|image_size=220px|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=|pronounce=|field=[[Cardiology]]|symptoms=Frequently none, [[fatigue|feeling tired]], [[pedal edema|leg swelling]], [[shortness of breath]], [[chest pain]], [[syncope (medicine)|fainting]]<ref name=AHA2022/><ref name=NIH2022Sym/>|complications=[[Heart failure]], [[Arrhythmia|irregular heartbeat]], [[sudden cardiac death]]<ref name=NIH2016What/><ref name=SCD2011/>|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=[[Genetics]], [[Fabry disease]], [[Friedreich's ataxia]], certain medications<ref name=Fer2018/><ref name=NIH2016Ca/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Electrocardiography|Electrocardiogram]], [[echocardiogram]], [[stress testing]], [[genetic testing]]<ref name=AHAGuide2020/>|differential=[[Hypertensive heart disease]], [[aortic stenosis]], [[athlete's heart]]<ref name=Fer2018/>|prevention=|treatment=Medications, [[implantable cardiac defibrillator]], surgery (transaortic septal myectomy)<ref name=AHAGuide2020/><ref name=Raja2020/>|medication=[[Beta blockers]], [[verapamil]], [[disopyramide]]<ref name=Raja2020/>|prognosis=Less than 1% per year risk of death (with treatment)<ref name=Mar2014/>|frequency=Up to 1 in 200 people<ref name=Raja2020/>|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy''' ( '''HCM''' ) ni indwara y'umutima aho igice [[Umutima|cy'umutima]] kibyimba nta mpamvu igaragara ihari.<ref name="Raja2020">{{Cite book|last=Cui|first=Hao|last2=Schaff|first2=Hartzell V.|editor-last=Raja|editor-first=Shahzad G.|title=Cardiac Surgery: A Complete Guide|date=2020|publisher=Springer|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-030-24176-6|pages=735-748|chapter-url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kcPPDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA735|language=en|chapter=80. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|access-date=2022-10-13|archive-date=2022-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013073118/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kcPPDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA735|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibimenyetso biratandukanye kuva ku kunanirwa, kubyimba amaguru, no kubura umwuka.<ref name="NIH2022Sym" /> Bishobora kandi gutera ububabare mu gituza cyangwa gucika intege.<ref name="NIH2022Sym">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/signs|website=NHLBI|publisher=National Heart Lung and Blood Institute|access-date=13 October 2022|date=24 March 2022|archive-date=28 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728023343/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/signs|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingorane zirimo kunanirwa k'umutima, umutima utera nabi, n'urupfu rutunguranye rw'umutima.<ref name="NIH2016What">{{Cite web|title=What Is Cardiomyopathy?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 November 2017|date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110172002/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SCD2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barsheshet A, Brenyo A, Moss AJ, Goldenberg I|s2cid=25887172|title=Genetics of sudden cardiac death|journal=Current Cardiology Reports|volume=13|issue=5|pages=364–76|date=October 2011|pmid=21789574|doi=10.1007/s11886-011-0209-y}}</ref> Akenshi umuntu aragwa n'ababyeyi be.<ref name="NIH2016Ca">{{Cite web|title=What Causes Cardiomyopathy?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 November 2017|date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005114628/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/causes|archive-date=5 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Akenshi biterwa n'impinduka mu turemangingo tumwe na tumwe twita ku gukora poroteyine z'imitsi y'umutima.<ref name="NIH2016Ca" /> Izindi mpamvu zishobora kuba zirimo indwara ya Fabry, Friedreich's ataxia, n'imiti imwe n'imwe nka tacrolimus.<ref name="Fer2018">{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323529570|page=246|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA246|access-date=2017-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225010/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA246|archive-date=2017-11-10|url-status=live}}</ref> Ni ubwoko bwa cardiomyopathy, itsinda ry'indwara zifata cyane cyane imitsi y'umutima.<ref name="NIH2016What" /> Imitsi y'umutima ikomeye ituma umutima udashobora gusohora amaraso neza, kandi septum y'umutima ifite ubukana ishobora gutuma amaraso ava mu gice cy'ibumoso cy'umutima ajya mu gice cy'umutima (aorta) ndetse n'ingufu za mitral zigabanuka.<ref name="AHA2022">{{Cite web|last=AHA|title=Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)|url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cardiomyopathy/what-is-cardiomyopathy-in-adults/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy|website=www.heart.org|publisher=American Heart Association|access-date=13 October 2022|language=en|date=13 May 2022|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006155510/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cardiomyopathy/what-is-cardiomyopathy-in-adults/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Raja2020" /> Gusuzuma indwara hakoreshejwe electrocardiogram na echocardiogram.<ref name="AHAGuide2020">{{Cite journal|last=Ommen|first=Steve R.|last2=Mital|first2=Seema|last3=Burke|first3=Michael A.|last4=Day|first4=Sharlene M.|last5=Deswal|first5=Anita|last6=Elliott|first6=Perry|last7=Evanovich|first7=Lauren L.|last8=Hung|first8=Judy|last9=Joglar|first9=José A.|last10=Kantor|first10=Paul|last11=Kimmelstiel|first11=Carey|last12=Kittleson|first12=Michelle|last13=Link|first13=Mark S.|last14=Maron|first14=Martin S.|last15=Martinez|first15=Matthew W.|title=2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Executive Summary|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|date=22 December 2020|volume=76|issue=25|pages=3022–3055|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.044|pmid=33229115|url=https://www.jacc.org/doi/abs/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.044|access-date=14 October 2022|archive-date=16 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016125440/https://www.jacc.org/doi/abs/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.044|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibindi bizamini bishobora kuba birimo gupima stress no gupima imiterere y'umubiri.<ref name="AHAGuide2020" /> Abo mu muryango wawe bashobora gukorerwa isuzuma.<ref name="AHAGuide2020" /><ref name="Phelan2021">{{Cite book|last=Phelan|first=Dermot M.|last2=Symanski|first2=John|editor-last=EngelEngel|editor-first=David J.|editor-last2=Phelan|editor-first2=Dermot M.|title=Sports Cardiology: Care of the Athletic Heart from the Clinic to the Sidelines|date=2021|publisher=Springer|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-030-69383-1|pages=97-110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABAtEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq|language=en|chapter=7. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|access-date=2022-10-14|archive-date=2022-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014103414/https://books.google.com/books?id=ABAtEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq|url-status=live}}</ref> Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi butangirira kuri beta blockers, verapamil, na disopyramide.<ref name="Raja2020" /> Utunyangingo tw'imitsi bikoreshwa witonze kuko bishobora kugabanya ingano y'amaraso yo mu nda y'ibumoso n'amazi asohoka.<ref name="emed.treatment2022">{{Cite web|last=Shah|first=Sandy N.|title=Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Left Ventricular Myomectomy and Mitral Valve Replacement, Pacemaker Implantation|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/152913-treatment?icd=ssl_login_success_221013|publisher=emedicine|access-date=13 October 2022|date=29 April 2022|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013073117/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/152913-treatment?icd=ssl_login_success_221013|url-status=live}}</ref> Umuti utera umutima gutera amaraso ushobora guterwa inkunga ku bantu bafite ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bw'umutima utera nabi.<ref name="AHAGuide2020" /> Kubagwa, mu buryo bwo kubagwa kwa septal myectomy cyangwa kubagwa umutima, bishobora gukorwa ku bantu batameze neza hakoreshejwe izindi ngamba.<ref name="AHA2022" /><ref name="Ralph2017">{{Cite journal|last=Ralph-Edwards|first=Anthony|last2=Vanderlaan|first2=Rachel D.|last3=Bajona|first3=Pietro|title=Transaortic septal myectomy: techniques and pitfalls|journal=Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery|date=July 2017|volume=6|issue=4|pages=410–415|doi=10.21037/acs.2017.07.08|pmid=28944183|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5602211/|issn=2225-319X|access-date=2022-10-13|archive-date=2022-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013091542/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5602211/|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo umuntu avuwe, ibyago byo gupfa azize iyi ndwara biri munsi ya 1% ku mwaka.<ref name="Mar2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Maron BJ, Ommen SR, Semsarian C, Spirito P, Olivotto I, Maron MS|title=Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: present and future, with translation into contemporary cardiovascular medicine|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=64|issue=1|pages=83–99|date=July 2014|pmid=24998133|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.003|doi-access=free}}</ref> HCM igira ingaruka ku muntu umwe kuri 200.<ref name="Raja2020" /><ref name="Ralph2017" /> Igipimo ku bagabo n'abagore kiri hafi kungana.<ref name="NIH2016Type" /> Abantu b'ingeri zose bashobora kugerwaho n'ingaruka.<ref name="NIH2016Type">{{Cite web|title=Types of Cardiomyopathy|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/types|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 November 2017|date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004214624/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/types|archive-date=4 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Inyito ya mbere igezweho y’iyi ndwara yanditswe na Donald Teare mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Teare D|title=Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart in young adults|journal=British Heart Journal|volume=20|issue=1|pages=1–8|date=January 1958|pmid=13499764|pmc=492780|doi=10.1136/hrt.20.1.1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=McKenna WJ, Sen-Chowdhry S|title=From Teare to the present day: a fifty year odyssey in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a paradigm for the logic of the discovery process|journal=Revista Espanola de Cardiologia|volume=61|issue=12|pages=1239–44|date=December 2008|pmid=19080961|doi=10.1016/S1885-5857(09)60050-5|url=http://www.revespcardiol.org/en/from-teare-to-the-present/articulo/13130628/|access-date=2017-02-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111041703/http://www.revespcardiol.org/en/from-teare-to-the-present/articulo/13130628/|archive-date=2017-11-11}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 8x9i1adf082btmzrzu3f0jrda8gmzkq 141215 141214 2026-10-10T17:25:35Z Stevenndori289 10902 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 141215 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Hypertrophic-Cardiomyopathy-Complicated-by-Pulmonary-Edema-in-the-Postpartum-Period-802352.f2.ogv|thumb|Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] '''Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy''' ( '''HCM''' ) ni indwara y'umutima aho igice [[Umutima|cy'umutima]] kibyimba nta mpamvu igaragara ihari.<ref name="Raja2020">{{Cite book|last=Cui|first=Hao|last2=Schaff|first2=Hartzell V.|editor-last=Raja|editor-first=Shahzad G.|title=Cardiac Surgery: A Complete Guide|date=2020|publisher=Springer|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-030-24176-6|pages=735-748|chapter-url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kcPPDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA735|language=en|chapter=80. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|access-date=2022-10-13|archive-date=2022-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013073118/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kcPPDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA735|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibimenyetso biratandukanye kuva ku kunanirwa, kubyimba amaguru, no kubura umwuka.<ref name="NIH2022Sym" /> Bishobora kandi gutera ububabare mu gituza cyangwa gucika intege.<ref name="NIH2022Sym">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/signs|website=NHLBI|publisher=National Heart Lung and Blood Institute|access-date=13 October 2022|date=24 March 2022|archive-date=28 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728023343/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/signs|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingorane zirimo kunanirwa k'umutima, umutima utera nabi, n'urupfu rutunguranye rw'umutima.<ref name="NIH2016What">{{Cite web|title=What Is Cardiomyopathy?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 November 2017|date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110172002/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SCD2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barsheshet A, Brenyo A, Moss AJ, Goldenberg I|s2cid=25887172|title=Genetics of sudden cardiac death|journal=Current Cardiology Reports|volume=13|issue=5|pages=364–76|date=October 2011|pmid=21789574|doi=10.1007/s11886-011-0209-y}}</ref> Akenshi umuntu aragwa n'ababyeyi be.<ref name="NIH2016Ca">{{Cite web|title=What Causes Cardiomyopathy?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 November 2017|date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005114628/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/causes|archive-date=5 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Akenshi biterwa n'impinduka mu turemangingo tumwe na tumwe twita ku gukora poroteyine z'imitsi y'umutima.<ref name="NIH2016Ca" /> Izindi mpamvu zishobora kuba zirimo indwara ya Fabry, Friedreich's ataxia, n'imiti imwe n'imwe nka tacrolimus.<ref name="Fer2018">{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323529570|page=246|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA246|access-date=2017-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225010/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA246|archive-date=2017-11-10|url-status=live}}</ref> Ni ubwoko bwa cardiomyopathy, itsinda ry'indwara zifata cyane cyane imitsi y'umutima.<ref name="NIH2016What" /> Imitsi y'umutima ikomeye ituma umutima udashobora gusohora amaraso neza, kandi septum y'umutima ifite ubukana ishobora gutuma amaraso ava mu gice cy'ibumoso cy'umutima ajya mu gice cy'umutima (aorta) ndetse n'ingufu za mitral zigabanuka.<ref name="AHA2022">{{Cite web|last=AHA|title=Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)|url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cardiomyopathy/what-is-cardiomyopathy-in-adults/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy|website=www.heart.org|publisher=American Heart Association|access-date=13 October 2022|language=en|date=13 May 2022|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006155510/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cardiomyopathy/what-is-cardiomyopathy-in-adults/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Raja2020" /> Gusuzuma indwara hakoreshejwe electrocardiogram na echocardiogram.<ref name="AHAGuide2020">{{Cite journal|last=Ommen|first=Steve R.|last2=Mital|first2=Seema|last3=Burke|first3=Michael A.|last4=Day|first4=Sharlene M.|last5=Deswal|first5=Anita|last6=Elliott|first6=Perry|last7=Evanovich|first7=Lauren L.|last8=Hung|first8=Judy|last9=Joglar|first9=José A.|last10=Kantor|first10=Paul|last11=Kimmelstiel|first11=Carey|last12=Kittleson|first12=Michelle|last13=Link|first13=Mark S.|last14=Maron|first14=Martin S.|last15=Martinez|first15=Matthew W.|title=2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Executive Summary|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|date=22 December 2020|volume=76|issue=25|pages=3022–3055|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.044|pmid=33229115|url=https://www.jacc.org/doi/abs/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.044|access-date=14 October 2022|archive-date=16 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016125440/https://www.jacc.org/doi/abs/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.044|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibindi bizamini bishobora kuba birimo gupima stress no gupima imiterere y'umubiri.<ref name="AHAGuide2020" /> Abo mu muryango wawe bashobora gukorerwa isuzuma.<ref name="AHAGuide2020" /><ref name="Phelan2021">{{Cite book|last=Phelan|first=Dermot M.|last2=Symanski|first2=John|editor-last=EngelEngel|editor-first=David J.|editor-last2=Phelan|editor-first2=Dermot M.|title=Sports Cardiology: Care of the Athletic Heart from the Clinic to the Sidelines|date=2021|publisher=Springer|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-030-69383-1|pages=97-110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABAtEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq|language=en|chapter=7. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|access-date=2022-10-14|archive-date=2022-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014103414/https://books.google.com/books?id=ABAtEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq|url-status=live}}</ref> Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi butangirira kuri beta blockers, verapamil, na disopyramide.<ref name="Raja2020" /> Utunyangingo tw'imitsi bikoreshwa witonze kuko bishobora kugabanya ingano y'amaraso yo mu nda y'ibumoso n'amazi asohoka.<ref name="emed.treatment2022">{{Cite web|last=Shah|first=Sandy N.|title=Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Left Ventricular Myomectomy and Mitral Valve Replacement, Pacemaker Implantation|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/152913-treatment?icd=ssl_login_success_221013|publisher=emedicine|access-date=13 October 2022|date=29 April 2022|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013073117/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/152913-treatment?icd=ssl_login_success_221013|url-status=live}}</ref> Umuti utera umutima gutera amaraso ushobora guterwa inkunga ku bantu bafite ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bw'umutima utera nabi.<ref name="AHAGuide2020" /> Kubagwa, mu buryo bwo kubagwa kwa septal myectomy cyangwa kubagwa umutima, bishobora gukorwa ku bantu batameze neza hakoreshejwe izindi ngamba.<ref name="AHA2022" /><ref name="Ralph2017">{{Cite journal|last=Ralph-Edwards|first=Anthony|last2=Vanderlaan|first2=Rachel D.|last3=Bajona|first3=Pietro|title=Transaortic septal myectomy: techniques and pitfalls|journal=Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery|date=July 2017|volume=6|issue=4|pages=410–415|doi=10.21037/acs.2017.07.08|pmid=28944183|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5602211/|issn=2225-319X|access-date=2022-10-13|archive-date=2022-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013091542/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5602211/|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo umuntu avuwe, ibyago byo gupfa azize iyi ndwara biri munsi ya 1% ku mwaka.<ref name="Mar2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Maron BJ, Ommen SR, Semsarian C, Spirito P, Olivotto I, Maron MS|title=Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: present and future, with translation into contemporary cardiovascular medicine|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=64|issue=1|pages=83–99|date=July 2014|pmid=24998133|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.003|doi-access=free}}</ref> HCM igira ingaruka ku muntu umwe kuri 200.<ref name="Raja2020" /><ref name="Ralph2017" /> Igipimo ku bagabo n'abagore kiri hafi kungana.<ref name="NIH2016Type" /> Abantu b'ingeri zose bashobora kugerwaho n'ingaruka.<ref name="NIH2016Type">{{Cite web|title=Types of Cardiomyopathy|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/types|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 November 2017|date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004214624/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/types|archive-date=4 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Inyito ya mbere igezweho y’iyi ndwara yanditswe na Donald Teare mu 1958.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Teare D|title=Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart in young adults|journal=British Heart Journal|volume=20|issue=1|pages=1–8|date=January 1958|pmid=13499764|pmc=492780|doi=10.1136/hrt.20.1.1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=McKenna WJ, Sen-Chowdhry S|title=From Teare to the present day: a fifty year odyssey in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a paradigm for the logic of the discovery process|journal=Revista Espanola de Cardiologia|volume=61|issue=12|pages=1239–44|date=December 2008|pmid=19080961|doi=10.1016/S1885-5857(09)60050-5|url=http://www.revespcardiol.org/en/from-teare-to-the-present/articulo/13130628/|access-date=2017-02-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111041703/http://www.revespcardiol.org/en/from-teare-to-the-present/articulo/13130628/|archive-date=2017-11-11}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] n2mnhyrbj4tv22k2e93ks4ptcn50dfj 0 23364 141216 2026-10-10T17:26:24Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501797|Encephalitis lethargica]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Encephalitis lethargica|synonym=Economo's disease; von Economo's encephalitis<ref name=Berger2014/>|image=Economo1918h.PNG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=An illustration from von Economo's ''Die Encephalitis lethargica'' (1918) showing brain tissue of an affected monkey seen under a microscope|pronounce=|field=[[Neurology]]|symptoms=[[Fever]], [[headache]], [[double vision]], [[psychosis]], [[lethargy]]<ref name=NINDS2021/>|complications=[[Coma]], [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]], [[epilepsy]]<ref name=NINDS2021/><ref name=Berger2014/>|onset=Within 2 months of exposure<ref name=Berger2014/>|duration=|types=|causes=Unknown<ref name=NINDS2021/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms after ruling out other potential causes<ref name=Berger2014/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment]], [[levodopa]]<ref name=NINDS2021/>|medication=|prognosis=Frequent long-term disability<ref name=Berger2014/>|frequency=Currently rare<ref name=Berger2014/>|deaths=30% mortality<ref name=Berger2014/>|named after=}}'''Ubunebwe bwa Encephalitis''' ( '''EL''' ) ni ubwoko bw'ububyimbirwe bw'ubwonko bugaragazwa mu ntangiriro n'umuriro, kuribwa umutwe, kureba kabiri, uburwayi bwo mu mutwe, no gucika intege.<ref name="NINDS2021">{{Cite web|title=Encephalitis Lethargica Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Encephalitis-Lethargica-Information-Page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104195107/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Encephalitis-Lethargica-Information-Page|url-status=live}}</ref> Kenshi na kenshi, ibi bitera ko umuntu arwara koma buhoro buhoro.<ref name="Berger2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Berger JR, Vilensky JA|title=Encephalitis lethargica (von Economo's encephalitis)|journal=Handbook of Clinical Neurology|volume=123|issue=|pages=745–761|date=2014|pmid=25015515|doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-53488-0.00036-5|isbn=9780444534880}}</ref> Indwara ya Parkinson cyangwa igicuri ishobora kugaragara mu myaka ikurikira indwara ya mbere.<ref name="NINDS2021" /><ref name="Berger2014" /> Impamvu ntiramenyekana.<ref name="NINDS2021" /> Mu byo umuntu yatanga harimo indwara nk'ibicurane cyangwa ubwiyongere bw'umubiri.<ref name="Berger2014" /> Nibura mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, iyi ndwara yagaragaye ko yakwirakwiriye hagati y’abantu.<ref name="Berger2014" /> Mu gihe cyo gutwita, umwana ashobora no kugira ingaruka.<ref name="Berger2014" /> Uburyo bw'ibanze bwabaga burimo kubyimba ibice bimwe na bimwe by'ubwonko, mesencephalon na diencephalon.<ref name="Berger2014" /> Gusuzuma byashingiye ku bimenyetso nyuma yo kwemeza ko hari abandi bantu bashobora kuba baranduye.<ref name="Berger2014" /> Ubuvuzi bushingira ku bimenyetso.<ref name="NINDS2021" /> Levodopa bishobora gutuma habaho iterambere rikomeye nubwo ari iry'igihe gito.<ref name="NINDS2021" /><ref name="Berger2014" /> Ibisubizo biterwa n'ingorane zijyanye nabyo.<ref name="NINDS2021" /> Hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abantu bapfuye.<ref name="Cam2021">{{Cite book|last=Harley|first=Trevor A.|title=The Science of Consciousness|date=18 February 2021|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-12528-5|page=282|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Science_of_Consciousness/3DcTEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA282|language=en|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828073613/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Science_of_Consciousness/3DcTEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA282|url-status=live}}</ref> Benshi mu barokotse basizwe ubumuga buhoraho.<ref name="Berger2014" /> Indwara z'ibyorezo indwara zabaye ku isi hose kuva mu 1916 kugeza mu 1930 kandi zagize ingaruka ku bantu bagera kuri miliyoni 5.<ref name="NINDS2021" /><ref name="Berger2014" /><ref name="Cam2021" /> Bikekwa ko icyorezo cyabayeho mbere, kandi kuva icyo gihe abantu batageze kuri 20 bamaze kugaragara.<ref name="Berger2014" /> Iyi ndwara yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1917 na Constantin von Economo na Jean-René Cruchet.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=K.|last=von Economo|journal=Wiener klinische Wochenschrift|date=May 10, 1917|volume=30|pages=581–585|language=de|title=Die Encephalitis lethargica.|location=Leipzig and Vienna|publisher=Franz Deuticke 1918}}</ref><ref name="Berger2014" /> Nanone byitwa "indwara yo gusinzira" cyangwa "indwara yo gusinzira"; <ref name="Berger2014" /> nubwo bitajyanye [[Indwara y’umusinziro nyafurika|n'indwara yo gusinzira]] yandurira mu nzi za tsetse.<ref name="Cam2021" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 97nnsfloh6dtgktqmc8vdxf1zyjp6n6 141217 141216 2026-10-10T17:28:30Z Stevenndori289 10902 Encephalitis lethargica 141217 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ubunebwe bwa Encephalitis''' ( '''EL''' ) ni ubwoko bw'ububyimbirwe bw'ubwonko bugaragazwa mu ntangiriro n'umuriro, kuribwa umutwe, kureba kabiri, uburwayi bwo mu mutwe, no gucika intege.<ref name="NINDS2021">{{Cite web|title=Encephalitis Lethargica Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Encephalitis-Lethargica-Information-Page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104195107/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Encephalitis-Lethargica-Information-Page|url-status=live}}</ref> Kenshi na kenshi, ibi bitera ko umuntu arwara koma buhoro buhoro.<ref name="Berger2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Berger JR, Vilensky JA|title=Encephalitis lethargica (von Economo's encephalitis)|journal=Handbook of Clinical Neurology|volume=123|issue=|pages=745–761|date=2014|pmid=25015515|doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-53488-0.00036-5|isbn=9780444534880}}</ref> Indwara ya Parkinson cyangwa igicuri ishobora kugaragara mu myaka ikurikira indwara ya mbere.<ref name="NINDS2021" /><ref name="Berger2014" /> Impamvu ntiramenyekana.<ref name="NINDS2021" /> Mu byo umuntu yatanga harimo indwara nk'ibicurane cyangwa ubwiyongere bw'umubiri.<ref name="Berger2014" /> Nibura mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, iyi ndwara yagaragaye ko yakwirakwiriye hagati y’abantu.<ref name="Berger2014" /> Mu gihe cyo gutwita, umwana ashobora no kugira ingaruka.<ref name="Berger2014" /> Uburyo bw'ibanze bwabaga burimo kubyimba ibice bimwe na bimwe by'ubwonko, mesencephalon na diencephalon.<ref name="Berger2014" /> Gusuzuma byashingiye ku bimenyetso nyuma yo kwemeza ko hari abandi bantu bashobora kuba baranduye.<ref name="Berger2014" /> Ubuvuzi bushingira ku bimenyetso.<ref name="NINDS2021" /> Levodopa bishobora gutuma habaho iterambere rikomeye nubwo ari iry'igihe gito.<ref name="NINDS2021" /><ref name="Berger2014" /> Ibisubizo biterwa n'ingorane zijyanye nabyo.<ref name="NINDS2021" /> Hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abantu bapfuye.<ref name="Cam2021">{{Cite book|last=Harley|first=Trevor A.|title=The Science of Consciousness|date=18 February 2021|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-12528-5|page=282|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Science_of_Consciousness/3DcTEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA282|language=en|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828073613/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Science_of_Consciousness/3DcTEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA282|url-status=live}}</ref> Benshi mu barokotse basizwe ubumuga buhoraho.<ref name="Berger2014" /> Indwara z'ibyorezo indwara zabaye ku isi hose kuva mu 1916 kugeza mu 1930 kandi zagize ingaruka ku bantu bagera kuri miliyoni 5.<ref name="NINDS2021" /><ref name="Berger2014" /><ref name="Cam2021" /> Bikekwa ko icyorezo cyabayeho mbere, kandi kuva icyo gihe abantu batageze kuri 20 bamaze kugaragara.<ref name="Berger2014" /> Iyi ndwara yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1917 na Constantin von Economo na Jean-René Cruchet.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=K.|last=von Economo|journal=Wiener klinische Wochenschrift|date=May 10, 1917|volume=30|pages=581–585|language=de|title=Die Encephalitis lethargica.|location=Leipzig and Vienna|publisher=Franz Deuticke 1918}}</ref><ref name="Berger2014" /> Nanone byitwa "indwara yo gusinzira" cyangwa "indwara yo gusinzira"; <ref name="Berger2014" /> nubwo bitajyanye [[Indwara y’umusinziro nyafurika|n'indwara yo gusinzira]] yandurira mu nzi za tsetse.<ref name="Cam2021" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] j7s08v6162ru1ssqnvs3tmwukb5kcd7 0 23365 141218 2026-10-10T17:29:32Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501429|Cushing's syndrome]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Cushing's syndrome|synonym=Hypercortisolism, Itsenko-Cushing syndrome, hyperadrenocorticism|image=CushingsFace.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Moon face|Person's facial appearance]] 3 months after treatment with inhaled [[fluticasone propionate|fluticasone]]<ref name=Cel2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Celik O, Niyazoglu M, Soylu H, Kadioglu P | title = Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome with inhaled steroid plus antidepressant drugs | journal = Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 26 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22958272 | pmc = 3436715 | doi = 10.1186/2049-6958-7-26 }}</ref>|pronounce=|field=[[Endocrinology]]|symptoms=[[hypertension|High blood pressure]], [[abdominal obesity]] with thin arms and legs, reddish [[stretch mark]]s, [[moon facies|round red face]], [[Lipodystrophy|fat lump between the shoulders]], [[Muscle weakness|weak muscles]], [[acne]], fragile skin<ref name=NIH2012Sym/>|complications=|onset=20–50 years<ref name=NIH2008/>|duration=|types=|causes=Prolonged exposure to [[cortisol]]<ref name=NIH2008/>|risks=|diagnosis=Requires a number of steps<ref name=NIH2012Diag/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Based on underlying cause<ref name=NIH2012Tx2/>|medication=|prognosis=Generally good with treatment<ref name=NIH2012Tx/>|frequency=2–3 per million people per year<ref name=NIH2012Epi/>|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Indwara ya Cushing''' ni ihuriro ry'ibimenyetso bituruka ku kuba umuntu ahora anywa glucocorticoids nka cortisol.<ref name="NIH2008">{{Cite web|title=Cushing's Syndrome|url=http://endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/cushings/cushings.aspx#1|publisher=National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service (NEMDIS)|access-date=16 March 2015|date=July 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210104139/http://endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/cushings/cushings.aspx#1|archive-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, umubyibuho ukabije wo mu nda ariko amaboko n'amaguru byoroshye, isura izengurutse, ikibyimba kiri hagati y'ibitugu, imitsi idakomeye n'amagufwa adakomeye.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Impinduka mu ruhu zirimo kuma, kumera k'umusatsi mwinshi, isura itukura, ibisebe byo kunyara, [[Ibiheri byo mu maso|ibiheri]], n'uruhu rworoshye rukira nabi.<ref name="Andrew2020">{{Cite book|last=James|first=William D.|last2=Elston|first2=Dirk|last3=Treat|first3=James R.|last4=Rosenbach|first4=Misha A.|last5=Neuhaus|first5=Isaac|title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-323-54753-6|pages=496-497|edition=13th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA496&dq=Endocrine&hl=en|language=en|chapter=24. Endocrine diseases}}</ref> Abagore bashobora kugira imihango idahwitse.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Hari igihe hashobora kubaho impinduka mu byiyumvo, kuribwa umutwe, no kumva umunaniro udashira.<ref name="NIH2012Sym">{{Cite web|title=What are the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/symptoms.aspx|access-date=16 March 2015|date=2012-11-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402183051/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/symptoms.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Indwara ya Cushing iterwa n'imiti ikabije nka cortisol nka prednisone cyangwa ikibyimba gitera cyangwa kigatera ikorwa rya cortisol ikabije n'uturemangingo tw'inkende.<ref name="NIH2012Cause">{{Cite web|title=What causes Cushing's syndrome?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/causes.aspx|access-date=16 March 2015|date=2012-11-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402193822/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/causes.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Indwara ziterwa n'indwara ya pituitary adenoma zizwi nka Cushing's disease, ikaba ari yo mpamvu ya kabiri ikunze gutera indwara ya Cushing's syndrome nyuma y'imiti.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Hari n'izindi kanseri nyinshi zishobora gutera indwara ya Cushing.<ref name="NIH2008" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nieman|first=LK|last2=Ilias, I|title=Evaluation and treatment of Cushing's syndrome.|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|date=December 2005|volume=118|issue=12|pages=1340–6|pmid=16378774|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.01.059|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258724|access-date=2018-09-22|archive-date=2018-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045544/https://zenodo.org/record/1258724|url-status=live}}</ref> Bimwe muri ibi bifitanye isano n'indwara z'umubiri nk'indwara nyinshi zo mu bwoko bwa 1 na Carney complex.<ref name="NIH2012Epi">{{Cite web|title=How many people are affected by or at risk for Cushing's syndrome?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/risk.aspx|access-date=16 March 2015|date=2012-11-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402220131/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/risk.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Gusuzuma indwara bisaba intambwe nyinshi.<ref name="NIH2012Diag">{{Cite web|title=How do health care providers diagnose Cushing's syndrome?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/diagnosed.aspx|access-date=16 March 2015|date=2012-11-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162423/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/diagnosed.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Intambwe ya mbere ni ukugenzura imiti umuntu afata.<ref name="NIH2012Diag" /> Intambwe ya kabiri ni ugupima urugero rwa cortisol mu nkari, mu macandwe cyangwa mu maraso nyuma yo gufata dexamethasone.<ref name="NIH2012Diag" /> Iyo iki kizamini kidakunze kugaragara, cortisol ishobora gupimwa nijoro cyane.<ref name="NIH2012Diag" /> Iyo cortisol ikomeje kuba nyinshi, hashobora gukorwa isuzuma ry'amaraso rya ACTH.<ref name="NIH2012Diag" /> Indwara nyinshi zishobora kuvurwa no gukira.<ref name="NIH2012Tx">{{Cite web|title=Is there a cure for Cushing's syndrome?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/cure.aspx|access-date=16 March 2015|date=2012-11-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327103924/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/cure.aspx|archive-date=27 March 2015}}</ref> Iyo biterwa n'imiti, akenshi iyi miti ishobora kugabanuka buhoro buhoro iyo ikenewe cyangwa igahagarara buhoro buhoro.<ref name="NIH2012Tx2">{{Cite web|title=What are the treatments for Cushing's syndrome?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/treatments.aspx|access-date=16 March 2015|date=2012-11-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102535/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/treatments.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="Mayo2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cushing-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351314|title=Cushing syndrome - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic|website=www.mayoclinic.org|access-date=2019-04-21|archive-date=2020-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321045921/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cushing-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351314|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo itewe n'ikibyimba, ishobora kuvurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kubaga, imiti ivura indwara ya kanseri, cyangwa imirasire.<ref name="NIH2012Tx2" /> Iyo pituitary yagizweho ingaruka, hashobora kuba hakenewe indi miti kugira ngo isimbuze imikorere yayo yatakaye.<ref name="NIH2012Tx2" /> Mu kuvurwa, igihe cyo kubaho gisanzwe kiba gisanzwe.<ref name="NIH2012Tx" /> Bamwe mu bo kubagwa bitabasha gukuraho ikibyimba cyose, bafite ibyago byinshi byo gupfa.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Graversen D, Vestergaard P, Stochholm K, Gravholt CH, Jørgensen JO|title=Mortality in Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=European Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=23|issue=3|pages=278–82|date=April 2012|pmid=22385888|doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2011.10.013}}</ref> Abantu bagera kuri babiri kugeza kuri batatu kuri miliyoni buri mwaka barayibasirwa.<ref name="NIH2012Epi" /> Ikunze kwibasira abantu bafite imyaka iri hagati ya 20 na 50.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Abagore bibasirwa n’iyi ndwara inshuro eshatu kurusha abagabo.<ref name="NIH2012Epi" /> Icyakora, urugero ruto rw'umusaruro ukabije wa cortisol nta bimenyetso bigaragara ni rwo rukunze kugaragara.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Steffensen C, Bak AM, Rubeck KZ, Jørgensen JO|title=Epidemiology of Cushing's syndrome|journal=Neuroendocrinology|volume=92 Suppl 1|pages=1–5|date=2010|pmid=20829610|doi=10.1159/000314297|doi-access=free}}</ref> Indwara ya Cushing yasobanuwe bwa mbere n'umuganga w'imitsi w'umunyamerika Harvey Cushing mu 1932.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cushing Syndrome: Condition Information|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx|access-date=16 March 2015|date=2012-11-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402193912/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Indwara ya Cushing ishobora no kugaragara mu zindi nyamaswa zirimo injangwe, imbwa n'amafarashi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Etienne Cote|title=Clinical Veterinary Advisor: Dogs and Cats|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323240741|page=502|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NmziBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA502|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908153203/https://books.google.com/books?id=NmziBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA502|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=McCue PM|title=Equine Cushing's disease|journal=The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice|volume=18|issue=3|pages=533–43, viii|date=December 2002|pmid=12516933|doi=10.1016/s0749-0739(02)00038-x}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 5cfxe7a0g965xd3rbplb2g6wcr7v06z 141219 141218 2026-10-10T17:37:56Z Stevenndori289 10902 Indwara ya Cushing 141219 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:CushingsFace.jpg|thumb|Indwara ya Cushing]] '''Indwara ya Cushing''' ni ihuriro ry'ibimenyetso bituruka ku kuba umuntu ahora anywa glucocorticoids nka cortisol.<ref name="NIH2008">{{Cite web|title=Cushing's Syndrome|url=http://endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/cushings/cushings.aspx#1|publisher=National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service (NEMDIS)|access-date=16 March 2015|date=July 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210104139/http://endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/cushings/cushings.aspx#1|archive-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, umubyibuho ukabije wo mu nda ariko amaboko n'amaguru byoroshye, isura izengurutse, ikibyimba kiri hagati y'ibitugu, imitsi idakomeye n'amagufwa adakomeye.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Impinduka mu ruhu zirimo kuma, kumera k'umusatsi mwinshi, isura itukura, ibisebe byo kunyara, [[Ibiheri byo mu maso|ibiheri]], n'uruhu rworoshye rukira nabi.<ref name="Andrew2020">{{Cite book|last=James|first=William D.|last2=Elston|first2=Dirk|last3=Treat|first3=James R.|last4=Rosenbach|first4=Misha A.|last5=Neuhaus|first5=Isaac|title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-323-54753-6|pages=496-497|edition=13th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA496&dq=Endocrine&hl=en|language=en|chapter=24. Endocrine diseases}}</ref> Abagore bashobora kugira imihango idahwitse.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Hari igihe hashobora kubaho impinduka mu byiyumvo, kuribwa umutwe, no kumva umunaniro udashira.<ref name="NIH2012Sym">{{Cite web|title=What are the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/symptoms.aspx|access-date=16 March 2015|date=2012-11-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402183051/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/symptoms.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Indwara ya Cushing iterwa n'imiti ikabije nka cortisol nka prednisone cyangwa ikibyimba gitera cyangwa kigatera ikorwa rya cortisol ikabije n'uturemangingo tw'inkende.<ref name="NIH2012Cause">{{Cite web|title=What causes Cushing's syndrome?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/causes.aspx|access-date=16 March 2015|date=2012-11-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402193822/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/causes.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Indwara ziterwa n'indwara ya pituitary adenoma zizwi nka Cushing's disease, ikaba ari yo mpamvu ya kabiri ikunze gutera indwara ya Cushing's syndrome nyuma y'imiti.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Hari n'izindi kanseri nyinshi zishobora gutera indwara ya Cushing.<ref name="NIH2008" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nieman|first=LK|last2=Ilias, I|title=Evaluation and treatment of Cushing's syndrome.|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|date=December 2005|volume=118|issue=12|pages=1340–6|pmid=16378774|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.01.059|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258724|access-date=2018-09-22|archive-date=2018-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045544/https://zenodo.org/record/1258724|url-status=live}}</ref> Bimwe muri ibi bifitanye isano n'indwara z'umubiri nk'indwara nyinshi zo mu bwoko bwa 1 na Carney complex.<ref name="NIH2012Epi">{{Cite web|title=How many people are affected by or at risk for Cushing's syndrome?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/risk.aspx|access-date=16 March 2015|date=2012-11-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402220131/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/risk.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Gusuzuma indwara bisaba intambwe nyinshi.<ref name="NIH2012Diag">{{Cite web|title=How do health care providers diagnose Cushing's syndrome?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/diagnosed.aspx|access-date=16 March 2015|date=2012-11-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162423/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/diagnosed.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Intambwe ya mbere ni ukugenzura imiti umuntu afata.<ref name="NIH2012Diag" /> Intambwe ya kabiri ni ugupima urugero rwa cortisol mu nkari, mu macandwe cyangwa mu maraso nyuma yo gufata dexamethasone.<ref name="NIH2012Diag" /> Iyo iki kizamini kidakunze kugaragara, cortisol ishobora gupimwa nijoro cyane.<ref name="NIH2012Diag" /> Iyo cortisol ikomeje kuba nyinshi, hashobora gukorwa isuzuma ry'amaraso rya ACTH.<ref name="NIH2012Diag" /> Indwara nyinshi zishobora kuvurwa no gukira.<ref name="NIH2012Tx">{{Cite web|title=Is there a cure for Cushing's syndrome?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/cure.aspx|access-date=16 March 2015|date=2012-11-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327103924/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/cure.aspx|archive-date=27 March 2015}}</ref> Iyo biterwa n'imiti, akenshi iyi miti ishobora kugabanuka buhoro buhoro iyo ikenewe cyangwa igahagarara buhoro buhoro.<ref name="NIH2012Tx2">{{Cite web|title=What are the treatments for Cushing's syndrome?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/treatments.aspx|access-date=16 March 2015|date=2012-11-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102535/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/pages/treatments.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="Mayo2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cushing-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351314|title=Cushing syndrome - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic|website=www.mayoclinic.org|access-date=2019-04-21|archive-date=2020-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321045921/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cushing-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351314|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo itewe n'ikibyimba, ishobora kuvurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kubaga, imiti ivura indwara ya kanseri, cyangwa imirasire.<ref name="NIH2012Tx2" /> Iyo pituitary yagizweho ingaruka, hashobora kuba hakenewe indi miti kugira ngo isimbuze imikorere yayo yatakaye.<ref name="NIH2012Tx2" /> Mu kuvurwa, igihe cyo kubaho gisanzwe kiba gisanzwe.<ref name="NIH2012Tx" /> Bamwe mu bo kubagwa bitabasha gukuraho ikibyimba cyose, bafite ibyago byinshi byo gupfa.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Graversen D, Vestergaard P, Stochholm K, Gravholt CH, Jørgensen JO|title=Mortality in Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=European Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=23|issue=3|pages=278–82|date=April 2012|pmid=22385888|doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2011.10.013}}</ref> Abantu bagera kuri babiri kugeza kuri batatu kuri miliyoni buri mwaka barayibasirwa.<ref name="NIH2012Epi" /> Ikunze kwibasira abantu bafite imyaka iri hagati ya 20 na 50.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Abagore bibasirwa n’iyi ndwara inshuro eshatu kurusha abagabo.<ref name="NIH2012Epi" /> Icyakora, urugero ruto rw'umusaruro ukabije wa cortisol nta bimenyetso bigaragara ni rwo rukunze kugaragara.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Steffensen C, Bak AM, Rubeck KZ, Jørgensen JO|title=Epidemiology of Cushing's syndrome|journal=Neuroendocrinology|volume=92 Suppl 1|pages=1–5|date=2010|pmid=20829610|doi=10.1159/000314297|doi-access=free}}</ref> Indwara ya Cushing yasobanuwe bwa mbere n'umuganga w'imitsi w'umunyamerika Harvey Cushing mu 1932.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cushing Syndrome: Condition Information|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx|access-date=16 March 2015|date=2012-11-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402193912/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Indwara ya Cushing ishobora no kugaragara mu zindi nyamaswa zirimo injangwe, imbwa n'amafarashi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Etienne Cote|title=Clinical Veterinary Advisor: Dogs and Cats|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323240741|page=502|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NmziBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA502|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908153203/https://books.google.com/books?id=NmziBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA502|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=McCue PM|title=Equine Cushing's disease|journal=The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice|volume=18|issue=3|pages=533–43, viii|date=December 2002|pmid=12516933|doi=10.1016/s0749-0739(02)00038-x}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] tf9xsj0n3zh26jcmcbdesiea5hr33iq 0 23366 141220 2026-10-10T17:39:04Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1504649|Prion disease]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Prion disease|synonym=Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE); slow unconventional virus disease<ref name=Lib2019/>|image=Spongiform degeneration in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Micrograph showing spongiform degeneration ([[vacuole]]s that appear as holes in tissue sections) in the [[cerebral cortex]] of [[Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease]]. [[H&E stain]], scale bar = 30 [[micron]]s (0.03 mm).|pronounce=|field=[[Neurology]]|symptoms=Difficulty thinking, personality changes, problems with [[coordination]].<ref name=NINDS2025/>|complications=Worsens over time<ref name=NINDS2025/>|onset=|duration=|types='''Human''': [[Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease|Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]] (CJD), [[variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]] (vCJD), [[kuru (disease)|kuru]], [[variably protease-sensitive prionopathy]], [[Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome|Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome]], [[sporadic fatal insomnia]]<ref name=CDC2025/><ref name=NINDS2025/><br>'''Other animals''': [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy]], [[scrapie]], [[chronic wasting disease]], [[feline spongiform encephalopathy]], [[transmissible mink encephalopathy]]<ref name=NINDS2025/>|causes=[[Prion]]<ref name=NINDS2025/>|risks=|diagnosis=Suspected based on examination, confirmed by [[brain biopsy]]<ref name=NINDS2025/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]<ref name=NINDS2025/>|medication=|prognosis=Death within months to years<ref name=CDC2025/>|frequency=Rare<ref name=CDC2025/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara ya Prion''', izwi kandi nka '''transmissible spongiform encephalopathy''' ( '''TSE''' ), ni itsinda ry'indwara zo mu bwonko zitera gutakaza uturemangingo tw'ubwonko.<ref name="Iron2017">{{Cite journal|last=Ironside|first=JW|last2=Ritchie|first2=DL|last3=Head|first3=MW|title=Prion diseases.|journal=Handbook of clinical neurology|date=2017|volume=145|pages=393-403|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-802395-2.00028-6|pmid=28987186}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bikunze kuba birimo kugorwa no gutekereza, impinduka mu miterere y'umubiri, n'ibibazo byo guhuza imikorere y'umubiri, ibyo bikaba birushaho kwiyongera uko igihe kigenda gihita.<ref name=NINDS2025>{{cite web |title=Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathies |website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |access-date=23 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423164125/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathies |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423164125/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathies |date=23 April 2023 }}</ref> Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kwihuta, gusinzira nabi, no gukubita ibisebe.<ref name=NINDS2025 /> Bishobora gufata imyaka myinshi uhereye igihe ibimenyetso bitangiye kugaragara. Ariko, iyo ibimenyetso bitangiye, urupfu rukunze kugaragara mu mezi cyangwa imyaka. Impamvu nyamukuru ni poroteyine isanzwe ihari ariko igonganye, izwi nka prion, ituma poroteyine zisanzwe zigonganye. Iyi ndwara ishobora gutangira mu buryo butunguranye, igaterwa n'impinduka mu ngirabuzimafatizo umuntu akura ku babyeyi be, cyangwa igakwirakwira hagati y'abantu.<ref name=NINDS2025 /> Bishobora gukwirakwira binyuze mu gukora ku ngingo zanduye cyangwa ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi byanduye; ariko, ntibikwirakwira binyuze mu mwuka cyangwa mu buryo bwinshi bwo gukoranaho bisanzwe.<ref name=NINDS2025 /> Isuzuma rishobora gukeka ko rishingiye ku isuzuma kandi rikemezwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusuzuma ubwonko.<ref name=NINDS2025 /> Bituma ubwonko bugira utwenge duto cyane, bigatuma bugaragara nk'aho ari nk'aho butwikiriwe na mikorosikopi.<ref name=NINDS2025 /> Indwara mu bantu zirimo indwara ya Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD), indwara ya Creutzfeldt-Jakob (vCJD), kuru, indwara ya prionopathy iterwa na poroteyine, indwara ya Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker, hamwe n'indwara yo kudasinzira neza . Indwara mu zindi nyamaswa zirimo indwara yo mu bwonko yitwa spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), scrapie, n'indwara yo gupfusha ubusa igihe kirekire.<ref name=NINDS2025 /> vCJD bikekwa ko iterwa no kurya inyama z'inka yanduye BSE. Nta buryo bwihariye bwo kuvura cyangwa urukingo buhari . Ubuyobozi ni ubuvuzi bushyigikira . Gukoresha uburyo busanzwe bwo koroshya indwara ntibituma prions zidandura, ahubwo hakoreshejwe bleach ikomeye mu buryo bwa sodium hypochlorite cyangwa ubushyuhe kugeza nibura kuri dogere 134.&nbsp;°C irakenewe. Indwara za Prion ni gake cyane.<ref name=CDC2025>{{cite web |title=About Prion Diseases |url=https://www.cdc.gov/prions/about/index.html |website=Prion Diseases |publisher=CDC |access-date=18 March 2025 |language=en-us |date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319233857/https://www.cdc.gov/prions/about/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319233857/https://www.cdc.gov/prions/about/index.html |date=19 March 2025 }}</ref> Kuru ni yo ndwara ya mbere yemejwe nk'iyi, yasobanuwe mu 1957.<ref name="Lib2019">{{Cite journal|last=Liberski|first=PP|last2=Gajos|first2=A|last3=Sikorska|first3=B|last4=Lindenbaum|first4=S|title=Kuru, the First Human Prion Disease.|journal=Viruses|date=7 March 2019|volume=11|issue=3|doi=10.3390/v11030232|pmc=6466359|pmid=30866511}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 265x2jgzfe3whe6nvog5ak893tk62z9 141221 141220 2026-10-10T17:41:44Z Stevenndori289 10902 Indwara ya Prion 141221 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Scrapie prions.jpg|thumb|Indwara ya Prion]] '''Indwara ya Prion''', izwi kandi nka '''transmissible spongiform encephalopathy''' ( '''TSE''' ), ni itsinda ry'indwara zo mu bwonko zitera gutakaza uturemangingo tw'ubwonko.<ref name="Iron2017">{{Cite journal|last=Ironside|first=JW|last2=Ritchie|first2=DL|last3=Head|first3=MW|title=Prion diseases.|journal=Handbook of clinical neurology|date=2017|volume=145|pages=393-403|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-802395-2.00028-6|pmid=28987186}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bikunze kuba birimo kugorwa no gutekereza, impinduka mu miterere y'umubiri, n'ibibazo byo guhuza imikorere y'umubiri, ibyo bikaba birushaho kwiyongera uko igihe kigenda gihita.<ref name=NINDS2025>{{cite web |title=Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathies |website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |access-date=23 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423164125/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathies |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423164125/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathies |date=23 April 2023 }}</ref> Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kwihuta, gusinzira nabi, no gukubita ibisebe.<ref name=NINDS2025 /> Bishobora gufata imyaka myinshi uhereye igihe ibimenyetso bitangiye kugaragara. Ariko, iyo ibimenyetso bitangiye, urupfu rukunze kugaragara mu mezi cyangwa imyaka. Impamvu nyamukuru ni poroteyine isanzwe ihari ariko igonganye, izwi nka prion, ituma poroteyine zisanzwe zigonganye. Iyi ndwara ishobora gutangira mu buryo butunguranye, igaterwa n'impinduka mu ngirabuzimafatizo umuntu akura ku babyeyi be, cyangwa igakwirakwira hagati y'abantu.<ref name=NINDS2025 /> Bishobora gukwirakwira binyuze mu gukora ku ngingo zanduye cyangwa ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi byanduye; ariko, ntibikwirakwira binyuze mu mwuka cyangwa mu buryo bwinshi bwo gukoranaho bisanzwe.<ref name=NINDS2025 /> Isuzuma rishobora gukeka ko rishingiye ku isuzuma kandi rikemezwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusuzuma ubwonko.<ref name=NINDS2025 /> Bituma ubwonko bugira utwenge duto cyane, bigatuma bugaragara nk'aho ari nk'aho butwikiriwe na mikorosikopi.<ref name=NINDS2025 /> Indwara mu bantu zirimo indwara ya Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD), indwara ya Creutzfeldt-Jakob (vCJD), kuru, indwara ya prionopathy iterwa na poroteyine, indwara ya Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker, hamwe n'indwara yo kudasinzira neza . Indwara mu zindi nyamaswa zirimo indwara yo mu bwonko yitwa spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), scrapie, n'indwara yo gupfusha ubusa igihe kirekire.<ref name=NINDS2025 /> vCJD bikekwa ko iterwa no kurya inyama z'inka yanduye BSE. Nta buryo bwihariye bwo kuvura cyangwa urukingo buhari . Ubuyobozi ni ubuvuzi bushyigikira . Gukoresha uburyo busanzwe bwo koroshya indwara ntibituma prions zidandura, ahubwo hakoreshejwe bleach ikomeye mu buryo bwa sodium hypochlorite cyangwa ubushyuhe kugeza nibura kuri dogere 134.&nbsp;°C irakenewe. Indwara za Prion ni gake cyane.<ref name=CDC2025>{{cite web |title=About Prion Diseases |url=https://www.cdc.gov/prions/about/index.html |website=Prion Diseases |publisher=CDC |access-date=18 March 2025 |language=en-us |date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319233857/https://www.cdc.gov/prions/about/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319233857/https://www.cdc.gov/prions/about/index.html |date=19 March 2025 }}</ref> Kuru ni yo ndwara ya mbere yemejwe nk'iyi, yasobanuwe mu 1957.<ref name="Lib2019">{{Cite journal|last=Liberski|first=PP|last2=Gajos|first2=A|last3=Sikorska|first3=B|last4=Lindenbaum|first4=S|title=Kuru, the First Human Prion Disease.|journal=Viruses|date=7 March 2019|volume=11|issue=3|doi=10.3390/v11030232|pmc=6466359|pmid=30866511}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 34hr1tq80wvb5dmyb74866rg5dk4xjf 0 23367 141222 2026-10-10T17:42:24Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500844|Burr hole]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical intervention|name=Burr hole|synonym=Cranial burr hole, trepanation, trephining, trepanning, trephination|image=ChronicSubduralPostBurrHoles.jpg|caption=Chronic subdural bleed with old burr holes|alt=|pronounce=|specialty=[[Neurosurgery]], [[emergency medicine]]|indications=[[epidural hematoma|Epidural]] or [[subdural hematoma]]<ref name=EMD2021/>|contraindications=|steps=1) Confirm location on [[CT scan]]<br>2) Measure the skull thickness<br>3) Shave, sterilize, and inject [[lidocaine with epinephrine]]<br>Make a 4 cm cut down to the bone (generally 2 fingers in-front and above the [[ear canal]])<br>5) Use a [[retractor (medical)|retractor]] to keep skin open<br>6) Drill through the skull<br>7) In an epidural, blood may come out or require suction<br>8) In a subdural, pull up the dura with a hook, and make an X shaped cut<ref name=EMD2021/>|success=|complications=Infection, bleeding<ref name=EMD2021/>|outcome=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicine=|video1=<youtube width="320" height="180">QeDQZoeg0RA</youtube>}}'''Umwobo wa Burr''', uzwi kandi ku izina rya '''trepanation''', ni uburyo bwo gukora umwobo unyuze mu gahanga.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hobert|first=L|last2=Binello|first2=E|title=Trepanation in Ancient China.|journal=World neurosurgery|date=May 2017|volume=101|pages=451–456|doi=10.1016/j.wneu.2016.10.051|pmid=27769950}}</ref> Ibi bikorwa mu kuvura hematoma zo mu gice cy'imbere cyangwa mu gice cy'imbere iyo habayeho impinduka hagati, igipimo cya Glasgow coma kiri munsi ya 8, kandi umwe mu banyeshuri yariyongereye.<ref name="EMD2021">{{Cite web|title=Unlocking Common ED Procedures – Crackin’ the Cranium: A Review of Cranial Burr Hole Decompression|url=http://www.emdocs.net/unlocking-common-ed-procedures-crackin-the-cranium-a-review-of-cranial-burr-hole-decompression/|website=emDOCs.net - Emergency Medicine Education|access-date=15 March 2021|language=en|date=9 April 2020|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128222638/http://www.emdocs.net/unlocking-common-ed-procedures-crackin-the-cranium-a-review-of-cranial-burr-hole-decompression/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nubwo akenshi bikorwa n'abaganga b'indwara z'ubwonko, bishobora gukorwa n'umuganga wihutirwa niba uwa mbere adahari.<ref name="EMD2021" /><ref name="Scan2012">{{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=MH|last2=Wise|first2=D|last3=Davies|first3=G|last4=Lockey|first4=D|title=Emergency burr holes: "How to do it".|journal=Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine|date=2 April 2012|volume=20|pages=24|doi=10.1186/1757-7241-20-24|pmid=22469190}}</ref> Muri rusange umuntu ashyirwamo intanga mbere yo gutangira.<ref name="EMD2021" /> Aho amaraso yavuye byemezwa kuri CT scan kandi ubugari bw'agahanga kari hejuru y'umutwe bupimwe.<ref name="EMD2021" /> Aho hantu ni ho kogoshwa, hagashyirwamo imiti yica udukoko, hanyuma hagaterwa lidocaine irimo epinephrine.<ref name="EMD2021" /> Hakorwa igufwa rifite uburebure bwa santimetero 4 (1.57" santimetero).<ref name="EMD2021" /> Ibi muri rusange bikorwa intoki ebyiri imbere n'intoki ebyiri hejuru y'umuyoboro w'ugutwi.<ref name="EMD2021" /> Agakoresho ko kugarura uruhu gakoreshwa mu kugumisha uruhu rufunguye mu gihe agakoresho ko kuvoma gakoreshwa mu kunyura mu gahanga.<ref name="EMD2021" /> Iyo amaraso afite epidural hematoma, ashobora gusohoka cyangwa agakenera gukururwa buhoro buhoro.<ref name="EMD2021" /> Mu gice cy'inyuma cy'uruti rw'umura, uru ruti rw'umura rugomba guterurwa hakoreshejwe urutoki rutyaye kandi rugacibwamo ishusho ya X.<ref name="EMD2021" /> Antibiyotike zigomba gutangwa kugira ngo hirindwe kwandura kandi umuntu agomba kwitabwaho by’umwihariko binyuze mu kubaga ubwonko.<ref name="EMD2021" /> Trepanation ni bwo bwoko bwa kera cyane bwo kubaga bufite ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko bwakozwe mu mateka.<ref name="Far2013a">{{Cite journal|last=Faria|first=Miguel A.|date=2013-04-05|title=Violence, mental illness, and the brain – A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 1 – From trephination to lobotomy|journal=Surgical Neurology International|volume=4|pages=49|doi=10.4103/2152-7806.110146|issn=2229-5097|pmc=3640229|pmid=23646259}}</ref> Abahanga mu by'imibereho y'abantu bemeza ko byabanje gukorwa ku bw'inyungu z'umwuka, igicuri, kuribwa umutwe, ibikomere byo mu mutwe, [[Indwara zo mu mutwe|n'indwara zo mu mutwe]].<ref name="Far2013a" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 28yo20q6mfs5t1465m2hgdk9v1o0m5o 141223 141222 2026-10-10T17:44:06Z Stevenndori289 10902 Umwobo w'ibuye 141223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical intervention|name=Burr hole|synonym=Cranial burr hole, trepanation, trephining, trepanning, trephination|image=ChronicSubduralPostBurrHoles.jpg|caption=Chronic subdural bleed with old burr holes|alt=|pronounce=|specialty=[[Neurosurgery]], [[emergency medicine]]|indications=[[epidural hematoma|Epidural]] or [[subdural hematoma]]<ref name=EMD2021/>|contraindications=|steps=1) Confirm location on [[CT scan]]<br>2) Measure the skull thickness<br>3) Shave, sterilize, and inject [[lidocaine with epinephrine]]<br>Make a 4 cm cut down to the bone (generally 2 fingers in-front and above the [[ear canal]])<br>5) Use a [[retractor (medical)|retractor]] to keep skin open<br>6) Drill through the skull<br>7) In an epidural, blood may come out or require suction<br>8) In a subdural, pull up the dura with a hook, and make an X shaped cut<ref name=EMD2021/>|success=|complications=Infection, bleeding<ref name=EMD2021/>|outcome=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicine=|video1=<youtube width="320" height="180">QeDQZoeg0RA</youtube>}}'''Umwobo wa Burr''', uzwi kandi ku izina rya '''trepanation''', ni uburyo bwo gukora umwobo unyuze mu gahanga.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hobert|first=L|last2=Binello|first2=E|title=Trepanation in Ancient China.|journal=World neurosurgery|date=May 2017|volume=101|pages=451–456|doi=10.1016/j.wneu.2016.10.051|pmid=27769950}}</ref> Ibi bikorwa mu kuvura hematoma zo mu gice cy'imbere cyangwa mu gice cy'imbere iyo habayeho impinduka hagati, igipimo cya Glasgow coma kiri munsi ya 8, kandi umwe mu banyeshuri yariyongereye.<ref name="EMD2021">{{Cite web|title=Unlocking Common ED Procedures – Crackin’ the Cranium: A Review of Cranial Burr Hole Decompression|url=http://www.emdocs.net/unlocking-common-ed-procedures-crackin-the-cranium-a-review-of-cranial-burr-hole-decompression/|website=emDOCs.net - Emergency Medicine Education|access-date=15 March 2021|language=en|date=9 April 2020|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128222638/http://www.emdocs.net/unlocking-common-ed-procedures-crackin-the-cranium-a-review-of-cranial-burr-hole-decompression/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nubwo akenshi bikorwa n'abaganga b'indwara z'ubwonko, bishobora gukorwa n'umuganga wihutirwa niba uwa mbere adahari.<ref name="EMD2021" /><ref name="Scan2012">{{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=MH|last2=Wise|first2=D|last3=Davies|first3=G|last4=Lockey|first4=D|title=Emergency burr holes: "How to do it".|journal=Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine|date=2 April 2012|volume=20|pages=24|doi=10.1186/1757-7241-20-24|pmid=22469190}}</ref> [[Dosiye:4384397429 2672721603 bCrâneIncaTrépanation.jpg|thumb|Umwobo w'ibuye]] Muri rusange umuntu ashyirwamo intanga mbere yo gutangira.<ref name="EMD2021" /> Aho amaraso yavuye byemezwa kuri CT scan kandi ubugari bw'agahanga kari hejuru y'umutwe bupimwe.<ref name="EMD2021" /> Aho hantu ni ho kogoshwa, hagashyirwamo imiti yica udukoko, hanyuma hagaterwa lidocaine irimo epinephrine.<ref name="EMD2021" /> Hakorwa igufwa rifite uburebure bwa santimetero 4 (1.57" santimetero).<ref name="EMD2021" /> Ibi muri rusange bikorwa intoki ebyiri imbere n'intoki ebyiri hejuru y'umuyoboro w'ugutwi.<ref name="EMD2021" /> Agakoresho ko kugarura uruhu gakoreshwa mu kugumisha uruhu rufunguye mu gihe agakoresho ko kuvoma gakoreshwa mu kunyura mu gahanga.<ref name="EMD2021" /> Iyo amaraso afite epidural hematoma, ashobora gusohoka cyangwa agakenera gukururwa buhoro buhoro.<ref name="EMD2021" /> Mu gice cy'inyuma cy'uruti rw'umura, uru ruti rw'umura rugomba guterurwa hakoreshejwe urutoki rutyaye kandi rugacibwamo ishusho ya X.<ref name="EMD2021" /> Antibiyotike zigomba gutangwa kugira ngo hirindwe kwandura kandi umuntu agomba kwitabwaho by’umwihariko binyuze mu kubaga ubwonko.<ref name="EMD2021" /> Trepanation ni bwo bwoko bwa kera cyane bwo kubaga bufite ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko bwakozwe mu mateka.<ref name="Far2013a">{{Cite journal|last=Faria|first=Miguel A.|date=2013-04-05|title=Violence, mental illness, and the brain – A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 1 – From trephination to lobotomy|journal=Surgical Neurology International|volume=4|pages=49|doi=10.4103/2152-7806.110146|issn=2229-5097|pmc=3640229|pmid=23646259}}</ref> Abahanga mu by'imibereho y'abantu bemeza ko byabanje gukorwa ku bw'inyungu z'umwuka, igicuri, kuribwa umutwe, ibikomere byo mu mutwe, [[Indwara zo mu mutwe|n'indwara zo mu mutwe]].<ref name="Far2013a" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 44j3ok257kmbgz1vpicsv08e3h7qv37 0 23368 141224 2026-10-10T17:57:27Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501870|Erectile dysfunction]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Erectile dysfunction|synonym=Impotence|image=Erectile dysfunction.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Cross-section of a flaccid penis|pronounce=|field=[[Urology]]|symptoms=Inability to gain or maintain an [[erection]]<ref name=NIH2022Fact/>|complications=[[Depression]], [[anxiety]], [[infertility]]<ref name=NIH2022Fact/>|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=|risks=[[Diabetes]], [[heart disease]], being [[overweight]], kidney problems, smoking, alcohol,, anxiety, certain medications<ref name=NIH2022Ca/>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and examination<ref name=NIH2022Diag/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Lifestyle changes, [[counselling]], medication, surgery<ref name=NIH2022Tx/>|medication=[[Sildenafil]], [[alprostadil]]<ref name=NIH2022Tx/>|prognosis=Depends on the cause<ref name=Stat2022/>|frequency=Very common (>150 million people globally)<ref name=NIH2022Fact/><ref name=Stat2022/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Kudakora neza kw'imibonano mpuzabitsina''' ( '''ED''' ), nanone bita '''impotence''', ni ubwoko bw'imibonano mpuzabitsina idakora neza aho igitsina kidakomera bihagije kugira ngo gikore [[imibonano mpuzabitsina]] ishimishije.<ref name="NIH2022Fact">{{Cite web|title=Definition & Facts for Erectile Dysfunction {{!}} NIDDK|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/definition-facts|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201000201/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/definition-facts|url-status=live}}</ref> Bishobora kuba ikibazo cy'igihe gito cyangwa kirekire.<ref name="NIH2022Fact" /> Bishobora kugira ingaruka ku mibereho y'umuntu bigatuma agira ihungabana, guhangayika cyangwa ubugumba.<ref name="NIH2022Fact" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera indwara birimo diyabete, indwara z'umutima, umubyibuho ukabije, ibibazo by'impyiko, kunywa itabi, inzoga, guhangayika, n'imiti imwe n'imwe.<ref name="NIH2022Ca" /> Imiti ishobora kuba irimo imiti igabanya umuvuduko w'amaraso, imiti igabanya androgens, benzodiazepines, n'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara zo kwiheba.<ref name="NIH2022Ca">{{Cite web|title=Symptoms & Causes of Erectile Dysfunction {{!}} NIDDK|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/symptoms-causes|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119202323/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/symptoms-causes|url-status=live}}</ref> Bishobora kandi kubaho nyuma y’uburyo bumwe na bumwe nko kubagwa prostate.<ref name="NIH2022Ca" /> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso n'isuzuma.<ref name="NIH2022Diag">{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis of Erectile Dysfunction {{!}} NIDDK|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/diagnosis|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119202321/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/diagnosis|url-status=live}}</ref> Ubuvuzi bushobora kuba bukubiyemo gukemura impamvu zibitera, impinduka mu mibereho, no gutanga inama.<ref name="NIH2022Tx">{{Cite web|title=Treatment for Erectile Dysfunction {{!}} NIDDK|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/treatment|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=22 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222234446/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/treatment|url-status=live}}</ref> Imiti nka sildenafil ( umuti ubuza PDE5 ) ishobora gukoreshwa.<ref name="NIH2022Tx" /> Andi mahitamo ashobora kuba arimo alprostadil cyangwa penis pump . Niba izi ngamba zitari kubaga neza, mu buryo bwo gushyiramo igitsina cyangwa imitsi yo mu mitsi, bishobora kuba amahitamo.<ref name="NIH2022Tx" /> Ibisubizo biterwa n'impamvu.<ref name="Stat2022">{{Cite web|last=Sooriyamoorthy|first=Thushanth|last2=Leslie|first2=Stephen W.|title=Erectile Dysfunction|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562253/|website=StatPearls|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|access-date=4 February 2022|date=2022|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121000246/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562253/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kudakora neza kw'intanga ngabo birakunze kugaragara, bikagira ingaruka ku bagabo bagera kuri miliyoni 30 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref name="NIH2022Fact" /> Nubwo bigenda birushaho kwiyongera uko imyaka igenda ishira, ntabwo ari ikintu gisanzwe mu gusaza.<ref name="NIH2022Fact" /> Abagabo barengeje imyaka 40 bashobora kurwara iyi ndwara.<ref name="Stat2022" /> Abantu ku isi yose baragerwaho n'ingaruka.<ref name="Stat2022" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 4d2069027y9jvk6y6os1jjjy6cx8pom 141225 141224 2026-10-10T17:59:12Z Stevenndori289 10902 Kudakora neza kw'imibonano mpuzabitsina 141225 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Erectile dysfunction.jpg|thumb|'''Kudakora neza kw'imibonano mpuzabitsina''']] '''Kudakora neza kw'imibonano mpuzabitsina''' ( '''ED''' ), nanone bita '''impotence''', ni ubwoko bw'imibonano mpuzabitsina idakora neza aho igitsina kidakomera bihagije kugira ngo gikore [[imibonano mpuzabitsina]] ishimishije.<ref name="NIH2022Fact">{{Cite web|title=Definition & Facts for Erectile Dysfunction {{!}} NIDDK|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/definition-facts|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201000201/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/definition-facts|url-status=live}}</ref> Bishobora kuba ikibazo cy'igihe gito cyangwa kirekire.<ref name="NIH2022Fact" /> Bishobora kugira ingaruka ku mibereho y'umuntu bigatuma agira ihungabana, guhangayika cyangwa ubugumba.<ref name="NIH2022Fact" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera indwara birimo diyabete, indwara z'umutima, umubyibuho ukabije, ibibazo by'impyiko, kunywa itabi, inzoga, guhangayika, n'imiti imwe n'imwe.<ref name="NIH2022Ca" /> Imiti ishobora kuba irimo imiti igabanya umuvuduko w'amaraso, imiti igabanya androgens, benzodiazepines, n'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara zo kwiheba.<ref name="NIH2022Ca">{{Cite web|title=Symptoms & Causes of Erectile Dysfunction {{!}} NIDDK|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/symptoms-causes|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119202323/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/symptoms-causes|url-status=live}}</ref> Bishobora kandi kubaho nyuma y’uburyo bumwe na bumwe nko kubagwa prostate.<ref name="NIH2022Ca" /> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso n'isuzuma.<ref name="NIH2022Diag">{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis of Erectile Dysfunction {{!}} NIDDK|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/diagnosis|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119202321/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/diagnosis|url-status=live}}</ref> Ubuvuzi bushobora kuba bukubiyemo gukemura impamvu zibitera, impinduka mu mibereho, no gutanga inama.<ref name="NIH2022Tx">{{Cite web|title=Treatment for Erectile Dysfunction {{!}} NIDDK|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/treatment|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=22 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222234446/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/treatment|url-status=live}}</ref> Imiti nka sildenafil ( umuti ubuza PDE5 ) ishobora gukoreshwa.<ref name="NIH2022Tx" /> Andi mahitamo ashobora kuba arimo alprostadil cyangwa penis pump . Niba izi ngamba zitari kubaga neza, mu buryo bwo gushyiramo igitsina cyangwa imitsi yo mu mitsi, bishobora kuba amahitamo.<ref name="NIH2022Tx" /> Ibisubizo biterwa n'impamvu.<ref name="Stat2022">{{Cite web|last=Sooriyamoorthy|first=Thushanth|last2=Leslie|first2=Stephen W.|title=Erectile Dysfunction|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562253/|website=StatPearls|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|access-date=4 February 2022|date=2022|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121000246/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562253/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kudakora neza kw'intanga ngabo birakunze kugaragara, bikagira ingaruka ku bagabo bagera kuri miliyoni 30 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref name="NIH2022Fact" /> Nubwo bigenda birushaho kwiyongera uko imyaka igenda ishira, ntabwo ari ikintu gisanzwe mu gusaza.<ref name="NIH2022Fact" /> Abagabo barengeje imyaka 40 bashobora kurwara iyi ndwara.<ref name="Stat2022" /> Abantu ku isi yose baragerwaho n'ingaruka.<ref name="Stat2022" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 1rde7uteqq7pq9vgqld487pwbl68ev3 0 23369 141226 2026-10-10T18:00:19Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501081|Celecoxib]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141226 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Celecoxib''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Celebrex''' n'indi, ni umuti ugabanya ubukana bwa COX-2 n'umuti urwanya ububyimbirwe utari steroide (NSAID).<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Celecoxib Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/celecoxib.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|date=11 November 2019|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520124313/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/celecoxib.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ikoreshwa mu kuvura ububabare n'ububyimbirwe mu ndwara ya osteoarthritis, ububabare bukabije ku bantu bakuru, rubagimpande, ankylosing spondylitis, imihango ibabaza, na rubagimpande y'abana bato.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu kugabanya ibyago byo kurwara adenomas zo mu maraso ku bantu bafite polyposis zo mu muryango.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ibyiza bikunze kugaragara mu isaha imwe.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kubabara mu nda, isesemi, no [[Impiswi|gucibwamo]].<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo [[Indwara y'umutima|indwara z'umutima]], gucika imitsi mu gifu, gucika kw'igifu, kuva amaraso mu gifu, impyiko kunanirwa, no kubura umwuka.<ref name="Coxib2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron JA, Bombardier C, Cannon C, Farkouh ME, FitzGerald GA, Goss P, Halls H, Hawk E, Hawkey C, Hennekens C, Hochberg M, Holland LE, Kearney PM, Laine L, Lanas A, Lance P, Laupacis A, Oates J, Patrono C, Schnitzer TJ, Solomon S, Tugwell P, Wilson K, Wittes J, Baigent C|title=Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials|journal=Lancet|volume=382|issue=9894|pages=769–79|date=August 2013|pmid=23726390|pmc=3778977|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900-9}}</ref><ref name="AHFS2019" /> Gukoresha ntabwo byemewe ku bantu bafite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara indwara z'umutima.<ref name="AHA2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Antman EM, Bennett JS, Daugherty A, Furberg C, Roberts H, Taubert KA|title=Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: an update for clinicians: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association|journal=Circulation|volume=115|issue=12|pages=1634–42|date=March 2007|pmid=17325246|doi=10.1161/circulationaha.106.181424|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Consumer2012">{{Cite web|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/05/should-you-still-take-celebrex/index.htm|title=Should you still take Celebrex?|website=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=August 2009|access-date=27 December 2015|archive-date=18 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218111927/http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/05/should-you-still-take-celebrex/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingaruka zabyo ni nk'izindi NSAID, nka [[ibuprofen]] na naproxen.<ref name="NPR2018">{{Cite news|last=Stein|first=Rob|title=FDA Panel Affirms Safety Of Painkiller Celebrex|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/25/605226604/fda-panel-affirms-safety-of-painkiller-celebrex|access-date=19 May 2018|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=25 April 2018|archive-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520123906/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/25/605226604/fda-panel-affirms-safety-of-painkiller-celebrex|url-status=live}}</ref> Ntibyemewe kuyikoresha mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]] cyangwa mu gihe cyo konsa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Celecoxib yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti mu 1993, itangira gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu 1999.<ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=522|url=https://books.google.com/?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA522|language=en|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828024457/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA522&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="BNF76" /> Ku kwezi mu Bwongereza bitwara NHS munsi y'amapawundi 2 kugeza mu 2019.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=1097–1098|edition=76}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi $12.90.<ref name="NADAC2019">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2011, yari imwe mu miti yagurishijwe cyane ya Pfizer, aho yagurishijwe miliyari 2.5 z'amadolari.<ref name="NYT2012">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/25/health/in-documents-on-pain-drug-celebrex-signs-of-doubt-and-deception.html|title=In Documents on Pain Drug, Signs of Doubt and Deception|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 June 2012|access-date=27 December 2015|last=Thomas|first=Katie|archive-date=3 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103151323/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/25/health/in-documents-on-pain-drug-celebrex-signs-of-doubt-and-deception.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 106 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni zirindwi.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Celecoxib - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Celecoxib|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412021206/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Celecoxib|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] rqqm9rk9zz03euce2hol1bl9qdp3uvk 141227 141226 2026-10-10T18:02:04Z Stevenndori289 10902 Celecoxib 141227 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:セレコックス錠100mg.jpg|thumb|Celecoxib]] '''Celecoxib''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Celebrex''' n'indi, ni umuti ugabanya ubukana bwa COX-2 n'umuti urwanya ububyimbirwe utari steroide (NSAID).<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Celecoxib Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/celecoxib.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|date=11 November 2019|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520124313/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/celecoxib.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ikoreshwa mu kuvura ububabare n'ububyimbirwe mu ndwara ya osteoarthritis, ububabare bukabije ku bantu bakuru, rubagimpande, ankylosing spondylitis, imihango ibabaza, na rubagimpande y'abana bato.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu kugabanya ibyago byo kurwara adenomas zo mu maraso ku bantu bafite polyposis zo mu muryango.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ibyiza bikunze kugaragara mu isaha imwe.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kubabara mu nda, isesemi, no [[Impiswi|gucibwamo]].<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo [[Indwara y'umutima|indwara z'umutima]], gucika imitsi mu gifu, gucika kw'igifu, kuva amaraso mu gifu, impyiko kunanirwa, no kubura umwuka.<ref name="Coxib2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron JA, Bombardier C, Cannon C, Farkouh ME, FitzGerald GA, Goss P, Halls H, Hawk E, Hawkey C, Hennekens C, Hochberg M, Holland LE, Kearney PM, Laine L, Lanas A, Lance P, Laupacis A, Oates J, Patrono C, Schnitzer TJ, Solomon S, Tugwell P, Wilson K, Wittes J, Baigent C|title=Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials|journal=Lancet|volume=382|issue=9894|pages=769–79|date=August 2013|pmid=23726390|pmc=3778977|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900-9}}</ref><ref name="AHFS2019" /> Gukoresha ntabwo byemewe ku bantu bafite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara indwara z'umutima.<ref name="AHA2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Antman EM, Bennett JS, Daugherty A, Furberg C, Roberts H, Taubert KA|title=Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: an update for clinicians: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association|journal=Circulation|volume=115|issue=12|pages=1634–42|date=March 2007|pmid=17325246|doi=10.1161/circulationaha.106.181424|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Consumer2012">{{Cite web|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/05/should-you-still-take-celebrex/index.htm|title=Should you still take Celebrex?|website=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=August 2009|access-date=27 December 2015|archive-date=18 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218111927/http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/05/should-you-still-take-celebrex/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingaruka zabyo ni nk'izindi NSAID, nka [[ibuprofen]] na naproxen.<ref name="NPR2018">{{Cite news|last=Stein|first=Rob|title=FDA Panel Affirms Safety Of Painkiller Celebrex|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/25/605226604/fda-panel-affirms-safety-of-painkiller-celebrex|access-date=19 May 2018|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=25 April 2018|archive-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520123906/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/25/605226604/fda-panel-affirms-safety-of-painkiller-celebrex|url-status=live}}</ref> Ntibyemewe kuyikoresha mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]] cyangwa mu gihe cyo konsa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Celecoxib yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti mu 1993, itangira gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu 1999.<ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=522|url=https://books.google.com/?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA522|language=en|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828024457/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA522&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="BNF76" /> Ku kwezi mu Bwongereza bitwara NHS munsi y'amapawundi 2 kugeza mu 2019.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=1097–1098|edition=76}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi $12.90.<ref name="NADAC2019">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2011, yari imwe mu miti yagurishijwe cyane ya Pfizer, aho yagurishijwe miliyari 2.5 z'amadolari.<ref name="NYT2012">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/25/health/in-documents-on-pain-drug-celebrex-signs-of-doubt-and-deception.html|title=In Documents on Pain Drug, Signs of Doubt and Deception|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 June 2012|access-date=27 December 2015|last=Thomas|first=Katie|archive-date=3 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103151323/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/25/health/in-documents-on-pain-drug-celebrex-signs-of-doubt-and-deception.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 106 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni zirindwi.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Celecoxib - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Celecoxib|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412021206/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Celecoxib|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] gqf0aijthibjn429xutoddyxafc38cj 0 23370 141228 2026-10-10T18:03:14Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513590|Ectopic pregnancy]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Ectopic pregnancy|synonym=EP, eccyesis, extrauterine pregnancy, EUP, tubal pregnancy ''(when in fallopian tube)''|image=Ectopic pregnancy on laparoscopy.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Laparoscopy|Laparoscopic]] view, looking down at the [[uterus]] (marked by <span style="color:blue;">blue arrows</span>). In the left Fallopian tube there is an ectopic pregnancy and [[hematosalpinx|bleeding]] (marked by <span style="color:red;">red arrows</span>). The right tube is normal.|pronounce=|field=[[Obstetrics and gynaecology|Obstetrics and gynecology]]|symptoms=[[Abdominal pain]], [[vaginal bleeding]]<ref name=Crochet2013/>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=|risks=[[Pelvic inflammatory disease]], [[tobacco smoking]], prior tubal surgery, history of [[infertility]], use of [[assisted reproductive technology]]<ref name=Cec2014/>|diagnosis=Blood tests for [[human chorionic gonadotropin]] (hCG), [[ultrasound]]<ref name=Crochet2013/>|differential=[[Miscarriage]], [[ovarian torsion]], [[acute appendicitis]]<ref name=Crochet2013/>|prevention=|treatment=[[Methotrexate]], surgery<ref name=Cec2014/>|medication=|prognosis=Mortality 0.2% (developed world), 2% (developing world)<ref name=WHO2015Mort/>|frequency=~1.5% of pregnancies (developed world)<ref name=kirk2013/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Gutwita mu nda''' ni ikibazo cyo gutwita aho urusoro rwifatanya n'uruhinja hanze y'umura.<ref name="kirk2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kirk E, Bottomley C, Bourne T|title=Diagnosing ectopic pregnancy and current concepts in the management of pregnancy of unknown location|journal=Human Reproduction Update|volume=20|issue=2|pages=250–61|year=2014|pmid=24101604|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmt047|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bisanzwe birimo kubabara mu nda no kuva amaraso mu gitsina, ariko abagore babarirwa munsi ya 50 ku ijana by'abanduye bafite ibi bimenyetso byombi.<ref name="Crochet2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Crochet JR, Bastian LA, Chireau MV|s2cid=205049738|title=Does this woman have an ectopic pregnancy?: the rational clinical examination systematic review|journal=JAMA|volume=309|issue=16|pages=1722–9|year=2013|pmid=23613077|doi=10.1001/jama.2013.3914}}</ref> Ububabare bushobora gusobanurwa nk'ubukana bukabije, butoroshye, cyangwa buterwa n'ibisebe.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Ububabare bushobora no gukwirakwira mu rutugu iyo habayeho kuva amaraso mu nda.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Kuva amaraso menshi bishobora gutuma umutima utera cyane, gucika intege, cyangwa gutungurwa.<ref name="kirk2013" /><ref name="Crochet2013" /> Nubwo hari igihe kidasanzwe, umwana uri mu nda ntashobora kubaho.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zhang J, Li F, Sheng Q|title=Full-term abdominal pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature|journal=Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation|volume=65|issue=2|pages=139–41|date=2008|pmid=17957101|doi=10.1159/000110015}}</ref> Ibintu bishobora gutera gutwita hanze y'urugo birimo indwara yo kubyimba mu kibuno, akenshi iterwa n'ubwandu bwa chlamydia ; kunywa itabi ; kubagwa mbere mu miyoboro y'amaraso; amateka yo kutabyara ; no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryifashishijwe mu kubyara.<ref name="Cec2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cecchino GN, Araujo Júnior E, Elito Júnior J|title=Methotrexate for ectopic pregnancy: when and how|journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics|volume=290|issue=3|pages=417–23|date=September 2014|pmid=24791968|doi=10.1007/s00404-014-3266-9}}</ref> Abahoze batwita inda itarabyara bafite ibyago byinshi byo kubyara indi.<ref name="Cec2014" /> Inyinshi mu nda zitwite hanze y'uruhu (90%) zibera mu muyoboro w'inda, bizwi nka "tubal pregnancies",<ref name="Cec2014" /> ariko gutera inda bishobora no kubaho ku nkondo y'umura, ku dusabo tw'intanga, cyangwa mu nda.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Gupima inda itwite mu nda akenshi bipimwa amaraso kugira ngo harebwe ko umuntu atwite (hCG) na ultrasound.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Ibi bishobora gusaba ibizamini inshuro zirenze imwe.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Ultrasound ikora neza iyo ikorewe mu gitsina.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Izindi mpamvu zitera ibimenyetso nk'ibi zirimo: gukuramo inda, gucika kw'intanga ngore, na appendicitis ikabije.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Kwirinda ni ukugabanya ibintu bishobora gutera indwara nka chlamydia binyuze mu gusuzuma no kuvura.<ref name="Nama2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nama V, Manyonda I|title=Tubal ectopic pregnancy: diagnosis and management|journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics|volume=279|issue=4|pages=443–53|date=April 2009|pmid=18665380|doi=10.1007/s00404-008-0731-3}}</ref> Nubwo gutwita inda zimwe na zimwe zipfa kubyara bizashira nta kuvurwa, ubu buryo ntiburakorwa neza kugeza mu 2014.<ref name="Cec2014" /> Gukoresha umuti wa methotrexate birakora kimwe no kubaga mu bihe bimwe na bimwe.<ref name="Cec2014" /> By’umwihariko bikora neza iyo beta-HCG iri hasi kandi ingano y’inda isohoka mu nda ikaba ari nto.<ref name="Cec2014" /> Kubagwa biracyasabwa iyo umuyoboro wacitse, umutima w'umwana uri mu nda utera nabi, cyangwa ibimenyetso by'ubuzima bw'umuntu bidahamye.<ref name="Cec2014" /> Kubagwa bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe laparoscopic cyangwa hakoreshejwe incision nini, izwi nka laparotomy.<ref name="kirk2013" /> Muri rusange ibisubizo ni byiza ku bagore bavurwa.<ref name="Cec2014" /> Igipimo cy'inda [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|ziterwa]] n'inda zitwite ku kigero cya 1% na 2% cy'ivuka ry'abana bavutse ari bazima mu bihugu byateye imbere, nubwo gishobora kuba kiri hejuru ya 4% mu bakoresha ikoranabuhanga rifasha mu kubyara.<ref name="kirk2013" /> Ni yo mpamvu ikunze gutera impfu mu bagore mu gihembwe cya mbere cy'umubyibuho, hafi 10% by'impfu zose.<ref name="Cec2014" /> Mu bihugu byateye imbere, ibyavuye mu iterambere byarazamutse mu gihe mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere akenshi bikomeza kuba bikennye.<ref name="Nama2009" /> Ingaruka z'urupfu mu bihugu byateye imbere ziri hagati ya 0.1 na 0.3 ku ijana mu gihe mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere ziri hagati ya kimwe na bitatu ku ijana.<ref name="WHO2015Mort">{{Cite web|last=Mignini L|title=Interventions for tubal ectopic pregnancy|url=http://apps.who.int/rhl/gynaecology/lmcom2/en/|website=who.int|publisher=The WHO Reproductive Health Library|access-date=12 March 2015|date=26 September 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121902/http://apps.who.int/rhl/gynaecology/lmcom2/en/|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Ibisobanuro bya mbere bizwi ku gutwita hanze y'umura ni ibyavuzwe na Al-Zahrawi mu kinyejana cya 11.<ref name="Nama2009" /> Ijambo "ectopic" risobanura "bitagaragara".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cornog|first=Mary Wood|title=Merriam-Webster's vocabulary uilder|date=1998|publisher=Merriam-Webster|location=Springfield, Mass.|isbn=9780877799108|page=313|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyD059eY2RYC&pg=PA313|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181336/https://books.google.com/books?id=cyD059eY2RYC&pg=PA313|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] a91pvwvj5grqkzgibiwcb5kti9rm3j2 141229 141228 2026-10-10T18:06:51Z Stevenndori289 10902 Gutwita mu nda 141229 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Tubal Pregnancy with embryo.jpg|thumb|Ectopic pregnancy]] '''Gutwita mu nda''' ni ikibazo cyo gutwita aho urusoro rwifatanya n'uruhinja hanze y'umura.<ref name="kirk2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kirk E, Bottomley C, Bourne T|title=Diagnosing ectopic pregnancy and current concepts in the management of pregnancy of unknown location|journal=Human Reproduction Update|volume=20|issue=2|pages=250–61|year=2014|pmid=24101604|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmt047|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bisanzwe birimo kubabara mu nda no kuva amaraso mu gitsina, ariko abagore babarirwa munsi ya 50 ku ijana by'abanduye bafite ibi bimenyetso byombi.<ref name="Crochet2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Crochet JR, Bastian LA, Chireau MV|s2cid=205049738|title=Does this woman have an ectopic pregnancy?: the rational clinical examination systematic review|journal=JAMA|volume=309|issue=16|pages=1722–9|year=2013|pmid=23613077|doi=10.1001/jama.2013.3914}}</ref> Ububabare bushobora gusobanurwa nk'ubukana bukabije, butoroshye, cyangwa buterwa n'ibisebe.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Ububabare bushobora no gukwirakwira mu rutugu iyo habayeho kuva amaraso mu nda.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Kuva amaraso menshi bishobora gutuma umutima utera cyane, gucika intege, cyangwa gutungurwa.<ref name="kirk2013" /><ref name="Crochet2013" /> Nubwo hari igihe kidasanzwe, umwana uri mu nda ntashobora kubaho.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zhang J, Li F, Sheng Q|title=Full-term abdominal pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature|journal=Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation|volume=65|issue=2|pages=139–41|date=2008|pmid=17957101|doi=10.1159/000110015}}</ref> Ibintu bishobora gutera gutwita hanze y'urugo birimo indwara yo kubyimba mu kibuno, akenshi iterwa n'ubwandu bwa chlamydia ; kunywa itabi ; kubagwa mbere mu miyoboro y'amaraso; amateka yo kutabyara ; no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryifashishijwe mu kubyara.<ref name="Cec2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cecchino GN, Araujo Júnior E, Elito Júnior J|title=Methotrexate for ectopic pregnancy: when and how|journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics|volume=290|issue=3|pages=417–23|date=September 2014|pmid=24791968|doi=10.1007/s00404-014-3266-9}}</ref> Abahoze batwita inda itarabyara bafite ibyago byinshi byo kubyara indi.<ref name="Cec2014" /> Inyinshi mu nda zitwite hanze y'uruhu (90%) zibera mu muyoboro w'inda, bizwi nka "tubal pregnancies",<ref name="Cec2014" /> ariko gutera inda bishobora no kubaho ku nkondo y'umura, ku dusabo tw'intanga, cyangwa mu nda.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Gupima inda itwite mu nda akenshi bipimwa amaraso kugira ngo harebwe ko umuntu atwite (hCG) na ultrasound.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Ibi bishobora gusaba ibizamini inshuro zirenze imwe.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Ultrasound ikora neza iyo ikorewe mu gitsina.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Izindi mpamvu zitera ibimenyetso nk'ibi zirimo: gukuramo inda, gucika kw'intanga ngore, na appendicitis ikabije.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Kwirinda ni ukugabanya ibintu bishobora gutera indwara nka chlamydia binyuze mu gusuzuma no kuvura.<ref name="Nama2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nama V, Manyonda I|title=Tubal ectopic pregnancy: diagnosis and management|journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics|volume=279|issue=4|pages=443–53|date=April 2009|pmid=18665380|doi=10.1007/s00404-008-0731-3}}</ref> Nubwo gutwita inda zimwe na zimwe zipfa kubyara bizashira nta kuvurwa, ubu buryo ntiburakorwa neza kugeza mu 2014.<ref name="Cec2014" /> Gukoresha umuti wa methotrexate birakora kimwe no kubaga mu bihe bimwe na bimwe.<ref name="Cec2014" /> By’umwihariko bikora neza iyo beta-HCG iri hasi kandi ingano y’inda isohoka mu nda ikaba ari nto.<ref name="Cec2014" /> Kubagwa biracyasabwa iyo umuyoboro wacitse, umutima w'umwana uri mu nda utera nabi, cyangwa ibimenyetso by'ubuzima bw'umuntu bidahamye.<ref name="Cec2014" /> Kubagwa bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe laparoscopic cyangwa hakoreshejwe incision nini, izwi nka laparotomy.<ref name="kirk2013" /> Muri rusange ibisubizo ni byiza ku bagore bavurwa.<ref name="Cec2014" /> Igipimo cy'inda [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|ziterwa]] n'inda zitwite ku kigero cya 1% na 2% cy'ivuka ry'abana bavutse ari bazima mu bihugu byateye imbere, nubwo gishobora kuba kiri hejuru ya 4% mu bakoresha ikoranabuhanga rifasha mu kubyara.<ref name="kirk2013" /> Ni yo mpamvu ikunze gutera impfu mu bagore mu gihembwe cya mbere cy'umubyibuho, hafi 10% by'impfu zose.<ref name="Cec2014" /> Mu bihugu byateye imbere, ibyavuye mu iterambere byarazamutse mu gihe mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere akenshi bikomeza kuba bikennye.<ref name="Nama2009" /> Ingaruka z'urupfu mu bihugu byateye imbere ziri hagati ya 0.1 na 0.3 ku ijana mu gihe mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere ziri hagati ya kimwe na bitatu ku ijana.<ref name="WHO2015Mort">{{Cite web|last=Mignini L|title=Interventions for tubal ectopic pregnancy|url=http://apps.who.int/rhl/gynaecology/lmcom2/en/|website=who.int|publisher=The WHO Reproductive Health Library|access-date=12 March 2015|date=26 September 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121902/http://apps.who.int/rhl/gynaecology/lmcom2/en/|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Ibisobanuro bya mbere bizwi ku gutwita hanze y'umura ni ibyavuzwe na Al-Zahrawi mu kinyejana cya 11.<ref name="Nama2009" /> Ijambo "ectopic" risobanura "bitagaragara".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cornog|first=Mary Wood|title=Merriam-Webster's vocabulary uilder|date=1998|publisher=Merriam-Webster|location=Springfield, Mass.|isbn=9780877799108|page=313|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyD059eY2RYC&pg=PA313|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181336/https://books.google.com/books?id=cyD059eY2RYC&pg=PA313|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] d59a6hbelttwkfz13w73laq8wyi6ddf 141230 141229 2026-10-10T18:07:20Z Stevenndori289 10902 Gutwita mu nda 141230 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Tubal Pregnancy with embryo.jpg|thumb|Gutwita mu nda]] '''Gutwita mu nda''' ni ikibazo cyo gutwita aho urusoro rwifatanya n'uruhinja hanze y'umura.<ref name="kirk2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kirk E, Bottomley C, Bourne T|title=Diagnosing ectopic pregnancy and current concepts in the management of pregnancy of unknown location|journal=Human Reproduction Update|volume=20|issue=2|pages=250–61|year=2014|pmid=24101604|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmt047|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bisanzwe birimo kubabara mu nda no kuva amaraso mu gitsina, ariko abagore babarirwa munsi ya 50 ku ijana by'abanduye bafite ibi bimenyetso byombi.<ref name="Crochet2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Crochet JR, Bastian LA, Chireau MV|s2cid=205049738|title=Does this woman have an ectopic pregnancy?: the rational clinical examination systematic review|journal=JAMA|volume=309|issue=16|pages=1722–9|year=2013|pmid=23613077|doi=10.1001/jama.2013.3914}}</ref> Ububabare bushobora gusobanurwa nk'ubukana bukabije, butoroshye, cyangwa buterwa n'ibisebe.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Ububabare bushobora no gukwirakwira mu rutugu iyo habayeho kuva amaraso mu nda.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Kuva amaraso menshi bishobora gutuma umutima utera cyane, gucika intege, cyangwa gutungurwa.<ref name="kirk2013" /><ref name="Crochet2013" /> Nubwo hari igihe kidasanzwe, umwana uri mu nda ntashobora kubaho.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zhang J, Li F, Sheng Q|title=Full-term abdominal pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature|journal=Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation|volume=65|issue=2|pages=139–41|date=2008|pmid=17957101|doi=10.1159/000110015}}</ref> Ibintu bishobora gutera gutwita hanze y'urugo birimo indwara yo kubyimba mu kibuno, akenshi iterwa n'ubwandu bwa chlamydia ; kunywa itabi ; kubagwa mbere mu miyoboro y'amaraso; amateka yo kutabyara ; no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryifashishijwe mu kubyara.<ref name="Cec2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cecchino GN, Araujo Júnior E, Elito Júnior J|title=Methotrexate for ectopic pregnancy: when and how|journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics|volume=290|issue=3|pages=417–23|date=September 2014|pmid=24791968|doi=10.1007/s00404-014-3266-9}}</ref> Abahoze batwita inda itarabyara bafite ibyago byinshi byo kubyara indi.<ref name="Cec2014" /> Inyinshi mu nda zitwite hanze y'uruhu (90%) zibera mu muyoboro w'inda, bizwi nka "tubal pregnancies",<ref name="Cec2014" /> ariko gutera inda bishobora no kubaho ku nkondo y'umura, ku dusabo tw'intanga, cyangwa mu nda.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Gupima inda itwite mu nda akenshi bipimwa amaraso kugira ngo harebwe ko umuntu atwite (hCG) na ultrasound.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Ibi bishobora gusaba ibizamini inshuro zirenze imwe.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Ultrasound ikora neza iyo ikorewe mu gitsina.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Izindi mpamvu zitera ibimenyetso nk'ibi zirimo: gukuramo inda, gucika kw'intanga ngore, na appendicitis ikabije.<ref name="Crochet2013" /> Kwirinda ni ukugabanya ibintu bishobora gutera indwara nka chlamydia binyuze mu gusuzuma no kuvura.<ref name="Nama2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nama V, Manyonda I|title=Tubal ectopic pregnancy: diagnosis and management|journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics|volume=279|issue=4|pages=443–53|date=April 2009|pmid=18665380|doi=10.1007/s00404-008-0731-3}}</ref> Nubwo gutwita inda zimwe na zimwe zipfa kubyara bizashira nta kuvurwa, ubu buryo ntiburakorwa neza kugeza mu 2014.<ref name="Cec2014" /> Gukoresha umuti wa methotrexate birakora kimwe no kubaga mu bihe bimwe na bimwe.<ref name="Cec2014" /> By’umwihariko bikora neza iyo beta-HCG iri hasi kandi ingano y’inda isohoka mu nda ikaba ari nto.<ref name="Cec2014" /> Kubagwa biracyasabwa iyo umuyoboro wacitse, umutima w'umwana uri mu nda utera nabi, cyangwa ibimenyetso by'ubuzima bw'umuntu bidahamye.<ref name="Cec2014" /> Kubagwa bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe laparoscopic cyangwa hakoreshejwe incision nini, izwi nka laparotomy.<ref name="kirk2013" /> Muri rusange ibisubizo ni byiza ku bagore bavurwa.<ref name="Cec2014" /> Igipimo cy'inda [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|ziterwa]] n'inda zitwite ku kigero cya 1% na 2% cy'ivuka ry'abana bavutse ari bazima mu bihugu byateye imbere, nubwo gishobora kuba kiri hejuru ya 4% mu bakoresha ikoranabuhanga rifasha mu kubyara.<ref name="kirk2013" /> Ni yo mpamvu ikunze gutera impfu mu bagore mu gihembwe cya mbere cy'umubyibuho, hafi 10% by'impfu zose.<ref name="Cec2014" /> Mu bihugu byateye imbere, ibyavuye mu iterambere byarazamutse mu gihe mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere akenshi bikomeza kuba bikennye.<ref name="Nama2009" /> Ingaruka z'urupfu mu bihugu byateye imbere ziri hagati ya 0.1 na 0.3 ku ijana mu gihe mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere ziri hagati ya kimwe na bitatu ku ijana.<ref name="WHO2015Mort">{{Cite web|last=Mignini L|title=Interventions for tubal ectopic pregnancy|url=http://apps.who.int/rhl/gynaecology/lmcom2/en/|website=who.int|publisher=The WHO Reproductive Health Library|access-date=12 March 2015|date=26 September 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121902/http://apps.who.int/rhl/gynaecology/lmcom2/en/|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Ibisobanuro bya mbere bizwi ku gutwita hanze y'umura ni ibyavuzwe na Al-Zahrawi mu kinyejana cya 11.<ref name="Nama2009" /> Ijambo "ectopic" risobanura "bitagaragara".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cornog|first=Mary Wood|title=Merriam-Webster's vocabulary uilder|date=1998|publisher=Merriam-Webster|location=Springfield, Mass.|isbn=9780877799108|page=313|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyD059eY2RYC&pg=PA313|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181336/https://books.google.com/books?id=cyD059eY2RYC&pg=PA313|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] pwf2a6ztzgni7796bd6tp4eng3uyjmp 0 23371 141231 2026-10-10T18:08:21Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1492442|Serotonin syndrome]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Serotonin syndrome|synonym=Serotonin toxicity, serotonin toxidrome, serotonin sickness, serotonin storm, serotonin poisoning, hyperserotonemia, serotonergic syndrome, serotonin shock|image=Serotonin-2D-skeletal.svg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Serotonin]]|pronounce=|field=[[Critical care medicine]], [[psychiatry]]|symptoms=[[hyperthermia|High body temperature]], agitation, [[hyperreflexia|increased reflexes]], [[tremor]], [[diaphoresis|sweating]], [[dilated pupils]], [[diarrhea]]<ref name=Fer2016/><ref name=Vol2013/>|complications=|onset=Within a day<ref name=Vol2013/>|duration=|types=|causes=[[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]] (SSRI), [[serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor]] (SNRI), [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]] (MAOI), [[tricyclic antidepressants]] (TCAs), [[amphetamine]]s, [[pethidine]] (meperidine), [[tramadol]], [[dextromethorphan]], [[ondansetron]], [[cocaine]]<ref name=Vol2013/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and medication use<ref name=Vol2013/>|differential=[[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]], [[malignant hyperthermia]], [[anticholinergic toxicity]], [[heat stroke]], [[meningitis]]<ref name=Vol2013/>|prevention=|treatment=[[Active cooling]]<ref name=Fer2016/>|medication=[[Benzodiazepine]]s, [[cyproheptadine]]<ref name=Fer2016/>|prognosis=|frequency=Unknown<ref name=Dom2013/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara ya Serotonin''' ( '''SS''' ) ni itsinda ry'ibimenyetso bishobora kubaho iyo umuntu afashe imiti cyangwa imiti imwe n'imwe itera serotonin.<ref name="Fer2016">{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323448383|pages=1154–1155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1154|language=en|df=|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829051951/https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1154|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingano y'ibimenyetso ishobora kuva ku byoroheje kugeza ku bikomeye.<ref name="Vol2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Volpi-Abadie J, Kaye AM, Kaye AD|title=Serotonin syndrome|journal=The Ochsner Journal|volume=13|issue=4|pages=533–40|date=2013|pmid=24358002|pmc=3865832}}</ref> Ibimenyetso mu bihe byoroheje birimo umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso no gutera cyane k'umutima ; akenshi nta muriro urimo.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Ibimenyetso mu bihe biri hagati birimo ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'umubiri, guhindagurika kw'imitekerereze, kwiyongera kw'imitekerereze, guhinda umushyitsi, ibyuya, amaso y'umubiri yagutse, no [[Impiswi|gucibwamo]].<ref name="Fer2016" /><ref name="Vol2013" /> Mu bihe bikomeye ubushyuhe bw'umubiri bushobora kwiyongera bukarenga {{Convert|41.1|C|F|1}}.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo gucika intege no kuvunika imitsi cyane.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Indwara ya Serotonin ikunze guterwa no gukoresha imiti cyangwa imiti ibiri cyangwa myinshi itera serotonin.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Ibi bishobora kuba birimo inhibitor ya serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), inhibitor ya serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), inhibitor ya monoamine oxidase (MAOI), imiti igabanya ubukana bwa tricyclic (TCAs), amfetamine, pethidine (meperidine), tramadol, dextromethorphan, buspirone, L-tryptophan, 5-HTP, St. John's wort, triptans, ecstasy (MDMA), metoclopramide, [[ondansetron]], cyangwa [[kokayine]].<ref name="Vol2013" /> Bibaho hafi 15% by'ibipimo byo gukoresha SSRI birenze urugero.<ref name="Dom2013">{{Cite book|last=Domino|first=Frank J.|last2=Baldor|first2=Robert A.|title=The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014|date=2013|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9781451188509|page=1124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1124|language=en|df=|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829171038/https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1124|url-status=live}}</ref> Ni ingaruka zishoboka zo kuba serotonin nyinshi ku buryo bworoshye bwo mu mitsi yo hagati (CNS).<ref name="Boy2005">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Boyer EW, Shannon M|title=The serotonin syndrome|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=11|pages=1112–20|date=March 2005|pmid=15784664|doi=10.1056/NEJMra041867|url=http://toxicology.ucsd.edu/art%203%20serotonin%20syndrome.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618053344/http://toxicology.ucsd.edu/art%203%20serotonin%20syndrome.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-06-18|author-link2=Michael Shannon (pediatrician)}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bitangira kugaragara mu munsi umwe nyuma yo kuba serotonin yiyongereyeho.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso by'umuntu n'amateka ye yo gukoresha imiti.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Izindi ndwara zishobora gutera ibimenyetso nk'ibyo nka neuroleptic malignant syndrome, malignant hyperthermia, anticholinergic toxicity, heat stroke, na meningitis zigomba gukurwaho.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Nta bipimo byo muri laboratwari bishobora kwemeza ko indwara yanduye.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Ubuvuzi bwa mbere bugizwe no guhagarika imiti ishobora kuba irimo uruhare.<ref name="Fer2016" /> Ku bantu bafite ikibazo cyo guhangayika, imiti ya benzodiazepines ishobora gukoreshwa.<ref name="Fer2016" /> Iyo ibi bidahagije, ushobora gukoresha umuti urwanya serotonin nka cyproheptadine.<ref name="Fer2016" /> Ku bafite ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'umubiri, ingamba zo gukonjesha zishobora kuba ngombwa.<ref name="Fer2016" /> Umubare w'abantu barwara indwara ya serotonin buri mwaka nturamenyekana neza.<ref name="Dom2013" /> Iyo umuntu avuwe neza, ibyago byo gupfa biri munsi ya kimwe ku ijana.<ref name="Fri2015">{{Cite book|last=Friedman|first=Joseph H.|title=Medication-Induced Movement Disorders|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107066007|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqymCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|language=en|df=|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829054048/https://books.google.com/books?id=BqymCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|url-status=live}}</ref> Urubanza rwa Libby Zion, uzwi cyane ko yapfuye azize indwara ya serotonin, rwatumye habaho impinduka mu mashuri yisumbuye y’ubuganga muri Leta ya New York.<ref name="Boy2005" /><ref name="Bre1998">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Brensilver JM, Smith L, Lyttle CS|title=Impact of the Libby Zion case on graduate medical education in internal medicine|journal=The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York|volume=65|issue=4|pages=296–300|date=September 1998|pmid=9757752|doi=}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] cuc9zbbg5rv4f8aloxco5ckwjscqjf3 141232 141231 2026-10-10T18:10:19Z Stevenndori289 10902 Indwara ya Serotonin 141232 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:ClonusfromSS (edited).webm|thumb|Indwara ya Serotonin]] '''Indwara ya Serotonin''' ( '''SS''' ) ni itsinda ry'ibimenyetso bishobora kubaho iyo umuntu afashe imiti cyangwa imiti imwe n'imwe itera serotonin.<ref name="Fer2016">{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323448383|pages=1154–1155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1154|language=en|df=|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829051951/https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1154|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingano y'ibimenyetso ishobora kuva ku byoroheje kugeza ku bikomeye.<ref name="Vol2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Volpi-Abadie J, Kaye AM, Kaye AD|title=Serotonin syndrome|journal=The Ochsner Journal|volume=13|issue=4|pages=533–40|date=2013|pmid=24358002|pmc=3865832}}</ref> Ibimenyetso mu bihe byoroheje birimo umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso no gutera cyane k'umutima ; akenshi nta muriro urimo.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Ibimenyetso mu bihe biri hagati birimo ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'umubiri, guhindagurika kw'imitekerereze, kwiyongera kw'imitekerereze, guhinda umushyitsi, ibyuya, amaso y'umubiri yagutse, no [[Impiswi|gucibwamo]].<ref name="Fer2016" /><ref name="Vol2013" /> Mu bihe bikomeye ubushyuhe bw'umubiri bushobora kwiyongera bukarenga {{Convert|41.1|C|F|1}}.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo gucika intege no kuvunika imitsi cyane.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Indwara ya Serotonin ikunze guterwa no gukoresha imiti cyangwa imiti ibiri cyangwa myinshi itera serotonin.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Ibi bishobora kuba birimo inhibitor ya serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), inhibitor ya serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), inhibitor ya monoamine oxidase (MAOI), imiti igabanya ubukana bwa tricyclic (TCAs), amfetamine, pethidine (meperidine), tramadol, dextromethorphan, buspirone, L-tryptophan, 5-HTP, St. John's wort, triptans, ecstasy (MDMA), metoclopramide, [[ondansetron]], cyangwa [[kokayine]].<ref name="Vol2013" /> Bibaho hafi 15% by'ibipimo byo gukoresha SSRI birenze urugero.<ref name="Dom2013">{{Cite book|last=Domino|first=Frank J.|last2=Baldor|first2=Robert A.|title=The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014|date=2013|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9781451188509|page=1124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1124|language=en|df=|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829171038/https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1124|url-status=live}}</ref> Ni ingaruka zishoboka zo kuba serotonin nyinshi ku buryo bworoshye bwo mu mitsi yo hagati (CNS).<ref name="Boy2005">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Boyer EW, Shannon M|title=The serotonin syndrome|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=11|pages=1112–20|date=March 2005|pmid=15784664|doi=10.1056/NEJMra041867|url=http://toxicology.ucsd.edu/art%203%20serotonin%20syndrome.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618053344/http://toxicology.ucsd.edu/art%203%20serotonin%20syndrome.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-06-18|author-link2=Michael Shannon (pediatrician)}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bitangira kugaragara mu munsi umwe nyuma yo kuba serotonin yiyongereyeho.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso by'umuntu n'amateka ye yo gukoresha imiti.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Izindi ndwara zishobora gutera ibimenyetso nk'ibyo nka neuroleptic malignant syndrome, malignant hyperthermia, anticholinergic toxicity, heat stroke, na meningitis zigomba gukurwaho.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Nta bipimo byo muri laboratwari bishobora kwemeza ko indwara yanduye.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Ubuvuzi bwa mbere bugizwe no guhagarika imiti ishobora kuba irimo uruhare.<ref name="Fer2016" /> Ku bantu bafite ikibazo cyo guhangayika, imiti ya benzodiazepines ishobora gukoreshwa.<ref name="Fer2016" /> Iyo ibi bidahagije, ushobora gukoresha umuti urwanya serotonin nka cyproheptadine.<ref name="Fer2016" /> Ku bafite ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'umubiri, ingamba zo gukonjesha zishobora kuba ngombwa.<ref name="Fer2016" /> Umubare w'abantu barwara indwara ya serotonin buri mwaka nturamenyekana neza.<ref name="Dom2013" /> Iyo umuntu avuwe neza, ibyago byo gupfa biri munsi ya kimwe ku ijana.<ref name="Fri2015">{{Cite book|last=Friedman|first=Joseph H.|title=Medication-Induced Movement Disorders|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107066007|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqymCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|language=en|df=|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829054048/https://books.google.com/books?id=BqymCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|url-status=live}}</ref> Urubanza rwa Libby Zion, uzwi cyane ko yapfuye azize indwara ya serotonin, rwatumye habaho impinduka mu mashuri yisumbuye y’ubuganga muri Leta ya New York.<ref name="Boy2005" /><ref name="Bre1998">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Brensilver JM, Smith L, Lyttle CS|title=Impact of the Libby Zion case on graduate medical education in internal medicine|journal=The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York|volume=65|issue=4|pages=296–300|date=September 1998|pmid=9757752|doi=}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] eew2ile34oyakbkahydusuomsqyju7y 0 23372 141233 2026-10-10T18:12:03Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1504342|Pica (disorder)]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Pica|synonym=|image=Glore Stomach Display.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Stomach contents of a person with pica: 1,446 items, including "453 nails, 42 screws, safety pins, spoon tops, and salt and pepper shaker tops."|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|aɪ|k|ə}} {{respell|PY|kə}}<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Merriam-Webster]]|title=Pica|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pica|access-date=April 19, 2020|archive-date=April 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423000240/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pica|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423000240/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pica |date=April 23, 2020 }}</ref>|field=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=Appetite for and eating of substances that are not food<ref name=Leu2019/>|complications=[[Lead poisoning]], [[bowel obstruction|gastrointestinal obstruction]], [[anemia|low red blood cells]]<ref name=Leu2019/>|onset=|duration=> 1 month<ref name=Leu2019/>|types=|causes=|risks=[[Pregnancy]], [[iron deficiency]], other mental disorders, poverty, emotional trauma<ref name=Leu2019/>|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=Usually good<ref name=Stat2020>{{cite journal |last1=Al Nasser |first1=Y |last2=Muco |first2=E |last3=Alsaad |first3=AJ |title=Pica |date=January 2020 |pmid=30335275|journal=StatPearls}}</ref>|frequency=Relatively common<ref name=Leu2019/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Pica''' ni indwara irangwa no gushaka no kurya ibintu bitafatwa nk'ibiryo.<ref name="Leu2019">{{Cite journal|last=Leung|first=AKC|last2=Hon|first2=KL|title=Pica: A Common Condition that is Commonly Missed - An Update Review.|journal=Current pediatric reviews|date=2019|volume=15|issue=3|pages=164-169|doi=10.2174/1573396315666190313163530|pmid=30868957}}</ref> Muri rusange irari ni ibintu bimwe na bimwe byihariye nk'ubutaka, ibirayi bibisi, urubura, umusatsi, cyangwa irangi.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Luby|editor-first=Joan L.|title=Handbook of preschool mental health : development, disorders, and treatment|date=2009|publisher=Guilford Press|location=New York|isbn=9781606233504|pages=129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VopO64gPLmwC&pg=PA129|access-date=3 June 2016|archive-date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121192711/https://books.google.com/books?id=VopO64gPLmwC&pg=PA129|url-status=live}}</ref> Akenshi ibimenyetso bike biragaragara nubwo ububabare bwo mu nda bushobora kubaho rimwe na rimwe.<ref name="Leu2019" /> Pica ishobora gutera uburozi bwa lisansi, kuziba igifu, [[Anemie|kugabanuka k'uturemangingo dutukura mu maraso]], cyangwa kwandura indwara ziterwa n'udukoko.<ref name="Leu2019" /> Ku bana basanzwe, pica mu gihe muri rusange biyemeza kwigisha ibikwiye kurya.<ref name="Leu2019" /> Ubujyanama, harimo n'ubuvuzi bw'imyitwarire, nabyo bishobora kuba ingirakamaro.<ref name="Leu2019" /> Iyo habayeho ikibazo cyo kubura icyuma gihagije, ibi bigomba kuvurwa.<ref name="Leu2019" /> Pica igira ingaruka ku bana n'abagore batwite bagera kuri 30%.<ref name="Leu2019" /> Ku bana, ikunze kugaragara cyane ku bafite hagati y'amezi 18 n'imyaka 6.<ref name="Leu2019" /> Ivugwa kuri pica ni iya Hippocrates mu myaka irenga 2.000 ishize.<ref name="Rose00">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rose EA, Porcerelli JH, Neale AV|title=Pica: Common but commonly missed|journal=The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice|year=2000|volume=13|issue=5|pages=353–8|pmid=11001006}}</ref><ref name="Mic2016">{{Cite journal|last=Michalska|first=Aneta|last2=Szejko|first2=Natalia|last3=Jakubczyk|first3=Andrzej|last4=Wojnar|first4=Marcin|date=2016|title=Nonspecific eating disorders - a subjective review|journal=Psychiatria Polska|volume=50|issue=3|pages=497–507|doi=10.12740/PP/59217|doi-access=free|issn=2391-5854|pmid=27556109}}</ref> Iri jambo ryitiriwe igisasu gisanzwe (Pica pica) kirya ibintu bidasanzwe.<ref name="Leu2019" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] oairkkjstfa9nz8kx4zlaqzuncij6dw 141234 141233 2026-10-10T18:13:48Z Stevenndori289 10902 Pica (indwara) 141234 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pica''' ni indwara irangwa no gushaka no kurya ibintu bitafatwa nk'ibiryo.<ref name="Leu2019">{{Cite journal|last=Leung|first=AKC|last2=Hon|first2=KL|title=Pica: A Common Condition that is Commonly Missed - An Update Review.|journal=Current pediatric reviews|date=2019|volume=15|issue=3|pages=164-169|doi=10.2174/1573396315666190313163530|pmid=30868957}}</ref> Muri rusange irari ni ibintu bimwe na bimwe byihariye nk'ubutaka, ibirayi bibisi, urubura, umusatsi, cyangwa irangi.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Luby|editor-first=Joan L.|title=Handbook of preschool mental health : development, disorders, and treatment|date=2009|publisher=Guilford Press|location=New York|isbn=9781606233504|pages=129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VopO64gPLmwC&pg=PA129|access-date=3 June 2016|archive-date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121192711/https://books.google.com/books?id=VopO64gPLmwC&pg=PA129|url-status=live}}</ref> Akenshi ibimenyetso bike biragaragara nubwo ububabare bwo mu nda bushobora kubaho rimwe na rimwe.<ref name="Leu2019" /> Pica ishobora gutera uburozi bwa lisansi, kuziba igifu, [[Anemie|kugabanuka k'uturemangingo dutukura mu maraso]], cyangwa kwandura indwara ziterwa n'udukoko.<ref name="Leu2019" /> Ku bana basanzwe, pica mu gihe muri rusange biyemeza kwigisha ibikwiye kurya.<ref name="Leu2019" /> Ubujyanama, harimo n'ubuvuzi bw'imyitwarire, nabyo bishobora kuba ingirakamaro.<ref name="Leu2019" /> Iyo habayeho ikibazo cyo kubura icyuma gihagije, ibi bigomba kuvurwa.<ref name="Leu2019" /> [[Dosiye:Pica pica pica MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.169.1.jpg|thumb|Pica (indwara)]] Pica igira ingaruka ku bana n'abagore batwite bagera kuri 30%.<ref name="Leu2019" /> Ku bana, ikunze kugaragara cyane ku bafite hagati y'amezi 18 n'imyaka 6.<ref name="Leu2019" /> Ivugwa kuri pica ni iya Hippocrates mu myaka irenga 2.000 ishize.<ref name="Rose00">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rose EA, Porcerelli JH, Neale AV|title=Pica: Common but commonly missed|journal=The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice|year=2000|volume=13|issue=5|pages=353–8|pmid=11001006}}</ref><ref name="Mic2016">{{Cite journal|last=Michalska|first=Aneta|last2=Szejko|first2=Natalia|last3=Jakubczyk|first3=Andrzej|last4=Wojnar|first4=Marcin|date=2016|title=Nonspecific eating disorders - a subjective review|journal=Psychiatria Polska|volume=50|issue=3|pages=497–507|doi=10.12740/PP/59217|doi-access=free|issn=2391-5854|pmid=27556109}}</ref> Iri jambo ryitiriwe igisasu gisanzwe (Pica pica) kirya ibintu bidasanzwe.<ref name="Leu2019" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] m6lg2e3mwy7qn4bkqo28t1fzx8shjqn 0 23373 141235 2026-10-10T18:16:09Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458746|Citalopram]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141235 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Citalopram''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Celexa''' n'izindi, ni umuti ugabanya ubukana bw'indwara zo mu bwoko bwa serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).<ref name="AHFS2018">{{Cite web|title=Citalopram Hydrobromide Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/citalopram-hydrobromide.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=AHFS|access-date=23 December 2018|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073739/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/citalopram-hydrobromide.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara ikomeye yo kwiheba, [[umukoresha:Doc James/Indwara idahwitse|indwara yo kwiheba ishingiye ku bwenge]], indwara yo gucika intege, no gutinya abantu.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ingaruka zo kugabanya ubukana bw'indwara zishobora gufata icyumweru kimwe kugeza kuri bine kugira ngo ziboneke.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo isesemi, gusinzira nabi, ibibazo by'imibonano mpuzabitsina, kuzuyaza, kumva unaniwe, no kubira ibyuya.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ingaruka mbi zirimo kwiyongera k'ibyago byo kwiyahura ku bari munsi y'imyaka 25, serotonin syndrome, glaucoma, na QT prolongation.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ntibikwiye gukoreshwa ku muntu uri kuri MAO inhibitor.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Indwara yo guhagarika kwiheba ishobora kubaho iyo ihagaritswe.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Hari impungenge ko kuyikoresha mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|utwite]] bishobora kwangiza umwana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Citalopram (Celexa) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/citalopram.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=23 December 2018|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073744/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/citalopram.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Citalopram yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1998.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi yatanzwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima nk'umuti usimbura [[fluoxetine]].<ref name="WHO23rd">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)|year=2023|hdl=10665/371090|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="BNF76" /> Mu Bwongereza, igipimo gisanzwe gitwara NHS kiri munsi ya 20 GBP ku kwezi.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|page=361|edition=76}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, igura hagati ya 50 na 100 [[Amadolari y'Amerika|USD]] ku kwezi guhera mu 2016.<ref name="ref2">{{Cite book|title=Tarascon Pharmacopoeia 2017 Professional Desk Reference Edition|date=2016|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284118957|page=440|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ZObCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA440|access-date=23 December 2018|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073630/https://books.google.ca/books?id=ZObCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA440|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 26 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abantu barenga miliyoni 24.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Citalopram Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Citalopram|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411214356/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Citalopram|url-status=live}}</ref> == Amareferensi == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 5u2oojzfzwqo6d7d20rls2dnex4g9w6 141236 141235 2026-10-10T18:18:21Z Stevenndori289 10902 Citalopram 141236 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Citalopram''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Celexa''' n'izindi, ni umuti ugabanya ubukana bw'indwara zo mu bwoko bwa serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).<ref name="AHFS2018">{{Cite web|title=Citalopram Hydrobromide Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/citalopram-hydrobromide.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=AHFS|access-date=23 December 2018|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073739/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/citalopram-hydrobromide.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara ikomeye yo kwiheba, [[umukoresha:Doc James/Indwara idahwitse|indwara yo kwiheba ishingiye ku bwenge]], indwara yo gucika intege, no gutinya abantu.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ingaruka zo kugabanya ubukana bw'indwara zishobora gufata icyumweru kimwe kugeza kuri bine kugira ngo ziboneke.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo isesemi, gusinzira nabi, ibibazo by'imibonano mpuzabitsina, kuzuyaza, kumva unaniwe, no kubira ibyuya.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ingaruka mbi zirimo kwiyongera k'ibyago byo kwiyahura ku bari munsi y'imyaka 25, serotonin syndrome, glaucoma, na QT prolongation.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ntibikwiye gukoreshwa ku muntu uri kuri MAO inhibitor.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Indwara yo guhagarika kwiheba ishobora kubaho iyo ihagaritswe.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Hari impungenge ko kuyikoresha mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|utwite]] bishobora kwangiza umwana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Citalopram (Celexa) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/citalopram.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=23 December 2018|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073744/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/citalopram.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Citalopram yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1998.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi yatanzwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima nk'umuti usimbura [[fluoxetine]].<ref name="WHO23rd">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)|year=2023|hdl=10665/371090|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="BNF76" /> Mu Bwongereza, igipimo gisanzwe gitwara NHS kiri munsi ya 20 GBP ku kwezi.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|page=361|edition=76}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, igura hagati ya 50 na 100 [[Amadolari y'Amerika|USD]] ku kwezi guhera mu 2016.<ref name="ref2">{{Cite book|title=Tarascon Pharmacopoeia 2017 Professional Desk Reference Edition|date=2016|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284118957|page=440|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ZObCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA440|access-date=23 December 2018|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073630/https://books.google.ca/books?id=ZObCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA440|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 26 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abantu barenga miliyoni 24.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Citalopram Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Citalopram|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411214356/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Citalopram|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dosiye:Citalopram film-coated tablets.jpg|thumb|Citalopram]] == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 85pcgbjqmbxl9lsxtjz818022oed6h3 0 23374 141237 2026-10-10T18:21:28Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502987|Lidocaine]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141237 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lidocaine''', izwi kandi nka '''lignocaine''', ni umuti ukoreshwa mu gutiza ibinure mu gace runaka (anesthesia yo mu gace).<ref name="AHFS2015L">{{Cite web|title=Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Local)|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-local.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 26, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906023837/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-local.html|archive-date=2015-09-06}}</ref> Ikoreshwa kandi mu kuvura tachycardia y'imitsi no mu gukora imitsi ifungana.<ref name="AHFS2015A">{{Cite web|title=Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Antiarrhythmic)|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-antiarrhythmic.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 26, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810232359/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-antiarrhythmic.html|archive-date=2015-08-10}}</ref><ref name="AHFS2015L" /> Hari umuti witwa Lidocaine uvanze n'umuti muto wa adrenaline (epinephrine) uboneka kugira ngo ufashe abantu kugira ibinya, ugabanye kuva amaraso, kandi utume ingaruka zo kugira ibinya zimara igihe kirekire.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /> Iyo ikoreshejwe nk'umuti uterwa n'urushinge, lidocaine itangira gukora mu minota ine ikamara igice cy'isaha kugeza ku masaha atatu.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /><ref name="Wh1997">{{Cite book|last=J. P. Nolan|last2=P. J. F. Baskett|year=1997|chapter=Analgesia and anaesthesia|editor-last=David Skinner|editor-last2=Andrew Swain|editor-last3=Rodney Peyton|editor-last4=Colin Robertson|others=Project co-ordinator, Fiona Whinster|title=Cambridge Textbook of Accident and Emergency Medicine|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=9780521433792|page=194|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0bNaDhkaukC&pg=PA194|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908150741/https://books.google.com/books?id=m0bNaDhkaukC&pg=PA194|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Uruvange rwa Lidocaine rushobora kandi gushyirwa ku ruhu cyangwa mu ruhu kugira ngo rushire ububabare muri ako gace.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara mu gukoresha imiti igabanya ububabare harimo gusinzira, kunyaragura imitsi, urujijo, impinduka mu byo umuntu abona, kugira ibinya, kuribwa mu nda no kuruka.<ref name="AHFS2015A" /> Bishobora gutera umuvuduko w'amaraso muke ndetse n'umuvuduko w'umutima utera mu buryo budasanzwe.<ref name="AHFS2015A" /> Hari impungenge ko kuyitera mu ngingo bishobora guteza ibibazo kuri karitsiye.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /> Muri rusange bisa nkaho ari byiza gukoreshwa mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]].<ref name="AHFS2015A" /> Ku bafite ibibazo by'umwijima, dose nke ishobora kuba ikenewe.<ref name="AHFS2015A" /> Muri rusange ni byiza kuyikoresha ku bantu bafite ubwivumbure kuri tetracaine cyangwa benzocaine.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /> Lidocaine ni umuti urwanya arrhythmia yo mu bwoko bwa Ib.<ref name="AHFS2015A" /> Ibi bivuze ko bikora binyuze mu kuziba imiyoboro ya sodium bityo bigabanura umuvuduko wo kugabanuka k'umutima.<ref name="AHFS2015A" /> Iyo ikoreshejwe mu gace runaka nk'ikintu gitera indwara, ubwonko bwo mu gace ntibushobora gutanga amakuru ku bwonko.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /> Lidocaine yavumbuwe mu 1946 itangira kugurishwa mu 1948.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scriabine|first=Alexander|year=1999|chapter=Discovery and development of major drugs currently in use|title=Pharmaceutical Innovation: Revolutionizing Human Health|editor-last=Ralph Landau|editor-last2=Basil Achilladelis|editor-last3=Alexander Scriabine|publisher=Chemical Heritage Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780941901215|page=211|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IH4lPs6S1bMC&pg=PA211|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908150741/https://books.google.com/books?id=IH4lPs6S1bMC&pg=PA211|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=22}}</ref> Igiciro cyo kugurisha ku bucuruzi mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere mu 2014 cyari hagati {{US$|0.45}} na 1.05 kuri buri gacupa ka mililitiro 20 k'umuti.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lidocaine HCL|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=473&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=27 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052758/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=473&searchYear=2014|archive-date=9 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Igurishwa munsi y'amazina menshi arimo '''Xylocaine'''.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 208 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni ebyiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lidocaine - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lidocaine|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708061712/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lidocaine|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 2fxax0cn9cztnhgswzck14ofiz9z2mr 141238 141237 2026-10-10T18:22:54Z Stevenndori289 10902 Lidocaine 141238 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Lidocaine hci.jpg|thumb|Lidocaine]] '''Lidocaine''', izwi kandi nka '''lignocaine''', ni umuti ukoreshwa mu gutiza ibinure mu gace runaka (anesthesia yo mu gace).<ref name="AHFS2015L">{{Cite web|title=Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Local)|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-local.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 26, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906023837/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-local.html|archive-date=2015-09-06}}</ref> Ikoreshwa kandi mu kuvura tachycardia y'imitsi no mu gukora imitsi ifungana.<ref name="AHFS2015A">{{Cite web|title=Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Antiarrhythmic)|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-antiarrhythmic.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 26, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810232359/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-antiarrhythmic.html|archive-date=2015-08-10}}</ref><ref name="AHFS2015L" /> Hari umuti witwa Lidocaine uvanze n'umuti muto wa adrenaline (epinephrine) uboneka kugira ngo ufashe abantu kugira ibinya, ugabanye kuva amaraso, kandi utume ingaruka zo kugira ibinya zimara igihe kirekire.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /> Iyo ikoreshejwe nk'umuti uterwa n'urushinge, lidocaine itangira gukora mu minota ine ikamara igice cy'isaha kugeza ku masaha atatu.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /><ref name="Wh1997">{{Cite book|last=J. P. Nolan|last2=P. J. F. Baskett|year=1997|chapter=Analgesia and anaesthesia|editor-last=David Skinner|editor-last2=Andrew Swain|editor-last3=Rodney Peyton|editor-last4=Colin Robertson|others=Project co-ordinator, Fiona Whinster|title=Cambridge Textbook of Accident and Emergency Medicine|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=9780521433792|page=194|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0bNaDhkaukC&pg=PA194|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908150741/https://books.google.com/books?id=m0bNaDhkaukC&pg=PA194|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Uruvange rwa Lidocaine rushobora kandi gushyirwa ku ruhu cyangwa mu ruhu kugira ngo rushire ububabare muri ako gace.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara mu gukoresha imiti igabanya ububabare harimo gusinzira, kunyaragura imitsi, urujijo, impinduka mu byo umuntu abona, kugira ibinya, kuribwa mu nda no kuruka.<ref name="AHFS2015A" /> Bishobora gutera umuvuduko w'amaraso muke ndetse n'umuvuduko w'umutima utera mu buryo budasanzwe.<ref name="AHFS2015A" /> Hari impungenge ko kuyitera mu ngingo bishobora guteza ibibazo kuri karitsiye.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /> Muri rusange bisa nkaho ari byiza gukoreshwa mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]].<ref name="AHFS2015A" /> Ku bafite ibibazo by'umwijima, dose nke ishobora kuba ikenewe.<ref name="AHFS2015A" /> Muri rusange ni byiza kuyikoresha ku bantu bafite ubwivumbure kuri tetracaine cyangwa benzocaine.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /> Lidocaine ni umuti urwanya arrhythmia yo mu bwoko bwa Ib.<ref name="AHFS2015A" /> Ibi bivuze ko bikora binyuze mu kuziba imiyoboro ya sodium bityo bigabanura umuvuduko wo kugabanuka k'umutima.<ref name="AHFS2015A" /> Iyo ikoreshejwe mu gace runaka nk'ikintu gitera indwara, ubwonko bwo mu gace ntibushobora gutanga amakuru ku bwonko.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /> Lidocaine yavumbuwe mu 1946 itangira kugurishwa mu 1948.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scriabine|first=Alexander|year=1999|chapter=Discovery and development of major drugs currently in use|title=Pharmaceutical Innovation: Revolutionizing Human Health|editor-last=Ralph Landau|editor-last2=Basil Achilladelis|editor-last3=Alexander Scriabine|publisher=Chemical Heritage Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780941901215|page=211|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IH4lPs6S1bMC&pg=PA211|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908150741/https://books.google.com/books?id=IH4lPs6S1bMC&pg=PA211|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=22}}</ref> Igiciro cyo kugurisha ku bucuruzi mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere mu 2014 cyari hagati {{US$|0.45}} na 1.05 kuri buri gacupa ka mililitiro 20 k'umuti.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lidocaine HCL|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=473&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=27 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052758/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=473&searchYear=2014|archive-date=9 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Igurishwa munsi y'amazina menshi arimo '''Xylocaine'''.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 208 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni ebyiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lidocaine - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lidocaine|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708061712/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lidocaine|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 4jk8qia66d4h5frher5q2smz0hilygq 0 23375 141239 2026-10-10T18:27:45Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456885|Tizanidine]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141239 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tizanidine''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Zanaflex''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura imitsi idakora neza bitewe n'imvune y'umugongo cyangwa multiple sclerosis.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=1094|edition=76}}</ref> Kugira ingaruka ku mikorere bisa nka baclofen cyangwa diazepam.<ref name="Kam2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kamen L, Henney HR, Runyan JD|title=A practical overview of tizanidine use for spasticity secondary to multiple sclerosis, stroke, and spinal cord injury|journal=Current Medical Research and Opinion|volume=24|issue=2|pages=425–39|date=February 2008|pmid=18167175|doi=10.1185/030079908X261113}}</ref> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Tizanidine Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tizanidine-hydrochloride.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=16 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616144628/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tizanidine-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kuma mu kanwa, gusinzira, gucika intege, no kuzerera.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo umuvuduko muke w'amaraso, ibibazo by'umwijima, indwara yo mu mutwe, no kwangirika k'umuvuduko wa QT.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ntabwo birasobanuka neza niba gukoresha imiti mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] no konsa ari nta kibazo.<ref name="Preg2019">{{Cite web|title=Tizanidine Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tizanidine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203143238/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tizanidine.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ni agonisti ya α2-adrenergic kandi uburyo ikora ntibusobanutse neza.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Tizanidine yemerewe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1996.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="BNF76" /> Ku kwezi mu Bwongereza bitwara NHS amafaranga agera kuri 3.45 £ mu 2019.<ref name="BNF76" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi amadolari y'Amerika 4.20.<ref name="NADAC2019">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 89 watanzwe cyane muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni icyenda.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Tizanidine - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Tizanidine|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071440/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Tizanidine|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] gx46wxiwhs4apdsgx68jezjag93ankg 141240 141239 2026-10-10T18:29:00Z Stevenndori289 10902 Tizanidine 141240 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Tizanidine-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png|thumb|Tizanidine]] '''Tizanidine''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Zanaflex''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura imitsi idakora neza bitewe n'imvune y'umugongo cyangwa multiple sclerosis.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=1094|edition=76}}</ref> Kugira ingaruka ku mikorere bisa nka baclofen cyangwa diazepam.<ref name="Kam2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kamen L, Henney HR, Runyan JD|title=A practical overview of tizanidine use for spasticity secondary to multiple sclerosis, stroke, and spinal cord injury|journal=Current Medical Research and Opinion|volume=24|issue=2|pages=425–39|date=February 2008|pmid=18167175|doi=10.1185/030079908X261113}}</ref> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Tizanidine Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tizanidine-hydrochloride.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=16 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616144628/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tizanidine-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kuma mu kanwa, gusinzira, gucika intege, no kuzerera.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo umuvuduko muke w'amaraso, ibibazo by'umwijima, indwara yo mu mutwe, no kwangirika k'umuvuduko wa QT.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ntabwo birasobanuka neza niba gukoresha imiti mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] no konsa ari nta kibazo.<ref name="Preg2019">{{Cite web|title=Tizanidine Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tizanidine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203143238/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tizanidine.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ni agonisti ya α2-adrenergic kandi uburyo ikora ntibusobanutse neza.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Tizanidine yemerewe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1996.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="BNF76" /> Ku kwezi mu Bwongereza bitwara NHS amafaranga agera kuri 3.45 £ mu 2019.<ref name="BNF76" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi amadolari y'Amerika 4.20.<ref name="NADAC2019">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 89 watanzwe cyane muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni icyenda.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Tizanidine - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Tizanidine|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071440/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Tizanidine|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] osp6mglrb6zlv17cqarce0iqcbu9s3j 0 23376 141242 2026-10-10T18:32:25Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458618|Dexamethasone]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141242 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dexamethasone''' ni ubwoko bw'umuti wa corticosteroid.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web|title=Dexamethasone|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/dexamethasone.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831175940/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/dexamethasone.html|archive-date=31 August 2017}}</ref> Ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara nyinshi, harimo ibibazo bya rubagimpande, indwara nyinshi z'uruhu, ubwivumbure bukomeye, asima, [[Indwara y'ibihaha idakira|indwara idakira y'ibihaha]], [[croup]], kubyimba ubwonko, ububabare bw'amaso nyuma yo kubagwa amaso, ndetse n'imiti yica udukoko mu [[Igitunu|gituntu]].<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Mu gihe imikorere y’uturemangingo tw’inkondo y’umura idafite ubushobozi bwo gukora neza, igomba gukoreshwa hamwe n’umuti ufite ingaruka nyinshi za mineralocorticoid nka fludrocortisone.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Mu gihe cyo kubyara mbere y'igihe, ishobora gukoreshwa mu kunoza umusaruro w'umwana.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ishobora gufatwa mu kanwa, nk'urushinge mu mitsi, cyangwa ikayiterwa mu mitsi.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ingaruka za dexamethasone zikunze kugaragara mu munsi umwe kandi zimara iminsi itatu.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Kuyikoresha igihe kirekire bishobora gutera indwara y'imitsi, gutakaza amagufwa, indwara ya kataract, gukomereka byoroshye, cyangwa intege nke z'imitsi.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Yakunze gukoreshwa mu kanwa mu gihe cyo gutwita kandi ntibyagaragaye ko itera ibibazo umwana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|quote=Drugs which have been taken by a large number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age without any proven increase in the frequency of malformations or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the fetus having been observed.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> Ntibikwiye gufatwa mu gihe cyo konsa.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Dexamethasone ifite ingaruka zo kurwanya ububyimbirwe no gukumira ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Dexamethasone yakozwe bwa mbere mu 1957, yemererwa gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu 1961.<ref name="RankovicHargreaves2012">{{Cite book|last=Rankovic|first=Zoran|last2=Hargreaves|first2=Richard|last3=Bingham|first3=Matilda|title=Drug discovery and medicinal chemistry for psychiatric disorders|date=2012|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781849733656|page=286|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4Mq3Lm1R7kC&pg=PA286|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022353/https://books.google.ca/books?id=J4Mq3Lm1R7kC&pg=PA286|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=485|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA485|access-date=17 June 2020|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801024348/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA485|url-status=live}}</ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dexamethasone ntabwo ihenze.<ref name="WHODex" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, imiti y'ukwezi igura munsi y'amadolari 25 y'Amerika.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Mu Buhinde, uburyo bwo kuvura abana bavutse mbere y'igihe butwara hafi amadolari y'Amerika 0.5.<ref name="WHODex" /> Iraboneka mu bice byinshi by'isi.<ref name="WHODex">{{Cite web|title=DEXAMETHASONE FOR ACCELERATING LUNG MATURATION IN PRETERM BABIES|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/19/applications/Dexamethasone_29_C_NI.pdf|access-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111212/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/19/applications/Dexamethasone_29_C_NI.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 321 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni imwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dexamethasone - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Dexamethasone|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412042228/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Dexamethasone|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] irtvaigm5tm6opw2dtyt1vxxbwn2o8q 141243 141242 2026-10-10T18:33:49Z Stevenndori289 10902 Deksamethasoni 141243 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dexamethasone''' ni ubwoko bw'umuti wa corticosteroid.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web|title=Dexamethasone|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/dexamethasone.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831175940/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/dexamethasone.html|archive-date=31 August 2017}}</ref> Ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara nyinshi, harimo ibibazo bya rubagimpande, indwara nyinshi z'uruhu, ubwivumbure bukomeye, asima, [[Indwara y'ibihaha idakira|indwara idakira y'ibihaha]], [[croup]], kubyimba ubwonko, ububabare bw'amaso nyuma yo kubagwa amaso, ndetse n'imiti yica udukoko mu [[Igitunu|gituntu]].<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Mu gihe imikorere y’uturemangingo tw’inkondo y’umura idafite ubushobozi bwo gukora neza, igomba gukoreshwa hamwe n’umuti ufite ingaruka nyinshi za mineralocorticoid nka fludrocortisone.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Mu gihe cyo kubyara mbere y'igihe, ishobora gukoreshwa mu kunoza umusaruro w'umwana.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ishobora gufatwa mu kanwa, nk'urushinge mu mitsi, cyangwa ikayiterwa mu mitsi.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ingaruka za dexamethasone zikunze kugaragara mu munsi umwe kandi zimara iminsi itatu.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Kuyikoresha igihe kirekire bishobora gutera indwara y'imitsi, gutakaza amagufwa, indwara ya kataract, gukomereka byoroshye, cyangwa intege nke z'imitsi.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Yakunze gukoreshwa mu kanwa mu gihe cyo gutwita kandi ntibyagaragaye ko itera ibibazo umwana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|quote=Drugs which have been taken by a large number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age without any proven increase in the frequency of malformations or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the fetus having been observed.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> Ntibikwiye gufatwa mu gihe cyo konsa.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Dexamethasone ifite ingaruka zo kurwanya ububyimbirwe no gukumira ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Dexamethasone yakozwe bwa mbere mu 1957, yemererwa gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu 1961.<ref name="RankovicHargreaves2012">{{Cite book|last=Rankovic|first=Zoran|last2=Hargreaves|first2=Richard|last3=Bingham|first3=Matilda|title=Drug discovery and medicinal chemistry for psychiatric disorders|date=2012|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781849733656|page=286|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4Mq3Lm1R7kC&pg=PA286|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022353/https://books.google.ca/books?id=J4Mq3Lm1R7kC&pg=PA286|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=485|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA485|access-date=17 June 2020|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801024348/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA485|url-status=live}}</ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dexamethasone ntabwo ihenze.<ref name="WHODex" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, imiti y'ukwezi igura munsi y'amadolari 25 y'Amerika.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Mu Buhinde, uburyo bwo kuvura abana bavutse mbere y'igihe butwara hafi amadolari y'Amerika 0.5.<ref name="WHODex" /> Iraboneka mu bice byinshi by'isi.<ref name="WHODex">{{Cite web|title=DEXAMETHASONE FOR ACCELERATING LUNG MATURATION IN PRETERM BABIES|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/19/applications/Dexamethasone_29_C_NI.pdf|access-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111212/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/19/applications/Dexamethasone_29_C_NI.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 321 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni imwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dexamethasone - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Dexamethasone|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412042228/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Dexamethasone|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] r5yy5jvls3q4bzn8jmhtd9iiwmowfkz 0 23377 141244 2026-10-10T18:35:18Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501381|Costochondritis]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Costochondritis|synonym=Costosternal syndrome,<ref name=AFP2009/> anterior chest wall syndrome,<ref name=AFP2009/> costosternal chondrodynia,<ref name="Mayo">{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/costochondritis/DS00626 |title=Costochondritis Definition |author=Mayo Clinic Staff |year=2012 |website= |publisher=Mayo Clinic |access-date=26 December 2012 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102063234/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/costochondritis/DS00626 |url-status=live }}</ref> parasternal chondrodynia<ref name=AFP2009/>|image=Gray390.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=The costal cartilages|pronounce=|field=[[Emergency medicine]]|symptoms=[[Pain]] and tenderness at the [[costal cartilage]]<ref name=Sto2010/>|complications=|onset=|duration=Weeks to months<ref name=AFP2009/>|types=|causes=|risks=Repetitive physical activities, preceding cough<ref name=Sto2010/><ref name=AFP2009/>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms after ruling out other causes<ref name=AFP2013/><ref name=Stat2020/>|differential=[[Myocardial infarction|Heart attack]], [[angina]], [[heartburn]], [[pneumonia]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[shingles]], [[Tietze syndrome|Tietze's syndrome]]<ref name=AFP2013/><ref name=AFP2009/>|prevention=|treatment=[[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAIDs]], ice and heat, [[physiotherapy]]<ref name=Stat2020/><ref name=AFP2009/>|medication=|prognosis=Good<ref name=Stat2020/>|frequency=~25% of chest pain<ref name=AFP2009/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Costochondritis''' ni ububabare bwo mu gituza ku rukuta rw'ikiziba <ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Schumann|first=JA|last2=Sood|first2=T|last3=Parente|first3=JJ|title=Costochondritis|date=January 2020|pmid=30422526|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Ububabare muri rusange buboneka aho umuntu ari kandi bushobora kongera kugaruka binyuze mu gusunika aho hantu.<ref name="AFP2013">{{Cite journal|last=McConaghy|first=JR|last2=Oza|first2=RS|title=Outpatient diagnosis of acute chest pain in adults.|journal=American family physician|date=1 February 2013|volume=87|issue=3|pages=177-82|pmid=23418761}}</ref> Uduce twinshi tw’agatsi dushobora kuba turimo.<ref name="AFP2009">{{Cite journal|year=2009|last=Proulx|first=AM|last2=Zryd|first2=TW|journal=American Family Physician|volume=80|issue=6|pages=617–620|pmid=19817327|title=Costochondritis: diagnosis and treatment}}</ref> Ububabare bushobora kwiyongera bitewe n'ingendo zimwe na zimwe no guhumeka cyane.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ububabare bushobora kuba bukabije cyangwa butoroshye.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ubusanzwe indwara ya Costochondritis irashira uko igihe kigenda, nubwo ishobora kongera kugaruka.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri isubiramo cyangwa inkorora ibanje.<ref name="Sto2010">{{Cite journal|year=2010|last=Stochkendahl|first=MJ|last2=Christensen|first2=HW|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=94|issue=2|pages=259–273|pmid=20380955|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2010.01.007|title=Chest pain in focal musculoskeletal disorders}}</ref><ref name="AFP2009" /> Gusuzuma indwara bikubiyemo gukuraho izindi ndwara zishobora kugaragara nk'izo zirimo: [[indwara y'umutima]], angina, kuribwa mu gifu, umusonga, na embolism y'ibihaha.<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref name="AFP2013" /> Ibimenyetso by'ingenzi muri rusange ni ibisanzwe.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Bikekwa ko uburyo bw'ibanze bwo kubyimba buterwa no kubyimba.<ref name="AFP2009" /> Iyo habayeho kubyimba, iyo ndwara yitwa Tietze's syndrome, ijambo rishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bumwe ariko rigafatwa nk'indwara itandukanye.<ref name="AFP2009" /><ref name="Jin2011">{{Cite journal|pmid=21541647|year=2011|last=Jindal|first=A|last2=Singhi|first2=S|title=Acute chest pain.|volume=78|issue=10|pages=1262–1267|journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics|doi=10.1007/s12098-011-0413-1}}</ref> Kubabara mu gituza bifatwa nk'ikibazo cyihutirwa cy'ubuvuzi kugeza igihe indwara zishobora guteza akaga zizaba zitakiriho.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Kuvura costochondritis bishobora kuba birimo kuruhuka, barafu n'ubushyuhe, [[Paracetamol|parasetamol]] (acetaminophen), n'imiti igabanya ubushyuhe itari steroide (NSAIDs).<ref name="AFP2009" /> Ibibazo bidakira bishobora gukemurwa hakoreshejwe physiotherapy <ref name="Stat2020" /> cyangwa inshinge za steroid zo mu gace runaka.<ref name="AFP2009" /> Costochondritis igaragara hagati ya 13 na 36% by'abantu bababara mu gatuza.<ref name="AFP2013" /><ref name="AFP2009" /> Abana n'abantu bakuru bashobora kugerwaho n'ingaruka.<ref name="AFP2009" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 1qeg95sgosx68zjtcbaakbj3evwbszy 141245 141244 2026-10-10T18:36:48Z Stevenndori289 10902 Indwara ya Costochondritis 141245 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Gray390.png|thumb|Indwara ya Costochondritis]] '''Costochondritis''' ni ububabare bwo mu gituza ku rukuta rw'ikiziba <ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Schumann|first=JA|last2=Sood|first2=T|last3=Parente|first3=JJ|title=Costochondritis|date=January 2020|pmid=30422526|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Ububabare muri rusange buboneka aho umuntu ari kandi bushobora kongera kugaruka binyuze mu gusunika aho hantu.<ref name="AFP2013">{{Cite journal|last=McConaghy|first=JR|last2=Oza|first2=RS|title=Outpatient diagnosis of acute chest pain in adults.|journal=American family physician|date=1 February 2013|volume=87|issue=3|pages=177-82|pmid=23418761}}</ref> Uduce twinshi tw’agatsi dushobora kuba turimo.<ref name="AFP2009">{{Cite journal|year=2009|last=Proulx|first=AM|last2=Zryd|first2=TW|journal=American Family Physician|volume=80|issue=6|pages=617–620|pmid=19817327|title=Costochondritis: diagnosis and treatment}}</ref> Ububabare bushobora kwiyongera bitewe n'ingendo zimwe na zimwe no guhumeka cyane.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ububabare bushobora kuba bukabije cyangwa butoroshye.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ubusanzwe indwara ya Costochondritis irashira uko igihe kigenda, nubwo ishobora kongera kugaruka.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri isubiramo cyangwa inkorora ibanje.<ref name="Sto2010">{{Cite journal|year=2010|last=Stochkendahl|first=MJ|last2=Christensen|first2=HW|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=94|issue=2|pages=259–273|pmid=20380955|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2010.01.007|title=Chest pain in focal musculoskeletal disorders}}</ref><ref name="AFP2009" /> Gusuzuma indwara bikubiyemo gukuraho izindi ndwara zishobora kugaragara nk'izo zirimo: [[indwara y'umutima]], angina, kuribwa mu gifu, umusonga, na embolism y'ibihaha.<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref name="AFP2013" /> Ibimenyetso by'ingenzi muri rusange ni ibisanzwe.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Bikekwa ko uburyo bw'ibanze bwo kubyimba buterwa no kubyimba.<ref name="AFP2009" /> Iyo habayeho kubyimba, iyo ndwara yitwa Tietze's syndrome, ijambo rishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bumwe ariko rigafatwa nk'indwara itandukanye.<ref name="AFP2009" /><ref name="Jin2011">{{Cite journal|pmid=21541647|year=2011|last=Jindal|first=A|last2=Singhi|first2=S|title=Acute chest pain.|volume=78|issue=10|pages=1262–1267|journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics|doi=10.1007/s12098-011-0413-1}}</ref> Kubabara mu gituza bifatwa nk'ikibazo cyihutirwa cy'ubuvuzi kugeza igihe indwara zishobora guteza akaga zizaba zitakiriho.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Kuvura costochondritis bishobora kuba birimo kuruhuka, barafu n'ubushyuhe, [[Paracetamol|parasetamol]] (acetaminophen), n'imiti igabanya ubushyuhe itari steroide (NSAIDs).<ref name="AFP2009" /> Ibibazo bidakira bishobora gukemurwa hakoreshejwe physiotherapy <ref name="Stat2020" /> cyangwa inshinge za steroid zo mu gace runaka.<ref name="AFP2009" /> Costochondritis igaragara hagati ya 13 na 36% by'abantu bababara mu gatuza.<ref name="AFP2013" /><ref name="AFP2009" /> Abana n'abantu bakuru bashobora kugerwaho n'ingaruka.<ref name="AFP2009" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] qvwkw7yrk3zx8tzes1khahseimve6q0 0 23378 141247 2026-10-10T21:23:30Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Opération Koundjoaré (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 141247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Opération Koundjoaré | image = [[File:Savanes in Togo (2016).svg|200px]] | caption = Intara ya Savanes (umutuku) muri Togo | label1 = Ubwoko | data1 = Igikorwa cya gisirikare cyo kurwanya [[iterabwoba]] | label2 = Itariki | data2 = Kuva ku wa 11 Nzeri 2018 | label3 = Aho kibera | data3 = Intara ya Savanes, [[Togo]] | label4 = Abakigiramo uruhare | data4 = Ingabo za Togo, jandarumori na polisi | label5 = Icyicaro | data5 = Dapaong | label6 = Uko bimeze | data6 = Kirakomeje }} '''Opération Koundjoaré''' ni igikorwa cya gisirikare cyatangijwe na [[Togo]] ku wa 11 Nzeri 2018 mu Ntara ya Savanes, mu majyaruguru y'igihugu. Kiyoborwa n'Ingabo za Togo (FAT), kikaba ari cyo gikorwa nyamukuru igihugu cyashyizeho cyo kurwanya imitwe yitwaje intwaro y'aba[[jihadi]] ituruka muri Sahel. Kigamije kurinda ubusugire bw'amajyaruguru y'igihugu, kurinda abaturage n'ibyabo, no gukumira imitwe yitwaje intwaro yinjira iturutse ku mipaka ya [[Burukina Faso]] na [[Bene]]. == Amateka == === Ishingwa === Igikorwa cyashyizweho mu gihe umutekano wakomezaga kuzamba muri Sahel, kandi imitwe y'iterabwoba yakwirakwiraga yerekeza mu bihugu byo ku nkombe za Afurika y'Iburengerazuba.<ref name="L">{{Cite web |title=Le bouclier du Togo face au terrorisme |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/politique/le-bouclier-du-togo-face-au-terrorisme |website=République togolaise |date=2025-01-14 |language=fr}}</ref> Ku wa 8 Gashyantare 2021, Perezida Faure Gnassingbé yasuye ingabo zoherejwe i Namoundjoga, muri perefegitura ya Kpendjal-Ouest, maze yizeza ko ubushobozi bwazo buzongerwa.<ref name="V21">{{Cite web |title=Le Chef de l'État renouvelle sa confiance aux forces de l'opération Koundjoaré dans les Savanes |url=https://archive.presidence.gouv.tg/2021/02/09/le-chef-de-letat-renouvelle-sa-confiance-aux-forces-de-loperation-koundjoare-dans-les-savanes/ |website=Présidence de la République togolaise |date=2021-02-09 |language=fr}}</ref> === Ibitero byo mu 2021 no mu 2022 === Mu ijoro ryo ku wa 9 rishyira ku wa 10 Ugushyingo 2021, abantu bitwaje intwaro bateye ibirindiro by'ingabo i Sanloaga, muri perefegitura ya Kpendjal; nta mibare y'abahaguye yatangajwe, maze hoherezwa ingabo z'inyongera.<ref name="S">{{Cite web |title=Péril terroriste : l'opération Koundjoaré dans les Savanes éprouvée dans la nuit du 9 au 10 novembre « par des bandits » |url=http://news.alome.com/h/137187.html |website=aLome.com |date=November 2021 |language=fr}}</ref> Mu ijoro ryo ku wa 10 rishyira ku wa 11 Gicurasi 2022, ibirindiro by'imbere bya Kpinkankandi (Kpendjal) byagabweho igitero n'abantu bitwaje intwaro nyinshi. Leta yatangaje ko abasirikare n'abashinzwe umutekano 8 bapfuye, abandi 13 bagakomereka.<ref name="A22">{{Cite web |title=Togo : le premier bilan de l'attaque terroriste meurtrière dans le Nord |url=https://www.togofirst.com/fr/securite/1105-9932-togo-le-premier-bilan-de-lattaque-terroriste-meurtriere-dans-le-nord |website=Togo First |date=2022-05-11 |language=fr}}</ref> == Imiterere n'inshingano == Iteka rihuriweho n'abaminisitiri No 22-00.298 ryo ku wa 25 Nyakanga 2022 rigena amategeko agenga igikorwa, inshingano zacyo, imiterere yacyo n'uburyo gitererwa inkunga. Igikorwa kiri munsi y'ubuyobozi bw'Umugaba Mukuru w'Ingabo za Togo, kandi icyicaro cyacyo kiri i Dapaong. Gihuza imitwe y'ingabo, jandarumori na polisi munsi y'ubuyobozi bumwe.<ref name="AR">{{Cite web |title=Arrêté interministériel relatif à l'opération Koundjoaré |url=https://defense.gouv.tg/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Arrete-interministeriel-Koundjoare.pdf |website=Ministère de la Défense nationale du Togo |date=2022-07-25 |language=fr |format=PDF |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260718194355/https://defense.gouv.tg/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Arrete-interministeriel-Koundjoare.pdf |archive-date=2026-07-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Inshingano zacyo nyamukuru ni: * kurinda ubusugire bw'amajyaruguru ya Togo no kugenzura imipaka; * gukumira imitwe yitwaje intwaro; * kurinda abaturage, imidugudu, ibikorwa remezo n'imihanda; * guhuza ibikorwa by'inzego z'umutekano mu Ntara ya Savanes.<ref name="AR"/><ref name="L">{{Cite web |title=Le bouclier du Togo face au terrorisme |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/politique/le-bouclier-du-togo-face-au-terrorisme |website=République togolaise |date=2025-01-14 |language=fr}}</ref> == Ubuyobozi == * Kanama 2022: Lieutenant-colonel Latièmbé Kombate, wari uyoboye umutwe w'abaparakomando.<ref name="C22">{{Cite web |title=Nouveau chef à la tête de l'opération Koundjoaré |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/politique/nouveau-chef-a-la-tete-de-l-operation-koundjoare |website=République togolaise |date=2022-08-04 |language=fr}}</ref> * Mutarama 2023: Jenerali wa burigade Kassawa Kolemagah.<ref name="C23">{{Cite web |title=Terrorisme : le général Kolemagah Kassawa au commandement de l'opération Koundjoaré |url=https://www.first-newsmedia.com/terrorisme-le-general-kolemagah-kassawa-au-commandement-de-loperation-koundjoare/ |website=First-News Media |date=2023-01-20 |language=fr}}</ref> * Ukwakira 2023: Kolemagah agizwe Umugenzuzi Mukuru w'Ingabo, Koloneli Latièmbé Kombate yongera kuyobora igikorwa.<ref name="R23">{{Cite web |title=Au Togo, Faure Gnassingbé remanie le commandement de l'armée |url=https://24heureinfo.com/politique/au-togo-faure-gnassingbe-remanie-le-commandement-de-larmee/ |website=24 Heures Info |date=2023-10-28 |language=fr}}</ref> Muri Gicurasi 2026 ni we wari ukiyoboye.<ref name="V26">{{Cite web |title=Opération Koundjoaré : le Président du Conseil aux côtés des troupes engagées |url=https://www.republiquetogolaise.tg/securite/1205-11888-operation-koundjoare-le-president-du-conseil-aux-cotes-des-troupes-engagees |website=République togolaise |date=2026-05-12 |language=fr}}</ref> == Uruzinduko rwo mu 2026 == Ku wa 7 Gicurasi 2026, Faure Gnassingbé, wabaye Perezida w'Inama y'Abaminisitiri (''Président du Conseil''), yasuye aho igikorwa kibera: yakiriwe ku cyicaro gikuru cy'ibikorwa, hanyuma ajya ku birindiro by'imbere bya Tchamonga, ku mupaka w'iburasirazuba.<ref name="V26"/> == Guha icyubahiro abasirikare == Ku wa 13 Mutarama 2025, i Lomé habereye umuhango wo guha icyubahiro abasirikare baguye muri iki gikorwa: bambitswe nyuma y'urupfu umudari wa ''Ordre du Mono'', naho abakomeretse n'abagaragaje ubutwari bahabwa ''Croix de la vaillance''.<ref name="H25">{{Cite web |title=La Nation rend hommage aux victimes de l'opération Koundjoaré |url=https://archive.presidence.gouv.tg/2025/01/14/la-nation-rend-hommage-aux-victimes-de-loperation-koundjoare/ |website=Présidence de la République togolaise |date=2025-01-14 |language=fr}}</ref> Ku wa 24 Mutarama 2026, undi muhango wabereye i Kara wibuka abaguye mu 2025; imiryango yabo yahawe imidari n'amabendera y'igihugu.<ref name="H26">{{Cite web |title=Hommage de la Nation aux héros de l'opération Koundjoaré : le Président du Conseil décore les victimes |url=https://presidenceduconseil.gouv.tg/2026/01/25/hommage-de-la-nation-aux-heros-de-loperation-koundjoare-le-president-du-conseil-decore-les-victimes/ |website=Présidence du Conseil du Togo |date=2026-01-25 |language=fr}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Togo]] * [[Iterabwoba]] * [[Burukina Faso]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koundjoare}} [[Ikiciro:Togo]] [[Ikiciro:Iterabwoba]] [[Ikiciro:Amateka]] j36ol8raburqjxkbelhswrb6vhvpc7n 141248 141247 2026-10-10T21:41:49Z Score Beethoven 11559 Kugabanya ingingo: ibyingenzi gusa 141248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Opération Koundjoaré | image = [[File:Savanes in Togo (2016).svg|200px]] | caption = Intara ya Savanes (umutuku) muri Togo | label1 = Ubwoko | data1 = Igikorwa cya gisirikare cyo kurwanya [[iterabwoba]] | label2 = Itariki | data2 = Kuva ku wa 11 Nzeri 2018 | label3 = Aho kibera | data3 = Intara ya Savanes, [[Togo]] | label4 = Uko bimeze | data4 = Kirakomeje }} '''Opération Koundjoaré''' ni igikorwa cya gisirikare cya [[Togo]] cyatangiye ku wa 11 Nzeri 2018 mu Ntara ya Savanes, mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, kugira ngo gihangane n'imitwe y'aba[[jihadi]] ituruka muri Sahel. Kiyoborwa n'Ingabo za Togo, kigamije kurinda ubusugire bw'igihugu n'abaturage ku mipaka ya [[Burukina Faso]] na [[Bene]]. == Amateka == Igikorwa cyashyizweho mu gihe umutekano wazambaga muri Sahel.<ref name="L">{{Cite web |title=Le bouclier du Togo face au terrorisme |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/politique/le-bouclier-du-togo-face-au-terrorisme |website=République togolaise |date=2025-01-14 |language=fr}}</ref> Igitero gikomeye cyabaye mu ijoro ryo ku wa 10 rishyira ku wa 11 Gicurasi 2022 i Kpinkankandi: abasirikare 8 barapfuye, abandi 13 barakomereka.<ref name="A22">{{Cite web |title=Togo : le premier bilan de l'attaque terroriste meurtrière dans le Nord |url=https://www.togofirst.com/fr/securite/1105-9932-togo-le-premier-bilan-de-lattaque-terroriste-meurtriere-dans-le-nord |website=Togo First |date=2022-05-11 |language=fr}}</ref> Muri Gicurasi 2026, igikorwa cyari kiyobowe na Koloneli Latièmbé Kombate.<ref name="V26">{{Cite web |title=Opération Koundjoaré : le Président du Conseil aux côtés des troupes engagées |url=https://www.republiquetogolaise.tg/securite/1205-11888-operation-koundjoare-le-president-du-conseil-aux-cotes-des-troupes-engagees |website=République togolaise |date=2026-05-12 |language=fr}}</ref> == Kwibuka == Mu Mutarama 2025, abasirikare baguye muri iki gikorwa bahawe icyubahiro i Lomé, bambikwa nyuma y'urupfu umudari wa ''Ordre du Mono''.<ref name="H25">{{Cite web |title=La Nation rend hommage aux victimes de l'opération Koundjoaré |url=https://archive.presidence.gouv.tg/2025/01/14/la-nation-rend-hommage-aux-victimes-de-loperation-koundjoare/ |website=Présidence de la République togolaise |date=2025-01-14 |language=fr}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == * [[Togo]] * [[Iterabwoba]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koundjoare}} [[Ikiciro:Togo]] [[Ikiciro:Iterabwoba]] [[Ikiciro:Amateka]] i6sz7fq2tmsyjijq6nw5op2y9tnm3dp 0 23379 141251 2026-10-10T22:16:40Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Tharcisse Sinzi (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 141251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Tharcisse Sinzi | birth_place = [[Butare]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] | nationality = Umunyarwanda | other_names = Maître Sinzi | occupation = Umwarimu wa karate, umwanditsi, wahoze ari umukozi wa laboratwari | known_for = Kuyobora irwanaho ry'Abatutsi i Songa muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] | notable_works = ''Combattre. Récit d'un résistant face au génocide des Tutsi'' (2025) }} '''Tharcisse Sinzi''' ni Umunyarwanda warokotse [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], umwarimu wa karate akaba n'umwanditsi. Azwiho kuba yarayoboye irwanaho ry'itsinda ry'Abatutsi ku musozi wa Songa, mu karere ka [[Butare]], muri Mata 1994, no ku buhamya bwe bwasohotse mu gitabo ''Combattre'' yanditse afatanyije n'umunyamakuru w'Umufaransa Thomas Zribi. == Ubuzima == Tharcisse Sinzi yavukiye mu muryango w'Abatutsi mu majyepfo y'[[Rwanda]], mu karere ka [[Butare]], mu gihe Abatutsi bakorerwaga ivangura.<ref name="LeMonde">{{Cite news |last=Rousset |first=Marion |title=Tharcisse Sinzi, survivant du génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda : « Vivre ou mourir, mais debout » |work=Le Monde |date=2025-05-03 |issn=0395-2037 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="RCF">{{Cite web |title=Tharcisse Sinzi : de la ségrégation à la résistance face au génocide des Tutsis |url=https://www.rcf.fr/articles/actualite/tharcisse-sinzy-de-la-segregation-a-la-resistance-face-au-genocide-des-tutsis |website=RCF |date=2025-05-05 |language=fr}}</ref> Se yamwise izina « Sinzi », bisobanura ko atazi ahazaza h'abana b'Abatutsi muri icyo gihe.<ref name="LeMonde" /> Nubwo yahuye n'ivangura mu kwinjira mu mashuri yisumbuye, yakomeje amashuri, nyuma aza gukora nk'umukozi wa laboratwari mu Kigo cy'Ubushakashatsi mu by'Ubuhinzi (ISAR) i Songa, mu yahoze ari komini Rusatira.<ref name="Justice4">{{Cite web |title=Sinzi, the man who used martial arts to save lives in the Genocide |url=https://justice-survivors.com/2014/05/08/sinzi-the-man-who-used-martial-arts-to-save-lives-in-the-genocide/ |website=Justice4Survivors |date=2014-05-08 |language=en}}</ref> Mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1970 yatangiye gukina karate abitewe na mukuru we; yageze ku mukandara w'umukara n'amapeti yo hejuru (''dan''), aba umwe mu bazwi cyane muri uwo mukino mu Rwanda.<ref name="KTPress">{{Cite web |title=Sinzi Tharcisse the 'April Father' Used Karate to Save Over 100 Tutsi #Kwibuka23 |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2017/04/sinzi-tharcise-the-april-father-used-karate-to-save-over-100-tutsi-kwibuka23/ |website=KT Press |date=2017-04-12 |language=en}}</ref> == Irwanaho rya Songa == [[File:SongaGenocideMemorial04.jpg|thumb|[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Songa]] (2025)]] Jenoside itangiye muri Mata 1994, Sinzi yakoraga muri laboratwari ya ISAR Songa. Ku wa 13 Mata 1994, ubwo [[Interahamwe]] n'ingabo z'ubutegetsi bwariho zateraga Abatutsi bari bahungiye muri ako gace, yiyemeje gutegura irwanaho kugira ngo « badapfa batirwanaho ».<ref name="LeMonde" /><ref name="Justice4" /> Abaturage bo mu mudugudu we bamwiyungaho, bitwaje ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi, amabuye n'inkoni gusa. Yifashishije ubumenyi bwe muri karate, yashyize ku murongo irwanaho, akomeza ikinyabupfura n'icyizere cy'impunzi.<ref name="Justice4" /><ref name="KTPress" /> Itsinda ryahungiye ku musozi wa Songa, aho Abatutsi ibihumbi baturutse ku misozi ikikije bahuriye. Nk'uko inkuru zasohotse zibivuga, abantu bagera ku 3 400 bahurira i Songa bayobowe na we.<ref name="KTPress" /> Ibitero byari kenshi kandi bikaze cyane iyo abajandarume bazaga bitwaje imbunda na gerenade. Nubwo hapfuye benshi, iryo rwanaho ryatumye abantu barenga ijana barokoka.<ref name="KTPress" /><ref name="Gariwo">{{Cite web |title=Sinzi Tharcisse |url=https://en.gariwo.net/righteous/rwandan-genocide/sinzi-tharcisse-28842.html |website=Gariwo |language=en}}</ref> == Nyuma ya jenoside == Sinzi yarokotse jenoside, ariko benshi mu bagize umuryango we barishwe.<ref name="LeMonde" /> Yakomeje gukora muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]], ku cyicaro cya [[Huye]], nk'ushinzwe serivisi z'inyubako (''Director of Estates''), anakomeza kwigisha karate.<ref name="KTPress" /> Yatanze ubuhamya ahantu henshi: mu bihe byo [[Kwibuka]], mu nama z'amashyirahamwe y'abarokotse, no mu Burayi, harimo ku Nzu Ndangamateka ya Shoah (''Mémorial de la Shoah'') i [[Paris]] n'i Chambon-sur-Lignon mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]].<ref name="OF">{{Cite web |title=Tharcisse Sinzi face au génocide rwandais |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/TharcisseSinziFaceAuGenocideRwandaisOF8Mai2025.pdf |website=Ouest-France / France Génocide Tutsi |date=2025-05-08 |language=fr}}</ref> == Igitabo ''Combattre'' == Mu 2025, inzu y'ibitabo Tallandier yasohoye ''Combattre. Récit d'un résistant face au génocide des Tutsi'', yanditse afatanyije n'umunyamakuru akaba n'umuyobozi wa filime w'Umufaransa Thomas Zribi.<ref name="Tallandier">{{Cite web |title=Tharcisse SINZI |url=https://www.tallandier.com/auteur/tharcisse-sinzi/ |website=Tallandier |language=fr}}</ref> Kivuga urugendo rwe kuva mu bwana bwaranzwe n'ivangura, kugeza ku irwanaho ryo mu 1994 no kwiyubaka nyuma ya jenoside, ndetse n'uburyo bwo kubaho nyuma yo kubura abe batari bake atagize urwango.<ref name="LeMonde" /><ref name="OF" /> Icyo gitabo cyabaye intandaro y'ibiganiro mbwirwaruhame ku kwibuka Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, cyane cyane mu Bufaransa no mu [[Ububiligi]].<ref name="OF" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Songa]] * [[Zura Karuhimbi]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=Sinzi, the man who used martial arts to save lives in the Genocide |url=https://justice-survivors.com/2014/05/08/sinzi-the-man-who-used-martial-arts-to-save-lives-in-the-genocide/ |website=Justice4Survivors |date=2014-05-08 |language=en}} * {{Cite web |title=Sinzi Tharcisse |url=https://en.gariwo.net/righteous/rwandan-genocide/sinzi-tharcisse-28842.html |website=Gariwo |language=en}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |last1=Sinzi |first1=Tharcisse |last2=Zribi |first2=Thomas |title=Combattre. Récit d'un résistant face au génocide des Tutsi |location=Paris |publisher=Tallandier |year=2025 |pages=256 |isbn=979-10-210-6298-6 |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sinzi, Tharcisse}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] [[Ikiciro:Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]] feibkr9q5zrtfphc6o2dcv00pwky494 0 23380 141252 2026-10-10T22:43:57Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Roméo Dallaire (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 141252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Roméo Dallaire | image = Darfur-Rally 019.jpg | caption = Roméo Dallaire | birth_name = Roméo Antonius Dallaire | birth_date = 25 Kamena 1946 | birth_place = Denekamp, [[Ubuholandi]] | nationality = Umunyakanada | occupation = Umusirikare (''lieutenant-général''), umunyapolitiki, umwanditsi | known_for = Umuyobozi w'ingabo za [[MINUAR]] mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] | notable_works = ''Shake Hands with the Devil'' (2003) }} '''Roméo Antonius Dallaire''' (yavutse ku wa 25 Kamena 1946 i Denekamp, mu [[Ubuholandi]]) ni umusirikare w'Umunyakanada wageze ku ipeti rya ''lieutenant-général'', akaba n'umunyapolitiki n'umwanditsi. Azwi cyane kubera ko yari umuyobozi w'ingabo z'Umuryango w'Abibumbye zari mu butumwa bwa [[MINUAR]] mu [[Rwanda]] mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu 1994. Yagerageje gukangurira umuryango mpuzamahanga ibyaberaga mu Rwanda ariko ntiyumvwa. Ibyo yabonye yabyanditse mu gitabo ''Shake Hands with the Devil'' (''J'ai serré la main du diable''). == Ubuzima == Dallaire ni umuhungu wa Roméo Louis Dallaire, wari umusirikare wo mu ngabo za [[Kanada]], na Catherine Vermaessen, umuforomokazi w'Umuholandi. Yageze muri Kanada afite amezi atandatu, mu Ukuboza 1946, akurira i Montréal.<ref name="RC">{{Cite web |last=Lebeuf |first=Sophie-Hélène |title=Roméo Dallaire : Un général dans la tourmente rwandaise |url=http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/dossiers/tetes/dallaire/index.html |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr}}</ref> Yinjiye mu ngabo za Kanada mu 1964, abona impamyabumenyi mu bumenyi (''baccalauréat'') mu Ishuri rya Gisirikare rya Saint-Jean, aba umusirikare mukuru mu mutwe w'imbunda nini (''Artillerie royale canadienne'').<ref name="RMC">{{Cite web |title=7860 Lieutenant-général, l'honorable Roméo Antonius Dallaire, OC, CMM, GOQ, MSC, CD |url=https://www.rmc-cmr.ca/fr/cabinet-du-commandant/romeo-antonius-dallaire |website=Collège militaire royal du Canada |date=2017-08-17 |language=fr}}</ref> == Ubutumwa bwa MINUAR mu Rwanda == Mu Ukwakira 1993, Dallaire yoherejwe mu Rwanda nk'umuyobozi w'ingabo za [[MINUAR]], ubutumwa bw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye bwari bugamije gufasha igihugu gushyiraho guverinoma y'inzibacyuho ishingiye ku masezerano ya [[Umujyi wa Arusha|Arusha]].<ref name="RC" /> Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], indege ye imaze guhanurwa ku wa 6 Mata 1994, abahezanguni b'Abahutu bari ku butegetsi, bifashishije [[Interahamwe]] n'icengezamatwara rya radiyo RTLM, batangiye kwica Abatutsi n'Abahutu batavugaga rumwe na bo. Dallaire yari ayoboye ingabo nke zifite intwaro zoroheje, kandi yari yarategetswe kudakoresha ingufu keretse mu kwirwanaho. Abasirikare icumi b'[[Ububiligi|Ababiligi]] bari bashinzwe kurinda Minisitiri w'Intebe [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]] bishwe n'ingabo zirinda Perezida ([[Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi]]); nyuma yaho Ububiligi bwakuyeho ingabo zabwo, MINUAR iracika intege. Mu minsi ijana, abantu hafi 800 000 barishwe.<ref name="RC" /> Raporo y'impuguke z'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'Afurika (OUA) yashimye ibikorwa bya Dallaire.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Organisation de l'unité africaine |title=Rwanda : le génocide qu'on aurait pu stopper |year=2000 |language=fr}}</ref> Ariko yanenzwe na bamwe, barimo umunyamakuru Robin Philpot, ndetse no mu Bubiligi ku byerekeye urupfu rw'abasirikare b'Ababiligi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philpot |first=Robin |title=Le drame rwandais - Roméo Dallaire veut-il brouiller les pistes ? |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/non-classe/44183/le-drame-rwandais-romeo-dallaire-veut-il-brouiller-les-pistes |website=Le Devoir |language=fr}}</ref> == Nyuma y'u Rwanda == [[File:RoméoDallaire07TIFF.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Roméo Dallaire mu 2007]] Agarutse muri Kanada, yahawe imyanya ikomeye mu ngabo z'igihugu. Kuva yava mu Rwanda arwaye [[ihungabana]] (''trouble de stress post-traumatique''), ibyo byatumye ava mu ngabo ku wa 22 Mata 2000 kubera impamvu z'ubuzima.<ref name="RC" /><ref name="RMC" /> Mu 2003 yagize ati: « Abantu ibihumbi magana inani bapfuye mu mpeshyi ya 1994, kandi nta n'umwe wagize icyo akora. »<ref>{{Cite web |title=« 800 000 morts. Entendez-vous ? » - Les cauchemars d'un général |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/monde/42873/800-000-morts-entendez-vous-les-cauchemars-d-un-general |website=Le Devoir |date=2003-12-13 |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2003 yasohoye igitabo ''Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda'', cyamuhesheje igihembo cya Guverineri Mukuru wa Kanada mu 2004. Muri Mata 2004, yatanze ubuhamya imbere y'Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR) mu rubanza rwa Koloneli [[Théoneste Bagosora]]. Ku wa 25 Werurwe 2005, Minisitiri w'Intebe Paul Martin yamushyize muri Sena ya Kanada, aho yicaye nk'umunyamuryango w'ishyaka ry'Aba-Libéraux. Yavuye muri Sena ku wa 17 Kamena 2014, kugira ngo yite ku bikorwa birwanya ikoreshwa ry'abana mu ntambara, ku basirikare bakomeretse no ku kwibuka imyaka 20 ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Très sollicité, Roméo Dallaire quittera le Sénat |url=http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/Politique/2014/05/28/001-demission-senat-dallaire-romeo-retraite.shtml |website=Radio-Canada |date=2014-05-28 |language=fr}}</ref> == Ibihembo no mu buhanzi == Dallaire ni ''officier'' w'Iteka rya Kanada (''Ordre du Canada''), ''commandeur'' w'Iteka ry'Ubutwari bwa Gisirikare, na ''grand officier'' w'Iteka ry'Igihugu rya Québec.<ref name="RMC" /> Inkuru ye yakozwemo filime: ''[[Hotel Rwanda]]'' (2004), aho umukinnyi Nick Nolte akina umuntu ushingiye kuri we; filime mbarankuru ''Shake Hands with the Devil: The Journey of Roméo Dallaire'' (2004); na filime ''Shake Hands with the Devil'' (2007) yafatiwe i [[Kigali]], aho Roy Dupuis akina uruhare rwe. == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[MINUAR]] * [[Luc Marchal]] * [[Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi]] * [[Hôtel des Mille Collines]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=Roméo Dallaire : Un général dans la tourmente rwandaise |url=http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/dossiers/tetes/dallaire/index.html |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |title=Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |location=Toronto |publisher=Random House Canada |year=2003 |language=en}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dallaire, Romeo}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] [[Ikiciro:Kanada]] spa15192es2oeve012ec8g7drhkv710 0 23381 141254 2026-10-10T23:39:04Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Kaminuza Divina Gloria ya Butembo (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 141254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Kaminuza Divina Gloria ya Butembo | subheader = ''Université Divina Gloria de Butembo'' | label1 = Impine | data1 = UDGB | label2 = Yashinzwe | data2 = 2000 | label3 = Ubwoko | data3 = Kaminuza yigenga | label4 = Aho iherereye | data4 = Butembo, [[Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru|Kivu y’Amajyaruguru]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] | label5 = Ururimi rwigishwamo | data5 = [[Igifaransa]] }} '''Kaminuza Divina Gloria ya Butembo''' (mu [[Igifaransa]]: ''Université Divina Gloria de Butembo'', impine: '''UDGB''') ni ishuri rikuru na kaminuza byigenga biri i Butembo, mu [[Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru|ntara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru]], muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. Yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2000, kandi yemewe na Minisiteri y'amashuri makuru na kaminuza. == Amateka == UDGB yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2000, ikaba yemewe na Minisiteri y'amashuri makuru na kaminuza ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo.<ref name="unirank">{{Cite web |title=Université Divina Gloria UDGB {{!}} 2026 Rankings, Courses, Tuition & Admissions |url=https://www.unirank.org/cd/uni/universite-divina-gloria/ |website=uniRank |access-date=2026-10-10 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="whed">{{Cite web |title=Université Divina Gloria - WHED - IAU's World Higher Education Database |url=https://whed.net/institutions/IAU-019689 |website=whed.net |access-date=2026-10-10 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Université Divine Glory |url=https://fr.uni24k.com/u/3392/ |website=Uni24k |access-date=2026-10-10 |language=fr}}</ref> Iri mu mujyi wa Butembo, umwe mu mijyi ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru ufite kaminuza nyinshi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prise en charge de personne vivant avec le VIH/sida en ville de Butembo |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/12/5181/m_Prise-en-charge-de-personne-vivant-avec-le-VIHsida-en-ville-de-Butembo23.html |website=Memoire Online |access-date=2026-10-10 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Universities in Butembo (city) {{!}} 2026 University Ranking |url=https://www.unirank.org/cd/north-kivu/butembo/ |website=uniRank |access-date=2026-10-10 |language=en}}</ref> == Imiyoborere == UDGB iyoborwa n'umuyobozi mukuru (''recteur'') Mathieu Kirongozi Bometa, yungirijwe n'umuyobozi wungirije (''vice-recteur'') ushinzwe ubuyobozi, Kakule Mumbere Kasindi.<ref name="whed" /> === Amashami === Kaminuza ifite amashami arindwi:<ref name="whed" /> * Ishami ry'indimi n'ubumenyi bw'abantu (Icyongereza, Igifaransa, amateka); * Ishami ry'icungamutungo n'ikoranabuhanga (''informatique''); * Ishami rya [[Farumasi]]; * Ishami ry'imitekerereze ya muntu (''psychologie'') n'ubumenyi bw'uburezi; * Ishami ry'ubumenyi (ibinyabuzima, ubumenyi bw'imiterere y'isi); * Ishami ry'ubumenyi mbonezamubano, politiki n'ubutegetsi; * Ishami rya tewolojiya. === Imyigishirize === Amasomo yigishwa mu [[Igifaransa]]. Kwinjira bisaba impamyabumenyi ya Leta (''diplôme d'État'') isoza amashuri yisumbuye. Umwaka w'amashuri utangira mu Ukwakira ukarangira muri Kamena, ukagabanywamo ibihembwe bibiri (Ukwakira–Gashyantare na Werurwe–Kamena). Kaminuza itanga impamyabumenyi za ''graduat'' na ''licence'', cyane cyane mu ikoranabuhanga mu icungamutungo, mu mitekerereze ya muntu no muri tewolojiya. Yakira abanyeshuri b'abahungu n'abakobwa.<ref name="elimu">{{Cite web |title=Butembo: MAARIFA GLOBAL montre aux étudiants de l'UOR les avantages de consommer les produits fabriqués localement |url=https://radioelimu.uor.ac/butembo-maarifa-global-montre-aux-etudiants-de-luor-les-avantages-de-consommer-les-produits-fabriques-localement/ |website=Radio Elimu UOR |date=2024-03-08 |access-date=2026-10-10 |language=fr}}</ref> == Ubuzima bwa kaminuza == UDGB yakira ibikorwa byo gukangurira no guhugura abanyeshuri. Urugero, mu mwaka wa 2024, umuryango MAARIFA GLOBAL wahakoreye ikiganiro ku kamaro ko gukoresha ibicuruzwa bikorerwa iwabo, nk'uko wabikoze no mu zindi kaminuza za Butembo.<ref name="elimu" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Kaminuza Yigenga y'Ibihugu by'Ibiyaga Bigari y'i Butembo]] * [[Kaminuza y'Abadivantisiti ya Lukanga]] * [[Université de l'Assomption au Congo]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=Université Divina Gloria |url=https://whed.net/institutions/IAU-019689 |website=WHED |access-date=2026-10-10 |language=en}} [[Ikiciro:Kaminuza]] [[Ikiciro:Uburezi]] [[Ikiciro:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] 8pt6ltb8bvl79ll5agz7veizp918cmz 10 23382 141257 2026-10-11T00:12:48Z Score Beethoven 11559 Imiterere y’urutonde rw’ingingo ziherutse ku Intangiriro 141257 sanitized-css text/css /* Intangiriro – urutonde rw'ingingo ziherutse: isaha + umutwe gusa */ .ingingo-ziherutse ul { margin-top: 0; } .ingingo-ziherutse li { font-size: 0; } .ingingo-ziherutse .mw-newpages-time, .ingingo-ziherutse .mw-newpages-pagename { font-size: 0.85rem; } .ingingo-ziherutse .mw-newpages-time::after { content: " \2013 "; white-space: pre; } .ingingo-ziherutse .mw-newpages-pagename { font-weight: 600; } .ingingo-ziherutse .mw-newpages-history, .ingingo-ziherutse .mw-newpages-edit, .ingingo-ziherutse .mw-newpages-length, .ingingo-ziherutse .mw-userlink, .ingingo-ziherutse .mw-usertoollinks, .ingingo-ziherutse .comment, .ingingo-ziherutse .mw-tag-markers, .ingingo-ziherutse .mw-newpages-oldtitle { display: none; } 13kb24m90keea075qkzr7vqd4ssmmr0 0 23383 141268 2026-10-11T07:39:22Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513672|Insomnia]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Insomnia|synonym=Sleeplessness, trouble sleeping|image=53-aspetti di vita quotidiana, insonnia, Taccuino Sanitatis,.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A drawing of someone with insomnia from the 14th century|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ɪ|n|ˈ|s|ɒ|m|n|i|ə}}<ref name=NIH2011Ov/>|field=[[Psychiatry]], [[sleep medicine]]|symptoms=Trouble [[sleeping]], daytime sleepiness, low energy, irritability, [[depression (mood)|depressed mood]]<ref name=NIH2011Ov/>|complications=[[Traffic collision|Motor vehicle collisions]]<ref name=NIH2011Ov/>|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Unknown, [[psychological stress]], [[chronic pain]], [[heart failure]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[heartburn]], [[restless leg syndrome]], others<ref name=NIH2011Ca/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, [[sleep study]]<ref name=NIH2011Diag/>|differential=[[Delayed sleep phase disorder]], [[restless leg syndrome]], [[sleep apnea]], [[psychiatric disorder]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Watson|first1=Nathaniel F.|last2=Vaughn|first2=Bradley V.|title=Clinician's Guide to Sleep Disorders|date=2006|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-7449-4|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9zKBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|language=en|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2020-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627131153/https://books.google.com/books?id=M9zKBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|url-status=live}}</ref>|prevention=|treatment=[[Sleep hygiene]], [[Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia|cognitive behavioral therapy]], [[sleeping pills]]<ref name=NIH2011Tx/><ref name=AC2016/><ref name=Wil2008/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=~20%<ref name=WHO2009/><ref name=Th2007/><ref name=Tas2015/>|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Kubura ibitotsi''', bizwi kandi nka '''kubura ibitotsi''', ni indwara yo gusinzira aho abantu bagira ikibazo cyo gusinzira.<ref name="NIH2011Ov">{{Cite web|title=What Is Insomnia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso#|website=NHLBI|access-date=9 August 2016|date=December 13, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012148/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso|archive-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> Bashobora kugira ingorane zo gusinzira, cyangwa kuguma basinziriye igihe cyose babyifuza.<ref name="Th2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Roth T|title=Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences|journal=Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine|volume=3|issue=5 Suppl|pages=S7–10|date=August 2007|doi=10.5664/jcsm.26929|pmid=17824495|pmc=1978319}}</ref><ref name="Pun2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Punnoose AR, Golub RM, Burke AE|title=JAMA patient page. Insomnia|journal=JAMA|volume=307|issue=24|pages=2653|date=June 2012|pmid=22735439|pmc=|doi=10.1001/jama.2012.6219}}</ref> Gusinzira bikunze gukurikirwa no gusinzira ku manywa, imbaraga nke, kurakara cyane, no [[Indwara y'agahinda|kwiheba]].<ref name="NIH2011Ov" /> Bishobora gutera ibyago byinshi byo kugongana kw'ibinyabiziga, ndetse n'ibibazo byo kwibanda no kwiga.<ref name="NIH2011Ov" /> Gusinzira bishobora kumara igihe gito, bikamara iminsi cyangwa ibyumweru, cyangwa igihe kirekire, bikamara igihe kirenga ukwezi.<ref name="NIH2011Ov" /> Kubura ibitotsi bishobora kubaho ku giti cyabyo cyangwa bigaterwa n'ikindi kibazo.<ref name="NIH2011Ca">{{Cite web|title=What Causes Insomnia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=9 August 2016|date=December 13, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012201/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/causes|archive-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> Ibintu bishobora gutera kudasinzira birimo imihangayiko yo mu mutwe, ububabare budakira, kunanirwa k'umutima, hyperthyroidism, kuribwa mu gifu, indwara yo kuruhuka kw'amaguru, [[Gucura k’umugore|gucura]], imiti imwe n'imwe, n'ibiyobyabwenge nka kafeyine, nikotine, na alcool.<ref name="NIH2011Ca" /><ref name="WHO2009">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf|title=Dyssomnias|access-date=2009-01-25|publisher=WHO|pages=7–11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318104517/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-18}}</ref> Izindi mpamvu zishobora gutera ibyago zirimo gukora akazi nijoro no guhumeka nabi mu gihe umuntu asinziriye.<ref name="Th2007" /> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku ngeso zo gusinzira no gusuzuma kugira ngo harebwe impamvu zibitera.<ref name="NIH2011Diag" /> Inyigo y'ibitotsi ishobora gukorwa kugira ngo harebwe ibibazo by'ibitotsi byihishe inyuma.<ref name="NIH2011Diag">{{Cite web|title=How Is Insomnia Diagnosed?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/diagnosis|website=NHLBI|access-date=9 August 2016|date=December 13, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811091424/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/diagnosis|archive-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> Gusuzuma bishobora gukorwa hifashishijwe ibibazo bibiri: "ese uhura n'ingorane zo gusinzira?" na "ese uhura n'ingorane zo gusinzira cyangwa gukomeza gusinzira?" <ref name="Th2007" /> Isuku y'ibitotsi kandi guhindura imibereho ni bwo buryo bwa mbere bwo kuvura indwara yo kudasinzira.<ref name="NIH2011Tx">{{Cite web|title=How Is Insomnia Treated?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/treatment|website=NHLBI|access-date=9 August 2016|date=December 13, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012302/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/treatment|archive-date=28 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Wil2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wilson JF|s2cid=42686046|title=In the clinic. Insomnia|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=148|issue=1|pages=ITC13–1–ITC13–16|date=January 2008|pmid=18166757|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-148-1-200801010-01001}}</ref> Isuku yo gusinzira ikubiyemo kuryama buri gihe, kwishyira ku zuba ryinshi, icyumba gituje kandi cyijimye, no gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri ihoraho.<ref name="Wil2008" /> Ubuvuzi bw'imyitwarire mu bijyanye no gutekereza ishobora kongerwa kuri ibi.<ref name="AC2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, Cooke M, Denberg TD|title=Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=165|issue=2|pages=125–33|date=July 2016|pmid=27136449|doi=10.7326/M15-2175|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Tra2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, Rajaratnam SM, Cunnington D|s2cid=21617330|title=Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=163|issue=3|pages=191–204|date=August 2015|pmid=26054060|doi=10.7326/M14-2841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rudyk|first=Brittnee|title=#418 Enough Evidence to Put One to Sleep: Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp418/|website=CFPCLearn|access-date=21 July 2026|date=17 July 2026}}</ref> Nubwo ibinini bisinziriza bishobora gufasha, bifitanye isano n'imvune, indwara yo kwibagirwa, no kuba imbata y'ibintu.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /><ref name="AC2016" /> Iyi miti ntiyemerwa mu gihe kirenze ibyumweru bine cyangwa bitanu.<ref name="AC2016" /> Akamaro n'umutekano by'ubuvuzi bw'ubundi buryo ntibirasobanuka neza.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /><ref name="AC2016" /> Hagati ya 10% na 30% by'abantu bakuru bagira ikibazo cyo kudasinzira mu gihe runaka, naho abagera kuri kimwe cya kabiri cy'abantu bagira ikibazo cyo kudasinzira mu mwaka runaka.<ref name="WHO2009" /><ref name="Th2007" /><ref name="Tas2015">{{Cite book|last=Tasman|first=Allan|last2=Kay|first2=Jerald|last3=Lieberman|first3=Jeffrey A.|last4=First|first4=Michael B.|last5=Riba|first5=Michelle|title=Psychiatry, 2 Volume Set|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75336-1|page=4253|edition=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2KRBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT4253|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2020-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618043150/https://books.google.com/books?id=l2KRBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT4253|url-status=live}}</ref> Abantu bagera kuri 6% bafite ikibazo cyo kubura ibitotsi kitatewe n'ikindi kibazo kandi kimara igihe kirenga ukwezi.<ref name="Th2007" /> Abantu barengeje imyaka 65 ni bo bibasirwa cyane kurusha abakiri bato.<ref name="Wil2008" /> Abagore ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane kurusha abagabo.<ref name="WHO2009" /> Ibisobanuro by'indwara yo kudasinzira bigaragara nibura mu Bugereki bwa kera.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Attarian|first=Hrayr P.|title=Clinical Handbook of Insomnia|date=2003|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-59259-662-1|chapter=chapter 1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx-sBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT20|language=en|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2017-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908173636/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx-sBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT20|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] nwhgfmc6l7aunipma6ha6rcetjo5o2x 141269 141268 2026-10-11T07:42:56Z Stevenndori289 10902 Gusinzira 141269 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Insomnia (4316137831).jpg|thumb|Gusinzira]] '''Kubura ibitotsi''', bizwi kandi nka '''kubura ibitotsi''', ni indwara yo gusinzira aho abantu bagira ikibazo cyo gusinzira.<ref name="NIH2011Ov">{{Cite web|title=What Is Insomnia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso#|website=NHLBI|access-date=9 August 2016|date=December 13, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012148/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso|archive-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> Bashobora kugira ingorane zo gusinzira, cyangwa kuguma basinziriye igihe cyose babyifuza.<ref name="Th2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Roth T|title=Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences|journal=Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine|volume=3|issue=5 Suppl|pages=S7–10|date=August 2007|doi=10.5664/jcsm.26929|pmid=17824495|pmc=1978319}}</ref><ref name="Pun2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Punnoose AR, Golub RM, Burke AE|title=JAMA patient page. Insomnia|journal=JAMA|volume=307|issue=24|pages=2653|date=June 2012|pmid=22735439|pmc=|doi=10.1001/jama.2012.6219}}</ref> Gusinzira bikunze gukurikirwa no gusinzira ku manywa, imbaraga nke, kurakara cyane, no [[Indwara y'agahinda|kwiheba]].<ref name="NIH2011Ov" /> Bishobora gutera ibyago byinshi byo kugongana kw'ibinyabiziga, ndetse n'ibibazo byo kwibanda no kwiga.<ref name="NIH2011Ov" /> Gusinzira bishobora kumara igihe gito, bikamara iminsi cyangwa ibyumweru, cyangwa igihe kirekire, bikamara igihe kirenga ukwezi.<ref name="NIH2011Ov" /> Kubura ibitotsi bishobora kubaho ku giti cyabyo cyangwa bigaterwa n'ikindi kibazo.<ref name="NIH2011Ca">{{Cite web|title=What Causes Insomnia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=9 August 2016|date=December 13, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012201/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/causes|archive-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> Ibintu bishobora gutera kudasinzira birimo imihangayiko yo mu mutwe, ububabare budakira, kunanirwa k'umutima, hyperthyroidism, kuribwa mu gifu, indwara yo kuruhuka kw'amaguru, [[Gucura k’umugore|gucura]], imiti imwe n'imwe, n'ibiyobyabwenge nka kafeyine, nikotine, na alcool.<ref name="NIH2011Ca" /><ref name="WHO2009">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf|title=Dyssomnias|access-date=2009-01-25|publisher=WHO|pages=7–11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318104517/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-18}}</ref> Izindi mpamvu zishobora gutera ibyago zirimo gukora akazi nijoro no guhumeka nabi mu gihe umuntu asinziriye.<ref name="Th2007" /> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku ngeso zo gusinzira no gusuzuma kugira ngo harebwe impamvu zibitera.<ref name="NIH2011Diag" /> Inyigo y'ibitotsi ishobora gukorwa kugira ngo harebwe ibibazo by'ibitotsi byihishe inyuma.<ref name="NIH2011Diag">{{Cite web|title=How Is Insomnia Diagnosed?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/diagnosis|website=NHLBI|access-date=9 August 2016|date=December 13, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811091424/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/diagnosis|archive-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> Gusuzuma bishobora gukorwa hifashishijwe ibibazo bibiri: "ese uhura n'ingorane zo gusinzira?" na "ese uhura n'ingorane zo gusinzira cyangwa gukomeza gusinzira?" <ref name="Th2007" /> Isuku y'ibitotsi kandi guhindura imibereho ni bwo buryo bwa mbere bwo kuvura indwara yo kudasinzira.<ref name="NIH2011Tx">{{Cite web|title=How Is Insomnia Treated?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/treatment|website=NHLBI|access-date=9 August 2016|date=December 13, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012302/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/treatment|archive-date=28 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Wil2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wilson JF|s2cid=42686046|title=In the clinic. Insomnia|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=148|issue=1|pages=ITC13–1–ITC13–16|date=January 2008|pmid=18166757|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-148-1-200801010-01001}}</ref> Isuku yo gusinzira ikubiyemo kuryama buri gihe, kwishyira ku zuba ryinshi, icyumba gituje kandi cyijimye, no gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri ihoraho.<ref name="Wil2008" /> Ubuvuzi bw'imyitwarire mu bijyanye no gutekereza ishobora kongerwa kuri ibi.<ref name="AC2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, Cooke M, Denberg TD|title=Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=165|issue=2|pages=125–33|date=July 2016|pmid=27136449|doi=10.7326/M15-2175|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Tra2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, Rajaratnam SM, Cunnington D|s2cid=21617330|title=Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=163|issue=3|pages=191–204|date=August 2015|pmid=26054060|doi=10.7326/M14-2841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rudyk|first=Brittnee|title=#418 Enough Evidence to Put One to Sleep: Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp418/|website=CFPCLearn|access-date=21 July 2026|date=17 July 2026}}</ref> Nubwo ibinini bisinziriza bishobora gufasha, bifitanye isano n'imvune, indwara yo kwibagirwa, no kuba imbata y'ibintu.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /><ref name="AC2016" /> Iyi miti ntiyemerwa mu gihe kirenze ibyumweru bine cyangwa bitanu.<ref name="AC2016" /> Akamaro n'umutekano by'ubuvuzi bw'ubundi buryo ntibirasobanuka neza.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /><ref name="AC2016" /> Hagati ya 10% na 30% by'abantu bakuru bagira ikibazo cyo kudasinzira mu gihe runaka, naho abagera kuri kimwe cya kabiri cy'abantu bagira ikibazo cyo kudasinzira mu mwaka runaka.<ref name="WHO2009" /><ref name="Th2007" /><ref name="Tas2015">{{Cite book|last=Tasman|first=Allan|last2=Kay|first2=Jerald|last3=Lieberman|first3=Jeffrey A.|last4=First|first4=Michael B.|last5=Riba|first5=Michelle|title=Psychiatry, 2 Volume Set|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75336-1|page=4253|edition=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2KRBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT4253|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2020-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618043150/https://books.google.com/books?id=l2KRBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT4253|url-status=live}}</ref> Abantu bagera kuri 6% bafite ikibazo cyo kubura ibitotsi kitatewe n'ikindi kibazo kandi kimara igihe kirenga ukwezi.<ref name="Th2007" /> Abantu barengeje imyaka 65 ni bo bibasirwa cyane kurusha abakiri bato.<ref name="Wil2008" /> Abagore ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane kurusha abagabo.<ref name="WHO2009" /> Ibisobanuro by'indwara yo kudasinzira bigaragara nibura mu Bugereki bwa kera.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Attarian|first=Hrayr P.|title=Clinical Handbook of Insomnia|date=2003|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-59259-662-1|chapter=chapter 1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx-sBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT20|language=en|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2017-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908173636/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx-sBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT20|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] otpxp1llwm7smr1t6gwlp0kte3x5lzg 0 23384 141270 2026-10-11T07:44:02Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503518|Naloxone]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug}}'''Naloxone''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Narcan''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu gukumira ingaruka za opioid . Ikunze gukoreshwa mu kurwanya kugabanuka k'ubuhumekero mu gihe umuntu anywa opioid nyinshi.<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Naloxone Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/naloxone-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Jan 2, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102115454/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/naloxone-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=2015-01-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102115454/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/naloxone-hydrochloride.html |date=2015-01-02 }}</ref> Naloxone ishobora kandi kuvangwa na opioid (mu kinini kimwe), kugira ngo igabanye ibyago byo gukoresha nabi opioid.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Iyo itanzwe mu mitsi, ingaruka zitangira mu minota ibiri, naho iyo itewe mu mitsi mu minota itanu.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Indi nzira ishobora gutangwa ni ukuyitera mu mazuru y'umuntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=James R.|title=Roberts and Hedges' clinical procedures in emergency medicine|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|location=London|isbn=9781455748594|page=476|edition=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slyLreFkHuIC&pg=PA476|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908140357/https://books.google.com/books?id=slyLreFkHuIC&pg=PA476|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Ingaruka za naloxone zimara hagati ya 3 n'igice cy'isaha kugeza ku isaha.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bosack|first=Robert|title=Anesthesia Complications in the Dental Office|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118828625|page=191|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn51BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA191|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908140357/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn51BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA191|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Hashobora kuba ngombwa gukoresha doze nyinshi, kuko igihe cy'imikorere ya opioid nyinshi kiruta icya naloxone.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Gutanga imiti ku bantu barwaye opioid bishobora gutera ibimenyetso byo guhagarika opioid, harimo kubura umutuzo, gushyuha, isesemi, kuruka, umutima utera cyane, no kubira ibyuya.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Kugira ngo hirindwe ibi, doze ntoya buri minota mike zishobora gutangwa kugeza igihe umusaruro wifuza ugezweho.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Ku bantu bahoze bafite indwara z'umutima cyangwa bafata imiti igira ingaruka mbi ku mutima, habayeho ibindi bibazo by'umutima. Bisa nkaho ari byiza mu gihe utwite, nyuma yo guhabwa umubare muto w'abagore. Naloxone ni umuti udatoranya kandi urwanya opioid receptor.<ref name="NHM-Naloxone pharmacology">{{Cite book| vauthors = Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2009 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 9780071481274 | pages = 190–191, 287 | edition = 2nd | quote= Products of this research include the discovery of lipophilic, small-molecule opioid receptor antagonists, such as naloxone and naltrexone, which have been critical tools for investigating the physiology and behavioral actions of opiates.&nbsp;... A competitive antagonist of opiate action (naloxone) had been identified in early studies.&nbsp;... Opiate antagonists have clinical utility as well. Naloxone, a nonselective antagonist with a relative affinity of μ > δ > κ, is used to treat heroin and other opiate overdoses.|editor-last=Sydor A, Brown RY}}</ref> Ikora mu gusubiza inyuma ihungabana ry’imitsi yo hagati n’iy’ubuhumekero riterwa na opioid.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Naloxone yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bw’ibiyobyabwenge mu 1961, yemererwa gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bw’ibiyobyabwenge bya opioid muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1971. Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Naloxone iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe . Igiciro cyayo mu bucuruzi bwinshi mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere kiri hagati ya $0.50 na $5.30 kuri dose. Uducupa twa naloxone ntabwo duhenze cyane (munsi y'amadolari 25) muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2014 classic shirt-pocket edition|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Sudbury|isbn=9781284053982|page=174|edition=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0KFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908140357/https://books.google.com/books?id=y0KFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Guhera mu 2020, igiciro cy'ipaki y'ibikoresho bibiri bikoresha ikoranabuhanga muri Amerika ni $178. Igiciro cya 2018 cya NHS mu Bwongereza ni hafi £5 kuri dose.<ref name="BNF74">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|page=1260|edition=74}}</ref> Muri Ositaraliya, dose imwe irahari, nta muganga wanditse, kandi igura AU$20; abafite dose eshanu bashobora kuzigura AU$40, zingana n'amadolari umunani kuri dose imwe. == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] ja5l5dy54o8ks2aetf36t3t5pypch1v 141271 141270 2026-10-11T07:44:19Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503518|Naloxone]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141271 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Naloxone''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Narcan''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu gukumira ingaruka za opioid . Ikunze gukoreshwa mu kurwanya kugabanuka k'ubuhumekero mu gihe umuntu anywa opioid nyinshi.<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Naloxone Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/naloxone-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Jan 2, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102115454/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/naloxone-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=2015-01-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102115454/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/naloxone-hydrochloride.html |date=2015-01-02 }}</ref> Naloxone ishobora kandi kuvangwa na opioid (mu kinini kimwe), kugira ngo igabanye ibyago byo gukoresha nabi opioid.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Iyo itanzwe mu mitsi, ingaruka zitangira mu minota ibiri, naho iyo itewe mu mitsi mu minota itanu.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Indi nzira ishobora gutangwa ni ukuyitera mu mazuru y'umuntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=James R.|title=Roberts and Hedges' clinical procedures in emergency medicine|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|location=London|isbn=9781455748594|page=476|edition=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slyLreFkHuIC&pg=PA476|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908140357/https://books.google.com/books?id=slyLreFkHuIC&pg=PA476|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Ingaruka za naloxone zimara hagati ya 3 n'igice cy'isaha kugeza ku isaha.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bosack|first=Robert|title=Anesthesia Complications in the Dental Office|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118828625|page=191|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn51BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA191|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908140357/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn51BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA191|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Hashobora kuba ngombwa gukoresha doze nyinshi, kuko igihe cy'imikorere ya opioid nyinshi kiruta icya naloxone.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Gutanga imiti ku bantu barwaye opioid bishobora gutera ibimenyetso byo guhagarika opioid, harimo kubura umutuzo, gushyuha, isesemi, kuruka, umutima utera cyane, no kubira ibyuya.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Kugira ngo hirindwe ibi, doze ntoya buri minota mike zishobora gutangwa kugeza igihe umusaruro wifuza ugezweho.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Ku bantu bahoze bafite indwara z'umutima cyangwa bafata imiti igira ingaruka mbi ku mutima, habayeho ibindi bibazo by'umutima. Bisa nkaho ari byiza mu gihe utwite, nyuma yo guhabwa umubare muto w'abagore. Naloxone ni umuti udatoranya kandi urwanya opioid receptor.<ref name="NHM-Naloxone pharmacology">{{Cite book| vauthors = Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2009 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 9780071481274 | pages = 190–191, 287 | edition = 2nd | quote= Products of this research include the discovery of lipophilic, small-molecule opioid receptor antagonists, such as naloxone and naltrexone, which have been critical tools for investigating the physiology and behavioral actions of opiates.&nbsp;... A competitive antagonist of opiate action (naloxone) had been identified in early studies.&nbsp;... Opiate antagonists have clinical utility as well. Naloxone, a nonselective antagonist with a relative affinity of μ > δ > κ, is used to treat heroin and other opiate overdoses.|editor-last=Sydor A, Brown RY}}</ref> Ikora mu gusubiza inyuma ihungabana ry’imitsi yo hagati n’iy’ubuhumekero riterwa na opioid.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Naloxone yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bw’ibiyobyabwenge mu 1961, yemererwa gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bw’ibiyobyabwenge bya opioid muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1971. Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Naloxone iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe . Igiciro cyayo mu bucuruzi bwinshi mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere kiri hagati ya $0.50 na $5.30 kuri dose. Uducupa twa naloxone ntabwo duhenze cyane (munsi y'amadolari 25) muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2014 classic shirt-pocket edition|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Sudbury|isbn=9781284053982|page=174|edition=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0KFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908140357/https://books.google.com/books?id=y0KFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Guhera mu 2020, igiciro cy'ipaki y'ibikoresho bibiri bikoresha ikoranabuhanga muri Amerika ni $178. Igiciro cya 2018 cya NHS mu Bwongereza ni hafi £5 kuri dose.<ref name="BNF74">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|page=1260|edition=74}}</ref> Muri Ositaraliya, dose imwe irahari, nta muganga wanditse, kandi igura AU$20; abafite dose eshanu bashobora kuzigura AU$40, zingana n'amadolari umunani kuri dose imwe. == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] p2gprbtcbhlkutpt6toxx6atgj8r9xb 141272 141271 2026-10-11T07:45:08Z Stevenndori289 10902 Naloxone 141272 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Naloxone 3.jpg|thumb|Naloxone]] '''Naloxone''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Narcan''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu gukumira ingaruka za opioid . Ikunze gukoreshwa mu kurwanya kugabanuka k'ubuhumekero mu gihe umuntu anywa opioid nyinshi.<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Naloxone Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/naloxone-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Jan 2, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102115454/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/naloxone-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=2015-01-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102115454/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/naloxone-hydrochloride.html |date=2015-01-02 }}</ref> Naloxone ishobora kandi kuvangwa na opioid (mu kinini kimwe), kugira ngo igabanye ibyago byo gukoresha nabi opioid.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Iyo itanzwe mu mitsi, ingaruka zitangira mu minota ibiri, naho iyo itewe mu mitsi mu minota itanu.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Indi nzira ishobora gutangwa ni ukuyitera mu mazuru y'umuntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=James R.|title=Roberts and Hedges' clinical procedures in emergency medicine|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|location=London|isbn=9781455748594|page=476|edition=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slyLreFkHuIC&pg=PA476|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908140357/https://books.google.com/books?id=slyLreFkHuIC&pg=PA476|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Ingaruka za naloxone zimara hagati ya 3 n'igice cy'isaha kugeza ku isaha.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bosack|first=Robert|title=Anesthesia Complications in the Dental Office|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118828625|page=191|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn51BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA191|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908140357/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn51BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA191|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Hashobora kuba ngombwa gukoresha doze nyinshi, kuko igihe cy'imikorere ya opioid nyinshi kiruta icya naloxone.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Gutanga imiti ku bantu barwaye opioid bishobora gutera ibimenyetso byo guhagarika opioid, harimo kubura umutuzo, gushyuha, isesemi, kuruka, umutima utera cyane, no kubira ibyuya.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Kugira ngo hirindwe ibi, doze ntoya buri minota mike zishobora gutangwa kugeza igihe umusaruro wifuza ugezweho.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Ku bantu bahoze bafite indwara z'umutima cyangwa bafata imiti igira ingaruka mbi ku mutima, habayeho ibindi bibazo by'umutima. Bisa nkaho ari byiza mu gihe utwite, nyuma yo guhabwa umubare muto w'abagore. Naloxone ni umuti udatoranya kandi urwanya opioid receptor.<ref name="NHM-Naloxone pharmacology">{{Cite book| vauthors = Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2009 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 9780071481274 | pages = 190–191, 287 | edition = 2nd | quote= Products of this research include the discovery of lipophilic, small-molecule opioid receptor antagonists, such as naloxone and naltrexone, which have been critical tools for investigating the physiology and behavioral actions of opiates.&nbsp;... A competitive antagonist of opiate action (naloxone) had been identified in early studies.&nbsp;... Opiate antagonists have clinical utility as well. Naloxone, a nonselective antagonist with a relative affinity of μ > δ > κ, is used to treat heroin and other opiate overdoses.|editor-last=Sydor A, Brown RY}}</ref> Ikora mu gusubiza inyuma ihungabana ry’imitsi yo hagati n’iy’ubuhumekero riterwa na opioid.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Naloxone yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bw’ibiyobyabwenge mu 1961, yemererwa gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bw’ibiyobyabwenge bya opioid muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1971. Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Naloxone iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe . Igiciro cyayo mu bucuruzi bwinshi mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere kiri hagati ya $0.50 na $5.30 kuri dose. Uducupa twa naloxone ntabwo duhenze cyane (munsi y'amadolari 25) muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2014 classic shirt-pocket edition|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Sudbury|isbn=9781284053982|page=174|edition=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0KFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908140357/https://books.google.com/books?id=y0KFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Guhera mu 2020, igiciro cy'ipaki y'ibikoresho bibiri bikoresha ikoranabuhanga muri Amerika ni $178. Igiciro cya 2018 cya NHS mu Bwongereza ni hafi £5 kuri dose.<ref name="BNF74">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|page=1260|edition=74}}</ref> Muri Ositaraliya, dose imwe irahari, nta muganga wanditse, kandi igura AU$20; abafite dose eshanu bashobora kuzigura AU$40, zingana n'amadolari umunani kuri dose imwe. == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] q47yj41147nxe3fgw8m8o4rlc2k0o3r 0 23385 141273 2026-10-11T07:47:19Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513262|Osteogenesis_imperfecta]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Osteogenesis imperfecta|synonym=Brittle bone disease,<ref name=GHR2016/> Lobstein syndrome,<ref name="Andrews">{{cite book|last1=William|first1=Berger|title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology|date=2006|publisher=Saunders|isbn=978-0721629216|page=517|edition=10th}}</ref> fragilitas ossium,<ref name=GHR2016/> Vrolik disease,<ref name=GHR2016/> osteopsathyrosis, Porak disease, Durante disease<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malacards.org/card/brittle_bone_disorder|title=Brittle Bone Disorder|date=1996|access-date=6 November 2018|archive-date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808042657/http://www.malacards.org/card/brittle_bone_disorder|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808042657/http://www.malacards.org/card/brittle_bone_disorder |date=8 August 2018 }}</ref>|image=Characteristically blue sclerae of patient with osteogenesis imperfecta.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=The classic blue [[sclerae]] of a person with osteogenesis imperfecta|pronounce=|field=[[Pediatrics]], [[medical genetics]], [[osteology]]|symptoms=Bones that [[bone fracture|break]] easily, blue tinge to the [[sclera|whites of the eye]], short height, [[joint hypermobility|loose joints]], [[hearing loss]]<ref name=GHR2016/><ref name=NIH2015/>|complications=|onset=|duration=Long term<ref name=NIH2015/>|types=|causes=[[Genetics|Genetic]] ([[autosomal dominant]], new [[mutation]])<ref name=GHR2016/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, [[Genetic testing|DNA testing]]<ref name=NIH2015/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Healthy lifestyle (exercise, no smoking), metal rods through the [[long bones]]<ref name=NIH2014Tx/>|medication=|prognosis=Depends on the type<ref name=NIH2015/>|frequency=1 in 15,000 people<ref name=GHR2016/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Osteogenesis imperfecta''' ( '''OI''' ), izwi kandi nka '''indwara y'amagufwa acika intege''', ni itsinda ry'indwara ziterwa n'uturemangingo zifata cyane cyane amagufwa . Bituma amagufwa avunika byoroshye.<ref name=GHR2016>{{cite web|title=osteogenesis imperfecta|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/osteogenesis-imperfecta|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=15 October 2016|date=11 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018224156/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/osteogenesis-imperfecta|archive-date=18 October 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018224156/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/osteogenesis-imperfecta |date=18 October 2016 }}</ref> Ubukana bushobora kuba buke kugeza ku bunini.<ref name=GHR2016 /> Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo ibara ry'ubururu ku maso, uburebure bugufi, ingingo zifunguye, [[Ubumuga bwo kutumva|kutumva neza]], ibibazo byo guhumeka n'ibibazo by'amenyo.<ref name=GHR2016 /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo gucibwa imitsi yo mu mura no gucibwamo imiyoboro y'amaraso.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McNeeley|first=MF|last2=Dontchos|first2=BN|last3=Laflamme|first3=MA|last4=Hubka|first4=M|last5=Sadro|first5=CT|title=Aortic dissection in osteogenesis imperfecta: case report and review of the literature.|journal=Emergency Radiology|date=December 2012|volume=19|issue=6|pages=553–6|doi=10.1007/s10140-012-1044-1|pmid=22527359}}</ref> Uburyo bw'ibanze akenshi ni ikibazo cy'ingingo zihuza umubiri bitewe no kubura kolajeni yo mu bwoko bwa I. Ibi bibaho mu bantu barenga 90% bitewe n’impinduka mu miterere ya za jeni za ''COL1A1'' cyangwa ''COL1A2''.<ref name=GHR2016 /> Ibi bibazo by’uturemangingo akenshi biragwa n’ababyeyi b’umuntu mu buryo busanzwe cyangwa bigaterwa n’impinduka nshya.<ref name=GHR2016 /> Hari nibura ubwoko umunani bw'ingenzi, aho ubwoko bwa mbere ari bwo buto cyane naho ubwoko bwa kabiri bukaba buto cyane.<ref name=GHR2016 /> Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku bimenyetso kandi bishobora kwemezwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa collagen cyangwa ADN . Nta muti uhari. Gukomeza ubuzima bwiza ukoresha imyitozo ngororamubiri no kwirinda kunywa itabi bishobora gufasha mu kwirinda kuvunika.<ref name=NIH2014Tx>{{cite web|title=What Is Osteogenesis Imperfecta? Fast Facts: An Easy-to-Read Series of Publications for the Public|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteogenesis_Imperfecta/osteogenesis_imperfecta_ff.asp|website=NIAMS|access-date=15 October 2016|date=November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018215941/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteogenesis_Imperfecta/osteogenesis_imperfecta_ff.asp|archive-date=18 October 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018215941/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteogenesis_Imperfecta/osteogenesis_imperfecta_ff.asp |date=18 October 2016 }}</ref> Ubuvuzi bushobora kuba burimo kwita ku magufwa yavunitse, imiti igabanya ububabare, ubuvuzi bw'umubiri, ibyuma bifasha mu gutera amaguru cyangwa amagare y'abamugaye ndetse no kubagwa.<ref name=NIH2014Tx /> Ubwoko bw'ubuganga bushyira inkoni z'icyuma mu magufwa maremare bushobora gukorwa kugira ngo bukomeze. Ibimenyetso by'ukuri bishyigikira ikoreshwa ry'imiti yo mu bwoko bwa bisphosphonate.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harrington|first=J|last2=Sochett|first2=E|last3=Howard|first3=A|title=Update on the evaluation and treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta.|journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America|date=December 2014|volume=61|issue=6|pages=1243–57|pmid=25439022|doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2014.08.010}}</ref><ref name="Phi2016">{{Cite journal|last2=Phillipi|first2=CA|last3=Steiner|first3=RD|last4=Basel|first4=D|date=19 October 2016|title=Bisphosphonate therapy for osteogenesis imperfecta.|url=|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=10|pages=CD005088|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005088.pub4|pmid=27760454|last=Dwan|first=K|pmc=6611487}}</ref> OI igira ingaruka ku muntu umwe kuri 15.000. Ibisubizo biterwa n'ubwoko bw'indwara. Ariko abantu benshi bagira umusaruro mwiza.<ref name=NIH2015>{{cite web|title=Osteogenesis Imperfecta Overview|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteogenesis_Imperfecta/overview.asp|website=NIAMS|access-date=15 October 2016|date=June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018221104/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteogenesis_Imperfecta/overview.asp|archive-date=18 October 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018221104/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteogenesis_Imperfecta/overview.asp |date=18 October 2016 }}</ref> Iyo mimerere yasobanuwe kuva mu mateka ya kera.<ref name="Kel2012" /> Ijambo "osteogenesis imperfecta" ryatangiye gukoreshwa mu 1895 kandi risobanura irema ry'amagufwa ridafite ishingiro.<ref name=GHR2016 /><ref name="Kel2012">{{Cite book|last=Kelly|first=Evelyn B.|title=Encyclopedia of Human Genetics and Disease|date=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313387135|page=613|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqMYt17klVIC&pg=PA613|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105195021/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqMYt17klVIC&pg=PA613|archive-date=2017-11-05}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 4ghmp6zrp37x32agjtff0ri4nyo7b2p 141274 141273 2026-10-11T07:51:00Z Stevenndori289 10902 Osteogenesis imperfecta 141274 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Characteristically blue sclerae of patient with osteogenesis imperfecta.jpg|thumb|Osteogenesis imperfecta]] '''Osteogenesis imperfecta''' ( '''OI''' ), izwi kandi nka '''indwara y'amagufwa acika intege''', ni itsinda ry'indwara ziterwa n'uturemangingo zifata cyane cyane amagufwa . Bituma amagufwa avunika byoroshye.<ref name=GHR2016>{{cite web|title=osteogenesis imperfecta|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/osteogenesis-imperfecta|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=15 October 2016|date=11 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018224156/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/osteogenesis-imperfecta|archive-date=18 October 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018224156/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/osteogenesis-imperfecta |date=18 October 2016 }}</ref> Ubukana bushobora kuba buke kugeza ku bunini.<ref name=GHR2016 /> Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo ibara ry'ubururu ku maso, uburebure bugufi, ingingo zifunguye, [[Ubumuga bwo kutumva|kutumva neza]], ibibazo byo guhumeka n'ibibazo by'amenyo.<ref name=GHR2016 /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo gucibwa imitsi yo mu mura no gucibwamo imiyoboro y'amaraso.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McNeeley|first=MF|last2=Dontchos|first2=BN|last3=Laflamme|first3=MA|last4=Hubka|first4=M|last5=Sadro|first5=CT|title=Aortic dissection in osteogenesis imperfecta: case report and review of the literature.|journal=Emergency Radiology|date=December 2012|volume=19|issue=6|pages=553–6|doi=10.1007/s10140-012-1044-1|pmid=22527359}}</ref> Uburyo bw'ibanze akenshi ni ikibazo cy'ingingo zihuza umubiri bitewe no kubura kolajeni yo mu bwoko bwa I. Ibi bibaho mu bantu barenga 90% bitewe n’impinduka mu miterere ya za jeni za ''COL1A1'' cyangwa ''COL1A2''.<ref name=GHR2016 /> Ibi bibazo by’uturemangingo akenshi biragwa n’ababyeyi b’umuntu mu buryo busanzwe cyangwa bigaterwa n’impinduka nshya.<ref name=GHR2016 /> Hari nibura ubwoko umunani bw'ingenzi, aho ubwoko bwa mbere ari bwo buto cyane naho ubwoko bwa kabiri bukaba buto cyane.<ref name=GHR2016 /> Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku bimenyetso kandi bishobora kwemezwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa collagen cyangwa ADN . Nta muti uhari. Gukomeza ubuzima bwiza ukoresha imyitozo ngororamubiri no kwirinda kunywa itabi bishobora gufasha mu kwirinda kuvunika.<ref name=NIH2014Tx>{{cite web|title=What Is Osteogenesis Imperfecta? Fast Facts: An Easy-to-Read Series of Publications for the Public|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteogenesis_Imperfecta/osteogenesis_imperfecta_ff.asp|website=NIAMS|access-date=15 October 2016|date=November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018215941/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteogenesis_Imperfecta/osteogenesis_imperfecta_ff.asp|archive-date=18 October 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018215941/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteogenesis_Imperfecta/osteogenesis_imperfecta_ff.asp |date=18 October 2016 }}</ref> Ubuvuzi bushobora kuba burimo kwita ku magufwa yavunitse, imiti igabanya ububabare, ubuvuzi bw'umubiri, ibyuma bifasha mu gutera amaguru cyangwa amagare y'abamugaye ndetse no kubagwa.<ref name=NIH2014Tx /> Ubwoko bw'ubuganga bushyira inkoni z'icyuma mu magufwa maremare bushobora gukorwa kugira ngo bukomeze. Ibimenyetso by'ukuri bishyigikira ikoreshwa ry'imiti yo mu bwoko bwa bisphosphonate.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harrington|first=J|last2=Sochett|first2=E|last3=Howard|first3=A|title=Update on the evaluation and treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta.|journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America|date=December 2014|volume=61|issue=6|pages=1243–57|pmid=25439022|doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2014.08.010}}</ref><ref name="Phi2016">{{Cite journal|last2=Phillipi|first2=CA|last3=Steiner|first3=RD|last4=Basel|first4=D|date=19 October 2016|title=Bisphosphonate therapy for osteogenesis imperfecta.|url=|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=10|pages=CD005088|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005088.pub4|pmid=27760454|last=Dwan|first=K|pmc=6611487}}</ref> OI igira ingaruka ku muntu umwe kuri 15.000. Ibisubizo biterwa n'ubwoko bw'indwara. Ariko abantu benshi bagira umusaruro mwiza.<ref name=NIH2015>{{cite web|title=Osteogenesis Imperfecta Overview|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteogenesis_Imperfecta/overview.asp|website=NIAMS|access-date=15 October 2016|date=June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018221104/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteogenesis_Imperfecta/overview.asp|archive-date=18 October 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018221104/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteogenesis_Imperfecta/overview.asp |date=18 October 2016 }}</ref> Iyo mimerere yasobanuwe kuva mu mateka ya kera.<ref name="Kel2012" /> Ijambo "osteogenesis imperfecta" ryatangiye gukoreshwa mu 1895 kandi risobanura irema ry'amagufwa ridafite ishingiro.<ref name=GHR2016 /><ref name="Kel2012">{{Cite book|last=Kelly|first=Evelyn B.|title=Encyclopedia of Human Genetics and Disease|date=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313387135|page=613|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqMYt17klVIC&pg=PA613|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105195021/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqMYt17klVIC&pg=PA613|archive-date=2017-11-05}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] eycic8s6ivmskkzufqzbf33zr1g5sbs 0 23386 141275 2026-10-11T07:52:05Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1512928|Gonorrhea]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Gonorrhea|synonym=Gonorrhoea, gonococcal infection, gonococcal urethritis, the clap|image=Gonococcal lesion on the skin PHIL 2038 lores.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Gonococcal lesion on the skin|pronounce=/ˌɡɒn.əˈɹi.ə/|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=None, [[Dysuria|burning with urination]], [[vaginal discharge]], discharge from the [[penis]], [[pelvic pain]], [[testicular pain]]<ref name=CDC2014/>|complications=[[Pelvic inflammatory disease]], [[epididymitis|inflammation of the epididymis]], [[septic arthritis]], [[endocarditis]]<ref name=CDC2014/><ref name=Mor2016/>|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]'' typically [[sexually transmitted infection|sexually transmitted]]<ref name=CDC2014/>|risks=|diagnosis=Testing the urine, [[urethra]] in males, or [[cervix]] in females<ref name=CDC2014/>|differential=|prevention=[[Condom]]s, having sex with only one person who is uninfected, [[sexual abstinence|not having sex]]<ref name=CDC2014/><ref name=STI2015/>|treatment=[[Ceftriaxone]] by injection and [[azithromycin]] by mouth<ref name=CDC2016Tx/><ref name=Un2015/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=0.8% (women), 0.6% (men)<ref name=New2012/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Gonorrhea''', izwi cyane nka '''clap''', ni [[Indwara zandurira mu mibonanompuzabitsina|indwara yandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina]] (STI) iterwa na bagiteri ''ya Neisseria gonorrhoeae''.<ref name="CDC2014">{{Cite web|title=Gonorrhea – CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed Version)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea-detailed.htm|website=CDC|access-date=27 August 2016|date=17 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902004117/http://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea-detailed.htm|archive-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> Kwandura bishobora kuba mu myanya ndangagitsina, mu kanwa, no mu maraso.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leslie Delong|last2=Nancy Burkhart|title=General and Oral Pathology for the Dental Hygienist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmhADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT787|date=2017-11-27|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health|isbn=978-1-4963-5453-2|page=787|access-date=7 June 2020|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801232018/https://books.google.com/books?id=jmhADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT787|url-status=live}}</ref> Abagabo banduye bashobora kugira ububabare cyangwa gushya bitewe no kunyara, kuva mu [[Umugabo|gitsina]] cyangwa ububabare mu mabya.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Abagore banduye bashobora kugira ubushye buterwa no kunyara, kuva amaraso mu gitsina, kuva amaraso mu gitsina hagati y’imihango, cyangwa kubabara mu kibuno.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Ingorane ku bagore zirimo indwara yo kubyimba mu kibuno naho ku bagabo zirimo no kubyimba epididymis.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Nyamara, benshi mu banduye nta bimenyetso bafite.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Iyo idavuwe, gonorrhea ishobora gukwirakwira mu ngingo cyangwa mu miyoboro y'umutima.<ref name="CDC2014" /><ref name="Mor2016">{{Cite journal|last=Morgan|first=MK|last2=Decker|first2=CF|title=Gonorrhea.|journal=Disease-a-month : DM|date=August 2016|volume=62|issue=8|pages=260–8|pmid=27107780|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2016.03.009}}</ref> Gonorrhea yandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina n'umuntu wanduye.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Ibi birimo imibonano mpuzabitsina yo mu kanwa, mu kibuno no mu gitsina.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Ishobora kandi gukwirakwira kuva ku mubyeyi kugera ku mwana mu gihe cyo kubyara.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Gupima ni ugupima inkari, urethra ku bagabo, cyangwa inkondo y'umura ku bagore.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Gupima abagore bose bakora imibonano mpuzabitsina kandi bari munsi y'imyaka 25 buri mwaka kimwe n'abafite abafatanyabikorwa bashya birasabwa; <ref name="STI2015">{{Cite journal|last=Workowski|first=KA|last2=Bolan|first2=GA|title=Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015.|journal=MMWR. Recommendations and Reports / Centers for Disease Control|date=5 June 2015|volume=64|issue=RR-03|pages=1–137|pmid=26042815|pmc=5885289}}</ref> inama imwe irakurikizwa no ku bagabo bakora imibonano mpuzabitsina n'abagabo (MSM).<ref name="STI2015" /> Indwara ya Gonorrhea ishobora kwirindwa hakoreshejwe [[agakingirizo]], imibonano mpuzabitsina n'umuntu umwe gusa utarandura, ndetse no kudakora imibonano mpuzabitsina.<ref name="CDC2014" /><ref name="STI2015" /> Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bukorwa hakoreshejwe ceftriaxone iterwa mu inshinge na azithromycin iterwa mu kanwa.<ref name="CDC2016Tx" /><ref name="Un2015" /> Ubudahangarwa bwaratangiye kugaragara ku miti myinshi ya antibiyotike yakoreshejwe mbere kandi rimwe na rimwe hakenerwa dose nyinshi ya ceftriaxone.<ref name="CDC2016Tx">{{Cite web|title=Antibiotic-Resistant Gonorrhea Basic Information|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/arg/basic.htm|website=CDC|access-date=27 August 2016|date=13 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908222601/http://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/arg/basic.htm|archive-date=8 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="Un2015">{{Cite journal|last=Unemo|first=M|title=Current and future antimicrobial treatment of gonorrhoea – the rapidly evolving Neisseria gonorrhoeae continues to challenge.|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|date=21 August 2015|volume=15|pages=364|pmid=26293005|doi=10.1186/s12879-015-1029-2|pmc=4546108}}</ref> Gusubiramo ibizamini ni byiza amezi atatu nyuma yo kuvurwa.<ref name="STI2015" /> Abafatanyabikorwa mu mibonano mpuzabitsina bo mu mezi abiri ashize nabo bagomba kuvurwa.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Indwara ya Gonorrhea yibasira abagore bagera kuri 0.8% na 0.6% by'abagabo.<ref name="New2012">{{Cite journal|last=Newman|first=Lori|last2=Rowley|first2=Jane|last3=Vander Hoorn|first3=Stephen|last4=Wijesooriya|first4=Nalinka Saman|last5=Unemo|first5=Magnus|last6=Low|first6=Nicola|last7=Stevens|first7=Gretchen|last8=Gottlieb|first8=Sami|last9=Kiarie|first9=James|last10=Temmerman|first10=Marleen|last11=Meng|first11=Zhefeng|title=Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting|journal=PLOS ONE|date=8 December 2015|volume=10|issue=12|pages=e0143304|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0143304|pmid=26646541|pmc=4672879|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1043304N}}</ref> Buri mwaka, abantu babarirwa muri miliyoni 33 kugeza ku 106 bandura indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, muri miliyoni 498 z’abantu bandura indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina zivurwa – harimo na [[Mburugu|syphilis]], chlamydia, na trichomoniasis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4|pmc=4561509}}</ref> Kwandura indwara mu bagore akenshi bibaho iyo bakiri bato.<ref name="STI2015" /> Mu 2015, byateje impfu zigera kuri 700.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref> Ibisobanuro by'iyi ndwara byatangiye mbere y'Igihe Rusange mu [[Isezerano rya Kera]].<ref name="Mor2016" /> Izina ry'ubu ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere n'umuganga w'Umugereki Galen mbere ya 200 CE waryitaga "imisemburo idakenewe".<ref name="Mor2016" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] jdo5diuoxmp0q5x24b3l1j5bnax5rrb 141276 141275 2026-10-11T08:12:29Z Stevenndori289 10902 Gonorrhea 141276 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:SOA-gonorroe-male.jpg|thumb|Gonorrhea]] '''Gonorrhea''', izwi cyane nka '''clap''', ni [[Indwara zandurira mu mibonanompuzabitsina|indwara yandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina]] (STI) iterwa na bagiteri ''ya Neisseria gonorrhoeae''.<ref name="CDC2014">{{Cite web|title=Gonorrhea – CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed Version)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea-detailed.htm|website=CDC|access-date=27 August 2016|date=17 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902004117/http://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea-detailed.htm|archive-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> Kwandura bishobora kuba mu myanya ndangagitsina, mu kanwa, no mu maraso.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leslie Delong|last2=Nancy Burkhart|title=General and Oral Pathology for the Dental Hygienist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmhADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT787|date=2017-11-27|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health|isbn=978-1-4963-5453-2|page=787|access-date=7 June 2020|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801232018/https://books.google.com/books?id=jmhADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT787|url-status=live}}</ref> Abagabo banduye bashobora kugira ububabare cyangwa gushya bitewe no kunyara, kuva mu [[Umugabo|gitsina]] cyangwa ububabare mu mabya.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Abagore banduye bashobora kugira ubushye buterwa no kunyara, kuva amaraso mu gitsina, kuva amaraso mu gitsina hagati y’imihango, cyangwa kubabara mu kibuno.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Ingorane ku bagore zirimo indwara yo kubyimba mu kibuno naho ku bagabo zirimo no kubyimba epididymis.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Nyamara, benshi mu banduye nta bimenyetso bafite.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Iyo idavuwe, gonorrhea ishobora gukwirakwira mu ngingo cyangwa mu miyoboro y'umutima.<ref name="CDC2014" /><ref name="Mor2016">{{Cite journal|last=Morgan|first=MK|last2=Decker|first2=CF|title=Gonorrhea.|journal=Disease-a-month : DM|date=August 2016|volume=62|issue=8|pages=260–8|pmid=27107780|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2016.03.009}}</ref> Gonorrhea yandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina n'umuntu wanduye.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Ibi birimo imibonano mpuzabitsina yo mu kanwa, mu kibuno no mu gitsina.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Ishobora kandi gukwirakwira kuva ku mubyeyi kugera ku mwana mu gihe cyo kubyara.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Gupima ni ugupima inkari, urethra ku bagabo, cyangwa inkondo y'umura ku bagore.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Gupima abagore bose bakora imibonano mpuzabitsina kandi bari munsi y'imyaka 25 buri mwaka kimwe n'abafite abafatanyabikorwa bashya birasabwa; <ref name="STI2015">{{Cite journal|last=Workowski|first=KA|last2=Bolan|first2=GA|title=Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015.|journal=MMWR. Recommendations and Reports / Centers for Disease Control|date=5 June 2015|volume=64|issue=RR-03|pages=1–137|pmid=26042815|pmc=5885289}}</ref> inama imwe irakurikizwa no ku bagabo bakora imibonano mpuzabitsina n'abagabo (MSM).<ref name="STI2015" /> Indwara ya Gonorrhea ishobora kwirindwa hakoreshejwe [[agakingirizo]], imibonano mpuzabitsina n'umuntu umwe gusa utarandura, ndetse no kudakora imibonano mpuzabitsina.<ref name="CDC2014" /><ref name="STI2015" /> Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bukorwa hakoreshejwe ceftriaxone iterwa mu inshinge na azithromycin iterwa mu kanwa.<ref name="CDC2016Tx" /><ref name="Un2015" /> Ubudahangarwa bwaratangiye kugaragara ku miti myinshi ya antibiyotike yakoreshejwe mbere kandi rimwe na rimwe hakenerwa dose nyinshi ya ceftriaxone.<ref name="CDC2016Tx">{{Cite web|title=Antibiotic-Resistant Gonorrhea Basic Information|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/arg/basic.htm|website=CDC|access-date=27 August 2016|date=13 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908222601/http://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/arg/basic.htm|archive-date=8 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="Un2015">{{Cite journal|last=Unemo|first=M|title=Current and future antimicrobial treatment of gonorrhoea – the rapidly evolving Neisseria gonorrhoeae continues to challenge.|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|date=21 August 2015|volume=15|pages=364|pmid=26293005|doi=10.1186/s12879-015-1029-2|pmc=4546108}}</ref> Gusubiramo ibizamini ni byiza amezi atatu nyuma yo kuvurwa.<ref name="STI2015" /> Abafatanyabikorwa mu mibonano mpuzabitsina bo mu mezi abiri ashize nabo bagomba kuvurwa.<ref name="CDC2014" /> Indwara ya Gonorrhea yibasira abagore bagera kuri 0.8% na 0.6% by'abagabo.<ref name="New2012">{{Cite journal|last=Newman|first=Lori|last2=Rowley|first2=Jane|last3=Vander Hoorn|first3=Stephen|last4=Wijesooriya|first4=Nalinka Saman|last5=Unemo|first5=Magnus|last6=Low|first6=Nicola|last7=Stevens|first7=Gretchen|last8=Gottlieb|first8=Sami|last9=Kiarie|first9=James|last10=Temmerman|first10=Marleen|last11=Meng|first11=Zhefeng|title=Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting|journal=PLOS ONE|date=8 December 2015|volume=10|issue=12|pages=e0143304|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0143304|pmid=26646541|pmc=4672879|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1043304N}}</ref> Buri mwaka, abantu babarirwa muri miliyoni 33 kugeza ku 106 bandura indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, muri miliyoni 498 z’abantu bandura indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina zivurwa – harimo na [[Mburugu|syphilis]], chlamydia, na trichomoniasis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4|pmc=4561509}}</ref> Kwandura indwara mu bagore akenshi bibaho iyo bakiri bato.<ref name="STI2015" /> Mu 2015, byateje impfu zigera kuri 700.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref> Ibisobanuro by'iyi ndwara byatangiye mbere y'Igihe Rusange mu [[Isezerano rya Kera]].<ref name="Mor2016" /> Izina ry'ubu ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere n'umuganga w'Umugereki Galen mbere ya 200 CE waryitaga "imisemburo idakenewe".<ref name="Mor2016" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] hzkumjbnwulti3d2kr9pb55ht22j22z 0 23387 141277 2026-10-11T08:13:24Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502444|Hepatitis_C]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Hepatitis C|synonym=|image=HCV EM picture 2.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Micrograph|Electron micrograph]] of [[hepatitis C virus]] from cell culture (scale = 50&nbsp;[[nanometers]])|pronounce=|field=[[Gastroenterology]], [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|infectious disease]]|symptoms=Typically none<ref name=CDC2016 />|complications=[[Liver failure]], [[hepatocellular carcinoma|liver cancer]], [[esophageal varices|esophageal]] and [[gastric varices]]<ref name=Sherris2004 />|onset=|duration=Long term (80%)<ref name=CDC2016 />|types=|causes=[[Hepatitis C virus]] usually spread by blood-to-blood contact<ref name=CDC2016 /><ref name=Mah2010/>|risks=|diagnosis=Blood testing for [[antibodies]] or viral [[RNA]]<ref name=CDC2016 />|differential=|prevention=Clean needles, testing donated blood<ref name=WHO2015 />|treatment=Medications, [[liver transplant]]<ref name=NEJM2011 />|medication=Antivirals ([[sofosbuvir]], [[simeprevir]], others)<ref name=CDC2016 /><ref name=WHO2015 />|prognosis=|frequency=71 million (2017)<ref name=WHO2019Fact/>|deaths=399,000 (2016)<ref name=WHO2019Fact/>|named after=|video1=}}'''Hepatite C''' ni indwara yandura iterwa na virusi ya hepatite C (HCV) yibasira umwijima cyane cyane.<ref name="Sherris2004">{{Cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00ryan|url-access=limited|edition=4th|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00ryan/page/n568 551]–52|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0|veditors=Ryan KJ, Ray CG}}</ref> Mu gihe cyo kwandura bwa mbere abantu bakunze kugira ibimenyetso byoroheje cyangwa ntibagire ibimenyetso na bimwe.<ref name="CDC2016">{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C FAQs for Health Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|website=CDC|access-date=4 February 2016|date=January 8, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121073721/http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|archive-date=21 January 2016}}</ref> Hari igihe umuriro, inkari zijimye, ububabare bwo mu nda, n'uruhu rw'umuhondo rukagira amabara.<ref name="CDC2016" /> Iyi virusi ikomeza mu mwijima ku bantu bagera kuri 75% kugeza kuri 85% by'abanduye bwa mbere.<ref name="CDC2016" /> Ubwandu buhoraho mu ntangiriro nta bimenyetso bigira.<ref name="CDC2016" /> Ariko mu myaka myinshi ishize, akenshi bitera indwara z'umwijima ndetse rimwe na rimwe na cirrhose.<ref name="CDC2016" /> Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, abafite cirrhose bazahura n'ingorane zikomeye nko kunanirwa k'umwijima, kanseri y'umwijima, cyangwa imiyoboro y'amaraso yagutse mu muhogo no mu gifu.<ref name="Sherris2004" /> HCV yandurira cyane cyane mu gukorana n'amaraso mu mitsi, ibikoresho byo kwa muganga bidasukuye neza, imvune zo guterwa n'inshinge mu buvuzi, no guterwa amaraso.<ref name="CDC2016" /><ref name="Mah2010">{{Cite journal|last=Maheshwari|first=A|last2=Thuluvath, PJ|title=Management of acute hepatitis C|journal=Clinics in Liver Disease|date=February 2010|volume=14|issue=1|pages=169–76, x|pmid=20123448|doi=10.1016/j.cld.2009.11.007}}</ref> Ukoresheje uburyo bwo gupima amaraso, ibyago byo guterwa amaraso ni munsi ya kimwe kuri miliyoni ebyiri.<ref name="CDC2016" /> Ishobora kandi gukwirakwira kuva ku mubyeyi wanduye kugeza ku mwana we mu gihe cyo kuvuka.<ref name="CDC2016" /> Ntikwirakwira no gukoranaho mu buryo bugaragara.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C Fact sheet N°164|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/|website=WHO|access-date=4 February 2016|date=July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131041006/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/|archive-date=31 January 2016}}</ref> Ni imwe muri virusi eshanu zizwi za hepatite: A, B, C, D, na E.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Viral Hepatitis: A through E and Beyond|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis-a-through-e/Pages/facts.aspx|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=4 February 2016|date=April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083731/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis-a-through-e/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref> Gupima ni ugupima amaraso kugira ngo harebwe niba hari ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri kuri virusi cyangwa RNA yayo.<ref name="CDC2016" /> Gupima ni byiza ku bantu bose bari mu kaga.<ref name="CDC2016" /> Nta rukingo rwa Hepatite C ruhari.<ref name="CDC2016" /><ref name="Web2015">{{Cite journal|last=Webster|first=Daniel P|last2=Klenerman|first2=Paul|last3=Dusheiko|first3=Geoffrey M|title=Hepatitis C|journal=The Lancet|volume=385|issue=9973|year=2015|pages=1124–35|pmid=25687730|pmc=4878852|issn=0140-6736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62401-6}}</ref> Kwirinda birimo ingamba zo kugabanya ingaruka mbi ku bantu bakoresha imiti iterwa mu mitsi no gupima amaraso yatanzwe.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Ubwandu buhoraho bushobora gukira inshuro zirenga 95% hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi nka sofosbuvir cyangwa simeprevir.<ref name="WHO2019Fact">{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|last=|first=|date=9 July 2019|website=World Health Organization|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526052334/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|archive-date=2020-05-26|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref><ref name="CDC2016" /><ref name="WHO2015" /> Peginterferon na ribavirin ni uburyo bwo kuvura bwakozwe mbere bwari bufite igipimo cyo gukira kiri munsi ya 50% kandi ingaruka mbi zikaba nyinshi.<ref name="WHO2015" /><ref name="Kim2016">{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=A|title=Hepatitis C Virus|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=September 2016|volume=165|issue=5|pages=ITC33–ITC48|doi=10.7326/AITC201609060|pmid=27595226|type=Review}}</ref> Ariko kubona uburyo bushya bwo kuvura bishobora kuba bihenze.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Abarwaye cirrhose cyangwa kanseri y'umwijima bashobora gukenera guterwa umwijima.<ref name="NEJM2011" /> Hepatite C ni yo mpamvu nyamukuru ituma umwijima uterwa, nubwo virusi ikunze kugaruka nyuma yo guterwa.<ref name="NEJM2011">{{Cite journal|last=Rosen|first=HR|title=Clinical practice. Chronic hepatitis C infection|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2011-06-23|volume=364|issue=25|pages=2429–38|pmid=21696309|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1006613|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ee00276a6c2b5e9af4841bce7922b00b92ff20a4|access-date=2020-07-28|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828104228/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Clinical-practice.-Chronic-hepatitis-C-infection.-Rosen/ee00276a6c2b5e9af4841bce7922b00b92ff20a4|url-status=live}}</ref> Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 71 (1%) ku isi yose banduye indwara ya hepatite C {{as of|2017|lc=yes}}.<ref name="WHO2019Fact" /> Mu 2013, habayeho abarwayi bashya bagera kuri miliyoni cumi n'imwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4|pmc=4561509}}</ref> Bikunze kugaragara cyane muri Afurika no muri Aziya yo Hagati n'iy'Iburasirazuba.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Impfu zigera ku 167.000 ziturutse kuri kanseri y'umwijima n'impfu 326.000 ziturutse kuri cirrhose zabaye mu 2015 ziturutse kuri hepatite C.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref> Kuba hariho indwara ya hepatite C – yashoboraga kumenyekana gusa nk’ubwoko bw’indwara ya hepatite itari A itari B – byagaragajwe mu myaka ya 1970 kandi byemejwe mu 1989.<ref name="pmid19781804">{{Cite journal|last=Houghton M|title=The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus|journal=Journal of Hepatology|volume=51|issue=5|pages=939–48|date=November 2009|pmid=19781804|doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004|url=http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-07-28|archive-date=2021-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217232938/https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref> Hepatite C yandurira abantu n'ingwe gusa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shors|first=Teri|title=Understanding viruses|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8553-6|pages=535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk8xP5LRHr4C&pg=PA535|edition=2nd|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515225439/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk8xP5LRHr4C&pg=PA535|archive-date=2016-05-15}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] earh2m9p4ym6cq3pmdlphjt2ykvvkyg 141278 141277 2026-10-11T08:14:49Z Stevenndori289 10902 Hepatite_C 141278 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Exames Hepatite (14592824498).jpg|thumb|Hepatite_C]] '''Hepatite C''' ni indwara yandura iterwa na virusi ya hepatite C (HCV) yibasira umwijima cyane cyane.<ref name="Sherris2004">{{Cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00ryan|url-access=limited|edition=4th|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00ryan/page/n568 551]–52|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0|veditors=Ryan KJ, Ray CG}}</ref> Mu gihe cyo kwandura bwa mbere abantu bakunze kugira ibimenyetso byoroheje cyangwa ntibagire ibimenyetso na bimwe.<ref name="CDC2016">{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C FAQs for Health Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|website=CDC|access-date=4 February 2016|date=January 8, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121073721/http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|archive-date=21 January 2016}}</ref> Hari igihe umuriro, inkari zijimye, ububabare bwo mu nda, n'uruhu rw'umuhondo rukagira amabara.<ref name="CDC2016" /> Iyi virusi ikomeza mu mwijima ku bantu bagera kuri 75% kugeza kuri 85% by'abanduye bwa mbere.<ref name="CDC2016" /> Ubwandu buhoraho mu ntangiriro nta bimenyetso bigira.<ref name="CDC2016" /> Ariko mu myaka myinshi ishize, akenshi bitera indwara z'umwijima ndetse rimwe na rimwe na cirrhose.<ref name="CDC2016" /> Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, abafite cirrhose bazahura n'ingorane zikomeye nko kunanirwa k'umwijima, kanseri y'umwijima, cyangwa imiyoboro y'amaraso yagutse mu muhogo no mu gifu.<ref name="Sherris2004" /> HCV yandurira cyane cyane mu gukorana n'amaraso mu mitsi, ibikoresho byo kwa muganga bidasukuye neza, imvune zo guterwa n'inshinge mu buvuzi, no guterwa amaraso.<ref name="CDC2016" /><ref name="Mah2010">{{Cite journal|last=Maheshwari|first=A|last2=Thuluvath, PJ|title=Management of acute hepatitis C|journal=Clinics in Liver Disease|date=February 2010|volume=14|issue=1|pages=169–76, x|pmid=20123448|doi=10.1016/j.cld.2009.11.007}}</ref> Ukoresheje uburyo bwo gupima amaraso, ibyago byo guterwa amaraso ni munsi ya kimwe kuri miliyoni ebyiri.<ref name="CDC2016" /> Ishobora kandi gukwirakwira kuva ku mubyeyi wanduye kugeza ku mwana we mu gihe cyo kuvuka.<ref name="CDC2016" /> Ntikwirakwira no gukoranaho mu buryo bugaragara.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C Fact sheet N°164|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/|website=WHO|access-date=4 February 2016|date=July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131041006/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/|archive-date=31 January 2016}}</ref> Ni imwe muri virusi eshanu zizwi za hepatite: A, B, C, D, na E.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Viral Hepatitis: A through E and Beyond|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis-a-through-e/Pages/facts.aspx|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=4 February 2016|date=April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083731/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis-a-through-e/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref> Gupima ni ugupima amaraso kugira ngo harebwe niba hari ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri kuri virusi cyangwa RNA yayo.<ref name="CDC2016" /> Gupima ni byiza ku bantu bose bari mu kaga.<ref name="CDC2016" /> Nta rukingo rwa Hepatite C ruhari.<ref name="CDC2016" /><ref name="Web2015">{{Cite journal|last=Webster|first=Daniel P|last2=Klenerman|first2=Paul|last3=Dusheiko|first3=Geoffrey M|title=Hepatitis C|journal=The Lancet|volume=385|issue=9973|year=2015|pages=1124–35|pmid=25687730|pmc=4878852|issn=0140-6736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62401-6}}</ref> Kwirinda birimo ingamba zo kugabanya ingaruka mbi ku bantu bakoresha imiti iterwa mu mitsi no gupima amaraso yatanzwe.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Ubwandu buhoraho bushobora gukira inshuro zirenga 95% hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi nka sofosbuvir cyangwa simeprevir.<ref name="WHO2019Fact">{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|last=|first=|date=9 July 2019|website=World Health Organization|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526052334/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|archive-date=2020-05-26|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref><ref name="CDC2016" /><ref name="WHO2015" /> Peginterferon na ribavirin ni uburyo bwo kuvura bwakozwe mbere bwari bufite igipimo cyo gukira kiri munsi ya 50% kandi ingaruka mbi zikaba nyinshi.<ref name="WHO2015" /><ref name="Kim2016">{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=A|title=Hepatitis C Virus|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=September 2016|volume=165|issue=5|pages=ITC33–ITC48|doi=10.7326/AITC201609060|pmid=27595226|type=Review}}</ref> Ariko kubona uburyo bushya bwo kuvura bishobora kuba bihenze.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Abarwaye cirrhose cyangwa kanseri y'umwijima bashobora gukenera guterwa umwijima.<ref name="NEJM2011" /> Hepatite C ni yo mpamvu nyamukuru ituma umwijima uterwa, nubwo virusi ikunze kugaruka nyuma yo guterwa.<ref name="NEJM2011">{{Cite journal|last=Rosen|first=HR|title=Clinical practice. Chronic hepatitis C infection|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2011-06-23|volume=364|issue=25|pages=2429–38|pmid=21696309|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1006613|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ee00276a6c2b5e9af4841bce7922b00b92ff20a4|access-date=2020-07-28|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828104228/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Clinical-practice.-Chronic-hepatitis-C-infection.-Rosen/ee00276a6c2b5e9af4841bce7922b00b92ff20a4|url-status=live}}</ref> Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 71 (1%) ku isi yose banduye indwara ya hepatite C {{as of|2017|lc=yes}}.<ref name="WHO2019Fact" /> Mu 2013, habayeho abarwayi bashya bagera kuri miliyoni cumi n'imwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4|pmc=4561509}}</ref> Bikunze kugaragara cyane muri Afurika no muri Aziya yo Hagati n'iy'Iburasirazuba.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Impfu zigera ku 167.000 ziturutse kuri kanseri y'umwijima n'impfu 326.000 ziturutse kuri cirrhose zabaye mu 2015 ziturutse kuri hepatite C.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref> Kuba hariho indwara ya hepatite C – yashoboraga kumenyekana gusa nk’ubwoko bw’indwara ya hepatite itari A itari B – byagaragajwe mu myaka ya 1970 kandi byemejwe mu 1989.<ref name="pmid19781804">{{Cite journal|last=Houghton M|title=The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus|journal=Journal of Hepatology|volume=51|issue=5|pages=939–48|date=November 2009|pmid=19781804|doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004|url=http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-07-28|archive-date=2021-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217232938/https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref> Hepatite C yandurira abantu n'ingwe gusa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shors|first=Teri|title=Understanding viruses|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8553-6|pages=535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk8xP5LRHr4C&pg=PA535|edition=2nd|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515225439/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk8xP5LRHr4C&pg=PA535|archive-date=2016-05-15}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] lf4vct41z8s0ogg55ricdk49dy48khp 0 23388 141279 2026-10-11T08:15:40Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503358|Midazolam]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141279 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Midazolam''', igurishwa ku izina ry'ubucuruzi '''rya Versed''', n'indi, ni umuti wa benzodiazepine ukoreshwa mu kugabanya ikinya, kugabanya ububabare, gusinzira nabi, no gushyuha gukabije.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web|title=Midazolam Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/midazolam-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 1, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905074829/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/midazolam-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=2015-09-05}} </ref> Ikora mu gutera gusinzira, kugabanya imihangayiko, no gutuma umuntu atakaza ubushobozi bwo guhanga udushya.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ni ingirakamaro kandi mu kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe.<ref name="Sei2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Brigo F, Nardone R, Tezzon F, Trinka E|title=Nonintravenous midazolam versus intravenous or rectal diazepam for the treatment of early status epilepticus: A systematic review with meta-analysis|journal=Epilepsy & Behavior|volume=49|pages=325–36|date=August 2015|pmid=25817929|doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.02.030}}</ref> Midazolam ishobora gutangwa mu kanwa, mu mitsi, cyangwa mu gutera imitsi, mu kuyitera mu mazuru, cyangwa mu itama.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="Sei2015" /> Iyo itanzwe mu mitsi, akenshi itangira gukora mu minota itanu; iyo itewe mu mitsi, bishobora gufata iminota cumi n'itanu kugira ngo itangire gukora.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ingaruka zimara hagati y'isaha imwe n'esheshatu.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kugabanuka k'imbaraga zo guhumeka, umuvuduko w'amaraso ugabanuka, no gusinzira.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Kwihanganira ingaruka zayo no kwiheba bishobora kubaho nyuma yo kuyikoresha igihe kirekire.<ref name="Riss-2008" /> Ingaruka zidasanzwe, nko kongera ibikorwa, zishobora kubaho cyane cyane ku bana no ku bantu bakuze.<ref name="Riss-2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S|title=Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics|journal=Acta Neurologica Scandinavica|volume=118|issue=2|pages=69–86|date=August 2008|pmid=18384456|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x}}</ref> Hari ibimenyetso byerekana ibyago iyo bikoreshejwe mu gihe cyo gutwita ariko nta bimenyetso byerekana ingaruka mbi iyo ukoresheje dose imwe mu gihe wonsa.<ref name="Ric2015">{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Midazolam use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/midazolam.html|access-date=29 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905082026/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/midazolam.html|archive-date=5 September 2015}} </ref> Iri mu bwoko bwa benzodiazepine bw'imiti kandi ikora mu kongera imikorere ya neurotransmitter ya GABA mu bwonko.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Midazolam yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti mu 1974, itangira gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu 1982.<ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=539|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA539|language=en|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043518/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA539|url-status=live}}</ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi yatanzwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima nk'umuti usimbura lorazepam.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe kandi ntabwo ihenze cyane.<ref name="Ric2015" /> Igiciro cy'icupa mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere ni hafi 0.35$.<ref name="ERC2015">{{Cite web|title=Midazolam|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=1316&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=29 August 2015|archive-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072833/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=1316&searchYear=2014|url-status=live}} </ref> Mu bihugu byinshi, ni ikintu kigenzurwa.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] kr97py291oik5qvasxw0cxp75q8ybbf 141280 141279 2026-10-11T08:16:20Z Stevenndori289 10902 Midazolam 141280 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Midazolam molecule spacefill.png|thumb|Midazolam]] '''Midazolam''', igurishwa ku izina ry'ubucuruzi '''rya Versed''', n'indi, ni umuti wa benzodiazepine ukoreshwa mu kugabanya ikinya, kugabanya ububabare, gusinzira nabi, no gushyuha gukabije.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web|title=Midazolam Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/midazolam-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 1, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905074829/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/midazolam-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=2015-09-05}} </ref> Ikora mu gutera gusinzira, kugabanya imihangayiko, no gutuma umuntu atakaza ubushobozi bwo guhanga udushya.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ni ingirakamaro kandi mu kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe.<ref name="Sei2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Brigo F, Nardone R, Tezzon F, Trinka E|title=Nonintravenous midazolam versus intravenous or rectal diazepam for the treatment of early status epilepticus: A systematic review with meta-analysis|journal=Epilepsy & Behavior|volume=49|pages=325–36|date=August 2015|pmid=25817929|doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.02.030}}</ref> Midazolam ishobora gutangwa mu kanwa, mu mitsi, cyangwa mu gutera imitsi, mu kuyitera mu mazuru, cyangwa mu itama.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="Sei2015" /> Iyo itanzwe mu mitsi, akenshi itangira gukora mu minota itanu; iyo itewe mu mitsi, bishobora gufata iminota cumi n'itanu kugira ngo itangire gukora.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ingaruka zimara hagati y'isaha imwe n'esheshatu.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kugabanuka k'imbaraga zo guhumeka, umuvuduko w'amaraso ugabanuka, no gusinzira.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Kwihanganira ingaruka zayo no kwiheba bishobora kubaho nyuma yo kuyikoresha igihe kirekire.<ref name="Riss-2008" /> Ingaruka zidasanzwe, nko kongera ibikorwa, zishobora kubaho cyane cyane ku bana no ku bantu bakuze.<ref name="Riss-2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S|title=Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics|journal=Acta Neurologica Scandinavica|volume=118|issue=2|pages=69–86|date=August 2008|pmid=18384456|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x}}</ref> Hari ibimenyetso byerekana ibyago iyo bikoreshejwe mu gihe cyo gutwita ariko nta bimenyetso byerekana ingaruka mbi iyo ukoresheje dose imwe mu gihe wonsa.<ref name="Ric2015">{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Midazolam use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/midazolam.html|access-date=29 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905082026/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/midazolam.html|archive-date=5 September 2015}} </ref> Iri mu bwoko bwa benzodiazepine bw'imiti kandi ikora mu kongera imikorere ya neurotransmitter ya GABA mu bwonko.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Midazolam yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti mu 1974, itangira gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu 1982.<ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=539|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA539|language=en|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043518/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA539|url-status=live}}</ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi yatanzwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima nk'umuti usimbura lorazepam.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe kandi ntabwo ihenze cyane.<ref name="Ric2015" /> Igiciro cy'icupa mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere ni hafi 0.35$.<ref name="ERC2015">{{Cite web|title=Midazolam|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=1316&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=29 August 2015|archive-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072833/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=1316&searchYear=2014|url-status=live}} </ref> Mu bihugu byinshi, ni ikintu kigenzurwa.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] ebuo5yz8vf8zilqk6yck8a4lpm57b0g 0 23389 141281 2026-10-11T08:17:37Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500176|Adenomyosis]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Adenomyosis|synonym=Endometriosis interna,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Oral |first1=Engin |title=Endometriosis and Adenomyosis: Global Perspectives Across the Lifespan |date=24 May 2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-97236-3 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=W0hxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |access-date=12 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112043105/https://books.google.ca/books?id=W0hxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112043105/https://books.google.ca/books?id=W0hxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |date=12 January 2024 }}</ref> adenomyometritis<ref>{{Cite journal | volume = 30 | journal = Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America | issue = 1 | pages = 63–82, viii | year = 2003 | title = Adenomyosis | doi = 10.1016/S0889-8545(02)00053-0 | last2 = Kourtis | last1 = Matalliotakis | pmid = 12699258 | last3 = Panidis | first1 = I. | first2 = A. | first3 = D.}}</ref>|image=Adenomyosis.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Adenomyosis seen during laparoscopy: soft and enlarged uterus; the blue spots represent subserous [[endometriosis]].|pronounce=|field=[[Gynaecology|Gynecology]]|symptoms=None, [[dysmenorrhea|painful periods]], [[heavy periods]]<ref name=Stat2023/>|complications=[[Infertility]]<ref name=Bour2021/>|onset=Reproductive age<ref name=Bour2021/>|duration=|types=|causes=Unclear<ref name=Stat2023/>|risks=[[Obesity]], [[birth control pills]], [[Caesarean section|C-section]], prior [[pregnancy]], [[dilation and curettage]]<ref name=Stat2023/>|diagnosis=Confirmed by [[ultrasound]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]], [[biopsy]]<ref name=Stat2023/>|differential=[[Endometriosis]], [[fibroids]], [[uterine cancer]]<ref name=Stat2023/>|prevention=|treatment=[[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAIDs]], [[birth control pills]], [[hormonal IUD]], [[uterine artery embolization]], [[endometrial ablation]], [[myomectomy]], [[hysterectomy]]<ref name=Stat2023/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=20 to 35%<ref name=Stat2023/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Adenomyosis''' ni ukwiyongera k'urukuta rw'imbere rw'umura mu nda.<ref name="Bour2021">{{Cite journal|last=Bourdon|first=M|last2=Santulli|first2=P|last3=Marcellin|first3=L|last4=Maignien|first4=C|last5=Maitrot-Mantelet|first5=L|last6=Bordonne|first6=C|last7=Plu Bureau|first7=G|last8=Chapron|first8=C|title=Adenomyosis: An update regarding its diagnosis and clinical features.|journal=Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction|date=December 2021|volume=50|issue=10|pages=102228|doi=10.1016/j.jogoh.2021.102228|pmid=34520877}}</ref> Ibimenyetso akenshi birimo kubabara no kujya mu mihango cyane ; ariko, bimwe muri byo nta bimenyetso bigira.<ref name="Stat2023">{{Cite journal|last=R|first=Gunther|last2=C|first2=Walker|date=2020|title=Adenomyosis|journal=StatPearls [Internet]|language=en|pmid=30969690}}</ref><ref name="Bour2021" /> Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo ububabare budakira mu kibuno no kubabara mu mibonano mpuzabitsina.<ref name="Stat2023" /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo ubugumba kandi akenshi bifitanye isano na [[endometriosis]].<ref name="Bour2021" /> Impamvu ntirasobanuka neza.<ref name="Stat2023" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ingorane birimo umubyibuho ukabije, ibinini byo kuboneza urubyaro, kubagwa C-section, [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]] mbere, no kwaguka no gucukura.<ref name="Stat2023" /> Uburyo bw'ibanze bushobora kuba bukubiyemo gukomereka no gusana imbere mu mura cyangwa mu ngingo za Müllerian.<ref name="Sch2022">{{Cite journal|last=Schrager|first=S|last2=Yogendran|first2=L|last3=Marquez|first3=CM|last4=Sadowski|first4=EA|title=Adenomyosis: Diagnosis and Management.|journal=American family physician|date=1 January 2022|volume=105|issue=1|pages=33-38|pmid=35029928}}</ref> Isuzuma rikekwaho hashingiwe ku bimenyetso kandi ryemezwa hakoreshejwe ultrasound, MRI, cyangwa biopsy.<ref name="Stat2023" /><ref name="Sch2022" /> Agace gato cyangwa kanini k'umura gashobora kuba karimo.<ref name="Sch2022" /> Akenshi nyababyeyi irakura; nubwo atari [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]].<ref name="Stat2023" /><ref name="Sch2022" /> Ibimenyetso bishobora kongerwa n'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara zo mu mutwe (NSAIDs), ibinini byo kuboneza urubyaro, imisemburo ya IUD, cyangwa danazol.<ref name="Stat2023" /> Uburyo bwo gukora burimo guterura imitsi yo mu nda, gukuraho endometrial, no gukuraho myomectomy.<ref name="Stat2023" /> Ku badashaka abandi bana, hari amahitamo arimo kubagwa no gukuramo nyababyeyi.<ref name="Stat2023" /> Adenomyosis ivugwa ko yibasira abagore bari hagati ya 20 na 35%.<ref name="Stat2023" /> Bikunze kugaragara cyane ku bantu bageze mu zabukuru zo kubyara, aho akenshi bisuzumwa mu bantu bafite imyaka 40.<ref name="Bour2021" /><ref name="Sch2022" /> Carl von Rokitansky , inzobere mu ndwara z’umubiri w’Umudage, yasobanuye bwa mbere iyo ndwara mu 1860.<ref name="Stat2023" /> Iri jambo rikomoka kuri "adenos" risobanura "gland", "myo" risobanura imitsi, naho "osis" risobanura imimerere. == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] rntk5mphc5tqdzwe01x91q3hngshc1x 141282 141281 2026-10-11T08:18:36Z Stevenndori289 10902 Adenomyose 141282 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Adenomyosis.jpg|thumb|Adenomyose]] '''Adenomyosis''' ni ukwiyongera k'urukuta rw'imbere rw'umura mu nda.<ref name="Bour2021">{{Cite journal|last=Bourdon|first=M|last2=Santulli|first2=P|last3=Marcellin|first3=L|last4=Maignien|first4=C|last5=Maitrot-Mantelet|first5=L|last6=Bordonne|first6=C|last7=Plu Bureau|first7=G|last8=Chapron|first8=C|title=Adenomyosis: An update regarding its diagnosis and clinical features.|journal=Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction|date=December 2021|volume=50|issue=10|pages=102228|doi=10.1016/j.jogoh.2021.102228|pmid=34520877}}</ref> Ibimenyetso akenshi birimo kubabara no kujya mu mihango cyane ; ariko, bimwe muri byo nta bimenyetso bigira.<ref name="Stat2023">{{Cite journal|last=R|first=Gunther|last2=C|first2=Walker|date=2020|title=Adenomyosis|journal=StatPearls [Internet]|language=en|pmid=30969690}}</ref><ref name="Bour2021" /> Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo ububabare budakira mu kibuno no kubabara mu mibonano mpuzabitsina.<ref name="Stat2023" /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo ubugumba kandi akenshi bifitanye isano na [[endometriosis]].<ref name="Bour2021" /> Impamvu ntirasobanuka neza.<ref name="Stat2023" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ingorane birimo umubyibuho ukabije, ibinini byo kuboneza urubyaro, kubagwa C-section, [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]] mbere, no kwaguka no gucukura.<ref name="Stat2023" /> Uburyo bw'ibanze bushobora kuba bukubiyemo gukomereka no gusana imbere mu mura cyangwa mu ngingo za Müllerian.<ref name="Sch2022">{{Cite journal|last=Schrager|first=S|last2=Yogendran|first2=L|last3=Marquez|first3=CM|last4=Sadowski|first4=EA|title=Adenomyosis: Diagnosis and Management.|journal=American family physician|date=1 January 2022|volume=105|issue=1|pages=33-38|pmid=35029928}}</ref> Isuzuma rikekwaho hashingiwe ku bimenyetso kandi ryemezwa hakoreshejwe ultrasound, MRI, cyangwa biopsy.<ref name="Stat2023" /><ref name="Sch2022" /> Agace gato cyangwa kanini k'umura gashobora kuba karimo.<ref name="Sch2022" /> Akenshi nyababyeyi irakura; nubwo atari [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]].<ref name="Stat2023" /><ref name="Sch2022" /> Ibimenyetso bishobora kongerwa n'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara zo mu mutwe (NSAIDs), ibinini byo kuboneza urubyaro, imisemburo ya IUD, cyangwa danazol.<ref name="Stat2023" /> Uburyo bwo gukora burimo guterura imitsi yo mu nda, gukuraho endometrial, no gukuraho myomectomy.<ref name="Stat2023" /> Ku badashaka abandi bana, hari amahitamo arimo kubagwa no gukuramo nyababyeyi.<ref name="Stat2023" /> Adenomyosis ivugwa ko yibasira abagore bari hagati ya 20 na 35%.<ref name="Stat2023" /> Bikunze kugaragara cyane ku bantu bageze mu zabukuru zo kubyara, aho akenshi bisuzumwa mu bantu bafite imyaka 40.<ref name="Bour2021" /><ref name="Sch2022" /> Carl von Rokitansky , inzobere mu ndwara z’umubiri w’Umudage, yasobanuye bwa mbere iyo ndwara mu 1860.<ref name="Stat2023" /> Iri jambo rikomoka kuri "adenos" risobanura "gland", "myo" risobanura imitsi, naho "osis" risobanura imimerere. == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] a1chppg6n6yvgxgvj5599uspp8hn8yj 0 23390 141283 2026-10-11T08:20:12Z B.Scalling 15089 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1296813239|Kantano Habimana]]" 141283 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kantano Habimana''' (wapfuye ahagana mu 1998-2002), bakunze kwita '''Kantano''', yari umunyamakuru ( ''animateur'' ) kuri radiyo yo mu Rwanda RTLM, yagize uruhare runini mu guteza imbere [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] . Kimwe n'abandi banyamakuru b'iyi radiyo, Habimana yashishikarije urugomo [[Abatutsi|rw'Abatutsi]] n'Abahutu batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi mu buryo busanzwe. ''Umukinnyi wa'' RTML ukunzwe cyane mu bijyanye n'igihe cyo gutangaza amakuru, yakunze gukururwa n'uko "yakundaga gukoresha ikoranabuhanga risekeje kandi ritangaje". <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Gulseth |first=Hege Løvdal |title=The Use of Propaganda in the Rwandan Genocide |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30834489.pdf |journal=[[University of Oslo]] |pages=56–57}}</ref> Mu gihe yamaze kuri radiyo, yamenyekanye kubera ubwiza bwe n'urwenya, kandi yamenyekanye kubera kuvuga cyane "nk'aho abantu bari imbere ye, ibyo bikaba byari byiza mu gukurura ibitekerezo byabo. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Darryl |first=Li |title=Echoes of Violence: Considerations on Radio and Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://anthropology.uchicago.edu/sites/anthropology.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/echoes%20of%20violence%20-%20JGR%20final.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=(2004), 6(1) |pages=17–20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620044527/https://anthropology.uchicago.edu/sites/anthropology.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/echoes%20of%20violence%20-%20JGR%20final.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-20 |access-date=2021-04-18}}</ref> == Ubuzima bwo hambere == ''Itariki y’amavuko ya Habimana n’ibindi bisobanuro birambuye ku buzima bwe bwo hambere, mbere yo kwinjira muri RTLM, ntibizwi neza. Icyakora, amakuru ahari agaragaza ko yize itangazamakuru i Leningrad, umujyi ubu witwa Saint Petersburg, mu cyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti, aho yakuye impamyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza (Masters). Nyuma yo kurangiza amasomo ye, yakoze mu binyamakuru byo mu Rwanda birimo Imvaho na Umurwanashyaka.'' . <ref name=":0" /> == Ubuzima bw'umuntu == Habimana akunze kwitwa ''animateur'' ikunzwe cyane <ref>{{Cite book |year=2007 |title=The Media and the Rwanda Genocide |url=http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |publisher=Pluto Press, Fountain Publishers, IDRC |isbn=978-0-74532-625-2 |editor-last=Thompson |editor-first=Allan |page=98 |access-date=19 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916062855/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |archive-date=16 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ya RTLM ndetse ''n'animateur'' ifite umwanya munini wo kureba amashusho, aho ibice bye byagize hafi 33% by'ibiganiro bya radiyo. <ref>{{Cite book |year=2007 |title=Kimani, Mary: RTLM: the Medium that Became a Tool for Mass Murder. In "The Media and the Rwanda Genocide" |url=http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |publisher=Pluto Press, Fountain Publishers, IDRC |isbn=978-0-74532-625-2 |editor-last=Thompson |editor-first=Allan |page=116 |access-date=19 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916062855/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |archive-date=16 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu by’ukuri, mu bushakashatsi bumwe bwakozwe ku byerekeye abantu bwakozwe binyuze mu bushakashatsi bwakorewe mu Rwanda, Abahutu n’Abatutsi babajijwe bavuze ko yari azwiho ubuhanga bwe mu kuvuga. <ref name=":02" /> Mbere ya jenoside, Habimana yafataga umurongo uciriritse ku bibazo by’ivanguramoko kurusha abayoboke benshi ba Hutu Power . Urugero, mu Ukuboza 1993, Habimana yavuze ibi bikurikira ubwo yari kuri radiyo:<blockquote>"Si Abatutsi bose ari babi; bamwe muri bo ni babi. Si Abahutu bose ari beza, abandi ni babi. Mu moko, hari bamwe ari babi ... Ibi bigaragaza ko kamere muntu ikomeje kuba imwe mu moko yose yo mu Rwanda, mu bagabo bose bo mu Rwanda. Ariko se ni nde muntu wishyize mu mutwe we ko RTLM yanga Abatutsi?" <ref>{{Cite web |title=ICTR, The Media Case {{!}} How does law protect in war? – Online casebook |url=https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/ictr-media-case |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=casebook.icrc.org}}</ref></blockquote>Ariko, mu gihe cya jenoside, Habimana yatangazaga aho aherereye neza, amazina na nimero za plaque by’abaregwaga kuba ibyitso [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|bya FPR]], <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cotton |first=Cassandra |year=2007 |title='Where Radio is King:' Rwanda's Hate Radio and the Lessons Learned. |url=http://atlismta.org/online-journals/0607-journal-gender-environment-and-human-rights/where-radio-is-king/#_ftn43 |url-status=usurped |journal=Atlantic International Studies Journal |pages=4–11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207011053/http://atlismta.org/online-journals/0607-journal-gender-environment-and-human-rights/where-radio-is-king/#_ftn43 |archive-date=7 February 2013 |access-date=17 March 2013}}</ref> yashishikarizaga urugomo rwibasiwe ndetse akenshi n’ubwicanyi ku bantu bavuzwe n’imitwe nka Impuzamugambi [[Interahamwe|n’interahamwe]] . Habimana yahaye abari aho inama ku buryo bwo kumenya Abatutsi, avuga ko uburebure bw'umuntu n'uko agaragara bishobora kugaragaza niba ari Abatutsi. Habimana yategetse abari bamuteze amatwi "[kureba] uburebure bw'umuntu n'uko asa... Reba izuru rye rito hanyuma urimene”. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Three Media Leaders convicted for Genocide {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/news/three-media-leaders-convicted-genocide |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=unictr.irmct.org}}</ref> == Ubuzima nyuma ya jenoside n'urupfu rwatangajwe == Mu rubanza rwabereye mu rukiko mbere ya jenoside ku ya 15 Werurwe 1994, kubera "gushishikariza abaturage kwiyemerera", Habimana yavuze ko abatangazamakuru ba RTLM ari "abantu bato" ugereranije n'abayobozi ba RTLM nka Ferdinand Nahimana, bityo bakaba nta ruhare bagize muri jenoside. Bivugwa ko Habimana yazize SIDA muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] hagati ya 1998 na 2002. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Darryl |year=2004 |title=Echoes of violence: Considerations on radio and genocide in Rwanda. |url=https://www.academia.edu/362149 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.1080/1462352042000194683 |s2cid=85504804 |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} == Amasano yo hanze == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ig-22hF5Rg&t=1m10s Amajwi ya Kantano Habimana kuri RTLM (atangira saa saba n'iminota icumi).] * [http://www.rwandafile.com/rtlm/index.html RwandaFile: Inyandiko mvugo za RTLM, harimo nyinshi na Kantano Habimana] {{Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines}} ilpk86to2ziarl9iotgqsiueutxkl9k 141286 141283 2026-10-11T08:23:35Z B.Scalling 15089 gushyiramo databox 141286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|excludeProperties=Q16200739}} '''Kantano Habimana''' (wapfuye ahagana mu 1998-2002), bakunze kwita '''Kantano''', yari umunyamakuru ( ''animateur'' ) kuri radiyo yo mu Rwanda RTLM, yagize uruhare runini mu guteza imbere [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] . Kimwe n'abandi banyamakuru b'iyi radiyo, Habimana yashishikarije urugomo [[Abatutsi|rw'Abatutsi]] n'Abahutu batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi mu buryo busanzwe. ''Umukinnyi wa'' RTML ukunzwe cyane mu bijyanye n'igihe cyo gutangaza amakuru, yakunze gukururwa n'uko "yakundaga gukoresha ikoranabuhanga risekeje kandi ritangaje". <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Gulseth |first=Hege Løvdal |title=The Use of Propaganda in the Rwandan Genocide |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30834489.pdf |journal=[[University of Oslo]] |pages=56–57}}</ref> Mu gihe yamaze kuri radiyo, yamenyekanye kubera ubwiza bwe n'urwenya, kandi yamenyekanye kubera kuvuga cyane "nk'aho abantu bari imbere ye, ibyo bikaba byari byiza mu gukurura ibitekerezo byabo. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Darryl |first=Li |title=Echoes of Violence: Considerations on Radio and Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://anthropology.uchicago.edu/sites/anthropology.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/echoes%20of%20violence%20-%20JGR%20final.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=(2004), 6(1) |pages=17–20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620044527/https://anthropology.uchicago.edu/sites/anthropology.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/echoes%20of%20violence%20-%20JGR%20final.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-20 |access-date=2021-04-18}}</ref> == Ubuzima bwo hambere == ''Itariki y’amavuko ya Habimana n’ibindi bisobanuro birambuye ku buzima bwe bwo hambere, mbere yo kwinjira muri RTLM, ntibizwi neza. Icyakora, amakuru ahari agaragaza ko yize itangazamakuru i Leningrad, umujyi ubu witwa Saint Petersburg, mu cyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti, aho yakuye impamyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza (Masters). Nyuma yo kurangiza amasomo ye, yakoze mu binyamakuru byo mu Rwanda birimo Imvaho na Umurwanashyaka.'' . <ref name=":0" /> == Ubuzima bw'umuntu == Habimana akunze kwitwa ''animateur'' ikunzwe cyane <ref>{{Cite book |year=2007 |title=The Media and the Rwanda Genocide |url=http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |publisher=Pluto Press, Fountain Publishers, IDRC |isbn=978-0-74532-625-2 |editor-last=Thompson |editor-first=Allan |page=98 |access-date=19 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916062855/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |archive-date=16 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ya RTLM ndetse ''n'animateur'' ifite umwanya munini wo kureba amashusho, aho ibice bye byagize hafi 33% by'ibiganiro bya radiyo. <ref>{{Cite book |year=2007 |title=Kimani, Mary: RTLM: the Medium that Became a Tool for Mass Murder. In "The Media and the Rwanda Genocide" |url=http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |publisher=Pluto Press, Fountain Publishers, IDRC |isbn=978-0-74532-625-2 |editor-last=Thompson |editor-first=Allan |page=116 |access-date=19 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916062855/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |archive-date=16 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu by’ukuri, mu bushakashatsi bumwe bwakozwe ku byerekeye abantu bwakozwe binyuze mu bushakashatsi bwakorewe mu Rwanda, Abahutu n’Abatutsi babajijwe bavuze ko yari azwiho ubuhanga bwe mu kuvuga. <ref name=":02" /> Mbere ya jenoside, Habimana yafataga umurongo uciriritse ku bibazo by’ivanguramoko kurusha abayoboke benshi ba Hutu Power . Urugero, mu Ukuboza 1993, Habimana yavuze ibi bikurikira ubwo yari kuri radiyo:<blockquote>"Si Abatutsi bose ari babi; bamwe muri bo ni babi. Si Abahutu bose ari beza, abandi ni babi. Mu moko, hari bamwe ari babi ... Ibi bigaragaza ko kamere muntu ikomeje kuba imwe mu moko yose yo mu Rwanda, mu bagabo bose bo mu Rwanda. Ariko se ni nde muntu wishyize mu mutwe we ko RTLM yanga Abatutsi?" <ref>{{Cite web |title=ICTR, The Media Case {{!}} How does law protect in war? – Online casebook |url=https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/ictr-media-case |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=casebook.icrc.org}}</ref></blockquote>Ariko, mu gihe cya jenoside, Habimana yatangazaga aho aherereye neza, amazina na nimero za plaque by’abaregwaga kuba ibyitso [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|bya FPR]], <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cotton |first=Cassandra |year=2007 |title='Where Radio is King:' Rwanda's Hate Radio and the Lessons Learned. |url=http://atlismta.org/online-journals/0607-journal-gender-environment-and-human-rights/where-radio-is-king/#_ftn43 |url-status=usurped |journal=Atlantic International Studies Journal |pages=4–11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207011053/http://atlismta.org/online-journals/0607-journal-gender-environment-and-human-rights/where-radio-is-king/#_ftn43 |archive-date=7 February 2013 |access-date=17 March 2013}}</ref> yashishikarizaga urugomo rwibasiwe ndetse akenshi n’ubwicanyi ku bantu bavuzwe n’imitwe nka Impuzamugambi [[Interahamwe|n’interahamwe]] . Habimana yahaye abari aho inama ku buryo bwo kumenya Abatutsi, avuga ko uburebure bw'umuntu n'uko agaragara bishobora kugaragaza niba ari Abatutsi. Habimana yategetse abari bamuteze amatwi "[kureba] uburebure bw'umuntu n'uko asa... Reba izuru rye rito hanyuma urimene”. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Three Media Leaders convicted for Genocide {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/news/three-media-leaders-convicted-genocide |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=unictr.irmct.org}}</ref> == Ubuzima nyuma ya jenoside n'urupfu rwatangajwe == Mu rubanza rwabereye mu rukiko mbere ya jenoside ku ya 15 Werurwe 1994, kubera "gushishikariza abaturage kwiyemerera", Habimana yavuze ko abatangazamakuru ba RTLM ari "abantu bato" ugereranije n'abayobozi ba RTLM nka Ferdinand Nahimana, bityo bakaba nta ruhare bagize muri jenoside. Bivugwa ko Habimana yazize SIDA muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] hagati ya 1998 na 2002. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Darryl |year=2004 |title=Echoes of violence: Considerations on radio and genocide in Rwanda. |url=https://www.academia.edu/362149 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.1080/1462352042000194683 |s2cid=85504804 |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} == Amasano yo hanze == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ig-22hF5Rg&t=1m10s Amajwi ya Kantano Habimana kuri RTLM (atangira saa saba n'iminota icumi).] * [http://www.rwandafile.com/rtlm/index.html RwandaFile: Inyandiko mvugo za RTLM, harimo nyinshi na Kantano Habimana] {{Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines}} 5qajeqrhhsaqy4t2l8flwltesrzcihl 141290 141286 2026-10-11T08:26:48Z B.Scalling 15089 adding categories 141290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|excludeProperties=Q16200739}} '''Kantano Habimana''' (wapfuye ahagana mu 1998-2002), bakunze kwita '''Kantano''', yari umunyamakuru ( ''animateur'' ) kuri radiyo yo mu Rwanda RTLM, yagize uruhare runini mu guteza imbere [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] . Kimwe n'abandi banyamakuru b'iyi radiyo, Habimana yashishikarije urugomo [[Abatutsi|rw'Abatutsi]] n'Abahutu batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi mu buryo busanzwe. ''Umukinnyi wa'' RTML ukunzwe cyane mu bijyanye n'igihe cyo gutangaza amakuru, yakunze gukururwa n'uko "yakundaga gukoresha ikoranabuhanga risekeje kandi ritangaje". <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Gulseth |first=Hege Løvdal |title=The Use of Propaganda in the Rwandan Genocide |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30834489.pdf |journal=[[University of Oslo]] |pages=56–57}}</ref> Mu gihe yamaze kuri radiyo, yamenyekanye kubera ubwiza bwe n'urwenya, kandi yamenyekanye kubera kuvuga cyane "nk'aho abantu bari imbere ye, ibyo bikaba byari byiza mu gukurura ibitekerezo byabo. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Darryl |first=Li |title=Echoes of Violence: Considerations on Radio and Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://anthropology.uchicago.edu/sites/anthropology.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/echoes%20of%20violence%20-%20JGR%20final.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=(2004), 6(1) |pages=17–20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620044527/https://anthropology.uchicago.edu/sites/anthropology.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/echoes%20of%20violence%20-%20JGR%20final.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-20 |access-date=2021-04-18}}</ref> == Ubuzima bwo hambere == ''Itariki y’amavuko ya Habimana n’ibindi bisobanuro birambuye ku buzima bwe bwo hambere, mbere yo kwinjira muri RTLM, ntibizwi neza. Icyakora, amakuru ahari agaragaza ko yize itangazamakuru i Leningrad, umujyi ubu witwa Saint Petersburg, mu cyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti, aho yakuye impamyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza (Masters). Nyuma yo kurangiza amasomo ye, yakoze mu binyamakuru byo mu Rwanda birimo Imvaho na Umurwanashyaka.'' . <ref name=":0" /> == Ubuzima bw'umuntu == Habimana akunze kwitwa ''animateur'' ikunzwe cyane <ref>{{Cite book |year=2007 |title=The Media and the Rwanda Genocide |url=http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |publisher=Pluto Press, Fountain Publishers, IDRC |isbn=978-0-74532-625-2 |editor-last=Thompson |editor-first=Allan |page=98 |access-date=19 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916062855/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |archive-date=16 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ya RTLM ndetse ''n'animateur'' ifite umwanya munini wo kureba amashusho, aho ibice bye byagize hafi 33% by'ibiganiro bya radiyo. <ref>{{Cite book |year=2007 |title=Kimani, Mary: RTLM: the Medium that Became a Tool for Mass Murder. In "The Media and the Rwanda Genocide" |url=http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |publisher=Pluto Press, Fountain Publishers, IDRC |isbn=978-0-74532-625-2 |editor-last=Thompson |editor-first=Allan |page=116 |access-date=19 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916062855/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |archive-date=16 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu by’ukuri, mu bushakashatsi bumwe bwakozwe ku byerekeye abantu bwakozwe binyuze mu bushakashatsi bwakorewe mu Rwanda, Abahutu n’Abatutsi babajijwe bavuze ko yari azwiho ubuhanga bwe mu kuvuga. <ref name=":02" /> Mbere ya jenoside, Habimana yafataga umurongo uciriritse ku bibazo by’ivanguramoko kurusha abayoboke benshi ba Hutu Power . Urugero, mu Ukuboza 1993, Habimana yavuze ibi bikurikira ubwo yari kuri radiyo:<blockquote>"Si Abatutsi bose ari babi; bamwe muri bo ni babi. Si Abahutu bose ari beza, abandi ni babi. Mu moko, hari bamwe ari babi ... Ibi bigaragaza ko kamere muntu ikomeje kuba imwe mu moko yose yo mu Rwanda, mu bagabo bose bo mu Rwanda. Ariko se ni nde muntu wishyize mu mutwe we ko RTLM yanga Abatutsi?" <ref>{{Cite web |title=ICTR, The Media Case {{!}} How does law protect in war? – Online casebook |url=https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/ictr-media-case |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=casebook.icrc.org}}</ref></blockquote>Ariko, mu gihe cya jenoside, Habimana yatangazaga aho aherereye neza, amazina na nimero za plaque by’abaregwaga kuba ibyitso [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|bya FPR]], <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cotton |first=Cassandra |year=2007 |title='Where Radio is King:' Rwanda's Hate Radio and the Lessons Learned. |url=http://atlismta.org/online-journals/0607-journal-gender-environment-and-human-rights/where-radio-is-king/#_ftn43 |url-status=usurped |journal=Atlantic International Studies Journal |pages=4–11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207011053/http://atlismta.org/online-journals/0607-journal-gender-environment-and-human-rights/where-radio-is-king/#_ftn43 |archive-date=7 February 2013 |access-date=17 March 2013}}</ref> yashishikarizaga urugomo rwibasiwe ndetse akenshi n’ubwicanyi ku bantu bavuzwe n’imitwe nka Impuzamugambi [[Interahamwe|n’interahamwe]] . Habimana yahaye abari aho inama ku buryo bwo kumenya Abatutsi, avuga ko uburebure bw'umuntu n'uko agaragara bishobora kugaragaza niba ari Abatutsi. Habimana yategetse abari bamuteze amatwi "[kureba] uburebure bw'umuntu n'uko asa... Reba izuru rye rito hanyuma urimene”. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Three Media Leaders convicted for Genocide {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/news/three-media-leaders-convicted-genocide |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=unictr.irmct.org}}</ref> == Ubuzima nyuma ya jenoside n'urupfu rwatangajwe == Mu rubanza rwabereye mu rukiko mbere ya jenoside ku ya 15 Werurwe 1994, kubera "gushishikariza abaturage kwiyemerera", Habimana yavuze ko abatangazamakuru ba RTLM ari "abantu bato" ugereranije n'abayobozi ba RTLM nka Ferdinand Nahimana, bityo bakaba nta ruhare bagize muri jenoside. Bivugwa ko Habimana yazize SIDA muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] hagati ya 1998 na 2002. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Darryl |year=2004 |title=Echoes of violence: Considerations on radio and genocide in Rwanda. |url=https://www.academia.edu/362149 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.1080/1462352042000194683 |s2cid=85504804 |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} == Amasano yo hanze == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ig-22hF5Rg&t=1m10s Amajwi ya Kantano Habimana kuri RTLM (atangira saa saba n'iminota icumi).] * [http://www.rwandafile.com/rtlm/index.html RwandaFile: Inyandiko mvugo za RTLM, harimo nyinshi na Kantano Habimana] {{Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines}} [[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]] q82cabxwuhcubtcde2aydactte1fo2k 0 23391 141284 2026-10-11T08:21:14Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1470029|Rheumatoid_arthritis]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Rheumatoid arthritis|synonym=|image=Rheumatoid_Arthritis.JPG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A hand severely affected by rheumatoid arthritis. This degree of swelling and deformation does not typically occur with current treatment.|pronounce=|field=[[Rheumatology]]|symptoms=Warm, swollen, painful joints<ref name=NIH2014/>|complications=[[anemia|Low red blood cells]], [[pleurisy|inflammation around the lungs]], [[pericarditis|inflammation around the heart]]<ref name=NIH2014/>|onset=Middle age<ref name=NIH2014/>|duration=Lifelong<ref name=NIH2014/>|types=|causes=Unknown<ref name=NIH2014/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, [[medical imaging]], blood tests<ref name=NIH2014/><ref name=Majithia2007/>|differential=[[Lupus|Systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[psoriatic arthritis]], [[fibromyalgia]]<ref name=Majithia2007/>|prevention=|treatment=|medication=[[Analgesics|Pain medications]], [[glucocorticoid|steroids]], [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s, [[disease-modifying antirheumatic drug]]s<ref name=NIH2014/>|prognosis=|frequency=0.5–1% (adults in [[developed world]])<ref name=Lancet2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smolen JS, Aletaha D, McInnes IB | s2cid = 37973054 | title = Rheumatoid arthritis | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10055 | pages = 2023–2038 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27156434 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30173-8 | url = http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/131249/1/131249.pdf | access-date = 2020-07-07 | archive-date = 2020-12-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201222093809/http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/131249/1/131249.pdf | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222093809/http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/131249/1/131249.pdf |date=2020-12-22 }}</ref>|deaths=30,000 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}</ref>|video1=|named after=}}'''Indwara ya rubagimpande''' ( '''RA''' ) ni indwara y’igihe kirekire ifata ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri ifata cyane cyane ingingo.<ref name=NIH2014>{{cite web|title=Handout on Health: Rheumatoid Arthritis|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/Rheumatic_Disease/default.asp|website=National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases|access-date=July 2, 2015|date=August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630212818/http://niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Rheumatic_Disease/default.asp|archive-date=June 30, 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630212818/http://niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Rheumatic_Disease/default.asp |date=June 30, 2015 }}</ref> Akenshi bitera ingingo zishyushye, zibyimba kandi zibabaza.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Ububabare no kunanuka bikunze kwiyongera nyuma yo kuruhuka.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Akenshi, ukuboko n'amaboko biba bifite ingaruka, ingingo zimwe zikunze kuba ku mpande zombi z'umubiri.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Iyi ndwara ishobora no gufata ibindi bice by'umubiri.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Ibi bishobora gutuma [[Anemie|amaraso aba make]], ibihaha bikagira ububabare bukabije, ndetse n'umutima ukagira ububabare bukabije.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Umuriro n'imbaraga nke bishobora kuba biriho. Akenshi, ibimenyetso biza buhoro buhoro mu gihe cy'ibyumweru cyangwa amezi.<ref name="Majithia2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Majithia V, Geraci SA|title=Rheumatoid arthritis: diagnosis and management|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=120|issue=11|pages=936–9|date=November 2007|pmid=17976416|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.04.005}}</ref> Nubwo impamvu itera rubagimpande itazwi neza, bikekwa ko iterwa n’uruvange rw’ibintu bigize imiterere y’umubiri n’ibidukikije. Uburyo bw'ibanze bukubiyemo ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bwibasira ingingo.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Ibi bitera kubyimba no kwiyongera k'urugingo rwa capsule.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Bigira ingaruka kandi ku magufwa no ku mitsi yo hasi.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Isuzuma rikorwa ahanini hashingiwe ku bimenyetso n'ibimenyetso by'umuntu.<ref name="Majithia2007" /> Imirasire ya X kandi ibizamini byo muri laboratwari bishobora gushyigikira gusuzuma cyangwa gukuramo izindi ndwara zifite ibimenyetso bisa.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Izindi ndwara zishobora kugaragara nk'izo zirimo lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis, na fibromyalgia n'izindi.<ref name="Majithia2007" /> Intego zo kuvura ni ukugabanya ububabare, kugabanya ububyimbirwe, no kunoza imikorere y'umuntu muri rusange. Ibi bishobora gufashwa no kuringaniza ikiruhuko n'imyitozo ngororamubiri, gukoresha imigozi n'udupira two kuvura indwara, cyangwa gukoresha ibikoresho bifasha umuntu kuruhuka.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rausch Osthoff AK, Juhl CB, Knittle K, Dagfinrud H, Hurkmans E, Braun J, Schoones J, Vliet Vlieland TP, Niedermann K|display-authors=6|title=Effects of exercise and physical activity promotion: meta-analysis informing the 2018 EULAR recommendations for physical activity in people with rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis and hip/knee osteoarthritis|journal=RMD Open|volume=4|issue=2|pages=e000713|date=2018-12-04|pmid=30622734|pmc=6307596|doi=10.1136/rmdopen-2018-000713}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Park Y, Chang M|title=Effects of rehabilitation for pain relief in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review|journal=Journal of Physical Therapy Science|volume=28|issue=1|pages=304–8|date=January 2016|pmid=26957779|pmc=4756025|doi=10.1589/jpts.28.304}}</ref> Imiti igabanya ububabare, imiti igabanya ububabare, na NSAIDs ikunze gukoreshwa mu gufasha ibimenyetso.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Imiti igabanya indwara igabanya ububabare bw'ingingo (DMARDs), nka hydroxychloroquine na methotrexate, ishobora gukoreshwa mu kugerageza kugabanya ukwiyongera kw'indwara.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Imiti ya DMARD y’ibinyabuzima ishobora gukoreshwa iyo indwara idakira indi miti.<ref name="ACR2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL, Akl EA, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, Vaysbrot E, McNaughton C, Osani M, Shmerling RH, Curtis JR, Furst DE, Parks D, Kavanaugh A, O'Dell J, King C, Leong A, Matteson EL, Schousboe JT, Drevlow B, Ginsberg S, Grober J, St Clair EW, Tindall E, Miller AS, McAlindon T|title=2015 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis|journal=Arthritis & Rheumatology|volume=68|issue=1|pages=1–26|date=January 2016|pmid=26545940|doi=10.1002/art.39480|url-status=live}}</ref> Ariko, bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi nyinshi.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Singh JA, Wells GA, Christensen R, Tanjong Ghogomu E, Maxwell L, Macdonald JK, Filippini G, Skoetz N, Francis D, Lopes LC, Guyatt GH, Schmitt J, La Mantia L, Weberschock T, Roos JF, Siebert H, Hershan S, Lunn MP, Tugwell P, Buchbinder R|title=Adverse effects of biologics: a network meta-analysis and Cochrane overview|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=2|pages=CD008794|date=February 2011|pmid=21328309|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008794.pub2|pmc=7173749}}</ref> Kubagwa kugira ngo hakorwe, hakorwe ibindi, cyangwa hakorwe impuzandengo bishobora gufasha mu bihe bimwe na bimwe.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Uburyo bwinshi bwo kuvura butari ubwo kuvura ntibushyigikiwe n'ibimenyetso.<ref name="Ef2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Efthimiou P, Kukar M|s2cid=21179821|title=Complementary and alternative medicine use in rheumatoid arthritis: proposed mechanism of action and efficacy of commonly used modalities|journal=Rheumatology International|volume=30|issue=5|pages=571–86|date=March 2010|pmid=19876631|doi=10.1007/s00296-009-1206-y}}</ref> RA yibasira abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 24.5 kugeza mu 2015.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> Ibi biri hagati ya 0.5 na 1% by'abantu bakuru mu bihugu byateye imbere, aho 5 na 50 kuri 100.000 batangira kurwara iyi ndwara buri mwaka. Kurwara indwara akenshi bibaho mu myaka yo hagati kandi abagore bayirwara inshuro 2.5 kurusha abagabo. Byagize ingaruka ku rupfu rw’abantu 38.000 mu 2013, ugereranyije n’abapfuye 28.000 mu 1990.<ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|last=GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators}}</ref> Ibisobanuro bya mbere bya RA byatanzwe mu 1800 na Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais (1772–1840) wo i Paris.<ref name="Landre1800">{{Cite book|vauthors=Landré-Beauvais AJ|title=La goutte asthénique primitive (doctoral thesis)|year=1800|location=Paris}} reproduced in {{Cite journal|vauthors=Landré-Beauvais AJ|title=The first description of rheumatoid arthritis. Unabridged text of the doctoral dissertation presented in 1800|journal=Joint, Bone, Spine|volume=68|issue=2|pages=130–43|date=March 2001|pmid=11324929|doi=10.1016/S1297-319X(00)00247-5}}</ref> Ijambo ''rubagimpande'' rikomoka ku kigereki risobanura ingingo zifite amazi n'izibyimba.<ref name="Paget2002">{{Cite book|last=Paget|first=Stephen A.|last2=Lockshin|first2=Michael D.|last3=Loebl|first3=Suzanne|title=The Hospital for Special Surgery Rheumatoid Arthritis Handbook Everything You Need to Know|date=2002|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=9780471223344|pages=32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akacOyQrnKkC&pg=PA32|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110341/https://books.google.com/books?id=akacOyQrnKkC&pg=PA32|archive-date=2017-02-22}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] lmx0l31ki9kg593m9az6eon1krrs7u5 141285 141284 2026-10-11T08:22:43Z Stevenndori289 10902 Rumatisime_ya_rubagimpande 141285 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Severely deformed hands from Rheumatoid Arthritis.jpg|thumb|Rumatisime_ya_rubagimpande]] '''Indwara ya rubagimpande''' ( '''RA''' ) ni indwara y’igihe kirekire ifata ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri ifata cyane cyane ingingo.<ref name=NIH2014>{{cite web|title=Handout on Health: Rheumatoid Arthritis|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/Rheumatic_Disease/default.asp|website=National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases|access-date=July 2, 2015|date=August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630212818/http://niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Rheumatic_Disease/default.asp|archive-date=June 30, 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630212818/http://niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Rheumatic_Disease/default.asp |date=June 30, 2015 }}</ref> Akenshi bitera ingingo zishyushye, zibyimba kandi zibabaza.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Ububabare no kunanuka bikunze kwiyongera nyuma yo kuruhuka.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Akenshi, ukuboko n'amaboko biba bifite ingaruka, ingingo zimwe zikunze kuba ku mpande zombi z'umubiri.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Iyi ndwara ishobora no gufata ibindi bice by'umubiri.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Ibi bishobora gutuma [[Anemie|amaraso aba make]], ibihaha bikagira ububabare bukabije, ndetse n'umutima ukagira ububabare bukabije.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Umuriro n'imbaraga nke bishobora kuba biriho. Akenshi, ibimenyetso biza buhoro buhoro mu gihe cy'ibyumweru cyangwa amezi.<ref name="Majithia2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Majithia V, Geraci SA|title=Rheumatoid arthritis: diagnosis and management|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=120|issue=11|pages=936–9|date=November 2007|pmid=17976416|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.04.005}}</ref> Nubwo impamvu itera rubagimpande itazwi neza, bikekwa ko iterwa n’uruvange rw’ibintu bigize imiterere y’umubiri n’ibidukikije. Uburyo bw'ibanze bukubiyemo ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bwibasira ingingo.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Ibi bitera kubyimba no kwiyongera k'urugingo rwa capsule.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Bigira ingaruka kandi ku magufwa no ku mitsi yo hasi.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Isuzuma rikorwa ahanini hashingiwe ku bimenyetso n'ibimenyetso by'umuntu.<ref name="Majithia2007" /> Imirasire ya X kandi ibizamini byo muri laboratwari bishobora gushyigikira gusuzuma cyangwa gukuramo izindi ndwara zifite ibimenyetso bisa.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Izindi ndwara zishobora kugaragara nk'izo zirimo lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis, na fibromyalgia n'izindi.<ref name="Majithia2007" /> Intego zo kuvura ni ukugabanya ububabare, kugabanya ububyimbirwe, no kunoza imikorere y'umuntu muri rusange. Ibi bishobora gufashwa no kuringaniza ikiruhuko n'imyitozo ngororamubiri, gukoresha imigozi n'udupira two kuvura indwara, cyangwa gukoresha ibikoresho bifasha umuntu kuruhuka.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rausch Osthoff AK, Juhl CB, Knittle K, Dagfinrud H, Hurkmans E, Braun J, Schoones J, Vliet Vlieland TP, Niedermann K|display-authors=6|title=Effects of exercise and physical activity promotion: meta-analysis informing the 2018 EULAR recommendations for physical activity in people with rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis and hip/knee osteoarthritis|journal=RMD Open|volume=4|issue=2|pages=e000713|date=2018-12-04|pmid=30622734|pmc=6307596|doi=10.1136/rmdopen-2018-000713}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Park Y, Chang M|title=Effects of rehabilitation for pain relief in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review|journal=Journal of Physical Therapy Science|volume=28|issue=1|pages=304–8|date=January 2016|pmid=26957779|pmc=4756025|doi=10.1589/jpts.28.304}}</ref> Imiti igabanya ububabare, imiti igabanya ububabare, na NSAIDs ikunze gukoreshwa mu gufasha ibimenyetso.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Imiti igabanya indwara igabanya ububabare bw'ingingo (DMARDs), nka hydroxychloroquine na methotrexate, ishobora gukoreshwa mu kugerageza kugabanya ukwiyongera kw'indwara.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Imiti ya DMARD y’ibinyabuzima ishobora gukoreshwa iyo indwara idakira indi miti.<ref name="ACR2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL, Akl EA, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, Vaysbrot E, McNaughton C, Osani M, Shmerling RH, Curtis JR, Furst DE, Parks D, Kavanaugh A, O'Dell J, King C, Leong A, Matteson EL, Schousboe JT, Drevlow B, Ginsberg S, Grober J, St Clair EW, Tindall E, Miller AS, McAlindon T|title=2015 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis|journal=Arthritis & Rheumatology|volume=68|issue=1|pages=1–26|date=January 2016|pmid=26545940|doi=10.1002/art.39480|url-status=live}}</ref> Ariko, bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi nyinshi.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Singh JA, Wells GA, Christensen R, Tanjong Ghogomu E, Maxwell L, Macdonald JK, Filippini G, Skoetz N, Francis D, Lopes LC, Guyatt GH, Schmitt J, La Mantia L, Weberschock T, Roos JF, Siebert H, Hershan S, Lunn MP, Tugwell P, Buchbinder R|title=Adverse effects of biologics: a network meta-analysis and Cochrane overview|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=2|pages=CD008794|date=February 2011|pmid=21328309|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008794.pub2|pmc=7173749}}</ref> Kubagwa kugira ngo hakorwe, hakorwe ibindi, cyangwa hakorwe impuzandengo bishobora gufasha mu bihe bimwe na bimwe.<ref name=NIH2014 /> Uburyo bwinshi bwo kuvura butari ubwo kuvura ntibushyigikiwe n'ibimenyetso.<ref name="Ef2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Efthimiou P, Kukar M|s2cid=21179821|title=Complementary and alternative medicine use in rheumatoid arthritis: proposed mechanism of action and efficacy of commonly used modalities|journal=Rheumatology International|volume=30|issue=5|pages=571–86|date=March 2010|pmid=19876631|doi=10.1007/s00296-009-1206-y}}</ref> RA yibasira abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 24.5 kugeza mu 2015.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> Ibi biri hagati ya 0.5 na 1% by'abantu bakuru mu bihugu byateye imbere, aho 5 na 50 kuri 100.000 batangira kurwara iyi ndwara buri mwaka. Kurwara indwara akenshi bibaho mu myaka yo hagati kandi abagore bayirwara inshuro 2.5 kurusha abagabo. Byagize ingaruka ku rupfu rw’abantu 38.000 mu 2013, ugereranyije n’abapfuye 28.000 mu 1990.<ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|last=GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators}}</ref> Ibisobanuro bya mbere bya RA byatanzwe mu 1800 na Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais (1772–1840) wo i Paris.<ref name="Landre1800">{{Cite book|vauthors=Landré-Beauvais AJ|title=La goutte asthénique primitive (doctoral thesis)|year=1800|location=Paris}} reproduced in {{Cite journal|vauthors=Landré-Beauvais AJ|title=The first description of rheumatoid arthritis. Unabridged text of the doctoral dissertation presented in 1800|journal=Joint, Bone, Spine|volume=68|issue=2|pages=130–43|date=March 2001|pmid=11324929|doi=10.1016/S1297-319X(00)00247-5}}</ref> Ijambo ''rubagimpande'' rikomoka ku kigereki risobanura ingingo zifite amazi n'izibyimba.<ref name="Paget2002">{{Cite book|last=Paget|first=Stephen A.|last2=Lockshin|first2=Michael D.|last3=Loebl|first3=Suzanne|title=The Hospital for Special Surgery Rheumatoid Arthritis Handbook Everything You Need to Know|date=2002|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=9780471223344|pages=32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akacOyQrnKkC&pg=PA32|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110341/https://books.google.com/books?id=akacOyQrnKkC&pg=PA32|archive-date=2017-02-22}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] bo3yxne5moxgtcczh4aixvg0dhwcxn3 0 23392 141287 2026-10-11T08:24:04Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503446|Mupirocin]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141287 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mupirocin''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Bactroban''' n'izindi, ni umuti uvura indwara z'uruhu nk'impetigo cyangwa folliculitis.<ref name="WHO2008">{{Cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|year=2009|isbn=9789241547659|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|veditors=Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR|hdl=10665/44053|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|page=298}}</ref> Ishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu gukuraho <nowiki><i id="mwJA">S. aureus</i></nowiki> (MRSA) idakira methicillin mu gihe igaragara mu mazuru nta bimenyetso.<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web|title=Mupirocin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/mupirocin.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005721/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/mupirocin.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005721/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/mupirocin.html |date=21 December 2016 }}</ref> Bitewe n'impungenge zo kugira ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, gukoresha iyo miti mu gihe kirenze iminsi icumi ntibyemewe.<ref name="WHO2008" /> Ikoreshwa nk'amavuta cyangwa amavuta akoreshwa ku ruhu.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gushyuha no kurwara uduheri aho byakoreshejwe, kuribwa umutwe, no kugira isesemi. Gukoresha ibihumyo igihe kirekire bishobora gutuma ibihumyo byiyongera.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Gukoresha mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] no konsa bisa nkaho ari byiza.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Mupirocin iri mu bwoko bwa aside karubokisilike mu miti.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khanna|first=Ramesh|last2=Krediet|first2=Raymond T.|title=Nolph and Gokal's Textbook of Peritoneal Dialysis|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780387789408|page=421|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSkN5rbg6o0C&pg=PA421|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910183359/https://books.google.com/books?id=hSkN5rbg6o0C&pg=PA421|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> Ikora mu kubuza ubushobozi bwa bagiteri bwo gukora poroteyine, ibi bikaba bikunze gutuma bagiteri ipfa.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Mupirocin yatangiye gukurwa mu bwoko bwa ''Pseudomonas fluorescens'' mu 1971.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heggers|first=John P.|last2=Robson|first2=Martin C.|last3=Phillips|first3=Linda G.|title=Quantitative Bacteriology: Its Role in the Armamentarium of the Surgeon|date=1990|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780849351297|page=118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfL2NCLE7SsC&pg=PA118|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910183359/https://books.google.com/books?id=kfL2NCLE7SsC&pg=PA118|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO}}</ref> Igiciro cyo kugurisha mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere ni hafi $2.10 ku muyoboro wa garama 15. Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, uburyo bwo kuvura bugura hagati y’amadolari 25 na 50.<ref name="Ric2015">{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=178}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 186 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni eshatu. == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] dgiopi3qvpjjy9jztjh018c2gdy34c3 141288 141287 2026-10-11T08:24:46Z Stevenndori289 10902 Mupirocin 141288 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:BB-Bact.jpg|thumb|Mupirocin]] '''Mupirocin''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Bactroban''' n'izindi, ni umuti uvura indwara z'uruhu nk'impetigo cyangwa folliculitis.<ref name="WHO2008">{{Cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|year=2009|isbn=9789241547659|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|veditors=Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR|hdl=10665/44053|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|page=298}}</ref> Ishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu gukuraho <nowiki><i id="mwJA">S. aureus</i></nowiki> (MRSA) idakira methicillin mu gihe igaragara mu mazuru nta bimenyetso.<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web|title=Mupirocin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/mupirocin.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005721/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/mupirocin.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005721/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/mupirocin.html |date=21 December 2016 }}</ref> Bitewe n'impungenge zo kugira ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, gukoresha iyo miti mu gihe kirenze iminsi icumi ntibyemewe.<ref name="WHO2008" /> Ikoreshwa nk'amavuta cyangwa amavuta akoreshwa ku ruhu.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gushyuha no kurwara uduheri aho byakoreshejwe, kuribwa umutwe, no kugira isesemi. Gukoresha ibihumyo igihe kirekire bishobora gutuma ibihumyo byiyongera.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Gukoresha mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] no konsa bisa nkaho ari byiza.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Mupirocin iri mu bwoko bwa aside karubokisilike mu miti.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khanna|first=Ramesh|last2=Krediet|first2=Raymond T.|title=Nolph and Gokal's Textbook of Peritoneal Dialysis|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780387789408|page=421|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSkN5rbg6o0C&pg=PA421|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910183359/https://books.google.com/books?id=hSkN5rbg6o0C&pg=PA421|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> Ikora mu kubuza ubushobozi bwa bagiteri bwo gukora poroteyine, ibi bikaba bikunze gutuma bagiteri ipfa.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Mupirocin yatangiye gukurwa mu bwoko bwa ''Pseudomonas fluorescens'' mu 1971.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heggers|first=John P.|last2=Robson|first2=Martin C.|last3=Phillips|first3=Linda G.|title=Quantitative Bacteriology: Its Role in the Armamentarium of the Surgeon|date=1990|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780849351297|page=118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfL2NCLE7SsC&pg=PA118|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910183359/https://books.google.com/books?id=kfL2NCLE7SsC&pg=PA118|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO}}</ref> Igiciro cyo kugurisha mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere ni hafi $2.10 ku muyoboro wa garama 15. Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, uburyo bwo kuvura bugura hagati y’amadolari 25 na 50.<ref name="Ric2015">{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=178}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 186 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni eshatu. == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] bqulgbgfywu4rzgbwtnm48yxqmpyp1x 0 23393 141289 2026-10-11T08:26:40Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458420|Ezetimibe]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141289 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ezetimibe''' ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura cholesterol nyinshi mu maraso n'ibindi bibazo bimwe na bimwe by'imirire mibi.<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Ezetimibe Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ezetimibe.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=13 April 2019|archive-date=17 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617034725/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ezetimibe.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Muri rusange ikoreshwa hamwe n'impinduka mu mirire hamwe na statin.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=196|edition=76}}</ref> Gusa, ntabwo ikundwa cyane kurusha statin.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Iraboneka kandi mu buryo buhoraho bwa ezetimibe/simvastatin, ezetimibe/atorvastatin, na ezetimibe/rosuvastatin.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kwandura indwara zo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero yo hejuru, kubabara ingingo, impiswi, no kunanirwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kurwara indwara ya anaphylaxis, ibibazo by'umwijima, kwiheba, no kwangirika kw'imitsi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /><ref name="BNF76" /> Gukoresha iyo miti mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] no konsa ntibisobanutse neza.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ezetimibe (Zetia) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ezetimibe.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=13 April 2019|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413032023/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ezetimibe.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ezetimibe ikora mu kugabanya kwinjiza cholesterol mu mara.<ref name="BNF76" /> Ezetimibe yemerewe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 2002.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="BNF76" /> Ku kwezi mu Bwongereza bitwara NHS amafaranga agera kuri £26.21 {{as of|2019|lc=yes}}.<ref name="BNF76" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi amadolari y'Amerika 5.85.<ref name="NADAC2019">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 151 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni enye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ezetimibe - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ezetimibe|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228055035/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ezetimibe|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] ss4ues3awsi7nkzhf8shucv235xkp1i 141291 141289 2026-10-11T08:27:20Z Stevenndori289 10902 Ezetimibe 141291 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Ezetimibe 3D.png|thumb|Ezetimibe]] '''Ezetimibe''' ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura cholesterol nyinshi mu maraso n'ibindi bibazo bimwe na bimwe by'imirire mibi.<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Ezetimibe Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ezetimibe.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=13 April 2019|archive-date=17 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617034725/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ezetimibe.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Muri rusange ikoreshwa hamwe n'impinduka mu mirire hamwe na statin.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=196|edition=76}}</ref> Gusa, ntabwo ikundwa cyane kurusha statin.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Iraboneka kandi mu buryo buhoraho bwa ezetimibe/simvastatin, ezetimibe/atorvastatin, na ezetimibe/rosuvastatin.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kwandura indwara zo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero yo hejuru, kubabara ingingo, impiswi, no kunanirwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kurwara indwara ya anaphylaxis, ibibazo by'umwijima, kwiheba, no kwangirika kw'imitsi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /><ref name="BNF76" /> Gukoresha iyo miti mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] no konsa ntibisobanutse neza.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ezetimibe (Zetia) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ezetimibe.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=13 April 2019|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413032023/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ezetimibe.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ezetimibe ikora mu kugabanya kwinjiza cholesterol mu mara.<ref name="BNF76" /> Ezetimibe yemerewe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 2002.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="BNF76" /> Ku kwezi mu Bwongereza bitwara NHS amafaranga agera kuri £26.21 {{as of|2019|lc=yes}}.<ref name="BNF76" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi amadolari y'Amerika 5.85.<ref name="NADAC2019">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 151 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni enye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ezetimibe - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ezetimibe|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228055035/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ezetimibe|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] r1n0zxtyhu0qh544f8vky43g6size99 0 23394 141292 2026-10-11T08:28:59Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513734|Near-sightedness]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Near-sightedness|synonym=Myopia, short-sightedness, near-sighted|image=Myopia.gif|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Diagram showing changes in the eye with near-sightedness|pronounce=|field=[[Ophthalmology]], [[optometry]]|symptoms=Distant objects appear [[blurred vision|blurry]], close objects appear normal, [[headache]]s, [[eye strain]]<ref name=NIH2010/>|complications=[[Retinal detachment]], [[cataract]]s, [[glaucoma]]<ref name=Fos2014/>|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Combination of genetic and environmental factors<ref name=Fos2014/>|risks=Near work, greater time spent indoors, family history<ref name=Fos2014/><ref name=Pan2012/>|diagnosis=[[Eye examination]]<ref name=NIH2010/>|differential=|prevention=More time outside for children<ref name=Ram2015/>|treatment=[[Glasses|Eyeglass]]es, [[contact lenses]], [[surgery]]<ref name=NIH2010/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=1.5 billion people (22%)<ref name=Fos2014/><ref name=Hol2014/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Kureba hafi''', bizwi kandi nka '''"remote-sightness"''' na '''"myopia"''', ni indwara y'amaso aho urumuri rwibanda imbere y'ijisho aho kwibanda kuri retina.<ref name=NIH2010>{{cite web|title=Facts About Refractive Errors|url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/errors|website=NEI|access-date=30 July 2016|date=October 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728000730/https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/errors|archive-date=28 July 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728000730/https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/errors |date=28 July 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Fos2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Foster PJ, Jiang Y|title=Epidemiology of myopia|journal=Eye|volume=28|issue=2|pages=202–8|date=February 2014|pmid=24406412|pmc=3930282|doi=10.1038/eye.2013.280}}</ref> Ibi bituma ibintu biri kure biba bitagaragara neza mu gihe ibintu biri hafi bisa n'ibisanzwe.<ref name=NIH2010 /> Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kuribwa umutwe no kubabara amaso . Kutabona neza cyane bifitanye isano n'ibyago byinshi byo gucika kw'ijisho, indwara ya kataract na glaucoma.<ref name="Fos2014" /> Impamvu nyamukuru ikekwa ko ari uruvange rw'ibintu bigize imiterere y'umubiri n'ibidukikije.<ref name="Fos2014" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo gukora akazi gasaba kwibanda ku bintu byegereye, kumarana igihe kinini mu nzu, ndetse no kumenya amateka y'umuryango w'iyi ndwara.<ref name="Fos2014" /><ref name="Pan2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pan CW, Ramamurthy D, Saw SM|title=Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia|journal=Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics|volume=32|issue=1|pages=3–16|date=January 2012|pmid=22150586|doi=10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00884.x}}</ref> Bifitanye isano kandi n'icyiciro cyo hejuru cy'ubukungu n'imibereho myiza.<ref name="Fos2014" /> Uburyo bw'ibanze butuma uburebure bw'ijisho bukura burebure cyane cyangwa akenshi iyo lens ibaye ikomeye cyane.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ledford|first=Al Lens, Sheila Coyne Nemeth, Janice K.|title=Ocular anatomy and physiology|date=2008|publisher=SLACK|location=Thorofare, NJ|isbn=9781556427923|page=158|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cphm_fxwvl8C&pg=PA158|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908155641/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cphm_fxwvl8C&pg=PA158|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Ni ubwoko bw'ikosa ryo gusubiza inyuma.<ref name=NIH2010 /> Gusuzuma indwara ni ugusuzuma amaso.<ref name=NIH2010 /> Ibimenyetso by'agateganyo bigaragaza ko ibyago byo kutareba hafi bishobora kugabanuka iyo abana bato bamaranye igihe kinini hanze.<ref name="Ram2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ramamurthy D, Lin Chua SY, Saw SM|title=A review of environmental risk factors for myopia during early life, childhood and adolescence|journal=Clinical & Experimental Optometry|volume=98|issue=6|pages=497–506|date=November 2015|pmid=26497977|doi=10.1111/cxo.12346|type=Review|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Xiong S, Sankaridurg P, Naduvilath T, Zang J, Zou H, Zhu J, Lv M, He X, Xu X|display-authors=6|title=Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review|journal=Acta Ophthalmologica|volume=95|issue=6|pages=551–566|date=September 2017|pmid=28251836|pmc=5599950|doi=10.1111/aos.13403}}</ref> Ibi bishobora kuba bifitanye isano no kwigaragaza mu rumuri rusanzwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hobday R|title=Myopia and daylight in schools: a neglected aspect of public health?|journal=Perspectives in Public Health|volume=136|issue=1|pages=50–5|date=January 2016|pmid=25800796|doi=10.1177/1757913915576679}}</ref> Kureba hafi bishobora gukosorwa n'indorerwamo z'amaso, indorerwamo z'amaso, cyangwa kubagwa . Indorerwamo z'amaso ni bwo buryo bworoshye kandi bwizewe bwo gukosora.<ref name=NIH2010 /> Indorerwamo z'amaso zishobora gutanga ubushobozi bwo kureba bwagutse, ariko zifitanye isano n'ibyago byo kwandura.<ref name=NIH2010 /> Kubagwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa refractive bihindura burundu imiterere y'ijisho ry'umuyoboro w'amaraso.<ref name=NIH2010 /> Kutareba hafi ni cyo kibazo cy’amaso gikunze kugaragara cyane kandi bivugwa ko kibasira abantu miliyari 1.5 (22% by’abaturage).<ref name="Fos2014" /><ref name="Hol2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Holden B, Sankaridurg P, Smith E, Aller T, Jong M, He M|title=Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control|journal=Eye|volume=28|issue=2|pages=142–6|date=February 2014|pmid=24357836|pmc=3930268|doi=10.1038/eye.2013.256}}</ref> Ibiciro biratandukanye cyane mu bice bitandukanye by'isi.<ref name="Fos2014" /> Igipimo cy'abantu bakuru kiri hagati ya 15% na 49%.<ref name="Pan2012" /><ref name="Pan2015" /> Igipimo cy’abagore n’abagabo kirangana.<ref name="Pan2015" /> Mu bana, bibasira 1% by'abaturage bo mu cyaro cya Nepal, 4% by'Abanyafurika y'Epfo, 12% by'Abanyamerika, na 37% mu mijyi imwe n'imwe minini y'Abashinwa.<ref name="Fos2014" /><ref name="Pan2012" /> Igipimo cyariyongereye kuva mu myaka ya 1950.<ref name="Pan2015" /> Kutareba hafi bitakosowe ni imwe mu mpamvu zikunze gutera ubumuga bwo kutabona ku isi hamwe n'indwara ya kataract, kwangirika kwa macular, no kubura vitamine A.<ref name="Pan2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pan CW, Dirani M, Cheng CY, Wong TY, Saw SM|title=The age-specific prevalence of myopia in Asia: a meta-analysis|journal=Optometry and Vision Science|volume=92|issue=3|pages=258–66|date=March 2015|pmid=25611765|doi=10.1097/opx.0000000000000516}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] qgh60dpxemrsbn7wdmdepykv1w0yrnk 141295 141292 2026-10-11T08:31:47Z Stevenndori289 10902 Kureba hafi 141295 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Myopia and Hypertropia.svg|thumb|Kureba hafi]] '''Kureba hafi''', bizwi kandi nka '''"remote-sightness"''' na '''"myopia"''', ni indwara y'amaso aho urumuri rwibanda imbere y'ijisho aho kwibanda kuri retina.<ref name=NIH2010>{{cite web|title=Facts About Refractive Errors|url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/errors|website=NEI|access-date=30 July 2016|date=October 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728000730/https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/errors|archive-date=28 July 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728000730/https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/errors |date=28 July 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Fos2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Foster PJ, Jiang Y|title=Epidemiology of myopia|journal=Eye|volume=28|issue=2|pages=202–8|date=February 2014|pmid=24406412|pmc=3930282|doi=10.1038/eye.2013.280}}</ref> Ibi bituma ibintu biri kure biba bitagaragara neza mu gihe ibintu biri hafi bisa n'ibisanzwe.<ref name=NIH2010 /> Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kuribwa umutwe no kubabara amaso . Kutabona neza cyane bifitanye isano n'ibyago byinshi byo gucika kw'ijisho, indwara ya kataract na glaucoma.<ref name="Fos2014" /> Impamvu nyamukuru ikekwa ko ari uruvange rw'ibintu bigize imiterere y'umubiri n'ibidukikije.<ref name="Fos2014" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo gukora akazi gasaba kwibanda ku bintu byegereye, kumarana igihe kinini mu nzu, ndetse no kumenya amateka y'umuryango w'iyi ndwara.<ref name="Fos2014" /><ref name="Pan2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pan CW, Ramamurthy D, Saw SM|title=Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia|journal=Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics|volume=32|issue=1|pages=3–16|date=January 2012|pmid=22150586|doi=10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00884.x}}</ref> Bifitanye isano kandi n'icyiciro cyo hejuru cy'ubukungu n'imibereho myiza.<ref name="Fos2014" /> Uburyo bw'ibanze butuma uburebure bw'ijisho bukura burebure cyane cyangwa akenshi iyo lens ibaye ikomeye cyane.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ledford|first=Al Lens, Sheila Coyne Nemeth, Janice K.|title=Ocular anatomy and physiology|date=2008|publisher=SLACK|location=Thorofare, NJ|isbn=9781556427923|page=158|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cphm_fxwvl8C&pg=PA158|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908155641/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cphm_fxwvl8C&pg=PA158|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Ni ubwoko bw'ikosa ryo gusubiza inyuma.<ref name=NIH2010 /> Gusuzuma indwara ni ugusuzuma amaso.<ref name=NIH2010 /> Ibimenyetso by'agateganyo bigaragaza ko ibyago byo kutareba hafi bishobora kugabanuka iyo abana bato bamaranye igihe kinini hanze.<ref name="Ram2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ramamurthy D, Lin Chua SY, Saw SM|title=A review of environmental risk factors for myopia during early life, childhood and adolescence|journal=Clinical & Experimental Optometry|volume=98|issue=6|pages=497–506|date=November 2015|pmid=26497977|doi=10.1111/cxo.12346|type=Review|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Xiong S, Sankaridurg P, Naduvilath T, Zang J, Zou H, Zhu J, Lv M, He X, Xu X|display-authors=6|title=Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review|journal=Acta Ophthalmologica|volume=95|issue=6|pages=551–566|date=September 2017|pmid=28251836|pmc=5599950|doi=10.1111/aos.13403}}</ref> Ibi bishobora kuba bifitanye isano no kwigaragaza mu rumuri rusanzwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hobday R|title=Myopia and daylight in schools: a neglected aspect of public health?|journal=Perspectives in Public Health|volume=136|issue=1|pages=50–5|date=January 2016|pmid=25800796|doi=10.1177/1757913915576679}}</ref> Kureba hafi bishobora gukosorwa n'indorerwamo z'amaso, indorerwamo z'amaso, cyangwa kubagwa . Indorerwamo z'amaso ni bwo buryo bworoshye kandi bwizewe bwo gukosora.<ref name=NIH2010 /> Indorerwamo z'amaso zishobora gutanga ubushobozi bwo kureba bwagutse, ariko zifitanye isano n'ibyago byo kwandura.<ref name=NIH2010 /> Kubagwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa refractive bihindura burundu imiterere y'ijisho ry'umuyoboro w'amaraso.<ref name=NIH2010 /> Kutareba hafi ni cyo kibazo cy’amaso gikunze kugaragara cyane kandi bivugwa ko kibasira abantu miliyari 1.5 (22% by’abaturage).<ref name="Fos2014" /><ref name="Hol2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Holden B, Sankaridurg P, Smith E, Aller T, Jong M, He M|title=Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control|journal=Eye|volume=28|issue=2|pages=142–6|date=February 2014|pmid=24357836|pmc=3930268|doi=10.1038/eye.2013.256}}</ref> Ibiciro biratandukanye cyane mu bice bitandukanye by'isi.<ref name="Fos2014" /> Igipimo cy'abantu bakuru kiri hagati ya 15% na 49%.<ref name="Pan2012" /><ref name="Pan2015" /> Igipimo cy’abagore n’abagabo kirangana.<ref name="Pan2015" /> Mu bana, bibasira 1% by'abaturage bo mu cyaro cya Nepal, 4% by'Abanyafurika y'Epfo, 12% by'Abanyamerika, na 37% mu mijyi imwe n'imwe minini y'Abashinwa.<ref name="Fos2014" /><ref name="Pan2012" /> Igipimo cyariyongereye kuva mu myaka ya 1950.<ref name="Pan2015" /> Kutareba hafi bitakosowe ni imwe mu mpamvu zikunze gutera ubumuga bwo kutabona ku isi hamwe n'indwara ya kataract, kwangirika kwa macular, no kubura vitamine A.<ref name="Pan2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pan CW, Dirani M, Cheng CY, Wong TY, Saw SM|title=The age-specific prevalence of myopia in Asia: a meta-analysis|journal=Optometry and Vision Science|volume=92|issue=3|pages=258–66|date=March 2015|pmid=25611765|doi=10.1097/opx.0000000000000516}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] cc2y1x5ypvq3t3syaeik5dljd81vnsn 0 23395 141296 2026-10-11T08:35:52Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1479137|Minoxidil]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141296 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Minoxidil''' ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso no gutakaza umusatsi nk'uko abagabo babigenza . Ku muvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, ni byiza kuyikoresha gusa iyo ikomeye kandi idashoboka kuyigenzura ukoresheje imiti igabanya ubukana bw'amaraso n'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'amaraso.<ref name="BNF79">{{Cite book|title=BNF 79|date=March 2020|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|location=London|isbn=978-0857113658|page=186}}</ref> Ku bijyanye no gutakaza umusatsi nk'uko abagabo babigenza, bigira akamaro ku bagabo no ku bagore.<ref name=AHFS2020Top>{{cite web |title=Minoxidil topical Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/minoxidil-topical.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=AHFS |access-date=5 October 2020 |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029223140/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/minoxidil-topical.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029223140/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/minoxidil-topical.html |date=29 October 2020 }}</ref> Ku muvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, ifatwa mu kanwa mu gihe iyo itakaye umusatsi ishyirwa ku ruhu.<ref name="BNF79" /><ref name=AHFS2020Top /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara iyo umuntu anyoye mu kanwa zirimo kubyimba, gusohora amaraso mu mutima, gukura k'umusatsi, no kugira isesemi. Izindi ngaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kugabanuka k'uturemangingo tw'amaraso twera, [[indwara ya Stevens-Johnson]] na angina.<ref name="BNF79" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara iyo zikoreshejwe ku ruhu zirimo gushwara no gushwaragurika mu gace runaka. Umutekano mu gihe cyo gutwita no konsa ntusobanutse neza kandi ikoreshwa nk'iryo ntiryifuzwa. Nk'umuti uvura umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, ukora mu kwagura imiyoboro y'amaraso.<ref name="Katzung2021">{{Cite book|last=Benowitz|first=Neal L.|editor-last=Katzung|editor-first=Bertram G.|editor-last2=Trevor|editor-first2=Anthony J.|title=Basic and Clinical Pharmacology|edition=15th|date=2020|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-1-260-45231-0|page=183-186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4vGSzQEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|language=en|chapter=11. Antihypertensive agents|access-date=2021-12-05|archive-date=2021-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010205018/https://books.google.com/books?id=4vGSzQEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Uburyo bikora mu gihe cyo gutakaza umusatsi ntabwo busobanutse neza.<ref name=AHFS2020Top /> Minoxidil yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1979. Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe utangwa na muganga mu buryo bw'ibinini kandi ku giciro gito kugira ngo ikoreshwe ku ruhu.<ref name=AHFS2020Oral>{{cite web |title=Minoxidil Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/minoxidil.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=AHFS |access-date=5 October 2020 |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116092548/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/minoxidil.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116092548/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/minoxidil.html |date=16 November 2018 }}</ref> Ku gipimo cya 5 mg ku munsi, NHS igura ibiro bigera kuri 9 ku kwezi guhera mu 2020.<ref name="BNF79" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 1f4jr4t4jwvq2zvwaxq2epwatgiipk0 141297 141296 2026-10-11T08:37:44Z Stevenndori289 10902 Minoxidil 141297 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Minoxidil 3D Ball and Stick.png|thumb|Minoxidil]] '''Minoxidil''' ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso no gutakaza umusatsi nk'uko abagabo babigenza . Ku muvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, ni byiza kuyikoresha gusa iyo ikomeye kandi idashoboka kuyigenzura ukoresheje imiti igabanya ubukana bw'amaraso n'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'amaraso.<ref name="BNF79">{{Cite book|title=BNF 79|date=March 2020|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|location=London|isbn=978-0857113658|page=186}}</ref> Ku bijyanye no gutakaza umusatsi nk'uko abagabo babigenza, bigira akamaro ku bagabo no ku bagore.<ref name=AHFS2020Top>{{cite web |title=Minoxidil topical Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/minoxidil-topical.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=AHFS |access-date=5 October 2020 |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029223140/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/minoxidil-topical.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029223140/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/minoxidil-topical.html |date=29 October 2020 }}</ref> Ku muvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, ifatwa mu kanwa mu gihe iyo itakaye umusatsi ishyirwa ku ruhu.<ref name="BNF79" /><ref name=AHFS2020Top /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara iyo umuntu anyoye mu kanwa zirimo kubyimba, gusohora amaraso mu mutima, gukura k'umusatsi, no kugira isesemi. Izindi ngaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kugabanuka k'uturemangingo tw'amaraso twera, [[indwara ya Stevens-Johnson]] na angina.<ref name="BNF79" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara iyo zikoreshejwe ku ruhu zirimo gushwara no gushwaragurika mu gace runaka. Umutekano mu gihe cyo gutwita no konsa ntusobanutse neza kandi ikoreshwa nk'iryo ntiryifuzwa. Nk'umuti uvura umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, ukora mu kwagura imiyoboro y'amaraso.<ref name="Katzung2021">{{Cite book|last=Benowitz|first=Neal L.|editor-last=Katzung|editor-first=Bertram G.|editor-last2=Trevor|editor-first2=Anthony J.|title=Basic and Clinical Pharmacology|edition=15th|date=2020|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-1-260-45231-0|page=183-186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4vGSzQEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|language=en|chapter=11. Antihypertensive agents|access-date=2021-12-05|archive-date=2021-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010205018/https://books.google.com/books?id=4vGSzQEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Uburyo bikora mu gihe cyo gutakaza umusatsi ntabwo busobanutse neza.<ref name=AHFS2020Top /> Minoxidil yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1979. Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe utangwa na muganga mu buryo bw'ibinini kandi ku giciro gito kugira ngo ikoreshwe ku ruhu.<ref name=AHFS2020Oral>{{cite web |title=Minoxidil Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/minoxidil.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=AHFS |access-date=5 October 2020 |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116092548/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/minoxidil.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116092548/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/minoxidil.html |date=16 November 2018 }}</ref> Ku gipimo cya 5 mg ku munsi, NHS igura ibiro bigera kuri 9 ku kwezi guhera mu 2020.<ref name="BNF79" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] isytf0sgt8sryg4tonuo9a91zeg6c1h 0 23396 141298 2026-10-11T08:39:30Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1466606|Buprenorphine]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=457118559|drug_name=Buprenorphine|image=Buprenorphine.svg|alt=Skeletal formula of buprenorphine|image2=Buprenorphine molecule from xtal ball.png|alt2=Ball-and-stick model of the buprenorphine molecule|caption=<!-- |type =<!-- Names -->|pronounce=|tradename=Subutex, Sublocade, others|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=(2''S'')-2-[(5''R'',6''R'',7''R'',14''S'')-17-cyclopropylmethyl-4,5-epoxy-6,14-ethano-3-hydroxy-6-methoxymorphinan-7-yl]-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol <!-- Clinical data -->|class=[[Opioid]]|uses=[[opioid addiction|Opioid use disorder]], [[pain]]<ref name=ASHP2017/>|side_effects=[[Hypoventilation|Respiratory depression]], sleepiness, [[adrenal insufficiency]], [[Long QT syndrome|QT prolongation]], [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], [[allergic reaction]]s, opioid addiction<ref name=ASHP2017/>|interactions=<!-- notable interactions -->|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_AU_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{cite web | title=Buprenorphine Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/buprenorphine.html | access-date=17 May 2020 | archive-date=10 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110201941/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/buprenorphine.html | url-status=live }}</ref>|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy" />|pregnancy_category=|breastfeeding=|routes_of_administration=[[Sublingual administration|Under the tongue]], [[Buccal administration|through the cheek]], [[intramuscular|IM]], [[transdermal]], [[intranasal]], [[rectally]], [[oral administration|by mouth]]|onset=Within 30 min<ref name=ASHP2017/>|duration_of_action=Up to 24 hrs<ref name=ASHP2017/>|defined_daily_dose=8 mg<ref name=WHO2020DDD>{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N07BC01 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807151001/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N07BC01 |url-status=live }}</ref>|typical_dose=|dependency_liability=Psychological: High<br>Physical: Moderate<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bonewit-West |first1=Kathy |last2=Hunt |first2=Sue A. |last3=Applegate |first3=Edith |title=Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures |date=2012 |page=571 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9781455701506 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YalYPI1KqTQC&pg=PA571 |language=en |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728034412/https://books.google.com/books?id=YalYPI1KqTQC&pg=PA571 |url-status=live }}</ref>|addiction_liability=<!-- External links -->|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|buprenorphine-hydrochloride}}|MedlinePlus=a605002 <!-- Legal data -->|legal_AU=S8|legal_CA=Schedule I<ref>{{cite web |author=Health Canada |title=ARCHIVED - Report Stakeholder Workshop on a National Buprenorphine Program |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/reports-publications/drug-products/report-stakeholder-workshop-national-buprenorphine-program-november-18-2004-health-canada.html |website=aem |access-date=10 January 2020 |date=6 December 2004 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326042128/https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/reports-publications/drug-products/report-stakeholder-workshop-national-buprenorphine-program-november-18-2004-health-canada.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|legal_DE=Anlage III|legal_UK=Class C|legal_US=Schedule III|legal_status=|DailyMedID=Buprenorphinae|licence_US=|licence_EU=yes <!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=Sublingual: 30%<ref name="pmid9048270">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mendelson J, Upton RA, Everhart ET, Jacob P, Jones RT | title = Bioavailability of sublingual buprenorphine | journal = Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–7 | date = January 1997 | pmid = 9048270 | doi = 10.1177/009127009703700106 }}</ref><br />Intranasal: 48%<ref name="pmid2576057">{{cite journal | vauthors = Eriksen J, Jensen NH, Kamp-Jensen M, Bjarnø H, Friis P, Brewster D | title = The systemic availability of buprenorphine administered by nasal spray | journal = The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology | volume = 41 | issue = 11 | pages = 803–5 | date = November 1989 | pmid = 2576057 | doi = 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1989.tb06374.x }}</ref><br />Buccal: 65%<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbm.va.gov/PBM/clinicalguidance/abbreviatedreviews/Buprenorphine_NX_Buccal_Film_BUNAVAIL_%20Abbreviated_Review.pdf|title=Buprenorphine / Naloxone Buccal Film (BUNAVAIL) C-III|date=September 2014|website=Pharmacy Benefits Management (PBM) Services|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020045302/https://www.pbm.va.gov/PBM/clinicalguidance/abbreviatedreviews/Buprenorphine_NX_Buccal_Film_BUNAVAIL_%20Abbreviated_Review.pdf|archive-date=20 October 2020|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":2">''[https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/205637s000lbl.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030071038/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/205637s000lbl.pdf |date=30 October 2020 }} <nowiki>BUNAVAIL (buprenorphine and naloxone) buccal film, CIII [prescribing information online]</nowiki>]''. BioDelivery BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc. (BDSI), Raleigh, NC. Jun 2014.</ref>|protein_bound=96%|metabolism=[[Liver]] ([[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2C8]])|elimination_half-life=37 hours (range 20–70 hours)|excretion=[[Bile|Biliary]] and [[kidney]] <!-- Chemical and physical data -->|C=29|H=41|N=1|O=4|SMILES=Oc7ccc5c1c7O[C@H]3[C@]6(OC)[C@H](C[C@@]2([C@H](N(CC[C@@]123)CC4CC4)C5)CC6)[C@@](O)(C)C(C)(C)C|StdInChI=1S/C29H41NO4/c1-25(2,3)26(4,32)20-15-27-10-11-29(20,33-5)24-28(27)12-13-30(16-17-6-7-17)21(27)14-18-8-9-19(31)23(34-24)22(18)28/h8-9,17,20-21,24,31-32H,6-7,10-16H2,1-5H3/t20-,21-,24-,26+,27-,28+,29-/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=RMRJXGBAOAMLHD-IHFGGWKQSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|urine=Up to 7 days<ref>{{cite web |title=Interpreting Urine Drug Tests (UDT) |url=https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025202836/https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}'''Buprenorphine''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Subutex,''' n'izindi, ni opioid ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara yo gukoresha opioid, ububabare bukabije, n'ububabare budakira.<ref name="ASHP2017">{{Cite web|title=Buprenorphine Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/buprenorphine-hydrochloride.html|website=drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=17 March 2017|date=26 January 2017|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718164516/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/buprenorphine-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ishobora gukoreshwa munsi y'ururimi, mu itama, mu guterwa inshinge, nk'agace k'uruhu, cyangwa nk'igishishwa.<ref name="ASHP2017" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Press Announcements – FDA approves first buprenorphine implant for treatment of opioid dependence|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm503719.htm|website=FDA|access-date=12 December 2017|language=en|archive-date=30 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130112207/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm503719.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Ku ndwara yo gukoresha opioid, akenshi itangira iyo ibimenyetso byo kuyireka bitangiye, ndetse no mu minsi ibiri ya mbere yo kuvurwa umuntu akurikiranwa n'umuganga.<ref name="ASHP2017" /> Uburyo bwo guhuza buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) burasabwa kugira ngo hirindwe gukoreshwa nabi mu gutera inshinge.<ref name="ASHP2017" /> Uburibwe ntarengwa butangwa mu gihe cy'isaha imwe, ingaruka zikaba zigera ku masaha 24.<ref name="ASHP2017" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kwiheba mu myanya y'ubuhumekero (kugabanuka k'ubuhumekero), gusinzira, kunanirwa k'ubuhumekero bw'intanga ngabo, gukomeza igihe cya QT, umuvuduko w'amaraso muke, ingaruka z'ubwivumbure, no kuba umuntu arwaye opioid.<ref name="ASHP2017" /> Mu bafite amateka yo kurwara indwara yo mu mutwe, hari ibyago byo kongera kurwara izindi ndwara.<ref name="ASHP2017" /> Kureka opioid nyuma yo guhagarika buprenorphine muri rusange ntibikabije cyane ugereranyije n'indi miti ya opioid.<ref name="ASHP2017" /> Ntabwo birasobanuka neza niba gukoresha imiti mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]] ari byiza kandi ko kuyikoresha mu gihe cyo konsa bidasabwa.<ref name="ASHP2017" /> Buprenorphine igira ingaruka ku bwoko butandukanye bwa opioid receptors mu buryo butandukanye.<ref name="ASHP2017" /> Bitewe n'ubwoko bwa receptor, ishobora kuba agonist, partial agonist, cyangwa antagonist.<ref name="ASHP2017" /> Buprenorphine yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti mu 1965, yemererwa gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1981.<ref name="ASHP2017" /><ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829111648/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA528|url-status=live}}</ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi yatanzwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima nk'umusimbura wa methadone.<ref name="WHO23rd">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)|year=2023|hdl=10665/371090|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Muri 2017, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika handitswe imiti igera kuri miliyoni 14.6.<ref name="DEA2019" /> Ni ikiyobyabwenge gisanzwe gikoreshwa mu buryo butari bwo, gikoreshwa mu mwanya wa [[heroine]].<ref name="DEA2019" /> Buprenorphine ishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bwo kwidagadura binyuze mu gutera inshinge cyangwa mu mazuru kubera ko itera ubushyuhe bwinshi.<ref name="DEA2019" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ni ibiyobyabwenge bigenzurwa na gahunda ya gatatu.<ref name="DEA2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/buprenorphine.pdf|title=Buprenorphine|last=Drug Enforcement Administration|date=July 2019|website=DEA|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111202918/https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/buprenorphine.pdf|archive-date=11 November 2020|access-date=3 December 2017}}</ref> Mu 2021, dose ya 8mg ku munsi igura arenga gato {{USD}},<ref name="Drugs.com.Cost">{{Cite web|title=Buprenorphine Prices, Coupons & Patient Assistance Programs|url=https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/buprenorphine|website=Drugs.com|access-date=13 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110233732/https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/buprenorphine|archive-date=13 February 2021|language=en}}</ref> kandi itwara NHS mu Bwongereza amafaranga ari munsi gato y’amapawundi 2.50.<ref name="BNF80">{{Cite book|title=BNF|date=September 2020 - March 2021|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-369-6|edition=80|location=|page=468-474}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 5znc4elmxepelh5al3munod8burofg6 141299 141298 2026-10-11T08:40:37Z Stevenndori289 10902 Buprenorfine 141299 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Buprenorphine molecule from xtal ball.png|thumb|Buprenorfine]] '''Buprenorphine''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Subutex,''' n'izindi, ni opioid ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara yo gukoresha opioid, ububabare bukabije, n'ububabare budakira.<ref name="ASHP2017">{{Cite web|title=Buprenorphine Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/buprenorphine-hydrochloride.html|website=drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=17 March 2017|date=26 January 2017|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718164516/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/buprenorphine-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ishobora gukoreshwa munsi y'ururimi, mu itama, mu guterwa inshinge, nk'agace k'uruhu, cyangwa nk'igishishwa.<ref name="ASHP2017" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Press Announcements – FDA approves first buprenorphine implant for treatment of opioid dependence|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm503719.htm|website=FDA|access-date=12 December 2017|language=en|archive-date=30 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130112207/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm503719.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Ku ndwara yo gukoresha opioid, akenshi itangira iyo ibimenyetso byo kuyireka bitangiye, ndetse no mu minsi ibiri ya mbere yo kuvurwa umuntu akurikiranwa n'umuganga.<ref name="ASHP2017" /> Uburyo bwo guhuza buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) burasabwa kugira ngo hirindwe gukoreshwa nabi mu gutera inshinge.<ref name="ASHP2017" /> Uburibwe ntarengwa butangwa mu gihe cy'isaha imwe, ingaruka zikaba zigera ku masaha 24.<ref name="ASHP2017" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kwiheba mu myanya y'ubuhumekero (kugabanuka k'ubuhumekero), gusinzira, kunanirwa k'ubuhumekero bw'intanga ngabo, gukomeza igihe cya QT, umuvuduko w'amaraso muke, ingaruka z'ubwivumbure, no kuba umuntu arwaye opioid.<ref name="ASHP2017" /> Mu bafite amateka yo kurwara indwara yo mu mutwe, hari ibyago byo kongera kurwara izindi ndwara.<ref name="ASHP2017" /> Kureka opioid nyuma yo guhagarika buprenorphine muri rusange ntibikabije cyane ugereranyije n'indi miti ya opioid.<ref name="ASHP2017" /> Ntabwo birasobanuka neza niba gukoresha imiti mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]] ari byiza kandi ko kuyikoresha mu gihe cyo konsa bidasabwa.<ref name="ASHP2017" /> Buprenorphine igira ingaruka ku bwoko butandukanye bwa opioid receptors mu buryo butandukanye.<ref name="ASHP2017" /> Bitewe n'ubwoko bwa receptor, ishobora kuba agonist, partial agonist, cyangwa antagonist.<ref name="ASHP2017" /> Buprenorphine yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti mu 1965, yemererwa gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1981.<ref name="ASHP2017" /><ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829111648/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA528|url-status=live}}</ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi yatanzwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima nk'umusimbura wa methadone.<ref name="WHO23rd">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)|year=2023|hdl=10665/371090|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Muri 2017, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika handitswe imiti igera kuri miliyoni 14.6.<ref name="DEA2019" /> Ni ikiyobyabwenge gisanzwe gikoreshwa mu buryo butari bwo, gikoreshwa mu mwanya wa [[heroine]].<ref name="DEA2019" /> Buprenorphine ishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bwo kwidagadura binyuze mu gutera inshinge cyangwa mu mazuru kubera ko itera ubushyuhe bwinshi.<ref name="DEA2019" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ni ibiyobyabwenge bigenzurwa na gahunda ya gatatu.<ref name="DEA2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/buprenorphine.pdf|title=Buprenorphine|last=Drug Enforcement Administration|date=July 2019|website=DEA|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111202918/https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/buprenorphine.pdf|archive-date=11 November 2020|access-date=3 December 2017}}</ref> Mu 2021, dose ya 8mg ku munsi igura arenga gato {{USD}},<ref name="Drugs.com.Cost">{{Cite web|title=Buprenorphine Prices, Coupons & Patient Assistance Programs|url=https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/buprenorphine|website=Drugs.com|access-date=13 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110233732/https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/buprenorphine|archive-date=13 February 2021|language=en}}</ref> kandi itwara NHS mu Bwongereza amafaranga ari munsi gato y’amapawundi 2.50.<ref name="BNF80">{{Cite book|title=BNF|date=September 2020 - March 2021|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-369-6|edition=80|location=|page=468-474}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] rotjpj7jydinvk3m5u681d0h5ud3h11 0 23397 141300 2026-10-11T08:42:18Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502402|Heart_failure]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Heart failure|synonym=Chronic heart failure (CHF), congestive cardiac failure (CCF),<ref>{{cite web|title=Living Well With Chronic Heart Failure|url=http://www.heartfoundation.org.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/Living-well-with-chronic-heart-failure.pdf|work=Heart Foundation|access-date=25 May 2014|page=18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222111611/http://www.heartfoundation.org.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/Living-well-with-chronic-heart-failure.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Richard N. |last2=Daly |first2=Lynda |title=A Nurse's Survival Guide to Acute Medical Emergencies |date=2011 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7020-4900-2 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Uk7wbaUWDRYC&pg=PA26 |language=en |access-date=25 July 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614190135/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Uk7wbaUWDRYC&pg=PA26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Congestive heart failure (CHF) |url=https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/congestive-heart-failure-chf |access-date=12 November 2018 |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406152646/https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/congestive-heart-failure-chf |url-status=live }}</ref> decompensatio cordis|image=Heartfailure.jpg|image_size=300px|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Signs and symptoms of severe heart failure|pronounce=|field=[[Cardiology]]|symptoms=[[Shortness of breath]], [[Fatigue|feeling tired]], [[edema|leg swelling]]<ref name=NICEChp1/>|complications=|onset=|duration=Usually lifelong|types=[[Acute decompensated heart failure]] ([[sympathetic crashing acute pulmonary edema]])<ref name=Ag2016>{{cite journal |last1=Agrawal |first1=N |last2=Kumar |first2=A |last3=Aggarwal |first3=P |last4=Jamshed |first4=N |title=Sympathetic crashing acute pulmonary edema. |journal=Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine |date=December 2016 |volume=20 |issue=12 |pages=719-723 |doi=10.4103/0972-5229.195710 |pmid=28149030}}</ref>|causes=[[myocardial infarction|Heart attack]], high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythm, excessive alcohol use, infection, heart damage<ref name=NICEChp1/><ref name=Lancet2005/>|risks=Smoking, sedentary lifestyle|diagnosis=[[Echocardiography|Echocardiogram]]<ref name=NICEChp3/>|differential=Kidney failure, thyroid disease, liver disease, anemia, obesity<ref name=NICEChp4/>|prevention=|treatment=|medication=[[Diuretic|Diuretics]], cardiac medications<ref name=NICEChp3/><ref name=NICEChp5/>|prognosis=|frequency=40 million (2015),<ref name=GBD2015Pre/> 1–2% of adults (developed countries)<ref name=Lancet2005/><ref name="ESC2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, Falk V, González-Juanatey JR, Harjola VP, Jankowska EA, Jessup M, Linde C, Nihoyannopoulos P, Parissis JT, Pieske B, Riley JP, Rosano GM, Ruilope LM, Ruschitzka F, Rutten FH, van der Meer P | display-authors = 6 | title = 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC | journal = European Journal of Heart Failure | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 891–975 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27207191 | doi = 10.1002/ejhf.592 | url = https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/205777/1/2016%20ESC%20Guidelines%20for%20the%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment%20of%20acute%20and%20chronic%20heart%20failure.pdf | type = Review | access-date = 25 July 2020 | archive-date = 14 June 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200614214934/https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/205777/1/2016%20ESC%20Guidelines%20for%20the%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment%20of%20acute%20and%20chronic%20heart%20failure.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>|deaths=35% risk of death in first year<ref name=NICEChp1/>|video1=|named after=}}'''Kunanirwa k'umutima''' ( '''HF''' ), bizwi kandi nka '''congestive heart failure''' ( '''CHF''' ) na '''congestive cardiac failure''' ( '''CCF''' ), ni igihe [[umutima]] udashobora gupompa bihagije kugira ngo amaraso akomeze gutembera neza kugira ngo umubiri ugere ku byo ukeneye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heart failure|date=23 December 2009|website=Health Information|id=DS00061|publisher=Mayo Clinic|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-failure/DS00061|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113184520/http://mayoclinic.com/health/heart-failure/DS00061|archive-date=13 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of Heart failure|date=27 April 2011|website=Medical Dictionary|publisher=MedicineNet|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3672|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208145452/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3672|archive-date=8 December 2011}}</ref> Ibimenyetso by'umutima bikunze kuba birimo guhumeka nabi, umunaniro ukabije, no kubyimba amaguru.<ref name="NICEChp1">{{Cite journal|last=National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK)|date=August 2010|title=Chronic heart failure: National clinical guideline for diagnosis and management in primary and secondary care: Partial update|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65340/|journal=National Clinical Guideline Centre|pages=19–24|pmid=22741186|access-date=6 June 2025|archive-date=30 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430211337/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65340/|url-status=live}}</ref> Guhumeka nabi bikunze kwiyongera iyo umuntu akoze imyitozo ngororamubiri cyangwa aryamye, kandi bishobora kumubyutsa nijoro.<ref name="NICEChp1" /> Ubushobozi buke bwo gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri nabwo ni ikintu gikunze kugaragara.<ref name="McD2011">{{Cite book|last=McDonagh|first=Theresa A.|title=Oxford textbook of heart failure|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-957772-9|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8wowXxC1voC&lpg=PP1|access-date=25 July 2020|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729154703/https://books.google.com/books?id=r8wowXxC1voC&lpg=PP1|url-status=live}}</ref> Ububabare bwo mu gituza, harimo na angina, ntabwo bukunze kubaho bitewe no kunanirwa k'umutima.<ref>{{Cite book|last=O'Connor|first=Christopher M.|title=Managing Acute Decompensated Heart Failure a Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment.|date=2005|publisher=Informa Healthcare|location=London|isbn=978-0-203-42134-5|page=572|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5oB0Dyoj1IC&pg=PA572|access-date=25 July 2020|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729152644/https://books.google.com/books?id=b5oB0Dyoj1IC&pg=PA572|url-status=live}}</ref> Impamvu zikunze gutera umutima gucika intege zirimo indwara z'imitsi y'umutima, harimo [[indwara y'umutima]] yabayeho mbere (indwara y'umutima), umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, indwara ya atrial fibrillation, indwara y'umutima ya valvular, kunywa inzoga nyinshi, kwandura, no gutera umutima bitewe n'impamvu itazwi.<ref name="NICEChp1" /><ref name="Lancet2005">{{Cite journal|vauthors=McMurray JJ, Pfeffer MA|title=Heart failure|journal=Lancet|volume=365|issue=9474|pages=1877–89|year=2005|pmid=15924986|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66621-4}}</ref> Ibi bitera umutima gucika intege bitewe no guhindura imiterere cyangwa imikorere y'umutima.<ref name="NICEChp1" /> Ubwoko bubiri bw'umutima unanirwa gukora neza mu gice cy'ibumoso cy'umutima - umutima unanirwa gukora neza hamwe n'igice cyo gusohora cyagabanutse (HFrEF), n'umutima unanirwa gukora neza hamwe n'igice cyo gusohora cyabugenewe (HFpEF) - bishingiye ku kuba ubushobozi bw'umutima uhoraho cyangwa bwo kuruhuka bugira ingaruka.<ref name="NICEChp1" /> Uburemere bw'indwara y'umutima bugaragazwa n'uburemere bw'ibimenyetso iyo umuntu akoze imyitozo ngororamubiri.<ref name="NICEChp4" /> Kunanirwa k'umutima si kimwe no [[Indwara y'umutima|kurwara umutima]] (aho igice cy'imitsi y'umutima gipfa) cyangwa guhagarara k'umutima (aho amaraso ahagarara burundu).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Willard & Spackman's occupational therapy.|date=2014|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4511-1080-7|page=1124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLh3h6v5O_0C&pg=PA1124|access-date=25 July 2020|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729160158/https://books.google.com/books?id=zLh3h6v5O_0C&pg=PA1124|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cardiac Care Unit Survival Guide|date=2012|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4511-7746-6|page=98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvkUJZCoi2EC&pg=PA98|access-date=25 July 2020|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729154434/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvkUJZCoi2EC&pg=PA98|url-status=live}}</ref> Izindi ndwara zishobora kugira ibimenyetso bisa n'iby'umutima birimo umubyibuho ukabije, impyiko zinanirwa gukora neza, ibibazo by'umwijima, [[Anemie|kubura amaraso]], n'indwara ya tiroyide.<ref name="NICEChp4">{{Cite journal|vauthors=|title=Chronic Heart Failure: National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Management in Primary and Secondary Care: Partial Update|journal=National Clinical Guideline Centre|pages=38–70|date=Aug 2010|pmid=22741186}}</ref> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso, ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi ku mubiri, no ku isuzuma ry’umutima.<ref name="NICEChp3">{{Cite journal|vauthors=|title=Chronic Heart Failure: National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Management in Primary and Secondary Care: Partial Update|journal=National Clinical Guideline Centre|pages=34–47|date=Aug 2010|pmid=22741186}}</ref> Gupima amaraso, gupima umutima hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi, no gupima mu gituza bishobora kuba ingirakamaro mu kumenya impamvu nyamukuru.<ref name="NICEChp3" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'uburemere bw'indwara n'icyayiteye.<ref name="NICEChp3" /> Ku bantu bafite ikibazo cy’umutima kidakira kandi gihoraho, ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bugizwe no guhindura imibereho yabo nko kureka kunywa itabi, gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri, no guhindura imirire, ndetse n’imiti.<ref name="NICEChp5" /><ref name="Taylor2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Long L, Mordi IR, Bridges C, Sagar VA, Davies EJ, Coats AJ, Dalal H, Rees K, Singh SJ, Taylor RS|display-authors=6|title=Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=1|pages=CD003331|date=January 2019|pmid=30695817|pmc=6492482|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003331.pub5}}</ref> Ku bantu bafite ikibazo cy'umutima giterwa n'imikorere mibi y'imitsi y'ibumoso, imiti igabanya imisemburo ya angiotensin, igabanya imisemburo ya angiotensin, cyangwa igabanya imisemburo ya valsartan/sacubitril hamwe na beta blockers ni yo isabwa.<ref name="NICEChp3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Colvin MM, Drazner MH, Filippatos G, Fonarow GC, Givertz MM, Hollenberg SM, Lindenfeld J, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, Peterson PN, Stevenson LW, Westlake C|display-authors=6|title=2016 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update on New Pharmacological Therapy for Heart Failure: An Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America|journal=Circulation|volume=134|issue=13|pages=e282–93|date=September 2016|pmid=27208050|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000435|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ku bafite indwara zikomeye, imiti irwanya aldosterone, cyangwa hydralazine irimo nitrate ishobora gukoreshwa.<ref name="NICEChp3" /> Utunyangingo tw'imitsi ingirakamaro mu gukumira kubikwa kw'amazi n'ingaruka zo guhumeka nabi.<ref name="NICEChp5" /> Hari igihe, bitewe n'impamvu, igikoresho cyashyizwemo nk'icyuma gitera umutima gutera umutima (pacemaker ) cyangwa icyo gufunga umutima (ICD) gishobora gushyirwamo.<ref name="NICEChp3" /> Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe biri hagati cyangwa bikomeye, ubuvuzi bwo gusubiramo umutima (CRT) <ref name="Guidelines rhythm-abnormalities">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tracy CM, Epstein AE, Darbar D, DiMarco JP, Dunbar SB, Estes NA, Ferguson TB, Hammill SC, Karasik PE, Link MS, Marine JE, Schoenfeld MH, Shanker AJ, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Stevenson WG, Varosy PD, Ellenbogen KA, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hayes DL, Page RL, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO|display-authors=6|title=2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update of the 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. [corrected]|journal=Circulation|volume=126|issue=14|pages=1784–800|date=October 2012|pmid=22965336|doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182618569|doi-access=free}}</ref> cyangwa guhindura uburyo umutima uhagarara bishobora kugira akamaro.<ref name="Kuck 2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kuck KH, Bordachar P, Borggrefe M, Boriani G, Burri H, Leyva F, Schauerte P, Theuns D, Thibault B, Kirchhof P, Hasenfuss G, Dickstein K, Leclercq C, Linde C, Tavazzi L, Ruschitzka F|display-authors=6|title=New devices in heart failure: an European Heart Rhythm Association report: developed by the European Heart Rhythm Association; endorsed by the Heart Failure Association|journal=Europace|volume=16|issue=1|pages=109–28|date=January 2014|pmid=24265466|doi=10.1093/europace/eut311}}</ref> Igikoresho gifasha umutima gutera impumuro (ku mpumuro z'ibumoso, iburyo, cyangwa zombi), cyangwa rimwe na rimwe gutera umutima bishobora kuba inama ku bantu bafite indwara ikomeye ikomeza nubwo hari izindi ngamba zose.<ref name="NICEChp5">{{Cite journal|vauthors=|title=Chronic Heart Failure: National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Management in Primary and Secondary Care: Partial Update|journal=National Clinical Guideline Centre|pages=71–153|date=Aug 2010|pmid=22741186}}</ref> Kunanirwa k'umutima ni indwara isanzwe, ihenze, kandi ishobora kwica.<ref name="Lancet2017" /> Mu 2015, byagize ingaruka ku bantu bagera kuri miliyoni 40 ku isi yose.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> Muri rusange abantu bakuru bagera kuri 2% bafite ikibazo cy'umutima <ref name="Lancet2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Metra M, Teerlink JR|title=Heart failure|journal=Lancet|volume=390|issue=10106|pages=1981–1995|date=October 2017|pmid=28460827|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31071-1}}</ref> kandi ku bafite imyaka irenga 65, iki kibazo kigera kuri 6–10%.<ref name="Lancet2005" /> Biteganyijwe ko ibiciro biziyongera.<ref name="Lancet2017" /> Ingaruka z'urupfu ni hafi 35% mu mwaka wa mbere nyuma yo kurwara, mu gihe mu mwaka wa kabiri ibyago by'urupfu biri munsi ya 10% ku bakiriho.<ref name="NICEChp1" /> Uru rwego rw'ibyago byo gupfa rusa n'urwa kanseri zimwe na zimwe.<ref name="NICEChp1" /> Mu Bwongereza, iyi ndwara ni yo mpamvu yateye 5% by'abantu bajyanwa mu bitaro byihutirwa.<ref name="NICEChp1" /> Kunanirwa k'umutima byamenyekanye kuva kera, aho Ebers papyrus yabivuzeho ahagana mu 1550 mbere ya Yesu.<ref name="McD2011" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 7oluq5ib78plmh77r2lyd2ie2cr7n4g 141302 141300 2026-10-11T08:44:40Z Stevenndori289 10902 Kunanirwa k'umutima 141302 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Cardiovascular system - Diastolic heart failure -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|Kunanirwa k'umutima]] '''Kunanirwa k'umutima''' ( '''HF''' ), bizwi kandi nka '''congestive heart failure''' ( '''CHF''' ) na '''congestive cardiac failure''' ( '''CCF''' ), ni igihe [[umutima]] udashobora gupompa bihagije kugira ngo amaraso akomeze gutembera neza kugira ngo umubiri ugere ku byo ukeneye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heart failure|date=23 December 2009|website=Health Information|id=DS00061|publisher=Mayo Clinic|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-failure/DS00061|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113184520/http://mayoclinic.com/health/heart-failure/DS00061|archive-date=13 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of Heart failure|date=27 April 2011|website=Medical Dictionary|publisher=MedicineNet|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3672|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208145452/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3672|archive-date=8 December 2011}}</ref> Ibimenyetso by'umutima bikunze kuba birimo guhumeka nabi, umunaniro ukabije, no kubyimba amaguru.<ref name="NICEChp1">{{Cite journal|last=National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK)|date=August 2010|title=Chronic heart failure: National clinical guideline for diagnosis and management in primary and secondary care: Partial update|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65340/|journal=National Clinical Guideline Centre|pages=19–24|pmid=22741186|access-date=6 June 2025|archive-date=30 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430211337/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65340/|url-status=live}}</ref> Guhumeka nabi bikunze kwiyongera iyo umuntu akoze imyitozo ngororamubiri cyangwa aryamye, kandi bishobora kumubyutsa nijoro.<ref name="NICEChp1" /> Ubushobozi buke bwo gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri nabwo ni ikintu gikunze kugaragara.<ref name="McD2011">{{Cite book|last=McDonagh|first=Theresa A.|title=Oxford textbook of heart failure|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-957772-9|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8wowXxC1voC&lpg=PP1|access-date=25 July 2020|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729154703/https://books.google.com/books?id=r8wowXxC1voC&lpg=PP1|url-status=live}}</ref> Ububabare bwo mu gituza, harimo na angina, ntabwo bukunze kubaho bitewe no kunanirwa k'umutima.<ref>{{Cite book|last=O'Connor|first=Christopher M.|title=Managing Acute Decompensated Heart Failure a Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment.|date=2005|publisher=Informa Healthcare|location=London|isbn=978-0-203-42134-5|page=572|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5oB0Dyoj1IC&pg=PA572|access-date=25 July 2020|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729152644/https://books.google.com/books?id=b5oB0Dyoj1IC&pg=PA572|url-status=live}}</ref> Impamvu zikunze gutera umutima gucika intege zirimo indwara z'imitsi y'umutima, harimo [[indwara y'umutima]] yabayeho mbere (indwara y'umutima), umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, indwara ya atrial fibrillation, indwara y'umutima ya valvular, kunywa inzoga nyinshi, kwandura, no gutera umutima bitewe n'impamvu itazwi.<ref name="NICEChp1" /><ref name="Lancet2005">{{Cite journal|vauthors=McMurray JJ, Pfeffer MA|title=Heart failure|journal=Lancet|volume=365|issue=9474|pages=1877–89|year=2005|pmid=15924986|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66621-4}}</ref> Ibi bitera umutima gucika intege bitewe no guhindura imiterere cyangwa imikorere y'umutima.<ref name="NICEChp1" /> Ubwoko bubiri bw'umutima unanirwa gukora neza mu gice cy'ibumoso cy'umutima - umutima unanirwa gukora neza hamwe n'igice cyo gusohora cyagabanutse (HFrEF), n'umutima unanirwa gukora neza hamwe n'igice cyo gusohora cyabugenewe (HFpEF) - bishingiye ku kuba ubushobozi bw'umutima uhoraho cyangwa bwo kuruhuka bugira ingaruka.<ref name="NICEChp1" /> Uburemere bw'indwara y'umutima bugaragazwa n'uburemere bw'ibimenyetso iyo umuntu akoze imyitozo ngororamubiri.<ref name="NICEChp4" /> Kunanirwa k'umutima si kimwe no [[Indwara y'umutima|kurwara umutima]] (aho igice cy'imitsi y'umutima gipfa) cyangwa guhagarara k'umutima (aho amaraso ahagarara burundu).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Willard & Spackman's occupational therapy.|date=2014|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4511-1080-7|page=1124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLh3h6v5O_0C&pg=PA1124|access-date=25 July 2020|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729160158/https://books.google.com/books?id=zLh3h6v5O_0C&pg=PA1124|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cardiac Care Unit Survival Guide|date=2012|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4511-7746-6|page=98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvkUJZCoi2EC&pg=PA98|access-date=25 July 2020|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729154434/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvkUJZCoi2EC&pg=PA98|url-status=live}}</ref> Izindi ndwara zishobora kugira ibimenyetso bisa n'iby'umutima birimo umubyibuho ukabije, impyiko zinanirwa gukora neza, ibibazo by'umwijima, [[Anemie|kubura amaraso]], n'indwara ya tiroyide.<ref name="NICEChp4">{{Cite journal|vauthors=|title=Chronic Heart Failure: National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Management in Primary and Secondary Care: Partial Update|journal=National Clinical Guideline Centre|pages=38–70|date=Aug 2010|pmid=22741186}}</ref> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso, ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi ku mubiri, no ku isuzuma ry’umutima.<ref name="NICEChp3">{{Cite journal|vauthors=|title=Chronic Heart Failure: National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Management in Primary and Secondary Care: Partial Update|journal=National Clinical Guideline Centre|pages=34–47|date=Aug 2010|pmid=22741186}}</ref> Gupima amaraso, gupima umutima hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi, no gupima mu gituza bishobora kuba ingirakamaro mu kumenya impamvu nyamukuru.<ref name="NICEChp3" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'uburemere bw'indwara n'icyayiteye.<ref name="NICEChp3" /> Ku bantu bafite ikibazo cy’umutima kidakira kandi gihoraho, ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bugizwe no guhindura imibereho yabo nko kureka kunywa itabi, gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri, no guhindura imirire, ndetse n’imiti.<ref name="NICEChp5" /><ref name="Taylor2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Long L, Mordi IR, Bridges C, Sagar VA, Davies EJ, Coats AJ, Dalal H, Rees K, Singh SJ, Taylor RS|display-authors=6|title=Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=1|pages=CD003331|date=January 2019|pmid=30695817|pmc=6492482|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003331.pub5}}</ref> Ku bantu bafite ikibazo cy'umutima giterwa n'imikorere mibi y'imitsi y'ibumoso, imiti igabanya imisemburo ya angiotensin, igabanya imisemburo ya angiotensin, cyangwa igabanya imisemburo ya valsartan/sacubitril hamwe na beta blockers ni yo isabwa.<ref name="NICEChp3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Colvin MM, Drazner MH, Filippatos G, Fonarow GC, Givertz MM, Hollenberg SM, Lindenfeld J, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, Peterson PN, Stevenson LW, Westlake C|display-authors=6|title=2016 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update on New Pharmacological Therapy for Heart Failure: An Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America|journal=Circulation|volume=134|issue=13|pages=e282–93|date=September 2016|pmid=27208050|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000435|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ku bafite indwara zikomeye, imiti irwanya aldosterone, cyangwa hydralazine irimo nitrate ishobora gukoreshwa.<ref name="NICEChp3" /> Utunyangingo tw'imitsi ingirakamaro mu gukumira kubikwa kw'amazi n'ingaruka zo guhumeka nabi.<ref name="NICEChp5" /> Hari igihe, bitewe n'impamvu, igikoresho cyashyizwemo nk'icyuma gitera umutima gutera umutima (pacemaker ) cyangwa icyo gufunga umutima (ICD) gishobora gushyirwamo.<ref name="NICEChp3" /> Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe biri hagati cyangwa bikomeye, ubuvuzi bwo gusubiramo umutima (CRT) <ref name="Guidelines rhythm-abnormalities">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tracy CM, Epstein AE, Darbar D, DiMarco JP, Dunbar SB, Estes NA, Ferguson TB, Hammill SC, Karasik PE, Link MS, Marine JE, Schoenfeld MH, Shanker AJ, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Stevenson WG, Varosy PD, Ellenbogen KA, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hayes DL, Page RL, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO|display-authors=6|title=2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update of the 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. [corrected]|journal=Circulation|volume=126|issue=14|pages=1784–800|date=October 2012|pmid=22965336|doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182618569|doi-access=free}}</ref> cyangwa guhindura uburyo umutima uhagarara bishobora kugira akamaro.<ref name="Kuck 2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kuck KH, Bordachar P, Borggrefe M, Boriani G, Burri H, Leyva F, Schauerte P, Theuns D, Thibault B, Kirchhof P, Hasenfuss G, Dickstein K, Leclercq C, Linde C, Tavazzi L, Ruschitzka F|display-authors=6|title=New devices in heart failure: an European Heart Rhythm Association report: developed by the European Heart Rhythm Association; endorsed by the Heart Failure Association|journal=Europace|volume=16|issue=1|pages=109–28|date=January 2014|pmid=24265466|doi=10.1093/europace/eut311}}</ref> Igikoresho gifasha umutima gutera impumuro (ku mpumuro z'ibumoso, iburyo, cyangwa zombi), cyangwa rimwe na rimwe gutera umutima bishobora kuba inama ku bantu bafite indwara ikomeye ikomeza nubwo hari izindi ngamba zose.<ref name="NICEChp5">{{Cite journal|vauthors=|title=Chronic Heart Failure: National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Management in Primary and Secondary Care: Partial Update|journal=National Clinical Guideline Centre|pages=71–153|date=Aug 2010|pmid=22741186}}</ref> Kunanirwa k'umutima ni indwara isanzwe, ihenze, kandi ishobora kwica.<ref name="Lancet2017" /> Mu 2015, byagize ingaruka ku bantu bagera kuri miliyoni 40 ku isi yose.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> Muri rusange abantu bakuru bagera kuri 2% bafite ikibazo cy'umutima <ref name="Lancet2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Metra M, Teerlink JR|title=Heart failure|journal=Lancet|volume=390|issue=10106|pages=1981–1995|date=October 2017|pmid=28460827|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31071-1}}</ref> kandi ku bafite imyaka irenga 65, iki kibazo kigera kuri 6–10%.<ref name="Lancet2005" /> Biteganyijwe ko ibiciro biziyongera.<ref name="Lancet2017" /> Ingaruka z'urupfu ni hafi 35% mu mwaka wa mbere nyuma yo kurwara, mu gihe mu mwaka wa kabiri ibyago by'urupfu biri munsi ya 10% ku bakiriho.<ref name="NICEChp1" /> Uru rwego rw'ibyago byo gupfa rusa n'urwa kanseri zimwe na zimwe.<ref name="NICEChp1" /> Mu Bwongereza, iyi ndwara ni yo mpamvu yateye 5% by'abantu bajyanwa mu bitaro byihutirwa.<ref name="NICEChp1" /> Kunanirwa k'umutima byamenyekanye kuva kera, aho Ebers papyrus yabivuzeho ahagana mu 1550 mbere ya Yesu.<ref name="McD2011" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 6pbq018c5j2kiy43b4um4ajyur0jy6f 0 23398 141303 2026-10-11T08:46:12Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458419|Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Factitious disorder imposed on another|synonym=Factitious disorder by proxy, Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP, MbP), fabricated or induced illness by carers (FII), medical child abuse|image=FactitiousDisorderAnother.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Overview of factitious disorder imposed on another|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=Variable<ref name=Stir2007/>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Unknown<ref name=Jac2004/>|risks=[[Complications of pregnancy|Pregnancy related complications]], mother who was abused as a child or has [[factitious disorder imposed on self]]<ref name=Yat2017/>|diagnosis=Removing the child from the caregiver results in improvement, [[video surveillance]] without the knowledge of the caregiver<ref name=My2005/>|differential=Medical disorder, [[borderline personality disorder]], other forms of [[child abuse]], [[delusional disorder]]<ref name=DSM5/>|prevention=|treatment=Removal of the child, [[therapy]]<ref name=Jac2004/><ref name=My2005/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=Relatively rare<ref name=My2005/>|deaths=|width=|video1=|named after=}}'''Indwara y’ubugizi bwa nabi iterwa n’undi muntu''' ( '''FDA''' ), izwi kandi nka '''Munchausen syndrome na proxy''' ( '''MSbP''' ), ni indwara ituma umuntu urera umwana we, cyane cyane umwana we, agira ibibazo by’ubuzima.<ref name="Mer2019">{{Cite web|title=Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self - Psychiatric Disorders|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/psychiatric-disorders/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders/factitious-disorder-imposed-on-self#v1030209|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=28 April 2019|language=en-CA|archive-date=7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907043513/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/psychiatric-disorders/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders/factitious-disorder-imposed-on-self#v1030209|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibi bishobora kuba birimo gukomeretsa umwana cyangwa guhindura ibizamini.<ref name="Mer2019" /> Hanyuma bagaragaza uwo muntu nk'urwaye cyangwa wakomeretse. Ibi bibaho nta nyungu yihariye ku muntu umwitaho.<ref name=DSM5>{{citation|author=American Psychiatric Association|year=2013|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.)|location=Arlington|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/324 324–326]|isbn=978-0890425558|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/324}}</ref> Gukomeretsa umwana burundu cyangwa urupfu rwe bishobora kubaho.<ref name="Mer2019" /> Impamvu ntiramenyekana.<ref name="Jac2004">{{Cite book|last=Jacoby|first=David B.|last2=Youngson|first2=R. M.|title=Encyclopedia of Family Health|date=2004|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=9780761474869|page=1286|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUA8DQCONgUC&pg=PA1286|language=en|access-date=2020-08-02|archive-date=2021-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309063706/https://books.google.com/books?id=VUA8DQCONgUC&pg=PA1286|url-status=live}}</ref> Impamvu nyamukuru ishobora kuba iyo kwitabwaho no gukoresha abaganga mu buryo bunyuranye.<ref name="My2005">{{Cite book|last=Myers|first=John E. B.|title=Myers on Evidence in Child, Domestic, and Elder Abuse Cases|date=2005|publisher=Aspen Publishers Online|isbn=9780735556683|pages=280–282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-krZZF9dl-sC&pg=PA282|language=en|access-date=2020-08-02|archive-date=2021-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106182512/https://books.google.com/books?id=-krZZF9dl-sC&pg=PA282|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo ingorane ziterwa no gutwita, n'umubyeyi wahohotewe akiri umwana cyangwa ufite uburwayi bw'imibonano mpuzabitsina bwamuteye.<ref name="Yat2017">{{Cite journal|last=Yates|first=G|last2=Bass|first2=C|title=The perpetrators of medical child abuse (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy) - A systematic review of 796 cases.|journal=Child Abuse & Neglect|date=October 2017|volume=72|pages=45–53|doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.07.008|pmid=28750264}}</ref> Gusuzuma umwana birashyigikirwa iyo gukura umwana mu mwanya w’umurwaza bituma ibimenyetso bye birushaho kuzamuka cyangwa bigakurikiranwa na videwo nta mpungenge z’umurwaza.<ref name="My2005" /> Abahuye n'iki kibazo bagiye bakorerwa ihohoterwa rishingiye ku mubiri ndetse banitabwaho n'abaganga.<ref name="Stir2007">{{Cite journal|last=Stirling J|title=Beyond Munchausen syndrome by proxy: identification and treatment of child abuse in a medical setting|journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]]|publisher=[[Karger Publishers]]|location=Berlin, Germany|volume=119|issue=5|pages=1026–30|date=May 2007|pmid=17473106|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-0563|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/119/5/1026.long|last2=American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse Neglect|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-08-02|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171106/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/119/5/1026.long|url-status=live}}</ref> Ubuyobozi bushobora gusaba ko umwana ashyirwa mu kigo cyita ku bana.<ref name="Jac2004" /><ref name="My2005" /> Ubuvuzi bushobora gufasha iyo umuntu umwitaho amenye ko akeneye ubufasha.<ref name="My2005" /> Uburyo bikunze kubaho ntabwo birazwi, icyakora, bisa nkaho ari gake cyane.<ref name="My2005" /> Abantu barenga 95% barwaye indwara ziterwa na nyina w'umuntu.<ref name="Yat2017" /> Iyi ndwara yavuzwe bwa mbere mu 1977 na Roy Meadow.<ref name="My2005" /> Kuba hari ikibazo gishobora kugaragaza imyitwarire y'ubugizi bwa nabi.<ref name=DSM5 /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 6ju0yf54gy4fsprvtd8dm6mk486yltq 0 23399 141304 2026-10-11T08:51:33Z B.Scalling 15089 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372858956|Protais Zigiranyirazo]]" 141304 wikitext text/x-wiki Protais Zigiranyirazo (2 Gashyantare 1938 - 3 Kanama 2025), uzwi cyane ku izina rya '''Monsieur Zed''' cyangwa '''Bwana Z''', yari umucuruzi w’umunyarwanda akaba n’umunyapolitiki wari Guverineri w’intara ya [[Ruhengeri]] mu majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bw’u Rwanda kuva mu 1974 kugeza mu 1989. Zigiranyirazo yari umwe mu bagize [[Akazu]], itsinda ry’abavandimwe n’inshuti z’uwahoze ari Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] washyigikiye ingengabitekerezo ya [[Hutu Power]] . <ref name="HRW">{{Cite book |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |date=March 1999 |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda – History → The Army, the Church and the Akazu |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=1-56432-171-1 |location=New York}}</ref> Yashinjwe ibyaha by’intambara mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo mu 1994]], amaherezo yagizwe umwere n’Urukiko [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda]], nyuma yo kumara imyaka itandatu muri gereza. == Ubuzima bwa mbere n'umwuga == Abahutu bo mu bwoko, Zigiranyirazo yari umuvandimwe wa Agathe Kanziga na muramu wa [[Juvénal Habyarimana|Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana]], wageze ku butegetsi mu Rwanda muri [[Revolusiyo ya kabiri ya 1973|Coup d'état yo ku ya 5 Nyakanga 1973]] . Yari afitanye isano rikomeye n’ubutegetsi bw’Abahutu bw’abanyapolitiki, abacuruzi n’abasirikare bakuru nyuma yaho bagenzuraga igihugu. Mu mwaka wa 1974, Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana yagize Protais Zigiranyirazo Guverineri wa Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri, umwanya yamazeho imyaka igera kuri cumi n’itanu. Muri icyo gihe, Zigiranyirazo yari azwiho kugira ububasha n’inshingano bikomeye mu karere yayoboraga. Yari afite amazina y’akabyiniriro arimo “Monsieur Zed” na “Le Prince du Nord”, bisobanura “Igikomangoma cyo mu Majyaruguru”.. Mu 1989, Zigiranyirazo yeguye ku mirimo ye yo kuba guverineri kugira ngo abe umunyeshuri muri Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) i Montreal, muri Québec, muri Kanada. Kuva icyo gihe yavuze ko yaretse ibikorwa byose bya politiki mu 1989. I Montreal mu 1993, Zigiranyirazo yahamijwe icyaha cyo gukangisha urupfu impunzi ebyiri [[Abatutsi|z'Abatutsi]], "zamushinje kugira uruhare mu gutegura ubwicanyi bushingiye ku moko." Hanyuma yirukanywe muri UQAM no muri Kanada. <ref name="globeandmail19940713a">{{Cite news |last=Picard |first=André |author-link=André Picard (journalist) |date=13 July 1994 |title=Rwandan leader lived in splendour |url=http://www.andrepicard.com/rwandaleader.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219120659/http://www.andrepicard.com/rwandaleader.html |archive-date=19 February 2005 |access-date=2008-04-17 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> Nyuma yo kwirukanwa muri Kanada, Zigiranyirazo yasubiye mu Rwanda. Iyicwa rya muramu we Habyarimana ku ya 6 Mata 1994 ryateye imbere ibikorwa byaje gutuma haba [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside mu Rwanda]] . Kuva igihe runaka nyuma ya 1994 kugeza Nyakanga 2001, Zigiranyirazo yabaga i [[Nairobi]], muri Kenya. == Ibirego bya Jenoside == Ibiro by'Umushinjacyaha w'Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) byashinje Zigiranyirazo gukora ibyaha mu mezi ya jenoside yo mu 1994, bivuga ko "yategetse cyangwa yemereye ko hashyirwaho bariyeri hafi y'aho yari atuye hose ... azi kandi agambiriye ko zizakoreshwa mu gikorwa cyo gutsemba no kwica. Protais Zigiranyirazo yakomeje ategeka abagabo bari kuri bariyeri kwica [[Abatutsi]] bose bageragezaga kunyura. Nyuma gato, kandi mu buryo buhoraho, abasirikare ''[[Interahamwe|n'Interahamwe]]'' bishe abantu benshi mu ngo zabo kandi bica abantu bitwaga Abatutsi bagerageje kunyura kuri bariyeri." == Gufatwa no kwitaba urukiko == Ku wa 9 Kamena 2001, Protais Zigiranyirazo yageze mu Bubiligi, akoresha umwirondoro utari uwe kugira ngo ahishe uwo ari we, maze asaba ubuhungiro. Igihe yari acumbitse mu kigo cyakira abasaba ubuhungiro, yamenyekanye n’umuntu utaramenyekanye amazina. Ku wa 21 Nyakanga 2001, Zigiranyirazo yarafashwe arafungwa, abisabwe na Carla Del Ponte, wari Umushinjacyaha Mukuru w’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR). Ku itariki ya 4 Ukwakira 2001, guverinoma y'Ububiligi yamushyikirije TPIR. Ubwo yitabaga urukiko bwa mbere mu Ukwakira 2001, yashinjwe ibyaha bibiri byibasiye inyokomuntu . Icyakora, ikirego aregwa cyarahinduwe mu gihe yari ategereje kwitaba urukiko bwa kabiri ku ya 25 Ugushyingo 2003. Inyandiko y'ibirego yavuguruwe yamushinje gukora jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi hagati ya Mata na Nyakanga 1994 i [[Kigali]] na [[Umujyi wa Rubavu|Gisenyi]] . Urubanza rwakomeje mu gihe cy'imyaka igera kuri itanu, Zigiranyirazo afunzwe by'agateganyo. Ku ya 18 Ukuboza 2008, Urugereko rwa Mbere rw'Iremezo rwa III, rugizwe n'abacamanza Inés Mónica Weinberg de Roca wo muri Arijantine, Khalida Rashid Khan wo muri Pakisitani, na Lee Gacuiga Muthoga wo muri Kenya, bahamya Zigiranyirazo icyaha cya jenoside no gutsemba nk'ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu maze bamukatira igifungo cy'imyaka makumyabiri. Yahawe ishimwe kubera igihe yari amaze muri gereza ategereje kuburanishwa. == Urupfu == Zigiranyirazo yapfuye ku ya 3 Kanama 2025 mu rugo rwe i [[Niamey]], muri Nijeri, aho yari atuye kuva yagirwa umwere. Yari afite imyaka 87. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nzuwonemeye |first=François-Xavier |display-authors=etal |date=8 August 2025 |title=Registrar's Filing in Relation to the Death of Mr. Protais Zigiranyirazo |url=https://www.irmct.org/sites/default/files/case_documents/MSC54424R0000665020.pdf |website=International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals |publisher=[[United Nations]] |id=MICT-22-124}}</ref> Umuryango we wari witeze ko ashyingurwa i Orléans mu Bufaransa, ariko urubanza rwo ku ya 26 Kanama, rwajuririwe ku ya 28 Kanama, rubuza uyu muhambwa, ruvuga ko hari ingaruka zishobora kubangamira umutekano w’imbere mu gihugu. Haracyari hagomba gufatwa icyemezo cy'aho umuntu azashyingurwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Le Monde, AFP |date=28 August 2025 |title=A Orléans, la justice confirme l’interdiction d’inhumation de Protais Zigiranyirazo, figure du génocide au Rwanda |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/08/28/a-orleans-la-justice-confirme-l-interdiction-d-inhumation-de-protais-zigiranyirazo-figure-du-genocide-au-rwanda_6636955_3212.html |website=[[Le Monde]] |language=French}}</ref> == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Abanyepolitiki (Rwanda)]] [[Ikiciro:Abahutu]] [[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]] t2nijyq61s20n248u7obgj87h08aczd 141305 141304 2026-10-11T08:53:19Z B.Scalling 15089 141305 wikitext text/x-wiki Protais Zigiranyirazo (2 Gashyantare 1938 - 3 Kanama 2025), uzwi cyane ku izina rya '''Monsieur Zed''' cyangwa '''Bwana Z''', yari umucuruzi w’umunyarwanda akaba n’umunyapolitiki wari Guverineri w’intara ya [[Rugenge (Ikigabiro cya Rwabugiri)|Ruhengeri]] mu majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bw’u Rwanda kuva mu 1974 kugeza mu 1989. Zigiranyirazo yari umwe mu bagize [[Akazu]], itsinda ry’abavandimwe n’inshuti z’uwahoze ari Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] washyigikiye ingengabitekerezo ya [[Abahutu|Hutu Power]] . <ref name="HRW">{{Cite book |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |date=March 1999 |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda – History → The Army, the Church and the Akazu |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=1-56432-171-1 |location=New York}}</ref> Yashinjwe ibyaha by’intambara mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo mu 1994]], amaherezo yagizwe umwere n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, nyuma yo kumara imyaka itandatu muri gereza. == Ubuzima bwa mbere n'umwuga == Abahutu bo mu bwoko, Zigiranyirazo yari umuvandimwe wa Agathe Kanziga na muramu wa [[Juvénal Habyarimana|Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana]], wageze ku butegetsi mu Rwanda muri [[Revolusiyo ya kabiri ya 1973|Coup d'état yo ku ya 5 Nyakanga 1973]] . Yari afitanye isano rikomeye n’ubutegetsi bw’Abahutu bw’abanyapolitiki, abacuruzi n’abasirikare bakuru nyuma yaho bagenzuraga igihugu. Mu mwaka wa 1974, Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana yagize Protais Zigiranyirazo Guverineri wa Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri, umwanya yamazeho imyaka igera kuri cumi n’itanu. Muri icyo gihe, Zigiranyirazo yari azwiho kugira ububasha n’inshingano bikomeye mu karere yayoboraga. Yari afite amazina y’akabyiniriro arimo “Monsieur Zed” na “Le Prince du Nord”, bisobanura “Igikomangoma cyo mu Majyaruguru”.. Mu 1989, Zigiranyirazo yeguye ku mirimo ye yo kuba guverineri kugira ngo abe umunyeshuri muri Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) i Montreal, muri Québec, muri Kanada. Kuva icyo gihe yavuze ko yaretse ibikorwa byose bya politiki mu 1989. I Montreal mu 1993, Zigiranyirazo yahamijwe icyaha cyo gukangisha urupfu impunzi ebyiri [[Abatutsi|z'Abatutsi]], "zamushinje kugira uruhare mu gutegura ubwicanyi bushingiye ku moko." Hanyuma yirukanywe muri UQAM no muri Kanada. <ref name="globeandmail19940713a">{{Cite news |last=Picard |first=André |author-link=André Picard (journalist) |date=13 July 1994 |title=Rwandan leader lived in splendour |url=http://www.andrepicard.com/rwandaleader.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219120659/http://www.andrepicard.com/rwandaleader.html |archive-date=19 February 2005 |access-date=2008-04-17 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> Nyuma yo kwirukanwa muri Kanada, Zigiranyirazo yasubiye mu Rwanda. Iyicwa rya muramu we Habyarimana ku ya 6 Mata 1994 ryateye imbere ibikorwa byaje gutuma haba [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside mu Rwanda]] . Kuva igihe runaka nyuma ya 1994 kugeza Nyakanga 2001, Zigiranyirazo yabaga i [[Nairobi]], muri Kenya. == Ibirego bya Jenoside == Ibiro by'Umushinjacyaha w'Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) byashinje Zigiranyirazo gukora ibyaha mu mezi ya jenoside yo mu 1994, bivuga ko "yategetse cyangwa yemereye ko hashyirwaho bariyeri hafi y'aho yari atuye hose ... azi kandi agambiriye ko zizakoreshwa mu gikorwa cyo gutsemba no kwica. Protais Zigiranyirazo yakomeje ategeka abagabo bari kuri bariyeri kwica [[Abatutsi]] bose bageragezaga kunyura. Nyuma gato, kandi mu buryo buhoraho, abasirikare ''[[Interahamwe|n'Interahamwe]]'' bishe abantu benshi mu ngo zabo kandi bica abantu bitwaga Abatutsi bagerageje kunyura kuri bariyeri." == Gufatwa no kwitaba urukiko == Ku wa 9 Kamena 2001, Protais Zigiranyirazo yageze mu Bubiligi, akoresha umwirondoro utari uwe kugira ngo ahishe uwo ari we, maze asaba ubuhungiro. Igihe yari acumbitse mu kigo cyakira abasaba ubuhungiro, yamenyekanye n’umuntu utaramenyekanye amazina. Ku wa 21 Nyakanga 2001, Zigiranyirazo yarafashwe arafungwa, abisabwe na Carla Del Ponte, wari Umushinjacyaha Mukuru w’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR). Ku itariki ya 4 Ukwakira 2001, guverinoma y'Ububiligi yamushyikirije TPIR. Ubwo yitabaga urukiko bwa mbere mu Ukwakira 2001, yashinjwe ibyaha bibiri byibasiye inyokomuntu . Icyakora, ikirego aregwa cyarahinduwe mu gihe yari ategereje kwitaba urukiko bwa kabiri ku ya 25 Ugushyingo 2003. Inyandiko y'ibirego yavuguruwe yamushinje gukora jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi hagati ya Mata na Nyakanga 1994 i [[Kigali]] na [[Umujyi wa Rubavu|Gisenyi]] . Urubanza rwakomeje mu gihe cy'imyaka igera kuri itanu, Zigiranyirazo afunzwe by'agateganyo. Ku ya 18 Ukuboza 2008, Urugereko rwa Mbere rw'Iremezo rwa III, rugizwe n'abacamanza Inés Mónica Weinberg de Roca wo muri Arijantine, Khalida Rashid Khan wo muri Pakisitani, na Lee Gacuiga Muthoga wo muri Kenya, bahamya Zigiranyirazo icyaha cya jenoside no gutsemba nk'ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu maze bamukatira igifungo cy'imyaka makumyabiri. Yahawe ishimwe kubera igihe yari amaze muri gereza ategereje kuburanishwa. == Urupfu == Zigiranyirazo yapfuye ku ya 3 Kanama 2025 mu rugo rwe i [[Niamey]], muri Nijeri, aho yari atuye kuva yagirwa umwere. Yari afite imyaka 87. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nzuwonemeye |first=François-Xavier |display-authors=etal |date=8 August 2025 |title=Registrar's Filing in Relation to the Death of Mr. Protais Zigiranyirazo |url=https://www.irmct.org/sites/default/files/case_documents/MSC54424R0000665020.pdf |website=International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals |publisher=[[United Nations]] |id=MICT-22-124}}</ref> Umuryango we wari witeze ko ashyingurwa i Orléans mu Bufaransa, ariko urubanza rwo ku ya 26 Kanama, rwajuririwe ku ya 28 Kanama, rubuza uyu muhambwa, ruvuga ko hari ingaruka zishobora kubangamira umutekano w’imbere mu gihugu. Haracyari hagomba gufatwa icyemezo cy'aho umuntu azashyingurwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Le Monde, AFP |date=28 August 2025 |title=A Orléans, la justice confirme l’interdiction d’inhumation de Protais Zigiranyirazo, figure du génocide au Rwanda |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/08/28/a-orleans-la-justice-confirme-l-interdiction-d-inhumation-de-protais-zigiranyirazo-figure-du-genocide-au-rwanda_6636955_3212.html |website=[[Le Monde]] |language=French}}</ref> == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Abanyepolitiki (Rwanda)]] [[Ikiciro:Abahutu]] [[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1ln27ijbwlkrhqfirskmfxkfkkales2 141306 141305 2026-10-11T08:54:06Z B.Scalling 15089 141306 wikitext text/x-wiki Protais Zigiranyirazo (2 Gashyantare 1938 - 3 Kanama 2025), uzwi cyane ku izina rya '''Monsieur Zed''' cyangwa '''Bwana Z''', yari umucuruzi w’umunyarwanda akaba n’umunyapolitiki wari Guverineri w’intara ya [[Rugenge (Ikigabiro cya Rwabugiri)|Ruhengeri]] mu majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bw’u Rwanda kuva mu 1974 kugeza mu 1989. Zigiranyirazo yari umwe mu bagize [[Akazu]], itsinda ry’abavandimwe n’inshuti z’uwahoze ari Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] washyigikiye ingengabitekerezo ya [[Abahutu|Hutu Power]] . <ref name="HRW">{{Cite book |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |date=March 1999 |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda – History → The Army, the Church and the Akazu |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=1-56432-171-1 |location=New York}}</ref> Yashinjwe ibyaha by’intambara mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo mu 1994]], amaherezo yagizwe umwere n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, nyuma yo kumara imyaka itandatu muri gereza. == Ubuzima bwa mbere n'umwuga == Abahutu bo mu bwoko, Zigiranyirazo yari umuvandimwe wa Agathe Kanziga na muramu wa [[Juvénal Habyarimana|Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana]], wageze ku butegetsi mu Rwanda muri [[Revolusiyo ya kabiri ya 1973|Coup d'état yo ku ya 5 Nyakanga 1973]] . Yari afitanye isano rikomeye n’ubutegetsi bw’Abahutu bw’abanyapolitiki, abacuruzi n’abasirikare bakuru nyuma yaho bagenzuraga igihugu. Mu mwaka wa 1974, Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana yagize Protais Zigiranyirazo Guverineri wa Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri, umwanya yamazeho imyaka igera kuri cumi n’itanu. Muri icyo gihe, Zigiranyirazo yari azwiho kugira ububasha n’inshingano bikomeye mu karere yayoboraga. Yari afite amazina y’akabyiniriro arimo “Monsieur Zed” na “Le Prince du Nord”, bisobanura “Igikomangoma cyo mu Majyaruguru”.. Mu 1989, Zigiranyirazo yeguye ku mirimo ye yo kuba guverineri kugira ngo abe umunyeshuri muri Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) i Montreal, muri Québec, muri Kanada. Kuva icyo gihe yavuze ko yaretse ibikorwa byose bya politiki mu 1989. I Montreal mu 1993, Zigiranyirazo yahamijwe icyaha cyo gukangisha urupfu impunzi ebyiri [[Abatutsi|z'Abatutsi]], "zamushinje kugira uruhare mu gutegura ubwicanyi bushingiye ku moko." Hanyuma yirukanywe muri UQAM no muri Kanada. <ref name="globeandmail19940713a">{{Cite news |last=Picard |first=André |author-link=André Picard (journalist) |date=13 July 1994 |title=Rwandan leader lived in splendour |url=http://www.andrepicard.com/rwandaleader.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219120659/http://www.andrepicard.com/rwandaleader.html |archive-date=19 February 2005 |access-date=2008-04-17 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> Nyuma yo kwirukanwa muri Kanada, Zigiranyirazo yasubiye mu Rwanda. Iyicwa rya muramu we Habyarimana ku ya 6 Mata 1994 ryateye imbere ibikorwa byaje gutuma haba [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside mu Rwanda]] . Kuva igihe runaka nyuma ya 1994 kugeza Nyakanga 2001, Zigiranyirazo yabaga i [[Nairobi]], muri Kenya. == Ibirego bya Jenoside == Ibiro by'Umushinjacyaha w'Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) byashinje Zigiranyirazo gukora ibyaha mu mezi ya jenoside yo mu 1994, bivuga ko "yategetse cyangwa yemereye ko hashyirwaho bariyeri hafi y'aho yari atuye hose ... azi kandi agambiriye ko zizakoreshwa mu gikorwa cyo gutsemba no kwica. Protais Zigiranyirazo yakomeje ategeka abagabo bari kuri bariyeri kwica [[Abatutsi]] bose bageragezaga kunyura. Nyuma gato, kandi mu buryo buhoraho, abasirikare ''[[Interahamwe|n'Interahamwe]]'' bishe abantu benshi mu ngo zabo kandi bica abantu bitwaga Abatutsi bagerageje kunyura kuri bariyeri." == Gufatwa no kwitaba urukiko == Ku wa 9 Kamena 2001, Protais Zigiranyirazo yageze mu Bubiligi, akoresha umwirondoro utari uwe kugira ngo ahishe uwo ari we, maze asaba ubuhungiro. Igihe yari acumbitse mu kigo cyakira abasaba ubuhungiro, yamenyekanye n’umuntu utaramenyekanye amazina. Ku wa 21 Nyakanga 2001, Zigiranyirazo yarafashwe arafungwa, abisabwe na Carla Del Ponte, wari Umushinjacyaha Mukuru w’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR). Ku itariki ya 4 Ukwakira 2001, guverinoma y'Ububiligi yamushyikirije TPIR. Ubwo yitabaga urukiko bwa mbere mu Ukwakira 2001, yashinjwe ibyaha bibiri byibasiye inyokomuntu . Icyakora, ikirego aregwa cyarahinduwe mu gihe yari ategereje kwitaba urukiko bwa kabiri ku ya 25 Ugushyingo 2003. Inyandiko y'ibirego yavuguruwe yamushinje gukora jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi hagati ya Mata na Nyakanga 1994 i [[Kigali]] na [[Umujyi wa Rubavu|Gisenyi]] . Urubanza rwakomeje mu gihe cy'imyaka igera kuri itanu, Zigiranyirazo afunzwe by'agateganyo. Ku ya 18 Ukuboza 2008, Urugereko rwa Mbere rw'Iremezo rwa III, rugizwe n'abacamanza Inés Mónica Weinberg de Roca wo muri Arijantine, Khalida Rashid Khan wo muri Pakisitani, na Lee Gacuiga Muthoga wo muri Kenya, bahamya Zigiranyirazo icyaha cya jenoside no gutsemba nk'ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu maze bamukatira igifungo cy'imyaka makumyabiri. Yahawe ishimwe kubera igihe yari amaze muri gereza ategereje kuburanishwa. == Urupfu == Zigiranyirazo yapfuye ku ya 3 Kanama 2025 mu rugo rwe i [[Niamey]], muri Nijeri, aho yari atuye kuva yagirwa umwere. Yari afite imyaka 87. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nzuwonemeye |first=François-Xavier |display-authors=etal |date=8 August 2025 |title=Registrar's Filing in Relation to the Death of Mr. Protais Zigiranyirazo |url=https://www.irmct.org/sites/default/files/case_documents/MSC54424R0000665020.pdf |website=International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals |publisher=[[United Nations]] |id=MICT-22-124}}</ref> Umuryango we wari witeze ko ashyingurwa i Orléans mu Bufaransa, ariko urubanza rwo ku ya 26 Kanama, rwajuririwe ku ya 28 Kanama, rubuza uyu muhambwa, ruvuga ko hari ingaruka zishobora kubangamira umutekano w’imbere mu gihugu. Haracyari hagomba gufatwa icyemezo cy'aho umuntu azashyingurwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Le Monde, AFP |date=28 August 2025 |title=A Orléans, la justice confirme l’interdiction d’inhumation de Protais Zigiranyirazo, figure du génocide au Rwanda |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/08/28/a-orleans-la-justice-confirme-l-interdiction-d-inhumation-de-protais-zigiranyirazo-figure-du-genocide-au-rwanda_6636955_3212.html |website=[[Le Monde]] |language=French}}</ref> == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Abanyepolitiki (Rwanda)]] [[Ikiciro:Abahutu]] [[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]] 09oy35ztc7rr61tgu1t4br8f0h8uiw1 141307 141306 2026-10-11T08:58:22Z B.Scalling 15089 141307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|useImage=[[File:En-us-Protais Zigiranyirazo from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|En-us-Protais Zigiranyirazo from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America)]]}} Protais Zigiranyirazo (2 Gashyantare 1938 - 3 Kanama 2025), uzwi cyane ku izina rya '''Monsieur Zed''' cyangwa '''Bwana Z''', yari umucuruzi w’umunyarwanda akaba n’umunyapolitiki wari Guverineri w’intara ya [[Rugenge (Ikigabiro cya Rwabugiri)|Ruhengeri]] mu majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bw’u Rwanda kuva mu 1974 kugeza mu 1989. Zigiranyirazo yari umwe mu bagize [[Akazu]], itsinda ry’abavandimwe n’inshuti z’uwahoze ari Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] washyigikiye ingengabitekerezo ya [[Abahutu|Hutu Power]] . <ref name="HRW">{{Cite book |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |date=March 1999 |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda – History → The Army, the Church and the Akazu |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=1-56432-171-1 |location=New York}}</ref> Yashinjwe ibyaha by’intambara mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo mu 1994]], amaherezo yagizwe umwere n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, nyuma yo kumara imyaka itandatu muri gereza. == Ubuzima bwa mbere n'umwuga == Abahutu bo mu bwoko, Zigiranyirazo yari umuvandimwe wa Agathe Kanziga na muramu wa [[Juvénal Habyarimana|Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana]], wageze ku butegetsi mu Rwanda muri [[Revolusiyo ya kabiri ya 1973|Coup d'état yo ku ya 5 Nyakanga 1973]] . Yari afitanye isano rikomeye n’ubutegetsi bw’Abahutu bw’abanyapolitiki, abacuruzi n’abasirikare bakuru nyuma yaho bagenzuraga igihugu. Mu mwaka wa 1974, Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana yagize Protais Zigiranyirazo Guverineri wa Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri, umwanya yamazeho imyaka igera kuri cumi n’itanu. Muri icyo gihe, Zigiranyirazo yari azwiho kugira ububasha n’inshingano bikomeye mu karere yayoboraga. Yari afite amazina y’akabyiniriro arimo “Monsieur Zed” na “Le Prince du Nord”, bisobanura “Igikomangoma cyo mu Majyaruguru”.. Mu 1989, Zigiranyirazo yeguye ku mirimo ye yo kuba guverineri kugira ngo abe umunyeshuri muri Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) i Montreal, muri Québec, muri Kanada. Kuva icyo gihe yavuze ko yaretse ibikorwa byose bya politiki mu 1989. I Montreal mu 1993, Zigiranyirazo yahamijwe icyaha cyo gukangisha urupfu impunzi ebyiri [[Abatutsi|z'Abatutsi]], "zamushinje kugira uruhare mu gutegura ubwicanyi bushingiye ku moko." Hanyuma yirukanywe muri UQAM no muri Kanada. <ref name="globeandmail19940713a">{{Cite news |last=Picard |first=André |author-link=André Picard (journalist) |date=13 July 1994 |title=Rwandan leader lived in splendour |url=http://www.andrepicard.com/rwandaleader.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219120659/http://www.andrepicard.com/rwandaleader.html |archive-date=19 February 2005 |access-date=2008-04-17 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> Nyuma yo kwirukanwa muri Kanada, Zigiranyirazo yasubiye mu Rwanda. Iyicwa rya muramu we Habyarimana ku ya 6 Mata 1994 ryateye imbere ibikorwa byaje gutuma haba [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside mu Rwanda]] . Kuva igihe runaka nyuma ya 1994 kugeza Nyakanga 2001, Zigiranyirazo yabaga i [[Nairobi]], muri Kenya. == Ibirego bya Jenoside == Ibiro by'Umushinjacyaha w'Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) byashinje Zigiranyirazo gukora ibyaha mu mezi ya jenoside yo mu 1994, bivuga ko "yategetse cyangwa yemereye ko hashyirwaho bariyeri hafi y'aho yari atuye hose ... azi kandi agambiriye ko zizakoreshwa mu gikorwa cyo gutsemba no kwica. Protais Zigiranyirazo yakomeje ategeka abagabo bari kuri bariyeri kwica [[Abatutsi]] bose bageragezaga kunyura. Nyuma gato, kandi mu buryo buhoraho, abasirikare ''[[Interahamwe|n'Interahamwe]]'' bishe abantu benshi mu ngo zabo kandi bica abantu bitwaga Abatutsi bagerageje kunyura kuri bariyeri." == Gufatwa no kwitaba urukiko == Ku wa 9 Kamena 2001, Protais Zigiranyirazo yageze mu Bubiligi, akoresha umwirondoro utari uwe kugira ngo ahishe uwo ari we, maze asaba ubuhungiro. Igihe yari acumbitse mu kigo cyakira abasaba ubuhungiro, yamenyekanye n’umuntu utaramenyekanye amazina. Ku wa 21 Nyakanga 2001, Zigiranyirazo yarafashwe arafungwa, abisabwe na Carla Del Ponte, wari Umushinjacyaha Mukuru w’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR). Ku itariki ya 4 Ukwakira 2001, guverinoma y'Ububiligi yamushyikirije TPIR. Ubwo yitabaga urukiko bwa mbere mu Ukwakira 2001, yashinjwe ibyaha bibiri byibasiye inyokomuntu . Icyakora, ikirego aregwa cyarahinduwe mu gihe yari ategereje kwitaba urukiko bwa kabiri ku ya 25 Ugushyingo 2003. Inyandiko y'ibirego yavuguruwe yamushinje gukora jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi hagati ya Mata na Nyakanga 1994 i [[Kigali]] na [[Umujyi wa Rubavu|Gisenyi]] . Urubanza rwakomeje mu gihe cy'imyaka igera kuri itanu, Zigiranyirazo afunzwe by'agateganyo. Ku ya 18 Ukuboza 2008, Urugereko rwa Mbere rw'Iremezo rwa III, rugizwe n'abacamanza Inés Mónica Weinberg de Roca wo muri Arijantine, Khalida Rashid Khan wo muri Pakisitani, na Lee Gacuiga Muthoga wo muri Kenya, bahamya Zigiranyirazo icyaha cya jenoside no gutsemba nk'ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu maze bamukatira igifungo cy'imyaka makumyabiri. Yahawe ishimwe kubera igihe yari amaze muri gereza ategereje kuburanishwa. == Urupfu == Zigiranyirazo yapfuye ku ya 3 Kanama 2025 mu rugo rwe i [[Niamey]], muri Nijeri, aho yari atuye kuva yagirwa umwere. Yari afite imyaka 87. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nzuwonemeye |first=François-Xavier |display-authors=etal |date=8 August 2025 |title=Registrar's Filing in Relation to the Death of Mr. Protais Zigiranyirazo |url=https://www.irmct.org/sites/default/files/case_documents/MSC54424R0000665020.pdf |website=International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals |publisher=[[United Nations]] |id=MICT-22-124}}</ref> Umuryango we wari witeze ko ashyingurwa i Orléans mu Bufaransa, ariko urubanza rwo ku ya 26 Kanama, rwajuririwe ku ya 28 Kanama, rubuza uyu muhambwa, ruvuga ko hari ingaruka zishobora kubangamira umutekano w’imbere mu gihugu. Haracyari hagomba gufatwa icyemezo cy'aho umuntu azashyingurwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Le Monde, AFP |date=28 August 2025 |title=A Orléans, la justice confirme l’interdiction d’inhumation de Protais Zigiranyirazo, figure du génocide au Rwanda |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/08/28/a-orleans-la-justice-confirme-l-interdiction-d-inhumation-de-protais-zigiranyirazo-figure-du-genocide-au-rwanda_6636955_3212.html |website=[[Le Monde]] |language=French}}</ref> == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Abanyepolitiki (Rwanda)]] [[Ikiciro:Abahutu]] [[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]] c9uxctefhdh2xckqaj5ytf0lt7tzric 141309 141307 2026-10-11T09:00:18Z B.Scalling 15089 141309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|useImage=[[File:En-us-Protais Zigiranyirazo from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|En-us-Protais Zigiranyirazo from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America)]]}}{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q3100154}} Protais Zigiranyirazo (2 Gashyantare 1938 - 3 Kanama 2025), uzwi cyane ku izina rya '''Monsieur Zed''' cyangwa '''Bwana Z''', yari umucuruzi w’umunyarwanda akaba n’umunyapolitiki wari Guverineri w’intara ya [[Rugenge (Ikigabiro cya Rwabugiri)|Ruhengeri]] mu majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bw’u Rwanda kuva mu 1974 kugeza mu 1989. Zigiranyirazo yari umwe mu bagize [[Akazu]], itsinda ry’abavandimwe n’inshuti z’uwahoze ari Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] washyigikiye ingengabitekerezo ya [[Abahutu|Hutu Power]] . <ref name="HRW">{{Cite book |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |date=March 1999 |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda – History → The Army, the Church and the Akazu |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=1-56432-171-1 |location=New York}}</ref> Yashinjwe ibyaha by’intambara mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo mu 1994]], amaherezo yagizwe umwere n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, nyuma yo kumara imyaka itandatu muri gereza. == Ubuzima bwa mbere n'umwuga == Abahutu bo mu bwoko, Zigiranyirazo yari umuvandimwe wa Agathe Kanziga na muramu wa [[Juvénal Habyarimana|Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana]], wageze ku butegetsi mu Rwanda muri [[Revolusiyo ya kabiri ya 1973|Coup d'état yo ku ya 5 Nyakanga 1973]] . Yari afitanye isano rikomeye n’ubutegetsi bw’Abahutu bw’abanyapolitiki, abacuruzi n’abasirikare bakuru nyuma yaho bagenzuraga igihugu. Mu mwaka wa 1974, Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana yagize Protais Zigiranyirazo Guverineri wa Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri, umwanya yamazeho imyaka igera kuri cumi n’itanu. Muri icyo gihe, Zigiranyirazo yari azwiho kugira ububasha n’inshingano bikomeye mu karere yayoboraga. Yari afite amazina y’akabyiniriro arimo “Monsieur Zed” na “Le Prince du Nord”, bisobanura “Igikomangoma cyo mu Majyaruguru”.. Mu 1989, Zigiranyirazo yeguye ku mirimo ye yo kuba guverineri kugira ngo abe umunyeshuri muri Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) i Montreal, muri Québec, muri Kanada. Kuva icyo gihe yavuze ko yaretse ibikorwa byose bya politiki mu 1989. I Montreal mu 1993, Zigiranyirazo yahamijwe icyaha cyo gukangisha urupfu impunzi ebyiri [[Abatutsi|z'Abatutsi]], "zamushinje kugira uruhare mu gutegura ubwicanyi bushingiye ku moko." Hanyuma yirukanywe muri UQAM no muri Kanada. <ref name="globeandmail19940713a">{{Cite news |last=Picard |first=André |author-link=André Picard (journalist) |date=13 July 1994 |title=Rwandan leader lived in splendour |url=http://www.andrepicard.com/rwandaleader.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219120659/http://www.andrepicard.com/rwandaleader.html |archive-date=19 February 2005 |access-date=2008-04-17 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> Nyuma yo kwirukanwa muri Kanada, Zigiranyirazo yasubiye mu Rwanda. Iyicwa rya muramu we Habyarimana ku ya 6 Mata 1994 ryateye imbere ibikorwa byaje gutuma haba [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside mu Rwanda]] . Kuva igihe runaka nyuma ya 1994 kugeza Nyakanga 2001, Zigiranyirazo yabaga i [[Nairobi]], muri Kenya. == Ibirego bya Jenoside == Ibiro by'Umushinjacyaha w'Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) byashinje Zigiranyirazo gukora ibyaha mu mezi ya jenoside yo mu 1994, bivuga ko "yategetse cyangwa yemereye ko hashyirwaho bariyeri hafi y'aho yari atuye hose ... azi kandi agambiriye ko zizakoreshwa mu gikorwa cyo gutsemba no kwica. Protais Zigiranyirazo yakomeje ategeka abagabo bari kuri bariyeri kwica [[Abatutsi]] bose bageragezaga kunyura. Nyuma gato, kandi mu buryo buhoraho, abasirikare ''[[Interahamwe|n'Interahamwe]]'' bishe abantu benshi mu ngo zabo kandi bica abantu bitwaga Abatutsi bagerageje kunyura kuri bariyeri." == Gufatwa no kwitaba urukiko == Ku wa 9 Kamena 2001, Protais Zigiranyirazo yageze mu Bubiligi, akoresha umwirondoro utari uwe kugira ngo ahishe uwo ari we, maze asaba ubuhungiro. Igihe yari acumbitse mu kigo cyakira abasaba ubuhungiro, yamenyekanye n’umuntu utaramenyekanye amazina. Ku wa 21 Nyakanga 2001, Zigiranyirazo yarafashwe arafungwa, abisabwe na Carla Del Ponte, wari Umushinjacyaha Mukuru w’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR). Ku itariki ya 4 Ukwakira 2001, guverinoma y'Ububiligi yamushyikirije TPIR. Ubwo yitabaga urukiko bwa mbere mu Ukwakira 2001, yashinjwe ibyaha bibiri byibasiye inyokomuntu . Icyakora, ikirego aregwa cyarahinduwe mu gihe yari ategereje kwitaba urukiko bwa kabiri ku ya 25 Ugushyingo 2003. Inyandiko y'ibirego yavuguruwe yamushinje gukora jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi hagati ya Mata na Nyakanga 1994 i [[Kigali]] na [[Umujyi wa Rubavu|Gisenyi]] . Urubanza rwakomeje mu gihe cy'imyaka igera kuri itanu, Zigiranyirazo afunzwe by'agateganyo. Ku ya 18 Ukuboza 2008, Urugereko rwa Mbere rw'Iremezo rwa III, rugizwe n'abacamanza Inés Mónica Weinberg de Roca wo muri Arijantine, Khalida Rashid Khan wo muri Pakisitani, na Lee Gacuiga Muthoga wo muri Kenya, bahamya Zigiranyirazo icyaha cya jenoside no gutsemba nk'ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu maze bamukatira igifungo cy'imyaka makumyabiri. Yahawe ishimwe kubera igihe yari amaze muri gereza ategereje kuburanishwa. == Urupfu == Zigiranyirazo yapfuye ku ya 3 Kanama 2025 mu rugo rwe i [[Niamey]], muri Nijeri, aho yari atuye kuva yagirwa umwere. Yari afite imyaka 87. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nzuwonemeye |first=François-Xavier |display-authors=etal |date=8 August 2025 |title=Registrar's Filing in Relation to the Death of Mr. Protais Zigiranyirazo |url=https://www.irmct.org/sites/default/files/case_documents/MSC54424R0000665020.pdf |website=International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals |publisher=[[United Nations]] |id=MICT-22-124}}</ref> Umuryango we wari witeze ko ashyingurwa i Orléans mu Bufaransa, ariko urubanza rwo ku ya 26 Kanama, rwajuririwe ku ya 28 Kanama, rubuza uyu muhambwa, ruvuga ko hari ingaruka zishobora kubangamira umutekano w’imbere mu gihugu. Haracyari hagomba gufatwa icyemezo cy'aho umuntu azashyingurwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Le Monde, AFP |date=28 August 2025 |title=A Orléans, la justice confirme l’interdiction d’inhumation de Protais Zigiranyirazo, figure du génocide au Rwanda |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/08/28/a-orleans-la-justice-confirme-l-interdiction-d-inhumation-de-protais-zigiranyirazo-figure-du-genocide-au-rwanda_6636955_3212.html |website=[[Le Monde]] |language=French}}</ref> == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Abanyepolitiki (Rwanda)]] [[Ikiciro:Abahutu]] [[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]] k8ufbx8h6htsqnbjauanketmm60a2xi 141312 141309 2026-10-11T09:04:33Z B.Scalling 15089 141312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|useImage=[[File:En-us-Protais Zigiranyirazo from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|En-us-Protais Zigiranyirazo from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America)]]}}{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q3100154}} [[Dosiye:En-us-Protais Zigiranyirazo from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|thumb]] Protais Zigiranyirazo (2 Gashyantare 1938 - 3 Kanama 2025), uzwi cyane ku izina rya '''Monsieur Zed''' cyangwa '''Bwana Z''', yari umucuruzi w’umunyarwanda akaba n’umunyapolitiki wari Guverineri w’intara ya [[Rugenge (Ikigabiro cya Rwabugiri)|Ruhengeri]] mu majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bw’u Rwanda kuva mu 1974 kugeza mu 1989. Zigiranyirazo yari umwe mu bagize [[Akazu]], itsinda ry’abavandimwe n’inshuti z’uwahoze ari Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] washyigikiye ingengabitekerezo ya [[Abahutu|Hutu Power]] . <ref name="HRW">{{Cite book |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |date=March 1999 |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda – History → The Army, the Church and the Akazu |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=1-56432-171-1 |location=New York}}</ref> Yashinjwe ibyaha by’intambara mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo mu 1994]], amaherezo yagizwe umwere n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, nyuma yo kumara imyaka itandatu muri gereza. == Ubuzima bwa mbere n'umwuga == Abahutu bo mu bwoko, Zigiranyirazo yari umuvandimwe wa Agathe Kanziga na muramu wa [[Juvénal Habyarimana|Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana]], wageze ku butegetsi mu Rwanda muri [[Revolusiyo ya kabiri ya 1973|Coup d'état yo ku ya 5 Nyakanga 1973]] . Yari afitanye isano rikomeye n’ubutegetsi bw’Abahutu bw’abanyapolitiki, abacuruzi n’abasirikare bakuru nyuma yaho bagenzuraga igihugu. Mu mwaka wa 1974, Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana yagize Protais Zigiranyirazo Guverineri wa Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri, umwanya yamazeho imyaka igera kuri cumi n’itanu. Muri icyo gihe, Zigiranyirazo yari azwiho kugira ububasha n’inshingano bikomeye mu karere yayoboraga. Yari afite amazina y’akabyiniriro arimo “Monsieur Zed” na “Le Prince du Nord”, bisobanura “Igikomangoma cyo mu Majyaruguru”.. Mu 1989, Zigiranyirazo yeguye ku mirimo ye yo kuba guverineri kugira ngo abe umunyeshuri muri Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) i Montreal, muri Québec, muri Kanada. Kuva icyo gihe yavuze ko yaretse ibikorwa byose bya politiki mu 1989. I Montreal mu 1993, Zigiranyirazo yahamijwe icyaha cyo gukangisha urupfu impunzi ebyiri [[Abatutsi|z'Abatutsi]], "zamushinje kugira uruhare mu gutegura ubwicanyi bushingiye ku moko." Hanyuma yirukanywe muri UQAM no muri Kanada. <ref name="globeandmail19940713a">{{Cite news |last=Picard |first=André |author-link=André Picard (journalist) |date=13 July 1994 |title=Rwandan leader lived in splendour |url=http://www.andrepicard.com/rwandaleader.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219120659/http://www.andrepicard.com/rwandaleader.html |archive-date=19 February 2005 |access-date=2008-04-17 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> Nyuma yo kwirukanwa muri Kanada, Zigiranyirazo yasubiye mu Rwanda. Iyicwa rya muramu we Habyarimana ku ya 6 Mata 1994 ryateye imbere ibikorwa byaje gutuma haba [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside mu Rwanda]] . Kuva igihe runaka nyuma ya 1994 kugeza Nyakanga 2001, Zigiranyirazo yabaga i [[Nairobi]], muri Kenya. == Ibirego bya Jenoside == Ibiro by'Umushinjacyaha w'Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) byashinje Zigiranyirazo gukora ibyaha mu mezi ya jenoside yo mu 1994, bivuga ko "yategetse cyangwa yemereye ko hashyirwaho bariyeri hafi y'aho yari atuye hose ... azi kandi agambiriye ko zizakoreshwa mu gikorwa cyo gutsemba no kwica. Protais Zigiranyirazo yakomeje ategeka abagabo bari kuri bariyeri kwica [[Abatutsi]] bose bageragezaga kunyura. Nyuma gato, kandi mu buryo buhoraho, abasirikare ''[[Interahamwe|n'Interahamwe]]'' bishe abantu benshi mu ngo zabo kandi bica abantu bitwaga Abatutsi bagerageje kunyura kuri bariyeri." == Gufatwa no kwitaba urukiko == Ku wa 9 Kamena 2001, Protais Zigiranyirazo yageze mu Bubiligi, akoresha umwirondoro utari uwe kugira ngo ahishe uwo ari we, maze asaba ubuhungiro. Igihe yari acumbitse mu kigo cyakira abasaba ubuhungiro, yamenyekanye n’umuntu utaramenyekanye amazina. Ku wa 21 Nyakanga 2001, Zigiranyirazo yarafashwe arafungwa, abisabwe na Carla Del Ponte, wari Umushinjacyaha Mukuru w’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR). Ku itariki ya 4 Ukwakira 2001, guverinoma y'Ububiligi yamushyikirije TPIR. Ubwo yitabaga urukiko bwa mbere mu Ukwakira 2001, yashinjwe ibyaha bibiri byibasiye inyokomuntu . Icyakora, ikirego aregwa cyarahinduwe mu gihe yari ategereje kwitaba urukiko bwa kabiri ku ya 25 Ugushyingo 2003. Inyandiko y'ibirego yavuguruwe yamushinje gukora jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi hagati ya Mata na Nyakanga 1994 i [[Kigali]] na [[Umujyi wa Rubavu|Gisenyi]] . Urubanza rwakomeje mu gihe cy'imyaka igera kuri itanu, Zigiranyirazo afunzwe by'agateganyo. Ku ya 18 Ukuboza 2008, Urugereko rwa Mbere rw'Iremezo rwa III, rugizwe n'abacamanza Inés Mónica Weinberg de Roca wo muri Arijantine, Khalida Rashid Khan wo muri Pakisitani, na Lee Gacuiga Muthoga wo muri Kenya, bahamya Zigiranyirazo icyaha cya jenoside no gutsemba nk'ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu maze bamukatira igifungo cy'imyaka makumyabiri. Yahawe ishimwe kubera igihe yari amaze muri gereza ategereje kuburanishwa. == Urupfu == Zigiranyirazo yapfuye ku ya 3 Kanama 2025 mu rugo rwe i [[Niamey]], muri Nijeri, aho yari atuye kuva yagirwa umwere. Yari afite imyaka 87. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nzuwonemeye |first=François-Xavier |display-authors=etal |date=8 August 2025 |title=Registrar's Filing in Relation to the Death of Mr. Protais Zigiranyirazo |url=https://www.irmct.org/sites/default/files/case_documents/MSC54424R0000665020.pdf |website=International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals |publisher=[[United Nations]] |id=MICT-22-124}}</ref> Umuryango we wari witeze ko ashyingurwa i Orléans mu Bufaransa, ariko urubanza rwo ku ya 26 Kanama, rwajuririwe ku ya 28 Kanama, rubuza uyu muhambwa, ruvuga ko hari ingaruka zishobora kubangamira umutekano w’imbere mu gihugu. Haracyari hagomba gufatwa icyemezo cy'aho umuntu azashyingurwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Le Monde, AFP |date=28 August 2025 |title=A Orléans, la justice confirme l’interdiction d’inhumation de Protais Zigiranyirazo, figure du génocide au Rwanda |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/08/28/a-orleans-la-justice-confirme-l-interdiction-d-inhumation-de-protais-zigiranyirazo-figure-du-genocide-au-rwanda_6636955_3212.html |website=[[Le Monde]] |language=French}}</ref> == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Abanyepolitiki (Rwanda)]] [[Ikiciro:Abahutu]] [[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]] g6k9xoejkqnzfpm8f09xhhnm7hscv9i 0 23400 141308 2026-10-11T08:59:17Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458901|Bronchitis]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Bronchitis|synonym=|image=Bronchitis.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Figure A shows the location of the lungs and bronchial tubes. Figure B is an enlarged view of a normal bronchial tube. Figure C is an enlarged view of a bronchial tube with bronchitis.|pronounce=bron-kye-tis|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]], [[pulmonology]]|symptoms=[[Cough|Coughing]] up [[mucus]], [[wheezing]], [[shortness of breath]], chest discomfort<ref name=NHLBI2019/>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=Acute, chronic<ref name=NHLBI2019/>|causes=|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency='''Acute''': ~5% of people a year<ref name=Wen2006/><ref name=YLD2012>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V | title = Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2163–96 |date=December 2012 | pmid = 23245607 | pmc = 6350784 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><br>'''Chronic''': ~5% of people<ref name=YLD2012/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Bronchite''' ni ukubyimba kwa bronchi (inzira z'ubuhumekero nini n'iziciriritse) mu bihaha bitera inkorora.<ref name="NHLBI2019">{{Cite web|title=Bronchitis|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/bronchitis|website=NHLBI|access-date=9 June 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629105238/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/bronchitis|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibimenyetso birimo gukorora amakorosi, guhumeka nabi, guhumeka nabi, no kubabara mu gatuza.<ref name="NHLBI2019" /> Bronchite ishobora kuba ikabije cyangwa ihoraho.<ref name="NHLBI2019" /> Bronchitis ikabije ubusanzwe agira inkorora imara ibyumweru bitatu,<ref name="Kin2016">{{Cite journal|last=Kin2016|first=S|title=Acute Bronchitis|journal=American Family Physician|date=1 October 2016|volume=94|issue=7|pages=560–565|pmid=27929206}}</ref> kandi izwi kandi nk'ibicurane byo mu gatuza.<ref name="CDC2017">{{Cite web|title=Antibiotics Aren't Always the Answer|url=https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/bronchitis.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|date=25 September 2017|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130748/https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/bronchitis.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu barenga 90% by'abarwayi, impamvu ni ubwandu bwa virusi.<ref name="Kin2016" /> Izi virusi zishobora gukwirakwira mu mwuka iyo abantu bakoroye cyangwa bahuye nazo.<ref name="NIH2011Def">{{Cite web|title=What Is Bronchitis?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/brnchi|access-date=1 April 2015|date=August 4, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153154/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/brnchi|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Umubare muto w’abarwayi uterwa n’indwara za bagiteri nka ''Mycoplasma pneumoniae'' cyangwa ''Bordetella pertussis''.<ref name="Kin2016" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ingorane birimo umwotsi w'itabi, ivumbi, n'indi [[Imyuka Ihumanya Ikirere|myanda y'umwuka]].<ref name="NIH2011Def" /> Kuvura indwara ya bronchitis ikabije akenshi bikubiyemo kuruhuka, [[Paracetamol|parasetamol]] (acetaminophen), n'imiti igabanya ubukana itari iya steroide (NSAIDs) kugira ngo bifashe mu kugabanya umuriro.<ref name="Tac2012">{{Cite journal|last=Tackett|first=KL|last2=Atkins|first2=A|s2cid=37651935|title=Evidence-based acute bronchitis therapy|journal=Journal of Pharmacy Practice|date=December 2012|volume=25|issue=6|pages=586–90|pmid=23076965|doi=10.1177/0897190012460826}}</ref><ref name="NIH2019Overview">{{Cite web|title=How Is Bronchitis Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/brnchi/treatment|access-date=1 April 2015|date=August 4, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113109/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/brnchi/treatment|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Bronchitis idakira isobanurwa nk'inkorora ikora - itera amatembabuzi - imara amezi atatu cyangwa arenga ku mwaka mu gihe cy'imyaka ibiri nibura.<ref name="MeSH2019">{{Cite web|title=MeSH Browser|url=https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D029481|website=meshb.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2020-06-05|archive-date=2020-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023120536/https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D029481|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GOLD2019">{{Cite book|title=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease - GOLD|date=2018|pages=4–5, 25|url=https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/GOLD-2019-v1.7-FINAL-14Nov2018-WMS.pdf|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430194701/https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/GOLD-2019-v1.7-FINAL-14Nov2018-WMS.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Abantu benshi barwaye bronchitis idakira bafite [[Indwara y'ibihaha idakira|indwara idakira yo mu bihaha]] (COPD).<ref name="Harr2012">{{Cite book|first=John J.|last=Reilly|first2=Edwin K.|last2=Silverman|first3=Steven D.|last3=Shapiro|chapter=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|pages=2151–9|editor-first=Dan|editor-last=Longo|editor-first2=Anthony|editor-last2=Fauci|editor-first3=Dennis|editor-last3=Kasper|editor-first4=Stephen|editor-last4=Hauser|editor-first5=J.|editor-last5=Jameson|editor-first6=Joseph|editor-last6=Loscalzo|year=2011|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|edition=18th|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-174889-6}}</ref> Kunywa itabi ni yo mpamvu ikunze kugaragara cyane, hakaba hari n'izindi mpamvu nyinshi nko [[Imyuka Ihumanya Ikirere|kwanduza ikirere]] n'imiterere y'uturemangingo bigira uruhare ruto.<ref name="Lancet2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9823|pages=1341–51|date=April 2012|pmid=22314182|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9|pmc=7172377|citeseerx=10.1.1.1000.1967}}</ref> Uburyo bwo kuvura burimo kureka kunywa itabi, inkingo, gusubira mu buzima busanzwe, ndetse no gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bw'imitsi n'imiti ikoreshwa mu guhumeka.<ref name="GOLD2007" /> Hari abantu bashobora kungukirwa no gukoresha umwuka wa ogisijeni mu gihe kirekire.<ref name="GOLD2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J|title=Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary|journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.|volume=176|issue=6|pages=532–55|date=September 2007|pmid=17507545|doi=10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO|hdl=2066/51740|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bronchitis ikabije ni imwe mu ndwara zikunze kugaragara cyane.<ref name="Tac2012" /><ref name="Chest2006">{{Cite journal|last=Braman|first=SS|title=Chronic cough due to acute bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines|journal=Chest|date=January 2006|volume=129|issue=1 Suppl|pages=95S–103S|pmid=16428698|doi=10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.95S|pmc=7094612}}</ref> Abantu bakuru bagera kuri 5% barayirwaye naho abana bagera kuri 6% bagira nibura igice kimwe mu mwaka.<ref name="Wen2006">{{Cite journal|last=Wenzel|first=RP|last2=Fowler AA|first2=3rd|title=Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=16 November 2006|volume=355|issue=20|pages=2125–30|pmid=17108344|doi=10.1056/nejmcp061493}}</ref><ref name="Flem2007">{{Cite journal|last=Fleming|first=DM|last2=Elliot|first2=AJ|title=The management of acute bronchitis in children|journal=Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy|date=March 2007|volume=8|issue=4|pages=415–26|pmid=17309336|doi=10.1517/14656566.8.4.415}}</ref> Bronchitis ikabije ni yo ndwara ikunze kugaragara cyane.<ref name="CDC2017" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, mu 2018, abantu miliyoni 9.3 basanzwe barwaye indwara ya bronchitis idakira.<ref name="CDC2019COPD">{{Cite web|title=FastStats|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/copd.htm|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=30 May 2019|language=en-us|date=23 May 2019|archive-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402220733/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/copd.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 6j9oei5phommuro9hedt6gjoi6fkkqe 141310 141308 2026-10-11T09:00:53Z Stevenndori289 10902 Indwara ya bronchitis 141310 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Respiratory system - Chronic bronchitis -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|Indwara ya bronchitis]] '''Bronchite''' ni ukubyimba kwa bronchi (inzira z'ubuhumekero nini n'iziciriritse) mu bihaha bitera inkorora.<ref name="NHLBI2019">{{Cite web|title=Bronchitis|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/bronchitis|website=NHLBI|access-date=9 June 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629105238/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/bronchitis|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibimenyetso birimo gukorora amakorosi, guhumeka nabi, guhumeka nabi, no kubabara mu gatuza.<ref name="NHLBI2019" /> Bronchite ishobora kuba ikabije cyangwa ihoraho.<ref name="NHLBI2019" /> Bronchitis ikabije ubusanzwe agira inkorora imara ibyumweru bitatu,<ref name="Kin2016">{{Cite journal|last=Kin2016|first=S|title=Acute Bronchitis|journal=American Family Physician|date=1 October 2016|volume=94|issue=7|pages=560–565|pmid=27929206}}</ref> kandi izwi kandi nk'ibicurane byo mu gatuza.<ref name="CDC2017">{{Cite web|title=Antibiotics Aren't Always the Answer|url=https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/bronchitis.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|date=25 September 2017|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130748/https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/bronchitis.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu barenga 90% by'abarwayi, impamvu ni ubwandu bwa virusi.<ref name="Kin2016" /> Izi virusi zishobora gukwirakwira mu mwuka iyo abantu bakoroye cyangwa bahuye nazo.<ref name="NIH2011Def">{{Cite web|title=What Is Bronchitis?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/brnchi|access-date=1 April 2015|date=August 4, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153154/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/brnchi|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Umubare muto w’abarwayi uterwa n’indwara za bagiteri nka ''Mycoplasma pneumoniae'' cyangwa ''Bordetella pertussis''.<ref name="Kin2016" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ingorane birimo umwotsi w'itabi, ivumbi, n'indi [[Imyuka Ihumanya Ikirere|myanda y'umwuka]].<ref name="NIH2011Def" /> Kuvura indwara ya bronchitis ikabije akenshi bikubiyemo kuruhuka, [[Paracetamol|parasetamol]] (acetaminophen), n'imiti igabanya ubukana itari iya steroide (NSAIDs) kugira ngo bifashe mu kugabanya umuriro.<ref name="Tac2012">{{Cite journal|last=Tackett|first=KL|last2=Atkins|first2=A|s2cid=37651935|title=Evidence-based acute bronchitis therapy|journal=Journal of Pharmacy Practice|date=December 2012|volume=25|issue=6|pages=586–90|pmid=23076965|doi=10.1177/0897190012460826}}</ref><ref name="NIH2019Overview">{{Cite web|title=How Is Bronchitis Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/brnchi/treatment|access-date=1 April 2015|date=August 4, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113109/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/brnchi/treatment|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Bronchitis idakira isobanurwa nk'inkorora ikora - itera amatembabuzi - imara amezi atatu cyangwa arenga ku mwaka mu gihe cy'imyaka ibiri nibura.<ref name="MeSH2019">{{Cite web|title=MeSH Browser|url=https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D029481|website=meshb.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2020-06-05|archive-date=2020-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023120536/https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D029481|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GOLD2019">{{Cite book|title=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease - GOLD|date=2018|pages=4–5, 25|url=https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/GOLD-2019-v1.7-FINAL-14Nov2018-WMS.pdf|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430194701/https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/GOLD-2019-v1.7-FINAL-14Nov2018-WMS.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Abantu benshi barwaye bronchitis idakira bafite [[Indwara y'ibihaha idakira|indwara idakira yo mu bihaha]] (COPD).<ref name="Harr2012">{{Cite book|first=John J.|last=Reilly|first2=Edwin K.|last2=Silverman|first3=Steven D.|last3=Shapiro|chapter=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|pages=2151–9|editor-first=Dan|editor-last=Longo|editor-first2=Anthony|editor-last2=Fauci|editor-first3=Dennis|editor-last3=Kasper|editor-first4=Stephen|editor-last4=Hauser|editor-first5=J.|editor-last5=Jameson|editor-first6=Joseph|editor-last6=Loscalzo|year=2011|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|edition=18th|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-174889-6}}</ref> Kunywa itabi ni yo mpamvu ikunze kugaragara cyane, hakaba hari n'izindi mpamvu nyinshi nko [[Imyuka Ihumanya Ikirere|kwanduza ikirere]] n'imiterere y'uturemangingo bigira uruhare ruto.<ref name="Lancet2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9823|pages=1341–51|date=April 2012|pmid=22314182|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9|pmc=7172377|citeseerx=10.1.1.1000.1967}}</ref> Uburyo bwo kuvura burimo kureka kunywa itabi, inkingo, gusubira mu buzima busanzwe, ndetse no gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bw'imitsi n'imiti ikoreshwa mu guhumeka.<ref name="GOLD2007" /> Hari abantu bashobora kungukirwa no gukoresha umwuka wa ogisijeni mu gihe kirekire.<ref name="GOLD2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J|title=Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary|journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.|volume=176|issue=6|pages=532–55|date=September 2007|pmid=17507545|doi=10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO|hdl=2066/51740|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bronchitis ikabije ni imwe mu ndwara zikunze kugaragara cyane.<ref name="Tac2012" /><ref name="Chest2006">{{Cite journal|last=Braman|first=SS|title=Chronic cough due to acute bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines|journal=Chest|date=January 2006|volume=129|issue=1 Suppl|pages=95S–103S|pmid=16428698|doi=10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.95S|pmc=7094612}}</ref> Abantu bakuru bagera kuri 5% barayirwaye naho abana bagera kuri 6% bagira nibura igice kimwe mu mwaka.<ref name="Wen2006">{{Cite journal|last=Wenzel|first=RP|last2=Fowler AA|first2=3rd|title=Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=16 November 2006|volume=355|issue=20|pages=2125–30|pmid=17108344|doi=10.1056/nejmcp061493}}</ref><ref name="Flem2007">{{Cite journal|last=Fleming|first=DM|last2=Elliot|first2=AJ|title=The management of acute bronchitis in children|journal=Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy|date=March 2007|volume=8|issue=4|pages=415–26|pmid=17309336|doi=10.1517/14656566.8.4.415}}</ref> Bronchitis ikabije ni yo ndwara ikunze kugaragara cyane.<ref name="CDC2017" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, mu 2018, abantu miliyoni 9.3 basanzwe barwaye indwara ya bronchitis idakira.<ref name="CDC2019COPD">{{Cite web|title=FastStats|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/copd.htm|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=30 May 2019|language=en-us|date=23 May 2019|archive-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402220733/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/copd.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] p3wy6phxnzuovsnq6w8qqpzd2kcf496 0 23401 141311 2026-10-11T09:03:07Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1510126|Yellow_fever]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Yellow fever|synonym=Yellow jack, yellow plague,<ref name=Old2009/> bronze john<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bazin |first1=Hervé |title=Vaccination: a history from Lady Montagu to genetic engineering |date=2011 |publisher=J. Libbey Eurotext |location=Montrouge |isbn=978-2-7420-0775-2 |page=407 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&pg=PA407 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223042240/https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&pg=PA407 |archive-date=2017-02-23}}</ref>|image=YellowFeverVirus.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A [[Transmission electron microscope|TEM]] [[micrograph]] of ''yellow fever virus'' (234,000× magnification)|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=[[Fever]], [[chills]], [[muscle pain]], [[headache]], [[Jaundice|yellow skin]]<ref name=WHO2014/>|complications=[[Liver failure]], [[bleeding]]<ref name=WHO2014/>|onset=3 – 6 days post exposure<ref name=WHO2014/>|duration=3 – 4 days<ref name=WHO2014/>|types=|causes=''Yellow fever virus'' spread by [[mosquitoes]]<ref name=WHO2014/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Blood test]]<ref name=Toll2009/>|differential=|prevention=[[Yellow fever vaccine]]<ref name=WHO2014/>|treatment=[[Supportive care]]<ref name=WHO2014/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=~127,000 severe cases (2013)<ref name=WHO2014/>|deaths=5,100 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal |last1= Wang|first1= Haidong|last2= Naghavi|first2= Mohsen|last3= Allen|first3= Christine|last4= Barber|first4= Ryan M.|last5= Bhutta|first5= Zulfiqar A.|last6= Carter|first6= Austin|last7= Casey|first7= Daniel C.|last8= Charlson|first8= Fiona J.|last9= Chen|first9= Alan Zian|last10= Coates|first10= Matthew M.|last11= Coggeshall|first11= Megan|last12= Dandona|first12= Lalit|last13= Dicker|first13= Daniel J.|last14= Erskine|first14= Holly E.|last15= Ferrari|first15= Alize J.|last16= Fitzmaurice|first16= Christina|last17= Foreman|first17= Kyle|last18= Forouzanfar|first18= Mohammad H.|last19= Fraser|first19= Maya S.|last20= Fullman|first20= Nancy|last21= Gething|first21= Peter W.|last22= Goldberg|first22= Ellen M.|last23= Graetz|first23= Nicholas|last24= Haagsma|first24= Juanita A.|last25= Hay|first25= Simon I.|last26= Huynh|first26= Chantal|last27= Johnson|first27= Catherine O.|last28= Kassebaum|first28= Nicholas J.|last29= Kinfu|first29= Yohannes|last30= Kulikoff|first30= Xie Rachel|display-authors= 1|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980 – 2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=The Lancet |date=8 October 2016 |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459 – 1544 |pmid=27733281 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903}}</ref>|video1=Video summary ([[Video:Yellow fever|script]])|named after=}}'''Indwara y'umuhondo''' ni indwara iterwa na virusi ikunze kumara igihe gito.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|website=World Health Organization|access-date=23 February 2014|date=May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219011908/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|archive-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Kenshi na kenshi, ibimenyetso birimo umuriro, ubukonje, kubura ubushake bwo kurya, isesemi, kubabara imitsi cyane cyane mu mugongo, no kuribwa umutwe.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Ibimenyetso bikunze kumera neza mu minsi itanu.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Mu bantu bagera kuri 15%, mu munsi umwe umuriro utangiye kugabanuka, ububabare bwo mu nda butangira kwangirika, umwijima ugatangira gutera uruhu rw'umuhondo.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Scully|first=Crispian|title=Scully's Medical Problems in Dentistry|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-5963-6|page=572|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZXdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA572|language=en|access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=2020-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122124625/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZXdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA572|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo ibi bibaye, ibyago byo kuva amaraso no kugira ibibazo by'impyiko biriyongera.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Iyi ndwara iterwa na virusi ya yellow fever kandi ikwirakwizwa no kurumwa [[Umubu|n'umubu]] w'ingore wanduye.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Ifata abantu gusa, izindi nyamaswa, n'ubwoko butandukanye bw'imibu.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Mu mijyi, ikwirakwizwa cyane cyane na ''Aedes aegypti'', ubwoko bw'umubu uboneka mu turere dushyuha n'utundi dushyuha.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Iyi virusi ni virusi ya RNA yo mu bwoko bwa ''Flavivirus''.<ref name="lindenbach2007">{{Cite book|title=Fields Virology|edition=5th|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|last=Lindenbach, B. D.|editor-last=Knipe, D. M.|editor-last2=P. M. Howley|year=2007|location=Philadelphia, PA|page=1101|isbn=978-0-7817-6060-7|chapter=Flaviviridae: The Viruses and Their Replication|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Iyi ndwara ishobora kugorana kuyitandukanya n'izindi ndwara, cyane cyane mu ntangiriro.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Kugira ngo hemezwe ko hari ukekwaho icyaha, hakenewe gupimwa amaraso hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa polymerase chain reaction.<ref name="Toll2009">{{Cite journal|last=Tolle MA|title=Mosquito-borne diseases|journal=Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care|volume=39|issue=4|pages=97–140|date=April 2009|pmid=19327647|doi=10.1016/j.cppeds.2009.01.001}}</ref> Hari urukingo rwizewe kandi rufite akamaro rwo kurwanya indwara y'umuhondo, kandi hari ibihugu bimwe na bimwe bisaba inkingo ku bagenzi.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Izindi ngamba zo gukumira ubwandu zirimo kugabanya umubare w’imibu yanduza.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Mu turere aho indwara y’umuhondo ikunze kugaragara, gusuzuma hakiri kare abanduye no gukingira igice kinini cy’abaturage ni ingenzi kugira ngo hirindwe ibyorezo.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Iyo umuntu yanduye, uburyo bwo kuvura bugaragaza ibimenyetso nta ngamba zihariye zikoreshwa mu kurwanya virusi.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Urupfu rubaho kugeza kuri kimwe cya kabiri cy'abantu barwara indwara zikomeye.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="preven">{{Cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions About Yellow Fever|url=https://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/qa/|website=CDC|access-date=18 March 2016|date=August 21, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323210418/http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/qa/|archive-date=23 March 2016}}</ref> Mu 2013, umuriro w'umuhondo wateje indwara zikomeye zigera ku 127.000 n'impfu 45.000,<ref name="WHO2014" /> hafi 90% by'izi ndwara zagaragaye mu bihugu bya Afurika.<ref name="Toll2009" /> Abantu hafi miliyari imwe batuye mu gace k’isi aho iyi ndwara ikunze kugaragara.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Bikunze kugaragara mu turere dushyuha tw’imigabane ya [[Amerika y’Epfo]] na [[Afurika]], ariko si muri [[Aziya]].<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="CDC2011">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/|title=CDC Yellow Fever|access-date=2012-12-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221085711/http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/|archive-date=2012-12-21}}</ref> Kuva mu myaka ya 1980, umubare w'abarwayi ba fever y'umuhondo wakomeje kwiyongera.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="Barr2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barrett AD, Higgs S|title=Yellow fever: a disease that has yet to be conquered|journal=Annu. Rev. Entomol.|volume=52|pages=209–29|year=2007|pmid=16913829|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091454|s2cid=9896455|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1471c85c1528a99f06f8273e7851e5b37cfc7cfc|access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=2021-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429042155/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Yellow-fever:-a-disease-that-has-yet-to-be-Barrett-Higgs/1471c85c1528a99f06f8273e7851e5b37cfc7cfc|url-status=live}}</ref> Bikekwa ko ibi biterwa n'uko abantu bake badafite ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, abantu benshi batuye mu mijyi, abantu bimuka kenshi, kandi [[Imihindagurikire y’ibihe|imihindagurikire y'ikirere]] yongera aho imibu iba.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Iyi ndwara yatangiriye muri [[Afurika]] ikwirakwira muri [[Amerika y’Epfo|Amerika y'Epfo]] hamwe n'ubucuruzi bw'abacakara mu kinyejana cya 17.<ref name="Old2009">{{Cite book|last=Oldstone|first=Michael|title=Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past, Present and Future|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-975849-4|pages=102–4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XbHXUVY65gC&pg=PA103|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223052653/https://books.google.com/books?id=2XbHXUVY65gC&pg=PA103|archive-date=2017-02-23}}</ref> Kuva mu kinyejana cya 17, indwara nyinshi zikomeye zagaragaye muri Amerika, Afurika no mu Burayi.<ref name="Old2009" /> Mu kinyejana cya 18 n'icya 19, indwara y'umuhondo yafatwaga nk'imwe mu ndwara zandura ziteje akaga cyane.<ref name="Old2009" /> Mu 1927, virusi y'umuhondo yari yo virusi ya mbere yagaragaye mu bantu.<ref name="lindenbach2007" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpDaaFcFA3kC&pg=PA17|title=West Nile Virus|last=Sfakianos|first=Jeffrey|last2=Hecht|first2=Alan|date=2009|publisher=Chelsea House|others=Foreword by David Heymann|isbn=978-1-60413-254-0|editor-last=Babcock|editor-first=Hilary|edition=2nd|series=Deadly Diseases & Epidemics|location=New York|page=17|type=Curriculum-based juvenile nonfiction|quote=The yellow fever virus was isolated in 1927|access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126201007/https://books.google.com/books?id=wpDaaFcFA3kC&pg=PA17|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] jylfs8rhqx1hkkbg5vwx9372xp31wri 141313 141311 2026-10-11T09:05:02Z Stevenndori289 10902 Umuriro_w'umuhondo 141313 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Yellow fever risk countries map.svg|thumb|Umuriro_w'umuhondo]] '''Indwara y'umuhondo''' ni indwara iterwa na virusi ikunze kumara igihe gito.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|website=World Health Organization|access-date=23 February 2014|date=May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219011908/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|archive-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Kenshi na kenshi, ibimenyetso birimo umuriro, ubukonje, kubura ubushake bwo kurya, isesemi, kubabara imitsi cyane cyane mu mugongo, no kuribwa umutwe.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Ibimenyetso bikunze kumera neza mu minsi itanu.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Mu bantu bagera kuri 15%, mu munsi umwe umuriro utangiye kugabanuka, ububabare bwo mu nda butangira kwangirika, umwijima ugatangira gutera uruhu rw'umuhondo.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Scully|first=Crispian|title=Scully's Medical Problems in Dentistry|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-5963-6|page=572|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZXdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA572|language=en|access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=2020-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122124625/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZXdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA572|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo ibi bibaye, ibyago byo kuva amaraso no kugira ibibazo by'impyiko biriyongera.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Iyi ndwara iterwa na virusi ya yellow fever kandi ikwirakwizwa no kurumwa [[Umubu|n'umubu]] w'ingore wanduye.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Ifata abantu gusa, izindi nyamaswa, n'ubwoko butandukanye bw'imibu.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Mu mijyi, ikwirakwizwa cyane cyane na ''Aedes aegypti'', ubwoko bw'umubu uboneka mu turere dushyuha n'utundi dushyuha.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Iyi virusi ni virusi ya RNA yo mu bwoko bwa ''Flavivirus''.<ref name="lindenbach2007">{{Cite book|title=Fields Virology|edition=5th|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|last=Lindenbach, B. D.|editor-last=Knipe, D. M.|editor-last2=P. M. Howley|year=2007|location=Philadelphia, PA|page=1101|isbn=978-0-7817-6060-7|chapter=Flaviviridae: The Viruses and Their Replication|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Iyi ndwara ishobora kugorana kuyitandukanya n'izindi ndwara, cyane cyane mu ntangiriro.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Kugira ngo hemezwe ko hari ukekwaho icyaha, hakenewe gupimwa amaraso hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa polymerase chain reaction.<ref name="Toll2009">{{Cite journal|last=Tolle MA|title=Mosquito-borne diseases|journal=Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care|volume=39|issue=4|pages=97–140|date=April 2009|pmid=19327647|doi=10.1016/j.cppeds.2009.01.001}}</ref> Hari urukingo rwizewe kandi rufite akamaro rwo kurwanya indwara y'umuhondo, kandi hari ibihugu bimwe na bimwe bisaba inkingo ku bagenzi.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Izindi ngamba zo gukumira ubwandu zirimo kugabanya umubare w’imibu yanduza.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Mu turere aho indwara y’umuhondo ikunze kugaragara, gusuzuma hakiri kare abanduye no gukingira igice kinini cy’abaturage ni ingenzi kugira ngo hirindwe ibyorezo.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Iyo umuntu yanduye, uburyo bwo kuvura bugaragaza ibimenyetso nta ngamba zihariye zikoreshwa mu kurwanya virusi.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Urupfu rubaho kugeza kuri kimwe cya kabiri cy'abantu barwara indwara zikomeye.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="preven">{{Cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions About Yellow Fever|url=https://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/qa/|website=CDC|access-date=18 March 2016|date=August 21, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323210418/http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/qa/|archive-date=23 March 2016}}</ref> Mu 2013, umuriro w'umuhondo wateje indwara zikomeye zigera ku 127.000 n'impfu 45.000,<ref name="WHO2014" /> hafi 90% by'izi ndwara zagaragaye mu bihugu bya Afurika.<ref name="Toll2009" /> Abantu hafi miliyari imwe batuye mu gace k’isi aho iyi ndwara ikunze kugaragara.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Bikunze kugaragara mu turere dushyuha tw’imigabane ya [[Amerika y’Epfo]] na [[Afurika]], ariko si muri [[Aziya]].<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="CDC2011">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/|title=CDC Yellow Fever|access-date=2012-12-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221085711/http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/|archive-date=2012-12-21}}</ref> Kuva mu myaka ya 1980, umubare w'abarwayi ba fever y'umuhondo wakomeje kwiyongera.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="Barr2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barrett AD, Higgs S|title=Yellow fever: a disease that has yet to be conquered|journal=Annu. Rev. Entomol.|volume=52|pages=209–29|year=2007|pmid=16913829|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091454|s2cid=9896455|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1471c85c1528a99f06f8273e7851e5b37cfc7cfc|access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=2021-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429042155/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Yellow-fever:-a-disease-that-has-yet-to-be-Barrett-Higgs/1471c85c1528a99f06f8273e7851e5b37cfc7cfc|url-status=live}}</ref> Bikekwa ko ibi biterwa n'uko abantu bake badafite ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, abantu benshi batuye mu mijyi, abantu bimuka kenshi, kandi [[Imihindagurikire y’ibihe|imihindagurikire y'ikirere]] yongera aho imibu iba.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Iyi ndwara yatangiriye muri [[Afurika]] ikwirakwira muri [[Amerika y’Epfo|Amerika y'Epfo]] hamwe n'ubucuruzi bw'abacakara mu kinyejana cya 17.<ref name="Old2009">{{Cite book|last=Oldstone|first=Michael|title=Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past, Present and Future|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-975849-4|pages=102–4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XbHXUVY65gC&pg=PA103|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223052653/https://books.google.com/books?id=2XbHXUVY65gC&pg=PA103|archive-date=2017-02-23}}</ref> Kuva mu kinyejana cya 17, indwara nyinshi zikomeye zagaragaye muri Amerika, Afurika no mu Burayi.<ref name="Old2009" /> Mu kinyejana cya 18 n'icya 19, indwara y'umuhondo yafatwaga nk'imwe mu ndwara zandura ziteje akaga cyane.<ref name="Old2009" /> Mu 1927, virusi y'umuhondo yari yo virusi ya mbere yagaragaye mu bantu.<ref name="lindenbach2007" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpDaaFcFA3kC&pg=PA17|title=West Nile Virus|last=Sfakianos|first=Jeffrey|last2=Hecht|first2=Alan|date=2009|publisher=Chelsea House|others=Foreword by David Heymann|isbn=978-1-60413-254-0|editor-last=Babcock|editor-first=Hilary|edition=2nd|series=Deadly Diseases & Epidemics|location=New York|page=17|type=Curriculum-based juvenile nonfiction|quote=The yellow fever virus was isolated in 1927|access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126201007/https://books.google.com/books?id=wpDaaFcFA3kC&pg=PA17|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 07yb1b8coegaleji5a6v5vvmr246oxk 0 23402 141314 2026-10-11T09:07:12Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501509|Delirium_tremens]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Delirium tremens|synonym=|image=An alcoholic man with delirium Wellcome L0060780 (level correction).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=An alcoholic man with delirium tremens on his deathbed, surrounded by his terrified family. The text "L'Alcool Tue" means "Alcohol Kills" in French.|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]], [[critical care medicine]]|symptoms=[[delirium|Confusion]], [[hallucinate|seeing or hearing things others do not]], [[tremor|shaking]], shivering, [[palpitation|irregular heart rate]], sweating<ref name=Healy2008/><ref name=NEJM2014/>|complications=[[hyperthermia|Very high body temperature]], [[seizure]]s<ref name=NEJM2014/>|onset=Rapid<ref name=NEJM2014/>|duration=2–3 days<ref name=NEJM2014/>|types=|causes=[[alcohol withdrawal syndrome|Withdrawal from alcohol]]<ref name=NEJM2014/>|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=[[Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome]], [[barbiturate withdrawal]]<ref name=Pos2007/>|prevention=|treatment=[[Intensive care unit]], [[benzodiazepine]]s, [[thiamine]]<ref name=NEJM2014/>|medication=|prognosis=Risk of death ~2% (treatment), 25% (no treatment)<ref name=Blom2010/>|frequency=~4% of those withdrawing from alcohol<ref name=NEJM2014/>|deaths=|named after=}}Kurota mu '''mutwe''' ( '''Delirium tremens''' ) ni ugutangira kwiheba vuba akenshi guterwa no kureka kunywa inzoga.<ref name="NEJM2014">{{Cite journal|last=Schuckit|first=MA|title=Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens).|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=27 November 2014|volume=371|issue=22|pages=2109–13|pmid=25427113|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1407298|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/08b9z9th|access-date=30 June 2019|archive-date=13 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213032901/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08b9z9th|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo bibaye, akenshi ibimenyetso byo kureka bimara iminsi itatu, kandi bimara iminsi ibiri cyangwa itatu.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Ingaruka ku mubiri zishobora kuba zirimo kunyeganyega, guhinda umushyitsi, gutera k'umutima ku buryo budasanzwe, no kubira ibyuya.<ref name="Healy2008">{{Cite book|first=David|last=Healy|title=Psychiatric Drugs Explained|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikTJViYMPIEC&pg=PA237|date=3 December 2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-2997-4|page=237|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908181445/https://books.google.com/books?id=ikTJViYMPIEC&pg=PA237|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Abantu bashobora kandi kubona cyangwa kumva ibintu abandi bantu batabona (hallucination).<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Hari igihe ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'umubiri cyangwa indwara zo mu mutwe bishobora gutera urupfu.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Inzoga ni kimwe mu biyobyabwenge biteje akaga cyane umuntu yareka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Gary L.|title=Encyclopedia of substance abuse prevention, treatment, & recovery|date=2009|publisher=SAGE|location=Los Angeles|isbn=9781452266015|pages=1005|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=DFR2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1059|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091556/https://books.google.ca/books?id=DFR2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1059|archive-date=2015-12-22}}</ref> Guturika kw'ubwonko mu gihe kirenga ukwezi bibaho gusa ku bantu banywa inzoga nyinshi.<ref name="Stern2010">{{Cite journal|last=Stern|first=TA|last2=Gross|first2=AF|last3=Stern|first3=TW|last4=Nejad|first4=SH|last5=Maldonado|first5=JR|title=Current approaches to the recognition and treatment of alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: "old wine in new bottles" or "new wine in old bottles".|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|date=2010|volume=12|issue=3|pmid=20944765|doi=10.4088/PCC.10r00991ecr|pmc=2947546}}</ref> Indwara nk'iyo ishobora kubaho iyo umuntu afashe benzodiazepine na barbiturate.<ref name="Pos2007">{{Cite book|last=Posner|first=Jerome B.|title=Plum and Posner's Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma.|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|location=Oxford|isbn=9780198043362|page=283|edition=4|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Otivdh2ZoVwC&pg=PA283|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113427/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Otivdh2ZoVwC&pg=PA283|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> Kureka imiti itera imbaraga nka [[kokayine]] ntabwo bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku buvuzi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Galanter|first=Marc|last2=Kleber|first2=Herbert D|title=The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6wdJgejlQzYC&q=58|edition=4th|date=1 July 2008|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing Inc|location=United States of America|isbn=978-1-58562-276-4|page=58|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194640/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6wdJgejlQzYC&q=58|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Ku muntu ufite ikibazo cyo kurota, ni ngombwa kwirinda ibindi bibazo bifitanye isano na byo nko kubura electrolyte, [[Pancreatite|pancreatitis]], na hepatite iterwa n'inzoga.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Kwirinda ni ukuvura ibimenyetso byo kureka gukoresha imiti.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Iyo umuntu agize ikibazo cyo kwiheba mu mutwe, uburyo bwo kuvura butuma umusaruro uba mwiza.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Kuvurirwa mu cyumba cy’indembe gituje kandi gifite urumuri ruhagije ni byo bikunze gusabwa.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Benzodiazepines ni umuti ukunda gukoreshwa cyane, diazepam, lorazepam, chlordiazepoxide, na oxazepam zose zikunze gukoreshwa.<ref name="Stern2010" /> Bigomba gutangwa kugeza igihe umuntu asinziriye gato.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Haloperidol yo kurwanya indwara zo mu mutwe ishobora no gukoreshwa.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Vitamine [[Vitamini B1|thiamine]] irasabwa.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Impfu zitavuwe ziri hagati ya 15% na 40%.<ref name="Blom2010">{{Cite book|last=Blom|first=Jan Dirk|title=A dictionary of hallucinations|date=2010|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=9781441912237|page=136|edition=.|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=KJtQptBcZloC&pg=PA136|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224229/https://books.google.ca/books?id=KJtQptBcZloC&pg=PA136|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> Ubu urupfu rubaho hagati ya 1% na 4% by'abanduye.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'abantu bafite ikibazo cy'ubusinzi bazagira ibimenyetso byo kureka kunywa itabi iyo bagabanyije kurikoresha.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Muri abo, batatu kugeza kuri batanu ku ijana barwara indwara zo mu mutwe ziterwa n’indwara zo mu mutwe (DTs) cyangwa bakagira ibisebe.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Izina delirium tremens ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu 1813; icyakora, ibimenyetso byasobanuwe neza kuva mu myaka ya 1700.<ref name="Stern2010" /> Ijambo "delirium" ni [[Ikilatini|iry'ikilatini]] risobanura "kuva mu muyoboro," ni ukuvuga ikigereranyo cyo guhinga.<ref name="Blom2010" /> Nanone byitwa shaking frenzy na Saunders-Sutton syndrome.<ref name="Blom2010" /> Amazina y'amazina harimo ibicurane, icyorezo cy’umucanga, ubwoba bw’ubururu, ububabare bw’imboga, uducurama, ubwoba bw’abasinzi, inzovu, indwara y’ibinure, quart mania, n’ibitagangurirwa by’umutuku, n’ibindi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Baldwin|first=Dan|title=Just the FAQ's, Please, About Alcohol and Drug Abuse: Frequently Asked Questions from Families|date=2002|publisher=America Star Books|isbn=9781611028706|pages=Chapter four|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=h-unAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT51|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122557/https://books.google.ca/books?id=h-unAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT51|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> == Iriburira == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 0zvogoz38ps9zlflc2k32507ydgogzj 141315 141314 2026-10-11T09:07:25Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501509|Delirium_tremens]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Delirium tremens|synonym=|image=An alcoholic man with delirium Wellcome L0060780 (level correction).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=An alcoholic man with delirium tremens on his deathbed, surrounded by his terrified family. The text "L'Alcool Tue" means "Alcohol Kills" in French.|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]], [[critical care medicine]]|symptoms=[[delirium|Confusion]], [[hallucinate|seeing or hearing things others do not]], [[tremor|shaking]], shivering, [[palpitation|irregular heart rate]], sweating<ref name=Healy2008/><ref name=NEJM2014/>|complications=[[hyperthermia|Very high body temperature]], [[seizure]]s<ref name=NEJM2014/>|onset=Rapid<ref name=NEJM2014/>|duration=2–3 days<ref name=NEJM2014/>|types=|causes=[[alcohol withdrawal syndrome|Withdrawal from alcohol]]<ref name=NEJM2014/>|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=[[Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome]], [[barbiturate withdrawal]]<ref name=Pos2007/>|prevention=|treatment=[[Intensive care unit]], [[benzodiazepine]]s, [[thiamine]]<ref name=NEJM2014/>|medication=|prognosis=Risk of death ~2% (treatment), 25% (no treatment)<ref name=Blom2010/>|frequency=~4% of those withdrawing from alcohol<ref name=NEJM2014/>|deaths=|named after=}}Kurota mu '''mutwe''' ( '''Delirium tremens''' ) ni ugutangira kwiheba vuba akenshi guterwa no kureka kunywa inzoga.<ref name="NEJM2014">{{Cite journal|last=Schuckit|first=MA|title=Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens).|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=27 November 2014|volume=371|issue=22|pages=2109–13|pmid=25427113|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1407298|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/08b9z9th|access-date=30 June 2019|archive-date=13 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213032901/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08b9z9th|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo bibaye, akenshi ibimenyetso byo kureka bimara iminsi itatu, kandi bimara iminsi ibiri cyangwa itatu.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Ingaruka ku mubiri zishobora kuba zirimo kunyeganyega, guhinda umushyitsi, gutera k'umutima ku buryo budasanzwe, no kubira ibyuya.<ref name="Healy2008">{{Cite book|first=David|last=Healy|title=Psychiatric Drugs Explained|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikTJViYMPIEC&pg=PA237|date=3 December 2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-2997-4|page=237|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908181445/https://books.google.com/books?id=ikTJViYMPIEC&pg=PA237|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Abantu bashobora kandi kubona cyangwa kumva ibintu abandi bantu batabona (hallucination).<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Hari igihe ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'umubiri cyangwa indwara zo mu mutwe bishobora gutera urupfu.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Inzoga ni kimwe mu biyobyabwenge biteje akaga cyane umuntu yareka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Gary L.|title=Encyclopedia of substance abuse prevention, treatment, & recovery|date=2009|publisher=SAGE|location=Los Angeles|isbn=9781452266015|pages=1005|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=DFR2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1059|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091556/https://books.google.ca/books?id=DFR2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1059|archive-date=2015-12-22}}</ref> Guturika kw'ubwonko mu gihe kirenga ukwezi bibaho gusa ku bantu banywa inzoga nyinshi.<ref name="Stern2010">{{Cite journal|last=Stern|first=TA|last2=Gross|first2=AF|last3=Stern|first3=TW|last4=Nejad|first4=SH|last5=Maldonado|first5=JR|title=Current approaches to the recognition and treatment of alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: "old wine in new bottles" or "new wine in old bottles".|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|date=2010|volume=12|issue=3|pmid=20944765|doi=10.4088/PCC.10r00991ecr|pmc=2947546}}</ref> Indwara nk'iyo ishobora kubaho iyo umuntu afashe benzodiazepine na barbiturate.<ref name="Pos2007">{{Cite book|last=Posner|first=Jerome B.|title=Plum and Posner's Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma.|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|location=Oxford|isbn=9780198043362|page=283|edition=4|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Otivdh2ZoVwC&pg=PA283|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113427/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Otivdh2ZoVwC&pg=PA283|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> Kureka imiti itera imbaraga nka [[kokayine]] ntabwo bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku buvuzi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Galanter|first=Marc|last2=Kleber|first2=Herbert D|title=The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6wdJgejlQzYC&q=58|edition=4th|date=1 July 2008|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing Inc|location=United States of America|isbn=978-1-58562-276-4|page=58|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194640/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6wdJgejlQzYC&q=58|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Ku muntu ufite ikibazo cyo kurota, ni ngombwa kwirinda ibindi bibazo bifitanye isano na byo nko kubura electrolyte, [[Pancreatite|pancreatitis]], na hepatite iterwa n'inzoga.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Kwirinda ni ukuvura ibimenyetso byo kureka gukoresha imiti.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Iyo umuntu agize ikibazo cyo kwiheba mu mutwe, uburyo bwo kuvura butuma umusaruro uba mwiza.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Kuvurirwa mu cyumba cy’indembe gituje kandi gifite urumuri ruhagije ni byo bikunze gusabwa.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Benzodiazepines ni umuti ukunda gukoreshwa cyane, diazepam, lorazepam, chlordiazepoxide, na oxazepam zose zikunze gukoreshwa.<ref name="Stern2010" /> Bigomba gutangwa kugeza igihe umuntu asinziriye gato.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Haloperidol yo kurwanya indwara zo mu mutwe ishobora no gukoreshwa.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Vitamine [[Vitamini B1|thiamine]] irasabwa.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Impfu zitavuwe ziri hagati ya 15% na 40%.<ref name="Blom2010">{{Cite book|last=Blom|first=Jan Dirk|title=A dictionary of hallucinations|date=2010|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=9781441912237|page=136|edition=.|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=KJtQptBcZloC&pg=PA136|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224229/https://books.google.ca/books?id=KJtQptBcZloC&pg=PA136|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> Ubu urupfu rubaho hagati ya 1% na 4% by'abanduye.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'abantu bafite ikibazo cy'ubusinzi bazagira ibimenyetso byo kureka kunywa itabi iyo bagabanyije kurikoresha.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Muri abo, batatu kugeza kuri batanu ku ijana barwara indwara zo mu mutwe ziterwa n’indwara zo mu mutwe (DTs) cyangwa bakagira ibisebe.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Izina delirium tremens ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu 1813; icyakora, ibimenyetso byasobanuwe neza kuva mu myaka ya 1700.<ref name="Stern2010" /> Ijambo "delirium" ni [[Ikilatini|iry'ikilatini]] risobanura "kuva mu muyoboro," ni ukuvuga ikigereranyo cyo guhinga.<ref name="Blom2010" /> Nanone byitwa shaking frenzy na Saunders-Sutton syndrome.<ref name="Blom2010" /> Amazina y'amazina harimo ibicurane, icyorezo cy’umucanga, ubwoba bw’ubururu, ububabare bw’imboga, uducurama, ubwoba bw’abasinzi, inzovu, indwara y’ibinure, quart mania, n’ibitagangurirwa by’umutuku, n’ibindi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Baldwin|first=Dan|title=Just the FAQ's, Please, About Alcohol and Drug Abuse: Frequently Asked Questions from Families|date=2002|publisher=America Star Books|isbn=9781611028706|pages=Chapter four|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=h-unAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT51|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122557/https://books.google.ca/books?id=h-unAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT51|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] tpspo0tgxig86byj76uvdq5s9u29hil 141316 141315 2026-10-11T09:09:21Z Stevenndori289 10902 Delirium_tremens 141316 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:De-Delirium tremens.ogg|thumb|Delirium_tremens]] Kurota mu '''mutwe''' ( '''Delirium tremens''' ) ni ugutangira kwiheba vuba akenshi guterwa no kureka kunywa inzoga.<ref name="NEJM2014">{{Cite journal|last=Schuckit|first=MA|title=Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens).|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=27 November 2014|volume=371|issue=22|pages=2109–13|pmid=25427113|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1407298|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/08b9z9th|access-date=30 June 2019|archive-date=13 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213032901/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08b9z9th|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo bibaye, akenshi ibimenyetso byo kureka bimara iminsi itatu, kandi bimara iminsi ibiri cyangwa itatu.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Ingaruka ku mubiri zishobora kuba zirimo kunyeganyega, guhinda umushyitsi, gutera k'umutima ku buryo budasanzwe, no kubira ibyuya.<ref name="Healy2008">{{Cite book|first=David|last=Healy|title=Psychiatric Drugs Explained|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikTJViYMPIEC&pg=PA237|date=3 December 2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-2997-4|page=237|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908181445/https://books.google.com/books?id=ikTJViYMPIEC&pg=PA237|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Abantu bashobora kandi kubona cyangwa kumva ibintu abandi bantu batabona (hallucination).<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Hari igihe ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'umubiri cyangwa indwara zo mu mutwe bishobora gutera urupfu.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Inzoga ni kimwe mu biyobyabwenge biteje akaga cyane umuntu yareka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Gary L.|title=Encyclopedia of substance abuse prevention, treatment, & recovery|date=2009|publisher=SAGE|location=Los Angeles|isbn=9781452266015|pages=1005|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=DFR2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1059|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091556/https://books.google.ca/books?id=DFR2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1059|archive-date=2015-12-22}}</ref> Guturika kw'ubwonko mu gihe kirenga ukwezi bibaho gusa ku bantu banywa inzoga nyinshi.<ref name="Stern2010">{{Cite journal|last=Stern|first=TA|last2=Gross|first2=AF|last3=Stern|first3=TW|last4=Nejad|first4=SH|last5=Maldonado|first5=JR|title=Current approaches to the recognition and treatment of alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: "old wine in new bottles" or "new wine in old bottles".|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|date=2010|volume=12|issue=3|pmid=20944765|doi=10.4088/PCC.10r00991ecr|pmc=2947546}}</ref> Indwara nk'iyo ishobora kubaho iyo umuntu afashe benzodiazepine na barbiturate.<ref name="Pos2007">{{Cite book|last=Posner|first=Jerome B.|title=Plum and Posner's Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma.|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|location=Oxford|isbn=9780198043362|page=283|edition=4|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Otivdh2ZoVwC&pg=PA283|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113427/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Otivdh2ZoVwC&pg=PA283|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> Kureka imiti itera imbaraga nka [[kokayine]] ntabwo bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku buvuzi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Galanter|first=Marc|last2=Kleber|first2=Herbert D|title=The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6wdJgejlQzYC&q=58|edition=4th|date=1 July 2008|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing Inc|location=United States of America|isbn=978-1-58562-276-4|page=58|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194640/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6wdJgejlQzYC&q=58|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Ku muntu ufite ikibazo cyo kurota, ni ngombwa kwirinda ibindi bibazo bifitanye isano na byo nko kubura electrolyte, [[Pancreatite|pancreatitis]], na hepatite iterwa n'inzoga.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Kwirinda ni ukuvura ibimenyetso byo kureka gukoresha imiti.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Iyo umuntu agize ikibazo cyo kwiheba mu mutwe, uburyo bwo kuvura butuma umusaruro uba mwiza.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Kuvurirwa mu cyumba cy’indembe gituje kandi gifite urumuri ruhagije ni byo bikunze gusabwa.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Benzodiazepines ni umuti ukunda gukoreshwa cyane, diazepam, lorazepam, chlordiazepoxide, na oxazepam zose zikunze gukoreshwa.<ref name="Stern2010" /> Bigomba gutangwa kugeza igihe umuntu asinziriye gato.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Haloperidol yo kurwanya indwara zo mu mutwe ishobora no gukoreshwa.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Vitamine [[Vitamini B1|thiamine]] irasabwa.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Impfu zitavuwe ziri hagati ya 15% na 40%.<ref name="Blom2010">{{Cite book|last=Blom|first=Jan Dirk|title=A dictionary of hallucinations|date=2010|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=9781441912237|page=136|edition=.|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=KJtQptBcZloC&pg=PA136|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224229/https://books.google.ca/books?id=KJtQptBcZloC&pg=PA136|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> Ubu urupfu rubaho hagati ya 1% na 4% by'abanduye.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'abantu bafite ikibazo cy'ubusinzi bazagira ibimenyetso byo kureka kunywa itabi iyo bagabanyije kurikoresha.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Muri abo, batatu kugeza kuri batanu ku ijana barwara indwara zo mu mutwe ziterwa n’indwara zo mu mutwe (DTs) cyangwa bakagira ibisebe.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> Izina delirium tremens ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu 1813; icyakora, ibimenyetso byasobanuwe neza kuva mu myaka ya 1700.<ref name="Stern2010" /> Ijambo "delirium" ni [[Ikilatini|iry'ikilatini]] risobanura "kuva mu muyoboro," ni ukuvuga ikigereranyo cyo guhinga.<ref name="Blom2010" /> Nanone byitwa shaking frenzy na Saunders-Sutton syndrome.<ref name="Blom2010" /> Amazina y'amazina harimo ibicurane, icyorezo cy’umucanga, ubwoba bw’ubururu, ububabare bw’imboga, uducurama, ubwoba bw’abasinzi, inzovu, indwara y’ibinure, quart mania, n’ibitagangurirwa by’umutuku, n’ibindi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Baldwin|first=Dan|title=Just the FAQ's, Please, About Alcohol and Drug Abuse: Frequently Asked Questions from Families|date=2002|publisher=America Star Books|isbn=9781611028706|pages=Chapter four|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=h-unAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT51|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122557/https://books.google.ca/books?id=h-unAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT51|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] n994u40alb4lwsbo49i2vb03qnqq6ui 0 23403 141317 2026-10-11T09:10:32Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1473922|Pulmonary_edema]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Pulmonary edema|synonym=Pulmonary oedema|image=PulmEdema.PNG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Pulmonary edema with small [[pleural effusion]]s on both sides.|pronounce=|field=[[Cardiology]], [[critical care medicine]]|symptoms=[[Shortness of breath]], [[crackles|lung crackles]], pink frothy [[sputum]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|complications=[[Respiratory failure]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|onset=|duration=|types=Cadiogenic, non-cardiogenic<ref name=Stat2020/>|causes='''Cardiogenic''': [[Myocardial infarction|Heart attack]], [[myocarditis]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[heart arrythmia]]s<ref name=Stat2020/><br>'''Non-cardiogenic''': [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]] (ARDS), [[pneumonia]], [[pancreatitis]], multiple [[blood transfusions]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|risks=|diagnosis=Supported by [[lab tests]] and [[medical imaging]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment='''Cardiogenic''': [[Furosemide]], [[nitroglycerin (medicine)|nitroglycerin]], [[non-invasive ventilation]]<ref name=Dob2019/><br>'''Non-cardiogenic''': [[Oxygen therapy]], [[mechanical ventilation]]<ref name=NCPE2020/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=Relatively common<ref name=Lipp2008>{{cite book |title=Medical Terminology Made Incredibly Easy! |date=2008 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-8845-8 |page=160 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=UfxPSvSfIR4C&pg=PA160 |language=en |access-date=2021-02-23 |archive-date=2021-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829021528/https://books.google.ca/books?id=UfxPSvSfIR4C&pg=PA160 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014003157/https://books.google.ca/books?id=UfxPSvSfIR4C&pg=PA160 |date=2022-10-14 }}</ref>|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Kubyimba kw'ibihaha''' ni ukwiyongera kw'amazi mu bice by'umubiri no mu kirere by'ibihaha.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Malek|first=R|last2=Soufi|first2=S|title=Pulmonary Edema|date=January 2020|pmid=32491543|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubura umwuka no gucikamo amacandwe y'umutuku wijimye.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Hari n'uduheri two mu bihaha cyangwa utuvungukira mu guhumeka . Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kunanirwa guhumeka.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Bishobora guterwa no kunanirwa k'umutima (umutima utera indwara) cyangwa gukomereka kw'ibihaha (kubyimba kw'ibihaha bitari umutima utera indwara).<ref name="Stat2020" /> Kunanirwa k'umutima bishobora guterwa n'indwara [[Indwara y'umutima|y'umutima]], indwara ya myocarditis, indwara y'umutima ya valvular, cyangwa arrythmia y'umutima.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Gukomereka mu bihaha bishobora kugaragara mu ndwara yo mu bwonko iterwa n’indwara yo mu bwonko (ARDS) kandi bigaterwa n’umusonga, [[Pancreatite|pancreatitis]], cyangwa guterwa amaraso menshi.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Uburyo bw'ibanze butuma habaho ihindagurika ry'imyuka.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Gusuzuma indwara bishobora gushyigikirwa n'ibizamini byo muri laboratwari n'ibishushanyo mbonera by'abaganga.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ubuvuzi bwibanda ku kunoza ibimenyetso no gukemura impamvu nyamukuru.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Izindi ngamba zo kurwanya indwara yo mu bihaha iterwa n'umutima zishobora kuba zirimo imiti igabanya ubukana bw'amaraso nka [[furosemide]], imiti igabanya ubukana bw'amaraso nyuma yo kuyanywa nka nitroglycerin, ndetse n'imiyoboro y'umwuka idakoreshwa mu guhumeka.<ref name="Dob2019">{{Cite journal|last=Dobbe|first=L|last2=Rahman|first2=R|last3=Elmassry|first3=M|last4=Paz|first4=P|last5=Nugent|first5=K|title=Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema.|journal=The American journal of the medical sciences|date=December 2019|volume=358|issue=6|pages=389-397|doi=10.1016/j.amjms.2019.09.011|pmid=31813466}}</ref> Izindi ngamba zo kurwanya indwara yo mu bihaha idaterwa n’umutima zirimo ubuvuzi bufasha nko kuvura umwuka wa ogisijeni no guhumeka hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga.<ref name="NCPE2020">{{Cite journal|last=Clark|first=SB|last2=Soos|first2=MP|title=Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema|date=January 2020|pmid=31194387|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Kubyimba kw'ibihaha ni ikintu gikunze kugaragara. Indwara z’umutima zifata abantu barenga miliyoni buri mwaka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu gihe izitari iz’umutima zifata abantu bagera ku 190.000.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ingaruka zo gupfa mu bitaro zagabanutse kuva kuri 60% mu myaka ya 1970 kugera kuri 30% mu myaka ya 1990.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Kubyimba kw'ibihaha byavuzwe kuva nibura mu gihe cya Hippocrates ahagana mu mwaka wa 400 mbere ya Yesu. Ijambo edema rikomoka ku ijambo [[Ikigereki|ry'ikigereki]] {{Lang|grc|οἴδημα}} ( ''oídēma'' ) bisobanura "kubyimba". == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 7p86pa1wotabryvsvxsusxo6ku1pg8e 141318 141317 2026-10-11T09:11:55Z Stevenndori289 10902 Kubyimba kw'ibihaha 141318 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:PulmEdema.PNG|thumb|Kubyimba kw'ibihaha]] '''Kubyimba kw'ibihaha''' ni ukwiyongera kw'amazi mu bice by'umubiri no mu kirere by'ibihaha.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Malek|first=R|last2=Soufi|first2=S|title=Pulmonary Edema|date=January 2020|pmid=32491543|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubura umwuka no gucikamo amacandwe y'umutuku wijimye.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Hari n'uduheri two mu bihaha cyangwa utuvungukira mu guhumeka . Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kunanirwa guhumeka.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Bishobora guterwa no kunanirwa k'umutima (umutima utera indwara) cyangwa gukomereka kw'ibihaha (kubyimba kw'ibihaha bitari umutima utera indwara).<ref name="Stat2020" /> Kunanirwa k'umutima bishobora guterwa n'indwara [[Indwara y'umutima|y'umutima]], indwara ya myocarditis, indwara y'umutima ya valvular, cyangwa arrythmia y'umutima.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Gukomereka mu bihaha bishobora kugaragara mu ndwara yo mu bwonko iterwa n’indwara yo mu bwonko (ARDS) kandi bigaterwa n’umusonga, [[Pancreatite|pancreatitis]], cyangwa guterwa amaraso menshi.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Uburyo bw'ibanze butuma habaho ihindagurika ry'imyuka.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Gusuzuma indwara bishobora gushyigikirwa n'ibizamini byo muri laboratwari n'ibishushanyo mbonera by'abaganga.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ubuvuzi bwibanda ku kunoza ibimenyetso no gukemura impamvu nyamukuru.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Izindi ngamba zo kurwanya indwara yo mu bihaha iterwa n'umutima zishobora kuba zirimo imiti igabanya ubukana bw'amaraso nka [[furosemide]], imiti igabanya ubukana bw'amaraso nyuma yo kuyanywa nka nitroglycerin, ndetse n'imiyoboro y'umwuka idakoreshwa mu guhumeka.<ref name="Dob2019">{{Cite journal|last=Dobbe|first=L|last2=Rahman|first2=R|last3=Elmassry|first3=M|last4=Paz|first4=P|last5=Nugent|first5=K|title=Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema.|journal=The American journal of the medical sciences|date=December 2019|volume=358|issue=6|pages=389-397|doi=10.1016/j.amjms.2019.09.011|pmid=31813466}}</ref> Izindi ngamba zo kurwanya indwara yo mu bihaha idaterwa n’umutima zirimo ubuvuzi bufasha nko kuvura umwuka wa ogisijeni no guhumeka hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga.<ref name="NCPE2020">{{Cite journal|last=Clark|first=SB|last2=Soos|first2=MP|title=Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema|date=January 2020|pmid=31194387|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Kubyimba kw'ibihaha ni ikintu gikunze kugaragara. Indwara z’umutima zifata abantu barenga miliyoni buri mwaka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu gihe izitari iz’umutima zifata abantu bagera ku 190.000.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ingaruka zo gupfa mu bitaro zagabanutse kuva kuri 60% mu myaka ya 1970 kugera kuri 30% mu myaka ya 1990.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Kubyimba kw'ibihaha byavuzwe kuva nibura mu gihe cya Hippocrates ahagana mu mwaka wa 400 mbere ya Yesu. Ijambo edema rikomoka ku ijambo [[Ikigereki|ry'ikigereki]] {{Lang|grc|οἴδημα}} ( ''oídēma'' ) bisobanura "kubyimba". == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] l5zevk1b8q1crhgjwxwpomegnrxsjsp 0 23404 141319 2026-10-11T09:13:22Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1459210|Scleroderma]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Scleroderma|synonym=|image=MercMorphea.JPG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A type of localized scleroderma known as [[morphea]]|pronounce=|field=[[Rheumatology]]|symptoms=|complications=|onset=Middle age<ref name=NORD2007/>|duration=|types=Localized, [[systemic scleroderma]]<ref name=GARD2017/>|causes=Unknown<ref name=GARD2017/>|risks=Family history, certain [[Genetics|genetic]] factors, exposure to [[silica]]<ref name=Har2018/><ref name=Bar2012/><ref name=Gre2013/>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, [[skin biopsy]], blood tests<ref name=NIH2016/>|differential=[[Mixed connective tissue disease]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[polymyositis]], [[dermatomyositis]]<ref name=NORD2007/>|prevention=|treatment=[[Supportive care]]<ref name=NORD2007/>|medication=[[Corticosteroids]], [[methotrexate]], [[non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] (NSAIDs)<ref name=GARD2017/>|prognosis='''Localized''': Normal life expectancy<ref name=Un2006/><br>'''Systemic''': Decreased life expectancy<ref name=Har2018/>|frequency=3 per 100,000 per year (systemic)<ref name=Har2018/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Scleroderma''' ni itsinda ry'indwara ziterwa n'ubwiyongere bw'umubiri zishobora gutera impinduka ku ruhu, imiyoboro y'amaraso, imitsi, n'ingingo z'imbere.<ref name="GARD2017">{{Cite web|title=Scleroderma|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10308/scleroderma|website=GARD|access-date=14 July 2017|language=en|date=2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125233043/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10308/scleroderma|archive-date=25 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="NIH2016">{{Cite web|title=Handout on Health: Scleroderma|url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/%5C/Health_Info/Scleroderma/default.asp|website=NIAMS|access-date=15 July 2017|date=August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704182735/https://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Scleroderma/default.asp|archive-date=4 July 2017}}</ref> Iyi ndwara ishobora kuba iherereye ku ruhu cyangwa ikaba yagera no ku zindi ngingo.<ref name="GARD2017" /> Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo ahantu hari uruhu rwabyimbye, kunanuka, kumva unaniwe, ndetse n'amaraso adatembera neza mu ntoki cyangwa mu mano bitewe n'ubukonje.<ref name="NORD2007">{{Cite web|title=Scleroderma|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/scleroderma/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=14 July 2017|date=2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908024649/http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/scleroderma|archive-date=8 September 2016}}</ref> Ubwoko bumwe bw'iyi ndwara, buzwi nka CREST syndrome, bukunze gutera calcium mu mubiri, Raynaud's syndrome, ibibazo byo mu muhogo, kubyimba k'uruhu rw'intoki n'amano, ndetse n'uduce tw'imitsi mito y'amaraso yagutse.<ref name="NORD2007" /> Impamvu ntiramenyekana; icyakora, bamwe bakeka ko ishobora kuba iterwa n'uko ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri budakora neza.<ref name="GARD2017" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo amateka y'umuryango, ibintu bimwe na bimwe bigize imiterere y'umubiri, ndetse no kwandura silika.<ref name="Har2018">{{Cite book|last=Jameson|first=Larry|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|date=2018|publisher=McGraw Hill|page=Chapter 353|edition=20th}}</ref><ref name="Bar2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barnes J, Mayes MD|title=Epidemiology of systemic sclerosis: incidence, prevalence, survival, risk factors, malignancy, and environmental triggers|journal=Current Opinion in Rheumatology|volume=24|issue=2|pages=165–70|date=March 2012|pmid=22269658|doi=10.1097/BOR.0b013e32834ff2e8|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d37b3277b94ff4b64142663449570644afde1a56|access-date=2019-11-30|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829170410/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/INCIDENCE-AND-PREVALENCE-OF-SYSTEMIC-SCLEROSIS-Barnes-Mayes/d37b3277b94ff4b64142663449570644afde1a56|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gre2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Greenblatt MB, Aliprantis AO|title=The immune pathogenesis of scleroderma: context is everything|journal=Current Rheumatology Reports|volume=15|issue=1|pages=297|date=January 2013|pmid=23288576|pmc=3539168|doi=10.1007/s11926-012-0297-8|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3539168/pdf/nihms-428295.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908192429/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3539168/pdf/nihms-428295.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Uburyo bw’ibanze bukubiyemo gukura kudasanzwe kw’ingingo zihuza umubiri, bikekwa ko ari ingaruka z’uko ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri bwibasira ingingo nzima.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso, bigashyigikirwa n'ibizamini by'uruhu cyangwa amaraso.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Nubwo nta muti uhari, kuvurwa bishobora gutuma ibimenyetso birushaho kuba byiza.<ref name="GARD2017" /> Imiti ikoreshwa irimo imiti ya corticosteroids, methotrexate, n'imiti igabanya ubushyuhe itari iya steroide (NSAIDs).<ref name="GARD2017" /> Ibisubizo biterwa n'urugero rw'indwara.<ref name="Har2018" /> Abarwaye indwara ziba mu gace runaka muri rusange baba bafite igihe cyo kubaho gisanzwe.<ref name="Un2006">{{Cite book|last=Unsal|first=Erbil|title=Current Opinions in Pediatric Rheumatology|date=2006|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=9781594548710|page=302|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Hbavi8a3NqgC&pg=PA302|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906040418/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Hbavi8a3NqgC&pg=PA302|archive-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> Ku bantu bafite indwara z’umubiri, igihe cyo kubaho ni imyaka 11 uhereye igihe batangiriye.<ref name="Har2018" /> Urupfu rukunze guterwa n'ibibazo by'ibihaha, igogora, cyangwa umutima.<ref name="Har2018" /> Abantu bagera kuri 3 kuri 100.000 buri mwaka bagira imiterere y’umubiri.<ref name="Har2018" /> Iyi ndwara ikunze gutangirira mu myaka yo hagati.<ref name="NORD2007" /> Abagore ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa n’iyi ndwara kurusha abagabo.<ref name="NORD2007" /> Ibimenyetso bya scleroderma byasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1753 na Carlo Curzio <ref>{{Cite book|last=Mackay|first=Ian R.|last2=Rose|first2=Noel R.|title=The Autoimmune Diseases|date=2006|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780080454740|page=369|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqttnHEe3jsC&pg=PA369|language=en|access-date=2017-11-19|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829170409/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqttnHEe3jsC&pg=PA369|url-status=live}}</ref> hanyuma bigaragazwa neza mu 1842.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Firestein|first=Gary S.|last2=Kelley|first2=William N.|last3=Budd|first3=Ralph C.|title=Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1437717389|page=1366|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=52pQyDrAkOoC&pg=PA1366|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804132408/https://books.google.ca/books?id=52pQyDrAkOoC&pg=PA1366|archive-date=2017-08-04}}</ref> Iri jambo rikomoka ku ijambo ry'Ikigereki "sklerosis" risobanura "ubukomere" na "derma" risobanura "uruhu".<ref name="NIH2016" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] ftatwa89k3s3daxnjzu336ql1wo98g2 141320 141319 2026-10-11T09:14:29Z Stevenndori289 10902 Scleroderma 141320 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Left Arm Scleroderma Patient.jpg|thumb|Scleroderma]] '''Scleroderma''' ni itsinda ry'indwara ziterwa n'ubwiyongere bw'umubiri zishobora gutera impinduka ku ruhu, imiyoboro y'amaraso, imitsi, n'ingingo z'imbere.<ref name="GARD2017">{{Cite web|title=Scleroderma|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10308/scleroderma|website=GARD|access-date=14 July 2017|language=en|date=2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125233043/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10308/scleroderma|archive-date=25 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="NIH2016">{{Cite web|title=Handout on Health: Scleroderma|url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/%5C/Health_Info/Scleroderma/default.asp|website=NIAMS|access-date=15 July 2017|date=August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704182735/https://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Scleroderma/default.asp|archive-date=4 July 2017}}</ref> Iyi ndwara ishobora kuba iherereye ku ruhu cyangwa ikaba yagera no ku zindi ngingo.<ref name="GARD2017" /> Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo ahantu hari uruhu rwabyimbye, kunanuka, kumva unaniwe, ndetse n'amaraso adatembera neza mu ntoki cyangwa mu mano bitewe n'ubukonje.<ref name="NORD2007">{{Cite web|title=Scleroderma|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/scleroderma/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=14 July 2017|date=2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908024649/http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/scleroderma|archive-date=8 September 2016}}</ref> Ubwoko bumwe bw'iyi ndwara, buzwi nka CREST syndrome, bukunze gutera calcium mu mubiri, Raynaud's syndrome, ibibazo byo mu muhogo, kubyimba k'uruhu rw'intoki n'amano, ndetse n'uduce tw'imitsi mito y'amaraso yagutse.<ref name="NORD2007" /> Impamvu ntiramenyekana; icyakora, bamwe bakeka ko ishobora kuba iterwa n'uko ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri budakora neza.<ref name="GARD2017" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo amateka y'umuryango, ibintu bimwe na bimwe bigize imiterere y'umubiri, ndetse no kwandura silika.<ref name="Har2018">{{Cite book|last=Jameson|first=Larry|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|date=2018|publisher=McGraw Hill|page=Chapter 353|edition=20th}}</ref><ref name="Bar2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barnes J, Mayes MD|title=Epidemiology of systemic sclerosis: incidence, prevalence, survival, risk factors, malignancy, and environmental triggers|journal=Current Opinion in Rheumatology|volume=24|issue=2|pages=165–70|date=March 2012|pmid=22269658|doi=10.1097/BOR.0b013e32834ff2e8|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d37b3277b94ff4b64142663449570644afde1a56|access-date=2019-11-30|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829170410/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/INCIDENCE-AND-PREVALENCE-OF-SYSTEMIC-SCLEROSIS-Barnes-Mayes/d37b3277b94ff4b64142663449570644afde1a56|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gre2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Greenblatt MB, Aliprantis AO|title=The immune pathogenesis of scleroderma: context is everything|journal=Current Rheumatology Reports|volume=15|issue=1|pages=297|date=January 2013|pmid=23288576|pmc=3539168|doi=10.1007/s11926-012-0297-8|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3539168/pdf/nihms-428295.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908192429/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3539168/pdf/nihms-428295.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Uburyo bw’ibanze bukubiyemo gukura kudasanzwe kw’ingingo zihuza umubiri, bikekwa ko ari ingaruka z’uko ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri bwibasira ingingo nzima.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso, bigashyigikirwa n'ibizamini by'uruhu cyangwa amaraso.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Nubwo nta muti uhari, kuvurwa bishobora gutuma ibimenyetso birushaho kuba byiza.<ref name="GARD2017" /> Imiti ikoreshwa irimo imiti ya corticosteroids, methotrexate, n'imiti igabanya ubushyuhe itari iya steroide (NSAIDs).<ref name="GARD2017" /> Ibisubizo biterwa n'urugero rw'indwara.<ref name="Har2018" /> Abarwaye indwara ziba mu gace runaka muri rusange baba bafite igihe cyo kubaho gisanzwe.<ref name="Un2006">{{Cite book|last=Unsal|first=Erbil|title=Current Opinions in Pediatric Rheumatology|date=2006|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=9781594548710|page=302|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Hbavi8a3NqgC&pg=PA302|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906040418/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Hbavi8a3NqgC&pg=PA302|archive-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> Ku bantu bafite indwara z’umubiri, igihe cyo kubaho ni imyaka 11 uhereye igihe batangiriye.<ref name="Har2018" /> Urupfu rukunze guterwa n'ibibazo by'ibihaha, igogora, cyangwa umutima.<ref name="Har2018" /> Abantu bagera kuri 3 kuri 100.000 buri mwaka bagira imiterere y’umubiri.<ref name="Har2018" /> Iyi ndwara ikunze gutangirira mu myaka yo hagati.<ref name="NORD2007" /> Abagore ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa n’iyi ndwara kurusha abagabo.<ref name="NORD2007" /> Ibimenyetso bya scleroderma byasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1753 na Carlo Curzio <ref>{{Cite book|last=Mackay|first=Ian R.|last2=Rose|first2=Noel R.|title=The Autoimmune Diseases|date=2006|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780080454740|page=369|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqttnHEe3jsC&pg=PA369|language=en|access-date=2017-11-19|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829170409/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqttnHEe3jsC&pg=PA369|url-status=live}}</ref> hanyuma bigaragazwa neza mu 1842.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Firestein|first=Gary S.|last2=Kelley|first2=William N.|last3=Budd|first3=Ralph C.|title=Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1437717389|page=1366|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=52pQyDrAkOoC&pg=PA1366|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804132408/https://books.google.ca/books?id=52pQyDrAkOoC&pg=PA1366|archive-date=2017-08-04}}</ref> Iri jambo rikomoka ku ijambo ry'Ikigereki "sklerosis" risobanura "ubukomere" na "derma" risobanura "uruhu".<ref name="NIH2016" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] sr3av7ktr3sd5wu7qv9ufxi1q1ybviy 0 23405 141321 2026-10-11T09:16:17Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1499312|Blue_balls]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Blue balls|synonym=Epididymal hypertension; sexual arousal orchialgia;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wiener |first1=SL |editor1-last=Walker |editor1-first=HK |editor2-last=Hall |editor2-first=WD |editor3-last=Hurst |editor3-first=JW |chapter=Testicular Pain |title=Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations |edition=3rd |location=Boston |publisher=Butterworths |year=1990 |pmid=21250139}}</ref> blue balls; blue vulva; blue bean; throbbing crotch syndrome;<ref name=SA2023/> deadly sperm buildup (DSB)|image=Pijn.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=It results in mild discomfort around the genitals and lower abdomen.|pronounce=|field=[[Urology]]|symptoms=Uncomfortable [[human reproductive system|genitals]]<ref name=Clev2023/>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Prolonged [[sexual arousal]] without [[orgasm]]<ref name=Clev2023/>|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Orgasm]], distraction, cold shower, physical activity<ref name=Web2022/><ref name=SA2023/>|medication=|prognosis=None serious<ref name=SA2023/>|frequency=Common<ref name=Peds2000/><ref name=Lev2023/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Udupira tw'ubururu''' ni ibyiyumvo bibabaza mu gitsina bitewe n'irari ry'imibonano mpuzabitsina rirambye ridafite iherezo.<ref name="Clev2023">{{Cite web|date=2023-01-18|title=Is Blue Balls Real?|url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/blue-balls/|access-date=2023-11-28|website=Cleveland Clinic|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203072406/https://health.clevelandclinic.org/blue-balls|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Peds2000">{{Cite journal|last=Chalett|first=Jonathan M.|last2=Nerenberg|first2=Lewis T.|title=“Blue Balls”: A Diagnostic Consideration in Testiculoscrotal Pain in Young Adults: A Case Report and Discussion|journal=Pediatrics|date=1 October 2000|volume=106|issue=4|pages=843–843|doi=10.1542/peds.106.4.843|pmid=11015532}}</ref> Ububabare burakabije cyane kandi impande zombi zirababara.<ref name="SA2023">{{Cite web|last=Broderick|first=Timmy|title=The First In-Depth Study on 'Blue Balls' Reveals a Lot about Sex|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-in-depth-study-on-blue-balls-reveals-a-lot-about-sex/|access-date=2024-01-08|website=Scientific American|language=en|archive-date=2024-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108165445/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-in-depth-study-on-blue-balls-reveals-a-lot-about-sex/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Peds2000" /> Ku bagore bishobora kugira ingaruka ku gituba cyangwa ku gitsina.<ref name="Clev2023" /> Nta gihamya ihari; icyakora, ikintu cyose gihinduka ubururu.<ref name="Clev2023" /><ref name="SA2023" /> Uburyo bw’ibanze bwavuzwe ko bukubiyemo umuvuduko ukabije w’amaraso mu maraso, kuzura kw’amazi mu gihe gito ; icyakora, ibimenyetso bibyemeza ntibiraboneka.<ref name="Jone2024">{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=JM|last2=Cedermark|first2=K|last3=Barham|first3=D|last4=Gross|first4=MS|title=Does blue balls exist, and why should we care?|journal=The journal of sexual medicine|date=30 January 2024|volume=21|issue=2|pages=88-89|doi=10.1093/jsxmed/qdad161|pmid=38314627}}</ref> Ntabwo byemewe nk'indwara, kandi nta biganiro byinshi bihari mu nyandiko z'ubushakashatsi.<ref name="Clev2023" /><ref name="Peds2000" /> Ntabwo ari ikibazo gikomeye kandi gikemuka nta buvuzi bwihariye.<ref name="Jone2024" /> Akenshi birashira mu masaha make cyangwa mbere yaho iyo habayeho orgasm.<ref name="Web2022">{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Mallika|title=What Is Blue Vulva Syndrome?|url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-is-blue-vulva-syndrome|access-date=2023-11-28|website=WebMD|language=en|archive-date=2023-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129000339/https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-is-blue-vulva-syndrome|url-status=live}}</ref> Guhuza igitsina bishobora kubaho binyuze mu [[kwikinisha]] kandi si impamvu yo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina n'uwo mwashakanye.<ref name="Clev2023" /><ref name="SA2023" /> Kurangara, kwiyuhagira mu mazi akonje, cyangwa gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri nabyo bishobora gufasha.<ref name="Web2022" /><ref name="SA2023" /> Imipira y'ubururu yavuzwe na 56% by'abagabo na 42% by'abagore.<ref name="Lev2023">{{Cite journal|last=Levang|first=Samantha|last2=Henkelman|first2=Megan|last3=Neish|first3=Robin|last4=Zukerman|first4=Wendy|last5=Terrell|first5=Blythe|last6=Jackman|first6=Victoria|last7=Coyle|first7=Shannon|last8=Brahmbhatt|first8=Jamin|last9=Pukall|first9=Caroline|title=“Blue balls” and sexual coercion: a survey study of genitopelvic pain after sexual arousal without orgasm and its implications for sexual advances|journal=Sexual Medicine|date=1 March 2023|volume=11|issue=2|doi=10.1093/sexmed/qfad016|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> Bikunze kwibasira abagabo bakiri bato.<ref name="SA2023" /> Ijambo "imipira y'ubururu" rikekwa ko ryaturutse muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]], ahagana mu 1920.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalzell|first=Tom|title=Sex Slang|last2=Victor|first2=Terry|date=December 2007|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-37180-3|page=16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=blue balls noun|url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/blue-balls_n?tl=true|website=OED|access-date=5 March 2025|archive-date=26 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426083305/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/blue-balls_n?tl=true|url-status=live}}</ref> Nubwo bitazwi cyane, igitsina cy’abagore cyitwa "ubururu bw'ubururu" cyangwa "ubururu bw'ibishyimbo".<ref name="Web2022" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 1u6drluagal2ppcp117ch7mydv534op 141322 141321 2026-10-11T09:20:08Z Stevenndori289 10902 Udupira tw'ubururu 141322 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Udupira tw'ubururu''' ni ibyiyumvo bibabaza mu gitsina bitewe n'irari ry'imibonano mpuzabitsina rirambye ridafite iherezo.<ref name="Clev2023">{{Cite web|date=2023-01-18|title=Is Blue Balls Real?|url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/blue-balls/|access-date=2023-11-28|website=Cleveland Clinic|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203072406/https://health.clevelandclinic.org/blue-balls|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Peds2000">{{Cite journal|last=Chalett|first=Jonathan M.|last2=Nerenberg|first2=Lewis T.|title=“Blue Balls”: A Diagnostic Consideration in Testiculoscrotal Pain in Young Adults: A Case Report and Discussion|journal=Pediatrics|date=1 October 2000|volume=106|issue=4|pages=843–843|doi=10.1542/peds.106.4.843|pmid=11015532}}</ref> Ububabare burakabije cyane kandi impande zombi zirababara.<ref name="SA2023">{{Cite web|last=Broderick|first=Timmy|title=The First In-Depth Study on 'Blue Balls' Reveals a Lot about Sex|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-in-depth-study-on-blue-balls-reveals-a-lot-about-sex/|access-date=2024-01-08|website=Scientific American|language=en|archive-date=2024-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108165445/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-in-depth-study-on-blue-balls-reveals-a-lot-about-sex/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Peds2000" /> Ku bagore bishobora kugira ingaruka ku gituba cyangwa ku gitsina.<ref name="Clev2023" /> Nta gihamya ihari; icyakora, ikintu cyose gihinduka ubururu.<ref name="Clev2023" /><ref name="SA2023" /> Uburyo bw’ibanze bwavuzwe ko bukubiyemo umuvuduko ukabije w’amaraso mu maraso, kuzura kw’amazi mu gihe gito ; icyakora, ibimenyetso bibyemeza ntibiraboneka.<ref name="Jone2024">{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=JM|last2=Cedermark|first2=K|last3=Barham|first3=D|last4=Gross|first4=MS|title=Does blue balls exist, and why should we care?|journal=The journal of sexual medicine|date=30 January 2024|volume=21|issue=2|pages=88-89|doi=10.1093/jsxmed/qdad161|pmid=38314627}}</ref> Ntabwo byemewe nk'indwara, kandi nta biganiro byinshi bihari mu nyandiko z'ubushakashatsi.<ref name="Clev2023" /><ref name="Peds2000" /> Ntabwo ari ikibazo gikomeye kandi gikemuka nta buvuzi bwihariye.<ref name="Jone2024" /> Akenshi birashira mu masaha make cyangwa mbere yaho iyo habayeho orgasm.<ref name="Web2022">{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Mallika|title=What Is Blue Vulva Syndrome?|url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-is-blue-vulva-syndrome|access-date=2023-11-28|website=WebMD|language=en|archive-date=2023-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129000339/https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-is-blue-vulva-syndrome|url-status=live}}</ref> Guhuza igitsina bishobora kubaho binyuze mu [[kwikinisha]] kandi si impamvu yo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina n'uwo mwashakanye.<ref name="Clev2023" /><ref name="SA2023" /> Kurangara, kwiyuhagira mu mazi akonje, cyangwa gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri nabyo bishobora gufasha.<ref name="Web2022" /><ref name="SA2023" /> Imipira y'ubururu yavuzwe na 56% by'abagabo na 42% by'abagore.<ref name="Lev2023">{{Cite journal|last=Levang|first=Samantha|last2=Henkelman|first2=Megan|last3=Neish|first3=Robin|last4=Zukerman|first4=Wendy|last5=Terrell|first5=Blythe|last6=Jackman|first6=Victoria|last7=Coyle|first7=Shannon|last8=Brahmbhatt|first8=Jamin|last9=Pukall|first9=Caroline|title=“Blue balls” and sexual coercion: a survey study of genitopelvic pain after sexual arousal without orgasm and its implications for sexual advances|journal=Sexual Medicine|date=1 March 2023|volume=11|issue=2|doi=10.1093/sexmed/qfad016|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> Bikunze kwibasira abagabo bakiri bato.<ref name="SA2023" /> Ijambo "imipira y'ubururu" rikekwa ko ryaturutse muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]], ahagana mu 1920.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalzell|first=Tom|title=Sex Slang|last2=Victor|first2=Terry|date=December 2007|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-37180-3|page=16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=blue balls noun|url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/blue-balls_n?tl=true|website=OED|access-date=5 March 2025|archive-date=26 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426083305/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/blue-balls_n?tl=true|url-status=live}}</ref> Nubwo bitazwi cyane, igitsina cy’abagore cyitwa "ubururu bw'ubururu" cyangwa "ubururu bw'ibishyimbo".<ref name="Web2022" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] o5yljonwspx32v1hedl7u9gk9padsco 0 23406 141323 2026-10-11T09:22:10Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501993|Fatal_insomnia]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Fatal insomnia|synonym=|image=Cranial imaging of a FFI patient.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=MRI of a person with FFI showing abnormal signals in the frontoparietal subcortical areas. MRA showed smaller distal branches of cerebral arteries.|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]], [[sleep medicine]]|symptoms=Progressive trouble sleeping, mental health problems, poor coordination, weight loss, excessive sweating<ref name=GARD2020/>|complications=|onset=40–60 years<ref name=GARD2020/>|duration=|types=Fatal familial insomnia, sporadic fatal insomnia<ref name=Mer2019Pro/>|causes=[[Mutation|Genetic mutation]], sporadic<ref name=NORD2019/>|risks=Family history<ref name=NORD2019/>|diagnosis=[[Sleep study]], [[Positron emission tomography|PET scan]], [[genetic testing]]<ref name=GARD2020/>|differential=[[Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease]], [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer’s disease]], [[frontotemporal dementia]], [[Huntington's disease|Huntington disease]], [[dementia with Lewy bodies]]<ref name=NORD2019/>|prevention=|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]<ref name=Mer2019Pro/>|medication=|prognosis=Life expectancy 7 months to 6 years<ref name=Mer2019Pro/>|frequency=Rare<ref name=NORD2019/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Gusinzira nabi''' ni indwara idakunze kugaragara ituma [[Gusinzira|umuntu abura ibitotsi]].<ref name="Mer2019Pro">{{Cite web|title=Fatal Insomnia - Neurologic Disorders|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/neurologic-disorders/prion-diseases/fatal-insomnia|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=17 May 2019|language=en-CA|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517114042/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/neurologic-disorders/prion-diseases/fatal-insomnia|url-status=live}}</ref> Ubusanzwe bitangira buhoro buhoro hanyuma bikarushaho kuba bibi uko igihe kigenda gihita.<ref name="NORD2019">{{Cite web|title=Fatal Familial Insomnia|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/fatal-familial-insomnia/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519085128/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/fatal-familial-insomnia/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo ibibazo byo mu mutwe, kudakora neza kw'ingingo, kugabanya ibiro, no kubira ibyuya byinshi.<ref name="GARD2020">{{Cite web|title=Fatal familial insomnia|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6429/fatal-familial-insomnia|website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415044133/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6429/fatal-familial-insomnia|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo abantu barwaye basinziriye, bakunze kurota inzozi zikomeye.<ref name="NORD2019" /> Urupfu muri rusange rubaho hagati y'amezi 6 na 36 uhereye igihe ibimenyetso bitangiriye.<ref name="GARD2020" /> Kubura ibitotsi ni [[Indwara ya Prion|indwara ifata]] ubwonko.<ref name="Mer2019Pro" /> Akenshi iterwa n'impinduka muri poroteyine PrP <nowiki><sup id="mwTA">C.</sup></nowiki><ref name="Mer2019Pro" /> Iyi hinduka ry’umubiri rikunze kuragwa n’umubyeyi mu buryo busanzwe bwo kwiyanduza mu mubiri, buzwi nka ''fatal familial insomnities'' (FFI), nubwo rishobora kubaho gake mu buryo butunguranye nk’ihinduka rishya, rizwi nka ''sporadic fatal insomnities'' (sFI).<ref name="GARD2020" /><ref name="NORD2019" /> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bushakashatsi bwo gusinzira, gupima PET, no gupima imiterere y'umubiri.<ref name="GARD2020" /> Nta muti uzwi wo kubura ibitotsi, ahubwo hashyirwaho imbaraga zigamije kunoza ibimenyetso by'indwara.<ref name="GARD2020" /><ref name="NORD2019" /> Gusinzira nabi ni gake cyane.<ref name="NORD2019" /> Abagabo n'abagore bakunze kwibasirwa n'iyi ndwara.<ref name="NORD2019" /> Ubusanzwe indwara itangira hagati y’imyaka 40 na 60.<ref name="GARD2020" /> Umuntu wa mbere wanditswe ni Umutaliyani, wapfiriye i Venise mu 1765.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Family that Couldn't Sleep: A medical mystery|last=Max|first=D. T.|publisher=Random House Trade Paperbacks|year=2007|location=New York|page=4|language=en}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] oq0wj9rl3fhpln4kxm3juq3e66ab30s 141324 141323 2026-10-11T09:25:41Z Stevenndori289 10902 Gupfa_Kusinzira 141324 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Cranial imaging of a FFI patient.jpg|thumb|Gupfa_Kusinzira]] '''Gusinzira nabi''' ni indwara idakunze kugaragara ituma [[Gusinzira|umuntu abura ibitotsi]].<ref name="Mer2019Pro">{{Cite web|title=Fatal Insomnia - Neurologic Disorders|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/neurologic-disorders/prion-diseases/fatal-insomnia|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=17 May 2019|language=en-CA|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517114042/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/neurologic-disorders/prion-diseases/fatal-insomnia|url-status=live}}</ref> Ubusanzwe bitangira buhoro buhoro hanyuma bikarushaho kuba bibi uko igihe kigenda gihita.<ref name="NORD2019">{{Cite web|title=Fatal Familial Insomnia|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/fatal-familial-insomnia/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519085128/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/fatal-familial-insomnia/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo ibibazo byo mu mutwe, kudakora neza kw'ingingo, kugabanya ibiro, no kubira ibyuya byinshi.<ref name="GARD2020">{{Cite web|title=Fatal familial insomnia|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6429/fatal-familial-insomnia|website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415044133/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6429/fatal-familial-insomnia|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo abantu barwaye basinziriye, bakunze kurota inzozi zikomeye.<ref name="NORD2019" /> Urupfu muri rusange rubaho hagati y'amezi 6 na 36 uhereye igihe ibimenyetso bitangiriye.<ref name="GARD2020" /> Kubura ibitotsi ni [[Indwara ya Prion|indwara ifata]] ubwonko.<ref name="Mer2019Pro" /> Akenshi iterwa n'impinduka muri poroteyine PrP <nowiki><sup id="mwTA">C.</sup></nowiki><ref name="Mer2019Pro" /> Iyi hinduka ry’umubiri rikunze kuragwa n’umubyeyi mu buryo busanzwe bwo kwiyanduza mu mubiri, buzwi nka ''fatal familial insomnities'' (FFI), nubwo rishobora kubaho gake mu buryo butunguranye nk’ihinduka rishya, rizwi nka ''sporadic fatal insomnities'' (sFI).<ref name="GARD2020" /><ref name="NORD2019" /> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bushakashatsi bwo gusinzira, gupima PET, no gupima imiterere y'umubiri.<ref name="GARD2020" /> Nta muti uzwi wo kubura ibitotsi, ahubwo hashyirwaho imbaraga zigamije kunoza ibimenyetso by'indwara.<ref name="GARD2020" /><ref name="NORD2019" /> Gusinzira nabi ni gake cyane.<ref name="NORD2019" /> Abagabo n'abagore bakunze kwibasirwa n'iyi ndwara.<ref name="NORD2019" /> Ubusanzwe indwara itangira hagati y’imyaka 40 na 60.<ref name="GARD2020" /> Umuntu wa mbere wanditswe ni Umutaliyani, wapfiriye i Venise mu 1765.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Family that Couldn't Sleep: A medical mystery|last=Max|first=D. T.|publisher=Random House Trade Paperbacks|year=2007|location=New York|page=4|language=en}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 3v2i5xuy0vfail1j1ki9vejoe2ipc3i 0 23407 141325 2026-10-11T09:26:59Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456773|Vasculitis]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Vasculitis|synonym=Vasculitides,<ref name=Dictionary>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Vasculitis|title=Vasculitis - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|access-date=2009-01-08|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701173404/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vasculitis|archive-date=2016-07-01}}</ref> angiitis<ref name=NORD2021/>|image=Vasculitis.JPG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Petechiae|Smaller]] and [[purpura|larger areas of bleeding into the skin]] on the [[lower limb]] due to medication-induced vasculitis.|pronounce={{IPAc-en|v|æ|s|k|j|ʊ|ˈ|l|aɪ|t|ɪ|s}}|field=[[Rheumatology]]|symptoms=[[Fever]], weight loss, tiredness, bleeding, tender blood vessels<ref name=Stat2020/><ref name=NIH2021/>|complications=[[Stroke]], [[heart attacks]], [[aortic dissection]], [[kidney failure]], [[hemoptysis|coughing up blood]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|onset=Variable<ref name=NIH2021/>|duration=|types='''Large''': [[Giant cell arteritis]], [[Takayasu disease]], [[Behçet's disease|Behcet disease]]<ref name=Stat2020/><ref name=Mer2021Pro/><br>'''Medium''': [[Kawasaki disease]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]]<ref name=Stat2020/><ref name=Mer2021Pro/><br>'''Small''': [[Microscopic polyangiitis]], [[granulomatosis with polyangiitis]]<ref name=Stat2020/><ref name=Mer2021Pro/>|causes=Often unknown<ref name=Stat2020/>|risks=|diagnosis=Blood tests, [[medical imaging]], [[tissue biopsy|biopsy]]<ref name=Mer2021Pro/>|differential=[[Infective endocarditis]], [[histoplasmosis]], [[gonorrhea]], [[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]|prevention=|treatment=Depends on the type, often initially with [[glucocorticoids|steroids]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Vasculitis''' ni itsinda ry'indwara ziterwa no kubyimba imiyoboro y'amaraso.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Jatwani|first=S|last2=Goyal|first2=A|title=Vasculitis|date=January 2020|pmid=31424770|journal=StatPearls}}</ref><ref name="NZ2021">{{Cite web|url=http://dermnetnz.org/pathology/pathology-glossary.html|title=Glossary of dermatopathological terms. DermNet NZ|access-date=2009-01-08|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220232449/http://dermnetnz.org/pathology/pathology-glossary.html|archive-date=2008-12-20}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo umuriro, kugabanya ibiro, umunaniro, kuva amaraso no koroha kw'imitsi y'amaraso.<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref name="NIH2021">{{Cite web|title=Vasculitis|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/vasculitis|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|publisher=NHLBI, NIH|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211082510/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/vasculitis|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora gutandukana bitewe n'aho umuyoboro w'amaraso wafashwe n'ubwoko bw'umuyoboro w'amaraso wafashwe.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo gucika imitsi yo mu bwonko (stroke), [[Indwara y'umutima|indwara z'umutima]], gucika kw'imitsi ifungana (aortic dissection), impyiko zinanirwa gukora neza, no gukorora amaraso.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Hari ubwoko burenga 30 bwa vasculitis, bushobora kuba buterwa n'imitsi, imitsi, cyangwa imiyoboro y'amaraso.<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref name="Mer2021Pro">{{Cite web|title=Overview of Vasculitis - Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/vasculitis/overview-of-vasculitis|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403172946/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal_and_connective_tissue_disorders/vasculitis/overview_of_vasculitis.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ubwoko bw'imitsi minini burimo arteritis nini (GCA), indwara ya Takayasu, n'indwara ya Behcet ; ubwoko bw'imitsi iciriritse burimo indwara ya Kawasaki na polyarteritis nodosa (PAN); naho ubwoko bw'imitsi mito burimo polyangiitis nto na granulomatosis hamwe na polyangiitis (GPA).<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref name="Mer2021Pro" /> Ariko, hashobora kubaho isano hagati y’aya matsinda.<ref name="Mer2021Pro" /> Impamvu akenshi ntizwi, nubwo hari abashobora guterwa n'ubwandu, imiti cyangwa indi ndwara.<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref name="Mer2021Pro" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago biterwa n'ikibazo kirimo.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Uburyo bw'ibanze akenshi ni indwara y'ubwiyongere bw'umubiri aho neutrophils yinjira mu gice cy'imbere cy'imitsi.<ref name="NZ2021" /><ref name="NIH2021" /> Isuzuma rishobora gukeka ko rishingiye ku bipimo by'amaraso, nka ESR cyangwa CRP, amashusho y'abaganga, na biopsy.<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref name="Mer2021Pro" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'ubwoko bw'indwara, nubwo akenshi ikoreshwa ari yo steroides mbere.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Abantu bagera kuri 3 ku bantu 100.000 bashya barwara indwara ya vasculitis buri mwaka mu Burayi no muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ku bantu barengeje imyaka 50, GCA ihitana abantu bagera kuri 24 kuri 100.000 buri mwaka.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ubwoko butandukanye bw'indwara bukunze kugaragara mu matsinda y'imyaka runaka.<ref name="NIH2021" /> Muri rusange abagabo n'abagore barwara indwara imwe.<ref name="NORD2021">{{Cite web|title=Vasculitis|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/vasculitis/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206154109/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/vasculitis/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nubwo iyi ndwara yavuzwe kuva nibura mu kinyejana cya 11, ibisobanuro bya mbere birambuye byitirirwa Kussmaul na Maier mu 1866.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hendaoui|first=Lotfi|last2=Stanson|first2=Anthony W.|last3=Bouhaouala|first3=M. Habib|last4=Joffre|first4=Francis|title=Systemic Vasculitis: Imaging Features|date=2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-02484-9|page=8|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=xmxcvhyDliUC&pg=PA8|language=en|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710145128/https://books.google.ca/books?id=xmxcvhyDliUC&pg=PA8|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] akbkxlwbwo3neade937dpzsyxesojpt 141326 141325 2026-10-11T09:32:31Z Stevenndori289 10902 Utunyangingo tw'amaraso 141326 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Vasculitis on legs 3.jpg|thumb|Utunyangingo tw'amaraso]] '''Vasculitis''' ni itsinda ry'indwara ziterwa no kubyimba imiyoboro y'amaraso.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Jatwani|first=S|last2=Goyal|first2=A|title=Vasculitis|date=January 2020|pmid=31424770|journal=StatPearls}}</ref><ref name="NZ2021">{{Cite web|url=http://dermnetnz.org/pathology/pathology-glossary.html|title=Glossary of dermatopathological terms. DermNet NZ|access-date=2009-01-08|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220232449/http://dermnetnz.org/pathology/pathology-glossary.html|archive-date=2008-12-20}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo umuriro, kugabanya ibiro, umunaniro, kuva amaraso no koroha kw'imitsi y'amaraso.<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref name="NIH2021">{{Cite web|title=Vasculitis|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/vasculitis|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|publisher=NHLBI, NIH|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211082510/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/vasculitis|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora gutandukana bitewe n'aho umuyoboro w'amaraso wafashwe n'ubwoko bw'umuyoboro w'amaraso wafashwe.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo gucika imitsi yo mu bwonko (stroke), [[Indwara y'umutima|indwara z'umutima]], gucika kw'imitsi ifungana (aortic dissection), impyiko zinanirwa gukora neza, no gukorora amaraso.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Hari ubwoko burenga 30 bwa vasculitis, bushobora kuba buterwa n'imitsi, imitsi, cyangwa imiyoboro y'amaraso.<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref name="Mer2021Pro">{{Cite web|title=Overview of Vasculitis - Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/vasculitis/overview-of-vasculitis|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403172946/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal_and_connective_tissue_disorders/vasculitis/overview_of_vasculitis.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ubwoko bw'imitsi minini burimo arteritis nini (GCA), indwara ya Takayasu, n'indwara ya Behcet ; ubwoko bw'imitsi iciriritse burimo indwara ya Kawasaki na polyarteritis nodosa (PAN); naho ubwoko bw'imitsi mito burimo polyangiitis nto na granulomatosis hamwe na polyangiitis (GPA).<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref name="Mer2021Pro" /> Ariko, hashobora kubaho isano hagati y’aya matsinda.<ref name="Mer2021Pro" /> Impamvu akenshi ntizwi, nubwo hari abashobora guterwa n'ubwandu, imiti cyangwa indi ndwara.<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref name="Mer2021Pro" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago biterwa n'ikibazo kirimo.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Uburyo bw'ibanze akenshi ni indwara y'ubwiyongere bw'umubiri aho neutrophils yinjira mu gice cy'imbere cy'imitsi.<ref name="NZ2021" /><ref name="NIH2021" /> Isuzuma rishobora gukeka ko rishingiye ku bipimo by'amaraso, nka ESR cyangwa CRP, amashusho y'abaganga, na biopsy.<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref name="Mer2021Pro" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'ubwoko bw'indwara, nubwo akenshi ikoreshwa ari yo steroides mbere.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Abantu bagera kuri 3 ku bantu 100.000 bashya barwara indwara ya vasculitis buri mwaka mu Burayi no muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ku bantu barengeje imyaka 50, GCA ihitana abantu bagera kuri 24 kuri 100.000 buri mwaka.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ubwoko butandukanye bw'indwara bukunze kugaragara mu matsinda y'imyaka runaka.<ref name="NIH2021" /> Muri rusange abagabo n'abagore barwara indwara imwe.<ref name="NORD2021">{{Cite web|title=Vasculitis|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/vasculitis/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206154109/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/vasculitis/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nubwo iyi ndwara yavuzwe kuva nibura mu kinyejana cya 11, ibisobanuro bya mbere birambuye byitirirwa Kussmaul na Maier mu 1866.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hendaoui|first=Lotfi|last2=Stanson|first2=Anthony W.|last3=Bouhaouala|first3=M. Habib|last4=Joffre|first4=Francis|title=Systemic Vasculitis: Imaging Features|date=2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-02484-9|page=8|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=xmxcvhyDliUC&pg=PA8|language=en|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710145128/https://books.google.ca/books?id=xmxcvhyDliUC&pg=PA8|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 43ht5mljtwbdfrwe3cis7nvl5nz0h5e 0 23408 141329 2026-10-11T10:22:00Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1474370|Hypoglycemia]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Hypoglycemia|synonym=Hypoglycaemia, hypoglycæmia, low blood glucose|image=Glucose test.JPG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Glucose meter]]|pronounce=|field=[[Endocrinology]]|symptoms=Clumsiness, difficulty talking, confusion, [[loss of consciousness]], [[seizures]]<ref name=NIH2008/>|complications=|onset=Rapid<ref name=NIH2008/>|duration=|types=|causes=[[Diabetes medication|Medications]] ([[insulin]] and [[sulfonylurea]]s), [[sepsis]], [[kidney failure]], certain [[tumors]], [[liver disease]]<ref name=NIH2008/><ref name=ReferenceA/><ref name=Sch2007/>|risks=|diagnosis=Blood sugar level < 3.9&nbsp;[[Reference ranges for blood tests|mmol/L]] (70&nbsp;mg/dL) in a diabetic<ref name=NIH2008/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Eating foods high in simple sugars, [[dextrose]], [[Glucagon_(medication)|glucagon]]<ref name=NIH2008/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=|deaths=|named after=|calculator={{Blood sugar conversion}}}} '''isukari nke mu maraso''', ni ukugabanuka kw'isukari mu maraso kugera ku rugero ruri munsi y'urusanzwe.<ref name="NIH2008">{{Cite web|title=Hypoglycemia|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/hypoglycemia/Pages/index.aspx|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=28 June 2015|date=October 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701034430/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/hypoglycemia/Pages/index.aspx|archive-date=1 July 2015}}</ref> Ibi bishobora gutera ibimenyetso bitandukanye birimo kunanirwa kuvuga neza, kutavuga nabi, urujijo, guta ubwenge, gucika intege cyangwa urupfu.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Ukumva ufite inzara, ibyuya, kuzuyaza no gucika intege bishobora no kugaragara.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Ibimenyetso akenshi biza vuba.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Impamvu ikunze kugaragara ni imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura diyabete nka insuline na sulfonylureas.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yanai H, Adachi H, Katsuyama H, Moriyama S, Hamasaki H, Sako A|title=Causative anti-diabetic drugs and the underlying clinical factors for hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes|journal=World Journal of Diabetes|volume=6|issue=1|pages=30–6|date=February 2015|pmid=25685276|pmc=4317315|doi=10.4239/wjd.v6.i1.30}}</ref><ref name="Sch2007">{{Cite book|last=Schrier|first=Robert W.|title=The internal medicine casebook real patients, real answers|date=2007|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6529-9|page=119|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbuKcQwh2b0C&pg=PA119|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=1 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701020033/https://books.google.ca/books?id=zbuKcQwh2b0C&pg=PA119|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingaruka ziba nyinshi ku barwayi ba diyabete bariye bike kuruta uko bisanzwe, bagakora imyitozo ngororamubiri cyane kurusha uko bisanzwe cyangwa banyoye inzoga.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Izindi mpamvu zirimo kunanirwa kw'impyiko, ibibyimba bimwe na bimwe (nka insulinoma ), indwara z'umwijima, [[umukoresha:Doc James/Hypothyroidism|hypothyroidism]], inzara, amakosa y'imikorere y'umubiri, [[umukoresha:Doc James/Sepsis|indwara zikomeye]], hypoglycemia iterwa no kwiheba hamwe n'ibiyobyabwenge byinshi birimo n'inzoga.<ref name="NIH2008" /><ref name="Sch2007" /> Isukari nke mu maraso ishobora kugaragara ku bana bari bazima kandi bamaze amasaha make batarya.<ref name="Perk2008">{{Cite book|last=Perkin|first=Ronald M.|title=Pediatric hospital medicine : textbook of inpatient management|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-7032-3|page=105|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV6-ifUGoMYC&pg=PA105|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=1 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701020159/https://books.google.ca/books?id=sV6-ifUGoMYC&pg=PA105|url-status=live}}</ref> Igipimo cya glucose gisobanura hypoglycemia kirahinduka.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Ku bantu barwaye diyabete, urugero ruri munsi ya 3.9&nbsp;mmol/L (70&nbsp;mg/dL) ni indwara zisuzuma indwara.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Ku bantu bakuru badafite diyabete, ibimenyetso by'isukari nke mu maraso, isukari nke mu maraso, no koroherwa iyo isukari yo mu maraso igarutse ku buryo busanzwe ni byo byemeza ko barwaye.<ref name="Cry2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cryer PE, Axelrod L, Grossman AB, Heller SR, Montori VM, Seaquist ER, Service FJ|title=Evaluation and management of adult hypoglycemic disorders: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline|journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.|volume=94|issue=3|pages=709–28|date=March 2009|pmid=19088155|doi=10.1210/jc.2008-1410|url=|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bitabaye ibyo, urwego ruri munsi ya 2.8 kugeza kuri 3.0&nbsp;mmol/L (50 kugeza 55&nbsp;mg/dL) nyuma yo kutarya cyangwa nyuma yo gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri ishobora gukoreshwa.<ref name="NIH2008" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Fahad W.|last2=Majeed|first2=Muhammad S.|last3=Kirresh|first3=Omar|title=StatPearls|date=2023|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573079/|access-date=12 November 2023|chapter=Non-Diabetic Hypoglycemia|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307142128/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573079/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu bana bavutse, urwego ruri munsi ya 2.2&nbsp;mmol/L (40&nbsp;mg/dL), cyangwa munsi ya 3.3&nbsp;mmol/L (60&nbsp;mg/dL) iyo ibimenyetso bigaragaye, bigaragaza ko umuntu afite hypoglycemia.<ref name="Perk2008" /> Ibindi bizamini bishobora kuba ingirakamaro mu kumenya impamvu birimo urugero rwa insuline na peptide ya C mu maraso.<ref name="Sch2007" /> Ku bantu barwaye diyabete, kwirinda ni uguhuza ibiryo biribwa n'ingano y'imyitozo ngororamubiri n'imiti ikoreshwa.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Iyo abantu bumva ko isukari yabo iri hasi mu maraso, ni byiza gupima hakoreshejwe icyuma gipima isukari.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Hari abantu bamwe bagaragaza ibimenyetso bike by’isukari nke mu maraso, kandi gupimwa buri gihe muri iri tsinda ni byiza.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura ni ukurya ibiryo birimo isukari nyinshi cyangwa gufata dextrose.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Iyo umuntu adashobora gufata ibiryo mu kanwa, glukagoni iterwa cyangwa mu mazuru ishobora gufasha.<ref name="NIH2008" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=FDA approves first treatment for severe hypoglycemia that can be administered without an injection|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-severe-hypoglycemia-can-be-administered-without-injection|website=FDA|access-date=11 November 2019|language=en|date=11 September 2019|archive-date=17 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517061659/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-severe-hypoglycemia-can-be-administered-without-injection|url-status=live}}</ref> Uburyo bwo kuvura budafite aho buhuriye na diyabete burimo no kuvura ikibazo cy’ingenzi ndetse n’indyo nziza.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Ijambo "hypoglycemia" rimwe na rimwe rikoreshwa nabi mu kuvuga idiopathic postprandial syndrome, indwara ivugwaho rumwe ifite ibimenyetso bisa n'ibyo bibaho nyuma yo kurya ariko isukari isanzwe mu maraso.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Talreja|first=Roshan S.|title=The internal medicine peripheral brain|date=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=978-0-7817-2806-5|page=176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oj-d2AgfW48C&pg=PA176|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803073550/https://books.google.com/books?id=oj-d2AgfW48C&pg=PA176|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4557-0985-4|page=1834|edition=32nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mNACisYwbZoC&pg=PA1834|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803093135/https://books.google.com/books?id=mNACisYwbZoC&pg=PA1834|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] lnsg5k1fgr6terev34run6h31jvlcvp 141330 141329 2026-10-11T10:24:03Z Stevenndori289 10902 Isukari nke mu maraso 141330 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Glucose test.JPG|thumb|Isukari nke mu maraso]] '''Isukari nke mu maraso''', ni ukugabanuka kw'isukari mu maraso kugera ku rugero ruri munsi y'urusanzwe.<ref name="NIH2008">{{Cite web|title=Hypoglycemia|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/hypoglycemia/Pages/index.aspx|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=28 June 2015|date=October 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701034430/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/hypoglycemia/Pages/index.aspx|archive-date=1 July 2015}}</ref> Ibi bishobora gutera ibimenyetso bitandukanye birimo kunanirwa kuvuga neza, kutavuga nabi, urujijo, guta ubwenge, gucika intege cyangwa urupfu.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Ukumva ufite inzara, ibyuya, kuzuyaza no gucika intege bishobora no kugaragara.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Ibimenyetso akenshi biza vuba.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Impamvu ikunze kugaragara ni imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura diyabete nka insuline na sulfonylureas.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yanai H, Adachi H, Katsuyama H, Moriyama S, Hamasaki H, Sako A|title=Causative anti-diabetic drugs and the underlying clinical factors for hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes|journal=World Journal of Diabetes|volume=6|issue=1|pages=30–6|date=February 2015|pmid=25685276|pmc=4317315|doi=10.4239/wjd.v6.i1.30}}</ref><ref name="Sch2007">{{Cite book|last=Schrier|first=Robert W.|title=The internal medicine casebook real patients, real answers|date=2007|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6529-9|page=119|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbuKcQwh2b0C&pg=PA119|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=1 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701020033/https://books.google.ca/books?id=zbuKcQwh2b0C&pg=PA119|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingaruka ziba nyinshi ku barwayi ba diyabete bariye bike kuruta uko bisanzwe, bagakora imyitozo ngororamubiri cyane kurusha uko bisanzwe cyangwa banyoye inzoga.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Izindi mpamvu zirimo kunanirwa kw'impyiko, ibibyimba bimwe na bimwe (nka insulinoma ), indwara z'umwijima, [[umukoresha:Doc James/Hypothyroidism|hypothyroidism]], inzara, amakosa y'imikorere y'umubiri, [[umukoresha:Doc James/Sepsis|indwara zikomeye]], hypoglycemia iterwa no kwiheba hamwe n'ibiyobyabwenge byinshi birimo n'inzoga.<ref name="NIH2008" /><ref name="Sch2007" /> Isukari nke mu maraso ishobora kugaragara ku bana bari bazima kandi bamaze amasaha make batarya.<ref name="Perk2008">{{Cite book|last=Perkin|first=Ronald M.|title=Pediatric hospital medicine : textbook of inpatient management|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-7032-3|page=105|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV6-ifUGoMYC&pg=PA105|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=1 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701020159/https://books.google.ca/books?id=sV6-ifUGoMYC&pg=PA105|url-status=live}}</ref> Igipimo cya glucose gisobanura hypoglycemia kirahinduka.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Ku bantu barwaye diyabete, urugero ruri munsi ya 3.9&nbsp;mmol/L (70&nbsp;mg/dL) ni indwara zisuzuma indwara.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Ku bantu bakuru badafite diyabete, ibimenyetso by'isukari nke mu maraso, isukari nke mu maraso, no koroherwa iyo isukari yo mu maraso igarutse ku buryo busanzwe ni byo byemeza ko barwaye.<ref name="Cry2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cryer PE, Axelrod L, Grossman AB, Heller SR, Montori VM, Seaquist ER, Service FJ|title=Evaluation and management of adult hypoglycemic disorders: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline|journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.|volume=94|issue=3|pages=709–28|date=March 2009|pmid=19088155|doi=10.1210/jc.2008-1410|url=|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bitabaye ibyo, urwego ruri munsi ya 2.8 kugeza kuri 3.0&nbsp;mmol/L (50 kugeza 55&nbsp;mg/dL) nyuma yo kutarya cyangwa nyuma yo gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri ishobora gukoreshwa.<ref name="NIH2008" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Fahad W.|last2=Majeed|first2=Muhammad S.|last3=Kirresh|first3=Omar|title=StatPearls|date=2023|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573079/|access-date=12 November 2023|chapter=Non-Diabetic Hypoglycemia|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307142128/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573079/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu bana bavutse, urwego ruri munsi ya 2.2&nbsp;mmol/L (40&nbsp;mg/dL), cyangwa munsi ya 3.3&nbsp;mmol/L (60&nbsp;mg/dL) iyo ibimenyetso bigaragaye, bigaragaza ko umuntu afite hypoglycemia.<ref name="Perk2008" /> Ibindi bizamini bishobora kuba ingirakamaro mu kumenya impamvu birimo urugero rwa insuline na peptide ya C mu maraso.<ref name="Sch2007" /> Ku bantu barwaye diyabete, kwirinda ni uguhuza ibiryo biribwa n'ingano y'imyitozo ngororamubiri n'imiti ikoreshwa.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Iyo abantu bumva ko isukari yabo iri hasi mu maraso, ni byiza gupima hakoreshejwe icyuma gipima isukari.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Hari abantu bamwe bagaragaza ibimenyetso bike by’isukari nke mu maraso, kandi gupimwa buri gihe muri iri tsinda ni byiza.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura ni ukurya ibiryo birimo isukari nyinshi cyangwa gufata dextrose.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Iyo umuntu adashobora gufata ibiryo mu kanwa, glukagoni iterwa cyangwa mu mazuru ishobora gufasha.<ref name="NIH2008" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=FDA approves first treatment for severe hypoglycemia that can be administered without an injection|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-severe-hypoglycemia-can-be-administered-without-injection|website=FDA|access-date=11 November 2019|language=en|date=11 September 2019|archive-date=17 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517061659/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-severe-hypoglycemia-can-be-administered-without-injection|url-status=live}}</ref> Uburyo bwo kuvura budafite aho buhuriye na diyabete burimo no kuvura ikibazo cy’ingenzi ndetse n’indyo nziza.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Ijambo "hypoglycemia" rimwe na rimwe rikoreshwa nabi mu kuvuga idiopathic postprandial syndrome, indwara ivugwaho rumwe ifite ibimenyetso bisa n'ibyo bibaho nyuma yo kurya ariko isukari isanzwe mu maraso.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Talreja|first=Roshan S.|title=The internal medicine peripheral brain|date=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=978-0-7817-2806-5|page=176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oj-d2AgfW48C&pg=PA176|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803073550/https://books.google.com/books?id=oj-d2AgfW48C&pg=PA176|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4557-0985-4|page=1834|edition=32nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mNACisYwbZoC&pg=PA1834|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803093135/https://books.google.com/books?id=mNACisYwbZoC&pg=PA1834|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] pluwvhebiwzl0a9fztzrc8l4x9l5gpx 0 23409 141331 2026-10-11T10:27:53Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501245|Cleidocranial_dysostosis]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Cleidocranial dysostosis|synonym=Cleidocranial dysplasia,<ref name=NIH2008/> Marie-Sainton syndrome,<ref name=NIH2008/> mutational dysostosis|image=Cleidocranial dysplasia face and shoulders.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Facial and forehead changes along with increased mobility of the shoulder girdles|pronounce=|field=[[Medical genetics]]|symptoms=Missing [[collarbone]], prominent forehead, flat nose, shorter<ref name=NIH2008/>|complications=|onset=Present at birth<ref name=Yo2002/>|duration=|types=|causes=Genetic ([[RUNX2]] gene)<ref name=NIH2008/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and [[X-ray|X-rays]], confirmed by [[genetic testing]]<ref name=GARD2016/>|differential=[[Mandibuloacral dysplasia]], [[pyknodysostosis]], [[osteogenesis imperfecta]], [[Hajdu–Cheney syndrome|Hajdu-Cheney syndrome]]<ref name=NORD2004/>|prevention=|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]<ref name=NORD2004/>|medication=|prognosis=Normal life expectancy<ref name=Yo2002/>|frequency=One per million people<ref name=NIH2008/>|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Indwara yo mu mutwe (Cleidocranial dysostosis''' ) ( '''CCD''' ), nanone yitwa '''cleidocranial dysplasia''', ni indwara ivuka ikunze kwibasira amagufwa n'amenyo.<ref name="NIH2008">{{Cite web|title=cleidocranial dysplasia|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cleidocranial-dysplasia|website=GHR|access-date=2 October 2016|date=January 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003110836/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cleidocranial-dysplasia|archive-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> Amagufwa yo mu ijosi akenshi aba adakuze neza cyangwa ntayo afite, ibyo bigatuma amatugu yegerana.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Igice cy'imbere cy'agahanga akenshi ntigifunga kugeza nyuma, kandi abagirwaye akenshi baba ari bagufi ugereranyije n'ikigereranyo.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo agahanga kagaragara, amaso manini, amenyo adasanzwe, n'izuru rirambuye.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Ibimenyetso biratandukanye mu bantu; icyakora, ubwenge ntabwo bukunze kugaragara.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Iyo ndwara umuntu ayikura ku babyeyi be cyangwa ikabaho nk'impinduka nshya.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Iragwa mu buryo busanzwe bwo kwihitiramo.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Biterwa n'inenge iri muri gene ya RUNX2 igira uruhare mu miterere y'amagufwa.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Isuzuma rikekwaho hashingiwe ku bimenyetso na X-rays byemejwe n'ibizamini bya genetiki.<ref name="GARD2016">{{Cite web|title=Cleidocranial dysplasia|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6118/cleidocranial-dysplasia|website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program|access-date=29 October 2017|language=en|date=2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128172018/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6118/cleidocranial-dysplasia|archive-date=28 January 2017}}</ref> Izindi ndwara zishobora gutera ibimenyetso nk'ibi zirimo indwara ya mandibuloacral dysplasia, pyknodysostosis, [[osteogenesis imperfecta]], na Hajdu-Cheney syndrome.<ref name="NORD2004">{{Cite web|title=Cleidocranial Dysplasia|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/cleidocranial-dysplasia/|website=NORD|access-date=2 October 2016|date=2004|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003110119/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/cleidocranial-dysplasia/|archive-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> Ubuvuzi burimo ingamba zo gushyigikira nko gukoresha igikoresho cyo kurinda umutwe n'ubuvuzi bw'amenyo.<ref name="NORD2004" /> Kubagwa bishobora gukorwa kugira ngo hakosorwe ubumuga bumwe na bumwe bw'amagufwa.<ref name="GARD2016" /> Icyizere cy'ubuzima muri rusange ni ibisanzwe.<ref name="Yo2002">{{Cite book|last=Young|first=Ian D.|title=Genetics for Orthopedic Surgeons: The Molecular Genetic Basis of Orthopedic Disorders|date=2002|publisher=Remedica|isbn=9781901346428|page=92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyVsI5b2zJoC&pg=PT52|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103235838/https://books.google.ca/books?id=QyVsI5b2zJoC&pg=PT52|archive-date=2016-11-03}}</ref> Igira ingaruka ku bantu bagera kuri miliyoni imwe.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Abagabo n'abagore bakunze kwibasirwa n'iyi ndwara.<ref name="NORD2004" /> Ibisobanuro bya none by’iyi ndwara byatangiye nibura mu 1896.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Epstein|first=Charles J.|last2=Erickson|first2=Robert P.|last3=Wynshaw-Boris|first3=Anthony Joseph|title=Inborn Errors of Development: The Molecular Basis of Clinical Disorders of Morphogenesis|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195145021|page=333|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGoj9RtTcVIC&pg=PA333|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003185126/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGoj9RtTcVIC&pg=PA333|archive-date=2016-10-03}}</ref> Iri jambo rikomoka kuri ''cleido'' risobanura igufwa ryo mu mutwe, ''igufwa ryo mu mutwe'' rikomoka ku kigereki κρανιὀς risobanura umutwe, naho ''dysostosis'' isobanura kurema igufwa ridasanzwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cleidocranial Dysostosis|url=https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/cleidocranial_dysostosis/|website=UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital|access-date=2 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029030134/https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/cleidocranial_dysostosis/|archive-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] dlfcg36rkfzn9ulndf61ula9p3s6tit 141332 141331 2026-10-11T10:36:44Z Stevenndori289 10902 Ubwivumbure bw'umutwe 141332 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Cleidocranial dysplasia face and shoulders.jpg|thumb|Ubwivumbure bw'umutwe]] '''Indwara yo mu mutwe (Cleidocranial dysostosis''' ) ( '''CCD''' ), nanone yitwa '''cleidocranial dysplasia''', ni indwara ivuka ikunze kwibasira amagufwa n'amenyo.<ref name="NIH2008">{{Cite web|title=cleidocranial dysplasia|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cleidocranial-dysplasia|website=GHR|access-date=2 October 2016|date=January 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003110836/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cleidocranial-dysplasia|archive-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> Amagufwa yo mu ijosi akenshi aba adakuze neza cyangwa ntayo afite, ibyo bigatuma amatugu yegerana.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Igice cy'imbere cy'agahanga akenshi ntigifunga kugeza nyuma, kandi abagirwaye akenshi baba ari bagufi ugereranyije n'ikigereranyo.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo agahanga kagaragara, amaso manini, amenyo adasanzwe, n'izuru rirambuye.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Ibimenyetso biratandukanye mu bantu; icyakora, ubwenge ntabwo bukunze kugaragara.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Iyo ndwara umuntu ayikura ku babyeyi be cyangwa ikabaho nk'impinduka nshya.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Iragwa mu buryo busanzwe bwo kwihitiramo.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Biterwa n'inenge iri muri gene ya RUNX2 igira uruhare mu miterere y'amagufwa.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Isuzuma rikekwaho hashingiwe ku bimenyetso na X-rays byemejwe n'ibizamini bya genetiki.<ref name="GARD2016">{{Cite web|title=Cleidocranial dysplasia|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6118/cleidocranial-dysplasia|website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program|access-date=29 October 2017|language=en|date=2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128172018/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6118/cleidocranial-dysplasia|archive-date=28 January 2017}}</ref> Izindi ndwara zishobora gutera ibimenyetso nk'ibi zirimo indwara ya mandibuloacral dysplasia, pyknodysostosis, [[osteogenesis imperfecta]], na Hajdu-Cheney syndrome.<ref name="NORD2004">{{Cite web|title=Cleidocranial Dysplasia|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/cleidocranial-dysplasia/|website=NORD|access-date=2 October 2016|date=2004|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003110119/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/cleidocranial-dysplasia/|archive-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> Ubuvuzi burimo ingamba zo gushyigikira nko gukoresha igikoresho cyo kurinda umutwe n'ubuvuzi bw'amenyo.<ref name="NORD2004" /> Kubagwa bishobora gukorwa kugira ngo hakosorwe ubumuga bumwe na bumwe bw'amagufwa.<ref name="GARD2016" /> Icyizere cy'ubuzima muri rusange ni ibisanzwe.<ref name="Yo2002">{{Cite book|last=Young|first=Ian D.|title=Genetics for Orthopedic Surgeons: The Molecular Genetic Basis of Orthopedic Disorders|date=2002|publisher=Remedica|isbn=9781901346428|page=92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyVsI5b2zJoC&pg=PT52|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103235838/https://books.google.ca/books?id=QyVsI5b2zJoC&pg=PT52|archive-date=2016-11-03}}</ref> Igira ingaruka ku bantu bagera kuri miliyoni imwe.<ref name="NIH2008" /> Abagabo n'abagore bakunze kwibasirwa n'iyi ndwara.<ref name="NORD2004" /> Ibisobanuro bya none by’iyi ndwara byatangiye nibura mu 1896.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Epstein|first=Charles J.|last2=Erickson|first2=Robert P.|last3=Wynshaw-Boris|first3=Anthony Joseph|title=Inborn Errors of Development: The Molecular Basis of Clinical Disorders of Morphogenesis|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195145021|page=333|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGoj9RtTcVIC&pg=PA333|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003185126/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGoj9RtTcVIC&pg=PA333|archive-date=2016-10-03}}</ref> Iri jambo rikomoka kuri ''cleido'' risobanura igufwa ryo mu mutwe, ''igufwa ryo mu mutwe'' rikomoka ku kigereki κρανιὀς risobanura umutwe, naho ''dysostosis'' isobanura kurema igufwa ridasanzwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cleidocranial Dysostosis|url=https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/cleidocranial_dysostosis/|website=UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital|access-date=2 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029030134/https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/cleidocranial_dysostosis/|archive-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] t8i19bylqkgaqva8t3b9pv8jy2mzsiq 0 23410 141333 2026-10-11T10:38:20Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457246|Sciatica]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Sciatica|synonym=Sciatic neuritis, sciatic neuralgia, lumbar radiculopathy, radicular leg pain|image=Sciatic nerve2.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Anterior view showing the sciatic nerve going down the right leg|pronounce={{IPAc-en|s|aɪ|ˈ|æ|t|ɪ|k|ə}} {{respell|sy|AT|ik|ə}}|field=[[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedics]], [[neurology]]|symptoms=[[Pain]] going down the leg from the [[lower back]], weakness or numbness of the affected leg<ref name=NIH2015/>|complications=Loss of bowel or bladder control<ref name=NIH2014b/>|onset=40s–50s<ref name=NIH2014b/><ref name=NEJM2015/>|duration=90% of the time less than 6 weeks<ref name=NIH2014b/>|types=|causes=[[Spinal disc herniation]], [[spondylolisthesis]], [[spinal stenosis]], [[piriformis syndrome]], [[pelvic tumor]]<ref name=NEJM2015/><ref name=Valat2010/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Straight-leg-raising test]]<ref name=NEJM2015/>|differential=[[Shingles|Shingles]], diseases of the hip<ref name=NEJM2015/>|prevention=|treatment=[[analgesics|Pain medications]], [[surgery]]<ref name=NIH2014b/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=2–40% of people at some time<ref name=Valat2010/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Sciatica''' ni ububabare bumanuka mu kaguru buturutse mu mugongo wo hasi.<ref name="NIH2015">{{Cite web|title=Sciatica|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024494/|access-date=2 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307160812/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024494/|archive-date=7 March 2018}}</ref> Ubu bubabare bushobora kumanuka inyuma, inyuma, cyangwa imbere y'ukuguru.<ref name="NEJM2015">{{Cite journal|last=Ropper|first=AH|last2=Zafonte|first2=RD|title=Sciatica.|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=26 March 2015|volume=372|issue=13|pages=1240–8|pmid=25806916|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1410151}}</ref> Gutangira gukurura akenshi bitunguranye nyuma y’ibikorwa nko guterura ibintu biremereye, nubwo bishobora no gutangira buhoro buhoro.<ref name="FowlerScadding2003">{{Cite book|last=T.J. Fowler|last2=J.W. Scadding|title=Clinical Neurology, 3Ed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k56tZUQ8RfkC&pg=PA59|date=28 November 2003|publisher=CRC|isbn=978-0-340-80798-9|page=59|access-date=5 November 2017|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328205908/https://books.google.com/books?id=k56tZUQ8RfkC&pg=PA59|url-status=live}}</ref> Ububabare bukunze kuvugwa nk'ubusasu.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Ubusanzwe, ibimenyetso biba ku ruhande rumwe rw'umubiri gusa.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Impamvu zimwe na zimwe zishobora gutera ububabare ku mpande zombi.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> [[Kubabara umugongo wo hasi]] rimwe na rimwe irahari.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Intege nke cyangwa ibinya bishobora kubaho mu bice bitandukanye by'ukuguru n'ikirenge byafashwe.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Hafi 90% bya sciatica biterwa no gukomeretsa uruti rw'umugongo ku mizi y'imitsi yo mu ruhu cyangwa mu gice cyo hasi cy'umugongo.<ref name="Valat2010">{{Cite journal|last=Valat|first=JP|last2=Genevay, S|last3=Marty, M|last4=Rozenberg, S|last5=Koes, B|title=Sciatica.|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology|date=April 2010|volume=24|issue=2|pages=241–52|pmid=20227645|doi=10.1016/j.berh.2009.11.005}}</ref> Spondylolisthesis, stenosis y'umugongo, indwara ya piriformis, ibibyimba byo mu kibuno, no [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]] ni izindi mpamvu zishobora gutera sciatica.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Ikizamini cyo kuzamura amaguru agororotse gikunze gufasha mu gusuzuma indwara.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Ikizamini kiba cyaragaragaje ko ari ukuri iyo, iyo ukuguru kuzamuwe mu gihe umuntu aryamye agaramye, ububabare butangira munsi y'ivi.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Kenshi na kenshi amashusho y’ubuvuzi ntabwo akenewe.<ref name="NIH2014b">{{Cite web|last=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care|title=Slipped disk: Overview|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072656/|access-date=2 July 2015|date=October 9, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908183135/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072656/|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Ariko, amashusho ashobora kuboneka iyo imikorere y'amara cyangwa uruhago igize ikibazo, habayeho gutakaza ibyiyumvo cyangwa intege nke cyane, ibimenyetso bikaba bimaze igihe kirekire, cyangwa hari impungenge z'ikibyimba cyangwa ubwandu.<ref name="NIH2014b" /> Ibintu bishobora kugaragara nk'ibyo ni indwara zo mu kibuno n'indwara nka shingles hakiri kare (mbere yo kumera ibisebe).<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bwa mbere bukoresha imiti igabanya ububabare.<ref name="NIH2014b" /> Ariko, ibimenyetso by'imiti igabanya ububabare n'imitsi igabanya ububabare birabura.<ref name="Koes 1313–1317">{{Cite journal|last=Koes|first=B W|last2=van Tulder|first2=M W|last3=Peul|first3=W C|date=2007-06-23|title=Diagnosis and treatment of sciatica|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|volume=334|issue=7607|pages=1313–1317|doi=10.1136/bmj.39223.428495.BE|issn=0959-8138|pmc=1895638|pmid=17585160}}</ref> Muri rusange abantu basabwa gukomeza gukora ibikorwa bisanzwe uko bashoboye kose.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Akenshi igikenewe kugira ngo sciatica ikemuke ni igihe gusa; ku bantu bagera kuri 90% ibimenyetso birashira mu byumweru bitarenze bitandatu.<ref name="NIH2014b" /> Niba ububabare bukomeye kandi bugashira ibyumweru birenga bitandatu, kubagwa bishobora kuba amahitamo.<ref name="NIH2014b" /> Nubwo kubagwa akenshi byihutisha koroshya ububabare, ibyiza byabyo by'igihe kirekire ntibirasobanuka neza.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Kubagwa bishobora kuba ngombwa iyo habayeho ingorane, nko kubura imikorere isanzwe y'amara cyangwa uruhago.<ref name="NIH2014b" /> Uburyo bwinshi bwo kuvura, harimo imiti ya corticosteroids, [[gabapentin]], pregabalin, acupuncture, ubushyuhe cyangwa urubura, hamwe no gukoresha umugongo, bufite ibimenyetso bike cyangwa bike ku ikoreshwa ryabyo.<ref name="NEJM2015" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Markova|first=Tsvetio|title=Treatment of Acute Sciatica|journal=Am Fam Physician|date=2007|volume=75|issue=1|pages=99–100|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0101/p99.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202170917/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0101/p99.html|archive-date=2016-02-02|pmid=17225710}}</ref><ref name="pmid29970367">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Enke O, New HA, New CH, Mathieson S, McLachlan AJ, Latimer J, Maher CG, Lin CC|title=Anticonvulsants in the treatment of low back pain and lumbar radicular pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=CMAJ|volume=190|issue=26|pages=E786–E793|date=July 2018|pmid=29970367|pmc=6028270|doi=10.1503/cmaj.171333}}</ref> Bitewe n'uko byasobanuwe, munsi ya 1% kugeza kuri 40% by'abantu bagira sciatica mu gihe runaka.<ref name="Valat2010" /><ref name="Cook2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cook CE, Taylor J, Wright A, Milosavljevic S, Goode A, Whitford M|title=Risk factors for first time incidence sciatica: a systematic review|journal=Physiother Res Int|volume=19|issue=2|pages=65–78|date=June 2014|pmid=24327326|doi=10.1002/pri.1572}}</ref> Sciatica ikunze kugaragara cyane hagati y'imyaka 40 na 59, kandi abagabo ni bo bayibasirwa cyane kurusha abagore.<ref name="NIH2014b" /><ref name="NEJM2015" /> Iyi ndwara izwi kuva kera.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Ikoreshwa rya mbere rizwi ry'ijambo ''sciatica'' ryatangiye mu 1451.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Simpson|first=John|title=Oxford English dictionary|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0199563838|edition=2nd}}</ref> == Iribariro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 9u1co4i15dxxv52c6qgvdhyk279xcyh 141334 141333 2026-10-11T10:39:46Z Stevenndori289 10902 Sciatica 141334 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Sciatica.jpg|thumb|Sciatica]] '''Sciatica''' ni ububabare bumanuka mu kaguru buturutse mu mugongo wo hasi.<ref name="NIH2015">{{Cite web|title=Sciatica|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024494/|access-date=2 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307160812/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024494/|archive-date=7 March 2018}}</ref> Ubu bubabare bushobora kumanuka inyuma, inyuma, cyangwa imbere y'ukuguru.<ref name="NEJM2015">{{Cite journal|last=Ropper|first=AH|last2=Zafonte|first2=RD|title=Sciatica.|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=26 March 2015|volume=372|issue=13|pages=1240–8|pmid=25806916|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1410151}}</ref> Gutangira gukurura akenshi bitunguranye nyuma y’ibikorwa nko guterura ibintu biremereye, nubwo bishobora no gutangira buhoro buhoro.<ref name="FowlerScadding2003">{{Cite book|last=T.J. Fowler|last2=J.W. Scadding|title=Clinical Neurology, 3Ed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k56tZUQ8RfkC&pg=PA59|date=28 November 2003|publisher=CRC|isbn=978-0-340-80798-9|page=59|access-date=5 November 2017|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328205908/https://books.google.com/books?id=k56tZUQ8RfkC&pg=PA59|url-status=live}}</ref> Ububabare bukunze kuvugwa nk'ubusasu.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Ubusanzwe, ibimenyetso biba ku ruhande rumwe rw'umubiri gusa.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Impamvu zimwe na zimwe zishobora gutera ububabare ku mpande zombi.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> [[Kubabara umugongo wo hasi]] rimwe na rimwe irahari.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Intege nke cyangwa ibinya bishobora kubaho mu bice bitandukanye by'ukuguru n'ikirenge byafashwe.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Hafi 90% bya sciatica biterwa no gukomeretsa uruti rw'umugongo ku mizi y'imitsi yo mu ruhu cyangwa mu gice cyo hasi cy'umugongo.<ref name="Valat2010">{{Cite journal|last=Valat|first=JP|last2=Genevay, S|last3=Marty, M|last4=Rozenberg, S|last5=Koes, B|title=Sciatica.|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology|date=April 2010|volume=24|issue=2|pages=241–52|pmid=20227645|doi=10.1016/j.berh.2009.11.005}}</ref> Spondylolisthesis, stenosis y'umugongo, indwara ya piriformis, ibibyimba byo mu kibuno, no [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]] ni izindi mpamvu zishobora gutera sciatica.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Ikizamini cyo kuzamura amaguru agororotse gikunze gufasha mu gusuzuma indwara.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Ikizamini kiba cyaragaragaje ko ari ukuri iyo, iyo ukuguru kuzamuwe mu gihe umuntu aryamye agaramye, ububabare butangira munsi y'ivi.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Kenshi na kenshi amashusho y’ubuvuzi ntabwo akenewe.<ref name="NIH2014b">{{Cite web|last=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care|title=Slipped disk: Overview|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072656/|access-date=2 July 2015|date=October 9, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908183135/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072656/|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Ariko, amashusho ashobora kuboneka iyo imikorere y'amara cyangwa uruhago igize ikibazo, habayeho gutakaza ibyiyumvo cyangwa intege nke cyane, ibimenyetso bikaba bimaze igihe kirekire, cyangwa hari impungenge z'ikibyimba cyangwa ubwandu.<ref name="NIH2014b" /> Ibintu bishobora kugaragara nk'ibyo ni indwara zo mu kibuno n'indwara nka shingles hakiri kare (mbere yo kumera ibisebe).<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bwa mbere bukoresha imiti igabanya ububabare.<ref name="NIH2014b" /> Ariko, ibimenyetso by'imiti igabanya ububabare n'imitsi igabanya ububabare birabura.<ref name="Koes 1313–1317">{{Cite journal|last=Koes|first=B W|last2=van Tulder|first2=M W|last3=Peul|first3=W C|date=2007-06-23|title=Diagnosis and treatment of sciatica|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|volume=334|issue=7607|pages=1313–1317|doi=10.1136/bmj.39223.428495.BE|issn=0959-8138|pmc=1895638|pmid=17585160}}</ref> Muri rusange abantu basabwa gukomeza gukora ibikorwa bisanzwe uko bashoboye kose.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Akenshi igikenewe kugira ngo sciatica ikemuke ni igihe gusa; ku bantu bagera kuri 90% ibimenyetso birashira mu byumweru bitarenze bitandatu.<ref name="NIH2014b" /> Niba ububabare bukomeye kandi bugashira ibyumweru birenga bitandatu, kubagwa bishobora kuba amahitamo.<ref name="NIH2014b" /> Nubwo kubagwa akenshi byihutisha koroshya ububabare, ibyiza byabyo by'igihe kirekire ntibirasobanuka neza.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Kubagwa bishobora kuba ngombwa iyo habayeho ingorane, nko kubura imikorere isanzwe y'amara cyangwa uruhago.<ref name="NIH2014b" /> Uburyo bwinshi bwo kuvura, harimo imiti ya corticosteroids, [[gabapentin]], pregabalin, acupuncture, ubushyuhe cyangwa urubura, hamwe no gukoresha umugongo, bufite ibimenyetso bike cyangwa bike ku ikoreshwa ryabyo.<ref name="NEJM2015" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Markova|first=Tsvetio|title=Treatment of Acute Sciatica|journal=Am Fam Physician|date=2007|volume=75|issue=1|pages=99–100|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0101/p99.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202170917/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0101/p99.html|archive-date=2016-02-02|pmid=17225710}}</ref><ref name="pmid29970367">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Enke O, New HA, New CH, Mathieson S, McLachlan AJ, Latimer J, Maher CG, Lin CC|title=Anticonvulsants in the treatment of low back pain and lumbar radicular pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=CMAJ|volume=190|issue=26|pages=E786–E793|date=July 2018|pmid=29970367|pmc=6028270|doi=10.1503/cmaj.171333}}</ref> Bitewe n'uko byasobanuwe, munsi ya 1% kugeza kuri 40% by'abantu bagira sciatica mu gihe runaka.<ref name="Valat2010" /><ref name="Cook2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cook CE, Taylor J, Wright A, Milosavljevic S, Goode A, Whitford M|title=Risk factors for first time incidence sciatica: a systematic review|journal=Physiother Res Int|volume=19|issue=2|pages=65–78|date=June 2014|pmid=24327326|doi=10.1002/pri.1572}}</ref> Sciatica ikunze kugaragara cyane hagati y'imyaka 40 na 59, kandi abagabo ni bo bayibasirwa cyane kurusha abagore.<ref name="NIH2014b" /><ref name="NEJM2015" /> Iyi ndwara izwi kuva kera.<ref name="NEJM2015" /> Ikoreshwa rya mbere rizwi ry'ijambo ''sciatica'' ryatangiye mu 1451.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Simpson|first=John|title=Oxford English dictionary|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0199563838|edition=2nd}}</ref> == Iribariro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 8w25g2um78i4dzzhkgptiapjm0wxqu9 0 23411 141335 2026-10-11T10:40:57Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500467|Arrhythmia]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Arrhythmia|synonym={{nowrap|Cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac dysrhythmia}}, irregular heartbeat, heart arrhythmia|image=Ventricular fibrillation.png|image_size=300|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Ventricular fibrillation]] (VF) showing disorganized electrical activity producing a spiked tracing on an [[electrocardiogram]] (ECG)|pronounce=|field=[[Cardiology]]|symptoms=[[Palpitations]], [[presyncope|lightheadedness]], [[Syncope|passing out]], [[shortness of breath]], [[chest pain]]<ref name=NIH2011Sym/>|complications=[[Stroke]], [[heart failure]]<ref name=NIH2011Def/><ref name=NIH2011Type/>|onset=Older age<ref name=NIH2011Risk/>|duration=|types=[[premature heart beat|Extra beats]], [[supraventricular tachycardia]]s, [[ventricular arrhythmia]]s, [[bradyarrhythmia]]s<ref name=NIH2011Type/>|causes=Problems with the [[electrical conduction system of the heart]]<ref name=NIH2011Def/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Electrocardiography|Electrocardiogram]], [[Holter monitor]]<ref name=NIH2011Diag/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Medications, medical procedures ([[pacemaker]]), surgery<ref name=NIH2011Tx/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=Millions<ref name=NIH2011Risk/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Arrhythmia''', izwi kandi nka '''arrhythmia y'umutima''' cyangwa '''arrhythmia y'umutima''', ni itsinda ry'indwara aho umutima utera mu buryo butari bwo, wihuta cyane, cyangwa ugenda buhoro cyane.<ref name="NIH2011Def">{{Cite web|title=What Is Arrhythmia?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr|publisher=[[National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute]]|access-date=7 March 2015|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302074103/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/|archive-date=2 March 2015}}</ref> Umuvuduko w'umutima wihuta cyane - hejuru ya beats 100 ku munota ku bantu bakuru - witwa tachycardia, naho umuvuduko w'umutima ugenda buhoro cyane - munsi ya beats 60 ku munota - witwa bradycardia.<ref name="NIH2011Def" /> Hari ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwa arrhythmias butagira ibimenyetso.<ref name="NIH2011Sym" /> Ibimenyetso iyo bigaragaye bishobora kuba birimo gukubita cyane cyangwa kumva umutima uhagaze hagati y’aho umutima utera.<ref name="NIH2011Sym" /> Mu bihe bikomeye cyane, hashobora kubaho kubabara umutwe, gucika intege, guhumeka nabi cyangwa kubabara mu gatuza.<ref name="NIH2011Sym">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of an Arrhythmia?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/signs|publisher=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=7 March 2015|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219081446/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/signs|archive-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> Nubwo ubwoko bwinshi bwa arrhythmia butari bukomeye, bumwe butera umuntu kugira ingorane nko gucika intege mu bwonko cyangwa [[kunanirwa k'umutima]].<ref name="NIH2011Def" /><ref name="NIH2011Type">{{Cite web|title=Types of Arrhythmia|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/types|publisher=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=7 March 2015|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607165144/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/types|archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref> Ibindi bishobora gutera urupfu rutunguranye.<ref name="NIH2011Type" /> Hari amatsinda ane y'ingenzi ya arrhythmia: extra beats, supraventricular tachycardias, ventricular arrhythmias na bradyarrhythmias.<ref name="NIH2011Type" /> Imivuduko y'inyongera irimo kubyimba kw'imbere y'umutima, kubyimba kw'imitsi itaragera ndetse no kubyimba kw'amagufwa itaragera.<ref name="NIH2011Type" /> Tachycardia yo mu gice cya kabiri cy'umutima irimo fibrillation y'umutima, flutter y'umutima na tachycardia yo mu gice cya gatatu cy'umutima.<ref name="NIH2011Type" /> Indwara zo mu mitsi zirimo kugabanuka kw'imitsi mu mitsi no kugabanuka k'imitsi mu mitsi.<ref name="NIH2011Type" /><ref name="Martin2012">{{Cite journal|last=Martin|first=C|last2=Matthews|first2=G|last3=Huang|first3=CL|title=Sudden cardiac death and Inherited channelopathy: the basic electrophysiology of the myocyte and myocardium in ion channel disease.|journal=Heart|date=2012|volume=98|issue=7|pages=536–543|pmid=22422742|doi=10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300953|pmc=3308472}}</ref> Kudakora neza kw'umutima (Arrhythmias) biterwa n'ibibazo by'imikorere y'amashanyarazi mu mutima.<ref name="NIH2011Def" /> Indwara zo kutagira umutima zishobora no kugaragara ku bana, ariko urwego rusanzwe rw'umuvuduko w'umutima ruratandukanye kandi ruterwa n'imyaka.<ref name="NIH2011Type" /> Ibizamini byinshi bishobora gufasha mu gusuzuma indwara harimo electrocardiogram (ECG) na Holter monitor.<ref name="NIH2011Diag">{{Cite web|title=How Are Arrhythmias Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/diagnosis|publisher=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=7 March 2015|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218075708/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/diagnosis|archive-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> Indwara nyinshi zo kutagira icyo zivuga zishobora kuvurwa neza.<ref name="NIH2011Def" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo imiti, uburyo bwo kwa muganga nko gushyiramo pacemaker ndetse no kubagwa.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /> Imiti ivura umuvuduko w'umutima ushobora kuba urimo imiti igabanya ubukana bw'umutima (beta blockers) cyangwa imiti igerageza kugarura umuvuduko w'umutima usanzwe nka procainamide.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /> Iri tsinda rya nyuma rishobora kugira ingaruka mbi zikomeye, cyane cyane iyo rifashwe igihe kirekire.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /> Utwuma dukoresha imbaraga zifasha umutima gutera buhoro.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /> Abafite umutima utari mwiza bakunze kuvurwa n'imiti igabanya amaraso kugira ngo bagabanye ibyago byo guhura n'ibibazo.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /> Abafite ibimenyetso bikomeye by’indwara yo kuruhuka kw’umutima (arrhythmia) bashobora kuvurwa byihutirwa bakoresheje amashanyarazi agenzurwa mu buryo bwo kuvura indwara z’umutima cyangwa indwara yo kuruhuka kw’umutima (defibrillation).<ref name="NIH2011Tx">{{Cite web|title=How Are Arrhythmias Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/treatment|publisher=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=7 March 2015|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217135319/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/treatment|archive-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> Indwara yo kutagira ubushake bwo kuruhuka (Arrhythmia) yibasira abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni.<ref name="NIH2011Risk">{{Cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for an Arrhythmia?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/atrisk|publisher=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=7 March 2015|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303190136/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/atrisk|archive-date=3 March 2015}}</ref> Mu Burayi no muri Amerika ya Ruguru, guhera mu 2014, indwara ya atrial fibrillation yibasira abantu bagera kuri 2% kugeza kuri 3% by'abaturage.<ref name="Zoni2014">{{Cite journal|last=Zoni-Berisso|first=M|last2=Lercari|first2=F|last3=Carazza|first3=T|last4=Domenicucci|first4=S|title=Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: European perspective.|journal=Clinical Epidemiology|date=2014|volume=6|pages=213–20|pmid=24966695|doi=10.2147/CLEP.S47385|pmc=4064952}}</ref> Gucika intege kw'imitsi no kugabanuka kw'imitsi byatumye abantu 112.000 bapfa mu 2013, ugereranyije n'abantu 29.000 mu 1990.<ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–171|pmc=4340604}}</ref> Impfu z’umutima zitunguranye ni zo zitera hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’impfu ziterwa n’indwara z’umutima n’iz’umutima ndetse n’impfu zigera kuri 15% ku isi yose.<ref name="Meh2007">{{Cite journal|last=Mehra|first=R|title=Global public health problem of sudden cardiac death.|journal=[[Journal of Electrocardiology]]|date=2007|volume=40|issue=6 Suppl|pages=S118–22|pmid=17993308|doi=10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2007.06.023}}</ref> Hafi 80% by'impfu zitunguranye z'umutima ziterwa no kugabanuka k'umutima mu mitsi.<ref name="Meh2007" /> Indwara yo kutagira ubushake bwo kuruhuka (Arrhythmias) ishobora kubaho mu myaka iyo ari yo yose ariko ikunze kugaragara cyane mu bantu bakuze.<ref name="NIH2011Risk" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] eiaojcjzaekv3fw9nrzk6xxvzerypvs 141336 141335 2026-10-11T10:42:09Z Stevenndori289 10902 Arrhythmia 141336 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Sinus Arrhythmia.svg|thumb|Arrhythmia]] '''Arrhythmia''', izwi kandi nka '''arrhythmia y'umutima''' cyangwa '''arrhythmia y'umutima''', ni itsinda ry'indwara aho umutima utera mu buryo butari bwo, wihuta cyane, cyangwa ugenda buhoro cyane.<ref name="NIH2011Def">{{Cite web|title=What Is Arrhythmia?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr|publisher=[[National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute]]|access-date=7 March 2015|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302074103/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/|archive-date=2 March 2015}}</ref> Umuvuduko w'umutima wihuta cyane - hejuru ya beats 100 ku munota ku bantu bakuru - witwa tachycardia, naho umuvuduko w'umutima ugenda buhoro cyane - munsi ya beats 60 ku munota - witwa bradycardia.<ref name="NIH2011Def" /> Hari ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwa arrhythmias butagira ibimenyetso.<ref name="NIH2011Sym" /> Ibimenyetso iyo bigaragaye bishobora kuba birimo gukubita cyane cyangwa kumva umutima uhagaze hagati y’aho umutima utera.<ref name="NIH2011Sym" /> Mu bihe bikomeye cyane, hashobora kubaho kubabara umutwe, gucika intege, guhumeka nabi cyangwa kubabara mu gatuza.<ref name="NIH2011Sym">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of an Arrhythmia?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/signs|publisher=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=7 March 2015|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219081446/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/signs|archive-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> Nubwo ubwoko bwinshi bwa arrhythmia butari bukomeye, bumwe butera umuntu kugira ingorane nko gucika intege mu bwonko cyangwa [[kunanirwa k'umutima]].<ref name="NIH2011Def" /><ref name="NIH2011Type">{{Cite web|title=Types of Arrhythmia|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/types|publisher=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=7 March 2015|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607165144/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/types|archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref> Ibindi bishobora gutera urupfu rutunguranye.<ref name="NIH2011Type" /> Hari amatsinda ane y'ingenzi ya arrhythmia: extra beats, supraventricular tachycardias, ventricular arrhythmias na bradyarrhythmias.<ref name="NIH2011Type" /> Imivuduko y'inyongera irimo kubyimba kw'imbere y'umutima, kubyimba kw'imitsi itaragera ndetse no kubyimba kw'amagufwa itaragera.<ref name="NIH2011Type" /> Tachycardia yo mu gice cya kabiri cy'umutima irimo fibrillation y'umutima, flutter y'umutima na tachycardia yo mu gice cya gatatu cy'umutima.<ref name="NIH2011Type" /> Indwara zo mu mitsi zirimo kugabanuka kw'imitsi mu mitsi no kugabanuka k'imitsi mu mitsi.<ref name="NIH2011Type" /><ref name="Martin2012">{{Cite journal|last=Martin|first=C|last2=Matthews|first2=G|last3=Huang|first3=CL|title=Sudden cardiac death and Inherited channelopathy: the basic electrophysiology of the myocyte and myocardium in ion channel disease.|journal=Heart|date=2012|volume=98|issue=7|pages=536–543|pmid=22422742|doi=10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300953|pmc=3308472}}</ref> Kudakora neza kw'umutima (Arrhythmias) biterwa n'ibibazo by'imikorere y'amashanyarazi mu mutima.<ref name="NIH2011Def" /> Indwara zo kutagira umutima zishobora no kugaragara ku bana, ariko urwego rusanzwe rw'umuvuduko w'umutima ruratandukanye kandi ruterwa n'imyaka.<ref name="NIH2011Type" /> Ibizamini byinshi bishobora gufasha mu gusuzuma indwara harimo electrocardiogram (ECG) na Holter monitor.<ref name="NIH2011Diag">{{Cite web|title=How Are Arrhythmias Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/diagnosis|publisher=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=7 March 2015|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218075708/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/diagnosis|archive-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> Indwara nyinshi zo kutagira icyo zivuga zishobora kuvurwa neza.<ref name="NIH2011Def" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo imiti, uburyo bwo kwa muganga nko gushyiramo pacemaker ndetse no kubagwa.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /> Imiti ivura umuvuduko w'umutima ushobora kuba urimo imiti igabanya ubukana bw'umutima (beta blockers) cyangwa imiti igerageza kugarura umuvuduko w'umutima usanzwe nka procainamide.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /> Iri tsinda rya nyuma rishobora kugira ingaruka mbi zikomeye, cyane cyane iyo rifashwe igihe kirekire.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /> Utwuma dukoresha imbaraga zifasha umutima gutera buhoro.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /> Abafite umutima utari mwiza bakunze kuvurwa n'imiti igabanya amaraso kugira ngo bagabanye ibyago byo guhura n'ibibazo.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /> Abafite ibimenyetso bikomeye by’indwara yo kuruhuka kw’umutima (arrhythmia) bashobora kuvurwa byihutirwa bakoresheje amashanyarazi agenzurwa mu buryo bwo kuvura indwara z’umutima cyangwa indwara yo kuruhuka kw’umutima (defibrillation).<ref name="NIH2011Tx">{{Cite web|title=How Are Arrhythmias Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/treatment|publisher=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=7 March 2015|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217135319/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/treatment|archive-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> Indwara yo kutagira ubushake bwo kuruhuka (Arrhythmia) yibasira abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni.<ref name="NIH2011Risk">{{Cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for an Arrhythmia?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/atrisk|publisher=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=7 March 2015|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303190136/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arr/atrisk|archive-date=3 March 2015}}</ref> Mu Burayi no muri Amerika ya Ruguru, guhera mu 2014, indwara ya atrial fibrillation yibasira abantu bagera kuri 2% kugeza kuri 3% by'abaturage.<ref name="Zoni2014">{{Cite journal|last=Zoni-Berisso|first=M|last2=Lercari|first2=F|last3=Carazza|first3=T|last4=Domenicucci|first4=S|title=Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: European perspective.|journal=Clinical Epidemiology|date=2014|volume=6|pages=213–20|pmid=24966695|doi=10.2147/CLEP.S47385|pmc=4064952}}</ref> Gucika intege kw'imitsi no kugabanuka kw'imitsi byatumye abantu 112.000 bapfa mu 2013, ugereranyije n'abantu 29.000 mu 1990.<ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–171|pmc=4340604}}</ref> Impfu z’umutima zitunguranye ni zo zitera hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’impfu ziterwa n’indwara z’umutima n’iz’umutima ndetse n’impfu zigera kuri 15% ku isi yose.<ref name="Meh2007">{{Cite journal|last=Mehra|first=R|title=Global public health problem of sudden cardiac death.|journal=[[Journal of Electrocardiology]]|date=2007|volume=40|issue=6 Suppl|pages=S118–22|pmid=17993308|doi=10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2007.06.023}}</ref> Hafi 80% by'impfu zitunguranye z'umutima ziterwa no kugabanuka k'umutima mu mitsi.<ref name="Meh2007" /> Indwara yo kutagira ubushake bwo kuruhuka (Arrhythmias) ishobora kubaho mu myaka iyo ari yo yose ariko ikunze kugaragara cyane mu bantu bakuze.<ref name="NIH2011Risk" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] agtr3lfztd3swmo3poyle6becf92894 0 23412 141338 2026-10-11T10:43:28Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458277|Guanfacine]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141338 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Guanfacine''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Tenex''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura [[Indwara yo kudakora neza mu mutwe|indwara yo kudakora neza kw'attention]] (ADHD) n'umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso.<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Guanfacine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/guanfacine.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=18 March 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115071707/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/guanfacine.html|archive-date=4 January 2018}}</ref> Ni uburyo bwo kuvura ADHD butari bwiza cyane ndetse n'umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gusinzira, kuribwa mu nda, kuma mu kanwa, ibibazo by'imibonano mpuzabitsina, no kuribwa umutwe.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Izindi ngaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo guhangayika, umuvuduko w'amaraso uri hasi, [[Indwara y'agahinda|kwiheba]], n'ibibazo by'inkari.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=349–350|edition=76}}</ref> Ntibyemewe kuyikoresha mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] cyangwa konsa.<ref name="BNF76" /> Bisa nkaho bikora binyuze mu gukora kwa α <nowiki><sub id="mwYw">2A</sub></nowiki> receptors mu bwonko bityo bigabanura imikorere y'urusobe rw'imitsi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Guanfacine yemerewe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1986.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ku kwezi mu Bwongereza bitwara NHS amafaranga agera kuri £60 mu 2019.<ref name="BNF76" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi 7.11 USD.<ref name="NADAC2019">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 131 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni eshanu.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Guanfacine - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Guanfacine|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071635/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Guanfacine|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 5fihz89xgswl77yv4w7u5xx56wv2xbz 141339 141338 2026-10-11T10:48:55Z Stevenndori289 10902 Guanfacine 141339 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Guanfacine tablets.jpg|thumb|Guanfacine]] '''Guanfacine''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Tenex''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura [[Indwara yo kudakora neza mu mutwe|indwara yo kudakora neza kw'attention]] (ADHD) n'umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso.<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Guanfacine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/guanfacine.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=18 March 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115071707/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/guanfacine.html|archive-date=4 January 2018}}</ref> Ni uburyo bwo kuvura ADHD butari bwiza cyane ndetse n'umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gusinzira, kuribwa mu nda, kuma mu kanwa, ibibazo by'imibonano mpuzabitsina, no kuribwa umutwe.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Izindi ngaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo guhangayika, umuvuduko w'amaraso uri hasi, [[Indwara y'agahinda|kwiheba]], n'ibibazo by'inkari.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=349–350|edition=76}}</ref> Ntibyemewe kuyikoresha mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] cyangwa konsa.<ref name="BNF76" /> Bisa nkaho bikora binyuze mu gukora kwa α <nowiki><sub id="mwYw">2A</sub></nowiki> receptors mu bwonko bityo bigabanura imikorere y'urusobe rw'imitsi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Guanfacine yemerewe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1986.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ku kwezi mu Bwongereza bitwara NHS amafaranga agera kuri £60 mu 2019.<ref name="BNF76" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi 7.11 USD.<ref name="NADAC2019">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 131 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni eshanu.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Guanfacine - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Guanfacine|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071635/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Guanfacine|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] cm3hirtvl00r0liuzv37zse9vth06lt 0 23413 141340 2026-10-11T10:50:27Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1506223|Vomiting]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Vomiting|synonym=Emesis, puking, barfing, heaving, throwing up, blowing chunks, upchucking, technicolor yawn, spewing, tossing your cookies|image=3205 - Milano, Duomo - Giorgio Bonola - Miracolo di Marco Spagnolo (1681) - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 6-Dec-2007-cropped.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=''Miracle of Marco Spagnolo'' by Giorgio Bonola ([[Quadroni of St. Charles]])|pronounce=|field=[[Gastroenterology]]|symptoms=[[Nausea]]<ref name=Mer2020Pro/>|complications=[[Dehydration]], [[aspiration]], [[electrolyte abnormalities]], damage to teeth, [[esophageal tear]]<ref name=Mer2020Pro/><ref name=Ant2016/>|onset=|duration=1 to 2 days<ref name=NHS2020/>|types=|causes='''Common''': [[Gastroenteritis]], certain medications or toxins<ref name=Mer2020Pro/><br>'''Other''': [[Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome|Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome]], [[cyclic vomiting syndrome]], [[bowel obstruction]], [[hepatitis]], increased [[intracranial pressure]], [[migraine]], [[eating disorders]], [[diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[motion sickness]], [[nausea and vomiting or pregnancy]], [[appendicitis]], [[labyrinthitis]]<ref name=Mer2020Pro/><br>'''Babies''': [[Reflux]], [[volvulus]], [[pyloric stenosis]] [[urinary tract infection]], [[intussusception]]<ref name=Infants2008/>|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Drinking fluids, [[antiemetic]]s, [[intravenous fluids]]<ref name=Mer2020Pro/><ref name=Plus2020/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=|deaths=|named after=}}'''Kuruka''', bizwi kandi nka '''emesis''', ni ugusohora ku ngufu ibiri mu nda binyuze mu kanwa cyangwa mu mazuru nta bushake.<ref name="Mer2020Pro">{{Cite web|title=Nausea and Vomiting - Gastrointestinal Disorders|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/symptoms-of-gastrointestinal-disorders/nausea-and-vomiting|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125080105/https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/symptoms-of-gastrointestinal-disorders/nausea-and-vomiting|url-status=live}}</ref> Bifitanye isano no kugira isesemi kandi akenshi bifata umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /><ref name="NHS2020">{{Cite web|title=Vomiting in adults {{!}} NHS inform|url=https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/vomiting-in-adults|website=www.nhsinform.scot|access-date=20 October 2020|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027014444/https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/vomiting-in-adults|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo umwuma, umuyaga uturuka ku ruhu, imikorere mibi ya electrolyte, kwangirika kw'amenyo, no gucika k'umuyoboro w'amaraso.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /><ref name="Ant2016">{{Cite journal|last=Antonelli|first=JR|last2=Seltzer|first2=R|title=Oral and Physical Manifestations of Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa.|journal=Texas dental journal|date=September 2016|volume=133|issue=9|pages=528–535|pmid=30549518}}</ref> Kuruka bitandukanye no kongera kunyara, kuko kongera kunyara bidasaba kubyimba igifu cyangwa isesemi.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /> Impamvu zikunze kugaragara zirimo indwara y'igifu n'imiti imwe n'imwe cyangwa uburozi.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /> Izindi mpamvu zirimo indwara ya cannabis hyperemesis syndrome, indwara yo kuruka cyclic, kuziba amara, hepatitis, kwiyongera k'umuvuduko mu bwonko, migraine, ibibazo byo kurya, ketoacidosis ya diyabete, isesemi, isesemi no kuruka cyangwa gutwita, appendicitis, na labyrinthite.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /><ref name="NHS2020" /> Ku bana, impamvu zishobora kuba zirimo reflux, volvulus, pyloric stenosis, indwara yo mu nzira y'inkari, na intussusception.<ref name="Infants2008">{{Cite book|last=Baren|first=Jill M.|title=Pediatric Emergency Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4160-0087-7|page=568|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Pediatric_Emergency_Medicine/wpvux6RS-jsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Vomiting%20infants%20differential&pg=PA568|language=en|access-date=2020-10-20|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829100705/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Pediatric_Emergency_Medicine/wpvux6RS-jsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Vomiting+infants+differential&pg=PA568|url-status=live}}</ref> Ubuvuzi burimo kugerageza kunywa ibinyobwa bihagije.<ref name="Plus2020">{{Cite web|title=Nausea and Vomiting|url=https://medlineplus.gov/nauseaandvomiting.html|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018051823/https://medlineplus.gov/nauseaandvomiting.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Indwara zo kurwanya emergency kwishyura bikoreshwa mu kugabanya ibimenyetso.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /> Hariho kandi ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe bigaragaza ko umuntu ahumeka inzoga ya isopropyl.<ref name="Lind2018">{{Cite journal|last=Lindblad|first=AJ|last2=Ting|first2=R|last3=Harris|first3=K|title=Inhaled isopropyl alcohol for nausea and vomiting in the emergency department.|journal=Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien|date=August 2018|volume=64|issue=8|pages=580|pmid=30108075}}</ref> Iyo habayeho umwuma mu mubiri, amazi yo mu mitsi ashobora kuba ingirakamaro.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /> Ibimenyetso biteye impungenge birimo kubabara mu nda cyane, amaraso mu birutsi, kuribwa umutwe cyane, ibimenyetso byo kubura amazi mu mubiri, no kuruka icyatsi.<ref name="NHS2020" /> Kuruka ni yo mpamvu igera kuri 1.6% by'abagana abaganga b'imiryango muri Ositaraliya.<ref name="AFP2007">{{Cite journal|last=Helena Britt|last2=Fahridin|first2=S|title=Presentations of nausea and vomiting|journal=Australian Family Physician|volume=36|issue=9|pages=673–784|date=September 2007|pmid=17885697|doi=|url=http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200709/200709beach.pdf|access-date=2010-02-15|archive-date=2019-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326113722/https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200709/200709beach.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] ttjjs1e2dot7attxse4r5lvy381vhm3 141341 141340 2026-10-11T10:52:12Z Stevenndori289 10902 Kuruka 141341 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Symptoms-vomiting.jpg|thumb|Kuruka]] '''Kuruka''', bizwi kandi nka '''emesis''', ni ugusohora ku ngufu ibiri mu nda binyuze mu kanwa cyangwa mu mazuru nta bushake.<ref name="Mer2020Pro">{{Cite web|title=Nausea and Vomiting - Gastrointestinal Disorders|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/symptoms-of-gastrointestinal-disorders/nausea-and-vomiting|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125080105/https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/symptoms-of-gastrointestinal-disorders/nausea-and-vomiting|url-status=live}}</ref> Bifitanye isano no kugira isesemi kandi akenshi bifata umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /><ref name="NHS2020">{{Cite web|title=Vomiting in adults {{!}} NHS inform|url=https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/vomiting-in-adults|website=www.nhsinform.scot|access-date=20 October 2020|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027014444/https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/vomiting-in-adults|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo umwuma, umuyaga uturuka ku ruhu, imikorere mibi ya electrolyte, kwangirika kw'amenyo, no gucika k'umuyoboro w'amaraso.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /><ref name="Ant2016">{{Cite journal|last=Antonelli|first=JR|last2=Seltzer|first2=R|title=Oral and Physical Manifestations of Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa.|journal=Texas dental journal|date=September 2016|volume=133|issue=9|pages=528–535|pmid=30549518}}</ref> Kuruka bitandukanye no kongera kunyara, kuko kongera kunyara bidasaba kubyimba igifu cyangwa isesemi.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /> Impamvu zikunze kugaragara zirimo indwara y'igifu n'imiti imwe n'imwe cyangwa uburozi.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /> Izindi mpamvu zirimo indwara ya cannabis hyperemesis syndrome, indwara yo kuruka cyclic, kuziba amara, hepatitis, kwiyongera k'umuvuduko mu bwonko, migraine, ibibazo byo kurya, ketoacidosis ya diyabete, isesemi, isesemi no kuruka cyangwa gutwita, appendicitis, na labyrinthite.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /><ref name="NHS2020" /> Ku bana, impamvu zishobora kuba zirimo reflux, volvulus, pyloric stenosis, indwara yo mu nzira y'inkari, na intussusception.<ref name="Infants2008">{{Cite book|last=Baren|first=Jill M.|title=Pediatric Emergency Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4160-0087-7|page=568|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Pediatric_Emergency_Medicine/wpvux6RS-jsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Vomiting%20infants%20differential&pg=PA568|language=en|access-date=2020-10-20|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829100705/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Pediatric_Emergency_Medicine/wpvux6RS-jsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Vomiting+infants+differential&pg=PA568|url-status=live}}</ref> Ubuvuzi burimo kugerageza kunywa ibinyobwa bihagije.<ref name="Plus2020">{{Cite web|title=Nausea and Vomiting|url=https://medlineplus.gov/nauseaandvomiting.html|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018051823/https://medlineplus.gov/nauseaandvomiting.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Indwara zo kurwanya emergency kwishyura bikoreshwa mu kugabanya ibimenyetso.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /> Hariho kandi ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe bigaragaza ko umuntu ahumeka inzoga ya isopropyl.<ref name="Lind2018">{{Cite journal|last=Lindblad|first=AJ|last2=Ting|first2=R|last3=Harris|first3=K|title=Inhaled isopropyl alcohol for nausea and vomiting in the emergency department.|journal=Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien|date=August 2018|volume=64|issue=8|pages=580|pmid=30108075}}</ref> Iyo habayeho umwuma mu mubiri, amazi yo mu mitsi ashobora kuba ingirakamaro.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /> Ibimenyetso biteye impungenge birimo kubabara mu nda cyane, amaraso mu birutsi, kuribwa umutwe cyane, ibimenyetso byo kubura amazi mu mubiri, no kuruka icyatsi.<ref name="NHS2020" /> Kuruka ni yo mpamvu igera kuri 1.6% by'abagana abaganga b'imiryango muri Ositaraliya.<ref name="AFP2007">{{Cite journal|last=Helena Britt|last2=Fahridin|first2=S|title=Presentations of nausea and vomiting|journal=Australian Family Physician|volume=36|issue=9|pages=673–784|date=September 2007|pmid=17885697|doi=|url=http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200709/200709beach.pdf|access-date=2010-02-15|archive-date=2019-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326113722/https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200709/200709beach.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 0gbw003y7mypx9p7xhhgnudjdlolzq6 0 23414 141342 2026-10-11T10:57:03Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513322|Prostate_cancer]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Prostate cancer|synonym=Carcinoma of the prostate, adenocarcinoma of the prostate<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mullangi |first1=Sanjana |last2=Lekkala |first2=Manidhar Reddy |title=StatPearls |date=2023 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562137/ |chapter=Adenocarcinoma |access-date=2023-12-31 |archive-date=2022-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516044710/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562137/ |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516044710/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562137/ |date=2022-05-16 }}</ref>|image=Diagram showing the position of the prostate and rectum CRUK 358.svg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Position of the prostate|pronounce=|field=[[Oncology]], [[urology]]|symptoms=None, difficulty [[urination|urinating]], blood in the urine, [[pelvic pain|pain in the pelvis]], back, or when urinating<ref name=NCI2014TxPro/><ref name=NCI2013TxPt/>|complications=|onset=Age > 50<ref name=WCR2014/>|duration=|types=|causes=|risks=Older age, family history, [[Race (human classification)|race]]<ref name=WCR2014/>|diagnosis=[[Tissue biopsy]], [[medical imaging]]<ref name=NCI2013TxPt/>|differential=[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]<ref name=NCI2014TxPro/>|prevention=|treatment=[[Active surveillance of prostate cancer|Active surveillance]], surgery, [[radiation therapy]], [[Hormonal therapy (oncology)|hormone therapy]], [[chemotherapy]]<ref name=NCI2013TxPt/>|medication=|prognosis=[[5-year survival rate]] 99% (US)<ref name=SEER2014>{{cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Prostate Cancer|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html|website=NCI|access-date=18 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706142501/http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html|archive-date=6 July 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706142501/http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html |date=6 July 2014 }}</ref>|frequency=1.2 million new cases (2018)<ref name=Bray2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A | title = Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries | journal = Ca: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians | volume = 68 | issue = 6 | pages = 394–424 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30207593 | doi = 10.3322/caac.21492 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/83ab5cf89399bca5449f4a7baf1b1b3c2e1178c7 | doi-access = free | access-date = 2020-08-08 | archive-date = 2021-04-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210417233225/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Global-cancer-statistics-2018%3A-GLOBOCAN-estimates-Bray-Ferlay/83ab5cf89399bca5449f4a7baf1b1b3c2e1178c7 | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417233225/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Global-cancer-statistics-2018%3A-GLOBOCAN-estimates-Bray-Ferlay/83ab5cf89399bca5449f4a7baf1b1b3c2e1178c7 |date=2021-04-17 }}</ref>|deaths=359,000 (2018)<ref name=Bray2018 />|named after=}}'''Kanseri ya porositate''' ni [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] ikura muri porositate, imvubura iri mu buryo bw'imyororokere bw'abagabo . Kanseri nyinshi za prostate zikura buhoro buhoro; icyakora, zimwe zikura vuba.<ref name="WCR2014">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9283204299|chapter=Chapter 5.11}}</ref> Uturemangingo twa kanseri dushobora gukwirakwira mu bice by'umubiri, cyane cyane mu magufwa no mu tunyangingo tw'amaraso.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ruddon|first=Raymond W.|title=Cancer biology|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0195175431|page=223|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915231411/https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|archive-date=2015-09-15}}</ref> Mu ntangiriro bishobora kutagira ibimenyetso bitera.<ref name=NCI2014TxPro>{{cite web|title=Prostate Cancer Treatment (PDQ) – Health Professional Version|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/prostate/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|publisher=National Cancer Institute|access-date=1 July 2014|date=2014-04-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705121331/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/prostate/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|archive-date=5 July 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705121331/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/prostate/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages |date=5 July 2014 }}</ref> Mu ntambwe za nyuma, bishobora gutera ingorane zo kunyara, amaraso mu nkari cyangwa ububabare mu kibuno, umugongo, cyangwa iyo uri kunyara. Indwara izwi nka benign prostatic hyperplasia ishobora kugaragaza ibimenyetso bisa.<ref name=NCI2014TxPro /> Ibindi bimenyetso bya nyuma bishobora kuba birimo kumva unaniwe bitewe n'urugero [[Anemie|ruto rw'uturemangingo dutukura mu maraso]].<ref name=NCI2014TxPro /> Ibintu byongera ibyago byo kurwara kanseri ya prostate birimo gusaza, amateka y'umuryango warwaye iyi ndwara, n'ubwoko bw'abantu.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Hafi 99% by'abandura iyi ndwara biba ku bagabo barengeje imyaka 50.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Kugira uwo mu muryango we wo ku rwego rwa mbere urwaye iyi ndwara byongera ibyago byikubye kabiri cyangwa gatatu.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Izindi mpamvu zishobora kuba zirimo indyo irimo inyama nyinshi zatunganyijwe, inyama zitukura cyangwa amata cyangwa imboga zimwe na zimwe nke.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Habonetse isano ifitanye isano na [[gonorrhea]], ariko impamvu y'iyi sano ntiramenyekana.<ref name="CainiGandini2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Caini S, Gandini S, Dudas M, Bremer V, Severi E, Gherasim A|title=Sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Cancer Epidemiology|volume=38|issue=4|pages=329–38|date=August 2014|pmid=24986642|doi=10.1016/j.canep.2014.06.002}}</ref> Ingaruka ziyongera zifitanye isano n'impinduka za BRCA.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lee MV, Katabathina VS, Bowerson ML, Mityul MI, Shetty AS, Elsayes KM, Balachandran A, Bhosale PR, McCullough AE, Menias CO|display-authors=6|title=BRCA-associated Cancers: Role of Imaging in Screening, Diagnosis, and Management|journal=Radiographics|volume=37|issue=4|pages=1005–1023|date=2016|pmid=28548905|doi=10.1148/rg.2017160144|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kanseri ya porositate ipimwa hakoreshejwe biopsy . Gufata amashusho mu buvuzi bishobora gukorwa kugira ngo hamenyekane niba kanseri yarakwirakwiriye mu bindi bice by'umubiri.<ref name=NCI2013TxPt>{{cite web|title=Prostate Cancer Treatment (PDQ) – Patient Version|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/prostate/Patient/page1/AllPages|publisher=National Cancer Institute|access-date=1 July 2014|date=2014-04-08|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705121244/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/prostate/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=5 July 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705121244/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/prostate/Patient/page1/AllPages |date=5 July 2014 }}</ref> Gusuzuma kanseri ya prostate biravugwaho rumwe.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Antigen yihariye ya prostate Gupima (PSA) byongera uburyo bwo gupima kanseri, ariko biravugwaho rumwe niba binoza umusaruro.<ref name=NCI2018TxPro>{{cite web|title=Prostate Cancer Treatment|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/hp/prostate-treatment-pdq#section/all|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=1 March 2018|language=en|date=6 February 2018|quote=Controversy exists regarding the value of screening... reported no clear evidence that screening for prostate cancer decreases the risk of death from prostate cancer|archive-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230006/https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/hp/prostate-treatment-pdq#section/all|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230006/https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/hp/prostate-treatment-pdq#section/all |date=1 March 2018 }}</ref><ref name="Catalona2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Catalona WJ|title=Prostate Cancer Screening|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=102|issue=2|pages=199–214|date=March 2018|pmid=29406053|pmc=5935113|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2017.11.001}}</ref> Gufata ibyemezo ukurikije amakuru bigirwa inama iyo bigeze ku gusuzuma abantu bafite imyaka 55 kugeza kuri 69.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Bibbins-Domingo K, Caughey AB, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Ebell M, Epling JW, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kubik M, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Siu AL, Tseng CW|display-authors=6|title=Screening for Prostate Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement|journal=JAMA|volume=319|issue=18|pages=1901–1913|date=May 2018|pmid=29801017|doi=10.1001/jama.2018.3710|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ikizamini, iyo gikozwe, kiba gifite ishingiro ku bantu bafite igihe kirekire cyo kubaho.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cabarkapa S, Perera M, McGrath S, Lawrentschuk N|title=Prostate cancer screening with prostate-specific antigen: A guide to the guidelines|journal=Prostate International|volume=4|issue=4|pages=125–129|date=December 2016|pmid=27995110|pmc=5153437|doi=10.1016/j.prnil.2016.09.002}}</ref> Nubwo imiti igabanya kanseri ya 5α-reductase isa nkaho igabanya ibyago byo kurwara kanseri y’urwego rwo hasi, ntabwo igira ingaruka ku byago byo kurwara kanseri y’urwego rwo hejuru bityo ntigomba kwirindwa.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Kongeramo vitamine cyangwa imyunyu ngugu bisa nkaho ntacyo bigiraho ingaruka ku ngaruka.<ref name="WCR2014" /><ref name="Strat2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stratton J, Godwin M|title=The effect of supplemental vitamins and minerals on the development of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Family Practice|volume=28|issue=3|pages=243–52|date=June 2011|pmid=21273283|doi=10.1093/fampra/cmq115|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ibibazo byinshi bicungwa hakoreshejwe igenzura ryimbitse cyangwa gutegereza neza . Ubundi buryo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo kubaga, gukoresha imirasire, gukoresha imisemburo cyangwa imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara.<ref name=NCI2013TxPt /> Iyo bigaragaye gusa muri prostate, bishobora gukira. Ku bantu iyi ndwara yakwirakwiriye mu magufwa, imiti igabanya ububabare, bisphosphonates n'ubuvuzi bugamije, n'ibindi, bishobora kuba ingirakamaro.<ref name=NCI2013TxPt /> Ibisubizo biterwa n'imyaka y'umuntu n'izindi ngorane z'ubuzima ndetse n'uburyo kanseri ikabije kandi ikaba nini.<ref name=NCI2013TxPt /> Abagabo benshi barwaye kanseri ya prostate ntibapfa bazize iyo ndwara.<ref name=NCI2013TxPt /> Igipimo cy'imyaka 5 yo kubaho muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni 98%. Ku isi yose, ni yo kanseri ya kabiri ikunze kugaragara cyane, ikaba n'impamvu ya gatanu y'impfu zikomoka kuri kanseri ku bagabo.<ref name="WCR2014Epi">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9283204299|chapter=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> Mu 2018, byagaragaye ku bagabo miliyoni 1.2 kandi byahitanye abantu 359.000. Ni yo kanseri ikunze kugaragara cyane mu bagabo mu bihugu 84,<ref name="WCR2014" /> ikaba ikunze kugaragara cyane mu bihugu byateye imbere.<ref name="Baade2009" /> Igipimo cyakomeje kwiyongera mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere.<ref name="Baade2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Baade PD, Youlden DR, Krnjacki LJ|title=International epidemiology of prostate cancer: geographical distribution and secular trends|journal=Molecular Nutrition & Food Research|volume=53|issue=2|pages=171–84|date=February 2009|pmid=19101947|doi=10.1002/mnfr.200700511}}</ref> Gupima indwara byariyongereye cyane mu myaka ya 1980 na 1990 mu bice byinshi bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’ibizamini bya PSA.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe ku bagabo bapfuye bazize impamvu zidahuye bwagaragaje ko kanseri ya prostate iri hagati ya 30% na 70% by'abafite imyaka irenga 60.<ref name=NCI2014TxPro /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 5o84embr7l6u25mgnm7xmwwja89ds5p 141343 141342 2026-10-11T10:58:56Z Stevenndori289 10902 Kanseri ya prostate 141343 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Cancer prostate, with bladder involvement.jpg|thumb|Kanseri ya prostate]] '''Kanseri ya porositate''' ni [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] ikura muri porositate, imvubura iri mu buryo bw'imyororokere bw'abagabo . Kanseri nyinshi za prostate zikura buhoro buhoro; icyakora, zimwe zikura vuba.<ref name="WCR2014">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9283204299|chapter=Chapter 5.11}}</ref> Uturemangingo twa kanseri dushobora gukwirakwira mu bice by'umubiri, cyane cyane mu magufwa no mu tunyangingo tw'amaraso.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ruddon|first=Raymond W.|title=Cancer biology|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0195175431|page=223|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915231411/https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|archive-date=2015-09-15}}</ref> Mu ntangiriro bishobora kutagira ibimenyetso bitera.<ref name=NCI2014TxPro>{{cite web|title=Prostate Cancer Treatment (PDQ) – Health Professional Version|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/prostate/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|publisher=National Cancer Institute|access-date=1 July 2014|date=2014-04-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705121331/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/prostate/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|archive-date=5 July 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705121331/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/prostate/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages |date=5 July 2014 }}</ref> Mu ntambwe za nyuma, bishobora gutera ingorane zo kunyara, amaraso mu nkari cyangwa ububabare mu kibuno, umugongo, cyangwa iyo uri kunyara. Indwara izwi nka benign prostatic hyperplasia ishobora kugaragaza ibimenyetso bisa.<ref name=NCI2014TxPro /> Ibindi bimenyetso bya nyuma bishobora kuba birimo kumva unaniwe bitewe n'urugero [[Anemie|ruto rw'uturemangingo dutukura mu maraso]].<ref name=NCI2014TxPro /> Ibintu byongera ibyago byo kurwara kanseri ya prostate birimo gusaza, amateka y'umuryango warwaye iyi ndwara, n'ubwoko bw'abantu.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Hafi 99% by'abandura iyi ndwara biba ku bagabo barengeje imyaka 50.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Kugira uwo mu muryango we wo ku rwego rwa mbere urwaye iyi ndwara byongera ibyago byikubye kabiri cyangwa gatatu.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Izindi mpamvu zishobora kuba zirimo indyo irimo inyama nyinshi zatunganyijwe, inyama zitukura cyangwa amata cyangwa imboga zimwe na zimwe nke.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Habonetse isano ifitanye isano na [[gonorrhea]], ariko impamvu y'iyi sano ntiramenyekana.<ref name="CainiGandini2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Caini S, Gandini S, Dudas M, Bremer V, Severi E, Gherasim A|title=Sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Cancer Epidemiology|volume=38|issue=4|pages=329–38|date=August 2014|pmid=24986642|doi=10.1016/j.canep.2014.06.002}}</ref> Ingaruka ziyongera zifitanye isano n'impinduka za BRCA.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lee MV, Katabathina VS, Bowerson ML, Mityul MI, Shetty AS, Elsayes KM, Balachandran A, Bhosale PR, McCullough AE, Menias CO|display-authors=6|title=BRCA-associated Cancers: Role of Imaging in Screening, Diagnosis, and Management|journal=Radiographics|volume=37|issue=4|pages=1005–1023|date=2016|pmid=28548905|doi=10.1148/rg.2017160144|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kanseri ya porositate ipimwa hakoreshejwe biopsy . Gufata amashusho mu buvuzi bishobora gukorwa kugira ngo hamenyekane niba kanseri yarakwirakwiriye mu bindi bice by'umubiri.<ref name=NCI2013TxPt>{{cite web|title=Prostate Cancer Treatment (PDQ) – Patient Version|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/prostate/Patient/page1/AllPages|publisher=National Cancer Institute|access-date=1 July 2014|date=2014-04-08|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705121244/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/prostate/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=5 July 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705121244/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/prostate/Patient/page1/AllPages |date=5 July 2014 }}</ref> Gusuzuma kanseri ya prostate biravugwaho rumwe.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Antigen yihariye ya prostate Gupima (PSA) byongera uburyo bwo gupima kanseri, ariko biravugwaho rumwe niba binoza umusaruro.<ref name=NCI2018TxPro>{{cite web|title=Prostate Cancer Treatment|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/hp/prostate-treatment-pdq#section/all|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=1 March 2018|language=en|date=6 February 2018|quote=Controversy exists regarding the value of screening... reported no clear evidence that screening for prostate cancer decreases the risk of death from prostate cancer|archive-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230006/https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/hp/prostate-treatment-pdq#section/all|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230006/https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/hp/prostate-treatment-pdq#section/all |date=1 March 2018 }}</ref><ref name="Catalona2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Catalona WJ|title=Prostate Cancer Screening|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=102|issue=2|pages=199–214|date=March 2018|pmid=29406053|pmc=5935113|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2017.11.001}}</ref> Gufata ibyemezo ukurikije amakuru bigirwa inama iyo bigeze ku gusuzuma abantu bafite imyaka 55 kugeza kuri 69.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Bibbins-Domingo K, Caughey AB, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Ebell M, Epling JW, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kubik M, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Siu AL, Tseng CW|display-authors=6|title=Screening for Prostate Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement|journal=JAMA|volume=319|issue=18|pages=1901–1913|date=May 2018|pmid=29801017|doi=10.1001/jama.2018.3710|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ikizamini, iyo gikozwe, kiba gifite ishingiro ku bantu bafite igihe kirekire cyo kubaho.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cabarkapa S, Perera M, McGrath S, Lawrentschuk N|title=Prostate cancer screening with prostate-specific antigen: A guide to the guidelines|journal=Prostate International|volume=4|issue=4|pages=125–129|date=December 2016|pmid=27995110|pmc=5153437|doi=10.1016/j.prnil.2016.09.002}}</ref> Nubwo imiti igabanya kanseri ya 5α-reductase isa nkaho igabanya ibyago byo kurwara kanseri y’urwego rwo hasi, ntabwo igira ingaruka ku byago byo kurwara kanseri y’urwego rwo hejuru bityo ntigomba kwirindwa.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Kongeramo vitamine cyangwa imyunyu ngugu bisa nkaho ntacyo bigiraho ingaruka ku ngaruka.<ref name="WCR2014" /><ref name="Strat2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stratton J, Godwin M|title=The effect of supplemental vitamins and minerals on the development of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Family Practice|volume=28|issue=3|pages=243–52|date=June 2011|pmid=21273283|doi=10.1093/fampra/cmq115|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ibibazo byinshi bicungwa hakoreshejwe igenzura ryimbitse cyangwa gutegereza neza . Ubundi buryo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo kubaga, gukoresha imirasire, gukoresha imisemburo cyangwa imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara.<ref name=NCI2013TxPt /> Iyo bigaragaye gusa muri prostate, bishobora gukira. Ku bantu iyi ndwara yakwirakwiriye mu magufwa, imiti igabanya ububabare, bisphosphonates n'ubuvuzi bugamije, n'ibindi, bishobora kuba ingirakamaro.<ref name=NCI2013TxPt /> Ibisubizo biterwa n'imyaka y'umuntu n'izindi ngorane z'ubuzima ndetse n'uburyo kanseri ikabije kandi ikaba nini.<ref name=NCI2013TxPt /> Abagabo benshi barwaye kanseri ya prostate ntibapfa bazize iyo ndwara.<ref name=NCI2013TxPt /> Igipimo cy'imyaka 5 yo kubaho muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni 98%. Ku isi yose, ni yo kanseri ya kabiri ikunze kugaragara cyane, ikaba n'impamvu ya gatanu y'impfu zikomoka kuri kanseri ku bagabo.<ref name="WCR2014Epi">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9283204299|chapter=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> Mu 2018, byagaragaye ku bagabo miliyoni 1.2 kandi byahitanye abantu 359.000. Ni yo kanseri ikunze kugaragara cyane mu bagabo mu bihugu 84,<ref name="WCR2014" /> ikaba ikunze kugaragara cyane mu bihugu byateye imbere.<ref name="Baade2009" /> Igipimo cyakomeje kwiyongera mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere.<ref name="Baade2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Baade PD, Youlden DR, Krnjacki LJ|title=International epidemiology of prostate cancer: geographical distribution and secular trends|journal=Molecular Nutrition & Food Research|volume=53|issue=2|pages=171–84|date=February 2009|pmid=19101947|doi=10.1002/mnfr.200700511}}</ref> Gupima indwara byariyongereye cyane mu myaka ya 1980 na 1990 mu bice byinshi bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’ibizamini bya PSA.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe ku bagabo bapfuye bazize impamvu zidahuye bwagaragaje ko kanseri ya prostate iri hagati ya 30% na 70% by'abafite imyaka irenga 60.<ref name=NCI2014TxPro /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] gqnuiksogii9qrtbckefsudu5qea2ds 0 23415 141344 2026-10-11T11:28:13Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513806|Scoliosis]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Scoliosis|synonym=|image=Blausen 0785 Scoliosis 01.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|k|oʊ|l|i|ˈ|oʊ|s|ɪ|s}}<ref>{{cite web|title=scoliosis|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/scoliosis|website=Merriam Webster|access-date=12 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811005955/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/scoliosis|archive-date=11 August 2016}}</ref>|field=[[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedics]]|symptoms=Sideways curve in the back<ref name=NIH2015/>|complications=|onset=10–20 years old<ref name=NIH2015/>|duration=|types=|causes=Usually unknown<ref name=GHR2013/>|risks=Family history, [[cerebral palsy]], [[Marfan syndrome]], tumors such as [[neurofibromatosis]]<ref name=NIH2015/>|diagnosis=[[X-ray]]<ref name=NIH2015/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Watchful waiting]], [[Back brace|bracing]], exercises, surgery<ref name=NIH2015/><ref name=Neg2018/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=3%<ref name=Sh2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shakil H, Iqbal ZA, Al-Ghadir AH | title = Scoliosis: review of types of curves, etiological theories and conservative treatment | journal = Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 111–15 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24284269 | doi = 10.3233/bmr-130438 }}</ref>|deaths=|width=180px|named after=}}'''Scoliosis''' ni indwara aho umugongo w'umuntu uba ufite imiterere y'uruhande.<ref name="NIH2015">{{Cite web|title=Questions and Answers about Scoliosis in Children and Adolescents|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/scoliosis/|website=NIAMS|access-date=12 August 2016|date=December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825230043/http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/scoliosis/|archive-date=25 August 2016}}</ref> Ubusanzwe uruhererekane rugira ishusho ya "S"- cyangwa "C" mu ngero eshatu.<ref name="NIH2015" /><ref name="Il2019">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Illés TS, Lavaste F, Dubousset JF|title=The third dimension of scoliosis: The forgotten axial plane|journal=Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery & Research|volume=105|issue=2|pages=351–59|date=April 2019|pmid=30665877|doi=10.1016/j.otsr.2018.10.021}}</ref> Muri bimwe, urugero rw'umuvuduko rurahamye, mu gihe mu bindi, ruriyongera uko igihe kigenda gihita.<ref name="GHR2013">{{Cite web|title=adolescent idiopathic scoliosis|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/adolescent-idiopathic-scoliosis#expand-collapse-start|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=12 August 2016|date=September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816175557/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/adolescent-idiopathic-scoliosis#expand-collapse-start|archive-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> Ubusanzwe scoliosis yoroheje ntabwo itera ibibazo, ariko indwara zikomeye zishobora kubangamira guhumeka.<ref name="GHR2013" /><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yang S, Andras LM, Redding GJ, Skaggs DL|title=Early-Onset Scoliosis: A Review of History, Current Treatment, and Future Directions|journal=Pediatrics|volume=137|issue=1|pages=e20150709|date=January 2016|pmid=26644484|doi=10.1542/peds.2015-0709}}</ref> Ubusanzwe, nta bubabare bubaho.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Agabegi SS, Kazemi N, Sturm PF, Mehlman CT|title=Natural History of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in Skeletally Mature Patients: A Critical Review|journal=The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons|volume=23|issue=12|pages=714–23|date=December 2015|pmid=26510624|doi=10.5435/jaaos-d-14-00037|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/028034e272b2be19cf36467ed424b74b2646cc46}}</ref> Impamvu y’icyorezo kinini ntiramenyekana, ariko bikekwa ko iterwa n’uruvange rw’ibintu bigize imiterere y’umubiri n’ibidukikije.<ref name="GHR2013" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo n'abandi bagize umuryango bagizweho ingaruka.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Bishobora kandi guterwa n'indi ndwara nko kubabara imitsi, indwara yo mu bwonko, [[indwara ya Marfan]], n'ibibyimba nka neurofibromatosis.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Isuzuma ryemezwa hakoreshejwe imirasire ya X.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Scoliosis ikunze gushyirwa mu byiciro bibiri: aho umugongo uba uhagaze, cyangwa aho umugongo uri munsi uba usanzwe.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'urugero rw'uburemere, aho buherereye, n'impamvu.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Imirongo mito ishobora kurebwa buri gihe.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo gutera inkunga umubiri, imyitozo ngororamubiri yihariye, no kubaga.<ref name="NIH2015" /><ref name="Neg2018" /> Igikoresho cyo gukingira kigomba gushyirwa ku muntu kandi kigakoreshwa buri munsi kugeza igihe gukura kurangiye.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Imyitozo yihariye ishobora gukoreshwa kugira ngo igabanye ibyago byo kugabanuka kw'ibinure.<ref name="Neg2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Negrini S, Donzelli S, Aulisa AG, Czaprowski D, Schreiber S, de Mauroy JC, Diers H, Grivas TB, Knott P, Kotwicki T, Lebel A, Marti C, Maruyama T, O'Brien J, Price N, Parent E, Rigo M, Romano M, Stikeleather L, Wynne J, Zaina F|display-authors=6|title=2016 SOSORT guidelines: orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth|journal=Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders|volume=13|pages=3|date=2018|pmid=29435499|pmc=5795289|doi=10.1186/s13013-017-0145-8}}</ref> Bishobora gukorwa byonyine cyangwa hamwe n'ubundi buryo bwo kuvura nko gusimbuza.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Berdishevsky H, Lebel VA, Bettany-Saltikov J, Rigo M, Lebel A, Hennes A, Romano M, Białek M, M'hango A, Betts T, de Mauroy JC, Durmala J|title=Physiotherapy scoliosis-specific exercises – a comprehensive review of seven major schools|journal=Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders|volume=11|pages=20|date=2016|pmid=27525315|pmc=4973373|doi=10.1186/s13013-016-0076-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Park JH, Jeon HS, Park HW|title=Effects of the Schroth exercise on idiopathic scoliosis: a meta-analysis|journal=European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine|volume=54|issue=3|pages=440–49|date=June 2018|pmid=28976171|doi=10.23736/S1973-9087.17.04461-6}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bw'imirire, inyongeramusaruro, cyangwa imyitozo ngororamubiri bishobora gukumira ko indwara ikomeza kwiyongera ni bike cyane.<ref name="NIH2015" /><ref name="Thom2018">{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=JY|last2=Williamson|first2=EM|last3=Williams|first3=MA|last4=Heine|first4=PJ|last5=Lamb|first5=SE|last6=ACTIvATeS Study|first6=Group.|title=Effectiveness of scoliosis-specific exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis compared with other non-surgical interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=Physiotherapy|volume=105|issue=2|pages=214–34|date=27 October 2018|doi=10.1016/j.physio.2018.10.004|pmid=30824243}}</ref> Ariko, imyitozo ngororamubiri iracyasabwa kubera izindi nyungu zayo ku buzima.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Indwara ya Scoliosis igaragara ku bantu bagera kuri 3%. Bikunze kubaho cyane hagati y'imyaka 10 na 20. Abagore bakunze kwibasirwa cyane kurusha abagabo.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Iri jambo rikomoka kuri [[Template:Lang-grc]] risobanura "guhindagurika". == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 54e0gulvqdger3nlwkmkjyyh0ui4aj9 141345 141344 2026-10-11T11:32:29Z Stevenndori289 10902 Indwara ya Scoliose 141345 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Result after scoliosis surgery.jpg|thumb|Indwara ya Scoliose]] '''Scoliosis''' ni indwara aho umugongo w'umuntu uba ufite imiterere y'uruhande.<ref name="NIH2015">{{Cite web|title=Questions and Answers about Scoliosis in Children and Adolescents|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/scoliosis/|website=NIAMS|access-date=12 August 2016|date=December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825230043/http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/scoliosis/|archive-date=25 August 2016}}</ref> Ubusanzwe uruhererekane rugira ishusho ya "S"- cyangwa "C" mu ngero eshatu.<ref name="NIH2015" /><ref name="Il2019">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Illés TS, Lavaste F, Dubousset JF|title=The third dimension of scoliosis: The forgotten axial plane|journal=Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery & Research|volume=105|issue=2|pages=351–59|date=April 2019|pmid=30665877|doi=10.1016/j.otsr.2018.10.021}}</ref> Muri bimwe, urugero rw'umuvuduko rurahamye, mu gihe mu bindi, ruriyongera uko igihe kigenda gihita.<ref name="GHR2013">{{Cite web|title=adolescent idiopathic scoliosis|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/adolescent-idiopathic-scoliosis#expand-collapse-start|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=12 August 2016|date=September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816175557/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/adolescent-idiopathic-scoliosis#expand-collapse-start|archive-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> Ubusanzwe scoliosis yoroheje ntabwo itera ibibazo, ariko indwara zikomeye zishobora kubangamira guhumeka.<ref name="GHR2013" /><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yang S, Andras LM, Redding GJ, Skaggs DL|title=Early-Onset Scoliosis: A Review of History, Current Treatment, and Future Directions|journal=Pediatrics|volume=137|issue=1|pages=e20150709|date=January 2016|pmid=26644484|doi=10.1542/peds.2015-0709}}</ref> Ubusanzwe, nta bubabare bubaho.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Agabegi SS, Kazemi N, Sturm PF, Mehlman CT|title=Natural History of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in Skeletally Mature Patients: A Critical Review|journal=The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons|volume=23|issue=12|pages=714–23|date=December 2015|pmid=26510624|doi=10.5435/jaaos-d-14-00037|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/028034e272b2be19cf36467ed424b74b2646cc46}}</ref> Impamvu y’icyorezo kinini ntiramenyekana, ariko bikekwa ko iterwa n’uruvange rw’ibintu bigize imiterere y’umubiri n’ibidukikije.<ref name="GHR2013" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo n'abandi bagize umuryango bagizweho ingaruka.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Bishobora kandi guterwa n'indi ndwara nko kubabara imitsi, indwara yo mu bwonko, [[indwara ya Marfan]], n'ibibyimba nka neurofibromatosis.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Isuzuma ryemezwa hakoreshejwe imirasire ya X.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Scoliosis ikunze gushyirwa mu byiciro bibiri: aho umugongo uba uhagaze, cyangwa aho umugongo uri munsi uba usanzwe.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'urugero rw'uburemere, aho buherereye, n'impamvu.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Imirongo mito ishobora kurebwa buri gihe.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo gutera inkunga umubiri, imyitozo ngororamubiri yihariye, no kubaga.<ref name="NIH2015" /><ref name="Neg2018" /> Igikoresho cyo gukingira kigomba gushyirwa ku muntu kandi kigakoreshwa buri munsi kugeza igihe gukura kurangiye.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Imyitozo yihariye ishobora gukoreshwa kugira ngo igabanye ibyago byo kugabanuka kw'ibinure.<ref name="Neg2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Negrini S, Donzelli S, Aulisa AG, Czaprowski D, Schreiber S, de Mauroy JC, Diers H, Grivas TB, Knott P, Kotwicki T, Lebel A, Marti C, Maruyama T, O'Brien J, Price N, Parent E, Rigo M, Romano M, Stikeleather L, Wynne J, Zaina F|display-authors=6|title=2016 SOSORT guidelines: orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth|journal=Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders|volume=13|pages=3|date=2018|pmid=29435499|pmc=5795289|doi=10.1186/s13013-017-0145-8}}</ref> Bishobora gukorwa byonyine cyangwa hamwe n'ubundi buryo bwo kuvura nko gusimbuza.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Berdishevsky H, Lebel VA, Bettany-Saltikov J, Rigo M, Lebel A, Hennes A, Romano M, Białek M, M'hango A, Betts T, de Mauroy JC, Durmala J|title=Physiotherapy scoliosis-specific exercises – a comprehensive review of seven major schools|journal=Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders|volume=11|pages=20|date=2016|pmid=27525315|pmc=4973373|doi=10.1186/s13013-016-0076-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Park JH, Jeon HS, Park HW|title=Effects of the Schroth exercise on idiopathic scoliosis: a meta-analysis|journal=European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine|volume=54|issue=3|pages=440–49|date=June 2018|pmid=28976171|doi=10.23736/S1973-9087.17.04461-6}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bw'imirire, inyongeramusaruro, cyangwa imyitozo ngororamubiri bishobora gukumira ko indwara ikomeza kwiyongera ni bike cyane.<ref name="NIH2015" /><ref name="Thom2018">{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=JY|last2=Williamson|first2=EM|last3=Williams|first3=MA|last4=Heine|first4=PJ|last5=Lamb|first5=SE|last6=ACTIvATeS Study|first6=Group.|title=Effectiveness of scoliosis-specific exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis compared with other non-surgical interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=Physiotherapy|volume=105|issue=2|pages=214–34|date=27 October 2018|doi=10.1016/j.physio.2018.10.004|pmid=30824243}}</ref> Ariko, imyitozo ngororamubiri iracyasabwa kubera izindi nyungu zayo ku buzima.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Indwara ya Scoliosis igaragara ku bantu bagera kuri 3%. Bikunze kubaho cyane hagati y'imyaka 10 na 20. Abagore bakunze kwibasirwa cyane kurusha abagabo.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Iri jambo rikomoka kuri [[Template:Lang-grc]] risobanura "guhindagurika". == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] f0u6pe1vda9rsgwhiuh614dyk3s7x2m 0 23416 141363 2026-10-11T11:45:47Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502264|Gynecomastia]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Gynecomastia|synonym=Gynaecomastia|image=Gynecomastia 001.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A young adult male with gynecomastia|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɡ|aɪ|n|ᵻ|k|oʊ|ˈ|m|æ|s|t|i|ə|,_|ˌ|dʒ|aɪ|-|,_|-|k|ə|-}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|aɪ|ˈ|n|iː|k|ə|ˌ|m|æ|s|t|i|ə|,_|-|k|oʊ|-}} <ref name=OxDic>{{Cite web|title=Gynaecomastia {{!}} Definition of Gynaecomastia by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com |url =https://www.lexico.com/definition/gynaecomastia |publisher =[[Lexico|OxfordDictionaries.com]] |access-date =17 November 2020 |website =Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English |language =en |archive-date =8 March 2021 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210308203742/https://www.lexico.com/definition/gynaecomastia |url-status =live}}</ref><ref name=merriam-webster>{{Cite web|title=Definition of Gynecomastia|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gynecomastia|access-date=17 November 2020|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309033313/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gynecomastia|url-status=live}}</ref>|field=[[Endocrinology]], [[plastic surgery]]|symptoms=Enlargement of one or both breasts<ref name=Stat2020/>|complications=|onset=Any age<ref name=Stat2020/>|duration=Months to years<ref name=Stat2020/>|types=|causes=Physiologic, [[obesity]], [[liver disease]], [[kidney failure]], certain [[cancers]], [[thyroid disease]], medications, recreationally drugs, [[malnutrition]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=[[Adipomastia|Pseudogynaecomastia]], [[breast cancer]], [[dermoid cyst]]<ref name=Nar2014/><ref name=Stat2020/>|prevention=|treatment=Reassurance, addressing the underlying cause, medications, surgery<ref name=Thi2016/>|medication=[[Tamoxifen]], [[clomiphene]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|prognosis=|frequency=Common<ref name=Nar2014/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Gynecomastia''' ni ukwiyongera kw'ibere rimwe cyangwa yombi ku bagabo bitari kanseri.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Vandeven|first=HA|last2=Pensler|first2=JM|title=Gynecomastia|date=January 2020|pmid=28613563|journal=StatPearls}}</ref><ref name="Nie2008">{{Cite journal|last=Niewoehner|first=CB|last2=Schorer|first2=AE|title=Gynaecomastia and breast cancer in men|journal=British Medical Journal|date=March 2008|volume=336|issue=7646|pages=709–713|pmid=18369226|doi=10.1136/bmj.39511.493391.BE|pmc=2276281}}</ref> Bamwe bakoresha iri jambo gusa iyo kwiyongera kw'umubiri biterwa n'ingingo z'umubiri, kandi bagakoresha ijambo pseudogynaecomastia iyo kwiyongera kw'umubiri ari ingaruka z'ibinure byinshi.<ref name="Thi2016">{{Cite journal|last=Thiruchelvam|first=Paul|last2=Walker|first2=Jonathan Neil|last3=Rose|first3=Katy|last4=Lewis|first4=Jacqueline|last5=Al-Mufti|first5=Ragheed|date=22 September 2016|title=Gynaecomastia|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/354/bmj.i4833|journal=British Medical Journal|language=en|volume=354|pages=i4833|doi=10.1136/bmj.i4833|issn=1756-1833|pmid=27659195|s2cid=220098795|url-access=subscription|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301134914/https://www.bmj.com/content/354/bmj.i4833|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Nie2008" /> Rimwe na rimwe ububabare bushobora kugaragara.<ref name="Nar2014">{{Cite journal|last=Narula|first=H. S.|last2=Carlson|first2=H. E.|date=August 2014|title=Gynaecomastia-pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment|url=https://touroscholar.touro.edu/tuncom_pubs/54|journal=[[Nature Reviews Endocrinology]]|volume=10|issue=11|pages=684–698|doi=10.1038/nrendo.2014.139|pmid=25112235|s2cid=40159424|url-access=subscription|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204085804/https://touroscholar.touro.edu/tuncom_pubs/54/|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyi ndwara ishobora gutera ihungabana ryo mu mutwe.<ref name="Nie2008" /> Gynecomastia ishobora kuba isanzwe ku bana bavutse bitewe no guhura na estrogene n'umubyeyi, mu gihe cy'ubugimbi, no ku bagabo bakuze.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Muri rusange izi manza ntizisaba andi maperereza.<ref name="Thi2016" /> Bishobora kandi kujyana n'umubyibuho ukabije, indwara z'umwijima, impyiko zinanirwa gukora neza, [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] zimwe na zimwe, indwara ya tiroyide, imiti imwe n'imwe n'imiti yo kwidagadura, indwara ya Klinefelter, hamwe [[Imirire mibi|n'imirire mibi]].<ref name="Stat2020" /> Uburyo bw'ibanze akenshi busaba kwiyongera kwa estrogen cyangwa kugabanuka k'urugero rwa androgen.<ref name="Nar2014" /> Indwara zibaho mu gihe cy'ubugimbi muri rusange zishira mu myaka ibiri kandi zisaba gusa kwitabwaho.<ref name="Thi2016" /><ref name="Peds2008">{{Cite journal|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/121/4/e975.long|last=Shulman|first=DI|last2=Francis|first2=GL|last3=Palmert|first3=MR|last4=Eugster|first4=EA|last5=Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society Drug and Therapeutics Committee|title=Use of aromatase inhibitors in children and adolescents with disorders of growth and adolescent development.|journal=Pediatrics|volume=121|issue=4|pages=e975–983|date=April 2008|pmid=18381525|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2081|s2cid=39852740|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928120146/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/121/4/e975.long|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo ndwara ikunze gukemuka iyo impamvu nyamukuru ikemutse.<ref name="Thi2016" /> Imiti nka tamoxifens cyangwa clomiphene igira akamaro iyo ikoreshejwe hakiri kare.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Mu bihe bimaze igihe kinini, kubagwa, nko gukata amavuta cyangwa gukata amenyo, ni bwo buryo bwonyine bufatika.<ref name="Thi2016" /> Gynecomastia yibasira abagabo bagera kuri 35% kandi ikunze kugaragara cyane hagati y'imyaka 50 na 69.<ref name="Thi2016" /> Iboneka mu bana bavutse bagera kuri 90% na 60% by'abahungu mu gihe cy'ubwangavu.<ref name="Nie2008" /> Ni yo mpamvu ikunze gutuma abagabo bashaka ubufasha bw'abaganga kubera ikibazo cy'ibere.<ref name="Shi2018" /> Ibisobanuro by'iyi ndwara byanditswe na Galen mu kinyejana cya 2.<ref name="Shi2018">{{Cite book|last=Shiffman|first=Melvin A.|title=Nipple-Areolar Complex Reconstruction: Principles and Clinical Techniques|date=2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-60925-6|page=245|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Nipple_Areolar_Complex_Reconstruction/sEFKDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Gynecomastia+first+described+Greek&pg=PA245|language=en|access-date=30 November 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828094912/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Nipple_Areolar_Complex_Reconstruction/sEFKDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Gynecomastia+first+described+Greek&pg=PA245|url-status=live}}</ref> == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] kwkxodrblwbdbhotxly5bbtx7tckxay 141367 141363 2026-10-11T11:47:24Z Stevenndori289 10902 Gynecomastia 141367 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Gynaecomastia.jpeg|thumb|Gynecomastia]] '''Gynecomastia''' ni ukwiyongera kw'ibere rimwe cyangwa yombi ku bagabo bitari kanseri.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Vandeven|first=HA|last2=Pensler|first2=JM|title=Gynecomastia|date=January 2020|pmid=28613563|journal=StatPearls}}</ref><ref name="Nie2008">{{Cite journal|last=Niewoehner|first=CB|last2=Schorer|first2=AE|title=Gynaecomastia and breast cancer in men|journal=British Medical Journal|date=March 2008|volume=336|issue=7646|pages=709–713|pmid=18369226|doi=10.1136/bmj.39511.493391.BE|pmc=2276281}}</ref> Bamwe bakoresha iri jambo gusa iyo kwiyongera kw'umubiri biterwa n'ingingo z'umubiri, kandi bagakoresha ijambo pseudogynaecomastia iyo kwiyongera kw'umubiri ari ingaruka z'ibinure byinshi.<ref name="Thi2016">{{Cite journal|last=Thiruchelvam|first=Paul|last2=Walker|first2=Jonathan Neil|last3=Rose|first3=Katy|last4=Lewis|first4=Jacqueline|last5=Al-Mufti|first5=Ragheed|date=22 September 2016|title=Gynaecomastia|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/354/bmj.i4833|journal=British Medical Journal|language=en|volume=354|pages=i4833|doi=10.1136/bmj.i4833|issn=1756-1833|pmid=27659195|s2cid=220098795|url-access=subscription|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301134914/https://www.bmj.com/content/354/bmj.i4833|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Nie2008" /> Rimwe na rimwe ububabare bushobora kugaragara.<ref name="Nar2014">{{Cite journal|last=Narula|first=H. S.|last2=Carlson|first2=H. E.|date=August 2014|title=Gynaecomastia-pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment|url=https://touroscholar.touro.edu/tuncom_pubs/54|journal=[[Nature Reviews Endocrinology]]|volume=10|issue=11|pages=684–698|doi=10.1038/nrendo.2014.139|pmid=25112235|s2cid=40159424|url-access=subscription|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204085804/https://touroscholar.touro.edu/tuncom_pubs/54/|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyi ndwara ishobora gutera ihungabana ryo mu mutwe.<ref name="Nie2008" /> Gynecomastia ishobora kuba isanzwe ku bana bavutse bitewe no guhura na estrogene n'umubyeyi, mu gihe cy'ubugimbi, no ku bagabo bakuze.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Muri rusange izi manza ntizisaba andi maperereza.<ref name="Thi2016" /> Bishobora kandi kujyana n'umubyibuho ukabije, indwara z'umwijima, impyiko zinanirwa gukora neza, [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] zimwe na zimwe, indwara ya tiroyide, imiti imwe n'imwe n'imiti yo kwidagadura, indwara ya Klinefelter, hamwe [[Imirire mibi|n'imirire mibi]].<ref name="Stat2020" /> Uburyo bw'ibanze akenshi busaba kwiyongera kwa estrogen cyangwa kugabanuka k'urugero rwa androgen.<ref name="Nar2014" /> Indwara zibaho mu gihe cy'ubugimbi muri rusange zishira mu myaka ibiri kandi zisaba gusa kwitabwaho.<ref name="Thi2016" /><ref name="Peds2008">{{Cite journal|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/121/4/e975.long|last=Shulman|first=DI|last2=Francis|first2=GL|last3=Palmert|first3=MR|last4=Eugster|first4=EA|last5=Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society Drug and Therapeutics Committee|title=Use of aromatase inhibitors in children and adolescents with disorders of growth and adolescent development.|journal=Pediatrics|volume=121|issue=4|pages=e975–983|date=April 2008|pmid=18381525|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2081|s2cid=39852740|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928120146/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/121/4/e975.long|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo ndwara ikunze gukemuka iyo impamvu nyamukuru ikemutse.<ref name="Thi2016" /> Imiti nka tamoxifens cyangwa clomiphene igira akamaro iyo ikoreshejwe hakiri kare.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Mu bihe bimaze igihe kinini, kubagwa, nko gukata amavuta cyangwa gukata amenyo, ni bwo buryo bwonyine bufatika.<ref name="Thi2016" /> Gynecomastia yibasira abagabo bagera kuri 35% kandi ikunze kugaragara cyane hagati y'imyaka 50 na 69.<ref name="Thi2016" /> Iboneka mu bana bavutse bagera kuri 90% na 60% by'abahungu mu gihe cy'ubwangavu.<ref name="Nie2008" /> Ni yo mpamvu ikunze gutuma abagabo bashaka ubufasha bw'abaganga kubera ikibazo cy'ibere.<ref name="Shi2018" /> Ibisobanuro by'iyi ndwara byanditswe na Galen mu kinyejana cya 2.<ref name="Shi2018">{{Cite book|last=Shiffman|first=Melvin A.|title=Nipple-Areolar Complex Reconstruction: Principles and Clinical Techniques|date=2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-60925-6|page=245|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Nipple_Areolar_Complex_Reconstruction/sEFKDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Gynecomastia+first+described+Greek&pg=PA245|language=en|access-date=30 November 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828094912/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Nipple_Areolar_Complex_Reconstruction/sEFKDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Gynecomastia+first+described+Greek&pg=PA245|url-status=live}}</ref> == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] bmio59gmsdpxg4iehkjeyjqfo86mr14 0 23417 141371 2026-10-11T11:48:34Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513874|Migraine]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Migraine|synonym=|image=Migraine.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Woman with migraine headache|pronounce=|field=[[Neurology]]|symptoms=[[Headache|Headaches]], [[nausea]], [[photophobia|sensitivity to light]], [[hyperacusis|sensitivity to sound]], [[Osmophobia|sensitivity to smell]]<ref name=WHO2012/><ref name=Amin2009/>|complications=|onset=Around [[puberty]]<ref name=WHO2012/>|duration=Recurrent, long term<ref name=WHO2012/>|types=|causes=Environmental and genetic<ref name=Lulli2007/>|risks=[[Family history (medicine)|Family history]], female<ref name=Broner2009/><ref name=Bart10/>|diagnosis=|differential=[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]], [[venous thrombosis]], [[idiopathic intracranial hypertension]], [[brain tumor]], [[tension headache]], [[sinusitis]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Olesen|first1=Jes |title=The Headaches|date=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781754002|page=424|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5VMlANd9iYC&pg=PA424|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908011547/https://books.google.com/books?id=F5VMlANd9iYC&pg=PA424|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> [[cluster headache]]<ref name=AMA2017Clu>{{cite web | title=Cluster Headache | website=American Migraine Foundation | date=2017-02-15 | url=https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/understanding-migraine/cluster-headache/ | access-date=2017-10-23 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509181104/https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/understanding-migraine/cluster-headache/ | archive-date=2018-05-09 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509181104/https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/understanding-migraine/cluster-headache/ |date=2018-05-09 }}</ref>|prevention=[[Metoprolol]], [[valproate]], [[topiramate]]<ref name=Arm2013/><ref name=Coch2013Val/>|treatment=|medication=[[Ibuprofen]], [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen), [[triptan]]s, [[ergotamine]]s<ref name=Bart10/><ref name=Gilmore2011/>|prognosis=|frequency=~15%<ref name=LancetEpi2012/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Migraine''' ni indwara y'umutwe ikunze kugaragara ku mutwe ugaruka kenshi, usanzwe uri hagati y'ubukana. Ubusanzwe, umutwe ufata igice kimwe cy'umutwe, urimo utera cyane, kandi umara amasaha make kugeza ku minsi 3.<ref name=WHO2012>{{cite web|title=Headache disorders Fact sheet N°277|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/en/|access-date=15 February 2016|date=October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216184228/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/en/|archive-date=16 February 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216184228/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/en/ |date=16 February 2016 }}</ref> Ibimenyetso bijyana nabyo bishobora kuba birimo isesemi, kuruka, no kumva urumuri, amajwi, cyangwa impumuro.<ref name="Amin2009">{{Cite book|first=Roger P|last=Simon|first2=Michael J|last2=Aminoff|first3=David A|last3=Greenberg|title=Clinical neurology|year=2009|publisher=Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=9780071664332|pages=85–88|edition=7}}</ref> Ububabare muri rusange burushaho kwiyongera bitewe n'imyitozo ngororamubiri. Abantu bagera kuri kimwe cya gatatu barwaye indwara bafite aura : ubusanzwe ni igihe gito cyo kutabona neza kigaragaza ko umutwe ugiye kugaragara vuba.<ref name=ICHD2004>{{cite journal | author = Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society | title = The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition | journal = Cephalalgia | volume = 24 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 9–160 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14979299 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00653.x | doi-access = free }} [http://www.i-h-s.org/upload/ct_clas/ihc_II_main_no_print.pdf as PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331095113/http://www.i-h-s.org/upload/ct_clas/ihc_II_main_no_print.pdf |date=2010-03-31 }}</ref> Rimwe na rimwe, aura ishobora kubaho nyuma yayo hakagira umutwe muto cyangwa ntihagire n'umwe uyirwara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pryse-Phillips|first=William|title=Companion to clinical neurology|date=2003|publisher=Oxford university press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780195159387|page=587|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMbhu-vXVtAC&pg=PA587|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313014619/https://books.google.com/books?id=pMbhu-vXVtAC&pg=PA587|archive-date=2017-03-13}}</ref> Bikekwa ko indwara ya Migraine iterwa n'uruvange rw'ibintu bifitanye isano n'ibidukikije n'uturemangingo.<ref name="Lulli2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Piane M, Lulli P, Farinelli I, Simeoni S, De Filippis S, Patacchioli FR, Martelletti P|title=Genetics of migraine and pharmacogenomics: some considerations|journal=The Journal of Headache and Pain|volume=8|issue=6|pages=334–9|date=December 2007|pmid=18058067|pmc=2779399|doi=10.1007/s10194-007-0427-2}}</ref> Hafi bibiri bya gatatu by'abarwayi bandura indwara ziterwa n'icyorezo mu miryango.<ref name="Bart10">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bartleson JD, Cutrer FM|title=Migraine update. Diagnosis and treatment|journal=Minnesota Medicine|volume=93|issue=5|pages=36–41|date=May 2010|pmid=20572569}}</ref> Ihindagurika ry'urugero rw'imisemburo naryo rishobora kugira uruhare, kuko indwara ya migraine igira ingaruka ku bahungu benshi gato kurusha abakobwa mbere y'ubwangavu n'abagore bakubye inshuro ebyiri cyangwa eshatu ugereranyije n'abagabo.<ref name="Broner2009" /><ref name="Stovner2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stovner LJ, Zwart JA, Hagen K, Terwindt GM, Pascual J|title=Epidemiology of headache in Europe|journal=European Journal of Neurology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=333–45|date=April 2006|pmid=16643310|doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01184.x}}</ref> Ibyago byo kurwara migraine bikunze kugabanuka mu gihe cyo gutwita no nyuma yo [[Gucura k’umugore|gucura]].<ref name="Broner2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lay CL, Broner SW|title=Migraine in women|journal=Neurologic Clinics|volume=27|issue=2|pages=503–11|date=May 2009|pmid=19289228|doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2009.01.002}}</ref><ref name=NIH2015>{{cite web|title=NINDS Migraine Information Page|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/migraine/migraine.htm|website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|access-date=15 February 2016|date=November 3, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216194445/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/migraine/migraine.htm|archive-date=16 February 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216194445/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/migraine/migraine.htm |date=16 February 2016 }}</ref> Uburyo bw'ibanze ntabwo buzwi neza. Icyakora, bikekwa ko bifitanye isano n'imitsi n'imitsi y'amaraso yo mu bwonko.<ref name="Bart10" /> Uburyo bwa mbere bwo kuvura ni ugukoresha imiti yoroheje igabanya ububabare nka [[ibuprofen]] na [[Paracetamol|parasetamol]] (acetaminophen) ku ndwara y'umutwe, imiti ivura isesemi, no kwirinda ibintu byayitera.<ref name="Gilmore2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gilmore B, Michael M|title=Treatment of acute migraine headache|journal=American Family Physician|volume=83|issue=3|pages=271–80|date=February 2011|pmid=21302868}}</ref> Imiti yihariye nka triptans cyangwa ergotamines ishobora gukoreshwa ku bantu imiti yoroheje y'ububabare idakora.<ref name="Bart10" /> Kafeyine ishobora kongerwa kuri ibi byavuzwe haruguru.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Diener HC, Charles A, Goadsby PJ, Holle D|title=New therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of migraine|journal=The Lancet. Neurology|volume=14|issue=10|pages=1010–22|date=October 2015|pmid=26376968|doi=10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00198-2}}</ref> Imitsi yo mu mutwe igabanya cyane nabyo birashyigikiwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robblee|first=J|last2=Minen|first2=MT|last3=Friedman|first3=BW|last4=Cortel-LeBlanc|first4=MA|last5=Cortel-LeBlanc|first5=A|last6=Orr|first6=SL|title=2025 guideline update to acute treatment of migraine for adults in the emergency department: The American Headache Society evidence assessment of parenteral pharmacotherapies.|journal=Headache|date=January 2026|volume=66|issue=1|pages=53-76|doi=10.1111/head.70016|pmid=41321235}}</ref> Imiti myinshi ni ingirakamaro mu gukumira ibitero birimo metoprolol, valproate, topiramate, na anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody.<ref name="Mark2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Markham A|s2cid=49559342|title=Erenumab: First Global Approval|journal=Drugs|volume=78|issue=11|pages=1157–1161|date=July 2018|pmid=29968151|doi=10.1007/s40265-018-0944-0}}</ref><ref name="Arm2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Armstrong C|title=AAN/AHS update recommendations for migraine prevention in adults|journal=American Family Physician|volume=87|issue=8|pages=584–5|date=April 2013|pmid=23668450}}</ref><ref name="Coch2013Val">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, McCrory DC|title=Valproate (valproic acid or sodium valproate or a combination of the two) for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=|issue=6|pages=CD010611|date=June 2013|pmid=23797677|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010611}}</ref> Ku isi yose, abantu bagera kuri 15% bibasirwa n'indwara ya migraine.<ref name="LancetEpi2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, etal|title=Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2163–96|date=December 2012|pmid=23245607|pmc=6350784|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2}}</ref> Akenshi bitangira mu gihe cy'ubugimbi kandi bikaba bibi cyane mu myaka yo hagati. Guhera mu 2016, ni imwe mu mpamvu zikunze [[Ubumuga|gutera ubumuga]].<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016|journal=Lancet|volume=390|issue=10100|pages=1211–1259|date=September 2017|pmid=28919117|pmc=5605509|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2}}</ref> Ibisobanuro bya mbere bihuye n'indwara zo mu mutwe biri mu gitabo cya Ebers papyrus, cyanditswe ahagana mu 1500&nbsp;BC mu Misiri ya kera.<ref name="Zehentbauer2025">{{Cite book|last=Zehentbauer|first=Janice|editor-last=Montieth|editor-first=Teshamae S.|editor-last2=Riggins|editor-first2=Nina|editor-last3=Goadsby|editor-first3=Peter J.|title=Comprehensive Migraine Management|date=2025|publisher=Springer|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-031-86922-8|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0ySEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|language=en|chapter=1. History of migraine in medicine and society|pages=3-10doi=10.1007/978-3-031-86923-5_1}}</ref> Ijambo ''migraine'' rikomoka mu [[Ikigereki|kigereki]] ἡμικρανία ( ''hemikrania'' ), 'ububabare mu gice cy'umutwe', kuva ἡμι- ( ''hemi-'' ), 'igice', na κρανίον ( ''kranion'' ), 'igihanga'.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Kenneth|last=Anderson|first2=Lois E.|last2=Anderson|first3=Walter D.|last3=Glanze|title=Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary|year=1994|publisher=Mosby|isbn=978-0-8151-6111-0|page=998|edition=4|title-link=Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 07d80b0c4mlr93w993zuyvhtaxr9e3a 141375 141371 2026-10-11T11:49:28Z Stevenndori289 10902 Migraine 141375 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Migraine.jpg|thumb|Migraine]] '''Migraine''' ni indwara y'umutwe ikunze kugaragara ku mutwe ugaruka kenshi, usanzwe uri hagati y'ubukana. Ubusanzwe, umutwe ufata igice kimwe cy'umutwe, urimo utera cyane, kandi umara amasaha make kugeza ku minsi 3.<ref name=WHO2012>{{cite web|title=Headache disorders Fact sheet N°277|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/en/|access-date=15 February 2016|date=October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216184228/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/en/|archive-date=16 February 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216184228/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/en/ |date=16 February 2016 }}</ref> Ibimenyetso bijyana nabyo bishobora kuba birimo isesemi, kuruka, no kumva urumuri, amajwi, cyangwa impumuro.<ref name="Amin2009">{{Cite book|first=Roger P|last=Simon|first2=Michael J|last2=Aminoff|first3=David A|last3=Greenberg|title=Clinical neurology|year=2009|publisher=Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=9780071664332|pages=85–88|edition=7}}</ref> Ububabare muri rusange burushaho kwiyongera bitewe n'imyitozo ngororamubiri. Abantu bagera kuri kimwe cya gatatu barwaye indwara bafite aura : ubusanzwe ni igihe gito cyo kutabona neza kigaragaza ko umutwe ugiye kugaragara vuba.<ref name=ICHD2004>{{cite journal | author = Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society | title = The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition | journal = Cephalalgia | volume = 24 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 9–160 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14979299 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00653.x | doi-access = free }} [http://www.i-h-s.org/upload/ct_clas/ihc_II_main_no_print.pdf as PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331095113/http://www.i-h-s.org/upload/ct_clas/ihc_II_main_no_print.pdf |date=2010-03-31 }}</ref> Rimwe na rimwe, aura ishobora kubaho nyuma yayo hakagira umutwe muto cyangwa ntihagire n'umwe uyirwara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pryse-Phillips|first=William|title=Companion to clinical neurology|date=2003|publisher=Oxford university press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780195159387|page=587|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMbhu-vXVtAC&pg=PA587|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313014619/https://books.google.com/books?id=pMbhu-vXVtAC&pg=PA587|archive-date=2017-03-13}}</ref> Bikekwa ko indwara ya Migraine iterwa n'uruvange rw'ibintu bifitanye isano n'ibidukikije n'uturemangingo.<ref name="Lulli2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Piane M, Lulli P, Farinelli I, Simeoni S, De Filippis S, Patacchioli FR, Martelletti P|title=Genetics of migraine and pharmacogenomics: some considerations|journal=The Journal of Headache and Pain|volume=8|issue=6|pages=334–9|date=December 2007|pmid=18058067|pmc=2779399|doi=10.1007/s10194-007-0427-2}}</ref> Hafi bibiri bya gatatu by'abarwayi bandura indwara ziterwa n'icyorezo mu miryango.<ref name="Bart10">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bartleson JD, Cutrer FM|title=Migraine update. Diagnosis and treatment|journal=Minnesota Medicine|volume=93|issue=5|pages=36–41|date=May 2010|pmid=20572569}}</ref> Ihindagurika ry'urugero rw'imisemburo naryo rishobora kugira uruhare, kuko indwara ya migraine igira ingaruka ku bahungu benshi gato kurusha abakobwa mbere y'ubwangavu n'abagore bakubye inshuro ebyiri cyangwa eshatu ugereranyije n'abagabo.<ref name="Broner2009" /><ref name="Stovner2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stovner LJ, Zwart JA, Hagen K, Terwindt GM, Pascual J|title=Epidemiology of headache in Europe|journal=European Journal of Neurology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=333–45|date=April 2006|pmid=16643310|doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01184.x}}</ref> Ibyago byo kurwara migraine bikunze kugabanuka mu gihe cyo gutwita no nyuma yo [[Gucura k’umugore|gucura]].<ref name="Broner2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lay CL, Broner SW|title=Migraine in women|journal=Neurologic Clinics|volume=27|issue=2|pages=503–11|date=May 2009|pmid=19289228|doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2009.01.002}}</ref><ref name=NIH2015>{{cite web|title=NINDS Migraine Information Page|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/migraine/migraine.htm|website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|access-date=15 February 2016|date=November 3, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216194445/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/migraine/migraine.htm|archive-date=16 February 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216194445/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/migraine/migraine.htm |date=16 February 2016 }}</ref> Uburyo bw'ibanze ntabwo buzwi neza. Icyakora, bikekwa ko bifitanye isano n'imitsi n'imitsi y'amaraso yo mu bwonko.<ref name="Bart10" /> Uburyo bwa mbere bwo kuvura ni ugukoresha imiti yoroheje igabanya ububabare nka [[ibuprofen]] na [[Paracetamol|parasetamol]] (acetaminophen) ku ndwara y'umutwe, imiti ivura isesemi, no kwirinda ibintu byayitera.<ref name="Gilmore2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gilmore B, Michael M|title=Treatment of acute migraine headache|journal=American Family Physician|volume=83|issue=3|pages=271–80|date=February 2011|pmid=21302868}}</ref> Imiti yihariye nka triptans cyangwa ergotamines ishobora gukoreshwa ku bantu imiti yoroheje y'ububabare idakora.<ref name="Bart10" /> Kafeyine ishobora kongerwa kuri ibi byavuzwe haruguru.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Diener HC, Charles A, Goadsby PJ, Holle D|title=New therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of migraine|journal=The Lancet. Neurology|volume=14|issue=10|pages=1010–22|date=October 2015|pmid=26376968|doi=10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00198-2}}</ref> Imitsi yo mu mutwe igabanya cyane nabyo birashyigikiwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robblee|first=J|last2=Minen|first2=MT|last3=Friedman|first3=BW|last4=Cortel-LeBlanc|first4=MA|last5=Cortel-LeBlanc|first5=A|last6=Orr|first6=SL|title=2025 guideline update to acute treatment of migraine for adults in the emergency department: The American Headache Society evidence assessment of parenteral pharmacotherapies.|journal=Headache|date=January 2026|volume=66|issue=1|pages=53-76|doi=10.1111/head.70016|pmid=41321235}}</ref> Imiti myinshi ni ingirakamaro mu gukumira ibitero birimo metoprolol, valproate, topiramate, na anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody.<ref name="Mark2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Markham A|s2cid=49559342|title=Erenumab: First Global Approval|journal=Drugs|volume=78|issue=11|pages=1157–1161|date=July 2018|pmid=29968151|doi=10.1007/s40265-018-0944-0}}</ref><ref name="Arm2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Armstrong C|title=AAN/AHS update recommendations for migraine prevention in adults|journal=American Family Physician|volume=87|issue=8|pages=584–5|date=April 2013|pmid=23668450}}</ref><ref name="Coch2013Val">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, McCrory DC|title=Valproate (valproic acid or sodium valproate or a combination of the two) for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=|issue=6|pages=CD010611|date=June 2013|pmid=23797677|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010611}}</ref> Ku isi yose, abantu bagera kuri 15% bibasirwa n'indwara ya migraine.<ref name="LancetEpi2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, etal|title=Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2163–96|date=December 2012|pmid=23245607|pmc=6350784|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2}}</ref> Akenshi bitangira mu gihe cy'ubugimbi kandi bikaba bibi cyane mu myaka yo hagati. Guhera mu 2016, ni imwe mu mpamvu zikunze [[Ubumuga|gutera ubumuga]].<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016|journal=Lancet|volume=390|issue=10100|pages=1211–1259|date=September 2017|pmid=28919117|pmc=5605509|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2}}</ref> Ibisobanuro bya mbere bihuye n'indwara zo mu mutwe biri mu gitabo cya Ebers papyrus, cyanditswe ahagana mu 1500&nbsp;BC mu Misiri ya kera.<ref name="Zehentbauer2025">{{Cite book|last=Zehentbauer|first=Janice|editor-last=Montieth|editor-first=Teshamae S.|editor-last2=Riggins|editor-first2=Nina|editor-last3=Goadsby|editor-first3=Peter J.|title=Comprehensive Migraine Management|date=2025|publisher=Springer|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-031-86922-8|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0ySEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|language=en|chapter=1. History of migraine in medicine and society|pages=3-10doi=10.1007/978-3-031-86923-5_1}}</ref> Ijambo ''migraine'' rikomoka mu [[Ikigereki|kigereki]] ἡμικρανία ( ''hemikrania'' ), 'ububabare mu gice cy'umutwe', kuva ἡμι- ( ''hemi-'' ), 'igice', na κρανίον ( ''kranion'' ), 'igihanga'.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Kenneth|last=Anderson|first2=Lois E.|last2=Anderson|first3=Walter D.|last3=Glanze|title=Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary|year=1994|publisher=Mosby|isbn=978-0-8151-6111-0|page=998|edition=4|title-link=Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] f12z9b92d16uabiry17eb4xebyp9g5u 0 23418 141382 2026-10-11T11:50:41Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456225|Cellulitis]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Cellulitis|synonym=|image=Cellulitis3.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Skin cellulitis|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Red, hot, painful area of skin, [[fever]]<ref name=Vary2014/><ref name=Mint2013/>|complications=|onset=|duration=7–10 days<ref name=Mint2013/>|types=|causes=[[Bacteria]]<ref name=Vary2014/>|risks=Break in the skin, [[obesity]], [[pedal edema|leg swelling]], old age<ref name=Vary2014/>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms<ref name=Vary2014/><ref name=Ed2020>{{cite journal |last1=Edwards |first1=G |last2=Freeman |first2=K |last3=Llewelyn |first3=MJ |last4=Hayward |first4=G |title=What diagnostic strategies can help differentiate cellulitis from other causes of red legs in primary care? |journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) |date=12 February 2020 |volume=368 |pages=m54 |doi=10.1136/bmj.m54 |pmid=32051117 |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/88368/5/__smbhome.uscs.susx.ac.uk_tjk30_Documents_bmj.m54.full.pdf |access-date=5 June 2020 |archive-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529122534/http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/88368/5/__smbhome.uscs.susx.ac.uk_tjk30_Documents_bmj.m54.full.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>|differential=[[Deep vein thrombosis]], [[stasis dermatitis]], [[erysipelas]], [[Lyme disease]], [[necrotizing fasciitis]]<ref name=Vary2014/><ref name=Tint2010/><ref name=IDSALyme2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED, Halperin JJ, Steere AC, Klempner MS, Krause PJ, Bakken JS, Strle F, Stanek G, Bockenstedt L, Fish D, Dumler JS, Nadelman RB |title=The Clinical Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=43 |issue=9 |pages=1089–1134 |date=1 November 2006 |doi=10.1086/508667 |pmid=17029130 |doi-access=free }}</ref>|prevention=|treatment=Elevation of the affected area<ref name=Tint2010/>|medication=Antibiotics such as [[cephalexin]]<ref name=Vary2014/><ref name=BMJ2012/>|prognosis=|frequency=21.2 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>|deaths=16,900 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>|named after=}}'''Cellulite''' ni indwara iterwa na bagiteri ifata ibice by'imbere by'uruhu.<ref name="Vary2014">{{Cite journal|last=Vary|first=JC|last2=O'Connor, KM|title=Common Dermatologic Conditions|journal=Medical Clinics of North America|date=May 2014|volume=98|issue=3|pages=445–85|pmid=24758956|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2014.01.005}}</ref> Bigira ingaruka ku buryo bwihariye ku ruhu rw'uruhu n'ibinure biri munsi y'umubiri.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Ibimenyetso birimo agace k'umutuku kagenda kiyongera mu bunini mu minsi mike.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Imbibi z'agace k'umutuku muri rusange ntabwo ziba zityaye kandi uruhu rushobora kubyimba.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Nubwo umutuku ukunda guhinduka umweru iyo hashyizweho igitutu, si ko bigenda buri gihe.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Agace k'ubwandu gakunze kubabaza.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Imiyoboro y'amaraso ishobora kugira ingaruka rimwe na rimwe,<ref name="Vary2014" /><ref name="Tint2010">{{Cite book|last=Tintinalli, Judith E.|title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies|location=New York|year=2010|pages=1016|edition=7th|isbn=978-0-07-148480-0}}</ref> kandi umuntu ashobora kugira umuriro no kumva ananiwe.<ref name="Mint2013">{{Cite journal|last=Mistry|first=RD|title=Skin and soft tissue infections|journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America|date=Oct 2013|volume=60|issue=5|pages=1063–82|pmid=24093896|doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2013.06.011}}</ref> Amaguru n'isura ni byo bikunze kugaragara cyane, nubwo cellulitis ishobora kugaragara ku gice icyo ari cyo cyose cy'umubiri.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Ukuguru gukunze kugira ingaruka nyuma yo kuvunika k'uruhu.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Izindi mpamvu zishobora gutera ikibazo zirimo umubyibuho ukabije, kubyimba amaguru, no gusaza.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Ku ndwara zo mu maso, akenshi si ko bibaho mbere y’uko uruhu rucika.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Bagiteri zikunze kwibasirwa cyane ni streptococci na ''Staphylococcus aureus''.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Bitandukanye na cellulitis, erysipelas ni indwara ya bagiteri ifata ibice by'uruhu biri hejuru cyane, ikaba ifite agace k'umutuku gafite impande zisobanutse neza, kandi akenshi ifitanye isano n'umuriro.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Ubusanzwe indwara iterwa n'ibimenyetso n'ibimenyetso byayo, mu gihe gupima uturemangingo bidakunze kubaho.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Mbere yo gusuzuma indwara, indwara zikomeye nka infection y’amagufwa cyangwa fasciitis yo mu igufwa igomba kwirengagizwa.<ref name="Tint2010" /> Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bukorwa hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara zandurira mu mubiri, nka cephalexin, amoxicillin cyangwa cloxacillin.<ref name="Vary2014" /><ref name="BMJ2012">{{Cite journal|last=Phoenix|first=G|last2=Das, S|last3=Joshi, M|s2cid=28902459|title=Diagnosis and management of cellulitis|journal=BMJ|series=Clinical Research|date=Aug 7, 2012|volume=345|pages=e4955|pmid=22872711|doi=10.1136/bmj.e4955}}</ref> Abafite ubwivumbure bukomeye kuri penisiline bashobora guhabwa umuti witwa erythromycin cyangwa clindamycin.<ref name="BMJ2012" /> Iyo ikibazo kibangamiye <nowiki><i id="mwrw">S. aureus</i></nowiki> (MRSA) idashobora guterwa na methicillin, doxycycline cyangwa trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole ishobora kandi kuba yagirwa inama.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Hari impungenge zijyanye no kuba hari amashyira cyangwa ubwandu bwa MRSA bwabayeho mbere.<ref name="Vary2014" /><ref name="Mint2013" /> Kuzamura agace kanduye bishobora kuba ingirakamaro, kimwe n'imiti yica ububabare.<ref name="Tint2010" /><ref name="BMJ2012" /> Ingorane zishobora kubaho zirimo kurema ibibyimba.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Abantu bagera kuri 95% barushaho kuba beza nyuma y'iminsi 7 kugeza ku 10 yo kuvurwa.<ref name="Mint2013" /> Abarwaye diyabete, ariko, bakunze kugira ingaruka mbi kurushaho.<ref name="Dryden2015">{{Cite journal|last=Dryden|first=M|title=Pathophysiology and burden of infection in patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease: focus on skin and soft-tissue infections|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|date=Sep 2015|volume=21|pages=S27–S32|doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2015.03.024|pmid=26198368|doi-access=free}}</ref> Indwara ya selulite yagaragaye ku bantu bagera kuri miliyoni 21.2 mu 2015.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika abantu bagera kuri 2 kuri buri 1.000 buri mwaka bafite ikibazo kigira ingaruka ku kirenge cyo hasi.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Indwara ya selulite mu 2015 yahitanye abantu bagera ku 16.900 ku isi yose.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}</ref> Mu Bwongereza, indwara ya cellulitis ni yo yatumye 1.6% by'abantu bajyanwa mu bitaro.<ref name="BMJ2012" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] nw8628ogyq1xi98rmg29o1nrys46dgi 141391 141382 2026-10-11T11:54:50Z Stevenndori289 10902 Selulite 141391 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Cellulitis Left Leg.JPG|thumb|Selulite]] '''Cellulite''' ni indwara iterwa na bagiteri ifata ibice by'imbere by'uruhu.<ref name="Vary2014">{{Cite journal|last=Vary|first=JC|last2=O'Connor, KM|title=Common Dermatologic Conditions|journal=Medical Clinics of North America|date=May 2014|volume=98|issue=3|pages=445–85|pmid=24758956|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2014.01.005}}</ref> Bigira ingaruka ku buryo bwihariye ku ruhu rw'uruhu n'ibinure biri munsi y'umubiri.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Ibimenyetso birimo agace k'umutuku kagenda kiyongera mu bunini mu minsi mike.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Imbibi z'agace k'umutuku muri rusange ntabwo ziba zityaye kandi uruhu rushobora kubyimba.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Nubwo umutuku ukunda guhinduka umweru iyo hashyizweho igitutu, si ko bigenda buri gihe.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Agace k'ubwandu gakunze kubabaza.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Imiyoboro y'amaraso ishobora kugira ingaruka rimwe na rimwe,<ref name="Vary2014" /><ref name="Tint2010">{{Cite book|last=Tintinalli, Judith E.|title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies|location=New York|year=2010|pages=1016|edition=7th|isbn=978-0-07-148480-0}}</ref> kandi umuntu ashobora kugira umuriro no kumva ananiwe.<ref name="Mint2013">{{Cite journal|last=Mistry|first=RD|title=Skin and soft tissue infections|journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America|date=Oct 2013|volume=60|issue=5|pages=1063–82|pmid=24093896|doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2013.06.011}}</ref> Amaguru n'isura ni byo bikunze kugaragara cyane, nubwo cellulitis ishobora kugaragara ku gice icyo ari cyo cyose cy'umubiri.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Ukuguru gukunze kugira ingaruka nyuma yo kuvunika k'uruhu.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Izindi mpamvu zishobora gutera ikibazo zirimo umubyibuho ukabije, kubyimba amaguru, no gusaza.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Ku ndwara zo mu maso, akenshi si ko bibaho mbere y’uko uruhu rucika.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Bagiteri zikunze kwibasirwa cyane ni streptococci na ''Staphylococcus aureus''.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Bitandukanye na cellulitis, erysipelas ni indwara ya bagiteri ifata ibice by'uruhu biri hejuru cyane, ikaba ifite agace k'umutuku gafite impande zisobanutse neza, kandi akenshi ifitanye isano n'umuriro.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Ubusanzwe indwara iterwa n'ibimenyetso n'ibimenyetso byayo, mu gihe gupima uturemangingo bidakunze kubaho.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Mbere yo gusuzuma indwara, indwara zikomeye nka infection y’amagufwa cyangwa fasciitis yo mu igufwa igomba kwirengagizwa.<ref name="Tint2010" /> Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bukorwa hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara zandurira mu mubiri, nka cephalexin, amoxicillin cyangwa cloxacillin.<ref name="Vary2014" /><ref name="BMJ2012">{{Cite journal|last=Phoenix|first=G|last2=Das, S|last3=Joshi, M|s2cid=28902459|title=Diagnosis and management of cellulitis|journal=BMJ|series=Clinical Research|date=Aug 7, 2012|volume=345|pages=e4955|pmid=22872711|doi=10.1136/bmj.e4955}}</ref> Abafite ubwivumbure bukomeye kuri penisiline bashobora guhabwa umuti witwa erythromycin cyangwa clindamycin.<ref name="BMJ2012" /> Iyo ikibazo kibangamiye <nowiki><i id="mwrw">S. aureus</i></nowiki> (MRSA) idashobora guterwa na methicillin, doxycycline cyangwa trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole ishobora kandi kuba yagirwa inama.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Hari impungenge zijyanye no kuba hari amashyira cyangwa ubwandu bwa MRSA bwabayeho mbere.<ref name="Vary2014" /><ref name="Mint2013" /> Kuzamura agace kanduye bishobora kuba ingirakamaro, kimwe n'imiti yica ububabare.<ref name="Tint2010" /><ref name="BMJ2012" /> Ingorane zishobora kubaho zirimo kurema ibibyimba.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Abantu bagera kuri 95% barushaho kuba beza nyuma y'iminsi 7 kugeza ku 10 yo kuvurwa.<ref name="Mint2013" /> Abarwaye diyabete, ariko, bakunze kugira ingaruka mbi kurushaho.<ref name="Dryden2015">{{Cite journal|last=Dryden|first=M|title=Pathophysiology and burden of infection in patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease: focus on skin and soft-tissue infections|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|date=Sep 2015|volume=21|pages=S27–S32|doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2015.03.024|pmid=26198368|doi-access=free}}</ref> Indwara ya selulite yagaragaye ku bantu bagera kuri miliyoni 21.2 mu 2015.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika abantu bagera kuri 2 kuri buri 1.000 buri mwaka bafite ikibazo kigira ingaruka ku kirenge cyo hasi.<ref name="Vary2014" /> Indwara ya selulite mu 2015 yahitanye abantu bagera ku 16.900 ku isi yose.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}</ref> Mu Bwongereza, indwara ya cellulitis ni yo yatumye 1.6% by'abantu bajyanwa mu bitaro.<ref name="BMJ2012" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] o9m3rnl5gng2gn24kreevnmi14wdyhb 0 23419 141395 2026-10-11T11:56:32Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1487006|Clopidogrel]] to:rw #mdwikicx 141395 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clopidogrel''', igurishwa ku izina ry'ubucuruzi rya '''Plavix''' n'indi,<ref name="brands">{{Cite web|title=Clopidogrel International brand names|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/clopidogrel.html|publisher=Drugs.com|access-date=1 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401144417/https://www.drugs.com/international/clopidogrel.html|archive-date=1 April 2017}}</ref> ni umuti ugabanya platelet ukoreshwa mu kugabanya ibyago byo kurwara indwara z'umutima na stroke ku bafite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara.<ref name="AHFS2016">{{Cite web|title=Clopidogrel Bisulfate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clopidogrel-bisulfate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010729/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clopidogrel-bisulfate.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> Ikoreshwa kandi hamwe na aspirine mu [[Indwara y'umutima|ndwara z'umutima]] no nyuma yo gushyiramo stent yo mu mitsi y'umutima ( uburyo bwo kuvura indwara zo mu mitsi ).<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ingaruka zitangira mu gihe cy'amasaha abiri kandi zimara iminsi itanu.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kuribwa umutwe, isesemi, gukomereka byoroshye, kuribwa no gushya.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ingaruka mbi zikomeye zirimo kuva amaraso no kuvura indwara ya thrombocytopenic purpura.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Nubwo nta kimenyetso cy'ingaruka mbi zituruka ku gukoresha iyo miti mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]], kuyikoresha ntibyigwa neza.<ref name="Drugs.com pregnanacy">{{Cite web|title=Clopidogrel (Plavix) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/clopidogrel.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=14 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010752/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/clopidogrel.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> Clopidogrel iri mu bwoko bwa thienopyridine bw’imiti igabanya ubukana bw’amaraso.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ikora mu gukumira bidasubirwaho receptor yitwa P2Y <nowiki><sub id="mwWw">12</sub></nowiki> kuri platelets.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Clopidogrel yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti mu 1982, yemererwa gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu 1997.<ref name="PrescribingInfo">{{Cite web|title=Plavix- clopidogrel bisulfate tablet, film coated|website=DailyMed|date=17 May 2019|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=01b14603-8f29-4fa3-8d7e-9d523f802e0b|access-date=26 December 2019|publisher=Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi Pharmaceuticals Partnership|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804222235/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=01b14603-8f29-4fa3-8d7e-9d523f802e0b|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Janos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=453|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA453|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220130738/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA453|archive-date=2016-12-20}}</ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Igiciro cy'igurishwa ry'ibicuruzwa mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere ni hagati y'amadolari y'Amerika 0.77–31.59 ku kwezi.<ref name="ERC2014">{{Cite web|title=Clopidogrel Bisulfate|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=1486&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=8 December 2016|archive-date=13 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013172350/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=1486&searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ukwezi kw'ubuvuzi kugura munsi y'amadolari 25 y'Amerika.<ref name="Ric2015">{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=147}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 40 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abantu barenga miliyoni 19.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Clopidogrel Bisulfate - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/ClopidogrelBisulfate|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412031159/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/ClopidogrelBisulfate|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 9nweweuh344khfljwtn23lv0h74ooc7